Saniya .S. 1 O’LEVEL PAKISTAN STODIE ~YONAID, "AKHT CELL= 0300-2187567 Junaid-akhtar@live.com “TCOE BENG UPA SW ES ib des RW2E Yo OB2. BYIARD . LANDFORMS OF PAKISTAN Relief Features: Topographic features of a lend (hills,slopes, Physical Features: Relief features & climate of an area. Drainage: A region drained by river water in the form of river or stream that is absorbed into land. [Drainage Features: River's name, type, direction, source, features, size etc. & stream, waterfall. lakes. basins ete] Inland Drainage: The surface water in the form of river or stream that is absorbed into land but does not reach to the sea. by the deposition of the old Meander: Tithe mature sta deposited at the mouth whil Mangrove Swamp: Fluffy Valley: It is a trout ‘V-shaped valleys. Intermontane Valley: A valley which is surrounded by mountains or hills from aif si Cuesta: Ridges made of limestone. It is steep on one side while gentle on the other side. Piedmont Plateau: Situated at the foot of a mountain & are bounded on the opposite side by a plain or the water body. Alluvial Fans: Formed in piedmont plains & active only during rains Badland topography: It is an clevaied arid or semi-atid area with less vegetation. dissected land and sharp ridges. Serrated Area: It is ¢ rocky area with saw like edges. Pass: It is a narrow path or channel which connects (vo valleys, Basin: It is a hollow baw! shaped structure,LANDFORMS OF PAKISTAN IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN’S LOCATION Geographically Pakistan is located in South Asia.(South Asia: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan Bangladesh & Sri Tonks) aldistan on khe map is: Latitude: 24*N to 37*N & Longitulle: 61°F to 76*E. + Pakistan is situated) in the nfost important part of South Asia. It is hituated in|the heart of Muslim st. To the West Pakistan is linke?! with Mislim countries like Afghanistan, Iran, * Pakistan lies in tHe Sub ‘Tropical (@0-N-40*N) Zone. Due th favorable climatic conditions (Warm-hot summers) agrichiltural activities can be performed thrpughout the bear. Water of the Arabian Sea| remains open throughout the year. So the trade activities can be Mountsinous North is died intb these ranges: aiakoram | (C) Hindukush (D) Kohistan, Swat & Dir/R ifoky Weg ate Biel b Teer d ote /-KK. The flarallel ranges of They a ieee inl by the jal i ht They are spread over Rawalpindi, Abbotabad & Mansehra Districts(RAM). | Kaghan & Naran are the important valleys. | eee e eee Some of the hill stations of Pakistan like Muree, Nathia Gali & Ghora Gali are located here.REATER OR CENTRAL HIMALAYAS: RihGer er era ete: Itis located to North of the lesser Himalayas. ‘© Their average height is (4600-6000m) ‘© Snow capped ranges are covered by glaciers. ‘© Their trend is fron ers eoper these ranges. For example Siacifen (784m), H}spar (61kms), Baifo in the world four of them lie i 1. Fot example in the KK ed. * These mountains can bg crossed with great difficulty. Ey a biia high e.g. the fd to the/North West of Pak & it is the Westen/side|of the Famir Plateau at the wat, CHitral Dir & Kphistan (Se DK) are the most fa nous valleys. 7 asses which connect Pakistan with Afghanistan e.g. Barpghil, Shera shing rai Pass Hinks chitral & Dir. Deep valleys & gorges are common.DRAINAGE PATTERN: EASTERN WESTERN * Indus,ehlum,Chenab,Ravi & Satluj Kabul, Kurram,Gomal,Tochi & Zhob * Main Rivers Minor rivers : + Fed by meiting of snow & Summer Monsoon Fed by melting of snow © Perinnial rivers - Non-Perinnial (Seasonal) rivers * Flowing Southward Flowing Eastward + Slow moving because plians of Indus. Fast flowing because of steep slopes * Rivers in mature and old stages(Punjab & Sindh) Rivers in YouthstagestK PK ) Panic eee E ranges, Ranges ings i upto 8475m, ks, Sane Dee a Gorg ine aon ayo the Gomal River, the Suleimhn-Kisthdr Mountaink lie between the Balouchistan Platea’& the Indus plain. ‘The Suleiman Mountains with average height 600m, (eu. Hicht 9 “ome Takht-e-Suleman is the highest peak. ‘© The Marri-Bugti Hills are the offshoot of the Suleiman Mountains & extend up to Quetta, Near Queita, they take a ‘Syntax Bend’ southward & merge into Kirthar Mou ntains.DRAINAGE PATTERN: oc ee Avg. height 300m. ‘* Their trend is N to S. The height decreases N to S. The Kirthar Mountains are backed by the Central Brahui & the Pab Ranges. ‘The most important pass on these ranges is the Bolan Pass, which connects Quetta with Sibi. ‘The Mountains are comy ¢ of limestone, sandstone & shaly rocks At the Piedmont pla ‘There is no river in }hi ater is ground channels, The local name of They flood almost ater. flood plain. fears sever flood or the alluvium: -s called “Dhands™. A OP -FLUVES: y are the areas of fighest ground (15m) between rivers forsped by d z ay 1d flood a Bar aes are the sAfest places from floods so can be used fdr houses &| other 1 pland is “Bar” The sdiments of tHe terraces are called “Old alluviyim” The te sidered ideal for agriculture with of irrigatiod ‘The alluvial terraces Kirana Bar in Chaj Doab, Sandal Bar in Rechna Doab, Ganji Bar and Nilli Bar in Bari doab. A large part of Sindh Sagar Doab between the Indus and Jehlum is covered with a desert called “Thal”.UPPER INDUS PLAIN (UIP) & LOWERE INDUS P! LIP) Both are flat and undulating. Both are having active flood plains, old flood plains & s0 on. ‘Tidal Delta is only in LIP DRAINAGE PATTERN: Both are having the River|Indus. Meanders, Braiding, Ox-How Lakds, Swamps etc. are very common in Hoth Tributaries contribute a Indus forms Tidal Delta j of sandstone & limesto It is rich in minerals like RELIEF FEATURES OF THE SALT RANGES: ‘Mountainous North & lie between the River Induk & River developed. rock salt, gypsum, limes xy many depressions, salt lakes (Playa TaKes) & dissected Fand. Rivers like Khewra, Makrachi (Salt Range), ete have cut the ranges deeply & have formed gorges. There is a fresh water lake KALLAR KAHAR in this area.RELIEF FEATURES OF BALOCHISTAN PLATEAU Itis located West of the Sw it it Low Lying Basin some of them are it shrinks into a the others are starting from Sonmiani. It covered with 150 mhigh, in areas such . tain valleys due to milder climate © Terracing 0 {0 increase flat land for crop growing in valleys * Storage of food for animals through the winter due to cold temperatures * Lack of water in winter due to sub-zero temperatures Industry © Small-scale due to difficult access through mountains + Cottage industries due to cold temperatures in winter (ii) Explain why travel by * Roads and raily \d and air is difficult in mountainous areas. 14] 's blocked especially in winter id snow * Surface damaged by * Steep slopes © Flooding © Airtravel needs runways & Fog and ice limits air travelPUEDMOUNT PLAINS: “The Piedmonts plains cover an extensive area between the Sulaiman-Kirthar & the Indus River. © They have been building by the alluvial fans developing along the rivers duc to erosion. «Most of the rivers refling down the Suliman-Kithar become active only when rainfall takes place. «The rivers flow dovya_the mountains swiftly on reaching the foothills-they,lose their speed & drop pant of their lookl within)the siream, which split into bambers of narrow channel. © These narrow channkls becoMe so over burdened that they die beffre they regch the Indus River towards which they flow. © Some of the alluvikl fans snerge into one another & Picémonij Plains are|dominated by the alluvial fans. «© The greater parts of piedmbnt plains have good soils & suitaple topography for agrieultaral purposes but lack lof rainffll & drought conditions are the nfain problem} to tum area into agricultural region. CUESTA: «These are limeston «They have one s © Rohri Cuesta in examples ichi are its main lins & Dunes. features which, nd latitudibal (Kan) sand dunes offThatta When river Indus falls into Arabjan Sea a tidal delta is formed sshicb is isfmarked by a Cliff which. js important for Low standard of living due to few jobs mostly fishing, Less Jacilities cause low population density. UNAID AKHTER 0300-21875671) Draw the cross-section of DOAB. 4 2) Label A,B,C & D. 4 3) Relief features of Indus Plain. ~2/'5 8 4) Relief features of Upper Indus Plain. 7 5) Relief features of Lower Indus Plain. 6 5 {5} 6) Compare the relief features of UIP & LIP. 7) Compare the drainage of UIP & LIP. 8) EFFECTS OF INDUS DELTA ON THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE: 4 pega a kilometres ACTIVE FLOOD PLAIN(a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing tourism in mountain areas? [8] Advantages + Increase local incomes + Increase local infrastructure + Opportunities for development + Maintenance of locat environmpat + Preservation of local culture May not be su [Max 3 if an answer only considers aqvantaggs or disadvantages} = (d) Explain how topography and d cause problems for farming jf Batoch}stan. (4) Topography (res.1) Candidate needs to link these to prpblems pf fanning in Baluchistan (i.e. For example: + lack of fertility machinery, ie t the Ifdus Plain) Again, cdndidate needs to lin} these to problenys of farming in Balochistan. inland rainage basins/salt lakes stony soil thin soil barren land i through A unsuitable for fai 1 . JUNAID AKHTER 0300-2187567 Junaid-akhtar@live.com yo Sere” Arabian Sen Ae Verpieth Ganere S Thine. re a aos Colton oO hen bo bese be Chena F oteatFig. 0.4 = ae we “> TASIKISTAN 2 va Saat some end Kashmir ren [2 [inearena bane Svea arena Basch Sa Pot eHee en Newer aoe "rvaran | er Gast) de] [ mtu |\ { 76 eae Sa - CHINA DIA - Balochistan IAL — International boundary = Provinetal boundary a Rivers AK Azad Kashmir 1 Islamabad {Arabian Sea | Key tor Rivers a 4 Indus 6 Mastuj 1 Hab | 8 2 dtrelum 7 Kabul 12. Hingol 3 Chena 8 Xurram 48 asht 4 Revi 9 Gomal 44 Kech 5 Sullej 40 Zhob 48. sthing!N Bar Upland. Barupland: Doabs — River _ | Sindh Sagar | Tndus — Jhelum Kirana Bar Chaj Doab- ~~ Thelum — chenab Sandal Bar Rachna doab ~ Chenab— Ravi Nili & Ganji Bar Bari Doak |” Rav? Sutley/Beas %| LatTune & tonsituoe 7 NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES acon as Mh abate ce bape stea FS(SEA) A. als cs a ADMISTRATIVE DIVISIONS Ac FATA ax Shim ay“|Kashmir Boundary _| Rivers Mountainous Ranges central Malriin se a fs fines rofonnn Yrsfie Teo“Duss ospn Ling ute, 61 °E - 16°k FAIR federally sd usisister ed pete Wohal, FANAsFedenata edan aber Neuthem Areas “ . Sn iterate . MET Fig. 1 Sch snten socos Fon a seal) #84 vee Meutae Rags . ‘ 008 jonas ferme Prva ——_____ its ae A Hengla <0 We Felson 00 C2629 102 D5 RR 0 LE Suborins, a ab sl tl J Selatuet inane eoundy root eed mureon rae hy abd ~ == tration! boda gna ye mee Dao umien SeCLIMATE OF PAKISTAN Climate & Weather:- The Climatic conditions such as humidity, rainfall, sun shine etc. for a long time period. While these conditions for current situation is called Weather. Evaporation: Removal of water in the form of vapours from water bodies like sea, rivers, lakes etc. ‘Transpiration: Removal of water in the form of vapours from plants. Evapotranspiration (Evaporatior{ & Tran}piration) The volume of water evaporated (bonversibu! of water into steam) & transpirated {removal bf water from plants due to heat) from water, soil & plant surfaces per unit land area. Actual Evapotranspiration (PE): Aciufl evaporation plus transpiration depeyfding on terpp. & water. Potential Evapotranspiration (KET): Gurrent stetus of evaporation plus trahspiration depending on temp. & water. Arid Areas: - Areas, which recefves rain! ‘The potential evapotranspiration|(PET) times in Arid Areas. Semi-Arid Areas: - Areas, which receiv rainfall between 250mm-750mm pfr year. OR ‘The potential evapotranspiration| exceeds actual evapoiranspiration (AET) by less than to times in Semi-arid Areas. | fall tess the 250mm. OR ccoeds by actual evapotranspiration KAET) by mbre than two Humid Areas: - Areas, which r¢ccive the rainfall more than 750mm per yepr ‘The potential evapotranspiration( PET) & very less than actual evapotranspi Annual Temp, Range. The difference Yetween the temp. of hottest month the ennual temp range is 20 *¢. or tose than 20 *C then it is said 10 b Range” otherwise it is called low. Daily Range: « The difference Isohyets: Imaginary lines joini Precipitation: Rainfall, Snow Temperature Inversion Laye the moisture of the winds Oceanic Influence: « The effefts of oc d:tLike these 1 month. If jemperature the temp. of day & night. Continental Effect: - The | s ifferende between Altitude factor her due to height. A) Summer hoon. In Summer Sindh b + July to S| + Bay of Bang + These winds these weak winds. + In Pak Max, Punjab (MSM) & Less in Sindh (SSM).These winds also blow from the Arabian Sea in Karachi area but there is little or no rainfall due to these weak winds & temp. inversion layer. “There is very less rainfall in Karachi than Lahore due to the fact that Lahore receives early part (MSM) of it while due 10 long journey its tail end (SSM) reaches to Karachi. Lahore is having more evapotranspiration than Karachi. Lahore is higher than Karachi so more rain, B) Western Depressionis/ Disturbances: It originates from Mediterranean Sea and covers a long-joumey from Iran, Afghanistan then its tail end reaches to Pakistan. Its main part causes rainfall in mountain regions specially in KPK ( Peshawar). + December to March. + Land fs heated + Evaporation & transpiration + Cools, Condensation & cloud formation + Itoriginates from Mediterranean Sea + It covers a long journey from Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan (hen reaches Pakistan. + Max. in KPK (Peshawer) + Less In Balochistan (Quetta) + InBalochistan known as GOORICH and in Karachi known as Quetta Waves, + Causes rainfall in mountain regions specially in Quetia & Peshawar. + Precipitation in the form of Snow and Hail. ‘There is more rain in Peshawer than Quetta because of Height, it receives main part of these winds ‘and more evapotranspiration than Quetts. Peshawer is a valley and Quetta js rain shadow due to Central Brahvi ranges, Peshawer is having more plantation then Queita which is arid. C) Convectional Currents: Convection is the process in which hot air rises up which contains much moisture and its place is taken by air when it reaches the higher layers it enuses rain fall swith dust storms and thunderstorms, It takes place only in Nosthern & Northwestern areas while Southern azcas don’t receive it due 10.9 femperatire inversion layer. Peshawar and Rawalpindi receive most of fis rainfall by this in early sursmerConyectional rainfall Convectionat rainfall forms due too heating ofthe ground by the sun. As the air close to the ground is heated it becomes lighter and begins to rise. When the air rises it begins to cool and condense. As the water vapour condenses back to water droplets, clouds are formed. As the clouds grow bigger it staris to rain. D) Relief Rainfall: When moist unstable air moves upward it causes rainfall especially in mountain areas due to altitude factor. The windward side receives more rainfall while leeward side receives less rain nd called RAIN SHADOW AREA. In Pakistan rain shadow areas are Quetta, Gilgit & Chitral. It takes place in northem and northwestem areas due to chilling, which causes condensation and precipitation, Relief Ranta Stage 1. Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land. Stage 2. As the air rises it cools and condenses. Clouds form and precipitation occurs. Stage 3. The drier air descends and warms. Stage 4. Any moisture in the 4 E) Thunderstorms (April-June) (October-November): They are common in northern and northwestern arcas of Pakistan, the atmospheric pressure falls and convectional currents rising to 600Gm where anvil-shaped cumulonimbus clouds are formed cause rainfall with strong winds along with stormy rainfall and bails for a short time period. They are associated with pre-monsoon & post monsoon period. In summer monsoon some areas of Baluchistan also face dust storms and strong, winds, Tropical cyclones from Arabian Sea can also cause rain and wind storms in the coastal areas of Sindh & Balouchistan, JUNALD AKHTER 0300-2187567 28Xropica Cyclone A cyclone is a low atmospheric pressure zone where wind flows inward spiral direction, which is anti-clockwise in northern hemisphere. EFFECTIVENESS OF FALL IN PAKISTAN: The major sources of rainfall is Pdkistan are Summer Monsoon & Western difturbanges. The Monsoon winds are not so much effective bebause of unreliable amount, untimely rain fpll and sqanty rain in many areas. It usually causes fpods which destroys the crops in many areds. It uslially cones in the form of heavy showers which algo destroys the crops. In summer there is jvery higl} intensity of heat which reduces the moisture in fe winds} Its most of the water is wasted except s¢mp of the amount which is stored in the reservoirs. ‘The amount of rainfall iy winter js useful for Rabi Crops because jt comes time period but its amount is very}less. So we can say that rain fall ip Pakis(é farming arees like Potway Plateauj& Northern arcas which are not the main} light showers for a long b only effective in Barani TEMP. RANGES IN PAKISTAN Temperature 32 #C & Above this tends t keep the ween summer winters in the interidy of the couyiry. . The higher-altiwwGes in the west & north keeps dowtrthe temperature U outihe year in the extreme north because of great heights the mountains top freezing iermperature al! the year round the hills and mountain also attract rain. SUNATD AKHTER 0300-2187567‘The monsoon winds, which come in July, continue to below up till September Pakistan receives iail end of the nfénsoon therefore the monsoon is neither prolonged nor as wet as that in India The western depressfon originating from the Mediterranean region {& entering Paki west after crossing] Iran &| Afghanistan bring rainfall in winttr (December-march). These cyclones make a Idng land|joumey before coming to Pakistan f& thus robbed moisture by the timg they redch Pakistan. Thunderstorms cause some qmount of rainfall particularly in northt Convectiobal rain takes place in the nosth of Pakistan bu{ not in south due to temp. Inversion layer ani! Rel northern & northwebtern areps. INTERPRETATION OF CLIMATIC DATA bring rainfall ‘isian from the most of their fief rainfafl in Karachi: L Month’ JF OM) A js A'S ND Temp. (C) JS PO 25] 28 31 31 30 29 27, he 2 20 Prec. (mm) 08 |13 0§ 02 09 01 101 48 0306 | 222mm © The hottest months of Karabi is June (31 “C), Annual «Karachi experiencfs warm ho hot summer. * The coolest montlt of Karafhi is January (18 *c). «Karachi experiencbs mild winters, * Itneither experienges exirdme Summer nor extreme Winter. Inic Infrence. © Annual range of temperature in Karachi is low. (31- 18 = 13 Maximum amoun} of zainfpll is recorded in July (101 mm) +r monspon. * Karachi comes in}the Aric) Zone of Pakistan.(Less than 250 pinnual rin)| + In Karachi the pgtential ehapotranspiration exceeds actual evapowpinspjration by more than wa tives, . + Humidity is high . Sibi. Month JF Mj) AM J J A ON D Temp. (C’ la 7 231 30 35 38 37 35 of 28 2 16 Prec. (mm) 1 hs 18/06 04 07 38 20 f gi 05 06 145mm . Annual ‘The hottest nionth in Sifi is June (38 *C). Sib} experiences hot surbmer. The coolest month in Spbi is January (14% c). Sibl experiences mild winters. Ithds extrome summef due to continental effect. The onnwal & daily rdage of temperature in Sibi is high. Maximum amount of rainfall is recorded in the mont} of July {38 mm) dife to sum id Zone of Pakistan. mcr monsoon. transpijation by move than t times.Quetta - Month J MAM S.J AS O N_D Temp.(C) 04 G6 11 16 20 24 27 25 20 14 09 05 Pree. (mm) _52_53_43 18 10 04, 21 09 0305 25 244mm Annual The hottest month of Quetta is July (27 *C). Quetia experiences warm summer. ‘The coolest month of Quetta is January (4* C). Quetta experiences cool winters due to altitude factor. ‘Annual range of temperature in Quetta is high (27- 04 =23). Maximum amount of rainfall is recorded in February (53 mm) due to western depression. ‘AS the rainfell season comes in the winter season, most of the precipitation in the form of snow. Quetta comes in the Arid Zone of Pakistan. In Quetta the potential evapotranspiration exceeds actual evapotranspiration by more than vo times. © Humidity is tow. Peshawar Month j_F M.A M J J A S_O N_D ‘Temp. (C) WU 131793303333 31 29 27 173 Prec. (mm) 3741 6542 15 07 34 41 J4 10 JG 15 331mm Annual urec Month JF M AM J 3 A S QO _N D Temp.(C) 03 04 08 14 18 21 20 19 141006 Pree.(mam)__120 112 115 10662. 107_362 352 134 2154 1640 mm Annual JUNAID AKHTER 0300-2187567 2sEFFECT OF CLIMATE IN HIGHLAND AREAS ON LIFESTYLE & ECONOMY. Tn northern areas temp. falls below freezing point &during winter farming is not possible. People areas are not accessible dye to landslide & snowLall. Job opportunities Are limjed & ceonomic activities axe difficult to carryout EKFECT OF CLIMATH ON THE LIVES AND ECONOMY OF PEOPUE OF THAR. Tt is very hard to/work inl the daytime in summer season. Lack off rainfall ciuuses shortage of water. In summer scason/érought/conditions prevail cause destruction cropé, nan & aikimals die, which results in migration from Thar Désert. sandstorms damage smail hits & house}. The people move from place to place in search df water. fPamine also prevails. EFFECT OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS ON LIFE STYVE & LONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN many job Qpportunities e.g/ industries & factories are there in i. Fishing if an important occupation & there are map facilities in Karachi & Makrancoast. Sfandard of Hving in Iarachi is high EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE AREA CLIMATE, JOBS SETTLEMENT ST. OF LIVING POP. DENSITY FLOODS. DISADVANTAGES REASON: 1) Melting of snow from top mountains due to summer. 2) Heavy rainfall due to monsoon or any other source 3) Deforestation on the foothills of mountain gives tise 0 erosion. 4) Weak ombankments on the rivers. 5) India releases water towards Pak. 1) The land cannot be used for « long time for farming. 2) Destruction of crops. 3) Loss of animal and human life. 4) Mud houses are destroyed. 5) Infiastructure facilities are destroyed. 6) Unmetalled roads cannot be used ADVANTAGES: 1) Floods bring alluvium, which increases the fertility of land, 2) Reservoirs arc filled with water, which can be used afterwards. 3) The salt from salinity facing areas is removed. NAID AKHTER 0300-2187567 24the areas face floods usually. done'through media and so on. le should be done promptly. cannot be cultivated due to lack 11 & long dry spells e.g. Salt rang in rait}, Dry & hot winds reduce moistyfre in th, vorldw}de climatic are natural factors while defor¢station mountainous areas cheLong winters & short summers. Extreme Winters & low Summers Altitude factor Main source of rainfall Western disturbances. Precipitation (Snow & Hail) Blizzards & fog Indoor jobs Low standard of living Low population density ‘Transhumance Indus plain excluding deserts & coastal areas Long Summers & short Winters. Cool Winters & Hot Summers Continental effect Main source of rainfall Summer Monsoon Precipitation (Rainfall) Floods Outdoor & Indoor jobs High standard of living High population density Settled or permanent COASTAL ‘Sindh & Makran coastal areas Long Summers & short Winters. Moderate Winters & Summers ‘Oceanic influence Main source of rainfall ‘Summer Monsoon (Sindh) Western disturbances(Makran) Tropical cyclones Outdoor, Indoor jobs & fishing Very high standard of living Very high population density Settled oF permanent ARID Desert areas of Thal, ‘Thar & Kharan Long Summers & short Winters. Extreme Winters & Summers (high variation day & time) Continental effect Main source of rainfall ‘Summer Monsoon (Sindh) Western disturbances(Makran) Precipitation (rainfall) scanty rain Dust storms/ Droughts Indoor jobs Low standard of living Low population density Seasonal migration JUNAID AKHTER 0300-2187567 Junaid-akhtar@live.com 96PAST P. RS (@) Explain why the monsoon wind that is shown develops. Strong heating of ground / High temperatures over land /'N Pakistan / Central Pakistan ‘Causes air to rise / become lighter / Jess dense Low pressure created High pressure created ‘Winds move from high to low gressure B) the monsoon scason. (i Explain why teavy rain fs duvi moisture-bearing/wet winds/cafrying rai from the sea/Bay of Bengal rise over Innd/hifls/mountains cools npisture condenses/clouds foi tow pressure (over northern P4kistan) (b) Explain why the preeipithtion ine i ‘Caused by the monsoon Humid air from the Bay of Bdngal Where air pressure is high Moving from the cast or north-east ‘Towards @ low pressure erea per the fountains Caused by heating of the land Air rises Moisture condenses Clouds form ses in July and August. 44] fall distribution shown in Fig. 2 and explain how it jp*caubed by the monsoon i) Describe the winds, Description (res, Lowest less fffan 25na in fest Balychistan and extreme NW High mountain in NE increase/rainfall Plains have lessyain than moyhtains Res 2.+ 2, Noat 3 if 13] Explain why 9 come from Mediterranean(sen) bring moisture/eloud/wvater cooling causes conlensation explanation of cyclonic rainfall can go to 3 marks JUNAID AKHTER 0300-2187567 27: temperature er Lanore a i ee 2 HEE PE Fig. ibe the pattern of temperature through the year at Lahore. only the rises from January to June slow fall July to Septemberflevels out falls further to December JUNAID AKHTER 0300-2187567 fow in winter + months | rising in spring + months falling when monsoon starts + months continues falling in autusnn by Study Fig. 2, 1 bar chart, showing precipitation for Peshawar. (i Describe the precipitation in the months from June to September Syereases June August (ont 8mm to 68mmin} decreases in Sept (10 18mm) ras. its Augustiminimum ia June ‘one mark each for correet months of increase and decrease fone mark for correet figure(s) 6 Yen Fob Mar Abe May JGn ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1) 1}PAKISTAN Tracks Of Summer Konsoon & ‘Westom Depressions \ peed Ssm esm| ‘SifeSummer Monsoon | i VuDeestem Deprasslons Maln Summer Monsoon (MSia} 1 —— -Seconclary Summer tfonsoon (SSM — eens ns a a Provinsial ovany nee {PE January fsotienn nih weg tary ot « > Aemnperatires kelow 10°C Aexuth erage ony ‘Srp tore oe Arabian Sea J[FIMPATM STATS O]Nyo] A Temp {+6 | 78|24[30 [35 ar[e5[s4] 32) 26) 22] 17| Total Some Raintati mal 3] @[7|2]4| 6 [a7] 1] 0] 4/5 Temp "e" [*3]z0}za|25]20]s1 [30] 29] 28] 28] 24] 20] 2 [Rainfall ramf tare] & | 3] 3 +sfan|at[as] 3 | & | s [Totai 20%mm Tempe [1a] 13] 7 ]25] 29] 75] 35|9]z0] 26] 0] 12] [Raintait ra} 3 | 41/65 | <2] aa] 7 [s0[ <3] 1¢| 10] va 5 | Potat 63rnm Provinctal boundary International BoundDEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCE * What is IRRIGATION? Describe why irrigation is necessary for Pakistan. Invigation is the amtificial way to give water to crops. Itis necessary for Pakistan due to following reasons: Insufficient rainfall in various frees and many areas are arid & semi-arid * Insufficient rainfall for a partiqular ctoy. Some times rain is much & so;pe times|iess than requirements, High rate of evapotranspiration. Small number of rainy days. High variation in distribution jn many freas, ved otherwise it, would fall ja the Arabidn Sea. ~~ ily available in Pakistan, Cheap labor & coment are Tecan inigate far-flung areas ‘Soil is sofi so canals can easfly be myde. Southward slope of various r}vers prokides. water 'o many areas. ‘Summer Monsoon & mefing of snovt can obtain a lot of water. Explain the importance of Indus system td Pakistan ANS: The Indus Basin covers an hrea of dbout one million square kilomet hundred and fifty million people life in this basin defined by the 3180 km tributaries. The system inigates abot 60% df Pakistan’s 20 million hectares EASTERN TRIBUTARIES OR RIVER INDUS: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi & Satluj are fhe maiq eastern tributaries of the Indus. WESTERN TRIBUTARIES OF RIVER INDUS: Kabul. Kurran.Toehi ‘and Ehoab are the western tributaries. Differences b/w thi fern ofthe Indus system and Baluchistan plateau, BALUCHISTAN PLATEAU: *Rivers are small *Flow only in rain seasons(Non-Perinnial) INDUS SYSTEM: *Rivers are big. *Plow all the year lo} g(Perinnial)— *Drainage pattern is *IL covers almost all t Explain bow water is usbd as an iinportant component in differen ; Mineral water Industry: Waier is the only compound that is further processed for drinking Iron and Steel Industry: To coo] down the fumaces for making steel cic. ‘Thermal Power Stations: To produce steam that makes the turbines move.Hydroelectric Power Stations: Enough volume of water is the main requirement for HEP generation. Pressure of water from a steep slope makes the hydro turbines move. Tanning Industry: For washing, dyeing of leather etc. *Pharmaceutical Industry: For injections, Syrups, I.V. Infusions (Drips) “Food processing Industry: For preparing juices, squashes, syrups and beverages. *Chemical Industry: For making Acids, Liquids Bleach, Solutions ete. *Textile industry: For washing, Bleaching, Bluing, Dyeing, Printing. Give an account of the development of the irrigation system in Pakistan, CONVENTIONAL 8° Shaduf: In Shaduf a bucket is attached to a pole on one side and weight on the othe bucket is filled with water the freight oh the other side takes the bucket out.{A small hrea can be irrigated by this method. Charsa: In Charsa, animal power is used to pull water from the well. Persian Wheel: It is a system|of continuous supply of water and irrigates area. In this method one horizoptal & ope vertical wheel are geared together the help of animal power. Karez: A Karez is a horizont i if d water to the surface. The underground i ifficult to do sola group of people is required. Vertical i ppse. It is used only in Balouchistan, Inundation Canals: Digging dation canals. Tank Irrigati across small streams to mak a small reservgir, which will collect excess water d i A Kaurjos: In this method surfie« the water. It is, in Makran, Baluchistan. *They are cheap. *Best for subsistence farming DISADVANTAGES OF Limited water can be obtai “They require man. “Limited area ca #-he%% #They are time cdnst table thereby photecting the land fens wales logging abd salinity. Spray Irrigation;/Sprinklers are centrally oat in fields/ connected to publi supply pipes to \vater the plants. {hey are mainly used in Orchards 21 arv/used to supply water from one place to ofher. * There is no wastage of water. * Far Flung areas can be irrigated. *They are fast & efficient," (StS leg *No animal or human power is needed, *They have water throughout the year.*Cannot be used on low scale farming, <1)" ) 1) (©) @ What are perennial canals, and why are they better for farming than inundation canals? ‘What are they? (res. 1) Why better? (res.1) Water always available when needed Can be better controlled Reliable/do not depend on the weather| ‘or eredit the reverse for inundation (Fes. 1) {for each of ‘what” and ‘why’, Explain why before irrigation w: of table.(After the introduction of uplined canals) There was very little change in thd level off water table before th: at that time only rivers were flowipg in a spvift the introduction of canals it increaked so swiftly because these canals contain waters which flows slowly and causes water logging and salinity. LINED CANALS: *They are cemented. *Mostly taken from canals and bj *They have water at all times, *Used in commercial farming. *They don’t cause water logging! and salipi *The construction and maintefan *They are not cement } *Mostly taken from is *They cause water I linity *Construction and thai ANITY: The gradual increase of is called WATER LOG * Faces rusting problem like sprinklers. after time a result the water table increases/so swiftly and dauses *They have water in fainy x! seaspns When the seepage remains continue & ground water comes to (3.3m) so due to capillary action it comes on the top of the surface it contains a large amount of salt in it so the excess amount of water is evaporated leaving the salt behind called SALINITY which converts the fertile soil into barren lands. 32Describe the program started by the govt. to control water Joy ‘Ans) SCARP (Salinity Control 2 2 Methods which have been introduced by SCARP to overcome water logging & salinity. Lining Of Canals: Most of the untined canals have been lined. Installment of Tube Wells: Thy lower the water table. They can be instal from various depths. Canal Closures: Most of the unlined an Fhushing of water: The extra afiount of surface 10 water off amount of ground water is taken out, led everywhere and are very use full tp drain th ined canals are closed after isrigation for maintenance. }water, which comes on the surface, if flushed out with the help of pumps. Planting desert trees: The I4ng rootpd trees are grown which absorb fhe excess water like Eucalyptus & Cactus, RECLAIMED AREAS: Chaj Joab, Til Desert, Bahawalpur, Pat, Larkana,/Thatta. fre its examples. ter, which passes from a specific place in 4 specifi amount State the meaning of the term ANS: Ground water aquifer b (i) How may in Causes water-logging and salinity ©-Groundsvater rises/swamps formed ( alls added to soil by groundwater ‘Evaporation leaves salts on surface ard crost formed Water logged/wet soil 1es.1) Conerete linings to canals Closure of canals whey Planting irees eg, Tubewells used (1 Surface drains Lawer canal wat fegulate flbw we water aquifer’ “Y ter Is used 10 lower water table ~ Waterlogging Mater available all Year Crops given more Wpter than they uso + AWaterioble risesirendhes surface f SSalinity Salls brought ¢o surface “Unlined canals leek. 33 LeDescribe and suggest reasons for the main features of the tunnel in case of Karez, Tt is dug by a group of people who share the water for irrigating their crops. Vertical shafts are also dug down to the canal so that it can be cleared and repaired to prevent any blockages in the flow of water. This is an old system practiced in Balouchistan only where water is scarce and the evaporation rate is high, By building the canal underground evaporation losses are minimized. Its used in that area because it's mountainous region & the water table is very low in those areas. It is used only in Baluchistan. Q)Deseribe why Indus Water Treaty whs important for Pakistan? Tt was very important for Pakistdn becaute it is an agricultural country & most{of the irrigation was dependant on the water coming) from hydian Punjab, It was the time when/there was ja refugee problem so we needed more food at that ifme. DAM: “They are builtin the mountainous areas. ‘Their construction and nfaintenayfce cost is very high. © They have more capacith to storg water. + They are used to generale clectritity and store water. © They connect pv ltainous dreas. + They control water in the rivers, «Incase of any damage tere are many losses. Barrag © They are built in the pl * Their construction and) + They do not store wal from flo, nce cost is low. areas With roferenec to examples compre & explain the sizes of the drens seyved by * two types of Large dams serve larger areas because their capacity is much grkater & fhe clectridity from large fhe other hand small dams serve/small arbas because iheir capacity EXAMPLES OF LARGE DAMS: EXAMPLES OF SMALL DAMS: Tarbela\ Mangla serve most of Punjab. Hab invigates 34,000 hectares. Warsak isrigates 48000 hectares. Nari-Bolan invigates 9700 hectares. Kurramgarhi inrigates 1,14,000 hectares. Rawal imrigates. 5000 hectares, Q) What is SILTATION? Describe its causes. effeeis and measures fo control it. The deposition of sand & silt that is brought by the water, moving down from mountains SILTATION. co SES: Soil erosion caused from the foothills af mountains. ~“*Deforestation, which makes the soil loose. < River & rainwater brings a lot of sand & silt & deposit it on various places. ig called Bu*It blocks the canals. * The silt weakens the foundati *It reduces the capacity of a d *Silt traps should be es *Regular cleaning of dams to for dams, sSETVOITS, rainfall, dusount of-vater in tae siver Indus {a tiich more Chan de seasons that's wy the belght of these barrages is much more than in the upper Indus region. Sukkur Barrage irrigates an extensive arca & itis the biggest barrage of Pakistan. aSState two uses of BARRA Barrages can be used to divert the water, to ther than that for It is designed to divert one irrigate areas served by Sidhnai-Maisl- Rasul Barrage: Located on Jhelum, 4 km downstream from Rasul. eis 85000 cusecs. It supplies water to age on Sutle}. The flood discharge capacity if Rast link canal for ultimate supply to Sul tourist attraction & fishing centre. ‘TARBELA: It is built on the river sq. km, & 119 billion cubic meter largest earth filled dam. Barrage on Jehlum to Chenab. Che Jehlum river, *The water of fresh water *Natural water lakes To provide water for irligation/arable farming/crops How purpose is achieved ~ Gates closed The barrage backs up/stores smaller canals stop floods, water for industries other than that for “irrigation, i Chashma Barrage: Located on the Indus. 64 km down stream from Jinnah Barrage. ion cusecs into Chashma Jhelum link Canal through which it will i ink system and also Hareli and Ri : er behind it/holds the water back - Canals/link canals take water and distribute it into a network of - Link canals take water from westem rivers to eastem rivers 1 Quailabad tes oe (243 d's, to |. psul wo 3@ 113)