SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF

CATIONS
Cations of group. : I, II, III,
IV, V+HNO
3< if basic

+ HCl (slight excess)

PbCl2, AgCl,
Hg2Cl2

Cation group. II, III, IV.

V

+ H2 0
- heat

Pb2+

AgCl, Hg2Cl2

+ CH3COOH
+ K2Cr04

PbCr04
yellow
Pb
(positiv
e)

+ NH4OH
(excess)

[Ag(NH3)2]Cl
+ HNO3
( excess)

AgCl
white
Ag
(positi

HgNH2Cl + Hg0
Grey
Hg
(positive)

DIAGRAM OF CATION SEPARATION

GROUP II
Cations group. : II, III, IV, V
+ make in 0,6 M HCl, heat
+ H2S (3 minutes)
+ dilute, making soln 0,25 M in
HCl
+ H2S (3 minutes)

HgS, PbS, Bi2S3, CuS,

CdS,
As2S3, As2S5, Sb2S3,
+ (NH ) S
SnS, SnS2 4 2 2

cations
Group. III, IV. V

heat (50 60 C)

HgS, PbS, Bi2S3,

CuS, CdS
Sub group. : II
A
(Sub group
Cu)

AsS33-, SbS33-, SnS22Sub group: II

B
(Subgroup As)

Diagram of Cations separation Sub

Group II A
HgS, PbS, Bi2S3, CuS,CdS
+ HNO3 2
M
+ heat

HgS
+ HNO3
+ HCl
+ Heat

Hg2+
+
SnCl2

Hg2Cl2 + Hg
grey
Hg
(post)

Pb2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+

+ H2SO4 - SO3
-coal+ H2O

PbS
+
COOH
OCH
4

Bi3+, Cu2+,
+ NH4OH
Cd2+

excess

+ CH3COONH4
+ heat

Pb2+
K2CrO
4

PbCr
O4
Yellow,Pb

Bi(OH)
3

[Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Cd(NH3)4]2+

+ Na2SnO2

Bi

Divide

Black , Bi

[Cu(NH3)4]2+,
[Cd(NH3)4]2+ +

CH3COOH
Cu2+, excess
+
Cd2+ K Fe(CN)
4
6

Cu2Fe(CN)6,
Cdbrown
2Fe(CN)6
Cu
(postv)

[Cu(NH3)4]2+,
2+
[Cd(NH
+ NaCN
3)4] excess
[Cu(CN)4]-,
+ H42]S[Cd(CN)

Cd
S
yellow
Cd
(postv)

DIAGRAM OF CATIONS SEPARATION

GROUP II B
AsS33-, SbS33-, SnS32+ CH3COOH
EXCESS

As2S3, Sb2S3,
HCl
SnS2 +-warm
As2S3
+ NH4OH
+ H2O2

AsO43+ MgCl2
+ NH4OH

MgNH4As
O4
white
As (postv)

Discard soln

Sb3+, Sn4+
divide

Sb3+,
4+ 0
Sn+
Al
-heat

(Sb ),
Sn2+
+
3+

Sb3+,
Sn4+
+ H2C2O4
Sb3+,
[Sn(C
O2S4)3]2+
+2H

Hg2HgCl
Cl22+Hg Sb2S
grey
Sn
(positive)

3
orange
Sb (postv)

Diagram of cations
separation group III
Cations group III, IV, V

1. acidify withHCl
2. Reduce Mn04- and CrO42- with
CH2O
3. Make basic with NH4OH
4. + H2S/ (NH4)2S

Ti(OH)4, Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3, FeS, MnS,

+ HNO
3 conc.
ZnS, CoS,
NiS
heat

Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Ti4+ Mn2+, Zn2+,

+ HNO3 conc
Co2+, Ni2+

Cations group IV, V

+ HClO3
- heat

MnO
2

+ KNO2
+ HNO3
- heat

Mn2+

Al3+, Cr2O72-, Fe3+, Ti4+, Zn2+,

O
Co2++, CH
Ni22+

+
NaBiO3

MnO4
violet
Mn
(postv)

Ti(OH)4, Al(OH)3,
Cr(OH)
3, Fe(OH)
Sub Group
III A3

- heat

Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Ti4+, Zn2+,

2+
Co2++, Ni
NH4OH
excess

[Zn(NH3)4]2+, [Co(NH3)4]2+,
[Ni(NH3)4]2+
Sub group III
B

Diagram of cation separation group

III A
Fe(OH)3, Ti(OH)4, Al(OH)3,
Cr(OH)
+ NaOH
3
+ H2O2
- heat

NaAlO2,
+
Na2CrO
4

Fe(OH)3,
Ti(OH)
+ H42SO4
3+ (dil)
Fe , Ti4+
+
Na3C6H5O7
+3-NH4OH

Al(OH)3

[Ti(C6H5O7)2]

+ HCl
+ HNO3
- heat

Fe3+
+ NH4CNS

Fe(CNS
)3
Red solution
(blood)
Fe (positive)

+
H2SO4

Ti4+

+
H2O2

H2TiO

4
Yelloworange
Ti (postv)

CrO42+ CH3COOH
+ Pb asetat

+ HCl

[Fe(C6H5O7)2] ,
[Ti(C6H5O7)2+
]2-H2S
FeS

CH3COONH4
- heat

Al3+
2

+
+
+
+

C22H23N3O9
CH3COONH4
NH4OH
(NH4)2CO3

Al(OH
)3

white
Al
(postv)

PbCrO
4

yellow
Cr as CrO4
Cr (postv)

Diagram of cations separation

group III B
[Zn(NH3)4]2+, [Co(NH3)4]2+,
[Ni(NH3)4]2+
+ H2 S

ZnS, CoS,
NiS + HCl 1
Zn

+
CH3COOH
Zn+ H2S

S
putih
ada Zn

CoS,
NiS + HCl
+ HNO3
- heat

Co2+,
Ni2+ divide

Co2+,
Ni2+
+
CH3COOH
+ KNO2

K3Co(NO
Yellow
2)6
Co
(postv)

discard soln

Co2+,
Ni2++ NH4OH
+ C4H8N2O2

Ni(C4H7N2O2
)2
Red-pink
Ni (postv)

Diagram of cations
separation
IV
Cations Groupgroup
IV, V
+ NH4Cl
+ NH4OH
until basic
+ (NH4)2CO3
BaCO3, SrCO3, CaCO3

cations group V

+ CH3COOH (dil.)
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
+
CH3COONH
BaCrO
4
4
+ HCl
+ K2CrO4
+ CH2O
SrSO
Ba2+ - heat
+ (NH4)2SO4
BaSO
4
white
Ba
(postv)

Flame
test
Bordeux Red
4

ada Sr

Sr2+, Ca2+
+ (NH4)2SO4
saturated
+Ca
tio2 (crystal)
+

+
(NH4)2C2O4
CaC2O4
WHITE
Ca
(postv
)

Diagram of Cations separation group V

Cations Group V
2+, Na+
+, K +
+
NH44++, Mg2+

Portion II
Of original, or supernate from
group IV

Portion I
original
+ NaOH
- heat

NH3

Litmus test

divide

NH4+, Mg2+, Na+, K+

NH4+, Mg2+, Na+, K+

+ HNO33 conc.
-evap. to dryness

Litmus test
Red- blue
(postv)
NH44++ (postv)

+ NH4OH until basic

+ (NH4)2HPO4

MgNH4PO4

Mg2+, Na+,
+
Kdivide
dua

+HCl (dilute)

Mg2+
Mg2+, Na+,
K+ Mg-

asetat
+
UO22asetat

NaMg(UO2)3(CH3COO)9
Yellow
Na (positive)

+ Magneson
+ NaOH

Mg2+, Na+,
+
+
K
+ CH3COOH Mg(OH)2
+ Na33Co(NO22)66

K2NaCo(NO2)
6

yellow , K (positv)

Sky blue
Mg (potv)