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Arhitectura Moderna in Romania 1920-1940
Arhitectura Moderna in Romania 1920-1940
s
ce decurg din foptul c6 eo conslituie
sintezd intre orio,;liinlo si tehnicd,
existot pe porcursul isloriei, precum
,IODERIUi
DII{ ROiIAITIA
ir prnloaoa
by
By the eo
sided, yiel
ture thot d
enced
1920-t940
ctors
m o[ clossicism sub-
romdnesti
,1934.
thrill the
MoNDlAl
Luminita Machedon
Florin Machedon
world"'
voluoble exoerts.
Tre penetrotion of the new bu,iding lechno/ogres
occurred of lhe some time, especiolly-lhe wide-scole
use oI rein[orced concrete. A lthese were concerted,
os observers noledr, wiih the progressive sprril of fhe
investors, who would consider thol modern orchrfecond suils lhe oclivrlure m
,es o[
, ond olso ollowed
colly efficient invest
for the
s free o[ costlY ond
menls
loborious decorotion
ROMANIA AFTER WORLD WAR ONE THE CCNTEXT
CONFERRED BY EXISTING ARCHIECTURE
The penetrotion of the new ortistic currenls in Romonio
,IODERIT
ARGTIIIECIURE
RoilaIUlA"
tru
t920-1940
11
in tord
occo
o
with the Europeon
kibuting to the deve
de olto porte ocodem smul froncez, oooptot de orienloreo Scolii Rom0nesli de Arhiteciuro, esle prezent
prin lucrori importonte reolizote in Bucuresti de cdtre
orhitecti froncezi".
Primele lentolive de orgonizore o orhitectilor romOni si
de constientizoreo o rolului lor in societoie incep cu
'in[iintoreo Sociefolir Architectilor
1 891, prin
Romdni,
prezidoio de Alexondru Oroscu; recunoostereo lor ofi
ciold se vo foceln 1932, cond s-o creot CorpulTehntc
ol Arhitectilor
Pe
iol of the
connect
nts, conomporo-
As in the rest o[ the world, the use o[ reinforced concre e in engineering orcl.ilecrure surpossed ils use rn
civil orchitecture The first qroin siloes of reinforced con-
impelus of orchifeclure.
Duiliu Morcu, one of the mosi imminent orchitects o[ the
oceslei perioode, mol,vo proprio evolulie o concepriei
lucrorilor sole. ,,Desi oveon o more inclinolie si chior
usurint6
o
[OrO be
si ormo
totugi
70
ne pentru orn
iu odepiul or
core prin just
so
deo ochil
iN nouANrn ANI'20
NUMAR
CONSACRAT
ARHITECTUBII
M
Avongordo ortisticd romoneoscd se monifesfo'incd inoinle
R
N
E
Coperlo revislei Contimporonul,
nr 53 54 1975
expilmore
Cu un oorecore decoloi temporol 'in roporl cu unele
curente orlislice si lilerore, orhilecturo modernd vo de-
ilizo tion
'ideo
o[
itselI
Rolul sou
in
urbo
ETH in Zurich, where he iounded with other personolities, the vonguord ortistic movemeni DADA in lgl68.
Morce/lonco returned to Romonio in 1922, onnouncorronged in Buchoresi,
in such o woy os lo orrest
public who hod not met
ing
wh
the
wit
S: - Sa, tSZS
plostice
in
Romonio. Fdrd o conline elemenle de more complexilote, ele ou meritul demonslrotiei unor inovoiii de oidin
compozitionol constituind un moment de 'inceput ol
oporiiiei orhitecturii moderniste'in RomOnio
Diferile olle publicotii ou di[uzot si onolizot in pooinile
lor demerst,rile pionierilor orhilec'uri, moderne
in Romonio
errofene
compozitie
si
72
plictty
Renoissonce etc)"
orchiteiture, which he
''
si
in scrierile lui
ond
es o
ceiv
of th
whol
is
one
ode
its debut in Romonio, withoul lhe soundings o[o vonguord
in seorch of sel[-definition, but with works thot demon-
nset o moturity o[ rhlnking, o well mosolion, relying upon new principles which
rom on old oesthetic trodition, long test
rchitecture.
This ideo of continuity would oppeor olso in the writings o[ George Motei Contocuzino." ..Modern orchitecture seeks its lows ollhe source oi lhe useful, oI the
constructive ond o[ the sociol ideo lldoes not run counter
posibilitoti" '
Proiectul ,,monifest" pentru imobilul ARO din Bucuresti,
prin core Horio Creongd se vo impune, o fost seleclionot
concur
c
orhiteclurd de focturd inedito
o lormei si funciiunii. Pono
in )929 in
urmo unui
in
ie
in
193 I , proiectul o ovut o evolutie cu tronsformdri succesive, o jungond in [inol lo o expresie plostico colegoricd,
cu un limbol formol simplificotin fovooreo unei volumekii
si
o orhifecturii moderne in
RomOnio s-o lScutin primii oni oi deceniului potru, cdnd
o inceput sd fie privitd co simbol ol progresului si desLonsoreo pe scord lorgd
73
it
ossimiloted,
oi the
were lounching.
of
ll
problemelor
lunctiono le
- Opodunilo
no
pentru clod
conslruif si
his.
74
orierei respective
- Se remorcd modu/ pudicios de ulilizore o geomehier
(verlicole si orizontole) o porce/e/or exrslenle. Apore
prezentd o relolivd delerminore o formei terenului osupro compozitiei ce conduce lo solutii functionole
utilizore rotionol6 o
si estetice odecvote si lo
omplosomentului
II
tecture
romoneosco
- Volenle/e unghiulut drept suni speculote cu obilitote
de ceo moi more porte o orhiteclilor. Nu lipsesc rnsd
sizes the horizontolily, olternoting with verticol elements, morked by the cleoronce of volumes, with lhe
gool of illustroling the principle of composition or o[ relo!
ing it to the ciiy environment determined by the evolulion ond dynomics oI urbon li[e.
- ln Romonio, rhe formol simplicity brought by modern
orchilecture hos o{ten been reloted, even by the [others
o[ this orchitecture, to the lorce o[ Romonion populor
orchilecture fhe occurocy of forms, lhe pure yo/umes,
fhe c/eor composilion ond the ref ined sinplicity of popu/or Romonron orchilecfure, noticed olso by Le Corbusier
during his Romonion soiourn ot the beginning of the century, con be considered essentiol requisites thot focililoted Romonion orchiiecls' creotive lhinking.
lectilor rom6ni
A
Din ocest punct de vedere se conslotd moi multe
niveluri lo core o fosi gondito creolio de orhitecturd
interbelic6:
OF SOLVTNG
FUNCTIONAL PROBTEMS
ln lhis respecl, one con distinguish severol levels ot which
inter-bellum orchiteclurol creotion wos lhoughl oul:
- The coses onolyzed vory lrom formol odiuslment lo
lhe new oesfhelic conons, lo lhe modern shoping of the
iociions, chonged in their essence, which, bul for o few
orl rs not o iemporory whim, the use[ul ond the enioyoble ore oncrenl trulhs" '
complexity
ln brood lines, the themes of lhe works con be grouped
inlo:
I Dwellings
ll Socio culturol progrorrs
lll lndustriol construclions
I locuinie
ll Progrome sociol-culturole
lll Constructii industriole
I
LOCUINTETE
Desprindereo lor din onsomblul reolizorilor de orhileclurd, precum si prezenioreo principolelor directii de
evoluiie, se iustifico prinir-o suito de elemenie ce e departo jeozo co zond distincto in spotiul rezervof orhileciurii
moderne romdnesli. Acesleo sunt.
- Amplooreo sr diversitoteo consiructiilor de locuinte
omplosote in mediul urbon sou in codrul nolurol;
Pondereo deosebil de insemnoiS pe care oceosto
femd o ore in octiviloteo moioritdiii orhiteciilor epocii,
Unitoteo concepluold regosii6 in lucrdri e unui more
numdr de orhiiecti;
- lmpoctul sociol direct o progromului;
- Reo izorile de more voloore din ocesi domeniu,
- Pe plon inlernolionol, ocesl subiect o conslituit o
preocupore de bozo in demersul de lronsformore
[ormolo si functiono o o operelor de orhiteclu16, eo re
llec,ondu-se si in pozit,o orh rectilo' romon.:
Coroclerul specific ol soluiiondrilor in roport cu ceeo
ce lonsose Miscoreo Moderno inlernotionol6,
- lnlluento ocestoro osupro orosului prin modeLoreo
codrrrlui rrrhcn'
- Corocterul je pronierol pe core lou ovut locuintele
in deburr,l curentulLi mode'nist in Romon,o elc
rrttt.illl
Plamodeo o, ViJo,Severo
prorect, i929
Vi lo 'Severo proiecr, 1929
,
l'tor o Creongo,
Vi
)927 1929
V o Dr Pelru Grozo, Devo,
)927 - )929
I DWELLINGS
Singling out dwellings lrom oiher works oI orchitecure,
ond outlining lheir evolution is iustified by o number of
elements thot set them opori os o distinct oreo in modern Romonion orchitecture. They ore:
- The wide scope ond diversity of housing construction in the urbon or noturol environment;
The very importontshore ol this theme within the octivify of most of lhe orchilects oI the time;
- The conceptuol uni! shown in the works o[ mony orchilecls;
lo
sr
76
Cheop dwellings
3. Locuinte ieftine
profefe
libere
inch
construcfii,
d completote
cu
nstruil.
r93t
Conslontinescu house, Buchoresl,
t93t 33
ino londscope
The true period of wide-scole modernist impetus siort
si
F';{
' ,li
'u'r,-1,,'
t-
*r'iio*ryyry6:ga;1
'
(-ci
r'i-.Lrli
cu punclele
in
l,
slonl chorocler:
- Pure geometry, brg, windowed sur[oces, the subtle
composition o[ horizonlol ond verticol elemenls thotgenerotes o dynomic orchiteclure.
- The porty loo, evinces some common elements osso
Cumpotu
- Trosoluro unitord, prezentd oproope permonent, romOne insd deloliul de orhitecturo conceputcu moieriole
de foorte bund colitote, cu elegonto sl rofinoment, gondil
Srnoro
7B
dupo Primu
lor un coro
modelolsp
compozilionole precise
ebultl rrorcol de Hor o
lungrrl
Creongo
1929 19
lucrori pe
cipiile ce
de o
minonte
obvi
recolling
in
up to o consist
I the
ulor o,rchilecture,
otion (lor exomple, Villos
righl's crelo-uronceo
Gibory),
composition lounched
pog
ections of
locuinte,
Bermon,
Bucuresli
ol enq
Bermon, Buchorest
orchitects synlhes
tic inclinotion with
ing up with 2Ohcentury civilizolion by [illing on obvious gop
CCLTECTIVE DWELLINGS
'BICCK_HCUSES'
Mogheru,
I936
3Z (disporur)
si
E/emenre
se
remorcd cu usurinid:
- Pionul oportomentelor se dezvoltd in iurui unui nucleu
ceniro generos dlmensionot, constiluit din comero de
zi ln reloiie direct6 cu uno din ceielolte incdperi de locuii,
oceosld ieqoiuro [iind elementul de flexibl itote ol
iocuiniei.
Apore odeseo ulilizot principiul zonorii functiunilor
de noopie si de zi
I
be distinguished:
Buildings inserted in on olreody existing lineol front,
A exondru Crivez, lmobil de
locuinle, Bulevordul Ano lpotescu
(Loscdr Cotorgi), Bucuresti
Aportment 6lock, Boulevord Ano
pdtescu ( Loscor Coiorqi), Buchoresl
t'
T-
!--.TEF
,,Adriotico",
orh
in
3. LOCUINTETE IEFTINE
lo
str
Rosetti,
nivel
Buchoresi eic
- Buildings ploced in mporlonf squores, the orchitecture of which is quiie diflerent from lhe olreody built coniexf, yet hormonlzed wilh the urbon porometres conferred by lhe site
- Buildings erecled on isoloted locotions, such os the
in
It
Er
il
,:
EI
II
EI
CHEAP DWELLINGS
cotegory o[ dwel ing, ot on internotionol level omong
the moin experimenls in o bid to soive the criticol housThis
PROGRAMETE SCCIAL_CUTTURALE
!I
936- 39
Buchoresl,
1936 39
Buchorest, I 93
BO
investitiile
orchilects
l-1
Creongo
or
Honciu
PADCEJ-ADLA VATM.
Pt.^q
i!.ti
a.".
L']i' .
-
- Constructii
-
II
SOCIO_CULTURAL PROGRAMS
Buildings
Buildings
Buildings
Buildings
pentru sdndtote
tendinto
tendlnte spre
o severo
disciplino
o [ormelor.
Ele
1o
dreopto
Cheremboch,
leodorescu,
Srnoro,
930.33
930
33
olternoting solid
lr
Arghrr Culino, Holel Ambosodor
Bucuresl,1935 36
Ambosodor Hole, Buchorest,
r935-36
932-33
Did
orh
prog
Corpului
remorcobil
proiesor
propie .noi
multde
isolui incon
posoiului moritrm
preocuporii penlru o e^presie p osllcd simp 6, cu volume rezullole din compunereo ingenioosd o corpuri or
ErrttEittr
ltEEtGtt
Gh Honer
e,
LTU RALE SI
ADMIN ISTRATIVE
izare"
prelucro
rdec;
AND ADMINiSIRATION
By noture, these buildings ore locoted exc usively in on
urbon seiiing. The sioges ond course of lheir evolution
wenl beyond whot wos ovoiloble in terms of lrodition-
De lo dreopto lo slongo/from
riqhr ro leh
Bucu resli
Buchorest
to
Ho ,
lnstitutii
Do les
Conslruc
proiecte
Exemple
I
929,
e de morile
porcurilor.
[, Bucuresli
str.
H.Creongd.
Se conslruiesc ocum si noile cl
gdn: Goro RegolO Bucurest
Regolo Sinoio, 1936, orh. D.M
Albd si Aerogoro Cern6uti, orh
orh
Brosov,
tect
Week, Woiier
Froy,
-33
Telecommunicotions buildinq,
Buchorest, l93l -33
938
H Creongo, H Georgescu,
Ricci Expozilio
,,Luno Bucurestilor", I 938
H Creongo, H Georgescu,
M Ricci ,,Buchoresi Month"
Exposition, 1 93I
si
N
Bu
po
pri
si stiintilice
lo Expozitio ,,Luno
u. lmporlonlo Ex
lrebuie privito in
cullurole, tehnice
pe plon notionol
si
perioodei
III CONSTRUCTIILE
INDUSTRIALE
"represenlotive orchilecture"
;L
lr:
l,:
?:ffi:: :?
Th'"
934, orchi
Buchorest,
orchitects H,Creongo, Horolomb
Georgescu, M.Ricci, I Dovidescu, engineer Vlod
Rodovici; The Romonion Povilion oi the lnternolionol
Exposition, Brussels, 1935, orchltect Constoniln
Mosinschi; The Romonion Povilion of lhe lnternotionol
ot the lnlernotionol
Exposiiion, New York, 1939, orchitect G M Contocuzino; The Romonion Povilion ot ihe Trienniol, Milon,
194 1, orchitects N Nedelescu ond N Cucu; CFR
Povilion ot the Buchorest Monih Exposiiion
orchitecl N Nedelescu etc
935
940,
de
III
INDUSTRIAT CCNSTRUCTIONS
R Bordenoche
Constructiile penku obotoore moderne ou locutobiectul
.in
unor inveslitii rmportonte
multe din ocolitdtile lorii;
printre eie se numd16 Abotoru de export din Consionlo,
I 933 - 34, orh Nicoloe Nenciu escu, Abotorul orosului
,l934
Buzou, 1934, si Abotoru orosului Bocou,
35,
orh D Morcu etc
in
Romonio
porcursul
urmdtoorelor decenii.
URBANISMUL
Potentiolul economico-po itic ol torii cresc6nd veriiginos
in
Vq,o Co'-s.u
1937
-l,e ere
Bucuresli, l93O 40
Grivilo Works, Buchoresl,
"
38
to
930 40
'38
93/,38
Constonlo, 1934 35
Expoa Sloughter House
932, orchiteci
-38
orchitect
It*F
unoro dinire
si
O Do cescu, Uzrnele de
Anvelope Bonloc, F oresti, l9Y7
Tyres Works Bonloc Florestl
]9,18,
RomOn
Bucuresti, 1937 3B
Ford Works, Buchorest,
hoolic in Euror>c-.:
o new
-n
URBAN]SM
The counky's lremendous economic ond politicol growlh
ofier the [ormotion of the Romonion notionol stote in"l 9l 8
),
rOnd
sistemicd (sistemul)
existentd
in 1934
Plon of Buchorest,
lhe siluolron in 1934
volorilicdrrr
lui
prevederi:
Zomfiopo , P onul de
proiect, I 93
Genero
B6
morn provtstonS:
tu
role'1
l.
o,
e des-
ce ou
iei de
mo
[osi.
nordul orosului
zone
strio le.
ole oroselor devin o proctlcd ce vo conlribui o se ectoreo si promovoreo celor moi voloroose idei.in domeniul
u
rbo
ism
lu i?o
i'
,;:;;".1:'T:::
Buchorest's noi-
urol environmeni
The modern city is considered os o living orgonism in which
privole lnitiotive is kept wilhin reosonoble limiis ond where
rhe provisiorol ond ephemereol sl.oll be elim,"oled
Consequeni to thot "legislotive context" o[ wide opening, the Copiiol knew severol inlervenlrons thotillustroted
the spirituol ond creotive potentiol oI the qenerotion oI
Romonion orchitects ond urbonists under considerolion.
The most importont of lhem were:
1 The complelion of the north-soufh oxis (Bolcescu
-Mogheru- l84B Boulevords) ond o[ its fronis, o loci
thot led to the emergence of on urbon insert of modern
orchilecture withoulprecedenlor motch in lhe Continent.
2 The complelion ol the ot distribution of severol residentiol disir cts, like Porcu .lionu, Porcul Notionol,
Votro Luminoosd etc
.
iriol zones.
Storting in 1929, ocording to the Locoi Administrctfion
;:r
;?.t;
ome
o proclice thotwould heip select ond promoie lhe most
uolr,oble rdeos in urbonism"
ll con be concluded thoi urbonism ond modern orchi-
CONCLUZIi
romOnesc
Al Dovidescu,
Srslemolizoreo
stoliunli Cormen Silvo, proiect
penlru concurs
Spo Cormen Si vo urbon
plonning, proieci [or contest
iFfr;-:=t'-r,r
a-'t'?
ceptore si receptiviiote
Ancoroid puternic in determin6ri moteriole $i sociole,
erole directions of evolulion, very profound in their understonding of the extont buill coniextuol syslem ond sociol
psychology generolly
Without being osfentollous rn geslures ond decisrons,
niversole
im-
Torino, 1948,
p 224
CONCLUSIONS
The modern movemenl expressed in Romonion orchi-
lure ployed
225
nr
53-54 din 1925, Bucuresti.
,10.
NOTES
I . Bruno Zevi's motivotion
imporlonce
modern
orchilecture with the hislory of the socie[ where itdevel
oped, opplies olso to the Romonion inler-bellum orchiteclure:
"
3. Ren
lished
4. The
umonle", pub-
, 1934, p.55.
, I 885, orchr
llustrotio pe pogino 82
lllustrolion on poge B2:
Angelo Viecelli Sonotoriul Cormen Silvo, proiect pentru concurs,
Cormen Silvo Sonotorium, proiect [or contest, ]936
1936/
Se vo citi becomes:
Angelo Viecelli Sonotoriul Dobrito-Gorj, proiect pentru concurs,
Dobrito-Gori Sonotorium, proiect lor contest, 1935
88
orchitect
1935/
u0
6.ldem,p123.
/.
proporti
incoper
revrsto Conllmpor
I l. Revisto Com
modern
inollimeo
mdrimeo
,lnferiorul" , in
25, Bucuresti.
si
problemotico
construcfiilor de locuinte, cu duroto de oporitie intre
l92B- 1929, cond existou in Romdnio door cdtevo
incercdri sporodice de pdkundere o curentului modernist,
Le
3GM
14 ldem I 2
15 ldem 3.
l6
l/.
Revisto Cdminu/
nr I din 1929
iects
only
iion I
12
de-choussee, et oux etoges l, ll, lll, choque chombre
est prolong6e por un bolcon limite por des cloisons.
Dons les sous-sols, les cuisines et leurs d6pendonces,
oinsi que les oulres serv;ces, sonl lorgemenl pr6vus.
Autont qu le lerroin l'o permis dons son exigui'6, les
terrosses qui descendent iusqu'o lo mer onl regu le
moximum de d6veloppement."
I B. Clodireo fundoliei ,,DoJles" cuprinde soli de expozilie, o sold de concerte, onexe etc. Co noulole plofonul solii de expozilie, reolizol din [erme metolice,
permite iluminoreo noturolS prin mori suprofele vitroteUlterior, conslructio o fost completot6 cu un volum inolt
de opf etoie, ior porlerul si fotodo iniliold sunlinglobole
in nouo clddire
I 9 Comondo este focutd'in urmo concursului de sistemotizore din lg27 pentru noul sediu ol Acodemiei, eo
focond porte din onsomblul noilor clodlri propuse. Ago
reolizoreo iniegrolo
ned
eloe.
for
l5
ldem 3
Cominui
No I of 1929
12. Description o[ the solulion for Hotel Bellono,
mode by the oulhor, orchitect George Molei
16
rez-de-chousstie, et oux 6loges l, ll, lll, choque chombre est prolong6e por un bolcon limi16 por des cloi'
sons. Dons les sous-sols, les cuisines et leurs depenes, sont lorgemenl
rmis dons sons exi'
iusqu'o lo mer onl
nt."
89
si tuburi lominote,
ce vor contribui lo revolutionoreo sistemului de lronspor
ollow
Romo
while
'to the
20
2l
Urbonistics),
moster plon for the
24.Ihe
90