Revolutions of 1848 DBQ

Write an essay that:

- Has an appropriate, clear thesis that answers the question and does not
just repeat it.
- Uses and accurately addresses a majority of the documents.
- Analyzes the documents in a way that relates to the thesis and question.
- Analyzes bias or point of view in at least three documents.
- Groups the documents in at least three reasonable ways.
1. Analyze the factors contributing to the success of the conservative
reaction to the European revolutions of 1848.
Document 1
Source: General Joseph von Radowitz, advisor to King Frederick William IV of
Prussia, Concerning State and Church, book, 1846
Our German princes still have the resources to survive the struggle against
the triumphant mediocrity of the middle classes. Let our princes have the
courage to turn to the masses. There, among the lower and most numerous
classes of the population, are their natural allies.
Document 2
Source: Frantisek Palacky, Czech historian and linguist, speech to the
Frankfurt Parliament about this issue of creating a German federation, 1848
The second reason that prohibits me from participating in your proceedings
is the fact that you, of necessity, both wish to and will fatally weaken Austria
as an independent empire; yes, you will even render its existence impossible.
[Austria is] a state whose preservation, integrity, and strengthening are and
must be a primary important matter not only for my own nation, but for all of
Europe There is no greater opponent and antagonist of even the mere
possibility of a Russian universal monarchy If the Austrian state had not
long since come into existence, one would have to create it as quickly as
possible.
Document 3
Source: Napoleon III, Proclamaiton of the President of the Republic to the
Army, Speech to the army to rally them around Napoleon III during his
military coup, 1852

I make a loyal appeal to the People and to the Army, and I say to them:
Either give me the means of insuring your properity, or choose another in my
place. In 1830, as in 1848, you were treated as vanquished men. After
having branded your heroic disinterestedness, they disdained to consult your
sympathies and your wishes, and yet you are the flower of the Nation. Today,
at this solemn moment, I am resolved that the voice of the Army shall be
heard.
Document 4
Source: King Frederick William IV, To My People and to the German Nation,
March 1848
Germany is in ferment within, and exposed from without to danger from
more than one side. Deliverance from this danger can come only from the
most intimate union of the German princes I have taken this leadership
upon me for the hour of peril.
Document 5
Source: Pope Pius, Syllabus of Errors, list of statements that the Pope deems
sacrilegious
V. Errors Concerning the Church and Her Rights
20. The ecclesiastical power ought not to exercise its authority without the
permission and assent of the civil government. Allocution Meminit
unusquisque, Sept. 30, 1861
X. Errors Having Reference to Modern Liberalism
80. The Roman Pontiff can, and ought to, reconcile himself, and come to
terms with progress, liberalism and modern civilization.- -Allocution
Jamdudum cernimus, March 18, 1861
Document 6
Source: Karl Marx, The Victory of the Counter-Revolution in Vienna, article
published in Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 1848
A part of the Viennese National Guard openly sided with the camarilla from
the very beginning of the October revolution. Towards the end of the October
revolution another part of the national Guard in collusion with the imperial
bandits fought against the proletariat and the Academic Legion. To which
strata do these groups of the National Guard belong? To the bourgeoisie.
Document 7
Source: Karl Marx, Revolution and Counterrevolution, Or Germany, 1848

The peasantry in Prussia, the same as in Austria, but with less energy,
feudalism pressing, upon the whole, not quite so hardly upon them here, had
profited by the revolution to free themselves at once from all feudal
shackles. But here, from the reasons stated before, the middle classes at
once turned against them, their oldest, their most indispensable allies; the
deomcrats, equally frightened with the bourgeoisie, by what was called
attacks upon private property, failed equally to support them; an thus, after
three months emancipation, after bloody struggles and military executions,
particularly in Silesia, feudalism was restored by the hands of the, until
yesterday, anti-feudal bourgeoisie. There is not a more damning fact to be
brought against them than this. Similar treason against its best allies,
against itself, never was committed by any party in history, and whatever
humiliation and chastisement may be in store for this middle class party, it
has deserved by this one act every morsel of it.
Document 8
Source: Horace Vernet, Painting of a barricade on Rue Soufflot, Suppression
of June Days Workers Uprising by the National Guard, 1848

Document 9
Source: Michael Rappaport, 1848. Page 194. Describing the French election
of 1848. 2008
On election day, Tocqueville led some 170 of his Norman villagers to the
polls, where, as he noted coyly, I have reason to believe that they almost all
voted for the same candidate. Many peasants supported their local worthies,
but their votes went beyond simple deference, reflecting their deep
resentment at the forty-five centimes. One rural newspaper declared that
the hard-pressed rural fol were tired of nourishing lazy men who make
a trade of avoiding work. The vote also expressed widespread anxieties over

disorder, which naturally led men to vote for moderates or conservatives

rather than those who promised even more social upheaval.
Document 10
Source: Count Alexander von Hbner, Une Annee. Page 267-9. 1848.
I no longer recognized my good old town of Vienna In the streets one
meets only slovenly students, national guards struggling with their sabers,
proletarians, and low-class whores. The good people, those with self-respect,
the Black-Yellows, the Kaiserlics, who formed the immense majority and who
shut themselves up at home or took refuge outside the city wished for the
Emperor and trembled together with their family.