OBSERVATION SHEET

BACKWATER CURVE
L (m)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

d (mm)
78.6
72.7
69.2
72.0
69.5
68.7
67.3
66.6
65.9
66.5
65.8
63.9
61.7

Slope of the flume = S0 = 0.003

Width of the channel (B) = 30 cm
Flow rate (Q) = 3100 cm3/s

HYDRAULIC JUMP TEST

H. jump no

dA (mm)

dB (mm)

Q(l/s)

9.6

81.4

7.20

8.3

84.8

6.80

9.5

80.8

6.05

9.6

79.4

5.53

9.8

80.4

6.20

9.7

78.1

5.70

CALCULATIONS
BACKWATER CURVE

1)

Fr

v1
gh1

from the definition of Froude number for the critical flow,

(Fr)c = 1
Then,

For critical depth Fr = 1. Also A = Bdc. Therefore,

dc = 0.0222 m
From the Mannings Equation,

R=A/P where P=B+2dc , A=Bdc & V

as above.

Then,

Sc = 0.0376
As S0 = 0.003
S0 < Sc
Therefore, this is a Mild slope.

2)

Using Mannings equation for normal depth dn ,

where P = B + 2dnr , A = Bdnr & V = Q/(Bdnr)

dnr = 0.0503 m And d1 =0.0686 < d0

So dc < dnr < d1 ( < d0 )

Hence backwater curve has a M1 profile due to satisfying above condition & Mild slope.
Type of curve : Backwater and types of flow : subcritical
3)

From equation 2 ( Note : specimen calculation integrated with table)

Q 1
1
2
2
2
2 gB d m 1 d m

(d m 1 d m )

S0

Q 2 n 2 [ B (d m 1 d m )]
B

(d m 1 d m )

10

Comparing the theoretical values with the experimental distances

L(m)

(L)exp
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

(L)theo
2.7448
1.7759
1.4319
1.2742
0.4242
0.7647
0.3945
0.4035
0.3465
0.4049
1.1516

Absolute error %
81.78
71.85
65.08
60.76
17.87
34.62
26.74
23.91
44.32
23.49
56.58

Specimen calculation for d2,

4)

d m1 d m L S 0

Q n [ B (d m 1 d m )]
2

( d m1 d m )

10

Q2
1
1
2
2
2
2 gB d m 1 d m

Where,
d1 = 0.0786 m
L = -0.5 m
S0 = 0.003
Q = 0.0031 m3/s

n = 0.03
B = 0.3 m
g = 9.81 m2/s

Hope to solve this by using trial and error method.

Trial 1,
Lets assume d=0.0780
When d=0.0780 substitute to above equation RHS = 0.0774
Trial 2,
Lets assume d= 0.0778
When d=0.0778 substitute to above equation RHS = 0.0774
Trial 3,
Lets assume d = 0.0774
When d=0.0774 substitute to above equation RHS = 0.0774

When d = 0.0774 substitute to above equation RHS = LHS

Therefore d2=0.0774,
By using this method we can get following theoretical values for dm+1
dm
d1
d2
d3
d4
d5
d6
d7
d8
d9
d10
d11
d12

Horizontal distance (m)

0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5

Depth (m)
0.0786
0.0774
0.0762
0.0751
0.0740
0.0729
0.0718
0.0707
0.0697
0.0687
0.0677
0.0667

Above horizontal distances were measured from the Tail Gate

Flow Profile

For the Hydraulic jump

1)
a. Calculation of VA values
Considering the formation no 1 for specimen calculation,
Q=VABdA Where Q - flow rate (.0072 m3/s)
b - bed width (0.3m)
dA - depth at section A (0.0096m)
VA- flow velocity at the section A
Therefore,
VA= Q/BdA
VA=.0072/(0.30.0096)
=2.5m
Formation
no
1
2
3
4
5
6

dA(mm)
9.6
8.3
9.5
9.6
9.8
9.7

Flow rate Q
(cm3/s)
7200
6800
6050
5530
6230
5700

VA (m/s)
2.50
2.73
2.12
1.92
2.12
1.96

b. Calculation of theoretical conjugate depths

Specimen calculation was carried out by considering the formation no 1 as follows.

dB =

dB =
dB = 0.1059m

Formation
no

dA (mm)

1
2
3
4
5
6

9.6
8.3
9.5
9.6
9.8
9.7

Flow rate
Q
(cm3/s)
7200
6800
6050
5530
6230
5700

VA (m/s)

2.50
2.73
2.12
1.92
2.12
1.96

dB(m)
Conjugate
Values
0.1059
0.1082
0.0887
0.0803
0.0900
0.0824

dB(m)
Experimental
Values
0.0814
0.0848
0.0808
0.0794
0.0804
0.0781