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HW 1: Fluid Statics

Day 1:
1. A tank contains 600 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is 1.5. Determine the volume of
liquid in the tank.
SG

f luid
mf luid
=
water
Vf luid water
600 kg
mf luid

 = 0.4 m3
=
Vf luid =
3
SGwater
(1.5) 1000 kg/m
=

2. Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liquid water content. Assuming that a
cloud occupies a volume of 1 km3 , and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m3 , how much does
the cloud weigh in pounds?
W

= mg = V g = 0.2 103 kg/m3


=

  0.2248 lb 

1.962 10 N

1N



1 103 m

3 

9.81 m/s2 = 1.962 106 N

= 4.41 105 lb

3. A standard can of soda has a volume of 355 mL. The mass of the can is 0.369 kg when it is
full, while the can weighs 0.153 N when empty. Determine the density, specific weight, and
specific gravity of the soda, and compare your results to the corresponding values for water.


total weight (full) = mg = (0.369 kg) 9.81 m/s2 = 3.62 N


weight of fluid = total weight weight of can = 3.62 N 0.153 N = 3.467 N
mg
W
3.467 N
= g =
=
=
= 9766 N/m3
V
V
0.355 103 m3
9766 N/m3

= 996 kg/m3
=
=
2
g
9.81 m/s
SG =

f luid
996 kg/m3
= 0.996
=
H2 O
1000 kg/m3

It can be seen that these values are only slightly lower than the values for water ( = 9810
N/m3 , = 1000 kg/m3 , and SG = 1).

Day 2:

4. Nitrogen is compressed to a density of 3 kg/m3 under an absolute pressure of 300 kPa.


Determine the temperature in degrees Celsius.
P = RT

T =
=

64o C

P
300 103 Pa

=
= 337K
R
3 kg/m3 (296.8 J/kg K)

Note: the value of R for Nitrogen can be found in table 1.8 inside the front cover of the
textbook.
5. The temperature and pressure at the surface of Mars during a Martian spring day were
determined to be -50 o C and 900 Pa respectively. Determine the density of the Martian
atmosphere for these conditions if the gas constant is 189 J/kgK. How does this compare
with the density of the Earths atmosphere (under normal atmospheric conditions and you
can assume the gas constant is equivalent to Nitrogen).
Mars:
P = RT =

900 Pa
P
=
= 0.0214 kg/m3
RT
(189 J/kg K) ((50 + 273)o C)

Earth:
=

P
101300 Pa
=
= 1.16 kg/m3
RT
(296.8 J/kg K) ((20 + 273)o C)

The Martian atmosphere is much less dense than the Earths, only about 1.8%. Note: answers
for the comparison may vary slight depending on what you chose as normal atmospheric
conditions.
6. A closed tank having a volume of 6 ft3 is filled with 0.90 lb of a gas. A pressure gage attached
to the tank reads 12 psi (gage) when the gas temperature is 80 o F. Do you think the gas is
oxygen or helium?
P = RT R =
=

PV
PV g
P
=
=
T
mT
WT


((12 + 14.7) psi) 144 in2 /ft2



6 ft3



(0.90 lb) ((80 + 460)o R)


= 1528 ft lb/slug o R

32.2ft/s2

The known values of R for oxygen and helium are 1554 and 1242 (from table 1.7) respectively,
meaning the gas in question is most likely oxygen.
7. A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 60 psia and a temperature of 45 o F. By how much
will the temperature increase if the pressure is raised to 100 psia?
Since the mass, volume, and R must all remain constant, we get
P2
P2 T1
(100 psi) (505o R)
P1
=
T2 =
=
= 842o R = 382o R
P = RT
T1
T2
P1
(60 psi)

8. For water flowing over a flat horizontal plate, what is the magnitude of the velocity gradient
needed to produce a shear stress of 0.5 N/m2 ?

du
dy

du

0.5 N/m2
= =
= 446 s1
dy

1.12 103 N s/m2

9. Determine the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of water to air at a temperature of 50 o C.


Compare this with the corresponding ratio of kinematic viscosities. Assume the air is at
standard atmospheric pressure.
H2 O
air
H2 O
air

=
=

5.468 104
= 28.0
1.95 105
5.534 107
= 0.03
1.76 105

Note: The necessary values can be found in tables B.2 (water) on page 739 of the textbook,
and table B.4 (air) on page 741.

Day 3:
10. A closed, 15 m tall tank is filled with water to a depth of 10 m. The top portion of the tank is
filled with air which is at a pressure of 50 kPa. Determine the pressure that the water exerts
on the bottom of the tank.
Ptotal = Pair + Pwater = Pair + gh
=

50 103 Pa + 1000 kg/m3



9.81 m/s2 (10 m) = 1.48 105 Pa = 148 kPa

11. Blood pressure is usually given as the ratio of the systolic (maximum) pressure to the diastolic
(minimum) pressure, which are measured in units of mmHg. A typical value for a human
would be 120/70.
(a) What are these pressures in Pa?
Systolic:
P = gh = h =
Diastolic:
h =

133 103 N/m3 (0.12 m) = 16.0 103 Pa = 16.0 kPa

133 103 N/m3 (0.07 m) = 9.31 103 Pa = 9.31 kPa

(b) If your car tire was inflated to 120 mmHg, would it be sufficient for normal driving?




120 mmHg = 16.0 kPa 16.0 103 Pa

1.45 104 psi/Pa = 2.32 psi

Typical tire pressure is 30-35 psi, so this is clearly not enough tire pressure for normal
driving.
3

12. What pressure (above atmospheric) will a diver be subjected to at a depth of 30 m in seawater
(density 1025 kg/m3 )?


P = gh = 1025 kg/m3



9.81 m/s2 (30 m) = 3.02 105 Pa

Note this is about 3 times atmospheric pressure, so the total pressure the diver is feeling is
roughly 4 times atmospheric pressure at this depth!
13. Determine the change in hydrostatic pressure in a giraffes head as it lowers its head from
eating leaves 6 m above the ground to getting a drink of water at ground level. Assume the
specific gravity of blood is the same as water. Compare this result to the normal 120 mmHg
of pressure in a human heart.
P

h = 9810 N/m3 (6 m) = 5.88 104 Pa = 58.8 kPa

5.88 104 Pa = h h =

5.88 104 N /m2


P
=
= 0.442 m = 442 mmHg

1.33 105 N/m3

Which is almost four times greater than in a human.


14. An absolute pressure of 10.3 psi corresponds to what gage pressure for standard atmospheric
pressure of 14.7 psi?
Pabs = Pgage + Patm Pgage = Pabs Patm = 10.3 psi 14.7 psi = 4.4 psi
15. A water filled U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure inside a tank that contains
air. The water level in the U-tube on the side that connects to the tank is 5 ft above the base
of the tank. The water level in the other side of the U-tube (which is open to the atmosphere
is 2 ft above the base. Determine the absolute pressure within the tank.
Pair + H2 O (5 ft) H2 O (2 ft) = Patm


Pair = Patm (3 ft) H2 O = 14.7 psi (3 ft) 62.4 lb/ft3



1/144 ft2 /in2 = 13.4 psi

16. For an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa (abs) determine the heights of the fluid columns in
barometers containing (a) mercury, and (b) water.
1.01 105 Pa
P
=
= 10.3 m

9810 N/m3
1.01 105 Pa
P
=
= 0.760 m
(b): h =

1.33 105 N/m3


(a): P = h h =

17. Two pipes are connected by a manometer as shown below. Determine the pressure difference
PA PB between the pipes.
PA + H2 O (0.5 m + 0.6 m) gf (0.6 m) + H2 O (1.3 m 0.5 m) = PB
PA PB = gf (0.6 m) H2 O (0.5 m + 0.6 m + 1.3 m 0.5 m)


= (2.6) 9810 N/m3 (0.6 m) 9810 N/m3 (1.9 m) = 3.32 103 Pa


4

air
0.5m

water
0.6m

Other
Fluid
(SG = 2.6)

1.3m

5ft
2ft

Water

Figure 1: Left: Problem 15. Right: Problem 17.

18. Determine the change in the elevation of the mercury in the left leg of the manometer shown
below as a result of an increase in pressure of 5 psi in pipe A while the pressure in pipe B
remains constant.
For the initial configuration:
PAi + H2 O (1.5 ft) Hg (0.5 ft sin 30) oil (1.0 ft) = PB
When PA increases, the left column will fall by some distance (call it a), while the right
column will move up (a distance b).
For the final configuration:
PAf + H2 O (1.5 + a) Hg (0.5 + a + b sin 30 sin 30) oil (1.0 b sin 30) = PB
It can be shown that b = 4a due to the ratio of the pipe sizes. Then, subtracting these two
equations,
PAf PAi + H2 O a Hg (a + b sin 30) + oil (b sin 30) = 0
PAf PAi + H2 O a Hg (5a sin 30) + oil (4a sin 30) = 0
(PAf PAi )
a =
H2 O 3Hg + 2oil
=

(5 psi) 144 in2 /ft2

(62.4 3 (847) + 2 (0.9) (62.4)) lb/ft3

= 0.304 ft

So, the fluid moves down 0.3 ft in the left column.

Day 4:
19. A 0.2 m diameter pipe is connected to a 0.03 m diameter pipe and both are rigidly held in
place. Both pipes are horizontal with pistons at each end. If the space between the pistons

Water

0.1 m

Oil (SG = 0.9)

B
A

Air

12 in

18 in
6 in
Water

0.5 in
diameter

0.2 m

Plate

Mercury
0.25 in diameter

F = 20 N

30

Figure 2: Left: Problem 18. Right: Problem 20.

is filled with water, what force will have to be applied to the larger piston to balance a force
of 80 N applied to the smaller piston (neglecting friction)?
P1

F1
F2
=
A1
A2
A1
r 2
F1 =
F2 = 12 F2
A2
r2
2
0.22
r
(80 N) = 3.56 103 N
F1 = 12 F2 =
0.032
r2
=

P2

20. An inverted 0.1 m diameter circular cylinder is partially filled with water and held in place as
shown above. A force of 20 N is required to pull the flat plate from the cylinder. Determine the
air pressure within the cylinder. The plate is not fastened to the cylinder and has negligible
mass.

Fvertical

The pressure the water is exerting on the plate can be found through
20 N
= 2546 Pa
= 0 Pwater A 20 = 0 Pwater =
/4 (0.1 m)2
The pressure in the air must also be holding up the water, so


Pair = Pwater H2 O h = 2546 9810 N/m3 (0.2 m) = 4.51 103 Pa


21. A square gate (4 m by 4 m) is located on the 45o face of a dam. The top edge of the gate
lies 8 m below the water surface. Determine the force of the water on the gate and the point
through which it acts.
hc = 8 m + (2 m) sin 45 = 9.41 m
8m
+ 2 m = 13.31 m
yc =
sin 45 

FR = hc A = 9810 N/m3 (9.41 m) (4 m 4 m) = 1.48 106 N
yR =

w3
(4 m) (4 m)3
Ixc
+ yc =
+ yc =
+ 13.31 m = 13.4 m
yc A
12yc A
12 (13.31 m) (4 m 4 m)

45

Cable

60

8m
Gate

FR

2ft

yR
Water
8ft

A
Hinge

Figure 3: Left: Problem 21. Right: Problem 22.

22. A homogeneous, 4 ft wide, 8 ft long rectangular gate weighing 800 lb is held in place by a
horizontal flexible cable as shown below. Water pressure acts against the gate which is hinged
at point A. Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable.
hc = 3 ft sin 60 = 2.60 ft
yc = 3 ft


FR = hc A = 62.4 lb/ft3 (2.60 ft) (6 ft 4 ft) = 3890 lb


yR =
X

Ixc
w3
(4 ft) (6 ft)3
+ yc =
+ yc =
+ 3 ft = 4.0 ft
yc A
12yc A
12 (3 ft) (4 ft 6 ft)

MA = 0 T (8 ft) sin 60 W (4 ft) cos 60 FR (2 ft) = 0


T =

(800 lb) (4 ft) cos 60 + (3890 lb) (2 ft)


= 1350 lb
(8 ft) sin 60

23. An open tank has a vertical partition and on one side contains gasoline with a density of 700
kg/m3 and a depth of 4 m as shown. A rectangular gate that is 4 m high and 2 m wide is
hinged at one end forms the partition. Water is slowly added to the left hand side of the tank
(which is initially empty). At what depth (d) will the gate start to open?


FH2 O = H2 O hH2 O AH2 O = 9810 N/m3 (d/2) (2 m d) = 9810 N/m2 d2




Fgas = gas hgas Agas = 700 kg/m3


X



9.81 m/s2 (2 m) (2 m 4 m) = 1.10 105 N




MA = 0 FH2 O hH2 O = Fgas hgas 9810 N/m2 d3 = 1.10 105 N (4 m)


1.10 105 N (4 m)
d = 3.55 m
d =
9810 N/m2
3

24. A freshly cut log floats with one fourth of its volume protruding above the water surface.
Determine the specific weight of the log.
FB = W

H2 O VH2 O = log Vlog



VH O
3
3
log = H2 O 2 = H2 O =
62.4 lb/ft3 = 46.8 lb/ft3
Vlog
4
4

2m

Partition

8m

Stop

Gasoline

Water

Water

4m

A
Rope

Hinge

Figure 4: Left: Problem 23. Right: Problem 25.

25. The homogeneous timber shown below is 0.15 m by 0.35 m in cross section. Determine the
specific weight of the lumber and the tension in the rope.
X

MA = 0 W (10 m) /2 cos = FB (8 m) /2 cos V (10 m) = H2 O VH2 O (8 m)

9810 N/m3 (8 m)2


H2 O VH2 O (8 m)
=
=
= 6.280 103 N/m3
V (10 m)
(10 m)2
Fy = 0 T = FB W = H2 O VH2 O V
=

9810 N/m3 (8 m 0.15 m 0.35 m) 6280 N/m3 (10 m 0.15 m 0.35 m)

= 823 N

26. An irregularly shaped piece of a solid material weighs 9.17 lb in air and 6.73 lb when completely submerged in water. Determine the density of the material.
Wair = gV
Wwater = gV FB = gV H2 O gV = gV ( H2 O )

gV
Wair
=
=

Wwater
gV ( H2 O )
H2 O
=

H2 O
1.94 slug/ft3
= 7.29 slug/ft3
=
Wwater
6.73
lb
1 Wair
1
9.17 lb

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