Solar System

A Tour of the Solar System
Animageofeachplanetwillbevisibleon
individualslides.
Eachslidewillalsodescribethegeneral
composition,size,motionandrelativepositionof
eachplanetinthesolarsystem.
Additionalslidesofplanetarysatellites,comets,
andasteroidswillbeincluded.
Hyperlinkstoadditionalslidesandwebsiteswill
providesupplementalinformation.
Abstract
InthisPowerPointpresentation,studentsexplore
thesolarsystem.Therelativepositionofeach
planetinthesolarsystemisillustratedand
studentsexaminetheappearanceofeachplanetas
wellasinvestigateitscomposition,sizeand
motion.Also,planetarysatellites,cometsand
asteroidsarediscussed.Additionalinformationon
thesolarsystemanditscomponentelementsare
availabletostudentsviahyperlinkstoslidesand
additionalwebsites.
EarthsPlaceintheUniverse
1.Astronomyandplanetaryexplorationrevealthe
solarsystemsstructure,scale,andchangeover
time.Asabasisforunderstandingthisconcept:
a.Studentsknowhowthedifferencesandsimilarities
amongthesun,theterrestrialplanets,andthegasgiants
mayhavebeenestablishedduringtheformationofthe
solarsystem.
The Solar System

Notto
scale
PLUTO
(DwarfPlanet)
Mercury,Venus,Earth,andMarsaretheinnerplanets.
Theyarealsoknownasterrestrialplanets.
NEPTUNE
URANUS
SATURN
MARS
EARTH
JUPITER
Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,
Neptune,andPlutoare
theouterplanets.
Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,
andNeptunearealso
knownasgasgiantsor
Jovianplanets.
VENUS
MERCURY
SUN
Plutoisabigballofice.
BetweenMarsandJupiterthereisa
largenumberofrocksorbitingthesun.
EachrockisknownasanASTEROID.
COMETSORMETEOROIDS
ThisringofrocksiscalledtheAsteroid
Belt.
|TheSolarSystem|Sun|Mercury|Venus|Earth|Mars|Jupiter|Saturn|Uranus|Neptune|Pluto(DwarfPlanet)
|Asteroids|Comets|Meteors,Meteoroids,andMeteorites|EndShow|
Sun
LinkstoSunsites:
LivefromtheSun
StarDate:TheSun
SolarDataAnalysisCenter
TheSunisastaratthecenterofoursolarsystem.
Itisestimatedtobe4.5billionyearsold.
ItsupportsalllifeonEarththroughphoto
synthesisandistheultimatesourceofallfoodand
fossilfuel.
Itis333,400timesmoremassivethantheEarth
(thismeansthat333,400Earthscanmakeupthe
Sun).
99.86%ofallthemassofthesolarsystemis
foundintheSun.
ThecoreoftheSunis16millionC.
ThesurfaceoftheSunis7000C
Ittakesseveralhundredthousandyearsfor
photonstoescapefromthedensecoreandreach
thesurface.
TheSungeneratesenergytheequivalentof100
billiontonsofTNTexplodingeverysecond.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT
NUCLEAR FUSION
Nuclear Fusion in the Sun

TheSunisbasicallyahugeballofhydrogengasheldtogetherbythegravity
createdbyitsownmass.Undertheintensepressurecreatedatthecentreofthe
Sunbygravity,hydrogennucleiarefusedtogethertoproduceheliumnuclei.
Verysimplystated,fourhydrogennucleiarefusedintooneheliumnucleus,
howeveroneheliumatomhaslessmassthanfourhydrogenatoms.Thefusion
processreleasesenoughenergytoaccountforthelostmass.
TheenergyreleasedbynuclearfusionintheSun'scoreheatstheSun.Thehot
Sunradiateslightintospace,warmingtheEarthandtheotherplanets.
About1300wattspersquaremeterreachestheEarth'sorbit,ofwhichabout1000
wattspersquaremeterreachestheEarth'ssurface(onaclearday).
VIDEO
NUCLEAR FUSION IN THE SUN
Nuclear Fusion in the Sun

Video
Mercury
LinkstoMercurysites:
ExploringthePlanetsMercury
MissionstoMercury
NASAPlanetaryPhotojournal:Mercury
(Planet)
Relativeposition:1stplanetoutfromthesun.
Appearance:ResemblesEarth'sMoon,scarred
bythousandsofimpactcraters.Thereare
areasofsmoothterrainaswellascliffs,some
soaringamilehigh,formedbyancient
impacts.
Generalcomposition:Rockymaterial.Itisa
terrestrialplanet.
Density:5.43g/cm3
Atmosphere:Almostnoatmosphere.Thevery
littleatmospherethatexistsiscomposed
chieflyofoxygen,sodium,andhelium.
Size:.054thevolumeoftheEarth
Planetarysatellites(Moons):None
Rotation:58.65days(veryslowrotation)
Revolution:88daystogoaroundtheSunonce.
Temperatures:High:467Conthesunnyside
oftheplanet.Low:183Conthedarkside
oftheplanet.
Venus
LinkstoVenussites:
ExploringthePlanetsVenus
MissionstoVenus
StarDate:Venus
(Planet)
Relativeposition:2ndplanetoutfromthesun.
Appearance:Itiscoveredbythick,rapidlyspinning
clouds.Duetoitsthickcloudlayerreflecting
sunlight,itisthebrightestplanetinthesky
Generalcomposition:Rockymaterial.Itcontainsan
ironcoreandamoltenrockymantle.Thecrustisa
solid,rockymaterial.Itisaterrestrialplanet.
Density:5.24gm/cm3
Atmosphere:Consistsmainlyofcarbondioxide,
nitrogen,anddropletsofsulfuricacid;itcontains
almostnowatervapor.Thisthickatmospheretraps
immenseamountsofheatinalargescalegreenhouse
effect.
Size:.88thevolumeoftheEarth
Planetarysatellites(Moons):None
Rotation:243days(retrograde)
Revolution:225Earthdays.Itsdayislongerthanits
year.
Temperature:450C.ItshotterthanMercurydueto
thegreenhouseeffect.Itisactuallyhotenoughto
meltlead.
Earth
(Planet)
Relativeposition:3rdplanetoutfromthesun.
Appearance:TheEarthlooksblueandgreen
fromspacewithcloudsmovingthroughthe
atmosphere.ThesurfaceoftheEarthis70%
waterand30%land.
terrestrialplanet.Ithasanickelironcore
withamoltenmantleandsolidrockycrust.
Density:5.52gm/cm3
Atmosphere:Mostlyoxygen(21%)andnitrogen
(78%).Someargon,carbondioxide,and
watervapor.
Size:40,000km(24,8000miles)aroundatthe
equator.
Planetarysatellites(Moons):1TheMoon
Rotation:23hours,56miutes(1day)
Revolution:365.25days
Temperature:Meansurface15Cto20C
LinkstoEarthsites:
ExploringthePlanetsEarth
MissionstoExploreEarth
StarDate:Earth
Specialfeature:Earthsustainslifeasweknowit.
Waterexistsinallthreestates(solid,liquid,and
gas)ontheEarth.Thereisadelicatebalance
betweenitsoceans,air,land,andlife.
The Moon
LinkstoMoonsites:
MissionstotheMoon
StarDate:Moon
CollectingMoonRocks
TheMoonistheEarthsonlynaturalsatellite.
TheMooncontainsnowaterandhasno
atmosphere
Itshasabout1/6themassoftheEarth,
thereforeithas1/6thegravitationalpullofthe
Earth.
Itis384401kmfromtheEarth.
Ittakes27.32daystoorbittheEarthonce.
ThegravitationalpulloftheMoonis
responsiblefortheEarthstides.
ThesurfaceoftheMooniscoveredwith
cratersandflatlands.Thecratersaredueto
repeatedmeteoritebombardmentswhilethe
dark,flatlandsaretheresultofancientlava
flows.
BACK
Mars
(Planet)
Relativeposition:4thplanetoutfromthesun.
Appearance:Marsappearsredduetotheiron
oxideinitssoil.Ithaspolaricecapsthat
growandrecedewiththeseasons,andithas
duststorms,whichcausegiantdunes,wind
streaks,andwindcarvedfeatures.
terrestrialplanet.
Density:3.94gm/cm3
Atmosphere:Mostlycarbondioxide,nitrogen,
andargon.
Size:.149timesthevolumeoftheEarth.
Planetarysatellites(Moons):2Moons
Rotation:24hours,33minutes.
Revolution:686.67days.
Temperature:87Cto5C
LinkstoMarssites:
MissionstoMars
MarsExplorations
StarDate:Mars
SpecialFeatures:Marshasthelargestvolcanicmountaininthesolarsystem,OlympusMons(27
kmhighand600kmacross);volcanoesinthenorthernTharsisregionthataresohugetheydeform
theplanet'sroundness;andagiganticequatorialriftvalley,theVallesMarineris.Thiscanyon
systemwouldstretchfromNewYorktoLosAngeles;theGrandCanyoncouldfitintooneofthe
sidecanyonsofthisgreatchasm.
Moons of Mars
Phobos
Deimos
Gougedbyagiantimpactcraterandbeatenby
thousandsofmeteoriteimpacts,Phobosisona
collisioncoursewithMars.Itmaycollide
withMarsin50millionyearsorbreakupinto
aring.
Itisalsoheavilycrateredwithasmalllumpy
appearance.
BACK
Jupiter
(Planet)
Appearance:Itissometimescalledaminisolar
systembecauseofitsnumerousmoonsand
severalrings.Jupiterappearsstripedbecause
lightanddarkbeltsarecreatedbystrongeast
westwinds.
Generalcomposition:Itisagasgiant,meaningitis
mostlymadeofgases.Jupiter'scoreisprobably
notsolidbutadense,hotliquidwitha
consistencylikethicksoup.
Density:1.76gm/cm3
Atmosphere:Mostlyhydrogen,heliumandmethane.
Size:1316timesthevolumeoftheEarth.Itisthe
planetwiththehighestgravityinthesolar
system.
Planetarysatellites(Moons):63Moons;someof
themhavebeennamedandsomehave
alphanumericdesignations.
Rotation:9hours,54minutes
Revolution:11.86Earthyears
Temperature:108C
LinkstoJupitersites:
ExploringthePlanetsJupiter
MissionstoJupiter
StarDate:Jupiter
SpecialFeature:TheGreatRedSpothasexistedforatleast100years,andperhapslonger.
ItisahurricanelikestormonJupiter.(Galileoreportedseeingasimilarfeaturenearly400
yearsago).ThreeEarthscouldfitacrosstheGreatRedSpot.
Saturn
(Planet)
Specialfeature:Saturn'sringsystemis
themostextensiveandcomplexinour
solarsystem;itextendshundredsof
thousandsofkilometersfromtheplanet.
Theringsaremostlywatericewith
particlesranginginsizefromafew
micrometerstoseveraltensofmeters.
LinkstoSaturnsites:
ExploringthePlanetsSaturn
MissionstoSaturn
StarDate:Saturn
Relativeposition:6thplanetoutfromthe
sun.
Appearance:Saturnhasalargesystemof
rings,andtheyellowandgoldbandsin
itsatmospherearecausedbysuperfast
windscombinedwithheatrisingfromits
interior.
Generalcomposition:ItisaGasgiant,
meaningitismostlymadeofthegases
hydrogenandhelium.
Density:.70gm/cm3(Thislowdensitymeans
thatSaturncouldfloatonwateriftheir
wasabodyofwaterbigenough).
Atmosphere:Mostlyhydrogenandhelium.
Size:755timesthevolumeoftheEarth.
Planetarysatellites(Moons):60Moons;
somehavebeennamedandothershave
alphanumericdesignations
Temperature:139C
Uranus
LinkstoUranussites:
ExploringthePlanetsUranus
MissionstoUranus
StarDate:Uranus
(Planet)
Appearance:Ithasabluegreencolorfromthe
methanegasabovethedeeperclouds.
Methaneabsorbsredlightandreflectsblue
light.Itdoeshaveasmallsystemofrings.
Generalcomposition:ItisaGasgiant,meaningit
ismostlymadeofthegaseshydrogenand
helium,withasmallamountofmethaneand
tracesofwaterandammonia.Ithasnosolid
surface,butitdoescontainaliquidcoremade
mostlyoficymaterials(water,methane,and
ammonia)
Density:1.30gm/cm3
Atmosphere:Mostlyhydrogen,helium,and
methane.
Temperature:197C
Specialfeature:Uranusaxisistiltedsothatitseemstorotateonitsside.
Thistiltgivesitseasonsthatlastovertwentyyears.
Neptune
LinkstoNeptunesites:
ExploringthePlanetsNeptune
MissionstoNeptune
StarDate:Neptune
(Planet)
Appearance:Neptunehasabluecolorbecauseofthe
methaneinitsatmosphere.Themethanereflects
bluelightwhileitabsorbsredlight.Ithasasmall
systemofringsandperiodicallyGreatDark
Spots(hurricanelikestorms)appear.
Generalcomposition:ItisaGasgiant,meaningitis
mostlymadeofthegaseshydrogen,helium,and
methane.Ithasnosolidsurface,butitsliquid
coreiscomposedofwaterandothermelted
ices.
Density:1.76gm/cm3
Atmosphere:Mostlyhydrogen,helium,andmethane.
Temperature:200C
Specialfeatures:NeptuneisactuallythefarthestplanetfromtheSunfora
20yearperiodoutofevery248EarthyearsduetoPlutosunusual
ellipticalorbit.
Pluto
Charon
(Dwarf Planet)
Appearance:Alargefrozenballofice.
Generalcomposition:Rockycoresurroundedby
waterice.
Density:2.0gm/cm3
Atmosphere:Frozenmostofthetime.Whenit
isclosesttotheSunthebrightlayeroffrozen
methane,nitrogen,andcarbonmonoxide
thawsoutandgivesitathinatmosphere.
Size:.005thevolumeoftheEarth.Itisthe
planetwiththelowestgravityinthesolar
system.
Planetarysatellites(Moons): 3
LinkstoPlutosites:
MissionstoPluto
PlutoPortal
StarDate:Pluto
1.Charon
2.Hydra
3.Nix
Rotation:6.39days(retrograde)
Temperature:233C
Asteroids
LinkstoAsteroidssites:
MissionstoAsteroids
TheNinePlanets:Asteroids
StarDate:Asteroids
Asteroidsareeitherrockyormetallicobjects
thatorbittheSun.Theyaretoosmallto
consideredplanetsbutaresometimescalled
planetoids.
Theycanbeanywherefromthesizeofa
pebbleuptoa1000km(620miles)in
diameter;theasteroidCeresisanexampleof
anasteroidthatisthislarge.
TheyhavebeenfoundinsideEarthsorbitand
allthewayoutpastSaturnsorbit.Most
asteroids,however,arelocatedintheasteroid
beltwhichexistsbetweentheorbitsofMars
andJupiter.
Asteroid Belt
BACK
Comets
Cometssmall,fragile,irregularshapedbody
composedofamixtureofnonvolatilegrains
andfrozengases.ComponentsofCometscan
beseenbyclickingonthelink.
Theirorbitsareelliptical(oval)orparabolic
(Ushaped).Theorbitbringstheminvery
closetotheSunandswingsthemfaroutinto
space,sometimesoutpastPluto.Exampleof
acometsorbit.
AscometsapproachtheSun,radiationfrom
theSunevaporatestheiceandgases,creating
thelonetail.TheclosertotheSun,thelonger
thetailofthecomet.Thetailofthecomet
alwaysfacesawayfromtheSunbecauseof
thesolarwindcomingfromtheSun.
LinkstoCometsites:
AsteroidandCometImpactHazards
ThePlanetarySocietysNearEarthObjectsPage
MissionstoComets
Components of Comets
BACK
Example of a Comets Orbit

Comet2P/Encke
BACK
Meteors, Meteoroids, and

Meteorites
Meteoritesamplethatisfromthe
crustoftheasteroidVesta
Linkstometeoritesites:
ANSMET:AntarcticSearchforMeteorites
Asteroids,Comets,andNASAResearch
MeteoritesfromAntarctica
MeteoritesfromMars
Meteoroidsasteroidsthatareonacollision
coursewithEarth.
Meteorstreakoflightcreatedwhena
meteoroidstrikesouratmosphereathigh
velocityandfrictioncausesthechunkofspace
mattertoburnup.
MeteoritewhatisleftthatstrikestheEarths
surfaceifthemeteoroiddoesnotburnup
completely.
92.8%ofallmeteoritesarecomposedof
silicate(stone),and5.7%arecomposedof
ironandnickel;therestareamixtureofthe
threematerials.
Stonymeteoritesarethehardesttoidentify
sincetheylookverymuchliketerrestrial
rocks.
Vocabulary
1.
GreenhouseEffectwarmingofaplanetssurfaceasaresultofatmosphericgasestrappingheat.Carbondioxideisone
ofthesegreenhousegases.
2.
PhotonaquantumofvisiblelightorotherformofelectromagneticradiationcomingfromtheSun.Aparticleoflight.
3.
Retrogradethismeansthattheplanetisspinningbackwardscomparedtotheotherplanets.
4.
Revolutiononecompletecirclemadearoundsomething.Theorbitmadebyaplanetorsatellitearoundanotherbody.
5.
Rotationtheturningmotionofaplanetspinningonitsaxis.
6.
Staraglowing,hot,gaseousmassinspacesuchastheSunranginginsizefromthatofaplanettolargerthanthe
Earthsorbit.Itgeneratesenergybythermonuclearreactions.
7.
TerrestrialsimilarincompositionanddensitytoEarth.RelatingtoEarth.Earthlike.
8.
Volumeamountofspaceanobjecttakesup.
BACK
Vocabulary (p.2)
9.
DwarfPlanetacelestialbodythat(a)isinorbitaroundtheSun,(b)hassufficientmassforitsself
gravitytoovercomerigidbodyforcessothatitassumesahydrostaticequilibrium(nearlyround)shape,
(c)hasnotclearedtheneighborhoodarounditsorbit,and(d)isnotasatellite.
10.
Planetacelestialbodythat(a)isinorbitaroundtheSun,(b)hassufficientmassforitsselfgravityto
overcomerigidbodyforcessothatitassumesahydrostaticequilibrium(nearlyround)shapeand(c)has
clearedtheneighborhoodarounditsorbit.
11.
PlutoidscelestialbodiesinorbitaroundtheSunatasemimajoraxisgreaterthanthatofNeptunethat
havesufficientmassfortheirselfgravitytoovercomerigidbodyforcessothattheyassumeahydrostatic
equilibrium(nearspherical)shape,andthathavenotclearedtheneighborhoodaroundtheirorbit.
BACK
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