Chem 26.

1
Midterms Review

Prepared by: CMFR

Expt 1: Statistical Concepts

Significant Figures
Accuracy vs. Precision
Mean, Median
Average deviation, variance, standard
deviation, relative standard deviation,
coefficient of variation, pooled standard
deviation, range and relative range
Absolute and relative error
Confidence Limits
Q-Test

Expt 1: Statistical Concepts

Use of analytical balance
Weighing techniques
Types of errors:
Systematic (determinate)
Random (indeterminate)
Gross

Expt 2: Solution Preparation

Ways of expressing concentration
Aliquot factor vs. Dilution factor

Expt 3: Kinetics of Thiosulfate and HCl

Method of Initial Rates
Ratio and proportion

Effect of temperature on reaction rate:

Arrhenius equation k=Ae-Ea/RT
Rate law for reaction of thiosulfate with HCl:
rate = k[S2O32-]
Reaction mechanisms: only the ratedetermining steps appear in the rate law
Thus the correct mechanism is multi-step
process b or 4 (see your lab manual)

Expt 4: Common Ion Effect and Buffers

Le Chateliers Principle!
Common ion effect consequence of
Le Chateliers principle
Salt is less soluble in solution containing
an ion which is the same as one of the
constituent ions of that salt

Buffer solution
Resists large changes in pH

Expt 4: Common Ion Effect and Buffers

Different approaches to calculating pH:
ICE table
Henderson Hasselbalch equation
Color changes brought about by the
indicator also signify changes in pH.

Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium

Q = Keq equilibrium
Q > Keq (right to left/backward)
Q < Keq (left to right, more products)
Properties of Keq when adding/subtracting equations
Adding equations: Keqs are multiplied
Subtracting: Keqs are divided
Multiplying by a coefficient: raise Keq to the nth power where
n = coefficient multiplied to equation

Different types of Keqs

Ka, Kb, Ksp, Kf, etc

Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium

Reactions in Test tubes 1-6
1. + water
Cu2+ + OH- <-> Cu(OH)2(s)

Keq = Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

2. + H2C2O4
Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

H2C2O4 <-> H+ + HC2O4-

Ka1 (H2C2O4)

HC2O4- <-> H+ + C2O42-

Ka2 (H2C2O4)

2(OH- + H+) <-> H2O**

1/Kw

Cu2+ + C2O42- <-> CuC2O4

Overall eqn:
Cu(OH)2 + H2C2O4 <-> CuC2O4 + H2O

1/Ksp(C2O4)
Keq =

[(Ksp [Cu(OH)2

])(Ka1)(Ka2)]/[Kw2Ksp(CuC

** considered because there is base initially present in the soln.

2O4)]

Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium

3. + Zn
Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

Cu2+ + Zn(s) <-> Cu(s) + Zn2+

Zn2+ + 2OH- <-> Zn(OH)2

Overall eqn:
Cu(OH)2 + Zn(s) <-> Cu(s) + Zn(OH)2

4.+ HNO3

Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

Kredox
1/Ksp[Zn(OH)2]

Keq =
[(Ksp [Cu(OH)2])(Kredox)/[Ksp(Zn(OH)2)]

Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

2(OH- + H+) <-> H2O**

Overall eqn:
Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ <-> Cu2+ + 2H2O

1/Kw

Keq = [(Ksp [Cu(OH)2])/Kw2

** considered because there is base initially present in the soln.

Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium

5. + excess NH3
Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

Cu2+ + 4NH3<-> [Cu(NH3)4]2+

Kf[Cu(NH3)4]2+

Overall eqn:
Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 <-> 2OH- + [Cu(NH3)4]2+

Keq =
(Ksp [Cu(OH)2])(Kf[Cu(NH3)4]2+)

6. + Na3PO4
Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

2(PO43- + H2O <-> HPO42- + OH-)

Overall eqn:
Cu2+ + 2PO43- <-> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HPO42-

Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

Kw2[Ka3 (HPO42- )]2

Keq =
Kw2/[Ka3 (HPO42- )]2(Ksp
[Cu(OH)2])

Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium

Ksp = (s)(2s)2 for Cu(OH)2
Cu2+ + 2OH- <-> Cu(OH)2

- Common ion effect vs. diverse ion

effect
- Effect of solvent

Expt 6: Ksp of Ca(OH)2

Ca2+ + 2OH- <-> Ca(OH)2
[Ca2+] = [OH-]/2
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2
Ksp = (Ca2+)[(OH-)] 2 [Ca2+][OH-]2
= (Ca2+)[(OH-)]2Ksp
Debye-Hckel equation

Ionic strength

Expt 7: Soda Ash

V1 (Vphth)
NaOH

Na2CO3

>

NaHCO3

V2 (Vm.o.)
0

<

God bless on your exam!!!