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anxioascomorbid
Thequalityoflifeofoncologypatientswithcomorbidanxietyanddepression
pathology
byAdrianaMihaelaDavidSorinaNstase
Source:
QualityofLife(Calitateavieii),issue:1/2012,pages:4562,onwww.ceeol.com.
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pe care le iau. Prin calitatea vieii, n medicin se nelege bunstarea fizic, psihic
i social, precum i capacitatea pacienilor de a-i ndeplini sarcinile obinuite, n
existena lor cotidian. Prin aceast formulare se are n vedere un concept ceva mai
specific, i anume calitatea vieii n relaie cu sntatea, care reprezint statusul
sntii subiective (perspectiva pacientului asupra sntii) i impactul pe care l
are aceast percepie asupra capacitilor lui de via. Ca i concept, calitatea vieii
n relaie cu sntatea ncorporeaz att aspecte pozitive, ct i negative ale
sntii fizice, psihice, sociale.
Evaluarea calitii vieii, pe lng criteriile clinice obiective, a devenit
necesar n momentul n care s-a pus problema eficacitii interveniilor medicale
n cazul bolilor cronice sau incurabile, n care se poate obine doar o ameliorare
temporar, iar scopul ngrijirii este de a face viaa pacientului mai confortabil.
Scopul ngrijirii i al tratamentului este de a prelungi viaa i de a aduga calitate
acesteia. Calitatea vieii, privit ca rezultat al ngrijirilor medicale, redirecioneaz
punctul de vedere al cercettorului de la rezultate cum sunt supravieuirea dup
intervenie, rata complicaiilor, indicatori fizici i biochimici, spre impactul bolii i
al tratamentului asupra strii fizice i emoionale i asupra stilului de via al
pacientului. Din perspectiva evoluiei cazurilor critice, adesea este dificil s se mai
fac trimitere la dimensiunea subiectiv, la stare de well-being, happiness etc.
(Funch i Marshal, 1983).
Calitatea vieii n relaie cu sntatea depinde, direct proporional, de calitatea
ngrijirilor de sntate, un concept care se refer la calitatea profesional a
serviciilor de sntate (standardele de bun practic), calitatea din punctul de vedere
al clientului (satisfacia pacientului) i managementul calitii totale, care se refer la
eficiena utilizrii resurselor n cadrul limitelor stabilite.
Calitatea serviciilor de sntate reprezint componenta valoric, frecvent
subtil, care nsoete i, totodat, asigur performana n domeniu, prin cunoaterea
i depirea ateptrilor pacienilor n relaia cu ngrijirile de sntate solicitate.
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manifestri ale bolii sau reacii la tratament sau la diagnostic. Gndurile automat
negative i amintirile unor evenimente de via stresante, mai ales legate de cancer,
complic i intensific simptomele anxioase i depresive la pacienii cu cancer
(Brewin, 1998).
Avnd n vedere faptul c aprecierea calitii vieii ine cont, n primul rnd,
de subiectivitatea pacientului, este de ateptat ca persoanele cu depresie s
raporteze scoruri mai nefavorabile ale calitii vieii, prin nsi prisma cogniiilor
specifice depresiei, care presupune gnduri negative referitoare la sine, la cei din
jur i la viitor. n afar de caracteristicile propriu-zise ale episodului depresiv, care
pot influena percepia calitii vieii, din cauza afectelor de tristee, anhedonie, a
cogniiilor negative mai sus menionate i a comportamentelor, caracterizate prin
lips de implicare, de iniiativ, retragere social i ocupaional, lipsa energiei,
este bine s fie luate n calcul i trsturile care definesc personalitatea pacienilor.
Acestea se ntind pe un spectru larg: de la un sentiment sczut al coerenei,
pesimism constituional, o stim de sine precar sau oscilant, pn la trsturi
depresive ale personalitii, tulburare de personalitate depresiv (comorbiditate de
Ax II) sau chiar distimie (comorbiditate de Ax I). Toate aceste trsturi
predispun la o evaluare mai sumbr a calitii propriei viei, comparativ cu
persoane care, din punct de vedere obiectiv, au condiii similare de trai, inclusiv
prezena unei afeciuni cronice, alta dect depresia. Starea de bine subiectiv este cu
att mai alterat cu ct depresia este mai sever. Pacienii depresivi prezint,
adesea, scoruri mici la scala de bine subiectiv, chiar dac au o funcionare
socioprofesional bun, condiii contextuale i de suport bune. Depresia cronic se
asociaz cu deficiene importante n rolul parental, n activitile gospodreti, la
munc i n activitile educaionale, de instruire i sociale. Studiile au artat faptul
c persoanele care sufer de depresie au o reducere a calitii vieii care poate fi
atribuit direct tulburrii afective i c dimensiunea acestei reduceri este direct
proporional cu severitatea depresiei (Demyttenaere, 2002). Chiar i depresia
subsindromal are un impact asupra calitii vieii (Barros, 2007). Cei mai muli
autori noteaz o prevalen mai mare a depresiei la pacienii cu cancer care sufer
de malnutriie i scdere marcat n greutate.
Evaluarea depresiei la pacienii cu cancer este dificil, datorit limitelor
incerte i arbitrare ntre formele nonpatologice subclinice i clinice de depresie.
Trebuie difereniat depresia primar, de tulburrile mai puin severe de adaptare la
boala neoplazic, i simptomele depresive, de manifestrile induse de boala
somatic. Aceast din urm difereniere este dificil de fcut, avnd n vedere c
exist o baz real pentru sentimentele de tristee i inadecvare, i pentru faptul c
anumite simptome, cum ar fi anorexia, fatigabilitatea sau scderea elanului vital
pot fi rezultatul direct al neoplaziei.
Nu se tie exact dac depresia secundar bolilor somatice a aprut ca urmare a
dizabilitii sociale sau demoralizrii antrenate de aceste boli, sau dac nsui
procesul fiziopatologic al bolii de baz nu interfereaz cu mecanismele
neurobiologice generatoare de depresie. Strile de tristee, descurajare, disperare, ca
i cele de reacie negativ situaional, nemulumire existenial sunt frecvent
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Factorii biologici sunt clasificai n cei asupra crora putem interveni prin
tratament (depresia, anxietatea, patologia oncologic) i cei constituionali
(determinismul genetic). n cazul pacienilor cu neoplazii, care primesc tratament
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DISCUII I CONCLUZII
n trecut, cele mai multe studii tiinifice din psihiatrie se concentrau pe
reducerea simptomelor. Actualmente, atenia este centrat asupra impactului pe
care l au tulburrile psihiatrice i tratamentul lor asupra calitii vieii. Este
necesar extinderea cercetrii i a practicii clinice dincolo de simpla evaluare a
dimensiunii simptomelor, iar inta tratamentului s fie nu numai reducerea
simptomelor, ci i mbuntirea calitii vieii (Krouse, 2003).
Este un fapt de mult remarcat acela c stilul de via al pacientului cronic cu
depresie sau/ i anxietate sufer modificri cauzate de mbolnvirea per se
(disconfortul psihic i somatic), dar i de privaiunile la care acesta este supus prin
msurile igienico-dietetice (evitarea consumului de substane psihoactive, precum
cafeina, tutunul i alcoolul, care n cazul unora dintre pacieni constituie mici
satisfacii ale existenei), ct i prin efectele secundare ale medicaiei administrate.
La toate acestea, n cazul pacienilor oncologici, se adaug impactul asupra
personalitii fiecruia, inclusiv prin acceptarea unui nou statut i rol social, acela
de bolnav de cancer, cu implicaii n inseria sa familial i socioprofesional.
lezndu-i, uneori, aspiraiile i expectanele (Bourland, 2000).
Practica medical a demonstrat c exist situaii frecvente n care evoluia
episodului depresiv sau a simptomelor anxioase sunt stopate sau mult diminuate de
o medicaie psihotrop adecvat i de un complex de msuri psiho-socio-spirituale
eficace, n timp ce bolnavul se simte tot mai stnjenit n desfurarea unor activiti
compatibile cu o stare de sntate normal. Aceast situaie paradoxal este
denumit n literatura american going well, feeling bad. Din acest motiv,
aprecierea calitii vieii la persoanele cu depresie i/sau anxietate devine necesar
att referitor la simptomele netratate, ct, mai ales, la preul pe care individul
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