Proteins:

Part 2
Dr. Corl
BIOL 105
February 2, 2015

Folding of Proteins

Protein folding is often _________, aided by

molecular chaperones.
Unfolded (__________) proteins are usually
no longer functional.

Prions

When certain proteins, called _____ (PrP),

________, they can cause disease:
Misfolded prion protein has:
Same ________ structure as normal prion protein.
Different secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
structure compared to normal prion protein.

Prions

Misfolded prion proteins are ________:

Can induce ______ prion proteins in the body
to become misfolded, causing:
Widespread, irreversible neurodegeneration in the
_______ and spinal cord of various mammals,
including humans.

What do Proteins Look Like?

Proteins display great diversity in size and shape.

Can you guess the functions of the above proteins?

Enzymes
Many proteins are enzymes.
Enzymes _______ (speed up) reactions by:
Bringing _________ together in precise
orientations.
Affecting the amount of kinetic energy reactants
must have for the reaction to _______.

Reaction Rates

Reaction rates depend on the:

________ energy of the reactants
Activation energy (Ea) required to achieve the ________ state.

Reactions proceed when the reactants have enough

energy to reach the transition state.

Reaction Rates

____________:
Stabilize the transition state.
_______ the activation energy (Ea) required to
achieve the transition state.
Are ____ consumed in the reaction.

Enzymes are Catalysts

Enzymes are ______ catalysts.
Most enzymes are very _________ in
the types of reactions they catalyze.
Enzymes are important to life!
Most important biological reactions require
specific enzymes in order to occur.

How do Enzymes Work?

Substrates bind within the enzymes ______ site.

Interactions between the enzyme and substrate
_______ the transition state and lower Ea.

How do Enzymes Work?

_______ fit: Change in conformation (______) of

many enzymes when reactant molecules
bind to the active site.

Three Steps of
Enzyme Catalysis
1.) Initiation
Reactants are precisely ______ within active site.

2.) ________ state facilitation

Interactions between substrate and R-groups in
the enzymes active site lower Ea.

3.) Termination
Reaction products are _______ from the enzyme.

Enzyme Action:
1.) Initiation

Enzyme Action:
2.) Transition State Facilitation

Enzyme Action:
3.) Termination

Do Enzymes Act Alone?

Many enzymes require helpers in order to
function normally.
Often they bind near or within the enzymes active
site and help to stabilize the transition state.

Include:
_________:
Inorganic metal ions (e.g. zinc or magnesium)
___________:
Organic molecules (e.g. vitamin B1)

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

In addition, enzymes may be regulated by
molecules that are not part of the enzyme itself.
__________ inhibition
A regulatory molecule binds non-covalently to the
______ site, preventing the substrate from binding.

________ regulation
A regulatory molecule binds non-covalently to the
enzyme somewhere other than the active site.

Competitive
Inhibition

Allosteric
Regulation

Regulation
of Enzyme
Activity
Certain enzymes are
inactive until they are
_______ (cut) in a
particular manner.
Many enzymes are
inactive unless they are
phosphorylated in a
particular manner.
ATP donates a
________ group to the
enzyme, activating it!

Rate of Product Formation

In enzymatic reactions, the rate of product formation

(as a function of substrate concentration):
Increases linearly at _____ substrate concentrations.
Levels off at _______ substrate concentrations.

Rate of product formation levels off because all

available enzyme molecules are being used.

Effect of Temperature

Increasing _________ may increase enzyme

kinetics, but only up to a certain point!

Effect of Acidity (pH)

Enzyme shape and function are also sensitive to __.

Summary
Proteins are comprised of amino acids linked
together covalently via peptide bonds.
The structures of proteins can be analyzed
at the primary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary levels.
Proteins vary widely in structure and function.
In cells, most proteins are enzymes that
function as catalysts.

Review Questions
How do enzymes speed up (catalyze)
chemical reactions?
How are enzymes regulated
allosterically? Competitively?
How can environmental conditions
affect enzyme function?