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MIDTERM EXAM

(1) Define the following terms and provide a specific example illustrating
the term. For the definitions, you may quote from any of the assigned
texts please provide the citation, i.e., ({Taylor, p. 73.} or {Chan, p.
73.}) but the examples may not be taken from these texts. You may
use examples from the materials you have worked on during the first
part of the semester, however.
(A) Chief source of information is the part of the bibliographic item containing
data as the preferred source based on which a bibliographic description is
prepared. (see attached)
(B) Variable field is a field of an encoded record that can be as long or short as
the data to be placed into that field. (see attached)
(C) Fixed field is a field of an encoded record that is always the same length
from field to field. (see attached)
(D) Collocate is the bringing together of records and/or information resources
that are related in some way (e.g. same author, same work (different titles or
editions) same subject, etc. For example in a bibliography, a user may want
information on music and would like to see all that is available. He may find the
music classification, which has been placed together in a category and browse
the collection. Thus, history of music, music in movies, music for the adult
learner, etc will be located in the specific music category.
(E) Registrar (accession log) One of the control tools for a museum; it functions
like a catalogue with a number of additional kinds of access points. (see
attached).
(F) Pseudonym refers to the choice of which name to use which is required in
cases where a person has used different names, not including differently

shortened forms of part(s) of a name. (Ex. Puff Daddy is also known as P. Diddy.
Jennifer Lopez was also known as J. Lo for a period of years)
(G) ISBD is (International Standard Bibliographic Description) A standard that
was designed in the early 1970s to facilitate the international exchange of
cataloguing records by standardizing the elements to be used in the description,
assigning an order to those elements, and specifying a system of symbols to be
used in punctuating the elements.
(H) Access Point (AACR2-based) Any word or phrase used to obtain
information from a retrieval tool or other organized system in a library. AACR2
Access points are specific names, titles, and subjects chosen by the cataloger or
indexer when creating a surrogate/metadata record, to allow for the retrieval of a
record.
Ex. Theodore Geisels books are better known as Dr. Seuss.
(I) Title Main Entry is the primary access point to a bibliographic record. (see
attached)
(J) Corporate Body is an organization or group of persons that is identified by a
particular name and that acts, or may act, as an entity. Typical examples of
corporate bodies are associations, institutions, business firms, nonprofit
enterprises, governments, government agencies, religious bodies, local
churches, and conferences. (AACR2) (Ex. Archdiocese of Chicago, The Art
Institute in Chicago.

(2) What is the importance of authority control in a library catalog, be it for


personal names, corporate and government bodies, or subjects? Use examples
of your own creation to illustrate the outcomes of a search if authority control is or
isnt applied.
Authority control is a mechanism for creating consistency in online systems and
for allowing greater precision and better recall in searching. A cataloger
generally chooses subject and name headings from a list of approved headings.
Precision is enhanced by the use of standardized forms of names, while recall is
improved by the systems of references created. (Taylor, p.187)

For example, Library of Congress just revised the subject heading from the term
cookery to cooking due to the fact that cookery is an old term.
Another example would be the British version of the British version of the word
colour vs. the American, color. When you look these terms up in the Library of
Congress authorities you find that Color is the authorized term.
(3) What are Charles Ammi Cutters three criteria for the purpose of a library
catalog?
Chales Cutter His three criteria were the following: (Geeraedts, Retreival
Tools)

to enable a person to find a book of which the author, the title, and the
subject is known

to show what the library has by a given author, on a given subject, in a


given literature

to assist in the choice of a book as to the edition (bibliographically) as to


its character (literary or topical)

Do you feel these criteria are still relevant today? Defend your opinion based
both on what has been covered in this course thus far and your own
observations.
I believe that Cutters criteria are still relevant today because my instinct is that
many or most people would search by subject or if they like the works of a
particular author then they will look for other books by that author. I find that is
true for me. Unfortunately, I think that there are drawbacks in that the call
number can be very long and difficult to read or pay attention to or even fit on the
spine of the book.
(4) The primary components of a MARC record are fields, indicators, and
subfields. Define these three terms and provide specific examples explaining
what they are and how they are used. (You may draw your examples from titles
we have used in class or other titles of your own selection.) (see attached)
Fields refers to the two types of fields in the MARC record, fixed fields and
variable fields. A fixed field is a field in a computer record that is of a set length.
Each piece of information in that field is usually coded with a specific number of
bytes. Variable field refers to a field in a MARC record that can be as long or
short as the data to be placed in that field.

Indicators is explained in fields where they are used. Indicators are one-digit
numbers. Beginning with the 010 field, in every field are are two character
positions, one for indicator 1 and one for indicator 2. (see attached)

Subfields refer to the data which in each field is divided into subfields, each of
which is preceded by a delimiter-subfield code combination. Each subfield code
is preceded by the character, $, signifying a delimiter. The name of the subfield

follows the code.(see attached)

(5) Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs) are designed for library patrons to
search and access information/items held or made accessible by libraries. As
library patrons information seeking behavior and expectations are shaped by
their searching experience on the web, librarians and OPAC designers are
challenged to improve library catalogs to meet patrons expectations. Discuss
three ways OPACs are evolving to address these expectations. Cite sources
when and where appropriate.
OPAC is most often described in terms of generations. The interface of first
generation OPACS were menu-based and relatively primitive. Their searching
capabilities were limited to only authors and titles and left-anchored searching. In
first generation OPACS there were no keyword searches and OPACS were
primarily book finding lists that worked best for known item searching. (Taylor,
p.166)
Web designers learned from the problems of first generation OPACS.
Improvements were made to the user interfaces in the second generation
OPACS allowing keyword searching with Boolean operators which increased the
number of access points available for searching. The upcoming generation, or
third generation,( as referred to by Hildreth), will accept natural language query
expressions, where the user can search in his own words. (Taylor, p.168)
Discussions are on-going to continue to make OPACS more user- friendly.

Some changes developing are:

creating a simpler interface, similar to Google or Amazon.com

providing access to more than just surrogate records (e.g. full text
documents, digital objects, and other original materials, journal articles)

increasing interactivity and allowing user input, similar to Web 2.0


applications where users review, rank, recommend or tag information
resources.

WORKS CITED

Chan, Lois Mai. Cataloging and Classification: An introduction. 3rd ed.


Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 2007.
Taylor, Arlene G. , and Joudrey, Daniel N. The Organization of Information
3rd ed. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited, 2009

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