SoilMechanicsI

CE 222
CE222
Chapter2:Phaserelationshipofsoils

Threephasesofsoil

Total voluume = V
To

Total wt.. = W

Soilelement
innaturalstate

Threephases
ofthesoilelement
Wa = 0

Air

Va
Vv

Ww

Water

Vw

Ws

Solids

Vs

V
Vs

WeightVolumerelationships
Weight
Wa = 0

Volume
Air

Va
Vv

Ww

Water

Vw

Ws

Solids

Vs

Vs

Weightrelationships

Thecommontermsusedfor
weightrelationships
are
moisture content, w
moisturecontent,w
and
unit weight
unitweight,.

Moisturecontent,w

Moisturecontentisalsoknownaswatercontent,w,isexpressed
eitherintermsofweightormass.
W
w = w 100%
Ws
Mw
w=
100%
Ms

Asmallw indicatesadrysoil,while
alargewindicatesawetone.

Weight

Wa = 0

Air

Ww

Water

Ws

Solids

Usualvalues:3to70%
Moisturecontentvaluesgreaterthan100%arefoundinsoftsoils
belowgroundwatertable.

Unitweight,
Geotechnicalengineersoftenneedtoknowtheunitweight,:

W
=
V
Twovariationsofunitweightarecommonlyused,thedryunit
weight,d,andtheunitweightofwater,w:

Ws
d =
V

Ww
w =
Vw

Normally we use w =9.81kN/m

Normallyweuse
= 9 81 kN/m3 =62.4lb/ft
= 62 4 lb/ft3 forfreshwater,and
for fresh water and
w =10.1kN/m3 =64.0lb/ft3 forseawater
Theunitweightofsoilbelowthegroundwatertable(GWT)is
Th
i
i h f il b l
h
d
bl (GWT) i
calledsaturatedunitweight, sat.

Volumerelationships
Thecommontermsusedfor
volumerelationships
are
voidratio,e
and
and
porosity,n
and
degreeofsaturation,S

Voidratio,e

Voidratio,e,isdefinedastheratioofthevolumeofvoidstothe
volumeofsolids.
Vv
e=
Vs

Volume
Air

Va
Vv

Denselypackedsoils
have low void ratios
havelowvoidratios.
Typicalvaluesinthefield
yp
rangefrom0.1to2.5.

Water

Vw

Solids

Vs

Vs

Porosity,n

10

Porosity,n,isdefinedastheratioofthevolumeofvoidstothe
totalvolume.

Vv
n=
V

Volume
Air

Va
Vv

Typicalvaluesinthefield
rangefrom0.09to0.7.
f

Water

Vw

Solids

Vs

Vs

DegreeofSaturation,S

11

Degreeofsaturation,S,isthepercentageofthevoidsfilledwith
water.

Vw
S=
100%
Vv

Weight

S hasmax.valueof100%
h
l
f
whenallofvoidsare
filledwithwater.Such
W
soilarecalledsaturated
soils.
S valuesaboveGWTare
usually5to100%.
S=0 isfoundinveryarid
areas.

Wa = 0

Volume
Air

Va
Vv

Ww

Water

Vw

Ws

Solids

Vs

Vs

e nrelationship
Vv
Vv
n
Vv
Vv
V
V
e=
=
=
=
=
Vs V Vv V Vv 1 Vv 1 n
V
V
Vv
Vv
Vv
Vv
e
Vs
Vs
=
=
=
n=
=
V Vs + Vv Vs + Vv 1 + Vv 1 + e
Vs
Vs

n
e=
1 n

e
n=
1+ e

12

 d relation

13

Moisture
content,w

Ws Ww
Ws
+

Ws Ws
W Ws + Ww

=
=
=
V
V
V
D
Dryunitweight,
it i ht d
Ws (1 + w) Ws
(1 + w) = d (1 + w)
=
=
V
V

= d (1 + w)
d =

(1 + w)

Specificgravityofsolids,Gs

14

Thespecificgravityofanymaterialistheratioofitsdensitytothat
ofwater.
Incaseofsoils,wecomputeitforthesolidphaseonly,andexpress
theresultsasthespecificgravityofsolids,Gs:

Gs =

Ws Vs

Ws
=
Vs w

Thisisquitedifferentfromthespecificgravityoftheentiresoil
mass,whichwouldincludesolid,water,andair.Therefore,donot
hi h
ld i l d
lid
d i h f
d
makethecommonmistakeofcomputingGs as/w.
Formostofsoils,Gs isfrom2.60to2.80.

Specificgravityofsolids,Gs

15

Typicalvaluesofe,wandd

16

ewrelationship
Ws
Gs =
Vs w
Ww
w=
Ws

Ws = GsVs w

Vs =1

Ws = Gs w
Ww = wGs w

Ww = wWs

Weight

17

Volume

Vw =

Air
Vv = e
Ww = wGsw

Water

Ws = Gsw

S lid
Solids

Vw = wGs

Ww

wGs w

= wGs

W
Vs = 1

V = 1+e

Vw = wGs

ewrelationship
Gs w + wGs w
=
1+ e
Gs w

Gs w
d =
=
1+ e
(1 + w) 1 + e

Ws + Ww
=
1+ e

W
=
V

(
1 + w)Gs w
=
1+ e

Weight

Gs w
d =
1+ e

e=

18

Gs w

Volume
Air
Vv = e

Ww = wGsw

Water

Ws = Gsw

Solids
lid

Vw = wGs

W
Vs = 1

V = 1+e

ewrelationship
Vw
S=
Vv

wGs
S=
e

wGs
e=
S

Weight

Se = wGs

wGs
e=
S

19

Se = wGs

Volume
Air
Vv = e

Ww = wGsw

Water

Ws = Gsw

Solids
lid

Vw = wGs

W
Vs = 1

V = 1+e

ewrelationship

20

Asweknow Se = wGs
and
d

W
=
V

Ws + Ww
=
1+ e

Gs w + eS w
=
1+ e

Gs w + wGs w
=
1+ e

Weight

Volume
Air

(
Gs + eS ) w
=

Vv = e

1+ e

Ww = wGsw

Water

Ws = Gsw

Solids
lid

Vw = wGs

W
Vs = 1

V = 1+e

ewrelationship(fullysaturated)
Se = wGs

Ws = Gs w
Ww = wGs w

sat
sat

Atfullysaturatedcondition
S=1

Ww = eS w

Ww + Ws
=
V

Ww = e w

Weight

Gs w + e w
=
1+ e

Ww = ew

21

Volume
Vv = Vw = e
Water
V = 1+e

sat

(
Gs + e ) w
=
1+ e

W
Ws = Gsw

Solids

Vs = 1

nwrelationship
IfV=1,n=Vv/V=>Vv =n

Ws
Gs =
Vs w

V=Vv +Vs =>1=n+Vs =>Vs =1n

Ws = Gs w (1 n )

Ws = GsVs w

Weight

Volume
Air

Water

Ws = Gsw(1n )

S lid
Solids

Vs = 1-n

Ww = wWs

Ww = wGs w (1 n)

Vv = n
Ww = wGsw(1n)

22

V=1

nwrelationship

23

W Ws + Ww Gs w (1 n ) + wGs w (1 n )
= =
=
V
V
1

= Gs w (1 n )(1 + w )
Weight

Volume
Air
Vv = n

Ww = wGsw(1n)

Water

Ws = Gsw(1n
(1 )

Solids

Vw = wGs

Vs = 1-n
1

V=1

nwrelationship

24

Ws Gs w (1 n )
d =
=
= Gs w (1 n )
V
1

d = Gs w (1 n )
Weight

Volume
Air
Vv = n

Ww = wGsw(1n)

Water

Ws = Gsw(1n
(1 )

Solids

Vs = 1-n
1

V=1

nwrelationship(fullysaturated)
n
= wGs
1 n

Asweknowthat,
e = wGs
S=1atsaturation

Ws = Gs w (1 n )
Weight
Ww = nw

n = w(1 n )Gs
Volume

Water

Ws = Gsw(1n )

Ww = w w(1 n )Gs

Vv = n

Ww = n w

Vw = wGs

S lid
Solids

25

Vs = 1-n

V=1

nwrelationship(fullysaturated)
sat

W Ws + Ww Gs w (1 n ) + n w
=
=
=
1
V
V

sat = [Gs (1 n ) + n ] w
Weight
Ww = nw

Volume

Water

Vv = n
Vw = wGs

Ws = Gsw(1n )

S lid
Solids

Vs = 1-n

V=1

26

nwrelationship(fullysaturated)
wsat

Ww
n w
=
=
Ws Gs w (1 n )

Weight
Ww = nw

wsat

n
e
=
=
Gs (1 n ) Gs

Volume

Water

Vv = n
Vw = wGs

Ws = Gsw(1n )

S lid
Solids

Vs = 1-n

V=1

27

Summary

28

Relativedensity
Relativedensity(Dr)iscommonlyusedtoindicatetheinsitu
densenessorloosenessofgranularsoils.

emax e
Dr =
emax emin

29

Relativedensity
Gs w
d =
1+ e

e=

Gs w

30

emax =

emin =

Gs w

Gs w

d (min)
d (max)

S b tit ti
Substitutinge,e
d max intoequationofD
i t
ti
f Dr
min,ande
1

emax e
Dr =
emax emin

Dr =

d (min)
1

d (min)

d
1

d (max)

d d (min) d (max)
=

d (max) d (min) d