EC 2007 With Solutions

GATE EC
2007
Q.1 to Q.20 carry one mark each

MCQ 1.1
If E denotes expectation, the variance of a random variable X is given by

(A) E [X2] E2 [X]
(B) E [X2] + E2 [X]
(C) E [X2]
(D) E2 [X]
SOL 1.1
The variance of a random variable x is given by

E [X2] E2 [X]
Hence (A) is correct option.
MCQ 1.2
The following plot shows a function which varies linearly with x . The value of the
integral I =
SOL 1.2
#1 ydx
2
is
(A) 1.0
(B) 2.5
(C) 4.0
(D) 5.0
The given plot is straight line whose equation is

x +y =1
1 1
or
y = x+1
Now
I =
#1 ydx
=;
#1 (x + 1) dx
2
(x + 1) 2 2
9 4
E = = 2.5
2
2 2
Hence (B) is correct answer.

MCQ 1.3
For x << 1, coth (x) can be approximated as
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SOL 1.3
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(B) x2
(D) 12
x
(A) x
(C) 1
x
Hence (C) is correct answer.
coth x = cosh x
sinh x
as x << 1, cosh x . 1 and sinh x . x
Thus coth x . 1
x
MCQ 1.4
sin b l
2
is
lim
"0
(A) 0.5
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) not defined
SOL 1.4
Hence (A) is correct answer.
sin ^ 2 h
sin ^ 2 h
1 lim sin ^ 2 h = 1 = 0.5
lim
= lim
=
"0
" 0 2^ h
2
2 " 0 ^ 2 h
2
MCQ 1.5
Which one of following functions is strictly bounded?

(A) 1/x2
(B) ex
(D) e - x
(C) x2
SOL 1.5
Hence (D) is correct answer.

We have,
lim 12 = 3
x"0 x
lim x2 = 3
x"3
lim e - x = 3
x"3
lim e - x = 0
2
x"3
lim e - x = 1
2
Thus e - x is strictly bounded.
x"0
MCQ 1.6
For the function e - x , the linear approximation around x = 2 is

(A) (3 x) e - 2
(B) 1 x
(C) 63 + 3 2 (1
SOL 1.6
2 ) x @e - 2
(D) e - 2

We have f (x) = e - x = e - (x - 2) - 2 = e - (x - 2) e - 2
= ;1 (x 2) +
(x 2) 2
...E e - 2
2!
= 61 (x 2)@ e - 2
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= (3 x) e - 2
MCQ 1.7
An independent voltage source in series with an impedance Zs = Rs + jXs delivers

a maximum average power to a load impedance ZL when
(B) ZL = Rs
(A) ZL = Rs + jXs
(C) ZL = jXs
(D) ZL = Rs jXs
SOL 1.7
According to maximum Power Transform Theorem

ZL = Zs* = (Rs jXs)
Hence (D) is correct option.
MCQ 1.8
The RC circuit shown in the figure is
SOL 1.8
(A) a low-pass filter
(B) a high-pass filter
(C) a band-pass filter
(D) a band-reject filter
At " 3 , capacitor acts as short circuited and circuit acts as shown in fig below
Here we get V0 = 0
Vi
At " 0 , capacitor acts as open circuited and circuit look like as shown in fig
below
Here we get also V0 = 0

Vi
So frequency response of the circuit is as shown in fig and circuit is a Band pass
filter.

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Hence (C) is correct option.

MCQ 1.9
The electron and hole concentrations in an intrinsic semiconductor are ni per cm3
at 300 K. Now, if acceptor impurities are introduced with a concentration of NA per
cm3 (where NA >> ni , the electron concentration per cm3 at 300 K will be)
(A) ni
(B) ni + NA
(C) NA ni
SOL 1.9
2
(D) ni
NA
As per mass action law

np = ni2
If acceptor impurities are introduces
p = NA
Thus
nNA = ni2
2
or
n = ni
NA
Hence option (D) is correct.
MCQ 1.10
In a p+ n junction diode under reverse biased the magnitude of electric field is

maximum at
(A) the edge of the depletion region on the p-side
(B) the edge of the depletion region on the n -side
(C) the p+ n junction
(D) the centre of the depletion region on the n -side
SOL 1.10
The electric field has the maximum value at the junction of p+ n .

Hence option (C) is correct.
MCQ 1.11
The correct full wave rectifier circuit is

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SOL 1.11
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The circuit shown in (C) is correct full wave rectifier circuit.

MCQ 1.12
In a transconductance amplifier, it is desirable to have

(A) a large input resistance and a large output resistance
(B) a large input resistance and a small output resistance
(C) a small input resistance and a large output resistance
(D) a small input resistance and a small output resistance
SOL 1.12
In the transconductance amplifier it is desirable to have large input resistance and

large output resistance.
MCQ 1.13
X = 01110 and Y = 11001 are two 5-bit binary numbers represented in twos
complement format. The sum of X and Y represented in twos complement format
using 6 bits is
(A) 100111
(B) 0010000
(C) 000111
SOL 1.13
(D) 101001
MSB of Y is 1, thus it is negative number and X is positive number

Now we have
X = 01110 = (14) 10
and
Y = 11001 = ( 7) 10
X + Y = (14) + ( 7) = 7
In signed twos complements from 7 is
(7) 10 = 000111

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MCQ 1.14
The Boolean function Y = AB + CD is to be realized using only 2 - input NAND

gates. The minimum number of gates required is
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
SOL 1.14
MCQ 1.15

Y = AB + CD = AB .CD
This is SOP form and we require only 3 NAND gate
s5
If the closed-loop transfer function of a control system is given as T (s)
(s + 2)( s + 3)
, then It is
(A) an unstable system
(B) an uncontrollable system
(C) a minimum phase system
SOL 1.15
MCQ 1.16
(D) a non-minimum phase system
In a minimum phase system, all the poles as well as zeros are on the left half of the
s plane. In given system as there is right half zero (s = 5), the system is a nonminimum phase system.
1
If the Laplace transform of a signal Y (s) =
, then its final value is
s (s 1)
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
SOL 1.16
(D) 5
(D) Unbounded

1
Y (s) =
s (s 1)
Final value theorem is applicable only when all poles of system lies in left half of S
-plane. Here s = 1 is right s plane pole. Thus it is unbounded.
MCQ 1.17
If R () is the auto correlation function of a real, wide-sense stationary random

process, then which of the following is NOT true
(A) R () = R ( )
(B) R () # R (0)
(C) R () = R ( )
(D) The mean square value of the process is R (0)
SOL 1.17
Autocorrelation is even function.

Hence (C) is correct option
MCQ 1.18
If S (f) is the power spectral density of a real, wide-sense stationary random process,
then which of the following is ALWAYS true?
(B) S (f) $ 0
(A) S (0) # S (f)

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(C) S ( f) = S (f)
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(D)
#- 3 S (f) df = 0
3
SOL 1.18
Power spectral density is non negative. Thus it is always zero or greater than zero.
Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.19
A plane wave of wavelength is traveling in a direction making an angle 30c with

positive x axis and 90c with positive y axis. The E field of the plane wave can
be represented as (E0 is constant)
SOL 1.19
t 0 e j c t
(A) E = yE
3 x z
t 0 e jc t x
(B) E = yE
3z
m
t 0 e jc t +
(C) E = yE
3 x+ z
t 0 e jc t x +
(D) E = yE
3z
m

= cos 30cx ! sin 30cy
= 2 3 x ! 2 1 y
2
2
= 3 x! y
E = ay E0 e j (t - ) = ay E0 e j;t - c
MCQ 1.20
If C is code curve enclosing a surface S , then magnetic field intensity H , the

current density j and the electric flux density D are related by
2D
2D
(B) H $ d l =
(A)
H $ ds =
c j + 2t m $ d t
c j + 2t m $ dS
S
c
S
S
##
(C)
SOL 1.20
3 x! y
mE
##
##S H $ dS = #C c j + 22Dt m $ d t
(D)

4# H = J + 2D
2t
2D
4# H $ ds =
`J + 2t j .ds
s
s
2D
H $ dl =
`J + 2t j .ds
##
##
##
##
#C H $ d l # = ##S c j + 22Dt m $ ds
c
Maxwell Equations
Integral form
Stokes Theorem
Q.21 to Q.75 carry two marks each.

MCQ 1.21
It is given that X1, X2 ...XM at M non-zero, orthogonal vectors. The dimension of

the vector space spanned by the 2M vectors X1, X2,... XM , X1, X2,... XM is
(A) 2M
(B) M + 1
(C) M
(D) dependent on the choice of X1, X2,... XM
SOL 1.21
For two orthogonal vectors, we require two dimensions to define them and similarly

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for three orthogonal vector we require three dimensions to define them. 2M vectors
are basically M orthogonal vector and we require M dimensions to define them.
MCQ 1.22
Consider the function f (x) = x2 x 2 . The maximum value of f (x) in the closed
interval [ 4, 4] is
(A) 18
(B) 10
(C) 225
SOL 1.22
(D) indeterminate
We have
f (x) = x2 x + 2
f'( x) = 2x 1 = 0 " x = 1
2
f"( x) = 2
Since f"( x) = 2 > 0 , thus x = 1 is minimum point. The maximum value in closed
2
interval 6 4, 4@ will be at x = 4 or x = 4
Now maximum value
= max [f ( 4), f (4)]
= max (18, 10)
= 18
MCQ 1.23
An examination consists of two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2. The probability of

failing in Paper 1 is 0.3 and that in Paper 2 is 0.2. Given that a student has failed
in Paper 2, the probability of failing in Paper 1 is 0.6. The probability of a student
failing in both the papers is
(A) 0.5
(B) 0.18
(C) 0.12
SOL 1.23
MCQ 1.24
(D) 0.06

Probability of failing in paper 1 is
P (A) = 0.3
Possibility of failing in Paper 2 is
P (B) = 0.2
Probability of failing in paper 1, when
student has failed in paper 2 is
P ^ BA h = 0.6
We know that
(P + B)
Pb A l =
B
P (B)
or P (A + B) = P (B) P b A l = 0.6 # 0.2 = 0.12
B
d2 y
The solution of the differential equation k2 2 = y y2 under the boundary
dx
conditions
(i) y = y1 at x = 0 and

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(ii) y = y2 at x = 3 , where k, y1 and y2 are constants, is
SOL 1.24
(A) y = (y1 y2) exp a x2 k + y2

k
(B) y = (y2 y1) exp a x k + y1

k
(C) y = ^y1 y2h sinh a x k + y1

k
d2 y
We have
k2 2 = y y2
dx
2
d y
y
y
or
2 = 22
2
dx
k
k
2
1
A.E.
D 2 =0
k
or
D =! 1
k
(D) y = ^y1 y2h exp a x k + y2

k
x
k
C.F. = C1 e - + C2 e
P.I. =
Thus solution is
x
k
y22
1
c 2 m = y2
D2 12 k
k
x
k
x
k
y = C1 e - + C2 e + y2
From y (0) = y1 we get
C1 + C2 = y1 y2
From y (3) = y2 we get that C1 must be zero.
Thus
C2 = y1 y2
y = (y1 y2) e - + y2
x
k
MCQ 1.25
The equation x3 x2 + 4x 4 = 0 is to be solved using the Newton - Raphson

method. If x = 2 is taken as the initial approximation of the solution, then next
approximation using this method will be
(A) 2/3
(B) 4/3
(C) 1
SOL 1.25
(D) 3/2
We have
f (x) = x3 x2 + 4x 4
f'( x) = 3x2 2x + 4
Taking x0 = 2 in Newton-Raphosn method
23 22 + 4 (2) 4
f (x0)
=4
x1 = x0
= 2
2
3
f'( x0)
3 (2) 2 (2) + 4
MCQ 1.26
Three functions f1 (t), f2 (t) and f3 (t) which are zero outside the interval [0, T] are
shown in the figure. Which of the following statements is correct?

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SOL 1.26
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(A) f1 (t) and f2 (t) are orthogonal
(B) f1 (t) and f3 (t) are orthogonal
(C) f2 (t) and f3 (t) are orthogonal
(D) f1 (t) and f2 (t) are orthonormal
For two orthogonal signal f (x) and g (x)
#- 3
+3
=0
f (x) g (x) dx
i.e. common area between f (x) and g (x) is zero.

Hence (C) is correct options.
MCQ 1.27
If the semi-circular control D of radius 2 is as shown in the figure, then the value
1
of the integral
ds is
2
(s 1)
D
SOL 1.27
(A) j
(B) j
(C)
(D)
We know that
1 ds = 2j
[sum of residues]
2
s
1
D
Singular points are at s = ! 1 but only s =+ 1 lies inside the given contour, Thus
Residue at s =+ 1 is

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lim (s 1) f (s) = lim (s 1)

s"1
s"1
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1 =1
s2 1 2
# s2 1 1 ds = 2j` 12 j = j

MCQ 1.28
SOL 1.28
Two series resonant filters are as shown in the figure. Let the 3-dB bandwidth of
Filter 1 be B1 and that of Filter 2 be B2 . the value B1 is
B2
(A) 4
(B) 1
(C) 1/2
(D) 1/4
We know that bandwidth of series RLC circuit is R . Therefore

L
Bandwidth of filter 1 is B1 = R
L1
Bandwidth of filter 2 is B2 = R = R = 4R
L2
L1
L1 /4
Dividing above equation B1 = 1
B2
4
MCQ 1.29
SOL 1.29
For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin voltage and resistance looking
into X Y are
(A)
4
3
V, 2
(B) 4 V, 23
(C)
4
3
V, 23
(D) 4 V, 2
Here Vth is voltage across node also. Applying nodal analysis we get

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Vth + Vth + Vth 2i = 2

2
1
1
But from circuit
i = Vth = Vth
1
Therefore
Vth + Vth + Vth 2Vth = 2

2
1
1
or
Vth = 4 volt
From the figure shown below it may be easily seen that the short circuit current at
terminal XY is isc = 2 A because i = 0 due to short circuit of 1 resistor and all
current will pass through short circuit.
Therefore
Rth = Vth = 4 = 2
isc
2

MCQ 1.30
SOL 1.30
In the circuit shown, vC is 0 volts at t = 0 sec. For t > 0 , the capacitor current iC (t)
, where t is in seconds is given by
(A) 0.50 exp ( 25t) mA
(B) 0.25 exp ( 25t) mA
(C) 0.50 exp ( 12.5t) mA
(D) 0.25 exp ( 6.25t) mA
The voltage across capacitor is

At t = 0+ ,
Vc (0+) = 0
At t = 3 ,
VC (3) = 5 V
The equivalent resistance seen by capacitor as shown in fig is
Req = 20 20 = 10k

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Time constant of the circuit is

= Req C = 10k # 4 = 0.04 s
Using direct formula
Vc (t) = VC (3) [Vc (3) Vc (0)] et/
= VC (3) (1 et/) + VC (0) et/ = 5 (1 et/0.04)
or
Vc (t) = 5 (1 e25t)
dV (t)
Now
IC (t) = C C
dt
= 4 # 106 # ( 5 # 25e25t) = 0.5e25t mA
MCQ 1.31
SOL 1.31
In the ac network shown in the figure, the phasor voltage VAB (in Volts) is
(A) 0
(B) 5+30c
(C) 12.5+30c
(D) 17+30c

Impedance
= (5 3j) (5 + 3j) =
=
(5 3j) # (5 + 3j)
5 3j + 5 + 3j
(5) 2 (3j) 2
= 25 + 9 = 3.4
10
10
VAB = Current # Impedance = 5+30c # 34 = 17+30c

MCQ 1.32
A p+ n junction has a built-in potential of 0.8 V. The depletion layer width a reverse
bias of 1.2 V is 2 m. For a reverse bias of 7.2 V, the depletion layer width will be
(A) 4 m
(B) 4.9 m
(C) 8 m
SOL 1.32
(D) 12 m
Hence option (A) is correct.

W = K V + VR
Now
2 = K 0.8 + 1.2
From above two equation we get

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0.8 + 7.2 =
0.8 + 1.2
W2 = 4 m
W =
2
or
MCQ 1.33
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8 =2
2
Group I lists four types of p n junction diodes. Match each device in Group I
with one of the option in Group II to indicate the bias condition of the device in
its normal mode of operation.
Group - I
Group-II
(P) Zener Diode
(1) Forward bias
(Q) Solar cell
(2) Reverse bias
(R) LASER diode
(S) Avalanche Photodiode
(A) P - 1, Q - 2, R - 1, S - 2
(B) P - 2, Q - 1, R - 1, S - 2
(C) P - 2, Q - 2, R - 1, S- -2
(D) P - 2, Q - 1, R - 2, S - 2
SOL 1.33
Zener diode and Avalanche diode works in the reverse bias and laser diode works
in forward bias.
In solar cell diode works in forward bias but photo current is in reverse direction.
Thus
Zener diode : Reverse Bias
Solar Cell : Forward Bias
Laser Diode : Forward Bias
Avalanche Photo diode
: Reverse Bias
Hence option (B) is correct.
MCQ 1.34
The DC current gain () of a BJT is 50. Assuming that the emitter injection
efficiency is 0.995, the base transport factor is
(A) 0.980
(B) 0.985
(C) 0.990
SOL 1.34
(D) 0.995
= 50 = 50
=
+ 1 50 + 1
51
Current Gain = Base Transport Factor # Emitter injection Efficiency
= 1 # 2
50
or
1 = =
= 0.985
51 # 0.995
2
MCQ 1.35
Group I lists four different semiconductor devices. match each device in Group I
with its charactecteristic property in Group II
Group-I
Group-II
(P) BJT
(1) Population iniversion
(Q) MOS capacitor
(2) Pinch-off voltage

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(R) LASER diode

(S) JFET
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(3) Early effect

(4) Flat-band voltage
(A) P - 3, Q - 1, R - 4, S - 2
(B) P - 1, Q - 4, R - 3, S - 2
(C) P - 3, Q - 4, R - 1, S - 2
(D) P - 3, Q - 2, R - 1, S - 4
SOL 1.35
In BJT as the B-C reverse bias voltage increases, the B-C space charge region width
increases which xB (i.e. neutral base width) > A change in neutral base width will
change the collector current. A reduction in base width will causes the gradient in
minority carrier concentration to increase, which in turn causes an increased in the
diffusion current. This effect si known as base modulation as early effect.
In JFET the gate to source voltage that must be applied to achieve pinch off
voltage is described as pinch off voltage and is also called as turn voltage or
threshold voltage.
In LASER population inversion occurs on the condition when concentration of
electrons in one energy state is greater than that in lower energy state, i.e. a non
equilibrium condition.
In MOS capacitor, flat band voltage is the gate voltage that must be applied to
create flat ban condition in which there is no space charge region in semiconductor
under oxide.
Therefore
BJT : Early effect
MOS capacitor: Flat-band voltage
LASER diode : Population inversion
JFET : Pinch-off voltage
MCQ 1.36
For the Op-Amp circuit shown in the figure, V0 is
SOL 1.36
(A) -2 V
(B) -1 V
(C) -0.5 V
(D) 0.5 V
We redraw the circuit as shown in fig.

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Applying voltage division rule

v+ = 0.5 V
We know that v+
Thus
v- = 0.5 V
Now
i = 1 0.5 = 0.5 mA
1k
and
i = 0.5 v0 = 0.5 mA
2k
= v-
or
v0 = 0.5 1 = 0.5 V
MCQ 1.37
SOL 1.37
For the BJT circuit shown, assume that the of the transistor is very large and
VBE = 0.7 V. The mode of operation of the BJT is
(A) cut-off
(B) saturation
(C) normal active
(D) reverse active
If we assume very large, then IB = 0 and IE = IC ; VBE = 0.7 V. We assume that

BJT is in active, so applying KVL in Base-emitter loop
IE = 2 VBE = 2 0.7 = 1.3 mA
1k
RE
Since is very large, we have IE = IC , thus
IC = 1.3 mA
Now applying KVL in collector-emitter loop
10 10IC VCE IC
or
VCE = 4.3 V
Now
VBC = VBE VCE
= 0.7 ( 4.3) = 5 V
Since VBC > 0.7 V, thus transistor in saturation.
Hence (B) is correct option

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MCQ 1.38
GATE EC 2007
In the Op-Amp circuit shown, assume that the diode current follows the equation
I = Is exp (V/VT ). For Vi = 2V, V0 = V01, and for Vi = 4V, V0 = V02 .
The relationship between V01 and V02 is
(A) V02 =
(B) Vo2 = e2 Vo1
2 Vo1
(D) Vo1 Vo2 = VT 1n2
(C) Vo2 = Vo1 1n2

SOL 1.38
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Here the inverting terminal is at virtual ground and the current in resistor and
diode current is equal i.e.
IR = ID
Vi = I eV /V
or
s
R
or
VD = VT 1n Vi
Is R
D
For the first condition

VD = 0 Vo1 = VT 1n 2
Is R
For the first condition
VD = 0 Vo1 = VT 1n 4
Is R
Subtracting above equation
Vo1 Vo2 = VT 1n 4 VT 1n 2
Is R
Is R
or Vo1 Vo2 = VT 1n 4 = VT 1n2
2
MCQ 1.39
In the CMOS inverter circuit shown, if the trans conductance parameters of the
NMOS and PMOS transistors are
W
kn = kp = n Cox Wn = Cox p = 40A/V2
Ln
Lp
and their threshold voltages ae VTHn = VTHp = 1 V the current I is

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SOL 1.39
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(A) 0 A
(B) 25 A
(C) 45 A
(D) 90 A
Hence (D) is correct option

We have
Vthp = Vthp = 1 V
W
W
P
and
= N = 40A/V2
LP
LN
From figure it may be easily seen that Vas for each NMOS and PMOS is 2.5 V
A
Thus
ID = K (Vas VT ) 2 = 40 2 (2.5 1) 2 = 90 A
V
MCQ 1.40
SOL 1.40
For the Zener diode shown in the figure, the Zener voltage at knee is 7 V, the knee
current is negligible and the Zener dynamic resistance is 10 . If the input voltage
(Vi) range is from 10 to 16 V, the output voltage (V0) ranges from
(A) 7.00 to 7.29 V
(B) 7.14 to 7.29 V
(C) 7.14 to 7.43 V
(D) 7.29 to 7.43 V
We have VZ = 7 volt, VK = 0, RZ = 10
Circuit can be modeled as shown in fig below
Since Vi is lies between 10 to 16 V, the range of voltage across 200 k

V200 = Vi VZ = 3 to 9 volt
The range of current through 200 k is
3 = 15 mA to 9 = 45 mA
200k
200k
The range of variation in output voltage
15m # RZ = 0.15 V to 45m # RZ = 0.45
Thus the range of output voltage is 7.15 Volt to 7.45 Volt
MCQ 1.41
The Boolean expression Y = ABC D + ABCD + ABC D + ABC D can be minimized

to

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SOL 1.41
MCQ 1.42
GATE EC 2007
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(A) Y = ABC D + ABC + AC D
(B) Y = ABC D + BCD + ABC D
(C) Y = ABCD + BC D + ABC D
(D) Y = ABCD + BC D + ABC D

Y = ABCD + ABCD + ABC D + ABC D
= ABCD + ABC D + ABC D + ABC D
= ABCD + ABC D + BC D (A + A)
= ABCD + ABC D + BC D
A+A = 1
The circuit diagram of a standard TTL NOT gate is shown in the figure. Vi = 25
V, the modes of operation of the transistors will be
(A) Q1: revere active; Q2: normal active; Q3: saturation; Q4: cut-off
(B) Q1: revere active; Q2: saturation; Q3: saturation; Q4: cut-off
(C) Q1: normal active; Q2: cut-off; Q3: cut-off; Q4: saturation
(D) Q1: saturation; Q2: saturation; Q3: saturation; Q4: normal active
SOL 1.42
In given TTL NOT gate when Vi = 2.5 (HIGH), then

Q1 " Reverse active
Q2 " Saturation
Q3 " Saturation
Q4 " cut - off region
MCQ 1.43
In the following circuit, X is given by

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(A) X = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

(B) X = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
(C) X = AB + BC + AC
(D) X = AB + BC + AC
SOL 1.43
The circuit is as shown below
Y = AB + AB
and X = YC + YC
= (AB + AB ) C + (AB + AB ) C
= (AB + AB) C + (AB + AB ) C
= ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
MCQ 1.44
The following binary values were applied to the X and Y inputs of NAND latch
shown in the figure in the sequence indicated below :
X = 0,Y = 1; X = 0, Y = 0; X = 1; Y = 1
The corresponding stable P, Q output will be.
(A) P = 1, Q = 0; P = 1, Q = 0; P = 1, Q = 0 or P = 0, Q = 1
(B) P = 1, Q = 0; P = 0, Q = 1; or P = 0, Q = 1; P = 0, Q = 1
(C) P = 1, Q = 0; P = 1, Q = 1; P = 1, Q = 0 or P = 0, Q = 1
(D) P = 1, Q = 0; P = 1, Q = 1; P = 1, Q = 1
SOL 1.44

For X = 0, Y = 1
P = 1, Q = 0
For X = 0, Y = 0
P = 1, Q = 1
For X = 1, Y = 1
P = 1, Q = 0 or P = 0, Q = 1
MCQ 1.45
For the circuit shown, the counter state (Q1 Q0) follows the sequence

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SOL 1.45
GATE EC 2007
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(A) 00, 01, 10, 11, 00
(B) 00, 01, 10, 00, 01
(C) 00, 01, 11, 00, 01
(D) 00, 10, 11, 00, 10
For this circuit the counter state (Q1, Q0) follows the sequence 00, 01, 10, 00 ... as
shown below
Clock
D1 D0
Q1 Q0
Q1 NOR Q0
00
1st
01
10
2nd
10
01
3rd
00
00

MCQ 1.46
SOL 1.46
An 8255 chip is interfaced to an 8085 microprocessor system as an I/O mapped I/O

as show in the figure. The address lines A0 and A1 of the 8085 are used by the 8255
chip to decode internally its thee ports and the Control register. The address lines
A3 to A7 as well as the IO/M signal are used for address decoding. The range of
addresses for which the 8255 chip would get selected is
(A) F8H - FBH
(B) F8GH - FCH
(C) F8H - FFH
(D) F0H - F7H
Chip 8255 will be selected if bits A3 to A7 are 1. Bit A0 to A2 can be 0 or.

1. Thus address range is

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11111000
11111111
MCQ 1.47
(D) 1 Hz

x (t) = et u (t)
Taking Fourier transform
X (j) = 1
1 + j
X (j) = 1 2
1+
Magnitude at 3dB frequency is
Thus
or
or
MCQ 1.48
F8H
FFH
The 3-dB bandwidth of the low-pass signal et u (t), where u (t) is the unit step
function, is given by
(A) 1 Hz
(B) 1
2 1 Hz
2
2
(C) 3
SOL 1.47
www.gatehelp.com
1
2
1
1 =
2
1 + 2
= 1 rad
f = 1 Hz
2
A Hilbert transformer is a
(A) non-linear system
(B) non-causal system
(C) time-varying system
(D) low-pass system
SOL 1.48
A Hilbert transformer is a non-linear system.

MCQ 1.49
The frequency response of a linear, time-invariant system is given by

H (f) = 1 + j510f . The step response of the system is
(A) 5 (1 e5t) u (t)

(B) 5 61 e 5@ u (t)
t
(C) 1 (1 e5t) u (t)
(D) 1 ^1 e 5 h u (t)
2
5
SOL 1.49
5
H (f) =
1 + j10f
5
H (s) = 5 =
= 1
1 + 5s
5^s + 15 h s + 15
Step response Y (s) = 1 a 1
s ^s + 5 h
or
Y (s) = 1 1 1 = 5 5 1
s ^s + 5 h
s s+ 5
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y (t) = 5 (1 et/5) u (t)
or
MCQ 1.50
A 5-point sequence x [n] is given as x [ 3] = 1, x [ 2] = 1, x [ 1] = 0, x [0] = 5 and

x [1] = 1. Let X (ei) denoted the discrete-time Fourier transform of x [n]. The value
of
SOL 1.50
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X (e j) d is
(A) 5
(B) 10
(C) 16
(D) 5 + j10
For discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) when N " 3
x [n] = 1
X (e j) e jn d
2
Putting n = 0 we get
x [0] = 1
2
or
X (e j) e j0 d = 1
2
X (e j) d
X (e j) d = 2x [0] = 2 # 5 = 10

MCQ 1.51
The z transform X (z) of a sequence x [n] is given by X [z] = 1 0.25z . It is given that
the region of convergence of X (z) includes the unit circle. The value of x [0] is
(B) 0
(A) 0.5
1
(C) 0.25
(D) 05
SOL 1.51

X (z) = 0.5 1
1 2z
Since ROC includes unit circle, it is left handed system
x (n) = (0.5) (2) n u ( n 1)
x (0) = 0
If we apply initial value theorem
x (0) = lim X (z) = lim 0.5 1 = 0.5
z"3
z " 31 2z
That is wrong because here initial value theorem is not applicable because signal
x (n) is defined for n < 0 .
MCQ 1.52
A control system with PD controller is shown in the figure. If the velocity error
constant KV = 1000 and the damping ratio = 0.5 , then the value of KP and KD
are

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SOL 1.52
GATE EC 2007
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(A) KP = 100, KD = 0.09
(B) KP = 100, KD = 0.9
(C) KP = 10, KD = 0.09
(D) KP = 10, KD = 0.9
Hence (B) is correct option

We have
Kv = lim sG (s) H (s)
s"0
1000 = lim s
or
s"0
(Kp + KD s) 100
= Kp
s (s + 100)
Now characteristics equations is

1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
(K + KD s) 100
1000 = lims " 0 s p
= Kp
s (s + 100)
Now characteristics equation is
1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
or
1+
(100 + KD s) 100
=0
s (s + 10)
Kp = 100
or s2 + (10 + 100KD) s + 10 4 = 0
Comparing with s2 + 2n + n2 = 0 we get
2n = 10 + 100KD
or
KD = 0.9
MCQ 1.53
The transfer function of a plant is

5
T (s) =
(s + 5)( s2 + s + 1)
The second-order approximation of T (s) using dominant pole concept is
1
5
(A)
(B)
(s + 5)( s + 1)
(s + 5)( s + 1)
5
s2 + s + 1
(C)
SOL 1.53
We have
(D)
1
s2 + s + 1
5
(s + 5)( s2 + s + 1)
5
=
= 2 1
2
s
5`1 + j (s + s + 1)
s +s+1
5
T (s) =
In given transfer function denominator is (s + 5)[( s + 0.5) 2 + 43 ]. We can see easily

that pole at s = 0.5 ! j 23 is dominant then pole at s = 5 . Thus we have
approximated it.
MCQ 1.54
The open-loop transfer function of a plant is given as G (s) = s 1- 1 . If the plant is

operated in a unity feedback configuration, then the lead compensator that an
stabilize this control system is

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(A)
10 (s 1)
s+2
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(B)
10 (s + 4)
s+2
10 (s + 2)
2 (s + 2)
(D)
s + 10
s + 10
1
G (s) = 2 1 =
(
s
)(
s 1)
+
1
s 1
(C)
SOL 1.54
1
The lead compensator C (s) should first stabilize the plant i.e. remove
term.
(s 1)
From only options (A), C (s) can remove this term
10 (s 1)
1
#
(s + 1)( s 1)
(s + 2)
10
=
(s + 1)( s + 2)
ThusG (s) C (s) =
MCQ 1.55
Only option (A) satisfies.
A unity feedback control system has an open-loop transfer function

K
G (s) =
2
s (s + 7s + 12)
The gain K for which s = 1 + j1 will lie on the root locus of this system is
(A) 4
(B) 5.5
(C) 6.5
(D) 10
SOL 1.55
For ufb system the characteristics equation is

1 + G (s) = 0
K
or
=0
1+
s (s2 + 7s + 12)
or
s (s2 + 7s + 12) + K = 0
Point s = 1 + j lie on root locus if it satisfy above equation i.e
( 1 + j)[( 1 + j) 2 + 7 ( 1 + j) + 12) + K] = 0
or
K =+ 10
MCQ 1.56
The asymptotic Bode plot of a transfer function is as shown in the figure. The
transfer function G (s) corresponding to this Bode plot is
(A)
1
(s + 1)( s + 20)

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(B)
1
s (s + 1)( s + 20)
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100
100
(D)
s (s + 1)( s + 20)
s (s + 1)( 1 + 0.05s)
At every corner frequency there is change of -20 db/decade in slope which indicate
pole at every corner frequency. Thus
K
G (s) =
s (1 + s)`1 + s j
20
Bode plot is in (1 + sT) form
20 log K
= 60 dB = 1000
= 0. 1
(C)
SOL 1.56
Thus
Hence
K =5
G (s) =
100
s (s + 1)( 1 + .05s)

MCQ 1.57
The state space representation of a separately excited DC servo motor dynamics

is given as
d
1
1
0
dt
> di H = = 1 10G=ia G + =10Gu
dt
o
where is the speed of the motor, ia is the armature current and u is the armature
(s)
of the motor is
voltage. The transfer function
U (s)
1
(A) 2 10
(B) 2
s + 11s + 11
s + 11s + 11
(C) 2 10s + 10
(D) 2 1
s + s + 11
s + 11s + 11
SOL 1.57

d
1
1
0
We have > didt H = =
u
G
G
=
=
+
1 10 in
10G
dt
a
or
and
d = + i
n
dt
dia = 10i + 10u
a
dt
Taking laplace transform (i) we get

s (s) = (s) = Ia (s)
or (s + 1) (s) = Ia (s)
Taking laplace transform (ii) we get
sIa (s) = (s) 10Ia (s) + 10U (s)
or
(s) = ( 10 s) Ia (s) + 10U (s)
= ( 10 s)( s + 1) (s) + 10U (s)
or
(s) = [s2 + 11s + 10] (s) + 10U (s)
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...(1)
...(2)
...(3)
From (3)
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GATE EC 2007
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or(s2 + 11s + 11) (s)

(s)
or
= 2 10
U (s)
(s + 11s + 11)
MCQ 1.58
In delta modulation, the slope overload distortion can be reduced by

(A) decreasing the step size
(B) decreasing the granular noise
(C) decreasing the sampling rate
SOL 1.58
= 10U (s)
(D) increasing the step size
Slope overload distortion can be reduced by increasing the step size

3 $ slope of x (t)
Ts
MCQ 1.59
SOL 1.59
The raised cosine pulse p (t) is used for zero ISI in digital communications. The
expression for p (t) with unity roll-off factor is given by
sin 4Wt
p (t) =
4Wt (1 16W2 t2)
The value of p (t) at t = 1 is
4W
(A) 0.5
(B) 0
(C) 0.5
(D) 3

sin (4Wt)
We have p (t) =
4Wt (1 16W2 t2)
at t = 1 it is 0 form. Thus applying L' Hospital rule
0
4W
4W cos (4Wt)
p( ) =
4W [1 48W2 t2]
1
4W
=
MCQ 1.60
cos (4Wt)
= cos = 0.5
2 2
13
1 48W t
In the following scheme, if the spectrum M (f) of m (t) is as shown, then the spectrum
Y (f) of y (t) will be

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SOL 1.60
GATE EC 2007
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The block diagram is as shown below
Here
M1 (f) = Mt (f)
Y1 (f) = M (f) c e
j 2 B
Y2 (f) = M1 (f) c e
j 2 B
+ e -j2B
m
2
e -j2B
m
2
Y (f) = Y1 (f) + Y2 (f)

All waveform is shown below

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MCQ 1.61
During transmission over a certain binary communication channel, bit errors occur
independently with probability p. The probability of AT MOST one bit in error
in a block of n bits is given by
(B) 1 pn
(A) pn
(C) np (1 p) n - 1 + (1 + p) n
SOL 1.61
(D) 1 (1 p) n
By Binomial distribution the probability of error is

pe = n Cr pr (1 p) n - r
Probability of at most one error
= Probability of no error + Probability of one error
= n C0 p0 (1 p) n - 0 + n C1 p1 (1 p) n - 1
= (1 p) n + np (1 p) n - 1
MCQ 1.62
In a GSM system, 8 channels can co-exist in 200 kHz bandwidth using TDMA.
A GSM based cellular operator is allocated 5 MHz bandwidth. Assuming a
frequency reuse factor of 1 , i.e. a five-cell repeat pattern, the maximum number of
5
simultaneous channels that can exist in one cell is
(A) 200
(B) 40
(C) 25
SOL 1.62
(D) 5
Bandwidth allocated for 1 Channel = 5 M Hz

Average bandwidth for 1 Channel 5 = 1 MHz
5
Total Number of Simultaneously Channel = 1M # 8 = 40 Channel
200k
MCQ 1.63
In a Direct Sequence CDMA system the chip rate is 1.2288 # 106 chips per second.
If the processing gain is desired to be AT LEAST 100, the data rate
(A) must be less than or equal to 12.288 # 103 bits per sec
(B) must be greater than 12.288 # 103 bits per sec
(C) must be exactly equal to 12.288 # 103 bits per sec
(D) can take any value less than 122.88 # 103 bits per sec
SOL 1.63

Chip Rate RC = 1.2288 # 106 chips/sec

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Data Rate Rb = RC
G
Since the processing gain G must be at least 100, thus for Gmin we get
6
Rb max = RC = 1.2288 # 10 = 12.288 # 103 bps
Gmin
100
MCQ 1.64
An air-filled rectangular waveguide has inner dimensions of 3 cm # 2 cm. The wave

impedance of the TE20 mode of propagation in the waveguide at a frequency of 30
GHz is (free space impedance 0 = 377 )
(A) 308
(B) 355
(C) 400
SOL 1.64
(D) 461
The cut-off frequency is

fc = c ` m j2 + ` n j2
2
a
b
Since the mode is TE20, m = 2 and n = 0
8
fc = c m = 3 # 10 # 2 = 10 GHz
2 2
2 # 0.03
o
377
=
' =
= 400
10
2
fc 2
1c m
1 c 10 10 m
f
3 # 10
MCQ 1.65
The H field (in A/m) of a plane wave propagating in free space is given by
H = xt 5 3 cos (t z) + yt`t z + j .
0
2
The time average power flow density in Watts is
(B) 100
(A) 0
100
0
(D) 50
0
(C) 5020
SOL 1.65

We have
For free space
MCQ 1.66
2
2
2
= Hx2 + Hy2 = c 5 3 m + c 5 m = c 10 m
o
o
o
2
2
o H
E
2
=
= o c 10 m = 50 watts
P =
2 o
o
2o
2
The E field in a rectangular waveguide of inner dimension a # b is given by

2
E = 2 ` j H0 sin ` 2x j sin (t z) yt
a
h 2
Where H0 is a constant, and a and b are the dimensions along the x axis and the
y axis respectively. The mode of propagation in the waveguide is
(B) TM11
(A) TE20
(C) TM20

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(D) TE10
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SOL 1.66
GATE EC 2007
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2
E = 2 ` j H0 sin ` 2x j sin (t z) yt
a
h 2
This is TE mode and we know that
my
Ey \ sin ` mx j cos `
a
b j
Thus m = 2 and n = 0 and mode is TE20
MCQ 1.67
A load of 50 is connected in shunt in a 2-wire transmission line of Z0 = 50 as

shown in the figure. The 2-port scattering parameter matrix (s-matrix) of the shunt
element is
1
1
2
(A) > 12
1H
2
2
13
(C) >
SOL 1.67
2
3
2
1
3
3
0 1
(B) =
1 0G
1
4
3
4
43
(D) >
1H
4
The 2-port scattering parameter matrix is
S11 S12
S ==
S21 S22 G
(Z Z ) Zo
(50 50) 50
S11 = L 0
=
= 1
(ZL Z0) + Zo
(50 50) + 50
3
2 (ZL Zo)
2 (50 50)
S12 = S21 =
=
=2
(ZL Zo) + Zo
(50 50) + 50
3
(Z Z ) Zo
(50 50) 50
S22 = L o
=
= 1
(ZL Zo) + Zo
(50 50) + 50
3
MCQ 1.68
The parallel branches of a 2-wire transmission line re terminated in 100 and

200 resistors as shown in the figure. The characteristic impedance of the line is
Z0 = 50 and each section has a length of . The voltage reflection coefficient
4
at the input is

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SOL 1.68
GATE EC 2007
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(A) j 7
5
(B) 5
7
(C) j 5
7
The input impedance is
2
Zin = Zo ;
ZL
(D) 5
7
if l =
4
2
2
Zin1 = Zo1 = 50 = 25
ZL1 100
2
2
Zin2 = Zo2 = 50 = 12.5
ZL2
200
Now
ZL = Zin1 Zin2
25 12.5 = 25
3
(50) 2
= 300
25/3
= ZS Zo = 300 50 = 5
ZS + Zo
300 + 50
7
Zs =

MCQ 1.69
A dipole is kept horizontally at a height of 0 above a perfectly conducting

2
2
infinite ground plane. The radiation pattern in the lane of the dipole (E plane)
looks approximately as

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SOL 1.69
GATE EC 2007
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Using the method of images, the configuration is as shown below
Here d = , = , thus d = 2
Array factor is
d cos +
= cos ;
E
2
= cos ;
2 cos +
E = sin ( cos )
2

MCQ 1.70
A right circularly polarized (RCP) plane wave is incident at an angle 60c to the
normal, on an air-dielectric interface. If the reflected wave is linearly polarized, the
relative dielectric constant r2 is.
(A)
(B)
(C) 2
SOL 1.70
(D) 3
The Brewster angle is

r2
tan n =
r1
r2
tan 60c =
1
or
r2 = 3

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Common Data Questions
Common Data for Questions 71, 72, 73 :

The figure shows the high-frequency capacitance - voltage characteristics of Metal/
Sio 2 /silicon (MOS) capacitor having an area of 1 # 10 - 4 cm 2 . Assume that the
permittivities (0 r ) of silicon and Sio2 are 1 # 10 - 12 F/cm and 3.5 # 10 - 13 F/cm
respectively.
MCQ 1.71
The gate oxide thickness in the MOS capacitor is

(A) 50 nm
(B) 143 nm
(C) 350 nm
(D) 1 m
SOL 1.71
At low voltage when there is no depletion region and capacitance is decide by SiO2
thickness only,
C = 0 r1 A
D
13
104 = 50 nm
or
D = 0 r1 A = 3.5 # 10 #
C
7 # 10 12
Hence option (A) is correct
MCQ 1.72
The maximum depletion layer width in silicon is

(A) 0.143 m
(B) 0.857 m
(C) 1 m
SOL 1.72
(D) 1.143 m
The construction of given capacitor is shown in fig below

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When applied voltage is 0 volts, there will be no depletion region and we get
C1 = 7 pF
When applied voltage is V , a depletion region will be formed as shown in fig an
total capacitance is 1 pF. Thus
CT = 1 pF
or
CT = C1 C2 = 1 pF
C1 + C2
1 = 1 + 1
or
CT
C1 C2
Substituting values of CT and C1 we get
C2 = 7 pF
6
- 12
-4
Now
D2 = 0 r2 A = 1 # 710 #- 1210 = 6 # 10 - 4 cm
C2
7
6 # 10
= 0.857 m
MCQ 1.73
Consider the following statements about the C V characteristics plot :

S1 : The MOS capacitor has as n -type substrate
S2 : If positive charges are introduced in the oxide, the C V polt will shift to the
left.
Then which of the following is true?
(A) Both S1 and S2 are true
(B) S1 is true and S2 is false
(C) S1 is false and S2 is true
(D) Both S1 and S2 are false
SOL 1.73
Depletion region will not be formed if the MOS capacitor has n type substrate but
from C-V characteristics, C reduces if V is increased. Thus depletion region must
be formed. Hence S1 is false
If positive charges is introduced in the oxide layer, then to equalize the effect the
applied voltage V must be reduced. Thus the C V plot moves to the left. Hence
S2 is true.

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Common Data for Questions 74 & 75 :

Two 4-array signal constellations are shown. It is given that 1 and 2 constitute
an orthonormal basis for the two constellation. Assume that the four symbols in
both the constellations are equiprobable. Let N0 denote the power spectral density
2
of white Gaussian noise.
MCQ 1.74
The if ratio or the average energy of Constellation 1 to the average energy of

Constellation 2 is
(A) 4a2
(B) 4
(C) 2
SOL 1.74
(D) 8
Energy of constellation 1 is
Eg1 = (0) 2 + ( 2 a) 2 + (
2 a) 2 + ( 2 a) 2 + ( 2 2 a) 2
= 2a2 + 2a2 + 2a2 + 8a2 = 16a2

Energy of constellation 2 is
Eg2 = a2 + a2 + a2 + a2 = 4a2
Eg1 16a2
=
=4
Eg2
4a2
Ratio =
MCQ 1.75
If these constellations are used for digital communications over an AWGN channel,
then which of the following statements is true ?
(A) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is lower
(B) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is higher
(C) Probability of symbol error is equal for both the constellations
(D) The value of N0 will determine which of the constellations has a lower probability
of symbol error
SOL 1.75
Noise Power is same for both which is N0 .

2
Thus probability of error will be lower for the constellation 1 as it has higher signal
energy.

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Linked Answer Questions : Q.76 to Q.85 carry two marks each.
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 76 & 77:

Consider the Op-Amp circuit shown in the figure.
MCQ 1.76
The transfer function V0 (s)/ Vi (s) is

(A) 1 sRC
1 + sRC
(B) 1 + sRC
1 sRC
1
1
(D)
1 sRC
1 + sRC
The voltage at non-inverting terminal is
1
1
V+ = sC 1 Vi =
V
1 + sCR i
R + sC
1
Now
V- = V+ =
V
1 + sCR i
(C)
SOL 1.76
Applying voltage division rule

(V + Vi)
V+ = R1 (V0 + Vi) = o
R1 + R1
2
(V + Vi)
1
or
Vi = o
1 + sCR
2
Vo = 1 +
2
or
Vi
1 + sRC
V0 = 1 sRC
Vi
1 + sRC
MCQ 1.77
If Vi = V1 sin (t) and V0 = V2 sin (t + ), then the minimum and maximum values
of (in radians) are respectively
(A) and
(B) 0 and
2
2
2
(C) and 0

V0 = H (s) = 1 sRC
Vi
1 + sRC
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(D) and 0
2
SOL 1.77
Page 38
GATE EC 2007
H (j) =
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1 jRC
1 + jRC
+H (j) = = tan - 1 RC tan - 1 RC

= 2 tan - 2 RC
Minimum value,
Maximum value,
min
max
= (at " 3)
= 0( at = 0)
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 78 & 79 :

An 8085 assembly language program is given below.
Line 1:
MVI A, B5H
2:
MVI B, OEH
3:
XRI 69H
4:
ADD B
5:
ANI 9BH
6:
CPI 9FH
7:
STA 3010H
8:
HLT
MCQ 1.78
The contents of the accumulator just execution of the ADD instruction in line 4
will be
(A) C3H
(B) EAH
(C) DCH
(D) 69H
SOL 1.78
Line
1 : MVI A, B5H
2 : MVI B, 0EH
3 : XRI 69H
; Move B5H to A
; Move 0EH to B
; [A] XOR 69H and store in A
; Contents of A is CDH
4 : ADDB
; Add the contents of A to contents of B and
; store in A, contents of A is EAH
5 : ANI 9BH
; [a] AND 9BH, and store in A,
; Contents of A is 8 AH
6 : CPI 9FH
; Compare 9FH with the contents of A
; Since 8 AH < 9BH, CY = 1
7 : STA 3010 H
; Store the contents of A to location 3010 H
8 : HLT
; Stop
Thus the contents of accumulator after execution of ADD instruction is EAH.
MCQ 1.79
After execution of line 7 of the program, the status of the CY and Z flags will be
(A) CY = 0, Z = 0
(B) CY = 0, Z = 1

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(C) CY = 1, Z = 0
SOL 1.79
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(D) CY = 1, Z = 1
The CY = 1 and Z = 0
Statement for linked Answer Question 80 & 81 :
MCQ 1.80
Consider a linear system whose state space representation is x (t) = Ax (t). If

1
the initial state vector of the system is x (0) = = G, then the system response is
2
1
e2x
, then
x (t) = >
2tH . If the itial state vector of the system changes to x (0) = =
2G
2e
t
e
the system response becomes x (t) = > tH
e
The eigenvalue and eigenvector pairs (i vi) for the system are
1
1
1
1
(A) e 1 = Go and e 2 = Go
(B) e 1, = Go and e2, = Go
1
2
1
2
1
1
(C) e 1, = Go and e 2, = Go
1
2
SOL 1.80
1
1
(D) e 2 = Go and e1, = Go
1
2

We have xo (t) = Ax (t)
p q
Let
A ==
r sG
1
e2t
For initial state vector x (0) = = G the system response is x (t) = >
H
2
2e2t
d 2t
e
Thus > d dt 2t H
)
dt ( 2e
==
t=0
or
2e
2 (0)
p q 1
r s G= 2G
p q
> 4e2 (0) H = =r s G= 2G

2
p 2q
= 4 G = = r 2s G
We get p 2q = 2 and r 2s = 4
1
et
For initial state vector x (0) = = G the system response is x (t) = > tH
1
e
Thus
d
dt
et
> d ( et)H
dt
t=0
(0)
==
...(i)
p q 1
r s G= 1G
p q
> e (0) H = =r s G= 1G
1
pq
= 1G = = r s G
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We get p q = 1 and r s = 1
Solving (1) and (2) set of equations we get
p q
0 1
=r s G = = 2 3G
...(2)
The characteristic equation

I A = 0
1
=0
2 +3
or
( + 3) + 2 = 0
or
= 1, 2
Thus Eigen values are 1 and 2
Eigen vectors for 1 = 1
(1 I A) X1 = 0
or
1 1 x11
= 2 + 3G=x G = 0
1
21
1 1 x11
= 2 2 G=x G = 0
21
or
x11 x21 = 0
or
x11 + x21 = 0
We have only one independent equation x11 = x21.Let x11 = K , then x21 = K , the
Eigen vector will be
x11
K
1
=x G = = K G = K = 1G
21
Now Eigen vector for 2 = 2
(2 I A) X2 = 0
2 1 x12
or
= 2 + 3G=x G = 0
2
22
2 1 x11
or
= 2 1 G=x G = 0
21
or
x11 x21 = 0
or
x11 + x21 = 0
We have only one independent equation x11 = x21.
Let x11 = K, then x21 = K , the Eigen vector will be
x12
K
1
=x G = = 2K G = K = 2G
22
MCQ 1.81
The system matrix A is

0 1
(A) =
1 1G

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1 1
(B) =
1 2G
Page 41
SOL 1.81
GATE EC 2007
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2 1
0 1
(C) =
(D) =
G
1 1
2 3G
As shown in previous solution the system matrix is
0 1
A ==
2 3G
Statement for Linked Answer Question 82 & 83 :

An input to a 6-level quantizer has the probability density function f (x) as shown
in the figure. Decision boundaries of the quantizer are chosen so as to maximize the
entropy of the quantizer output. It is given that 3 consecutive decision boundaries
are 1'.'0' and '1' .
MCQ 1.82
SOL 1.82
The values of a and b are

(A) a = 1 and b = 1
6
12
(B) a = 1 and b = 3
5
40
(C) a = 1 and b = 1
(D) a = 1 and b = 1
4
16
3
24
Area under the pdf curve must be unity
Thus 2a + 4a + 4b
2a + 8b = 1
For maximum entropy three region must by equivaprobable thus
2a = 4b = 4b
From (1) and (2) we get
b = 1 and a = 1
12
6
=1
...(1)
...(2)

MCQ 1.83
SOL 1.83
Assuming that the reconstruction levels of the quantizer are the mid-points of the
decision boundaries, the ratio of signal power to quantization noise power is
(A) 152
(B) 64
9
3
(C) 76
3
Hence correct option is ( )

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Statement for Linked Answer Question 84 and 85 :

In the Digital-to-Analog converter circuit shown in the figure below,
VR = 10V and R = 10k
MCQ 1.84
SOL 1.84
The current i is
(A) 31.25A
(B) 62.5A
(C) 125A
(D) 250A
Since the inverting terminal is at virtual ground the resistor network can be reduced
as follows
The current from voltage source is

I = VR = 10 = 1 mA
R
10k
This current will be divide as shown below

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-3
i = I = 1 # 10 = 62.5 A
16
16
Now

MCQ 1.85
SOL 1.85
The voltage V0 is
(A) 0.781 V
(B) 1.562 V
(C) 3.125 V
(D) 6.250 V
The net current in inverting terminal of OP - amp is

I- = 1 + 1 = 5I
4 16
16
So that
V0 = R # 5I = 3.125
16
Answer Sheet
1.
(A)
19.
(A)
37.
(B)
55.
(D)
73.
(C)
2.
(B)
20.
(D)
38.
(D)
56.
(D)
74.
(B)
3.
(C)
21.
(C)
39.
(D)
57.
(A)
75.
(A)
4.
(A)
22.
(A)
40.
(C)
58.
(D)
76.
(A)
5.
(D)
23.
(C)
41.
(D)
59.
(C)
77.
(C)
6.
(A)
24.
(D)
42.
(B)
60.
(B)
78.
(B)
7.
(D)
25.
(B)
43.
(A)
61.
(C)
79.
(C)
8.
(C)
26.
(C)
44.
(C)
62.
(B)
80.
(A)
9.
(D)
27.
(A)
45.
(A)
63.
(A)
81.
(D)
10.
(C)
28.
(D)
46.
(C)
64.
(C)
82.
(A)
11.
(C)
29.
(D)
47.
(A)
65.
(D)
83.
(*)
12.
(A)
30.
(A)
48.
(A)
66.
(A)
84.
(B)
13.
(C)
31.
(D)
49.
(B)
67.
(C)
85.
(C)

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14.
(B)
32.
(A)
50.
(B)
68.
(D)
15.
(D)
33.
(B)
51.
(B)
69.
(B)
16.
(D)
34.
(B)
52.
(B)
70
(D)
17.
(C)
35.
(C)
53.
(D)
71
(A)
18.
(B)
36.
(C)
54.
72
(A)
**********
(B)

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GATE EC

Q.1 to Q.20 carry one mark each

If E denotes expectation, the variance of a random variable X is given by

The variance of a random variable x is given by

The given plot is straight line whose equation is

Hence (B) is correct answer.

For x << 1, coth (x) can be approximated as

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(D) not defined

Hence (A) is correct answer.

Which one of following functions is strictly bounded?

Hence (D) is correct answer.

Thus e - x is strictly bounded.

For the function e - x , the linear approximation around x = 2 is

Hence (A) is correct answer.

Neglecting higher powers

An independent voltage source in series with an impedance Zs = Rs + jXs delivers

According to maximum Power Transform Theorem

The RC circuit shown in the figure is

(A) a low-pass filter

(B) a high-pass filter

(C) a band-pass filter

(D) a band-reject filter

Here we get also V0 = 0

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Hence (C) is correct option.

As per mass action law

In a p+ n junction diode under reverse biased the magnitude of electric field is

The electric field has the maximum value at the junction of p+ n .

The correct full wave rectifier circuit is

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The circuit shown in (C) is correct full wave rectifier circuit.

Hence (C) is correct option.

In a transconductance amplifier, it is desirable to have

In the transconductance amplifier it is desirable to have large input resistance and

MSB of Y is 1, thus it is negative number and X is positive number

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Hence (C) is correct answer.

The Boolean function Y = AB + CD is to be realized using only 2 - input NAND

Hence (B) is correct answer.

(D) a non-minimum phase system

Hence (D) is correct answer.

If R () is the auto correlation function of a real, wide-sense stationary random

Autocorrelation is even function.

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A plane wave of wavelength is traveling in a direction making an angle 30c with

Hence (A) is correct option.

If C is code curve enclosing a surface S , then magnetic field intensity H , the

Hence (D) is correct option.

Q.21 to Q.75 carry two marks each.

It is given that X1, X2 ...XM at M non-zero, orthogonal vectors. The dimension of

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An examination consists of two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2. The probability of

Hence (C) is correct answer.

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(ii) y = y2 at x = 3 , where k, y1 and y2 are constants, is