Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MINISTERUL
SNTII AL
REPUBLICII
MOLDOVA
A.1.
Definiia
A.2.
A.3.
Utilizatorii
Scopul
protocolului
Elaborat
Revizuire
Metoda
Moduri de
ventilare
PIP
Timp
Ventilatie
mecanica
convenionala
Ventilatie
controlat
limitat n
volum sau
presiune. n
neonatalogie se
utilizeaz doar
metoda de
ventilare cu
volum.
PIP
Timp
Respiraiile
flux presiu
Tim
presiune
A.7.
presiune
A.4.
A.5.
A.6.
Pacient-trigger ventilare
A/C - ventilaie controlat-asistat - n acest
regim respiraia iniiat de pacient este
continuat de ventilator (ventilatorul percepe
respiraiile spontane ale copilului). Aplicat
copiilor care necesit durat lung de ventilare
cu modificarea doar a minut-volumului.
timpul
B. Partea general
Nivel de asisten medical spitaliceasca
Motive
Descriere
Pai
B.1. Principiile
B.1.1.
Scopul
Oxigenarea adecvat
Ventilarea adecvat
Parametrii
FiO2, MAP
PIP, Fr, volumul tidal
Mecanism
Difuzia oxigenului pe aria alveolar
disponibil
B.2. Indicaiile
B.1.2.
B.1.2.1.
B.1.2.
B.1.2.2.
B.1.3
Sala de natere
Patologii
SAM
oc
Administrarea de surfactant
Hernie diafragmal
Asfixia neonatal
Secia reanimare neonatal
Pneumonie
Sepsis
oc
Administrarea de surfactant
EUN
BDP
Hipertensiune pulmonar
Hemorgie pulmonar
Asfixia neonatal
Barotraum
Emfizem
Edem pulmonar
Paraclinice
Euarea CPAP
Necesiti n concentraii
nalte de oxigen
Hipercarbie PCO2
60mmHg
Acidoz lactic
Convulsii neonatale
Motive
Asigurarea
adecvate
ventilrii
Pai
Anamneza cu aprecierea
factorilor de risc C.1;
Examenul clinic C.3;
Tactica de conduit i
alegerea tratamentului
depind de gradul de
afectare i complicaiile
bolii.
Obligatoriu:
Anamneza cu aprecierea
factorilor de risc
Examenul clinic
Examenul de laborator:
BAB,
AGS,
Rg,
NSG
Tactica de conduit i
alegerea tratamentului
depind de gradul de
afectare i complicaiile
bolii.
Obligatoriu:
Anamneza cu aprecierea factorilor
de risc
Examenul clinic
Examenul de laborator BAB, AGS;
Rg, NSG
Volum
Rezistena capacitatea sistemului conductor de aer ex: cile respiratorii, tubul endotraheal i esuturile
ce se opun fluxului de aer i este exprimat prin schimbarea de presiune pe unitate a schimbrilor de
flux. Rezistena depinde de lungimea i diametrul cilor aeriene, rata fluxului i densitatea gazului.
Formula :
DPresiun
Rezistena =
e
DFlux
Rezistena mic = rezistena nalt =PIP nalt
CONSTANTA TIMPULUI (TC) este o valoare a timpului necesar pentru modificarea treptat sau
instantanee a presiunii n cile respiratorii.
Formula: TC=Compliana x Rezistena. Deci TC este proporional cu compliana i rezistena. Ex la un
copil sntos TC este 0,12 secunde.
Unitatea constantei timpului este timpul necesar pentru a cpta n alveolele pulmonare o presiune
egal cu 63% din presiunea din cile respiratorii.Pentru a cpta un volum tidal (Vt) optimal este necesar
de 3-5TC. Pentru a efectua un expir complet este necesar nu mai puin de 5TC. Plmnii cu complian
sczut (SDR, SAM) necesit o TC scurt, i invers (HPP, pneumonie) necesit TC prelungit.
Manvrarea etse simpl TC scurt ce implic MAP i PIP mici, ce duc la hipercapnie i hipoxemie, sau
TC prelungit cu PPSE nalt i capcane de aer.
Inspir incomplet duce la micorarea volumui tidal i micorarea MAP cu hipercapnie i hipoxemie.
Expir incomplet duce la formarea capcanelor de aer, iclorarea complianei cu creterea necesitilor
n MAP nalt dar este paralel cu micorarea volumul tidal din contul zonelor hiperextinse, se micoreaz
debitul cardiac i ca urmare survine hiperoxia cu hipercapnia, predecesoarele barotraumei.
CAPCANELE DE AER
La utilizarea Texp scurt, a unei constante a timpului prelungit sau a volumului nalt ventilator se
formeaz capcanele de aer. Acest eveniment are ca consecin micorarea debitului cardiac, a volumului
tidal, reteniei de CO2 i/sau a hiperextensiei pulmonare. Chiar dac PO2 n BAB este n limitele normei,
presarcina este micorat, deci efectiv cu un PO2 normal aportul de oxigen spre cord este micorat (mic
fiind debitul cardiac). Acest eveniment apare dac Texp este scurt (0,5), constantat timpului prelungit,
hiperextensia pulmonar confirmat radiologic, micoraea amplitudei micrilor cutiei toracice cu un PIP
nalt, dereglri cardiovasculare ( hipertensiune venoas central, hipotensiune arterial, acidoz
metabolic, edeme periferice, oligurie)
Valori constante ale constantei timpului nu pot fi selectate deoarece ele difer de la o patologie la
alta, important fiind rezistena pulmonar n stabilirea acestei constante.
MI CRILE CUTIEI TORACICE
O metod de selectare a constantei timpului este practicat zilnic prin estimarea micrilor cutiei toracice
ca o metod semicantitativ a volumui tidal.
Micrile cutiei toracice este dirijat de timpul inspirului (Ti) i timpul expirului (Texp). Lipsa platoului
sau platou prelungit indic dereglarea acestor parametri. Creterea rapid a Ti cu vizualizarea micrilor
cutiei toracice indic o expansiune inspiratorie adecvat, intratoraci, dar nu i intrapulmonar. Ti scurt
nu modific micrile cutiei toracice i nici volumul tidal. Texp prelungit creaz condiii pentru
barotraume i nu nbuntete ventilarea, scurtarea acestuia permite creterea FR ce poate mbunti
ventilarea.
Ti scurt=Vt mic
Ti optimal=Vt optimal
Micrile
cutiei
toracice
Timp
Texp scurt=capcane de aer, PEEP mic
Texp optimal
Texp lung
Micrile
cutiei
toracice
Timp
Parametrii VAP-ului
Valorile gazelor sangvine, caracteristicele mecanice ale sistemului de ventilare, tipului de ventilare i a
cilor respiratorii ventilate snt dependente ntre ele. Respiraiile spontane ale copilului i efortul
respirator al unui nou nscut ventilat pentru concordarea sau opunerea cu VAP-ul snt direct corelate ca
rezultante finale a efectului dorit pe care l vom obine.
Fluxul de aer i O2 de 5-12 L/min. Parametrii de start 5-8 L/min cu mrirea ulterioar pentru
atingerea presiunii mai nalte i/sau Ti scurt. Pentru meninerea unui Vt adecvat sunt necesare fluxuri
nalte cnd Ti este scurt.
FiO2 parametrul de start este 60% pentru a menine SaO2 n limetele 88-95%. Schimbrile de majorare
a FiO2 se efectueaz cnd valorile MAP-ului (PIP i PEEP) sunt maximal admisibile. n caz de scoatere
de la VAP micorarea FiO2 precede micorarea MAP-ului deoarece meninerea MAP adecvate ne
permite reducerea substanial a FiO2.
PIP - presiune maximal la inspiraie 15-30cm. Influeneaz asupra pO2 (prin schimparea MAP) i
pCO2 (prin efectele sale asupra Vt i ca rezultat asupra ventilrii alveolare). PIP duce la majorarea PO2,
deci crete oxigenarea i scderea pCO2. Criteriul clinic a PIP adecvat este excursia adecvat a cutiei
toracice raportat la compliana necesar ( compliane diferite n patologii cu rezistena esutului
pulmonar diferit, i n depende de TG, este direct relaionat i cu cantitatea i calitatea
surfactantului).
Lipsa micrilor inspiratorii/ expiratorii ale cutiei toracice indic un PIP inadecvat obstrurea tubului
endotraheal, plasarea incorect a tubului endotraheal, dereglri de continuitatea a conturului ventilator.
Dar micrile cutiei toracice nu indic un PIP suficient. Ralurile umede pe fon de micri adecvate ale
cutiei toracice indic de obicei edemul parenchimei, necesit creterea PIP. Weez-ingul sau ralurile
crepitante pe fon de micri adecvate ale cutiei toracice indic de obicei creterea rezistenei esutului
pulmonar, afecteaz deci TC.
Mereu utilizai minim PIP efectiv.
Necesitm de obicei modificarea PIP cnd are loc schimbarea densitii esutului pulmonar ex.
Administrarea de surfactant, edem pulmonar, SAM.
La sistarea VAP este primul parametru cu care se iniiaz micorarea presiunilor.
PIP jos duce la:
1) hipercapnie
2) hipoxemie
3) apariia atelectazilor
PIP nalt (de obicei mai mare de 25-30 cm/H2O barotrauma/ volumtrauma plmnelor
1) deminuarea debitului cardiac
2) mrirea rezistenei vaselor pulmonare
3) mrirea tensiunei intracraniene
4) displazie bronhopulmonar
C.2.
C.2.1
C.2.2
La sistarea VAP-ului
n perioad acut frecvent
se indic
Cumulare de PCO2 (dup
modificare PPS
C.2.3
C2.4
C.3.2.
C.4.
Parametru de start
Frecvena necesitat n
majoritatea patologiilor
pulmonar
PIP
volumului respirator
PEEP
- n unice cazuri n timpul ventilrii
insp
Vitez fluxului
Poziia pacientului
Neconcordarea VAPul
C.5
C.6
C.7
C.8
C.9
C.10
36-40sg
>40sg
Manevre pentru ameliorarea oxigenrii
Manevr
Efect
Creterea PaO2
2.Creterea PEEP
Pierderi de aer
Creterea retniei de CO2 cu hiperinflaie
Scderea returului venos/CO2
Creterea PaO2
4. Creterea Ti
5.Creterea ratei
Crete minut-ventilaia
Scderea PEEP
Creterea fluxului
Creterea TE
C.13
Pierderi de aer,
BDP
Pierderi de aer,
BDP
Scderea returului venos/CO2
Scade pCO2
C.12
Risc
1.Creterea FiO2
3.Creterea PIP
C.11
88-95
90-96
C.14
C.15
C.16
1.
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35.
36.
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