Tempus Phare Complementary Measures Project 01198 plementing of Structural Eurocodes in Romaniar Civil Engineering Standards rdinator: D. Dubina Contractor: J. Rondal : CALCULUL STRUCTURILOR DIN | BETON, BETON ARMAT SI BETON PRECOMPRIMAT DESIGN OF CONCRETE, REINFORCED CONCRETE AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES EUROCODE 2 —Mie CUVANT INAINTE FOREWORD Eurocodurile structurale 1. Scurt istoric” Idea de 2 initia elaborarea unor internationale pentru proiectarca structurilor s-a nascut in 1974, si are la baza cooperarea dintre citeva organizatii profesional- stiinfifice, cu activitate bine cunoscut, in domeniul constructiilor. Activitatea acestor organizatii, in dorneniul coordonirii principiilor, agrementirii tehnice gi prestandardizarii a fost si este de o importanja deosebiti pentru stendardizarea_intemationali. Experti din multe ri, ce fac parte din aceste organizatii, schimb& opinii in legatura cu munca stiingific si experienta practic’. Fari obligatia de a formula re; elaboreazi rapoarte si, pe recomandiri de calcul i proiectare. Standardizarea intemationela nu este posibildi fir o pregitire prealabili si rd conventii mutuale intre asemenea orgenizatii In sectorul constructiilor, unmitoarele organizatii sunt implicate in elaborarea normelor de calcul si de proiectare: IABSE-Asociatia Intemational pentru Poduri si Scructari Ingineresti CIB-Consiliul Intern Smdiu si Constructiilor RILEM-Asociatia International pentru Testarea si Cercetarea in Laborator a Materialelor si Constructiilor CEB-Comitetul Euro-Intemational pentru Beton FIP-Federatia Intemational pentru Beton Precomprimat ECCS-Conventia Europeani pentru Consirvetii Metalice JCSS-Comitetul pentru Siguranta Structurilor ISSMFE-Societatea International pentru Mecanica Pamancurilor si Ingineria Fundetiilor. Regulile de baz pentru caleulul structurilor au fost realizate printr-o strnsi cooperare in cadrul JCSS. S-au formulat conditiile de siguranté si exploatare pe baza conceptului de rise, in functie de criteriile de fiabilitate ale structurilor. Aceste conditii au asigurat baza comuna a normelor de caloul norme li, acestea cat posibil, jonal pentru Cercetare, in, domeniul Documentare The Structural Eurocodes 1. Short History” The idea to develop models for an intemational set of Codes for structural design was born in 1974 based on an agreement between several technical-scientific organisations. The activities of these organisations in the field of co-ordination of principles, agreement on technical matters and prestendardisation were and are outstanding importance for intemational standardisation. They comprise experts fom mauy countries serving the exchange of scientific findings and practical experiences. Without the obligation for _ formulating mandatory rules, state-of-the-art reports are elaborated, and also-as far as possible and necessary-recommendations for corresponding fature rules (e.g. Model Codes). There would be not international standardisation without the preparatory work and without the mutual agreement in these organisations. In the construction sector, the following associations involved in this preparatory work in particular: JABSE-Intemational Association for Bridge and ‘Structural Engineering CiB-International Council for Rescarch, Studies and Documeniation Building RILEM-International Association of the Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Constructions CEB-Euro-Internstional Committee for Concrete FiP-Intemational Federation for Prestressed Concrete ECCS-European Convention for Constructional Steelworks JCSS-Joint Committee on Structural Safety ISSMFE-International Society for Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Soil In close co-operation the common basic rules for siructural design were developed in the JCSS. Requirements for safety and serviceability of siructures based on the principle of risk in tems of reliability conditions were formulated. It was the aim to use these rules as 2 common basis for the material-related design codes. () G Breitschafi, L. Oestlund, M. Kersken-Bradly, The Structural Eurocodes-Conceptual Approach, IABSE Conference on Structural Eurocodes, Davos 1992.Pe aceasti baza, unele dintre orgenizatiile implicate, respectiv CEB, CIB, ECSS si o parte din ISSMEE, au realizat modcle sau recomandiri pentru normele de calcul. fn acest mod, s-au creat premizele necesare intocmirii si elaborarii “Eurocodurilor Structurale", urmarindu-se o armonizare a principiilor cadru pe dou’ directii, respectiv: -de-a lungul granitelor statelor participante la actiuni si, -intre diferite materiale de constructii, metode de constructie, tipuri de clidiri si constructii ingineresti. Aceste criterii de armonizare eu favorizat compatibilizarea normelor intre ele i obsinerea unor nivele de fiabilitate comparable. La sfarsitul deceniului_sapte, Comisia Comunitijii Europene’a lust initiativa elaboririi Eurocodurilor, folosind activitatea de pregitire mentionati anterior. Sub cenduceres Comitetului Conducitor din cadrul Comisici CE (CEC), primul proiest individual de tip Eurocode (pentru structuri metalice) a fost pregitit de un grup tehnic de lucru in concordangéi cu principiile de bazi ale standardizirii, adicd cu 0 —_participarea cuprinzitoare si reprezentativa a organizatiilor expert si a specialistilor. 2. Baza legal? Conditiile de infiinjare si principiile de functionare a Comunitiii Economice Europene a fost stabilita prin Tratatul de la Roma, in 1957. Incepind din 1985, acest tratat a fost modificat si completat, printr-o serie de decizii in vederea credrii Pietei Europene Unice pana in 1992. Prin Actul European Unic din 1987, s-au pus bazele initierii procesului de armonizare la nivel comunitar a regulilor si normelor tchnice ca premizi a eliminirii barierelor existente, din acest punct de vedere, in cadrul liberei circulatii amérfurilor si a schimbului de servi Pentru a realiza si impune asemenea misuri, Comunitates European actioneazi in plan juridic print-o Directiva a Consiliului. Prin Directiva Consiliului se definesc cerintele esentiale la nivelul produselor sau a instaletiilor, urmand ca, ulterior si fie elaborate specificatii tehnice si standarde de citre Organizatia Enropean3 de Standardizare (CEN/CENELEC). Dupi adoptarea acestor norme, in urma votului 0 Some of the organisations, such as CEB, CIB, ECSS and parts of ISSMFE, developed then models or recommendations for the material- related design codes based on the agreed common rules as mentioned above. Thus the technical basis was prepared for a formal establishment of the “Structural Eurocodes” with the aim of a two-dimensional harmonisation: -across the borders of states, -between differen construction materials, construction methods, types of building and civil engineering works, to achieve full consistency and compatibility of the various codes with each other and 10 obtain comparable safety levels. Already at the end of the seventies the Commission of the European Communities took the initiative for elaborating the Eurocodes by using the above preparatory work: Directed by a Steering Committee chaired by the EC Commission (CEC) the first drafts of the individual Eurocodes were prepared by technical working groups in accordance with the basic principles of standardisation, ie. with comprehensive participation of expert organisations and professions. 2. Legal Background” The Roman Treaties of 1957 establishing the European Ecoromic Community have been modified and amended since 1985 by essential decision iaken in order to create the conditions for completing the Intemal Market uatil 1992. On the basis of the European Single Act of 1987 it was intended to initiate 2 comprehensive harmonisation of technical rules and regulations in order to remove-among other things-technical barriers to the free movement of goods and to the exchange of services. For realising measures of this kind, the European Community disposes of the legal instrument of the Council Directive. A Council Directive Cefines the essential requirements for the range of products or plants to be regulated and refers, for the rest, to European technical specifications consisting, in general, of European standards established by the European Standard Organisation CEN/CENELEC. After adoption Ale: exprimat in cadrul Consiliul de Ministrii, prinu-o Directiva a Consiliul acestea se transpun in legi nationale ale statelor membre. in sectoral constructiilor, armonizarea le nivel european se realizeazi prin urmatoarele documente: Directive Lucririlor Publice 89/44Q/EEC si Direotiva referitoare la Servicii (Proiect) Acestea stabilesc atit principiile de functionare ale pietei in domeniul constrvetiilor, cat si criteriile de elaborare a normelor tehnice. Directiva Consiliul ~—referitoare. la interpretarea/corelarea legilor, normelor si decretelor din farile membre ale uniunii, in Jegitura cu industria de constructii este de primi importanyi. Ea se aplica intregului “sectorul de constructii”” si, defineste de la inceput principalele ceringe in urmatoarele domenii: = rezistenfi si stabilitate - sigurante la foc - igiend, snatate si mediu inconjurdtor -sigurang in exploztare - protectia impotriva zgomotului ~economia energiei si retinerea cildurii Directiva Consiliului cu privire la industria de constructii obliga statcle membre si ia masuti pentru ca specificatiile tehnice europene, si devin’ valabile in aceste tari, urmind ca standardele si normativele nationale corespunzitoare si fie retrase din folosinta dupa © perioada stabilita. Mandatele date de CEC cite CEN pentru amonizarea standardelor se bazeazi pe asa numitele Documente Interpretative. Directiva Consiliului defineste prin aceste documente interpretative specificatiile tehnice europene in felul urmitor: -ca standarde armonizate, elaborate de CEN sau CENELEC, pe baza unor mandate date de cZtre Comisia Comunititii Europene (CEC) sau; -ca aprobari tehnice curopene, rezultate in urma avizului statelor membre, in cazul in care standardele armonizate nu exist In corelare cu “Nova metodologie pentru armonizere tehnica si standardizare“ adoptata prin Rezolutia Consiliului in mai 1985, actiune within the Council of Ministers by weighted voting, a Council Directive has 10 be transposed into national law of the Member States. Jn the construction sector, -the Public Works Directive 89/440/EEC and -the Service Directive (Draft) are thus important for the harmonisation of technical rules, as in the request for tenders and placing of orders on public construction works and engineering services the harmonised European technical specifications have to be used 2s 2 technical basis, The Council Directive on the approximation of Jaws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to constructions products (CPD 89/106/EEC) is of central Importance, Jt applies to the whole “construction sector” and defines right at the beginning the essential requirements in the following elds: -mechanical resistance and stability ~salety in case of fire -hygiene, health and the environment -safety in use protection against noise -energy economy and heat retention. The Council Directive on Building Products obliges the Member Stetes to take care that these European technical specifications become valid in their relevant countries and to withdraw their corresponding national standards or rules after a certain period of transition. The mandates given by the CEC 10 CEN for the establishment of a harmonised standard are based on the relevant “Interpretative Documents”. The Council Directive on Building Products defines in these interpretative documents the European technical specifications -a5 harmonised standards established by CEN or CENELEG, respectively, on behalf of @ mandate given by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) or; -as European technical approvals issued by the relevant approval bodies nominated by the Member States in cases where harmonised standards do not or not yet exist. With reference to the so-called “New Approach to technical harmonisation and standards” adopted by a Council Resolution of May 1985 mde realizare a Eurocodurilor a fost trecuta la sfarsitul anului 1989 in responsabilitatea Comitetului European de Standardizare. In mai 1990 CEN se creaza un nou Comitet Tehnic, CEN/TC 250-“Eurocodurile _Structurale“. Acestui comitet, ia fost dat mandatul pentru claborarea Standardelor Europene pentru Constructii, avind ca obicct de activitate: “Standardizarea regulilor si metodelor de proiectare a structurilor pentru cladiri si constructii ingineresti tinand seama de legatura dintre normele de calcul, comportarea materiale si tehnologia de executie si control. Programului TC 250 se bazeazi in principal pe ‘unmitoarcle date initiale: -pregitirea activitatilor preparatorii re nivelul _organizatiilor _profesional-stiintifice internationale in sectorul constructiilor; -nommelc de referinta ale Organiza Internationale pentru Standardizare (ISO); -deciziilor uate de citre Comunitatea Europeana in legitura cu crearea Pietei Europene Unice, la care au aderat si tarile membre din Asociatia Europeana a Liberului Schimb (EFTA). 3, Programul EUROCODE in eadrul CEN/TC 250 Programul de lueru al CEN/TC250 se desfasoara conform Documentelui Interpretativ IDI, mentionat anterior si in cadral cooperarii dintre CEC si CEN. Printre altele, in Documental Interpretativ IDI se stipuleazé: “Burocodurile vor servi ca norme de referinta, find supuse recunoasterii autoritatilor din stetele membre, si are ca scop: 4) furnizarea criteriilor esentiale de verificare a structurilor pentru clidiri si lucréri inginerestis b) asigura baza tehnico-legala contractelor specifice de executie a luotirilor de constructii si serviciilor ingineresti c) asigura cadrul redactirii specificatiilor tehnice pentru materiale si produse utilizate in constructii...* “Programul EUROCODE fumizeazi in cadrul unui sistem coerent si cuprinzitor de norme, metode de proiectare variate si alte elemente specifice de proiectare importante in practica, ‘acoperind toate tipurile de cladiri si lucriri ingineresti, realizate din materiale de constructii diverse...“ Programul BUROCODE prevede, in total noua Iv the further development of the Eurocodes was transferred, at the end of 1989, to the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN). In May 1990 CEN created a new Technical Committee, CEN/TC 250-"Siractural Eurocodes”. This Committee was given the mandate to elaborate Codes of Practice within the following scope: “Standardisation of structural design rales for building and civil engineering works taking into account the relationship between design rules ‘and the assumption to be made for materials, execution and control.” The creation of TC 250 was mainly initiated by and based on, respectively “the preparatory work done by intemational technicel-scientifie organisations in the construction seclor; -the relevant standards of the Intemational Organisation for Standardisation (ISO): -decisions taken in the European Community with respect to the creation of the European Internal Market, which was joined by the ‘Member States of the European Free Trade ‘Association (EFTA). 3. The EUROCODE programme in CEN/TC 250 The working programme complies with the given conditions of the above-mentioned Imerpretetive document ID 1 and is based on a special; agreement between CEC and CEN. Among other things, the following is specified: “The EUROCODES are intended 10 serve as reference documents to be recognised by the authorities of the Member States for the following purposes: 2) as a means fo prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements; b) as a basis for specifying contacts for the execution of construction works and related engineering services; ¢) as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products...” “The EUROCODE programme provides for a consistent and comprehensive system of structural design standards covering all types of building and civil engineering works in the different construction materials, the various construction methods and other aspects of design which are of general practical importance. ...” The EUROCODE programme provides for a normative, cu urmatoarele destinatii: EUROCODE 1 pentru actiuni in constructii EUROCODE 2 pentru structuri din beton, beton armat si beton precomprimat EUROCODE 3 pentm structuri metalice EUROCODE 4 pentru structuri mixte EUROCODE 5 pentru structuri din lemn EUROCODE 6. peatru structuri din zidirie EUROCODE 7 pentru fundatii si inginerie geotehnica EUROCODE8 pentru structuri amplasate in zone seismice EUROCODE9 pentru structuri din aluminiu. In textual Eurocodurilor se face distinctie intre principiile de baza si regulile de aplicare. Aplicarea unui EUROCODE necesita intotdeauna respectarea principiilor, in timp ce regulile de aplicere pot fi inlocuite, in cazuri patticulare, prin reguli sau metode echivalente daca se arata ca acestea respecta principiile. In acest fel se asigura o mai mare flexibilitate in aplicare, permitandu-se alternative in cadrul nommei. Intr-o prima etapa, normativele si pertile lor importante se publica ca Norme Europene Provizorii sau Prestandarde (ENV). In 1992, Partea 1 a EC2, EC3, EC4 si BCS a fost pusa deja in circulatie, in aceasta forma. Prima parte a EUROCODE 1 s-a publicar in versinea ENV din octombrie 1994. Dupi o perioada de tesiare, se va organize conversia prestandardelor in norme europene (EN). 4, Planul de conversie din ENV in EN Schema de conversie din ENV in EN este prezentata in figura 1. In scopal realizarii conversiei, _ diferitele Eurocoduri au fost organizate in patru grupe, de la A la D. Timpul de conversie pentru fiecare grup este dat mai jos. total set of nine volumes according to the following classification: EUROCODE 1 for actions on structures (design loads) EUROCODE 2 for concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures EUROCODE 3 for steel structures EUROCODE 4 for composite steel and concrete structures EUROCODE 5 for timber structures EUROCODE 6 ‘for masonry structures EUROCODE 7 for foundations and geotechnical engineering EUROCODE 8 ii for structures in seismic zones EUROCODE 9 for aluminium structures. Jn the texts of the EUROCODES distinction is made between basic principles and rules for application. Compliance with 2 EUROCODE always necessitates the observance of the principles, whereas the rules for application can be replaced in the individual case by equivalent alternatives if it is shown that they satisfy the principles. It is thus intended to provide a more flexible use by allowing deviations within the scope of the EUROCODE. dn a first step, the individual Codes and their relevant parts are published as European Prestandards (ENV). In 1992 EUROCODE 2, EUROCODE 3, EUROCODE 4 and probably EUROCODE 5-Part I one of cach-was already available. The first parts of EUROCODE J was published in ENV version on October 1994. ‘After a test period, their transposition into EN standards is planned. 4. Planning for conversion from ENVs to ENs The flowchart of conversion scheme from ENVs to ENs is shown in Figure 1. The different EUROCODES were organised into four groups, from A to D, in order to manage the conversion activity. The time planning, for each group, is given below. Asocierea normelor in vederea conversiei Groups of related parts for parallel paralele conversion Grupa _A-Norme generale _de_proiectarea_a Group A-Basio buildings desien and seismic clidirilor si proiectarea antiseism ‘Acest grup cuprinde normele referitoare la bazele proiectirii, ectiunile de calcul, prevederi generale This group comprises the parts dealing with the Basis of Design, essential loading (actions) vconsiderations, the general and building rules for | si specifice pentru constructiile din beton si otel, precum si prevederi suplimentare pentru calculul conerete and steel construction — and’ la seism a constructiilor (vezi tabelul 1). supplementary rules for earthquake resistance of 5 E buildings (see Table 1). | E ele 6 Tabelal -Gropa A-Norme generale de proiectarea a clidirilor si proiectarea antiseism | E 3 6 abe (Group A-Basic buildings design and seismic) i a2 28 Nr. EN Titlul prescurtat Sinteza observatillor | *Perioada de conversie (luni) i : & 3 388 ENNo. Brief Title dupa ancheta(2 ani) | *Conversion Period (months)) | shod 5 25888 Result of 2 yr. Enguiry. | é Shaky ee EN 1991-1 |Bazele provectarii ‘AUG 96 2 gs A 28772] [s Basis of design eee 8 EN 1991-2-1 | Densitati, ete. JUNE 97 24 a é es a Densities etc. a z EN 1991-2-3 | Incarcari din zipada JUNE 97 24 a 8 3 = ‘Snow loeds | eS 2aa8 @ye828 “ EN 1991-2-4 |Incrciri din vant JUNE 97 24 t a Soohe eS ec ie = __ | Wind loads | 2 ERS 5353 “48 8 5 EN 1992-1-1 | Structuri beton-Generalitati OCT 95 40 ; & 3822825 a8 3 [3 Conerete-General z BenSTk2 z aL JESS 21 (82 EN 1993-1-1 | Structuri otel-Generalitati OCT 95 40 S Sn] |EESSS B38 Steel-General 3 325! || [see 2] (gs 3 EN 1994-1-1 | Structuri mixte-Generalitati OCT 95 41 ane S5 yess £5 Composite-General ge 2 a 3 a EN 1998-1-1 | Seism-Generalitati MAY 97 28 { Qs £35 Seismic-General I Oe EN 1998-1-2 |Seism-Cladiri MAY 97 28 | Og zee Seismic-Buildings | o8 al |ERee » EN 1998-1-3 i MAY 97 28 | Bz : 3528528 ° RO; s 5 6 j gs z o EN 1998-5 MAY 97 28 a | ESE<8 & 2 7 | 9 ag Tabelul 2-Grupa B-Alte parti generale si parti cu privire la preductia de beton pentru ‘constructii | z = 8 (Group B-Other geacral parts and parts related to concrete products for buildings) i zt e zg = Nr. EN Titlul prescurtat ‘Sinteza observatillor | *Perioada de conversie(Iuni)] | a 2a = ENNo. Brief Title dupa ancheta (2 ani) | “Conversion Period (months) | a : Result of 2 yr Enquiry j 2 EN 1992-1-3 [Beton precomprimat 18 4 é . Precast concrete MAY 97 Saal | g EN 1992-1-4 |Beton ugor 18 Be 5 3 4 Lightweight concrete MAY 97 2 a8 i EN 1992-1-5 | Toroane in constructii 18 a 2 2 Tendons in buildings MAY 97 2 By z i EN 1992-1-6 |Betonul simplu 18 SoHE SZ Plain concrete MAY 97 588 EN 1995-1-1 |Lemn-Generalitati 36 3863 Timber-General AUG 96 8g 5 z 2 a EN 1996-1-1 |Zidirie -Generalitati 35 aga A © Masoary-General SEPT 97 85 - 3 z EN 1997-1 |Geotehnica-Generalitati 31 “8 is Geotechnics-General MAY 97 Figura 1-Planul de conversie din ENV in EN (Planning for conversion from ENVs to ENs) vuTabelul 3-Grupa C-Calculul Rezistentei la foo a siructurilor (Group C-Design for structural resistance to fire) Table 5-Alte proiecte (Others) NEEN Titlul prescurtat Sinteza observatillor _ | *Perioada de conversie (uni) EN No. Brief Title dupa ancheta (2 ani) *Conversion Period Result of 2 yr. Enquiry. (months) EN 1991-2-2 |Actiunea focului OCT 97 22 Fire actions EN 1992-1-2 |Beton-Proiectarea la foc oct 97 2 Concrete-Fire part EN 1993-1-2 | Otel -Proiectarea la foc oct 97 2 Steel-Fire part EN 1994-1-2 |Mixte-Proiectarea la foc oct 97 2 Composite-Fire part EN 1995-1-2 |Lemn-Proiectares la foc ocr 97 22 Timber-Fire part EN 1996-1-2 |Zidarie -Proiectarea la foc ocT 97 2 Mosoncy-Fire Tabelal 4-Grupa D-Poduri (Group D-Bridges) Reziltatele _] *Perioada de conversie EN Titlu prescurtat_ | Publicarea ENV] anchetei (luni) Brief Title ENV Published| Resultof | *Conversion Period Enquiry (EST) (Months) EN 1991-2-5 |Actiuni termice FEB 97 SEPT 99 4 Thermal actions EN 1991-2-6 |Incarcari din constructie | FEB 97 SEPT 99 24 Construction loads EN 1991-2-7 | Incareari accidentale FEB 97 SEPT 99 4 Accidental loads EN 1991-3. | Incarcari din trafic MAR 95 oct 97 24 Traffic loads EN 1992-2 |Poduri din beton AUG 96 MAR 99 36 Conorete bridges EN 1993-2 |Poduri din otel SEPT 97 APR OD 36 Steel bridges EN 1994-2. |Poduri mixte oct 97 MAY 00 36 Composite bridges EN 1995-2. |Poduri din lemn AUG 97 MAR 00 30 : Timber bridges EN 1998-2. | Actiunca seismului DEC 94 JULY 97 34 Bridges (Seismic) Alte proiecte Others Unmatoarele parti ale_prestandardelor The following EUROCODE prestandard parts are EUROCODE ru sunt incluse in grupele de mai not included in the above groups and generally sus si se ccupa in general de structuri speciale; deal with specialist structures and/or have ENV acestea vor parcurge sau nu pericada ENV. development period. Proiecte Tidul Rezultatele anchetei Prestandard Title Results of Enquiry ENV 1991-4 | Actiuni asupra silozurilor si rezervoarelor DEC 97 Actions on silos and tanks ENV 1993-4 | Silozuri si rezervoere din otel APR 99 Steel silos and tanks ENV 1998-4 | Silozuri, rezervoare si conducte (Seism) Nov 99 Silos, tanks and pipelines (Seismic) ENV 1991-5 | Actiuni-Macarale si masini SEPT 99 Actions-cranes and machinery ENV 1993-6 | Structuri suport din ote] pentru macarale AUG 00 Steel crane supporting structures ENV 1992-3 | Fundatii din beton SEPT 99 Concrete foundations ENV 1993-5 [Pile din otel SEPT 99 Steel piling _ ENY 1997-2 | Geotehnica- incercari experimentale JULY 99 Geotechnics-Laboratory tests ENV 1997-3 |Geotchnica- Incerciri pe teren JULY 99 Geotechnics-Field tests ENV 1993-3 |Tumuri, stilpi inalti si cosuni de fum din otel APR 00 ‘Steel towers, masts and chimneys ENV 1998-3 | Tumuri, stdlpi inalti si coguri de fum (Seism) APR 99 Towers-masis and chimneys (Seismic) ENV 1992-4 | Beton-Rezervoare MAR 00 Concrete-Water containment structures ENV 1993-1-3 | Elemente din otel cu pereti subtiri formate la rece NOV 98 Cold formed steel in structures ENV 1993-1-4 | Structuri din otel inoxidabil APR 99 | Stainless steel in structures ENY 1996-1-3 | Incarcari laterale pe zidarii | AUG 00 Lateral lozding on masonry ENV 1996-2 | Tipuri de zidanii AUG 00 | Selection of masonry units ENV 1996-3 | Reguli simplificatoare pentru zidarii AUG 00 Simplified rules for masonry ENV 1998-1-4 | Consolidares si intretinerea constructiilor (Seism) MAR 98 ‘Strengthening and repair of buildings (Seismic) ENV 1999-1-1 | Calculul structurilor din aluminiu-Generalitati MAY 00 Design of aluminium alloy stractures-General ENV 1999-1-2 |Calculu! structurilor din aluminiu-Proiectarea la foc MAY 00 Design of aluminium alloy stractures-Fire design ENV 1999-2 | Aluminiu-Probleme speciale si oboseala MAY 00 f Aluminium alloy-Special and fatigue *Perioada de conversie variazi_datorita volumului si complexitatii ¢iferite documentatiilor ENV; se asteapta volumele cu comentarii nationale dupa o ancheta de doi ani si este necesara o perioada de traducere si editare. “The conversion periods appear disparate due to the need to reflect the varying size and complexity of the ENV — documents-the anticipated volume/gravity of National comments at 2 year Enquiry Sage and the extent of editing and translation work necessary. x5. Proiectul TEMPUS-Phare CME 01198, 5. TEMPUS-Phare CME 01198 Project Principalut obiectiv al acestui proiect a fost dea The main outcome of this project was to propose, publica si de a raspéndi la institutiile importante ia cinci volume cu exemple si institution of five entru cinci Eurocoduri Structural. Tabelul 6 arata Eurocodurile selectate pentru aceasta activitate, institutiile care au implicate si editorii volumelor. publish and disseminate in Romanian relevant volumes with worked examples on several Structural EUROCODES. Table 6 shows the selected EUROCODES for fost this activity, the invited institution and the volume editors. FTabelul 6 EUROCODURILE selectate si institutiile partenere implicate (Selected EUROCODES and involvement of partner institution) EUROCODE Institutii implicate (Involved institutions) Editorii volumelor UE. ROU) (Volume editors) [Bob UPT) EC2 UL, NTUA, UN UPT, UTC-N, UTI |A. Ghersi (UN) A. Plumiere (UL) IC. Trezos (NTUA) D. Dubina (UPT) EC3 UL, NTUA, UN uPT I. Rondal (UL) I. Vayas (NTUA) EC4 INSA UPT, UTCN, UTI |V. Pacurar UTC-N) J.M. Aribert (INSA) ECT LCPC, CUL, TUB uTcB I. Manoliu (UTCB) A. Marcu (UTCB) D. Lungu UTCB) ECB UL, UN, NTUA, TUB UTCB,UPT —_|F. Mazzolani (UN) S. Savidis (UTB) ‘Legend: UL-University of Liege; NTUA- University of asi Coordonatorul si contractantul Naples; INSA-Rennes; CUL-City University London; LCPC-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et| Cheusses; TUB-TU Berlin; UPT-“Politchnica University of Timisoara; UTC-N-Technical ‘University of Cluj-Napoca; UTCB-Technical University of Construction Bucharest; UTI-Technical proiectului The adreseazi sincere mulfumiri tuturor autorilor address tional Technical University of Athens; UN-University of| Co-ordination and Contractor Project sincere thanks to all the their implicati in aceasta activitate dificila, care are ca contributions involved in a such heavy work, rezultat final publicarea a mai mult de 1600 de utile si pages (presupunem noi) privitoare la EUROCODE applications and commentaries. EUROCODE, Evidentiem in mod They are especially grateful to the volume editors pagini cu aplicatii si comentarii interesante normele deosebit activitatea depusa de citre cditorii de coordonarea scientific co-ordination of the related working Volume, pentru organizarea si stiintifica a echipelor de lucru. De asemenea, groups dorim sa mulfumim pe aceasta cele Comisiei Europene pentru asigurares suportului financiar which provides es a final results, more then 1500 with very interesting and useful for the specific management and for their We also wish to acknowledge the support of European Commission for publishing this volume of great interest for structural sia cadrului necesar in vederea publicarii acestor engineering activity in Romania. volume de mare interes pentru activitatea de constructii din Romania, Prof. Dan Dubina The ,Politehnica* University of Timisoara x Prof, Jacques Rondal ‘The University of Liege 21 22 23 CUPRINS PREFATA BAZELE PROIECTARI IN NORMELE EUROPENE Eurocodurile. Concepte de baza Conceptul general de proiectare Bazele proiectarii in EC2 si STAS 10107/0-90 Calculul structurilor in EC2 PRINCIPIE PRIVIND STABILI- TATEA INCARCARILOR Stari limita ultime Stari limita de exploatare Exemple de calcul INCOVOIERE CU FORTA AXIALA Ipoteze simplificatoare Discutie asupra diggramei_ de deformatii specifice Sectiuni dreptunghiulare Sectiuni T Sectiuni circulare si inelare Exemple de calcul STAREA LIMITA ULTIMA DATORITA DEFORMATIULOR STRUCTURALE Introducere Clasificarea structurilor si elementelor structurale Date specifice pentru diferite tipuri de structuri Stalpi izolati Exemple de calcul CALCULUL PLACILOR DE BETON ARMAT Domeniu ‘Metode de calcul acceptabile Calculul liniar cu sau fara redistribuire Metode de calcul plastic Metode numerice de calcul neliniar Metode practice de calcul Exemple de calcul CONTENTS PREFACE BASIS OF DESIGN IN EUROPEAN NORMS Eurocodes. Conceptual approach Basis of design. General concept Basis of design in EC2 and Romanian Norm Structural analysis in EC2 BASIS OF ACTION CALCULATION Ultimate limit states Serviceability limit states Design examples BENDING AND FORCE Basic assumption Discussion on strain diagram LONGITUDINAL Rectangular sections Flanged sections Cireular and ring-shaped sections Design examples ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE INFLUENCED BY STRUCTURAL DEFORMATIONS Introduction Classification of structures and structural elements Specific data for different structures Isolated columns Design examples types of ANALYSIS OF SLAB SYSTEM Area Acceptable methods of analysis Linear analysis with or redistribution Plastic methods of analysis Numerical methods of non-linear analysis Practical methods of analysis Design examples without Pag. 52 67 69 1 89 96 108 108 109 109 10 i ul 118Cap 2 Cap. 3 Cap. 4 Cop. 5 Cap. 6 Cep.7 Cep. 8 Cap. 9 Cap.10 Cap. Cap.12 Cap.13 Cap.14 Cap.15 AUTORII VOLUMULUI - AUTHORS Prof. Corneliu BOB - Timisoara Prof. Ovidiu MIRSU, Ing. Liane BOB - Tirnisoara Prof. Tudor CLIPII - Timisoara, Prof. Constantin TREZOS - Athens Prof. loan CADAR - Timisoara, Prof. Doina NOUR - Iasi Prof. Anton IONESCU, Ing, Calin MIRCEA - Cluj-Napoca Prof. Valeriu STOIAN, Ing. Luminita FEKETE - Timisoara Dr. ing. Agneta TUDOR - Timisoara, Prof. André PLUMIER - Liége Ing. Aurora FLOREA - Timisoara, Prof. Ildiko BUCUR, Ing. Calin MIRCEA-Cluj-Napoca Prof. Corneliu BOB - Timisoara Prof. Cornel FURDU! - Timisoara Prof. Nicolae FLOREA - Iasi Dr. ing. Stefan IOSIP-MOT, Dr. ing. Cornel JIVA - Timisoara Prof. Traian ONET, Prof. Cornelia MAGUREANU - Cluj-Napoca Dr. ing. Aurel IRHASIU-Timisoara Editare computerizata Computer processing Ing. Emilian JORGOVANFjolosit la edificarca constructillor. Aceast > ealitate ridica importante intrebari despre cum pot proiectate, realizate si pastrate in viitor © Gonstructiile de beton armat la costuri acceptabile pentra diferite perioade de utilizare si, in avelasi timp, avand un aspect estetic multumitor. Pe de ‘alta parte sunt necesare eforturi pentru incurajarea jitoarelor dezvoltari in domeniu. Un posibil raspuns la aceste probleme cat si la altele care mai pot sa apara in viitor il reprezinta sistemul european de normative pentru structurile de beion. Prezentul volum contine un apreciabil numar "de exemple de calcul si teoria specifica fiecarui capitol, ambele in concordenta cu prevederile din ii care au conceput cepitolele prezentei “cari apartin de corpurile profesorale de la urmatoarele scoli de constructi -Universitatea “Politehnica” Timisoara -Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca -Universitatea Tehnica “Gheorghe Asachi” din hasi Universitatea Tehnica Nationala din Atena, Grecia Universitatea Tehnica din Liege, Belgia Prin acest volum se intentioneaza sa se faca cunoscute principalele prevederi ale Eurocodului 2 unui larg cere de ingineri din Romania si nu numai; din acest considerent Iucrarea este scrisa in limbile romans si engleze. Capitolele din carte se << refera, in principal la cele existeme in EC 2 = Prezentarea cuprinde, de asemenea, referiri la prevederile esentiale din normele romanesti si cele din alte tari europene privind structurile din beton armat. O atentie speciala s-a acordat si_unor subjecte cum ar fi: Bazele pentru calculul actiunilor; Metoda sistemelor de bare; Rezistenta la foc. Aceste capitole, abordate succint in EC 2, ajuta cititorul la o mai buna receptare @ intregului material prezentat, Autori au utilizat, atat cat a fost posibil, simbolurile, notatiile si unitatile de masura din Eurocodul 2. Formulele, tabelele, figurile si lista bibliografica au fost numerotate pentru fiecare cepitol in parte. Referirile Ja numerotarea cepitolelor, formulelor, figurilor si tabelelor din 1. PREFACE Concrete is ubiquitous and unique; it is the most used building and construction material. This raises important questions of how concrete should be designed, constructed and kept with all requirements for cost effective use in the short and Jong term. Equally, it must also be aesthetic presentation in structures and yet encourage further radical development. A possible answer at these questions and, other future aspects could be obtained from the European Regulation System for concrete structures. The present volume contains both numerical Examples and corresponding theory in accordance with Eurocode 2 -EC2 -"Design of concrete Structures”. The chapters of the book were prepared by authors which are staff members of: Politehnice” University of Timisoara, Romania Technical University of — Cluj-Napoca, Romania "Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of lassy, Romania -National Technical University of Athens, Greece -University of Liege, Belgium This volume intends to make Eurocode 2 familiar to a wider circle of engineers from Romania and not only. For this reason the book wes written in Romanian and English. The book briefly follows the corresponding chapters of Eurocode 2. The presentation referred not only to the provisions of EC2, but also to the relevant provisions of the existing Romanian Code and other European National Norms on concrete structures. Special attention was paid to some subjects like: Basis of Actions Calculation; Strut and Tie Method; Fire Resistance. Such chapters, only scantily treated in EC2, will help the readers in understanding the other subjects of the book. The authors used, as it was possible, the symbols, notations and units from the Eurocode 2. ‘The Formulas, Tables, Figures and References have been numbered, separately, to each chapter. The numbers of the chapters, formulas, figures and tables from EC2 and other references are ‘written in “italics”. The editors wish to thank all that contributed toEC? si alte surse bibliografice sunt scrise in “italic”. Editor dorese sa multumeasca tuturor celor care au contribuit la reusita realizarii acestei cart: antori, participanti la Seminarul de a Timisoara din Iulie 1996, sponsor, colectivul de tiparize si prof, 0. MIRSU pentra sprijinul acordat la verificarea manuscrisului_lucrarii. Totodata isi exprima speranta unei primiri corespunzatoare a yolumului din partea cititorilor. Timisoara, November 1996 the success of the Book, the authors, the participants to the Timisoara Seminar in July 1996, the sponsors, the publishers. Particular thanks must be given to prof. O. MIRSU for his final check of the manuscript. Finally, they hope that the present volume will find a corresponding approval by the readers. Prof. Corneliu BOB 2.BAZELE PROIECTARII IN NORMELE EUROPENE 2.1 EUROCODURILE. CONCEPTE DE BAZA Ideea realizarii unor modele pentru un set de “Coduri Internationale”, in vederea proiectarii tuturor tipurilor de structuri pentru constructii a aparut in 1974 si s-a bazat pe 0 intelegere inte mai multe organizatii tehnico-stiintifice. La activitatile initiale de realizare a codurilor internationale au fost implicate urmatoarele organizatii stiintifice[2.7): CEB-Comitetul Euro-Intemational pentru beton FIP-Federatia Internationala pentru Beton Precomprimat TABSE-Asociatia Internationala pentru Poduri si Structuri Ingineresti CIB-Consiliul International pentru Documentare, Studiu si Cercetari in Constructii RILEM-Asociatia Internationala a Laboratoarclor de Incercari si Cercetari pentru Materiale si Constructii ECCS-Conventia Europeana pentru Constructii de Otel ICSS-Comitetul Unit pentru Siguranta Structurilor ISSMFE-Societatea Internationala pentru Geotehnica si Fundatii Scopal realizarii eurocodurilor pentru structuri a avut, inca din faza initiala, un caracter bidimensional (geografic si tchnic): atat pentru diverse tari europene cat si pentru diferite materiale de constructii, metode de executie si tipuri de constructii, In acelasi timp sa urmarit obtinerea unei compatibiliteti a ciferitelor coduri de proiectare in vederea realizarii unor niveluri de siguranta comparabile [2.5]. Principalele etape ale elaborarii Eurocodurilor pentru structuri, cat si organizatiile care participa la aceste activitati, sunt prezentate in tabelul 2.1. 2. BASIS OF DESIGN IN EUROPEAN NORMS 2.1 EUROCODES. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH In the construction sector, the following associations are involved in the preparatory work for international standardisation: CEB-Euro-International Committee for Concrete FiP-International Federation for Prestressed Concrete IABSE-Intemational Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering CIB-International Council for Building Research, Studies and Documentation RILEM-International Assoc, of the Testing and Research Lab, for Materials and Constructions ECCS-European Convention for Constructional Steelworks ICSS-Joint Committee and Structural Safety ISSMFE-International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. The technical basis was prepared for a formal establishment of the "Structural Eurocodes" with a two- dimensional harmonisation: across the border of states, between different construction materials, construction methods and types of buildings and civil engineering works [2.5].Evrocodul 2, parte a sistemului de reglementari europene,| The political and legal ‘object cerintele esentiale privind rezistenta, | background «for Structural lurabilitatea constructiilor de beton armat si| Furocodes are presented in Table. 2.1 ; more attention is are drept exploatarea si dl eton precomprimat. Unele dintre secventele mai importante ale elaborarii eurocodurilor in general si Eurocodului 2(EC2) paid to Eurocode 2 in special sunt prezentate in tabelul 2.1 The objectiv of the future 2s European Regulation System 25 Etape ale elaborarii Eurocodului EC 2 Tabel 2.1. | was bom in 1976. BE se The work on EC2 started in ae EESE ‘Anu! Organizatii si obiective 1979 and was originally based on a er tl the CEB/FIP Model Code 1978 2S ee Europene (CEC) initiaza|| A CEC Comission established in 1981 the programme for a total lset of cight volumes (EC9 was 1976 |Comisia Comunitat lobiectivul armonizarii normelor tehnice later decided) of Eurocedes: = gs = 1979 |[ncepe elaborarea Eurocodului EC2 avand la bazal = ee ea i € |Codul Model CEB/FIP 1978 ECI: for actions on structures 2 Bo 2 cand 8 7981 [0 comisie a CEC stabileste programul pentru opt|| EC2: for concrete,reiforced 2 ae ee § 2 Eurocoduri (ECO a fost propus pentru elaborare maiconcrete and prestressed concrete fo) |~28 oe s harziu): |structures eS Se ars ci IECI: Bazele proiectarii si actiunii in constructii EC3: for steel structures e [Gee] jess mze8 IEC2; Structuri de beton, beton armat si betonl] EC4: for composite steel and eee ase we S8ae Ps lprecomprimat lconerete structures 3 wee 2eeb2 S C3: Structuri de otel ECS for timber structures we | [Ses Roeee 5C4: Structuri compuse otel-beton EC6: for masonry structures Be Sa ae ECS: Structuri de lemn EC7: for foundations and es 5 wes C6: Structuri de zidarie geotechnical structures S es EC7: Fundetii si inginerie geotehnica ECS: for structures in seismic uw 3 2 IEC8: Structuri in zone seismice zones eB IEC9: Structuri de aluminiu ECS: for aluminium structures =, {984 _|[Flaborarea primului “Raport tehnic” al EC2 A first draft for EC2 was es a lpublished in 1984. we 1987 |-CEC “da mandat™ Comisici Europene dein 1985 partly very detailed ae se IStandardizare CEN pentru stabilirea unor standarde||comments have been elaborated go he larmonizate land were assessed in 1986 and as g S28 |-Blaborarea primelor comentarii ale EC2 1987 by the Editorial Group for = a5 aes 1989__|Elaborarea si aprobarea raportului final ptr. EC2 IEC2. 3 2) £ s é Es] 1990 |CEN creeaza “Comitetul tehnic CEN/TC 250] A revised final Draft was IEurocoduri pentru structuri cu 9 subcomitete SC|lapproved in 1989. In 1990 Sub-. imandatate a definitiva Eurocodurile Commitee 2(SC2) of TC250 of |CEN was formed. 1991 Ec2 este claborat in forma unui “Prestandard|| EC2 was insued in form of an [European ENV”, aprobat de SC2 [European Pre-Standard ENV at the end of 1991 and EC2-Partl Ihave been elaborated in 1992. 1992 |EC2-Pariea 1 “Reglementari generale si reguli pentrul) In Figure 2.1 future regulation {constructii: este definitiva |system for concrete structures is Tn figura 2.1 este prezentata schema de alcatuire privind|presented. It is concemed with the reglementarile tehnice europene pentru beton. Acestea se referalessential requirements for Ia cerintele esentiale privind rezistenta, exploctarea siresistance, serviceability and Gurabilitatea structurilor de beton. Idurability of concrete structure. Tig. 2.1 Reglementari tehnice curopene pentru beton European Regulation system for concreie cr 102.2 CONCEPTUL GENERAL DE PROIECTARE in concordanta. cu BCI, Cap.2., eurocodurilor, proiectarea, constructia si asigura: comun tuturor inuetinerea, vor -pesfommante adecvate sub toate cctiunile posibiley = -durabilitate adecvata in corelatie cu costurile de mentinert sub influenta tuturor actiunilor; in cazul unor actiuni except! aiba un caracter disproportionat solicitari. jonale, avarile care rezulta sana fata de cele care apar din alte In functic de consecintele economice si sociale ce apar la rupere exista trei clase de rise: Clasa,J;: Rise seazut cu consecinte economice si sociale mici sau neglijabile Clasa 2: Risc mediu cu consecinte economice si sociale considerabile Clasa 3: Risc ridicat cu consecinte economice sl sociale foarte mari 2.2.1. Principiile de proiectare la starile limita Starile limita sunt imaginate a fi marginile unui domeniu in jmterioal caruia structura satisface criteriul de proiectare. Startle limita sunt definite a fi: Starile limita ultime, care sunt asociate cu colapsul sau alte forme ale ruperii structurii. Starile limita de exploatare, corespunzand stadivlui dincolo de care cerintele privind 0 exploatare normala nu mai sunt satisfecute: Pentra starile limita ultime si pentru cele de exploatare, la care depasirea uneia cauzeaza 0 degradare permanenta, cerintele de proiectare, pentru un caz simplu, sunt: Bp SRG 1) valoarea de proicctare a efectului actiunii fiind: Sy = S(Fy,gofa) 22) in care: Fyeste valoarea de proiectare a unei actiuni, ag-valoarea de proiectare a unei marimi geometice, fyevaloarea de proiectare a unei proprictati a matecialuluis 22 BASIS OF DESIGN. GENERAL CONCEPT(2.5] ‘According to EC 1, Chap.2.1. structures shall be designed, constructed and maintained to achieve: -perform adequately under all expected actions; “to have adequate durability in relation to maintenance costs; -not be subsequently damaged disproportionately to the original cause in the case of exceptional hazards. In function of economic and social consequences of failure there are: Class 1: Low risk Class 2: Medium risk Class 3: High risk 2.2.1. Principles of limit state design Limit staies are __the boundaries of a domain within which the structure is assumed to satisfy the design criteria and are classified into: Ultimate limit states which are those associated with collapse or with other forms of structural failure. Serviceability limit state are those associated with specified service criteria for normal use. For the ultimate limit state and those serviceability limit states where the passage of @ limit state causes a permanent damage, the design requirements may be written by equation (2.1) and (2.2) for the simplest case, where: Fy is the design value of an action, ay is the design value of 2 geometrical quantity, fj is the design value of a 12 material property; iar valoarea de proiectare a rezistentei este: Re =R@.,f.) (23) Pentru celelalte cazuri ale starilor limita de exploatare, conditia de proiectare poate fi scrisa: Sy =S(F,.a4.f,) factor de conversie, prin care valoarea determinata prin incercari de laborator este c convertita la una care apare i structura studiata, a“ 2.2.4. Combinatiile actiunilor peecale nt astfel combinate incat sa produca efectul cel fefavorabil asupra structurilor in cazul starilor limit considerate. ere Pentru starile limita ultime, combinatiile considerate sunt: combinatii fundamentale si combinatii accidentale. La combinatiile fundam ¢ entale, valoarea de ject efectului actiunii Sz este: ia 8, =D reGe + 1Qit Lovo +1 28) in care valorile coeficientilor sunt date in tabelul 2.3 dimensiunilor geometrice ale le valorile caracieristice, notate a, care corespund, in general, celor -the overell shape and size of the structural system -the shape of the components -the shape and size of cross sections, support —_areas, connections etc. The geometrical data are represented by their characteristic values, a, which usually correspond to these specified by the designer. 2.2.3. Design values 7 The basic variables are introduced into the calculation model with their design values. Fy foractions fj for material properties ay for geometrical data ; Sce equations (2.5), (2.6) and (2.7) where: F,.f,.a, are characteristic values of actions, material properties and geometric data Yom 8 Specific factors for actions and material properties; Aa-additive geometrical data 7 ae conversion factors from laboratory data to those which are used in a structure design. 2.2.4, actions Actions shall be combined so that they produce the most unfavourable effect on the structure for the limit state considered. For the ultimate limit state there are: fundamental combinations and accidental combinations. For fundamental combinations, the design value Sd is evaluated by the loads given in equation (2.8) Combination of the (Table 2.3). | 15Valorile coeficientilor de siguranta pentru combinatii fu Numerical values of specified factors for fundamental ndamentale combinations Tabel 2.3 Cociienti de Sieuranta Sajesy | Etec cefavorabil Unfavourable | Efect favorabil Favourable coefficients effect effect ‘Actiuni permanente, Gy yor1.35 o=1.0 Permanent action ‘Actiuni variabile, Qe yor1.50 yo=10 Variable actions: Forta de precomprimare, Py yp=1.2 sau (or) 1.0 ‘ye=0.9 sau (or)1.0 Prestressing force In cazul combinatiilor accidentale, valoarea de proiectare a efectului actiunii Sq este: = Dye tvQut DV +Ar 29) in care: ‘yoa=1 sau este dat in normative nationale; Gy-valoarea caracteristica a actiunilor permanente; Qey-valoarea caracteristica a uneia (cea mai importanta) actiune variabila; Qk -valori caracteristice ale altor actiuni variabile; ‘A-valoarea de proiectare, dependenta de timp, ectiunilor indirecte (actiunea seismica); o.wuiyia-factori de combinare a actiunilor (vezi Cap. 3) Pentru starile limita de exploatare exista tei tipuri de combinati -Combinatii rere, folosite in cazurile in care la depasirea unei stari limita sc cauzeaze 0 degradare locala permanenta sau 0 deformatie neacceptabila; -Combinatii frecvente, folosite in cazurile in care la depasirea unei stari limita se cauzeaza degradari locale, deformatii mari sau vibratii care sunt temporare -Combinatii cvasi-permanente folosite pentru efecte de lunga durata importante. 16 For accidental combinations, the design value Sq is evaluated by the loads given in cquation (2.9) where: yoas1 or from National Norms; Gg-characteristic value of permanent actions; Qui-characteristic value of one( the main) variable action; Qui-characteristie values of the other variable actions; Ajtime dependent value of indirect (seismic action); WoWia.Wi2 combination. factors of actions (see Chap. 3). For the serviceability limit states there are three types of combinations: -The rare combinations are used mainly in those cases when excedance of a limit state causes a permanent local damage or a permanent unacceptable deformation. f, pe cilindri la 28 delR, Ry, pe cuburi 141 mm| ile Ha 28 de zile |Rezisténtele caracteristice: Ry = (087 - 0.002Ry)Riv |Rezistentele caracteristice: if fs fi, = 0.30-£4.7° peaaaiee Rezistentele de calcul: |Rezistentele de calcul: fa Ye 15- combinatii funda - mentale de actiuni combinatii acciden - tale de actiuni (fara cutremure) 2.3. BASIS OF DESIGN IN EC2 AND ROMANIAN NORM The issue of EC? is a first important step to harmonise Romanian regulations for design and construction of concrete structure. Some comparisons between EC2 and Romanian Norm STAS 10107/0-92 are presented concerning: material properties, design stress-strain curves, strain and stress distribution at the ultimate limit state ete. 23.1. Material properties 23.1.1. Concrete The definition of the characteristic and design value of concrete strength are presented in Table 2.4 (EC2: 3.7 and 4.2.1). fy(R,) is average value of lconcreie compressive strength fy (Ry,) is the charact. 28 days compressive strength measured on lcylinders fay or on cubes Rix; Ry is the characteristic compressive strength calculated fas cylinders strength from cube strength; faim is the mean tensile strength lin uniaxial tension; fu(Re) is the design value of lconcrete compressive strength; yelYic) is partial safety icoefficient for concrete. In Figure 2.2 the definition of the characteristic strength is lshown. nis number of samples; s is standard deviation; finos and frogs are fractiles for Iminimum (5%) and maximum (95%) values. 17In figura 2.2 este prezentat modul de definire a rezistentelor caracteristice (minime) in care: neste numarul de epruvete; s este deviatia standard; fags si feoos sunt fractilii pentru valorile minime (5%) si maxime (95%) Se observa valorile diferite ale factorilor specifici cat si necesitatea introducerii factorului de conversie pentru valoarea deteminata pe cuburi a rezistentei la compresiune a betonului; in normele romanesti rezistenta la compresiune a betonului se determina pe cuburi, in timp ce in structura compresiunea este de tipul rezistentet prismatice (cilindrice). Corelatia dintre rezistenta cubica si rezistenta cilindrica cu punerea in evidenta a claselor de beton dupa cele doua standarde, este redata in in fig 2.3. Yn conformitate cu tabelul 4.8 din EC2 rezistenta la forte taietoare (efortul unitar tangential de calcul) pentru elemente fara armare la forte taietoare este: 25 fey oo (2.10) Yalorile de proiectare pentru efortul uniter de lunecare, in cazul unor conditii bune de aderenta sunt: 036fF. ; bare netede Qily ; bare profilate (2.12) Valorile de calcul ale rezistentelor se deduc din valorile caracteristice prin aplicarea unui coeficient partial de siguranta ‘ypentcu beton conform relatici (2.6). Yalorile rezistentelor (conform tab. 3.1 din EC2 si tab 3 din STAS 10107/0-90) sunt redate in tabelul 2.5 si figura oe “Deosebirea esentiala dintre cele douz norme este evidentiata de modalitatea diferita de stabilire 2 modulului de elasticitate 2 betonului: in normele romanesti se determina modulul de clasticitate tangent la diagrara efort unitar-deformatie specifica; in EC2 se stabileste o valoare secanta a modulului de elasticitate, in conformitate cu formula data in tab. 2.5. In acest fel se explica valorile mai mici ale modulului de clasticitate dupa EC2 fata de STAS 10107/0-90 pentru valori mai ridicate ale claselor de betoane. 18 From Table 2.4 it can be seen the necessity of a transformation factor for cube strength to characteristic compressive strength. In Fig. 23 is shown the relationship between cube and cylinder strength of concrete: the correspondence between EC2 and Romanian Norm concerning concrete class C as well as Bc is also illustrated. The basic design shear strength of members without shear reinforcement (Table 48 of EC2) are given by formula (2.10) The design values for the ultimate bond stress for good bond conditions are: formula (2.11) for plain bars formula (2.12) for high bond bars Design value of strength are derived from the characteristic values oy applying the appropriate partial Safety factor y for concrete (see equation 2.6) The values of strength and modulus of elasticity are given in Table 2.5 (from Table 3.1 of EC2 and Table 3 of STAS 10107/0-90) and Fig. 2.4. The difference between the two norms concerning the modulus of elasticity is: Romanian Norm define the modulus by the tangent of the stress-strain diagram; in EC2 the modulus is defined by formula from Table 2.5 as a secant to the stress-strain diagram. ength Cylinder s s ol 2 7 2 a 2 Feags(fes)= fom 1655 fom LESS Sinaia er fe 0.05 (fer) fem fc095 fe Fig 2.2 Definirea rezistentelor caracteristice Definition of the characteristic strenght A C 50/60 35/45 | 6 30/37 C 25/30 20 ¢ 20/25 C 16/20 C 12/15 10 20 30 40 50 60 Rezistenta cubica N/mm? Cube strenght Fig. 2.3 Corelatia rezistenta cubica-rezistenta cilindrica Relationship belween cube und cylinder sirength 190 50) 58 33.3 41 29 5.3 0.41 Tabel 2.5. c35/4 | C40/5 | C45/5 | C50/6 70 5 4S 53 30 38 an 4.9 0.41 B700 45 31,5 278 1.85) Bc50 | Bc60 60 0 40 48 26.7 35 2.5 4.6 O41 38.5 26.5 251 1.65 38000 | 40000 100 | B600 5 50) 1.45) 5 35 B 233 32 22 4.2 037 Bed0 B 31.6 22, 2.20 7 38 20 2.9 3.8 0.34 Be35 B4sO 28 45 20.5 2.03 2.94 1.35 , for concrete class €25/3 | 30/3 0 25 33 16.7 26 18 33 0.30. 30500 | 32000 | 33500 | 35000 | 36000 | 37000 Be30 B400 24.3 ig 1.86 271 1.25 20 28 i723 22 15 2.9 0.26 26000 | 27500 | 29000 Be25 B300. 20.5 15 1.65 224 1.10 16 10.7 19 1.3 25 Bc20 B250 16.6 12.5 1.43 1.98 0.95 14000 | 21000 | 24000 | 27000 | 30000 | 32500 | 34000 | 36000 is of elasticity, in Nin’ 24 C16R | C2072 C12/ 12 20 1.6 a Bols B200 12.5 20 1.19 171 0.80 Bld BI1SO0 8.5 15 6.5 0.92 141 0.60 10 a7 0.76 1.08 0.50 (Pa) Strength and modul 6A Be7.5 B100 la rezistentei fom la fo 95=1.3 fem Rezistenta la forte taietoare (/.=1.5) BC2 fox fea ‘Valoarea medie a rezistentei la intindere a 0.7m Tre Refer) Ry (Em) Re (fed) intindere Ra Ciew.05). Ry Compresiune dri, fey=0.30f 2? Limita inferioara (fractilul 5%) pt. rezist. Ia intindere a betonului Limita foo 05 rezistenta la rezistentel a Eu, = 9a +8 STAS 10107/0-90 pl. Strength class of concrete la a Rezistenta caracteristica la compresiune pe calcul caracteristica medie lacompr. pe ci determinata pe cuburi medic de ice. superioara compresiune caracterist 5 3 zl §| 3| s 2 3 3 Clasele de rezistenta pentru beton in N/mm? Modulul de elasticitate al betonului la Tipul rezistentei Valoarea medie a modului de elasticitate (secant) al betonului Rezistenta caracteristica la compresiune pe cilindri Rez. de calcul la compresiune Rezistenta Rezistenta de calcul la intindere Strength class of concrete Tipul rezist. -Notatic Rezistenta medie la intindere 3 5 z g Valoarea Valoarea betonului Rezistenta (Fractilul 5%) cuburi KN Fox Canz)} & Gr) 50 40 30 20 LEGENDA: — STAS 10107/0 EG, 10 — 57510 6 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Be REUSE MS OW OB), 20 25 30 37 45 50 BI Forma generala a diagramei efort unitar deformatie specifica pentru cazul solicitarii la compresiune este prezentata in fig. 2.5. (fig. 4.2 dupa EC2): diagrama idealizeta cat si diagrama pentru proicctare a structurilor de beton armat sunt date printr~ un model matematic exprimand o diagrama rectangular parabolica (Functia 4.2 a EC2). Conform standardului STAS 10107/0-90 se foloseste acecasi. diagrama —reciangular parabolica. Ecuatiile care reprezinta partea curba a diagramelor sunt diferite ca forma de scriere, dar continutul esie acelasi Diferentele care apar se refera la valorile difetite ale factorilor specifici. In conformitate cu EC2, este posibila si utilizarea unei curbe caractetistice de forma celei din fig, 2.6, care este mai apropiata de realitate. 4 Valorile rezistentelor si modulilor de elasticitate Values of strength and modulus of elasticity The general form of the stress-strain diagram for uniaxial compression is shown schematically in Figure 2.5 (Fig. 4.2 of EC2): ideslised diagram as well as design diagram for structural analysis are given by a mathematical model expressed by a parabolic rectangular diagram (Function 4.2 of EC2), From Romanian STAS. 10107/0-00 the same parabolic reclangular diagram is used | Fig26, 21At first appearance there is a difference between mathematical formulations of the parabolic rectangular diagram in the two norms, but the formulas give the same values An actual stress-strain diagram lis also used from EC2 (Figure [2.6a). Such diagram can be used order O astfel de diagrama se poate folosi la calculul dupa teoria rdinul IL. i " Valorle pentru deformatia specifica limita a betonului ea, sunt date in tabelul 2.6 pentru clasele de beton. Valorile e pentru sectiuni dreptunghiulare The values Gy for rectangular cross sections Clasa betonului | C12/15]C1620]C20/25]C Tabel 2.6, 30] C30/37 Pints 3s | 34 [33 [32 _| othe second analysis of ‘betorulul C4095 |C45155|Cs0/60[ = concrete structures. Chss Beton si 3.0 2.9 28 ‘The ultimate limit strain as values for concrete class A given in Table 2.6 6./ Rel fea) ; | 7 | (dealised diagram | a AK M00 (2508 “MN | 1 7 | DiagramG@ pentru he Pe oe Ve |, proiectare oe 7 Design diagram | | | | | EC 2-92 i,” OOD &,{ ZS0EF | teal 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.0035 here, 6 £b Yoo oy R --| 7] + Ey Ze) 1 [Diagram proiectare [Design diagram 10107/0-90 | 0002 STAS | | | | | | o.007 0.003 0.0035 ( 2 6.35 < B35) Fig. 2.5 Diagrame caracteristice efort unitar-deformatie specifica pentru solicitare la conapisiuns Stress-sirain diagrams Jor uniaxial compression G, simplificare fe XSinpiification & _ __kn=nt tc Z > 1#k=2)n nF /E, O4fe 2.6 Diagrama curbilinie efort-unitar deformatie specifica Actual stress-strain diagram Coeficientul lui Poisson pentru ceformatii in domeniul| Poison’s ratio for clastic elastic se ia egal cu 0.2 iar daca se edmite fisurarea betonului | strain is 0.2, if cracking is imins atunci coeficientul se poate presupune zero. peinitted for concrete in tension it may he zero. The coefficient of thermal expansion may be taken equal to 1ox10“'C, Deformatiile dependente de timp, curgerea lenta si] Time dependent deformatia de contractie sunt prezentate in tabelul 2.7 si tabelul | deformations, creep and 28. shrinkage strains, are given in Tables 2.7 and2.8. Coeficientul de dilatare liniara la temperatura se ia egal cu 10x10°/°C. - Coeficietul final de curgere lenta (c0,t,) © Final creep coefficient Tabel 2.7 Varsta la incarcare to ile] Atmosfera uscata —- RH=30% | Atmosfera umeda _ RI=80% Age ct leading tp days | Drv conditions conditions Raport specific ( 50 150 600 |__ 600 1 35 46 37 ay 7 3.9. 3.1 2.6 aD 28 3.0 25 2.0 5 90 24 2.0 16 365 18 15 12 Deformatia finala de contractie, Final shrinkage strains coo i %o Tabel 2.8 Situarea elementului | Umiditate relativa Raport specific: 2A Ju, mm ~ Location of the Relative humidity (National size) member % £150 Interior! Jaside 50 -0.60 Exterior/ Outside 80. 0.33 Acaria sectiunii transversale a betonului/ cross secilon area of concrete _Luperimetrul ariei Ac / perimeter of concrete area2.3.1.2. Armatura pentru beton armat Tn conformitate cu sectiunea 3.2 a EC2 produsele sunt clasifieate dupa: rezistenta (notata fj), clasa (indicand caracteristicile de ductilitare), diametru, _caracteristicile suprafetei si sudabilitete. Rezistenta reprezinta veloarea nominala a efortului caracteristic de curgere (fy) data in N/ mm’. Doua clase de ductilitate se definese: Gnalta (H): eu25.0% cu (filf,)>1.08 (2.13) “normala (N): 5u>2.5% cu (fife 1.05 Pentra analiza postelastica a structurilor la starile limita ultime se admite calculul plastic penta structuri cu elemente ductile la care se foloseste un otel de inalta ductilitate. Pentru analiza liniara cu admiterea redistributiilor, conditia care se pune otelului folosit (se neglijeaza verificarea capacitatilor de rotire a zonelor critice) este: 8207 pentru clasa H si 52085 pentru clasa N, unde 14) 8 este raportul dintre momentul incoveietor redistribuit la momentul incovoietor dinaintea redistributiei Caracteristicile suprafetei sunt definite de: -bare profilate cu aderenta sporita; -bare netede cu aderenta redusa. Diagrama caracteristica efort unitar-deformatie specifica este prezentata in fig. 2.7 atat dupa EC2 cat si dupa STAS 10107/0-90. Sc constata diferente numei in ceea ce priveste valorile diferite ale factorilor specifici cat si ale defurmatiilor specifice limita. In tabelul 2.9a sunt prezentate proprietatile armaturilor SSOOH si SSOON in conformitate cu ENV10080. * Pentru comparatie propriciatile otelului $420H dupa DIN 488, notat Bst 420S si ale otelului PC60 sunt prezentate in tabell 2.9b. 2.3.1.2. Reinforcing steel Section 3.2 of EC2 classify the products according to: grade (fi), class (ductility), size, surface characteristics and weldability. Grade denote the value of the specified characteristic yield stress (fx) in Nimm’. Two classes of ductility are defined: -High (H) -Normal (N) For structural analysis in ultimate limit state, the plastic approach may be used for very ductile structural elements with high ductility steel. Using linear analysis with redistribution, the condition related to the steel, allowing the omission of an explicit check on the rational capacity of critical zones is (2.14) where 8 is the ratio of the redistribution moment to the initial moment Surface characterstics are defined as: -tibbed bars with high bond action -plain smooth bars with low bond action Stress-strain diagram is shown in Fig, 2.7 from EC2 and Romanian Norm. Some differences there are between the specific factors and ultimate limit strains. Properties of reinforcing steel grade SS00H and S500N of various product from ENV 10080 are presented in Table 29a In Table 2.9b the properties of steel S420H after DIN 488- Bst 420S and PC6O after Romanian Norms are presented. b). Ag EE2— 1992 A 1.15: peniru combinatii Eyy> 90"oo pentru mare Sau ductilitate cu Ha >108 fundamentate a X@- 1.00; pentru combinatii Ey> 25%eo pentru duciilitate 4 accidentale normalé cu ‘ey > 1.05 [find cutremur) ake } 2 E, = 200 kN /mm Gan iCae) STAS 10107/0 -90 10°%eo grupari de incor dri obisnuite Eau = 50%o Qrupdri de incdrcdri ma=1: pentru velori de baza cu actiuni seismice Equ= 15% STNB an Fig. 2.7 Diagrame caracteristice fort unitar-deformatie specifica ale armaturilor pentru beton armat Stress-strain diagrams for reinforcing steelProprictatile armaturilor de rezistenta s j clase S500H si SSOON conform ENV 10080 \ tee oe Properties ofits et Bare Spire, lite Plase sudate | p' nas eee Bars Coils Welded Fabric te Eau S500H | SSOON | S500H | SSOON | SSO0H | S500N Z| Rezi Sieleat 6la 40| 6la 16| 61a16 | 4 lal6 | 6lal6 | 41a 16 - $ reat de) CORRE ||) S00 | 500% |) 500) [pe 5005/5800 : (N/m?) 1 ea 3 1.03 or | 1.08 | 1.03 or | 0.95 1.08 1.03 or 1.08 : ee Ce 1.05 1.05 5 oa os Fr fAlungte wala la foal 5 | 2or | 5 2or a8 * | maxima (%) 25 Total elongation at max. Ose 3 | Table3 | Table 3 | Table 3 i 3| Table 3 | Table 3 | Tal ‘Aptitudinea la incovoiere | Table r able 5 Tae 4 ncercareladesdoire) | ENV | ENV | ENV | ENT Suitable for bending ‘Rebend test) = 3 resets la oboseala} 2007 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 100 (N/mm?) Fatigue strength - ; ar pyar 053 9 Rezistenta sudurilor (N) =- e Strength of welded joints __| ts 0 |Deviatia permisibila a +45 44.5 445 H4.5 $4.5 +45 maselor (%) 0 Permissible deviation ‘from nominal mass 1) Valoti pentru probebilitatea p; ¥=1-0=0.95 sau 0.90 Values for probability 2) 150 Nine penca diametra for diameter >20mm A-Aria sectiunil transversale a firelor mai groase Nominal cross sectional area of thicker wire Proprictatile ammaturlor de rezistenta si clasa $420H si PC60 on Properties of reinforcing steel S420H and ae SS en ees Ha ae iam) (Nimm2) la forta maxima Properties Nominal size _ ean) o ee Total elongation at max. force S420H. 61a28 420. 20 2 PC60 6la12 420 5 141228, 405 26 2.3.1.3. Armaturi pentru beton precomprimat Potrivit cu EC2, sectiunea 3.3 produsele pentru beton precomprimat se clasifica dupa: rezistenta (fro. si fos), clase (indicand comportarea la relaxare), diametra si caracteristicile suprafetei: Rezistenta este definita fie de valoarea efortului unitar corespunzatoare unei deformatii specifice de 0.1% (fos) fie de valoarea efortului unitar maxim (fy) date in N/mm: aceste valori sunt specificate ca si valori caracteristice prin indicele k (fig.2.8) Conform EC? exista trei elase de relaxare (fig Clasa 1: sarme si toroane cu relaxare mare Clase 2: sarme si toroane cu relaxare scazula Clasa 3: bare Powrivit cu EN10138-1, curbele de relaxare sub incarcari yor fi stabilite la o temperatura nominala de 20°C, peniru 0 perioada de 1000 ore la o incarcare initiala de 70% din forta reala de rupere. O ductilitate adecvata este necesara find stipulata atat printr-o alungire minima la forta maxima (3.5% pentru fire si toroane), cat si prin cerinte pentru incovoiere date de incercarea de desdoire pentru fire si gatuirea la rupere pentru fire si toroane Ammaturile pentru beton precomprimat vor rezista, fara ‘rupere, la doua milioane de cicluri de solicitare, care se resupun a atinge eforturi maxime de 70% din rezistenta reala a _ materialului. Dimensiunile si caracteristicile de rezistenta ale sarmelor tase Ja rece sunt date in tabelul 2.10a, intre care: rezistenta la intindere, forta caracteristica si maxima de rupere, fora corespunzatoare deformatiei de 0.1% etc. In tabelul 2.10b sunt prezentate uncle caracteristici (rezistenta la intindere si forta caracteristica de rupere) pentru cateva sarme tase la rece fabricate in Romania. ]2 3. Prestressing steel According EC2, section 3.3 the products are classified according to grade ((fyo1x and fx), class, size and surface characteristics. Grade denote the value of the 0.1% proof stress (fpq1x) and the value of the tensile strength (f.) in Nhmm?; these values are in terms of values by k Three classes of relaxation are defined (Fig. 2.9.): Class 1: wire and. strands, high relaxation Class 2: ibid., low relaxation Class 3: bars According to ENI0138-1, curves are established at 20°C, for 1000h and initial load of 70% of breaking load. Adequate — ductility is assumed by specified minimum elongation at maximum load (3.5% for wire and strand) and by requirements for bendability in reverse bends testing for wire and constriction at break for wire and strand. Material shall withstand without failure two million cycles of stress fluctuation down from a maximum stress of 70% of the actual strength. Dimensions and properties of stress relived cold drawn wires are given in Table 2.10a: tensile strength, characteristic and minimum breaking _ load, characteristic proof load of 0.1% ete. In table 2.10b the tensile strength and characteristic breaking load of Romanian cold drawn wire are presented. 2729 Lebo LPT Ore. Z Oo LPL Soh 9 Os 6e eS one s S = a v (nop) “ty saodrs ap vansuajouiva eyog Tivaes. (uu) rnoureiq, Ore MPL [ODI TOR ura}oese9 afaup) w zor ti f 919 a ez $06 601 i sis 6 oz ze v8 seo | soe 8 oz es ove sto see 970 | ave st eae 4 Pee oe ess ep sso Oe L esi eine a || seer. ous rer ros tro | zzz 5 st ony sounypwoy | ¥'¥S cor |; euy wo | zzz 9 st oe 862 “ve oo | vst s sl ote 187 be 6e0 | pst s or 69% roc vez szo | 66 » at ose Z6l ez szo_| 696 y % wr Ni 1 oH ce ar ‘0001 pig yo vopwrerrs | opmag| sroues poop suyong a bpm mars 4 oppo so spun wt aoyoads LoLeA, En ne 7.0 Clasa 3 4.5 Claso 2 Sp/ tok | 80% Fig 2.8 Diagrama 6 -& Diagram o -€ 70 zs 2s 3s he gS og as ed ie "eo 0.1 DaJDX DJ ay2.3.2. Distributia eforturilor unitare pentru proiectarea sectiunilor r Starile limita ultime pentru incovoiere cu forta axiala presupun o diagrama rectangulara pentru distributia eforturilor unitare asa cum se arata in fig. 2.10. De asemenea se poate utiliza si o alta distributic dupa cum sc va cxemplifica in capitolele urmatoare. In conformitate cu EC2 coeficientii specifici distributiei eforturilor unitare sunt y. ca si coeficient partial de siguranta sntru beton iar a este un coeficient care ia in considerare efectul de lunge durata asupra rezistentei la compresiune si efectul nefavorabil rezultand din modul de aplicare a incarcarii. Factonil aditional de reducere « poate fi considerat a fi 0.85 pentru compresiune, dar acesta poate i redus la 0.80 cand zona comprimata descreste in latime in directia fibrei cele mai comprimate, Jn conformitate cu normele romanesti STAS 10107/0-90 se presupune pentru zona comprimata tot o diagrama uniforma a eforturilor unitare. Diferenta care apare intre cele doua norme ste numai de ordinul novatiilor astfel: adancimea reala a axci neutre este notata xin EC2 si X=125x in STAS10107/0-90; inaltimea diagramei dreptunghiulare a eforturilor unitare este 0.8x dupa EC2 si notata cu x dupa Normele romanesti -STAS 10107/0-90 (fig.2.10) 2.4 CALCULUL STRUCTURILOR IN EUROCODUL EC2 Caleulul structurilor in conformitate cu EC2 (Sectiunea 2.5) iain considerare patru metode care se bazeaza pe comportarea idealizata folosita: -comportarea clastica; ~comportarea elastica cu redistributii limitate; _~comportarea plastica incluzand si procedeul modelului de bare; Ee -comportarea neliniara Proiectarea in concordanta cu Teoria Elasticitatii, bazata pe © Comportare elastica, considera incarcari caracteristice si Oeficienti partiali de siguranta pentru actiuni si conduce la calculul eforturilor sectionale (momente incovoietoare si forte) e baza unei legi constitutive elastice: 2.3.2. Stress distribution for cross-section design According 10 EC? 4.2.1.3.3(12), in ultimate limit state check for bending and axial forces it is possible to use a rectangular stress distribution as given in'figure 2.10. From EC2 the coefficients for Stress distribution are y- as the partial coefficient for concrete and a is a coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavourable effects resulting from the way the load is applied: it can be assumed to be 0.85 or it should be reduced to 0.80. According to STAS 10107/0- 90 the same rectangular stress distribution is used. The differences between the two norms are only in notations: the actual depth of the neutral axis is x from EC2 and X=1.25x from STAS10107/0-90; the height of the rectangular stress is 0.8x from EC2 and x from Romanian Norm (see Figure 2.10). 2.4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN EUROCODE 2 For structural analysis four methods are available in EC2 (Section 2.3) based on common behavioural idcalisation used: -elastic behaviour, elastic behaviour —_ with limited redistribution; plastic behaviour including strut and tie models; -non-linear behaviour Design according to the Theory of Elasticity, based on elastic behaviour, with characteristic loads and partial safety coefficients for actions means that one first calculates forces and moments using an elastic constitutive law (2.15). 0.0035 hare del + 5 Xx oe O8x = = a d(h,) o=0.85/ 0.80) -efectul de lungé durata EC 2 a= Fig, 2.10 Starea limita pentru incovoiere cu forta axiala Ultimate limit stare’for bending and axial force 31e-Ee san M=y"El, N=v'EA (2.15) In reltiile de mai sus, cu exceptia modulului de elasticitate, corelatiile sunt liniare si independente de material. In treapta @ oun a calculului, proiectarea dferitlor sectiuni transversale se Gaveara pe lezi specifice neliniare pentru otel si befon, in conformitaté cu diagramele prezentate anterior (vezi fig, 2.11). Tn calcul se vor considera parametri caracteristict pentru material si coeficienti partial de siguranta pentru rezistenta Calculul printr-o redistributie limitata a momentelor incovoictoare elastice este posibil in conditille in care este faranfata 0 minimum de dustlitate adica o eapacitate de rotire nficienta in zona momentelor incovoietoare maxime. Ecuatia diferntiala pentru o grinda la care se neglijeaza forte axiala, in domeniul elastic este: M=™M, Mi=Q si M4iep (2.16) Mi=-y"EI pay" el Pentru cazul proiectarii neliniare ecuatie diferentiala, pentra acelasi caz, se bazeaza pe relatia neliniara moment: curbura (fig.2.11) si deci @.17) incare: Mj este momentul incovoietor al eforturilor interioare; M, este momentul incovoietor rezultat din actiunea fortelor exterioare. . Ayantajele si dezavantajele celor doua metode sunt [2.6]: Teoria clasticita © -Este usor de aplicat; ~Se aplica principiul suprapunerii ofectelor, __ Modificarea armaturilor nu influenteaza distributia fortelor Interioare si momentelor incovoictoare; -Domeniul de exploatare este suficient de bine aproximat, -Starea limita ultima nu este corect apreciata (fig. 2.12). 2 With the exception of the modulus of elasticity, this constitutive relations is material independent and linear. In a second step the different cross-sections are designed with realistic non-linear constitutive laws for steel and concrete characteristic material parameters are considered. (Fig2.11) ‘A limited redistribution of elastic moments is possible if a few requirements are fulfilled guarantesing a minimum of ductility resp. rotation capacity at locations of maximum moments. The differential equations neglecting normal forces, for the beam for the elastic behaviour are (2.16) In the case of Non-linear Design the differential equations for the beam, neglecting normal forces, that one has to substitute the elastic relation by the non- linear moment-curvature relation (Fig. 2.11) and equation (2.17) will result, in which: M; is the moment of the internal stress; M, is the moment due to loads. Advantages disadvantages methods are [2. The theory of elasticity -Is easy to handle; -Allows superposition to be applied; ~Changes of the reinforcement do not influence the internal force and moment distribution ~The serviceability range is rather well approximated; The ultimate limit state is not covered correctly (Fig. 2.12) Beton concrete my -y"= TR Fig. 2.11 Diagrama caracteristica si corelatia moment-curbura Constitutive law end moment curvature relation Analiza liniare Linear analysis Copacitatea portania Bearing capacity Fig. 2.12 Relatii pentru proiectare liniara si neliniara Relations for linear and nonlinear designProiectarea pe baza unei comportari neliniare _Ofera rezultate corecte atat pentru starile limita de serviciu cat si pentru starile limita ultime. -Armaturile influenteaza distributia cforturilor interioare- forte axiale si momente incovoietoare: -Principiul suprapuacsii cfectelor nu mai este valabil, combinatiile de incarcari trebuind a fi luate in considerare; “Pentru aplicare necesita calcule numerice si prezenta calculatorului. ‘Analiza prin metoda plastica se poate utiliza fara o a capacitatii de rotire pentru starile limita in care conditii specifice de ductilitate sunt Aplicarea acestei teorii se bazeaza pe cele doua teorii imitative care sunt [2.6]: Teorema 1: Limita inferioara a capacitatii portante e structurii este data de sistemal de incarcari (forte) cate apartine unei stari de eforturi admisibile fara a fi violate conditiile de curgere. Teorema 2: Limita superioara a capacitatii portante a structurii este data ce sistemul de forte, in echilibru, actionand pe sistemul "cinematic in starea de deplasare admisa. Calculul plastic reprezinta un procedcu simplu si poste fi aplicat usor cand se utilizeaza un calcul manual. _ Metodele de calcul plastic reprezinta metode sigure in " Conformitate cu Teorema 1 atata timp cat, in conditii de " echilibra, nu sunt violate conditiile de curgere. In acecasi clase de probleme face parte si metoda fasiilor, denumita Hillerborg. Pe de alta parte teoria liniilor de rupere, apartinand Teoremei 2 da solutia pentru limita superioara a capacitatii portante; ‘“apacitatea portanta reala a placilor poate fi mai mica. A complete non-linear design Gives correct results for the serviceability 2s well as for the ultimate limit state: -Reinforcement influences the distribution of inte forces and moments; ~The principle of superposition is ao longer valid and load combinations have to be considered; -Demands numerical means and in general a computer. Plastic method of analysis without any direct check on rotation capacity may be used for the ultimate limit state if appropriate ductility conditions are met. The theory of plasticity is based on [2.6]: Theorem 1: A load system which belongs to an admissible stress state, not violating yield conditions, is a lower bound for the bearing capacity of the structure. Theorem 2: A load system being in equilibrium in a Kinematic admissible state of motion is an upper bound for the bearing capacity of the structure. The method of plasticity is very simple and can be applied eesily when a calculation by hand is intended. Plastic methods are safe methods, in the sense of Theorem 1, as a state of equilibrium is giving not violating yield conditions. The Hillerborg strip method for plates belongs to the same class. ‘The yield line theory according to Theorem 2 gives only an upper bound solution; the real bearing capacity of the plate may be smaller. Metoda modelelor de bare pentru calculul diafragmelor, The use of strut-and-tie saibelor ca si a regiunilor specifice ale grinzilor si consolelor | method to investigate walls and reprezinta o aplicatie speciala a metodei plastice, similar| in plane loaded plates as well as metodei fasiilor a Iui Hillerborg, Prin alegera unui sistem de bare cu o suficienta ductilitate-conform teoremei !-se poate obtine o solutic sigura. BIBLIOGRAFIE (REFEREN ES) the D-tegions of beams and corbels is a special application of the method of plasticity similar to the Hillerborg strip method. By properly selected truss system provided with sufficient ductility 2 safe solution may be reached, 2.1. Avak, R.: Stahlbetonbau in Beispielen, Teil 1, Werner Verlag, 1994 22. Beeby, A.W.:EC2 -Design for Ultimate Limit States, IABSE Conference, Davos 1992 2.3. 3. Bieger, K.W. s.a: Stahlbeton und Spannbetontragwerke nach Eurocode 2, Zweite Auflage, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, Januar 1995 2.4. Bob, C., Vayas, [.: Seminar on Eurocode 2, Timisoara, March 1994, Klidarithmos, Athens 2.5. Breirschaft, G:: The structural Eurocodes. Conceptual Approach, [ABSE Conference, Davos, 1992 2.6. Eibl, I: Structural Analysis, IABSE Conference, Davos, 1992 2.7. Lambotte, H.: EC2 -Material Data, IABSE Conference, Davos, 1992 2.8, Litzner, H.U.: Overview -Basic Design Concept, [ABSE Conference, Davos, 1992 2.9. Ramm, W.: Unterlagen zum Praxisseminar Grundlagen und Anvendung des EC2, Teil 1 Universitat Kaiserslautern Bauingenieurwesen 1992 2.10. Commission of the European Comumities: Industrial Processes Building and Civil Engineering, Eurocode No. 2: Design of Concrete Structures 2.11. British Cement Association: Concise Eurocode for the Design of Concrete Buildings, July 1993 2.12, Institutul Roman de Standardizare: STAS 100107/0-90, Caleulul si alcatuirea elementelor structurale din beton, beton armat si beton precomprimat Bauverlay GMBH, WEISBADEN und BERLIN, 1994 2.13. Deutscher Beton -Verein E.V.: Beispiele zur Bemessung von Betontraywerken nach EC?3, PRINCIPII PRIVIND STABILIREA INCARCARILOR - EC2 3.1 STARI LIMITA ULTIME 3.1.1 Grupari de incarcari fundamentale Conditia de proiectare Ia starile limita ultime (Relatia 2.1) se exprima detaliat pentru gruparile de incarcari fundamentale astfel: a SR, G.I) ‘incare: $,= £00 16,61, #10 |Qu *Zvca Jey.n9 i oi Ry = Mig Yeib aif 1.) G,,P, -valoarea caracteristica a incarcarii permanente, respectiv din precomprimare Q,;-valoarea caracteristica a unei incarcari varabile (de ex.: incarcare utila, zapada, vant etc.) Q; -valoarea caracteristica a celorlalte incarcari variabile foofiofn compresiune a betonului, rezistenta de curgere a armaturii ne- pretensionate, respectiv a rezistentei la intindere a armeturii pretersionate -valoarea caracteristica a rezistentei_ la YorYq¥» -coeficienti partiali de siguranta ai incarcarilor Permanente, varicbile, respectiv din precomprimare OBSERVATIA 1: Pentru incarcarile permanente (greutatea Proprie, impingerea pamantului) sunt prevazute, in Tabelul 3.1, doua valori y,: __ ~Yaloarea nefavorabila (7. = 135) se considera cand efectul Incarcarilor variabile este sporit prin actiunile permanente; valoarea favorabila (y =1.00) se considera cand efectul ‘mearcarilor variabile este diminuat de actiunile permanente. 3. BASIS OF ACTION CALCULATION -EC2 3.1 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES 3.L1 The fundamental combination of actions When considering the ultimate limit states, it shall be verified by the condition from subclause 2, or for the fundamental combination of actions defined in BC2.23.2.9 (3.4], written in a symbolic form G.1), where G,,P, characteristic value of a permanent action and a prestressing force respectively Qyr-characteristic value of one of the variable actions (e.g.: imposed load, snow load, wind) Qi, -characteristie value of the other variable actions fusfusiy characteristic velue of the compressive strength of concreie, the yield strength of reinforcing steel and of the prestressing steel respectively atoste, “Partial safety factors for permanent and variable actions or for actions associated with _ prestressing (Table 3.1, from EC2 2.3.3.1) NOTE 1: In the Table 3.1, (EC2 -23.2.3,P(1)), two values of 7q are given: vadverse value (yg =1.35) is considered when the permanent actions shall increase the effect of the variable actions; -beneficial value (y, = 1.00) is for those that decrease the effect of the variable actions. | {a grnai continve, fera console sau la cadre’ y, nu variaza. vie fec, de ex., actiunile unor incarcari permanente diferite ezi Exemplul 3.2). In aceste cazuri se tine seama de remarea ‘La 0 grinda continua cu consola lunge (vezi Exemplul 3.1) aplicadiferit valori yg in functie de sectiunea de caleal: | penta momentul negativ de pe reazemul consolei: Yo = 1395 pentru momentul pozitiv din primul camp: Yoiqe =09 la 1 Ja greutatea proprie a sreutatea proprie a consolei Si Y 6a, = ‘grinzii continue. Suplimentar se verifica daca nu este mai ‘defavorabila considerarea unui coeficient unic Y¢ =135 sau 1.00 pentru grinda si consola. Jes -Coeficienti partiali de siguranta pentre beton, respectiv armatura (Tabelul 3.2); "vq; ~oeficienti de simultaneitate (Tabelul 3.3); * Coeficienti partiali de sigurante ai incarcarilor —‘Tabel 3.1 " Partial safety factors for actions Tipul incarcarii Action Permanenta | Variabila_ | Precomprimare Permanent | Variable Prestrssing (ey (te) Gy) Efect nefavorabil Adverse 1435 1.50 1.00 (unfavourable) effect Efect favorabil Beneficial 1.00 - 1.00 (favourable) effect *) Yosp = 110 si Youur = 0.90 -pentru cazul efectului nefavorabil, respectiv favorabil al unei incarcari permanente independente (vezi OBSERVATIA de mai sus); **) Yqnm =120 -pentra calculul linear, coeficientul in For continuous beams without cantilevers the same design value of the self-weight may be applied to all spans (EC2-2.3.2.3.P(4)). Exception: the different action of permanent loads (see Example 3.2). For a continuous beam with cantilevers (see Example 3.1), beneficial and adverse parts of a permanent action need to be considered: -for the negative moment at cantilever: yg = 135; -for the positive moment at the first mid-span gq, =09 for the cantilever, 7.¢,np = Ll for the continuous beam (EC2- 23.3.1). Yoo¥, -pattial safety factors for concrete and __stecl respectively (Table 3.2; from EC2-23.3.2) yo; ~combination (Table 3.3, from [3.6] Table R1) factors °) Yeap = 110 and = 090 -for the adverse Yount land beneficial effect from a Ispecial permanent —_—iload respectively (EC2-2.3.3.1(3)) **) for a linear calculation, the factor for adverse effects shall be reduced by [20%| (ie. Yq = 120) (BC2-2.3.3.1 (6)) cazul efectului nefavorabil se reduce cu [20%]. 37Coeficienti partiali de siguranta ai materialelor Partial safety factors, for materials Tabel 3.2 Combinatii Beton Armatura Combinations Concrete | Reinforcement Ye te Fundamentala 1.50 115 Fundamental combination Speciala 130 1.00 Special combination Coeficienti de simultaneitate me Oe; ination factors _ : Combination fa ea Incarcare variabila Factors Variable actions Yo Ve Wa @) Incarcari utile pe plansee: 5 incaperi de locui;birouri; magazine pana la 50m”. : x coridoare; baleoane; incaperi in spitale 07 03 3 Imposed loads for: houses; offices; shops (max50m'); main passages; balconys; hospitals _ 5 sali pentru festivitat; gareje si parcari cladiri); sali de gimnastica; tribune; coridoare in eladiri pentru fe jnvatamant; biblioteci; athive 08 os . Lecture rooms, garrages and parkings. sport halls, main passages for schools, libraries; archives rooms — wali de expoziti si comerciale; magazine si depozite 08 08 08 Exhibition halls and warehouses; storage yards . ) Vant 06 05 0.0 Wind ) Zapada 07 02 0.0 = Snow i > o) Toate celelalte incarcari 08 07 05 Other loads OBSERVATIA 2: La cladiri obisnuite se poate renunta,| NOTE 2: For ordinary chiar si in cazul mai multor incarcari, la coeficientii de| buildings an average simultaneitate, utilizandu-se un coeficient partial de siguranta mediu yg =135 pentru toate incarcarile variabile Q,,, daca 15Q, nu depaseste valoarea obtinuta 3.1.2 Grupari de incarcari speciale Conditia de proiectare la starile limita ultime se exprima detaliat pentru gruparile speciale astfel: Se, = FOG iy tA ti Quat DW2iQrs +P) S or Sify astystsy G.2) combination factor 7g =135 is used for all variable actions Qujsif 15Q,, is under obtained value, 3.1.2 Special combinations of actions For a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation, in the case of special combination of actions, it shall be verified by 2) in care: Aq -Valoarea caracteristica a incarcarii accidemtale (de ex. impact, explozie, seism etc.) OBSERVATI: ~Coeficientii prtiali de siguranta ai incarcarilor se considera, in general, y = 1. Incarcarile date de variatii de temperatura, contractii, tasarea reezemelor etc., se iau in considerare ca actiuni exterioare si se afecteaza cu cocficientul de simultancitate y,=05 (numai daca influenta acestor incarcari este mai mica decat cea a incarcarii variabile Q, ,). -Coeficientul partial de siguranta pentru beton se considera Ba =13. _ 32 STARILIMITA DE EXPLOATARE, Calculul la starile limita de exploatare se face pe baza a trei combinatii de incarcari, exprimate prin urmatoarele relatii: 3.2.1 Combinatii cu freeventa redusa (de ex: pentru eforturi Ia pericol de fisurare in lungul elementului) tb Gy +P +Q, *Zev.2s)| @3) it E, I 3.2.2 Combinatii cu frecventa ridicata (pentru armatura de pretensionare in zona comprimata) Bea TO AR +¥,0..+ E0009] Ga) 3.2.3 Combinatii cvasi-permanente (de ex.: limitarea deschiderii fisurilor sau a sagetilor) E. 1D 8.4% -Diw2.9] 6.5) OBSERVATIL -Cu combinatiile de incarcari (3.3), (3.4), (3.5) se limiteaza fie 0 caracteristica a materialului (de ex.: limitarea eforturilon), fie valoarea unei marimi caracteristice a constructiei sau a elementului (de ex.: limitarea valorii sagetii, respectiv a deschiderii fisurilor), where: Ag -Characteristic value of an zecidental load (impact, explosion, earthquake) NOTES: ~The partial safety factors for loads are y = 1. -The loads due to temperature effects, shrinkage, soil settlement ctc, are expressed by Vy =05 (if the influence of these loads is smaller than of Qa). -The partial safety factor for concrete is y,, =13. 32 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES For the verifications (EC2, sub-clause 23.4) three combinations of actions are defined by the following expressions: 3.2.1 Rare combinations (eg for stresses from longitudinal cracks) Expression (3.3) 3.2.2. Frequent combinations (eg: for the — prestressing reinforcement in the compression zone) Expression (3.4) 3.2.3 Quasi-permanent combinations (ic: to avoid excessive crack width or deformations) Expression (3.5) NOTES: -The load combinations (3.3), (3.4) and (3.5) are chosen either for the limitation of a material characteristic (e.g. stress), or for the limitation of element or structure characteristics (e.g. deflection, crack width) EC2; 23.4 39-For serviceability limit stales, in the case of ordinary buildings, it can be used either 09 QA; oF Qa Wo4 Table 3.4 Il. Frequent combination: permanent actions + variable actions (Qy.+Q,,-main variable action) (Expresia 3.4) (Expresion 3.4) a) Incarcari permanente Idem B.l.a) b) Incarcari variabile ~(Qy2 +Q).,) ~ variabila principala: Wars Wes Ways Wa5-Tabelal 3.4 x = a enim [BEN & = TS arn pa asain te 4 ' a 2 = Wiz Qu: = 05:4.0KN/m = 2.0kN/ m Vas Qua = 05:16.0KN = kN Voy Quy = 05-80KN/ m= 4.0KN /m W23°Qus = 05: 64.0KN = 32.0kN IIL. Combinatie quasi-permanenta: incarcari permanentetincarcari variabile (Expresia 3.5) a) Incatcari permanente Idem BI.) b) Incarcari variabile Wore Wag»Wap>Wo4-Tabelul 3.4 2 tan ! Nm v eae 2 = a | Wop ‘Qi =03-4.0KN/ m= 12kN/m W23°Q.5 = 05-64.0KN = 32.0kN Wa Quy =03-16.0kN =48kN a) Permanent actions Idem B.L.a) b) Variable actions -(Q,) +9,,.) main variable action: Wire ViroWaasWo3-Table 3.4 IU. Quasi - permanent combination: permanent actions+variable actions (Expression 3.3) a) Permanent actions Tdem B.L.a) b) Variable actions Waar Weer Waa» Wa4-Table 3.4 45Exemplul 3.3.2 Zid de sprijin din belon, pe care este fixat_ un pereie autostrazilor), avand — incarcarile fonoabsorbant (cazul reprezentate in figura. Incareari permanente G,,,G,,-valori caracteristice ale componentelor greutatii _plopiiia zidului de sprijin; G,-valoarea caracteristiea a incarcarii permanente nite din greutatea proprie a pamantului; laterale a Example 3.3.2 A R/C abutment wall is considered. It is used for a highway and has a sound absorbing wall. The loads are presented in the Figure. Permanent actions GyyG,4 characteristic values of the abutment wall self weight components;; G, s-characteristic value of permanent action from self weight of earth; Gyp-characteristic value of earth pressure resulting from self-weight of earth. Variable actions Q,,-charaeteristic value of earth pressure resulting from the imposed loads; Qyo-Characteristic value of wind load Accidental action A,-impact on the absorbing wall Coeficienti de simultaneitate pentru incarcarile variabile Combination factors for the variable actions Tabel 3.5 Incarcare variabila | Provenienta] we | Wi | Ws Variable action | _incarearii impingerea pamantului Qu din ine, utila} 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 earth [pressure from imposed loads Op vantwind | 06 | 05 | 0.0 In cele ce urmeaza, se prezinta cateva combinatii posibile de incarcari la starea limita a capacitatii portante pentru: -Verificarea sectiunii de incastrare a zidului de sprijin -Pierderea stabilitatii in jurul punctului D 3.3.2.1 Verificarea sectiunii de incastrare A. Grupari de incareari fundamentale (Relatia 3.1) 1. Incarcari permanente cu efect_—_nefavorabill (G,,,G,z)+inearcari variabile ( Q, , -veriabila principala): Yo $i Yq ~Tabelul 3.1 Yo (Gra + Gra) +¥0(Qus + Vor’ Q2)= =1.35(120+1 10)+1.50(210+0.6-10)=634.5kN/m 2, Incarcari permanente cu efect_nefavorabil (G,4,G,.2)+inearcari variabile (Q, »-variabila principal): Yq Si Yq -Tabelul 3.1 ¥o(Gua Gia) + ¥o(Qer tor Q .35(120+110)+1.50(10+ 08 -210)=577.5KNim 3. Incarcari permanente cu —_efect_—_favorabil (G,,,G,.2 )+incarcari variabile ( Q,., -variabila principala): Yo Si Yq -Tabelul 3.1 Yo (Gua +Gr2) + q(Qus + Wor Qua= =1.00(120+110)+1.50(210+0.6-10)=554.0KN/m 4, Incarcari permanente cu efect_—_‘favorabil (Gy1.G,3 }tincarceri veriabile ( Q, 2 -veriabila principala): Yo $1 Yq -Tabelul 3.1 Vo (Gia tGi2) + ¥o(Qs + Wor Qe =1,00(120+110)+1.50(10+08-210)=497.0KN/m Table 3.5 obtained from |Table 3.3 Some possible combinations for ultimate limit states are presented: ~The checking of the restraint cross section of the abutment wall. -The lost of stability all around point D. 3.3.2.1 The checking of the restraint cross section A. Fundamental combinations (Formula 3.1) 1. Permanent actions with adverse effect + variable actions( Q,,,-main variable action): Yo and 7g Table 3.1 2. Permanent actions with adverse effect + variable actions (Q,»-main variable action): Yq and 7g -Table 3.1 3. Permanent actions with beneficial effect + variable actions(Q,,-main variable zetion): Yq and Yq -Table 3.1 4. Permanent actions with beneficial effect + variable actions(Q,,-main variable action): Yq and Yq ~Table 3.1 475, Incarcari permanente independente( G,.,-efect favorabil; G,2-efect nefavorabil)tincarcari veriabile (Q,,-variabila prineipala): Younp St Yosq-Tabelul 3.1 (*); Yq ~Tabelul 3.1 Yop Ge +Y out “Gus +1 9(Qea + Wor r= 110-110+0.9-120+1.5(210+ 06-10 )=553.0kN/m B, Grupari de incareari speciale (Relatia 3.2) 6. Incarcari permanente (G,,,G,,) + incarcarea variabila pris 1, €Q8e neglijeaza)+incarcarea_exceptionala Yyy-Tabelul 3.5.* (Gyp + G3) + Qe HAa= =(120+110)+ 07 -210+0+1 10=487.0kNim 7. Incarcari permanente (G,),G,,) + incarcari variabile _>-Variabila principala) + incarcarea exceptionala A: WyaSi Wo,-Tabelul 3.5 (Gy FG) FWi2Qea FY Qa Ag =(120+110)+05-10+ 05-210+110—450kN/m 2.2 PIERDEREA STABILITATII IN JURUL PUNCTULUID Grupare de incarcari fundamentale (Relatia 3.1) ari permanente independente (G, , -efect aefavorabil; Gis.Gusefect favorabil)+ (Qu Hla principale): Yo. Yori Yq “Tabelul 3.1 inearcari variable 36) 5. Independent permanent actions + variable actions( Q,.,- main variable action): Youe-Table 3.1(); Yo ~Table 3.1 B. Special combinations of actions (Formule 3.2) 6. Permanent actions + the main variable action Qe:(Q.2=0) + accidental load Ag yy-Table 3.5 actions + (Q,2-main variable actions) + accidental action A,: y,,and y,,-Table 35) 7. Permanent variable actions 33.2.2 THE LOST OF STABILITY ALL AROUND POINT D A. Fundamental combination (Formula 3.1) Independent permanent actions (G,>- adverse effect; Gx Gk3,Gar beneficial effect) + variable actions (Qk; main variable action) (EC2-2.3.2.1 PLD! Yop YVovntSi Yq Table 31 The condition (3.6) from EC2-2.3.2.1 to be verified: where: ‘ax “load for destabilisation E,,-load for a safety stability B. Grupare de incarcari speciala (Relatia 3.2) Incarcari permanente (G, -efect nefavorabil; G, 1 .Gi.5, Gi efect favorabil)+ incarcare variabila principala Qu. (Qu2-s? neglijeaza)+incarcarea exceptionala 4 VW ,y-Tabelul 3.5 Se verifica si in acest caz, conditia (3.6) Ber = Gia Wi Qui $AG= =110+07-210+110 = 367 kNim E, = Gy) +Gy5 + Gy, =12043904130=640kN/m 54. =367kN/m < B, =640kN/m BIBLIOGRAFIE (REFERENCES) 31 Bieger K. 1994 Universitat Kaiserslautem Bauingenieurwesen, 1992 Buildings, October 1989 : 2. Deutscher Beton-Verein E.V., Wiesbaden Hochbau. Fassung April 1993 B. Special combination of actions (Formula 3.2) Permanent actions (G,3~ adverse effect; Gy) Gys.Gue- beneficial effect} the main variable action Qy.) (Qk2=0) + accidental action Aq (EC2- 2.3.2.2 P(Q)): Wys-Table 3.5 The condition (3.6) is to be checked. Avak,R: Stahlbetonbau in Beispielen, DIN 1045 und EUROPAISCHE NORMUNG (2., neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage). Werner-Verlag GmbH Dusseldorf, 1994 -W (Hrsg): Stablbeton- und Spannbetontragwerke nach EUROCODE2. Erlauterungen und Anwendungen (Zweite Auflage). Springer Verlag, Hannover, 1995 Bob C., Vayas [.: Seminar on Eurovode2. Design of Concrete Structures. Timisoara, March Ramm W.: Unterlagen zum Praxisseminar: Grundlagen und Anwendung des EC2, Teil. ***: Eurocode No.2: Design of Concrete Structures. Part 1: General Rules and Rules for ***: Beispiele zur Bemessung von Betontragwerken nach EC2. DIN V ENV 1992. Eurocode *** Deutscher AusschuB fur Stablbeton: Richtlinie zur Anwendung von EC2-Planung von Stahlbeton- und Spannbetontragwerken Teil 1: Grundlagen und Anwencungsregeln fur den 494, INCOYOIERE CU FORTA AXIALA E FICATOARE 4A. 1POTEZE SIMPLIFICATOAL Calculul la starea limita ultima se face pe baza urmatoarelor jpoteze simplificatoare (fig. 4.1): = jpoteza sectiunilor plane; = compatibilitatea deformatiilor specifice ale betonului si armaturis : - rezistenta la intindere a betonului se neglijeaza; = adoptarea unei diagrame parabolice sau parabola - dreptunghi pentru distributia eforturilor unitare de compresiune jp beton in functie de marimea deformatiei specifice in fibra cea nai comprimata; / - deformatiile specifice in armatura se limiteaza la 10.0 feo} = pentru sectiuni supuse la compresiune axiala, deformatia specifica al betonului se limiteaza la 2 o/oo; ; pentru sectiuni cu axa neutra plasata in sectiune, deformatia specifica a betonului se limiteaza 12 3.5 foo; pentru cazuti intermediare deformatia specifica la compresiune se cbtine presupunind valoarea de 2 ofoo Ia o distanta de an din inaltimea sectiunii, distanta masurata de la fibra cea mai comprimata; = forta axiala poate fi neglijata daca nu depaseste 0.08faA., A, fiind aria sectiunii transversale. ee fer 085teg a= Asz G32 MgB) Te iu C Ny Ast fa —> Sa S fyg Fey = Ast 1 Fig. 4.1 Diagram eforturilor unitare, Stress diagram Pentru calculul la actiunea momentului incovoietor si a forte se au in vedere curbele caracteristice ale materialelor ‘Prezentate in figura 4.2. Celculul sectiunitor poate insemna: Gimensionare (determinarea ariei de armatura); -determinarea capacitatii portante. Dimensionarea armaturilor se face, pe baza ipotezelor de mai 1S; CU ajutorul tabelelor sau diagramelor, in timp ce pentru de - hinarea capacitatii portante se pot folosi si relatii de calcul ‘ivind din ecuatiile de echilibru static si din utilizarea ipotezei unilor plane, Cocficientul 0.85 de reducere a rezistentei la compresiuine se 4, BENDING AND LONGITUDINAL FORCE 4,1, BASIC ASSUMPTIONS The section calculation for the ultimate limit state should be made by the _ following assumptions (Fig. 4.1): + plane sections remain plane: = the strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension or compression, is the same as that in the surrounding conerete; - the tensile strength of conerete is ignored, = the stress diagram in conerete in compression can be a parabole/parabole - rectangular curve, depending on maximum strain; coefficient 0.85 according 02.3.2. = the reinforcement tensile strain is limited to 10.0 o/o0; = for sections subjected to pure compression, the compressive strain in concrete is limited to 2 o/o0; + for sections not filly in compression, the __limiting compressive strain is token as 3,5 ofeo; in _ intermediate situations the ultimate strain diagram is defined by assuming that the strain is 2 o/o0 at a level of 3/7 of the depth of the section from the more compressed face; = longitudinal forces may be ignored if they do not exceed 0.08f times the area of the section. The section calculation is based on the design stress-strain diagrams from Figure 4, The resistance of sections or necessary reinforcements can be computed by tables or diagrams, based on assumptions from 4. 1., Mcoformitate cu 2.3.2. ile the resistance can 0.85 feg=-0.85 CONCRETE BETON 1 S_ =1000 E.(250Ec* 110,85 ee —0.002 -0.0035 €, Eya diagrama de calcul — fam iG ARMATURA £5= 2109 REINFORCEMENT - ( 0.010 €5 diagrama caracteristicd - characteristic diagram design diagram Fig. 42 Diagramele caracteristice ale materialelor. o- e diagram of materials 4, 2. DISCUTIE ASUPRA DIAGRAME! DE DEFORMATI SPECIFICE Cedarca unei sectiuni supuse la incovoiere cu forla axiala a de diagrama deformatiilor specifice, care irebuie sa treaca in mod obligatoriu prin cele trei puncle A, B, sau C este ilustr prezentate in figura 4.3 (regula celor trei pivoti) Se disting urmatoarele domenii: DOMENIUL 1 - pivot A Deformatia specifica ultima a armaturii este 0.010. Dreapta A-A® reprezinta intinderea centrica, Aparitia unui moment incovoietor produce rotirea sectiunii, in jurul pivotului A. Subdomeniul 1a reprezinia intinderea centrica sau cea excentrica cu excentricitate mica, Sectiunea este fisurata in invegime. Subdomeniul 1b reprezinta intinderea excentrica cu excentricitale mare sau incovoierea. Axa neutra este in sectiune Capacitatea portante a.betonului este cpuizata mumai daca sectiunea se suprapune peste linia AB. DOMENIUL 2- pivot B Acest domeniu este caructerizat prin epuizarca capacitatii portante a betonului comprimat (€.. = 0.035). Sectiunea este supusa unui moment incovoictor si eventual unei forte de compresiune. Sectiunea se roteste in jurul pivotului B pe masura reducerii excentricitatii forte, Subdomeniul 2a: deformatia specifica a armaturii este cuprinsa inte 0.010 si curfw Es. si deci oy-fy. Subdomeniul 2b: deformatia specifica a armaturii este cuprinsa intre €,4 si 0 si deci o.1S fy. Ammatura A, nu este folosita la capacitatea ei maxima (solutie necconomica). Subdomeniul 2c: toate armaturile sunt comprimate. 0 mica parte a sectiunii find intinsa, DOMENIUL 3 - pivot C Se produce epuizarca capacitatii portante a betonului. be also obtained from equilibrium conditions. 4.2. DISCUSSION ON STRAIN DIAGRAM Failure of the — section subjected to Ny and My is represented by strain diagram (Fig. 4.3). There are 3 compulsory points -A, B and C - for strain diagram. There are the surfaces: DOMAIN 1 - point A The ultimate strain of steel is 0.010. Section AA’ represents pure tension. The line will be rotated around point A due to bending moment. Domain 1a: pure tension or eccentric tension with small eccentricity; section completely cracked. Domain 1b: bending with eccentric tension or compression with great eccentricity. The neutral axis is in the section. Concrete is crushed only for line AB. DOMAIN 2 - point B Main characteristic: crushing of compressed concrete (t.9 =0.035). Section is subjected to M, with/without Ny. Section is rotated around point B due to decreasing of bending moment. Domain 2a: yielding of tension reinforcement. Domain 2b: Sno following economical solution - O tim si Es 02 = 2 Es si z= Cd 0 4N,| — (4.12a) (4.12b) non 4-4, & se determina din diagrama pentru valoarea pin. 411 se determina coeficientul w si de asemenea ¢ E513 Ee) Si Os. Fig, 4.6 Translatia eforturilor. Restatement of efforts In order to use such tables/diagrams pair Ny and My must be replaced by pair Ny and My acting at the level of reinforcement A, (Fig. 4.6), Positive direction of efforts - according to Figure 4.6. My according to (4.9) IF py (4.10) $ phim (4.9) then the singly reinforced section is able to resists to pair Ny and Mg, else double reinforcing must be used. If singly reinforcement is used for peu > tin then surface 2b in Figure 4.3 is obtained. Design by CEB 433.1. diagram The following velues are obtained from Figure 4.7: ¢ = zid; & = xid; v= Fyfbdfeu: 113 €2 and €42 (Hd > flim)+ Singly reinforcing: psu < Him Using os) = &1 E,andz= 6d reinforcement area is given by Using 03: x2 = G9 Ey reinforcement arcas are given by (4.12). Values es; and & must be determined from diagram depending on fin 4.3.32. Design by CEB tables Singly reinforcing: psa $ Him The following values are obtained from Table 4.1: toy] | -Advd-os0 Fie 05 Tf Fit ig = 015 0.10 LU as — o Z Brags Mag bd fod sd < lim (gem simpt;singy reint) Assay fe tt) TI sd > Bbtim!orm dubla ; double reint) 9 Meas ttm BMsd=timPtce= alse ays" 1m Hig as Asi z E Fig, 4.7 Diagrama CEB. CEB diagram Aria de armatura este: (4.13) In funetie de pig si dz/d din tabelul 4.2 se determina a) si oz, ariile de armatura fiind: fy N, Ay=obd 24st 4.142) eee (4.14a) f, Ag=o,bd (4.14b) fe 43.4. Stilpi Armarea simetrica este varianta curenta de alcatuire a stilpilor. june excentrica dreapta maturilor se face pe baza interactiunii dintre eforturile sectionale Ny si My, interactiune ce poate fi transpusa grafic (fig, 4.8) sau tabelar (tabelul 4.3), Se calculeaza: Ny a My ae “tne, | PE, 34.16) (4.1 coefficient @ and also ¢ = z/d; & = x/d; 84); 9 and oy). Reinforcement area is given by 4.13). Double reinforcing: psu > Haim Coefficients «; and oz are obtained from Table 4.2 and finally reinforcements area are given by (4.14) 43.4. Columns The symmetrically reinforced sections usually are used in column detailing. 4.3.4.1, Mono-axially bending Design of reinforced columns is based on interaction between Ny and Mg. This interaction can be plotted into the diagrams or can be printed into the tables. 55tp4bip uorjoniatus py - WN ounnowon op eursdeig qg'p “Sty O1'0='P coss t 87 Pye dy, won Ww Reinforcement area is given Coefficient a is ‘obtained by (4.17a5 b). from diagrams (Fig, 4.8) or tabl (Table 4.3) dependin (4.15), pa (4.16) and dy tizo wae e020 6290 sozo orgo SCO caro e120 THO zero 9090 so90 Ouro ves0 ts0 casa (4.172) (4.170) doh din diagrame (fi ficientul Oys. Diagramele Ags /2 orc: 16h wor aces Aye ogni fa In functie de aceste valori si de di/h Aria de armatura este: 48) sau tabelul 4.3 se determina coe! furnizeaza si informatii despre €41 si £259 W'P OSS Bite. wanes | sto=ioe serk 1 see i ostt 1 ose isn atk Toe Seok Get 1 sae zerk cok =P artgpogyrmeyroy ssi Cees girs gt uBisap wtionjoo 4of juataiffoo>) SEP PqeL Jop!dins tninopeo nntad yxa1914907) 1st i acez Tost a fee Lsert gid 1 ocr i Hemant gett feed 1 ost set i zee vere Tsant A sscz 1 oot sett Oe 2 gust aett 10st ee 1 Sat ith a Tsiyt rasa 1523" oe tt ae eft idee creates seer tee cs ah iisap tijos of IoUTA09 gry ay = 500 vie 05s acy Por. i _ soy. ninoyes nnuod aH2:23}200, 6163 sap utunjoo 40f maroyffoo2.1. Caleulul exact Dimensionarea armaturilor se face cu ajutorul diagramelor > le interaetiune Ny ~ Mya = Mrg eaze sunt reprezentate in gua H10, Aceste diagrame de intcractiune sunt reprezent jpurile de armari din figura 4.9. 4.3.4.2. Bi-axially bending 4.34.21, Exact design Reinforcement design is based on interaction between Ng, My and Myg.. This interiction is, plotted into the diagrams (Fig. 4.10) depending on reinforcing way (Fig. 4.9) Se caleuleaza coeficient Nu _ My me bhi ea jyu 2 fy atunci pentru modurile de armare din figura 5 4.5b se considera ju) = ju sia = peu. alll un — Hoa (4.18a, b, ¢) Sify = Mu iti: Modul de armare din figura 4.9¢ i= po Si pte = Baw in diavramele figurii 4.10 se determina coeficientul cu 5 tind in final f Agua = Oy bh (4.19) : fy alculul aproximativ mniru calculul simplificat al clementelor supuse la june excentrica odlica exista doua metode date in ncise Furocode 2 [4.3]. metoda (a) - mai exacta, dar mai laborioasa si pe care Zi Si normele romanesti - porneste de la prevederile din are in vedere salisfacerea conditiei: : My)" (Muy) : (4) ie vu May M,y sunt momentele incovoietoae de calcul; Ma sunt capacitatile portante in raport cu cele doua 'in considerare forta axiala Nu; Icientul 4, se determina din tabelul 4.4 in functie de (4.20) Mag that 4 Sire AN Mya NY As tot /2 h-+—#—_ << \ / é ae bests b, m4) b) qd) Fig. 4.9 Compresiune excentrica oblica. Columas with by-axiaily bending Reduced values vu, tty and fig are used as input data for diagrams. ’ For reinforcing system according to Figures 4.9a and 4.9b, if ya > pea then Wy = bw and pa = pies else jt = Hes and ho = Lhe - For reinforcing system according to Figures 4.9¢ py = Hye and po = Hou Coefficient to is obtained fiom diagrams (Fig. 4.10) and finally reinforcement area is given by (4.19) 4.3.4.2.2. Approximate design Two simple methods are given in British Concise Eurocode 2 [4.3]. The first method (a), technically more accurate but ess convenient, is taken from CP110, The present Romanian code is based on the same idea. This method assumes repeated checks in order 10 satisfy condition (4.20), where: Myg and Muy are design bending moments; Muy and My ate maximum moment capacity, “ ) Uy Gi ow SA WF bj/b=0.10 $500 Re aM 99 Ie d/h .10b Diagrama di // ws N-M,-M.. a a A Tt Fy iy ook eo {iad «| Ba a M8, La 00 Phen =a} 6, &: St diagram NS 2 3s — $500 dyn = by/b ¢ ES a oth ot N- M,-M, Ee Fig. 4.10a Diagrama de interactiune N - My - M,. re K 7 L x Wg a a ry af 2dfn 2 bbs 0.10 noe ow $509 ISN S] SND (O.85f:)Ac+ fue ficientul B. Coefficient 8 $0.2 04 06 133 1.67 Le —-M, pentru Myfh’ = My/b? Fig, 4.10c Diagram de interactiune N- My - M,..V ietor marit si actionind dupa o singura axa. Momentul oletor modificat se obtine din una din urmatoarele relatii assuming axial force Na and Tabel 4.4 | bending about the major/minor axis only; oq is related 10 Na/Nus 208 as given in Table 4.4; Nyy = (0.85fea)Ac + fuAs 2.00 The second method (b), a more approximate one, is taken from BS110 and stipulates to design to an increased bending moment about a single axis. The modified moment is given by (4214) | whichever of relationships (4212) or (4.21b) is more (421b) | appropriate. Coefficient pis obtained from Figure 4.11. For b’ and h’ see also Figure 4.1]. Coofficient B for simplified design of columns with |. SECTIUNI T 4.4.1. Determinarea rezultantei compresiunilor din beton Calculul sectiunilor T apartinind grinzilor se bazeaza pe 1a de eforturi unitare ca cea din figura 4.6 si pe Ng si Mw actionind Ja nivelul centrului de greulate al armaturii intinse. Determinare fortci de compresiune F, se bazeaza pe figura 4.12. 1 a bi 48 Mua 1.0 +4 0.8 } 0.6 = ee a4 Oe er eer a2 wl + | O75 | Ne ble, 01 02 03 04 05 U6 O7 OB Fig, 4.11 Coeficientul B pentru calculul simplificat la compresiune excentrica oblica bi-axially bending 4.4, FLANGED SECTIONS 441. Concrete inte compressive force Calculation of _ flanged sections of beams is based on the same stress diagram, like in Figure 4.6 and on the same pair Ny and Myy acting at the level of tension reinforcement Asi. Concrete internal compressive force calculation is based on Figure 4.12,” Vi Aj=bx Fu -Fa Az= (b= by)(x- hi) Fay = a(0.85fq)A1 Fea = 012(0.85fes)A2 fi neutral axis ous => fee) | | din Fig. 4.4 135 & => flew) J 2 Rezultante compresiunilor in beion in cazul sectiuni T. Internal compressive force in the concrete of flanged sections. | 674.4.2. Calcul sectiunilor Pentru dimensionarea ariei de armatura se calculeza: nee (4.22) Soe jrecum si valorile hyd si b/by care caracterizeaza sectiunea T ‘(lig 4.13). : i aceste valori se determina coeficientit jim si @ tabelul armare simpla: piss < Huw : Fa Nu 5 Ay =obd 4+ (4.23) fa fy pha > Finn (4.24) ‘ OH pha Hin i ariile armaturilor: r Ag Atunci cind b/by 2 5 se accepta diagrama de cforturi unitare 2, Section calculation Reduced value ig is calculeted by (4.22). In order to use Table 4.$ hyd and b/by, are also necessary. See Figure 4.13, Coefficients tim and © are obtained from Table 4.5. Singly reinforcing: Reinforcement area is given by (4.23). Double reinforcing: jtu > juin Dilferenee between piu and in is given by (4.24) and finally area of reinforcements are given by (4.25). Coefficient aim is obtained from Table 4.5. 4. 4.43. Flanged section with bfby 25 Stress diagram from Figure 4.13 is accepted for case of large aly ee care presupune ca eforturile unitare de b Pi 4 Nanges (bib. 2 5). Flanged section with b/by 2. neste de Ja relatiile de echilibru static: cs Fa =NutF, (4.26a) : Ma = Fe(d - h'2) (4.260) M N = pian Na (4.27) Bau Te tespectarea conditiei: S0.85f,, (4.28) pon Moon 8 [Ee h,/2)bhy j — ! He “Ny f wea < z=d-hy/2 Ye Ag, (Na Fa zt i by | Neg = Ma~ Never i Fig. 4.13 Sectiuni T cu b/w ie 3 3 Reinforcement area (4.27) is obtained starting from ‘equilibrium conditions (4.26a,b). Condition (4.28) also must be satisfied. Calculul sectiunilor T. Design of flanged sections Tabel 4.5 509 1Qdure = 8B 2226512 asS SSD 0169 0108 oz 076 O35 027 0236 0200 0. Hoy a ia 30m a2 4.5, SECTIUNI CIRCULARE SI INELARE, Caleulul ariei totale de armatura pentru sectiunile circulate si inclare (fig.4.16) se face cu relatia: Ao =o, AA (4.29) fe unde A, este aria sectiunii de beton Ac= nr - pentiu sectiuni circulare (4.30a) Ac= nr[1 - (s/t)'] - pentru sectiuni inelare (4.30b) Coeficientul «1; se determina din diagramele de interactiune Ma- Ne din figurile 4.14 si 4.15 in functie de coeficientii: (43la, b) nies 00s mule 020 en Be 3009 0 big ® 10030 Liha ® 10006 bis fom ule az eh Vl nn DU LN SUNT S STON TRIO pea 9 ae oor 20 0 0p 8 ana Tope aN et aS aga bat aie hal, ai uaz Vee av as) es aru arp sey Mech eee 208 S © @ @ & Gf & 6 & & 8 & o o @ Dos og] 6 «sos Sst ane a1 oF ait wesw? aah ah oz MG ait ee ae a wm it oe aos 85 tee 1b 188 WW 115. 08 1 0 mo 10 19 12 179 oe 2G ‘ mo 206 2H 208 036 23 29 BD 2a ez mt 1 7mm oe a Bt 21 026 Ba 2a Ba 028 37 7 ar 030+ 30a Be eH on at au an (2270 been 9970 G00) 0195 Gaos amo cies Gini ojo 020 O30 Giga ono le) UZM Oso ee 5500 tee 0.069 cost 0x33 art ome 0.108 aia Oo e159 O2te 0190 ors? alee G2 Ost6 Wobetm Oza 11S 002k ze 157 ae? aes “90h “ane id= 020 a« 030 ila 60 i 1c00) Uae 1000 a= Wow wage ee es O02 An ee nn a a oo a Oe. Jags ez aden ita ao) gt hg es 006 8 8 @ @ @ G 8 @ 8 8 8 8 8 a Oo ca 5 a 010 © 307,07 nt 1073070780710? tana? naar ae 012 yk ata ak naka aya) ata aia Ole tdi iss MSs vee 1 = HO) m9 79 170 one 20 27 5205 «708105 252057086 2 108 XS 020 a ome m0 om om om ma gs 022 zo zo ack) aat 221201 07 ma 25! om 23a) bay es 025 a 2 moi im ma an ox ca 357 37 Br 38 030 ae 30 5 is 032 oe (4.32) coeficientii K; si K determinindu-se din diagrama prezentata in figura 4.17. 4.6. EXEMPLE DE CALCUL axiala s-au folosit urmatoarele materiale: C20 = fx =20 Nimm? fig = festye = 20/1.5 = 13.33 Némm? = 13.33-103 kN/ov 333 kN/em? $500 => f= 500 N/mm? fy = finiys = 500/1.15 = 435 Nimnm? = 435-109 kN/m? = 43.5 Nic? £4 = 1000 fyu /Es = 1000-435/200000 = 2.18 a/oo 4.6.1. Sectiuni dreptunghiulare Exemplul 4. 6.1.1 Element incovoiat simplu armat - dimensionare Se cere dimensionarea armaturii sectiunii caracterizata prin: bid, /d/d = 0,30/0.50/0.05/0.05/0.45 m _MalNalysi = 100KNm/-50OKN/0.20 m ‘Mg se calculeaza cu relatia (4.9): Maa = 100 - (-500).0.20 = 200 kNm 0 simpla Be 030. armare Dimeasionare cu diagrama CEB - pet. 4.3.3.1. Din figura 4.7 rezulte: $= 0.82 > z= 0.82-0.45 = 0.369 m €s1 = 4.45 of00 > &y = 2.18 ofo0 > G1 = fu £2 =-3.5 ofoo 1 (200 = al 500} = 097em? si de din pentru sectiunea circulara, respectiv de rit si d/(r-n)) = In (oate exemplele de caleul privind incovoierea cu forta AK sky Fig. 4.17 Coeficientii K, and Ka Coefficients Ky and Ky Coefficient wy for circular sections also can be calculated by (4.32) with K, and Kz from Figure 4.17 [4.5]. i n 4.6. DESIGNING EXAMPLES The following materials were used for examples concerning bending with axial force: €20 and $500 For strengths see the left side of the page. 4.6.1. Rectangular sections Example 4, 6.1.1 Flexure - singly reinforced - design Input data: b/h/dy/da!d and Mg/Nalya, Output data: reinforcement area Mag according to (4.9) Mea = 0.287 < py singly reinforced CEB Diagram - 4.3.3.1. From Figure 4.7 result: © = 0.82; ey = 4.45 0100; te = - 5.5 olo0 Finally Aj; is obtained. Internal forces F, and Fy, are also computed. 0316 > 71se mai poate obtine v= 0.301 si apoi A 301-0.30.0.45-13.33-10° ~ 542 KN = 097-43.5 =42 KN ne eee Tat -542= 500 kN ¥ 5 Fy = 42 ensjonarea cu tabelul CEB pet.4.3.3.2 fanctie de ja = 0.247 din tabelul 4.1 se determina : 1302; e — 4.48 oloo si oy = 435 N/mm z 1333 , -500 [—F, = 542 plul 4. 6.1.2 ee rent incovoiat dublu armat - dimensionare ‘Ge cere dimensionarea armaturii sectiunii caracterizata prin: “pihldlds/d = 0.30/0.50/0.05/0.05/0.45 m r= 200kNim/-S0OKN/0.20 m se calculeaza cu relatia (4.9): = 200 - (-500)-0.20 = 300 KNm 20370 yy 0316 dbl 030-045" -1333-10 in figura 4.7 rezulta pentru jin = 0.31 0.755 > 27=0.755-0.45 = 0.34m o/o0 fa (4.8b) rezulta: . 0316:0.30-0. 457-13.33-10° = 255.9 Nm 9 = 44.1 kNm masionarea cu tabelul CEB - pet. 4.3.3.2 fe de jig = 0.370 si do/d = 0.11 din tabelul 4.2 se 486 si a = 0.062 Axial equilibrium is OK! CEB Table - 4.3.3.2 Depending on piss from Table 4.1 © = 0.302; €41,= 4.48 of00 and 64, = 435 Nimm? are obtained and finally As), too Example 4. 6.1.2 Flexure - double reinforcing - design Input data: bihidy/dy/é and MalNs/ys1 Output data: reinforcement area ‘Myg according to (4.9). Hsa = 0.370 > jim = 0.316 > double reinforcing CEB Diagram - 4.3.3.1 From Figure 4.7 result: Gan 52» er Mim results from (4.8b); also AM is computed. Finally As and Ajo are obtained. CEB Teble - pet. 4.3.3.2 Coefficients and o; are obtained from Table 42 depending on piss and ds/d Example 4.6.13 Flexure - singly reinforcing - resisting bending moment Input data: TOOKN/9.42 em?/0.20 m bhhid,/d and Na/Aa/Ys1 Rezolvare cu tabelul CEB (tabel 4.1), Pomind de le relatia (4.13) se caleuleaza: 25-45-1. Din tabelul 4.1 se determina py = 0.27 Pomind de la relatia (4.10) se calculeaza: Mpe = 0.27-0.25:0.45*.13.33-10? = 182.2 kNm Pornind de le relatia (4.9) se obtine: Mpg = 182.2 + (-100)-0.20 = 162.2 KNm 33 Rezolvare cu relatii de calcul F Se presupune £5) > ey = 2.18 of00 > O51 = fe freee Fs) =9.42-43.5 = 410 KN aoe Mid Echilibrul fortelor cere: No IEA, Fo~ Fa +Nam 410+ 100 =510KN Din relatia (4.1) se determina pozitia axei neutre presupunind £227 3.5 ooo si deci « = 0.81 (din figura 4.4) 510 if ao = Din conditia de compatibilitate a deformatiilor rezulta : ‘A 022 ie oees0DD = Pozitia rezultantei F, este data de relatia (4.3), cu &'=0.45 din figura 4.4 avind in vedere €. = 3.5 ooo. = 0.45:0.22 = 0,094 . Bratul de pirghic al eforturilor interioare este: =d-a=0.45 - 0.094 = 0.359 Capacitetea portanta rezulta din conditia de echilibru in raport cu forta Fs). Mpg = FeZ~ Nua = 510-0.36 - 100-0.20 = 163 kKNm = 3660l00 > Ga = 2.18 of00 = Gs) ya Exemplul 4. 6.1.4 ’ Element incovoiat dublu armat - capacitate portanta Se cere capacitatea portanta a sectiunii caracterizata prin: Dih/dy/de/d }0/0.50/0.05/0.05/0.45 m NulAalval/Aa= -150kN/9.42 cm*/0.20 m/9.42 em? Rezolvare cu relatiile de echilibra. - Se presupune x= 0.13 m Presupunind e = 3.5 oioo, se calculeaza deformatiile specifice _ in cele doua armaturi: =, = O45~013 eros 013-005 6,235 215 ie Toco 200000 = 430N/ mm? Eye = 2.18 of00 4 os Asdal equilibrium requires: Fe=Fu + Na= 410+ 100 =510 kN Assuming ¢¢2 = 3.5 ofeo and a = 0.81 Fig, 4.4) from (4.1) results x=022m There is otained: £1 = 3.66 o/00> 2.18 of00 Finally Mra = 163 kNm is obtained from moment equilibrium condition |, with respect to Fy. fa Example 4.6.1.4 Flexure - double reinforcing - resisting bending moment Input data: ihidy/ do/d and Na/Asi/ysi/As2 Output data: Mra Solving by — equilibrium ‘equations First tial :x= 0.13 m Depending on €4 = 3.5 ofoo and x result en, eo and reinforcement stresses os) and a Intemal forces F.1, Fes and Fe are computed, F, = 0.81.(0.85-1.333)-30:13 = 358 kN 73y= 358 + 405.1 = 753 KN be Fa + Fy deci x trebuie redus constata ca Ng + Fsi < Fe 105 1? 590000 = 319 / mm? Cn 1000 4.4 rezulta a. = 0.78 pentru &¢2 = 3.04 o/oo si deci: oan -(0.85-1.333)-30-10.5 = 262.3 KN stata caNq+Fs =Fe+Fs: — OK! 0.406.0.150 = 40 in ecustia de moment in raport cu armatura intinsa rezulta: 262 3-0.408 +300-(0.45 - 0.05 ) - 1500.20 = 197KNm ul 4. 6.1.5 ‘compresiune excentrica dreapta - dimensionare armarea simetrica a sectiunii caracterizata prin: Mildy/d; = 0.50/0.70/0.05/0.05 m N OkNm/-1960kKN 0,05/.70 = 0.071 48 rezulta og, = 0.18 pentru dy/h = 0.05, respectiv .10 si prin interpolare intre valorile Tezulta co, ~ 0.188 pentru d/h = 0.071 tala de armatura este 50-70-1333 8°? _ 20.4cm? 435 20.4cm’ No equilibrium of forces: Nut Fa 10 o/oo. Tt is assumed €5) = 10 ofoo and £0 = 3.04 ojo and &2 = 159 < 2.18 ofoo are resulted. Coefficient 0 = 0.78 and & = 0.406 are obtained from Figure 44 depending on &22 = 3.04 o/ao. Axial equilibrium is satisfied: NatFa=Fe+Fa — OK! Position of F, - a and the lever am - z are computed. Moment equilibrium condition with respect ‘to tension reinforcements leads to Mre = 197kNm. Example 4. 6.1.5 Column - mono-axial bending - design Input data: bih/dy/d and Ma/Na Output data: Asi =Ag The following computed: di/h = and pus (4.16). Figure 4.8 gives @q = 0.18 for difh = 0.05 and aq = 0.20 for dyh= 0.10. Finally @o: = 0.188 for dy/h = 0.071 is obtained and also reinforcement area Asur and Asi =Ag= 10.1 cm’, too. values are dyhh, vg (4.15) ‘Asi = Ag = 10.2 cm’, = Ve=0.4 > Oot = 0.45; va= _ deci pentru vs = 0.54 Oo: _ deci pentru ve Exemplul 4. 6.1.6 Stilp - compresiune excentrica dreapta - incovoietor capabil Se cere capacitatea poranta a secti bfh/dy da = 0.25/0.40/0.04/0.04 m NylAn/Ag=~- 800 KN/11.40 cm?/11.40 em? moment caracterizate prin: Ascot = 22.80 cm? Cu relatiile (4.17) si (4.15) se caleuleaza 2280 435 eV ®e*95.401333 —800 025-040-1333-10° Din figura 4.8 rezulta jigg = 0.332 si in final capacitatea portanta pornind de la relatia (4.16) Mpa = 0.332:0.25-0.40213,33-10° = 177.2 Nm =-0.600 Exemplul 4. 6.1.7 Stilp - compresiune excentrica oblica - dimensionare Se cere armarea sectiunii caracterizata prin: bihidy/b; = 0.30/0.4040.04/0.03 m Mye/Meg/Na = 110 KNma/45 kNmn/-800kN Cu telatiile (4.18, b, c) se caleuleaza coeficientii: Yee eens ET SA 0.30-0.40-1333-10° 110 = ou He 930.0407 -1333-1 Ha 9307. 040-1533-10° 074 sisse folosesc diagramele din figura 4.10.’ Pentru modul de armare din figura 4.9a Deoarcee yg bad > Hi = Hyd ~ 0.172 si wp Has = 0.094 Ve= 04> ta, = 0.34; va = 0.6 > on = 0. deci pentru y= 0.5 > Aria de armatura se obtine din relatia (4.19) cS Aggq = 0325 30-4032 = 11950? Pentru modul de armare din figura 4.9b: Deoarece piyg> fd > bi = Hyd = 0-172 Si Ha = Has = 0.094 6 > Wy = 0.55 0.50 Avia de armatura se obtine din relatia (1.19): 1333 2 Ajig = 0.500-30-40— = « at 30-4075 =1838em Pentru modul de armare din figura 4.9c: i= Hyd = 0.172 si a= ples = 0.094 Va= 0.4 > Wor = 0.40; vg = 0.6 > Wi, = 0.48 Example 4. 6.1.6 Column - mono-axial bending - resisting bending moment Input data: Dbfhi/dy/da and Ne/Aai/Aca Output data: Mra There are computed or: (4.17a) and vy (4.15). Coefficient pig results from Figure 4.8 and finally Mra = 177.2 kNm (4.16). Example 4. 6.1.7 Column - bi-axial bending - design Input data: bhhidy/by and Mya/Moa/Na Output data: Reinforcement area Reinforcing system as in Figure 49a Hha> baa > b= and [ly = pia = 0.094 Va= 0.4 > Owe = 0.34; vg = 0.6 bra = 0.172 5-9 om = 0.325 Reinforcement area is: Asset = 11.95 cm’, Reinforcing system es in Figure 4.9b Hyd > Had > Ha = pa = 0.172 and H2 = Hag = 0.094 Va= 0.4 Oi = 0.45; ve= 06 5 > oo = 0.50 Reinforcement area is: Avior = 18.38 cm? Reinforcing system as in Figure 4.9¢ Hh = plyg = 0.172 and ta = ae = 0.094 Va=04 > Org = 0.40; va = > Oo = 0.48 and vg=0.5 — @o. = 0.44 0.5 > Grr = 0.44 15“ria de armatura se obtine din relatia (4.19): me = 0440-20- 49 }23 = 1608em* “Exemplul 4. 6.18 ilp - compresiune excentrica obliea - dimensionare ere armerea sectiunii caracterizata prin: a = 0.30/0.40/0.04/0.03 m x 64 kNm/64 KNm/-640! F : hie (18a, b,c) se caleuleaza coeficientii: 800 ~ 80) ___ 500 ae 930-040-1335-10° $$ = 0172 ‘Hye = 030- 0.40" - 1333-10° oo = 0.094 030° -040-1333-10° sice folosese diagramele din figura 4.10. tr modul de armare din figura 4.9: saree Lyd Hi ~ Ha = 0.133 si p2= pa = 0.100 = 0266 ere ade armatura se obtine din relatia (4.19): : 1333 zs Aas =0266-30:- 40-5 = = 987m? esa rare dn faves 4.9: Deoarece tnd < Hed —> Hi = Has = 0-133 si wo = pya = 0-100 emplul 4, 6.1.9 compresiune excentrica oblica - capacitate portanta inraport cu o axa ere capacitatea portanta M,pq a Sectiunii caracterizata prin: dy/ d = 0.35/0.45/0.035/0.045m = ~420KN/190kNm 19.63 cm? (4025) “calculeaza coeficientii: 963 435 6 506 45-1333-10° co 190 70201 Reinforcement area is: Aswot = 16.08 om? Example 4. 6.1.8 Column - bi-axial bending - design Input data: ‘b/h/d/by and Mye/ za! Na Output data’ Reinforcement area The following values. obtained from (4.182, b, c): Vay Had » and Hyg Diagrams from Figure 4.10 are used. Reinforcing system as in Figure 49a. Pye < Had > Hi = Hos = 0.133 and po = Hye = 0.100 rq = 0.266 Reinforcement erea is 9.87em*, Reinforcing system as in Figure 4.9 Bye S Had > B= and f= ae 0.100 @eot = oot area is Asin = 12.56 em’. Reinforcing system as in Figure 4.9¢ can not be used. are pea = 0.133 Example 4. 6.1.9 Column - bi-axial bending - resisting bending moment about a single axis Input data: bfh/di/ da, NefMyg and Ay Output data: The following values result based on input data As, rou Va and jy Itis assumed [ig > aa, therefore =0201. ) 035-0.45*-1333-1 PUNE fiya > Has Si deci ps = 0.201 Din figura 4.10 rezulta po = 0.104 < jy = 0.104 Conform relatiei (4.18c) rezulta : Mira = 0.104-0.35°-0.45-13.33-10° = 76.4 kNm 0.201 si deci ra = Exemplul 4, 6.1.10 Stilp - compresiune excentrica oblica - dimensionare prin prima metoda simplificata (a) Se cere armarea sectiunii caracterizata prin: bhhids/by = 0.30/0.40/0.04/0.03 m Mye/Mog/Na= 110 kNmn/45 kNun/-750kN Incercarea 1 + 4220 > Agior= 12.56 om*™ Nua = (0.85fa)Ac + fas = (0.85-13.33-10°)-0.30-0.40 + 43.5-12.56 = 1907 KN Cu N/ Ny = 750/1907 = 0.39 din tabelul 4.4 rezulta a, = 1.3135 ‘Valorile Muy Si Mu: se calculeaza conform Exemplului 4.6.1.5 dupa cum urmeaza’ 1256 435 Pa = 30.40 ae eae = = 0.469 “4*030-040-1333-10 din Figura 4.8 rezultind pg = 0.222 si | Myy= 0.222-0,30.0.40"-13,33-10' = 142 kNm Maz = 0.222-0.307-0.40-13.33-10° = 106.5 kNm relatia de verificare (4.20) este: oy" (45 Ye"! ey a ia = 1037 >1, deci Aso tebuie marit. Incercarea 2 > 4022 > Aco = 15.20 cm? : Nus = (0.85fea)As + fyeAs = (0.85-13.33-10°)-0.30-0.40 + 43.5-15.20 = 2022 KN. Cu N/ Nuc = 750/2022 = 0.371 din tabelul 4.4 rezulta o, = 1.282 435 30-40 1333 = Din Figura 4.8 rezulta jig = 0.248 si My 0.40" 13.33+10° = 158.7 KNm 248.0.307.0.40-13.33-10°= 119 kNm Avia de armatura este corespunzatoare deoarece: f (110) (4 Gs) +g) =0913<1 Exemplul 4. 6.1.11 Stilp - compresiune excentrica oblica - dimensionare prin a doua metoda simplificata (b) = 0.413 si vy = 0.469 - ca mai sus. Se cere armarea sectiunii caracterizata prin: ‘béh/t’ hh?= 0.30/0.40/0.26510.36 m Coefficient = 0.104 < yn = 0.201 results from Figure 4.10 and according to (4.18c) and finally Mur is obtained. Example 4. 6.1.10 Column - bi-axial bending - design by simplified method @) Input data: b/h/dy/by and Mya! 2a! Na Output deta: Reinforcement area 1 tial > 4920 3 Ane = 12.56 cm* The following values are computed: Nug and N/ Nus. Coefficient ap results fiom Table 4.4, Bending moments Myy and Mu: are computed according to Example 4.6.1.6. Condition (4.20) is not setisfied. 24 trial > 4922 > A, = om! ‘The following values are computed: Nyg and N/Nug Coefficient oq results from Table 44, Bending moments My, and Mu: are computed according to Example 4.6. Condition (4.20) is satisfied 15.20 Example 4. 6.1.11 Column - bi-axial bending - design by simplified method ) Input data: bih/b’th’ and Mye/ Meal Ne > Mya/Mza/Ne~ 110 kNra/45 kNmn/-750KN Output data: Reinforcement area 745 Deoarece = oe nT in continuare se lucreaza cu relatia (4.214) e038 0.30: 040- 20-10 =169.8 ih ae Din figura 4.11 rezulte B= 0.715 si deci 1o+0715-2e 45=1537kNm ce conform exemplului 4.6.1.5. = 0.402; 035-040 1333-10 153, " pimensionarea se fe 4 15 = 004 He=930-0.40° -1333-10 din figura 4.8 rezulta Oa = 0.35 : 1333 4 “A. =035-30- 40> = 12.87em* Aja = 035-30: 40-5 om 4.6.2. Sectiuni T if Exemplul 4. 6. wells) ~ Element incovoiat simplu armat - dimensionare "Se cere armarea sectiumii caracterizata prin: Dy/lvb/hy= 0.20/0.55/1.75/0.L0 m ~ dyldo/ye1 = 0.05/ 0.05/ 0.36 m fNa= 140KNmn/-5OKN zolvare cu ajutoral tabelului 4.5 (pet. 4.42.) | caloulaza hid = 0.10/0.50 = 0.20 si b/by = 1.75/0.20 = 8.75 se calculeaza cu relatia (4.9): fa,~ 140 - (-50)-0.36 = 158-kNm pees 0.027 175-030? -1333-10 . tabelul 4.5 se determina coeficiental jim = 0.173 si se onstata ca Lisi < Him deci se poate utiliza simpla armarea. Din las tabel rezulta « = 0.02835, aria de armatura rezultind din (4.23): 0.02835-175: 50-1333 | -50 0:92835-175 50-1333 , 50 S45 B35 Wvare conform cazului particular biby > 5 (pet. 4.4.3.) 1 de armatura se obtine din relatia (4.27): =645cm? 5158 =50 i + = 692M (50=010/2).435° 4357" Sep = 210? <085-1333-10' =1133- 10 NI? 175-010-(050-010/3) 2 4.6.22 Relationship (4.21a) is used M, M, because <> TF hb Coefficient B is obtained from Figure 4.11. Design reinforcement is made to the following bending moment M, =153.7KNm according to Example 4.6.1.5. 4.6.2. Flanged sections Example 4. 6.2.1 Flexure - singly reinforcing - design Input data: by/b/blhr, di/ds/ys1 and Ma/Na Output data: Reinforcement area Solving according to 4.4.2. - using of Table 4.5 There are computed the following values hyd, b/>w Mse and piss Coefficients jim and @ are obtained from Table 4.5 4a < pin > singly reinforcing ‘Aq is computed according to (423). Solving according to 4.4.3 - large flange : Ax, is computed according to (427). Condition (4.28) is satisfied. Example 4. 6.2.2 Flexure - double reinforcing - design Input data: bulhiblhe, difda/s1 and Ma/Ne é,ldafyxs = 0.05/0.05/ 0.36 m Ma/Nq = SO0KNm/-1550kN Se calculeaza held = 0.1010. Mgq se calculeaza cu relatia (4.9): Mga = 500 - (1550)-0.36 = 1058 Nm 1038 Ha T75.0507 1333.10 1814 Din tabelul 4.5 se determina coeficientul jim = 0.173 si se constata ca ja > Him deci este necesara dubla armarea, Din acclas tabel rezulta @jim= 0.2015. Cu relatia (4.24) se obtine: Ap = 0.1814 - 0.173 = 0.0084 Ariile de armatura se calculeaza cu relatile (4. 20 si b/bw = 1.75/0.20 = 8.75 “00084 Bain C208 oS 0.0084 1333 . = iaoyesn ass Exemplul 4, 6.2.3 Element incovoiat simplu armat - capacitate portanta Se cere capacitatea portanta a sectiunii caracterizata prin: Dy/h/b/h; = 0.20/0.45/0.60/0.08 m lds /yey = 0.05/ 0.05/ 0.22 m NulAs=-165 KN/14.73 om? | Rezolvare cu ajutorul tabelului 4.5 Pornind de la ne es ) se calculeaza coeficientul 1473-435 -(-165) p REEDS eres Ou =~ 60.40.1333 si de asemenea hed = 0.08/0.40 = 0.20 si b/by = 0.60/0.20 = 3.0 In finctie de acesti coeficienti rezulta jigs = 0.2055 Mas = 0.2055-0.60-0.407-13.33-10° = 263 kNm si in final Mag = 263 - 165-0.22 = 226 KNm_ Rezolvare cu ecuatii de echilibra Prima incercare: x= 0.20 m _ Se considera <2 = 3.5 o/oo rezultind ~040-020 8 =35—T55 = 35 oloo > ty = 2.18 ofoo 0.40-0.20 by =35— p= 175 loo Deoareve £5) > ey Tezulta Cg) = fa, respectiv Fy) = 14.73-43.5 = 641 KN. rezultind conform figurii 4.12: Fer = 0.81-(0.85-13.33-10°)-0.60-0.20 = 1101 kN 0.62-(0.85-13.33-10°)-0.40-(0.20 - 0.08) = 337 KN. Output data: Area of reinforcements There are computed the following values hed, b/oy Msg and ps Coefficients jim and im are obtained from Table 4.5 Hs4> Lim + double reinforcing Aa and Ag sre computed according to (4.25a, b) Example 4. 6.2.3 Flexure - singly reinforcing - resisting bending moment Input data: bu /h/bhe, di/da/ye and Nu/Asy Output data: Mre Solving by Table 4.5. Coefficient aq is computed based on relationship (4.23). Also hyd and b/by are computed, too. Coefficient pins = 02055 is obtained ftom Table 45. Resistant bending moments Mys and Mpg are oblained starting from pips. Solving conditions. First trial: x = 0.20 m £.=3.5 0/00 Strains ey and eyeare computed, Reinforcement stress is os1 = fyg because ¢5) > eg. Tensile force in reinforcement is F,y = 641 KN. From Figure 4.4 result; £22 = 3.50 oloo > a = 0.81 &nr= 1.75 of00 > a = 0.62 and according to Figure 4.12: Fey =1101 kN F~337kN Fe= 1101-337 KN = 764 kN by equilibrium 101 - 337 KN = 764 KN 9= F, constatindu - se ca Fs + fiind necesara marirea lui x. et + fortelor cere Fs, + Na Gil + 165 = 806 > Fe= 764 ea a dova: x=0.21m “gera 2 = 3-5 0/0 rezultind & «1 Si Ene wi es. = fq Foi = 14.73-43.5 = 641 KN ie (66.0100 + = 0. Ea 601 3:103)-0,60-0.21= 1156 kN .(0.85:13.33:10°)-0.60 : (7q8513.33+10°}0.400.13"354 KN 156-354 KN = 802KN snstata ca Fi + Na = Fe ij se determina coeficientul 6° dupa cum urmeaza: GD oloo —> & ~ 0.415 respectiv a = 0.415-0.205 = 0.085 2040 - 0.085 = 0.315 m is joo > &'= 0.36 respectiv a = 0.36.0.13 = 0.047 m si 0.40 - 0.08) - 0.047 = 0.27 m he Mea = 11560.315~ 354-0.27-165:0.22 = 252kNm Sectiuni circulare 14.6.3.1 dimensionare a. ‘armarea sectiunii caracterizata prin: 5/0.045 m = 190kNm/-1060 kN 10.4574 = 0.159 m’ leaza coeficientii (4.31a, b): 4.15 rezulta or 0.55 de armatura este (4.29): 17 se obtin coeficientii: ; i 31 din relatia (4.32) rezultind coeficientul: 584 “<9 1333. 3 1333 = 2 (46% 590-7 = 285em" ( +6%) Fy + Na= 641 + 165 = 806 No longitudinal equilibrium. Second trial: x = 0.21 m qq = 3.5 0/00 ey) > Ep > Oat = ha > Fat = O41 F; = 1156 - 354 KN = 802 KN Fy + Na = F; — longitudinal equilibrium. From Figure 44 result: 50 ofco > &' = 0.415 e4¢= 1.66 0/00 > and lever arms 21 = 0.315 m and 2: = (0.40 - 0. = 0.047 = 0.27 m ’ Finally resistant. moment is obtained Mra = 232 KNm. 4.6.3. Circular sections Example 4.6.3.1 Column - design Input data: b/d and MylNu Ourput data: Reinforcement area Section area is 0.159 m. Coefficients ve and pia ate computed according to (4.314). Coefficient = 0.55 is obtained from Figure 4.15. s Reinforcement area is obiained from relationship (4.29): Astot™ 26.8 em’. Coefficient «p: can de computed by relationship (4.32). Depending on va = - 0.50 coefficients kr = 4.47 and ke 0.31 are obtained from Figure 4.17. Using @= 0.584 reinforcement ( 2 area is Asso = 28.5 cm’. Example 4.6.32 , Column - resisting bending moment Input data: b/d, No Asset Output data: Maa Az = 70.407/4 = 0.126 m? Cu relatia (4.31a) se calculeaza coeficientul: 0) %«* Gia6.1aa310° 7 478 Pornind de la relatia (4.29) se calculeaza: o, -3141 435 _ 12601333” Din figura 4.15 se obtine coeficientul 1. = 0.261 si in final: Mga = 0.261-0.126-0.40-13.33-10° = 175 KNm care se obtine din relatia (4.31) 4.6.4. Sectiuni inelare Exemplul 4.6.4.1 Stilp - dimensionare Se cere armarea sectiunii caracterizata prin: shy/dy = 0.50/0.35/0.07 m Mu/Nq = 1200kNm/-1 000 KN Ac= n(0.50? - 0.357) = 0.400 m? £ oe 0.467205 Ya ~040:1333410 1000 Pa40- (2-050) 1333-10 Aucor = 0517-4000: aS = 63.4cm’ Exemplul 4.6.4.2 Stilp - capacitate portanta Se cere Mga pentru sectiunea caracterizata prin: .4010.28/0.06 m ‘800KN Asc = 31.4] cm! 2 Ac = m(0.40 - 0.28") = 0.256 m? d 006 =i o40—028 7 °° Se caleuleaza pause SSOOM TGS yey aia imenmunae eee) x38) 435 0 40 cu relat (429) oa = Fey 7553 = 00 cu relatia (4.29) Din figura 4.16 se obtine ji. Mpg = 0.20-0.256-(2: 0.40) 1. 20 si deci 10° = 546kNm Din figura 4.16 rezulta @ot = 0.517 si in final cu relatia (4.29): Section area is 0.126 m’, Coefficients vq and aq are computed according to (4.31a) and (4.29), Coefficient ug = 0.261 is obtained from Figure 4.15 depending on vg and oq. Resisting bending moment Mag = 175 kNm is obtained by relationship (4.31b). 4.6.4. Ringed - shaped sections Example 4.6.4.1 Column - design Input data: rij/dy and Mg/Na Output data: Reinforcement area Coefficient a - 0.517 is obtained from Figure 4.16 = d depending on Ac, ——~, vg and He: Reinforcement area Agiot = 63.4 cm? is computed by relationship (4.29). Example 4.6.4.2 Column - resisting bending moment Input data: r/i/d, Ne-and Astor Output data: Meg Coefficient ups = 0.20 is obtained from Figure 4.16 Aepending ants oti ant) roy = 0.40. Resisting bending moment Mra = 546 kNm is obtained by relationship (4.31). 81'BIBLIOGRAFIE (REFERENCES) 4% Eurocode No.2 - Design of Conct Buildings; Final Text after harmonisati ¥** Concrete Structures Euro - Design ##* Concise Eurocode for the Desi: Concrete Structures; Part 1 Cement Association; 1993 Tasios T., Yannopoulos P., greceste); 5, Tasios T., Yannopoulos P., "Axial Force; National Techn + Beton -Kalender, Emest f Concrete Structures; Part 1 - General Rules and Rules for ion with French and German version, 1991 Handbook: Emest & Sohn; Karlsruhe, 1994 ian of Conerete Buildings; Eurocode No? - Design of ~ General Rules and Rules for Buildings; Published by British, Trezos C., Tsoukantas S. - Reinforced Concrete (in Greek; in ‘National Technical University of Athens; 1994 “Design of Reinforced Concrete Sections under Bending and ical University of Athens (in Greek; in greceste); 1983 Sohn, 1994 5. STAREA LIMITA ULTIMA DATORITA DEFORMATILOR STRUCTURALE 5.1 INTRODUCERE Acest capitol prezinta 0 serie de aspecte specifice privind stabilitates elementelor comprimate, in general si comenteaza metoda modelului de stalp care da bune sezultate in situatiile standard ale stalpilor de cladiri. Calculul stabilitatii structurale (cu considerarea efectelor de ordinul II) trebuie sa asigure (EC2 4.3.5.2): sa nu apara pierderea echilibrului static (local sau global) -sa nu fie depasita rezistenta sectiunilor transversale la incovoiere cu forta axiala, pentru cele mai defavorabile combinatii de actiuni la starea limita ultima. Se are in vedere comportarea structurala in orice directie. Trebuie considerate incertitudinile posibile in incastrarile din noduri. Efectul deformatiilor in starea limita ultima a elementelor comprimate afecteaza, in afara unor cazuri exceptionale, in special stalpii. Stalpii izolati pot fi: -elemente comprimate (fig. 5.1 a,b), (exemplu tipic pentru stalpii prefabricati) (EC2 4.3.5.3.4(1)) -elemente comprimate care sunt parti integrate ale _ structurilor in cadre, dar sunt considerate izolate din motive de aloul (fig. 5.le si d), (EC2 4.3.5.5.1); 5. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE INFLUENCED BY STRUCTURAL DEFORMATIONS 5.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents some aspects about the specific stability problem with concrete member, and comments upon the model column method which gives satisfactory results for standard situations of columns in building. Design shall (EC2 4.3.5.2 ) ensure that: loss of static equilibrium (locally or for the structure as a whole) does not occur; the resistance of individual cross section subjected to the bending (M) and longitudinal force (N) are not exceeded The structural behaviour shall be considered in any direction, Possible uncertainties should be considered. Apart from exceptional cases, the effect of structural deformations influencing the ultimate limit state. of compression members have to be considered mainly with columns. Tsolated columns can be: isolated columns (Fig.5.1a,) typical for _ prefabricated structures) (EC2 4.3.5.3.4(1)); -columns in frames with for design purposes are locked at as isolated elements (Fig. 5.1c) (EC2 4.3.5.5.1), 83| ch Fig. 5.1 Stalpi izolati Isolate columns plasarile structurale afecteaza si starca limita a grinzilor flambaj lateral (este cazul ce apare la montarea ricatelor cand clementele de contravantuire nu sunt inca seneral, din motive de economie, proiectarea elementelor primate, cu sau [ara incovoiere, pentru care electele de ‘une pot fi neglijate, se face asifel incat efectcle de ordinal II vat mai reduse. te efecte se neglijeaza (conform BC? 2.5.1.4. (2)) daca rea momentelor de ordinul 1 datorita deplasarilor nu le 10% (EC2 4.3.5.1; 43.5.3; 43.2). CLASIFICAREA STRUCTURILOR SI ELEMENTELOR URALE rile sau elementele structurale pot fi clasificate ca: uite sau necontravantuite si ca: deplasabile si lor laterale (C2 4.3 5.3.1). ; Stalpii izolati sunt clasificati: Slement de contravantuire este un element structural fundatie (complet sau partial), suficient de rigid ‘@transmite fundatiei cel putin 90% din incarcarile | wom d). Structural deflections can also affect the ultimate limit state of beams with resist to lateral buckling (is the case during the installation of _ prefabricated elements 2s long as bracing elements are not yet fixed) In gencral, due to economical reasons the members subjected to compression with or without bending, for which the effects of torsion can be neglected , be designed in such a way, that second order effects are only very limited. They may be accepted to BC2 2.5.1.4(2) in general neglected if they remain smaller than 10% of the first order action effects EC2 4.3.5.1, 4.3.5.3, A3.2. the OF AND 52 _ CLASSIFICATION STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Structure and structural members may be classified as braced or unbraced and as sway or non sway depending of the second order effects (EC2 435.31). Similarly, isolated columns may be classified as slender columns and columns in non-sway structures. Bracing elements and braced structures A bracing clement should be sufficiently stiff to attach and transmit to the foundations at orizontale ce actioneaza pe structura (EC2 4.3.5.3.2). In scopul evitarii fortelor orizontale in subansamblurile contravantuite (de exemplu stalpi) elementele de contravantuire wrebuie calculate pentru a rezista Ja toate incarcarile orizontale ce actioneaza structura (100%). Structuri nedeplasabile (EC2 4.3.5.3.3) Structurile sau elementele structurale cu sau fara contravantuiri, pentru care influenta deplasarii nodurilor asupra momentelor si fortelor de calcul pot fi neglijate sunt clasificate ca structuri nedeplasabile; este cazul contravantuirii cu pereti structurali sau nuclee. Cadrele pot fi considerate ca structuri nedeplasabile daca deplasarile de ordinul 1 ale imbinarilor nu marese efectele actiunilor calculate fara considerarea acestor deplasari cu mai mult de 10%. 5.3 DATE SPECIFICE PENTRU DIFERITE TIPURI DE STRUCTURI Cadre nedeplasabile (EC? 4.3.5.5; 4.3.2.1) Pentru o distributie nesimetrica a elementelor a elementelor de contravantuire in cladire, cadrele contravantuite sunt nedeplasabile, cand rigiditetea laterala a elementelor de contravantuire satisface urmatoarele conditii Criteriul 1: spentu n<3 hg VF, /Eyql,<02+01m (5.1) spentu n24 hy JF, EI, $06 (5.2) unde: a-numaral de etaje: yg inaltimea total 2 structurii masurata de la suprafata superioara a fundatiei sau de la stratul nedeformabil (m); E,qJ, suma tigiditatilor nominale la incovoiere ale tuturor elementelor verticale de contravantuire definite de EC2 43,5.3.2(1) ce actioneaza in directia considerata. Efortal de intindere in serviciu este Siguranta dati in EC2 4.3.] se utilizeaza la Frames are considered non- sway structures if the criteria 2 is respected (see Equations 5.3 and 3.4) where: Nog -design axial force Nejm the mean value of axial force n -number of vertical elemnis of one storey and 4 $2 v, -the longitudinal force coefficient for the element ‘A, -total cross-sectional area ofa concrete section fy -design value of concrete cylinder compressive strength f,, characteristic com- pressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days Slender limits for frames See figure 5.2. Computation hypothesis stress-strain diagram for concrete may be utilise f, and Ee of the Equations (5.5) and (5.6). Ye “Pattial safety factor for concrete properties may be obtained from EC2 4.3.1.P(3) and 3.1.6 ~is neglected the concrete among cracks EC2 4.3.5.7 -plane sections remain plane after deformation EC2 4.3.1.2: A355; 22m) partial safety factors for actions y,, for the quasi- permanent actions are: Slender limits for frames Cadre deplasabile (EC2 4.3.5) Se caleuleaza utilizand datele stabilite in EC2 4.3.5.4 si EC2 A.3.4,: Daca este necesar, din motive de stabilitate structurala se iau ‘n consideratie atat imperfectiunile geometrice echivalente, cat i deformatiile la curgere lenta © Se pot utiliza si metode simplificate cu conditia asigurarii ATivelului de siguranta cerut (EC2 4.3.5.2). Pentru cadre cu forma regulata pot fi utilizate metode implificate, de exemplu, care introduc incarcari orizontale in calcul sau momente incovoietoare mai mari si care iav in Yell for stetic une Yr =12 pentru structuri static determinate si elemente | determinate structures structurale Ye =12 for determinate structures and structural elements OUT mM =25 er Fig. 5.2 Limite de zveltete pentru cadre Sway-frames (EC2 A.3.5) Sway-frames are computed according to EC2 4.3.5.4 and BC2A3.4, If itis necessary for structural stability, the geometrical equivalent imperfections also the creep deformations may be considered (EC? 4.3.5.2), Simplified design methods for regulated frames may be utilised; for ex.: by increasing 87onsiderare efectul de ordinul II in plus jmperfectiunilor geometrice. un exemplu: carele cu “aproximativ egele s Ae $ max(50,20/, ) daca coeficient eferire la literatura 5€2.A.3.5.1 si 2). s fata de ofectele rinai si stalpi de rigicitati nominale i un coeficient mediu de zveltete 67 ul mediu de zveltete este depasit se face de specialitate pentru a fi in conformitate cu horizontal loads or moments (considering the effects of geometrical imperfections too). beams and columns with approx. equal nominal stiffnesses and a mean slenderness as (5.7) are regular frames. If 2, is greater than (5.7) reference should be made to appropriate literature. For example, frames with Imperfections (Figure 5.3) si 43.5.4). it) se defineste cu relatio: : 1 100V1 ltimea totala a structurii, ative, He =(Vei + Veo + Ves)¥ Hy =(Vor + Vos + Vas)¥ Hy =(Var + Var * Vas)¥ Fig, 5.3 Imperfectiuni Imperfections datoreaza inexactitatilor si incertitudinilor dimensionale ‘de pozitia si directia de actiune a incarcarilor axiale (EC2 structurile in cadre 0 inclinare vy a ansamblului complete (elemente de contravantuire si ansamblu Pent structuri unde efectele de ordinul I sunt pent cazul in care efectele de ordinul II trebuie “smmperfectiuni (figura 5.3) Iva [Ve Ivo [Va Va__Vo | He i. lve [ves Yat Ver Ves |OHe | Var Va | vo Vat [ve Ve | He v a mn position and line of action of the axial loads EC2 4.3.5.4. frame structures by relation (5.8) and for isolated members by relation (5.10). Imperfections are due to the dimensional inaccurancies EC2 5.13 and uncertains in the For frame structures an inclination v of the complete structure (bracing elements and braced sub-assembly) from the vertical in defined fiom (5.8). Imperfections are given for “Second order may be neglected. -Second order must be considered. zveltete A. Cand elementele verticale lucreaza impreuna v devine a,v unde: l+1/n o.= 2 pentru 2 niveluri a, = 0.87 -pentru 4 niveluri o, =0.82 Penta elemente izolate, _imperfectiunile echivalente pot fi introduse prin cresterea excentricitatii fortei longitudinale cu o excentricitate aditionala e, ce actioneaza in directia cea mei defavorabila 1, eave 2 unde: 1, este lungimea efectiva de flambaj (EC2 v este dat de relatia (5.8) Imperfectiunile (deviatiile fata de orizontala) pot fi inlocuite cu o forta echivalenta orizontala care trebuie introdusa in analiza structurii. 5.4 STALPI IZOLATI (EC2 4.3.5.5.3) Zveltetea stalpilor izolati Stalpii izolati sunt considerati zvelti daca coeficientul de = al stalpului considerat: i 22 Dyy = max(25,15, ) unde v, este coeficientul fortei longitudinale a elementului ~ este dat de relatia (5.4). ; Lungimea efectiva de flambaj: 1, Inaltimea sau lungimea efectiva (de flambaj l,) a elementului vertical este in general deriveta din teoria flambajului elastic. Lungimea efectiva |, 2 stalpului se calculeaza cu relatia : 1, =B-las si poate fi determinata prin intermediul figurii 5.4, in care cocficientii Ky si Kg indica rigiditatea incastrarii de la capetele LE eles ea Ky suk = ee DEL Oe stalpului: in care: Eom -modulul de clasticitate al betonului, Tea, ly momentele de inertie a sectiunii de beton pentru stalp, Tespectiv grinda, Jcq -inaltimee stalpului mesurata intre sectiunile teoretice de incastrare, lem-deschiderea efectiva a grinzii, @ -factor ce ia in considerare conditiile de incastrare ale 53.5) geometrice (6.9) (5.10) (6.11) (1a) (5.12) When the vertical members work together, inclination of the structure is a, v(rel. 5.9). for 2 storeys for 4 storeys For the isolated elements taking into account the. equivalent geometrical imperfections by increasing longitudinal force eccentricity with an additional eccentricity ¢, (6.10) where: |, denotes the effective length of the isolated element (EC2 43.5.3.5) Horizontal imperfections are replaced with an equivalent force (horizontal). 5.4 ISOLATED COLUMNS (EC? 43.853) Slenderness of columns Isolated columns may be considered slender if (5.11): isolated 222i where v, -the longitudinal force coefficient from (5.4) Effective length of column 1p Computation of the effective length of the column ly is (5.1 1a) and is established from Figure 54, Computation of the Ky and Ke coefficients (rel. 5.12). where: Een -modulus of elasticity of concrete, Tea, Ty second moment of area ofa column or beam, eq -beight of the column measured between centres of restraint,or, la capatul opus. stfel: qe! cand capa (03 cand capatul opus es! in nome i aeabile (0) rezulta: structuri deplasabile: 21 lofleat=13 Fig. 94 Nom Nomo} sul opus este incastrat elastic sau rigid, te mntru o grinda in consol gramele (fig. 5-4) pentru s (liber sa se roteasca) liq-effective span ofa beam, a. -factor taking into account the conditions of restraint of the liber sau se roteste, beam at the opposite end. Variation of the loll for different values of Ky and Kp (aon-sway and sway structures) is presented in Figure 5.4 and in Romanian version. tructuri nedeplasabile (a) 18) lo/leor=0-7 y=aly / Ie Pletal fa nee p20 mi” a 1g x so 5 3 0g 3.0 20 4 uv 2.0 3 10 ‘ 8 ey 1.0 j § 08 i 4 2 a ee 0.4 YY ULL) 2 As a 06 Zh v2 See i Lot = NTT TA, 4 0.5 0.9 a b) ). it ograme pentru structuri nedeplasabile (a) si depiasabile (b) grams for non-sway frame (a) and sway.frame (b) ch. { hay at a as A> Rar te 50} Mer 3 the en » A i an = Fig, 5.5 Elemente comprimate zvelte izolate Isolated slender compressed elements Calculul stalpilor izolati In caloulul clemetelor comprimate zvelte izolate se iau in considerare efectele de ordinul II care includ imperfectiunile geometrice si deformatiile datorate curgerii lente, daca ele afecteaza semmificativ stabilitatea structurala (EC2 4.3.5.5.3). Stalpii izolati din structurile nedeplasabile nu necesita o verificare pentru efectele de ordinul II daca coeficientul 2.<2,, chiar daca stalpul este considerat zvelt conform EC? 4.3.5.3.5 (fig. 5.5). e, = 25(2-—1) eu ©o| Si €o2 sunt excentricitatile incarcarii axiale Ja capetele elementului si se presupune |e,,| <|e,,|. (6.13) In acest caz, capetele stalpului ebuiesc calculate cel putin pentru eforturile sectiunilor date in (5.14) si (5.15). Nya = Nog Myy=Nga-h/20 (6.14) (3.15) unde: ___Npg este forta axiala capabila de calcul la compresiune Mge este momentul capabil de calcul Pentra stalpii incovoiati pe directia unei axe principale trebuie verificata si posibilitatea cedarii datorita efectelor de ordinul II pe directia celorialte axe principale. Pentru aceasta verificare, excentricitatea initiala |e,| in directia celei de-a doua axe principale trebuie luata zona si = efectele de ordinul II se calculcaza cu utilizarea cocficientului 2relativ la aceasta axa. Se iau in considerere si excentricitatea aditionala (EC? 4.3.5.4.3) si acolo unde sant semnificative deformatiile din curgere lenta. Principiile EC2 4.3.5.5.3(1,3) se aplica si in cazul elementelor comprimate supuse 12 incovoiere oblica, in care efectele de torsiune sunt neglijabile, Daca excentricitatea de ordinul I Je,| a fortei exiale in _directia axei principale ¢,>0.2h verificarca pe directia celei de-a doua axe principale webuie sa considere inaltimea redusa a Sectiunii, definita la EC2 4.3.5.6.4(3) (vezi rel. 5.26). Metode simplificate de calcul (pentru stalpi izolati) Se considera clementele comprimate ale claditilor ca lemente izolate. Se adopta o forma simplificat pentru axa Design of the isolated columns Computation of isolated slender compressed elements taking into account second order effects (EC2 4.3.5.5.3). Cases is not necessary the check for second order effects (Figure 5.5) if the slendemess ratio 2 isless than or equal to the value given in Equation (5.13). 13) @1 Si 269 are ies of the axial load at the ends of the member and itis assumed fe, |< |e In this case, the column ends should be designed for at least the conditions (5.14) and (3.15), where: Nag is the design resisting axial force in compression Mpa is a minimum design resisting moment For columns bent dominantly about one principal axis and compression members with bi- axial eccentvicitics, the possibility of failure due to second order effects about the second principal axis should be checked (EC2 4.3.5.5.3.3). Principles EC2 4.3.5.5.3(1,3) above also apply to compression members subjected to bi-axial bending in which the effect of torsion are negligible. If ¢,>0.2h the check in the direction of the second principal axis should be based on the reduced depth, h (see 5.26). Simplified design methods (for isolated columns) On adopts a simplified shape for the deformed axis of a column. leformata a stalpului; excentricitatea aditiongla se calculeaza 91de zvelteie. armat cu sectiunea este data pentru centricitatea totala a stalpilor din beton wersala coustanta, in zonele critice, natosrele cazuri: ‘ Excentricitat! de ordinal I egale 1a ambele capete (Fig. (5.16) Sq = Eo toa TS fi Mga sje excentricilatca de ordinul I, ¢ == Nu r momentul aplicat de ordinul I, -foria axiala aplicala, excentricitatea aditionala conform relatiei (5.10), oxcentricitatca de ordinul Il, utilizand metodele mative din EC2 4.3.5.6.3 inclusiv cfectul curgerii lente 5.19), 'b) Excentricitati de ordinul I diferite la cele doun capete (fig. b) ic) stalpii din aveasia categorie, cand momentul svoietor de ordinul | variaza liniar pe lungimea lor si cand niricitatile Ja capete difera ea valocre si/sau semn in loc de 5,16) se ullizeaza o excentricitate echivalenta (2): 06e,, +042, Cero 5.17), (5.18 ae eae a \N é 02, Ji Po* Ea FO Te F b). First order excentricilies Computation of total eccentricity in the critical section is given for cases: 1a) First order eccentricities equal at both ends. (Figure 5.6.2) is obtained from (5.16) where: e0-first order eccentricity Mg, first order applied moment Ne -applied longitudinal force e, additional eccentricity (5.10) c) -second order eccentricity (see 5.19). b) First order eccentricities are different at both ends (Fig 5. b sic). For columns subjected to first order moments varying linearly along their length and having eccentricities at their ends which differ in value and/or sign, an equivalent eccentricity ez should be used in equation (3.16), instead of ey. Fig. 5.6 Excentricitati de ordinul I Fig. 5.7 Stalp in conscla Cantilever column h > h/2—+-h/2 Z| Coz Cor SS SS ome : Ss y SY SN toh} f Fig. 5.8 Verificerea sectiunilor dreptunghiulare Rectangular cross sections checks “Metoda modelului de stalp “a) Domeniu si definitie “Aceasta metoda de calcul se utilizeaza pentru elemente la “care covoiere considerat). sce 3 ! | Fig. 5.9 Verificari cu inaltime redusa Reduced widih checks Model column method a) Scope and definition This method relates to ne A<|140|, cu sectiuni vansversale dreptunghiulare sau | members where 2<|I40] and Circulate si cu ¢, > 0.th (este inaltimea sectiunii in planul de | with rectangular or circular cross-sections and e, 20h (h: depth of the cross-section measured in the plane under consideration). A model column is a 93este incastrat la baza si liber Ja celalalt capat (fig 5.7) ub incarcari axiale, avand momente de este incovoiat si si baza si se deformeaza avand 0 curbura aloare maxima la Deplasarea maxima ce corespunde excentricitatii de ordinul (eapeste: ene Ki bay ) 6.19) fe: : ee Jungimea efectiva a stalpului, i iti baza. © reste curbura in sectiunea critica de la baz Meese CNsurbara este derivata din echilibrul -eforturlor sionale si forte exterioare. K,=2-075 pentru I5SAS35 (5.20) K, =1 pentru 2>35 621) b) Trecerea de la caloulul de ordinul TI la caleulul seetiunii syersale camurile cand nu este necesara o precizie mare, curbure I/r srelatia (5.19) poate fi determinata din: 1/1 2K, -€,4/0.9d (8.22) ientul K; din rel. (5.22) ia in considerare descresterea Ir odeta cu cresterea fortei axiale si este definit de Ky = (Nye —Noa) Nua Ney) 2 # (5.23) capacitatea ultima de calcul a sectiunii supuse doar axiala, Poate fi luata egala cu ofA, +faAr ste incarcarea axiala care cand se aplica unei sectiuni capacitatea sa maxima de moment ultim, Pentru Creptunghiulare armate simetirc poate fi luata cantilever column which is: -fixed at the base and free at the top (Fig. 5.7): -bent in simple curvature under loads and moments which give the maximum moments at the base. The maximum deflection, which equals the second order eccentricity, e may be calculated with rel. (5.19) where: |p is the effective length of the column, iris the curvature. Ky from relations (5.20), (5.21) ) Transformation of second order analysis to cross-section design. In cases where great accuracy is not required, the curvature V/r in Eq. (5.19) may be derived from Eq. (5.22) where: 4 is the design yield stain of steel reinforcement, dis the effective depth of the cross-section in the expected direction of stability failure. The cocfiicient Kz in Eq. (522) takes account of the decrease of the curvature 1/t with increasing axiel force and is defined by Eq. (5.23) where: Naa is the design ultimate capacity of the section subjected to axial load only; it may be taken as afyA, + fyeAr Noa is the actual design axial force; Nyy is the axial load which, when applied to a section, maximises its ultimate moment capacity. For _ symetrically reinforced rectangular sections it Valoarea K;=1 este acoperitoare. Elemente solicitate la compresiune excentrica oblica (EC2 4.3. 1) Pentru elemente cu sectiuni transversale dreptunghiulare sunt permise verificari separate pe cele doua directii principale (y si 2) (vezi fig. 5.8). Daca: = -(e, Ph) (ec, 1b) $02 (5.24) =(e, 1b) /(e,/h) £02 (3,25) punctul de aplicare a Iui Ns, este localizat in aria hasurata (fig. 5.8). Excentricitatile ey si e, sunt in directiile dimensiunilor sectiunii b respectiv h. Ele nu includ excentricitatea aditionala. 2) Pentru cele doua verificari separate (inaltimi efective si limite de zveltete) EC2 4.3. 3 si EC2 4.3.5.6(1,3) se aplica analog acolo unde limitele de zveltete date in EC2 4.3.5.3 sunt depasite, Imperfectiunile geometrice se icu in cele doua planuri (BC2 4.3.5.4). In cazul cand e,>0.2h (fig. 5.9) sunt permise verificari la incoveiere dupa axa secundara a sectiunii (2-in fig. 5.8 ) se foloseste inaltimea redusa h (fig. 5.9), Valoarea h’ este data de expresia: ® = + 12@, +e) unde ey este excentricitatea aditionala conform relatiei (5.10) pe directia z. Daca criterjul (1) nu se verifica este nesesar un calcul mai tafinat. hi2 6.26) Flambajul lateral al grinzilor zvelte (EC2 4.3.5.7) Siguranta la flambaj lateral a grinzilor din beton armat sau ‘precomprimat este asigurata daca: — 1, <0 bsi h

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