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Day 1:
1. A tank contains 600 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is 1.5. Determine the volume of
liquid in the tank.
SG
f luid
mf luid
=
water
Vf luid water
600 kg
mf luid
= 0.4 m3
=
Vf luid =
3
SGwater
(1.5) 1000 kg/m
=
2. Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liquid water content. Assuming that a
cloud occupies a volume of 1 km3 , and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m3 , how much does
the cloud weigh in pounds?
W
0.2248 lb
1.962 10 N
1N
1 103 m
3
= 4.41 105 lb
3. A standard can of soda has a volume of 355 mL. The mass of the can is 0.369 kg when it is
full, while the can weighs 0.153 N when empty. Determine the density, specific weight, and
specific gravity of the soda, and compare your results to the corresponding values for water.
= 996 kg/m3
=
=
2
g
9.81 m/s
SG =
f luid
996 kg/m3
= 0.996
=
H2 O
1000 kg/m3
It can be seen that these values are only slightly lower than the values for water ( = 9810
N/m3 , = 1000 kg/m3 , and SG = 1).
Day 2:
T =
=
64o C
P
300 103 Pa
=
= 337K
R
3 kg/m3 (296.8 J/kg K)
Note: the value of R for Nitrogen can be found in table 1.8 inside the front cover of the
textbook.
5. The temperature and pressure at the surface of Mars during a Martian spring day were
determined to be -50 o C and 900 Pa respectively. Determine the density of the Martian
atmosphere for these conditions if the gas constant is 189 J/kgK. How does this compare
with the density of the Earths atmosphere (under normal atmospheric conditions and you
can assume the gas constant is equivalent to Nitrogen).
Mars:
P = RT =
900 Pa
P
=
= 0.0214 kg/m3
RT
(189 J/kg K) ((50 + 273)o C)
Earth:
=
P
101300 Pa
=
= 1.16 kg/m3
RT
(296.8 J/kg K) ((20 + 273)o C)
The Martian atmosphere is much less dense than the Earths, only about 1.8%. Note: answers
for the comparison may vary slight depending on what you chose as normal atmospheric
conditions.
6. A closed tank having a volume of 6 ft3 is filled with 0.90 lb of a gas. A pressure gage attached
to the tank reads 12 psi (gage) when the gas temperature is 80 o F. Do you think the gas is
oxygen or helium?
P = RT R =
=
PV
PV g
P
=
=
T
mT
WT
6 ft3
32.2ft/s2
The known values of R for oxygen and helium are 1554 and 1242 (from table 1.7) respectively,
meaning the gas in question is most likely oxygen.
7. A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 60 psia and a temperature of 45 o F. By how much
will the temperature increase if the pressure is raised to 100 psia?
Since the mass, volume, and R must all remain constant, we get
P2
P2 T1
(100 psi) (505o R)
P1
=
T2 =
=
= 842o R = 382o R
P = RT
T1
T2
P1
(60 psi)
8. For water flowing over a flat horizontal plate, what is the magnitude of the velocity gradient
needed to produce a shear stress of 0.5 N/m2 ?
du
dy
du
0.5 N/m2
= =
= 446 s1
dy
=
=
5.468 104
= 28.0
1.95 105
5.534 107
= 0.03
1.76 105
Note: The necessary values can be found in tables B.2 (water) on page 739 of the textbook,
and table B.4 (air) on page 741.
Day 3:
10. A closed, 15 m tall tank is filled with water to a depth of 10 m. The top portion of the tank is
filled with air which is at a pressure of 50 kPa. Determine the pressure that the water exerts
on the bottom of the tank.
Ptotal = Pair + Pwater = Pair + gh
=
11. Blood pressure is usually given as the ratio of the systolic (maximum) pressure to the diastolic
(minimum) pressure, which are measured in units of mmHg. A typical value for a human
would be 120/70.
(a) What are these pressures in Pa?
Systolic:
P = gh = h =
Diastolic:
h =
(b) If your car tire was inflated to 120 mmHg, would it be sufficient for normal driving?
Typical tire pressure is 30-35 psi, so this is clearly not enough tire pressure for normal
driving.
3
12. What pressure (above atmospheric) will a diver be subjected to at a depth of 30 m in seawater
(density 1025 kg/m3 )?
P = gh = 1025 kg/m3
Note this is about 3 times atmospheric pressure, so the total pressure the diver is feeling is
roughly 4 times atmospheric pressure at this depth!
13. Determine the change in hydrostatic pressure in a giraffes head as it lowers its head from
eating leaves 6 m above the ground to getting a drink of water at ground level. Assume the
specific gravity of blood is the same as water. Compare this result to the normal 120 mmHg
of pressure in a human heart.
P
5.88 104 Pa = h h =
16. For an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa (abs) determine the heights of the fluid columns in
barometers containing (a) mercury, and (b) water.
1.01 105 Pa
P
=
= 10.3 m
9810 N/m3
1.01 105 Pa
P
=
= 0.760 m
(b): h =
17. Two pipes are connected by a manometer as shown below. Determine the pressure difference
PA PB between the pipes.
PA + H2 O (0.5 m + 0.6 m) gf (0.6 m) + H2 O (1.3 m 0.5 m) = PB
PA PB = gf (0.6 m) H2 O (0.5 m + 0.6 m + 1.3 m 0.5 m)
air
0.5m
water
0.6m
Other
Fluid
(SG = 2.6)
1.3m
5ft
2ft
Water
18. Determine the change in the elevation of the mercury in the left leg of the manometer shown
below as a result of an increase in pressure of 5 psi in pipe A while the pressure in pipe B
remains constant.
For the initial configuration:
PAi + H2 O (1.5 ft) Hg (0.5 ft sin 30) oil (1.0 ft) = PB
When PA increases, the left column will fall by some distance (call it a), while the right
column will move up (a distance b).
For the final configuration:
PAf + H2 O (1.5 + a) Hg (0.5 + a + b sin 30 sin 30) oil (1.0 b sin 30) = PB
It can be shown that b = 4a due to the ratio of the pipe sizes. Then, subtracting these two
equations,
PAf PAi + H2 O a Hg (a + b sin 30) + oil (b sin 30) = 0
PAf PAi + H2 O a Hg (5a sin 30) + oil (4a sin 30) = 0
(PAf PAi )
a =
H2 O 3Hg + 2oil
=
= 0.304 ft
Day 4:
19. A 0.2 m diameter pipe is connected to a 0.03 m diameter pipe and both are rigidly held in
place. Both pipes are horizontal with pistons at each end. If the space between the pistons
Water
0.1 m
B
A
Air
12 in
18 in
6 in
Water
0.5 in
diameter
0.2 m
Plate
Mercury
0.25 in diameter
F = 20 N
30
is filled with water, what force will have to be applied to the larger piston to balance a force
of 80 N applied to the smaller piston (neglecting friction)?
P1
F1
F2
=
A1
A2
A1
r 2
F1 =
F2 = 12 F2
A2
r2
2
0.22
r
(80 N) = 3.56 103 N
F1 = 12 F2 =
0.032
r2
=
P2
20. An inverted 0.1 m diameter circular cylinder is partially filled with water and held in place as
shown above. A force of 20 N is required to pull the flat plate from the cylinder. Determine the
air pressure within the cylinder. The plate is not fastened to the cylinder and has negligible
mass.
Fvertical
The pressure the water is exerting on the plate can be found through
20 N
= 2546 Pa
= 0 Pwater A 20 = 0 Pwater =
/4 (0.1 m)2
The pressure in the air must also be holding up the water, so
w3
(4 m) (4 m)3
Ixc
+ yc =
+ yc =
+ 13.31 m = 13.4 m
yc A
12yc A
12 (13.31 m) (4 m 4 m)
45
Cable
60
8m
Gate
FR
2ft
yR
Water
8ft
A
Hinge
22. A homogeneous, 4 ft wide, 8 ft long rectangular gate weighing 800 lb is held in place by a
horizontal flexible cable as shown below. Water pressure acts against the gate which is hinged
at point A. Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable.
hc = 3 ft sin 60 = 2.60 ft
yc = 3 ft
Ixc
w3
(4 ft) (6 ft)3
+ yc =
+ yc =
+ 3 ft = 4.0 ft
yc A
12yc A
12 (3 ft) (4 ft 6 ft)
23. An open tank has a vertical partition and on one side contains gasoline with a density of 700
kg/m3 and a depth of 4 m as shown. A rectangular gate that is 4 m high and 2 m wide is
hinged at one end forms the partition. Water is slowly added to the left hand side of the tank
(which is initially empty). At what depth (d) will the gate start to open?
24. A freshly cut log floats with one fourth of its volume protruding above the water surface.
Determine the specific weight of the log.
FB = W
2m
Partition
8m
Stop
Gasoline
Water
Water
4m
A
Rope
Hinge
25. The homogeneous timber shown below is 0.15 m by 0.35 m in cross section. Determine the
specific weight of the lumber and the tension in the rope.
X
= 823 N
26. An irregularly shaped piece of a solid material weighs 9.17 lb in air and 6.73 lb when completely submerged in water. Determine the density of the material.
Wair = gV
Wwater = gV FB = gV H2 O gV = gV ( H2 O )
gV
Wair
=
=
Wwater
gV ( H2 O )
H2 O
=
H2 O
1.94 slug/ft3
= 7.29 slug/ft3
=
Wwater
6.73
lb
1 Wair
1
9.17 lb