DOMNULE RECTOR,

ncerc s rspund la solicitarea pe care mi-ai fcut-o n legtur cu problematica

de ordin ecologic n proiectele de coal.
Chestiunea nu este simpl i nu cred c pot face mai mult acum dect s ncerc
s pun n discuie cteva elemente.
Criza ecologic este evident de cteva decenii, la nivelul resurselor ca i la
nivelul degradrii mediului. Cauzele sunt multiple, dar este limpede c arhitectura
reprezint o component important. Utilizarea construciilor consum n lumea
dezvoltat aproape tot atta energie din surse convenionale ct industriile i
transporturile la un loc, dup unele date statistice.
Reglementrile ce vizeaz reducerea consumurilor din surse neregenerabile i
mai ales controlul emisiilor nocive sunt din ce n ce mai severe. La noi acest
domeniu este abia la nceput, dar va trebui s evolueze pentru a se alinia la
normele europene. Studenii nostri vor lucra ntr-un context de exigen i
responsabilitate profesional pentru care este bine s fie pregtii.
V propun o privire asupra unor sisteme de evaluare a performanei ecolgice a
produsului de arhitectur, i implicit a concepiei. Unele dintre cele mai
prestigioase i recunoscute sunt LEED n SUA, BREEAM n Marea Britanie,
HQE n Frana, DGNB n Germania (este greu de limitat aceast enumerare, dar
m voi opri aici). M gndesc c studenii notri pot ine seama, sub ndrumare,
de aceste criterii, care vor fi cu siguran mult mai exigente n viitor. n funcie de
anul de studiu i de particularitile fiecrui proiect n parte, criteriile pot fi
prezentate studenilor la diferite nivele de complexitate i exigen.
Aceste sisteme de evaluare vizeaz SCOPUL, adic PERFORMANA
ENERGETIC I AMBIENTAL. MIJLOACELE prin care se poate atinge
scopul, n mod concret CRITERIILE DE CONCEPIE PROFESIONAL (DE
ARHITECTUR), reprezint latura complementar, de care trebuie s ne
ocupm separat.
Simplificnd, criteriile pot fi: adaptarea climatic, integrarea n sit, conformarea
volumetric, orientarea cardinal, conformarea anvelopantei, controlul solar
selectiv, calitatea ambianei higrotermice, de calitate a aerului i control al
noxelor, de lumin i acustic, utilizarea surselor curate de energie i integrarea
echipamentelor specifice.
Cred c aceste criterii pot fi aplicate n dozaj echilibrat i difereniat la toate
proiectele din coal, pentru c nu exist arhitectur ecologic pe de o parte
i arhitectur pur i simplu pe de alt parte. Orice produs de arhitectur
trebuie s aib cel puin calitile ecologice reglementate, pentru a putea fi
realizat. Aceast este valabil i pentru operaiile de reabilitare a cldirilor

existente, operaii ce reprezint mai mult de jumtate din volumul de investiii n

imobiliar n multe din rile dezvoltate.
Este necesar o analiz a produsului de arhitectur n cele trei secvene de
existen, pre-utilizare, utilizare i post- utilizare. Se analizeaz resursele,
prelucrrile necesare, materialele, componentele, operaiile inclusiv transporturile
(resursele nglobate) pe de o parte, resursele consumate n exploatare pe de alt
parte, impactul ambiental la toate nivelele, reintegrarea n mediu a
componentelor dup ncheierea duratei de utilizare.
Ecologia este la mod, e adevrat, dar sir Norman Foster a spus c arhitectura
ecologic nu este o chestiune de mod, ci de supraviuire, i putem s-l lum n
serios pe sir Norman.
Arhitectura a fost ecologic din cele mai vechi timpuri i pn n epoca
industrial, cnd sursele de energie convenional au devenit periculos de
abundente i ieftine. Acum, arhitectura trebuie s-i recapete aceas calitate, pe
un nou palier, ca s-i poat continua povestea.
Dezvoltarea industriilor i aparenta abunden de resurse au fcut ca omenirea
s se manifeste precum ucenicul vrjitor, care a dezlnuit fore pe care nu le-a
mai putut controla. Oare o s apar, ca n poveste, vrjitorul cel bun care s
repun lumea n ordine? Oare noi, arhitecii, vom putea avea un rol pozitiv n
sensul sta, ca s ne putem salva prestigiul breslei i chiar existena profesiunii,
ntr-un context n care se vorbete despre arhitectur responsabil ca despre
ceva ce ce ar trebui s existe? tim c sunt ntrebri ce se pun din ce n ce mai
insistent, de pild la congresul UIA din 2008 de la Torino.
Sunt convins c arhitectura ecologic trebuie s-i pstreze toate calitile
plastice, funcionale i aa mai departe (utilitate, soliditate, frumusee...), pentru a
fi valabil. Calitatea ecologic nu poate fi o scuz pentru rabat la calitatea de
ansamblu.
Studenii notri au manifestat deja de civa ani buni interes i capacitate de
performan n aceast direcie. Premiile la concursul ISOVER i participarea la
expoziia de la Istanbul sunt doar cteva din punctele marcate deja.
n anul 4 sem.1 (7), la cursul de FIZICA CONSTRUCIILOR partea 1, se
studiaz controlul ambiental i elemente concrete de ecologie arhitectural.
Dup absolvirea acestui curs s-ar putea face proiecte cu abordare ecologic mai
concret.
Exist de mai bine de zece ani cursul opional de ECO-TEHNOLOGIE
ARHITECTURAL, acum deschis pentru toti studenii de la anul 3 n sus. Acest
curs are o audien foarte bun i rezultate interesante. Am avut invitai care au
inut prelegeri tematice, cu toate c nu a fost posibil s oficializm contribuia lor

(de exemplu Stefan Mnciulescu, Architecte en Chef des Monuments Hitoriques,

din Frana).
De civa ani avem proiectul opional de ECO-TEHNOLOGIE ARHITECTURAL,
n anul 5 sem. 2 (10). Este un proiect de tehnologie n cadrul cruia studenii au
ocazia s abordeze chestiuni concrete de concepie avansat la nivel de proiect
de execuie. Mai multe lucrri elaborate n cadrul acestui program au participat la
expoziii i au luat premii internaionale.
Am avut n ultimii ani lucrri de disertaie pentru licen i proiecte de diplom cu
abordare ecologic i cu caliti certe i recunoscute.
Mai amintesc ciclul de master de DEZVOLTARE DURABIL, coordonat de
colega prof. dr. arh. Cristina OCHINCIUC.
Aceste componente deja existente n programul UAUIM, mpreun cu altele cu
care poate c nu sunt la curent dar care sigur ma exist, reprezint, cred, o
platform valabil i probat, de pe care domeniul se poate dezvolta firesc. Eu
pot ncerca, mpreun cu colegii de la atelier care vor dori, s ajut la
concretizarea unor criterii i elemente de tem.

n continuare, am adugat cteva date sintetice despre sistemele de evaluare

despre care am pomenit la nceput.

Cu ntreaga consideraie,
Mihai Opreanu

16,02,2009

LEED - Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design

7 World Trade Center, considered New York City's first "green" office tower by gaining
gold status in the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED program.[1]
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating
System, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), provides a suite of
standards for environmentally sustainable construction. Since its inception in 1998,
LEED has grown to encompass more than 14,000 projects in 50 US States and 30
countries covering 1.062 billion square feet (99 km) of development area.[2][citation needed]
The hallmark of LEED is that it is an open and transparent process where the technical
criteria proposed by the LEED committees are publicly reviewed for approval by the
more than 10,000 membership organizations that currently constitute the USGBC.
Individuals recognized for their knowledge of the LEED rating system are permitted to
use the LEED Accredited Professional (AP) acronym after their name, indicating they
have passed the accreditation exam given by the Green Building Certification Institute (a
3rd party organization that handles accreditation for the USGBC).

Contents

1 History
2 Benefits and disadvantages
3 Incentive Programs
4 Certification
o 4.1 Point rating
o 4.2 Process
o 4.3 Directory of LEED-certified projects
5 LEED versions
4

6 LEED and carbon trading

7 Professional accreditation
8 International initiatives
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
o 12.1 Other national rating systems

History
LEED began its development in 1994 spearheaded by Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC) senior scientist Robert K. Watson who, as founding chairman of the
LEED Steering Committee until 2006, led a broad-based consensus process which
included non-profit organizations, government agencies, architects, engineers,
developers, builders, product manufacturers and other industry leaders. Early LEED
committee members also included USGBC co-founder Mike Italiano, architects Bill Reed
and Sandy Mendler, builder Gerard Heiber and engineer Richard Bourne. As interest in
LEED grew, in 1996, engineers Tom Paladino and Lynn Barker co-chaired the newly
formed LEED technical committee.
From 1994 to 2006, LEED grew from one standard for new construction to a
comprehensive system of six interrelated standards covering all aspects of the
development and construction process. LEED also has grown from six volunteers on one
committee to more than 200 volunteers on nearly 20 committees and nearly 150
professional staff.
LEED was created to accomplish the following:

Define "green building" by establishing a common standard of measurement

Promote integrated, whole-building design practices
Recognize environmental leadership in the building industry
Stimulate green competition
Raise consumer awareness of green building benefits
Transform the building market

Green Building Council members, representing every sector of the building industry,
developed and continue to refine LEED. The rating system addresses six major areas:

Sustainable sites
Water efficiency
Energy and atmosphere
Materials and resources
Indoor environmental quality
Innovation and design process
5

Benefits and disadvantages

LEED certified buildings use key resources more efficiently when compared to
conventional buildings which are simply built to code. LEED certified buildings have
healthier work and living environments, which contributes to higher productivity and
improved employee health and comfort. The USGBC has also compiled a long list of
benefits of implementing a LEED strategy which ranges from improving air and water
quality to reducing solid waste, benefitting owners, occupiers, and society as a
whole.[citations needed]
Often when LEED certification is pursued, this will increase the cost of initial design and
construction, for several reasons. One reason is that sustainable construction principles
may not be well understood by the design professionals undertaking the project. This
could require time to be spent on research. Some of the finer points of LEED certification
(especially those which demand a higher-than-orthodox standard of service from the
construction team) could possibly lead to misunderstandings between the design team,
construction team, and client, which could result in delays. Also, there may be a lack of
abundant availability of manufactured building components which meet LEED standards.
Pursuing LEED certification for a project is an added cost in itself as well. This added
cost comes in the form of USGBC correspondence, LEED design-aide consultants, and
the hiring of the required Commissioning Authority (CxA) - all of which would not
necessarily be included in an environmentally responsible project unless it were also
seeking LEED certification.[citations needed]
However, these higher initial costs can be effectively mitigated by the savings incurred
over time due to the lower-than-industry-standard operational costs which are typical of a
LEED certified building. Additional economic payback may come in the form of
employee productivity gains incurred as a result of working in a healthier environment.
Studies have suggested that an initial up front investment of 2% extra will yield over ten
times the initial investment over the life cycle of the building.[3] However numerous
green projects are being designed and built without seeking LEED certification, and
instead utilizing the funds for sustainable features rather than a certification. The U.S.
Navy is one example of an organization seeking a better building but not wishing to pay
for the USGBC registration or additional cost for 3rd party commissioning.
Although the deployment of the LEED standard has raised awareness of green building
practices, its scoring system is skewed toward the ongoing use of fossil fuels.[neutrality
disputed]
And, because the criteria is consensus built, there is disagreement over the
recognition and allowing of questionable products such as vinyl siding and trim, which
was heavily lobbied by the vinyl industry. More than half of the available points in the
standard support efficient use of fossil fuels, while only a handful are awarded for the use
of sustainable energy sources. Further, the USGBC has stated support for the 2030
Challenge, an effort that has set a goal of using no fossil fuel green house gas emitting
energy to operate by 2030.[4]

In addition to focusing on efficient use of fossil fuels, LEED focuses on the end product.
For example, because leather does not emit VOCs they are deemed healthy for
environments, disregarding the use of extremely harmful chemicals in the process of
tanning leather. Other products that do not use harmful chemicals and focus on more
sustainable production do not earn any additional points for their attention to
environmental concerns.
Zero energy building versus green building
The goal of green building and sustainable architecture is to use resources more
efficiently and reduce a building's negative impact on the environment.[23] Zero energy
buildings achieve one key green-building goal of completely or very significantly
reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for the life of the building. Zero
energy buildings may or may not be considered "green" in all areas, such as reducing
waste, using recycled building materials, etc. However, zero energy, or net-zero buildings
do tend to have a much lower ecological impact over the life of the building compared
with other 'green' buildings that require imported energy and/or fossil fuel to be habitable
and meet the needs of occupants.
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design developed by the U.S. Green
Building Council, does not require a building to have net zero energy use, only to reduce
energy use a few percentage points below the minimum required. And it is a
measurement tools, not design tools. Inexperienced designers or architects may cherrypick points to meet a target certification level, even though those points may not be the
best design choices for a specific building or climate.
Because of the design challenges and sensitivity to a site that are required to efficiently
meet the energy needs of a building and occupants with renewable energy (solar, wind,
geothermal, etc), designers must apply wholistic design principles, and take advantage of
the free naturally occurring assets available, such as passive solar orientation, natural
ventilation, daylighting, thermal mass, and night time cooling.

Incentive Programs
Some states have implemented or are considering plans for incentives for LEED-certified
buildings.
In the state of Nevada construction materials for a qualifying LEED building are exempt
from local taxes. Pieces of construction that are deemed 'inseparable' part such as
concrete or sheetrock qualify.[5]
The state of Michigan is considering tax-based incentives for LEED buildings.[6]
Many local governments have adopted LEED incentive programs. Program incentives
include tax credits, tax breaks, density bonuses, reduced fees, priority or expedited
permitting, free or reduced cost technical assistance, grants and low interest loans.[7][8]
7

Certification
Different LEED versions have varied scoring systems based on a set of required
"prerequisites" and a variety of "credits" in the six major categories listed above. In
LEED v2.2 for new construction and major renovations for commercial buildings there
are 69 possible points and buildings can qualify for four levels of certification:

Certified - 26-32 points

Silver - 33-38 points
Gold - 39-51 points
Platinum - 52-69 points

Point rating
Points have been distributed as follows. Required "prerequisites" in each category receive
no points.[9][10][11]
Sustainable sites (14 points)

Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Plan (required)

Site selection (1 pt)
Development density and community connectivity (1 pt)
Brownfield redevelopment (1 pt)
Alternative transportation availability (3 pts)
o Public transportation access (1 pt)
o Bicycle storage and changing rooms (1 pt)
o Parking capacity and carpooling (1 pt)
Reduced site disturbance (2 pt)
o Protect or restore open space (1 pt)
o Development footprint (1 pt)
Stormwater management (2 pts)
o Rate and quantity (1 pt)
o Treatment (1 pt)
Reduce heat islands (2 pts)
o Roof (1 pt)
o Non-roof (1 pt)
Light pollution reduction (1 pt)

Water efficiency (5 points)

Water efficient landscaping (2 pt)

o Reduce by 50% (1 pt)
o No potable use or no irrigation (1 pt)
Innovative wastewater technologies (1 pt)
Water use reduction (2 pt)
o (20%) (1 pt)

(30%) (1 pt)

Energy and atmosphere (17 points)

Fundamental commissioning (required)

Minimum (code) energy performance (required)
Fundamental Refrigerant Management (required)
Optimize energy performance by 14% (new) or 7% (existing) buildings (2 pts,
required and kind of has become mandatory as of June 26, 2007)

Energy optimization (8 pts in addition to the 2 required above)

On-site renewable energy (3 pts)
Ozone depletion (1 pt)
Measurement and verification (1 pt)
Green power (1 pt)

Materials and resources (13 points)

Storage and collection of recyclables (required)

Building reuse (3 pts):
o 75% reuse of building structure and shell excluding windows (1 pt)
o 100% reuse of building structure and 50% of walls, floors, ceilings (1 pt)
Construction waste reuse or recycling (by weight or volume) (2 pts):
o 50% diversion (1 pt)
o 75% diversion (1 pt)
Reuse of existing materials (by cost) (2 pts)
o 5% salvaged or refurbished materials (1 pt)
o 10% salvaged or refurbished materials (1 pt)
Recycled content (2 pts)
o Criteria vary in recent versions of LEED, but depend on value of pre- and
post-consumer recycled content (2 pt)
Use of local materials (2 pts)
o Fabrication shop within 500 miles (800 km) of building site and raw
materials source within 500 miles (800 km) of building site, 10% (1 pt) or
20% (+1 pt).
Rapidly renewable materials (1 pt)
Certified Wood (1 pt)

Indoor environmental quality (15 points)

Minimum indoor air quality (required)

Environmental tobacco smoke control (required)
Outdoor air delivery monitoring (1 pt)
Increased ventilation (1 pt)
Construction indoor air quality management (2 pt)
Indoor chemical and pollutant source control (1 pt)

Controllability of systems (2 pt)

Thermal comfort (2 pt)
Daylight and views (2 pt)

Innovation and design process (5 points)

Points for this category are awarded above and beyond the core 64 points, and are
described as rewarding strategies that go above and beyond the criteria for those
points. Examples for up to four design points using steel construction include
structure as finish, structure as plumbing, lightweight materials, recyclability, and
potential for disassembly.

Process
LEED certification is obtained after submitting an application documenting compliance
with the requirements of the rating system as well as paying registration and certification
fees. Certification is granted solely by the Green Building Council responsible for issuing
the LEED system used on the project.
Recently the application process for new construction certification has been streamlined
electronically, via a set of active PDFs that automates the process of filing the
documentation.
Directory of LEED-certified projects
The Green Building Council provides an online directory[12] of LEED-certified projects.

LEED versions
Different versions of the rating system are available for specific project types:[13]

LEED for New Construction: New construction and major renovations (the most
commonly applied-for LEED certification)[14]
LEED for Existing Buildings: Existing buildings seeking LEED certification
LEED for Commercial Interiors: Commercial interior fitouts by tenants
LEED for Core and Shell: Core-and-shell projects (total building minus tenant
fitouts)
LEED for Homes: Homes
LEED for Neighborhood Development: Neighborhood development
LEED for Schools: Recognizes the unique nature of the design and construction
of K-12 schools
LEED for Retail: Consists of two rating systems. One is based on New
Construction and Major Renovations version 2.2. The other track is based on
LEED for Commercial Interiors version 2.0.

10

LEED has evolved since its original inception in 1998 to more accurately represent and
incorporate emerging green building technologies. LEED-NC 1.0 was a pilot version.
These projects helped inform the USGBC of the requirements for such a rating system,
and this knowledge was incorporated into LEED-NC 2.0. The present version of LEED
for new construction is LEED-NC v2.2. LEED also forms the basis for other
sustainability rating systems such as the Environmental Protection Agency's Labs21.
LEED is a measurement tool for green building in the United States and it is developed
and continuously modified by workers in the green building industry, especially in the ten
largest metro areas in the U.S.; however, LEED certified buildings have been slower to
penetrate small and mid-major markets.[15] Also, some criticism suggests that the LEED
rating system is not sensitive and does not vary enough with regard to local
environmental conditions. For instance, a building in Maine would receive the same
credit as a building in Arizona for water conservation, though the principle is more
important in the latter case. And, that green design principles that have no 'product' to
sell, such as passive solar design, have no corporate sponsors with numerous LEED ap
members to lobby thier cause. Another complaint is that its certification costs require
money that could be used to make the building in question even more sustainable. And,
that designers and architects use the LEED points system as a design tool, going for
points to reach a certain level, rather than making the best design choice for a given
project and location. Many critics have noted that compliance and certification costs have
grown faster than staff support from the USGBC.
In 2003, the Canada Green Building Council received permission to create its own
version of LEED based upon LEED-NC 2.0, now called LEED Canada-NC v1.0.[16]
For existing buildings LEED has developed LEED-EB. Recent research has
demonstrated that buildings which can achieve LEED-EB equivalencies can generate a
tremendous ROI. In a recent white paper by the Leonardo Academy comparing LEEDEB buildings vs. data from BOMAs Experience Exchange Report 2007 demonstrated
LEED-EB certified buildings achieved superior operating cost savings in 63% of the
buildings surveyed ranging from $4.94 to $15.59 per square foot of floor space, with an
average valuation of $6.68 and a median valuation of $6.07.[17]
In addition the overall cost of LEED-EB implementation and certification ranged from
$0.00 to $6.46 per square foot of floor space, with an average of $2.43 per square foot
demonstrating that implementation is not expensive, especially in comparison to cost
savings. These costs should be significantly reduced if automation and technology are
integrated into the implementation.[18]

LEED and carbon trading

It is expected that LEED-NC 3.0 will include a requirement for a carbon footprint
(carbon building print) and a significant reduction of GHG (green-house gases) beyond a
baseline level. The reduction in carbon dioxide must be measured based on the direct and
indirect carbon dioxide and equivalent reductions. These include emissions related to the

11

consumption of grid delivered electricity, on-site combustion of fossil fuels, and fugitive
refrigerant emissions.
The efforts to quantify emission and reductions in emissions will be in an effort to
monetize the climate change externality in the same way that a Kyoto Clean
Development Project (carbon project) does. ITC Hotel Sonar Bangla Sheraton & Towers
in Kolkata, India is the only green building project in the world to monetize the
reductions that acts as the main precedent for this type of project.

Professional accreditation
Green building professionals can become LEED accredited through the LEED Accredited
Professional Exam. This accreditation enables an individual to facilitate the rating of
buildings with the various LEED systems. There are no requirements for education or
experience in obtaining a LEED accreditation. Professional Accreditation is administered
by the Green Building Certification Institute. GBCI has an education provider program
that provide seminars and lectures to prepare candidates to take and pass the LEED AP
Exam, which focuses primarily on bringing a project through the LEED process, rather
than green building design.

International initiatives
With many countries either having, or being in the process of developing domestic
assessment methods, international exchanges and coordination have being increasingly
evident.
In 1997, for example, the International Organization for Standardizations Technical
Committee 59 (ISO TC59) - Building Construction resolved to establish an ad hoc group
to investigate the need for standardized tools within the field of sustainable building. This
subsequently evolved and was formalized as Sub- Committee ISO T59/SC17
Sustainability in building construction the scope of which includes the issues that
should be taken into account within building environmental assessment methods.
In Europe, under European Committee for Standardization's TC350 -Sustainability of
Construction Works, a consensus-building process that relates to other standards (ISO)
and harmonizes existing approaches was launched. These standards shall enable the
exchange of sustainability information related to internationally traded products and
services.
The Sustainable Building Alliance (SB Alliance), a non-profit, non-partisan international
network of universities, research centers and technical assessment organizations that is
intended to accelerate the international adoption of Sustainable Building (SB) practices
through the promotion of shared methods of building performance assessment and rating.
The SB Alliance initiative is supported by the UNESCO Chair for sustainable buildings
and the UNEP sustainable building and construction initiative.

12

Other national rating systems

South Korea: /Greening Building System

Japan: CASBEE
Australia: Nabers / Green Star
Brazil: AQUA / LEED Brasil
Canada: LEED Canada/ Green Globes
China: GB Evaluation standard for green building
Finland: PromisE
France: HQE
Germany: DGNB
Hong Kong: HKBEAM
India: GRIHA (national green rating)/ LEED India
Italy: Protocollo Itaca
Mexico: LEED Mexico
Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands
New Zealand: Green Star NZ
Portugal: Lider A
Singapore: Green Mark
South Africa: Green Star SA
Spain: VERDE
United States: LEED/Green Globes
United Kingdom: BREEAM

13

BREEAM
BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is a voluntary measurement
rating for green buildings that was established in the UK by the BRE. Since its inception
it has since grown in scope and geographically, being exported in various guises across
the globe. Its equivalents in other regions include LEED North America and Green Star
in Australia, and HQE in France.

History
BREEAM was established in 1990 as a tool to measure the sustainability of new nondomestic buildings in the UK [1]. It has been updated regularly in line with UK building
regulations and underwent a significant facelift on 1 August 2008, called BREEAM
2008[2].

Building Types
The standard covers these main building types[3]:

Retail
Offices
Education
Prisons
Courts
Healthcare
Industrial
Specialised buildings assessed under the BREEAM Bespoke method

BREEAM 2008
The main changes in the new version of BREEAM are:

A new two stage assessment process: Design stage and Post Construction
Introduction of mandatory credits
A new rating level of BREEAM Outstanding

International growth
The BREEAM standard is now being exported under the responsibility of a division of
the BRE called BREEAM international. The standard is set to be used in regions such as
the Gulf (BREEAM Gulf) and Europe. BRE Global (the organization running the
BREEAM scheme) is a founding member of the Sustainable Building Alliance, a

14

network whose overall objective is to develop common metrics for the key issues and
allow comparisons between the different rating schemes[4].
In order to become a BREEAM International assessor the individual must have attended
one of the assessor training courses. For those interested in BREEAM Gulf the next
training course will be held in Jebel Ali, UAE on the 3rd, 4th and 5th of March.

15

Haute qualit environnementale

La Haute qualit environnementale ou HQE est un concept datant du dbut des annes
1990 qui a donn lieu la mise en place de cerifications NF Ouvrage Dmarche
HQE dlivres par l'Association HQE reconnue d'utilit publique1.
Elle s'adapte des btiments dont la conception, la construction ou la rnovation
correspondent des normes de la qualit environnementale. Ces certifications continuent
et remplacent le label Haute performance nergtique (HPE) depuis le dbut des
annes 1990. La Haute qualit environnementale a fait l'objet d'un dpt de marque par
l'Association HQE.
La Haute Qualit Environnementale est un ensemble de normes et de prescriptions
qui s'est progressivement tabli, dans la continuit du label HPE, entre divers acteurs du
btiment, de l'environnement, des services publics de l'nergie comme l'EdF, des matres
d'ouvrages et des organismes publics de certification (PUCA, Agence de l'environnement
et de la matrise de l'nergie, Centre scientifique et technique du btiment, la FFB, et
l'Association HQE). C'est une dmarche qualitative qui intgre toutes les activits lies
la conception, la construction, le fonctionnement et l'entretien d'un btiment (logement,
btiment public, tertiaire ou industriel). Encore rcente et perfectible, elle converge vers
l'intgration dans le bti des principes du dveloppement durable tels que dfinis au
Sommet de la terre en juin 1992, et qui pourrait aussi intgrer des paramtres comme la
biodiversit).[rf. ncessaire]
La Haute Qualit Environnementale est choisie en fonction du cot global
comprenant le bilan nergtique, les cycles d'entretien et de renouvellement.
Deux principes sous-tendent l'approche HQE :
1. La construction, l'entretien et l'usage de tout btiment induisent un impact sur
l'environnement, et donc un cot global, que la HQE tentera de rduire ou
compenser, au-del de ce que demande la loi (pour au moins 7 cibles sur 14) et en
visant la performance maximale (pour au moins 3 cibles dites "prioritaires").
L'conomie d'un projet de construction HQE est donc apprhende sous l'angle du
cot global ; elle tient compte la fois de l'investissement et du fonctionnement.
2. Le principe des cibles : Il est li la dmarche qualit ; la cible est atteinte si dans
le domaine concern, le niveau relatif de performance est gal celui du meilleur
projet connu au mme moment. Aprs de longs dbats, l'association HQE a admis
que toutes les cibles pouvaient ne pas tre traites en visant le maximum de
performance, ce qui aurait, pour des raisons de cot initial, mis la HQE hors de
porte des petits budgets.

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La dmarche peut et doit tre adapte chaque projet ds la conception, en tudiant si

possible soigneusement le choix du lieu. Il est ncessaire de travailler avec un
cologue et pourquoi pas avec un sociopsychologue - car la HQE sintresse aux
besoins et fonctions du Vivant, sappuie sur la biodiversit, et doit intgrer les atouts et
contraintes lis au contexte (dont le contexte humain, social..) ; autant dlments qui
varient toujours selon le lieu, lpoque et les caractristiques du projet.
Certains effets de seuils et d'chelle sont plus facilement atteints l'chelle de quartiers
qui peuvent tre urbaniss en suivant ces principes, avec des modalits variant selon
l'chelle d'action considre (voir la notion d'coquartier, covillage, on voque aussi une
coville en Chine...).

Acteurs]
En France, la dmarche HQE a donn naissance une marque dpose par lAssociation
HQE. 3 organismes contribuent en structurer la dmarche et en faire la promotion :

lAssociation HQE
lADEME
le CSTB (et sa nouvelle filiale de certification CERTIVEA

Ces organismes ont mis en place un systme de certification visant la dlivrance du

certificat du droit d'usage de la marque "NF Btiments Tertiaires - Dmarche HQE".
Cette certification sappuie sur un rfrentiel technique en 2 volets :
1. le SMO (Systme de Management de lOpration)
2. la QEB (Qualit Environnementale du Btiment)

Formations]
La demande de comptence augmente rapidement[rf. ncessaire], et devrait en France tre
dope par les engagements pris la suite du Grenelle de l'Environnement.

Des modules de formation commencent tre proposs, en formation initiale

et/ou continue par des coles d'Architecture, par l'Acadmie du Dveloppement
Durable et Humain ou encore par l'Internationale des Techniques Avances.
L'Ademe a mis en place (3 sessions en 2006) une formation "Sensibilisation la
dmarche HQE, qualit environnementale du cadre de vie bti".
L'Internationale des Techniques Avances Europe, propose plusieurs sessions
"HQE", "Dveloppement durable" et "Qualit environnementale" en urbanisme,
architecture, construction et BE en plusieurs modules et spcialits dispenses par
les experts mtiers europens et franais ; elles sont dispenses Paris, Lille,
Marseille, Lyon, Bordeaux, Toulouse et Strasbourg (Europe et Environnement)
dans le cadre de la formation professionnelle, sessions pour ARCHITECTES,
Bureaux d'Etudes, et autres acteurs BTP.

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Une formation est en prparation avec la CAPEB pour les artisans.

Il existe une Charte des formations continues la dmarche HQE
Des cours de HQE sont donns dans plusieurs formations d'ingnieurs (Mastre
spcialis nergies renouvelables de l'ENSAM, Master professionnel de
Construction et d'Amnagement Durable (CAD) de l'IAUL de l'USTL...)
Formations dveloppement durable et Haute Qualit Environnementale Ponts
Formation dition, formation continue de l'ENPC
Formation2 "Dveloppement durable et qualit environnementale en
amnagement du territoire, urbanisme, architecture et construction" en Alsace,
Lorraine (classe 4), Champagne-Ardenne (IFRB), Franche-Comt (AJENA),
Rhnes-Alpes (Europe et Environnement et l'Ordre des Architectes)

Initie par l'association Europe et Environnement en Alsace, c'est une formation continue
multi-acteurs de 19 jours, visant les acteurs de l'amnagement et de la construction,
agre par la Direction de l'architecture et du patrimoine, certifiante et encourageant le
dveloppement d'un rseau d'acteurs comptents dans le domaine de la construction de
Qualit Environnementale.

Le CSTB propose dans son catalogue de formation 2008 16 stages diffrents, dont
6 sont nouveaux.

Quelques exemples

Lyce Polyvalent Jacquard Caudry - Norme HQE

quartier Vauban de Fribourg-en-Brisgau (Allemagne)

quartier Bedzed Londres

Parmi environ 600 exemples recenss en France :

Btiments certifis
o Ple Administratif Les Mureaux (NF380/05/001)
o Tour Granite (quartier de la Dfense)
o Tour Mozart (quartier Nord d'Issy-les-Moulineaux)

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o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Centre de formation professionnelle, INERIS (NF380/05/004)

btiment 270 Aubervilliers (NF380/05/004)
Lyce Lonard-de-Vinci Calais (France, Rgion Nord Pas-de-Calais)
Lyce Jacquard Caudry (France, Rgion Nord Pas-de-Calais)
Lyce Louis Pasteur Somain (France, Rgion Nord Pas-de-Calais)
Centre dducation Nature du Houtland (Wormhout (France, Rgion
Nord Pas-de-Calais)
Lyce Mahatma Gandhi Saint-Andr (le de la Runion)
Lyce Saint-Paul IV (le de la Runion)
Lyce Anita Conti Bruz (France, Rgion Bretagne)
Lyce Chevrollier Angers (France, Pays de la Loire)

Le tout nouveau collge Rosa Parks Chteauroux(France, Berry,
Indre)

Bilan d'tape pour la rgion Nord Pas-de-Calais (en

2005)
Dans cette rgion pionnire, o l'approche HQE a t dveloppe en 1993, environ 150
ralisations ont t faites en 10 ans, en rgion Nord/Pas-de-Calais, essentiellement en
milieu urbain et priurbain : logements sociaux, tablissements scolaires, quipements
publics, bureaux
- On constate des conomies dnergie et deau de 20 30 % et une rduction de
50 % des missions polluantes.
- Le cot supplmentaire initial de 0 15 % est rapidement rembours par les
conomies de fonctionnement. On peut maintenant envisager des maisons
nergie positive (produisant plus d'nergie qu'elles n'en consomment).
- Une sensation de confort et de bien-tre est largement exprime par les usagers.
- De nombreux projets ont trait une ou plusieurs cibles de manire prioritaire, en
fonction du contexte.
- La demande augmente de la part des commanditaires, ncessitant des dispositifs
de formation des artisans (en cours).
- Un projet de quartier HQE Lille.
- Des outils d'accompagnement ont t crs avec le Conseil Rgional, l'ADEME,
la DIREN, les CAUE, l'cole d'architecture et de paysage de Villeneuve d'Ascq,
dont un Atlas rgional des paysages, le premier intgrer un volet cologie du
paysage, un atlas olien rgional, des aides l'installation de panneaux solaires,
un prt (Isolto) pour encourager l'isolation des toitures, des aides l'tablissement
d'un profil environnemental local destins aider les territoires identifier et
matriser leurs ressources naturelles pas, peu, difficilement ou coteusement
renouvelables, de manire en tenir compte dans leurs projets d'amnagement,
une Mission Gestion diffrentie, une ppinire capable de fournir des plans
gntiquement varis d'espces locales (Ppinire de Haendries), des atlas et
document d'accompagnement d'une trame verte et bleue (TVB), des plaquettes de
sensibilisation, modules de formation, etc.

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Des premiers bilans, on peut dduire que si dici 2010, 100 % des lyces, 70 % des
collges, 30 % des tablissements publics et des logements sociaux et 5 % des bureaux et
des logements privs taient ainsi construits ou rhabilits suivant une dmarche HQE,
on pourrait esprer :
- au moins 30 % dconomie dnergie dans le rsidentiel et le tertiaire
- au moins 16 % dconomie en eau potable
- un potentiel demplois de 10 15 000 emplois directs et indirects
- la constitution par la qualification des matres duvre et entreprises du
btiment, dun ple de comptences rgional

volutions, perspectives
Vers des routes HQE ? En France, avec l'assistance du CSTB et d'autres acteurs,
le conseil gnral du Nord a mis en place en 2005-2006 un groupe de travail sur
ce thme.
Une quinzime cible HQE ? Un dbut de rflexion existe depuis 2004 avec
notamment la direction Environnement du Conseil rgional du Nord-Pas-deCalais sur le thme d'une quinzime cible HQE visant une meilleure intgration
de la biodiversit. Cette cible intgrerait aussi et plus largement l'ide de
remboursement de la dette cologique (du bti et de ses habitants ou usagers).
Moins de pollution lumineuse : L'ADEME a mis en place fin 2005 une
formation sur la matrise de la demande en lectricit, concernant l'clairage et
intgrant les aspects dits de "pollution lumineuse" , alors que l'AFE
(Association Franaise des clairagistes) publiait son premier guide sur les
"nuisances lumineuse" ; autant d'lments qui pourront aider une meilleure prise
en compte de ces facteurs, en particulier pour l'clairage extrieur qui prend une
importance croissante.
Vers une certification : Le 1er mai 2006, lactivit de certification des acteurs et
des ouvrages de construction initie au sein du CSTB est transfre une
nouvelle socit dnomme Certivea qui conoit, dveloppe, et ralise des
prestations de certification dacteurs et douvrage de construction
Pistes d'amlioration et de rflexion :
- Choix du lieu d'implantation ;
Ce choix chappe gnralement l'architecte, voire au prescripteur. On peut
regretter que certains sites vocation HQE soient loign des rseaux de transport
en commun, construits en zone inondable ou qu'ils contribuent fragmenter les
cosystmes. Comment encourager le matre d'ouvrage localiser de manire
cologiquement cohrente le bti et les infrastructures le desservant, en tenant
compte du contexte cologique, paysager, urbain, socioconomique, et de manire
minimiser les flux, les distances de dplacement (et la consommation dnergie
et les sources de pollutions et nuisances y affrant ? Encourager l'intgration
trs en amont de la HQE l'chelle des Pays, des Agglomrations, par ex dans le
cadre dun Agenda 21, dun SCOT (Schma de COhrence Territoriale en France)

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est une des pistes dveloppes mi 2007 par le Grenelle de l'environnement

(Atelier 1)
- Lintgration du Vivant (faune et flore)
Il est approch pour des raisons esthtiques, mais il est ncessaire pour des raisons
thiques et fonctionnelles (voir quinzime cible HQE). Il est trop souvent limit
au vgtal. Les quilibres cologiques ncessitent la prsence d'une faune
minimale. Les pollinisateurs, les insectivores mritent une attention particulire.
l'clairage nocturne ne doit pas les perturber, etc. Ils devraient trouver place :

o
o
o

dans le bti extrieur (enveloppe, cours intrieurs, fondations, surplombs,

etc, dans un esprit proche du concept de maison-nichoir),
dans certains espaces tampons, pour certaines espces (type vranda,
jardin dhiver, dans la mesure du possible plant dans le sol naturel),
dans certains espaces intrieurs (ex : systme dpuration de lair, des eaux
uses utilisant les plantes comme Phyt'air, les algues, mais aussi les
bactries et dautres organismes aquatiques), avec les prcautions et le
suivi qui s'imposent.
en prvoyant des niches cologiques pour les espces potentiellement
prsentes aprs que lenvironnement se sera amlior et non pour les
seules espces prsentes au moment de la ralisation de ltat initial ou du
profil environnemental.

Les principes de l'intgration de la biodiversit dans l'environnement humain (structure

btie et non btie) sont rsums dans l'article biodiversit dans le bti et le jardin.
- Le dveloppement de fonctions compensatoires et restauratoires.
Ces deux fonctions sont ncessaires un objectif de remboursement de la dette
cologique .

o
o

Ceci implique d'inscrire le bti dans un rseau cologique fonctionnel

(maillage de corridors biologiques crer, restaurer, prserver, puis grer
(gestion cologique et restauratoire, et donc diffrentie).
Le btiment et ses occupants ne devraient-ils pas produire plus doxygne
quils nen consomment, et rejeter de leau et de lair aussi ou plus propres
que ce quils auront prlev dans le milieu ? Leurs dchets organiques et
ceux des espaces verts ne devraient-ils pas systmatiquement contribuer
restaurer les cosystmes (quand cela ne pose pas de problme
sanitaires) ?
Des niches cologiques compensatoires pourraient tendre effacer
lempreinte cologique des amnagements et de leur fonctionnement.
La mesure de lempreinte cologique, qui est ncessaire l'valuation de
la dette cologique.

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Projets de villes-HQE, dans les monde...

divers projets d'co-towns ou vastes quartiers HQE ont abouti ( Mountain View
en Californie, Hammerdy Sjstat en Sude, New Songdo City en Core, ou
encore les Ecotowns anglaises notamment inspires par le quartier de Bedzed).
Royaume-Uni : le Premier ministre Gordon Brown annoncait lors de son
investiture la cration de cinq Ecotowns dans le pays ; de 10.000 20.000
habitants chacune, la premire tant cre par lEtat et les suivantes sur initiative
locale. Un appel projet a suscit prs de quarante candidatures de villes
anglaises, ce qui a incit le gouvernement tendre ce programme dix cotowns
La France a pris du retard, mais dans la dynamique du Grenelle de
l'environnement, en en 2007, l'ide d'encourager la rhabilitation HQE et de
construire des villes HQE renouveles sur elles-mmes a progress. La
commission Attali a galement en 2007 propos de crer avant 2012 au moins dix
'Ecopolis' ; des villes nouvelles HQE, comprenant 20 % d'espaces verts,
favorables la biodiversit, et qui abriteraient plus de 50.000 habitants, en
intgrant un haut niveau de NTIC, de l'emploi local et une mixit sociale,
alimentes par de l'olien et du solaire et jouant le rle de vitrine et laboratoire en
matire de sobrit nergtique et en eau. Les copolis restent critiques par
plusieurs ONG si elles doivent encore contribuer l'talement urbain et
augmenter le rseau routier. Ces dernires souhaitent une rhabilitation HQE de
villes densifier3.
Un label BHQE (Bateau Haute Qualit nergtique) est l'tude en Bretagne4.

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