,,

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

/D XUPD XUPHL FH HVWH RPXO vQ QDWXU

"

1LPLF vQ UDSRUW FX LQILQLWXO WRW vQ FRPSDUD LH

FX QHDQWXO XQ OXFUX GH PLMORF vQWUH QLPLF L

t o W

(O HVWH LQILQLW GH vQGHS

H[WUHPH LDU ILLQ D OXL QX VW

QLPLFQLFLD

GLQ

FDUH

c are -L

in fin it u l n
vQ HOHJHUH

HVWH



vQ

 PDL DSURDSH GH

VFRDV

vQJKL LW

VWUHD]

UWDW GH DPEHOH



GHFkW

3XWHUHD

RUGLQHD

VD

GH
GH

OXFUXULORU

LQWHOLJLELOH

DFHODL
UDQJ
FD
L
FRUSu l
n
im e n s it at e a n at u rii. To t c e po at e fac e e a e s t e
GH

D

GHVFLIUD

FHYD

GLQ

FHHD

FH

OXFUXULORU GH PLMORF YHQLF GLVSHUDW

DSDU LQH
F

SRDWH FXQRDWH QLFL SULQFLSLXO GH ED]

 QX OH
 QLFL

fin alit at e a."

,DW

 DGHY

UDWD QRDVWU

 VWDUH (VWH FHYD

FH OLPLWHD]

 FXQRWLQ HOH QRDVWUH vQWU-u n fe l de

m argin i pe s t e c are n u t re c e m , in c apabili de a
WLWRWXOLGHDLJQRUDWRWXOvQPRGDEVROXW

(Blais e Pas c al)

2ULFHILORVRILHvLSURSXQHV RIHUHXQWDEORXDO([LVWHQ HL
vQ DFHVW VHQV IRORVHWH FRQFHSWH WH]H GLVSXVH DUKLWHFWRQLF DOH
F URU FRQ LQXWXUL LQFOXG SH OkQJ  FRPSRQHQWHOH GH FXQRDWHUH
UHDF LLDIHFWLYHLDWLWXGLQDO-YDORULFHSURSULLXQHLFRQWLLQ HXPDQH
integrale. Scopul ultim al filosofiei este acela de a fundamenta sau
D

MXVWLILFD

vQ

WHUPHQL

GH

PD[LP 

JHQHUDOLWDWH

GHVFKLGHUL

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
SULYLWRDUH OD FH HVWH L PDL DOHV FH WUHEXLH V  ILH RPXO &RQGL

ia

XPDQ  HVWH FHQWUXO GH LQWHUHV DO RULF UXL HGLILFLX ILORVRILF
(QXQ XULOH L WHRULLOH ILORVRILFH QX VXQW L QX SRW IL QHXWUH ID

 GH

DQVHOH  L URVWXO RPHQHVFXOXL (OH vL vQFRUSRUHD]  UHIHUHQ LDOXUL

psiho-VRFLDOH

LVWRULFH UHDOH LVDX LPDJLQDUH VXE I

orma unor

SUHVXSR]L LL GH RUGLQ DIHFWLY PRUDO SUDFWLF VDX VXE IRUPD
LPSOLFDWHORU YDORULFH D XQRU FRQ LQXWXUL DWLWXGLQDOH DVLPLODWH vQ
FKLDU VXEVWDQ D WHRUHWLF  D ILORVRI ULL 6  QH DPLQWLP GH SLOG  F 
VLVWHPHOH WUDGL LRQDOH GH ILORVRILH FXSULQGHDX L R HWLF  FH L

SURSXQHD V  YRUEHDVF   GHVSUH ILLQ D RPHQHDVF  vQ JHQHUDO LDU

HWLFDHUDvQWHPHLDW SHRQWRORJLH2ULFHILORVRILHFXSULQGHDDGDU
FRQVWUXFWH PRGHOH D[LRORJLFH VSHFLILFH PHQLWH V  PRGHOH]H L V 
UHPRGHOH]H VHQVLELOLWDWHD XPDQ  3ULQ DFHDV

ta devine sinteza

VSLULWXDO  D XQHL HSRFL H[SULP  VHQVLELOLWDWHD YDORULF   D DFHVWHLD

asumndu-LXQUROGHvQGUXPDUHFRJQLWLY

LPRUDO 

)LORVRILDLSUREOHPDFRQGL LHLXPDQH
2ULFH FRQFHS LH ILORVRILF  vL SURSXQH R LQWHUSUHWDUH D
([LVWHQ HL D QDWXULL DFHVWHLD SRUQLQG GH OD DQXPLWH HQXQ XUL
SULYLOHJLDWH VDX SULQFLSLL Q DFHODL WLPS LPSOLFLW VDX H[SOLFLW
IRUPXOHD]  DQXPLWH WH]H SULQ FDUH FODULILF  VWDWXWXO  H[LVWHQ LDO
VSHFLILF RPXOXL L XPDQXOXL 'H IDSW vQ YL]LXQH WUDGL LRQDO 

ontologia umanului apare ca o particularizare a ontologiei

JHQHUDOH GHFL FD R DSOLFD LH L H[HPSOLILFDUH D WHRULHL ILORVRILFH
JHQHUDOH

DVXSUD

H[LVWHQ HL

FRQWHPSRUDQH

SURGXF

R

UHJLRQDOL] ULL

RQWRORJLHL

3HUVSHFWLYHOH

PXWD LH

PRGHUQH

VHPQLILFDWLY 

vQ

L

VHQVXO

DV

tfel nct problema structurii

LUHGXFWLELOH D FRQGL LHL XPDQH FRQVWLWXLH SLYRWXO RULF UHL vQFHUF UL
GHH[SOLFDUHJOREDO DH[LVWHQ HLvQVHL$DGDUGLVFXUVXOILORVRILF
YRUEHWH vQWRWGHDXQD GHVSUH RP FKLDU DWXQFL FkQG VH UHIHU  OD
QDWXU  OXFUXUL XQLYHUV 3ULQ FRQGL LD XPDQ 

- QH DYHUWL]HD]

''5RFD  WUHEXLH V  vQ HOHJHP QX QXPDL FRQGL LD XQHL ILLQ H

HFRQRPLFH L SROLWLFH FDUH OXSW  DO WXUL GH VHPHQLL V L SHQWUX

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
OLEHUWDWHD VD VRFLDO  L SROLWLF  L  SHQWUX DS UDUHD GHPQLW
FL vQ HOHJHP PDL FX VHDP  FRQGL LD RPXOXL ILLQ

LL VDOH

 VSLULWXDO 

FUHDWRU GH YDORUL VSLULWXDOH L FDSDELO V  WUDQVIRUPH FX DMXWRUXO

acestora realitatea ce-O SULYHWH V-o umanizeze, transfigurnd-o".

>@1XHVWHvQWkPSO WRUIDSWXOF DFHVWJkQGLWRUVLWXHD] vQFHQWUXO
UHIOHF LHL

ILORVRILFH

FDUDFWHUXO

DEVROXW

SUREOHPDWLF

DO

YLH LL

VSLULWXDOH FDUDFWHUXO GH DYHQWXU  L PLUDFRO SH FDUH O DUDW 

FLYLOL]D LDLYDORULOHHLVHQWLPHQWXOGHFRQVWDQW LLUHPHGLDELO 

QHVLJXUDQ

nHYRL

 vQ FH SULYHWH GHVWLQXO QRVWUX FD ILLQ H FX DQXPLWH

VSLULWXDOH >@ $FHVWH GHWHUPLQD LL WUDJLFH DOH FRQGL LHL

XPDQHVXQWGHGXVHGLQLIXQGDPHQWDWHSULQFRQVWLWX LDHVHQ LDO 

DUHDOLW

LL
LQWD XOWLP  D ILORVRILHL  SUHFL]HD]  ''5RFD

DWLLQ HORUSDUWLFXODUHGDF DFFHSW PQHFHVDUD

- implicit
acumulare n timp,

DIRVW GHFHOH PDL PXOWHRUL GDF  QX PHUHXFXQRDWHUHD LQWHJUDO 

D 0DUHOXL 7RWDO ([LVWHQ HL $FHVWIDSW SRDWHILFRQVWDWDW vQPHUHX
UHOXDWHOH vQFHUF UL GLQ IHOXULWH XQJKLXUL VSLULWXDOH GH D H[SOLFD
WRWDOLWDWHDLYDULHWDWHDFDOHLGRVFRSLF DOXPLLSRUQLQGX

-se de la un

SULQFLSLX XQLF LPDJLQHD FRHUHQW  XQLWDU  RPRJHQ  SRVWXOHD]  R

HVHQ

 XQLF  - GUHSW UHDOLWDWH DXWHQWLF  LQWHOLJLELO  - din care sunt

deduse toate elementele concret-LQGLYLGXDOH DOH ([LVWHQ HL $FHVW
ideal, conchide D.'5RFDHVWHQHUHDOL]DELOSHQWUXVLPSOXOPRWLY
F  DQWLFLS  RULFH H[SHULHQ

 GHS LQG L H[WUDSROkQG GRJPDWLF L

QHFRQWURODWXQDQXPHWLSGHH[SHULHQ

FRJQLWLY RUD LXQHGHIDSW

L QX XQD ORJLF  IDFH LPSRVLELO  GHGXF LD LQWHJUDO  D H[LVWHQ HL

dintr-o

OHJH XQLF 

-

UHVSHFWLY LQILQLWDWHD VSD LR WHPSRUDO  FX

GHYHQLUHD FH L VH DWDHD]  'DF  GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL WLLQ D
vQDLQWHD]  PDL SUXGHQW ILORVRILD FX DVSLUD LLOH
JU EHWH

VSUH

controlabLO

JHQHUDOL] UL

GH

DPSORDUH FDUH

-i specifice, se
GHS HVF

VIHUD

 DH[SHULHQ HL XPDQH WLQGHFX RULFHSUH  VSUH VLQWH]H

JOREDOH 2U LGHDOXO FXQRDWHULL LQWHJUDOH LPSOLF  SUHVXSR]L LL

KD]DUGDWH VXE UDSRUWXO ULJRULL L WHVWDELOLW

LL PDL SUHFLV VH

ED]HD]  SH FUHGLQ D F  XQLYHUVXO HVWH vQ VWUXFWXUD OXL LQWLP 

UD LRQDOLLQWHOLJLELO6HSRVWXOHD] FXDOWHFXYLQWHH[LVWHQ DXQXL

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
DFRUG IXQGDPHQWDO L WRWDO vQWUH HVHQ D UHDOLW

LL H[WHULRDUH L

JkQGLUH 2PXO FkQG D F XWDW V  H[SOLFH OXPHD FDUH H vQ DIDU  GH

el, postulnd-RLQWHJUDOUD LRQDO

IRUPXODW SH ID

LvQP VXU LPDL

mare, cnd a

 VDX QXPDL vQ WDLQ  LGHDOXO GH FXQRDWHUH GH FDUH

DP YRUELW D DWULEXLW LPSOLFLW DFHVWHL OXPL vQ DIDU  GH HO VWUXFWXUD
SH FDUH R DUH OXPHD LQWHOLJLELO  D LGHLORU $ FUH]XW FX OXFLGLWDWH
VDX QXPDL LQVWLQFWLY F  UHDOLWDWHD HVW

e, asemenea propriilor sale

LGHLVLVWHP$FUH]XWF IHQRPHQHOHOXPLLH[WHULRDUHSRWILGHGXVH
XQHOH GLQ DOWHOH vQWRFPDL FD LGHLOH ORJLFH F  SRDWH VWDELOL ODQ XUL

deductive pe care le va lega - mai curnd sau mai trziu, nu

LPSRUW  - ntr-XQ ODQ  XQLF >@ 3ULQ XUPDUH OXPHD H FRQFHSXW 
FD DYkQG R RUGLQH GHV YkULW  FH SRDWH IL UHFRQVWLWXLW  I U 
GLILFXOW

L

LQVXUPRQWDELOH

vQ

SODQ

ORJLF

vQWUXFkW

vQO Q XLULOH

FDX]DOH VXQW GH LPSOLFDUH UHFLSURF  UDSRUWXULOH GH FRH[LVWHQ

succesiune fiind semnele exWHULRDUH DOH XQRU OHJ

 L

WXUL LQWHULRDUH

LQYDULDELOH vQWUH IHQRPHQH vQWUXFkW VH PDQLIHVW  DLGRPD XQHL

QHFHVLW

L

ORJLFH

VXQW

FRQVLGHUDWH

FD

ILLQG

DWHPSRUDOH

VXSUDWHPSRUDOH WHPSRUDOLWDWHD HVWH HOLPLQDW  VFKLPE ULOH GH

FRQ LQXW ILLQG GRDU DSDUHQWH Q VWUX

ctura lor, aceste postulate

MXVWLILF  DILUPD LL GH RUGLQ SUDFWLF PRUDO H[SULP  GRULQ H XPDQH
ILLQG GH IDSW SUHOXQJLUL vQ SODQ LQWHOHFWXDO DOH XQRU FRQYLQJHUL L
FUHGLQ HFHVDWLVIDFLQVWLQFWXOGHDXWRFRQVHUYDUH
3ULQ LGHHD UD LRQDOLW

LL LQWHJUDOH VH DWULEXLH H[LVWHQ HL XQ

VHQV R ILQDOLWDWH L vQ FRQVHFLQ

 XQ URVW YLH LL XPDQH GH SH

SR]L LL QDLY RSWLPLVWH 'DF  OXPHD HVWH vQ VWUXFWXUD HL LQWLP 

UD LRQDO HDHVWHLLQWHOLJLELO QXYUHDV IDF RPXOXLLFDQHVH

FRPSRUW  UH]RQDELO GHULY  GH DLFL vQGHPQXO VSUH FXQRDWHUHD
YDORULORU

VSLULWXDOH

VLWXDWH

vQ

IUXQWHD

LHUDUKLHL

FXOWXUDOH

L

MXVWLILFDWH vQ FKLDU OHJLOH LQH[RUDELOH DOH ILULL ,PSOLFLW VH DFFHSW 
F  DFWXO FXOWXUDO HVWH QHFHVDU vQWUXFkW HVWH VLPSO  SUHOXQJLUH D

biologicului, mbog

LUH

L

DSURIXQGDUH

D

DFHVWXLD

5HOD LLOH

RPXOXL FX OXPHD VXQW QHSUREOHPDWLFH RPXO VLP LQGX

DFDV  IDPLOLDU FX FHHD FH vO vQFRQMRDU
VDWLVIDFH

QHYRLD

GH

VHFXULWDWH

-se ca la el
 IDSW FDUH vL WRQLILF  L-i

LQWHULRDU 

LQVWLQFWXO

GH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

autoconservare. AsemeneaDILUPD LLDUDW

LURQLF''5RFDVXQW

QHP UJLQLWGHRSWLPLVWHLGHUHFRQIRUWDQWH>@'DF HDGHY UDW

F  SkQ  D]L FXQRDWHUHD GH]LQWHUHVDW  vQ VHQVXO DEVROXW DO
WHUPHQXOXL D U PDV XQ LGHDO L F  IXQGDPHQWXO SULP DO FHOHL PDL

abstracte viziuni desSUH

OXPH H FO GLW GLQ VHFUHWH HOHPHQWH

ILQDOLVWHRULFHFXQRDWHUHILORVRILHRULWLLQ

SR]LWLY H[DPLQDW 

FX DWHQ LH VH YD GH]Y OXL FD ILLQG vQWU

-un anumit sens, ca

DQLPLVW 

LPDJLQHD

GHVSUH

OXPH

SUH]HQWDW 

GUHSW

FUHD LH

D

LQWHOLJHQ HL DEVROXW GH]LQWHUHVDWH VH YD GRYHGL D IL FRQVWUXLW  L

GLQ

WUDQVSXQHUHD

vQ

OXPHD

H[WHULRDU 

D

GRULQ HORU

QRDVWUH

VHFUHWH0DL DOHV GLQ WUDQVSXQHUHDDFHVWRUD 2PXO VSHU  V  RE LQ 

SH R DVWIHO GH FDOH UHDOL]DUHD Q GHMGLORU OXL PLOHQDUH'HSDUWH GH

noi gndul de a combDWH DFHDVW

 VWDUH GH IDSW 3H FDUH R FUHGHP

GH DOWIHO LQHYLWDELO  &HHD FH YUHP vQV  HVWH FD OXkQG FXQRWLQ

GH HD V  F XW P V  QX SLHUGHP QLFL XQ PRPHQW GLQ YHGHUH F 

YRLQ D GH D IL LQWHJUDO UD LRQDO  QX H D H[LVWHQ HL vQV L FL D

gnditorului; om dH WLLQ

 VDX ILORVRI >@ /D IHO GH QHvQWHPHLDW

HVWH L SRVWXODWXO LQYHUV LUD LRQDOLWDWHD IXQFLDU  D OXPLL L HO

presupune o totalizare - LUHDOL]DELO  - D H[SHULHQ HL VXSR]L LL L

LPSOLFDWH DIHFWLYH QHFRQWURODWH FULWLF ( L DLFL R SUHGLVSR]L LH

antURSRPRUILF

D

ILLQ HL

XPDQH

VWLPXODW 

GH

LQFHUWLWXGLQH

DQJRDVH vQGRLDO  H[LVWHQ LDO  H[SHULHQ D DEVXUGXOXL D  VW UL FH

FDUDFWHUL]HD]  GH DFHDVW  GDW  HSRFLOH WXOEXUL LQVWDELOH GH

SU EXLUHDRUL]RQWXULORUVLPEROLFH
$QDOL]HOHOXL''5RFDVHSUHWHD] ODRDQDOL] VHPLRWLF 
'XS  FXP PHQ LRQHD]  ,/RWPDQ FXOWXUD SUHVXSXQH vPS U LUHD
UHDOLW

LLFDUHvOvQFRQMRDU SHRPvQWU ROXPHDIDSWHORULROXPHD

VHPQHORU OXPL vQWUH FDUH VH VWDELOHVF GLIHULWH UHOD LL VHPLRWLFH
D[LRORJLFH H[LVWHQ LDOH HWF >@ 3URFHVHOH GH VHPQLILFDUH L
FRPXQLFDUH FRQVWUXLHVF XQ PRGHO DO OXPLL 'RULQ D XPDQ  GH

comunicare cu lumea - VLWXD LD vQ FDUH RPXO VH VLPWH QHFHVDU
acesteia, lumea fiindu-L IDPLOLDU  - VH SRDWH LQILOWUD vQ SURLHF LL
antropomorfice: receptareDvQWUHJLLUHDOLW LLVXEDVSHFWXOYLUWX LORU
semantice sau simbolice. Lumea apare, eventual, ca un text ce

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
SRDUW XQPHVDMVHPDQWL]DWvQFDOLWDWHGHFUHDWRUDOWH[WXOXLSRDWH
V 

DSDU 

'XPQH]HX

OHJLOH

QDWXULL

LGHHD

DEVROXW 

HWF

$VLPLODUHD FXOWXUDO  D OXPLL FRQVW  vQ VWXGLHUHD OLPEDMXOXL HL vQ

GHFRGDUHD DFHVWXL WH[W L WUDGXFHUHD OXL vQWU

-un limbaj accesibil

RPXOXL >@ 3RVWXODWXO UD LRQDOLW

LL LQWHJUDOH D H[LVWHQ HL H

SUH]HQW FKLDU DWXQFL FkQG VH DFFHSW  FDUDFWHUXO SUREOHPDWLF DO

UHOD LLORU

RPXOXL

FX

OXPHD

'H

SLOG 

(VFKLO

vQ

FHQWUXO

XQLYHUVXOXLQXJ VLPILUDYXOQRQ VHQVFLHQLJPDDGLF XQVHQVSH

FDUH vO GHVFLIU P SURVW SHQWUX F  VWU OXFLUHD OXL RUEHWH $QXPH
VLWXD LL LVWRULFH vQGHDPQ  OD FRQFHSHUHD OXPLL FD QRQ

-text, lipsite
de sens, omul suferind de incapacitatea acesteia de "a-L U VSXQGH
la solicitari prin mesaje. Citez din Camus: "Tot ce se poate spune
HVWH F  OXPHD QX-L vQ HD vQV L UD LRQDO  $EVXUG  vQV  HVWH
FRQIUXQWDUHD GLQWUH DFHVW LUD LRQDO L DFHDVW  QHP UJLQLW  GRULQ

de claULWDWHD D F

UHL FKHPDUH U VXQ  vQ VWU IXQGXULOH RPXOXL ,DW 

L FRQVHFLQ HOH YDORULFH SHQWUX FRQGL LD XPDQ  $EVXUGXO QX

HOLEHUHD]  FL OHDJ  (O QX DXWRUL]HD]  WRDWH DFWHOH 7RWXO H
vQJ GXLWQXvQVHDPQ F QLPLFQXHRSULW$EVXUGXOIDFHQXPDLFD

toate

FRQVHFLQ HOH DFWHORU QRDVWUH V  ILH HFKLYDOHQWH Q DOWH

vQVHPQ UL &DPXV SUHFL]HD]  F  RPXO HVWH VLQJXUD I SWXU  FDUH

YUHDXQVHQV>@GDUSRVWXODWXOLUD LRQDOLW

LLQXvQWHPHLD] GHFkW

SHRFRQFOX]LH HOXOIL[DWDOYLH LLSDUHV ILHLQVLJQLILDQ D

". [9]

&XQRDWHUHD QX UHXHWH V  ILH R LPDJLQH GH]LQWHUHVDW  D

H[LVWHQ HL $ WU L vQVHDPQ  D LQWHUSUHWD GLQWU

-un punct de vedere

XPDQDGDVHQVOXFUXULORUvQUDSRUWFXQRLvQLQH'HDFHHDRULFH

raport subiect-RELHFW LQFOXVLY FHO FRJQLWLY LPSOLF

 HO

ementul de

YDORDUH 6ROX LLOH RQWRORJLFH FULWLFDWH GH ''5RFD SUHFXP L

FHOH PHQ LRQDWH GH QRL PDL VXV DX GHFL VXELDFHQWD vQWUHEDUH
&XP VXQW SRVLELOH YDORULOH" 9DORDUHD DUDW  7XGRU 9LDQX HVWH
H[SUHVLD SRVLELOLW
FRQWLLQ

LL XQHL DGDSW UL VDWLVI F WRDUH vQWUH OXFUXUL L

 H[SUHVLD LGHDO  D XQXL DFRUG vQWUH HX L OXPH FDUH

SRDWH IL RULFkQG UHDOL]DW  >@ &HOH GRX  VROX LL XQLODWHUDOH GH
PDL VXV GHFUHWHD]  ILH QHFHVLWDWHD YDORULORU L FXOWXULL FD LQFOXV 
vQ vQV L VWUXFWXUD UD LRQDO  D OXPLL

- sHQVXO YLH

LL XPDQH ILLQG

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
GHMD GDW GHFL QX LQWURGXV L FRQVWUXLW GH RP  ILH F  OH VLWXHD] 

H[FOXVLY vQ SODQXO VXELHFWLYLW

FRQVLVWHQ

LL LQGLYLGXDOH QHJkQGX

-le orice

 VHQVXO DXWHQWLF ILLQG LPSRVLELO GDWRULW  OLSVHL GH

FRPXQLFDUH GLQWUH RP L OXPH ''5RFD vQ SDJLQLOH GH

FRQVWUXF LH L UHFRQVWUXF LH ILORVRILF  HYLW  SR]L LLOH H[WUHPH
QHFRQWURODWH L LQFRQWURODELOH DWXQFL FkQG FRQWXUHD]  DWULEXWHOH
SH FDUH H[LVWHQ D

- ca - totalitate le are n raport cu statutul

H[LVWHQ LDO L FXOWXUDO DO RPXOXL )DSW GH H[SHULHQ

 H GRDU

FRQVWDWDUHD F  OXPHD HVWH vQ UDSRUW FX QRL L UD LRQDO  L

LUD LRQDO  &DWHJRULLOH UD LRQDO L LUD LRQDO DX R DPELJXLWDWH
VHPDQWLF FXOWLYDW VLVWHPDWLFLIHUWLOGHF WUHDXWRUODLQWHUVHF LD
L XQHRUL VXSUDSXQHUHD D WUHL

planuri: ontologic, epistemologic

LD[LRORJLF&RQMXQF LDORUDUHPDLvQWkLRUHOHYDQ

RQWRORJLF 

UHFXQRDWH RELHFWLYLWDWHD GHYHQLULL XQLYHUVDOH L vQ FRQVHFLQ

autonomia structural-IXQF



LRQDO  D PDQLIHVW ULORU H[LVWHQ HL vQ

UDSRUWFXGRULQ HOHXPDQHGHDRFRQFHSWXDOL]DLVXSXQHSUDFWLF
UD LXQHD

L

vQWkPSODUHD

VWXSLG 

QHFHVDUXO

L

FRQWLQJHQ D

FRH[LVW  QX H[LVW  QLFL XQ GHWHUPLQLVP LPSODFDELO QLFL KDRV FL
XQLWDWHDRUGLQLLLGH]RUGLQLLGHYHQLUHDFUHDWRDUHVXQWSUH]HQWH

chiar n aceste tezH DOH WHRULHL JHQHUDOH D H[LVWHQ HL VXSR]L LL
DIHFWLYH QHOLQLWHD PHWDIL]LF   QH G  FXUDMXO EOHVWHPDW V 
SRVWXO PFDVLQJXU DGHY UDW OHJHDILULLHWHUQDGHYHQLUHLFH

altceva este, ntr-un anume sens, filosofic vorbind, ideea

devenirii eterne GDF  QX L SURLHFWDUHD SH IRQG FRVPLF D
VHQWLPHQWXOXL GH SHUPDQHQW  LQVXILFLHQ

 LQWHULRDU  DPLQWLW PDL

VXV" >@ 7H]D H[LVWHQ D HVWH L UD LRQDO  L LUD LRQDO 

DQJDMHD] LVHQVXULORJLFR
L

RSXQH

UH]LVWHQ

-epistemologice: lumea se supune, dar

FRQFHSWXDOL] ULL

HVWH

LQWHOLJLELO 

L

QHLQWHOLJLELO  ORJLF  L OLSVLW  GH ORJLF  LQWHOLJHQ D XUFDW  SH

QRLOH SXQFWH GH SHUVSHFWLY  D GHVFRSHULW LUD LRQDOH SH FDUH OH
FUHGHD FRPSOHW UD LRQDOL]DWH L DVLPLODWH >@ GH DFHHD ]RQD
QHUD LRQDOL]DW HVWHFDQWLWDWLYPDLPDUHGHFkWFHDVXSXV UD LRQDO
GDU QX H[LVW  IRUPXOH SHUPDQHQWH DOH LUD LRQDOXOXL LQWHOLJHQ D
QX

U PkQH

vQ

WLPS DEVROXW

LGHQWLF 

vQ

FHHD

FH

SULYHWH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
SURFHGHHOH HL L SRDWH FKLDU vQ FH SULYHWH XQHOH SLHVH DOH
PHFDQLVPXOXL HL GH IXQF LRQDUH  >@ &RQVHFLQ HOH DVXSUD
PRGXOXL GH D vQ HOHJH FRQGL LD XPDQ  DX FD QXFOHX FkWHYD
GHULYDWH D[LRORJLFH vQ UDSRUW FX YDORULOH L GRULQ HOH RPXOXL
OXPHD HVWH L UH]RQDELO  L DEVXUG  FX VHQV L I U  VHQV
IDPLOLDU  GDU L LQGLIHUHQW  VDX LUHVSRQVDELO  5H]XOW  DDGDU R
WHQVLXQHvQWUHQDWXU LFXOWXU vQWUHRPLH[LVWHQ DGLQDIDUDOXL

Valorile spirituale au un statut fragil; nu au doar o justificare

ELRORJLF  QLFL QX VXQW IXQGDWH SH VWUXFWXUD LQWLP-QHFHVDU  D
OXPLL &LYLOL]D LD QX SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW  FD UH]XOWDWXO XQHL
DUPRQLL SUHGHVWLQDWH FDUH DU H[LVWD vQWUH WHQGLQ HOH DGkQFL DOH
OXPLLPDWHULDOHLDVSLUD LLOHHVHQ LDOHDOHVSLULWXOXL>

$FHVWHFRQFOX]LLVROLFLW FDSDVORJLFXUP WRUFODULILFDUHD

L FRQVWUXLUHD XQHL DWLWXGLQL PRUDO

-esWHWLFH vQ ID D OXPLL L YLH LL

1X VH LPSXQH GH OD VLQH WXWXURU VSLULWHORU R VROX LH VWDQGDUG

Atitudinile presupun totdeauna un adaos mintal, o interpretare a

FRQFOX]LLORU PHQ LRQDWH SULQWU-R SULVP  VXELHFWLY  )DSWXO F 
H[LVWHQ D HVWH vQ UDSRUW FX QRL L UD LRQDO  L LUD LRQDO  L
UH]RQDELO LDEVXUG QXMXVWLILF QLFLDWLWXGLQLOHQDLY

-optimiste, cu

R

UREXVWH H

QHFRQWURODW 

GDU

QLFL

SHVLPLVPXO

GH]Q GHMGHD

DQJRDVDQW  $FHVWHD VXQW PDL PXOW UHDF LL SVLKRORJLFH GHFkW OX UL
GHSR]L LHvQID DUHDOLW

LLQSULPXOFD]WUDJLFXOFRQGL LHLXPDQH

HVWH DQXODW SULQ GHFUHWDUHD XQHL UD LRQDOLW

L LQWHJUDOH D OXPLL

RPXO DS UkQG FD QHFHVDU XQLYHUVXOXL FXP vO vQGHDPQ  GH DOWIHO
ERYDU\VPXO ILLQ HL VDOH  LDU vQ DO GRLOHD FD] GLOXHD]  WUDJLFXO vQ

corsetul sfkLHULORU

LQWHULRDUH IUXVWUDWH GH UHSHUH YDORULFH /D

''5RFDVHQWLPHQWXOWUDJLFDOH[LVWHQ HLLQHOLQLWHDPHWDIL]LF 
SUHVXSXQ DVXPDUHD SUHFDULW

LORU FH

LQ GH FRQGL LD QRDVWU 

DQJDMHD]  WHQVLXQL JHQHUDWRDUH GH HURLVP LQWHOHFWXDO FXUDM PRUDO

nnobLOkQGYLD DFXGHPQLWDWH
Un sistem filosofic propune un model al lumii. Interpretarea
WHPHLXULORU H[LVWHQ HL L D RUGLQLL XQLYHUVDOH RIHU  vQ DFHODL WLPS
GHVFKLGHUL

WHRUHWLFH

vQ

GLUHF LD

XPDQXOXL 'H IDSW FXQRVFkQG

vQ HOHJHULL

VSHFLILFXOXL

RUGLQLL

i explicndu-L OXPHD RPXO FDS

W 

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
FRQWLLQ

 GH VLQH ,VWRULFHWH  UHPDUF  &1RLFD  QL VH SDUH F 

WRWXLRULGHFkWHRULL-DSXVSUREOHPDvQGUHSW LULLSURSULLILORVRILD
s-D ULGLFDW OD WUHL WLSXUL GH FHUWLWXGLQH FDUH VXQW WRW DWkWHD OX UL GH
FRQWLLQ

GHVLQH'HODvQFHSXWHDLHVHGHFLGLQWHRUHWLFSXUF FL

OXDUHDGHFRQWLLQ

GHVLQHQXHRFRQWLLQ

WHRUHWLF FLXQGHPHUV

SUDFWLF IXQGDPHQWDO FKLDU SHQWUX H[HUFL LXO DFHVWHL FXQRDWHUL ,DU

certitudinile filosofiei se vor grupa n jurul a trei tipuri de

GHPHUVXUL DGLF  WUHL L]YRDUH FRQWLLQ D H[LVWHQ HL VLQHOXL FD RP
FRQWLLQ D H[LVWHQ HL vQJU GLWH D RPXOXL FRQWLLQ D SRVLELOLW

LL GH

-a

LHL GLQ VLWXD LD GH vQJU GLUH D RPXOXL >@ $DGDU SULQ ILORVRILH
RPXO vL FRQWLHQWL]HD]  L DVXP  SURSULXO V X VWDWXW GH ILLQ

FRQWLHQW  OLEHU  L SUHFDU  VXELHFWLY  L SUDFWLF  UD LRQDO  L

YDORUL]DWRDUH&RQWLLQ DOLPLWHORUFRQVWLWXWLYHDOHILLQ HLXPDQH

- n
special, finitudinea - HVWH VXUV  GH WUDJLF ILORVRILD vQV  vQFHDUF  R
re-semnificDUHDDFHVWRUDDVWIHOvQFkWYLD DV ILHVXSRUWDELO 
&HOH GRX  PRGHOH RQWRORJLFH UHOHYDWH GH DQDOL]HOH OXL
''5RFD  UHVSHFWLYPLWXO UD LRQDOLW

LL LQWHJUDOHD H[LVWHQ HL L

OD SROXO RSXV FUHGLQ D vQWU R GH]RUGLQH WRWDO  D OXPLL

interpret

- permit

UL GH DGkQFLPH DOH XQRU VHFYHQ H LVWRULFH GLQ ILORVRILD

HXURSHDQ  $VWIHO FODVLFLWDWHD JUHDF  WUDWHD]  OXPHD L YLD D FD

WH[WH FD H[LVWHQ H UD LRQDOH L LQWHOLJLELOH )LORVRILD JUHDF  HVWH
YHUWHEUDW  GH FUHGLQ D vQ FDUDFWHUXO LQIDLOLELO DO UD LXQLL GH

altfel,

VHDFFHSW XQ/RJRVFDUHDUWLFXOHD] DUPRQLFH[LVWHQ DXQLYHUVDO 

ntr-XQ DOW SODQ VH FRQVLGHU

 F  RPXO vQVXL VH GLIHUHQ LD]  GH

FHOHODOWH VSHFLL WRFPDL SULQ GLPHQVLXQHD VSLULWXDO  FDUH SRDWH

LPSXQH YLH LL VXIOHWHWL L WUXSXOXL DQXPLWH DXWRFRQV

trngeri care

DVLJXU  GHYHQLUHD VXE VHPQXO YLUWX LL $FHVW FXOW DO UD LXQLL
XQLYHUVDOH L RPHQHWL HVWH SUH]HQW OD HOHD L SLWDJRUHLFL 3ODWRQ

Aristotel -
&LFOXO

vQ LQWHUSUHW UL PHWDIL]LFH FRVPRJRQLFH L PRUDOH

HOHQLVWLF

Q UXLH

WRFPDL

PLWXO

UD LXQLL

DWR

tputernice;

VWRLFLVPXO HSLFXUHLVPXO L VFHSWLFLVPXO VXQW vQFHUF UL WkU]LL GH D

VDOYD F GHULOH vQWU

-un relativism din ce n ce mai problematic;

vQFUHGHUHD vQ UD LXQH L LGHHD GH RUGLQH XQLYHUVDO  VXQW LQYRFDWH

GRDU FD PLMORF GH FRPSHQVDUH L GH VXVWUDJHUH

de la agresiunea

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
XQXL KDRV H[WHUQ VSUH D RE LQH DXWRQRPLD YRLQ HL L YLH LL
SHUVRQDOH ,HLUHD GLQ FUL]  VH YD IDFH SULQ ODQVDUHD XQXL QRX
PRGHO FXOWXUDO VWUXFWXUDW GH FUHGLQ D FUHWLQ  'DF  UD LXQHD VH
GRYHGHWH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL QHSXWLQFLRDV  L LQFDSDELO  V  RIHUH
FHUWLWXGLQL H[LVWHQ LDOH DFHVWHD YRU IL SURFXUDWH SH FDOHD FUHGLQ HL
vQ 'XPQH]HX Q WLPS LQVWLWX LD UHOLJLRDV 

- respectiv, biserica n
 5HQDWHUHD LGHDOL]HD]  DQWLFKLWDWHD JUHFR-

FDOLWDWH GH LQVWUXPHQW DO IL[ ULL HILFLHQWH SVLKR VRFLDO D FUHGLQ HL
YD GHYHQL LQIDLOLELO

URPDQ  3HUVSHFWLYD WHRORJLF  DVXSUD FRQGL LHL XPDQH vQFHSH V 

ILHvQORFXLW GHRDQWURSRORJLHODLF GHVFKL] WRDUHGHQRLLYDULDWH
RUL]RQWXUL

LQWHUSUHWDWLYH

3H

XQ

DVHPHQHD

ILORQ

YRU

DS UHD

FRQWULEX LL FH VH LQWHJUHD]  XQHL RQWRORJLL D VXELHFWLYLW

LL Q

JkQGLUHD ILORVRILF  PRGHUQ  L FRQWHPSRUDQ  WHPD VXELHFWLYLW

LL

HVWH SUHGRPLQDQW  vQ HODERUDUHD XPDQXOXL 3H OkQJ  JkQGLUHD

SROLWLF  OLEHUDO  FDUH DFRUG  XQ VWDWXW L XQ URO SULYLOHJLDW
LQGLYLGXDOLW

LLWUHEXLHUH LQXWHUHIOHF LLOHOXL%ODLVH3DVFDOSULYLQG

IUDJLOLWDWHD ILLQ HL XPDQH vQGRLDOD PHWRGLF  D OXL 5'HVFDUWHV

DQDOL]DNDQWLDQ DVWUXFWXULORUDSULRULDOHVHQVLELOLW

LLLQWHOHFWXOXL

L UD LXQLL FDUH IDF SRVLELO  FXQRDWHUHD DPG )HQRPHQRORJLD

lui Husserl caUDFWHUL]HD]

6.LHUNHJDDUG

OD

 RPXO FD ILLQ D G W WRDUH GH VHQV 'H OD

H[LVWHQ LDOLWL

L

ILORVRILD

H[LVWHQ HL

VXELHFWLYLWDWHD HVWH DERUGDW  vQ WHUPHQLL vQGRLHOLL H[LVWHQ LDOH 'H

DOWIHORULHQWDUHDH[LVWHQ LDOLVW H[SULP DQJRDVHOHLLQFHUWLWXGLQLOH

omuluL FRQWHPSRUDQ GXS  GLDJQRVWLFXO OXL 1LHW]VFKH SULYLQG

"moartea lui Dumnezeu" - vQ VHQVXO HUR]LXQLL FXOWXUDOH D IRU HL
VLPEROLFH RIHULWH GH FUHGLQ D UHOLJLRDV  L FD UHIX] DO RULF UHL

metafizici-RPXOVHGHVSDUWHGHSDUDGLJPHOHDEVROXWXOXLLLQWU
crL] vQUDSRUWFXVLQHvQVXL

vQ

([LVWHQ LDOLVPXO
)LORVRILD
6.LHUNHJDDUG

L

H[LVWHQ LDOLVW 
vPSOLQLW 

FD

-

SUHILJXUDW 

RULHQWDUH

vQ

GLVWLQFW 

RSHUD
GH

OXL

F WUH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
-36DUWUH *0DUFHO $&DPXV 6 GH %HDXYRLU D  SUHFXP L

ILORVRILDH[LVWHQ HL GH]YROWDW SHWHUPHQXOFXOWXULLJHUPDQHGH

0+HLGHJJHU

.-DVSHUV

D

-

UHDOL]HD] 

R

WUHFHUH

GH

OD

SUREOHPDWLFDWUDGL LRQDO DILORVRILHLODvQWUHE ULDFWXDOHFXSULYLUH

OD FRQGL LD XPDQ  0XWD LD LQL LDW  GH DFHDVW  RULHQWDUH ILORVRILF 
FRQVW  vQ VDOW

ul de la filosofia naturii la cea a omului, de la

ILORVRILD FRQFHSWXOXL OD FHD D VXELHFWLYLW

LL GH OD VLVWHPHOH

VSHFXODWLYH OD R ILORVRIDUH FDUH vL DVXP  WUDJLFXO H[LVWHQ LDO

2ULJLQDOLWDWHDH[LVWHQ LDOLVPXOXL DILUP 1LFRODV+HUSLQ

- este de

D IL DU WDW F  U VSXQVXULOH OD vQWUHE ULOH FH HVWH RPXO" FH HVWH
OXPHD" FH HVWH 'XPQH]HX" VDX vQ IRUPXODUHD ORU NDQWLDQ  FH
WUHEXLH V  IDF" FH SRW V  WLX" FH PL HVWH SHUPLV V  VSHU" GHSLQG

vQWRWGHDXQDGHLGHHDSHFDUHRDYHPGHVSUHH[LVWHQ DXPDQ >@

OmXO

FRQVLGHU  DFHWL ILORVRIL RFXS  XQ ORF SULYLOHJLDW vQ

XQLYHUV

([LVWHQ D

QDWXUDO 

H[LVWHQ D

-n-sine" n limbajul

VDUWULDQ HVWH LQHUW  LPXDELO  OLSVLW  GH FRQWUDGLF LL L GHYHQLUH

Omul nu are modul de a fi al lucrurilor, ci el este ceea ce se face;

H[LVWHQ D-pentru-VLQH SURSULH XPDQXOXL VH GHILQHWH FD ILLQG
FHHD FH HD QX HVWH L FD QHILLQG FHHD FH HVWH >@ 8PDQLWDWHD VH
FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ SURLHFW SXWHUHD GHSULQGHULL GH UHDO VFKL DUHD
XQHL RUGLQL YLLWRDUH UHIX]XO XQHL VLWXD LL GDWH (VWH DVWIHO GHS LW 
LPDJLQHDWUDGL LRQDO DXQHLHVHQ HXPDQHLPXDELOHDEVROXWHGDW 
RGDW  SHQWUX WRWGHDXQD )LORVRILDH[LVWHQ LDOLVW  VLWXHD]  RPXO VXE
VHPQXO SRVLELOXOXL DO FUHD LHL GH VLQH FRQFHSkQG OLEHUWDWHD FD

dimensiunea definitorie prin care omul, opernd alegeri succesive,

vLPRGHOHD] SURSULDHVHQ

1LVHSDUHF QXvQWkPSO WRURDVWIHO

GH UHIOHF LH LUDGLD]  GLQ L VH FRQFHQWUHD]  VSUH H[LVWHQ D XPDQ 
WU LW  vL DFRPRGHD]  RELHFWLYXO SHQWUXD GLVWLQJH vQ PDVDDPRUI 

a omenirii individul concreW L - GXS

 FXP DILUP  6DUWUH  UHIX] 

LGHDOLVPXORILFLDOvQQXPHOHWUDJLFXOXLYLH LL5HDOLWDWHDXPDQ 

DILUP +HLGHJJHU DUHSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDILHDvQV LVDXGHDQXIL

HD vQV L >@ $FHDVWD vQVHDPQ  F  HVHQ D RPXOXL FRQVW  vQ

istoricitate, deYHQLUH FUHD LH SURLHFW GDU YLD D FRQFUHW

 SRDWH V 

DILUPH DFHVWH WU V WXUL DOH VSHFLHL GXS  FXP SRDWH L V  QX OH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
DILUPH3XWHPWU LDXWHQWLFGDULLQDXWHQWLF
/LSVD GH XQLWDWH D RULHQW ULL H[LVWHQ LDOLVWH VH GDWRUHD] 
GLIHUHQ HORU GLQWUH FXOWXULOH QD LRQDOH vQ FDUH V D GH]YROWDW L

registrelor personale - FD SUREOHPDWL]DUH L VWLO - DOH DXWRULORU V

L

XQLILFDWRDUH VXQW WHPHOH L WLSXO VROX LLORU ([LVWHQ LDOLVPXO UHIX] 

V  YRUEHDVF  GHVSUH R HVHQ

 XPDQ  DEVROXW  LQYHVWLJKHD] 

WUDJLFXO H[LVWHQ LDO L FRQVLGHU  RPXO FD ILLQG R ILLQ

 DPELJX 

VWUXFWXUDW GHWHQGLQ HFRQWUDULL&DOLWDWHDGHRPLUHGXFWLELO HVWH

R SRYDU  XPDQ  L HVWH VXUSULQV  vQ GLIHUHQ LHUHD VD ID

 GH

H[LVWHQ D QDWXUDO  RELHFWXDO  )LLQ D>UHD@

lucruri, oELHFWH QDWXU

-n-VLQH VH UHIHU  OD

 - toate inerte, lipsite de tensiuni interioare,

I U  GHYHQLUH HVWH R H[LVWHQ

 RSDF  PDVLY  PHUHX LGHQWLF  FX

VLQH vQV L /XFUXULOH VXQW FHHD FH VXQW L QLPLF DOWFHYD 6IHUD
RPHQHVFXOXL

AceaVW

HVWH

H[LVWHQ

GHVHPQDW 

SULQ

)LLQ D>UHD@

-pentru-sine".

SRDWHILDXWHQWLF VDXQX2PXOLQDXWHQWLFH[LVW 

DLGRPD OXFUXULORU UHDF LRQHD]  QHPLMORFLW FRQIRUP QHYRLORU L

intereselor momentane, la mediul socio-uman. Este depersonalizat

L SUDFWLF  UXWLQD L IRORVHWH FDSDFLW LOH RPHQHWL QXPDL Sentru
DGDSWDUH FRQIRUWDELO  L RE LQHUHD D FkW PDL PXOWH VDWLVIDF LL (VWH

un anonim masifiat. Trecerea spre autenticitate presupune

DVXPDUHD XQHL UXSWXUL ID

 GH RUL]RQWXO YLH LL FRWLGLHQH UHVSHFWLY

PRGLILFDUHDUDGLFDO DPRGXOXLGHDIL

Termenii "autHQWLFLQDXWHQWLFQXDXVHQVYDORULFFLVHUHIHU

QXPDL OD IDSWXO F  RPXO vL DVXP  OD PRGXO JUDY VDX QX DGHY UDWHOH
FDOLW

L GH RP &kWLJDUHD DXWHQWLFLW

LL VH IDFH SULQ VDOW SULQ

VFKLPEDUHD QHSURJUDPDW  D PRGXOXL GH D SHUFHSH SULFHSH L WUDWD

proprLD YLD

 ,PSXOVXO F WUH DXWHQWLFLWDWH SRDWH IL GDW ILH GH PDULOH

RERVHOL DOH VXIOHWXOXL FDUH VH VLPWH VWULYLW GH XQLIRUPLWDWH UXWLQ  GH
DVSHFWXO PHFDQLF DO YLH LL ILH SULQ DQJRDV  vQ VLWXD LLOH OLPLW  EROL
LQFXUDELOH FDWDVWURIH QDWXUDOH L LVWRULFH FRQWLHQWL]DUHD SURSULHL
PRU LDPG$VWIHOGHvPSUHMXU ULREOLJ RPXOODUHIOHF LDGHVLQH
$QJRDVD FXSULQGH WU LUL DIHFWH HPR LL VHQWLPHQWH LQWHQVH WUDJLFH
SH IRQGXO XQHL KLSHUOXFLGLW

moment, fie daWRULW

L OD FDUH VH DMXQJH SULQWU

-o iluminare de

 VLWXD LLORU OLPLW  $QJRDVD HVWH GH IDSW R VWDUH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
VXIOHWHDVF  L VSLULWXDO  FRPSOH[  FRQIX]  YHUWHEUDW  GH R VSDLP 
I U  RELHFW SUHFLV 7U LULOH GH WLSXO DQJRDVHL SURGXF VFKLPEDUHD GH
UHJLP H[LVWHQ LDO RPXO vL SXQH IRDUWH OXFLG I U  FLUFXPVWDQ H
DWHQXDQWH VDX DXWRLOX]LRQ UL vQWUHE ULOH FUXFLDOH DOH SURSULHL YLH L
FLQH FH FkW VXQW FH SRW V  VSHU L FH SRW V  IDF DUH VDX QX YLD D
YUHXQ URVW"QPRPHQWXOvQFDUHDFHVWHvQWUHE ULVXQWFRQWLHQWL]DWH
VHSURGXFHRUXSWXU LQWHUQ FDUHPDUFKHD]

definitiv spiritul omului

FDLFXPQLPLFQXVar fi ntmplat. Din astfel de motive, majoritatea oamenilor ocolesc
FDUHQXPDLSRDWHUHYHQLODYHFKLXOVWLOGHYLD
OXFLGLWDWHD

HYLW 

V 

WU LDVF 

FRQVHFLQ HOH

autenticitate numai cei caSDELOLGHSHUIRUPDQ

FDUH DX R YRLQ

DQJRDVHL

$MXQJ

vQVHQVXOOXFLGLW

OD

LLL

 SXWHUQLF  $QJRDVD HVWH RFROLW  GLQ VSLULW GH

FRQVHUYDUH SULQ VXSUDOLFLWDUHD UHVXUVHORU DFHVWXLD FDUH vPSLHGLF 

RPXO V  U PkQ  ID
DSDU LQH FHOXL

 vQ ID

 FX HO vQVXL ([LVWHQ D LQDXWHQWLF 

care nu percepe

ceea ce i este specific ca om,

VXSUDYLH XLHWH FD XQ RELHFW VH SLHUGH vQ OXPHD DQRQLPDWXOXL
LPSHUVRQDOXOXL IDFWXDOXOXL XWLOXOXL L VFRSXULORU OLSVLWH GH
SHUVSHFWLY 

9LD D

FRWLGLDQ 

personalitatHDQRQLPDWWHQWHD]

SUHGLVSXQH

RDPHQLL

OD

OLSVD

GH

ODIULYROLWDWHIDFLOLWDWHFRQIRUPLVP

,QL LDO RPXO HVWH DUXQFDW vQ OXPH F ]XW vQ LQDXWHQWLF DVLPLODW GH
XQLYHUVXO FRPRG DO FRWLGLDQXOXL S WUXQV GH FRQIRUPLVP SODW L
GLFWDWXUD LQWHUHVHORU P UXQWH QV  DFHDVW  VWDUH QX HVWH R

fatalitate.

3XV vQ VLWXD LL OLPLW  PRDUWHD FDWDVWURIHOH HWF RPXO DUH WU LUL
H[LVWHQ LDOH GH WLSXO DQJRDVHL SULQ FDUH LD FXQRWLQ

 GH SURSULD OXL

FRQGL LH FX OLEHUWDWHD DEVROXW  GH D L FRQVWUXL YLD D $QJRDVD

DILUP  .LHUNHJDDUG - este posibilitatHD OLEHUW LL QXPDL DFHDVW 

DQJRDV  - n (lume - QQ IRUPHD]   RPXO vQ PRG DEVROXW
devorndu-L WRDWH OLPLWHOH >@ 'DU FRQWLHQWL]DUHD D FHHD FH HVWH
DXWHQWLF XPDQ VH UHIHU  - DO WXUL GH SURLHFW OLEHUWDWH - la finitudine,
inutilitate, absurd, lLSV  GH MXVWLILFDUH 2PXOXL L VH UHOHY  R
PXOWLWXGLQHGHSRVLELOLW

LGHDOHJHUHGDUWRDWHDFHVWHSRVLELOLW

LVXQW

HFKLYDOHQWH$QJRDVDvQVHDPQ RSLHUGHUHvQLQWHULRULWDWHDRULJLQDU D

ILLQ HL QRDVWUH SHQWUX FD

- sub orizontul "grijii", "fricii", "nelinLWLL -ntru-PRDUWH 'LIHUL L

V  QH LQYHQW P YLD D FD R IDWDO  H[LVWHQ

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
ILORVRILDERUGHD] vQPDQLHUHGLVWLQFWHVDOWXOVSUHDXWHQWLFLWDWH
6.LHUNHJDDUG

ILORVRI

GH

IRUPD LH

SURWHVWDQW 

DGHY UDWXOVLPERODORPHQHVFXOXLvQLPDJLQHD&UXFLILF ULL

PDMRULWDWHD
FRQFUHW 

RDPHQLORU
YLD

FRQWLHQWL]DUHD



VXQW

vQV 

SURSULHL

GDU

H[LVWHQ D
SHUVRDQH

QX

H[LVW 

SUHVXSXQH
WU LUL

DX

YHGH

Astfel,

SUH]HQ

PDL

PXOW

VXIOHWHWL

LQWHQVH

VWUXFWXUDWH vQ MXUXO WUDJLFXOXL L GLVSHU ULL .LHUNHJDDUG VXJHUHD] 

F  DU H[LVWD WUHL VWLOXUL GH YLD

 WUHL WLSXUL XPDQH  VWDGLL SH F LOH

YLH LL YkUVWH VXIOHWHWL 2PXO HVWHWLF HVWH FHO FDUH WU LHWH FOLSD
GHJXVW  DQVHOH GH IHULFLUH SH FDUH YLD D L OH SXQH OD vQGHPkQ 
F XWkQG V  HSXL]H]H SRVLELOXO vQ JRDQD GXS  SO FHUL L

confort

VXIOHWHVF 1X VH DWDHD]  GH QLPLF LDU YLD D OXL QX DUH FRHUHQ



ILLQG R VLPSO  VXP  GH VDWLVIDF LL PRPHQWDQH Q UHDOLWDWH HO QX
WU LHWH FOLSD FL VH ULVLSHWH vQ HD 3ULQ LURQLH SRDWH DMXQJH
HYHQWXDO OD GHWDDUHD GH VLQH REVHUYkQG LQFRQVLVWHQ D SURSULLORU
FDSULFLL 8QHRUL DFHODL HIHFW vO SRDWH DYHD VXSUDVDWXUDUHD 2PXO
PRUDO VWDGLXO HWLF HVWH JUDY vL G  LPSRUWDQ

 SUDFWLF  QRUPH

YDORUL FRQYHQ LL FROHFWLYH DYkQG VHQWLPHQWXO GDWRULHL ID

FHLODO LLFUHGLQ DF YLD DVDFDS W D

 GH

stfel un rost. De fapt, el este

GHSHUVRQDOL]DW YLD D OXL HVWH UXWLQLHU  GL]ROYDW  vQ LPSHUDWLYH

abstracte. De multe ori, sentimentul datoriei este invocat pentru a

DYHD FRQWLLQ D FXUDW  L SHQWUX D WUDQVIHUD DVXSUD DOWRU LQVWDQ H

responsabilitatea actelor proprii. Umorul poate duce la o asemenea

GLVWDQ DUHID

 GH FRQIRUPLVPXO RPXOXL HWLF vQFkW V  VH IDF  VDOWXO

FDOLWDWLYVSUHRPXOUHOLJLRVFDUHvLDVXP DXWHQWLFLWDWHD
)OX[XULOH FRQWLLQ HL L GLYHUVLWDWHD H[SHULHQ HORU YLH LL
FDS W  FRHUHQ

 SULQ FUHGLQ D vQ 'XPQH]HX $GHY UDWD FUHGLQ

HVWHvQV  LQFRQIRUWDELO GHRDUHFH RPXOQHDYkQG vQGRLHOL GRDU vQ

SULYLQ D H[LVWHQ HL OXL 'XPQH]HX SXQH VXE VHPQXO vQGRLHOLL WRW
FHHD FH vO SULYHWH FD SHUVRDQ  XQLF  QWUH RP L 'XPQH]HX
H[LVW 

R

GLIHUHQ

FDOLWDWLY 

LQILQLW 

-

FHOH

GRX 

H[LVWHQ LDOH SURIDQ L GLYLQ VXQW VHSDUDWH GH R JUDQL

UHJLPXUL
 DEVROXW 

$UHGXFH'XPQH]HLUHDODvQVXLULRPHQHWLHVWHEODVIHPLHLDUD

erija pe om n Dumnezeu, atribuindu-L

FDOLW

-l

L VDFUH HVWH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

nebunie. Din aceste motive, DuPQH]HX U

PkQH XQ PLVWHU SHQWUX

FUHGLQFLRV R YHQLF  SURYRFDUH FDUH XPLOHWH UD LXQHD XPDQ 

,QWHOHFWXO RPHQHVF QX SRDWH V

-L H[SOLFH QLPLF vQ SULYLQ D OXL

'XPQH]HX FkQG vQFHDUF  DMXQJH OD SDUDGR[XUL FDUH vL P VRDU 

QHYROQLFLD 5D LRQDO 'XPQH]HX HVWH R UHDOLWDWH LQILQLW  FDUH QX
SRDWH IL FRQFHSWXDOL]DW  GRYHGLQGX VH FRSOHLWRDUH SHQWUX RP vQ

WRDWH SULYLQ HOH &XQRDWHUHD OXL 'XPQH]HX VIkUHWH vQ VFDQGDO

logic". De aceea, n raport cu Dumnezeu se pune numai

SUREOHPD FUHGLQ HL FUH]L VDX QX FUH]L I U
argumente
SUHOLPLQDUH 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY FUHGLQ D DXWHQWLF  HVWH vQVR LW  GH
GLVFRQIRUW 2PXO VH DIO  vQWU R WRWDO  LQFHUWLWXGLQH vQ UDSRUW FX

VLQH vQVXL GLQ DFHVW PRWLY WLQGH VSUH LQGLYLGXDOL]DUH VSUH D

GHYHQL XQ XQLFDW vQ L SULQ FDUH FDOLWDWHD GH RP HVWH DVXPDW  FD

proces. Prin urmare, omul nu este un dat imediat, definitiv, ci

HVWHFHHDFHHOvQVXLIDFHGLQVLQHUDSRUWkQGX-VHOD'XPQH]HXL
OD VLPEROXULOH VDFUH 2PXO HVWH R SUH]HQ

 DPELJX  PHUHX vQ

FUL]  'DF  vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH WUXSXO SXWHP YRUEL GH VW UL GH
V Q WDWH L ERDO  QX H[LVW  V Q WDWH GHILQLWLY  D VXIOHWXOXL
$QJRDVD

VH

VSLULWXOXL

GDWRUHD] 

6SLULWXO

UHIOH[XOXL

LQWURGXFH

incertitudinea, angoasa - DGLF

SVLKRORJLF

vQWRWGHDXQD

DO

DFWLYLW

GH]ELQDUHD

 VSDLPD H[LVWHQ LDO 

LL
L

-, vertijul,

DPH HDOD SH FDUH LQVXO R UHVLPWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO VSLULWXOXL FkQG
VH DSOHDF  DVXSUD SU SDVWLHL GLQWUH HO L 'XPQH]HX FkQG YUHD V 
vQ HOHDJ 

LQILQLWXO

SUDFWLFD OLEHUW

$QJRDVD

HVWH

OHJDW 

GH

SRVLELOLWDWHD

LL /LEHUWDWHD SXQH RPXO vQ ID D QHDQWXOX

L

i (a

posibilului) care produce spaime.

2PXO HVWH R VLQWH]  WUXS
YHQLF

QHFHVLWDWH

-libertate.

-suflet, finit-infinit, vremelnicntre termenii acestor cupluri

FDWHJRULDOH H[LVW  WHQVLXQL L FRQWUDGLF LL SHUPDQHQWH WLQ]kQG VSUH

H[FOXGHUHDUHFLSURF VSLUL

tul uman nu-i poate armoniza. Disperarea

FRQVW  WRFPDL vQ FRQWLHQWL]DUHD OXFLG  D QHSXWLQ HL VSLULWXOXL

RPHQHVF GH D RE LQH XQLWDWHD 'LVSHUDUHD HVWH R ERDO  PRUWDO  GLQ
FDUH RPXO QX VH SRDWH VDOYD GHFkW SULQ FUHGLQ

 0DODGLD GLVSHU ULL

VH GDWRUHD]  IDSWXOXL F  RPXO QX SRDWH DMXQJH OD FHUWLWXGLQL XOWLPH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
vQ SULYLQ D D FHHD FH HVWH HWHUQ vQ HO vQVXL &RQIRUP GRJPHORU
FUHWLQH PRDUWHD QX HVWH GHILQLWLY  FL GRDU R WUHFHUH F WUH YLD

YH]L vQYLHUHD OXL /D] U 'LQ DFHVW XQJKL PRDUWHD QX H[LVW  Q

mod obiQXLW HVWH FRQVLGHUDW

 PDODGLH IDWDO  DFHD VXIHULQ

 FDUH

GLVSDUHSULQPRDUWH'LVSHUDUHDHVWHRERDO DVSLULWXOXLvQWU

-un sens

PDL SURIXQG vQWUXFkW SHQWUX FUHWLQ PRDUWHD QX HVWH GHILQLWLY 

GLVSHUDUHDQXDUHVIkULWHVWHI U GHFDS WLQILQLW 'H

aceea, omul

GLVSHUDW QX DUH OHDF $OWIHO VSXV GLVSHUDUHD QX SRDWH IL VXSULPDW 
LDU PRDUWHD QX SRDWH IL R UH]ROYDUH D GLVSHU ULL FDUH UH]XOW  GLQ
LPRUWDOLWDWH &KLQXO RPHQHVF UH]XOWDW GLQ IDSWXO F  DVSLUD LD F WUH
DEVROXWQXSRDWHV GLVSDU

KierkegaarG

FRQVWUXLHWH

R

WLSRORJLH

D

GLVSHU ULL

R

WLSRORJLH JHQHUDO XPDQ  vQWUXFkW FRQIRUP HL QX QXPDL FHL

GLVSHUD L vQ PRG PDQLIHVW VXQW DVWIHO FL WR L RDPHQLL ([LVW  R
GLVSHUDUH IL[DW  vQ PDUJLQLOH ILQLWXOXL RPXO VH P UJLQHWH V 
WU LDVF  vQWUH OLPLWHOH VDOH I U  D OXD vQ VHDP  SRVLELOLWDWHD L
SURYRF ULOH LQILQLWXOXL (O vL UHGXFH YLD D OD DGDSWDUHD HILFLHQW  OD
PHGLX DVWIHO vQFkW YLD D VD HVWH OHJDW  GH IUXVWU UL L GH DEVHQ D
XQRU OXFUXUL P UXQWH 2 DOW  IRUP  GH GLVSHUDUH YLQH GLQ PLUDMXO

posibiluluL DO LQILQLWXOXL SULQ LPDJLQD LH RPXO SORQMHD]

 vQWU

-un

YLLWRUFDUHvOVDWLVIDFHDGLF VHGL]ROY vQSURLHFWHDEVWUDFWHDVWIHO

vQFkW GLVSHUDUHD SURYLQH GLQ OLSVD GH IL[DUH DVXSUD UHDOLW
&RQGL LLOHFRQFUHWHVXQWSHUFHSXWHFDILLQGvQJU GLULWUDJLF

LL

e pentru

VSHUDQ D XPDQ  2 IRUP  GH GLVSHUDUH HVWH D FHOXL FDUH UHIX]  V 

ILH HO vQVXL YUHD V  GHYLQ  DOWFHYD VDX DOWFLQHYD GHFkW HVWH
$FHVWD HVWH RPXO FDUH IXJH GH HO vQVXL I U  D VH OXD vQ VHDP  OD
PRGXOVHULRV2GLVSHUDUHPDLLQWHQV RWU LHWHFHOFDUHYUHDV ILH
QXPDL FHO FH SRDWH IL DGLF  VH DFFHSW  QX DD FXP HVWH FL FXP
FUHGHF DUSXWHDV ILH$FHVWXLDGLVSHUDUHDvLHVWHGDW GHVHWHDGH
DEVROXW 0DL PXOW GHVFRSHU  SLHGLFL L vQ IDSWXO F  QX DUH UHSHUH
H[WHULRDUH vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH V  VH

modeleze. De aceea ajunge la

VILGDUHD OXL 'XPQH]HX /D OLPLW  RPXO GHPRQLF HVWH FHO FDUH VH
UHWUDJH GDWRULW  GH]DP JLULL vQ HO vQVXL UHVHPQkQGX

-se n ceea

FH SULYHWH LGHQWLILFDUHD XQXL VSULMLQ SRVLELO vQ VDWLVIDFHUHD VHWHL

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

sale de absolut; este mascDW

 VXIHULQ D SULQ UHDF LL RELQXLWH vQ

IRUXO V X LQWHULRU vQV  HO vQIUXQW  SH 'XPQH]HX L VH FRQVLGHU 

GH]DP JLWGH(O
7RDWH IRUPHOH GH GLVSHUDUH VH GDWRUHD]  LJQRUDQ HL RPXO

nu-LFXQRDWH -LGHDFHHDvLGLVSUH XLHWH -DGHY UDWDQDWXU /D

disSHUDUH RPXO DMXQJH FkQG VH MXGHF  GXS  P VXUD RPHQHDVF 
0 VXUD DGHY UDW  D RPXOXL HVWH GDW  vQV  QXPDL SULQ UDSRUWDUHD
OD VDFUX FUHGLQ D HVWH RSXVXO L VLQJXUXO OHDF DO GLVSHU ULL )LQLWXO
GLQ RP HVWH FHO FDUH vO OLPLWHD]  L GHOLPLWHD]  LDU LQILQLWXO

QHOLPLWHD]  3ULQ UDSRUWDUH OD VDFUX RPXO GHVFRSHU  F  SRVHG  vQ

VLQH XQ JU XQWH GH LQILQLW L GH HWHUQLWDWH FDUH URGHWH HYROX LD

devenirea sa ca individ. Calitatea de om se distribuie egal tuturor

RDPHQLORUvQV QXVHvPSDUWH3HQWUXILHFDUHQDWXUDXPDQ HVWHR
REOLJD LH ID

 GH VLQH vQVXL 3ULQ UDSRUWDUH OD 'XPQH]HX ILHFDUH

VH FRQVWUXLHWH SH VLQH vL FO GHWH RPHQHVFXO FRQIRUP XQHL

P VXUL GLYLQH DGLF  VH vQGXPQH]HLHWH FD RP $QJRDVD L

disperarea sunt atribute specific umane prin care omul VHFDXW

SH

VLQH vQVXL vQ OLPLWHOH QDWXULL VDOH GDU R IDFH GXS  FULWHULL FDUH
GHS HVFRPHQHVFXOGLQWRDWHSXQFWHOHGHYHGHUH
-HDQ

3DXO

6DUWUH

FRQWLHQWL]DUHDIDFWLFLW

un coPSOH[ GH WU

FRQVLGHU 

F 

DQJRDVD

vQFHSH

FX

LLILLQ HLXPDQHIDFWLWDWHFRQVWLWXLW GLQWU

V WXUL L DSWLWXGLQL VWUXFWXUDWH DQWLQRPLF FH VH

DIO  vQ RSR]L LH SHUPDQHQW  L DX WHQGLQ D GH H[FOXGHUH UHFLSURF 

Sunt vizate mai ales acele componente prin care omul se

LQWHJUHD]  vQ RUGLQHD RELHFWXDO  ILLQG R H[LVWHQ -n-sine ca
oricare DOWD $VWIHO SH GH R SDUWH RPXO HVWH WUXS L SH GH DOW 
SDUWH VSLULW (O DUH XQ WUHFXW GHILQLWLY DH]DW GLQ FDUH QLPLF QX
SRDWH IL PRGLILFDW WU LHWH vQWU XQ SUH]HQW SURWHLF L LQFRQVLVWHQW

GDUHVWHGHRSRWULY GHVFKLGHUHF WUHYLLWRUWU LHWHLDF LRQHD] vQ

vPSUHMXU UL GDWH DVXSUD F URUD DUDUHRUL L QXPDL vQWU R P VXU 

QHVHPQLILFDWLY  SRDWH V  GHFLG  SH GH DOW  SDUWH RPXO DUH

WRWGHDXQD OD vQGHPkQ  H[HUFL LXO OLEHUW
vQWUH

DOWHUQDWLYH

2PXO

vL

LL REOLJD LD GH D DOHJH

FRQVWUXLHWH

YLD D

VXFFHVLYH GXS  FULWHULL VWULFW SHUVRQDOH WUHEXLQG V

SULQ

Dlegeri
-L DVXPH R

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH DEVROXW  I U  D DYHD YUHR FHUWLWXGLQH DVXSUD
YDORULL YLH LL GLVSXQH WRWXL GH R FXQRWLQ

 VLJXU  PRDUWHD FDUH

YLQH FX SUHFL]LH PDWHPDWLF  $FHVWH RSR]L LL QX VX

(OH

WHQVLRQHD] 

SHUPDQHQW

VXELHFWLYLWDWHD

nt rezolvabile.
LQGLYLGXDO 

LPSXOVLRQkQG FUHD LD UHIX]XO YLH LL YHJHWDWLYH 6H REVHUY  F  SULQ
DQXPLWHvQVXLULFRUSWUHFXWFRQFUHWPRDUWHRPXOSRDWHILWUDWDW

ca obiect, prin urmare este integrat n sfera cXSULQ] WRDUHDILLQ HLn-sine. Astfel, omul "este ce este". Prin caracteristicile opuse
DFHVWRUDVXELHFWLYLWDWHYRFD LDDOHJHULLYLLWRURPXOVHGHVSULQGH
GH ILLQ D

-n-VLQH ILLQG FDOLWDWLY DOWFHYD 'HFL IDFWLFLWDWHD XPDQ

este un complex de antinomiL FRQVWLWXWLYH SULQ FDUH VH UHOHY  F




RPXOQXHVWHFHHDFHHVWHFLHVWHFHHDFHQXHVWH)LLQ DXPDQ QX

HVWH UHGXFWLELO  OD H[LVWHQ D VD RELHFWXDO  $VWIHO VSXV RPHQHVFXO
GLQ RP HVWH R H[LVWHQ

are marginile

 QHvQFKHLDW  R LSRWH]  L XQ ULVF 2PXO vL

VDOH GH VXV L GH MRV DPEHOH ILLQG IURQWLHUH ODELOH

&DOLWDWHD GH RP VH H[SHULPHQWHD]  SHUVRQDO GH F WUH ILHFDUH vQ
SDUWH HD HVWH R VDUFLQ  LQGLYLGXDO  0DL PXOW RPXO vQVXL HVWH R
ILLQ

SURYL]RULHFHvLFRQVWUXLHWHYLD DVXEIRUPDXQXLSURYL]RUDW

deILQLWLY 2PXO QX HVWH R H[LVWHQ

 PDVLY  FRPSDFW  vQFKHLDW 

&DOLWDWHD GH RP FRQVW  PDL DOHV vQ SXWLQ D GH D IL 2PXO HVWH R
ILLQ

 FDUH HYROXHD]  SHUPDQHQW vQWUXFkW VWDUHD VD LQWHULRDU  HVWH

LQVXILFLHQ D 2PXO QX WLH GH FH SHQWUX FH VDX vQ YLUWXWHD F UXL
URVW VH QDWH WU LHWH LPRDUH &kQG vQFHDUF  V  U VSXQG  DFHVWRU
vQWUHE ULGHVFRSHU F GHIDSWHVWHQHDQW3ULQFRQWLLQ DVDFDUH
HVWH FDOLWDWLY DOWFHYD GHFkW H[LVWHQ D

-n-sine), omul introduce,

DPSOLILF  SUROLIHUHD]  QHDQWXO vQ OXPH L vQ SURSULD VD YLD



/LEHUWDWHD HVWH WRFPDL XQ DVWIHO GH H[HUFL LX DO QHDQWL] ULL GH VLQH
vQ VHQVXO F  SULQ HD RPXO VH VLWXHD]  VXE VHPQXO SRVLELOHL

deveniri. "Omul este condamnat (osndit - n.n.) la libertate",

spune Sartre, ntruct omul este chiar libertatH (O QX SRDWH V  QX
ILH OLEHU GHRDUHFH WRWGHDXQD VH DIO  vQ ID D DOWHUQDWLYHORU ILH F 
YUHD ILH F  QX ILH F  WLH DFHDVWD ILH F  QX LPSOLFLW VDX H[SOLFLW

ntr-R PXOWLWXGLQH GH IRUPH RPXO HVWH SHUPDQHQW SXV vQ VLWXD LD
de a alege. De aceea, libertaWHD HVWH R SRYDU  QWUXFkW 'XPQH]HX

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
QX H[LVW  GXS  6DUWUH QX H[LVW  QLFL R HVHQ

 XPDQ  DEVROXW 

FXPQXH[LVW QLFLYDORULGHILQLWLYH7RWXOHVWHSRVLELOLWRWXOSDUH
D IL SHUPLV 2PXO HVWH FHHD FH HO vQVXL IDFH GLQ VLQH QWUXFkW

criteriile valorice VXQW VWULFW VXELHFWLYH L SURYL]RULL RPXO HVWH R

SDVLXQH LQXWLO  7RWXL WUHEXLH V -L DVXPH R UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH
DEVROXW ID

GHFHHDFHIDFHVDXQXIDFHGHLPHUHXYDILIUXVWUDW

GHFRQVHFLQ HOHDFWHORU VDOH FDUH VXQW LPSUHYL]LELOH LQFRQWURODELOH

LGHVHRULFRQWUDUHDQWLFLS ULORU&DDWDUHLPSRUWDQW HVWHDOHJHUHD
L QX FRQ LQXWXO DOHJHULL 3ULQ RS LXQL VXFFHVLYH L UHVSRQVDELOH GH
VLQH

LQGLYLGXO

vL

LQYHQWHD] 

SURSULD

HVHQ



0RDUWHD

HVWH

H[SHULHQ DOLPLW GLQFRORGHFDUHQXPDLXUPHD] QLPLFLDUYLD D

VHWUDQVIRUP vQGHVWLQ
5HDF LD

vQ

SULQFLSLX

MXVWLILFDW 

ID

GH

vQ HOHJHUHD

WUDGL LRQDO  D QDWXULL XPDQH HVWH ORFDOL]DW  OD QLYHOXO LQGLYLGXOXL

XPDQ LDU OLEHUWDWHD HVWH FRQFHSXW  FD DEVROXW  L LGHQWLILFDW  FX

arbitrariul subiectiv. PersoaQD XPDQ

LUHGXFWLELO

GH

LQGHWHUPLQDUH

GH

 VH SUH]LQW  FD XQ FHQWUX

QHSUHY ]XW

2ULFH

DOHJHUH

DQWUHQHD]  SURIXQG UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD LQGLYLGXDO  L WRFPDL SULQ

HYLGHQ LHUHDDFHVWRU DVSHFWHH[LVWHQ LDOLVPXO DMXFDW XQ URO SR]LWLY

n demistificarea moralei: mpotriva unui dogmatism al datoriei,

DEVROXWL]HD]  U VSXQGHUHD LQGLYLGXOXL SHQWUX FHHD FH HVWH L YD IL
([LVWHQ LDOLVPXO vQ HOHJH RPXO FD R SHUPDQHQHQW  FUHDUH GH VLQH
SULQ DFWH OLEHUH VFRSXUL L DVXPDUH WRWDO  D DOHJHULORU GDU QX
UHXHWH V  RIHUH WHPHLXUL YDORULFH FL PDL PXOW LQYHVWLJKHD] 
GUDPD

DOHJHULORU

omenescului,

este

/LEHUWDWHD

FD

negativitate,

GLPHQVLXQH

puterea

HVHQ LDO 

desprinderii

D

de

QHPLMORFLUHD YLH LL SURLHFW VFKL DUHD XQHL RUGLQL YLLWRDUH UHIX]XO
XQHL VLWXD LL GDWH DPG &X DOWH FXYLQWH HVWH FRQWLQX  SURLHF LH
GH VLQH GHVFKLGHUH VSUH VW UL SRVLELOH GHYHQLUH OLEHUWDWH GH
DOHJHUH /LEHUWDWHD HVWH DVWIHO HFKLYDOHQW  FX GUHSWXO RPXOXL GH D
VSXQH QX RULF UHL VLWXD LL FRQFUHWH L GH D vQFHUFD SULQ DOHJHUL

subiective, responsabilH GHS

LUHD UHDOLW

LL SUH]HQWH /LSVD XQRU

FULWHULLYDORULFHPRUDOHFRQGXFHLQHYLWDELOVSUHFRQFOX]LDF WRDWH
DFWHOH VXQW HFKLYDOHQWH ,QGLYLGXO vL SURSXQH QRUPH L PRWLYH GH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
DF LXQH SRUQLQG GRDU GH OD HO vQVXL LDU UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD DUH VHQV

doar n UDSRUW FX VLQH /LEHUWDWHD HVWH SXU L VLPSOXO IDSWXO F

DFHDVW  DOHJHUH HVWH WRWGHDXQD QHFRQGL LRQDW  >@ )LHFDUH RP
HVWH vQ IRQG FHHD FH HO vQVXL IDFH GLQ VLQH 3ULQ DFHDVWD vQV 
OLEHUWDWHD HVWH UHGXV  OD XQ IDSW GH FRQWLLQ

 GHL SRDWH V  QX

fie

n afara istoriei.
$OEHUW

&DPXV

FRQGL LRQHD] 

DXWHQWLFLWDWHD

GH

FRQWLHQWL]DUHD L DVXPDUHD DEVXUGXOXL $FHVW DEVXUG QX VH DIO 

QLFL vQ OXPH QLFL vQ RP FL vQ UDSRUWXULOH GLQWUH RP L OXPH (VWH
GHFLXQIHQRPHQGHUHOD LHLFRQVW vQLQFRQJUXHQ D
VXELHFWLYLW

dintre ordinea

LL GRULQ H SURLHFWH DVSLUD LL SHUVRQDOH L RUGLQHD

LL RELHFWLYH QDWXUDOH VDX VRFLDOH $EVXUGXO FRQVW  vQ

UHDOLW

GLYRU XO GLQWUH RP L OXPH vQ IDSWXO F  OXPHD QX VDWLVIDFH vQ QLFL
XQ IHO VHWHD XPDQ  GH DEVROXW ILLQG VWUXFWXUDO LQGLIHUHQW  QHXWU 
FKLDU SRWULYQLF  RPXOXL $EVXUGXO UHOHY  WRFPDL OLSVD GH VHQV D
YLH LL  FDUH SRDWH IL RELHFW DO H[SHULHQ HL FXUHQWH FD VHQWLPHQW DO

DEVXUGXOXL VDX RELHFW DO FRQWLHQWL] ULL 6LQXFLGHUHD GLQ PRWLYXO

OLSVHLGHVHQVDOYLH LLQXHVWHRVROX LHvQWUXFkWQXUH]ROY FLGRDU
GLVWUXJH DEVXUGXO SULQ GLVSDUL LD XQXLD GLQWUH WHUPHQLL UHOD LHL
6LQXFLGHUHD HVWH R ODLWDWH QX H[LVW  QLFL R ORJLF  GLVSXV  V  GXF 
SkQ  OD PRWLYDUHD VLQXFLGHULL 'LQ IDSWXO F  YLD D QX DUH VHQV QX

decurge n QLFLXQIHOIDSWXOF

HDQXDUPHULWDV ILHWU LW 7RFPDL

SHQWUX F  QX DUH QLFL XQ VHQV SUHVWDELOLW YLD D VH SUHWHD]  OD
SULPLUHD RULF UXL VHQV LDU H[SHULHQ D VHQVXOXL SURSULHL YLH L HVWH
REOLJD LD

L

U VSXQGHUHD

SHUVRDQHL

FRQWLHQWL]D DEVXUGXO QRL vQY

vQ

FDX] 

QDLQWH

GH

D

P V  WU LP ([LVW  R vQ HOHSFLXQH

D FRUSXOXL FDUH VH RSXQH SURSULHL VDOH GLVSDUL LL vQF S

kQkQGX

-se

V WU LDVF FKLDUGDF QXH[LVW PRWLYHSHQWUXDRIDFH3ULQDFHVWH

FRQVLGHUD LL &DPXV FKLDU GDF  DILUP  vQ DOWH FRQWH[WH F

alternativele alegerii sunt echivalente (printr-RFRQVHFLQ

toate

DvQVXL

DEVXUGXOXL GHVHPQHD]  YLD D FD ILLQG SULQ HD vQV L R YDORDUH

VLWXDW PDLSUHVXVGHLLQGHSHQGHQW GHWRDWHFRQFHS LLOHLLGHLOH
QRDVWUHFHRSULYHVF'HFLYLD DPHULW V ILHWU LW 7RWXLVSHUDQ D
LFUHGLQ DVXQWIRUPHODLFHVDXUHOLJLRDVHGHHYDGDUHLGHODLWDWH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
XPDQ  GHRDUHFH SULQ HOH RPXO DFFHSW  VXEWHUIXJLL ULFRHD]  vQ
ID D XQLFHL HYLGHQ H D DEVXUGXOXL L D OLSVHL GH VHQV DO YLH LL
6ROX LD

VXJHUDW 

DPSOLILFDUHD

GH

&DPXV

FRQWLLQ HL

SUHVXSXQH

DEVXUGXOXL

SHUPDQHQWL]DUHD

UHIX]XO

FLUFXPVWDQ HORU

DWHQXDQWH FDUH DU GLPLQXD OXFLGLWDWHD Q FRQVHFLQ

UHYROWD LQWHULRDU  FD H[SHULHQ

L

 UHFRPDQG 

 H[LVWHQ LDO  L FD IRUP  GH VILGDUH

a unui destin potrivnic. De aceea, CamXVFRQFKLGHWUHEXLHV

nchipuim pe Sisif fericit".

QL

-l

Q JHQHUDO vQWUHJXO  H[LVWHQ LDOLVP SURSXQH vQ HOHJHUHD

RPHQHVFXOXL GLQ QRL vQLQH FD R VDUFLQ  SHUPDQHQW  FH WUHEXLH
DVXPDW LQGLYLGXDO)LHFDUHLQVVHJ VHWHWRWGHDXQDVLQJXUID
ID

 FX SURSULD VD YLD

vQ

 L FX SURSULD VD PRDUWH DFHDVW  HYLGHQ

WUHEXLQG DVXPDW  vQWRFPDL HD vPELH OD UHIX]XO DXWRLOX]LRQ ULORU

DEVXUGXO IDFH FD WRDWH SRVLELOLW

LOH GH DOHJHUH V  ILH HFKLYDOHQWH

vQV  VSUH GHRVHELUH GH 6DUWUH &DPXV SUHFL]HD]  F  GLQ IDSWXO F 

WRWXO HVWH SRVLELO QX GHFXUJH vQ QLFL XQ IHO FRQFOX]LD F  WRWXO HVWH
SHUPLV 'LQ FKLDU FDOLWDWHD VD GH RP ILHFDUH WUHEXLH V  GHVSULQG 
DQXPLWH FRQVHFLQ H PRUDOH 'LQFROR GH FRQYHQ LRQDOLVPXO PRUDO
GLQ YLD D VRFLDO  VD DIO  DGHY UDWD PRUDOLWDWH H[SHULHQ D L
H[SHULPHQWDUHDSHUVRQDO DRPHQHVFXOXLGLQQRLvQLQH

3. Pragmatismul
(VWHHYLGHQWIDSWXOF vQOXPHDFRQWHPSRUDQ V

-a impus un

SULPDW

DO

YDORULORU

XWLOLW

LL

vQ

Pragmatismul - RULHQWDUH ILORVRILF

VLVWHPXO

YDORULORU

 DILUPDW  SH W

YLH LL

erenul gndirii

DPHULFDQH FX UHSUH]HQWDQ L FD &K63HLUFH -'HZH\ :-DPHV

D

-

vQFHDUF  V  OHJLWLPH]H LQWHUHVXO SHQWUX XWLOLWDWH ILLQG R

PHWRG  L R YL]LXQH DVXSUD OXPLL FDUH GHS HWH VSHFXODWLYLVPXO

ILORVRILHL WUDGL LRQDOH SURSXQkQG VROX LL FH YRU V  SXQ  GH DFRUG
VSLULWXOXPDQFXGLILFXOW

LOHH[SHULHQ HLFRWLGLHQHQDGDSWDUHDVD

OD PHGLXO QDWXUDO L VRFLDO  DUDW  SUDJPDWLWLL  RPXO VH DIO  vQ

ID D XQRU VLWXD LL SUREOHPDWLFH 6LWXD LD SUREOHPDWLF  HVWH DFHD

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
VWDUH

RELHFWLY 

QHVLJXUDQ

D

DFWLYLW

LORU

XPDQH

vQF UFDW 

FX

GHUXW 

 FRQIX]LH F XW UL DPG FDUH VROLFLW  GLQ SDUWHD

RPXOXL MXGHF

L DOHJHUL GHFL]LL vQ YHGHUHD vQO WXU ULL ORU 9LD D

HVWH R FRQWLQX  WUDQVIRUPDUH D VLWXD LLORU SUREOHPDWLFH vQ VLWXD LL

neproblematice, rezolvate. [21@3UREOHPDDGHY

UXOXLFXQRWLQ HORU

QRDVWUH L D YDORULORU HVWH GHFL OHJDW  H[FOXVLY GH vQFHUF ULOH

RPXOXL vQ D U VSXQGH FX VXFFHV DFHVWRU VLWXD LL GLILFLOH SH FDUH
YLD D GH ILHFDUH ]L L OH SXQH vQ ID
GHVHPQHD] 

FRUHVSRQGHQ D

 &RQFHSWXO GH DGHY U QX PDL

GLQWUH

FRQ LQXWXO

FRJQLWLY

LQIRUPD LRQDO DO HQXQ XULORU QRDVWUH L VW ULOH GH IDSW RELHFWLYH OD
FDUH VH UHIHU  FL VHPQLILF  R FRUHVSRQGHQ

 vQWUH LGHLOH QRDVWUH L

FRQVHFLQ HOH VXFFHVXO HILFLHQ D SH FDUH QL OH SURFXU  SULQ
DSOLFDUHD ORU vQ DF LXQH $GHY UXO XQHL WHRULL DO XQHL SURSR]L LL
FRQVW  vQ XWLOLWDWHD OD FDUH DFHVWHD QH FRQGXF HO  QX HVWH DQWHULRU
YHULILF ULL FL HVWH SURGXV GH vQVXL SURFHVXO H[SHULHQ HL XQ HQXQ 
QXDUHFDOLWDWHDQLFLGHDGHY UQLFLGHIDOVvQDLQWHDYHULILF ULLVDOH

ci adeY

UXO VDX IDOVXO VXQW FDOLW

L SH FDUH QRL L OH FRQIHULP vQ

IXQF LHGHUH]XOWDWHOHHIHFWHOHRE LQXWHvQDF LXQH

0HWRGD SUDJPDWLF  VXEOLQLD]  :-DPHV FRQVW  vQ D

deturna privirile noastre de la lucrurile prime, principii prime,

FDWHJRULL QHFHVLW L presupuse pentru a ne orienta spre lucrurile
XOWLPH VSUH UH]XOWDWH FRQVHFLQ H IDSWH >@ $FHVW SULQFLSLX
PHWRGRORJLF VH FO GHWH SH R YL]LXQH SOXUDOLVW  D H[LVWHQ HL
vQWHPHLDW  SH IDSWXO F  DFWLYLWDWHD VSLULWXDO  QX UHIOHFW  VW UL GH

fapt obiective;

LGHLOH

FRQFHS LLOH

YDORULOH

VXQW

LQYHQ LL

LQVWUXPHQWH HILFLHQWH JHQHUDWH GH YRLQ D GH D WU L L SXVH vQ VOXMED

DFHVWHLD$GHY UXO FRQWLQX -DPHV FRQVW SXULVLPSOXvQFHHD

FH HVWH DYDQWDMRV SHQWUX JkQGLUHD QRDVWU  DD FXP MXVWXO FRQVW 
SXU L VLPSOX vQ FHHD FH HVWH DYDQWDMRV SHQWUX FRQGXLWD QRDVWU 
>@ 3ULQ XUPDUH UHDOLWDWHD HVWH UHGXV  OD FkPSXO H[SHULHQ HL
VXELHFWLYH SH IRQGXO XQHL YL]LXQL SOXUDOLVWH DVXSUD OXPLL L
DGHY UXOXL GDF  DGHY UXO HVWH HFKLYDOHQW FX XWLOXO IRORVLQ D
UH]XOW F QXH[LVW XQDGHY UFLDGHY UXULvQIXQF LHGHVXELHF LL
XPDQLFDUHOH FRQVWDW  3UDJPDWLWLL DILUP F  QXH[LVW  XQ DGHY U

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
HVHQ LDO FL DGHY UXUL H[LVWHQ LDOH GHSHQGHQWH GH PXOWLSOLFLWDWHD
H[SHULHQ HORU vQ FDUH HVWH DQWUHQDW VSLULWXO XPDQ SUDFWLFD

este

UHGXV  OD HIHFWHOH IDYRUDELOH SH FDUH OH SURFXU  RPXOXL L GH

aceea, presupune doar o confruntarea a ideilor cu modul concret n

FDUH DFHVWHD VDWLVIDF DWHSW ULOH L GRULQ HOH XPDQH &D DWDUH
SUDJPDWLVPXO vQ YDULDQWD FRQVWUXLW  vQ VSHFLDO GH -DPHV

, pare a

VXV LQH FRPXQD FRQYLQJHUH Fk L RDPHQL DWkWHD DGHY UXUL Q

DFHODLPRGHVWHJkQGLW LGLPHQVLXQHDIDSWXOXLPRUDORFRQGXLW 
HVWH EXQ  QX SULQ PRWLYD LH L VXEVWDQ D VRFLDO  SH FDUH OH
DFWLYHD]  FL IXQF LH GH XWLOLWDWHD FRQVHFLQ HORU SHQWUX

individul n

FDX]  (VWH DILUPDW DLFL XQ UHODWLYLVP DO DGHY UXOXL L YDORULORU
PRUDOH -RKQ 'HZH\ HVWH PDL QXDQ DW 8WLOLWDWHD QX PDL HVWH
MXGHFDW  vQ VIHUD DUELWUDULXOXL VXELHFWLY FL vQ SODQXO PDL ODUJ DO
YLH LL VRFLDOH 0DL PXOW FKLDU 'HZH\ vQFHDUF  R

omogenizare a

XQRU HOHPHQWH RDUHFXP GLVWLQFWH FXQRDWHULL IDSWH YDORUL L

DLFL UHODWLYLVPXO OXL -DPHV HVWH GHS LW %LQHOH QX PDL HVWH
HFKLYDOHQW FX GRULQ D XQXL RP VDX D DOWXLD FL FX FHHD FH WUHEXLH
GRULWQXFRQVW vQFHHDFHQHSUHRFXS SHQWUXF QHVDWLVIDFHFLvQ
FHHD FH WUHEXLH V  DYHP vQ YHGHUH SHQWUX F  SURFXU  VDWLVIDF LL FH
GHS HVF VWULFWD HILFLHQ

 SHUVRQDO  9DORDUHD HVWH LGHQWLILFDW  QX

FX GRULQ D FL FX FHHD FH HVWH GH]LUDELO ,PSUHVLLOH L RS LXQLOH
VSRQWDQH QX DILUP  SULQ HOH vQVHOH YDORDUHD PRUDO  WRFPDL SHQWUX
F  VXQW SURSXOVDWH GH LQVWLQFWH GHSULQGHUL RELQXLQ H (OH LQGLF 
GRDU R VLWXD LH SUREOHPDWLF  L GHVLJXU SRW IL R UH]ROYDUH D
DFHVWHLD GDU R PDL DWHQW  GLVHFDUH D VLWXD LHL SUREOHPDWLFH UHOHY 
F  DFHDVWD QHFHVLW  R

desprindere a variantelor de alegere,

DQWLFLSDUHD FRQVHFLQ HORU JkQGLUHD DOHJHULL HIHFWXDWH L SRVWXODWH

FD PLMORF vQ SHUVSHFWLY  SHQWUX XQ VFRS YLLWRU 'HFL HD FHUH R
VDWLVIDFHUH

SULQ

HPLWHUHD

XQHL

MXGHF

L

GH

YDORDUH

vQ

aprecierea modului optim dH DWLQJHUH D XQXL VFRS VH vPELQ

FDUH
 FX

FDOLILFDUHD UHVSHFWLYXOXL VFRS FD EXQ VDX U X YDORURV VDX OLSVLW GH
YDORDUHvQVWULFW GHSHQGHQ

GHP VXUDvQFDUHDFHVWDHVWHFDSDELO

V  GHVFKLG  SHUVSHFWLYH VSUH VROX LRQDUHD XQRU YLLWRDUH VW UL

problematice, marcnG DVWIHO R RULHQWDUH FRQVWDQW

 D FRQGXLWHL

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
6LJXU R DVHPHQHD SHUVSHFWLY  RSHUHD]  GH OD VLQH R XQLILFDUH D

proceselor cognitive cu judecata de valoare n faptele ntreprinse.

6LWXDUHD vQWUHJLL FRQVWUXF LL WHRUHWLFH VXE RUL]RQWXO XWLOXOXL
vL ODV  SXWHUQLF DPSUHQWD DVXSUD VROX LLORU SUHILJXUDWH Q SULPXO
UkQGIDFHSRVLELO UHGXF LDVLPSOLILFDWRDUHDMXGHF
ODMXGHF

LOH GH H[LVWHQ

LORUGHYDORDUH

 $GHY UXO L YDORULOH VXQWLQVWUXPHQWH

GH DGDSWDUH D ILLQ HL XPDQH OD PHGLX $D FXP FXQRDWHUHD
WLLQ LILF XUP UHWHUH]ROYDUHDDFHORUFD]XULGHFDUHQHORYLP]L

de zi, iar cnd apar probleme concrete nencadrabile n vechiul

VLVWHP GH JkQGLUH HODERU P DOWH OHJL WHRUHWLFH L YDORULOH DX GRDU
VWDWXWXO

XQRU

LQVWUXPHQWH

LQGLVSHQVDELOH

YLH LL

pHUIHF LRQDELOH vQ IXQF LH GH XWLOLWDWHD FRUHVSXQ]

vQ

FRPXQ

WRDUH WUHSWHL GH

HYROX LH VRFLDO  /RFDOL]DWH VXE DFHHDL XQLF  L XQLODWHUDO  EROW 

DGDSWDUHD OD PHGLXO QDWXUDO L VRFLDO SURSR]L LLOH SUHVFULSWLYH L
HVWLPDWLYHGHFLYDORULFHVHLGHQWLILF FXFHOHGH
vQ RULFH WLLQ

scriptive ntlnite

 'HFL DPEHOH DX GRDU FRQ LQXW FRJQLWLY UD LRQDO

'LIHU GRDURELHFWXO-XGHF

LOHPRUDOHVHUHIHU GRDUODIDSWHFDUH

DX XQ DQXPH VSHFLILF GDU SULYLWRU OD PHWRGD GH FHUFHWDUH L

verificare, nu se deosebesc de orice aOW

 WLLQ

 SDUWLFXODU  'DF 

YL] PPDWHULDOXODSDUWHODFDUHVHUHIHU WHRULDPRUDOHLVXEOLQLD] 

'HZH\GLQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHLFHUFHWDUHDLMXGHF

LOHGHVSUH

FDUWRIL SLVLFL L PROHFXOH  VH GHRVHEHVF vQWUH HOH 'HRVHELUHD

FRQVW  QXPDL vQ IDSWXO F  MXGHF

LOH PRUDOH SRVHG  YDOHQ H

QRUPDWLYH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO ORU VI WXLP SOHG P UHFRPDQG P

convingem, introducem reguli imperative actelor individuale. Ele

VXQW FHULQ H UHIHULWRDUH OD FHHD FH WUHEXLH XUPDW GRULW vQ DF LXQLOH
SUH]HQWH L YLLWRDUH FRQIHULQG XQXL DFW vQWUHSULQV DXWRULWDWH L
GUHSWXO

GH

D

H[LVWD

vQWRFPDL

LPSHUDWLYH VXQW DFRUGDWH MXGHF

$FHVWH

YDOHQ H

QRUPDWLYH

LORU GH YDORDUH GH VLWXD LD

SUREOHPDWLF  H[LVWHQW  DX LPSOLFDW XQ WUHEXLH V  IDFL DVWIHO

FDUHGHDOWIHOOHH[SOLFLWHD] LFRQ LQXWXO&XDOWHFXYLQWHIDFDD
SHQWUX F  WUHEXLH V  SURFHGH] DVWIHO L SURFHGH] DVWIHO SHQWUX F 
VLWXD LDP REOLJ 'XS FXPVHREVHUY 'HZH\HVWHFRQWLHQWF 
vQPRUDO VXQWSUH]HQWHSULQFLSLLYDORULLGHDOXULGDUDSUHFLD] F 

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

toate acestea

SRW IL HSXL]DWH vQ DFHODL IHO vQ FDUH VH UDSRUWHD]  OD

RELHFWXO ORU WLLQ HOH QDWXULL 'HZH\ D SROHPL]DW FX vQFHUF ULOH GH
FRQFHSHUH D XQRU SULQFLSLL XQLYHUVDOH FkW L FX PRUDOD SXU
O XQWULF  D EXQHL LQWHQ LL >@ YL]kQG RPXO vQ FRQIUXQWDUHD VD
GLILFLO  FX VLWXD LLOH GH YLD

 'DU OHJDUHD VWUkQV  D YDORULL XQHL

RS LXQL PRUDOH GH H[LJHQ HOH DF LXQLL vO IDF SH ILORVRIXO DPHULFDQ
V  DMXQJ  OD FRQFHSHUHD YDORULL PRUDOH GRDU FD U VSXQV OD XQ
VWLPXO L FDOLWDWLY SH FDUH vO G P XQRU MXGHF

moWLYF

L SHQWUX VLPSOXO

DFHVWHDVHGRYHGHVFXWLOHGXFODFHYDFDUHQHVDWLVIDFH

&RQIXQGDUHD ELQHOXL FX UHXLWD GHS LULL XQHL VLWXD LL

conflictuale

pare a

FRQVHFLQ HORU

QV 

reduce

morala motivelor la

DVHPHQHD

GLILFXOW

L

VXQW

morala

VHVL]DWH

GH

SUDJPDWLWL FHHD FH HVWH YL]LELO vQ QXDQ HOH SH FDUH OH LQWURGXF vQ
vQ HOHJHUHD XWLOLW

LL $VWIHO &K63HLUFH DWXQFL FkQG OHDJ 

SUREOHPD DGHY UXOXL GH HIHFWHOH SUDFWLFH SHUFHSWLELOH SH FDUH OH
SURYRDF 

DQXPLWH

FXQRWLQ H

SUHFL]HD] 

F 

H

YRUED

GH

UHSHUFXVLXQL SUDFWLFH UD LRQDO DQWLFLSDWH UHFXQRVFXWH GH F WUH

FRPXQLWDWHD GH FXQRDWHUH L FDSDELOH V  GHYLQ  XQ VLPERO GH
FRPSRUWDPHQW
LQGLYLGXDOLVW 

'HFL

QX

:-DPHV

LQWU 
vQVXL

vQ

GLVFX LH

DUDW 

F 

R

XWLOLWDWH

XWLOLWDWHD

VWULFW

DSDU LQH

FRQVHFLQ HORU LPSOLFDWH vQ FKLDU QDWXUD XQHL WHRULL L PDL PXOW
DGHY UXOFXQRWLQ HORUFRQVW vQGLVSRQLELOLWDWHDFDSDFLWDWHDORUGH
D SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ WLPS FH XWLOLWDWHD VH FRQIXQG  FX IXQF LLOH
QHPLMORFLWHvQGHSOLQLWHGHDFHDFXQRWLQ

sens, J.Dewey aprecia]

vQH[SHULHQ

QDFHODL

 F  YDORULOH YL]HD]  QX FHHD FH GRULP FL

FHHD FH HVWH GH]LUDELO QX FHHD FH SUH XLP FL FHHD FH PHULW  D IL
SUH XLW QX FHHD FH QH VDWLVIDFH FL FHHD FH HVWH VDWLVI F WRU QX
FHHDFHQHLQWHUHVHD] FLFHHDFHWUHEXLHV QHLQWHUHVH]H0HWRGD
SUDJPDWLF  VW  OD ED]D XQHL FRQFHS LL ILORVRILFH SOXUDOLVWH SHQWUX
FDUH UHDOLWDWHD QX HVWH FHYD GDW RGDW  SHQWUX WRWGHDXQD VWDWLF
vQFKLVFLSURFHVGHYHQLUHFUHD LHFRQWLQX GHFLXQFXUVGHIDSWH
vQ SOLQ  GHVI XUDUH 'H DFHHD VROX LLOH PRQLVWH VXQW FRQVLGHUD
FD

LQH[DFWH

FRQWUDGLFWRULL

L

VFKHPDWL]HD] SOHQLWXGLQHDUHDOLW

VWHULOH

vQWUXFkW

VLPSOLILF 

te
L

LLIDOVLILF LV U FHVFVWUXFWXUD

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
HWHURJHQ  D H[LVWHQ HL QHSXWkQG V
LPSUHYL]LELOXO YLH LL Q

-L LQWHJUH]H VSRQWDQHLWDWHD L

YL]LXQHD OXL -DPHV XQLYHUsul are o

LPSHUIHF LH SURFHVXDO  LDU YLLWRUXO HVWH LQGHWHUPLQDW GH DFHHD

FUHD LDXPDQ HVWHSRVLELO ILLQGRDYHQWXU WUDJLF RDVXPDUHGH
ULVFXULWHQVLXQLLHIRUWXULSULQFDUHVHUHIX] GH]HUWDUHD

&RQWLLQ

LQFRQWLHQWLDFWHGHOLPEDM

3HQWUXFDRDQDOL] DDFWLYLW
SURSULL

RPXOXL

V  ILH

LLSVLKLFHLDYLH LLVSLULWXDOH

FRQFOXGHQW 

WUHEXLH GHS LW  PHWRGD

SVLKDQDOL]HL OXkQG vQ FDOFXO L DFKL]L LLOH PDL QRL DOH WLLQ HORU
FRJQLWLYH VDX WHRULD DFWHORU GH OLPEDM 'H DFHHD YRP XUP UL PD

vQWkL PRGXO FODVLF GH D DERUGD FRQWLLQ D XPDQ  DSRL WHRULD

LQFRQWLHQWXOXL SURSXV  GH )UHXG L vQ VIkULW VLQWH]D OXL -RKQ
56HDUOHFO GLW SHDFKL]L LLOHUHFHQWHDOHWLLQ HLLILORVRILHL

A. 2PXO HVWH FRQWLHQW QX QXPDL GH UHDOLWDWHD H[WHULRDU

FL vQ DFHODL WLPS L GH SURSULD VD H[LVWHQ



 GH OXPHD OXL

LQWHULRDU  VXELHFWLY  &RQWLLQ D UHSUH]LQW  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH

VWUXFWXUDO XQLWDWHD FRPSOH[  D XQRU SURFHVH FRJQLWLYH DIHFWLYH L
YROLWLYH 2ULFH GLVFXUV ILORVRILF SUHRFXSDW V  RIHUH XQ

mod de a

vQ HOHJH L H[SOLFD FH HVWH FRQWLLQ D vL FRQWXUHD]  VROX LD SULQ
OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH D SUREOHPHORU UHODWLY GLVWLQFWH DOH JHQH]HL L
QDWXULL FRQWLLQ HL ,PSOLFLW VDX H[SOLFLW XQ ILORVRI UH]ROY  vQWU-un
anume mod aceste laturi ale problemei, iar n istoria filosofiei
H[LVW  R SDOHW  ODUJ  GH VROX LL 3HUVSHFWLYD JHQHWLF  HVWH PkQXLW 
GH DFHL JkQGLWRUL FDUH vL SURSXQ V  DUDWH FXP DSDUH FRQWLLQ D
XPDQ  SH VFDUD HYROX LHL XQLYHUVDOH 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH

deosebim mai multe variante: a) reGXF LRQLVPXO FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ

DEVROXWL]DUHD DQDOL]HL JHQHWLFH L FD XUPDUH HFKLYDOHQW FX R
QHSHUPLV  LGHQWLILFDUH D FRQWLLQ HL FX DQXPLWH IRUPH GH PDWHULH
GH SLOG   LQWHUSUHW ULOH FDUH UHGXF SVLKRORJLFXO OD IL]LRORJLF
VXV LQkQG F  UHOD LD GLQWUH  FUHLHU L JkQGLUH HVWH DQDORJ   FHOHL
GLQWUH R JODQG  L VHFUH LD VD %XFKQHU 0ROHVFKRWW 9RJW E

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

naturalismul hilozoist - DILUPDW GH DQWLFL L SUHJQDQW GH XQLL

gnditori ai secolului XVII-XVIII - F UXLD vL HVWH SURSULX vQ
primul rnd, nzestrarea ntUHJLL QDWXUL FX R SURSULHWDWH DQDORJ 
FRQWLLQ HL L YLH LL XPDQH LDU vQ DO GRLOHD UkQG H[SOLFDUHD
DSDUL LHL SVLKLFXOXL XPDQ H[FOXVLY SH ED]D XQRU FDX]H QDWXUDOH
3ULPD VROX LH UHGXFH VWUXFWXUD VSHFLILFXO FRQWLLQ HL OD JHQH]D VD

Gnditorii care propuQ VROX LL KLOR]RLVWH VHVL]HD]  VWDWXWXO GLVWLQFW

DO FRQWLLQ HL GDU QX-O SRW H[SOLFD GHFkW WUDQVIHUkQG WU V WXULOH
acesteia asupra ntregului univers, iar geneza ei este astfel
FRQVWUXLW  vQFkW VH UHGXFH OD WUDQVIRUP UL FDQWLWDWLYH I U  D

include diferHQ LHULOHFDOLWDWLYHLVDOWXULOHGHODRWUHDSW

ODDOWD

3HUVSHFWLYDVWUXFWXUDO FDUHXUP UHWHHOXFLGDUHDDFHHDFH

HIHFWLY FRQVWLWXLH FRQWLLQ D L vL HVWH VSHFLILF D FRQGXV OD VROX LL
SH FDUH FRQYHQ LRQDO OH YRP VLVWHPDWL]D DVWIHO D GXDOLVPXO

atunci cnd s-DDEVROXWL]DWDFHVWXQJKLGHDQDOL]

DMXQJkQGX-se la

DILUPDUHD XQHL UXSWXUL vQWUH H[LVWHQ D VXEVWDQ LDO  L FRQWLLQ

FRQVLGHUDWH FD PRGXUL DXWRQRPH GH H[LVWHQ



 I U  QLFL R OHJ WXU 

vQWUH HOH SHQWUX 'HVFDUWHV vQ WLPS FH VXEVWDQ D DUH

ca atribut

IXQGDPHQWDO vQWLQGHUHD FRQWLLQ HL vL HVWH SURSULH JkQGLUHD

FXJHWDUHDDFHODLSRVWXODWHVWHSUH]HQWvQWHRULLOHSDUDOHOLVPXOXL

psihico-IL]LF 6KHUULQJWRQ .ODUFN vQ YL]LXQHD F URUD QX H[LVW  R

OHJ WXU  vQWUH SURFHVHOH SVLKLFH L FHOH fiziologice; b) filosofiile
SHQWUX FDUH VSLULWXO HVWH R HQWLWDWH GH VLQH VW W WRDUH WHPHL DO
vQWUHJLL H[LVWHQ H DPG F HPSLULVPXO

- ntlnit la filosofii

SHQWUXFDUHFRQWLLQ DDUHGRDUVLPSOXOUROGHDLQWURGXFHRUGLQHvQ

datele senzorial-perceptivH vQ YHGHUHD RE LQHULL XQHL LPDJLQL

"fotografice" a obiectului real; d) constructivismul - specific
RULHQW ULORU
JQRVHRORJLFH
UD LRQDOLVWH
- FDUH DEVROXWL]HD] 
FDUDFWHUXO

FUHDWRU

DO

FRQWLLQ HL

FXQRDWHULL IDSWXO F  DFHDVWD QX UH

XPDQH

FRQVWUXFWLYLWDWHD

produce ntocmai obiectele

UHDOH FL FRQVWUXLHWH PRGHOH VXELHFWLYH DOH OXPLL Q WLPS FH

SULPHOH GRX  VROX LL SRUQLQG GH OD QDWXUD VSHFLILF  D FRQWLLQ HL
DQJDMHD]  WH]H RQWRORJLFH YDULDQWHOH XOWLPH VXQW FRQIUXQW UL L

puncte de vedere cu privire la modul de raportare a gndirii umane

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
ODRELHFWXOFXQRDWHULL
$IHFWLYLWDWHD H[SHULHQ D UHDOXOXL UHIOHF LD SHUVRQDOLWDWHD
L YRLQ D VXQW FLQFL DWULEXWH F WUH FDUH FRQYHUJ VDX FDUH LPSOLF 
VHPQLILFD LLOH SH FDUH OH YL]HD]  DQDOL]D ILLQ HL XPDQH FRQWLHQWH

,
lumii". [25] Contactul permanent cu realitatea, cu mediul extern,
UHSUH]LQW  VXUVD LQHSXL]DELO  D DFWLYLW LL SVLKLFXOXL XPDQ D UHSURGXFHULL SULQ SURFHVH FRJQLWLYH D UHDOLW LL D WU LULL acesteia
printr-R GLYHUVLWDWH GH SURFHVH DIHFWLYH L D UHDF LLORU
DD FXP VH PDQLIHVW  HD vQ FDGUXO FRQWLHQWL] ULL (X OXL L D

FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH ID

 GH HD SULQ SURFHVH YROLWLYH 9LD D SVLKLF 

DSDUH VH UHDOL]HD]  L VH GH]YROW  vQ SURFHVXO LQWHUDF LXQLORU FX
 ILLQG vQ DFHODL

PHGLXO (D HVWH XQ FkPS VXELHFWLY GH H[SHULHQ

WLPS XQ PRGHO DO OXPLL )HQRPHQHOH GH FRQWLLQ

VXELHFWLYHDOHUHDOLW

 VXQW LPDJLQL

LL,GHLOHGHVSUHRELHFWHVHGLVWLQJFDOLWDWLYGH

RELHFWHOH OD FDUH VH UHIHU  FRQVWLWXLQG GRDU LPDJLQHD VXELHFWLY  D

DFHVWRUD H[SUHVLD LQIRUPD LRQDO FRJQLWLY  D ORU 1DWXUD LGHDO  D

FRQWLLQ HLDIRVWVXJHVWLYH[SULPDW GH.DQWFkQGDU WDF QXHVWH

WRWXQD V  DL R VXW  GH WDOHUL vQ PLQWH VDX V

-i ai n buzunar, iar la

6SLQR]D SULQ DILUPD LD F  QR LXQHD GH FkLQH QX ODWU  QV 

FDUDFWHUXOLGHDODOFRQWLLQ HLQXFRQVW GRDUvQIDSWXOF LPDJLQHD
QX HVWH WRWXQD FX RELHFWXO FL L vQ IDSWXO F  RULFH FRQ LQXW

senzorial-SHUFHSWLY RE LQXW SULQ FRQWDFWXO QHPLMORFLW FX UHDOLWDWHD

vQFRQMXU WRDUHHVWHSUHOXFUDWSULQLQWHUYHQ LDVWUXFWXULORUUD LRQDOH
L ULGLFDW OD UDQJXO GH JHQHUDOLWDWH GH LGHH WUDQVPLVLELO  SULQWU

-un

OLPEDMFXYDORDUHLQWHUVXELHFWLY 6IHUDORJLF DQR LXQLLGHSVLKLF

XPDQ HVWH PDL ODUJ  GHFkW D QR LXQLL GH FRQWLLQ

 &RQWLLQ D

QX UHSUH]LQW  GHFkW GLPHQVLXQHD FHD PDL HYROXDW  D SVLKLFXOXL

uman, definitorie pentru specificul acestuia. Din acest punct de

YHGHUH

FRQWLLQ D

LQWHJUHD] 

FHOHODOWH

IRUPH

SVLKLF  OH GHS HWH FDOLWDWLY FRUHOkQGX

complexe - cum ar fi gndirea - OH LPSULP

7RWRGDW 

FRQWLLQ D

RULHQWHD] 

SULQ

GH

PDQLIHVWDUH

-le cu procese mai

 FDUDFWHULVWLFL QRL

GRPLQDQWHOH

VDOH

L

VWUXFWXULOHLQFRQWLHQWXOXL
*kQGLUHD

FD

DFWLYLWDWH

PHQWDO 

VH

IRUPHD] 

SULQ

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
LQWHULRUL]DUHD VXE IRUPD XQXL VLVWHP GH LPDJLQL QR LRQDOH L

scheme logico-YHUEDOH D XQRU SURFHGHH L RSHUD LL GLQ SODQXO

activit LORU XPDQH 2GDW  FRQVWLWXLW  JkQGLUHD ULGLF 
GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD GH FXQRDWHUH D VXELHFWXOXL SH XQ SODQ VXSHULRU
DWkW GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO VIHUHL GH FXSULQGHUH FkW L DO
S WUXQGHULLWRWPDLDGkQFLvQVWUDWXULOHUHDOH/DXQQLYHOPDLvQDOW

structurLOH UD LRQDOH QX JHQHUDOL]HD]  SXU L VLPSOX GDWHOH

senzorial-perceptive, ci construiesc modele ideale n care se
VXUSULQG vQ VWDUH SXU  LQYDULDQ LL XQRU WUDQVIRUP UL UHDOH &D
SURFHV GH FXQRDWHUH JkQGLUHD DVRFLDW  FX DOWH SURFHVH SVLKLFH

(memorie, imagLQD LH

DWHQ LH

HWF

VH

GHVI RDU 

vQ

WUHL

FRRUGRQDWHWHPSRUDOHWUHFXWSUH]HQWLYLLWRUFHHDFHvLLPSULP 

XQ FDUDFWHU H[SORUDWRU LQYHVWLJDWLY SHUPL kQGX L FRUHODUHD L

integrarea datelor anterioare cu cele actuale. Din aceasta decurge

IXQF LD DQWLFLSD LHL L SUHGLF LHL $D FXP DUDW  HSLVWHPRORJXO
HOYH LDQ -3LDJHW XQXO GLQ DVSHFWHOH VSHFLILFH DOH DFWLYLW

LL

FRJQLWLYHHVWHGHVI XUDUHDVDGLVFXUVLY SHWUDLHFWRULLFXFLUFXLWH

IRDUWH ODUJL vQ FDUH VH S VWUHD]  SHUPDQHQW UHYHUVLELOLWDWHD
RSHUD LLORU>@3ULQDFHDVWDHOVXEOLQLD] SRVLELOLWDWHDSHFDUHR
DUH JkQGLUHD GH D UHIDFH vQ RUGLQH LQYHUV  SURFHVXO GH DQDOL]  L
VLQWH]  2 DOW  GLPHQVLXQH GHRVHELW GH vQVHPQDW  D JkQGLULL HVWH

creativitatea. Structurile imaginarului sunt semnificative n acest

sens.
(YROX LD

LVWRULF 

D

JkQGLULL FRQFRPLWHQW

FX

HYROX LD

FLYLOL]D LHL XPDQH L D FXQRDWHULL vQ JHQHUDO D GHWHUPLQDW

FRQVROLGDUHD IXQF LHL GH VLPEROL]DUH 0RGDOLWDWH VSHFLILF  SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXO F UHLD VH UHDOL]HD]  FRPXQLFDUHD LQWHUVXELHFWLY

JkQGLUHD HVWH LPSRVLELO  I U  OLPEDM 3UHFL]kQG GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH

OLPE  L OLPEDM )6DXVVXUH GHILQHWH OLPED VXE GXEOXO DVSHFW D
FD LQVWLWX LH VRFLDO  FXSULQ]kQG XQ DQVDPEOX GH FRQYHQ LL
S VWUDW  SULQ X] GDU VXSXV  PRGLILF ULORU L E FD VLVWHP VHPD

ntic

FRG IRUPDW GLQ LQYHQWDUXO GH VHPQH L GH UHJXOL GXS  FDUH VH
UHDOL]HD] 

FRPELQ ULOH

GH

VHPQH

/LPED

LQFOXGH

DQVDPEOXO

VHPQHORUSULQLQWHUPHGLXOF URUDVHFXQRDWHLVHFRPXQLF vQWU

-o

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
FRPXQLWDWH XPDQ  SUHFXP L WRWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU JUDPDWLFDOH
VLQWDFWLFH L VHPDQWLFH

 GH IRUPDUH D SURSR]L LLORU L IUD]HORU FX

VHQV /LPEDMXO HVWH DFHO IHQRPHQ OLQJYLVWLF SULQ FDUH OLPED H[LVW 
L

IXQF LRQHD] 

UHDOPHQWH

FXSULQ]kQG

DVWIHO

LQILQLWDWHD

SURSR]L LLORU FRQFUHWH HQXQ DWH GH LQGLYL]L SRUQLQG GH OD VLVWH

mul

GH FXYLQWH L UHJXOL JUDPDWLFDOH VSHFLILFH OLPELL /LPED DUH XQ

FRQ LQXW VHPDQWLF FH QX VH PRGLILF  FX ILHFDUH DFW GH JkQGLUH
LQGLYLGXDO FLIRUPHD] RED] VWDELO GHODFDUHRPXOSRUQHWHL
SULQ FDUH vL UHDOL]HD]  DFWLYLWDWHD VD GH JkQGLUH (D VH UHOHY  VXE
DVSHFW VHPDQWLF FD VLVWHP GH DQDOL]  VLQWH]  L JHQHUDOL]DUH D
IHQRPHQHORU

HODERUDW

vQ

GH]YROWDUHD

LVWRULF 

D

VRFLHW

LORU

LQFOX]kQG H[SHULHQ D FRJQLWLY  DQWHULRDU  6HPQXO OLQJYLVWLF VH

SUH]LQW 

FD

XQ

FRPSOH[

GH

VXQHWH

FDUH

DX

YDORDUH

GH

"semnificant", referindu-VH QX OD RELHFWXO UHDO FL OD QR LXQH OD
FODVDGHRELHFWHLODQRWHOHVDOHGHILQLWRULL7RWRGDW HOLQFOXGHL
DFHHD F  &KDUOHV %DOO\ QXPHD JkQGLUHD DIHFWLY  FD HQWLWDWH
SVLKLF  FXSULQGH L YDOHQ H H[SUHVLYH DWLWXGLQDOH HPR LRQDOH

Pentru om, semnele lingvistice - FX PXOWLSOH IXQF LL L GLPHQVLXQL

- DX YDORDUHD XQXL VWLPXO IRDUWH FRPSOH[ vQ VWDUH V  GHFODQH]H
DWLWXGLQL L UHDF LL VXELHFWLYH YDULDWH $FHDVWD VH GDWRUHD]  L
LQWHUDF LXQLORU JkQGLULL FX FHOHODOWH VXEVLVWHPH DOH FRQWLLQ HL

umane.
'HL VWUXFWXULOH FRJQLWLYH FRQVWLWXLH QXFOHXO vQ MXUXO F UXLD
JUDYLWHD]  vQWUHDJD DFWLYLWDWH D SVLKLFXOXL XPDQ GHL JkQGLUHD
VFKLPE  FDOLWDWLY vQWUHDJD FRQILJXUD LH D SVLKLFXOXL QX HVWH PDL
SX LQ DGHY UDW F  DVXSUD UD LXQLL VH H[HUFLW  L LQIOXHQ D FHORUODOWH
IDFXOW

LXPDQHLQFOXVLYDFHORUDIHFWLYHLYROL LRQDOH'HVLJXUvQ

FD]XO VSHFLDOL] ULORU FUHDWRDUH DOH FRQWLLQ HL vQ GLIHULWH GLUHF LL
DFWLYLWDWHD JkQGLULL XUPHD]  UHJO UL IXQF LRQDOH GH GLIHULWH WLSXUL
'H SLOG  vQFXQRDWHUHDWLLQ LILF  VH SXQ vQWUH SDUDQWH]H FHOHODOWH
IDFXOW

L

XPDQH

VROLFLWkQGX VH

LQWHQV

FDSDFLWDWHD

UD LRQDO

FRQVWUXFWLY  'DU vQ JHQHUDO FDUDFWHUXO VLVWHPDWLF DO FRQWLLQ HL

XPDQH

DVLJXU 

LQWHUGHSHQGHQ D

angajarea comple[  - FRJQLWLY

vQWUH

VXEVLVWHPH

 L YDORULF 

FH

SHUPLW

- a omului n raport cu

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
UHDOLWDWHD L FX VLQH vQVXVL 3ULQ FRQWLLQ

 RPXO GHL QX SRDWH

HOXGD IXQF LLOH DXWRFRQVHUY ULL OH GHS HWH LQVWLWXLQG R OXPH
SURSULH FX VFRSXUL YDORUL L LGHDOXUL SULQ FDUH VH SURGXFH R
UXSWXU XQVDOWFDOLWDWLYID

GHWRWFHHDFHvOvQFRQMRDU 

B. Psihanaliza - LQL LDW

 GH 6)UHXG  vL SURSXQH VWXGLHUHD

XQXL QRX FRQWLQHQW WHRUHWLF FHO DO LQFRQWLHQWXOXL )UHXG vQVXL vL
FRQVLGHUDFRQFHS LDFDILLQGDWUHLDPDUHXPLOLUHDRPXOXLGXS FH

teorLD KHOLRFHQWULF

 D H[LODW ILLQ D XPDQ  OD SHULIHULD XQLYHUVXOXL

LDU WHRULD OXL 'DUZLQ vL GHPRQVWUD HYROX LD SULQ OXSWD SHQWUX
H[LVWHQ

L

VHOHF LD

QDWXUDO 

D

XQRU

DQWURSRLGH

VXSHULRDUH

SVLKDQDOL]D UHOHY  IXQF LD FUXFLDO  D LQFRQWLHQWXOXL vQ GLQDPLFD

viH LLSVLKLFHIDSWXOF

RPXOQXHVWHDWkWGHUD LRQDOSHFkWvLSODFH

V  FUHDG  3VLKDQDOL]D QX HVWH vQ SULPXO UkQG R ILORVRILH GDU D

LQIOXHQ DW SXWHUQLF PRGXO GH D JkQGL ILORVRILF DVXSUD RPXOXL >@
0HWRGD OXL )UHXG HVWH LQL LDO R WHUDSHXWLF  L R SVLKR

logie, dar

FRQ LQH PLH]XO XQHL LQWHUSUHW UL ILORVRILFH D RPXOXL D FXOWXULL L D

LVWRULHL SURSXQkQG R WHPDWLF  QRX  QHFXQRVFXW  SkQ  DWXQFL

Impulsul a venit dinspre psihopatologie, respectiv stabilirea

psihodiagnosticului n cazul nevrozei isterice de c WUH &KDUFRW fapt care a condus la constituirea unei noi metode de tratament.
QFHUFkQG R VLQWH]  DVXSUD FRQWULEX LLORU OXL )UHXG vQ
DQDOL]DPRGXOXLGHIXQF LRQDUHVSHFLILF DSVLKLFXOXLXPDQSXWHP
GHVSULQGH DQXPLWH SUHVXSR]L LL VDX HQXQ XUL GH ED]  6H SRUQHWH
GH OD SUHPLVD F  vQWUH QRUPDO L SDWRORJLF QX H[LVW  GLIHUHQ H

calitative, ci doar cantitative, legate de anumite grade de

LQWHQVLWDWH
GH]Y OXLH

SULQ

XUPDUH

DGHY UXUL

FHUFHW ULOH

YDODELOH

L

DVXSUD

SHQWUX

FD]XULORU

OD

RPXO

FOLQLFH

V Q W

os;

QRUPDOLWDWHD SVLKLFXOXL HVWH PDL PXOW R FRQYHQ LH FXOWXUDO  Q DO

GRLOHD UkQG VHFRQVLGHU  F  WRDWH PDQLIHVW ULOH SVLKLFH DOH RPXOXL
VXQW LQWHQ LRQDOH DYkQG XQ VHQV FDUH OH RULHQWHD]  VSUH XQ DQXPH
FRQ LQXW VFRS RULFH GRULQ

 DQWLFLS  LGHDO RELHFW

ul care o

VDWLVIDFH 2ULFH PDQLIHVWDUH SVLKLF  DUH XQ VHQV Q YL]LXQHD OXL

)UHXGQXQXPDLDF LXQLOHUD LRQDOHDXVHQVFLLFHOHFODVDWHSkQ 
DWXQFL FD QHUD LRQDOH QRQ ORJLFH DGLF  QHYUR]HOH LVWHULFH DFWHOH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
UDWDWH L YLVHOH 6HQVXO DFHVWRUD QX HVWH HYLGHQW QLFL P FDU vQ
YL]LXQHD SVLKDQDOLWLF  GDU FRQIRUP DFHVWHLD SRW IL L WUHEXLH V 
ILH W OP FLWH Q DO WUHLOHD UkQG )UHXG FRQVLGHU  F  vQWUHDJD
QRDVWU  YLD
HYROXHD] 

 SVLKLF  IXQF LRQHD]  GXS  SULQFLSLXO SO FHULL L

VSUH

DILUPDUHD

QHVWLQJKHULW 

GH

sine, ceea ce

HFKLYDOHD] FXRE LQHUHDPD[LPHLSO FHULLUHFXQRDWHUHDILHF UHL

H[LVWHQ HXPDQHFDXQLFHLUHSHWDELOHQDFHODLWLPSDVXSUDYLH LL

psihice a individului, n mediul istoric dat, se produc presiuni

permanente dinspre sfera instinctelor. Individul natural (opus
LQGLYLGXOXLFXOWXUDOvLFHUHGUHSWXOODDILUPDUH2PXOVRFLDOWLQGH
V

-L UHSULPH LQVWLQFWHOH GXS

 FULWHULL PRUDOH FHHD FH FRQGXFH OD

L]EXFQLUHD SHULRGLF  D ]HVWUHL HUHGLWDU ELRORJLFH LQFRQWLHQW VDX

FRQWLHQW UHSULPDWH 3ULQFLSLXOXL SO FHULL L VH RSXQH SULQFLSLXO

UHDOLW

LL FRPSXV GLQ WRWDOLWDWHD LQWHUGLF LLORU VRFLDOH vQ VSHFLDO D

FHORU

GH

RUGLQ

PRUDO

SUHFXP

L

LSRVWD]D

ORU

LQWHULRUL]DW 

(autocenzura). Uneori, efectul comportamental sau fiziologic nu-L

PDLUHYHQGLF FRQWLHQt cauza.
)UHXGQXVHLQWHUHVHD] GHDQDOL]DDFWHORUSVLKLFHFDUHVXQW
VDWLVI FXWH L FDUH QX PDUFKHD]  VHULRV LQGLYLGXO
GRULQ

- deoarece o

 VDWLVI FXW  GLVSDUH GLQ VIHUD SVLKLFXOXL I U  D O VD XUPH

UHYHQLQG QHSUREOHPDWLF RUL GH FkWH RUL H[LVW  LQWHUHVX

l de a repeta

VDWLVIDF LD FH GHFXUJH GLQ HD 6XQW VXSXVH DQDOL]HL IUHXGLHQH DFHOH
DFWLYLW

L SVLKLFHFDUH QXVXQW ILQDOL]DWH LFDUH VXQW VWRFDWH SHQWUX

a fi apoi reafirmate. Interiorizarea actelor reprimate este rezultatul

LQWHUGLF LLORU PRUDOH 'RULQ HOH interzise sunt refulate, depozitate,
H[LODWH vQ LQFRQWLHQW HOH GLVSDU GLQ FRQWLLQ

 GDU QX L GLQ YLD D

SVLKLF  Q FRQWH[WXO WHRULHL OXL )UHXG LQFRQWLHQWXO DUH WUHL

ipostaze: 1) "cenzurant" - DXWRFHQ]XUD GHRDUHFH UHIXO ULOH VH

produc spontan, reflH[ I U  GHOLEHUDUH UD LRQDO   GHVFULSWLY LQFRQWLHQWXO FD WHULWRULXO GH OHJ WXU  I U  JUDQL H SUHFLVH vQWUH
FRQWLHQWXO SURSULX ]LV L FRQWLLQ

  GLQDPLF

- R VWUXFWXU

SVLKLF  GLVWLQFW  FDUDFWHUL]DW  GH SHUPDQHQWH WUDQVIRUP UL FH WLQG

spre

XQ

HFKLOLEUX

LGHDO

I U 

vQV 

D O

DWLQJH

,QFRQWLHQWXO

IXQF LRQHD]  GXS  DOWH OHJL GHFkW FHOH DOH ORJLFLL ,QFRQWLHQWXO

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
GLQDPLF HVWH R VWUXFWXUD SVLKLF  GHRVHELW  GH JkQGLUHD SURSULX

]LV  SULQ XUPDUH HVWH R ]RQ  DFRQWLHQW  L GLQ SULQFLSLX

QHFRQWLHQWL]DELO  ,QFRQWLHQWXO QX SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW GLUHFW FL
SOHFkQG GH OD PDQLIHVW ULOH VDOH YLVH QHYUR]H DFWH UDWDWH VH
IRUPXOHD]  LSRWH]H SULYLQG PRGXO IXQF LRQ ULL VDOH $FHDVW 
IXQF LRQDUH

FXSULQGH

SURFHVH

substiWXLUHD

fuziunea;

L

FD

DPDOJDPDUHD

WUDQVIHUXO

DPHVWHFXO

VLPEROL]DUHD

DGLF 

UHVHPQLILFDUHD XQXL DQXPLW FRQ LQXW SULQ LQYHVWLUHD VD FX DOWH
vQ HOHVXUL QDUDWLYLWDWHD DGLF  UHJL]DUHD UH

-organizarea sub forma

XQRU DQHFGRWH SRYHVWLUL D FRQ LQXWXULORU UHIXODWH ,QFRQWLHQWXO

GLQDPLF

PRGLILF 

WRWDO

FRQ LQXWXO

L

VHPQLILFD LD

GRULQ HORU

UHIXODWH DFHVWHD VXQW GHJKL]DWH SHQWUX FD VDWLVIDFHUHD ORU V  QX

ILHGLQQRXvPSLHGLFDW GHDXWRFHQ]XU $FHVWHLPDJLQLGHIRUPDWH

re-LQWU  vQ YLD D SVLKLF  SULQ DFWH UDWDWH QHYUR]H DPG QWUXFkW
anumite GRULQ H DX IRVW UHIXODWH L QX DX SULPLW VDWLVIDF LL QX DX
IRVW ILQDOL]DWH HOH SULPHVF VROX LL ILFWLYH VLPEROLFH FDUH DSDUHQW
QX DX QLFL R OHJ WXU  FX RELHFWXO LQL LDO DO GRULQ HL $FHVWH
PDQLIHVW UL DOH LQFRQWLHQWXOXL DX DVWIHO XQ GXEOX FRQ LQXW FHO
PDQLIHVW L FHO ODWHQW QHHYLGHQW FDUH WUHEXLH GHVFRSHULW SULQ
LQWHUSUHWDUHDFHOXLPDQLIHVWDW &RQ LQXWXOODWHQWHVWHFKLDU GRULQ D
FDUH D IRVW UHIXODW  vQ LQFRQWLHQW vQ XUPD LQWHU]LFHULL GH F WUH
DXWRFHQ]XU DUH]ROY ULLHL
)UHXG GH]YROW  WHRULD SVLKDQDOLWLF  vQ GLUHF LD XQHL QRL
YL]LXQLGHVSUHSHUVRDQDXPDQ 2PXOHVWHFRQFHSXWVWUDWLILFDWSH
WUHL QLYHOXUL 6LQHOH (XO L 6XSUDHXO 6LQHOH VH RUJDQL]HD]  vQ MXUXO
LQVWLQFWHORU

WHQGLQ H

SUHIHULQ H

$FHVWH

vQFOLQD LL

GRULQ H

REVFXUH

DSWLWXGLQL

nergii instinctuale tind spre satisfacere

LPHGLDW PDMRULWDWHDPDQLIHVW ULORULQVWLQFWXDOHVXQWvQV UHSULPDWH

VDX DPkQDWH 3ULQ DFHDVW  DPkQDUH VH IL[HD]  RELHFWXO GRULQ HORU L
HVWH LPSXOVLRQDW  HYROX LD SVLKLF  QRUPDO  QV  vQ DFHODL WLPS

prin acesW SURFHV GH UHIXODUH VH DFXPXOHD]

 WHQVLXQL LQWHULRDUH

HQHUJLL UHEHOH vQ ID D WHQWDWLYHORU GH GLVFLSOLQDUH FDUH SURGXF

GLVFRQIRUW

6XSUDHXO

FRQ LQH

LSRVWD]HOH

SULQFLSLXOXL

UHDOLW

LL

LGHDOXO VRFLDO L LGHDOXO PRUDO LGHDOXO SULYLQG SURSULD SHUVRDQ 

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

ntUH 6LQH L 6XSUDHX H[LVW

 R WHQVLXQH SHUPDQHQW  FX WHQGLQ

 GH

H[FOXGHUH UHFLSURF  (XO HVWH UH]XOWDWXO HFKLOLEUXOXL GLQDPLF GLQWUH

6XSUDHX L 6LQH XQ FRPSURPLV vQWUH SXOVLXQLOH LUD LRQDOH DOH
6LQHOXL L FRQYHQ LLOH VRFLDOH PRUDOH UHOLJLRDVH FXOWXUDOH

, etc. ale

6XSUDHXOXL3ULQXUPDUH(XODSDUHFDRLQVWDQW DGDSWDWLY RSHUkQG

FX WHVWH GH UHDOLWDWH (XO HVWH VIkLDW GH R GXEO  WHDP  ID
L ID

 GH 6LQH

 GH 6XSUDHX 5XSHULOH DFHVWXL HFKLOLEUX IUDJLO UHSUH]HQWDW GH

Eu sunt totdeauna n favoarea SineluL

,QVWLQFWHOH DPkQDWH L

QHVDWLVI FXWH VH RUJDQL]HD]  FRPSDFW L LQYDGHD]  KDRWLF YLROHQW

PDQLIHVW ULOH SVLKLFH DOH RPXOXL $VWIHO UH]XOW  DQXODUHD IXQF LLORU
6XSUDHXOXLLVXVSHQGDUHD(XOXL DGLF PDQLIHVWDUHDQHYUR]HL

)UHXG

DSOLF 

DQDOL]D

SVLKDQDOLWLF 

culturale, considerndu-OH FD PDQLIHVW

WXWXURU

FUHD LLORU

UL D UHIXO ULORU SHUVRQDOH

DOH FUHDWRULORU &XOWXUD L FLYLOL]D LD DX IXQF LL UHSUHVLYH ID

 GH

PDQLIHVW ULLQVWLQFWXDOH(YROX LDLVWRULF DFLYLOL]D LHLQXSDUHDIL

GXEODW  GH XQ SURJUHV XPDQ HFKLYDOHQW 2GDW  FX GH]YROWDUHD
VRFLHW

LORU VH UHXHWH DPSOLILFDUHD L GLYHUVLILFDUHD IRUPHORU GH

UHSUHVLXQHH[HUFLWDWHDVXSUD6LQHOXL$VWIHO)UHXGDILUPDF VWDUHD
QRUPDO  DGLF  SUHGRPLQDQW  D RPXOXL FLYLOL]DW HVWH DQJRDVD
LQGLVSR]L LD FDUH H[WLUS  DQXPLWH SRWHQ H FUHDWRDUH vQ RP Q
DFHODL WLPS DFHDVW  FRQGL LH D LQVXOXL FLYLOL]DW DGLF  PRGHODW GH
FLYLOL]D LH L GH FXOWXU  UHRULHQWHD]  L VHGLPHQWHD]  HQHUJLLOH
SULPLWLYH DOH ILLQ HL XPDQH ) U  vQGRLDO  )UHXG vQVXL FRQVLGHU 
F YLD DvQPHGLXOFXOWXUDODVLJXU LQGLYLGXOXLDYDQWDMHDGDSWDWLYH
FLYLOL]DWRULL L XQ VHQWLPHQW GH VLJXUDQ

 'H DFHHD vQWUH DQXPLWH

OLPLWH FRQWUROXO LQVWLQFWHORU HVWH QHFHVDU L GH]LUDELO Q DFHODL

WLPS FKLDU HQHUJLLOH LQVWLQFWXDOH SRVHG  R PDUH SODVWLFLWDWe,
putnd fi re-RULHQWDWHLUH-VHPQLILFDWHvQIXQF LHGHRELHFWLYHFDUH
GHS HVFvQWUX-WRWXOVIHUDWUHEXLQ HORUSULPDUH
$O LL DXWRUL - SUHFXP $$GOHU L &*-XQJ - GHWDkQGX-se
GH)UHXGDSUHFLD] F GLQFRORGHUHIXO ULOHLQVWLQFWXDOHPXOWPDL

imporWDQWH

L

VHPQLILFDWLYH

VXQW

UHIXO ULOH

GH

RUGLQ

VRFLDO

&*-XQJ GH]YROW  LGHHD GH LQFRQWLHQW FROHFWLY FH VH UHIHU  OD

arhetipuri, modele simbolice, scheme imaginative, structuri de

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

sensibilitate, pattern-XUL FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH DPG - o zestre

ereditaU  PRWHQLW  LVWRULF L DVLPLODW  FXOWXUDO FH FRQGL LRQHD] 
psihicul individual. n contexte teoretice mai largi - de abordare
ILORVRILF DFXOWXULLLGHRQWRORJLHDXPDQXOXL -, L.Blaga propune
SULQPDWULFHDVWLOLVWLF XQPRGHOSULQFDUHDFRUG LQFRQWLentului
IXQF LL

FDWHJRULDOH

FDUH

IDF

SRVLELO

VSHFLILFXO

LUHGXFWLELO

neconfundabil, original (= stilul) al unei culturi; este vorba de

PRGXUL GH D SHUFHSH SULFHSH L YDORUL]D VSRQWDQ OXPHD YLD D
LVWRULD VSD LXO WLPSXO GHVWLQXO L WRWRGDW  GH D FUH
YDORULORU FXOWXUDOH SULQ FDUH RPXO VH DILUP  FD ILLQ

a universul

 vQWUX PLVWHU

LUHYHODUH

C. 'LKRWRPLD FRQWLHQW - LQFRQWLHQW - DFFHQWXDW  PDL DOHV

de psihanaliza lui S.Freud - QX PDL SRDWH IL VXV LQXW  SH P VXU 
FH WLLQ HOH FRJQLWLYH DX YDORULILFDW FHUFHW ULOH PDL QRL UHIHULWRDUH
OD LQWHUDF LXQLOH GLQWUH SURFHVHOH QHXURQDOH L DFWLYLWDWHD SVLKLF  D
RPXOXL$ERUGDUHDFRPSOH[ DVLVWHPXOXLVSLULWFUHLHUSHUPLWHOXL
-RKQ 56HDUOH V  vQ HOHDJ  FRQWLLQ D GUHSW IHQRPHQXO PHQWDO
FHQWUDO VXEOLQLLQG F  QRL DYHP WRDWH VW ULOH GH FRQWLLQ
VXELHFWLYH
FUHGLQ H

L
L

FDOLWDWLYH
GRULQ H

VW UL

LQWHQ LL

PHQWDOH
L

LQWULQVHF

SHUFHS LL

 LQWHUQH

LQWHQ LRQDOH

&RQWLLQ D

L

LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD VXQW LQWHUSUHWDWH FD SURFHVH ELRORJLFH FDX]DWH GH

F WUHSURFHVHQHXURQDOHGHQLYHOLQIHULRUFHVHGHVI RDU vQFUHLHU
LQLFLXQHOHQLFLDOWHOHQXVXQWUHGXFWLELOHODFHHDFHVXQWFHOHODOWH
vQ SOXV FRQWLLQ D L LQWHQ LRQDOLDWWHD VXQW OHJDWH vQWUH HOH vQ PRG
HVHQ LDO DVWIHO vQFkW QX vQ HOHJHP QR LXQHD GH VWDUH LQWHQ LRQDW 
GHFkW vQ WHUPHQLL DFFHVLELOLW

LL VDOH OD FRQWLLQ

 6HDUOH GLVWLQJH

vQWUHDFHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLDOH OXPLLFDUH VXQW LQWULQVHFL vQ VHQVXOF 

H[LVW LQGHSHQGHQWGHRULFHREVHUYDWRULFHOHFDUHVXQWUHODWLYHOD

observator (sau un utilizator oarecare

GLQ DIDU  )RORVLQG DFHDVW 

GLVWLQF LH SHQWUX FODULILFDUHD XQRU WHPH GH ILORVRILH D VSLULWXOXL

SUHFL]HD] 

FRQWLLQ D

L

LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD

VXQW

LQWULQVHFL

L

ineliminabile, iar calculul (computation) - exceptnd rarele cazuri

vQ FDUH HVWH IUXPRV L ELQH HIHFWXDW GH F WUH XQ VSLULW FRQWLHQW este relativ la observator". [28] Dintr-un asemenea unghi,

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
GHVFULHUHD FRQWLLQ HL QRUPDOH 

 DFXP VH PDQLIHVW  vQ YLD D GH

toate zilele) surprinde anumite caracteristici structurale. 1)

&RQWLLQ D XPDQ  vL DIO  H[Sresia ntr-XQ QXP U OLPLWDW GH
PRGDOLW L GLQFROR GH FHOH FLQFL VLP XUL - Y ] WDFWLO PLURV JXVW
auz - L DO DVHOHD VLP XO HFKLOLEUXOXL PDL DYHP VHQ]D LL
FRUSRUDUH VHQVLELOLWDWHD SURSULRFHSWLY  L IOX[XO PLF WRU DO

gndirii - compus din cuviQWHOH L LPDJLQL HOHPHQWH GH WLS IODVK

HPR LLVHQWLPHQWHGHVLJXUQXH[LVW QLFLXQWHPHLDSULRULSHQWUX
FDUH FRQWLLQ D V  ILH OLPLWDW  OD DFHVWH IRUPH DFHVWH PRGDOLW
ILQLWHDXIRVWGH]YROWDWHLDXF S WDWSUHJQDQ

L

vQHYROX LDVSHFLHL

vQV  HPSLULF VH SRDWH FRQVWDWD F  RPXO SRVHG  L DOWH PRGDOLW

L

VHQ]RULDOH FKLDU GDF  DWURILDWH YL]LXQL YHGHQLL D vQ JHQHUDO

ILHFDUH PRGDOLWDWH VH SRDWH SUH]HQWD VXE R IRUP  SO FXW  VDX
GH]DJUHDELO 6W ULOHFRQWLHQWHQRQ SDWRORJLFHQXQLVHSUH]LQW 

GHFkW vQ FDGUXO XQHL VHFYHQ H XQLILFDWH XQLWDWHD RUL]RQWDO  FRQVW 

vQ RUJDQL]DUHD H[SHULHQ HORU FRQWLHQWH SH XQ IUDJPHQW VFXUW GH
WLPS GH SLOG  PHPRULDLFRQLF DFWLYDW  vQ GHVI XUDUHD RUDO  VDX
PHQWDO DXQHLIUD]HXQLWDWHDSHYHUWLFDO VHUHIHU ODFXQRDWHUHD
VLPXOWDQ  SH FDUH R SXWHP DYHD DVXSUD GLIHULWHORU FDUDFWHULVWLFL
GRPLQDQWH IL[ UL HWF DOH XQHL VW UL FRQWLHQWH GH IDSW HVWH DLFL
OXDW vQ GLVFX LH IHQRPHQXO SH FDUH .DQW vO QXPHD XQLWDWHD
WUDQVFHGHQWDO DDSHUFHS LHL
 &RQV LLQ D HVW

e n mare parte, dar nu n totalitate,

LQWHQ LRQDO  vQ JHQHUDO vQ RULFH VWDUH FRQWLHQW  VWDUHD HVWH
GLULMDW  F WUH XQ OXFUX VDX DOWXO FKLDU GDF  OXFUXO F WUH FDUH HVWH
vQGUHSWDW QX H[LVW >@ 6HDUOHFDUDFWHUL]HD]  LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD vQ

termenii eviGHQ HL HPSLULFH - vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH PDL WRWGHDXQD
FRQWLLQ D HVWH FRQWLLQ  D FHYD - I U  D YDORULILFD vQWHPHLHULOH
IHQRPHQRORJLHL KXVVHUOLHQH Q FRQVHFLQ

 FRQVLGHU  VXILFLHQW V 

VXEOLQLH]H IDSWXO F  H[SHULHQ HOH PHOH FRQWLHQWH VSUH GHRVHELUH

de obLHFWHOH H[SHULHQ HORU VH SURGXF WRWGHDXQD GXS

 R DQXPLW 

SHUVSHFWLY  VDX XQDQXPLW SXQFW GH YHGHUHFHHD FH vQVHDPQ  F 

RULFH LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWH HVWH DVSHFWXDO  RELHFWXO ILLQG Y ]XW VXE
DQXPLWH DVSHFWH L QX VXE DOWHOH GHFL RULFH YHGHUH HVWH R 

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

vederH

FD L  6W ULOH GH FRQWLLQ

VHQWLPHQW

VXELHFWLY

VXELHFWLYLWDWHD

 VXQW vQVR LWH GH XQ

LPSOLF 

vQ

PRG

QHFHVDU

DVSHFWXOFHHIHFWIDFHGHWHUPLQ  QQDFHDVWDSURSULXVW ULORU

FRQWLHQWH  Q DFHVW SXQFW 6HDUOH DYDQVHD]  R WH]  SXWHUQLF 

"sLQJXUD ILLQ

 FDSDELO  V  DLE  VW UL LQWHQ LRQDOH FRQWLHQWH HVWH

FDSDELO  V DLE  VW UL LQWHQ LRQDOH L QLPLF PDL PXOW L RULFH VWDUH
LQWHQ LRQDO  LQFRQWLHQW  HVWH FHO SX LQ SRWHQ LDO FRQWLHQW 
&RQVHFLQ D WHRUHWLF  LPHGLDW  SRVWXOHD]  F  R GLVFX LH D
LQWHQ LRQDOLW

LLQXHVWHFRPSOHW GHFkWGDF DQJDMHD] LSUREOHPD

FRQWLLQ HL  6HDUOH JHQHUDOL]HD]  VWUXFWXUD ILJXU

DMXWRUXO

supra

F UHLD

SVLKRORJLD

IRUPHL

DQDOL]HD] 

-fond (cu

H[SHULHQ HOH

SHUFHSWLYH SHQWUX vQWUHDJD VIHU  D FRQWLLQ HL WRW FHHD FH

FRQVWLWXLH FRQ LQXWXO SH FDUH vPL FRQFHQWUH] DWHQ LD VH YD SURGXFH

pe fondul unui Arierplan (Backround, Arrire-plan) care nu este

vQ FHQWUXO DWHQ LHL PHOH L FX FkW FkPSXO DWHQ LHL PHOH HVWH PDL
vQWLQV FX DWkW DWLQJHP OLPLWHOH FRQWLLQ HL PHOH DFROR

unde

$ULHUSODQXO YD IL WRWXQD FX FRQGL LLOH OLPLW  'HFL VW ULOH
FRQWLHQWH VXQW VWUXFWXUDWH SH FRQWH[WH SRVLELOH  )LLQG GDW
FDUDFWHUXO WHPSRUDO VRFLDO XQLILFDW LQWHQ LRQDO VXELHFWLY DO
FRQWLLQ HL PL VH SDUH F  FHD PDL U VSkQGLW  FDUDFDWHULVWLF  D
VW ULORU RELQXLWH L QRUPDOH GH FXQRDWHUH LPHGLDW  L FRQWLHQW 

este ceea ce voi numi "aspectul de familiaritate

  >@ 3ULQ

DFHDVW  IRUPXO  6HDUOH YL]HD]  GH IDSW DFWHOH GH UHFXQRDWHUH

 LGHQWLILFDUH
DVXSUD
F URUD
LQVLVW 
GLIHULWH
YDULDQWH
ale
epistemologiei empirice. Ca fenomen scalar, "aspectul de
IDPLOLDULWDWH I U  D DYHD FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH XQXL VHQWLPHQW GLVWLQFW
IDFH SRVLELO  FHD PDL PDUH SDUWH D RUJDQL] ULL L RUGLQLL FDUH
DIHFWHD]  H[SHULHQ HOH FRQWLHQWH FDWHJRULLOH SUHH[LVWHQWH LPSOLF 
R DVLPLODUH IDPLOLDU  D H[SHULHQ HORU L HYHQWXDO D XQRU QRL

structuri conceptuale.
6W ULORUFRQWLHQWHOHHVWHVSHFLILF UHY UVDUHDvQWUXFkW
DXRUHIHULQ

FDUHVHDIO GLQFRORGHFRQ LQXWXOORULPHGLDWLSULQ

XUPDUH DFHVWH FRQ LQXWXUL WLQG V  VH U VSkQGHDVF  V  VH UHYHUVH

V  VH SURSDJH FRQHFWkQGX

-se cu alte gnduri care n parte le

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
DSDU LQ L vQ DFHODL WLPS vQWU

-un alt sens, nu fac parte din ele. 9)

Q LQWHULRUXO FkPSXOXL FRQWLLQ HL WUHEXLH - WRFPDL F  HVWH R
HYLGHQ  FDUH QL VH impune - V  VH GLVWLQJ  OXFUXULOH FDUH VXQW vQ
FHQWUXO DWHQ LHL GH FHOH FDUH VH VLWXHD]  OD SHULIHULH DFHDVW 

deosebire (centru-SHULIHULH QX SRDWH

FRQWLHQW-LQFRQWLHQW6HDUOHFRQVLGHU F

IL VXSUDSXV  GLVWLQF LHL

HVWHIDOVV VHSUHVXSXQ 

F ODSHULIHULHDUILGLVSXVHFRQ LQXWXULOHLQFRQWLHQWH
3ULQWUHDWULEXWHOHVWUXFWXUDOHDOHVW ULORUFRQWLHQWHVXQW
LFRQGL LLFXYDORULGHOLPLWHGHLvQPRPHQWXOUHIOHF LHLQXDYHP
JkQGXUL UHODWLYH OD YDULDELOH GH ORFDOL]DUH VSHFLILF  WRWXL QL VH
SDUH F  WRDWH DFHVWH OXFUXUL FDUH VXQW YL]DWH DSDU LQ FDUDFWHUXOXL
VLWXDW ORFDOL] ULL VSD LR WHPSRUDOH L VRFLRELRORJLFH D VW ULORU

FRQWLHQWH SUH]HQWDWH GDU ORFDOL]DUHD SRDWH HD vQV L V  QX H[LVWH

SHQWUXRULFHRELHFWDOFRQWLLQ HLQLFLFKLDUODSHULIHULH,PSRUWDQ D
IHQRPHQXOXLGHOLPLW DFRQWLLQ HLSRDWHILHYDOXDW vQFD]XULOHGH
GHSUHVLH VHQWLPHQWXO GH GH]RULHQWDUH GHYLQH FRSOHLWRU DWXQFL
FkQG VXQWDIHFWDWH SRVLELOLW

LOH LVDXFKLDU GRULQ HOH GH ORFDOL]DUH

VSD LR WHPSRUDO 

 'LVSR]L LLOH HPR LR

nal-afective nu sunt prin ele nsele

LQWHQ LRQDOH PDL PXOW HOH QX FRQVWLWXLH QLFLRGDW  FRQ LQXWXO
FRPSOHW DO XQHL VW UL PHQWDOH FL PDL FXUkQG GDX WRQXO VDX
FXORDUHDFHFDUDFWHUL]HD] DQVDPEOXOXQHLVW ULGHFRQWLLQ

unei

VDXDO

vQO Q XLUL GH VW UL ([SOLFDELOH SH ED]H QHXURELRORJLFH

GLVSR]L LLOH

WRDQHOHVXQWFRQVWDQWHVLPSOHPDLDOHVSHQWUXF QX

DX R LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWH HVHQ LDO   Q VIkULW R XOWLP  GLPHQVLXQH

VH UHIHU  OD SO FHUHQHSO FHUH ILHFDUH SDUH H[WUDV  GLQ IOX

xul

FRQWLLQ HL L FDSDELO  V  DLE  R DQXPLW  XQLWDWH L FRHUHQ

FRPSRUW 

HOHPHQWH

GH

SO FHUH

GXUHUH

VDX

VXEGLYL]LXQL



DOH

acestora.
-RKQ 56HDUOH HQXPHU  DQXPLWH SUHVXSR]L LL GH RULJLQH
FDUWH]LDQ  D F URU YDORDUH L XWLOLWDWH R UHVSLQJH DFHVWH HURU

WUDGL LRQDOH >@ vL vQFKLSXLH F  WRDWH VW ULOH FRQWLHQWH VXQW

FRQWLHQWH FRQWLHQ

 GH VLQH FRQWLLQ D SRDWH IL FXQRVFXW  SULQ

LQWHUPHGLXO

vQVXLUL

XQHL

VSHFLDOH

SUHFXP

LQWURVSHF LD

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
FXQRDWHUHD SURSULLORU QRDVWUH VW UL FRQWLHQWH HVWH LQFRULJLELO 
DVWIHO vQFkW QX SXWHP V  QH vQHO P DVXSUD DFHVWXL VXELHFW )DSWXO
F 6HDUOHFRQVLGHU DFHVWHSUHVXSR]L LLFDILLQGOLSVLWHGHWHPHLDUH
GUHSW FRQVHFLQ

 R DQXPH IOH[LELOLWDWH vQ WHRULD DFWHORU GH OLPEDM

SH GH DOW  SDUWH SUHILJXUHD]  R LQWHUSUHWDUH D LQFRQWLHQWXOXL

UHEHO  ID
VXV LQH

 GH PRGHOXO IUHXGLDQ $VWIHO WH]D SURSXV  GH 6HDUOH

F 

QR LXQH

GH

DFFHVLELOLWDWHD OD FRQWLLQ

VWDUH

PHQWDO 

LQFRQWLHQW 

LPSOLF 

 >@ FHHD FH SUHVXSXQH F  R VWDUH

LQWHQ LRQDO  LQFRQWLHQW  WUHEXLH WRWXL V  ILH LQWULQVHF PHQWDO  L

WUHEXLH V  DLE  R DQXPLW  IRUP  DVSHFWXDO  &RQIRUP DFHVWXL
SULQFLSLXGHFRQH[LXQHQXvQ HOHJHPQR LXQHDGHVWDUHPHQWDO 
LQFRQWLHQW  GHFkWFDILLQG FRQ LQXW SRVLELODO FRQWLLQ HL FD JHQXO
GHOXFUXULFDUHFXWRDWHF VXQWQRQ
LPSRVLELO V  DMXQJ  OD FRQWLLQ

-cRQWLHQWHLVHSRDWHV

OHILH

 SH GLIHULWH SRU LXQL HVWH WRWXL

JHQXO GH OXFUXUL FDUH DU SXWHD V  ILH VDX DU IL SXWXW V  ILH
FRQWLHQWH >@ $[LRPHOH FDUH vQWHPHLD]  FUHGLELOLWDWHD DFHVWHL
LQWHUSUHW UL SRW IL H[SULPDWH DVWIHO D H[LVW  R GHRVHELUH vQWUH
LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD LQWULQVHF  L LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD FD L FXP GRDU
LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD LQWULQVHF  HVWH vQ PRG DXWHQWLF PHQWDO  E VW ULOH
LQFRQWLHQWH VXQW LQWULQVHFL F VW ULOH LQWHQ LRQDOH FDUH SRW IL
FRQWLHQWH VDX LQFRQWLHQWH DX WRWGHDXQD IRUPH DVSHFWXDOH G
WU V WXUD DVSHFWXDO  QX SRDWH IL FDUDFWHUL]DW  H[FOXVLY vQ PRG

exhaustiv, complet n termeni de predicate psihologice la persoana

a treia, comportamentale sau chiar neurofiziologice; nici una din
aceste st ULQXHVWHVXILFLHQW SHQWUXDIXUQL]DRDQDOL] H[KDXVWLY D
IRUPHL

DVSHFWXDOH

UH]XOW 

DDGDU

F 

VH

PHQ LQH

R

ODFXQ 

LQIHUHQ LDO  vQWUH SRU LXQLOH DWLWXGLQLORU HSLVWHPRORJLFH SHQWUX FDUH

XQRDUHFDUHDVSHFWHVWHSUH]HQWLRQWRORJLDDVSHFWXOXLSURSULX

-zis.

6HDUOHQXLQWURGXFHvQGLVFX LHDFFHS LXQHDLQ FRQWLHQWXOXL

FD VWUXFWXU  SVLKLF  D FRQWLHQW  L QH FRQWLHQWL]DELO  FL GRDU

WHUPHQXOGHQHFRQWLHQWGHDFHHDSOHGRDULDVDvQVHQVXOXQLW
YLH LL

VSLULWXDOH

LQFRQWLHQWH

SUHVXSXQH

DWXQFL

vQWUHJLPH SH SURSULHW

FkQG

F 

VXQW

RQWRORJLD

VW ULORU

LQFRQWLHQWH

VH

PH

LL

ntale

ED]HD] 

vQ

LOH RELHFWLYH DOH FUHLHUXOXL FDSDELOH V 

SURYRDFHJkQGXULFRQWLHQWHVXELHFWLYH$DGDUGLVWLQF LDGLQWUH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
VW ULOH PHQWDOH FRQWLHQWH L FHOH LQFRQWLHQWH QX HVWH vQ
GH VW UL PHQWDOH QLFL vQWUH GRX  PRGXUL GH H[LVWHQ

tre specii

 FL YL]HD] 

GRDU IHOXUL GH D SHUFHSH GLIHULW DFHODL SURFHV LPDJLQH QDLY  D

VW ULORU LQFRQWLHQWH FRQIXQG  FDSDFLWDWHD FDX]DO  GH D SURYRFD R
VWDUH LQWHQ LRQDO  FRQWLHQW  FX VWDUHD FRQWLHQW  vQV L DGLF 
FRQIXQG 

ODWHQ D

FX

PDQLIHVWDUHD

'HFL

RQWRORJLD

LQFRQWLHQWXOXL HVWH RQWRORJLD XQHL QHXURIL]LRORJLL FDSDELOH V 

JHQHUH]HFRQWLHQWXOLFXDVWDSXQFW>@
3H

OkQJ 

DQDOL]D

UHOD LLORU

GLQWUH

FRQWLHQW

L

LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWH6HDUOHDUHvQYHGHUHLUDSRUWXULOHGLQWUH$ULHUSODQ

(Backround, Arrire-SODQ

L 5H HD 1HWZRUN 5pVHDX QWU

-o

SULP  DFFHS LXQH $ULHUSODQXO FXSULQGH DQVDPEOXO GH FDSDFLW

L

DSWLWXGLQL L FXQRWLQ H SUDFWLFH JHQHUDOH FDUH GHL QX VXQW vQ L

prin ele nsele intHQ LRQDOH SHUPLW V

 IXQF LRQH]H vQ LQWHULRUXO ORU

VW ULOH QRDVWUH PHQWDOH DGLF  IHQRPHQHOH LQWHQ LRQDOH FXP DU IL
VHPQLILFD LLOH

FRPSUHKHQVLXQLOH

LQWHUSUHW ULOH

H[SHULHQ HOH >@ 2 SULP  FRQVHFLQ

limbaj, gndire H[SHULHQ

 QX SDUYLQH OD UHSUH]HQWDUH GHFkW GDF 

GLVSXQH GH XQ DQVDPEOX GH FDSDFLW

FRQVHFLQ

GRULQ HOH

 RULFH UHSUH]HQWDUH vQ

L QRQ UHSUH]HQWD LRQDOH $OW 

 IHQRPHQHOH LQWHQ LRQDOH QX L VWDELOHVF FRQGL LLOH GH

VDWLVIDFHUH GHFkW UHODWLY OD XQ DQVDPEOX GH FDSDFLW

ele QVHOH LQWHQ LRQDOH Q HODERUDUHD VD FRPSOHW

L FDUH QX VXQW

 $ULHUSODQXO

LQFOXGH L 5H HDXD UHVSHFWLY VWUXFWXULOH LQWHQ LRQDOH /LQLLOH GH

VHQVDOHFRQFHSWXOXLGH$ULHUSODQVXQWSUHFL]DWHDVWIHOVW ULOH
LQWHQ LRQDOH QX IXQF LRQHD]  vQ PRG DXWRQRP HOH QX GHWHUPLQ 

(nu-L
L]RODW

KRW U VF QX VWDELOHVF FRQGL LLOH GH VDWLVIDFHUH vQ PRG


ILHFDUH

VWDUH

LQWHQ LRQDO 

SHQWUX

D

SXWHD

-L

vQGHSOLQHDVF  IXQF LD VROLFLW  R 5H HD GH DOWH VW UL LQWHQ LRQDOH
FRQGL LLOHGHVDWLVIDFHUHQXVXQWGHWHUPLQDWHGHFkWUHODWLYOD5H HD


5H HDXD

VLQJXU 

QX L

HVWH

VXILFLHQW 

VLHL

IXQF LRQHD] GHFkWUHODWLY ODXQ$ULHUSODQGHFDSDFLW

FDSDFLW

5H HDXD

QX

LDFHVWH

L QX VXQW L QX SRW IL WUDWDWH FD VW UL LQWHQ LRQDOH

VXSOLPHQWDUH VDX FD I FkQG SDUWH GLQ FRQ LQXWXO XQHL VW UL
LQWHQ LRQDOH SDUWLFXODUH  DFHOHDL FRQ LQXWXUL LQWHQ LRQDOH SRW

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
VWDELOL GLIHULWH FRQGL LL GH VDWLVIDFHUH SUHFXP FRQGL LL GH DGHY U
UHODWLY OD GLIHULWH $ULHUSODQXUL L UHODWLY OD XQ $ULHUSODQ RDUHFDUH
HOH QX KRW U VF vQ PRG DEVROXW QLFL XQD 6HDUOH FRQVLGHU  F 
H[DPLQDUHDFRPSUHKHQVLXQLLIUD]HORUHVWHPRGXOFHOPDLVLPSOXL
HYLGHQW GH D YHGHD F  UHSUH]HQWDUHD SURSXQH XQ $ULHUSODQ GH
FDSDFLW

L GH SLOG  DFHHDL H[SUHVLH OLWHUDU  SRDWH V  DGXF 

DFHHDLFRQWULEX LHvQHQXQ XOOLWHUDODWRWIHOXOGHIUD]HLFXWRDWH

DFHVWHD FKLDU GDF  DFHVWH IUD]H DU IL vQ HOHVH OLWHUDO H[SUHVLD YD IL
LQWHUSUHWDW  GLIHULW SRWULYLW FX IUD]HOH SULQ XUPDUH UHOD LD GLQWUH
VHPQLILFD LD IUD]HL HQXQ DWH FRQ LQXWXO D FHHD FH VSXQH ORFXWRUXO
L FHHD FH ORFXWRUXO ODV  V  VH vQ HOHDJ  I FkQG HQXQ XO GH]Y OXLH
WRFPDL IXQF LD $ULHUSODQXOXL vQ FRQILJXUDUHD HIHFWLY  D VHQVXOXL
FD VWDUH PHQWDO  LQWHQ LRQDO  FD LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWH VHPQLILFDQW  D
HQXQ XOXLLFDSXWHUHGHVHPQLILFDUHDFWXDOL]DW GHDFHVWHD

Pe scurt, se poDWH VSXQH F

 GLVWLQF LD FDWHJRULDO  GLQWUH

$ULHUSODQ L 5H HD DUH vQ YHGHUH R GRPLQDQW  vQ WLPS FH

Arierplanul este constituit din fenomene (=ansamblul de

FDSDFLW

L FDUH QX VXQW LQWHQ LRQDOH 5H HDXD FXSULQGH WRFPDL

IHQRPHQHOH

VW UL

LQWHQ LRQDOH

Caracteristicile

sunt

re-

FRQFHQWUDWHGH6HDUOHvQSDWUXWH]HFDUHHYLW FRQIX]LDFDWHJRULDO 
>@VW ULOHLQWHQ LRQDOHQXIXQF LRQHD] vQPRGDXWRQRPLQX
L

VWDELOHVF

GHWHUPLQ 

vQ

PRG

LQGHSHQGHQW

FRQGL LLOH

GH

VDWLVIDFHUH  ILHFDUH VWDUH LQWHQ LRQDO  SHQWUX D SXWHD IXQF LRQD

DUH QHYRLH GHDQVDPEOXOGHFDSDFLW

LDOH $ULHUSODQXOXLFRQGL LLOH

de satisfacere nu sunt determinate dect relativ la un ansamblu de

FDSDFLW

L  SULQWUH DFHVWH FDSDFLW

L H[LVW  XQHOH FDUH VXQW

FDSDELOH V  JHQHUH]H DOWH VW UL FRQWLHQWH DFHVWRUD GLQ XUP  OL VH
DSOLF FRQGL LLOH  L   DFHODL WLS GHFRQ LQXW LQWHQ LRQDO SRDWH
V  GHWHUPLQH GLIHULWH FRQGL LL GH VDWLVIDFHUH DWXQFL FkQG VH
PDQLIHVW vQGLIHULWHWRNHQFRQWLHQWHUHODWLYHODGLIHULWHFDSDFLW

L

ale ArLHUSODQXOXL UHODWLY OD DQXPLWH $ULHUSODQXUL HO QX GHWHUPLQ

QLFL R FRQGL LH GH VDWLVIDFHUH vQ vQWUHJLPH ,QWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD

FRQWLLQ HL  GHFLVLPSOXO IDSWF  DFHDVWD YL]HD]  WRWGHDXQDFHYD

- OHJLWLPHD]

 LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD GHULYDW  D FRQVWUXF LLORU OLQJY

istice

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
HQXQ XUL

GLVFXUVXUL

YRUELUHFRPXQLFDUH

D

VXQW

3ULQ

vQ HOHVH

XUPDUH
GUHSW

DFWHOH

GH

FRPSRUWDPHQWH

LQWHQ LRQDOH JXYHUQDWH GH UHJXOL LQWULQVHFL $FHDVW  OHJ WXU 

LQGLVROXELO 

GLQWUH

LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD

FRQWLLQ HL

L

LQWHQ LLOH

FRPXQLF ULL OLQJYLVWLFH HVWH H[SOLFLWDW  GH F WUH 6HDUOH SULQ

SULQFLSLXO H[SULPDELOLW

LL DFHVWD VWDELOHWH F  VH SRDWH WRWGHDXQD

V  ILH VSXV FHHDFH VH YUHD V  VH VSXQ  FHHD FH VH LQWHQ LRQHD]  D

fi spus poate fi spus, sau, n formularea lui Searle: Whatever can

be meanW FDQ EH VDLG 2ULFH OLPE  GLVSXQH GH XQ DQVDPEOX ILQLW
GH FXYLQWH L GH FRQVWUXF LL VLQWDFWLFH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO F URUD QH
SXWHP H[SULPD GDU GDF  R OLPE  GDW  VDX RULFH OLPE  vQ JHQHUH
RSXQH H[SULPDELOXOXL R OLPLW  VXSHULRDU  GDF  H[LVW  JkQGXUL SH

caUH HD QX vQJ

GXLH D OH H[SULPD DFHVWD HVWH XQ IDSW FRQWLQJHQW

LDUQXXQDGHY UQHFHVDU>@3RWULYLWDFHVWXLSULQFLSLXQXH[LVW 
U P L

LQH[SULPDELO QXSRWILvQWkOQLWHLQWHQ LLFDUHFHOSX LQvQ

SULQFLSLXV UH]LVWHODDILFRPXQLFDWH0HQ LRQ PvQV F 6HDUOH

SURSXQHV QXFRQIXQG PFHHDFHXQORFXWRUYUHDV VHPQLILFHFX
WLSXULOH GH HIHFWH SH FDUH XUP UHWH V  OH SURGXF  DVXSUD
DXGLWRULORU V L SH GH DOW  SDUWH SULQFLSLXO GH H[SULPDELOLWDWH QX
SUHVXSXQH vQ QLFL XQ IHO F  WRW FHHD FH SRDWH IL VSXV HVWH LVDX
SRDWH IL SULQ FKLDU DFHDVWD DFFHVLELO vQ HOHJHULL GH F WUH DO LL
$FHVWSULQFLSLXVWDELOHWHGRDUF RULFHLQWHQ LHVHPQLILFDQW SRDWH
V

-L J

VHDVF  R H[SULPDUH H[DFW  vQ OLPEDM DOWIHO VSXV DILUP  F 

VHQVXO SH FDUH ORFXWRUXO vO G  HQXQ

ULL VDOH SRDWH V  ILH WRWGHDXQD

H[SOLFLWDW SULQ FRQVWUXF LL OLQJYLVWLFH FKLDU GDF  SHQWUX DFHDVWD YD
WUHEXL FD V  LQYHQWH]H vPERJ

LQG DVWIHO OLPED GHFL SHQWUX RULFH

VHPQLILFD LH ; L SHQWUX RULFH ORFXWRU / RUL GH FkWH RUL / YUHD V 

semnifice (iQWHQ LRQHD]

V WUDQVPLW GRUHWHV FRPXQLFHHWF;

HVWH SRVLELO V  H[LVWH R H[SUHVLH ( DVWIHO vQFkW ( V  ILH H[SUHVLD

H[DFW  VDX IRUPXODUHD H[DFW  D OXL ; Q GHVFKLGHUHD DFHVWXL
SULQFLSLX -RKQ 56HDUOHDQDOL]HD] FX SUHGLOHF LHDFWHOH GH OLPEDM

carHSRVHG

XQVHQVOLWHUDOVHULRVJUDYvQDFHDVW FDWHJRULHLQWU 

FD]XULOH vQ FDUH ORFXWRUXO YUHD V  VSXQ  FHHD FH VSXQH +H
PHDQVZKDWKHVD\VDYkQGvQDFHODLWLPSLQWHQ LDGHDSURGXFH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
XQ HIHFW DVXSUD DXGLWRULXOXL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO UHFXQRDWHULL

acestei

LQWHQ LL GH F WUH DXGLWRU Q SUHOXQJLUHD MRFXULORU GH OLPEDM

DQDOL]DW  GH /:LWWJHVWHQ L D WLSRORJLHL SURSXVH GH -/$XVWLQ
-56HDUOH VXEOLQLD]  F  vQ SULPXO UkQG D YRUEL R OLPE 
vQVHDPQ  D UHDOL]D DFWH GH OLPEDM DFWH SUHFXP D IRUPXOD

afLUPD LLDGDRUGLQHDSXQHvQWUHE ULDIDFHSURPLVLXQLDPG

-un plan mai abstract, acte ca: a se referi, a predica; n al

L vQWU

GRLOHD UkQG DFHVWH DFWH VXQW vQ JHQHUDO I FXWH SRVLELOH SULQ
HYLGHQ D

DQXPLWRU

UHJXOL

FDUH

DGPLQLVWUHD] 

vQWUHEXLQ D

rea

HOHPHQWHORU OLQJYLVWLFH L VH UHDOL]HD]  FRQIRUP DFHVWRU UHJXOL

>@'LVFXUVXOWHRUHWLFDVXSUDFRQWLLQ HLHVWHDVWIHOIRORVLWSHQWUX
D OHJLWLPD DQDOL]D WD[LQRPLF  D FRPXQLF ULL OLQJYLVWLFH LDU
LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD DFWHORU SVLKLFH HVWH H[SOLFLWDW  S

rin investigarea

WLSXULORU GH LQWHQ LL FDUH DUWLFXOHD]  XWLOL] ULOH FRWLGLHQH DOH

limbajului.
5. Noi strategii teoretico-metodologice
-+DEHUPDVFRQVWDW RVFKLPEDUHGHSDUDGLJP vQILORVRILD
DFWXDO WUHFHUHDGHODRILORVRILHDFRQWLLQ HLLVXELHFWLYLW

LLODR

ILORVRILH DOLPEDMXOXL 'DF  SULQ WUDGL LH VHPQHOH OLQJYLVWLFHHUDX

FRQVLGHUDWH GRDU FD LQVWUXPHQWH L DFFHVRULL DL UHSUH]HQW ULORU vQ
UHIOHF LD PDL QRX  LPSXOVLRQDW  GH XQ HYLGHQW LQWHUHV WLLQ LILF

aceste semne sunt privite drept componente ale unui univers

DXWRQRP DO VHPQLILFD LLORU VHQVXOXL vQ ORFXO UHOD LLORU GLQWUH
VXELHFW L RELHFW vQFHS V  ILH VWXGLDWH UDSRUWXULOH VLVWHPHORU GH
VHPQH FX VW ULOH IDFWXDOH 6WUXFWXUDOLVPXO PHWRGRORJLF VHPLRWLFD

hermeneutica sunt n acest context, deschideri teoreticoPHWRGRORJLFH FX YLUWX L LQWHJUDWRDUH DVXSUD D WRW FHHD FH LQH GH
DFWLYLWDWHD

VLPEROLF 

FUHDWLYLWDWH

FDUH

SRDWH

D
IL

RPXOXL
QXPLW 

35LFRHXU

D

FRPSRUWDPHQW

1&KRPVN\ D VDX DWLWXGLQH IDFXOWDWH

GH

DFHD

VLPEROLF

- n.n. XPDQ

 GH D

VHPQLILFD )GH 6DXVVXUH (%HQYHQLVWH &O+DJJH D 3ULQ

DPSORDUHDORUDFHVWHFRQWULEX LLVHLQWHJUHD] GLVFXUVXOXLILORVRILF

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
GHVSUHFRQGL LDXPDQ 'HIDSWFXQRDWHUHDFRQWHPSRUDQ GHVLQH
D RPXOXL HVWH PHGLDW  GH OLPEDMHVHPQHVLPERO

uri/texte care

DOF WXLHVFEROWDYDORULF DFXOWXULLLFLYLOL]D LHL

5.1. Structuralismul
0HWRGDVWUXFWXUDO SURSXQHVFKHPHFRQFHSWXDOHULJXURDVH
FX R DSOLFD LH ODUJ  L FX YRFD LH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU  (D VH SUHWHD] 
OD ULJRDUH WLLQ LILF  vQ SURFHVXO GHVFULHULL L H[SOLF ULL DQXPLWRU
GRPHQLL GH UHDOLWDWH ILLQG SRVLELO  L FRQVWUXLUHD GH PRGHOH
IRUPDOH0HWRGDVWUXFWXUDO VWXGLD] DUKLWHFWXUDLIXQF LRQDOLWDWHD
WRWDOLW

LORURUJDQL]DWHFDUHVHGHRVHEHVFGHWRWDOLW

LOHVXPDWLYH

3ULQVLVWHPvQ HOHJHPXQDQVDPEOXGHHOHPHQWHDIODWHLQWHUDF LXQH

L FX SURSULHW

L vQVXLUL L IXQF LL VSHFLILFH LUHGXFWLELOH OD

vQVXLULOH FRPSRQHQWHORU &KLDU GDF  /XGZLJ YRQ %HUWDODQII\

FRQVLGHU  F  DSDUDWXO FRQFHSWXDO SURSULX WHRULHL JHQHUDOH D
VLVWHPHORU SRDWH V  vQORFXLDVF  WHRULD ILORVRILF  D FDWHJRULLORU
>@ HVWH HYLGHQW F  QH DIO P vQ ID D XQHL SDUDGLJPH WLLQ LILFH
FDSDELOH

V 

H[SOLFH

FRPSOH[LW

LOH

DXWRRUJDQL]DWH

L

izomorfismele.
6LVWHPXO DUH SURSULHWDWHD LQWHJUDOLW

LL L D DXWRUHJO ULL

H[LVW  L IXQF LRQHD]  FD XQ WRW RPRJHQ XQLWDU 3ULQ VWUXFWXU  VH
vQ HOHJHvQVHQVWUDGL LRQDOPRGXOGHFRQVWUXLUHGHFRPSXQHUHL
DUDQMDUH D HOHPHQWHORU DVWIHO vQFkW  V  UH]XOWH VLVWHPXO VH YL]HD] 
FRQILJXUD LD VSD LDO  GLUHFW SHUFHSWLELO  HD VH VLWXHD]  vQ SODQXO
UHDOLW

LLLHVWHSUHH[LVWHQW PRGHOXOXLFRJQLWLYFDUHDSDUHvQXUPD

unui proces de reflectare, re-producere. n sens modern, prin

VWUXFWXU  VH GHVHPQHD]  VFKHPD IXQF LRQDO  D VLVWHPXOXL DGLF 
LQYDULDQ LL FDUH DVLJXU  VWDELOLWDWHD IXQF LRQDUHD L DXWRUH

glarea

DFHVWXLD VWUXFWXUD HVWH UH]XOWDWXO XQHL UHFRQVWUXF LL ORJLFH D

UHDOXOXL DGLF  XQ PRGHO WHRUHWLFR H[SOLFDWLY I U  FRUHVSRQGHQW vQ

UHDOLWDWH H[LVWHQW vQ SODQ HSLVWHPLF PHQLW V  UHOHYH vQ VWDUH SXU 
UHOD LLOHGHVROLGDULWDWHLGHSHQGHQ

vQWUHS U LOHVLVWHPXOXL

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
1R LXQHD GH VWUXFWXU  QX SRDWH IL VXSXV  XQHL GHILQL LL
LQGXFWLYH ED]DWH SHFRPSDUDUHD L DEVWUDJHUHD vQXLULORU FRPXQH
WXWXURU DFFHS LXQLORU SH FDUH WHUPHQXO OH DUH vQ vQWUHEXLQ DUHD VD
X]XDO  &KLDU DWXQFL FkQG HVWH IRORVLW  FX LQWHQ LL WLLQ LILFH
H[SUHVH DFHDVW  QR LXQH GRYHGHWH UH]RQDQ H VHPDQWLFH GLVWLQFWH
vQ IXQF LH GH FLUFXPVWDQ H 3HQWUX D vQO WXUD HFKLYRFXO 5D\PRQG
%RXGRQ VXJHUHD]  F  WHUPHQXO VWUXFWXU  DSDUH GH RELFHL vQ
GRX  FRQWH[WH IXQGDPHQWDO GLIHULWH QWU

-un prim tip de contexte,

FXYkQWXO VWUXFWXU  HVWH IRORVLW ILH SHQWUX D VXEOLQLD FDUDFWHUXO

sistematic al unui obiect - astfel spus, pentru a indica un ansamblu

de caractere interdependente -ILHSHQWUXDVXEOLQLDF PHWRGDDUH
drept efect descrierea unui obieFWFDVLVWHPQDFHVWFD]QR LXQHD
de sistem apare, la drept vorbind, n cadrul unei teorii a
VLVWHPHORU 9RP VSXQH DWXQFL SHQWUX D IL[D OLPEDMXO F  DSDUH vQ
FRQWH[WXO XQHL GHILQL LL LQWHQ LRQDOH $O GRLOHD WLS GH FRQWH[WH HVWH

caracterizat de faptul c

 QR LXQHD GH VWUXFWXU  HVWH LQVHUDW  vQWU

-o

WHRULH GHVWLQDW  V  GHD VHDP  GH FDUDFWHUXO VLVWHPDWLF DO XQXL

RELHFW9RPVSXQHF vQDFHVWFD]WHUPHQXOGHVWUXFWXU DSDUHvQ
FRQWH[WXO XQHL GHILQL LL HIHFWLYH >@ Q SULPXO FD] WHUPHQXO
GRDU PDUFKHD]  IDSWXO F  XQ RELHFW HVWH LGHQWLILFDW FD SRVHGkQG
SURSULHW

LOH XQXL VLVWHP QR LXQHD GH VWUXFWXU  UHGXFkQGX

-se la

DVRFLD LLOH HL VLQRQLPLFH SULQ FDUH VH H[SOLFLWHD]  RUJDQL]DUH

GLIHUHQ LHUH

ireductibile

D

YL]kQG

FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH

XQHL

WRWDOLW

L

OD VXPD S U LORU IXQF LD VD HVWH SXU WHUPLQRORJLF 

VHUYLQG OD IRUPXODUHD GLVWLQF LLORU FH DU SXWHD IL GHVFULVH L vQ DO L
WHUPHQL RELHFWXO HVWH LGHQWLILFDW FD VLVWHP L L VH HYLGHQ LD] 
vQVXLULOH SULQ GLIHUHQ LHUHD GH RELHFWHOH

-agregat. n al doilea caz,

FXYkQWXO VWUXFWXU  QX LQGLF  IDSWXO F  RELHFWXO HVWH XQ VLVWHP L

F  HO WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW FD DWDUH FL HVWH LQWHJUDW vQWU R LSRWH] 

WHRUHWLF  ILLQG YRUED GH R FRQVWUXF LH ORJLF  PHQLW  V  GHD VHDPD

de caracteristicile aparente ale sistemului; deci, o teorie ipoteticoGHGXFWLY  YHULILFDELO  VH DSOLF  XQXL VLVWHP FX VFRSXO GH D-i
GHWHUPLQD L H[SOLFD UHOD LLOH LQWHUQH PRGHOXO HVWH RE LQXW SULQ

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
FRQVWUXFWLYLWDWH ORJLF  SHUPL kQG DFFHVXO OD DQXPLWH FRHUHQ H GH
RUGLQXO HVHQ HL GLQFROR GH LQFRHUHQ D IHQRPHQLF  'DF  VWUXFWXUD
VH UHIHU  vQ FRQWH[WXO XQRU GHILQL LL LQWHQ LRQDOH OD UHDOLW

L

VLVWHPDWLFH FDUH SRW IL GHVFULVH HPSLULF SULQ VLPSO  GLIHUHQ



contextele efective impun o modificare a perspectivei, apelnd la

constructe ipotetico-deductive - descKLVH YHULILF ULL - cu ajutorul
F URUDGHPRQVWUHD] H[LVWHQ DXQHLFRHUHQ HLQWHUQHQHHYLGHQWHL
WRWRGDW  FLUFXPVFULH PXO LPHD GH HOHPHQWH SULQ FDUH RELHFWXO
SRDWH IL VXSXV XQHL GHVFULHUL IHQRPHQLFH 7RWXL GLQFROR GH
DVHPHQHD GLVWLQF LL OHJLWLPH SRW I

i stabilite acele dominante care

O PXUHVFVHQVXORSHUD LRQDOWHKQLFDOWHUPHQXOXLVWUXFWXU 

/D R SULP  DSUR[LPDUH  DUDW  -HDQ 3LDJHW  R VWUXFWXU 

HVWH XQ VLVWHP GH WUDQVIRUP UL FDUH vQ FDOLWDWHD VD GH VLVWHP
FRPSRUW 

H[LVWHQ D

XQRU

OHJL

vQ

RSR]L LH

FX

SURSULHW

LOH

HOHPHQWHORU DFHVWXL VLVWHP L FDUH VH FRQVHUY  VDX VH GH]YROW 

SULQ FKLDU MRFXO WUDQVIRUP ULORU VDOH I U  FD DFHVWHD V  GXF  OD
GHS LUHD

JUDQL HORU

VLVWHPXOXL

UHVSHFWLY

VDX

elemente exterioare. Intr-un cuvnt, o strXFWXU

V 

DSHOH]H

OD

 FXSULQGH WUHL

vQVXLUL GH WRWDOLWDWH GH WUDQVIRUPDUH L GH DXWRUHJODM /D SULPD

DSUR[LPDUHGDUFDUHSRDWHILWRWDWkWGHELQHRID] XOWHULRDU FXP
SRDWH IL L XQD FDUH V  XUPH]H QHPLMORFLW GHVFRSHULULL VWUXFWXULL
DFHDVWD WUHEXLH V  SRDW  IL IRUPDOL]DW  >@ $FHDVW  DFFHS LXQH
PRGHUQ  D VWUXFWXULL SH ED]D F UHLD VH HODERUHD]  R PHWRG  GH

cercetare, s-D

LPSXV vQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH 6DXVVXUH DUDW  F 

SURFHVHOH GH VHPQLILFDUH OLQJYLVWLF  QX VH UHGXF OD GLDFURQLH QX
SRW IL vQ HOHVH SULQ UHFXUV OD HPSLULH LVDX LVWRULH FL SUHVXSXQ XQ
UDSRUW IXQGDPHQWDO vQWUH VHPQ L VHQV DQVDPEOXO VHPQLILFD LLORU
IRUPkQG R UH HD GH UDSRUWXUL ED]DWH SH GLVWLQF LL L RSR]L LL
6FKLPEDUHD GH SHUVSHFWLY  HVWH RSHUDW  SULQ vQORFXLUHD QR LXQLL

pozitiviste de fapt lingviVWLF SULQ FHD GH UHOD LH GH OD FHUFHWDUHD
DWRPDU 

D

HOHPHQWHORU

LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HORU

L]RODWH

FDUDFWHULVWLFH

VH

WUHFH

OD

DQVDPEOXULORU

LGHQWLILFDUHD
DFFHS LXQHD

HPSLULVW  D FXQRDWHULL HVWH GHS LW  SULQ FUHGLWDUHD WLLQ LILF  D

FRQVWUXFWLYLW

LL WHRUHWLFH 6HULHL FRPSOH[H GLIX]H L FRQIX]H GH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

evenimente verbale singulare, contingente, i se substituie

GHVFULHUHD UDSRUWXULORU GLQWUH XQLW


LOH OLPELL vQ SODQ VLQWDJPDWLF

 VXFFHVLXQHD vQ XQWUXO vQO Q XLULORU YRUELWH L SDUDGLJPDWLF

(=raporturile de substitXLUHSRVLELO

HVWHDVWIHOYL]DW DUWLFXODUHD

RUJDQL]DUHD IRUPDO  D OLPELL GHVFULS LD vQDLQWkQG F WUH R

UHGXFHUHDOLPELLODFRPSRQHQWHOHVHPQLILFDQWHSHED]DF URUDVH
FRQVWLWXLH L IXQF LRQHD]  FD OLPE  LQL LLQG GHILQLUHD DFHVWRUD
SULQ

UHOHYDQ

PXWXDO 

VWUXFWXUD

FRQVW 

vQ

UHSDUWL]DUHD

L

FRPELQD LLOH SRVLELOH DOH XQXL QXP U ILQLW GH DVHPHQHD XQLW

L

elementare.
,QWHUSUHWkQG OLPED FD IRUP  SXU  L VLVWHP GH YDORUL FH QX
FXQRDWH GHFkW RUGLQHD VD SURSULH 6DXVVXUH LQL LD]  GH IDSW R
QRX 

SHUVSHFWLY 

WHRUHWLFR PHWRGRORJLF 

SULPDWXO

vQWUHJXOXL

VROLGDU FDUH QX SRDWH IL UHGXV OD FDUDFWHULVWLFL VXPDWLYH 'HL
DSHOHD] ODWHUPHQXOGHVLVWHP6DXVVXUHSUHILJXUHD] SULQFLSLXO

"structurii" - FDUH YD IL DILUPDW FD DWDUH GH FRDOD IRQRORJLF  vQ
fruntH FX 5-DNREVRQ D vQ GHFHQLXO WUHL DO VHFROXOXL QRVWUX
)RUPD OLQJYLVWLF  HVWH R VWUXFWXU  vQWUXFkW LPSOLF  R XQLWDWH
JOREDO  FDUH vQFRUSRUHD]  S U LOH DFHVWH S U L VXQW LQWHJUDWH vQWU

un aranjament formal ce se supune anumitor principii constante;

tRWRGDW  UHVSHFWLYHOH S U L FRQVWLWXWLYH vQGHSOLQHVF IXQF LL
VSHFLILFH vQ VIkULW S U LOH VLVWHPXOXL VXQW XQLW

L OD XQ DQXPH

QLYHO GHWHUPLQDW SXWkQG vQV  D IL WUDWDWH L FD VXEXQLW

L DOH XQRU

VHJPHQW UL GH QLYHO VXSHULRU $WULEXWXO GLVFRQWLQXLW

HYLGHQ LD]  MRFXO XQLW
SHUPLW

V 

VH

LL OL

mbii

LORU GLVFUHWH GLVWLQF LL OH[HPDWLFH FDUH

vQWRFPHDVF 

LQYHQWDUXO

QR LXQLORU

GHVHPQDWH

GHRVHELUL GH PRUIHPH FH vQWHPHLD]  VLVWHPDWL]DUHD FODVHORU L

subclaselor formale; deosebirile fonemelor -FDED] DGLVWLQF LLlor

fonologice non-VHPQLILFDQWH GHRVHELULOH GLQWUH WU V WXUL
PHULVPH FDUH RUGRQHD]  IHQRPHQHOH vQ FODVH 3ULQ XUPDUH
OLPED FD VLVWHP SUHVXSXQH F  QLPLF QLFL XQ VHPQ QX VHPQLILF 
H[FOXVLY SULQ VLQH vQVXL FL QXPDL vQ LQWHULRUXO XQXL DQVDPEOX

structXUDW $OWIHO VSXV FRQYHQ LLOH VRFLR-culturale - mai precis:

regulile unui cod - RUJDQL]HD]  VLVWHPDWLF XQ QXP U ILQLW GHILQLW

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
GH HOHPHQWH SH ED]D F URUD VH IRUPHD]  VHPQH JUXSXUL GH VHPQH
LRYDULHWDWHQHGHILQLW GHHQXQ XULILLQGDVWIHOSRVLELO DIL

rmarea

aptitudinii umane de a semnifica.

6SUH GHRVHELUH GH LQYHVWLJD LLOH SVLKR

-sociologice care pot

VXUSULQGH SH ED]D XQRU JHQHUDOL] UL GRDU PRGXO HIHFWLY vQ FDUH
RPXOFRPXQLF vQWU

-o colectivitate anume, analiza de tip structural

SHUPLWH

V 

VH

U VSXQG 

OD

vQWUHEDUHD

FXP

HVWH

SRVLELO 

FRPXQLFDUHD LQWHUXPDQ  vQWU

-un anume mediu socio-cultural? Cu

DOWH FXYLQWH H YRUED GH FRQGL LLOH LQGLVSHQVDELOH RULF UXL DFW GH
FRPXQLFDUHYHUEDO VDXVFULV 6DXVVXUHLQWURGXFHSHQWUXDFHDVWD
R GLVWLQF LH vQWUH /LPE  L 9RUELUH /LPED HVWH XQ DQVDPEOX GH
VHPQHLUHJXOLGHRSHUDUHFXDFHVWHDDVWIHOvQFkWSHED]DORUV VH
IRUPH]HHQXQ XULIUD]H L GLVFXUVXUL FX VHQV LQWHOLJLELOH (D HVWH
XQ PRGHO FRQVWUXLW GH WHRUHWLFLDQ YL]kQG DFHOH FRQGL LL QHFHVDUH

de ordin VLQWDFWLF L VHPDQWLF SH FDUH OH DSOLF

 FRQWLHQW VDX QX

RULFH YRUELWRU UHDO VDX SRVLELO DWXQFL FkQG YUHD V   FRPXQLFH L V 

ILHvQ HOHV/LPEDHVWHGHFLRVWUXFWXU XQFRG(DQXDUHUHDOLWDWH
HIHFWLY  9RUELUHD SURSULX ]LV  VDX IL[DW  SULQ VFULV HVW

e o

DFWXDOL]DUH D FRGXOXL OLQJYLVWLF GH F WUH RDPHQL UHDOL vQ FRQWH[WH

FRQFUHWH GH FRPXQLFDUH YDULLQG GH OD LQGLYLG OD LQGLYLG vQ IXQF LH
GH

RUL]RQW

FXOWXUDO

DVSLUD LL

VWDUH

SVLKRORJLF 

LQWHQ LL

vPSUHMXU UL FRQFUHWH &D LQVWLWX LH VRFLDO  6DXVVX

L

re), limba

VFDS  SUHPHGLW ULL L YDULDELOHORU FDSULFLRDVH DOH PXOWLSOHORU

FRQWH[WH UHDOH DD vQFkW LQGLYLGXO QX R SRDWH PRGLILFD L QX L

SRDWH H[SULPD FUHDWLYLWDWHD GHFkW vQ VSD LXO GH MRF DO FRQYHQ LLORU

colective de semnificare/comunicare: supunerea n bloc a

PHPEULORU JUXSXOXL ID

 GH FRGXO OLQJYLVWLF FRQILUP  IDSWXO F 

OLPED HVWH DXWRQRP  L IXQF LRQHD]  DLGRPD UHJXOLORU XQXL MRF

Studierea limbii deschide perspective metodologico-teoretice apte

V  VXUSULQG  DQXPLWH GRPLQDQWH YDORULFR-atitudinale, specificul
XQRU

FROHFWLYLW

L

XPDQH

FRQVWDQWHOH

JkQGLULL

L

VXIOHWXOXL

RPHQHVFODVFDU WUDQVLQGLYLGXDO 
$DGDU FKLDU GDF  OLPED HVWH RELHFWXO XQHL FHUFHW UL
WLLQ LILFH ULJXURDVH FXQRDWHUHD VD QX HVWH GHFkW XQ PLMORF vQ

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

vederea aproprierii unui obiect PXOW PDL FXSULQ]

WRU FDUH QX PDL

DSDU LQH OLQJYLVWLFLL GHS HWH LQWHUHVXO VWULFW VL SRVLELOLW

LOH

acesteia: universul sensului - GHFL FXOWXUD L RPHQHVFXO vQ VHQV

larg. De altfel, F. de Saussure, lund n considerare evidenta
GLVWLQF LHGLQWUHVIHUDOLQJYLVWLFLLLVIHUDVHPQHORUQRQ-lingvistice,
DSUHFLD]  FD QHFHVDU  GLVFXWDUHD PRGXOXL vQ FDUH VRFLHWDWHD
IRORVHWH PDL PXOWH WLSXUL GH FRGXUL DFHDVW  QRX  WLLQ

 JHQHUDO 

DVLVWHPHORUGHVHPQHHVWHQXPLW VHPLRORJLH/LQJYLVWLFDSRDWHIL
FRQVLGHUDW  SLYRW DO XQHL DVHPHQHD GLUHF LL GH FHUFHWDUH WRFPDL
SULQ ULJRDUHD GRYHGLW  vQ DERUGDUHD VHPQHORU GLQWU

-un punct de
vedere structural. "Structura - VXEOLQLD]  /+MHOPVOHY - este
WU V WXUD FRQVWLWXWLY  D XQHL OLPEL DD FXP vQWU-R IRUP  JHQHUDO 
QHGHWHUPLQDW -QQHVWHDXQXLVLVWHP6WUXFWXUDFRQVW vQIDSWXO
DSDU LQH IDSWXOXL - QQ F  S U LOH VLVWHPXOXL GHSLQG XQHOH GH
DOWHOH L QX H[LVW  GHFkW vQ YLUWXWHD DFHVWHL GHSHQGHQ H L F  vQ
DFHHDLP VXU GHSHQGHQ HOHODUkQGXOORUGHSLQGXQHOHGHDOWHOH
&LQH VSXQH VWUXFWXU  VSXQH GHSHQGHQ

 vQWUH LVSU YLOH XQXL VLVWHP

DGLF  vQWUH S U LOH XQXL VLVWHP L vQWUH GHSHQGHQ HOH SH FDUH
DFHVWHD OH DQJDMHD]  $DGDU D VWXGLD R VWUXFWXU  vQVHDPQ  D

studia (inter - QQ GHSHQGHQ HOH  >@ $FHDVW  DFFHS LXQH a
structurii - VHGLPHQWDW  GH OLQJYLVWLF  - are o valoare
SDUDGLJPDWLF SHQWUXDOWHWLLQ HVRFLR-umane.
3HQWUX 6DXVVXUH VHPQXO HVWH R HQWLWDWH FX GRX  ID HWH
VHPQLILFDQWXO  L VHPQLILFDWXO UHVSHFWLY LPDJLQHD DFXVWLF  L

conceptul. Dualitatea semnificant-VHPQLILFDW HVWH

+MHOPVOHY vQ WHUPHQLL GLVWLQF LHL H[SUHVLH-FRQ LQXW
DFHVWH SODQXUL VH GHVSLF  vQ IRUP  L VXEVWDQ

UHOXDW 

GH

ILHFDUH GLQ

 vQ WLPS FH IRUPD

HVWH DFFHVLELO  GHVFULHULL VLPSOH L H[KDXVWLYH SULQ FULWHULLOH GH

FRHUHQ

 HSLVWHPRORJLF  D OLQJYLVWLFLL VXEVWDQ D VH UHIHU  OD DFHOH

aspecte ale fenomenelor lingvistice care nu pot fi descrise dect

prin recurgerea la premise extralingvistice. Prin semn se va
vQ HOHJH vQ DFHVW FD] VROLGDULWDWHD GLQWUH IRUPD H[SUHVLHL L
IRUPDFRQ LQXWXOXLFDUDFWHUL]DW SULQIDSWXOF RVXEVWLWX LHvQWU
SODQ FHUH XQD L DFHHDL VFKLPEDUH vQ SODQXO RSXV >@

-un
- deci,

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

printr-R

UHOD LH GH GXEO  LPSOLFD LH 'DF  6DXVVXUH DWULEXLH

VHPQXOXL

R

QDWXU 

SVLKLF 

+MHOPVOHY

HOLPLQ 

LQWHUSUHW ULOH

psihologiste, analizQG VHPQXO DWkW FX DMXWRUXO IXQF LLORU LQWHUQH

FDUH vO FRQVWLWXLH FD VHPQ FkW L DO IXQF LLORU H[WHUQH - ceea ce
SHUPLWHRvQGHS UWDUHGHDFFHS LXQHDVWULFWOLQJYLVWLF LDQVDXQHL
H[WHQVLLvQGLUHF LDLQWHUSHW ULLIXQF LHLVHPLRWLFH

Modelul lingvistLFDOOXL6DXVVXUHDJ
-

VLWDSOLFD LLvQIRDUWH

PXOWH GRPHQLL 'H SLOG  &ODXGH /pYL 6WUDXVV GHVFRSHU  F  vQ

FLYLOL]D LLOH DUKDLFH UHOD LLOH GH vQUXGLUH VH VWUXFWXUHD]  SRWULYLW
DQXPLWRU UHJXOL L LQWHUGLF LL GH FRPELQDUH VLPLODU  UHJXOLORU FDUH

permit sau interzic combinarea termenilor ntr-R DQXPLW

 OLPE 

6WUXFWXUDH[SOLFLWHD] VFKHPHGHLPDJLQD LHLJkQGLUHPRGHOHGH

VHQVLELOLWDWH HWF SH FDUH GH RELFHL OH IRORVLP L DSOLF P vQ PRG

intuitiv. Modelul lingvistic este n prezent extins n sensul unui

VWUXFWXUDOLVP

GH

WLS

VHPLRWLF

6HPLRWLFD

VWXGLD] 

WRWDOLWDWHD

SURFHVHORU GH VHPQLILFDUH LVDX FRPXQLFDUH SH FDUH RPXO OH

XWLOL]HD]  vQ UDSRUWXULOH VDOH FX UHDOLWDWHD FXOWXUDO  L QDWXUDO  Q
VHPLRWLF VHPQXODUHRDFFHS LXQHPXOWPDLJHQHUDO LDUFRGX

rile

VXQW JkQGLWH SULQ DQDORJLH FX FHOH OLQJYLVWLFH I U  D VH UHGXFH OD
DFHVWHD 2PXO WUDQVPLWH VHPQLILFD LL SULQWU R PXOWLWXGLQH GH F L

VHPQH OLQJYLVLWFH ROIDFWLYH YL]XDOH FXORUL H[SUHVLYLWDWHD IH HL

JHVWLF  VXQHWH vPEU F PLQWH IRUPH RELHFWXDOH

bunuri culturale,

DPG([LVW GHFLRSOXUDOLWDWHGHOLPEDMHFDUHSRWILLQYHVWLJDWH
WLLQ LILF SUHJ WLQGX VH DVWIHO WHUHQXO XQHL UHIOHF LL XQLILFDWRDUH

DVXSUD SOXUDOLVPXOXL YDORULF SH FDUH VH vQWHPHLD]  RULFH FXOWXU  L

FLYLOL]D LHXPDQ 

Dincolo

GH

PLWXO

OLPEDMXOXL

OLQJYLVWLF

VWUXFWXUDO 

D

SUHILJXUDW PRGHOH WLLQ LILFH H[HPSODUH SH WHUHQXO WLLQ HORU VRFLR
XPDQH vQ FRQVHFLQ
FKLDU V  LPLWH

-

 QXPHURDVH WLLQ H YRU IL WHQWDWH V

 XUPH]H -

FDOHD GHVFKLV  GH OLQJYLVWLF  SDUDGLJPHOH

WLLQ HORU QDWXULL YRU IL vQORFXLWH FX XQ DGHY UDW LPSHULDOLVP
OLQJYLVLWF &RQFHSWXO GH VWUXFWXU  ODWHQW 

- vQ HOHDV

 FD QXFOHX

OHJLFGHFRPSR]L LHDXQXLvQWUHJ HVWHvQVXLWGHDQWURSRORJLH&O

/pYL6WUDXVVILORVRILH0)RXFDXOW/$OWKXVVHUHWFSVLKDQDOL] 

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

(J./DFDQ SRHWLF

 7]YHWDQ 7RGRURY 5RODQG %DUWKHV -35LFDUGV

L PXO L DO LL Q WLPS VH FRQILJXUHD]  WRW PDL SUHFLV XQ

VWUXFWXUDOLVP

PHWRGRORJLF

L

XQ

VWUXFWXUDOLVP

FH

DVSLU 

OD

LQWHUSUHW ULJOREDOHGHRUGLQXOYL]LXQLORUILORVRILFR

-ideologice.
Analiza de tip structural presupune practicarea anumitor
ULJRUL PHWRGRORJLFH  UHJXOD LPDQHQ HL - nchiderea sistemului

SHQWUX D IDFH R DQDOL]  D HOHPHQWHORU FRPSRQHQWH LQWHUQH

VLVWHPXO HVWH H[SOLFDW SULQ HO vQVXL SULQ IDFWRUL LPDQHQ L L QX

prin apel la IDFWRUL H[WHULRUL WUDQVFHQGHQ L  UHJXOD FRPXW ULL inventarierea elementelor componente, punnd accent pe deosebiri
LQXSHDVHP Q ULvQWUXFkWFHHDFHVHDVHDP Q HUHGXFWLELOODXQ
DFHODL LQGLFH LPDJLQ P R VFKLPEDUH GH VHPQ L GDF  DFHVWD

estH HVHQ LDO GHILQLWRULX YD DQWUHQD PRGLILF UL GH VHPQLILFD LH OD
nivelul ntregului; 3. regula ierarhiei sistemelor - QX H[LVW  XQ
VLVWHP DEVROXW L QLFL XQ HOHPHQW DEVROXW XQ VLVWHP SRDWH IL
FRQVLGHUDW

VXEVLVWHP

L

HOHPHQW

vQ

UDSRUW

FX

VLVWHPHOH

supraorGRQDWH  UHJXOD YDULD LHL GLDFURQLFH - structurile nu sunt

LQYDULDELOH FL DX R JHQH]  R HYROX LH XOWHULRDU  WUHF SULQ ID]H GH
GHVWUXFWXUDUH L UHVWUXFWXUDUH Q JHQHUDO PHWRGD VWUXFWXUDO 
DQJDMHD]  R FXQRDWHUH GHVXELHFWLYL]DW  vQWUXFkW SULQ FRQVWUX

irea

GH PRGHOH L HYHQWXDO IRUPDOL]DUH HOLPLQ  RULFH FRQ LQXWXUL

VXELHFWLYHLYDORUL] UL
1X H[LVW  R ILORVRILH XQLWDU  GH WLS VWUXFWXUDOLVW FL GRDU
HOHPHQWH

GH

ILORVRIDUH

VWUXFWXUDOLVW 

DFHVWHD

VH

RE LQ

SULQ

absolutizarea regulilor metodei structurale, atunci cnd sunt

H[WLQVH GLQFROR GH VLVWHPXO GH UHIHULQ

 vQ FDUH VXQW YDODELOH

FRQWXUkQG DVWIHO SRVWXODWHOH XQHL LQWHUSUHW UL JOREDOH D OXPLL L

omului. E vorba nu de o filosofie propriu-]LV

 FL GH R LGHRORJLH

VWUXFWXUDOLVW  XQ VHW GH FUHGLQ H WH]H L LQWHUSUHW UL FH YLQ vQ
SUHOXQJLUHD ILUHDVF  D SUDFWLFLL WLLQ LILFH RPXO GH WLLQ

 H WHQWDW

FD DWXQFL FkQG DMXQJH OD DQXPLWH FHUWLWXGLQL vQ GRPHQLXO V X GH
VWXGLXV H[WLQG LV DSOLFHUHVSHFWLYHOHH[SOLFD LLLDVXSUDDOWRU

domenii. Este aici

RDPHQLLGHWLLQ

XQ VWLO GH ILORVRIDUH QHVSHFLDOL]DW  OD FDUH

VXQWSUHGLVSXL$VHPHQHDVLWXD LLVXQWDQRPDOLL

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
DOH VSLULWXOXL WLLQ LILF UHVSHFWLY WLLQ D VH HULMHD]  vQ FRQFHS LH
ILORVRILF 

L

structuraliVW

WLQGH

V 

VH

VXEVWLWXLH

ILORVRILHL

)LORVRIDUHD

HVWHLQWHUHVDW GHGHWHFWDUHDVWUXFWXULORULQYDULD LLORU

H[LVWHQ HL 'H DVHPHQHD XQHRUL SURSXQH R LPDJLQH VWDWLF  D

universului, putnd justifica n plan socio-cultural atitudini

FRQVHUYDWLYHLVDXFRQVHUYDWRDUH

Michel Foucault - entuziasmat de SHUIRUPDQ HOH PHWRGHL

structurale - DSUHFLD]  F  DQXPLWH SUREOHPH FD VHQVXO YLH LL
IHULFLUHFRQGL LHXPDQ OLEHUWDWHXPDQLVPDVXQWLOX]LL
DOH FXOWXULL PRGHUQH L WHULWRULL FH QX VH SUHWHD]  OD DERUG UL
WHRUHWLFHFLDSDU LQVIHUHLLGHRORJLLORUQVXLFRQFHSWXOGHRPHVWH
R LQYHQ LH FXOWXUDO  UHFHQW  F UHLD WLLQ HOH XPDQH vL DQXQ

 GHMD

GLVSDUL LD $WLWXGLQHD VD HVWH QXPLW  DQWLXPDQLVP WHRUHWLF D

XPDQLVP WHRUHWLF Q FXOWXU  DUDW  )RXFDXOW LQWHUHVHD]  VWXGLXO

structurilor, al epistemHL

3ULQ DFHDVWD VH FkWLJ  XQ VSRU GH

ULJRDUH vQ VRFLHWDWH L LVWRULH H[LVW  R GLYHUVLWDWH GH FRGXUL L

SURFHVH GH VHPQLILFDUH DQVDPEOXUL GH ULJRUL QRUPH LQWHUGLF LL L
SHUPLVLYLW

L SH FDUH RPXO OH SXQH vQ DF LXQH DWXQFL FkQG DFRUG 

VHPQLILFD LL OXPLL L SURSULHL VDOH FRQGL LL ) U  vQGRLDO  FRGXULOH

VXQW FRQVWUkQJ WRDUH (OH FRQVWLWXLH VWUDWXO GH SURIXQ]LPH DO
FXOWXULL L LVWRULHL XPDQH 2 DVHPHQHD LQWHUSUHWDUH WUHEXLH vQV 
vPELQDW FXUHFXQRDWHUHDVXELHFWLYLW

LLLFUHDWLYLW

LLLQGLYLGXDOH

L FROHFWLYH vQWUXFkW VWUXFWXULOH FLUFXPVFULX QLYHOXO FRPSHWHQ HL

LDU

FUHD LLOH

FXOWXUDOH

LPSOLF 

L

QLYHOXO

SHUIRUPDQ HL

vQ

GHVFKLGHUHD DQXPLWRU FRGXUL 'H IDSW LVWRULD  L FXOWXUD QX SRW IL
vQ HOHVHODDGHY UDWDORUGLPHQVLXQHGHFkWGDF HVWHOXDWvQHFXD LH
IDFWRUXO XPDQ VXELHFWLY FUHDWRU GH QRL FRGXUL H[LVWHQ LDOH L

valorice.
5.2. Semiotica
$O WXUL GH VWUXFWXUDOLVP VHPLRWLFD VWDELOHWH QRL VWUDWHJLL

teoretico-PHWRGRORJLFH PHQLWH V  FRQWULEXLH OD FODULILFDUHD

orizonturilor valorice ale culturii L FLYLOL]D LHL 3UHPLVD GH ED]  D

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
VHPLRWLFLL

FRQVW 

vQ

IDSWXO

HYLGHQW

L

SHQWUX

R

JkQGLUH

QHVSHFLDOL]DW  F  RPXO WU LHWH vQWU R OXPH VHPQLILFDQW  3HQWUX

HO SUREOHPD VHQVXOXL QX VH SXQH VHQVXO H[LVW  VH LPSXQH FD
HYLGHQ

FDVHQWLPHQWXOGHDvQ

elege", n mod foarte firesc. ntr-

XQ XQLYHUV DOE vQ FDUH OLPEDMXO DU IL SXU  GHQRWD LH D OXFUXULORU
L D JHVWXULORU Q DU IL SRVLELO V  QH SXQH vQWUHE UL GHVSUH VHQV

RULFH

vQWUHEDUH HVWH

PHWDOLQJYLVWLF 

sensului nu poate fi saWLVI

DSUR[LPD LL

WUDGXVH

vQ

>@

HQXQ XUL

GH

GLIHULWH

transpunere dintr-XQ OLPEDM vQ DOWXO UHOHY

F UHLD

VHQVXO

QX

HVWH

$DGDU

LVFRGLUHD

FXW  GHFkW SULQ SDUDIUD]H L ODQ XUL GH

DOWFHYD

GHFkW

WLSXUL

$FHDVW 

 FHUWLWXGLQHD FRQIRUP

vQV L

SRVLELOLWDWHD

GH

transcodare. Universul socio-XPDQ HVWH LQYHVWLJDW GH VHPLRWLF

GLQ SHUVSHFWLY  FRPSOHPHQWDU  FHORU GH WLS D[LRORJLF VRFLRORJLF

VDX ILORVRILF FKLDU GDF  XQHRUL FHUFHW WRULL GLQ H[FHV GH ]HO L
GHIRUPD L

SURIHVLRQDO

LQVWLWXLH

IDOVH

SROHPLFL

L

QHDYHQLWH

exclusivisme. Aici se face GHOLEHUDW DEVWUDF LH GH QDWXUD VSHFLILF 

D GRPHQLXOXL YDORULF VXSXV FHUFHW ULL GHFXSkQGX-se un obiect al
teoriei ce-L SURSXQH XQ DQXPH WLS GH GHVFULHUH vQ YHGHUHD
construirii modelului de inteligibilitate. Pentru semiotician este
OLSVLW GH LPSRUWDQ  - LDW  R WDFLW  VXSR]L LH PHWRGRORJLF   - GDF 
VWUXFWXUD FDUH RUJDQL]HD]  XQLYHUVXO VHQVXOXL H[LVW  FD DWDUH HVWH
LPDQHQW  VHPQHORU VDX HVWH VLPSOX SRVWXODW QHFHVDU LQYHVWLJ ULL
LPSRUWDQW HFRQVWUXLUHDXQXLPRGHOIRUPDOFXYDORDUHH[SOLFDWLY 
LWHVWDELOHPSLULF6HPLRWLFDSURFHGHD] FRQVWUXFWLYODIRUPXODUHD
GH OHJL LQYDULDQ L UHJXODULW

L HFOLSVkQG SDU LDO SUREOHPD YDORULL

(D DVSLU  OD VWDWXWXO GH WHRULH D VLVWHPHORU GH VHPQLILFDQ L L D

PHFDQLVPHORUVHPQLILF ULL'HDFHHDvQP VXUDvQFDUHDSURSL

erea

GH VHQVXUL L YDORUL VH IDFH vQ OLPLWHOH SURSXVH L SHUPLVH GH
FRGXUL XQLYHUVXO VHQVXOXL HVWH DWDFDW GRDU WDQJHQ LDO SHQWUX D

-i

VXUSULQGH FRQ LQXWXULOH XPDQLVWH HVWH QHFHVDU  L LQWHUYHQ LD

practicilor interpretative de tip hermeneutic.

Ferdinand de Saussure concepea semiotica (semiologia) ca
PHWDWLLQ

D YLH LL VHPQHORU vQ FDGUXO YLH LL VRFLDOH SRUQLQG GH OD

SUHPLVD F  OXPHD SRDWH IL FRQFHSXW  FD XQ XQLYHUV GH VHPQH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
vQO XQWUXO F URUD OLPEDMXO QDWXUDO QX HVWH GHFkW XQ FD] SDUWLFXODU

Desigur, pentru acest autor, pivotul l constituie lingvistica,

dincolo de aceasta circumscrierea domeniului semioticii fiind
VXILFLHQW GH DPELJX  ]RQD GH SUHRFXS ULL ILLQGX-L UHGXV  OD
HYHQWXDOH DSOLF UL DOH SVLKRORJLHL VRFLDOH 5RODQG %DUWKHV VH
H[SOLFLWHD]  VHPLRORJLD VWXGLD]  VLVWHPHOH GH VHPQH LQGLIHUHQW
GHQDWXUDFRQ LQXWXOLOLPLWHOHORUGHODLPDJLQLPX]LF JHVWXUL
OD VSHFWDFROH SURWRFRDOH YHVWLPHQWD LH DPG &X WRDWH DFHVWHD
5RODQG %DUWKHV UHFXQRDWH UROXO SULYLOHJLDW DO OLPEDMXOXL QDWXUDO

ca sXEVWDQ  vQ FDUH SULQ DQDOL]

sisteme de semne.
6H LPSXQH FD HYLGHQ

 VH FRQYHUWHVF WRDWH FHOHODOWH

 QHVSHFLDOL]DW  F  VHQVXO QX HVWH

SUH]HQW GRDU vQ OLPEDMHOH QDWXUDOH FL L vQ FHOH DUWLILFLDOH vQ
HODERU ULOH YL]XDOH L RELHFWXDOH DOH RPXOXL FRQWHPS

oran, n

IRUPH SURFHVH HYHQLPHQWH &KLDU GDF  GHFRGDUHD ORU VH IDFH vQ
OLPEDM QDWXUDO QX H SHUPLV WRWXL WUDQVIHUXO VWUXFWXULL VHQVXOXL
OLQJYLVWLF vQ GRPHQLL D F URU VSHFLILFLWDWH HVWH GLQFROR GH RULFH
vQGRLDO  (VWH VHPQLILFDWLY  vQ DFHVW VHQV SOHGRD

ria lui Francastel

SHQWUX DXWRQRPLD OLPEDMXOXL SODVWLF L LQVXILFLHQ HOH UHGXF LHL

acestuia la calitatea de simplu complement sau substitut al

OLPEDMXOXL X]XDO QV  FKLDU GDF  DFFHSWDUHD OLPELL FD RELHFW
H[HPSODU DO VWXGLXOXL VHPLRWLF GRYHGHWH GLQ FKLDU

punctul de

SRUQLUH R VHQVLELOLWDWH YDORULF  DWURILDW  SRDWH IL FD SUHPLV 

PHWRGRORJLF 

SURILWDELO 

vQ

DQXPLWH

SULYLQ H

FD

UHIHUHQ LDO

comun feluritelor demersuri particulare sau ca impuls pentru

JkQGLUHD DQDORJLF  'H DOWIHO )UDQFDVWHO vQVXL DQDOL]knd ordinea
LPDJLQDUXOXL ILJXUDWLY H QHYRLW V  FRQVWDWH F  V-DU SXWHD V  VH
GH]YROWH FDP vQ PDQLHUD OLQJYLVWLFLL R WLLQ

 D RUGLQLORU VDX D

codurilor figurative.
Q VSD LXO FXOWXULL

- luat n sens larg, nu doar axiologic totul are dimensiunea semnifLFDQW 6HPLRWLFDVWXGLD] SURFHVHOH
FXOWXUDOH FD 352&(6( '( &2081,&$5( L WRWXL ILHFDUH GLQ
DFHVWH SURFHVH SDUH V  VXE]LVWH GRDU SHQWUX F  GLQFROR GH HOH VH
VWDWRUQLFHWH XQ 6,67(0 '( 6(01,),&$5( 'HILQLP 

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

proces de comunicare drept trecerea unui Semnal (ceea ce nu

vQVHDPQ  vQ PRG QHFHVDU XQ VHPQ GH OD R 6XUV  FX DMXWRUXO
XQXL 7UDQVPL

WRU OD XQ 'HVWLQDWDU VDX XQ SXQFW GH GHVWLQD LH

6HPQDOXOIXQF LRQHD] FDVLPSOXVWLPXODWkWWLPSFkWQXLQWHUYLQH

GHFRGDUHD LQWHUSUHWDUHD GH F WUH GHVWL

natar. Or, "Procesul de

VHPQLILFDUH VH YHULILF  GRDU FkQG H[LVW  XQ FRG 8Q FRG HVWH XQ
6,67(0 '( 6(01,),&$5( FDUH FXSOHD]  HQWLW
HQWLW

L SUH]HQWH L

L DEVHQWH 2UL GH FkWH RUL SH ED]D XQRU UHJXOL VXELDFHQWH

ceva MATERIALMENTE prezent n raza de percep LH

D

GHVWLQDWDUXOXL

R

,1(

/2&8/

OD

DOWFHYD

VH

UHDOL]HD] 

VHPQLILFDUH >@ 'H DLFL UH]XOW  DXWRQRPLD VLVWHPXOXL GH

VHPQLILFDUH vQ FDOLWDWH GH FRQVWUXFW VHPLRWLF LQGHSHQGHQ D OXL
ID

 GH RULFH DFW SRVLELO VDX UHDO GH FRPXQLFDUH SULQ FDUH V  VH

actualizH]HQVFKLPERULFHIRUP GHFRPXQLFDUHIXQF LRQHD] FD

emitere de semne cu mesaje subordonate unor coduri subiacente.
6HPQHOHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQWUHLGLPHQVLXQLVLQWDFWLF  atunci cnd se are n vedere capacitatea de asociere, modul de
combinare D H[SUHVLLORU UHOD LD XQXL VHPQ FX DOWXO VHPDQWLF  UHIHULWRDUH OD UHOD LD H[SUHVLHL VHPQXOXL FX RELHFWXO GHQRWDW
GHVHPQDW VHPQLILFDW SUDJPDWLF   DWXQFL FkQG VH YL]HD]  UHOD LD

VHPQXOXLFXVHPQLILFD LDLPSRUWDQ DXWLOLWDWHDVDSHQWUXVXELHFWXO

FDUH vO XWLOL]HD]  6HPQLILFD LD XUP ULW  GH DFWXO FRPXQLFD LRQDO
QX

HVWH

LQWXLWLY 

L

VXSXV 

FDSULFLLORU

UHFHSWRUXOXL FL

HVWH

DFFHVLELO  QXPDL SULQ LQWUDUHD vQ DF LXQH D UHJXOLORU L FRGXULORU

SULQFDUHVHPQHOHDXFRQ LQXWXOFRQYHQ LHLFXOWXUDOHUHVSHFWL
FRQVHFLQ

ve. n

 VH SRDWH VSXQH F  VHPLRWLFD vL DVXP  SUREOHPHOH

sensului n termenii descriptivi-explicativi ai teoriei codurilor,

FHHD FH SHUPLWH FODULILF UL VXEVWDQ LDOH GDU L OLPLWH SH P VXU 
& FL vQ JHQHUDO VHQVXO VH FRQFUHWL]HD]  WRFPDL vQ VHPQLILFD LD

anume - SUHFLV
FDUH

 VDX LPSUHFLV  vQ FRQWXUXUL GDU ORFDOL]DELO 

RELHFWLYD LLOH

FXOWXUDOH

LVDX

RELHFWH

JHQHULF

- pe

VSXV

LQWHJUDELOH FXOWXUDO OH FDS W  vQ IXQF LH GH XWLOLWDWHD L XQHRUL
XWLOL]DUHD VSHFLILF  SH FDUH R GRYHGHVF vQ DQXPLW

e contexte; este

YRUED GHFL GH R IXQF LRQDUH FRQFUHW  D VHQVXOXL 2U WHRULD

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
FRGXULORU RIHU  LQVWUXPHQWH GRDU SHQWUX R OXDUH SDU LDO  vQ SRVHVLH

a acestor dimensiuni.
/D WHPHOLD DFWHORU GH FRPXQLFDUH VH DIO  GLIHULWH SURFHVH

specifice de semnificare, inWUkQG

DVWIHO vQ DF LXQH FRGXUL FX

VWUXFWXUL GLIHULWH /XkQG vQ FRQVLGHUDUH DFHVW IDSW L vQ VXEVLGLDU
DFKL]L LLOH XQRU WLLQ H SDUWLFXODUH 8(FR UHXHWH V  LQYHQWDULH]H

diferitele domenii particulare ale practicilor sociale care se

SUHWHD]  OD DERUG UL VHPLRWLFH GLVWLQFWH /LPLWD LQIHULRDU  D
VHPLRWLFLL

]RRVHPLRWLFD

VWXGLD] 

FRPSRUWDPHQWXO

DQDORJ

FRPXQLF ULL SURSULX DQLPDOHORU GHL QHFXOWXUDOH vQ FRQ LQXWXO L

VHPQLILFD LD ORU VHPQDOHOH L FRGXULOH FX VHPQLILFD LH ELRORJLF  D

diferitelor specii SRW IL VWXGLDWH DVWIHO vQFkW V  ILH UHOHYDQWH FKLDU
pentru eventuale perspective teoretice asupra statutului mesajelor
FXOWXUDOH$YDQWDMXOFRQVW vQDFHHDF IXQGHD] SRVLELOLWDWHDGHD
GHILQL

FRPSRQHQWHOH

ELRORJLFH

L

QDWXUDOH

DOH

FRPXQLF ULL

RPHQHWL L  GH D YHULILFD GDF  OD QLYHO DQLPDO H[LVW 

comportamente care, ntr-R RDUHFDUH P

VXU  V  SRDW  IL GHILQLWH

GUHSW FXOWXUDOH L VRFLDOH $ULD VHPDQWLF  D DFHVWRU WHUPHQL VH

DIO  DVWIHO O UJLW  L LPSOLFLW QR LXQHD QRDVWU  GH FXOWXU  L GH

socLHWDWH >@ &KLDU GDF

XQ XQJKL SURPL

 VXUSULQ] WRDUH DFHVWH DILUPD LL FRQ LQ

WRU GHL LUHOHYDQW VXE UDSRUW D[LRORJLF 2ULFXP

HOH VXQW SODX]LELOH vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH

VHPLRWLFD

consLGHU

DWXQFL

FkQG

VWXGLD] 

LQHP FRQW GH IDSWXO F 

IHQRPHQXO

FRPXQLF ULL

QX

LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHDFDRFRQGL LHVLQHTXDQRQDDFHVWXLD

6HPQDOHOH ROIDFWLYH DX SH OkQJ  GLPHQVLXQLOH FRQRWDWLYH

L IXQF LL UHIHUHQ LDOH SRW IL LQGLFL DL FRPSR]L LHL FKLPLFH LQGLFL
GH FDOLWDWH FDQWLWDWH VHPQDOH GH DODUP  DPG &RPXQLFDUHD
WDFWLO  VWXGLDW GHSVLKRORJL SRDWHILOLPEDMFHvQORFXLHWHSHFHO

natural, sau tip de comportament social specific prin codificare

V UXWXO S OPXLWXO HWF VXQW VWUXFWXUL VHPQLILFDWLYH vQWU-XQ VSD LX
social-LVWRULF &RPXQLFDUHD SDUDOLQJYLVWLF  H IXQdal semnificant

SHQWUX FHD OLQJYLVWLF  WLSXO GH YRFH LQWHQVLWDWHD VXQHWXOXL UkVXO

6HPLRWLFD PHGLFDO   VLPSWRPXO FD GDW RELHFWLY L FD UH]XOWDW D

YHUEDOL] ULL GH F WUH SDFLHQW DUH XQ VHPQLILFDW .LQHVLFD L

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
SUR[HPLFD

VWXGLD] 

vQ

SUHOXQJLUHD

DQWURSRO

ogiei structurale,

FRGXULOH QDWXUDOH L VRFLDOH LPSOLFDWH vQ JHVWXUL VWLOXO GH PHUV

ULWXDOXUL HWLFKHWH H[SUHVLD IH HL DPG &RGXULOH PX]LFDOH FKLDU
GDF 

VXELHFWLYH

SRW

IL

LQWHJUDWH

vQ

FRGXUL

FXOWXUDOH

L

GH

VHQVLELOLWDWH HYLGHQWH VWLOXUL L WLSXUL GH PX]LF  GH SLOG 

Limbajele formalizate, limbile scrise, alfabetele necunoscute,

codurile secrete, limbile naturale sunt tot attea obiecte de studiu
VHPLRWLF 'H SLOG  JUDPDWLFD JHQHUDWLY  D OXL &KRPVN\ SRUQHWH

de la un set minim de reguli prin care se poate explica producerea,

generarea frazelor corecte gramatical ntr-R OLPE  GDW  /LPED H
FRQVLGHUDW  FD IRUPDW  GLQWU-XQ QXP U ILQLW GH XQLW L L UHJXOL FX
DMXWRUXO F URUD YRUELWRUXO IRUPXOHD]  LDU GHVWLQDWDUXO vQ HOHJH XQ
QXP U LQILQLW GH HQXQ XUL YDULDWH &RGXO FRPXQLF ULL FRQVWLWXLH
QLYHOXO FRPSHWHQ HL LDU DFWXDOL]DUHD OXL vQ HQXQ XUL LQWHOLJLELOH
VDX vQ RULFH FD] FX VHQV FRQVWLWXLH SHUIRUPDQ D Q SUHOXQJLUHD
OXL &KRPVN\ VHPLRWLFD DFWXDO  HVWH SUHRFXSDW  QX QXPDL GH

studiul procesului de

FRPXQLFDUH LVDX VHPQLILFDUH FL L GH

SURFHVXO SURGXFHULL GH VHPQH vQ VSD LXO XQHL FXOWXUL ILH SULQ
LQYHQ LLGHFRGILHSULQFRPXW ULGHFRG

Sistemul obiectelor este parte a semioticii, ntruct

obiectele sunt considerate ca fapte de comunicare. EstHUHXLW GH
SLOG  DQDOL]D SH FDUH 8(FR R IDFH vQ 6WUXFWXUD DEVHQW 
DUKLWHFWXULL Q VHQV PDL ODUJ $EUDKDP 0ROHV FRQVWDW  /XPHD
QRDVWU  VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ LQWHUYHQ LD XQRU PHGLDWRUL GLQ FH vQ
FH PDL U VSkQGL L vQWUH RP L VRFLHWDWH PHGLDWRUL FDUH WUDQVIRUP 
vQV L QDWXUD UHOD LLORU VRFLDOH 5DSRUWXULOH LQGLYLGXOXL FX PHGLXO
VRFLDO WUHF FDWHJRULF GH DFXP vQFROR SULQ RELHFWH L SURGXVH
GHYHQLQG H[SUHVLLOH FHOH PDL WDQJLELOH DOH SUH]HQ HL VRFLHW

LL vQ

preajma sa, din clipa n care ele au luat locul "lucrurilor naturale".
3VLKRORJLD YLH LL VRFLDOH VH YD RULHQWD VSUH VWXGLXO UHOD LLOH
LQGLYLGXOXL FX OXFUXULOH SHQWUX F  OXFUXULOH VXQW SURGXVHOH VRFLDOH
PXOW PDL GHWHUPLQDWH L PDL DFWXDOH GHFkW ILLQ HOH FDUH OH

-au

UHDOL]DW  (VWH QRUPDO V  VH QXPHDVF  FXOWXU  DFHVW PHGLX

vQFRQMXU WRU DUWLILFLDO SH FDUH RPXO L O

-a creat prin intermediul

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
RUJDQLVPXOXL VRFLDO V  IL[ P PDL vQWkL H[WHQVLXQHD DFHVWXL
WHUPHQ 0HGLXO vQFRQMXU WRU DUWLILFLDO GHS HWH HYLGHQW FX PXOW
FHHD FH IRWLL QRWUL SURIHVRUL GH LVWRULH QXPHDX $UW  L WLLQ
SHQWUX HL FXOWXUD vQVHDPQ  vQ HVHQ



 FHHD FH HUD vQFKLV vQ

%LEOLRWHFL vQ 0X]HH L vQ &RGXUL 'H DFXP vQFROR VH YD vQJORED
XQ vQWUHJ LQYHQWDU GH RELHFWH L GH VHUYLFLL SXUWkQG DPSUHQWD
VRFLHW

LL SURGXVH DOH RPXOXL vQ FDUH DFHVWD VH UHIOHFW  IRUPD

XQHL IDUIXULL VDX D XQHL PHVH UHSUH]LQW  H[SUHVLD VRFLHW

LL vQV L

VXQW OD IHO FD L FXYLQWHOH GLQWU R OLPE   SXUW WRDUH GH VHPQH L

WUHEXLHFRQVLGHUDWHFDDWDUH>@&DSXUW WRDUHGHYDORULDOHYLH LL

cotidiene,

RELHFWHOH PRGLILF  VWUXFWXULOH SVLKRORJLFH DOH RPXOXL

FRQWHPSRUDQDYkQGLPSDFWLDVXSUDUHOD LLORULQWHUXPDQHDVXSUD
VWLOXOXLGHYLD

FRQGXLWHLLPHQWDOLW

LORU

'XS  FXP UHPDUF  8PEHUWR (FR FRGXULOH FXOWXUDOH VXQW

mai mult fenomene de comportamentLGHYDORULGHFkWVLVWHPHGH

semne sau de comunicare. Includem aici: viziunile, modelele
DVXSUD OXPLL SURSULL XQRU FROHFWLYLW

L XPDQH PRGXO vQ FDUH VXQW

articulate valorile; codurile dominante ale unui model cultural - de

SLOG 

PHQWDOLWDWHD

FDYDOHULORU

HYXOXL

PHGLX

FHO

DO FUHD LHL

URPDQHWL GLQ HSRFD OXPLQLORU vQ )UDQ D HWF PRGHOHOH GH

RUJDQL]DUH VRFLDO  DQDOL]DWH GH /pYL 6WUDXVV OHJ WXULOH GH UXGHQLH
vQ FRPXQLW
VRFLHW

L DUKDLFH WLSXUL GH vQY

DUH D FXOWXULL vQ GLIHULWH

L XQHOH FXOWXUL VH FRQVLGHU  GUHSW R DQXPLW  VXP  GH

SURFHGHH XWLOL] UL WH[WH DOWHOH GUHSW XQ DQVDPEOX GH QRUPH L
UHJXOLQSULPXOFD]HMXGLFLRVFHHDFHH[LVW vQFHOGH

-al doilea -

H[LVW  FH HVWH MXGLFLRV GHFL DFFHQWXO vQ HGXFD LH HVWH SXV ILH SH

modelul exemplar, fiH

SH UHJXOL L FRGXUL ILH SH LPSXQHUHD

RELHFWXOXL GHMD YDOLGDW ILH SH OHJH 7RW vQ FHUFHW ULOH VHPLRWLFH GH
DFHVW JHQ WUHEXLH LQFOXVH L VWXGLLOH GH WLSRORJLD FXOWXULL &XOWXUD
HVWH GHILQLW  FD VXPD vQWUHJLL LQIRUPD LL QHHUHGLWDUH vPSUHXQ  FX

mijloacele GH RUJDQL]DUH L S VWUDUH D DFHVWHLD >@

Culturalizarea lumii, respectiv ridicarea ei de la starea de stimul la
FHD GH VHPQ vQ VHQV VHPLRWLF FRQGXFH OD GRX  PDUL WLSXUL
FXOWXUDOH  FXOWXUL vQ FDUH OXPHD HVWH Y ]XW  FD ILLQG XQ WH[W 

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

culturi n

FDUH OXPHD QX DUH FDOLW

LOH XQXL WH[W

- DGLF

 RPXO

LPSXQHOXPLLVWUXFWXUDFXOWXULLvLFRQIHU FDOLWDWHDGHWH[WQDFHVW
FRQWH[W YRP vQ HOHJH SULQ WH[W LQIRUPD LD IL[DW  vQWU

-un mod

determinat - eventual prin semne - DVWIHO vQFkW V

 ILH LQWURGXV  vQ

PHPRULD FROHFWLY  &XOWXUD SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW  DUDW  ,/RWPDQ

FD VXP  D WH[WHORU FH SRW IL SULYLWH OD GRX  QLYHOXUL GLIHULWH  FD
PHVDMH ELQH GHILQLWH  FD UHDOL]DUH D FRGXULORU FX DMXWRUXO F URUD

aceste mesaje sunt decodate ntr-un text. Codurile unei culturi pot
IL FODVLILFDWH vQ IXQF LH GH UDSRUWXO ID

 GH VHPQ (YHQLPHQWHOH L

fenomenele pot fi apreciate ca non-VHPQH GDF

 VXQW IDSWH SXU L

VLPSOXDOHYLH LLPDWHULDOHVDXFDVHPQHGDF DXvQSOXVXQVHQV

social). Ca atare, orice model social mparte realitatea

vQFRQMXU WRDUH vQWU-R OXPH D IDSWHORU L R OXPH D VHPQHORU vQWUH
ele stabilindu-VH UHOD LL H[LVWHQ LDOH D[LRORJLFH DPG 8Q
IHQRPHQSHQWUXDF S WDVHPQLILFD LHFXOWXUDO GHFLSHQWUXDDYHD

calitatea de semn, trebuie inclus n sistemul culturii respective;

GDF  SULQ DFHDVW  LQWHJUDUH HVWH DVRFLDW FX XQ QRQVHPQ F UXLD L VH
VXEVWLWXLH L GHFL vO vQORFXLHWH G  QDWHUH YDORULL VHPDQWLFH LDU
GDF  VH SXQH vQ UDSRUW VH DVRFLD] FX XQDOW VHPQFXOWXUD HVWH GH

tip sintactic. Primul tip cultural are coduri bazate pe atribuirea de

VHPQLILFD LH vQWUHJLL UHDOLW

L vQ WLPS FH vQ FD]XO WLSXOXL VLQWDFWLF

HVWH UHDELOLWDW  DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  LQWHUHVHOH FRQFUHWH QHILLQG

VDFULILFDWHGHGUDJXOXQHLVHPQLILFD LLVLPEROLFH
$DFXPDPVSXVVH

miotica permite o interpretare a lumii

UHDOH FRQVWLWXLW  GLQ IHQRPHQH SURFHVH DFWH DPG SULQ

DQDORJLH FX VHPQXO OLQJYLVWLF 'H SLOG  DWXQFL FkQG VH FRQVLGHU 
F  XQ IHQRPHQ FRQFUHW DUH FDOLWDWHD GH VHPQ HO SRDWH DYHD ILH R
GLPHQVLXQH VHPDQWLF  ILH XQD VLQWDFWLF  9LUWX LOH VDOH VHPDQWLFH
FRQVW  vQ VHPQLILFD LD FRJQLWLY  VDX YDORULF  FH L VH DWDHD] 
UHVSHFWLYVHSUHVXSXQHF HOVHVXEVWLWXLHXQXLvQ HOHVQHHYLGHQWSH
FDUH

vO

YHKLFXOHD] 

'LPHQVLXQHD

VLQWDFWLF 

FRQVW 

vQ

disponibilitatea sa (a fenomenului respectiv) de a se asocia cu

DOWHOH

Q

IXQF LH

GH

DFFHSWDUHD

VDX

UHIX]XO

GLPHQVLXQLORU

VLQWDFWLFHVHPDQWLFH VXQW SRVLELOH SDWUX WLSXUL GH FRPELQD LL

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
$FHVWHD YL]HD]  PRGHOH LGHDOH SULQ FDUH VH VXUSULQG DQXPLWH
PRGXUL GH UDSRUWDUH SULQ FXQRDWHUH L YDORUL]DUH D RPXOXL OD
SURSULDVDFRQGL LHLODH[LVWHQ

vQJHQHUDO$VWIHOFXOWXULOHGHWLS

VHPDQWLF VLPEROLF DFRUG  SRU LXQLORU GH UHDOLWDWH L vQWUHJLL

H[LVWHQ H YLUWX L L FDOLW

L VHPDQWLFH /XPHD UHDO  DUH vQ HOHVXUL

VHPQLILFD LL WkOFX

ri, fenomenele sunt indicii a ceva scuns, iar

omul are menirea de a decodifica mesajul care i este transmis. De
SLOG  FXOWXULOH UHOLJLRDVH SUHVXSXQF  WRDWHFRPSRQHQWHOH UHDOXOXL

QX VXQW DOWFHYD GHFkW VHPQH DOH GLYLQLW

lectureze "carWHDOXPLLLV

LL 2PXO WUHEXLH V 

vQYH HGLQHDQULWXDOXULOHUHOLJLRDVH

GLYLQLWDWHDVHDUDW vQVW ULOHGHH[WD]VDXG VHPQHEHQHILFHVDX

malefice) de iertare sau nu. Natura este o hierofanie (concretizare

VDXvQWUXFKLSDUHDGLYLQLW LLQFXOWXULOHGHWLSIROFORric, anumite
vQWkPSO UL L IHQRPHQH DVFXQG DF LXQHD XQRU VSLULWH GXKXUL
$FHVWHDGDXRPXOXLGHWLUHvOvQYD

DMXW VI WXLHVFQWkPSO ULOH

YLH LL L VLWXD LL UHDOH WUHEXLH GHFRGLILFDWH vQWUXFkW VXQW VLPSWRPH

prin care i se transmite ceva omului. De exemplu, moartea este

SUHVLP LW LDQXQ DW GLQWLPSQDFHVWHFXOWXULQDWXUDvQV LHVWH
SDUWLFLSDQW  OD VW ULOH VXIOHWHWL DOH RPXOXL SOkQJH VXIHU  VH
EXFXU  &HL LQL LD L vQ DFHVWH FRGXUL SRW OHFWXUD GLQFROR GH
DSDUHQ HOH XQRU PDQLIHVW UL QDWXUDO

e banale, mesaje prin care sunt

vQGUXPD L VDX LQL LD L Q FXOWXULOH GH WLS VHPDQWLF H[LVW  R

IDPLOLDULWDWH IXQFLDU  D RPXOXL FX OXPHD DFHVWD VH VLPWH FD OD HO
DFDV  HVWH DWHSWDW VDX UHIX]DW RPXO VH LQWHJUHD]  SULQ
PRGXO GH D FRQFHSH YLD D PRDUWHD L WHPSRUDOLWDWHD vQ PDULOH
FLFOXUL XQLYHUVDOH FRVPLFH $ DFRUGD OXPLL YLUWX L VHPDQWLFH HVWH
HFKLYDOHQW FH D VSXQH F  ILHFDUH SRU LXQH D UHDOLW
RPXO DVFXQGH L DQXQ
GHFkWVLPSODVDSUH]HQ

LL LQFOXVLY

 FHYD PXOW PDL VHPQLILFDWLY L YDORURV



CuOWXULOHGHWLSVLQWDFWLFVXQWFHOHFHFRQVLGHU

H[LVWHQ DFD

DYkQG QXPDL R RUGLQH VLQWDFWLF  DLGRPD UHJXOLORU GH FRPELQDUH

GLQ VLQWD[D OLQJYLVWLF  )LLQG DVHPDQWLF  WUDWHD]  IHQRPHQHOH L
DFWHOH FD ILLQG FHHD FH VXQW L QLPLF DOWFHYD 'DF  FXOWXULOH

semaQWLFH SUHVXSXQ vQ HOHVXUL DVFXQVH FXOWXULOH VLQWDFWLFH QX Y

G

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
IDSWHOH

GHFkW

FD

VLPSOH

IDSWH

'DF 

vQ

FXOWXUD

PHGLHYDO 

IXQF LRQHD]  SH OkQJ  VLPEROXULOH UHOLJLRDVH L DOWH WLSXUL GH

VLPEROXUL HPEOHPH WLWOXUL HWF FD VHPQH DOH QREOH HL UDQJXOXL
YL HL

de neam etc., n cultura de tip sintactico-DVHPDQWLF FRQWHD]

QX HPEOHPD UDQJXO FL FHHD FH HIHFWLY HWL L FHHD FH DL LPHGLDW
'RPLQ  GHFL VSLULWXO SUDJPDWLF 6LQJXUD YDORDUH DGPLV  H FHD D
XWLOLW

LL L IRORVXOXL SHUVRQDO /XPHD HVWH GHVHPDQWL]DW  Q

u mai

DUHWkOFXULLVHQVXULFLVHFRQVWLWXLW GLQSURFHVHLIHQRPHQHFDUH
WUHEXLH FXQRVFXWH vQWRFPDL VSUH D SURFXUD EXQ VWDUHD ([LVWHQ D
HVWH GH]YU MLW  DGLF  H Y ]XW  QHXWUDO 'H DLFL GHFXUJ R VHULH GH
FRQVHFLQ H VSLULWXO LQGLYLGXDOLVW L vQWUHSULQ] WRU FH QX H ODV 
VHGXVGHvQ HOHVXULPDLvQDOWHQHHYLGHQWHFLVHLPSOLF HILFLHQW

ntr-R

UHDOLWDWH

WHKQRORJLF

FRQFUHW 

vQFOLQD LD

VWLPXODUHD

PHQWDOLW

LORU

SURJUHVXOXL

VSUH

DJUHDELO

WLLQ LILF
L

L

UHIX]XO

SURGXF LLORU VSLULWXDOH FDUH SUREOHPDWL]HD]  H[FHVLY &DOLW

LOH

VLQWDFWLFH VH FRQFUHWL]HD]  vQ GLVFLSOLQDUHD YLH LL FROHFWLYH

FRQFHSHUHD UHDOXOXLFD  DYkQG R FRHUHQ
UHFXQRDWHUHD WRWDOLW

 LQWHULRDU  RUGLQHD ILULL

LORU FD DQDORJH PHFDQLVPHORU L WRWDOL] ULORU

sumative. Exemple: tipul de

FXOWXU  HXURSHDQ  GLQ SHULRDGD

FHQWUDOL] ULLLFRQFHQWU ULLSXWHULLvQVWDWHOHQD LRQDOHVWDWHOHGH

tip monarhic sunt aidoma unor agregate, ntre indivizi stabilinduVH UHJXOL FX GUHSWXUL L vQGDWRULUL VLPLODUH FHORU GLQO XQWUXO XQXL

text. "Sintaxa sRFLDO

 VH FRQIXQG  FX RUJDQL]DUHD L LQWHJUDUHD

LQGLYLGXOXLvQFRQVRQDQ

FXH[LJHQ HGHRUGLQVRFLR SROLWLFILHL

n formule totalitare sau tiranice).

$ DYHD YDORDUH VHPDQWLF  HVWH HFKLYDOHQWFX D WUDQVPLWHD

purta, a fi vehicolul unui mesaj sau al uQHL VHPQLILFD LL FDUH

GHS HWH VHPQXO SH FDUH vO DYHDP vQ YHGHUH IHQRPHQ DFW XPDQ
JHVW LQGLFLX HWF $ DYHD YDORDUH VLQWDFWLF  HVWH HFKLYDOHQW FX D

avea puteri ordonatoare, organizatorice; semnul face parte din

FHYD PXOW PDL  LPSRUWDQW GHFkW HO vQVXL, fiind, de aceea,
subordonat; cultura asemantico-VLQWDFWLF  DUHFD GRPLQDQW  JXVWXO
SHQWUX IDSWH L HILFLHQ

 6HPQHOH QDWXUDOH IDF SDUWH GLQ vQO Q XLUL

DOH ILULL LDU FHOH XPDQH LQGLYLGXDO DFWHOH GRULQ HOH HWF VXQW

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

integrabile ntr-o totalitate social-VWDWDO

 ID

 GH FDUH HVWH WRWDO

VXERUGRQDW LQGLYLGXOHVWHSDUWHDFODVHLVWDWXOXLIDPLOLHLHWFLDU
DFHVWHD H[HUFLW  DVXSUD OXL SUHVLXQL 7LSXO GH FXOWXU  DVHPDQWLF L
DVLQWDFWLF UHIX]  VSUH GHRVHELUH GH PRGHOXO DQWHULRU L LGHHD GH

ordine, organL]DUH

FRHUHQ

 FRPELQDWRULH 'H DFHHD SURSDJ 

LQGHWHUPLQLVPXO LGHHD KDRVXOXL VRFLHWDWHD ILLQG FRQFHSXW  FD

DQWLQDWXU  L VLPSOX PHGLX DUWLILFLDO FUHDW GH RP /LSVD FDOLW
VHPDQWLFH DWkW SHQWUX OXPH FkW L SHQWUX DFWLYLW

LORU

LOH XPDQH

vQGHDPQ  VSUH DWLWXGLQL GH WLS VFHSWLF UHODWLYLWDWHD DEVROXW  D

YDORULORU

L

FXQRWLQ HORU

SUDJPDWLF

LQWHUHVHD] 

XWLOLWDWHD

QHPLMORFLW  L QX vQ HOHVXULOH PDL DGkQFL LQGLYLGXDOLVW UHWUDJHUHD

vQ VLQH VDX OD SROXO RSXV H[SDQVLXQHD QHVWLQJKHULW  D GRULQ HORU

stricW
VRFLHW
U ]ERL

SHUVRQDOH

(VWH

R

FXOWXU 

FDUDFWHULVWLF 

HSRFLORU

LORU GH FUL]  DQWLFKLWDWHD HOHQLVWLF  L FHD GH GXS  DO 

PRQGLDO

QWU R

IRUP 

LQFLSLHQW 

DFHDVW 

L

-lea

FXOWXU 

FH

GHVHPQHD]  UHDOXO L OXPHD RPXOXL FDUDFWHUL]HD]  L LOXPLQLVPXO

europHDQ VRFLHWDWHD DOLHQHD]

 RPXO FDUH HVWH EXQ GH OD QDWXU 

FLYLOL]D LD HVWH DUWLILFLDO  L VFKLPE  vQ U X ILLQ D XPDQ  LOX]LD

V OEDWLFXOXLEXQLDvQWRDUFHULLODQDWXU 6RFLHWDWHDHVWHUH]XOWDWXO
XQXL FRQWUDFW vQWUH LQGLYL]L HD HVWH QHQDWXUDO  QHILUHDVF  L
QHIDYRUDELO  vPSOLULL ILUHWL D RPXOXL &XQRDWHUHD VRFLHW

LL L D

QDWXULL VH ED]HD]  vQ DFHVW PRGHO FXOWXUDO SH LGHHD WLLQ HL FD
VLPSO  FRQYHQ LH 'H SLOG  DFHDVW  LGHH D WLLQ HL FD DUWLILFLX
FRQVWUXF LHDUELWUDU FXXWLOLWDWHSUDFWLF HVWHFDUDFWHULVWLF LXQRU
RULHQW ULGLQILORVRILDDFWXDO DWLLQ HL

Culturile sintactico-VHPDQWLFH WUDWHD]

 OXPHD FD SH XQ WH[W

DQDORJ FHOXL OLQJYLVWLF GRPLQ  UD LRQDOLWDWHD DWkW vQ IXQF LRQDUHD

QDWXULLFkWLDVRFLHW

LL

2 FXOWXU  FRQFUHW  DUH DQXmite dominante, caracteristici

specifice care sunt ncadrabile n unul sau altul din cele patru
PRGHOH QV  FXOWXULOH GH RELFHL QX VXQW RPRJHQH PDL DOHV FHOH
PRGHUQH L GH DFHHD SRW IL SUDFWLFDWH PDL PXOWH PRGHOH
FXOWXUDOHvQIXQF LHGHPHQWDOLW

LJUDGGHFXOWXU VWLOXULGHYLD



RUL]RQWXUL VLPEROLFH VWUDWLILFDUH VRFLDO  DPG $FHVWH PRGHOH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
SRW H[SOLFD L YL]LXQLOH SHUVRQDOH DVXSUD OXPLL L YLH LL L PDL
PXOW FKLDU VWLOXULOH DUWLVWLFH 'H SLOG  SLFWXUD UHOLJLRDV  GXS 

canoane bizantine

VDX IROFORULFH DSDU LQH XQXL PRGHO VHPDQWLF

SRH]LD PRGHUQLVW  vQ FDUH HVWH UHVSHFWDW  VLQWD[D GDU OD R SULP 

impresie textul este ininteligibil, dificil, abscons, obscur, se

LQWHJUHD]  vQ PRGHOXO DVHPDQWLFR-VLQWDFWLF 6WLOXO DUWHL GDGDLVWH L
stilul cubLVW VXQW H[HPSOLILF UL SHQWUX PRGHOXO DVHPDQWLFRDVLQWDFWLF

$UWD FODVLF 

LQWHOLJLELO 

UHFHSWDUHDSDU LQHPRGHOXOXLVLQWDFWLFR

vQ

VWUDWXUL

VXFFHVLYH

GH

-semantic.

8Q DOW GRPHQLX GLVSXV OD R DERUGDUH VHPLRWLF  vO UHSUH]LQW 

DUWD QV  SDUDGR[DO SHQWUX VHPLRWLF  OLWHUDWXUD QX H[LVW  >@

FRQVWDW  -XOLD .ULVWHYD 'HVLJXU QX H[LVW  FD RELHFW HVWHWLF GDU
H[LVW  FD SUDFWLF  VHPQLILFDQW  3ULQ XUPDUH OLWHUDWXUD

- arta n

general - QX H SULYLW  VXE DVSHFWXO UHDOLW LL YDORULFH D SURGXVHORU

creatoare,FLFDRELHFWDOFXQRDWHULLGHFLFDOLPEDMWH[WLVFULLWXU 
FH

GLVSXQ

DUWLVWLFLW

VXE

UDSRUWXO

SURGXFWLYLW

LL

VHPDQWLFH

GH

IXQF LD

LL $FHVW RELHFW DUH WRWXL XQ VWDWXW SULYLOHJLDW vQWUXFkW

HVWH H[HPSODU vQ GLUHF LD VWXGLHULL FUHDWLYLW

LL FDUH VFKLPE 

UHJXOLOH FRGXO vQ RSR]L LH FX FUHDWLYLWDWHD JXYHUQDW  GH UHJXOL
1XvQWkPSO WRUWH[WXOHVWHWLFSULQPRGXOVSHFLDOvQFDUHPkQXLHWH
FRGXULOH L YHKLFXOHD]  PHVDMH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW GH 8PEHUWR (FR FD
WLS H[HPSODU GH LQYHQ LH VHPLRWLF  (O LPSOLF  R PDQLSXODUH D
H[SUHVLHL FDUH SURYRDF  L HVWH SURYRFDW  GH R UHRUGRQDUH D
FRQ LQXWXOXL SURGXFkQG XQ GLVFXUV UH]LVWHQW OD WUDGXFHUHD vQ
OLPEDMXO RELQXLW RULJLQDO SULQ YL]LXQHD DVXSUD OXPLL DVWIHO vQFkW
VROLFLW LQWHQVDFWLYLWDWHDLQWHUSUHWDWLY 

"Codurile -

a receptorului.
- sunt sisteme de

UHPDUF  8PEHUWR (FR

DWHSW UL>@ QV  FRQVWDW  *DGDPHUH[SHULHQ D RSHUHL GHDUW 

GHS HWH vQWRWGHDXQD vQ PRG IXQGDPHQWDO RULFH RUL]RQW VXELHFWLY
GH LQWHUSUHWDUH >@ 'H DFHHD JXVWXO GHS HWH FRGXULOH GHL OH
SUHVXSXQH

L

vQJOREHD] 

LDU

URVWXO

HVWHWLFLL ILORVRILFH FDUH

SOHGHD]  SHQWUX R KHUPHQHXWLF  LQWHJUDWRDUH D DUWHL HVWH L DFHOD

de a desconspira imposibilitatea reducerii gustului la cod. Se poate

OHVQH REVHUYD F  DILUPD LLOH OXL (FR WUDGXF Qote valorice pe care
HVWHWLFD ILORVRILF  OH DUH GLQWRWGHDXQD vQ DWHQ LH 0RGXO GH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
RUJDQL]DUH L FRQVWUXF LH WHKQLFLOH IRUPDOH SURILOHD]  XQ WLS
DSDUWH VSHFLDO L VSHFLILF GH DSDUL LH D VHQVXOXL $FHVW LUHGXFWLELO
HVWH vQV  SXV vQ WHUPHQLL RSHUD LRQDOL

, discriptivi-explicativi, ai

IXQF LHL SRHWLFH L OLWHUDULW

LL WLLQ D OLWHUDWXULL QX WUHEXLH V 

VWXGLH]H OLWHUDWXUD FL OLWHUDULWDWHD DGLF  FHHD FH IDFH GLQWU

-o

RSHU  GDW  RSHU  OLWHUDU  SURFHGHHOH DUWLVWLFH IRUPDOH $FFHQWXO

FDGHSHvQ HOHJHUHDDUWHLFDIRUP LDUDQDOL]DIRUPHLHVWHUHGXV OD
DQDOL]D UHOD LLORU GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH GH OLPEDM 6WXGLXO ULJXURV DO
SROLVHPLHL
VLPEROXOXL

LQWUDGXFWLELOLW
HVWHWLF

HVWH

LL

L

YDORULL

FRQVHFLQ D

VHPDQWLFH

ILUHDVF 

D

SURSULL

DXWRQRPLHL

fenomenelor estetice. ASOHFDUHD DVXSUD SURFHGHHORU OLQJYLVWLFH L

D UHOD LLORU GLQWUH VHPQH vQ LQWHULRUXO WH[WXOXL DUH FDSDFLWDWHD GH D
UHOHYD PHFDQLVPXO SULQ FDUH DXWRUXO FUHD]  YDORDUHD HVWHWLF  L
HYLGHQWDGXFHvQGLVFX LHSUREOHPDIXQF LHLVSHFLILFHDOLPEDMXOXL
vQDUW 

0HQ LRQ PvQV F DQDOL]DPRGXOXLGHVWUXFWXUDUH

D OLPEDMXOXL vQ WH[WHOH DUWLVWLFH QX HSXL]HD]  VSHFLILFXO YDORULL

HVWHWLFH 7H[WXO OLWHUDU FRPSR]L LD SODVWLF  HWF VXQW HOHPHQWH
IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH DOH RSHUHL DUWLVWLFH GDU QX VH FRQIXQG  FX

aceasta; efeFWXODUWLVWLFUH]XOW

GLQFRUHODUHDWH[WXOXLFXDQVDPEOXO

FRPSOH[ DO FRQFHS LHL GHVSUH YLD

 L LGHDWLF

-etice. Procedeele

DUWLVWLFH SURLHFWHD]  R OXPH GH PRWLYH SHUVRQDMH L LQWULJL

XQLWDWHD GH VHQV D RSHUHL HVWH HIHFWXO FRQVWUXF LHL XQLILFDWH SULQ

comunLWDWHD LGHLL VDX WHPHL ,QYHQ LD IRUPDO

SRVLELOLW

 O UJHWH FkPSXO GH

L H[SUHVLYH ILLQG VXERUGRQDW  WUDQVPLWHULL XQXL PHVDM

XPDQ WUDQVILJXUDW DIHFWLY QWUXFkW VLPEROXO vQ DUW  QX HVWH QHXWUX

din punct de vedere axiologic, perspectiva structuralist-semioWLF

DUH DYDQWDMXO GH D HYLGHQ LD SUHJQDQW WHKQLFLOH IRUPDOH L ORJLFD

LQWHUQ  D VHPQHORU SULQ FDUH DUWLVWXO FRPXQLF  0DL DOHV vQ UDSRUW
FX DUWD FRQWHPSRUDQ  FHUFHW ULOH GH DFHVW JHQ LQL LD]  R QRX 

pedagogie a lecturii, circumscriu un orizont de sensibilitate a

OXPLL RSHUHL GH DUW  vQ FDUH WUHEXLH V  VH vQVFULH FDSDFLW

LOH

intelectual-afective ale receptorului valorii estetice. Tocmai de

aceea integrarea lor n planul mai general al esteticii filosofice
HVWH QX QXPDL SRVLELO  FL L QHFHVDU  'HL DXWRQom, limbajul

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
DUWLVWLF YHKLFXOHD]  VHPQLILFD LL XPDQH VRFLDO

-istorice complexe,

LDU GHVFLIUDUHD ORU VROLFLW  GHVLJXU FRQFHQWUDUHD DVXSUD VWUXFWXULL

RSHUHL GDU vQ HJDO  P VXU  L VLWXDUHD VD vQ FRQWH[WH H[SOLFDWLYH
PDL ODUJL LGHRORJLFH PRUDOH DPG 3ULQ XUPDUH DGHY UDWD

utilitate a demersului semiotic apare atunci cnd nu i se

DEVROXWL]HD] SXWHUHDH[SOLFDWLY FkQGQXHVWHFRQVLGHUDWXQVFRS
vQ VLQH FL DSHOHD]  OD R IUXFWXRDV  MRQF LXQH FX HVWHWLFD ILORVRILF 
L DOWH PRGXUL GH DERUGDUH D VLPEROXOXL DUWLVWLF SVLKDQDOL] 

psihologie, sociologie etc.).

6HPLRWLFD SRDWH IL WUDWDW  vQ SULPXO UkQG FD WLLQ



DLGRPD RULF UHL WLLQ H FX XQ JUDG GH JHQHUDOLWDWH FH L SHUPLWH V 

SRDW 

DWLQJH

VWDGLXO

GH

disciplinele cDUH VWXGLD]

IXQGDPHQW

ED]D

WHRUHWLF 

SHQWUX

 GRPHQLL SDUWLFXODUH GH VHPQH QXWUHWH

GH IDSW DPEL LD GH D UHXL R XQLILFDUH PXOW GRULW  D WLLQ HORU
3ULYLW  GLQWU XQ DOW SXQFW VHPLRWLFD VH GRYHGHWH D IL LQVWUXPHQW

VHW GH SULQFLSLL L FRQFHSWH PHQLWH V  LQWURGXF  ULJRDUH vQ

FHUFHW ULOH WLLQ LILFH SDUWLFXODUH DOH GRPHQLLORU FXOWXULL 2VFLOD LD
vQWUH FHOH GRX  LSRVWD]H QL VH SDU D IL IUXFWXRDV  (D DVLJXU 
GHVFULS LD L DQDOL]D GLIHULWHORU SUDFWLFL VHPQLILFDQWH UHXLQG
SURSXQHUHD XQHL WLSRORJLL D VHPQHORU 'XS  FXP DILUP  -XOLD

KrisWHYD JHVWXO GH ED]  DO VHPLRWLFLL HVWH GH D IRUPDOL]D L

produce modele, izomorfe sau analoge structurii unui alt sistem
VWXGLDW QV  FXQRDWHUHD YDORULORU QX SRDWH IL HSXL]DW  SULQ
GHWHFWDUHD VWUXFWXULORU FDUH OH YHKLFXOHD]  L D FRGXULORU FDUH OH

fundHD]

 RUL]RQWXULOH GH VHPQLILFD LH $D FXP UHPDUF  /XGZLJ

*UQEHUJ VHPLRWLFD L PHWRGD VWUXFWXUDO  DX SXQFWH FRPXQH FX

D[LRORJLD L GH DFHHD SRW FRQOXFUD IHUWLO FHO SX LQ GLQ FkWHYD
PRWLYH YDORULOH FD VHPQLILFD LL XPDQH VXQW vQFRUSRUDWH vQ
VHPQH DD FXP YDORDUHD QX HVWH UHGXFWLELO  OD EXQXUL QLFL
VHPQLILFD LLOH

QX

VXQW

UHGXFWLELOH

OD

VHPQLILFDQ L

VXQW

GHVFRQVSLUDWH DQDOLWLF L FRQVWUXFWLY PRGHOH FDUH vQ UHDOLWDWHD

FXOWXUDO DXRIXQF LRQDOLWDWHODWHQW LQHHYLGHQW VHSXQHDFFHQWXO
SH WRWDOLW

L SXUW WRDUH GH VHQV D Q P VXUD vQ FDUH VHPLRWLFD L

VWUXFWXUDOLVPXO

DQXOHD] 

VLVWHPDWLF

LVWRULFLWDWHD

L

SUREOHPD

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
VXELHFWLYLW

LL

DSDUH

XQ

ULVF

WUDQVIRUPDUHD

XQHL

UHGXF LL

RSHUD LRQDOH

vQWU-R UHGXF LH RQWRORJLF  L D XQXL SRVWXODW

metodologic (sepDUDUHD VLQFURQLFXOXL GH GLDFURQLF L D FRQFHSWXOXL
GH H[SHULHQ  WU LW  vQWU-XQ SRVWXODW PHWDIL]LF FRQIRUP F UXLD
VWUXFWXUD H[FOXGH GHILQLWLY L DEVROXW SULQFLSLXO LVWRULVPXOXL L
UDSRUWDUHDODVXELHFWLYLWDWHDXPDQ >@
(VWH

HYLGHQW

F 

vQWU

-o anumLW

P VXU 

GHPHUVXULOH

VHPLRWLFH DX PHULWH LQFRQWHVWDELOH vQ vQO WXUDUHD WHQGLQ HORU GH
SVLKRORJL]DUH D YDORULORU L D XQRU PLWXUL DXWRU FUHD LH
RSHU UHFHSWRU6SRUXOGHULJRDUHRE LQXWQXWUHEXLHvQV QLFL
HOPLVWLILFDW'HSLOG GLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHVHPLRWLFRSHUDOLWHUDU 
HVWH PDL YDORURDV  FkQG H[SULP  XQ PHVDM PDL FRPSOH[ L ERJDW
IDSW

FH

SRDWH

IL

FLUFXPVFULV

SULQ

UHOHYDUHD

DUWLFXO ULL

VHPQLILFD LLORU vQ WH[W 2 DVHPHQHD FRQVWDWDUH HVWH IHUWLO  vQWU

-un

SODQ FHO DO GHFRGLILF ULORU GDU I U  FRQVLVWHQ

 SHQWUX MXGHF

LOH

GHYDORDUHF FLGRDUHVWHWLFDYLQHFXFULWHULLD[LRORJLFH'HDFHHD
WUDYDOLXO VHPLRWLF HVWH DYDQWDMRV vQ UDSRUW FX YDORULOH QXPDL GDF 
HVWH FRQWLQXDW L FRQWURODW SULQ WHKQLFL KHUPHQHXWLFH 6HQVXO QX

poate fi aproprLDW GHFkW SULQ OXDUHD vQ HFXD LH D VXELHFWLYLW LL
(ocolind, desigur, pericolul subiectivismului!). Studiul universului
VHPQLILFD LHL mai ales prin teoria codurilor - OXPLQHD] 
DGkQFHWHGH]Y OXLHDVSHFWHFH LQGHSURGXFHUHDIXQF LRQDOLWDWHD
L UHFHS

tarea valorilor, dar nu poate nlocui demersul axiologic.

7RFPDL SHQWUX F  vQ VHPLRWLF  GLVSDUH RPXO 6DX PDL ELQH ]LV

doar transpare n constructe descriptiv-explicative. Subiectivitatea

H SULYLW  QXPDL DD FXP WUDQVSDUH GLQ VWUDWHJLD WH[WXDO  $XWRUul,
FD HQWLWDWH ELRJUDILF  L VXELHFW DO HQXQ

ULL UHFHSWRUXO HPSLULF L

OXPHD RSHUHL VH VXVWUDJ VHPLRWLFLL vQ DFHHDL P VXU  vQ FDUH
VHQVXO WU LW QX VH ODV  H[SOLFDW GRDU SULQ FRQGL LLOH VHPDQWLFH

generale care l fac posibil.

Domeniul valorilor constiWXLHXQDGLQJUDQL HOHQDWXUDOHDOH
VHPLRWLFLLXQSUDJSHFDUHVHSDUHGHRFDPGDW QX-OSRDWHGHS L
1X vQWkPSO WRU 8PEHUWR (FR SUHFL]HD]  F  vQ WHRULD UDSRUWXOXL
HPL

WRU UHFHSWRU RPXO H R ILF LXQH PHWRGRORJLF  QX XQ VXELHFW

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
FRQFUHW VXELHFWXO RULF UHL DFWLYLW

L VHPLRWLFH QX HVWH DOWXO GHFkW

UH]XOWDWXO VHJPHQW ULL LVWRULFH L VRFLDOH D XQLYHUVXOXL FKLDU DFHOD

pe care cercetarea naturii Sistemului Semantic Global l-a pus n

HYLGHQ

 $FHVW VXELHFW VH SUH]LQW  vQ WHRULD FRGXULORU FD XQ PRG

de a privi

OXPHD>@ L FRQWLQX  Q DFHDVW  FDUWH VHPLRWLFD D

DYXW VXELHFWXO V X vQ GXEOX VHQV GH WHP  L SURWDJRQLVW L

acesta este SEMIOZA. Semioza este procesul prin care indivizii

HPSLULFLFRPXQLF LDUSURFHVHOHGHYLQSRVLELOHGDWRULW VLVWHPHORU

de semnificare. Din punct de vedere semiotic, subiectele empirice

SRW IL GRDU LGHQWLILFDWH FD PDQLIHVW UL DOH DFHVWXL GXEOX DVSHFW
VLVWHPDWLF L SURFHVXDO DO VHPLR]HL $FHDVWD QX HVWH R DVHU LXQH
PHWDIL]LF  HVWH R RS LXQH PHWRGRORJLF  (VWH DLFL GHVFKLV 
LQYLWD LD SHQWUX UHIOHF LD ILORVRILF  'HVLJXU FHQWUDUHD LQWHUHVXOXL
SH VLVWHPHOH VHPQLILFDQWH QX FODULILF  FLQH L GH FH VHPQLILF  L
FRPXQLF SUREOHPDRPXOXLGLVSDUHGDUV QXXLW PF DFHDVWDH
GRDU R SUHPLV  PHWRGRORJLF  HD GHYLQH SHULFXORDV  S

entru

ILORVRILH GRDU GDF  VH HULMHD]  vQ WH]  ILORVRILF  L DUH SUHWHQ LD
XQHL UHOHYDQ H RQWRORJLFH QV  vQ LQWHULRUXO DFHVWHL VXSR]L LL

DSUD[LV-ului uman ca fiind, prin natura lui, semnificant,

SUH]HQWH UHSHW P GRDU vQ VIHUD PHWRGHL  H SRVLELO  R H[SOLFDUH

ULJXURDV

SURGXF WRU DO XQXL XQLYHUV FRJQLWLY L YDORULF DXWRQRP PXOW PDL

bogat dect cel cu care ne-DRELQXLWWUDGL LDILORVRILF

XQXQLYHUV

FX R IXQF LRQDOLWDWH FH QRUPHD]  LQFRQWLHQW L DXWRUHJOHD] 

LQL LDWLYHOH FUHDWRDUH LQGLYLGXDOH 0HGL

ul valoric este, dar, nu

QXPDL FUHDW GH RP FL L FRQVWUkQJ WRU vQ UDSRUW FX RPXO
6HPLRWLFDULGLF Y OXOLOX]LHLH[SOLFkQGPRGHOHOHFXFDUHRDPHQLL
vQLVWRULHRSHUHD] GLIX]LQWXLWLY

5.3. Hermeneutica
6WUXFWXUDOLVPXO L KHUPHQHXWLFD VXQW PHWRGH L

strategii

WHRUHWLFH RSXVH FX WHQGLQ H GH H[FOXGHUH UHFLSURF  vQV  vQ XOWLPD
LQVWDQ

 FRPSOHPHQWDUH (OH DX vQ FRPXQ IDSWXO F  VH UHIHU  OD

WRWDOLW

L

DPEHOH

SXQ

DFFHQW

SH

LGHQWLILFDUHD

VHQVXOXL

ILLQG

SUHIHUDWH FRQFUHWL] ULOH WH[WXDOH QV  vQ WLPS FH VWUXFWXUDOLVPXO L

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
VHPLRWLFD vL SURSXQ V  GHVFULH L V  H[SOLFH SULQ HODERUDUHD GH
PRGHOH PRGXO vQ FDUH VH DUWLFXOHD]  VHQVXO DGLF  UH HDXD GH
UDSRUWXUL VWDELOH FDUH IDF SRVLELO  H[LVWHQ D VHQVXOXL KHUPHQHXWLFD
VH SUHRFXS  GH DSDUL LD HIHFWLY  D VHPQLILFD LHL SULQ FRQFUHWL]DUHD

sensului). Tocmai n virtutea acestui specific, hermeneutica [54]

UHFXSHUHD] WHPDVXELHFWLYLW

LLXPDQH'HDOWIHOXQXOGLQFUHDWRULL

KHUPHQHXWLFLL PRGHUQH :LOKHOP 'LWKOH\ DILUP  F  HVHQ D RPXOXL

FRQVW 

vQ

VXELHFWLYLWDWH

L

VSLULWXDOLWDWH

YLD D

VSLULWXOXL

VH

FRQFUHWL]HD]  vQ RSHUH WLLQ LILFH PRUDOH UHOLJLRDVH ILORVRILFH

DUWLVWLFH 3HQWUX D FXQRDWH RPXO WUHEXLH DDGDU DYXW  vQ YHGHUH
DQDOL]D RSHUHORU VDOH vQ FDUH SXOVHD]  YLD D VSLULWXOXL DD FXP HVWH

el condL LRQDW

LVWRULF

'LWKOH\

DILUP 

XQ

GXDOLVP

WHRUHWLFR

PHWRGRORJLFvQWUHWLLQ HOHQDWXULLLWLLQ HOHVSLULWXOXL$FHVWHDV-ar

GHRVHEL UDGLFDO VXE UDSRUWXO PHWRGHL L DO WLSXOXL GH FXQRDWHUH Q
WLLQ HOH QDWXULL RELHFWXO QH HVWH L U PkQH H[WHULRU GH D

ceea, l

FXQRDWHP GLQ DIDU  FD SH FHYD VWU LQ ILLQG VROLFLWDWH LQWHQV vQ
DFHDVW  FXQRDWHUH GRDU VWUXFWXULOH ORJLFH 3H ED]D H[SHULPHQWXOXL
UHDO VDX PLQWDO FRQVWDW P GHVFULHP L H[SOLF P LQYDULDQ LL XQXL

domeniu de realitate; miza este identificarea legilor naturale. Aceste

OHJL VXQW DFHOH UDSRUWXUL QHFHVDUH HVHQ LDOH JHQHUDOH VWDELOH L
UHSHWDELOHvQDQXPLWHFRQGL LLSHQWUXWRDWHRELHFWHOHGLQWU RFODV GH

RELHFWH Q VWXGLXO QDWXULL FD]XULOH LQGLYLGXDOH QX FRQWHD]  ILLQG

privite ca simple conFUHWL]

UL VDX H[HPSOLILF UL DOH XQHL OHJL

JHQHUDOH $VSLUD LD H[SOLFD LHL FRQVW  vQ LGHQWLILFDUHD UDSRUWXULORU

FDX]DOH SURSULL RELHFWXOXL VWXGLDW &XQRWLQ HOH RE LQXWH VXQW QHXWUH
GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DIHFWLY QX QH DQJDMHD]  YLD D LQWHULRDU  PDL

mult, obLHFWXOWLLQ HORUQDWXULLQLVHGH]Y

OXLHSURJUHVLY

Q GRPHQLXO WLLQ HORU VSLULWXOXL RELHFWXO YRUEHWH GHVSUH

QRLvQLQHvQWU-XQIHORDUHFDUHHOQLVHDGUHVHD] VROLFLW LPSOLFDUH
transmite expres sau latent un anumit mesaj pentru simplul motiv
F  vQ HO VH DIO  vQFRUSRUDW  FRGLILFDW  YLD D XQXL VSLULW 3ULQ
XUPDUH RELHFWXO WLLQ HORU VSLULWXOXL HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD LQGLYLGXDO

unic -GLQDFHVWPRWLYQXVHSUHWHD]

ODRSHUDUHDGHJHQHUDOL] ULQ

DFHVW GRPHQLX QX H[LVW  OHJL &XQRDWHUHD HVWH SHUVRQDOL]DW 

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
LQGLYLGXDOL]DW 

QX

SRDWH

DWLQJH

PD[LPD

RELHFWLYLWDWH

SHQWUX

VLPSOXOPRWLYF HVWHPDUFDW GHILQLWLYGHSURSULXOQRVWUXPRGGHD

VLP L L JkQGL Q UDSRUW FX RELHFWXO WLLQ HORU VSLULWXOXL DYHP WU LUL
HJRFHQWULFH SHUVRQDOH FH H[SULP  PRGXO QRVWUX V

pontan de a

UHDF LRQD vQ ID D VWLPXOLORU H[WHUQL 7U LULOH QH H[SULP  FD VWUXFWXU 
WHPSHUDPHQWDO 

VXQW

IL[DWH

SH

SURSULD

SHUVRDQ 

PDL

PXOW

DQJDMHD]  LQVWLQFWXO GH FRQVHUYDUH Q DFHVW FD] SULQ WU LUL VH YD
vQ HOHJH HPR LL LQWXL LLVHQWLPHQWH VHQ]D LL SO FXWH VDX QHSO FXWH
VW UL DIHFWLYH GLIX]H OHJDWH GH DF LXQHD QHPLMORFLW  D RELHFWXOXL
DVXSUDSURSULHLQRDVWUHILLQ H
3URFHVXO GH FXQRDWHUH vQFHSH FX vQ HOHJHUHD $FHDVWD VH
PDQLIHVW  WRW OD QLYHO SVLKRORJLF L SUHVXSXQH VSUH GHRVHELUH GH

simplHOH WU

LUL GLVWDQ DUHD GH QRL vQLQH GH LQWHUHVH L HJRLVPH

SHQWUX D RE LQH GHVFHQWUDUHD VXELHFWLYLW

FX

RELHFWXO

Q

SUHOXQJLUH

LL L FRPXQLFDUHD GLUHFW 

vQ HOHJHUHD

FXSULQGH

WUDQVSXQHUH

vQO XQWUXO RELHFWXOXL FKLDU GDF  RELHFWXO HVWH VXELHFWLYLWDWHD X

SHUVRDQH

VDX

R

RSHU 

GH

DUW 

7UDQVSXQHUHD

vQFHSH

nei
FX

acomodarea la noul univers spiritual pentru a putea reconstitui

SULQ SURSULLOH WU LUL VW ULOH VSLULWXDOH DOH DOWXLD DD FXP VXQW HOH
IL[DWH GH RELHFWXO UHVSHFWLY 3ULQ XUPDUH vQ HOHJHUHD FRQVW  vQ
UHWU LUHD FRQFUHWH HL VHPQLILFDQWH D RELHFWXOXL 9LD D VSLULWXDO 
FDUH

VWUXFWXUHD] 

RELHFWXO

vL

UHGREkQGHWH

SULQ

vQ HOHJHUH

FRQFUHWH HD 3URFHVXO SUHVXSXQH vQV  DELOLWDWHD  FHOXL FDUH vO

vQWUHSULQGH GH DIX]LRQDFX DOW VSLULW LQGLYLGXDO SUHFXP L SXW

erea

LPDJLQD LHL GH D vQYLD DWPRVIHUD SVLKRORJLF  L VSLULWXDO  D

RELHFWXOXL 6H REVHUY  F  VSUH GHRVHELUH GH WLLQ HOH QDWXULL vQ
DFHVW FD] FXQRDWHUHD QX HVWH SXU UD LRQDO  RELHFWXO HVWH UHFHSWDW

ca fiindu-QH

DSURSLDW LDU FXQRDWHUHD OXL QX SRDWH IL

dect

SDUWLFLSDWLY SUHVXSXQHFRPSOLFLWDWHDDIHFWLY FXRELHFWXO

,QWHUSUHWDUHD HVWH XOWLPD ID]  D FXQRDWHULL KHUPHQHXWLFH
FH vQFKHLH L GHV YkUHWH DFWHOH GH vQ HOHJHUH PDQLIHVWkQGX

-se la
j a

QLYHO VSLULWXDO (D FRQVW  vQ FRGLILFDUHD vQ L SULQ OLPED

FRQ LQXWXULORUGHVHQVFDUHDXIRVWUHWU LWHFHHDFHSRDWHILGHVFULV

FD R FRQWLHQWL]DUH YHUEDOL]DW  D PHVDMXOXL SH FDUH R DOW 

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
VXELHFWLYLWDWHSHUVRDQ QL

-l transmite prin intermediul obiectului.

Interpretarea presupune elaborarea unui model subiecWLY PHQLW V 

UHFRQVWLWXLHDWPRVIHUDVSLULWXDO LVHQVXORSHUHL'DF H[SOLFD LLOH

VXQW JHQHUDOH LQWHUSUHW ULOH YL]HD]  QXPDL RELHFWH LQGLYLGXDOH Q
WLPSFHH[SOLFD LLOHGHPRQVWUHD] LQWHUSUHWDUHDPRQVWUHD] DUDW 
GH]Y OXLH VHQVXO LQGLYLGXDO ([SOLFD

iile sunt universal valabile,

-

ILLQGVXSXVHGLVWLQF LHLDGHY U IDOVLGHFLVXSXQkQGX VHYHULILF ULL

H[SHULPHQWDOH L ORJLFH LQWHUSUHW ULOH VXQW SOXUDOH PDUFDWH GH

VXELHFWLYLWDWHD

FHOXL

FDUH

vQ HOHJH

QWUXFkW

VXQW

VXELHFWLYH

LQWHUSUHW ULOHSRWILPDLH[

presive, adecvate sau nu obiectului real,

GDU QLFLRGDW  QX SRW IL VWULFW DGHY UDWH VDX IDOVH 9HULILFDUHD
LQWHUSUHW ULORU HVWH GH DFHHD QHVHPQLILFDWLY  VH SRDWH YRUEL
QXPDL GH WHPHLQLFLH GH FRPSOHWLWXGLQH DPEHOH FDOLW

viznd gradul de supunere DOVXELHFWLYLW

L

LLQRDVWUHODRELHFW'XS 

WUDLHFWXO LQWHUSUHW ULL SXWHP FODVLILFD SUDFWLFLOH KHUPHQHXWLFH vQ

KHUPHQHXWLFL

UHFRQVWLWXWLYH

VDX

UHVWLWXWLYH

FH

XUP UHVF

UHFRQVWLWXLUHDVHQVXOXLRULJLQDUDOXQXLRELHFWUHSURGXFHUHDILGHO 

a ceea ce obiectuO HVWH

L FHHD FH YUHD V  ILH KHUPHQHXWLFL

WHOHRORJLFH vQ FDGUXO F URUD vQ HOHJHUHD L LQWHUSUHWDUHD VXQW

RSHUDWH GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD XQRU SUHVXSR]L LL LSRWH]H L VLVWHPH GH
DWHSW UL LQL LDOH VH UHDOL]HD]  GHFXSDMH vQ RELHFW SHQWUX D

confirma o viziune pUHDODELO

LQGLYLGXDOLW

LL

SH

SDUFXUVXO



Q

DPEHOH

HPSDWLHL

ID

FD]XUL


GH

S VWUDUHD

RELHFW

VH

UHDOL]HD]  SULQ FRUHF LD FX DMXWRUXO PRGHOXOXL KHUPHQHXWLF DO

GHVXELHFWLYL] ULL DWkW FRQWUROXO FkW L IHQRPHQXO FRQWURODW VXQW
S U LLQGLVSHQVDELOHvQFRPSR]L LDvQ HOHJHULL
+**DGDPHU FRQVLGHU  F  KHUPHQHXWLFD QX HVWH R VLPSO 
PHWRG  FL R ILORVRILH DGLF  R YL]LXQH JOREDO  GHVSUH OXPHD RPXOXL
)HQRPHQHOH vQ HOHJHULL L LQWHUSUHW ULL VXQW UHDOLW

efective, iar hermeneutica nu este doar o sum

L VRFLR

-umane

 GH WHKQLFL GH

FXQRDWHUH L VXUSULQGH R GHWHUPLQD LH HVHQ LDO  D H[LVWHQ HL XPDQH

2ULFH FXQRDWHUH GH VLQH D RPXOXL LQFOXGH FX QHFHVLWDWH XQ DQXPLW
PRG GH DFFHSWDUH vQ HOHJHUH L LQWHUSUHWDUH D OXPLL Q DFHODL WLPS

interpretarea lumii exterioare esWH

UHDOL]DW  vQWRWGHDXQD GLQWU

-un

SXQFW GH YHGHUH RPHQHVF FHHD FH SUHVXSXQH F  VH DFWLYHD]  SHQWUX

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
FXQRDWHUH XQ DQXPLW PRG GH vQ HOHJHUH L DVXPDUH D FRQGL LHL
XPDQH 'H DFHHD RULFH FXQRWLQ

 WLLQ LILF  DUH XQ SUHDPEXO

KHUPHQHXWLF &XQRDWHUHD WLLQ LILF  UD LRQDO  DUH LOX]LD F  DSOLFkQG

UHJXOLPHWRGRORJLFHSRDWHV H[SOLFHOXPHDDD FXPHVWH HD HIHFWLY
vQV  WRWGHDXQD DFHDVW  FXQRDWHUH XWLOL]HD]  SUHVXSR]L LL VXELHFWLYH
SH FDUH QX L OH H[SOLFLWHD]  QDLQWHD WLLQ HL UD LRQDOH DO WXUL GH HD

n pUHOXQJLUHD

WHRULHL VH DIO  PHUHX XQ FRQWH[W GH FXQRDWHUH

VXELHFWLY  DOF WXLW  GLQ MXGHF

L L SUHMXGHF

L PHQWDOLW

L FUHGLQ H

VW UL GH VSLULW DWLWXGLQL DVSLUD LL L LOX]LL DSDU LQkQG XQHL DQXPH
YL]LXQL JOREDOH WU LWH GHVSUH OXPH L RP $FHVWH

FRQ LQ

uturi

VXELHFWLYH VXQW UH]XOWDWXO vQ HOHJHULL L LQWHUSUHW ULL QHPLMORFLWH D

OXPLL vQFRQMXU WRDUH SUHFXP L D SURSULHL VDOH FRQGL LL L PLVLXQL vQ

lume.
Q HOHJHUHDLLQWHUSUHWDUHDQXDSDU LQSODQXOXLHSLVWHPLFL

metodologic, ci nivelului nemijlocit, exiVWHQ LDO $FHVW QLYHO HVWH

SXUW WRUGHVHQVSULQXUPDUHWLLQ DHVWHFRQGL LRQDW GHXQLYHUVXO
SVLKLF L VSLULWXDO VSHFLILF XQHL VRFLHW

L IRUPDW GLQ FRQ LQXWXUL

VXELHFWLYH SUHH[LVWHQWH L QHFRQGL LRQDWH GH FXQRDWHUHD UD LRQDO 

FRQ LQXWXUL

FDUH

+**DGDPHU

DSDU L

YDORULILF 

sferei
DQXPLWH

prereflexivului.
GHVFKLGHUL

De

fapt,

SUH]HQWH

vQ

KHUPHQHXWLFDILORVRILF  D OXL +HLGHJJHU $FHVW JkQGLWRU XUP UHWH

V  GHVFULH V  H[SOLFLWH]H GHWHUPLQDQWHOH ILLQ HL XPDQH vQ VFRSXO
GHVFRSHULULL VHQVXOXL H[LVWHQ HL HL 3ULQ vQ HOHJHUH L LQWHUSUHWDUH

punnd ntre paranteze aspectele nesemnificative, provizorii,

vQWkPSO WRDUH VH GHVFRSHU  F  ILLQ DUHD XPDQ  >'DVHLQ@ HVWH
FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQIDSWXO

-de-a-fi-n-OXPHQXvQVHQVXOF RPXODU

fi asimilabil lumii, precum oELHFWHOH QLFL vQ VHQVXO F  RPXO VH
LGHQWLILF FXOXPHDFLvQVHQVXOF RPXOHVWHFRUHODWOXPLLVHDIOD

n lume ca parte a ei, punndu-L vQWUHE

UL GHVSUH VLQH L OXPH

3ULQ XUPDUH OLPEDMXO HVWH LVDX LQVWLWXLH XQ UDSRUW RQWRORJLF FX
OXPHD QWUH RP L OXPH H[LVW  R SUHVXSXQHUH UHFLSURF  GDU L R
DQWLQRPLH WHQVLXQH FRQWUDGLF LH SHQWUX F  RPXO ILLQ HD]  DOWIHO
GHFkW UHVWXO ILULL 2 DOW  GHWHUPLQD LH D ILLQ

ULL XPDQH FRQVW  vQ

"faptul-de-a-fi-vPSUHXQ  DGLF  ILLQ D XPDQ  GHL HVWH XQLF 

niciodat  QX HVWH VLQJXU  vQ OXPH &RPXQLFDUHD YLD D GH UHOD LH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
HVWH R FRQGL LH HVHQ LDO  D ILLQ

din "a-ILLQ D-vPSUHXQ

ULL XPDQH 'LQ D

-fi-vPSUHXQ

 L

 GHFXUJH FX QHFHVLWDWH F  vQ HOHJHUHD L

LQWHUSUHWDUHD DSDU LQ PHGLXOXL H[LVWHQ HL XPDQH FD IDSWH GH YLD

,QVXO XPDQ DSHOHD]  OD vQ HOHJHUH L LQWHUSUHWDUH SHQWUX F  $OWXO

VHPHQXO&HO ODOWVXQWSUH]HQ LvQRULFH]RQ DH[LVWHQ HLFDUHQL
VH

SUH]LQW 

VSUH

FXQRDWHUH

L

FRPXQLFDUH

)DSWXO

-de-a-fi"
-un anumit

RULHQWHD]  VSUH GHVFKLGHUH vQWUX VSUH FHO ODOW vQWU

VHQV 'HVFKLGHUHD VH PDQLIHVW  FD IULF  VHQ]D LD RPXOXL GH D IL

aruncat ntr-R OXPH FDUH vL HVWH VWU

SULQ

vQ HOHJHUH

LQ  L FDUH QX vO GRUHWH GDU

FRPSUHKHQVLXQH

FRQWLHQWL]HD]  F  HVWH XQ IDSW

L

LQWHUSUHWDUH

-de-a-IL UHVSHFWLY F

RPXO

 VH DIO  VXE

RUL]RQWXOSRVLELOXOXLLHVWHVXSXVGHYHQLULL

ntr-R

SULP 

LQVWDQ



FXQRDWHUHD

OLPSH]HWH HYLGHQ D F  D

-fi-n-OXPH

SUH]LQW  VXE IRUPD QHDXWHQWLFLW

vQVXL VDX QX

GH

VLQH

D

RPXOXL

L D ILLQ D vPSUHXQ  VH

LL UHVSHFWLY RPXO SRDWH V  ILH HO

n orizontul cotidian omul este acaparat de obiecte,

OLPEDMXO LD IRUPD YRUE ULHL LDU FRPXQLFDUHD FX $OWXO vPEUDF 
IRUPH

LPSHUVRQDOH

,QWHUSUHWDUHD

ILLQ HL

ILHFDUH

VH

XPDQH

GHVFRSHU 

FD

XQ

SUREOHPDWL]DUHD

desprinderea de impersonal prin DQJRDV

HL

$QRQLP
SHUPLWH

6SUHGHRVHELUHGHVLPSOD

IULF  DQJRDVD SURGXFH UXSWXUL LQWHULRDUH 3ULQ DQJRDV  ILLQ DUHD

XPDQ  vL DVXP  WHPSRUDOLWDWHD GH FDUH VH DWDHD]  IDSWXO GH D

n-lume-ntru-moarte" -DGLF GHVFRSHULUHDILQLWXGLQLL'DF

inautentic (imperVRQDO RPXO WU LHWH FD L FXP QX

-fi-

ODQLYHO
DU PXUL

QLFLRGDW  DQJRDVD H[LVWHQ LDO  vL UHOHYHD]  PRDUWHD FD SUH]HQ

vQWRWGHDXQD DFWLY  PRDUWHD FD SUH]HQ

WHPSRUDOLWDWHD XPDQ  HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW  SULQ JULMD

-de-a-IL DGLF

incertitudinea proIXQG

 vQF  DEVHQW  $VWIHO



FHvQVR HWHILLQ DUHDDXWHQWLF 

0HWRGD L ILORVRILD KHUPHQHXWLF  VXQW DSWH V  VXUSULQG 

GHWHUPLQD LLOH LUHGXFWLELOH DOH FRQGL LHL XPDQH PDL DOHV SULQ
UHVWLWXLUHD XQXL XQLYHUV DO VHQVXOXL VXUSULQV vQ SOXULYDOHQ D VD
FUHDW LWU LW LVWRULFLVRF

ial. Demersul filosofic asupra valorilor

HVWH P UWXULVLW VDX QX GH QDWXU  KHUPHQHXWLF  vQWUXFkW DFFHQWXO

FDGH SH WU LUH vQ HOHJHUH L LQWHUSUHWDUH 0HWRGHOH VWUXFWXUDOLVWH
VHPLRWLFH LQL LD] ID

 GHIHQRPHQXO UHVSHFWLY XQ FRPSRUWDPHQW

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

de tip explicativ, sau, mai bine zis, descriptiv-explicativ. Cele

GRX  DWLWXGLQL WHRUHWLFR-PHWRGRORJLFH VXQW vQV  FRPSOHPHQWDUH
$D FXP UHPDUF  3DXO 5LFRHXU H[SOLFD LD L LQWHUSUHWDUHD SRW IL
VLWXDWH SH XQ DUF KHUPHQHXWLF XQLWDU 0DL vQWkL SHQWUX F  DPEHOH
SUHIHU WH[WHOHDGLF GLVFXUVXULOHIL[DWHSULQVFULLWXU $FHVWHDVXQW
SRVWHULRDUH DFWHORU HIHFWLYH GH VHPQLILFDUH L FRPXQLFDUH PDL
PXOWOHFRQVHUY vQLFXPLMORDFHOHVLVWHPHORUGHVHPQH'HVLJXU
VHPLRWLFDDSHOHD] vQWU RPDLPDUHP VXU ODFRQVWUXFWHWHRUH

tice,

DVWIHO vQFkW FRQFUHWH HD VHPQLILFDWLY  D WH[WXOXL GLVSDUH PDL DOHV

GDWRULW 

RFXOW ULL

DXWRUXOXL

UHFHSWRUXOXL

L

D

PHGLXOXL

FLUFXPVWDQ HLFH FRQGL LRQHD]  RUL]RQWXO GH VHPQLILFD LL L LQWHQ LL
SURSULL GLVFXUVXOXL IL[DW vQ L SULQ WH[W 7UHEXLH vQV  REVHUYDW F 
XQ ULVF DQDORJ H SRVLELO L SHQWUX RSWLFD KHUPHQHXWLF  DFRUGkQG
SUHD PDUH FUHGLW GLPHQVLXQLORU PHQ LRQDWH SRDWH HXD vQ LSRWH]H
FDUH

VXELHFWLYHD] 

XQLYHUVXOXL

GH

vQ

H[FHV

VHPQLILFD LL

PHVDMXO

vQWUH LQXW

GH

'HFL

VXSUDOLFLWDUHD

RSHU 

H[FH

sul de

FUHDWLYLWDWH L LQWHUYHQ LH vQ FDSWDUHD VHQVXOXL HVWH XQ SHULFRO FDUH
SkQGHWH DWkW SR]L LLOH VHPLRWLFH FkW L SH FHOH KHUPHQHXWLFH
7RFPDL GH DFHHD LPSRUWDQW HVWH FD WHQWDWLYHOH H[SOLFDWLYH LVDX
FRPSUHKHQVLYH GH DSURSLHUH D VHQVXOXL V  UHVWLWXLH

orizontul de

VHPQLILFD LL DO WH[WXOXL L QX SH FHO SURLHFWDW DVXSUD WH[WXOXL
QWUXFkW GRPLQDQW  HVWH RSHUD LD GH WUDQVFRGDM DGLF  WUHFHUHD

dintr-R

UH HD GH VHPQLILFD LL vQ DOWD H[SOLFD LD L vQ HOHJHUHD

LQWHUSUHWDUHDSRWFRQOXFUDSHGLUHF LLFDUHGXFODFRULM ULUHFLSURFH

'H DOWIHO vQV L SUREOHPD LQWHUSUHW ULL WUHEXLH SXV  vQ DO L WHUPHQL

dect la Wilhelm Dilthey. Antinomia pe care acesta o ipostazia

vQWUHH[SOLFD LHSHGHRSDUWHvQ HOHJHUHLLQWHUSUHWDUHSHGHDOWD
QX PDL IXQF LRQHD]  GHSODVDUHD H[SOLFD LHL GLQ WLLQ HOH QDWXULL vQ
SODQXO PRGHOHORU OLQJYLVWLFH VROLFLW  WUDQVIRUP UL SURIXQGH vQ
PRGXO GH D FRQFHSH DFWXO LQWHUSUHWDWLY $FHVWD HVWH DDGDU
FRQIUXQWDW FX XQ PRGHO GH LQWHOLJLELOLWDWH FH DSDU LQH WLLQ HORU

umane. Chiar la Dilthe\ RSR]L LD SXWHUQLF

 VH DIO  vQWUH H[SOLFD LH

L vQ HOHJHUH GLQ GRULQ D GH D VHSDUD VXE UDSRUWXO RELHFWXOXL L

PHWRGRORJLHL GRX  VIHUH GH UHDOLWDWH  QDWXUD L VSLULWXO  ID

 GH

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI
FDUH WUHEXLH OXDWH DWLWXGLQL GLIHULWH GH F WUH VXELHFWXO FXQRVF WRU

Spre

GHRVHELUH GH DFHDVW  RSR]L LH FHD GLQWUH H[SOLFD LH L

LQWHUSUHWDUH HVWH PXOW DWHQXDW  & FL GDF  vQ HOHJHUHD SUHVXSXQH

printr-XQ VRL GH FRPSOLFLWDWH DIHFWLY

 WUDQVSXQHUHD vQ SVLKLFXO

FHOXLODOW LQWHUSUHWDUHD VH DSOLF  FRQIRUP XQRU ULJRUL FH QX

anihilHD]
VXQW

 WRWXL LQWHUYHQ LD VXELHFWLYLW

IL[DWH

vQ

RSHUH

GRFXPHQWH

LL DFHORU PDQLIHVW UL FH

DPG

2U

SXWHUHD

GH

VHPQLILFDUH D DFHVWRUD HVWH RDUHFXP LQGHSHQGHQW  GH LQWHQ LLOH

VXELHFWXOXLFHVHIL[HD] vQLSULQHOH'DF GHRELFHLSURFHGHHOH

hermHQHXWLFH SRUQHDX GH OD WH[WXO WU LW PDUFDW vQ RULFH FD] GH R
subiectivitate, cele structuralist-VHPLRWLFH YL]HD]  SUHSRQGHUHQW
UHOD LLOH LQWHULRDUH WH[WXOXL FDUHIDF SRVLELO  DSDUL LD VHQVXOXL 'DU
vQWUXFkW

LQWHUSUHWDUHD

XUP UHWH

DFWXDOL]DUHD

GLVSRQLELOLW

LORU

VHPDQWLFH DOH WH[WXOXL WUDYDOLXO H[SOLFDWLY GH WLS VHPLRWLF L

VWUXFWXUDOLVWSUHJ WHWHDFWXOLQWHUSUHWDLY
6HPLRWLFD HVWH FD]XO DSDUWH DO PRGXOXL vQ FDUH WLLQ D SRDWH
FRQWULEXL OD HOXFLGDUHD XQRU DVSHFWH FH DSDU LQ ILORVRILHL FXOWXULL L

ontRORJLHL XPDQXOXL 5LVFXO SHUPDQHQW HVWH FHO DO XQHL UHGXF LL
'DF RPXOGHWLLQ

IDFHILORVRILHGLQ XQWUXOFHUWLWXGLQLORUSHFDUHL

OH RIHU  R DQXPH WLLQ

 UH]XOWDWXO HVWH XQ VFLHQWLVP FDUH vL

PDVFKHD]  RS LXQLOH LGHRORJLFH VDX VH ODV  PDQLSXODW GH DF

estea.

([WLQGHUHD GH H[SOLFD LH OD FDUH H WHQWDW  L GH FDUH VH ODV 
DGHPHQLW  R WLLQ

 QX HVWH vQF  ILORVRILF  FL R LGHRORJLH vQ VHQV

ODUJ YHQLW  vQ SUHOXQJLUHD SUDFWLFL WLLQ LILFH $FHDVW  SUDFWLF  vQ
P VXUD vQ FDUH HVWH IHUWLO  VXE UDSRUWXO ULJRULL WLLQ LILFH JHQHUHD] 
L VWDUHD UHFRQIRUWDQW  FH vQGHDPQ  OD FRHUHQ H FX JUDG VSRULW GH
JHQHUDOLWDWH 'LQFROR GH DFHVWH H[HVH vQ WLLQ

 VXQW FHUWLWXGLQL GH

FDUH ILORVRILD DUH QHYRLH Q DFHWL WHUPHQL QL VH SDUH F  SRDWH IL
SXV LUHOD LDGLQWUHDERUGDUHDILORVRILF LFHDVHPLRWLF DFXOWXULL
Q WLPS FH SULPD HVWH GHVHRUL QHUHFHSWLY  OD vQQRLUL L DS U  FX
JHOR]LH XQLYHUVXO YDORULORU VHPLRWLFD vL UHYHQGLF  GUHSWXUL SH FDUH
vQF  QX OH DUH L SH FDUH ULJRDUHD LQVWUXPHQWHORU VDOH QX OH SRDWH

nlocuL $GHY

UXO FRQVW  QXPDL vQ FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWHD SHUVSHFWLYHL

VHPLRWLFHFXSHUVSHFWLYDD[LRORJLF