Appendix

Appendix A Research articles ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page

50
1. Predicting Potentially Life-threatening Partner Violence
by women Towards men by Denise A. Hines, PhD and
Emily M Douglas, Phd -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 50
2. Book review Abused men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence
by Philip W. Cook ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page
72
3. Male Victims of Domestic Violence
by Babette C. Drijber, Udo J. L. Reijnder and Manon Cellen-------------------------------------Page 77
4. Domestic Violence against men by Barber CF-------------------------------------------------Page 83
5. No empathy for male victims by Chris Clark ---------------------------------------------------Page 88
6. Female domestic violence under scrutiny by Christian Jarrett -----------------------------Page
90
7. Research lead me to be more aware of domestic violence
against men by Amy Wilkins --------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 91
8. Murder sentence shows bias against men by Marty Sharpe ------------------------------Page 92
Appendix B Introduction Draft-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Page
94
Appendix C Questionnaires --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page
95
1. Original questionnaire --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 95

2. Piloted Copies of Questionnaire--------------------------------------------------------------------Page 98

3. Second Draft of Questionnaire--------------------------------------------------------------------Page 127
4. Final Questionnaire ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 130
5. Questionnaire Results ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 134
Appendix D Interview Results----------------------------------------------------------------------------Page
154
Appendix E Literature Review----------------------------------------------------------------------------Page
156
1. Literature Review draft------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 156
2. Literature Review Final -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 159

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dix A 5

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Appendix B Introduction draft

Appendix C 1: Original Questionnaire

Appendix C 1: Original Questionnaire (continued)

Appendix C 1: Original Questionnaire (continued)

Appendix C 2: Piloted Questionnaires

Appendix C 2: Piloted Questionnaires (continued)

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Appendix C 3: Second Draft Questionnaire

Appendix C 3: Second Draft Questionnaire (continued)

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Appendix C 4: Final Questionnaires

Appendix C 4: Final Questionnaires (continued)

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Edit this form

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

80 responses
View all responses Publish analytics

Summary

[Image]

Yes

78

98%

No

1%

[Image]

Yes

80

100%

No

0%

What is your gender?

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

Male

11

14%

Female

69

86%

What is your age?

14-25

27

34%

26-35

6%

36-45

24

30%

46-55

14

18%

56-65

6%

66+

6%

What is your occupation?

Payroll officer
self employed
Unemployed
Home duties
sales
Self employed
Babysitter
Community services worker
Livestock Planner
Physiotherapist
N/A
Retired
Barista
student
Dog Groomer
welfare support

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

Secretary
home maker
High School Student
None
Mom/ hairdresser
customer service
Primary Teacher
Early Childhood Educator
Student
Teacher
Principal
Pensioner
Housewife
Disability Support Worker
RN
student
mum and part time office worker
casual position at a shoe shop
ADMINISTRATION
Solicitor
teacher
Librarian
clerk
teacher
Accountant
Housewife
Human resources manager
Go to School
School Learning Support Officer
full time mum / home duties.
Don't have one
Printer
Student

Have you heard of domestic violence?

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

Yes

78

98%

No

3%

If yes, where did you hear about it? If no proceed to next question
Media - tv, newspapers, etc
On the News, in Newspapers and at school
media reports - anecdotes
My own relative
I first heard about it at school in lessons and then on various TV programs.
Domestic violence is violence in which occurs under one house hold
Media - newspapers, television, radio. White ribbon campaign
On the news and in realistic fiction books, mostly in books.
Tv
Domestic violence is a broad issue in todays society which can be heard basically anywhere. I heard
about domestic violence with school with peoples families being broken up due to violence and also
on the media
In primary school. A policeman came to our school to talk about domestic violence and what we
should do if we ever come close to experiencing it.
In the news. Community service ads.
Domestic violence is a topic often mentioned on TV shows such as Criminal Minds, and Law & Order
SVU. Domestic violence has been mentioned on the news, by family (advising that if that ever
happens to me, leave the relationship), and also in PDHPE in the unit of relationships.
TV commercials, brochures and university study.
News family and friends
TV, peers, parents, family, social media
It's regularly in the media, particularly in magazines where women often tell their own stories of
domestic violence. I also know people who have experienced it.
Media adds on the Television
Don't remember, probably tv, news, public information
Educated about it growing up

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

The media.. Papers,news feeds,doc's &mag's
Newspapers, television
By a close relation being abused by their spouse.
Experience, counselling
Training and work
Through work and on TV
heard about it when i was about 8 on the news or something like that
Personal experience
society
Mainly TV commercials, TV shows, advertising even on the backs of public toilet doors
I have herd about it from multiple different soisources such as my parents, signs as well as the media.
Domestic violence as also been in some books that i have read.
TV, papers, uni etc.
In the media: news reports mainly on the tv and in the press.
On the news, in school, books, TV and on the internet
I have heard about it on television on both the news and in TV shows as well as movies. I have read it
in fiction books. I have also heard about it at school (i.e. talks, lessons, doing projects, etc.) as well as
through surfing the internet on my own. I also have heard it from several friends who either know
about or have experience in such a situation.
News - TV, newspaper etc. Also in adds for helplines etc.
Media School Family
Everywhere, mostly media and through knowing some people who have been victims
Personal counsellor
*Studies *Media
The media
My dad explained domestic violence to me.
Lived it.
Media
I grew up around it and it has happened to me.
The news, social media, newspapers.
Tv
Media
It is something that I have been aware of on and off over the years. I have met and known of people
who have been in violent home situations.
The news. My employment.
I have been a victim of domestic violence
Media, television, daily papers, magazines
Newspapers, television, magazines

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

It's often discussed in all forms of the media. It's occasionally discussed in school context.
As a child when other children I knew were living in families where domestic violence was occurring.
We have learnt about it while at school
Domestic Violence is all around us, on TV (news), internet and even in movies.
Community , media personal experiences
In School
I am a victim.
Newspapers and a friend who experienced it.
School Media
Television and news media in the main.
Known
Through my parents educating us that violent behaviour is not acceptable. I have only been aware of
verbal abuse in the last 20 years. This has been through domestic violence advertisements put on TV
and also anti bully education through the schools etc and media
We studied it in commerce a few times in both year 9 and 10 as well as hearing about it through
school and advertisements
In my profession
Media, people, police
The ads on tv
My mother worked at a women's refuge when I was younger.
.
Mainly television.
On TV and the news
In the news, have attended awareness seminars

What is your perception about domestic violence?

It is a horrible thing at should be stopped before it gets too out of hand
it is a form of abuse that occurs and is often not reported. It breaks up families and results in the
victim being trapped
Violence that occurs in the home by a member of family It is not right and those that are domestically
violent should be dealt with as soon as possible
its wrong and should be severely punished
It is becoming out of control. So hard to prove and the law doesn't see out side the box. All of which is
disheartening to the victim, feeling they have no where/one to trust and turn to.
It is never ok to harm another especially when it is someone you should be able to trust.
Domestic violence comes in many forms; economic, social, emotional, physical and sexual abuse. It
can occur in a relationship between two or more people and does not necessarily have to be within

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

the same household. Domestic violence occurs when one persons superiority in a relationship denies
others of their rights and freedoms and can lead to psychological effects including Post-Traumatic
Stress Dissorder (PTSD)
A tragic situation that is very complex, were the victim and the person committing the violence and
abuse, in it's many forms, can be either male or female.
It's wrong, the victim requires support to get away from it.
It's horrible and frightening
that it is far more prevalent than we realise as a lot of incidents are unreported
Unacceptable in any circumstances.
Within the house
physcial or mental abuse of a person
Very bad, wrong
I don't know why such a thing exists.
It's predominantly against women and is often related to power, however I do know that men can also
be the victims. It also appears to be something that is not easy to break free from.
it is a criminal offence
Any kind of physical and mental abuse within the family
Domestic violence is when there is abuse within the home. This can be physical, verbal, emotional,
economic or sexual abuse, and can occur between any members of the family, not just spouses.
It's a cowardly act by the perpetrator. There is no excuse for it.
Mainly against women & children
It is disgusting and people need to be better educated about what constitutes domestic violence, that
they don't need to put up with it, and that there are people and services in the community to help them
deal with it and move on.
Domestic Violence should not be tolerated no matter what sex, age or race you are.
It is bad. It is often against women and children. It is probably under-reported to authorities (more rife
that what statistics indicate)
Obviously something society can certainly do without. it is simply not right. After learning more about
it, it occurs a lot more out there than you would think
That it is mostly un reported
Happens to women and is very hurtful to an individual
Violence occurring at home
It is a result of power imbalance in relationships
I think it is totally disgusting and I'm very much against it
It is completely wrong and should be seen as taboo but yet It's a vicious cycle within many if not every
culture . leaves physical and mental scars.

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

It is a very serious issue but the media, courts and govt departments have a very one sided approach
which is generally that its the males fault regardless of the situation and the females generally escape
prosecution.
I think it is a horrible thing
i believe that domestic violence is when someone in your home is hurting you physically or mentally,
and the person who is hurt is afraid to speak up.
It is prevalent in the community; crosses all socio-economic groups; includes physical, verbal and
emotional abuse; is difficult to break out of a violent relationship;
I believe that people think it is just about physical abuse, but there is much more to it. I believe that
emotional abuse is often seen as not as damaging as physical abuse, when in fact it is equally
damaging and easier to hide.
I think its basically when a member of a household assaults both mentally and physically (though
more often physically) other member/s of the household. This can be a child or parent, male or
female, old or young. I think that is is something that needs to be stopped and can cause trauma for
the parties being abused. The kind of trauma that more often then not leads them to be emotionally
isolated, distrusting or hindered in some other manner. People help them of course, if it is reported or
ever found out, but then they tend to fall through the cracks sooner or later. People forget and move
on to others in need. I also feel that while women and children get attention brought to their struggles
of domestic violence men are hardly ever acknowledged that it happens to them. If they do get
acknowledged then most treat it as a joke. In effect though it could possibly happen statistically less (i
dunno) they seem to get the raw end of the deal when it comes to recognition by the public. I guess
you just seem to hear more about women and child abuse than anything else. On an unrelated note I
believe that animals can be subjected to domestic violence by their owners but have not yet really
thought about this opinion. To back it up though domestic generally refers to ones home and violence
generally refers to cruel acts against a creature or human (who are all technically animals). It is easy
to see why an animal may be subject to this category but its getting off topic.
It is real, it is not always seen, it is not always violent as such it can be emotional but it is all terrifying
and scarring.
Bad.
It's unacceptable and shouldn't be tolerated.
It is a choice made by the perpetrator. It should be a requirement that they be made to go to
counselling AND get help to learn how to control their temper. If they don't they go to prison. Also
much bigger fines with the money going to the services looking after the victims. Not enough is being
done to raise awareness.
Abuse in a relationship.. Commonly portrayed as men abusing women
It should not happen but unfortunately it happens far too often. It appears to happen more frequently
in households that consume alcohol or has habits of drug taking. Although it happens in all levels of
society.

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

It's an extremely important issue that should be sorted after the first signs have shown.
Domestic violence is unnecessary and greatly harms family units. It can be used for one person to
control the others in their family. A man might beat his wife who is submissive because he will beat
their children if she is not. Many who experience domestic violence could potentially be unable to
leave the situation or too ashamed, embarrassed or afraid to admit to it. A wife might beat her
husband and that husband might be ashamed to admit it is happening. Domestic violence is wrong,
immoral and unethical. It can cause a heap of problems for children in particular as they are still
growing. Many mental problems could occur including depression, etc. For some it can mean that
they grow extremely submissive and refuse to stand up for themselves as adults because they have
to be submissive as a child to survive. They could experience forms of anxiety, a negative impact in
their ability to socially interact with others, and could even potentially have a higher risk at having a
dependancy on, and/or using and abusing substances such as alcohol and drugs. Their self image
and self worth would be negatively impacted (which again could lead to things such as depression).
These effects could also be present in an adult who is a victim of domestic abuse. Domestic violence
occurs against men, women and children, although it appears to me to be more common among
women and children (which could be the influence of media and domestic violence against men not
being that well known/garnering much attention). Domestic violence is a dangerous situation and
needs to be ended as soon as possible once it starts.
Terrible, but I see how men and women can feel trapped in a bad relationship.
disgusting....
There is never any excuse for physical or mental abuse. I can never understand what could push
someone to become abusive. If things get bad, walk away and start again.
Emotional, verbal and physical abuse
That it is a more serious social problem and more common than most of us realise. I am very pleased
that the Police now treat it as a crime and not just a 'domestic' problem to be left up to the people
involved.
domestic violence is when home life is a bad environment due to violence. This includes mental and
physical abuse
My perception of domestic violence is constant verbal abuse as well as physical abuse.
Domestic violence is abusing a victim who is usually vulnerable, sometimes unable to see that the
abuse is not right and that they should get help - sometimes they can't because they are being
threatened or are to traumatised. Domestic violence should be made more aware to everyone
because of the seriousness of not only physical, sexual and emotional harm but the intellectual
damage and that victims of domestic violence will never know normal again.
It's not just physical violence, I believe the mental abuse can do far more damage emotionally and
long term to your confidence and self esteem also your self worth.
That it is mainly men being violent towards women. I am aware that it happens with women towards
men but don't really understand how this happens

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

I think domestic violence is one of the worst crimes of violence a person can commit and today it is
often over looked. I don't think people realise how extreme it is, how much it is happening and the
effects it has on people
It comes in many forms, happens to men, women and children and is much more common than we
think. It is something we should talk about more often and have many more support services for.
I disagree with domestic violence 110% because its not right for men to think they are better than
women and treat them like nothing so they go an hit them like no its just wring and so unethical.
*domestic violence is a cycle if you are a victim of domestic violence growing up then you don"t know
any better therefore you become the bully of domestic violence and start to abuse your partner and
sometimes your own children*
Terrible and should not be acceptable or tolerated in anyway
My perception of domestic violence is abuse that happens within a home to either a child, woman or
man.
Can happen to anyone in any community.
It is very one sided towards women and can be greatly contributed to by the one sided family court
system.
An act of violence whether it be physical or emotional against a person with in your own home
environment.
I don't know what it is
That it does not discriminate. It happens more often than not. It causes much anxiety and stress upon
the victim.
Totally against any form of violence, especially domestic as it has a very big impart on so many
people, and that it occurs more often then we think and people are still reluctant to share their stories
I don't believe anyone should suffer from domestic violence. It changes and hurts people in so many
different ways for a long time, if not forever.
someone close to you physically or mentally hurting you
person trapped in abusive relationship
* dominated behaviours * bullying * no gender *poor reporting as victim knows person
Mainly related to women getting poorly treated by men, including mental games rather then just
Physical.
domestic violence is often committed by someone within the home there is also family violence which
can be committed by a family member who may not live within the same home
It's unacceptable in today's societies. Unfortunately it does not seem to be dying out.
Total intimidation, physical and mental abuse in the home
That it is a cancer on society that knows no social, geographic, ethnic or cultural boundaries
Its bad
It is becoming more common or maybe it is just that we are more aware of it. Prevention is better than
cure therefore prevention programs need to be strengthened.

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

my perception of domestic violence is very aggressive and violent behaviour towards someone in the
home environment normally from the partner or parent

What has shaped your perception in regards to domestic violence?

Peers

28

35%

Media

46

58%

Ethics and values

51

64%

Family

43

54%

Religion

18

23%

Experience

23

29%

Other

11

14%

Which of these factors do you believe lead to domestic violence?

Money & financial issues

57

71%

Alcohol / drug abuse

72

90%

Arguments / Disagreements

62

78%

Children

34

43%

Other

29

36%

In your opinion, who do you believe is affected the most by domestic

violence?

Mother

8%

Females

33

41%

0%

Father

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

Males
Children

1%

40

50%

Have you heard of domestic violence against men?

Yes

59

74%

No

21

26%

If yes, where did you hear about it?

High School

9%

TAFE

4%

University

4%

Community centre

5%

48

60%

Other

Did you know that one in three males are victims of domestic
violence?

Yes

13

16%

No

67

84%

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

Do you think that this statistic is alarming?

Yes

74

93%

No

8%

Level of education [What is your opinion on the amount of community

education in regards to domestic violence against men?]
Little education

62

78%

Some education

14

18%

Enough education

1%

Sufficient education

4%

Extensive education

0%

Importance of community education about domestic violence against

men [How important do you think it is to increase the level of
community education in regards domestic violence against men ?]
No Importance

0%

Little Importance

1%

Average Importance

11%

High Importance

37

46%

Extreme Importance

33

41%

What would you suggest to increase the education of domestic

violence against men?

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

Make a well known website about domestic violence against men, so PDHPE teachers can teach
domestic violence against men, by using your online website.
There needs to be more education on domestic violence altogether and it needs to start in school.
Kids need to know that even though they are seeing it at home it's not OK. Many kids who live in a
home with domestic violence think it's normal and usually go on to become perpetrators themselves.
When men are victims they are less likely to report the violence because of shame, but by the same
token many women also do not report because they are scared. More needs to be done in
rehabilitation of the offender as well.
to run an awareness ad on TV or put a full page spread in magazines.
Advertising campaign radio and TV, ribbon day for the public. Govt education for social workers and
police. Domestic violence, no one should have to endure it and no one should be automatically
accused because of their gender. Domestic violence dished out by women is generally in a very
different way than men and most dont even realise they are doing it.
Learning about it in school
Not sure they would take it seriously
Make the statistics known through media etc as I was unaware that it is that prevalent.
Media campaign. Education programs at secondary level.
men who have been the victim of domestic violence you have a talk at schools to show its not just
females and children who are the victims
Men need to feel it is ok to disclose abuse and know that it will be taken seriously. Good men don't hit
back. Makes them vulnerable tofurther abuse in secrecy. Public education same as bringing dv
against women into the open. Everyone should feel safe. Man, woman and child.
Teach in school
School community ads etc
advertised seminars to alert the public leaflets outlining problem, made available in public places, i.e.
library, community centres, Centrelink offices t.v. documentaries covering problem Current affairs
programme outlining information
When ever it is discussed that it is made clear that it is not just one gender that is abused
Awareness via media
To speak out about it more freely, and not make men feel weak as a result of it happening to them
and that it is not their fault
Everything Tv and radio ads Posters in places where it may occur
Media & education campaign
It would assist in alleviating the one sidedness of the concept. The issue here is that we have a left
wing media who focus on battery of women and children only. What about the mental abuse and
manipulation that goes on from some women manipulating the system and the perception of women
as a weaker sex.

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

If men told 'their' stories then it would receive more media attention and the need for education may
arise from this. I think society's values make it very hard for men to come forward as it may be
perceived as a weakness. It seems very easy for people to accept women as victims however the
same can't be said for male victims of domestic violence. This is a societal perception based on
gender.
I wonder if a printed checklist was sent to every home in Australia which allowed people to tick off any
behaviours they do or experience which might allow them an opportunity to acknowledge that they are
either an abuser or a victim of abuse. Since they say that acknowledgement is the first step, we need
people to be able to see that what they are doing or experiencing is not normal. Then they could have
a free number to call or an online chat that is safe.
Firstly schools should teach more specifically that domestic violence victims are women, children AND
men. They and the government need to somehow beat the stereotype that in domestic violence men
are the abusers and women and children the victims. More adds/awareness raising campaigns need
to be created in order to bring the issue to light - advertisements on TV, across the internet, you tube
clips promoting anti domestic violence against men. More organisations need to be set up or need to
make people aware that they exist for men who are experiencing domestic violence. A government or
otherwise funded campaign could also have people going around to schools to talk to kids about
domestic abuse about men as well as about women and children (all equally). Certain presentations
could be directed at boys and potentially even men (if such a campaign were to go around to different
business or be held in a community centre, etc.) that focuses specifically on domestic violence
against men.
More advertising campaigns on TV - the same way they brought make breast cancer into the
spotlight?
allocation of funding to frontline support services to deal with family violence on a case by case basis
rather than having specific funding for women only. There are a lot of government support services
that are funded for women. There should be additional funding (ie don't make additional funding for
men come at the expense of existing services for mums and kids). Support services and immediate
compulsory referrals to drug and alcohol rehabilitation would assist with overall reduction of family
violence. As a Solicitor working in this area of the law the increase of awareness of family violence
against men is part of the total problem that needs to be dealt within all family violence messages and
not separated.
Domestic violence against women is always mentioned in school but NEVER men. It should be
equally talked about. Even though it mostly does effect women it still does effect men!
more education
More advertising
High profile celebrities adopting a stance against it. More media coverage of the issue. However this
does not mean that measures against domestic violence against women should be left behind.
More advertising on a TV and education in high schools

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

Media advertising. News articles.
Information
Men who have been through domestic violence and recovered should share their stories through
school programs. Plays focused on real stories about men who have been through domestic violence.
Teach that it happens to men and not only women also how domestic violence to men differentiate
from domestic violence to women Also reason for domestic towards men and who are the main
contributors
I believe that any public education about domestic violence should include violence against men,
women and children and not focus on any particular group. All domestic violence is equally abhorent.
More TV advertising. School information sessions.
Promotion within the media " get men to talk about it more so there isn't that stigma of being (under
the thumb/whipped or less of a man for being a victim) let it be known that is equally as bad as
domestic violence against women and that there is no tolerance for it.
Not one thing alone will work. Brochures in doctors offices, tv.radio ads that remove stigma from
victims, social media campaign using target markets etc.
More media. Portraying that psychological abuse is also just as dehumanising as physical abuse.
Instead of the all Aussie bloke that is unstoppable. Not every bloke is like this. Stop the stereotyping
and more will be aware.
I believe that although the advocating of violence against women and children is prominent good men
could be added to their campaign and more information could be given to people about the issue
through channels such as school.
Awareness seminars, maybe getting local business involved. The seminar I attended was via a local
business seminar and trying to get business owners involved to educate their staff etc. It was very
confronting and extremely informative. Any forum that spreads the word. Once people become more
educated and understand how common it is, there is potential to do something. Team up with
organisations that work with violence against women, I assume the message is the same
More info on statistics. Getting men to talk about violence and how it effects them.
Offer campaigns to help those men who have been part or are experiencing domestic violence
TV commercials, they are probably going to be the most effective. But they should be played at
popular television times so that a bigger audience sees them, which will spread the word faster.
Maybe tell teachers to start teaching children not only about women's domestic violence but to start
teach us about men's domestic violence
Have men who gave been affected tell their stories
Educational programs in schools, universities etc., more media coverage and programs and male
victims coming forward and talking about their experiences.
Media releases, education in high school developing an awareness and also teaching male students
what support agencies are available.

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

first of all because violence against anyone is a no no and these men need help like any other human
being. The act of helping the men, sharing their stories, may also cause men generally troubled with a
variety of others issues and acts of violence less commonly heard in men to come forward to seek
help. Helping men who are domestically abused will also give women a wake up call that like the men
we see in those 'no hitting' ads they need to do the same thing and band together frowning upon such
behaviour (of violence) in their own ranks. If you look at it any bad thing that happens to one gender
is, in most cases, the same with the other. Men get raped, men get abused but we never hear these
things because men are painted as the perpetrators or expected to stay strong. Look around and it
isn't hard to find the comments 'but your a man', 'don't be a pansy', 'that stuff doesn't happen to us
(men)'. its almost as if the males victims of abuse are worse off then the females and children. Society
accepts these 'normal abused' groups associated with weakness and innocence, seen as submissive
personalities while the males are seen as strong and dominate therefore it is hard for many to believe
that they, invulnerable creatures, can be abused. This is why we need more education in the area to
teach that men are just are human as women, just as likely to be submissive. And it isn't just
education that needs to be increased media and social awareness does too. A campaign needs to be
made and it can't have any of this 'men get abused TOO' crap the too makes it sound weak, its a ploy
not a fact leaving room for doubt and argument. 'men get abused' is enough. This is a cold hard fact it
is irrefutable.
Probably by the media, most people don't realize, as I didn't, that the statistics are so high. It should
be made public, people should know and educated by being programmed, probably best on the tv.
I think providing some clear statistics and facts about males who suffer physical domestic violence
could be effective in raising public awareness of something that could be quite embarrassing to most
men.
It should be manatory in all schooling, to educate all people of all domestic violence, and how to avoid
it, and what to do when faced in those situations. Who to contact should you be subjected to it.
Whether a witness or a victim, or a perpetrator. Advertising around the school, perhaps in a library, or
Social Ed class. Advertise on Social media. leaflets, in letterboxes, to reach all homes. Place
pamphlets in local Library, and community centres. Talk about it.
The same as they are doing for woman
Campaigns and advertising - especially on social media and tv Also educating people in school is a
good way of creating awareness about it at a young age
Start with adding it to the curriculum on relationships/health in High School
I found the ad campaigns on television made me more aware of domestic violence of all forms against
women so I suppose the same for spreading information on what can happen to men would be very
valuable.
Teach in schools and do a documentary on it
Education against domestic violence should start in early school years. Quite often children that live
with domestic violence are not aware that this behaviour is not ok.

Appendix C 5: Questionnaire results (continued)

Removing the wimp stigma
Media advertising and community acknowledgement that it is not "unmanly" to seek help.
Advertising campaigns. Education at School and other relevant and suitably related venues such as
hospitals, courts, police stations.
Broadcast it as much as they do for domestic violence against women and children.
When they do show the ads on tv make sure that they stipulate that it not only happens to women but
also to men.
Domestic violence against women is always mentioned in school but NEVER men.
take action (government, media etc.) to try and reform society's view of masculinity; help people
understand that men can be abused & it doesn't mean they're weak. better education on the topic in
schools (the many different types of domestic violence, how anyone is susceptible to it)
Maybe start with high school education, sliding it into our pdhpe lessons or making programs in
bringing awareness then workplace awareness with the same idea. Maybe we can just let people we
know that we are therefor them and if they need help, don't be afraid to ask.
Mandatory classes in high school. Having victims share impact statements and speaking with
students at schools.
It should be taught in school, so when teenagers are older and find themselves in a violent
relationship they already have the education on how best to deal with it and what they should do.
Domestic violence can start at any age so the younger everyone is aware of the facts then hopefully
this will lessen the amount of cases happening. There could be pages with information that can pop
up on facebook streams - everyone is into facebook.
* media based programs * personal experiences shared
High schools Media
Advertise the fact. Have people that have been affected speak about it even though it may not be
thought of as manly.
Make sure facts given include that even though 1 in 3 victims are male, most perpetrators are also
male.

Number of daily responses

Date

Count

Appendix D Interview results

Date
Count
January 5, 2015 21
January 6, 2015 8
January 7, 2015 5
January 8, 2015 3
January 9, 2015 1
January 10, 2015 1
January 11, 2015 2
January 14, 2015 2
January 15, 2015 10
January 16, 2015 9
January 17, 2015 12
January 18, 2015 6

Interview - Police Officers

1. How long have you worked as a police officer?
My name is Sargent Nichols
I have been a police officer for 23 years.

2. How long have you been a part of the Domestic Violence Unit?
I joined the Campbelltown Domestic in October 2014.
The domestic violence team consist of Team leader (thats me). Two domestic violence liaison
officers and one domestic arrest team; one probationary constable

Appendix D Interview results (continued)

Appendix D Interview results (continued)

3. How many people are involved in domestic violence in the Macarthur area? (Note: please
use data from 2014 for this question.)
According to police report A1 2014 January to December the average domestic violence
occurrence is between 200 and 250 cases a month. Roughly 2700 a year in the Macarthur area

4. How many male victims of domestic violence report their abuse?

In the month of December 2014 there were 203 victims of domestic violence in Campbelltown.
Out of these 12 were males.
In the month of November 2014 212 cases of domestic violence were reported (not specific
about how many males this included)

5. Do you think domestic violence need to have an increase in awareness in regards to

males?
They do have plenty of media on domestic violence. Maybe target more detail about the way
males are victims of violence that it is not just partners example husband and wife, it can be a
son or children being violent against the male (father) It is often family members and extended
family. Even have had males in community houses became victims of domestic violence from
other residents.
Do you think there is more domestic violence now or is it just on the media more?
Yes domestic violence is definitely on the increase and yes a lot more people are reporting
being a victim of domestic violence. Especially we see more male coming forward and
reporting they are victims of domestic violence. A lot of males dont report abuse because they
are embarrassed.

6. What do you think our community can do to increase awareness of domestic violence?
There is quite a bit of information out there already

7. What services are available for a male who suffers from domestic violence?

We send male victims to victim services, but with females there are many services available for
support.

8. How hard is it for a male to receive an AVO when compared to females, in these
circumstances?
The AVO system does not discriminate whether you are male or female. For an AVO to be
taken out on a person a certain criteria has to been met.

Appendix E 1: Literature Review draft

Appendix E 1: Literature Review draft (continued)

Appendix E 1: Literature Review draft (continued)

Domestic violence against men is a growing problem. As a result of minimal research and
exploration related to the topic, todays society is uneducated and unfamiliar with the issue.

Appendix D 2: Literature Review Final (continued)

Appendix E 2: Literature Review Final
Domestic violence is when an individual uses intimidation, threats, force and violence to
manipulate or control a partner, former partner of family member. Its differentiated by a
disproportion of power where the perpetrator uses cruel and violent behaviours and tactics
to gain control over the victim causing fear. Once Violence begins, its frequency grows and
the longer the relationship goes on, the more severe the escalation of abuse; both physically
and physiologically. (Carrington & Phillips 2003, Tually, Faulkner, Culter & Slater 2008).

Domestic Violence towards Men

When it comes to domestic violence, males have been under recognised, ignored and
marginalised. A majority of people dont even know male victims exist. In particular, the lack
of literature on this population group is disturbing. Minimal studies have researched
predictors of life threatening Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) by women towards men, where
the female partner uses frequent and more severe violence1. Since information is scarce,
communities are unaware of the threat and importance of the issue. The publics knowledge
(at its bare minimal) is acquired through the media. The media only portrays a proportion of
the truth. Media such as television programs, magazines and fact sheets are bias, they make
out to the majority population, that men are the aggressors and women are nurturing and
caring2. Community education on the topic is non-existent, domestic violence is an under
investigated and growing problem in society.

Characteristics of victims of abuse

Male victims of domestic violence often hide the abuse from others. Majority of men in this
situation are unable to recognise that they are sustaining abuse by their female partner.
Males are most likely to experience depression and depressive states, trauma symptoms,
chronic anger, subjective distress, passive-aggressive attitude, avoidance, antisocial
personality traits, upset and worry and are constantly feeling isolated or trapped. I can
handle it, Its no big deal, I can fix it and make her better, or I dont want to admit I

Predicting Potentially Life-threatening Partner Violence by Women toward Men: A preliminary analysis; Denise A.
Hines, PhD Clack University & Emily M. Douglas, PhD Bridgewater State University ( Violence and Victims,
Volume 28, Number 5, 2013)
2 Research Lead Me to be more aware of domestic violence against men (article) (A. Wilkins, University of East
Anglia September 21: vol 26 no.3:2011)
1

Appendix E 2: Literature Review Final (continued)

cant handle her3. Babette C. Drijber, Udo J. L. Reijnder and Manon Ceelen all make the
suggestion that male victims are less likely to seek help, as a result of the limitation of
resources and education in their region. They feel that they arent a man if they seek help
which is linked to the ideas of gender stereotyping.

Characteristics of the Abuser.

In the case of DV against men, the female is the abuser. Researchers have found that women
are more inclined to use weapons or items to inflict injury rather than their hands or feet4.
Some research has found that females who, in their childhood, have experienced childhood
adversity, displayed adolescent conduct problems and aggressive personality, more
commonly become an abuser5, but not all agree with this statement. Female abusers have a
tendency to make threats about withholding money, taking their children away or using selfinjury to make accusations about the real victim. The most common characteristics of the
female abuser are verbal aggression, controlling behaviour, restricting access to relatives and
friends, accusations, forced sexual intercourse, suicide threats and severe violence; both
physical and psychological6.

Contributing factors and reasons for DV,

-

Childhood experiences

The carry-on effects of childhood experiences of bullying, assault, abuse and violence have
lead researchers to a similar conclusion. Hines and Douglas (Predicting Potentially Life
Threatening Partner Violence by Women toward Men: The Preliminary Study) have
discovered that, through their research that women, in certain circumstances will resort back
to their ways of violence if they are in a similar situation from their past. As well, Phillip W.

Partner Abuse, Volume 1, number 2, 2010 - Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence, second edition.
Phillip W. Cook. New York: Praeger, 2009, 232 pp
4 Predicting Potentially Life-threatening Partner Violence by Women toward Men: A preliminary analysis; Denise A.
Hines, PhD Clack University & Emily M. Douglas, PhD Bridgewater State University ( Violence and Victims,
Volume 28, Number 5, 2013)
5 Male Victims of Domestic Violence. Babette C. Drijber, Udo J. L. Reijnder, Manon Ceelen (30 October 2012)
6 Partner Abuse, Volume 1, number 2, 2010 - Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence, second edition.
Phillip W. Cook. New York: Praeger, 2009, 232 pp
3

Appendix
Appendix EE 2:
2: Literature
Literature Review
Review Final
Final (continued)
(continued)
Cook (Partner Abuse, Volume 1, Number 2, 2009) that offspring of the abusive couple will be
brought up in this environment and therefore the cycle of DV against men is continued.
-

Drugs/alcohol

Females who use violence, in some cases are under the influence of either or both, illicit
drugs and alcohol. The effect of these substances on the female brain can make the women
feel that they can be violent. Because of the effects to the brain, the outcome of the violence
is more severe as the women are unable to make decisions, to stop or be less violent.
(Morgan, 08/02/2003)
-

Financial issues

Money and bills create massive amounts of stress within a family. Stereotypically, the male of
the household is the bread-winner. They are relied on to provide a sustainable income, to
be able to pay bills and purchase basic necessities. When the man is unable to do this,
women start to get stressed, where they could potentially lash out violently, toward the male
partner. As debts climb, the abuse escalates to a severe level, injury is sustained and the male
is then unable to attend work because of fears that someone might ask what happened?
(Christian, 2006)

Gender differences.
The men discuss how they were raised to not hit women, so hitting her back would not be an
option7. Moral of males is that they cant use violence against women, not even in selfdefence. Whereas women are able to use violence as self-defence, there is no moral value
that women shouldnt use violence against men.
Restraining orders are harder for men to get than for women, even under the same
circumstances; and the men feel a strong sense of responsibility and protectiveness toward
their children and their abusive wives. A tendency to discount harm attributed to violence
carried out by women (SHARPE, 2010). All articles analysed in this review have the same
opinion, that there is a lack of understanding towards Male domestic violence victims. Males
and female are not treated as equals.

Partner Abuse, Volume 1, number 2, 2010 - Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence, second edition.
Phillip W. Cook. New York: Praeger, 2009, 232 pp
7

Documentation by researchers states the predictors of life threatening violence by men

towards women. Inadequate and little research has evaluated predictors of life threatening
violence towards men via women. Only a handful of studies such as Denise A. Hines, PhD and
Emily M. Douglas, PhD analysis Predicting potentially life threatening partner violence by
women towards men, have had a focus on the dangerous and more severe forms of intimate
partner violence (IPV) towards men by female partners. The majority of this restricted
literature discusses themes such as lack of research, characteristics of victims of abuse,
characteristics of the abuser, contributing factors to domestic violence (DV), gender
differences, recognition and strategies with coping or leaving.
Through the analysis and identification of similarities and differences of a variety of related
Materials, this reviews results conclude that the lack of community education about domestic
violence against men needs to be addressed. In depth research about the nature of DV
against men needs to be conducted, information should be available for all (both male and
female) so that we can work collaboratively to minimise and eliminate IPV. The main focus or
findings of this review of literature is that community education needed major works, to
make sure that support services and knowledge is increased.