Global History and Geography

Regents Review- Part I

William Floyd High School Library, 2012

Social Scientists
Economists study the scarcity of
resources and availability of goods.

Archaeologists study artifacts of the

past to develop a picture of how
humans lived.

Sociologists study society, social

institutions, and social issues, such as
marriage, religion and race.

Anthropologists study people and

primates (such as chimps),
researching their cultural, physical, &
social development over time.

Landforms Near Bodies of Water

Gulf: A gulf is a part of the ocean
(or sea) that is partly surrounded
by land (it is usually larger than a
bay). Ex: Persian Gulf

Archipelago: An archipelago is a
group or chain of islands clustered
together in a sea or ocean. Ex:
Japan

Landforms Near Bodies of Water

Isthmus: An isthmus is a narrow
strip of land connecting two
larger landmasses. An isthmus
has water on two sides. Ex.
Isthmus of Panama

Peninsula: A
peninsula is a body of
land that is
surrounded by water
on three sides. Ex:
Italy, India & Saudi
Arabia

Italy

Saudi Arabia

India

Geography
Mountains : isolate and separate /
protection
lack of arable land terrace farming
Desert: isolate and separate / protection
lack of arable land hot/dry
Rainforest isolate and separate / protection
natural resources and animals
Rivers: fertile soil
trade, travel, farming

Primary vs. Secondary Sources

Primary Sources
Diary
Quotation or Speech
Painting
Autobiography
Photograph
Newspaper Article

Secondary Sources
Textbook
Encyclopedia Article
Biography

Books or articles by
authors who were NOT
eyewitnesses or
Material written or created participants in the
by someone who WAS
historical event or time
alive during that time
period.
period.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of culture

The spread of cultural items such as ideas, food, religions,

technologies, languages etc. between individuals,
whether within a single culture or from one culture to
another
Example: McDonalds
is an American
company, with
American burgers and
fries, but you can find
it all over the world.

Neolithic Revolution
Deliberate Planting of grains, berries and nuts for
later eating
Domesticating (Taming) Animals
Permanent Settlements Developed

Early River Civilizations

After the Neolithic Revolution civilizations developed near rivers.
Rivers supplied water for irrigation and means to travel and trade
goods.

Early River Civilizations developed by the:

Nile River in Egypt
(Egyptians)
Tigris and Euphrates River in
the Middle East (Sumerians
and Babylonians)
Indus River in India
(Harappa and Mohenjo
Daro)
Huang He and Yangtze in
China (Shang)

Egypt

Settled along Nile River

Polytheistic
Ruled by Pharaoh
Rigid class Stucture

Advances in science
and art

Mesopotamia

FERTILE CRESCENT
crossroads

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers stretch Persian Gulf to

Mediterranean.
Lack of Natural Barriers
Polytheistic
Sumerians : cuneiform, first wheeled vehicle,
algebra
Babylonians : Hammurabi conquered much of
Mesopotamia Code of Hammurabi

INDIA
EMPIRES

GUPTA Golden Age

Flourishing of art, literature,
math and science
INDUS RIVER VALLEY
Harappa and MohenjoDaro
Urban planning roads
were laid out in grid
pattern
Plumbing
Aryans conquered
introduced Hinduism

MAURYA
Chandragupta Maurya
and Asoka

bureaucracy

Mesoamerica
AZTECS
INCAS
established an empire
instituted a strong
that consisted of most
central government
of Mexico.
elaborate road system
They setup a strong,
Terrace Farming
central government
MAYAN
religion included the
building of large
developed irrigation
temples where human
system
sacrifice took place
a writing system using
hieroglyphics,
365 day a year
calendar.

Code of Hammurabi
Created in Babylonia
(1760 BC)
Important because it let
everyone in Ancient Babylon
know exactly what they
were allowed to do.
Laws were written down,
so the people in
charge could not change
them just to get what they
wanted.

Belief Systems
Animism

Shintoism

Animists practice nature

worship. They believe that
everything in the universe
has a spirit.

Every mountain, river,

plant, animal, and all the
diverse phenomena of
heaven and earth have
spirits, or kami, which
inhabit them

Hinduism
One unifying spirit
Brahman
Polytheistic
Reincarnation
Karma / Dharma
Caste system

Buddhism
Founder: Siddhartha
Gautama
4 Noble Truths
all life is suffering
Eightfold Path

Both believe in
reincarnation

Hinduism
The major religion of
India
Teaches that the soul
never dies
o
o

Reincarnation (continues
process of rebirth)
Karma (every action
influences how the soul
will be reborn in the next
life)
Dharma- the set of rules
or duties you are
expected to carry out

Hindu Caste System

The Untouchables exist outside of the caste system, below the Sudras.
By custom, the untouchables have held such occupations as cleaning toilets.
The Indian Constitution of 1950 outlawed untouchability and gave the group full
citizenship, but discrimination against untouchables still exists.

Hindus & the Ganges River

Hindus bathe in the Ganges River at Varanasi,

India. Hindus consider the river sacred. They
believe they purify themselves spiritually by
bathing in it.

Buddhism

Spread to

Spread to
Spread to

Founded in

Founded in India
by Siddhartha
Gautama
Today most
Buddhists live in
China (Tibet),
Japan, and
Korea (ex of
Cultural Diffusion)

Buddhism
The 4 Noble
Truths

Nirvana

Enlightenment

1. Suffering is part of life

2. Suffering is caused by
emotional
attachment,
ignorance and
selfishness
3. You can transcend
suffering (move
beyond suffering)
4. There is a path that
leads to you
transcending
suffering

Dharma

Cycle of death and

rebirth (reincarnation)

Eightfold Path

1. Know the Truth

2. Resist Evil
3. Say Nothing to Hurt
Others
4. Respect Life
5. Work for the good of
others
6. Free your Mind of Evil
7. Control your Feelings
and Thoughts
8. Practice Meditation

Confucianism
Not a religion, but a philosophy on how to live your life
A guide to morality (knowing the difference between right and
wrong) and good government
Provides social order because people know how to behave- "High
morality and right action" It stressed the 5 Relationships. Each
person knew their role in society.

3 Core Values
Filial Piety
Respect for your
parents and
ancestors

Humaneness
Be kind to those
around you

Ritual
Respect for the
proper way of
doing things

Confucius' main concern was with government. He

believed that when virtuous (good) men lead by
moral example, good government follows naturally.

Judaism
oldest known monotheistic
religion
Founded by Abraham
Ten commandments
Holy book Torah
Worship in synagogues
*Led to the development
of other monotheistic
religions

Christianity
Currently the most popular
monotheistic religion in the
world
Ten Commandments
Believe that Jesus of
Nazareth was the Son of God
Holy book - Bible
Christians take part in
sacraments
ceremonies that point to what is
sacred, significant and
important for Christians.

Islam

Worshippers of this monotheistic religion are

known as Muslims,
Islam is currently the second most practiced
religion in the world
Holy Book Quran
Five Pillars

One God
Daily Prayer
Alms/charity
Fast during holy month of Ramadan
Visit holy city of Mecca

Sharia : body of laws

MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
ISLAMS GOLDEN AGE
Abbassid Dynasty:
Preserved Grecoroman culture
Blended customs
and traditions from
many of the
people they ruled

Developed medical
encyclopedias

Developed algebra and

astronomical tables
Production of cotton
textiles and woolen carpets

Production of literature,
calligraphy, geometric art

AFRICA
2ND Largest continent
Sahara Desert
Regular coastline few
Desertification
natural harbors
the Sahara has been
Nile River fertile land
slowly claiming the
arable land in Northern
Cradle of Civilization
Africa.

Leakeys
Lucy

Response
Aswan Dam
Greenbelt Movement

Bantu Migration (500 BC-1500 AD)

Causeso
o
One of the greatest
migrations (movement of
people) in history

Overpopulation
Drought (no
rainfall)
Desertification
(farmland turned
into desert)

Effect- Cultural
Diffusion- Bantu
Culture Spread
to Different Parts
of Africa

Kingdoms of West Africa

Mansa Musa (Emperor of Mali) traveled to the

Middle East. Over time he would become Muslim
and bring the religion to his people.

West African Trade

Europe
W. African Empires
Ghana- 11th century
Mali- 14th century
Songhai- 15th century

Timbuktu

The Middle East

West African
empires made
wealthy by TRADE
(gold & salt)
Trade with the
Middle East led to
the spread of Islam
into Africa (cultural
diffusion)
The city of
Timbuktu became
known as a major
center of trade
and Islamic
culture.

The Silk Road

The silk road was

an extensive,
interconnected
trade route which
linked Asia with
North Africa and
Europe.

The silk road is an important example of how cultural

diffusion occurred between Asia, Europe and Africa
because as traders traveled, they shared their culture
with the places they visited.

MONGOLS
GHENGIS KHAN
KUBLAI KHAN
Conquered lands in Asia
and Europe
Built the largest empire in
history

Tolerant of
religions/cultures of the
conquered
Absolutist govt (model for
later)
Isolated Russia

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfIzYkuld5M

Pax-Mongolia
Period of stability that
allowed for an exchange
of goods and ideas
between east and west
Made Silk Road safer to
travel
Marco Polo / Ibn Battuta
Kept written records of their
travels
Led to an increased interest in
different cultures

Greece
Democratic
government
Homer's Iliad &
Odyssey
Theater
Olympics

Athens
Limited democracy
Only male citizens
Sparta
Monarchy with 2
kings
Military training for all
boys

Alexander the Great

Conquered a huge
empire
Hellenistic culture
blended aspects of
Greek, Persian,
Egyptian and Indian life
cultural diffusion

GREEK / HELLENISTIC
CONTIRIBUTIONS
PHILOSOPHERS
lovers of wisdom
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle

LITERATURE
Homer: epic poems

ARCHITECTURE
Columns : beauty,
balance and order
Parthenon

Rome

Ancient Rome
One of the greatest empires in history
o At its peak, Ancient Rome controlled about half of
Europe, much of the Middle East and the north coast
of Africa
This map shows how large the Ancient Roman Empire
was

Rome
Republic:
Senate
Plebians
Patricians

Law Code - Twelve

Tables

Aqueducts

Paved roads
The Coliseum

Ancient Roman Government

The Roman Republic

becomes

Senate is most powerful

governing group
o Passed laws
o Decided financial matters
Two consuls elected each year
to
o Control army
o Head government

The Roman Empire

The Roman Republic collapsed
Emperors assumed complete
control
o Emperors nominated the
consuls and appointed the
Senators

The Roman Senate

Roman Emperor

Ancient Roman Law

(The 12 Tables)
Established laws for people to
follow, to know what was
acceptable behavior and what
was not
Laws were carved into stone so
the people in charge couldnt
change them to get what they
wanted
Laws meant to protect the lower
class (called plebeians) by giving
them basic rights
Once a law was carved into the
stone, everyone was responsible
to know the law and follow it

Examples of the 12 Tables

Table I- mandates that when
a person is accused of
something, both accused and
accuser must be present at a
hearing or trial on the matter.

Table VIII lists specific

punishments for certain crimes.
It also says that if a person fails
to show up as a trial witness,
then that person will never
again be allowed to be a
witness. Most importantly, it
says that a person shown to
have lied in court will be put to
death.
Table IX specifies the death
penalty for judges who have
taken bribes and for people
who have committed treason.

Pax Romana ~ Roman Peace

Pax- Latin for Peace
Ancient Romes
organized legal system
helped create a long
period of peace that
lasted for about 200
years
This peace allowed for
the development of:
o
o
o
o
o

Trade routes
Roman roads
The Latin language
Postal system for mail
A trained police force to
protect the people

The Roman Road System

Contributions of Ancient Rome

Language

English, French, and Spanish are all

based on the Latin language, which
Ancient Romans spoke.

Literature

.
Ancient Roman authors, such as Virgil
and Horace, are still read and valued
today

Laws & Government

Architecture &
Engineering
Roads- Provided an easy means of
transporting goods, as well as
moving armies during times of war

Aqueduct in Italy

AqueductsCarried fresh
drinking water
to the people

ArchitectureMany of todays laws are based on

Designed arcs
Roman laws. America is a Republic, with
and domes, used
elected leaders making decisions.
concrete

The Colosseum

The Fall of Ancient Rome

Reasons why Ancient Rome fello Weak government (empire too large)
o Poor economy
o Constant invasions
Ancient Rome was split into two parts

Western Roman Empire

is conquered by invaders.
(Start of the Middle Ages).
Eastern Roman Empire
becomes the Byzantine
Empire

QUESTION
After the fall of the Rome, the eastern
portion of the Roman empire became
known as the
1.
2.
3.
4.

Persian Empire
Byzantine Empire
Mongol Empire
Gupta Empire

The Byzantine Empire

When Rome fell it was
split into two new
empires.
The eastern half
became known as the
Byzantine Empire.
o

It lasted 1000 years and is

known for both its trading
city, Constantinople, and its
unique architectural style.

Byzantine Empire

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Roman Empire was divided in half

Emperor Constantine built a new capital in Constantinople

Constantinople controlled key trade routes that linked
Europe and Asia

Blended Greek, Roman and Christian influences

ACHIEVEMENTS
Had a strong government and a
uniform code of laws under Justinian
Autocrat a single ruler with
complete authority
The Twelve Tables, Justinians Code, and
the English Bill of Rights are similar in that
each addresses the issue of
(1) social mobility
(2) economic development
(3) the individual and the state
(4) the importance of religion

Made contributions in architecture,

engineering and art

Orthodox Christian Church

The power of both state and Church was
centered in the emperor
Roman and Byzantine shared many
common beliefs , yet differences too
difficult to overcome schism
Roman Catholic Church
vs.
Eastern Orthodox Church

RUSSIA

Byzantines gave Russia a written language

Alphabet

Cyrillic

Missionaries spread religion Orthodox Christianity

Autocratic government Czar (Russian word for
Caesar)

Justinians Code
Similar to Hammurabis Code and
the Twelve Tables, this was a
codified (written) set of laws. It was
based on the Roman justice system.

The Middle Ages

Other names for the
Middle Ages include:
o
o

Medieval Period
The Dark Ages

Describes Western
Europe during the
time between the
collapse of the Roman
Empire and the
beginning of the
Renaissance Period

Western Europe

Byzantine Empire

Middle Ages/Medieval Europe

Feudalism: political system
where Lords owned large
sections of land

Manorialism: economic
system structured around
the lords manor

Feudal Society in the Middle Ages

King- Ruled the royal land

This was a
rigid social
system, which
means
people could
not easily
move from
one level to
the next.

$ and Power Increase

Nobles & Clergy

Collected taxes for the
King, represented church

Knights
Protected the King and
nobles, chivalry

Population Increases

Serfs (Peasants)
Worked the land, paid taxes , received protection

Guild System in the Middle Ages

Definition: A group of craftsmen in
the same trade (ex. Woodworkers
or Ironworkers)
Made sure items made by
members of the guild met
standards and were sold at a
fair price
o
o

Apprentices- taught the trade by

other guild members
Journeymen- young men who
completed an apprenticeship and
were now paid a wage
Masters- owners of the shops and
masters of the apprentices

Crusades
A series of military expeditions (Holy Wars) by
European Christians to the Middle East for the
purpose of recovering the Holy Lands from the
EFFECTS
Muslims
Trade increases

CAUSES
People wanted
to free Seljuk
control
People want to
gain new land

Some people
want to see new
places

Religious tensions
develop

CRUSADES

Europeans
become interested
in traveling
Cultural diffusion
Led to decline of
feudalism

The Crusades
A series of military
campaigns waged by Christian
Europeans against Muslims in the
Middle East or "Holy Land".
Wars fought over 200 years, from
1096 - 1270.
GOAL: Recapture the city of
Jersusalem (The Holy Land), a holy
city for all three major religions:
Judaism, Christinity and Islam.

Results of the Crusades:

- decline of feudalism
- increased trade
- more cultural diffusion

- growth of towns

Bubonic Plague
Black Death.
Approximately one third of the population
in were wiped out by a deadly disease
The Plague began in Asia.
Spread by black rats that carried fleas from
one area to another.
People did not bathe and because of
unsanitary conditions the bubonic plague
spread very quickly.
Church lost power

Black Death/Bubonic Plague

The Black Death, carried by rats

from Asia, spread across Europe
during the middle of the 14th
Century. Many cities were
completely wiped out. It killed
nearly 1/3 of Europe's population,
which led to an economic
recession:
Population decrease led to
o less people to sell goods
to
o less people available to
work

 1453 Captured Constantinople and

overthrew the Byzantine Empire
Built a large and powerful empire
Suleiman the Magnificent
Extended Muslim influence
Made contributions in arts, architecture and
literature
Restricted trade forced Europeans to seek
new routes for trade with Asia

The Ottoman Empire

One of the most powerful empires in the
world during the 1500s-1600s
Gained control by defeating the Byzantine
Empire
Multicultural Empire
o
o
o
o
o
o

Turks
Arabs
Greeks
Muslims
Christians
Jews

Japans Geography
Japan is a string of islands
called an archipelago.
It is located on the ring of
fire, which means Japan
experiences earthquakes,
tsunamis and volcanic
explosions.
Shintoism is a religion found
in Japan that emphasizes
the worship of nature,
stressing man's duty to live in
harmony with one another
and with nature.

Japanese Feudal Period

Like Europe, Japan experienced a
feudal period. Power was based on
land ownership and lords called
daimyo had an army of samurai to
help protect their land.
Samurai warriors followed a strict code
of behavior called bushido. This was
similar to the knights code of honor,
called chivalry.

Japanese Feudalism
Japan developed a feudal system which had similarities to the European system. This was
a rigid system, which did not easily allow people to move from one rank to another.
The shogun (like the king) ruled the country through the
daimyo (like the nobles), who were the heads of the samurai (like
the knights).

Peasants farmed the land and paid the daimyos taxes for the right to farm their lands.
In exchange, the daimyos used their samurais to protect these poor farmers.

The Mongol Empire

This map shows the location of the Mongol Empire, the

biggest land empire in history. The empire's territory
extended from the Yellow Sea in eastern Asia to the
borders of eastern Europe.

Pax Mongolia ~ Mongol Peace

Pax- Latin for Peace
One of the most savage empires in
history
Famous rulers include:
o Genghis Khan
o Kublai Khan
Trade between Asia, Europe and Africa
occurred along the Silk Road
o

Cultural Diffusion- contact with other cultures

increased, cultures spread

The empire collapsed upon the death

of Kublai Khan

Genghis Khan

Kublai Khan

Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

Marco Polo

Famous European Traveler

Visited:
o China/ the Mongol Empire
o Was Kublai Khans guest for 20
years
Wrote the book Descriptions of the
World, about his travels.
Helped bring about interest in
trade and travel between Europe
and the Mongol Empire

Ibn Battuta

Famous Arab Traveler

Visited:
o Europe
o Africa
o Far East
Wrote the book Rihla, which
means journey, about his travels
Helped bring about interest in
trade and travel to Europe,
Africa and the Far East

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

Set fire to the trees and grass to clear the land and create empty
fields for farming
Ashes used as fertilizer.
When the land is no longer fertile, move to another location and
repeat process

The Renaissance
Renaissance means Rebirth
in French
o

Renaissance artists, scholars and

writers studied Ancient Greek and
Ancient Roman culture
The Renaissance was the Rebirth of
Ancient Greek and Roman culture

A great cultural movement

that started in Italy and spread
to England, France, Germany,
the Netherlands, Spain, and
other countries (cultural
diffusion)

RENAISSANCE (Italy)
Rebirth of culture and learning

Introduced new ways of thinking

Rediscovery of Greco-Roman culture
Great achievements in art, literature, science
Secularism
Humanism
Individualism

Great Renaissance Thinkers

Leonardo da Vinci (Italy)

Painter and genius

Painted the Mona Lisa and the Last
Supper

Michelangelo (Italy)

Famous Painter and Sculptor

Scultpings celebrated the human
body

Shakespeare (England)

Famous Writer
Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth

Copernicus (Poland)

Famous Astronomer
Developed theory that the Earth is a moving
planet that revolves around the Sun

Famous Renaissance Art

The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo

The Arnolfini Portrait

by Van Eyck

The Mona Lisa

by Leonardo da Vinci

HUMANISM
Europeans developed a new way of thinking
called humanism.
Focused on worldly subjects that the ancient
Greeks and Romans had studied, rather that
religious ones.
Vs.

Publishing/Gutenberg Press
The Printing Press was
invented around 1440 by
Johannes Gutenberg. He
was the first person in
Western Europe to create
such an invention.

Effect: Gutenberg's press

made the publishing
process much easier. As a
result more books were
printed AND there was a
major increase in the
literacy rate of Europe.

Martin Luther and the

Protestant Reformation
The movement started by Martin
Luther in 1517 that sought to reform
abuses in the Roman Catholic Church.
Effects:
1. It ended religious unity throughout
Europe.
2. It decreased the power of the
Pope.

PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Challenged the teachings of the Catholic

church.
Wrote 95 Thesis

Was banned from the church after an

argument about indulgences.
After breaking away from the church he
started the protestant religion.

Age of Absolutism
During the 1600s European
monarchs ruled with great
authority.
Claimed their power was
given to them from God
through Divine Right
A rulers major goal was to
centralize his power (the ruler
would hold all of the power,
he would have ABSOLUTE
POWER).
o Louis XIV from France was
an absolute ruler.

King Louis XIV of France

The Growth of Democracy in

England

The power of the English monarch was

limited with the introduction of Parliament
and the signing of the Magna Carta in
1215. It will later be further limited with the
passage of the Bill of Rights and with the
Glorious Revolution.

The power of the King becomes limited. The people gain more rights.

Pre Columbian Civilizations

Long before Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas, and the
Europeans colonized Latin America, the advanced civilizations of the
Mayans, Aztecs and Incas existed.

Mayans: known for written

languages, pyramids, number
system and law code
Aztecs: known for written
language, pyramids and
human sacrifices
Incas: known for their
elaborate road system,
number system and use of
medicine.

Age of Exploration
During the 1400s - 1600s there was greater interest in
exploring the new lands and water routes. Explorers
searched for new and shorter trade routes.

RESULTS:
New lands in the Americas are discovered and conquered.
European countries will gain wealth as they form colonies in the
new world. A country's wealth will be based on its gold and
silver.

Age of Exploration
Find a new all-water route t the east

Columbus discovered the New world

Europeans gained land, and wealth by
building empires

Mercantilism
Economic System followed by countries like
France, England and Spain during the
1500s-1700s
o

The idea that a colony should export more

goods to the mother nation than it imports

Ex.
Spain established colonies in Latin
America.
Spain received cheap raw
materials (and silver/gold) from
the colonies, making it very, very
wealthy
Latin America had to buy
expensive items, like guns, from
Spain (made from the
inexpensive raw materials they
sent to Spain).

COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE
New products and ideas
promoted economic growth

TRIANGULAR
TRADE

BRIEF OVERVIEW
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
(River valleys: Mesopotamia, Nile)

ADVANCED CIVILIZATIONS
(govt, math, medicine)

GREEKS
(athenians develop democracy)

ROMANS
(govt: republic architecture: columns
1st Barbarian invasions anarchy)

DARK AGES
(Kings lost power, little cultural progress, no
education, survival)

MIDDLE AGES
(Feudalism, no central govt, lords ruled over
manor)

CRUSADES
(Holy Wars Christians vs. Muslims
revived trade / ended dark ages

RENAISSANCE
Rebirth of culture and
learning
Questioning attitude

REFORMATION

ENLIGHTENMENT

RISE OF NATIONS
Kings got power back
Gain support of Middle class
Need protection/pay taxes

ABSOLUTISM

REVOLUTIONS