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AllieCauley
AdvancedPlacementLanguageandComposition
Mr.Rhodes
27February2014
ACareerinJournalism
Theloudclickingofarustedtypewritermixeswiththesmellofwarmmetalheatedbythe
furiousmovementoffingers,creatingadistinctsmell,similartoholdingahandfulofchangetoolong
beforetryingtogetridofit.Thehumidityoftheroomstartstostifletheyoungmenandcurlstheends
ofthepaperslowlypushingitswayupthroughtheslotsintheblackenedmachine.Ayoungman
desperatelyjumpsfromhisseat,unlocksthewindow,andpushesthepanetowardtheceiling.The
breezeblowsthroughthewindowandsendsnewlytypedstacksofpapersflying.Schedules,
newspapers,andarticlesswirlintotheair,scatteringontothefloorandcausingthesmallofficetoturn
intoabustlingnightmare.Boldedheadlinespeekoutfrombehindoverturnedsheetsandgiveglimpses
ofwar,politics,andtheeconomy.Startingtorelyonnewspapers,peopledependonthisofficeto
providethemwiththemostcurrentstories.Asjournalismbloomsandspreadsduringtheyears,the
availabilityofnewsskyrockets.Journalismasaprofessionhaschangeddramaticallyovertheyearswith
thecontrastofthemid1900sandmuckrakers,theevolutioninnewscoveragefollowingthebirthof
technology,andthescandalousnatureofpolitics.

ThefirstwrittenpieceofnewsappearedasasheetofpaperpostedthroughoutRomeover
2,000yearsagointheformofaseriesofdailyeventsbytheorderofJuliusCaesar(Robinson16).
HandwrittennewspaperssurfacedinEuropearoundthesixteenthcenturyduringtheRenaissance
period.NewspamphletscalledbroadsidescametolifeinGermanyinthe1400s(17).TheAmericas

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sawthefirstnewspaperduringtheRevolutionaryWarwhenspiritssoaredhighandinformationneeded
awaytocirculatethroughthecolonies(18).Theveryfirstdailypaper,publishedbyJohnDunlapand
DavidC.Claypoole,debutedintheUnitedStatesonSeptember21,1784(21).Allofthesepapers
haveonecharacteristicincommonthebasisofjournalismasaprofessionemergedfromthesehistorical
beginnings.
In1448,JohannGutenberginventedtheprintingpress(Mitchell).Beforetheprintingpress,
bookscameinhandwrittenandhandcopiedformsonly.Mostofthebooksinthe1400srequireda
greatamountoflabortocreateand,therefore,soldathighpriceswhichonlythewealthiestcouldafford.
Forthefirsttime,thisproductmadeitpossibleforeveryonetoownprintedmaterialbymakingbooks
andotherpiecesofprintextremelyaffordable.Theinventorusedhisnewdevicetoprintbiblesinthe
early1450sandinspiredareligiousrevolutionthatmadeitpossibleforallfamiliestoownabiblefor
thefirsttime(Mitchell).
Whenjournalismbegan,theprofessionreliedtooheavilyonpowerfulpeopletodecidethe
politicalangleofthenews(McChesney&Nichols450).Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,Joseph
PulitzerandWilliamRandolphHearstdivertedfromrelyingonpoliticalinvolvementsandshapedthe
newspaperintowhatAmericansviewprinted,professionaljournalismastoday.Bothmensolelysought
largeprofits,headlines,andcirculations(Robinson22).Eventhen,JosephPulitzersawhowjournalism
survivestothisdaythroughfreedomofspeechandtheavailabilityofstoriestowriteabout(Smillie64).
PartofPulitzerswillin1904establishedthebaseofthePulitzerPrize.Inhiswill,hewrotethatfour
awardsinjournalism,aswellasfourinlettersanddrama,shouldbegiven.Heincludedonefor
education,thenfourmorefortravelingscholarships.Helaterspecifiedthatinletters,theavailabilityof
prizesawardedforanAmericannovel,anoriginalAmericanplay,abookonthehistoryoftheUnited

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States,andahistoryofpublicservicebythepressshouldbecomeattainable(Topping).
PulitzerandHearstsconstantbattleoverthemonopolizationofthejournalismindustry
eventuallyledtosomethingmoreexaggerated(Robinson22).YellowJournalismbecameavery
wellknownpracticeintheprofession.TheideaofYellowJournalismrevolvedaroundtheideathat
exaggeratedarticlesledtogreatersales(Robinson22).Theseexaggeratedarticlesstartedto
incorporatedrawingsandcartoonstodrawthereaderinandtomakemoremoney.Thenewsbecame
overdramatizedandunrealistic.Ultimatelyandagainsthispriorviews,HearstusedYellowJournalism
topushtheUnitedStatesintotheSpanishAmericanwarbytrickingthepublicintocomplyingwithhis
opinionsbyalteringhisstoriessogreatlyandportrayingCubasobadly,thepresidentsignedabillof
waroutofsheerpressurefromthecitizens(Vance).
Journalismincreasinglytransformedintothemostsoughtafterprofessionintheentirecountry.
Bythemid1970s,famousjournalistsbecamecelebrities.Editorialbudgetsstartedtoswelland
journalistsruledtheroost.Forthefirsttime,theindustryshiftedtothepointwhereownersof
newspapercompaniessolelyconcernedthemselveswithintegrityandstoppedworryingaboutthe
wealthofthemselvesortheircompany.Inretrospect,thiseraofjournalismbroughtdownacrooked
president,helpedsolveCIAcrimes,andexposedthedangersofnuclearenergy(McChesney&
Nichols43).
BornfromtheeraofYellowJournalism,peoplecametoknowthetermmuckraker.The
filthyname,coinedbyTheodoreRoosevelt,appearedina1906speechwherehereferredtothese
certainjournalistsasthemanwiththemuckrakewhocouldlooknowaybutdownward(Muckraker
(Journalism)).Muckrakerjournalistsuncoveredandprovidedthepublicwiththestoriesbehind
economicandpoliticalcorruptionaswellasdetailedaccountsofsocialhardships(Muckraker

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(Journalism)).
Arguablythemostwellknownmuckraker,JacobRiisuncoveredtheextremepovertyofcity
slumsintheearly1880s(Simkin)Asachild,Riislivedinpovertyhimself.Afterreceivingtheposition
ofpolicereporterfortheNewYorkTribune,heusedhisopportunityandhispastintheslumsto
uncoverthehorrendousconditionoflocalslums.In1888,Riissuccessfullyearnedajobasa
photojournalistfortheNewYorkEveningSunandbecamethefirstphotographertouseflashpowder
whichmadeitpossibleforhimtophotographthecityslumsinthedeadofnight(Simkin).After
publishinghisbookcontainingaround100differentphotos,HowtheOtherHalfLives,andbringingit
totheattentionofRoosevelt,thegovernmentimmediatelystartedtomendthestateofcityslums
(Simkin).Tothisday,RiissbookHowtheOtherHalfLivescontinuesasoneofthemostwellknown
andaccreditednovelsonthistopic.
Duringthissametimeperiod,theRockefellerfamilymademillionsbycreatingtheStandardOil
Companyandusingmonopolizingtacticstogainamajorityofthecompanysmoneyfromother
corporationstheydroveoutofbusiness.StandardOilbecamethesolecompanyforoilproductionuntil
afemalemuckraker,IdaTarbell,startedaninnocentinvestigationintothehistoryofthecompany.After
researchingRockefellerspast,sheuncoveredmanyunfairbusinesspractices.In1904,shepublished
anarticleonStandardOilshistoryinamagazineandfinallypublishedabooktitledTheHistoryofthe
StandardOilCompany(IdaTarbellBiography).HerworkalonehelpedtheSupremeCourt
prosecuteStandardOilandbreakupthecompanysmonopolyin1911(IdaTarbellBiography).Ida
Tarbellbecamethebirthofinvestigativejournalismaswellaseconomiccorruptionbasedjournalism.
UptonSinclair,bornonSeptember20,1878,grewupinanextremelypoorhousehold
(Blackwell).Ashegrew,hebegantowriteinhopestoreshapetheworld.Hisfirstnovelin1901,

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titledSpringtimeandHarvest,alongwithhissecond,third,andfourthnovels,didnotsell(Blackwell).
Afterfacingrejectiontimeaftertime,SinclairfinallymovedintoatarpapershackinPrincetonTownship
andstartedwritinganovelcalledTheJungle(Blackwell).Thisnoveluncoveredthedisgustingand
blatantlyfilthyconditionsofnotonlymeatpackingindustries,butalsothemeatitself.Hewroteofhow
deadratsfromthesefactories,shoveledintosausagegrindingmachines,thensoldashighpricedmeat
(Blackwell).Sinclairfurtherexplainedhowbribedinspectorslookedtheotherwaywhilethoroughly
diseasedcowsremainedsuitablefortheslaughterhouses(Blackwell).Heastoundedhisaudienceand
grabbedtheattentionofreadersacrossthecountrywithdetailsofhowtheentrailsofslaughtered
animalsfoundtheirwaytoshelvesacrossAmerica,labeledaspottedham(Blackwell).When
PresidentRooseveltreadacopyofTheJungle,heleapttoactionandpersuadedCongresstoestablish
theFoodandDrugAdministrationwhichforthefirsttime,createdstandardsformeatinspection
(Blackwell).Throughjournalism,SinclairarousedAmericanseverywherewithhisnauseating,but
honest,socialism.Stillknownprominentlyasamuckraker,Sinclairpublishedthemostrivetingnovelof
alltimeandindoingso,swungthedoorsopenfortheuncoveringofscandalsthroughjournalism.
Journalismasacareerincorporatesnotonlyanauthorswritingabilitybutalsohisnaturalability
tosniffoutaheadlinestorywithwhichreaderswillfallinlove.Thecareerofjournalismhasshaped
itselfovertheyearsthroughevolutionoftheprofessionandtheconstantchangeinjobreputation.The
evolutionofjournalismlooksbleakfromwheretheprofessionsstandsrightnow.Overtheyears,
journalismhasstartedtosolelydependonexploitation,scandal,andthepureamountofprofitavailable
fromthisprofession.DanielSchorrexplainshow,inhismorethansixdecadesofinvolvementasa
journalist,theprofessionheloveshasbecomepurelyforthesereasons.Schorrexpresseshispersonal
viewsonhowthemoresuccessfuljournalistslackamoralcompasswhenitcomestoreporting(Schorr

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5).Althoughsexscandalsandcelebrityjournalismdisgustpeople,thehumanbrain,subconsciously
drawnbycuriosity,wantstoknowthetruthandtoknowmore(5).Asidefromthis,sexscandaland
celebrityjournalismarticlesattractaudiencesandhaveahintofillusionwithoutcreatingcontroversyand
withoutthreateninganyoneinpowerorhurtingtheirpersonaljobreputation,nottomentionthe
economicalcostofcoveringthestory(McChesney&Nichols47).
Whenitcomestotheprofessionofjournalism,reputationvariesonthespecificareathewriter
worksin.Forinstance,aregularandwellrespectedcolumnwriterfortheNewYorkTimeshasa
morefavorablereputationthanthephotographerhiredtosneakscandalouspicturesofMileyCyrusfor
StarMagazine.ViolaEgikovaaskswhyjournalistshavesuchodiousreputations,andanacquaintance
ofhisinthescientificfieldanswers.Hiscolleaguesaysthatasascientist,veryfewjournalistswillnot
twistthefactsandmanywillmakehonestresearchintononsense(Egikova).Egikovabluntlyexplains
howjournalistssimplylackrespectintheprofessionalworldandhowtheirreputationsorelylacks,a
viewcommonlysharedbymanypeopleinthisfield.
Whenanauthororwriterfirstbegins,thesalaryearnednationallyaverages$65,960(Explore
Careers::WritersandAuthors:Wages).IncitiessuchasNewYorkandtheDistrictofColumbia,
salariesreachalmost$90,000annually(ExploreCareers::WritersandAuthors:Wages).The
averageannualsalaryforeditorsfluctuatesaround$55,000to$60,000withsalaryspikesupto
$75,000inplaceslikeNewYorkandtheDistrictofColumbia(ExploreCareers::Writersand
Authors:Wages).
Differinginthemodeusedtopresentamajorinjournalism,manycollegesofferaitwhilemany
otheruniversitiesofferavariationofthismajororasimilarclasssuchasliteratureorbroadcasting.
Movingintothe21stcentury,themajorityoflarge,publiccollegestendtoofferajournalismmajor.

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Slowly,collegesacrosstheUnitedStatesendeavortobuildandnurturetheirjournalismprogramsinto
wellmatureddepartmentsofstudy.Anaspiringjournalistdoesnothavetomajorinjournalismto
masternewswritinginfact,thebestpreparationmayrequireadegreeinadifferentfieldofstudy
(Chapelle).CommonmajorsacquiredbyjournalistsincludeEconomics,PoliticalScience,andHistory.
FredKellyoftheCharlotteObserverexplainedhowhemajoredinsociologyincollege.Healso
explainshowcolleaguesheworkswithmajoredinareassuchasHistoryandEnglish(Kelly).Anyone
canhonetheirwritingskillsandprogressivelybecomebetterinaprofession,butnoteveryonehasthe
knowledgefromdifferentfieldstoincorporateintoarticlesandpublishedmaterials.Ontheotherhand,
earningadegreeinjournalismcanteachastudentextremelyusefulskillssuchasethicsandmoralsinthe
field,alongwithlearninghowtointerview.Kellysaysthatmajoringinjournalismhelpsan
undergraduatewiththefoundationsoftheprofession,aswellasovercomingsomeofthefearofthe
profession,includingaskingsomeoneahardquestionorwritinganarticlethatmayproveuncomfortable
(Kelly).Theauthor,TonyChapelle,succinctlysaysJournalismissimple.Yougetthefactsright.
Theninterprettheminclearlanguage(Chapelle).Regardlessofthemajor,anybodycansucceedinthis
professionwithhardworkanddedication.
SomeofthebestjournalismschoolsacrossthecountryincludeE.W.ScrippsSchoolof
JournalismatOhioUniversity.Thisschool,accreditedbytheAccreditingCouncilonEducationin
JournalismandMassCommunication,hasover26,000alumniworldwide(E.W.Scripps).They
stressthevitalityoftheFirstAmendmentandtheimportanceofjournalisticethics.Theclassesofferaid
forstudentsintheirunderstandingofcriticalanalysis,writing,andspeakingabilities(E.W.Scripps).
Anotherextremelywellknownandaccreditedprogram,theGoldringArtsJournalismProgram,founda
homeatSyracuseUniversityin2005(S.L.)Atthetime,thisestablishmentheldthetitleofthecountrys

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firstmastersleveljournalismprogrambeforethis,SyracusesS.I.NewhouseSchoolofPublic
Communications,rankednumberoneinthecountry,openedthedoorforaccrediteddegreesin
journalism(S.L.).
Themostinnocentformofjournalismappearsinfreelancewriting.Mostpeoplemistake
freelancewritingasawellpayingandlucrativecareerwheninreality,authorswhosubmitfreelance
articlestendtostrugglefinancially.Theprimaryadvantagetofreelancewritingrevolvesaroundthe
flexibilityofthejob.Freelancewritersworkwheretheywant,andontheirowntime(Durbin2).
Disadvantagesincludealonelylifestyle,adisconnectfromotherwriters,aswellastheconstantrejection
fromnewspaper,magazines,andnewswebsites(4).Basedonthefactthatfreelancewritersrunaone
manbusiness,thehardestpartofthejobboilsdowntopitchingideastoaneditor.Mosteditorsprefer
abriefideaalongwithwillingnessfromtheauthortotwistthestyleandtonetomatchthecurrentand
pastpublications(23).Freelancejournalism,althoughtrickytoprosperin,givesjournalismawayto
branchoutintoamorehonestoutlet.
Althoughtheprofessionofjournalismincorporatesmanyimportantaspects,itcouldnotexist
withoutthepositionofaneditor.Inallpiecesofwrittenwork,someonecombsthroughthepiece,
followsuponideas,andaddsthefinishingtouchesbeforepublishingthewriting.InArthurPlotniks
book,TheElementsofEditing:AModernGuideforEditorsandJournalists,hesaysthatwhen
hiringneweditors,helooksforcharacteristicssuchasgenius,charisma,adaptability,disdainforhigh
wages,andcompulsiveness(Plotnik1).Plotnikreferstothesecharacteristicsasindispensable,
especiallycompulsiveness(1).Duetothefacteditorsspendlong,hardhourslaboringoverthesame
piececontinually,Plotnikviewsacompulsivepersonalityasextremelyvaluabletocompletethejoband
excelatediting(1).EditorsseekingjobsrequireaBachelorsDegree,andaneditorcanmakeupto

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$26anhourand$53,000peryear(Summary).Plotnikwrapsuptheimportanceofeditorsby
explaininghoweditorsarefootsoldiersintheeternalwarbetweenrawtalentandthepeoplewho
processtalent(Plotnik25).
Althoughmanytypesofpublicationsexist,themostcommonformofonlinewritingtodayfalls
underblogs.Currently,126millionblogsexistonline(Durbin50).BlogwriterssuchasPerezHilton
receiveoverfourmillionhitsamonthonpagesdetailingthelivesofcelebrities(50).TheNewYork
blogOverheardreceivesnolessthansixmillionhitseverysinglemonth(50).Thewellknownblog,
TreeHugger,soldtotheDiscoveryChannelin2007fortenmilliondollars(Durbin50).Overthe
pastyearsoftechnologicaladvancements,blogshavebecomeamajorsourceofinformationandgossip
includingeverythingfrompersonaldiaryentriestopoliticalarguments.
Whenitcomestowriting,manyauthorsstrugglewithaccidentlybreakingthelawaslibel,
hearsay,plagiarism,andthedangeroususeofinternetresearchcancreatenumerouslegalpitfalls.Libel
involveswritingaboutanindividualandpublishingapiecewithdishonestinformationthereby
discreditinghisreputationandcharacter(Durbin43).Hearsayconsistsofgossipandwhatanauthor
hearsthroughthegrapevine(43).Manyrunintotroublewhilewritingsimplybecausetheyincluded
hearsayinafinalpublication.Durbinrecommendsutilizingfactsonlyandresistingthetemptationtofill
theholeswithmadeupinformation(43).Plagiarismremainsoneofthebiggestandeasiestmistakesto
makeintheprofessionofjournalism.Mostauthorswillquoteanindividualoruseinformationfrom
anotherwriterwithoutaskingforconsentandtherefore,receivetheblameforstealinginformation
(Durbin43).Durbinstressesthatanythingputinwriting,whetherincludedinabookorontheinternet
findssafetywiththeprotectionofcopyrightandmostauthorsassumethecopyrightedinformationdoes
notbelongtoanyoneinparticular(44).Thedangerofwebfindingsgohandinhandwithplagiarismin

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thesensethatauthorscannottrustoruseeverythingfoundontheInternet.Durbinencouragesauthors
toalwaysdoublecheckresearchregardlessofthesource(44).
Overtime,technologyhasdrasticallyalteredjournalism.FredKelly,aninvestigativereporter
fortheCharlotteObserver,insightfullydescribeshowtechnologysignificantlyaltersthebusinessand
eventhenewsaswell.Hejokesabouthowhisageconflictswithhisabilitiestounderstandtechnology,
butthenstressesthatanewgraduateshouldexcelatalltypesofjournalistictechnology(Kelly).Editors
lookforreportersthathavetheabilitytoworkwithsocialmediaanddata,aswellassuccessfully
utilizingcomputerassistedreporting,articlesandwritingpiecessharedthroughonlinedatabases.
Bythestartofthetwentyfirstcentury,newsroomsacrossthecountrystartedtospiraltowards
demoralization(McChesney&Nichols36).Newsrooms,constantlypressuredbycommercialism,
beganpublishingarticlesthatdifferedfrompriorpublicationsjusttomeettheirmonthlybudgets.This
startedwiththebirthoftheInternetevenbeforethis,newspapers,alreadyinastateofdecline,lostall
priorrespect(37).AlongwiththeInternet,TVbroadcastingstartedtopushprintednewsrightoutof
theway.In1980,CableNewsNetwork,CNN,becametheveryfirstTVnewsstationtobroadcast
allday(Robinson28).Othercontributingfactorstothedeathofthenewspaper,timeandmoney,
playedhugerolesintheshiftfromprinttotheInternet.Backinthe1980sand1990s,printingand
designingpagestofittheexactspaceonthepaperconsumedmuchmoretimethansimplypublishingan
articleonline(29).Manycompaniesdecidedtoacceptthetechnologicalwave,whileotherssimply
wentbankrupt.Eitherway,thenewspapersofthe1900sslowlymadetheirwayonline.
TomRosenstielfromtheTedTalksseriesheatedlydebatesthefactofwhetherornotthis
technologicaladvancehelpedorhurtthecountryandtheeconomy.Hemakesseveralkeypoints
includingthefactthat75%ofclassifiedadvertisingrevenueinprintednewspapershasdisappearedfrom

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2000to2012(Rosenstiel).Healsopointsouthowrevenuefornewspapershasdecreased40%,and
thenumberofreportershasdwindleddownto30%lessthan10yearsago(Rosenstiel).Althoughthe
deathofnewspapercreatedanimmensedropinnewsroomjobsandnewspapersales,itactually
increasedtheamountofnewsreadbynotonlyadults,butyoungadultsandchildrenaswell.
Beforetheboomoftechnologicaljournalism,mostoftheprintnewspaperreadersconsistedof
olderandmiddleagedmenandwomen.In2012,theageofaprintnewspaperreaderaveraged54
yearsold,whiletheageofnewsreadersonmobiledevicesaveragesat37yearsold(Rosenstiel).
Presently,73%ofpeoplewhosaytheyreadnews,readlongarticlesonatablet,and19%ofthe
original73%dothisdaily70%ofpeoplewhoreadnews,dosofromtheirsmartphone,and11%do
everyday(Rosenstiel).Manypeopleareundertheimpressionthattheamountofpeoplereadingnews
hasdecreased,wheninrealitymorepeoplereadnewsnowthantheyeverdid.
Nowthatmorepeoplearenewshungry,newsspreadsfasterthanitdid10yearsago.Anew
formofnewscalledcrowdsourcinghasemerged.Crowdsourcing,theabilityofreaderstoinform
journalistswiththenews,appearedthroughsitessuchasFacebookandTwitter.WhentheBoston
bombingoccurred,themajorityofthepicturesfoundonlinebelongedtocitizensthathaduploadedthem
minutesorevensecondsafterthecrisisoccurred.Manynewsstationsnowhaveadropbox,orlink
readerscanusetosubmitpicturesofevents,simplybecausetheavailabilityofinfofromcitizens
completelyoverwhelmsthatofahandfulofreportersworkingforanewsstation.Intheend,thebirthof
theelectronicnewsevolvedintothebirthofnotonlymoreappreciatednews,butnewsinvolvingthe
people.

Asnewshasgrownbiggerandbetter,thelifestylesofjournalistsandauthorschangeconstantly.

Ajournalistslifestyledependsonhisschedule,field,andsalary.FredKellythrowshimselfintothe

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news,everythingfromMSNBCtotheDailyShowwithJonStewart(Kelly).Asifnewsdidnot
consumeKellyslifeenough,hereceivescallsalldayandnightrelatingtostoriesandbreaking
investigativeheadlines.Kellyoccasionallyworksfrom11AMinthemorningto7AMthenext
morning.Heprimarilyworksduringthedaybutsometimesanswerscallsduringthenightorspendshis
timerushingfromonelatenightstorytothenext(Kelly).
Asthenumberofonlineblogsitesincreasesandthenumberofdeskreportersdwindles,the
greatestthreattotheprofessionofjournalismcomesdowntojoboutlookandthesimplequestionof
howlongprintnewspaperswilllinger.Similarlyto50yearsago,journalismtodaystillinvolvesfindinga
goodstoryandpresentingitinafashionthatappealstoreadersaudio,video,instantmessaging,and
millionsofotherinternetbasedinventionshavecreatedanimmensebacklashonprintnewspaper.
Lookingbackatthehistoryofjournalism,scandalscreepintojournalism,aswellaspolitics,the
mostinfamousscandaloccurringJune17,1972(Perry).DirectedbyPresidentRichardNixon,five
men,includingaformerCIAagent,attemptedtobreakintotheDemocraticNationalCommitteeand
bugtheoffices.Thisscandalstillreverberatesasoneofthemostdaringstoriesinthehistoryof
Americanjournalism(Perry).BarrySussman,theWashingtonPostscityeditor,choseBob
WoodwardandCarlBernsteintocoverthestory(Perry).WoodwardandBernsteinpublishedtheir
veryfirstWatergatepieceonJune18,1972,coveringinformationincludingthepotentialjailtimefora
formerCIAagent,hiredasasecuritycoordinatorforPresidentNixon'sreelectioncommittee.After
numerousinvestigationsandarticles,NixonresignedfromthepresidencyonAugust8,1974,leaving
behindthebeginningofalonglineofpoliticalscandalsuncoveredbyjournalism(Perry).
Thedirtysecretsuncoveredbymuckrakers,thebirthoftheInternet,andtheinfamousscandals
inpoliticshascausedjournalismtothriveinthiscountry.Althoughthetidalwaveoftechnologyhas

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temporarilyknockedtheprofessionoffitsfeet,journalistsembracethesenewmethodstodisseminate
thenewstheiraudiencesodesperatelyseeksanddemands.

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