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AUTHORS: Dizon, S., *Donato, A.K., Dy, A., Enriquez, K.B., Fauni, M.B.
ABSTRACT:
Cyclohexene is a cycloalkene
with a chemical formula of C6H10, molar
mass of 82.143 g/mol, and a boiling point
of 82.98°C. It is not very stable upon long
term storage and exposure to light and air
should be distilled before use to eliminate
Fig. 3 (Summary of classification of organic peroxides. It has a very sharp smell
compounds) resembling an oil refinery.
Hexane is an alkane
hydrocarbon with a chemical formula of
C6H14, molar mass of 86.18 g/mol, and a
boiling point of 69°C. Isomers of hexane
are mostly non-reactive, and are frequently
used as solvents in organic reactions
because they are very non-polar. They are
common constituents of gasoline and Fig. 6 (Structure of cyclohexene)
leather products.
Benzene is an organic
chemical compound with a molecular
formula of C6H6, molar mass of 78.11
g/mol, and a boiling point of 80.1°C. It is
a colorless, highly flammable liquid with a
sweet smell. It is a known carcinogen,
Fig. 4 (Structure of hexane) therefore its role as an additive in gasoline
is now limited, though it is an important
industrial solvent and a precursor in the The miscibility is determined by the weight
production of drugs, plastics, synthetic percentage of the hydrocarbon chain. The
rubber, and dyes. solvent used in the experiment is
concentrated H2SO4. If a compound is
unsaturated, it is said to be easily
sulfonated, or possesses a functional group
containing oxygen, it will dissolve in
sulfuric acid. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, and
their halogen derivatives are insoluble in
sulfuric acid. Simple aromatic
hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives
do not undergo sulfonation and are also
insoluble in sulfuric acid. Nevertheless, the
presence of two or more alkyl groups on
Fig. 7 (Structure of Benzene) the aromatic ring permits the compound to
be sulfonated easily. Many secondary and
tertiary alcohols are dehydrated readily by
Toluene is an aromatic
concentrated sulfuric acid, which results to
hydrocarbon with a molecular formula of
the formation of olefins which then
C7H8, molar mass of 92.14 g/mol, and a
undergo polymerization. The polymers
boiling point of 110.6°C. Toluene reacts as
formed are insoluble in concentrated
a normal aromatic hydrocarbon towards
sulfuric acid and forms a distinct layer on
electrophilic aromatic substitution. It is a
top of the acid.
water-insoluble liquid with a smell of paint
thinners, and it is widely used as an
industrial feedstock and solvent.
Flammability the measure of
the extent to which a material or a
substance will support combustion. The
degree of difficulty required to cause the
combustion of a substance is subject to
quantification through fire testing or
ignition test. Vapor pressure is an
important parameter in determining the
ease of ignition of a substance or material.
The higher the vapor pressure, the more
Fig. 8 (Structure of Toluene) flammable vapor is evolved from a free
liquid surface at a given temperature.
Many compounds are determined by the
Miscibility is the property of characteristics of their flame when they
liquids to to mix in all proportions, burn. Aromatic hydrocarbons burn with a
therefore forming a homogenous solution. yellow, sooty flame due to their high
By contrast, substances are considered carbon content. Aliphatic hydrocarbons
immiscible if in any proportion, they do not burn with flames that are yellow, but less
form a solution. In organic compounds, sooty.
Baeyer’s test is a test for the In this experiment, the group
presence of unsaturation (double bonds). A should be able to attain the following
similar test can be done using bromine. objectives: (1) differentiate hydrocarbons
Baeyer’s test uses a solution called the in terms of intrinsic physical properties,
Baeyer’s reagent, which is a solution of and (2) differentiate hydrocarbons in terms
alkaline potassium permanganate. Reaction of chemical properties by noting their
with double or triple bonds in an organic structure and behavior towards different
material causes the color to fade from tests.
purplish-pink to brown. Easily oxidized
compounds like aldehydes, formic acid and
its esters, alcohols with trace of impurities, II.) EXPERIMENTAL
phenols, and thioethers give positive
results. Quantitatively, the iodine value is A.) Physical state, color, and odor
used to determine the presence of
unsaturation. The physical states of the
sample compounds HEXANE, HEPTANE,
CYCLOHEXANE, CYCLOHEXENE, and
BENZENE were observed at room
temperature. The color and odor was
noted.
IV.) SOURCES
Books: