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Objectives
The objective of this lab was to use the Thevenin and Norton equation in circuits, to use the idea
of super position, and to find the maximum power.

Procedure and Results


We started this section by making the circuit below. Then we de-energized the circuit to
determine the voltage and current due to each of the voltage sources

Measured (V)
vs1

9.99

vs2

4.99

Calculated
(V)
v2

4.356

N
o M
R mi ea
es na sur
ist l ed
or (k (k
)
)
.
R 1.
97
0
a
5
R 1.
1.3
3
b
R 3. 3.8
9
5
c
R 4. 4.2
3
3
d

2
v2 v1 v2 v2 v3

0
Ra
Rb
Rc
1
v
v
1
1
s1 s 2
Ra Rc
Ra Rb Rc

v2

v2

vs1 vs 2

Ra Rc

1
1
1

Ra Rb Rc

ia

Calculated
(mA)
5.778

ib

2.43

ic

5.97

ia

v1 v2 vs1 v2

Ra
Ra

ib

v2 v3 v 2 v s 2

Rc
Rc

ic ib

v2 vs1 v2 v2 vs 2

0
Ra
Rb
Rc

v1 v3
v v
ib s1 s 2
Rd
Rd

vs1 energized
Calculated
(V)
v2,vs

Calculated
(V)
v2,vs

4.986

vs1 andvs2
energized
Calculated
(V)

vs2 energized

-.6308

vs1 energized

v
2

v2 v2,vs1 v2,vs 2
ia ia ,vs1 ia ,vs 2
ib ib ,vs1 ib ,vs 2

4.3552

ic ic ,vs1 ic ,vs 2

vs1 andvs2
energized
Calculated
(mA)

vs2 energized

Calculated
(mA)

Calculated
(mA)

ia,vs1

5.128

ia,vs2

.646

ia

5.774

ib,vs1

1.296

ib,vs2

1.1322

ib

2.4282

ic,vs1

3.65

ic,vs2

2.3118

ic

5.95

Measured values
vs2 energized
(V)

vs1 energized
(V)
v2,vs1

v2,vs2

4.99

vs1 and vs2


energized (V)
v2

-.631
Measured values
vs2 energized
(mA)

vs1 energized
(mA)

4.36
vs1 and vs2
energized (mA)

ia,vs1

5.11

ia,vs2

.64

ia

5.75

ib,vs1

1.29

ib,vs2

1.12

ib

2.42

ic,vs1

3.64

ic,vs2

2.3

ic

5.95

v2,vs
1

Calculated from Step 4


vs1
vs2
energized
energized
(V)
(V)
v2,vs
4.986
-.6308
2

Calculated from Step 3


vs1
vs2
energized
energized

v2,vs
1

Measured from Step 5


vs1
vs2
energized
energized
(V)
(V)
v2,vs
4.99
-.630
2

Measured from Step 6


vs1
vs2
energized
energized

4
(mA)
ia,vs
1

ib,vs
1

ic,vs

5.128
1.296
3.65

(mA)
ia,vs
2

ib,vs
2

ic,vs
2

(mA)
ia,vs

.646

ib,vs

1.1322

ic,vs

2.3118

5.11
1.29
3.64

vs1 and vs2 energized (V)


Calculated from
Measured from
Step 4 (V)
Step 5 (V)
v2

4.3552

(mA)
ia,vs

.64

ib,vs

1.12

ic,vs

2.3

% Error

4.36

vs1 andvs2 energized


Calculated from
Measured from
Step 3 (mA)
Step 6 (mA)

.1
% Error

ia

5.778

5.75

.1

ib

2.43

2.42

.1

ic

5.97

5.95

.1

We created the circuit below and selected resistors then measured voltage across the
circuit.

R1

Expected value
(k)
1

R3

Resistor

Supply voltage
vs

Specified value
(V)

15

Measured value
(V)

14.99

R1

Nominal
value
(k)
.975

Measured
value
(k)
.975

R2

R3

Resist
or

Resist
or
Rth

Expect
ed
value
(k)
1.6554

Measur
ed
value
(k)
1.643

Measured
value
in Step 7
(Figure 2)
RL
(k)
vL
(V)
iL
(mA)

Expected
value

Measured
value

% difference

voc (V)

10.077

10.08

.1

isc
(mA)

6.087

6.07

.2

Rth R1 // R2 R3

Measured value
RL (k)

9.88

vL (V)

8.64

iL (mA)

.87

Measured
value
in Step 11
(Figure 3)

9.88

9.88

8.64

8.64

.87

.87

%
Difference
0
0
0

Measured Measured
values
values
%
in Step 4
in Step 9 Difference
(Figure 2) (Figure 3)
created
the circuit below, assembled the
vWe
oc
10.08
current source out of10.07
an opp amp. .1
(V)
isc
(mA
6.07
6.14
.2
)

Resisto
r
Rs

Expected
(k)
vs / isc
2.5

Measured
(V)
v
s

14.6

isc

Nominal
value
(k)
2.4

Measured
value
(k)
2.379

Measured in part B
(mA)

Measured
(mA)

6.14

6.15

7
Expected value

Measured value

% difference

voc (V)

9.815

10.07

isc (mA)

5.93

6.13

voc (V)
RL (k)
isc (mA)
vL (V)
iL (mA)

Measured values in
Step value
4 Part B
Measured
in Step
7 Part B
10.08
9.88
6.07
8.64
.87

Measured values in
Step
6 Part
C
Measured
value
in Step
8 Part C
10.07
9.83
6.13
8.64
.87

% Difference
% Difference
1
1
2
0
0

We set up the circuit below, and used the Norton and Thevenin resistances to find the value of
the resistance across RL.

Rth/10

Expected
Load
Setting
R(mW)
(k)
L
Pmax.1643 15.43

voltage vL
(V)
.920

Power PL
(mW)
5.15

Rth/8

.2053

1.126

6.14

Rth /5

.3286

1.682

8.609

Rth/4

.41075

2.026

9.99

Rth/2

.8215

3.37

13.82

Rth

1.643

5.06

15.5

Rth * 1.5

2.4645

6.06

14.9

Rth * 2

3.286

6.74

13.8

Rth * 3

4.929

7.62

11.78

Rth * 4

6.572

8.08

9.934

RL Rn Rth
Pmax

i
Rth sc
2

v
v2
RL oc oc
4 Rth
2 Rth

Discussion
I would start by measuring the voltage across the open terminals with a known load
resistor, instead of using no load resistor so we dont short the circuit. We will then use this
value Vth, to calculate the current output. As long as we keep in mind what load resistance
we used we can do the calculations.

Conclusion
In this lab we got to derive the Thevenin and Nortons equivalent circuits, verify the max
power, and learn about superposition. All of our measure values were close to the expected
values so we did not have too much error in our results or processes. The most difficult part of
this lab was setting up the Demo box correctly, in order to not short the box. After this lab I have
a better understanding of circuits, and the relationship between their elements.

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