iD 42164 ASHRAE HANDBOOK An Instrument of Service Prepared for the Profession containing TECHNICAL INFORMATION PERTAINING 70 SYSTEMS USED IS HEATING, REFRIGERATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING, BASED ON ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS, THe Investigations oF THE ASHRAE Restanckt Prockans AND COOPERATING INSTITUTIONS, AND THE PRACTICE OF THE Members nb FRIENDS OF THE SOCIETY: AND A COMPLETE INDEX 70 AL Conner Votumes in THe HANDBOOK sentes. A ; Y i) : C7 ZS E PUBLISHED BY THE Ye AMERICAN SOCTETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND Air-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, Inc. 179] TULLIE CIRCLE, N.E., ATLANTA, GA 30329COPYRIGHT 1985 BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC. DEDICATED To THE ADVANCEMENT OF ‘THE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS ARE FULLY PRO- TECTED BY COPYRIGHT AND NOTHING THAT APPEARS MAY BE REPRINTED EITHER WHOLLY OR IN PART WITHOUT SPECIAL PERMISSION. [Although great care has been taken in the compilation and pub! tation of this volume, no warranties, express or implied, are given in connection herewith and no responsibility can be taken for any claims a ‘Comments, criticisms and suggestions regarding the subject maiter ate invited. Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. An errata sheet will be sued approximately the same time as the next Handbook, if re- Quired, Notice of any significant errors found after that time will ‘be published in the ASHRAE JOURNAL. ISSN: 82-643223 ‘Second Printing 1985,CHAPTER 33 DUCT DESIGN Berronil Equation; Head and Pressure; Sysiem Analysis: Fluid Resistance; Frictional, Losses; Dynarnie Losses; Fan/System {nerface: Duet Design Considerations; Duet Design Methods; aucoreied wn Design; HVAC System Duct Design; {ndusiial Exhaust System Duet Design: Appentl A: Prietion Charttee Berge Tables; Anpencix B: Fitting Loss Coefficients COMMERCIAL or industrial air duct sytem design must ‘consider (1) space availability, (2) space air diffusion, (3) noise levels, (4) duct leakage, (5) duct heat gains and losses, {Opbalancing, (7) fire and smoke control, (8) intial investeann, «ost and (9) system operating cost, Deficiencies in duct design can result in systems that incorrectly or are expensive to own and operate, Poot istribution can cause discomfort; lack of sound a teauators permits objectionable noise levels. Poorly designed inates this problem. ‘This chapter discusses system design considerations and gnphasizes the calculation of a system's frictional. and dynamic resistance t0 airflow. Chapter 1 of the 1983 Fou west Vous examines duct construction and presents con traction standards for residential, commercial and indesiiel ‘eating, ventilating, air-conditioning and exhaust systems, BERNOULLI EQUATION Bernoulli's equation can be developed by equating the forces on an element of a stream tube in a fluid flow t the Regi momentum change. On integrating this relationships ‘he following expression! results: 7 Era tf S + F constant, Nemieg o ek here > streamline dal) velocity, m/s 4, dimensional egnstant, 1.0 (eg ra/(N-2) pressure, N/m density, kg/tn? 4S aseleaton de to gravity, m/s? patie constant fluid density within a system; ‘eaite P usually is constant over a section, even when we 's considerably nonuniform, Eq. (1) re. 2 ae ne ‘= constant, N-m/kg. 2 san atth Ea. (2) was derived for flow along a stream tube * eal rictionies flow, it an be extended to analyos fle Stn oh chaper sane 1 T2, Duct sin and Con through ducts in real systems. In terms of pressure, the Ber- ‘noulli relationship for fluid resistance between two sections is 2 ent Se tet SE ee te tly, oe y= SE +P + rea + bp, m.N/m! = N/m? or Pa eo where ¥ = average duct velocity, m/s 4p) 7 total pressure oss between steions 1 and 2in the system, Pa, = speilic weight, N/m? In Equation (3), ¥ (section average velocity) replaces v {streamline velocity) because experimentally determined lose coefficients allow for errors in calculating gy*/2e, (velocity Pressure) across streamlines. Since it is common to use gaugesfor measuring pressure, Eq. () can be rewritten: gh? oh? + Oa +p) + yy = 2, 1st Pty = Se + Ba +2) + re + Op, co here 2. represents the atmospheric pressure at elevations 2, and z,, and p; and p; are gauge pressures. When the specific weight of atmospheric air (y,) is con- stant, it can be shown’ that: Pa ~Pa™ We ~ 21) co) Rearranging Eq. (4), substituting Eq, (5), and assuming the specific weight of atmospheric air equals that of air within the ‘duct yields: © In Eq. ©), Px and p2 represent static pressures at the two sections and are positive or negative according to whether the Pressure is greater or less than the arnbient atmospheric Pressure. Although the atmospheric air density remaing con, stant in most cases, variations occur whem the height between, {wo parts of a system is considerable or a temperature gras dient exists, Stack Effect When there is a change in elevation and the atmospheric air density (@.) is not the same as the air or geas density (o) in a 33.1 a met eee33.2 duct oF stack, the Bernoulli equation is developed by Eq. (G)radding and subcracting p.. and, eve 28. HPA BB ez ~ Pa) + v2 + bp. o The atmospheric pressure at any elevation (py and pa) ex- pressed in terms Of the atmospheric pressure at ute same ‘datum elevation (p,) is given by the folowing expressions: = @/eedee 2 @ ~Gheelee te 0 Substituting Eq. (8) and (9) into Eq. (7) and simplifying vields the cotal pressure drop between stations | and 2: wr @re)- Gr ge)+ fe - oe 2) 10 ‘The stack effect is calculated by: Pag = 9.81 (0s ~ 0) > 20) where tack effet, Pa ‘es = density of atmospheric air, ke/m? ‘@~ density of air within ducts, kg/m Slack effect is positive if it promotes flow; negative if it hinders low. Far horizontal flow (z: = 21) oF fluid density equal to atmospheric density (g = gy), the stack effect is zero. Use Table 1 in conjunction with Fig. 1 10 determine the DATUM (os, 04), a. Upward Flow CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook ‘Table 1 Stack Effect Illustrations (Use with Fig. 1) ‘Air Temperature ‘of Gas Density ‘aside Duct A Beet ot Flow Relativeso Signo Sack Erfeet Direction Ammbies iN) oa Flow Upward Hotter + Conbures| (see Fis, 13) (ey) ‘olow Upward Colder = Hinges low Gee. 12) @e) Downward Hater = Hinders tow (Gee Fig. 10) (eer) Downward Colder + Contebutes see Fig. 18) (>a) to flow positive or negative value of Eq. (11). For example, with flow lupward and the duct air temperature hotter than the ambient air, of the gas density less than that of the atmosphere, the stack effect induces flow upward, increasing flow from clevations 1 to 2 (see Fig. ta). If duet air is colder than am bbient air, the stack effect induces flow downward, hindering Row upward. HEAD AND PRESSURE Head and pressure are often used interchangeably, but these terms have specific meanings. Head is the height of a uid column supported by fluid flow, while pressure is the formal force per unit area. With a lighid, itis convenient to ‘measure the head of a fluid in terms of the flowing fluid. With ‘2 gas oF air, however, it is customary to measure pressure on a coluren of liquid. DATUM.) b. Downward Flow Fig. 1 Stack Effect IllustrationsDuet Design Static Pressure ‘The term (Pg. /eg) is static head; Pis static pressure. city Pressure ne term (V7/2g) is known as velocity head, and the term ie" /2gc) is velocity pressure, Although velocity head is in- dependent of utd density, veloc pesueclelated by Ea, p, = AV/1414)* (2) where elocity pressure, Pa "hrm Mid ean veloc, m/s Tor air at standard conditions (1.204 kg/m’), Eq. (12) pe = (WA299 (13) {elocity is calculated by Eq. (14) and (15). v= 1009/4 a where Q = autow rae, L/s A = crosesctional area of duct, mm? V = 0.001 Q/A as) here A= cross-sectional area of duct, m? ‘or a tabulation of velocity pressure based on standard air 1nd asa function of velocity, see Table A-1 ‘otal Pressure Total pressure is the sum of static pressure and velocity + eV 28. a6) Pm Pt pe an ‘here 2, = soa pressure, Pa ‘B= static presure, Pa struments Instruments for measuring pressure and velocity are scusted in Chapter 13, with respect to range, precision and ns, The manometer is a simple and useful means for casuring partial vacuum and low pressure. Itis a primary in- rument and often is used as a standard for calibrating other struments. The static, velocity and total pressures in a duct ‘stem relative to the atmospheric pressure are measured with Pitot tube connected to a manometer. Pitot tube construc- dn and locations for traversing round and rectangular duets e presented in Chapter 13. SYSTEM ANALYSIS ‘The pressure losses for each section of a duct system are leulated by Eq. (18). Generally, sections of ductwork are om node-to-node (see example 5), where a node is an entry, netion (a es, wpe), pee of equipment, fan ine, charge) or an ext, 4, -E0, +S, ap where 4p, ~ oral pressure loss fora section of ductwork, Pa 4p, = ductor fiting otal pressure fos, Pa umber of ducts and ftings within a section of ductwork ap, = equipment (ea. cal, Gre damper) total pressure loss, Pa ‘m= number af pects of equipment within a section of ductwork ‘To determine the fan total pressure requirement for 2 system, use Eq. (19). This equation includes the fan system effect factors (see Fan/System Interface section) and stack effect when significant. werwcee AP ree 2, =, + SEF, + SEF, ~ Par as) where 2, = fan coal pressure, Pa 1], ~ path in a system with maximum resistance to flow in cerms Dt total pressure, Pa SEF; = system effect factor eaused by fan inlet conditions, Pa SEF, = system effet factor eased bs fan oulet conditions, Pa Pressure Changes in a System igure 2 shows total and static pressure changes in a fan/duct system consisting of a fan with both supply and return air ductwork, Also shown are the total and static pressure gradients referenced to atmospheric pressure. For all constant-area sections, the total and static pressure losses are equal. At diverging sections 3 and 7, the velocity pressure decreases, the absolute total pressure decreases and the absolute static pressure can increase. The static pressure increase at these sectionsis known as static regain. ‘At converging sections 2 and 6, the velocity pressure in- creases in the direction of air flow, and the absolute total and absolute static pressures decrease. ‘At the exit, section 8, total pressure loss depends on the shape ofthe fitting and the flow characteristics. Exit loss coef ficients can be greater than, less than or equal to one (see Table B-2), The total and siatic pressure grade lines for the various coefficients are shown in Fig. 2. Note that for a loss coefficient less than one, static pressure upstream ofthe exit fs less than atmospheric pressure (negative). ‘The static pressure just upstream of the discharge fitting can be faleulated by substracting the upstream veiocity pressure from the upstream total pressure. ‘At section 1, the total pressure loss depends on the shape of the entry. The total pressure immediately downstream of the entrance equals the difference between the upstream pressure, which is zero (atmospheric pressure), and the loss through the fitting. The static pressure of the ambient air is zero; several diameters downstream, static pressure is negative, algebraically equal to the total pressure (negative) ‘and the velocity pressure always positive). System resistance to airflow is noted by the total pressure agzade line in Fig. 2. The fan inlet and outlet system effect factors caused by the fan and system interactions are not shown; only system resistances are shown. To obiain the fan static pressure requirement for fan selection where the fan total pressure is known, use: c Pe~ Pi Poo en) where Ne Tune AP TRL, 2, = fanstatic pressure, Pa P, = fan total pressure, Pa cg = fanouiletvelonty pressure, Pa33.4 °° CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook {i iz, ee Fig. FLUID RESISTANCE “The irreversible transformation of mechanical energy into heat causes duct system losses. Two types of fluid losses exist: (1) frictional losses and (2) dynamic losses. FRICTIONAL LOSSES Frictional losses are due to fluid viscosity and are a result of momentum exchange between moleculeTin laminar flow and. between particles moving at different velocities in turbulent flow. Frictional losses Occur along the entire duct length. Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook Equations For fluid flow in conduits, friction loss can be calculated by the Darcy-Weisbach equation: App = fp (1000L/Dip. en where * ftom loses in terms of oa esse, Pa " tkton factor, dimensiones D dacttenth = Games of pipe, mm Within the region of laminar flow (Reynolds numbers less than 2000), the friction. factor is a function of Reynolds umber only, independent of pipe wll roughness. Tis completely turbulent regions, the friction factor depends on the relative roughness of the pipe wall, independent of Reynolds number "A transition one’ exists Between the Pressure Changes During Flow in Ducts, aminar and fully developed turbulent regions. The flow con- dition depends on the initial turbulence of the fluid entering the pipe and any other factors affecting flow stability. In this transition zone, where most cases of airflow are encountered in air-conditioning applications, the friction factor fo is calculated by Colebrook’s equation:” 7D 2.51 ; geo ttne[ ca RevTo where c catia aero Re = Reynolds nomber(@D¥/ irs fiuddymmic scot m2" Since Colebrook’s equation cannot be solved explicitly for fo, ie iterative techniques. A computer algorithm for Glculatng Jo is presented in Ret, 3. Frition losses caused bY Shanges in fluid density, uid viscosty and duct roughness should be corrected by using Ea, (22)t0 calculate fo, ane then Eq, (2) tocaleulate the total pressure loss ina length of duct. Roughness Factors Material roughness factors for 12 common duct materials used in conjunction with Colebrook's equation are in Table 2. Roughness factors for other materials are presentd in Ref. 1 Ielchik summarizes roughness factors for 80 materials in- cluding: (1) metal pipe; (2) conduits made {rom concrete and cement; and (3) wood, plywood and glass pipes. According (©Duet Design wwcent SMACNA tests,” the absolute roughness for ducts vricated from galvanized coils produced according 10 AN. i/ ASTM standards!*"" js less than 0.09 min. Since this value {is considerably less than the basis for the friction chart (= 0.15 mm),? ASHRAE is conducting laboratory tests" to update the friction chart if necessary. Manufacturers’ data indicate that the absolute roughness for fully extended nonmetallic flexible ducts ranges from I.1 mm to 4.6 mm. Analysis of these data found no correlations between roughness, material and construction technique (sup Porting wire exposed to flow or covered by the material). For fully extended flexible metallic ducts, absolute roughness ranges from 1.2mm to 2.1 mm. Friction Chart-for Round Ducts Fluid resistance caused by friction in a system can be ‘aleulated by the Frietion Chart? (see Fig. A-I). This chart is based on standard air flowing through round galvanized ducts with 40 slip joints per 30m, equivalent to an absolute roughness of 0.15 mm, Changes in barometric pressure, temperature and humidity attest air density, air viscosity and Reynolds number. No cot rections to the Friction Chart are needed for (1) duct materials with an average roughness factor, (2) emperature variations in the order of +20°C from 20°C, (3) elevations to $00 m and 4) duct pressures from +5 kPa to ~5 kPa relative to the am- dient pressure, These individual variations in temperature, Aevation and duct pressure result in duct losses within =5% of the standard air friction chart. Correction Factors. >r duct materials other than those indicated as having an age degree of roughness in Table 2, and for significant variations in temperature, barometric pressure (clevation) ind humidity, correction ‘factors should be applied to the ‘ction Chart values as: Bina ™ Ke bors 23) ‘here 88 jra ™ Seton loss in cerms of total pressure at actual conditions, Po 4074 ~ (riesion loss in terms of total pressure at sandad ci tons (ror Friction Chart, Fig, A-1), Pa X= ietion char corretion facior Tor density snd/or viscose ity, dimensionless ‘Ky = {tition chart correction factr for duct roughness, dimen- sionles: Use Fig. 3 for correction of material roughness. The classifi- ions (ie., smooth, medium smooth, average, medium >ugh, rough in Fig. 3 are the same roughness categories asin able 2. Figure 4 provides an additional correction factor for Falght flexible ducts not insalle fully extended For corrections of density and viscosity use the following lationship. K (0/0) Hea? ay here the subscript a refers to actual conditions and the bseript s refers to standard conditions. Develop friction ars using Eq. 21) and (22) for duct materials and fluid ‘sities and viscosities frequently used, Reference 3 presents 'mputer algorithms used to generate a friction chart. ~ viscosity sa function of temperature; density depends snperature, barometric pressure (elevation) and hurl For individual temperature, barometric pressure (eleva- sn) and hurmiity correction factors, use Fig. 5 or Eq. (26) ‘ough Eq. (29), since KK Keky es) Table? Duct Poison od "tones Bete tmp sssset Farws GiO icd Maem an serine at usa pow Roe creel 22.000 where Ky = fietion chait correction factor for temperature, dimension less Ke = friction chart correction factor fr elevation, dimensionless ‘Ky = fiction chact correction facor for humidity, dimensiones For temperature correction: Ky = (293/(7, + 273) 26, where T, = actual temperature of air, °C. For barometric pressure (elevation) correction: Ke = 9701.39 en where B = barometric pressure, kPa, or: Ke = [— (2.2557- 10-5246 2) where 2 = elevation, m. For humidity correction: Kn [t vost] : es where p, = saturation pressure of water vapor at dewpoint temperature, kPa. Frictional Losses for Noneirewlar Ducts Although ducts have different cross-sectional shapes, fluid resistance is the same for equal lengths of pipe at equal mean velocities of flow ifthe duets have the same ratio of cross: sec tional area to perimeter. This ratio is the hydraulic radius; ‘multiplied by four, it gives the hydraulic diameter: D, = 4A/P G0) where P = perimeter of cross-section, am = hydraulic dmeter, aan33.6 CHAPTER 33 Since, calculations in terms of equal velocities (non-equal flow rates) are impractical, pressure drop data is correlated in terms of equal Flow and flow resistance in both the non- ireular duct and its circular equivalent. A duct of circular Section has a hydraulic diameter equal to its geometric diameter, while the hydraulic diameter of a noncircular sec tion equals the geometric diameter of an equivalent cireular dct, + | th page a. Roughness Category—ROUGH (¢ = 3.0mm) nia = I J He ro 1985 Fundamentals Handbook jional Losses for Rectangular Ducts For most practical purposes, the round, square and rec tangular ducts tested by Huebscher!™ have identical Suid resistances at equal mean velocities, confirming the hydraulic diameter concept. Consequently, Huebscher developed the relationship between rectangular and circular ducts that is us- fe to caleulate the flow resistance of a rectangular duct in terms of its circular equivalent. The circular equivalent of a rectangular duct is used with the Friction Chart or the Darcy- Weisbach and Colebrook equations to determine the total pressure drop ina rectangular duct. ‘With equal lengths of round and rectangular ducts, con- stant flow in each duct and equal resistance to flow in both ducts, the equivalent round of a rectangular duct is calculated by Eq. Gi): en where Dy = circular equivalent of 2 vectangular duct for equal length, Auld fesistance and airflow, mmm «r= length of one side of duct, min = length ofadjacent side of duct, mm Table A-2 gives the circular equivalents of rectangular ducts based on Eq. (31). Note that mean velocity in a rectangular duct is les than in {ts circular equivalent. Correction factors for round ducts can be applied as necessary, Frictional Losses for Oval Ducts Frictional losses for oval ducts, like those for rectangular ducts, are determined by using a duct's hydraulic diameter 10 calculate its circular equivalent. Studies" with galvanized spiral oval ducts suggest using the Friction Chart in conjunc tion with the circular equivalent of oval ducwork, For oval ducts with aspect ratios from 2.0t0 4.1, use: = LSA a At bb. Roughness Category—MEDIUM ROUGH (¢ = 0.90 mm) a . Roughness Category MEDIUM SMOOTH (= 0.09 mm) 4-Roughness Category—SMOOTH (¢ = 0.03 mm) Fig.3 Correction Factors for Duct Roughness —<———$——_—_<_<_<_<_$_$_ $_$_$_$_—_—_—_—_—_—_— i = pose where A is the cross-sectional areas of oval duct defined A= (nb?)/4 + bla ~ 6) Gs) and the perimeter Pis calculated by: P=nb+2(@~6) es where P= perimeter of oval duct, mm A = Gosesectonal area of oval duct, mar? ‘2 = major lenginof oval duet, mm ‘b= minor lenginof oval dues, mm Since a unique roughness factor has not been established for use with Colebrook’s equation, use Eq. (38) as an ap- proximation. The density and viscosity correction factors for round ducts can be applied if necessary. Because little dynamic loss data for oval fittings” are available use data for rectangular fittings as an approximation. This assumes the oval fitting pressure losses are not influenced by the shape of the fiuing section,Duct Design 5 (Pye ap snare (2) es where ny = oval duct feietion loss in terms of total pressure, Pa * = perimeter of oval duct, rim [see 84 (38) A = cross-sectional area of oval duct, mn? [see Eq. 33)) = conection fastor for agnstandard air, dimensionless [sce Eq. (24) and 25) Frictional Losses for Duct Liners Swim'® conducted tests on duct liners of varying densities, Surface treatments, transverse joints (workmanship) and methods of attachment to sheet metal ducts. As a result of these tests; Swim recommends for design the absolute roughness values in Table 2, 4.5 mm for spray-coated liners and 1.5 mm for liners with a facing material cemented onto the air side. In both cases, the roughness factor includes the tesistance offered by mechanical fasteners and assumes good jints. Liners cut too long and fastened to the duct cause ‘much more loss than a liner cut too short; therefore, any {fabrication error in liner length should be on the short side Liner density does not signficanty influence flow resistance. Frictional Losses for Fibrous Glass Ducts Based on limited manufacturers’ data, rigid fibrous glass duct is in the medium rough category (see Table 2), More ex- tensive data are necessary to establish the range of absolute roughness factors for various fibrous glass boards commer ally available. DYNAMIC LOSSES Dynamic losses result from flow disturbances caused by fit tings that change the airflow path’s direction and/or area. ‘These fittings include entries, exits, transitions and junctions. Reference 11 discusses parameters affecting fluid resistance of fittings and presents loss coefficients in both curve form and ‘equations. 4 o CORRECTION FACTOR, Ky x 10 20 30 ~ % COMPRESSION OF LENGTH Fig.4 Correction Factor for Unextended Flexible Duct 33.7 CORRECTION FACTORS, Ky and Ke ow! 0 1 2 3 4 ELEVATION x 10-9, m -50 ° 30 yoo 350 TEMPERATURE , °C Fig. 5 Friction Chart Correction Factors for Elevation and Temperature Local Loss Coefficients The following dimensioniess coefficient is used for fluid resistance, since this coefficient has the same value in dynamically similar streams, ie., streams with geometrically similar stretches, equal values of Reynolds number and equal values of other criteria necessary for dynamic similarity. The fluid resistance coefficient represents the ratio of total pressure loss to velocity pressure at the referenced cross sec tion o. CATA ~ Pee fe where Cy = local loss coefficient for section o, dimensionless 49; ~ fing toa pressure loss, Pa (0= density, ke/m / V = velocity at section, m/s” Pro = velocity pressure at section o, Pa Dynamic losses occur along a duct length and cannot be separated from frictional losses. For ease of calculation, dynamic losses are assumed to be concentrated at a section Gocal) and to exclude friction. Frictional losses must be con- sidered only for relatively long fittings. Generally, fitting fric- tion losses are accounted for by measuring duct lengths from the centerline of one fitting to that of the next fitting. For fit- ‘tings closely coupled (less than six hydraulic diameters apart), the flow pattern entering subsequent fittings differs froma the flow pattern used to determine loss coefficients. Adequate data for these situations are unavailable-33.8 Appendix B presents local loss coefficients without frieion for more than 100 Fittings. Cross sections 10 which the coeffi- ents are referenced! areas follows: (Cross Section co Which TableNo. Type of Fisting Coefficients Referenced Ba Entries Dowasiream Bz Exits Upstream BS Elbows Upstream 97 Downstream Ba Transitions (iverging Flow) Upstream Bs Transitions (Converging Flow) Downsteam 26 Junctions, Common Cees, Wyes) Br Obuiructions Upstream or Downstream, For entries, exits, elbows, diffusers, transitions and ob. structions, calculate total pressure loss Ap, ata section by: DP. Co Pra on where the subseript @ is the eross section at which the velocity pressure is referenced. For converging and diverging flow junctions, total pressure losses through the main section are calculated as BP. Cos Pos G8) For total pressure losses through the branch section: BP. * Co Pow 69 where pyc is the velocity pressure at the common section ¢ (see Fig. 6), and C,, and Ce,y are losses for the straight (main) and branch flow paths respectively, each referenced to the velocity pressure at section ¢. To convert converging flow coefficients 0 upstream main and branch velocity pressures, use Eq. (40) and (41) ie & (40) @= D/GF GAAP Cos QAIOAS ey G where C, =main local loss coefficient referenced (0 upstceam (rain) ‘claity pressure, imensioniess Qy = branch airflow rate, L/s QL = commen airflow rate, L/s Ag = common area, nm? ‘A, = upstream (main) area, mm? (Ag = branch area, nm? 2 = branch local loss coefficient referenced to branch velosity pressure, dimensionless Fig.6 Tee Nomenclature eres CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook Converging flow junctions (see Fig. 6a) may have both positive and negative lacal loss coefficients (See Table B-6). As Idelchik explains,"" when two parallel streams of different velocities converge, an exchange of momentum takes place between particles. Velocity profiles in the common stream equalize as the jet with higher velocity loses par: of its kinetic energy to the low-velocity jet. Total pressure loss forthe high, velocity jet, always large and positive, increases as more ‘energy is tansmitted t0 the low-velocity jet. Since energy stored in the low-velocity jet increases, ths jes local loss co efficient may have negative values. FAN/SYSTEM INTERFACE Fan [nlet and Outlet Conditions Fan performance data measured in the field may show lower performance capacity than manufacturers’ ratings. This difference can be caused by errors in estimating the system resistance, poor fan inlet or outlet connections or a combina- tion of these, Deficient performance of the fan/sysiem eom. bination is commonly caused by: (1) improper outlet connec. tions, @) nonuniform inlet flow or (3) swit atthe fan inlet, the most detrimental flow condition. A spin in the irection of impeller rotation reduces volume flow and pressure; a reverse spin may not have 2 laege effect on volume low, But the pow. ef requirement increases. Chapter 3 of the 1983 EQuieweNt Votuweillastrates fan inlet and outlet connection. ‘A complete discussion of fan inlet conditions is complex and beyond the scope of this chapter. For information on de- Sign inlet and outlet conditions and assignment of system ef fect factors dve 10 poor fan inlet and outlet conditions, see Ref. 18. System Effect Factors “The system effect concept was formulated by Farquhar"® and Meyer: the magnitudes of the system effect, called spsiem effect factors, were determined experimentally in AMCA’s laboratory." The system effect factor atthe design Birflow rae isthe difference between points | and 2in Fig. 7, and the resulting system deficiency in terms of airflow is as noted. The magnitude of the system effect in 2 fixed physical System increases with the inlet and/or outlet fan velocity 50 that its magnitude at design airflow, the distance between points | and 2, is gfeater than the magnitude at the actual fiow. points 3and 4. The system effect factors determined by AMCA'" are bas- ce: on experimental data and on the consensus of enginecrs ex- pevienced in fan application. These factors ate guidelines and should be eated as approximations. fale and outlet factors, ifany, musi be added tothe calculated system resistance as in- dicated by Eq. (9). Fittings 2-8 and 2.9 of Table B-2 present total pressure loss cocfficients for centrifugal fans with diffusers connected at the outlet and discharging directly to the atmosphere. Fitings 48 through 4-12 of Table B-# present the loss coefficients ‘with ductwork connected to the diffusers. Elbows and tees within 3 t0 5 equivalent diameters from the discharge of the Giffuser can eause deficient fan/system performance. In these Situations, include the system effect factors in calculations DUCT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Space Pressure Relationships Space pressure is determined by fan location and duct sys tem arrangement. For example, a supply fan that pumps air into a space increases space pressure; an exhaust fan reduces space pressure. If both supply and exhaust fans are used. space pressure depends on the relative capacity of the fans. ‘Space pressure is positive if supply exceeds exhaust; negative,Duct Design PSet me ‘Sueve tena 8 oma Fon SvSrew trees System errecr toss Br oeston vous | ear 7 Hen hy y Pressunc-vouwe cericeny remonuance | Fe oes vousee—p Fig. 7 Deficient System Performance with System Effect Ignored" fF besion pre ssuef if exhaust exceeds supply. See Ref. 1 for a discussion of various fan/system networks Fire and Smoke Control Since duct systems can convey smoke, hot gases and fire from one area to another, and can accelerate a fire within the system, fire protection isan essential part of air-conditioning ‘and ventilation system design. Generaly, fire safety codes re. wire compliance with the standards of national organiza ons. NFPA Standard 90A® examines fire safety require. ‘ments for: (1) ducts, connectors and appurtenances, (2) plenums and corridors, (3) air outlets, ai inlets and fresh air incakes, (4) air filters, (5) fans, (6) electric wiring and equi ‘meat, (7) air cooling and heating equipment, (8) building con. struction, including protection of penetrations and (8) con. twols, including smoke control. Fire safety codes often refer to the testing and labeling prac- tices of nationally recognized laboratories, such as Factory: Mutual and Underwriters Laboratories (UL). A directory? ‘compiled by UL lists fire and smoke dampers that have been tested and meet the requirements of UL standards." This directory also summarizes maximum allowable sizes for indi. vidual dampers and assemblies of these dampers. Fite damp. exsare 1.5 or 3-hour fire-rated. Smoke dampers are classified by (1) temperature degradation fambient air or high tempers. ture (120°C minimum)] and @) leakage at 250 Pa and 1000 Pa or 1 kPa pressure difference (2000 Pa or 2 kPa and 3000 Pa or 3 kPa classification ‘optional). Smoke dampers are tested under conditions of maximum airflow. Another UL. directory" lists fire resistances of floor/toof and ceiling assemblies with and without ceiling fire dampers For more detailed presentation of fire protection, refer to (Chapter 38 of the 1984 SySTEMS VOLUME and the NFPA Fite Protection Handbook.” Duet Insulation ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90A% requires thermal ‘insulation of all duct systems and their components {ic., “35, plenums and enclosures) instalied in or on buildings, equate thermal insulation is determined by: Re asara (42) where A = thermal resistance excluding im resistances, m2=9C/W C= design temperature differential between duct ait and duct surface, °C 33.9 Duct insulation is not required in any of the following ceases: 1. Where aris 14°C or less. 2. Where supply or return air ducts are installed in base- ‘ments, cellars or unventilated crawl spaces having insulated walis in one-and two-family dwellings 3. When the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without insula- tion, will not increase the energy requirements of the building, 4. Within HVAC equipment. 5. Exhaust air duct, ‘Since Standard 90A does not consider condensation, addi tional insulation with vapor barriers may be required. Duct heat gains ot losses must be known to calculaie supply. air quantities, supply air temperatures and coil loads (eee ‘Chapter 26 of this volume and Chapter 3 of the 1984 Sysrents VOLUME), To estimate duet heat transfer and entering or leav- ig air temperatures, use Eq. (43) through (45). UPL [eta oy Ht (tt) 1] «) p= hOD=21 a o-) ye kDa DH i UD ies where Y*LOIAVQ/UPL for rectangular dues: OSDVO/UL for round cts A > Srossscctional area of ct? iy = average velo, D> diameter of duct, = duct length m 2) = heat tase ohrough duct walls, W (negative for het 0) ~Sveral heat ater cote of det wal, Wms) P= perimeter of det, min 7 bensiy ke dp temperature of at entering dct °C 1 > temperature of ai leaving Cue, °C 4s = temperature of ar surounding dt, °C Use Fig. 8 t0 determine U-values for insulated and unia- sulated ducts. Lauvray” has shown the effects of (1) com: Pressing insulation wrapped externally on sheet metal ducts and (2) insulated flexible ducts with air porous liners. For a S0-mm thick, 12 kg/m? fibrous glass blenket compressed 50% during installation, the heat transfer rate increases ap- Proximately 20% (see Fig. 8a). Pervious flexible duct liners also influence heat transfer significantly (se Fi ‘m/s the pervious line Uavalue is 1.87 W/m? pervious liner, 1.05 W/m's"C. Example 1: A 20m tng of 600 min by $00 ten wsinslaed see metal uct, freely suspended, conveys eated ir trough 9 space maintained above feeang a 5°C. Based on het loss calulasons for the heated zone, 8100 L/S of standaed at ata supply ai temperate 210°C is required, The duct is connected dire to he heed sone, Determine the air temperature entering the Gt andthe duct het fo, Solution: Calculate duct velocity wing Ee, (1): yn om s100140) (600 mm) (00 mm) \ Catelateenering ar emperature sing Ea, (4): = 4.16 W/(2»*C) (rom Fig. 80) P= 2600 mm) (90-mm) = 3000 = 2010 (660 men) 900 mm) (15 m/s (1.204 gen!) {4.16 W/(a? + °C) (3000 me) (20m) = SOC)BS +1) = + $2) (8.51) ’ 785 4 512°CCHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook |Z fromm. 23 wim? - J fresnn. 32 bon y cpanmean sain [la immnreapameenmis a, Rigid Ducts 28 EAVIOUS LINER mrenvios wer | L * 10 1s 20 bucT VELOCITY. m/s b, Flexible Ducts Fig. 8 Duct Heat Transfer Coefficients Calculate cut heat los wing Ba, (4): £4.16 W/m? + $CV3000 marm}(20 =}} [ eee eee 1000 2 = Lean Example 2: Same as Example |. except the duct is insulated externally sth 30 rim tick fbrous glass with a density of 12 kg/m), The in Sulation fs wrapped with 0% compression, ‘Solution: All values, xcept U, remain the same as Example 1. From Fig. Ba, = 0.83 W/(mi eC) at 15 m/s. Therefore: Insulating this dct reduces heat loss 020% ofthe uninsulated duc. Duct System Leakage Air leakage can result in oss of heating or cooling effect, wasted energy, poor humidity control, loss of contamination control, inadequate room air movement and occupant dis ‘comfort. The potential for adverse effects of duct leakage on HVAC system performance should be evaluated. Although tests indicate that duct leakage does not vary with velocity, it is static pressure dependent, system size dependent and aper. ture dependent. Research! shows that leakage in sealed and unsealed ducts can be estimated: Q~ or “ where (Q = duct leakage per unit surface area, L/s per = pressure differential [rom duct interior to exterior, Pa f= consi relating 10 nature of apertures For unsealed round, rectangular and oval ducts, assume that mechanically connected metal ducts leak at the fates given in ‘Table 3. Fibrous glass, plastic and continuously welded metal dducts are sealed as an integral feature of their assembly. For mechanically connected metal supply, return and exhaust duets in HVAC systems, seal: (1) all transverse joints at all pressure levels, (2) all longitudinal seams (excluding. seams) at pressures over $00 Pa and (3) all fasteners and other penetrations in ducts at pressures over 750 Pa. ‘The leakage rate of mechanically connected metal ducts can be reduced further by sealing longitudinal seams in ducts at 500 Pa or lower; however, improvement may be marginal for ‘some types of seams and joints. If leakage in unsealed ducts is permissable at the expected rate (see Table 3), sealing is un- necessary. Duets in residential oceupancies, small systems, short runs of duct on the outlet of variable air volume control terminals, ducts within and serving conditioned zones ot rooms (including return air ceiling plenums) and other dearly defined applications may not require sealing. ‘Equipment Leakage: Volume control boxes can leak exter nally as much as 5% of rated capacity. Equipment leakage also occurs when frames or housings of remote cooling OF heating coils are not sealed at return bends and piping pene Dect Praware ‘teens Pies 2s @ 2s 10250 50018 Duct Lesko 0. Wsserm! 5597 156m sss 9 Tata appiy wo mechanisly connected metal ite only and ctor (6), whore 6.18.ct Design Sound absorber casings and other equipment in- ca indine in duet systems can leak significantly. Leakage ‘quipment should be evaluated and accounted for by speci- tions independently of ducts at the system design stage. ‘quate appraisal of patential leakage in the cotal system is sssary to avoid false presumptions about system perfor~ tee as well as inconsistency in construction specifications performance requirements. eakage Testing: With proper evaluation of the air leak- potential, adequate prescriptive controls and good work- 'ship, leak testing sealed or unsealed ducts is neither neces- tor economically feasible, When HVAC systems must be {tested for quality control, isolate equipment from duct- k and test only until performance objectives are demon- ted. Placing and removing airtight temporary seals con- ‘es much of the time and expense of field testing. The con- ional testing method involves sealing open ends in a duct fon, pressurizing and metering the airflow required to atain a steady-state pressure level, Procedures for leakage 1g are published by SMACNA.» Field leakage tests of should not exceed rated static pressure. 4 Design Velocit ection of duct velocities and shapes (e-g., rectangular, 1d or oval) must consider cost factors and system con. ‘ls; an ideal design results in the minimum owning and ‘ating costs allowed by design constraints. Velocity and jon loss rate ranges indicated in Fig. 9 are preliminary 2 values. Since noise generation throughout a system in- 1s the velocity increases (see System and Duct Noise (ou), apply Fig. 9 values selectively. em Component Design Velocities \ble 4 summarizes face velocities for HVAC components llt-up systems. In most cases, the values are abstracted as ‘ated from the 1983 Equirment VOLUME; final selection ve components should be based on data in these chapters om manufacturers, ‘commended fan outlet velocities are not presented; since \ fan outlet velocity does not guarantee quiet operation, should not be selected on this basis. Likewise, noise com: ons of different types of fans should not be based on ro- nal speed. The only valid basis for comparison is the ac- sound power leveis generated by the different types of at design airflow and total pressure. For further discus- of fan noise, refer to Chapter 3 of the 1983 EQUIPMENT IME, ‘uvers require special treatment since the blade shapes, 's and spacing cause significant variations in louver free and performance (pressure drop and water penetration). tion and analysis should be based on test data obtained cordance with AMCA Standard 500.” This standard ‘ts not only the pressure drop and water penetration test sdures, but a uniform method for calculating louver free Tesis'are conducted on a 1220-mm square louver with ‘ame mounted flush in the wall. For the water penetra- fests, the rainfall is 100 mm/h, no wind, and the water ‘down the wall is 0.21 L/s per linear m of louver width. 4. 10 for preliminary sizing of air intake and exhaust 1», For air quantities greater than 3300 L/s per louver, ir intake gross louver openings are based on 2 m/s: for 'st louvers, 2.5 m/s is used for air quantities of 2400 L/s vuver and greater. For air quantities les than these, refer 5. 10. These criteria are presented on a per louver basis ‘each louver in a bank of louvers) ta include each louver ‘Table 4 Typical Design Velocities for HVAC Components FACE VELOCITY. m/e DUCT ELEMENT, LOUVERS* 13300 Ls and preter 2 2 Leseenan 33007 SeeFig. 10 8 Enhaae 2 Less chan 200 Us. SecFig 10 AL Panel Fier: 1 Viscous inpigement tos 2. DryType, Extended Surface a. Fat Gowelliciency) Duct Voc ©. Plena Meda Upto3) Goverment eFcieny) «HEPA 13 Renewable Mea Fite 1 Moving Corin Viscous as Irypngement 2. Moning Caran Ory Me © Elcronc Air Cleaner Tonia Plate Type hswo2s 2 Charge Media Nononsing 13 3. Charges Meta onze = HEATING COILS® AL Stamand Hot Water 25103 mie BB: Open Wire Reterto Mtg. Daa 2. Fianed Tubular Reterto Mig Das DEHUMIDIEYING COWS! 25103 AIR WASHERS® AL Spray-Type 1.5103 BL Cell'Type Refer ‘og, Data C._High-Velociy, Spray Type 6109 {Based on assumptions presented inet © bsracte rom Chapte TO, 1983 EQUIPMENT VOLUME, Abstract rom Chap 9, 198) EQUIPMENT VOLUME, : 4 Attaced from Chapter 61983 EQUPMEST VOLUME «Abarat rom Chaper 4; 198) EQUIPMENT VOLUME. Table S Pertinent Parameters Used in Establishing Fig. 10 Parameder Tatake Louver Exhaust Louver Minimum Free Area (1220-mm “6 4s ‘Square Tes Section), %% Water Penetration, Negligible: Not Applicable mLen?-0.25 bh) (les than 60) Maxismum Static Pressure Drop, 38 @ Pa frame. Representative production-run louvers were used in es- ‘ablishing Fig. 10, and all data used in that analysis are based ‘on AMCA Standard tests. Essentially, Fig. 10 is based on the criteria summarized in Table 5. For louvers larger than 1.5 sm, the free areas are greater than 45%, while for louvers less than 1.5 m?, the free areas are less than 45%. Unless specific louver data are analyzed, no louver should have a face area Jess than 0.4 m*. If debris collection on the seen of an intake louver is possibie, or louvers are located at grade with adja- ” ‘cent pedestrian traffic, the louver face velocity should not ex- cxed 0.5 L/s00052 090 008 00 01 oor ty Pa oot o % 1985 Fundamentals Handbook CHAPTER 33 2 i wreg'ss01 NOWOWUS yeu ~ | ‘s & £ 7 s oot & Llidédiddid wus '¥aLaWvig Lona 7 33.12 Fig. 9 Suggested Velocity and Friction Rate Design LimitsDuct Design 33.13 : fan toa efceny,desinal rm = motorarive effisency, decimal | ‘Additional equations for present worth or uniform annual | owning and operating cost studies follow. As the amortization ‘ 7 period increases, point Ain Fig. 11 shifts tothe left. : wea Present Worth: To calculate the present worth of power 5 uniformly escalating, use Ea. (49). 3 | Np = Ey PWEF a) 5 T ae % Suave Ny = present worth of power exzalating annually at a constant : fate, USS z - PWER « present worth aati aco, caleuated by Ea. ($0) 3 i | +paton—t g - (0 PWEP= = ta=D) where Fig. 10 Criteria for Louver Sizing ‘Optimum System Design Life cycle costs include duct system costs incurred over the time period selected for economic comparisons (amortization ~riod). For a discussion of life cycle costs, refer to Chapter Of the 1984 SysTeMs VOLUME. The economic comparison ‘methods most commonly used io analyze duct designs are resent worth and uniform annual owning and operating costs. The present worth method compares cash needed on hand to own and operate a system over an entire selected time period. It produces a single investment value in dollars at the beginning of the project. The uniform annual owning and ‘operating cost method compares both investments and annual costs on an annual basis. Generally, the equal friction method is used to design conditioning and ventilation systems and exhaust systems conveying vapors, gases and smoke. Exhaust systems con- veying particulates are designed with a minimum constant velocity. As system velocity increases, the system cost decreases and the power cost increases. The optimum system design occurs when the present worth or uniform annual ‘owning and operating cost as given by Eq. (47) is a minimum (boint Ain Fig. 11): Ne Np +N, an where 1 = present wrth ann owning an operating cot, USS 1 = present worth orannal port co, USS 1, = present worthor norm samen em cont, USS The anmusl power cost to operate a duct system is calculated by Bq, (8). As the operating time and/or tee ticity costs increase, the power cost curve in Fig. Il becomes steeper. shifing the optimsm point A. to the left and Secreating the design retin at Or uct velocity, EQRT ~ —AorT_ a & 1.92610 ry My td where Ep = annual power cost, USS Ey = electricity cost, US S/KWh = fan airflow rate, L/s , = fan total pressure, Pa Ts system operating time, b/w J annual escalation rate, decimal ‘= annual interest sate, decimal n= amortization period, years When the escalation and interest rates are equal, the PWEF ‘equals the amortization period: PWEF =n on Uniform Annual Owning and Operating Cost: The initial system cost spread uniformly over the amortization period is, ‘aleulated by: N= P, CRF 2) where 1N, = uniform annwal sytem cost, USS Py, inal system cost, USS CRF » capital recovery Tacor, calculated by Eq. (83) or obtained from Table 2, Chapter 42, 1984 Systems VOLUME _ ate car= Me 6 \ at tL i 5 eal : | ser To (aese eral oon Fig. 11 System Economie Analysis33.14 To find the uniform arinual cost of power, calculate the pres- ‘ent worth of power (including cost escalation) by Eq. (49), ‘and multiply by the capital recovery factor. Np = Ng CRF (4) where Nz = uniform annual power cost, USS NJ. = present worth off an escalating power cos series, USS (ealeulated by Ea. 9) Exaraple 3: The design characterises and inital cost for sn 8500 cfm HVAC duct system designed for four duct veloc are summarized below. Design No. em 1 2 Fi Duct Velocity, m/s sos 12 Fan Total Pressure bp so ssa Insualed Cox, USS 1270011700 14. 100__10-900. ‘The cout of power E, is 0.0345 US $/AWh, and the system operates 60 Wik (7), The amortization periog mis 10 years, she imerest rate is Tu, and exzalation jis 6M. The fan total efficiency ny is 63%, and the motordrive sficieney ‘Pm 189204, Analyze the fou! duct designs sig the present worth meted. Sotution: 2, Desig | 1 Using Eg, (48), calculate the annual power cost 5) ($0 Pa) (6OW/ak) 3)10.92) (2.085 US s/w (4 at = uss re 2. Caleulate the present worth ofthe escalating power costs by Eq. (49). Use Eq. (90) 10 calculate the present worth esxclaing factor. (a + 0.06)2¢4 + 0.1299? = 1 “T= + 0.1270 + 0.089) PWER © = 7.4780 [Np = (USS49) (7.4780) = USS366 b. The present worth for each design is tabulated below. Costs, USS installed («12-7001 700 Power (%p) 366 _ 05 Tonal eM 4 Toss __ 1260s Based on this present worth analysis, Design 2s the most economical Example 4: Analyze the Example 3 duct designs using the same data tnd the uniform annual owning and operating cost method. Solution: ‘a The inital cost for Design 1 is US $12 700. Multiply this by the capital recovery factor to obtain the uniform annual system cost Use Ba. (53) oealeulate the capital ecovery factor. uz +0120 Grom = 1 1N, = (USS12 100N0.17698) = USS2248/sear From Exemple 3, the annual power cost Ep is US $53, and is present worth Nj is US S365, Use Eq. (Sa) to calelate the ‘niform annssl power cos 17698 RE. HAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook IN, = (USS356)(0.17698) = US 565/90 bo. The enform anmual cost for each desi is tabulate belo, Cos US S4st Installed (,) Power (N,) Toul) ‘Based on this uniform annual owning and operating cost anaisis, Design 2isthe most economical System and Duct Noise ‘The major sources of noise from air-conditioning systems are diffusers, grilles, fans, ducts, fittings and vibrations, Chapter 32 of the 1984 SYSTEMS VOLUME discusses sound control for each of these sources. Sound control for terminal devices consists af selecting devices that meet the design goal under all operating conditions and installing them properly so that no additional sound is generated. The sound power out- put ofa fan is determined by the type of fan, airflow and pres- Sure. Sound control in the duct system requires proper duct layout, sizing, and provision for installing required duct at- tenuators, The noise generated by a system increases with both duct velocity and system pressure. Chapter 32 of the 1984 SysTews VOLUME presents methods for calculating re Quired sound attenuation. ‘Testing and Balancing Each air duct system should be tested, adjusted and balanc- ed. Detailed procedures are given in Chapter 37 of the 1984 ‘SySTEMS VOLUME. DUCT DESIGN METHODS. ‘The most common methods of air duct system design are: (1) equal friction, (2) velocity reduction, (3) static regain and (@) constant velocity. Air-conditioning and ventilation sys- tems and exhaust systems conveying vapors, gases and smoke generally are designed by the equal friction and static regain ‘methods. Exhaust systems conveying particulates are designed with a minimum constant velocity. Equal Friction Method. In the equal friction method, system ductwork is sized for constant pressure loss per unit length of duct. However, hi erairflow rates may require velocity imitations to prevent ob- jectionable noise levels. Although the bands shown in Fig. 9 can be used for initial system design, noise generation should be analyzed and sound attenuators located wherever necessary in the system. ‘After sizing the system, calculate the total pressure losses for the main and branch sections from junction-to-junction/ fan/terminals, and plot the total pressure grade line. For op- timum system design and fan selection, establish the miai- mum point on the present worth or uniform annual owning and operating cost curve (see Fig. 11). Resize duct sections 0 approximately preseure-balance the system at each junction. ‘When the pressure available for the duct system is know, use tra] and error procedures to find the friction rate in theDuet Design 'nand branch ducts that results in pressure loss equal to or sos than available pressure. Plot the total pressure grade line and resize the duct sections ‘o approximately pressure-balance the system at each junction. Velocity Reduction Method The velocity reduction method consists of selecting the fan lischarge velocity, then designing for progressively lower rain duct velocities at each junction. For the selected velo jes and known airflow rates, determine the various duct di umetets from Fig. A-1_ and the equivalent rectangular sizes rom Table A-2, Use similar methods to size return air duct- ‘ork, starting with the highest velocity at the fan suction and lecreasing progressively in the direction of the return ait ins tkes. With the ducts sized and the fittings known, calculate he total pressure losses and plot the pressure grade line. Es: ablishing the minimum point on the present worth or uni- drm annual owning and operating cost curve (see Fig. 11) al- dws optimum system design and fan selection. Resize duct zctions to approximately pressure-balance the system at each ‘When the fan is specified and total pressure available for se system is known, use trial and error methods to determine slocities in the main and branch ducts that result ina ressure loss equal to or less than the pressure available. Plot ve total pressure grade line and resize the duct sections to ‘essure-balance the system at ezch junc lntic Regain Method 1 the static regain method, size ducts so that the static ‘essure increase (static regain) at each take-off offsets the ‘essure loss of the succeeding sections of ductwork." This ethod is especially suited to supply systems having long runs th many registers and diffusers located at take offs, With is design procedure, approximately the same static pressure ists at the entrance 10 each branch, simplifying outlet selec. on, However, excessively large ducts (low velocities) result at ends of long duct runs. Aller the system has been designed and the total pressure ade line plotted, resize duct sections to achieve an approx ate balance at each junction. mstant Velocity Method ince the constant velocity method usually is applied to ex- lust systems conveying particulates, this design method is, ‘cussed in the section on Industrial Exhaust System Duct sign AUTOMATED DUCT DESIGN Duet system design involves many repetitive calculations, luding duct sizing, material estimating and pressure loss 2ulations that can be made by computers. The advantages computerized duct design include: (1) standardized duct ign, (2) stored loss coefficients for fittings, (3) stored duct Uction and thermal insulation standards, (4) balancing. sis, (5) noise analysis, (6) duct heat gain or loss analysis, ‘material take-offs and (8) documentation, For available { design programs and hardware requirements, see Ref. ‘These programs size duct systems by methods presented Duct Design Methods section; however, none have optim on capabilities. 33.15 Ideally, duct design should be optimized for a given set of eriteria such as operating cost, lifecycle cost and noise level Senificant program development wih optimization design ‘capability has been conducted by Stoecker and Bertsch.” Bouwman.”* Brouwer” and Kovarik."© Arkin and Shitzet** have developed an advanced numerical method for optimizing ‘ectangular duct systems. Continuing research and develop. ‘ment should result in increased usage of microcomputers for duct sizing and optimization. A 256K to 512K random-access memory microcompuxer with local loss coefficients stored on a hard disk is capable of optimizing duct systems up to 100 HVAC SYSTEM DUCT DESIGN ‘The general procedure for HVAC system duct design is as follows: 1, Study the building plans and arrange the supply and re- {urn outlets to provide proper distribution of air within each space. Adjust calculated actual air quantities for duct heat f2ins or iosses and duct leakage. Also, adjust the supply, re~ turn and/or exhaust air quantities 10 meet space pressutiza. tion requirements, 2, Select outlet sizes from manufacturers’ data (see Chapter 32), 3, Sketch the duct system, connecting supply outlets and re- turn intakes with the centfal station air handling units/air conditioners. Space allocated for supply and return ducts often dictates system layout and ductwork shape. Use round ducts whenever possible. 4, Size main and branch ducts by the selected design method. 5. Calculate the total pressure requirements of supply and return duct sections and plot the total pressure grade line 6. Design for minimum owning and operating costs by re- eating steps 4 and 5 with different duct sizes to establish point A in Fig. 11. 7. Lay out the system in detail. If duct routing and fittings vary significantly from the original design, recalculate the pressure losses. 8, Resize duct sections to approximately balance pressures ateach junction. 9 Analyze the design for objectionable noise levels and specify sound attenuators as necessary. Refer to the System and Duct Noise section of this chapter. 10. Select the fan. Refer to Chapter 3 in the 1983 Equip. enT VOLUME. Example 5: For the system illustrated by Fig. 12 size the ductwork by the equal friction method using duct Velocities given in Fig. 9. Determine the system resistance and total presce unbelance a the junctions. The airflow quantities ae actual values adjusted Tor ent ‘tains or loses, and ductwork is sealed (asuime no. leakage), ‘alvanized steel. Airis at standard conditions (1.204 kg/m? densi ‘Since the primary purpose of Fig. 12s to ilusirate calculation pro- ‘glues, its duct layout isnot typical of any teal duct system. The layout includes many fittings fram the focal loss coefficient tables ta ‘Appendix B, with emphasis on converging and diverging (ccs and various types of entries and discharges. The supply system ‘8 con structed of rectangular ductwork; the return system, round duciwore, ‘Solution: The main ducts are sized within the high velocity ban o& ‘the friction chart in Fig. 9. Totaly, the branch ducts ate sised within the low velocity band; if additional resistance i needed, thet tine ae Feduced. However, no duct size is teduced to the extent thatthe fe tion rate or velocity exceeds the upper init ofthe high velocity band ‘Table 6 summarizes pertinene data foreach fitting and swaight dct section. Parameters used in calculating local loss coefficients forthe33.16 ssings are summarized in Table 7. For the straight ducts, pressure “rop valuss are based on the computer algorithms presented in Ref. 3: Rowever, the same results cam be obtained by using Fig. Al. Velocity ressures ave based on an ir density of 1204 kg/m?. The algorithms {hedta determine the duct frietion factors and pressure drop are based ‘nthe sare deniey, a dey -bualb temperature of 20°C (used to calculate ‘ynamic viscosity ia Re) and a matenal absolute roughness factor of O's mm galvaniced steel ductwork. The total pressure loss data for ear intake louver, ceiling diffuser, fire dampers, aic measuring sta tion and opposed blade radial damper are manufacturers’ dat "Ar a junction, redesign often celts in a reduced system resistance to flow, This teduced system resistance is demonstrated at junction (005, when the Glamecer OF clucts [6 and 17 is increased from 300 mm to 380 mm. AS showa in Fig. 13, this redesign decreases the total pressure relative to the atmosphere at junction 005 froin ~310 Pa co PSI Pa, fora savings of 59 Pa. ‘The resistance of ductwork between nodes 502-509 could be decreased by rerouting the duel and/or changing fiting selections for example, aradis or vaned mitered elbow could be substituted for tinvaned mitered elbow no. 58. Because the Z-shaped elbow between odes 300 ad $01, fiting, 80. 64, results in a total pressure drop of 177 Pa, this fing should be avoided. ‘To determine niet an outlet fan connection resistances, select 2 fan based on a preliminary estimate of system resistance. Manufac furen’ data suggest that sngleinlet, sngle-wideh censrifueal fan fated at 1900 L/sand a fam state pressure of 700 Pa to 730 Pa ypical [p has'a 380-mm wheel, a 445mm cound inlet and a 445.sum by 295- ‘am outlet. To minimize system resistance, the inlet duct ro the fan is hanged from 400 mm $ €O-450 mm # (0 match the fan's inlet collar ‘Eliminating 2 nso at the fam inlet and including s length of two uct diamsters from the elbow to the fan significantly reduces the jenaty to the fan by the system. The ilet system effect factor, deter ‘ned by te use of Fig, 18 and Fig. 27 (curve Tand fan init velocity OF 119 m/s) from AMCA’s Publication 201," $0 Pa, providing no duct between the ebow and the fan inlet would resic in a systema penalty of 120 Pa ‘At the fan dackarge, to penalty is charged (0 the fan due 0 the system, since pressure loss data are available for fans with an evase Ea connataing ductwork (see Appendix B, fitting 412). Any duci- SNork connected to the discharge of a fan that adversely affects for Sotormance™ should be added to the calculated system resistance Fee a. (9)] before selecting che fan CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook ‘The critical path of the system, as noted in the total pressure grade line plotted in Fig. 14, is from 002-004-005-499 bn the suction side of the fan, and from S00-501-S02-509-510 fon the discharge. The system resistance P,, as calculated by Eq. (19) and illustrated by the system toral pressure grade line, is 865 Pa. The fan static pressure P,, calculated by Eq. (20), is 746 Pa where the fan outlet velocity pressure Py. is 119 Pa, ‘The unbalance a¢ the junctions is as follows (see Fig. 14): esse) Unbatance (Toil Pressure) Pa Tanction Pa 25 503 " 0 504 20 500 130 Eliminate unbalance atthe junctions by adjusting balancing dampers. The design flow (1900 L./s) can be obtained by (1) adjusting the fan speed, (2) adding resistance in the parallel paths of the system by adjusting dampers 70 and 39 or damp- ers 31 and 67 (see Fig. 12) or @) adjusting damper 25, located between nodes 500 and $01. Noise levels an the need for duct silencers were not evaluated for example 5 INDUSTRIAL EXHAUST SYSTEM DUCT DESIGN ‘Chapter 20 of the 1984 SySTEMS VOLUME discusses design criteria, including hood design, for industrial exhaust sys tems. Exhaust systems conveying vapors, gases and smoke can be designed by equal friction, velocity reduction or static regain methods. Systems conveying particulates are designed by the constant velocity method at duct velocities adequate 10 convey particles to the system air cleaner. For contaminant transport velocities, see Table 2, Chapter 20 of the 1984 Sys. ‘TEMS VOLUME. Fig. 12 Schematic for Example 5Duct Design 33.17 4 Fig. 12 Schematic for Example 5 (Concluded) ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE eet 002-008 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 002-005 ° ~100-} 003-005, z a ~100 g 004-009 3 8 -200-4 é z 5201 eee 5 = -200. 2 UNBALANCE 7 UNBALANCE -s00- 300 (a) REDESION -s004 (©) PRELIMINARY DESIGN Fig. 13. Effect of Redesign at Junction 00533.18 CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook Table 6_ Summary of Pertinent Data for Example 5 ea aaeageaaaaa i P a = eS : See eeaeaaeaae u won s Spe em aiag Hc a a 7 a ecg : a 0 ” 1 : a Seneca e crenata aan ee teiattnitesDuct Design ‘Table 6 Summary of Pertinent Data for Example 5 (Concluded) Fig. 14 Total Pressure Grade Line for Example 5Table 7_ Parameters Used in Calculating Coefficients for Example $ CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook Fin No, “Type ot Source Loca Lose Geer) Ett (sce Appendix B) Coctient 1 eny 3 up =02 003 3 Dampee 1 per 0x0 2 Wye, Main e AVA, #08, Y/Y, = O78 ous 4 Wye_ Branch & An/As = 084, YuIV = 058 =o 5 Entry w/Sereen “s © 1807 n= 0.70,4,/Ay =1 108 6 ___Emow ut Dats Ye] 7 Damper tt =o 0 Ui WyerMain és 1, = 1D, As/Ag = D8, Ay/Ag = 0.60 ost 1 Wye, Branch 83 (Sameas Main) ase 12 Damper 18 5 a2 1 Transition st = 2°.4,/4, = 027 oe i Elbow 33 o= Sky 10 oui 19 Elbow 3 yD ~ 15,5 Piece a2 2B ivuser_ se Seu diacees i ae te 25 Damper 1 o-0 0.2 38 Obsttuction, Pipe HO Re = 18.1610, y = 0,4 = 25mm, Sass On sit =o aus Vea 1 = Why Ay/ay = 18 00s to _TeeeMal 2 nara otis om 29 ‘Tee, Branch 629 Yy/¥, =0.82, 04/0, =021 07s _31_Damper 72 ea oot 2 WyeMain 622 mB, 1/W, =1.0.0)/0. = 05, ous AVIA, UO A IA, S08 3 Wye, Branch 2 GSameas Maia} ous Manion 3s Renna ot 36 ‘Discharge w/Sereen 2 1 =08.8= W,A\/Ay =20,H/W = 078 ost 7 Damper 32 -o a oo @ Damper 72 e-0 oat a1 Dastarge a 1.> 0mm, 1/7 = 1.0, L/W = 30 13 4 WyeMain 622 OW. r/Wy = 1.0, 05/0, = 039, oor Ay/Ay = 058, Ay/Ae 048 4 Wye, Branch ‘Same’ Main) ast 45 Wye, Branch TW, = 15, Qy6/0.=05,AyiAc =08 a0 5 Wye. Branch TW, = 18. 93s/9. = 8. A/A, = 05 30 46 Damper =o 008 Damper =o é oo 30 _ischaree 2 = W,A\/A, = 40 8 Damper x: eng" oo Discharge w/Sercen 2 = 09 ie Damper a2 oer x6 Etbow 38 No.7 = sm, = a0 min, on P= 30mm e «Elbow 36 8 = 8, H/W =O, Re= 1110, 2 Kn 710 : © Elow SID Hy /y = O88, W/W, = 1 os Bea B.tet0", Kye = 10 > ‘Blows, Z-Shapes xt Witt = 28,4, = 070mm L7H = 43 a : Bem 2666108, Ky, = 10 @ Damper 72 e=0 oot Elbow 2 11D = 15, $ Piece oh © Tee.Main 6% (yi, «05 ow Tee branch 636 1G. = 0.5, Yy/¥, = 057 136 70 Damper 7 ono 0° Hamper za o-r om 7S Damper Em oe onDuet Design ‘Table § Classification of Fitings for Industrial Exhaust Systems Non Cade? Covet _Nates M4 F ° t * Nia 2s a Noa : Brown ° a 2 * A aa ane ae F e 3 a 6 33 s & 3 x a 39 a ws BOR 3 ais “ ° wa o a Na re 8 ° 0 a ° ° ak a 0 4s ° oan et ° ° 8 ee ° 8 5 wa ° a ° Na °. Na ° Na wa 62 (Nia NA 6 NA NA 630 NA Na 3 N”A Nia eae Fas ° ‘ S36 NMA o 4s 72 A Gals O84 ee A 6his era Noa te NA NVA to“ a « 2 een. as ings classed by apoiabiy fo india exaust stems, Codes ae ‘frequently ued; 0 = ocasionay used: N/A = nv eppicale: A= ad Expensive to fabric. CAUTION. Contaminant ceenttsomen cin os, Forstack hes. ate Feting 11 Uses with fan on clean arse ofa esr, High ose High wer forsysiemse Poor sien Roced dct and ftings prefered, "Elbows with vanes ate not fecommended duc plus in dust handing "ems and coronign ate vapor sem “ommended Design: 8 20" secommended Dei 6 <6" Wiha" aos, ing i Sometimes wed a exhaust from pena behind matted hood Recommend is 30" Use when mali nes oa colector ae reqs, Use gly forlation (OPEN/CLOSED) eying particulates, 33.21 ‘Two pressure balancing methods can be considered when designing industrial exhaust systems. One method uses balan. Ging devices (¢.g., dampers, blast gates) o obtain design air- flow through each hood. The other approach balances sy5- tems by adding resistance to ductwork sections, ie., changing duct size, selecting different fittings and increasing airflow, ‘This self-balancing method is preferred, especially for systems conveying abrasive materials. Where potentially explosive of radioactive materials are conveyed, the prebalanced system is ‘mandatory since contaminants could accumulate at the balan- cing devices. To balance systems by increasing airflow, use Eq. (55), which assumes that all ductwork has the same diam. ‘ter and that fitting loss coefficients, including main and branch tee coefficients, are constant. Oe = Qu (PAPA 69) where Qa = total airflow rate through low-resstance duct run, L/s Pj absolute value of presure lost in highvresstance ductwork section(s). Pa 2; = absolute value of pressure lost in low-resstance ductwork sections), Pa Q » airflow rate required to increase P, to Py, L/s ‘Table 8 lists fittings in Appendix B and their applicability to industrial exhaust systems. For systems conveying particu. lates, use elbows with a large centerline radius-to-diameter ratio r/D; greater than 1.5 whenever possible, Ifthe r/Dis 1.5 fr less, abrasion in dust handling systems ean reduce the life of elbows. Elbows often are made of 7 or more pores, espe. Gially in large diameters. The loss data for S-gore elbows ap. plies to these elbows (fitting 3-2). For converging flow fit. tings, a 30° entry angie is recommended (fittings 6-1, 6-4 and 6-34) to minimize energy losses and abrasion in dust handling, systems. Two hoods are presented in Appendix B, the nor-en- losing hood (fiting 1-1) and the tapered hood (fitting 1-7). For the entry loss coefficients of additional hoods and equip- ment for specifie operations, refer to Chapter 20 of the 1984 ‘SYSTEMS VOLUME and the industrial Ventilation manual, Example 6: For ive metalworking exhaust system shown in Fig. 15 ‘and 16, size the ductwork and ealeuiat the fan state pressure require ‘ment for an indusrial exhaust designed to convey granlar materials, Presure balance the system by changing. duct sizes and adjusting airflow rates. The minimum particulate transport velocity for the chipping and grinding table ut between nodes | and 5 (se Fig, 16) 20'm/s. For the ducts associated with the grinder wheels (nodes 2 and 3), the minioum duet velocity is 23 m/s. Ductwork is galvaniaed ser. ‘Assume standard air, and use standard ISO diameters Use Bi ‘Aci: only standard diamerers are shown onthe Frition Chart. “The building is one-story and the design wind velocity i 9 1n/s. For the stack, use Design J shown in Fig. 13 of Chapter 14. This designs ia adeition to desiens C, D and I, offers complete rain protections The sack height, determined by ealeuations from Chapter 18,0 3 ta above the roof. This stack height is based on minimized stack downwash; therefore, the stack dicharge velocity must exceed 1.5 times the design wind velosity, Solurion: For the contaminated ducts upeream of the collector, initial duct sizes an¢ transport velocities are summarized below. Design Transport Duct Duct Airflow, Velocity, Diameter, Velocity, Section ts sn 1s 850 20 7200 mA 2434 20ereh 12s 26 ‘es 580 2 160 238 SCollector 1430, 2 250 29:1 Mester 1430 2380 8k3.22 “he following tabulation susrnmarizes design esleutatios up through se junction anode Deen Dis, AP sy MPs Unbstence, Now mm ea fe Pyne 1 200 651 ‘ons 398 2 W295 924 an 3. 11621015, a7 Dis = 8SOLIS Qe = 29015: Dy, = 125-mm dis dha = 200LI5; Dy © 125-mm dia. Sig = S80 Le: Des = 160-mm dis For the inital design, Design 1, the unbalance at junction 57 358 >aith section lS requiring adional resistance, Decreasing these: jon 1-3 duct diameter by LS sizes results inthe least unbalance, 147 ‘ar when dust diameter is TBO fim (esign no. 3). See Table 9 for design 3 peesure fos calculations, The parameters used in calculating ie local (om coefficients for tings ae summarized in Table 10. Ince sections 24, Sob en 4-5 cequite aditional resistance, calculate henew airflow rate using Fa. (55) Qeas = (580) (11627651) = 620L/s eretore Ona = Qra = 310L/s Ising 1570 L/s downstrearn from junetion 5, rather than the originat seh airflow of 143) L/5, the system losses are summarized in Table For sections £4 and 78. ‘The duct between the collector and the fan sie 00 mm round, the nex: {SO standard diameter greater than te fan inlet (340 mm diameter). To minimize downwash, the stack “charge velocity must exceed 13.5 m/s, 1-3 tes the design wind oct (9 m/s) as sated inthe problem definition. Therefore, the tack is 315 mm round, aad the stack discharge velocity is 18.9 ms ora pressure grade fine of the system, see Fig, 17. The fan total cessuce,calelated by Ea. (19), 3039 Pa Sine (i) the fen inet coo ‘Table Summary of Pe CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook Fig. 18 Metalworking Exhaust System for Exaraple 6 ertinent Data for Example 6 on ete oS ume ae seed cae genes pete ie Tu Baca otic ff Seeder wn tree a ante nne “Length of ducts are to fiting centerline. : i Sd el ofc atari Ta. os. Te cee eee the ac bag sang mechan to scat #4. pesutediference of 790 Pa bevecen the inlet and outlet pi svete difeene anoss theca meds approximately 400 Pa ree33.23 Duct Design ‘Table 10_ Parameters Used in Calculating Coefficients for Example 6 Fag Type ot ‘Source Tost Lose 10 oss 7 Oust, Collecor ua Lomo _ 950 Fan Outer Sze » Dittser, 2dmmy 310: a Fan Outlet an Vag 13.0 8 os 7 We, faeces Branch (5% 62 Oo Ante 1 Yale 069 2 Exit Stackhead 241 wD,=1 Lo Transition ot a= 3 005 Alay 714 Ref ned) PrN. VSI. 9 55 Ret s2UIthes), Prt No. VSaill 9 580. FANSPECIFIED:Indsal exhaust for granola material: 30 un wheel dame: 340 mm inet diameter 260 mm by 310 mm cle 6 KW toe, Or © oO Fig. 16 System Schemati -~© for Example 6 ‘versisg flow transition angle (12° totais small and (2) the fan ilet and outlet ducts are lengthy, the fan inlet and outlet sysem effet fac- tors ae aro (ee Fan/System Interface section) To ealeulate the fan state pressure, use Eq. (20): , ~ 3039 ~ 200 = 2839Pa where 200 Pais the fan outlet velocity pressure. The fan airflow rate is Te70 L/s and its outlet area is 0081 m? @60 mm by 310 mm). ‘Therefore, the fan outlet velocity is 18.2 m/s. “The hood suction for the chipping and grinding table hood at node 1 is $40 Pa, calculated by Eq. (19) from Chapter 20 of the 1984 Systems VOLUME(HS= (+ Co)Pyl HS, = (1+ 025)672) = $40 Pa where 0.25 isthe hood entry loss eoefficiest Cp, and 672 i the duct ‘locity preseure Pa few dlameters dovnsteam from the hood: P, is based on 850 L/s, the chipping and grinding table design airflow rate Similarly, the hood suction for each of the grinder wheels at nodes 2 and 3s HSz3 = (1 + 0.49226) = «70a tnhere 0.4 isthe hood entry loss coefficient, and 336 isthe duct veloci ty pressure, F Static Pressure Method In addition to the total pressure design procedure, an alter~ ‘ate method, known as the static pressure method is common- ly used by designers of industrial exhaust systems. This meth- dis described in Ref, 42.Orne ‘ ao) i i 1 1 1 .” : | 2 2 | no sanee & wo i 3 cesguaarion | § eauceoannion! ce oy : i 1 so i I i i vn } t i Fig. 17. Total Pressure Grade Line for Example 6 REFERENCES W.C. Osborne: Fons (Pergamon Pres Lid, London, 1966) 2C.F Colebrook: Turbulent flow in pipes, with particular selerence to the ination region, between the smooth and rough pipe laws Uournal of the insiacion of Civil Engineers, Vol. M1, London, 1938-39, p. 139. STL ehls: Computerized calculation of duct friction (Building Science Series 39, U.S, National Bureau of Standards, October 1971, 7-38). FEE, Moody: Friction factors for pipe Now (ASME Transactions, Vol. 66, 1984, p. 673) TWiB, Swit’ Friction Factor and roughness for airflow in plastic pipe (ASHRAE Tronsaetians, Vol-88, Part, 1982, p. 269). MEA, Hutchinson: Friction loses in found’ aluminum ducts (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. $9, 1953, p. 127) VEMACNA: Unreported data based on tests sponsored by SMAC- NA in 1979 and. 1980, and conducted atthe ETL Testing Dboratories, Inc, Cordand., NY (Sheet Metal and Air Consitioning CGaniractors’ National Association, Vienna, VA) TED Jones Fresion Factor and Roughness of United Sheet Meta! Compony Spiel Duct (Unites Sheet Metal, Div. of United McGill Corp, Westerville, OH, August 1979) (Note: Based on data contin ‘alin Frieion Loss Tesi, United Sheet Metal Company Spiral Duct, ‘Ghio State Univesity Engineering Experiment Station, File No. T-1011, September 1958). *D.K. Wright 1.2 A new friction chart for round ducts (ASHVE ‘Transactions, Vl. $1, 1945, pp. 303316), Tey. Sei Flow losses in rectangular ducts ined with fiberglass (ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 84, Par 2, 1978, p. 216) TLE tdcehie: Coefficients of local resistance and of fiction Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance, Moskva-Leningrad, 1960, 0p. artes), (Note: Translaced. from Russian; published for the U.S. Anvomie Energy Commission and the National Science Foundation, iasnington, BG, by the Tsrael Program for Scientific Transition; vallable ffom the Notional Techoical Information Service, US. ape of Commerce, Srimefieé, VA. Document No, AEC TR S620) 'ANSI/ASTM A595 Standard Speeiieaton for Stee! Sheet, Zint- Coated (Galvanized) by the Flot-Dip Process, General Requiremen's "BANSI/ASTM A-527 Stanord Specifieation for Stee! Shee, Zinc- Coated (Galvanized) by the Hor-Dip Process, Lock-Forming Quit TEASHRAE RP.383: A laboratory study co Getemine he resistance to flow in galvanized ducts. (ests conducted by Tennessee ‘Technaogical University, Cookeville, TN) CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook '8R.G, Huebscher: Friction equivalents for round, square and eo. tagpuar dots (ASHVE Transco, VOL. 34,198. pp 10114) TESAW. Heyt and MJ. Diaz: Pressute drop in flat-oval spiral air dug (ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 81, Part2, 1975, p.220) TF}. Smith, Hand J.W. Jones: Pressure loss it high velocity Na, oval duce fiings (ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 82, Part 1, 1976, p, 4 '8Fan Application Manual (Air Movement and Control Associa. Ee er valu ox ane pon Sime, sgt aban Sein £3. Lou, EY tne. SHAE gene econ fan to ei ator ee ana Sen ASitRa€ Sypta Blein LOD aus RE mga 20 R.8, Brown: Experimental determinations of fan system effect tars fsa Shar ASHRAE symposium Ban EO, Pagel Reacisey *Eqyh wh Sondre gation of Condon ond vegs th Sev ede ae Preto cto “sae were eee Under cabori,980, SS Me peo Clinger te wre tonto i eta Rete Dope Jor Ute in Sate Cora Mi Wiech taba, Sr ane ngs nee tai) > he rotor Monn cd ta Pe Pron asgeaion 7 Energy Conservation in New Building Design (ANS\/ASHRAE/ tegsear oy 7.1! Lauvray: Experimental heat transmission coefficients for ngage ASAE ura ne investigation of Duct Leakage (ETL Report No. 459507, ASHRAE R69 Er Tete aborts, ter Corian ‘Sense, TI es ad, Hendeon: Anais of Duct Late, EL ca Agu RSIS Cees echoloncd Ue Ea Ga ensue, SIFUAC Ae ake et Maral Shes Me in IAMCA Standard 500 Test Methods for Louvers, Dampers and sues hedeten snd Cotr Aseaton, en Scena seed of ese Te des cashiers yf) ese Seed iatcoein dct deen rome cash Petco Vl a8 hs 91 aE ouean i Sa ie aap on Ati conform the Caer ea of Nese, Rr SirBon deh ed Teng nae. rpee ee sien RS or SHEE, sont te De of Ee Suga S7W.F. Stoecker and R.L, Bertschi: Designing Duct Systems for san 2 te ens Cnfccs gro aay sen BRC Easpset Syn fy Commer sn ree Sin Pudae Cavey, Va, B70. ea Siam aunt HB. Bouws Optimum air duct system design (Report No. CsI MeN, 0 Kean Tosti tox Entomol Sie He Neca, 96) 2%G. Brouwer: Optimization of the Design for Air Duct Systems sec Sino to Compu for Ensen E Seeing Pr Sone “OM, Kovarik: Automatic design of optimal duct systems (Building seen Sen tea of Sindee, Saab s 2 sokn and A, Shine: Compue ated etna iy sen ci amr uy Soe ones ASHRAE Toston MeL earhen Evry “Lea vemiion A Manuel of Recommend Prie canta Cotas of Gotta! dal Hens a gat iS sana 78TE: ai buon Sih et Het rele ok espa aon sag ean wear use Stns nero Oran fr 8 Sodhatin ot 5 and Air Con Vienna. VA.33.25 Duct Design APPENDIX A. FRICTION CHART AND DESIGN TABLES _ a Table A-l_ Velocities vs. Velocity Pressures Pan, Yel Pay, N,v, PO, va REEL nae AEE 8 ' pessettcmee dee pees mateo yprteata gc 1 2 wo Beep ett1985 Fundamentals Handbook CHAPTER 33 33.26 > | [ o 7 7 7 7 7 7 wu 'y313n¥ia Lond Ld Lid 0 MN tage ey om oo Fig. Aci Friction ChartDuct Design 33.27 Table A-2_ Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts for Equal Friction and Capacity* ie Length of One Side of Rectangular Duc (2, eam Ad’ 100 125 150175 200 225 250 275 300 350 400450500550 00 «60700750400 900 100 109 Bs im wt 150133150164 15 a3 16 17791 wo 182 172 189 204 219 2S 161 181 200 216 232 246 230 169 190 210 BE 244 359 293 2S 16 we Bo 28 26 Im 3 301 30) 183 207 229 48 245 283 209 G14 OB 350 195 22 245 267 285 0S In HD 354s $00 2071 BS 260 243 305 325 M678 aa a7 450 217 247 274 299 32 343 36 382 OD dee aD $00 227 258 287 313 337 360 38140) 20.33, 3a7 550 76 269 299 Ms 382375 doe HD ASL 53S) et 600 245 279 310 339 365 390 Aid 436457 495533 S67 EIS $50 253 289 321 351 378 44 09452 ard SIS 553 HD oD 63D Jo 261 298 331 362 391 GIB 4D 467 05303 GIO. GGT? OR 165 YS0 268 306 341 379 402 430457 482 505550, 392 G30 5S TOD 52, 7 0 a0 75 he 350 482410 496 520 567 OD 649 «GST. 722755 TTI BATT 0 289 300 367 455 456 522 SB 58763 8S T2576) T99 ISG NT 52798 Joo 301 344 384 486517 Me 5 as we 19152 go 976 1037 100 313. 358 399 437473506 538 569 S08 52103751735 SE 022 1086 Foo 324 370 413 453490 525588 550 O67] 180? STD Two 34 382 426 468 506 543577 005 ees ee eee esac ate 08 19 See oa ose Git SH Oat Oe O80 Pa Oe 15 om on a gu Si Sar OH O20 lag ur erare aera iy acme coefficient (se Table above) C= seven coetiient Gee Fig 7-8) For loss coefficient with screen at section 1, see Note |33.30 CHAPTER 33, 1985 Fundamentals Handbook U 15 Conical Convergimeg Bellmouth with End Wall, 1-8 Air talet Openings on Side of Duct Round and Rectangular! 2. Fest Opening 1 A > CA | iT eee C4 LAL t fa 8 HR EE > A Rectangular: = 2 EWA + W a Seige tte stteas otoa Sea ee Sea te Bs 8 = = L 8, degees 2 i & 2 B 6 B a ar ai «(88s OU OB OR © 048 2607S 86D 1S n 0025 0.0 os) oa! Oa O47 045 050 ga 2s Gf 3 OD 805, 030 Oj: oa: os 038 O42 030 Om 0g O05 950 03) O2e oat 030 aug og 22 8 1B O10. 050 033 oa ole O27 038 0.50 ois 050 an otete acs ze ence eeeereeaeeeereroares REESE ESTE yt yaa genni taste ascseaceeeeeeeee ea 038s. bas oa 4 3 2 270 2 seer — Zé adeg 01 02 03 04 05 06 0. 026 18 1S 14 13 12 12 i fs {13 07 060 043 O41 0.30 029 0.28 0.25 For iood fos coefficient with sereen at section 1 see Note | 17 Hood, Tapered, Flanged or Uatlanged™ inaacs aogier -eeSEEEES Apts Gisimajoranple for rectangular hoods “___ Hood Shape: Round eae a GO 80" 100" 120" aor or ROT C.10 6.11605 009 0.14 0.18 027 0.32 043 0.50 Hood Steape: Square or Rectangular ae op ar aoe HO 00 20" Lac 160" 180 SG, fo 019013 0.16 0.21 0.27 033 043 0.53 0.62Duet Design Table B-2_ Local Loss Coefficients, EXITS 21 Ent, Abrupt, with Sereen! dee 33.31 253 Exit, Conical, Round with Duct Upstream! oa = 17 G, where Goan from 7 a dees Ifo screen is present, Cy is a function of velocity distribution and At/Ag 8 20. 4 __20 30 45___>60 ‘varies ftom 1 to 4. ° 2 036 033 037 O51 090 1.0 10 wDetfuawiaWfowug@a Oe Gat gay SH OM Lo 2-2 Exit, Duct Flush with Wall, Flow along Wal 6 020 019 026 037 067 099 Ip aie ole az O36 ea Om Lo Wal 016 030 O36 Gee 0m 3 ovo con wicca | et 24 Bat, Pane Dilfer, Reena with Dut psa? & = ! ale 1 ; HT : somes a | a - i. aseorwen i Roan To : < Z G S.dexce { we, AU, 4 wea ! fd 00s 2 G50 95! ass 06 089 096 10 SoM 038 os Oo o% Oo “Lo 4 1@—t@ { es eh 03 om os Se ose 095, so s ov cei enn et : ‘ ; me ow 25 Ea, amid Dita wihor iota Wats Roamegaae . Rectenglar ‘ — ———— _(&) £T ‘es we, fone ‘ie i “oN jai gis gate gE as tiny % 0102 109091009812 aes me 18 IG fo te a fuer mat =N aso os 1D to 7 13 Gs aa S13 oa ‘. uo ro om 4/4, 6) ye 0 B18 os 2° 065 a6 an 08 092. 18 oR 4 08 06 oo om os iy it 18 OR & 030 0) Os om on te Et cnt mite gas oa 053 ge on gas O62 Et ‘with Duct Upstream! For ioss coefficient with sereen at quiet, see Note 2. For os oes wih serena on | se Note33.32 CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook 12.7 Exit, Discharge to Atmosphere from 1 90°Elbow, Rectangular 246 Air Discharge Openings on Side of Duct ‘and Round (Note: Flbow Loss Included)! 2 First Opening” AA, i 05 06 07 08 on 23 28 om 28 6228S 72S : ome gt 7 TA ee oe ee Os 99 to 33 420 WH 0 os 19 15 20 30 40 60 oe ms 26S 96 GE S241] 303432 30 27 24 22 BY 21 20 om 20 55 25 9366S Dts a2 2221 LB 7 16 M6 LS 1S 1S to ies te te 13 13 12 12 12 1 Z Tig celis eaeieeea ee Te ECL Lee SEL Ge 2812 M1 Vo Lo 40000 A ». Round ¢/D = 26 22 20 2219 _ Branch (Opening). Cy i 5 AVA wos 0s 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 dq 1S 2.0 283.038 A G18 7 7 B19 2326 ost 0.34 025 02! ols ONT 034 «036 Oe OOD 2 055038312 02s Ok 20s) os 037085 O38 0 ——_—_____—* 30063050046 Oe) Wa, oa os 10 33 oss 06 ass oz asi 0.80. & 0.06 =: =03 ~ Foros coefficient with sereen a section 1, see Note 1.9. Pyramidal Ditfuser at Fan Outlet Without Ductwork! 33.33 Table B-3_Local Loss Coefficients, ELBOWS 341 Elbow, Smooth Reds (Die Stamped), Round RDB) EY (yh. a) if eke F fo 7 Eloows: & 0.5 015 10 1S 303.5 aac AilAy Gori 033022 0.1S 0130? ig aes PCT e ceva Teg TTT Qa orgie eccion ia Raa Wea 038042 037 0M 032 030 - Pieces, Round is 987 0.38 0.53 ost 050.51 42 Elbow. 90°: 3,46 5-Pleces, Round! 2 07s (Oe? as O68. % 080 Ors On 070 I oas 078 06, 075 te z ‘4 For loss oeticent with soreen at seton 1, ee Note as ‘ 2:10. Exhaust Hood! F — =hCs ey (Coefficients for 90° Eons: iat at Na D i of f>— Pieces 0.5' 0.75 0s 5 = 0860.33 0.28 4 = 030037 ola 3 090058 e203 IM Forangle correction facors Ky, see Note 3 G 33 Elbow, Mitered, Round! ; LD. dey 0102 02503 035 04 05 06 08 10 0402319 L6 14 13 12 11 10 4 0 15 26 13 Lo 080 070 065 060 060 060 060 i 34 Blbows, 30", Z-Shaped, Round! Pr? Cot KneCS Do os bo ns 22s 2 DAS 01S O16 0.16 0.16 0.16 For Reynolds number correction factors ge, S€0NOICS. a et ad ns SO ce 0.08 0.16 0.34 0.55 0.81 1.2 see Nove 5. For Remolds number covretion actors KyCHAPTER 33 33.34 1985 Fundamentals Handbook 35. Elbow, Smooth Radius without Vanes, Rectangular! “able 3-7 Coefficients or elbows with splitter vate: Go = Keele. 45 92 S3H G08 G8. S88 Soh Sar om oot om om Gos om ee cz ww Gi Sh ah ba ous Gu by Se Be oa a Gu b. 2Spliter Vanes artten vince: i$ 38 O38 OB Gab ou ow ou an Oo” Ot ieee : 1b 3B bi au os fu Go ob ak oe Oh oh wi Wek Byamicr = ACR? Ke were Bet nth ads mot. 34 6 05 14 126 LID Lid 109 1.06 1.08 10 10 3075.20 17) 16s 156 146 138 130 Lis 10 Foceloows wih angles ozner than 9", se Noe 3. Toca Ae. 346 Elbow, Mitred, Rectangle! a Feels aw das os on 40 1S 20 30 40 50 20008 0.08 008 0.07 0.07 3 bie 49 ast Og O45 ose 1 1Splter Vane Feeeeatiets ‘co = Ke Ria Rice Ry ~ pier vane rads (CR = “CURVE RATIO" (als trom Table37-2) Ag ~ angle factor (ieee for valves) (CR = “CURVE RATIO" (eal rom Table3 7.0) tle acior (Ge Noe Yor ale) “Table -7.b Coetients for elbows HW 3 Spliter Vanes nawal / B= throat asus Ry = spliner vane ais 1 sliver vane 2 radias Ry = pliner vane ai (CR = ‘CURVE RATIO ‘eal from Table3.7.¢) Ky mange factor {ee Note} forsale) eS co: 033 4s] EN G10 O12 0 OM Gas aM 217 a2 OZ C2Duet Design 33.35 348. Elbow, Mitered, with Single-Thickness Vanes, Rectangular? 3:11 lbows, 90°, -Shaped, Rectangular! ma Dimensions, man No. 7 : L » 30 0 2 0.12 2 ns o ° ONS Gea K Ra CS 3 3. oo 0 ois Tre Coetlcieats for W/H = 10 ‘en ion of lg fe Bowed for an Inu a pponnmes _ Cellsents for W/L. oS LH 0 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 30 39° Elbow, Mitre, with Double-Thickness Vanes, Rectangula™ 5 See im me utr nme prereset Eee eae ta eg } 2 @ of em 0% 017 Eemmavinemar 2% os ok ty Roravareeta 3 3S sso Gh Emmet tus fe $M one ig Eaooervaenemer 3410 Elbow, Converging or Diverging Flow, Reciangalar! Ci_0__ 0.82 090 1.6 26 36 $0 42 4242 Li 24 28 32 40 50 60 7.0 90 100 © Att 24 28 352 40 50 60 79 90 190 = Cj 37 33 32 3 29 28 27 26 2523 For W/H values other than 1.0, apply the following factor: Wi 025 050 075 10 15 20 30 40 60 80 £110 107 1041.9 095 0.90 080.780.7200 For Reynolds number correction factors Ke, set NOt 5 342 Combined 90° Eibons Lying in Different Planes, Rectangsia! CK Kel - Contin or Square Ducts Liw 004 06 08 16 is i618 30 Ch 12 29 33 34 34 34 3332 34 LW 24 28 32 40 50 60 70 9.0 100 = C432 32 32 30 29 28 27.25 24 23 © 46 a 1 ~ LEE] Apps Following Factor for other than ///=1.0: "0-17 14 100s a0 a aa ae KS 41 ost one one, HL 025 050 0.75 10 15 20 3.0.40 60 bo = 1s__10 _06 _068 _060 055 _K 1101.07 1.01.0 a950.900.8078 O73 070 or Reynolds number conection factors Kge, See Nowe 5 For Reynolds aumber correction factors Kpe, $02 Note 5 :33.36 413. Oftet,S Shaped (Gooseneck), Rectangular and Round! Gn Key here Cy ~ offset loss coefficient Cy single ctbow loss cet ficlent (see Fisings 31,32, 3-5and3-7) CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook S14. Offset, SShaped in Two Planes 90° Apart, Recangular and Rouna! Genk vehere = offset tas coefficient Sand 5-7) « so oe 1201.15 120 E12 106 120 V3 108 ris Lie 130 La 137 car 138 158163 31S Elbows (4, 45°, Smooth Radius, Rectangular, Arranged to Go ‘Around an Obstruction? Ess geese arses seems I 1. edg 4 smo 1s 1081.05 1913012520 » toe Us ia 15017020 3 on 130 1S TR 20 waar tse =tsie @ ta t ie tas 19s 20 — Soin te igo ise 97 20 Yo.tom 900 1200 -1600-—«2000— «2400 1.701.796. 188 1.92 1.98 2.0 i 0.18 0.22 024 25 0.26Duet Design 33.37 Table B-4 Local Loss Coefficients, TRANSITIONS 4.4. Pyramidal Dittaser, Stepped, Rectangle! (Diverging Flow) £1 Conical Dittuser, Round? 42, Conical DitTuser, Stepped, Round! Do HWE + W) a () 4 77 ap 05 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 0 nla ; 15 Qo 9a) 003 008 os 06s 0.06 008 0.10 0.11 ou [ 20 O11 008 06 0.06 Ode O86 oor Out oon O09 O19 23 016 0.3 007 006 O08 0.7 0.08 DOT Dar Ga» Gar bi r 30 021 0.17 0.12 10 a. G09 O09 DG% De” Doe Sam 49037 022 047 Ole o42 o4F ot OM Oar 9 Oe 014 043 0 012 att 60056 0 at ots ate 0 & #0 041 032 024 021 O18 Gil? One Ole OD Ola Ot ae ae OB 0 BN Cie te 0 on a Lido M047 037 038 O24 931 0.39 o.t8 O18 O19 Orta Ot 4o__05 10 20 30 40 50 60 60 Wn D__049 G40 O30 as oa on Ste Oe GIS OM OM 15-003 092 003 903 004 os 006 0.08 0.0 at a) 20 G05 006 0.0¢ oo oor 0.05 00s Gas Gon oan Ore 23 G1 09 00% 0.06 0.06 0.06 O.% Gos oo" oes Ou bo G17 92 909 O67 Ga O06 avs 07 a7 Bae OS 4g 42 an ar 012 O10 009 O08 Dos Dan oon aoe OOS 9 030 922 016 013 017 O40 B10 O68 O09 Os Sok B09 0M 026 ols 045 O13 O12 O11 oo O99 oo So 1 036 0% 030 ate ole O13 012 om O16 vee Oe 1 035 030 022 a8 Ole outs 043 O42 O10 So One %__oai_032 034 020 0 ats on 040 Rectangular! - 43 Pyramidal Dittuser, Rectangular! Gq —_—_—_4___ 6, degrees 3 Big 045 020 025 039 033 033 033 030 Av4e 8 10 4 20 30 4s 6 90 t80 4 020 025 034 045 052 038 O62 D6 Oot 2 G14 0.18 013 015 02 035 037 0.38 035 6, O21 030 042 053 063 07 0.78 O79 O59 4 019 0.17 018 025 042 0.60 068 0.70 O86 210 024 030 043 053 0.64 075 084 O49 O88 6 _02 021 021 030 048 065 0.76 083 08033.38 46. Plane Ditfeser, Stepped. Rectangul at a 10 2.0 30 40 50 60 80 1 Do 0.04 0.4 00S 005 0.05 908 O10 911.3 Dos 0.07 €07 Oio6 O07 Gor O07 OOF O10 Oz Bie OT Glo ao 8.09 0.09 409 om O19 0.10 Dis Ola C2 bas OAL 010 6.10 0.10 B10 9.11 O2e O19 O16 OAs O1a O13 O12 OTF BIT OD Oar 925 O21 O49 O18 G1? ONG O88 O18 ONE 035 028 028 O22 020 019 O17 O16 O16 LIS O38 030 026 024 O22 O21 G9 O18 ONT BIE Oar 0.33. 039 025 O24 022 O20 019 O18 OIE 40.38 031 038 025 04 022 029 019 019 47 Transition Diffuser, Round (o Rectangular or Rectangular 10 Use G, from fiting 43 based onthe folowing equivalent angles: 1. Transition from und to rectangular an(8/2) = (13V Fi Hy ~ Ded2L 2. Transition from rectangular torouns: tan(@/2) = (Dy — 1.13V 7g VIL CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook Fan Ontet with Dectwork! 48. Plane Symmetric Diffuse AyAa 1s 2025 3540 deg 15 202530. 10 008 0.09 0.19 0.40 Om cat OD O02 Osos 2 Onze SS 3s ols, oe 2k 023025026, 30 0B. 028 030033035 Os Qdeg 15 20 2S 30S 1000500801303 15° 0060.10 2° 07 ots 25° 0m Oks 0D 30° 0138023026028 OS 35° 0ns__033 028033035036.Duct Design 411 Plane Asymmetric Diffaser at Fan Quilet with Ductwork! 4 35 40 10° ota oa ise 018 ons 20" 228 030 25° 039 0.40 031 ost 35° 0.66 0.66 eee 33.39 $2 Contraction, Conical, Round and Rectanguiar? “ ae he eS i jE Rectangular: D = 2AW/(H + W) 9 = major angle Sooke Eee Eg PPPS a de gg PE wae 53 Contraction, Rectangular Slot to Round! oe AVAy 8 ae des 20 2s 30 35 a0 1 0.10 0.18 0.21 0,23 0.24 0.25 13 0:23 0133, 038 040 OazOcad 2% 031 043 O48 0133 Ose Ose. 2% 0536 049 055 0158 062 Ose 0.42 0/53 0.59, 0.67 . 0.64 0.67 0.69 A053 0.59. 0.64 0.67 _ 0.69 Table B-S Local Loss Coefficients, TRANSITIONS (Converging Flow) 5.1 Contraction, Round & Rectangular A oz 2 025 020 0.170148 O.tt 4 To.caleulate Re, See Note 4. é 1020 340 0 ys Table B-6 Local Loss Coefficients, JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes) C1 Converging Wye GU", Round Bem G Oy degrees 01540 5060 90 120150180 2 005 005 005 0.12 018 02 0.26 4 005 00 007 017 027 038 Oat 6 0.05 0.0% 007 0.18 028 036 O42 100.05 _ 005 019 029 0370433.40 CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook 63 Converging Tee, Round! 1 3 3 oad eee 3 os av 8 a3 oe oa 0 4 710 399-90 90 feaee ot eine) err ar O 10 O21 ae 2 054 a 32 0.66 ry “a os da Sor Gar 843 Ds Gus OT 63 1 M2 25$ Gor Olas os 024 2 15 33 WS 201 oto os : ts v8 TH So Tos ot 036 2 a 8 Mh Tae Tas 0 oat Said ar eater aeeaee 7 eee 0.06 w/0, 0 OA 02 os i Sore 005 025 @u/o, 0 04 92 03 08 03 06 07 08 ¢ BH 4335 Th SIF Gey 00.16 027038 046 053 057 a3 335 ce 0 GaSe 18. 33 las cos vi Batra 7 see Branch Coy 0.8 1.0 a 04/0, =.04 0.05, * Hat eae ati ie Oi es 08 10 12 16 16 O10 0118 os ae toMain!! Vas Io 1985 Fundamentals Handbook £623 Diverging Woe, Rectangular and Round He, where His height of rectangular duct Act Ag Hy = Act Ay ae aaae an Branch sue Eee ¥ YW, 8 2 04 O06 OF Lo 12 14 16 18 20 21/0, oive 9, GE. OSe ger os 080 055071 09 12218 Aya, ond 02 see Fiting 623. (621 Diverging 45" Conical Wye, Round, Rolled 45° with 30° Elbow, Branch "to Main Ac* A ‘ranch yy) 02 04 06 08 1D 12 1A 16 16 20 OL No 03 0.71 08s 0s on 082 0m 0 cient (Cay) see iting 6-23, 62 Diverging Wye, Rectangular oss 031 0.36 oai 033 028 036 Qa/Qe Ay/AcO1 0203 04 OS 06 07 08 09 D8 O78 062 049 O40 0.34 0.31 032 035 040 D7 O77 059 O47 O38 034 0.32 035 041 050 06 Or 056 O44 O27 0.35 036 O43 O54 0.68 DS O71 O52 O41 038 040 045 059 078 10 bo Oa 0.65 047 OAD O43 0.54 0.69 095 1.3 03 066 048 052 O73 1.2 18 27 02 086 056 10 = 01 060 21 = 8-00" Branch. Coa Qs/0¢ An/4p G1 0203 04 05 06 07 08 0.9 (08 08) 0.71 0.62 056 0.52 0.50 0.53 060 068 07 082 0.69 O61 056 0.54 054 060 070 082 06 O81 0.68 0.60 08 Ost 072 087 11 5: Boneh Ce Ss G79 ome Ost Ost O68 07 OM 12 1s a - OS Obs ces Oe an om LI ia 1 23 2/2. 0.3 080 0.75 0.89 18026 35 —- = 02 03 Os 05 06 07 08 09 0.2 0.77 0.96 1.6 Sao e eee — ae 8 ee eee ecg 050 060 O88 12 18 31 44 60 QA L829 a 93 8S OH IG ts de S883 a on moe Sb 8S oho oa Oa Gre th is — - fu) bh os os os em on ts Beane ae oo GN oa oh om em te ie bss bse 037 032 039 029 030 037 — 2/0 - Qs $5 Ga eae 0a 026 036 020 os 06 03 O50 $s oS as ei ofs 01 oO a 093 094 0551 a 10 LD 12 aS Fee gy seseree-eceeeeabn hin ts a oie 030 oo mais 18 0.25 0.25 -.01 -.03 -01 0.05 0.46 LeLtettwesdtsetnid $38 83 ahh oO See cai ose = = $3) 03 Sts Soe 05 3 ey ae = Sar 03 ame mor 08 cos oF ai = Oe GS O52 ows O28 O35 030 a 10 10 =.02 =.04 -.04 -.01 0.38 See ete eee eee 1s 18 to oe! Obl =o 030 v0 01 02 03 oA 210 _1.0_0.62_0.38_0.23_O.18 ee Cpe 0.35 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.13Duet Design 6.25 Diverging We, Rectangular? 33.45 6.26 Diverging Tee, Rectangular Main to Round Tap” 9= 1s*1090" Ac Ay + Ay Branch. Cop “as wos as ore 2 14 ts ts no OE [soar 04s a9) 08 a8 a3 041 not 044 099 est 078 10 9M oe 056 04s OH 0m 019 IS ON 029 aH 0m19 12 48 om _ay4 06 054 ou) On on ane an ay es ome LA 1 67 20 om 079 066 049 053 O08 0% 03 63 051 0% 10 16 183 205 200 1.85 1.70 1.76 1.80 1.88 sein anaes teuge ateeateeecearr acne ea ie eno Poa aas onto tip HipT # Walaa For main coefficient (C,,), se Fiting 623 _ Beaeg 1560 0 627 Diverging Te, Rectangular Main to Round Tap” eae A/A, y = 0 ro 10 1G a4 os: 08: og: BLO 2 064 Ost Ot ast Oas 3 050 052 052 050 0.50 oa 036 040 038037 bs. 035° 030 028 0270: 06 046 023 020 kone nA, os oot 07010 om? aot 10 9020 040 008 | 12 REE RE eee ta 039079039039 WY. 040 050 075 13s 4s ts ox le 42 é 080 083 0.90 es i Pate tae t tra 3 main coefficient (C. ), se Fin 20, pug seececa peaaeeeee ae For main coefficient (Cz .) se Fting 623, He 63 05< Ay/Ae < 10 ve A/a S10 Branch 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 10. 14 1.20.96 0.82 0.68 0:36 0.49 0.47 048 0.50 0.54 (628 Diverging Tee, Rectangular Main and Tap? Aen, 24/0. 0203 04 05 06 07 08 09 103 4 101 ant) 16 121 waz 3B 1a 136127 2 Le 1ST 1.66 79 201 23 228 220 195 7 2.28 271 299 21 209 220 8232 254 268 309 3m Sas 231 239 257 For main coefficient (C,,), se Fiting 623 !3.46 CHAPTER 33 29 Diverging Tee, 45° Eentey, Rectangular Main and Tap” Los 086 [sd 125 0.92 X63 30 131 172 224 163 les 6630 Diverging Tee, 45° Entry, Rectangular Main and Tape, with Damper aes 1985 Fundamentals Handbook 631 Diverging Tee, Rectangular Main and Tap, with Dampe Aer Ay Branch. C WW, 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 O08 09 02 0.58 D4 087 0468 D6 0.78 0.76 0.75 Df O88 093 081 1.01 12 105 108 1.18 1.29 10 120149 148 140 151 170 19 Vs 210 221 228 239 232 248 253 1g 272 389 288 309 330 519 3.29 346 U3 342 458 365 392 420 415 S10 410 408 For main coefficient (C,,) see iting 63 6.32 Diverging Tee, Rectangular, with Extracor” ost 080 0.54 03 062 0.53 057 0.77 0.23 0.68 oat 08s 098 1.0% 1.07 0.83 on hoe tte 1 1 1 7 4136 118 Tos 128 130 1.6 209 181 147 02 0.60 Oa 062 9.69 06 0.74 0.80 0.82 119 0.95 Li Lat rsa 3 14 ter 170 Kos 247 240 233 251 3.13 325 337299 Sox 330 378 4.11 433 13e_ 2104 1781.90 240 2.77223 182 yy, 2, O08 10 12 14 16 18 in coefficient (Cea). 8 Fiting 22 Os Gos 0.04 _0,07_0,12_0.13_0.14_0.27_0.30_ 035. ———eDuct Design 33.47 635 45° Double Wye, Rectangular and Round’ Cow OF Co 0.23 0.07 Ay = Ay Divergin Aya Ae ear Mg eae EES w/e or Any /Ae 0.50) 1.0 @ Converging Flow Cuwor Cory 0.30 0.25 Sa Gh Branch. G, . Da As 634 Wye, Rectangularand Round! ister yam ass eoaians trae, Aw/A, = 02, OS +10 -36 059 18 32 4968 100-10 24 06 170 26 aT 20-10-19 02) 00s Aylae = 0.4 fuses os -02 058 092 13 16 10 O17 055 072 O78 2.0 O16 06 Ania = 06 os ~01 0.51 0.60 0.82 O92 1.0 O12 05s 060 052 — 20 oi = Ayla, “1.0 05 40 -S1 -09 025 050 065 0.64 10-10-37 013 046 061 058 Cm OC ay 20-10-15 038042 6 Qte/Qe oF Orn/ Oe Main Gy dz 00.1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 at Woe 15_=2.6 -1.9 -1.3 -.71~300.10 0.41 0.67 0850.97 1.0 Ai___* 6) 03 03 a4 0s a6 07 e409 10) 30_-21 =L5 =1.0 ~.53-.10 0.28 0.69091 1.1 14 1.6 Awisecer 45 713 _=93 ~55 -.160.20 0560.92 1.3 16 20 23 Mo 33 I OB eR og a ae eee Ayan 04 Diverging Mes) = Wie 00s a2 OM 36 O35 039 ato Cap or6.28 Au/ac=08 : Vil got Vay! 0320-2 Ow an 027 a” 04 om be on oo tte ie om oa Oa 04-041 G31 Oto a tt 0 oa ome 046 041 031 Gis 9 Se O1 03-03 4 05 06 os 16 12 ta 6 us 20 saat O81 26s Ser Gat Gat Ge guy eat ete aan ast on 10 | Sat on om oa ce dy Sw UH UU ‘anrai SOE Qu 90 aM ae on 02 on 83 230 Oar amigo © 12 _@ 0 051 ar oan ass Oss Oas OM oe P © th On Os Ge os on oa axe on as an oie Sig io e101 to a) ta’ to) ta) Ya! Ya Lo by Diverging Flow: Use Fiting 623,33.48 CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook 636 90" Cross, Rectangular and Round! OBSTRUCTIONS aig 0 0S Any = Ase 2 Converging Flow Branch, Cop Ban Dal, oF OD. Ls 43 tr 29108 C020 O52 72 Damper, Butterfly, Rectangular! ad 0S C008 0331233 9.026 70 73 Damper, Gate, Round? Qu 9 @i 02 03 od 05 06 Aiy/A, = 02 f— —_ rs os 78 NOOO e ro ras Tos ra 3 : 20 85 31183 : Ayy/Ac = 0.8 os 7a a9 034 «21018263 ro 78 lla 060 13 zt : = 20 88 042 10 47 WD 0203 0a 03 06 07 08 09 A/a, = 04 ‘An/Ag 025 038 050 0.6) 0.71 O81 0.90 0.96 os uss Uap 020 Om 12 4? RA G35 1046 21 0.98 044 0.17 006 Tigre eesti e eeuan | tr ees | elias cle ee eeeeerepeseremecerer creer can 20 Tes 009 08s Ld TH Damper, Gate, Rectangular’ Ayla 7 08 0s 85 33 GUS OS! LOT Mo 78s 28 oat Ost 13 nS = 20 "ss o08 08s 13 Ayy/Ac= 1.0 rr 013 036 1s LO "8s 190.39 0.86 o> 20 "as o7__osl 12 re Maia oe Qo ao 0a & a2 eat) 096 03 od 08 o7 0s 09 Qe 0.6. ca 98 iu 10 0s 6933 LT 083 032 0.08 C, 085 Or ass 0390.20 19 19 BB as 12038 O17 Sane ism 9147-27120?Duct Design 75 Damper, Batetly, Airfoil Blade, Rectangular! 33.49 ee z Siders : Rw wo 0 0 ° 03 sor 2 73 21 90 052 o4 918 352 10028 11 032 os ims 37 im OB 13 02 08 Mai 4 Kae 38 14 032 08 1299 495 18h 548 032 LO 132 $47 2458652 02 15 1654_617_361_107_ 28 os Adept _G 050 065 16 4094 MT 74 Damper, Recongular, number of damper blades W = duct dimension parallel blade axis, mm 1 = sum of damper Slade lengths, mm R™ perimeter of duct, min oo. 3. 03 6 3214 23 14 0.79 052 oa 12 8 16 24 13 o8s 0.82 os 1 4 18 24 1s 092 032 os 2s 45 21 24 13 092 032 08 24 35 2 2s 15 om 032 10 361 65 2 10 S426 16 10 082 1S $76 122810 $4 2.7 16 1002 vw une See Fiting 746 for definition of terms. 78 Obstruction, Seren in Duct, Round, and Rectangular! vohere 15 fre area ratio of screen, dimensionless Ag, = total flow area of screen, mm? (Aa = areacof duct, mm? ley 2030 040 030 Co_62 3017 13 097 35 0,60 065 070 075 080 090 10 50.58 0440.32 0.14 0 79 Obstruction, Perforated Pate, Thick, Round snd Rectangular! ar0.0's Age = 8/5 DEE AG/A, sehere SO “Ae * area of duct, mm? Aue = orifice area, men? "d= diameter of perforated hole, mm n= free are ratio of plate, dimensionless 1 plate thickness, am vd 020 0.25 030 01s $2308 02 4 2 17 04 4% 7 oT3.50 10 Obstruction, Sro0th Cylinder in Round snd Rectangul Ducts" CHAPTER 33 1985 Fundamentals Handbook a 711 Round Duct, Depressed to Avoid un Obstruction? med Vain Tosaleuate Ry. seeNores) = KC, L/D = 035 6, =024 712 Rectangular Duct, Depresed to Avoid en Obstruction” : Eee ft 2 fae i 7 oe = i Ae ty cv © 09 040 O18 020 G25 030 cas 0m 1.0 0.26 030 0.33 035, @ REFERENCES: APPENDIX B LE. Idelchik: Menabook of Hydraulic Resistonces, 2n3 ed, 'shinostroenia Publishing House, Moscow, USSR, 1975). ALD. Brandt and RJ. Steffy: Energy losses at suction hoods HIVE Transactions, Vol. 52, 1946, p. 205). Designer's Handbook, Pari 11, Ventilation and Air Conditioning coyizdat, Moscow, 1977, pp. 256,267). D.W. Locklin: Energy losses in 90-depree duct elbows (ASHVE rsacions, Vo. $6, 1930, p. 479) RD. Madison and J.R. Parker: Pressure losses in rectangulat 1s (ASME Transactions, 1936, p. 16). TEM. Kozel: Duct wrning, vanes in 90-degree elbows (ASHRAE. ssacifons, Vol. 80, Part 2, 1974, p53), UUneeported data based on tests sponsored by SMACNA in 1979 1980, and conducted at the ETL Testing Laboratories, inc, land, NY (Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Conuractors* ional Association, Vienna, VAD. ALE. Behls and W.K-Brown: Pressure loss coefficients forthe 45- ‘ee return ar tee (Building Sclence Serle 39, US. National Bureau tandards, October 1971, 9.375). C.F. Sepay and D.B. Pies: An Experimental Study of the Pressure Losses in” Converging. Flow Fittings Used in Exhaust Systems (orepared by Ohio State University for National Institue for Oc ‘upational Safety and Health, Document PB.221-130, April 1973) C.D. Jones and C.F. Sepsy: ranch Loss Coefficients for 22x 1228 Plain end Combination Divided Flow Fitings (Unites ‘Sheet Metal, Div. of United McGill Corp., Columbus, OH, Anil 1 ) C.D. Jones and C.F. Sepsy: Friction Lass Coefficient for Four 12x 108 Divided Flow Futings and. Various Combinations for Branch Crossover (United Sheet Metal, Div. of United McCill Coip-- Columbus, OH, June 1963), LS. Kliacchko and VF. Pustoshnaia: Research forthe influence ‘of some construction elements of recangular tees on el? accodynamic characteristics (Design and Installation of SomiorY ‘Spstems, Siae Research institute, Leningrad, 1970, p. 46) Kors et al: Fitting losses for extended-plenum (orced sir systems (ASHVE Transections, Vo. 86, 1950, p. 259). “EJ. Brown and LR. Fellows’ Pressure losees and Mo characicristies of rulipleleaf dampers (Heating, Piping and Conditioning. August 1957, p. 119).