Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PROIECT DE CERCETARE
TIINIFIC
ANALIZA AVANSAT A STRUCTURILOR N CADRE
SPAIALE COMPOZITE OEL BETON
Domeniul de doctorat: Inginerie Civil
Conductor tiinific,
Doctorand,
2012
1. Introducere
1.1.
White 1985; Vinnakota & Foley 1999; Foley, 2001; Chan& Wong 2000). Chiar dac analiza cu
zone plastice este foarte precis i este considerat a fi soluia exact implic un efort
computaional mare din moment ce este nevoie de o discretizare fin a seciunii transversale i
n lungul elemntului.
1.2.
n analiza cu articulaii plastice concentrate (Heyman 1957; Porter and Powel 1971)
plasticizarea materialului intervine punctual doar n seciunile de bar din jurul combinaiilor de
eforturi maxime iar poriunea de bar dintre articulaiile plastice rmne cu comportare integral
elastic. Elementele structurii au o comportare perfect elastic, pn la atingerea eforturilor ce
produc plastificarea integral a unei seciuni (apariia articulaiei plastice) de la capetele
elementului, sectiunile transversale ale elementelor au o comportare perfect plastic (nu se
consider reconsolidarea materialului) dup apariia articulaiei plastice. Acest tip de analiza este
unul aproximativ, raspunsul structurilor in domeniul elastoplastic avnd o acuratete limitata,
depinznd in principal de configuratia structurii si caracteristicile de ncarcare.
Metodele de analiz care au la baz conceptul de articulaie plastic au fost imbuntite
considerand dou suprafee de interaciune, cele corespunztoare inierii curgerii respectiv
plastificrii totale i aplicarea unor relaii liniare sau neliniare pentru considerarea degradrii
rigiditii elementelor (Powel & Chen, 1986; Deierlein et al., 1991; Al-Mashary & Chen, 1991;
King et al., 1991; Yau & Chan ,1994; Leu & Tsou 1998; S.E.Kim, et al., 2000) i chiar dac
metoda cu articulaii plastice punctuale are tendina de a supraestima rezistena i stabilitatea
elementelor, numeroare studii au aratat c rezultate sunt satisfctoare n comparaie cu metoda
zonelor plastice dar avnd un efort computaional mult mai mic.
Complexitatea surprinderii plastificrii seciunilor n metoda articulatiilor plastice const
n localizarea seciunilor plastificate care pot fi la capetele elementului sau n lungul lui ( Chen &
Chan 1995; Wong 1996; Kim et al., 2004; Kim & Choi, 2005), multe din aceste metode
implicnd nevoia de a mpri bara n mai multe elemente pentru a putea surprinde apariia
articulaiei plastice ceea ce implic un efort computaional mai mare datorit pregtirii datelor
de intrare i interpretarea rezultatelor.
2. Surse de neliniaritate
Principalele surse de neliniaritate sunt :
Neliniaritatea fizica
Neliniaritatea geometrica
Imperfectiunile geometrice initiale
2.1.
Neliniaritatea fizica
3
P 8 M y 8 Mz
P 2 M y 2 Mz
+
+
=1 ,
+
P y 9 M py 9 M pz
P y 9 M py 9 M pz
M
M
P
P 2 M y 2 Mz
+ y + z =1 , <
+
2 P y M py M pz
P y 9 M py 9 M pz
(2)
Suprafata de plastificare Orbison ( sectiune metalica) poate fi exprimat:
2
2
4
2 2
6 2
2
2
1.15 n + mz + my +3.67 n mz + 3.0 n m y + 4.65 m y mz =1 ,
M
M
P
n= , mz= z , m y = y
Py
M pz
M py
(3)
Unde P este fora axial, P y = A y este efortul axial capabil, A este aria seciunii
transversale, y reprezint valoarea tensiunii de curgere a materialului, M y , z este
4
b)
Pentru a surprinde efectul neliniaritii geometrice locale, se pot folosi funcii de stabilitate
pentru fiecare element care sunt actualizate la fiecare pas de ncarcare. Unele dintre funciile de
stabilitate utilizate in analizele avansate sunt cele menionate n [6]:
{
{
sin ( )2 cos ()
for P<0
22
cos
(
sin
(
)
s 2= 2
cosh ( ) sinh ( )
for P> 0
22cos ( )+ sin ( )
2 sin ( )
for P<0
22
cos
(
sin
(
)
s 3=
sinh ( ) 2
for P>0
22 cos ( ) + sin ( )
(3)
Unde
=L
P
EI
Fig.
Soluiile numerice obinute cu ecuaiile (3) sunt nedeterminate cnd fora axial este egal cu 0.
Pentru a rezolva aceasta problem Lui si Chen [26] au propus un set de expresii pentru a
aproxima funciile de stabilitate cand fora axial se afla ntre 2.0 2.0 .
s 2=4+
15
4+ e
8.183+ e
2
30
4+ e
8.183+ e
(4)
2
Unde
e =
P
P
= 2
= 2
Pe E I .
2
L
Ecuaiile (4) pot fi aplicate pentru elemente aflate n tensiune ( P pozitiv) sau compresiune ( P
negativ) avnd rezultate excelente comparnd cu cele obinute cu ecuaiile (3).
2.2.2. Efectul neliniaritatii geometrice globale
Efectul global al neliniaritii geometrice poate fi surprins riguros n analiz prin
considerarea explicit a modificrii configuraiei geometrice ale nodurilor structurii i
exprimarea condiiilor de echilibru static n aceste configuraii deformate.
Fig.
2.3.
(4)
Unde y e , z e
sunt deformaiile cauzate de forele exterioare i
cauzate de imperfeciunile geometrice iniiale.
3.
y0 , z0
sunt deformaiile
Modelarea conexiunilor semirigide se face prin includerea unui resort de rotaie ntre grind
i stlp iar efectul lor este inclus n matricea de rigiditate tangent i n vectorul forelor nodale
echivalente. Doar efectul resortului de rotaie este considerat n analiza, efectul forei axiale i al
forei tietoare sunt neglijate, ele fiind foarte mici comparativ cu cel cauzat de momentul
ncovoietor. Conexiunile flexibile pot avea o comportare liniar sau neliniar. Efectul
conexiunilor semi-rigide poate fi inclus n analiz adoptand modelul prezentat n [10].
Relaia incremental for-deplasare pentru un element de bar cu conexiuni semi-rigide poate fi
scris:
s(2 x1 )=k sem(2 x 2) un (2 x1 )+ q sem(2 x 1)
(40)
Unde k sem i q sem sunt matricea de rigiditate tangent i vectorul forelor nodale
echivalente pentru un element cu conexiuni flexibile i care pot fi exprimate:
q sem (2 x1) = q eq (2 x1 )k r (2 x 2) ( k r (2 x 2) +k sc ( 2 x 2) )1 qe q (2 x1 )
(41)
(42)
=
M u ( 1+n ) 1/ n
(43)
Sau
=
( 1m n)
1/ n
(44)
Unde =
r
0
conexiunii, n este un parametru de form, r este rotirea relativ intre grind i stlp, 0
Ri 0 este rigiditatea iniial a conexiunii.
este rotirea de referin definit M u /R i 0 i
Rigiditatea tangent Ri corespunztoare unei valori arbitrare a rotirii r se poate evalua
fcnd derivata lui M n raport cu r :
Ri =
(45)
Utiliznd relaia (44)
dM
1
=Ri 0
1+1 /n
d r
( 1+ n )
Ri devine :
1 +1/ n
Ri=Ri 0 ( 1mn )
Unde Ri 0
de fixare
(46)
4 E I 0 3 gi
L 4 (1gi )
(47)
Iar din ecuaia (47) se poate obine factorul de fixare:
gi=
(48)
9
1
1+3 E I 0 / Ri 0 L
4 E I 0 3 gi
( M i)
L 4 ( 1gi )
(47)
Unde ( M i )=
4.
( 1+n )
1 +1/ n
(24)
(25)
T
T c ( c f r T c )1 T Tc f r q r
qrp =
(26)
Unde f r=k1
reprezint matricea de flexibilitate a elementului de bar care ine cont de
r
efectele neliniaritii de material i geometrice locale, dup cum au fost descrise n subcapitolele
precedente.
10
[ ]
[ ]
T c=
0
0
0
1
0
T c=
0
0
0 0
1 0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
[ ]
T c=
0
0
0
1
1
0
(27)
11
M y ( ) = N
M jy= N
(28)
Unde M y ( )
M y ( ) = M iy
n seciunea
) ( ) (
( xL ) + M
sin 1
sin
jy
x
x
x
sin 1
sin
2
3
L
EI f y L 2
L q y EI
L
+
+
1 + 2 2 2
sin x
sin
N
sin
sin
L
L L
(29)
sin
( )
( ) ( )
(31)
Tc
(32)
(33)
q^
pot fi
[ ]
]
1
T c=
x
sin
L
sin
( )
(34)
q EI
q^ = y
N
0
0
[(
1
( Lx ) + sin Lx 1 + EI f L
sin 1
sin
sin
x
L
sin
sin
(35)
13
3
y
2 2
2 L
( Lx )
sin 1
sin
)]
sin
x
L
L
() ( )
[ ]
]
1
[) ( )]
x
L
sin
sin
T c = sin 1 x
L
sin
(36)
q^ =
0
q EI
y
N
( Lx ) + sin Lx 1 + EI f L
sin 1
sin
sin
3
y
2 2
2 L
sin
x
L
L
() ( )
( Lx )
sin 1
sin
0
(37)
T=
(38)
14
1
0
x
L
sin
( )
sin
0
1
( Lx )
sin 1
sin
x
L
q^ =
0
q EI
y
N
( Lx ) + sin Lx 1 + EI f L
sin 1
sin
sin
( Lx )
sin 1
sin
0
3
y
2 2
2 L
sin
x
L
L
() ( )
(39)
5.
Concluzii
15
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