WpeceD VOLTAGES 23. SAREDY yazan Brie 2. B. Grass AT NICK vOUCRGE umes WpeMie 23 M. Maney Hesse Ronsselesr Polyteshnie Institute, roy, New York, Usk Le Introauction In the past, comparatively 11tele attention nas been paid ta'the Foseitle affects of the electric fleld near ground and beneath or efje~ Gent to bign voltage Lines. es operas Ung voltages increase to 500 and 155 HV, it be Sones desirable to eevabligh « neanure of the electrostatiealiy indice volinges on moving eles, inselsted fences ané uetaliie grid supports of covers over fuels of plente, and Sixdlar contigurations with vhich usa teicgs rey come into’ contact This study coveys sone sinpte exeaples by hueans cf vain st <2 possible co estinabe she mugnitute of charge, voltage, and aurreat which husy be expocted an auch objects Uesause of slee= twostatic induction bensath nigh voltage lines. We do act stteuct to interpret these results fa terms of physioioglost turestolds of fatal in Jury to Musane oF animals, Fron) published pb pers it 1s apparent thar the tarcebald of fete] Enjusy varies widely fs0m body to body. [2,2] Regardless of wnether electrostatioatly induced voltages on objecte Dessetn high vert age sines nove nerely muasance or significant psyehologtes! ecfecte, ar vketaer there aay be Serious duplications or fatal injury, it seas Gesirabie to daternine the uattre and wamdsudes (of this phystes) phenomenon eines operating Voltages mice higher ave belue consiceres. 2 Beste Electrostatic Relationshine: The vaeic electrostatic relationships are: LS gow 2 (VB Ye a For the tvo conduesor evernend Line, 421ue~ treved in Figure 1: ve have Ba = 2 sf Real (2 & Migore 1. o-Conductor Line ‘Me potential et any ecnduoter Se equal to the superposition of the effects of eli tharged con Gucsors in the gystex. For a three phase systen i Pas Pow Pac} | % sta ne mal [q| ee | [Pea Fev Fee | % were, SF elges yee ee Fug * (gp toe ansataties 45) a. fay 2 (Bag) toe FEL aaratatiee (6) ~ 4) wo Q ee ae I" af [ese Pay at | Yyf dramnne a [men eel[s wm Bquation (i) can be extended directly to snelude ground wires, sub-conaustore of bunéled conauevor systema, ante milcitute of 1ealeved, uncharged coniuctars ty means of which tae povenial feld surrounding the transntssion line ean be deter~ ined. A simple cipital computer proaraa enables ‘he computation of auch aattices in e matter of seconis or minites( 3}. Hquation (7), however, csanot be computed sm a similar direct manner, but mast be obtained by @ satin inversion of equation (1). 3+ Brgettest $00 HV end 735 KY conttgurations In order to conprenond the influence of Line couttgurstion upon potential ané eapeeitance coet= Fleients, ve consider the four condustor configu rations in Figure 2. afr SE sees ee ght Tyee | pala Sb ore ‘ ea wo ge Bae io Nigure 2. Practical Line Goutiguretionsj 3 2 ~ 24 - Table T is & tabuletion of the potenttel an capacitance coefficients, obtained ty digital computer, for the Lines shovn in Figure 3, where the coefficients sre those for nathensttca2ly equivalent lines having only one conductor for Phase end no additional grotnd wires. Ia Table T, the ine constents fer Figures (20) end (24) fare those obtained fron the matrix for the left hand ciroult, A distinct urbalance in line-iine capacitances Is chserved 20 that we must expect lumbslanced Line charges for a given balanced set of Line to ground vaitager. ime Squivalent Line Constante for Figure @ Piewe (2a) (28) (2a) (ead 209 aarer-nites Pe 0.65 0.653 0.635 0.559 op 0.609 0.625 0.628 0.555 Poe 0.637 0.633 0.632 0.558 Pa “OT .9K5 OTS com ee 071308450750 coms on 02% 93980276 cos | i 207? tereds/atie on 2.598 2.620 1.599 2.046 Ney 2.610 1.673 1.840.900 om 1.598 1.620 1.636 «1.86 cups 0.235 -0,289 0.292 ye -On29R 0.295 0.18 0.292 ecg __—-PHORS ~0.0665 ~.0858 -0.0767 \. Smetrtoat Connent anatysis For hand emevistions it 12 convenient to use either Clarke or symmetrical cosponents fer the enelysin of untransposed line sections. Za ‘this paper we shell epply syanetrical eomponenes. ke desing, % Foo. Fox Poa | | So 4] = [0 ma Ae] }e a) (9) ef SP i £ vhereby the [P] and [c] uetrfees are no longer srmetrical matrices, Hoveyer, these watrices bec cone symetricel if the resond and third columns are snterchanged (3]. Table If Lists the Line constants In ters of aymnetrical somponenta. For ¥y = Vz #9, ve obtein according to (9), aay ao) ox ea F (a) 8 oa ase 2 BessBa-yq an ees of ofan dy tor antranepeses single ir Suit Isnee Rove oeda pubitsnel Ee 5. Botentiel Beneath 735 £0 Lino at 8.5 Feet Above Ground ‘The potential aaywhero sbout @ tranemizeton Line.can be computed on the basis of: Fao Pac Pax | | % Foo Pee Pax % aay Poo Feo Pex | pe] Foo Por Foe Fox % Ta Pah | [% . ay 7 Foo Far oe Fox | | % Fro Pa Pee Pex J |? Me valucs Pas Puss Pray Pups Py ad Py vere calculsten 188 polltiokS belBaen*bie 735 BF line ab a helgnt 8.5 feet above ground. The mimericel, ‘allies Pe givon in Appendix I. The calculates yoitage is plotted in Figure 3° under the assuxp- tio of balanced three-phase vo}tages on the sys fea. + n SO w st ° a 10 20 30 40 89 60 70 80 90 100 x (feet) Horizontal Distance From Center Phase Figure 3, Potentisl Soneath 735 KV Line et 6.5 Feet nbove Ground.= 25 a Hquivatent Line Constante for Figure 2 fe a es ms we roPasret- Fe ost ote one oan Fe ae oe ose et Fa oonsts.ue wacnmuel eosegare) (oy ase na outase at coset gees (00a ae Ei outs 8 rest eel ett tn snc pene yarn lee fe eumsbeiace cums oomspere. | cso NB.T Be re 7 is aes Ne i sate 6 note a ovens Le ode ot swokeitEse ° —o.0shL Gos? he ose (azet cased cameonest onset ie ones aur oszps/aee oxeaeae oaswfae? fe ouoss dame 2/208 ovokeojeenate §——ovophfesst Hoarty comes asi ag asec See ee cere A os ee cease once ce an ee ae geome ely earns ieee Strat sien a cela sng fon patty emt, Oo te" onns ee io ate Seats ies amine Cones eae eget See eS 9) 2 Ea A stnele amuistedcontastor beneath a cre ae ee cee ee meoretat ate SSietiy'the electric elt taloy the lise, shove He esdeie se Pires Se itp ladentea ie ae freviaue occt fon, tis aveten can be sppeoaated Eitoratasrine cay fy "tea Goan effects ena thon (a8) ae eemucee : Ma] [Pa Pix] [% - (as) Pa Pa} fo ana, % bran ={7 as) e Ca Sex Bquetions (15) snd (26) represent 9 two-electrode configuration Zor vaioh the equivalent capas~ tance network in Figure Wi applies. Og Say (20) Seg (ay Cg My (22) Consider an insulated fence vire, about 0.25 inch in dimeter, and located 8.5 feet above ground. Tms, 20° o siggy ou 27148) = 0.750 (20%) aaref-asies (a){ i | 3 / i | sina = 26 = Figure 4, Equivalent Capacitance Hetwork Ef ve locate the rence vine 65 feet from the center phase of the 735 KV line ve have, 0.150 (10%) darat-nties oo) Poy = 0:00602 (20%) (22.29 darer ailes Ten, Py? Hol 2 2,065 (10) 4 ae z PP (Pa)? PL farads/mize (25) Py oped = Bn 533 Gao") aaa ec es fe farede/mile (26) ., oy get 0.0166 (20-8) PPh fareds/nize (21) We cotain, according to Figure 4, 265 (esi) = 5.29 ir (ee) hich 4s only M.A higher then the more accurate velue show in Figure 3. In order to investigate the magnituda of steaay guate current which may pase though & ‘msn contacting the Fence wire, Figuro 5 11]ve~ trates an appropriate equivalent circuit, Set Gey oo liegt t tox eg [Se Figure 5. Bquivetent Fence-"Man"(R) Circuit. For Ra i.2 M8 ve have, deseo 2200 =3(37T)*C2. 35) 20%) 20 : = Be Bio * 26.6 wt cs) for one mile of fence. A farner, woo night wish to obtafn some over, could connect to such fence sp 11Tas- Ereted in Figure 6. bood Figure 6. Obtaining Loxd Pover Fron Insulated Fence. By aclecting, arth = Se (wh be couia obtain the pov, pw 22220)" sccavatte fen) os voltage, eg = 582 mY (2 Of course, for only one mie of fence, Re would require a induevence of 520 henriee. Te Mize Mosh Support shove Pobesco Fields Consiter a 3l5 KV single-ciroutt trene- ‘aission Ling a portion of waien passes over Fielde of tobacco planta. Tt Le general practice in these azeau Lo spread cloth neveang about 10 Feet above the ground in order to protect the tsbasco lesves frox damage. this nevting {2 sup ported by 6 grid of steet wires epaced about 2 ect apart. ‘This tas Bean of sone concen to the local farmer. he transnission line configuration vas sia ‘Sar to that show im Pigure (oa). The grid wee saeuned to be composed of 1/8 inch alaneter suet Vires, and that rirey-rive of these steel wir spaced tyo feet apart and ten fect above the grou vare running pareliel to the trenamission Line. These Fiftystive vires were connected 15 comin, thereny squaiising their potentials. For taanced three-phase voltages on the- ae 3b5 4 system, the voltage induced on the ged ine deterained to be Vgrig 7254.2 volts (33) ‘the voltage induced ons single conductor, Located 10 fez sbove ground and under the center phase conductor, was determined 20 be Vine = HTN (any He As of interest to deternine the current ftow if a resistance fl makes contact between ‘the grid and eacth, The complese solution 1a, an(t) = , a» Gah were 7 a= 2m (oy 10,4) eein(ted)to0s(uet8+9)] (35) e+ ent tan 6 = fu © = inteial phase angle at suitshing (36) In Teble TIE ere Listed the parsaoters TS OB Figure 1. ‘Wranstent Curveat $a Gria="Msn"(B) Cireuie. Ta cra ar asoatro™) 2.s12(20°%) + ferade/aiie ao 18.3 Go") nso) o.oren(s0°*) 0.02721 10°5) o.2864(20% JR 2.420007) /8 jw, Ya eaperes/aile 0,009 0.020 i/o, mtcroseccnds/atle 9.181 0.02148 + Vattecaconde/aile 0,00157 9.129 relating to this prabiex. Tt nae Been assumed that R < 10? for the grid cose, and ‘nut < 10 for tne single conductor case. the fined steady-state current 4s given by oy ,%, for one nile of Line eeetion. ‘the peek value of the tramelent current is sonevhet higher, but dies out quickly, Tbe value Bigg)? wae = (GI? / 26, 6, 9) vote seconde (37) Ae shown in Tate TIT, 8. Youtexe tnduesd on Veatete Beneath High Voltage Lines Tt ds clear thos the problen of induced voltages can elvays de evaluated on the basis of ub equivaiens veprecentetion te showa in Piguce 7. Mi that te necessary sre valusa for Cy sid Cy_g, Im evevious ilivetsatione, the values Goud ve deteruined accurately, even if 8 Gigitar conpucer may be required to expedite the calculations. Tn other instances, euch ae for a vehicle under the transnisaion line, soae ayproximtion ay be necessary. Consider or exanpiey the simiation [5] illustrated in Figure 6. be - 1 Emil Equivalent Cylinder Radius + 6,5 Feet Length of Cylinder and Truck *39 Feet Figure 6, Simletion of Tratler-truck ‘rhe capacitance between eylinter and ground is epprozinstely given by 8 Ogg = REREAD. 9.5 a0"! saistiet | ia Paraas/ulle (sy If ve consider the 135 KV Line in Figure (22), ye obtain from Teble 1, -8, Sig + 208 (20°) areas ste (39) and for a location x * 50, trom Appendix Ty 2584 (108) darar-mties (40)Cea a ta eee can cenlaenen in innaedn halaalunabiaiiananitliedd ican Slit nanirabatad CaS 29 thet -8 Sh = Rata greg = 001282 (108) ferada/atze aay If a resistance & = 1,200 ohas is comected to~ ‘reen the truck and gromd, @ current, $F oe, Yyr3TT (0.2132) 20°) (425)(203) (538-9 1.33 eitisenper (ue) Ors if ve choose, using the dacuced voltage Y, © b.BKV, obtained from Figure 3 £20, 1, (GB) = 1.25 attteneres (9) ory using the induced voltage Y, ealouisted on basis oF say ra (Ly ge £1.53 miiasesperes (aa) ais compares with & value of about 3.5 milli- amperes obtained by Conca snd fens bese! anon sore accurate (and complex) air motel and slectrolyvic tank teats, It ie clear, ot course, tast ve have neglected the exieftects of our'venieie ofel {n'ealottatine Cy o- 9. Insulaces Ground vives While induced voltages on odjects above fenanission Lines are outedde the scope ot Hela peper, m practical exeaple concerning the fatiure of ground wire dnauletere ie sutti~ cleatly retated to our topic to be proveniy sneluaea, Upon occasion, ground vires are used for Somuntestion and teleneterine purposes, Sse~ Hone of groud vires, about 35 ailee sone, fare insulates foe each tower by « alee deoae Astor having e dey 60 te flashover rating ot 85 RV. Hach section ts normally groandod ef the ildsoint of the section by 4 velit cone Section to the steel tower. Ne consider soy ‘eat happens ‘when this connection ia inedeeete ently onietea, 1S Figure 9, Tasulated Ground Wire Configuration ‘the electrostat foals lated ground vire was Vay = 60 KV (5) He veo assuned that there we on the groud wire, to residual charge Due to switching surge transients end /or Mghtning induces eurges, it ig to be expected feat voltages between srsund wire and geocad exceeding 85 KY will cocur, thus leavine sone residual charge on the groind vite and faltiating 60 Hs arcing whenonenon. ‘The urcing cartense an be of the order of 6 te 10 enperesy satrie pleat to cause the eventual deterioration of the Besulatore, In fact, tha resultant nechanieal Patlare of these insulstore did resale tn asop~ Ping the ground vire into the these coucuctace, 20. Genetusion Several stnple examples have been presented by means of vaich {tia poseitie to estiosee the agnituie of charge, volisee, aiid current union aay be expected on objects because of sisciens static induction teneath and adjacent to Bien yoltage Linea. ‘tabulations of electrostatic Hue parameters, obtained by digital comicer, owe Conrge Uabslance For Lines in Figure 2 Hy Ze) (ze) (2a) Ris 2,883 2.155 “aor 2.6 QF 6.15 05.60 7.85 for several typteai eingle-and doublecctroatt ‘Mgh voltage Lines ore included for tke coms yealence of those viehing to stuiy other enag~ ples, ‘REEERENCRS Ranney eiaPMEEEL MeN. Teo, "Lethal Hlectric Currants," IESE Spectrum, 1989, fpr lin30y voL.6. 2. Me B. Kouvenhoven, R. il. Cheetaut, 6. c. Enickerbocker, 4. %, Wilner ena D. J. Saves "A.C, Shocks of Varfine Pavancters aftecting the Reece? ‘ABE Treng., Comunicattons and Electronics, volt 7B, wp. 163169, 1955. 3. Me Hy Rosse, "Electromagnetic and Electro- static Tansaiaston Line Paranctere by Dioveel Computer," TEES Trans., Pover Acnarates and Systems, vol. 61, yp. 2820291, Sane 1963° Ay Es Be Be Gross, Wing Chin, "Etectrostatic Usbalance of Untrateposed Slagle Cireult Liscs,” IEEE Treno., Pover aposracue and Systane, sels Bt pp. 2kn3k, January 1965. 3. Bs B. Conse, Jena-duy Rene, "Ate Model for he Study of Blectroscatio Induction by Tears. ission Lines," IEEE Grane. Power apparates and Systeas, vol. 7, pp. 1302-1030, Apel! 1966,= 29 sePHNDIX T jslvage Beneeth 135 KV Line (20%) daret-aites | Fem Fa Pee Feo Fa * Pe ee Oye ° 1.828 2.89 1.828 2.82 0.355 ake x20 5 2.699 2.8 1955 2.475 0.355 208 ae x0 ast 2. am 26s 0.359 athe 25.8 as até ‘ets 2.255 2.260 0.368 203.8 3536.2 20 1.35 2.615 2.3f BR 0.400 wet ur3 25 2.24 2.525 2.528 2.098 ober 80 180 » a6 at 2.613, 2.069 0.8625 1s at % 2.08 2.255 2.165 2.088 0.498 162.8 ate so 1 loo aaa eel ° 1.918 0.528 ats 202.5 % 0.942 ass 07 a.ge2 05st 35.7 208.3 0.87 168 892.863 58 8.3 aut 3 0.823 1.698 87. LTOT 0.595 ahs 25a fa 0.752 Last 26 0 LT 2.368 a8 | 6 0.708 1k62 26165 1a6kS 0.602 aun.2 218.8 X= Distance Zran conver phase tovards phase "o". ABSTRACT 2,082(10"*)(425){203)=1.865(20°°) Saati coulents/atte 8p * Cosy, = 0:0281(207?) 60.5% coulonbs/aite = Cay, = 0.069310"? }/220" . coutonbs/mite ‘¥,r{2.863 (0.0232) (10°) 460.5° + 0.58% (0.885) (20°) abs. 3°40.588(0,0603)(20"*)/332.79) (305) vg = (204) {o.0831/60.5% + o-p1T Lb. + 0.0005/231.72 } = (208) (0.476) /ASg® #816 ev Conpavatively Little attention hes been paid to tue posoible effects of the eleatric Tietd ‘beneath high voltage Lines and near to the ground. moon a safety herané point of view 4 vould cer~ talaly ceen desirable to estebliah the nenure and Seriousness of porsibie electrostatically induced Yoltages on noving venicles, electrically isolsted fenees, metallic grid supports for covers over Pelas of plants, and eluilar configurations with hich binan Deings ean cone into contact. hie avudy covers some exsmpies which make tt possibie to deternine the onfer of magnitude of Charge, velvage, and current through an sbject due ao electrostatic induction beneath high vol tege Hines. We da act, novever, atteapt to Interpret. these reyults {a tera of physiological threshola of Zetel injury eiace such decisions He with thore sn the sedicel profession. Siow overs 2 12 known thst tho threshold of fetal {nguly varies widely from person to person, and criteria for the edaguate protection of bisan {Lse wound be most difficult to establish. wnetuer electrostatieatty tntueed voltages oa objects Doncath high voltage Lines have merely fmulaance or peycrolopical effects, om vhether there may be serious legal implications of fetal snjumy St seems desirable to determine the nature and magnitudes of these physical phenomena,