International Tables of Data

International Critical Tables
of
Numerical Data,
Physics, Chemistry and
Technology
Prepared under the Auspices of the International
Research Council and the
National Academy of Sciences
By the
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
of the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
First Electonic Edition
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Edward W. Washburn, PH.D.
Norwich, New York

2003
List of Editors
Volume 1 Associate Editors
Volume 1 Assistant Editors
Clarence J. West, PH.D.

Director, Research Information Service
National Research Council
F. R. Bichowsky, PH.D.
Associate in Chemistry,
Johns Hopkins University
N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D.

Formerly Physicist,
National Bureau of Standards
Alfons Klemenc, PH.

Professor of Chemistry
University of Vienna


Formerly Physicist,
Alfons Klemenc, PH.D.

Professor of Chemistry,


Formerly Physicist,


Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D. C.

Formerly Physicist,


Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D. C.

Physicist, National
Bureau of Standards
Martha D. Ring, B.S.

Washington, D. C.


Professor of Chemistry

Physicist, National
Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C.


Washington, D. C.

Physicist, National
Bureau of Standards
Introduction
International Critical Tables is the result of the cooperative labors of a large number of specialists, each of whom
has been charged with the responsibility for the critical compilation of the quantitative information available on his topic. The
word "critical" in this connection means that the Cooperating Expert was requested to give in each instance the "best" value
which he could derive from all the information available, together, where possible, with an indication of its probable reliability.
Through a cooperative arrangement with International Annual Tables, the Board of Editors has been able to place in
the hands of each Cooperating Expert the literature references belonging to his topic for the years 1910-1923 inclusive, as
compiled by the staff of International Annual Tables. For the period preceding 1910, each Cooperating Expert was directed to
collect the necessary literature references from the various published handbooks, special treatises, works of reference, and
other sources known to him as a specialist in the field. No attempt has been made to systematically cover the literature since
1923, although a certain amount of information published since then has been utilized.
In preparing the various sections, the Cooperating Experts were instructed,
1. To include in the bibliography only (a) the sources of the data upon which their reported values actually
rest, and (6) the sources of available data of the same kind pertaining to those systems for which no numerical value is
given. It is not intended to be a complete bibliography of the field.
2. To omit from the tables of numerical data all those systems for which the available data (a) were of slight
scientific or practical interest, or (o) were so discordant as to be of little, if any, value.
3. To set forth the results of their work in the form of text, equations, tables, graphs, or charts, as seemed
most appropriate under the circumstances, having regard to the necessity of space economy.
4. To give only selected samples illustrating types in the case of very large and heterogeneous fields, such as
colloids, chemical kinetics, and certain classes of industrial materials.
5. To restrict the accompanying explanatory text to the amount necessary for the intelligent use of the data.
(Under this restriction, the Expert is given no opportunity to present a general discussion of his subject or of the
methods by which he obtained the values given.)
In preparing the textual material for publication the Editors have been compelled, in the interest of economy of
space, to enforce the restrictions imposed by sections 3 and 5 of the preceding paragraph and have freely rearranged and
rewritten the text, whenever it was evident that a compression or an improvement in logical order could be so secured. With
few exceptions, which are duly noted, the final form of the rewritten text was submitted to the Expert and was accepted by
him.
In preparing the numerical data for publication the Editors have made no change except in their arrangement and in
their mode of presentation. In making such changes the Editors have been guided by the necessity of saving space. The
numerical data are in all cases those submitted by the Expert, excepting that (a) a few additional values, all duly indicated,
have been inserted, and (b) when an Expert has submitted a number of values for the same nominal quantity, these have been
grouped so as to make a single entry with an indication of the range covered by the values submitted, whenever such grouping
seemed justifiable. In these cases, the final manner of grouping was in every case where possible submitted to and accepted by
the Expert. The exceptional cases are noted as they occur.
Owing to the method of publication, i.e., one volume at a time, a strictly logical arrangement of subject matter is not
always followed. Among such a large number of Cooperating Experts a few instances of greatly delayed reports, arising from
illness, accident, or other unforeseen causes, are to be expected; and certain sections or parts of sections, therefore, may not
appear in their logical places but will be found in a later volume. The whole set of volumes is very completely indexed,
however, and the user who consults the index should have no difficulty in locating any information given.
Chemical compounds are arranged in the tables by formula according to a definite system, called the " Standard
Arrangement." This system is based upon a set of key numbers for the chemical elements and is fully explained in Volume
One.
In order to find a given substance in the longer tables it is therefore necessary to know its chemical formula, at least
approximately. If only the name is known, the formula, for most organic compounds or minerals, may be found with the aid of
the name indices in Volume One, p. 174 and 280.
Table of Contents
Front Matter
List of Editors
Introduction
Volume I
Volume II
Volume III
Volume IV
Volume V
Volume VI
Volume VII
Index
Table of Contents
Volume I
Front Matter
List of Editors
Introduction
National and Local Systems of Weights and Measures
(a) International Metric System
(b) Modern Systems
(c) Systems of Antiquity
Symbols, Basic Constants, Conversion Data, Dimensions, Definitions
Symbols and Abbreviations
Fundamental Constants
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Formulae
Hydrometer Scales
Technical Efflux Viscometers
Selected Scientific and Technical Terms: Definitions, Dimensional Formulae, etc
Chemical Elements and Atoms
Atomic Weights
Table of Isotopes
The Periodic System
Structure of the Isolated Atom
Laboratory Technique
Thermometry
1. Thermometric Scales
2. The Standard Thermodynamic Scale
3. Fixed Points
4. Resistance Thermometers
5. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
6. Thermocouples
Optical Pyrometry
Laboratory Methods for Producing and Maintaining Constant Temperatures
1. Temperatures Below 0C
Laboratory Methods for Production of Cold
2. Temperatures Above 0C
Maximum Temperatures That can be Reached and Maintained by Various Means
Laboratory Methods for Maintaining Constant Humidity
Barometry and Manometry
Psychrometry, Density of Moist Air, Change in Barometric Pressure with Altitude
Volume of Liquid Menisci
Weights and Weighing
i
ii
iv
1
1
2
14
16
16
17
18
31
32
34
43
43
45
46
47
52
52
52
52
53
54
54
57
59
61
61
62
66
67
67
68
71
72
73
Volume of a Mass of Liquid of Known Weight in Air

Standard Buffer Solutions and Acid-base Indicators
High Vacuum Technique
Psychological Data Pertaining to Errors of Observation
Arrangement of Chemical Substances and Systems in I. C. T.
Physical Properties of Chemical Substances
Introduction
Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air; A-Table
The Gaseous State
The Liquid State
The Crystalline State
Chemical Compounds; B-Table
80
81
91
92
96
96
98
102
102
102
103
106
H2O [(C2H5)3SCl]2PtCl4
106
[C2H5NH2]2H2PtCl6 Be3N2
126
Be(NO3)23H2O CsLiCl2
Boiling Points
Refractive Indices
Index of Mineral Names
Chemical Compounds; C-Table
141
162
165
174
176
CBi2O5 C6H10O5
176
C6H10O5 C9H10O4
202
C9H10O4 C13H24O4
228
C13H24O4 C72H88N6O20
Refractive Index
Index: Abietic acid, 5477 ... Diisoamyl Ketone, 4171
Index: Diisoamyl Oxalate, 4391 ... p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 1895
Index: p-Nitrobenzamide, 1981 ... Zygadenine, 6120
Property-Substance Tables
Liquid Crystals
Crystallography of Compounds of Carbon
B-Table
C-Table
X-Ray Diffraction Data for Crystals and Liquids
Some Numerical Data Pertaining to Dispersoidology
Sweetening Agents
Odoriferous Materials
Radioactivity
International Table of the Radioactive Elements and Their Constants
Physical Properties of Radioactive Elements
Artificial Disintegration of the Elements
251
276
280
289
299
306
314
320
320
324
338
354
357
358
361
362
364
365
Electron Emission Produced by Radiations from Radioactive Substances

Energy of Radioactive Processes
Chemical Effects of -Particles
Saturation Current: Absorption in Liquids and Solids
Radioactive Radiations in Gases
Beta-Rays: Absorption and Diffusion in Liquids and Solids
Wave Lengths of Gamma-Rays
Ionizing Radiations from Ordinary Substances
Distribution of Radioactive Materials in the Atmosphere, the Hydrosphere and the Lithosphere
Ages of Minerals and Rocks Based on Radioactive Changes
Astronomical and Geodetic Data
Selected Physical Properties of Stars and Nebulae
(a) Spectral Classes, Masses, Densities, Temperatures, Diameters
(b) Distribution
(c) Motions
Distribution of Stars
Distribution of Nebulae
Motions of the Stars and Nebulae
Time: Units, Correlation of Chronological Eras, Equation of Time
The Solar System: Orbital Data, Selected Characteristics of the Members
Composition of the Atmosphere
Miscellaneous Geodetic Data
365
366
366
367
369
370
371
372
372
381
384
384
384
388
389
385
388
389
391
392
393
393
Gravity Data: At Over 400 Selected Stations, Correction for Depth and Height, The Gravitation
Constant
Aerodynamics
Literature References
395
402
412
Table of Contents
Volume II
Strength and Related Properties of Woods
North American Woods
Woods of the Philippine Islands
Canadian Woods
Woods Native to the British Empire
Danish Woods
Woods of the Dutch East-Indian Archipelago
Woods of Japan and Eastern Asia
The Woods of Mexico, Central and South America and the West Indies
Index of Common Names
Density Arrangement
Artificial Lumbers
Building Stones
Conversion Factors
Compressive Strength
Shearing Strength
Transverse Strength
Tensile Strength
Resistance to Abrasion
Impact Hardness
Elasticity
Bulk Density
Porosity
Compressibility
Thermal Expansion
Specific Heat
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Diffusivity
Clays
List of Clays and their Index Numbers
Effect of Firing on Transverse Strength of Clay
Linear Fire Shrinkage and Porosites of Diaspore and Gibbsite Clays
Water Ratios to Clay Volume and Weight
Fusion Points in Cones
Thermal Reactions in Clay with Temperatures at Which Reactions have been Noted
Heat Absorbed and Evolved by Clay During Firing and Cooling
Bentonite
Coagulating Effects of Reagents upon Bentonite
1
2
4
4
16
34
35
36
39
42
46
46
47
47
47
48
49
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
54
55
55
55
56
57
57
61
61
61
61
63
63
63
Effect of Dilution, Coagulation and Precipitation

Properties of Some Clay-Like Minerals of the Bentonite Type
Heavy Clay Products and Sand-Lime Brick
1. Clay Brick: Specifications and Properties
2. Sand-Lime Brick
3. Hollow Building Tile
4. Stoneware
5. Sanitary Bodies
6. Floor and Wall Tile
7. Drain Tile
8. Sewer Pipe
9. Terra Cotta Bodies
10. Crushing Strength of Masonry with Different Mortars
Porcelain and Whiteware
I. Electrical Porcelain
II. Laboratory Porcelains and Whitewares
Refractory Materials
Abrasive Materials
Properties of Glass
Table 1. Glass Compositions
Mechanical Properties of Glass
Thermal Properties of Glass
Electrical Properties
Optical Properties
Chemical Durability of Glasses
Effect of Composition
Multi-Oxide Glasses. Apparatus Glass
Optical Glasses
Vitreous Enamels for Metals
Compositions
Specific Gravity
Strength
Hardness
Thermal Expansion of Vitreous Enamels
Heat Transfer by Enameled Metals
Thermal Emissivity of White Vitreous Enameled Surfaces
Reflectivity of Sheet Steel Enamels
Acid Resistance of Vitreous Enamels
Structural Cements, Limes and Plasters
Hydraulic Cements
Portland Cement
63
64
64
64
64
65
65
65
65
65
65
66
66
66
67
73
82
86
87
88
92
97
101
101
107
107
109
113
114
114
115
115
115
115
115
116
116
117
117
117
117
Gypsum
Lime Mortar and Masonry
Magnesia Cements and Concretes
Bulk Density
122
123
124
124
Ultimate Tensile Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Cements Made with Specially Calcined
Dolomites
Elastic Properties
Wearing Resistance
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion
Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of Cement Mortars
Heat Evolved During Mixing and Setting of Magnesium Oxychloride Cements
Electrical Resistance of Cement Mortars
Setting Time of Commercial Magnesites in Various Mixes
Dental Cements
1. Typical Chemical Compositions. Weight %
2. Crushing Strength
3. Setting Time
Solid Fuels
Classification
Percentage Composition of U.S. Coals
Calorific Value
Sulfur Content
Ash Fusibility
Density
Porosity
Specific Heat
Spontaneous Combustion, Weathering and Deterioration
Coking Behavior
Ignition Temperatures
Combustibility of Coke
Petroleums, Petroleum Products and Commercial Oils of Mineral Origin
Composition and Density of Crude Petroleums
Proximate Composition
Specific Gravity and Thermal Expansion
Compressibility
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tensions
Penetrativity
Melting Points
Solubility of Paraffin
124
124
128
128
128
128
128
128
129
129
129
129
130
130
132
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
136
136
137
139
144
146
146
146
146
146
148
149
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

Dew Point
Flash Point
Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity
Specific Heat
Calorific Values
Refractive Index
Optical Activity
Coefficient of Light Absorption
Iodine and Bromine Numbers
Sulfuric Acid Absorption for Gasolene
Gum Test
Composition and Property Tables
Terminology and Specifications of Petroleum Products of Commerce
Flash Points of Saturated Vapors of Combustible Liquids
Quantitative Effects of Some Compounds upon Detonation in Internal Combustion Engines
Lubricants and Lubrication
Journal Bearing Friction
Lubricating Value of Oils under Conditions of Heavy Loads and Temperatures up to 100
Typical Analyses and Properties of Gaseous Fuels
Asphalts and Mineral Waxes
Nomenclature
Characteristics
Thermal Properties
Bituminous Materials
Explosions and Gaseous Explosives
Ignition Temperature
Electrical Ignition
Limits of Inflammability
Propagation of Flame
Detonation
Explosions in Closed Vessels
Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes
Introduction
1. Index of Common Names
2. Scientific Names and Common Properties
3. Composition Table
4. Polenske Values
5. Compressibility
6. Viscosity
7. Viscosity under Pressure
149
149
150
151
151
152
152
153
153
154
154
154
154
160
161
162
164
164
165
166
168
168
168
168
170
172
172
175
176
182
184
187
196
196
198
201
206
208
208
209
209
8. Melting Points
9. Boiling Point of Oils
10. Thermal Expansion
11. Specific Heat
12. Heat of Combustion
13. Flash Points of Oils and Fats
14. Electrical Conductivity
15. Dielectric Constant
16. Refractive Index and Butyrorefractometer Reading
17. Optical Rotation of Oils
18. Density
19. Melting Point
20. Congelation Temperature
21. Acetyl Value
22. Iodine Value
23. Saponification Value
24. Hehner Value
25. Reichert-Meissl Value
26. Unsaponifiable Matter
27. Melting and Solidification Points of Fatty Acids
Hydrogenated Oils
Adhesives and Gelatins
Introduction
1. Adhesives
2. Gelatins
Textile Fibers
Botanical Classification of Important Vegetable Fibers
Microscopical Characteristics of Important Vegetable Fibers
Cotton
Silk
Rayons of Artificial Silks
Wool
Cordage Fibers
Minor Hair Fibers
Fur Fibers
Comparative Breaking Strengths
Specific Gravity
Specific Heat
Hygroscopic Moisture
Effect of Humidity
210
210
210
210
210
211
211
211
212
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
215
215
215
215
216
217
217
218
221
231
231
232
233
234
234
235
235
235
236
236
237
237
237
237
Regain
Heat Conductivity
Fireproofing
Tannins and Vegetable Tanning Materials
Classification
Source and Tannin Content of Vegetable Tanning Materials
Leather
Type
Composition, % at 50% Relative Humidity
Tensile Strength, Stretch and Stitch Tear
Area Change with Relative Humidity
Water Content at Different Relative Humidities
Ventilating Properties
Resilience
Rubber, Gutta Percha and Balata
Abbreviations
Latex
Chemical Composition of Raw Rubber
Physical Properties of Raw Rubber
Various Types of Hevea
Factors in the Preparation of Hevea Rubber
Non-Hevea Rubber
Vulcanized Rubber
Physical Properties
Milling
Softeners
Accelerators of Vulcanization
Compounding Ingredients
Aging
Hard Rubber
Gutta-Percha and Balata
Factitious Plastics
A. Nitrocellulose (Pyroxylim) Plastics
B. Phenol Resins and Their Products
238
238
239
239
239
243
250
250
251
251
252
252
253
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254
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255
258
259
262
263
264
264
266
276
277
278
286
290
292
294
296
296
298
C. Comparison of Properties of Hard Rubber, Vulcanized Fiber, Laminated and Molded Phenolic
Insulating Materials
Commercial Carbons for Electrical Uses
Industrial Electrical Insulators
Insulating Oils
Insulating Solids
Table 1. Index and Description of Materials
299
303
304
305
307
308
Table 2. Electrical Properties

Thermal Insulating Materials for Moderate and Low Temperatures
Thermal Insulating Materials for High Temperature
Raw Materials of the Paint and Varnish Industry
310
312
316
317
Average Bulking Values and Specific Gravities of the More Common Dry Pigments Used in the
Paint Industry
Average Constants of Oils Used in Paint and Varnish Industry
Toxicology of Gases and Vapors
Effective Concentrations and Properties
Prevention and Emergency Treatment of Gas Poisoning
Air Conditioning
A. Hygroscopic Properties of Industrial Materials
B. Spaces Occupied by Human Beings
Refrigerating Brines
Density and Specific Gravity
Heat Capacity (Specific Heat)
Viscosity
Sieves and Screens
Introduction
Table 1. Series of Woven Sieves
Table 2. Tolerances for U.S. Standard Sieves
Table 3. Pharmaceutical Sieves
Table 4. Bolting Cloth
Table 5. Woven Sieves for Special Purposes (Metric Designation)
Table 6. Woven Wire Sieves for Special Purposes (Inch Designation)
Table 7. Gages for Broken Stone, Slag, Etc.
Saccharimetry, the Properties of Commercial Sugars and Their Solutions
Introduction
317
317
318
318
321
321
321
325
327
327
328
328
329
329
330
331
331
332
332
333
333
334
334
C12H22O11 Sucrose
336
C12H22O11 Lactose
345
C12H22O11 Maltose
346
C6H12O6 Dextrose
347
C6H12O6 Levulose
Invert Sugar
349
350
C6H12O6 Mannose
350
C6H12O6 Galactose
351
C5H10O5 Arabinose
351
C5H10O5 Xylose
352
C18H32O16 + 5H2O, Raffinose (Melitriose, Gossypose)

Systems Containing More Than One Sugar
352
352
Rotations and Melting Points of Pure Sugars and Sugar Derivatives

X-Ray Diffraction DataMiscellaneous Natural and Industrial Materials
Properties of Metals and Alloys
Introduction
Finding Index of Alloys
Tables of Alloy Classes
Meanings of Symbols Denoting Treatments
Abbreviations and Symbols Denoting Variables Defining a System and Their Units
Meanings of Symbols Denoting Properties
Equilibrium Diagrams
Introduction
Aluminium Alloys
Lead Alloys and Tin Alloys
Other Non-Ferrous Alloys (Including Cu-Fe)
Ferrous Alloys
Density of the Metallic Elements
Hg, Density of Liquid Mercury
Latent Heat and Phase Changes of Pure Metals and Alloys
Thermal Expansion Including Volume Change on Fusion, Solidification and Tempering
Coefficients of Expansion of Pure Metals
Coefficients of Expansion of Solid Alloys
Coefficients of Expansion of Liquid Alloys and Amalgams
Volume Change on Fusion and Solidification, Mold Shrinkage
Changes in Volume Due toTempering
Mechanical Properties of Iron, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti, and Titanium and Uranium Steels
Ni and Its Alloys with C, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn
Mechanical and Elastic Properties
Thermal Properties
353
356
358
358
370
388
392
396
396
400
400
400
413
419
449
456
457
458
459
459
463
474
474
477
478
479
480
482
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cast Iron and of Steels Containing C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, NiCr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V, and V
Introduction
Table 1. Chemical Analyses
Table 2. Carbon Steels
Table 3. Mechanical Properties of Cast Iron
Table 4. Cr Steels
Table 5. Cr-V Steels
Table 6. Cu Steels
Table 7. Nickel Chromium Steels
Table 8. Ni-Cu Steels
Table 9. Nickel Vanadium Steels
Table 10. Vanadium Steels
483
483
484
487
497
506
509
509
510
513
513
514
Table 11. Elastic Properties

Table 12. Specific Gravity
Table 13. Thermal Properties
Mn-, Si-, and Mn-Si-Steels; Fe-Si-Alloys; and Effect of Mn and Si on Cast Iron
Table 1. Tensile, Hardness, and Impact Tests on Rolled or Forged Mn-Steels
Table 2. Effect of Cooling Medium on Properties of Forged Mn-Steel
Table 3. Effect of Liquid Air Temperature on Forged Mn-Steel
Table 4. Compression Tests on Forged Mn-Steels
Table 5. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Cast Mn-Steel
Table 6. Transverse Tests on Cast Mn-Steel
Table 7. Tensile Properties of Fe-Si-Alloys
Table 8. Specific Gravity of Fe-Si-Alloys
Table 9. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Rolled and Forged Si-Steels
Table 10. Effect of Liquid Air Temperature on Forged Si-Steel
Table 11. Compression Tests on Forged Si-Steel
Table 12. Properties of Cast Si-Steel
Table 13. Properties of Forged Si-Mn-Steel
Table 14. Effect of Mn Content on Tensile Strength and Elongation of Malleable Cast Iron
Table 15. Effect of Si Content on General Mechanical Properties of Malleable Cast Iron
Table 16. Effect of Mn on Properties of Cast Iron
Table 17. Effect of Mn Content on Hardness of Cast Iron
Table 18. Effect of Si Content on Properties of Cast Iron
Table 19. Effect of Casting Temperature and Annealing on Cast Irons of Different Si Content
Steels Containing Al, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta, or Zr
Table 1. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Al-Steels
Table 2. Compression Tests on Al-Steels
Table 3. Specific Gravity of Al-Steels
Table 4. Mechanical Properties of As-Steels
Table 5. Mechanical Properties of B- and Ni-B-Steels
Table 6. Hardness of B-Steels
Table 7. Mechanical Properties of Ce- and Ni-Ce-Steels
Table 8. Properties of Sb-Steels
Table 9. Specific Gravity of Fe-Sb-Alloys
Table 10. Mechanical Properties of Ta-Steels
Table 11. Properties of Zr- and Ni-Zr-Steels
Properties of Aluminum and Its Alloys with Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, and Zn Containing More
Than 50% Al
Table 1. Tensile Properties
Table 2. Compression Tests
Table 3. Shear and Torsion Tests
Table 4. Hardness
515
516
518
519
520
522
522
522
522
522
523
523
523
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524
525
525
525
526
527
527
528
528
529
529
529
529
530
531
531
531
531
531
532
532
533
538
538
539
Table 5. Impact Hardness

Table 6. Impact Strength
Table 9. Mold Shrinkage
Properties of Alloys of Aluminium with Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ni-Cu, Si, and Si-Cu
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Properties of Magnesium and of Its Alloys with More Than 50% Magnesium
Zinc and Its Alloys Containing More Than 50% Zn
Table 1. Mechanical Properties
Table 2. Elastic Properties of Zn
Table 3. Compressibility of Zn Alloys
Table 4. Specific Gravity of Zn Alloys
Cadmium and Its Alloys with Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cu, Hg, Mg, Pb, Sn, Tl, and Zn
Mechanical Properties of Copper and Its Alloys with Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb, and Si
Tensile (Compressive) and Elastic Properties
Hardness of Cu and Its Alloys with Ag, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P and Si
Specific Gravity of Copper and Its Alloys with Fe, Mn, P and O
Properties of Brasses and of Pb, Sb, Sn and Their Alloys
Properties of Commercial Copper, Ordinary, Phosphor, and Zinc Bronzes and Copper-Base
Bearing Alloys
Cu, Commercial Copper
Cu-Sn, Bronze
Cu-Sn-P, Phosphor Bronze
Mechanical Properties of Copper-Base Bearing Alloys as Cast (Car Journal Bearings)
Cu-Pb-Sn, Mechanical Properties of Bearing Bronzes
Wear and Frictional Properties of Copper-Base Bearing Alloys
Laboratory Tests on the Carpenter Machine
Cu-Sn-Zn, Zinc Bronze
Effect of Casting Temperature and Heat Treatment of Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn 2
Cu-Sn-Zn-As, Effect of Adding As to Admiralty Gun Metal
Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-As, Effect of Adding Pb to Arsenical Admiralty Gun Metal
Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb, Effect of Adding Lead to Zinc Bronzes
Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, of Adding Sb to Admiralty Gun Metal
Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, Effect of Adding Sb to 86:9:5 Red Bronze
Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, Effect of Adding Pb to 86:9:5 Red Bronze
Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-Sb, Effect of Adding Sb to Leaded 86:9:5 Red Bronze
Impact Strength
Specific Gravity
Elastic Properties
539
540
540
541
542
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559
560
561
562
562
562
563
565
566
566
566
568
568
569
569
570
570
571
Mold Shrinkage
Properties of Aluminum Bronzes
Cu-Al
Cu-Al-Fe
Cu-Al-Mn
Cu-Al-Ni
Cu-Al-P
Cu-Al-Si
Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Their Alloys
Table 3. Effect of Temperature on Elastic Properties
Table 4. Compressibility of Ag-Au
Table 5. Specific Volume of Alloys
Table 6. Specific Gravities of Alloys
Table 7. Surface Tension of Amalgams in Saturated Water Vapor at ca. 18C
Table 8. Annealing and Quenching Temperatures
Graphite
572
572
572
573
578
579
581
583
583
584
584
588
588
589
589
589
591
591
592
Mechanical Properties of As, B, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Ge, In, K, La, Mo, Na, Pr, Ta, Th, and W and
Their Alloys, and of Alloys Containing Ba, Ga, Li, Mn, Rb, Si, Sr, Ti, and V
Table 1. Tensile Properties of Ca, Co, Mo, Ta, Th and W
Table 2. Hardness of As, B, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Ge, In, K, La, Mo, Na, and Pr
Table 3. Properties of Co-Cr and Stellite
Table 4. Hardness of Alloys
Table 5. Extrusion Pressure of In-Pb and K-Rb
Table 6. Elastic Properties of Ta and W
Fatigue of Metals and Alloys
Table 1. Composition of Alloy
Table 2. Endurance Limits under Reversed Direct Stresses
Table 3. Endurance Limits under Reversed Bending Stresses (Rotating Beam Machines)
Table 4. Endurance Limits under Reversed Plane Bending Stresses (Upton-Lewis Machine)
Table 5. Endurance Limits under Reversed Torsional Stresses
Table 6. Endurance Limits under Cycles of Direct Stress with Various Mean Stresses
Table 7. Endurance Limits under Cycles of Torsional Stresses with Various Mean Stresses
Table 8. Endurance Limits at Various Temperatures, Reversed Direct Stresses
592
592
592
593
593
593
594
594
595
595
599
601
605
606
607
607
608
Table 9. Endurance Limits at Various Temperatures, Reversed Bending Stresses (Rotating

Beam Machines)
Special Property-Table
608
610
611
Table of Contents
Volume III
P-V-T Relations for One-Phase Systems (Density, Specific Gravity, Thermal Expansion and
Compressibility).
P-V-T Relations in the Gaseous State for Substances Which Are Gases at 0 and 1 Atmosphere
Part I. Standard Density
A-Table: Elements and Atmospheric Air
B-Table: Chemical Compounds
Part II. Thermal Expansion and Compressibility
A-Table: Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air
P-V-T Relations for Gas Mixtures
N2, Nitrogen
Compressibility
Low Pressures
High Pressures
Empirical Formulae
Virial Coefficients
Thermal Expansion
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
11
17
17
17
17
17
18
19
19
Density and Thermal Expansion of Non-metallic Elementary Substances under Atmospheric

Pressure
I. The Liquid State
II. The Crystalline State
20
20
21
Density and Thermal Expansion of Inorganic Compounds in the Liquid (Including Vitreous)
State under One Atmosphere
B-Table
Density and Specific Volume of Water
Table 1. Density of Water in g per ml between 0C and 40C
Table 2. Volume, in ml, of 1 g of Water between 0C and 40C
Density and Thermal Expansion of Liquid Organic Compounds under Atmospheric Pressure
Units
Methyl Alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol
Density-Temperature Equations
Table 1. Density-Temperature Equations Based on Reliable Data
Table 2. Density-Temperature Equations of Unknown Reliability
Density-Temperature Data for Various Complex Compounds
22
22
24
24
25
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
28
30
33
Table 3. Accurate Values for Densities of Liquid Organic Compounds at Particular

Temperatures
33
The Liquid (Including Vitreous) State under Pressures Higher than Atmospheric. (Density,
Thermal Expansion and Compressibility)
A-Table: Non-Metallic Elements
B-Table: Inorganic Compounds
C-Table: Carbon Compounds
The Compressibilities of Certain Liquids
35
35
35
35
40
Density and Thermal Expansion of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State, under
Atmospheric Pressure
I. Oxides
II. Halogen Compounds
III. Sulfides
IV. Sulfates
V. Nitrates
VI. Carbonates
VII. Metallo-Organic Compounds
VIII. Various Silicates
IX. Other Compounds
Density and Thermal Expansion of Organic Compounds in the Crystalline State
C-Table
Compressibility of Crystals
1. Non-Metallic Elementary Substances
Compressibility of Pure Metals
Cubic Compressibility of Pure Metals
Hg, Mercury
Linear Compressibility of Pure Metals (Ed.)
Compressibility of Crystalline Compounds, Minerals and Rocks
B-Table: Standard Arrangement
Crystalline Materials (More Than One Component)
Rocks
43
43
43
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
47
47
49
50
50
51
Density (Specific Gravity) and Thermal Expansion (under Atmospheric Pressure) of Aqueous
Solutions of Inorganic Substances and of Strong Electrolytes
Introduction
Systems Containing One Solute
51
52
54
H2O2 [JAB] CdBr2 [GS]
54
CdBr2 NaI [JAB]
66
NaBrO3 [JAB] CsNO3 [JAB]

Systems Containing More Than One Solute
Density of Saturated Solutions
Temperature of Maximum Density
81
95
104
107
Densities (Specific Gravities) and Thermal Expansion of Aqueous Solutions of Organic

Compounds
Density of Certain Aqueous Organic Solutions
111
115
A. Solutions Containing One Solute Only. Aqueous Solutions of Methyl, Ethyl, and Propyl
Alcohols, Glycerol and Formic and Acetic Acids
B. Solutions Containing More Than One Solute. Both Solutes Are C-Compounds
115
125
Density and Thermal Expansion of Homogeneous Non-Aqueous Mixtures in the Liquid or

Crystalline State (Non-Aqueous Liquid or Solid Solutions)
Introduction
Sec. I. At Least One Component Is an Elementary Substance
1. Two-Component Systems
2. Systems of More Than Two Components
130
130
131
131
132
Sec. II. All Components Are Chemical Compounds None of Whose Key-Formulae Begins with
16. Standard Arrangement
2. Three-Component Systems
Sec. III. All Components Chemical Compounds
Sec. IV. All Components Are Chemical Compounds Having Key Formulae Beginning with 16
133
133
135
135
135
142
143
1. Two-Component Systems; CCl4 C2H6O2
143
1. Two-Component Systems; C2H7N C6H5NO3
162
179
1. Two-Component Systems; C6H5NO3 C6H6O

Phase Equilibrium Data
Vapor Pressures of P, S, Se, Te and the Halogens
The Liquid State up to One Atmosphere
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere
Vapor Pressures of the Atmospheric Gases
I. Vapor Pressures up to Two Atmospheres
1. Two-Phase, CrystalVapor, Sublimation Pressures
2. Two-Phase, LiquidVapor
II. Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere
Vapor Pressures of the Metals
Vapor Pressure of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State
C-Table
The Vapor Pressures of Ice and Water up to 100C
196
199
201
201
201
202
202
202
203
203
203
204
207
207
208
210
Vapor Pressures of Chemical Compounds in the Liquid State for Pressures up to Two
Atmospheres
213

Vapor Pressures of Organic Liquids
C-Table
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities Above One Atmosphere
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Volumes for H2O, NH3, CO2 and SO2 above One Atmosphere
213
215
215
228
228
233
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere, Two-Phase, LiquidVapor,
Organic Compounds
C-Table: The C-Arrangement
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities of Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen Derivatives
Hydrocarbons
Halogen Derivatives
Correction of Boiling Points to Normal Atmospheric Pressure
Critical-Point Data
Adsorption at Solid Surfaces and Solubility of Gases in Metals of the Platinum Group
Introduction
Gases on Charcoal
Gases on Glass and Silicates
Gases on Silica Gel
Adsorption of Liquids
Adsorption on Charcoal from Solutions
Adsorption on Crystalline Substances
Adsorption on Glass
Adsorption on Gels from Solution
Adsorption on Fibers
Adsorption on Miscellaneous Materials
Adsorption and Solubility of Gases in Metals of the Platinum Series
Solubilities of Gases in Liquids
Mathematical Relations and Conventions
Solubilities of Gases in Water
A-Table: Elementary Gases and Atmospheric Air
Solubilities of Gases in Non-Aqueous Pure Liquids
C-Table: Solubilities of Organic Compounds
The Solubility of Gases in Molten Metals and Alloys
The Solubility of Gases in Solutions
Table
Solubility of Gases in Colloidal Solutions in Water
Partial Vapor Pressures from Alloys, Amalgams and Solutions of Metals in Liquid Ammonia
237
237
244
244
245
246
248
249
250
250
251
251
251
251
252
252
252
252
253
253
254
255
255
255
258
261
261
264
265
270
271
271
281
284
Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Systems at Constant Temperature, Two Components Volatile, Partial

and Total Vapor Pressures
I. Two-Component Systems
II. Three-Component Systems
Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Isothermal Systems, Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Aqueous Solutions
Two-Component Systems
Three-Component Systems
Non-Aqueous Solutions
The Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of Commercial Acids
Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of HCl
Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide
284
284
291
292
292
293
299
300
301
301
302
Vapor Pressures, Normal Boiling Points, and Latent Heats of Vaporization for Aqueous
Solutions of H2SO4
302
Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of HNO3, mm Hg

The Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH, HBr and HI
Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points and Vapor Compositions for the System
H2OH2SO4HNO3
Variation of Boiling Point with Composition, for Liquid Mixtures of Volatile Constituents
A-B-Table: Standard Arrangement
Non-Aqueous Mixtures
C-Table: C-Compounds
Constant-Boiling (Azeotropic) Mixtures
Two-Component Mixtures with Minimum Boiling Point
Effect of Pressure upon Azeotropic Mixtures
Two-Component Mixtures with Maximum Boiling Point
Three-Component Mixtures
Boiling-Point Elevations, Non-Volatile Solutes
Introduction
The Solvent Is an Elementary Substance
The Solvent Is a Chemical Compound
The Solvent Is an Inorganic Compound
The Solvent Is an Organic Compound
Four- and Five-Component Systems
304
306
306
308
309
309
311
312
314
318
318
322
323
323
324
324
324
324
325
328
328
330
347
349
P-T-X Relations for Systems of Two or More Components and Containing Two or More Phases
(L-V, LI-LII-V and S-L-V Systems)
Two-Component SystemsNon-Aqueous
Standard Arrangement
Two-Component SystemsAqueous
Non-Aqueous Systems Containing Three or More Components
Systems Containing Three or More ComponentsAqueous
Relative Efficiencies of Drying Agents
Phase-Equilibrium Data
Solubility of Liquids in Liquids. Two Component Systems
Sec. 1. The A-Component is H2O
Sec. 2. The Key-Formula of Neither Component Begins with 16. Standard Arrangement
351
351
351
358
361
374
376
385
386
386
387
393
Sec. 3. The A-Component Key-Formula Does Not Begin with 16; the B-Component KeyFormula Begins with 16
Sec. 4. Both A- and B-Component Key-Formulae Begin with 16
394
394
Phase Equilibria for Three-Component Systems Containing Two Liquid Phases, the Complete
Composition of at Least One of which Is Known
Explanation of Diagrams and Tables
Metallic Systems
Aqueous Systems
Non-Aqueous Systems
Special Tables
398
398
400
400
403
403
Phase-Equilibrium Data for Condensed Systems Containing Two Liquid Phases with a Third
Component in Distribution Equilibrium Between Them, the Two Liquid Phases Being Practically
Non-Miscible; Distribution Coefficients
Symbols, Units and Conventions
A-B-Table: Aqueous Systems
C-Table: Aqueous Systems
Miscellaneous Table
418
418
419
422
433
P-V-T Relations in the Gaseous State for Substances which Are Liquid or Solid at 0 and 1
Atmosphere
A-Tables: Elementary Substances
B-Tables: Chemical Compounds
Compressibility of Solutions
Aqueous Solutions
435
435
436
439
439
440
441
Table of Contents
Volume IV
Phase-Equillibrium DataSystems Without the Vapor Phase
Abbreviations, Symbols, and Conventions
Triple Points, Transition Points and Melting Points at Ordinary and Low Pressures
Introduction
One-Component Systems
Melting Points Known with a Probable Accuracy of 0.05
Transition Temperatures
1
4
6
6
6
6
6
Effect of Pressure upon Melting and Transition Points; Volume Change on Melting and
Transition; Directly Measured Compressibility- and Thermal Expansion-Differences
Introduction
Chemical Compounds, Part I
Non-Metallic Elementary Substances
Chemical Compounds, Part II
Diagrams
Internal Pressure
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Various Forms of Silica
Crystallographic Symmetry
Inversion Points
Density
Thermal Expansion
Volume Change on Inversion
Elastic Properties
Strength
9
9
10
11
11
13
16
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
Freezing-PointSolubility Data: Systems Containing a Non-Metallic Element as One

Component
1. Both A- and B-Components Are Elementary Substances.
22
23
23
2. The A-Components Are Elementary Substances; the B-Components Are Compounds

Whose Key-Formulae Do Not Begin with 16
30
3. The A-Components Are Elementary Substances; the B-Components Are Compounds

Whose Key-Formulae Begin with 16
4. Cryoscopic Data. Freezing-Point Lowering
Three-Component Systems.
Freezing-PointSolubility Data for Systems Composed of a Metal and an Inorganic Compound
31
36
38
40
Freezing-PointSolubility Data for Two- and Three-Component Non-Aqueous Systems

Composed of Inorganic Compounds Only and Including All Systems Composed of Fused Salts
41
Abbreviations and Symbols

Systems Containing Refractory Substances
Freezing-PointSolubility Data for Systems Containing Organic Compounds Only
Arrangement
CCl4 C2H3ClO2
41
42
72
83
84
85
92
97
97
98
98
98
C2H3Cl3O2 C6H3Br2NO2
107
C6H3Br3O C6H6O2
118
C6H6O2 C8H10
139
C8H10N2 C57H110O6
Equations
C-Table: Cryoscopic Data, Organic Solvents
Freezing-PointSolubility Data for Non-Aqueous Systems, Containing Both Organic and
Inorganic Compounds
Scope
Arrangement
Two-Component Systems: Inorganic + Organic
Two-Component Systems: Fragmentary Data
Cryoscopic Data
Inorganic Solvents
Organic Solvents
Solutions with Two or More Solutes
Solubility of Salts and of Strong Acids and Bases in Water
Literature
Solubility of Organic Substances and of Weak Electrolytes in Water
Freezing-Point Lowering of Aqueous Solutions
Symbols
Inorganic Strong Electrolytes and All Salts
A-B-Table: Solutions of One Solute
154
167
172
183
185
185
185
186
205
211
214
214
215
215
216
216
216
244
250
254
254
254
254
B-Table: Solutions of More Than One Solute Where at Least One of the Solutes is a Strong
Electrolyte
Non-Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes and All Organic Compounds
Solutions Containing One Solute
Solutions of More Than One Solute
260
261
261
263
Effect of Pressure upon Transition Temperatures of Crystalline Hydrates, upon Freezing Points,
and upon Solubilities
Effect of Pressure upon the Transition Temperatures of Crystalline Hydrates
Effect of Pressure upon Freezing Points of Solutions
Effect of Pressure upon Solubility
Literature References to Data on Other Salts
264
264
264
265
265
Freezing-PointSolubility Data. Three-Component Systems Containing a Non-Metallic

Elementary Substance
Abbreviations
A-B Table: Aqueous Systems
Non-Aqueous Systems
266
266
266
268
Freezing-PointSolubility Data for Three- (or More) Component Aqueous Solutions of Salts
and Inorganic Compounds
Scope of the Section
Strong Electrolytes in Water: Data
270
270
273
H2O2SO4--K+ Cl-NH4+K+
273
Cl-HPO4--Na+ S--SO4--Na+
298
SO3--SO4--Na+ SO4--B4O7--Na+
322
SO4-Al+++K+ PO4 ---K+
348
PO4---Ca++ AlO2-Na+
Strong Electrolytes in Water: Diagrams
370
382
Freezing-PointSolubility Data for Three-Component Aqueous Systems in Which at Least One

of the Two Non-Aqueous Components is Either a Weak Electrolyte or an Organic Acid, Base, or
Non-Electrolyte
395
Freezing-PointSolubility Data for Non-Metallic Systems Containing More Than Three
Components
Aqueous Systems
Non-Aqueous Systems
Osmotic Pressure
Solutions in Water Mainly with Copper Ferrocyanide Membranes
Osmotic Pressure of Colloids
Osmotic Pressure of Electrolytes with Copper Ferrocyanide Membrane
Molecular Weights Calculated from Osmotic Pressures at Various Dilutions
The Properties of Surfaces: Surface Tension, Surface Energy and Related Properties
Surface Tension and Capillarity: Symbols and Abbreviations
Experimental Methods
424
424
428
429
429
430
431
431
432
433
433
Equations
Tensile Strength and Angle of Contact
Tensile Strength and Tensile Energy
Angle of Contact
Methods of Measuring Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension for Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Interfaces
Interface, SolidLiquid
Interface, LiquidLiquid
Abbreviations
Interface, WaterOrganic Liquid
Interface, Aqueous SolutionOrganic Liquid
434
434
434
434
435
436
436
436
436
436
437
Effect of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Tension at the Interface Aqueous PhaseOrganic

Phase
Interfacial Tension of Liquid Metals against Non-metallic Liquid Phases
Interface, Organic LiquidOrganic Liquid
Effect of Pressure on Interfacial Tension at 25
Surface Tension of Metals
Surface Tension and Related Properties for Temperatures below 0C
Surface Tensions of Fused Salts above 200C and Liquids above 360C
438
438
439
439
439
441
442
Surface-Tension Data for Certain Pure Liquids between 0 and 360C and for All Types of
Solutions at All Temperatures
Liquid-Gas Interface
A-B Table
Surface Tension of Solutions
Aqueous Solutions, One Solute
Aqueous Solutions, Two or More Solutes
Non-Aqueous Solutions, One Solute
Non-Aqueous Solutions, Two or More Solutes
Variations of Surface Tension with Age of Surface
Effect of Nature of Gas at the Interface
Properties of Thin Films and Surface Layers
Films of Metals on Glass
Surface Layers on Mercury
Films of Insoluble Fatty Substances on Aqueous Solutions
Transition Temperatures between Two Forms of Condensed Film
Expanded Films
Evaporation in Two Dimensions, Gaseous Films
Films Absorbed at the Surface of Aqueous Solutions
Soap Films
Miscellaneous
446
446
447
448
463
463
470
470
474
474
474
475
475
476
476
476
476
476
476
477
477
478
Table of Contents
Volume V
Viscosity and Fluidity
Viscosity of Gases
Definitions and Formulae
Flow of Gas through a Capillary Tube
Flow of Gases through Tubes
Gas Mixtures
Viscosity of Metals and Alloys
Definitions and Meanings of Symbols
Viscosity of Solid Metals and Alloys
Viscosity of Liquid Metals and Alloys
Viscosity of Water, Sulfuric Acid, Liquid Carbon Dioxide and Certain Organic Liquids
Formulae and Units
Water between 0 and 100. I.C.T. Values
H2O below 0C
H2O: Variation with Pressure
Sulfuric Acid
Liquid Carbon Dioxide
Organic Liquids
Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Strong Electrolytes
Aqueous Solutions Containing a Single Strong Electrolyte
Aqueous Solutions Containing Two Strong Electrolytes
Aqueous Solutions Containing Three or More Strong Electrolytes
Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Weak Electrolytes and of All Organic Acids and Bases
Weak Bases
Amino Acids
Monocarboxylic Acids
Dicarboxylic Acids
SulfonicAcids and Phenol
System with Two Solutes
Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Non-Electrolytes
Abbreviations
Introduction
Systems Containing but One Solute
Systems Containing Two Solutes
Systems Containing Two Solutes, One an Electrolyte and the Other a Non-Electrolyte
Cellulose in Cuprammonium Solutions
Fluidity of Non-Aqueous Solutions
1
1
1
1
2
4
6
6
6
7
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
18
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
24
24
24
25
The A-Component Key-Formula Does Not Begin with 16

The A-Component Has Key-Formula Beginning with 16
Kinetics of Physical Processes
Velocity of Vaporization (and Gas Evolution) and of Condensation (and Gas Absorption)
Evaporation in Vacuo
Condensation in Vacuo
Evaporation in Still Air and Other Gases
Evaporation in a Current of Gas
The Velocity of Dissolving of Crystals in Liquids
Velocity Constants
Temperature Coefficients
Relative Velocities for Different Crystal Faces
Velocity of Crystallization
Formation of Crystal Nuclei
Crystal Growth
Interdiffusion of Gases and Vapors
A-B-Table
C-Table
Coefficient of Diffusion in Liquids
Abbreviation and Conventions
Units
Accuracy
Diffusion in Water (or in a given Aqueous Solutions)
A-Table: Elementary Substances
C-Table
Non-Aqueous Solutions Diffusion in Methyl Alcohol
A-B-Table
C-Table: Values of 105
Diffusion in Ethyl Alcohol
A-B-Table
C-Table
Diffusion in Benzene
A-B-Table
C-Table
Diffusion in Metals
26
26
30
31
31
51
52
53
53
53
54
54
55
56
58
59
60
60
61
62
62
62
63
63
63
63
63
63
64
69
72
72
72
73
73
73
74
74
74
75
Diffusion in Various Liquids

Permeability of Solids to Gases
Metals
Vulcanized Rubber
Pure Para Rubber
Diffusion in Solids
Diffusion of Ions in Crystalline Solids
Diffusion of Oxygen into Silver at 400-630
Diffusion of Zinc in Brass
Discussion
Heat Capacity
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
The Heat Capacity of Gases and Vapors
Conversion Factors
Abbreviations, Symbols and Units
Introduction
The Common Gases at 15C
The Common Gases at Low Temperatures
75
76
76
76
77
77
77
77
77
77
78
78
79
79
79
79
80
80
Values of = Cp/Cv
80
Values of Cp at t and of Cp, Mean, Between t1 and t2

Special Tables
Saturated Vapors
81
81
83
Thermodynamic Quantities: Values of the Heat Capacity, Entropy, Heat Content and
Thermodynamic Potential for Pure Substances between 0 and 298K
Introduction
Heat Capacity of Elementary Substances between 0 and 300K
Entropy, Heat Content and Thermodynamic Potential
Heat Capacity of Solid and Liquid Elementary Substances above 0C
Solids
Liquids
The Heat Capacity of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State
C-Table: C-Arrangement
Thermal Properties of Silica
Heat Capacity
Latent Heats of Transformation
The Heat Capacity of Chemical Compounds in the Liquid State
B-Table
C-Table: C-Arrangement
The Heat Capacity of Certain Pure Liquids
84
84
85
87
92
92
94
95
95
101
105
105
106
106
106
106
107
113
Variation of Specific Heat with Pressure

The Heat Capacity of Certain Solutions
Aqueous Solutions
The Heat Capacity of Alloys, Amalgams and Intermetallic Compounds
Symbols
Arrangement
Ferrous Alloys
Amalgams
Non-Ferrous Alloys
Three- and Four-Component Alloys
Heat Capacity of Solutions
Aqueous Solutions
Thermal Effects Accompanying Physical and Chemical Processes
Latent Heats of Fusion
Scope of the Tables
Calorimetric Methods
Non-Metallic Elementary Substances
C-Table
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Conversion Factors
Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air
Chemical Compounds
Special Tables
H2O, NH3 and CO2 up to the Critical Point
Heats of Adsorption and of Wetting
Heat of Adsorption
Heat of Wetting
Thermal Effects Accompanying Pressure Changes in Homogeneous Systems (Joule-Thomson
and Related Effects)
Joule-Thomson Effect
Change in Temperature on Adiabatic Expansion
Heat of Isothermal Compression
Heat of Elastic Extension of Metals
Heats of Solution of Organic Substances
Heat of Dilution
Heats of Combustion of Organic Compounds
114
115
115
116
118
118
118
118
119
119
121
122
122
122
125
129
130
130
130
130
131
131
132
135
135
135
135
138
138
139
139
142
144
144
146
147
147
148
160
162
Thermochemistry: Heats of Formation under Constant Pressure (Heats of Solution: Heats of

Transition)
Explanation
Abbreviations, Signs and Forms
Conversion Factors
A-B Table
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Sulfur
Selenium
Tellurium
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Arsenic
Antimony
Bismuth
Carbon
Silicon
Titanium
Zirconium
Tin
Lead
Thorium
Indium
Thallium
Zinc
Cadmium
Mercury
Copper
Silver
Gold
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Ruthenium
Palladium
Manganese
169
169
170
176
176
176
176
176
176
177
177
177
178
178
178
180
180
180
181
181
182
182
183
183
183
184
184
184
184
185
186
187
188
189
189
189
189
190
190
190
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Tantalum
Chromium
Molybdenum
Boron
Aluminum
Yttrium
Lanthanum
Praseodymium
Samarium
Neodymium
Erbium
Cerium
Beryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Cesium
Partial and Total Heats of Formation of Aqueous Solutions
HCl
H2SO4
NH3
Thermal Conductivity: Gases and Vapors
Temperature Variation of Thermal Conductivity of Gases
Variation of Conductivity with Pressure
Molecular Conductivity of Gases
Thermal Conductivity of Non-Metallic Solids
Thermal Conductivity of Non-Metallic Solids
190
191
192
192
192
193
193
193
193
193
194
194
194
194
194
194
195
195
195
195
196
197
198
199
200
203
207
207
212
212
212
212
213
213
213
214
215
215
216
216
Pure Inorganic and Miscellaneous Solids

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Solids
Standard Materials
Metals and Alloys
Non-Metallic Liquids
Glasses
Crystals
Free and Forced Convection of Heat from Bodies of Simple Shape in Gases and Liquids
Symbols
Units
General Relations
Table 1. Free Convection
Table 2. Forced Convection
Radiometry (Heat and Light)
Radiation Constants
Radiation from a Perfect (Black-Body) Radiator
Thermal Radiation from Materials and Selected Sources of Radiation
Temperature, Brightness and Efficiency of Selected Sources of Light
Optical Constants of Substances which Exhibit Metallic Reflection
Introduction
Symbols and Numerical Relations
216
218
218
218
226
229
230
234
234
234
234
235
235
237
237
238
242
245
248
248
248
Table 1. Refractions and Absorption of Pure Massive Metals, I, Mn, MoS2 and Steel
Table 2. Refraction and Absorption of Alloys
Table 3. Refraction and Absorption by Opaque Films of Pure Metals
Table 4. Refraction and Absorption of Transparent Films of Pure Metals
Table 5. Reflectivity of Pure Metals and Steel: Normal Incidence on Massive Metal
Table 6. Reflectivity of Alloys
Table 7. Reflectivity of Sulfides which Show Metallic Reflection
Table 8. Reflectivity of Opaque Films of Pure Metals
Table 9. Transmission, Reflection, and Absorption of Thin Films of Pure Metals
Reflectivity: Non-Metals
Table 1. Specular Reflectivity
249
250
251
252
253
254
254
255
255
256
256
Table 2. Wave-Length (m) of Maxima of Specular Reflectivity

Table 3. Wave-Lengths of Residual Rays
Table 4. Polarisation of Light by Reflection from Liquids
Table 5. Albedo: White Light
Table 6. Monochromatic Albedo
Total (Non-Spectral) Transmission of Radiation
Symbols
260
261
261
262
262
264
264
Table 1. Transmission Factor for Radiation () and Light (l) from a Black-Body
264
Color Filters for Photometry of Black-Body Sources

Diffusing Materials
Table 2. Absolute Intensity of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Gases and Liquids
Table 3. Intensity Relative to Air, of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Gases
Table 4. Polarization of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Gases and Vapors
Table 5. Relative Intensity and Polarization of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Liquids
264
264
265
265
265
266
Table 6. Intensity and Polarization of Light Scattered by Dust-Free Liquids and Vapors:
Variation with Temperature and Pressure
267
Spectral Absorption of Light and Heat by Pure Inorganic Substances and Miscellaneous
Materials (Nonmetals)
Absorption of Atmospheric Air
Absorption of Pure Non-Metallic Inorganic Substances and Minerals
Spectral Filters
Filters
Special Filters
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopic Standards of Wave-Length
Primary Standard
Table 1. Secondary Standards
Table 2. Tertiary Standards
Emission Spectra of Elementary Substances
Wave-Lengths () of Selected Lines in Emission Spectra of Air and of Elementary Substances
Air Cr
Cr Nd
Nd Zr
Persistent Lines and Raies Ultimes of the Chemical Elements
Bibliography of Absorption Spectra of Solutions
Abbreviations, Signs, Symbols and Forms
268
268
269
271
271
272
274
274
274
275
275
276
277
277
290
306
322
326
326
Absorption Spectra of Solutions of Inorganic Compounds Except the Salt-Derivatives of

Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds and Their Inorganic Salt-Derivatives
327
331
CCl2O C6H8O2
331
C6H8O2 C15H10O
340
C15H11NO3 C54H92N2O18
351
Organic Substances of Mixed or Unknown Composition: Name, Solvent and Literature

Reference
356
Quantitative Determination of Ultra-Violet Absorption Spectra in Solutions of Organic

Substances
Nomenclature
Description of Figures
Solar Spectrum
359
359
359
380
Table 1. Solar Spectrum: Typical Lines

Table 2. Correction for Rowlands Values of
Table 3. Correction for 1928 International Standards
Unidentified Lines and Bands in Celestial Spectra
Table 1. Celestial Sources of Unidentified Lines
Table 2. Unidentified Lines in Celestial Spectra
Table 3. Heads of Unidentified Bands
Table 4. Conversion to Rowlands Scale
Low-Temperature Luminescence
Table 1. Intensity of Luminescence
Table 2. Wave-Lengths () of Crests of Bands: Photoluminescence
Table 3. Wave-Lengths () of Lines and of Crests of Bands: Cathodoluminescence
Table 4. Wave-Lengths () of Crests of Bands: Chemiluminescence
Table 5. Wave-Lengths () of Crests of Bands: Luminescence Excited by Flames, X-Rays, and
Radiations from Radioactive Substances
Table 6. Flame Excitation: Temperature Limits
Table 7. Frequency Intervals between Bands
Table 8. Variation of Luminescence with Concentration
Table 9. Miscellaneous Data
Fluorescence of Gases
Spectral Series of the Elements
Introduction
Table 1. Term Differences Corresponding to Permissible Lines
Table 2. Term Values for Spectral Series
Structures of the Optical Spectra of Atoms
Molecular Constants Derived from Band Spectra of Diatomic Molecules
Introduction
Symbols and Constants
Table 1. Constants of Diatomic Molecules
Table 2. Electronic Energy Levels of Multiple Level Molecules
Table 3. Heats of Dissociation
Magnetic Resolution of Spectral Lines
Introduction
Table 1. Values of Lands Splitting Factor g
Table 2. Bibliographic Index of Elements for which the Zeeman Effect Has Been Investigated
Table 3. Zeeman Effect for Cu, Mn, Mo, Ne, Pb, Rh, Sc, Sn, V, and W
Pole Effect
Emission of Light by Spark Discharges in Liquids
Electrically Exploded Wires
Photometric Standards
Photometric Filters
380
383
383
383
383
384
385
385
386
386
386
387
389
389
389
389
390
390
391
392
392
392
393
408
409
409
410
411
417
418
418
418
420
420
420
432
433
434
434
435
Mechanical Equivalent of Light

Definitions and Symbols
Table 1. Relative Visibility Factor of Monochromatic Radiation
Table 2. Least Mechanical Equivalent of Light
Table 3. Luminous Characteristics of a Black-Body
Table 4. Luminous Efficiency of Radiation from Electrically Excited Gases and Vapors
Table 5. Relative Luminous Efficiency of Radiation from Commercial Illuminations
Table 6. Efficiencies of Commercial Illuminants
The Properties of Photographic Materials
Part I
The Photochemical Equivalent of the Silver Halides
The Silver Reduction Equivalent of Photographic Developers
Photographic Development Velocity Functions and Constants
The Temperature Coefficient of Development
Suggested Watkins Factors
Reduction Potentials of Developers
The Photometric Constant of the Developed Silver Image
Part II
Sensitometric Constants of Type Plates and Films
Spectral Sensitivity of Photographic Materials
Resolving Power, Sharpness, and Astro Gamma
Relative Photographic Efficiency of Illuminants
Gloss of Photographic Papers
Properties of Soaps and Their Aqueous Solutions
Symbols and Molecular Weights
Conversion Formulae
Equilibria within Soap Solutions
Viscosity
Density (Specific Gravity)
Surface Tension
Melting Points of the Pure Soaps
Phase Equilibria
Solubility
Freezing-Point Lowering
Boiling-Point Elevation
Refractive Index
Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions
Gold Numbers and Detergent Action
Hydration
Hydrolysis
436
436
436
436
437
437
437
437
438
439
439
439
439
440
440
441
441
441
441
442
442
445
445
446
446
447
447
447
447
449
449
451
454
456
456
456
458
458
458
459
461
Table of Contents
Volume VI
X-Ray Data
J-Phenomenon in X-Rays
Polarization of X-Rays
Electronic Radiation Excited by X-Rays
Velocity of Emitted Electrons
Number of Electrons Emitted
Direction of Emission
Conductivity of Solids and Liquids Exposed to X-Rays
Crystal Gratings for X-Ray Spectroscopy
Grating Constant
Refraction
Absorption and Scattering of X-Rays
Introduction
Absorption
Scattering
Relations Between Absorption, Scattering and Electron Emission
Apparent Coefficients of Absorption
Emission of X-Rays, Wavelengths and Data on Absorption Limits
Units and Constants
Notation
Table 1. Notation for Normal Energy-Levels, Series, and Subseries
Quantum Notation
Table 2. Notation, Relative Apparent Intensities and Width: Normal Lines
Table 3. Notations: Non-Diagram Lines
Origin of X-Rays
Planck's Constant
Line Spectra
Table 4. Variation of Frequency with Atomic Number
Regular Doublets
Table 5. Regular Doublet Separation: Effect of Chemical Combination
Irregular Doublets
Selection Principles
Intensities of Lines
Table 6. Relative Apparent Intensities of Normal Lines of K-Series; Variation with Z
Table 7. Formulae for Variation of Line Intensity with Tube Voltage
Table 8. Ratio of Line Intensity to Intensity of Continuous Spectrum
Table 9. Primary Standards of Wave-Length
Table 10. Limiting Frequencies of X-Ray Series
1
1
2
2
3
5
5
6
7
7
7
8
8
12
16
20
20
23
23
24
25
25
25
26
27
27
27
27
28
29
29
31
31
32
32
33
33
35
Table 11. Characteristic X-Ray Emission Spectra and Absorption Limits: Elementary
Substances
Absorption Limits
Table 12. Absorption Limits: Fine Structure and Effect of Chemical Combination
Continuous Spectra
Reflection and Refraction of X-Rays
Symbols
Refraction
Reflection
Electronics and Gas Conduction
Electric Arcs
Symbols
Electrical Data
Mechanical Data
Temperature of the Arc
Photometric Data for Arcs
Thermal Emission of Electrons
36
44
44
45
49
49
50
50
51
51
51
51
52
52
52
53
Table 1. Electron Emission and Thermionic Work-Function: Elementary Substances and

Oxides
Table 2. Electron Emission from Mo, Ta, Th on W, and W: Variation with Temperature
Table 3. Electron Emission by W: Effect of Gases
Table 4. Emission of Electrons by Thoriated W
Table 5. Diffusion and Evaporation of Elements Contained in W as Oxides
Table 6. Thermionic Work Function: Calorimetric Determination
Contact Potentials
53
55
55
55
55
56
56
Table 1. Values of the Work Function as Derived from the Wave-Length Limit of the
Photoelectric Effect: Illustrative Data
Table 2. Contact Potential Deduced from Thermal Emission of Electrons (Illustrative)
Table 3. Contact Potentials of Metals with Brass: Condenser Method; Room Temperature
Table 4. Contact Potentials of Metals with Platinum
57
57
57
57
Table 5. Contact Potentials of Miscellaneous Pairs of Conductors: Condenser Method; Room

Temperature
Table 6. Signs of Charges Acquired by Dielectrics in Contact with Hg and with Amalgams
Current Flow in Vacuum Tubes with Hot Cathodes
Symbols
Table 1. Ideal Diodes
Table 2. Characteristics of Typical Commercial Diodes
Table 3. Characteristics of Typical Commercial Triodes
Table 4. Characteristics of Typical Commercial Triodes
Emission of Secondary Electrons
Symbols
57
57
58
58
58
59
59
59
60
60
Table 1. Retarding Potential Difference Required to Bring an Electron to Rest: Einsteins

Relation
Transmission and Absorption of Primary Electrons
Table 2. Mass Absorption Coefficient and Its Variation with Velocity of Primary Electrons
Table 3. Mass Absorption Coefficients Relative to Air
Table 4. Most Probable Velocity of Transmitted Electrons
61
61
61
61
61
Table 5. Decrease in Number and in Most Probable Velocity of Electrons during

Transmission through Al
Table 6. Variation of Transmission with Primary Velocity
Table 7. Distribution of Velocities among Electrons Transmitted by Al: Normal Incidence
Reflection of Electrons: Angular Distribution, etc
Table 8. Secondary Emission of Electrons from Gases
Emission of Secondary Electrons from Solids and Liquids
Velocities of Secondary Electrons
Table 9. Electron Emission Excited by Impact of Slowly Moving Positive Ions
Photoconductivity and Photo-Electromotive Force
Photoconductivity
Photo-EMF
Table 1. Minerals Exhibiting Photoconductivity
Table 2. Solutions Exhibiting Photoconductivity
Table 3. Wave-Length for Maximum Photoconductivity
Photoemission of Electrons
Table 1. Photoelectric Thresholds
Table 2. Wave Length for Maximum Photoelectric Sensitivity
Table 3. Illustrating Variation of Photoelectric Sensitivity with Wave-Length of Incident Light
Table 4. Relative Values of Photoelectric Current for Heterochromatic Illumination
62
62
62
62
63
63
64
64
66
66
66
66
66
66
67
67
68
68
68
Table 5. Relative Photoelectric Sensitivity of Aqueous Solutions and Alloys: Variation with
Concentration
Critical Potentials of Atoms and Molecules
Symbols
Useful Relations
Table 1. Critical Potentials of Atoms
Table 2. Critical Potentials of Molecules
69
69
69
70
70
72
Table 3. Critical Potentials of H2, N2, O2, NO and CO

Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength
Introduction
72
73
73
Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength of Elementary Substances, Pure Inorganic

Compounds, and Air
Symbols
Table 1. Dielectric Constant of Pure Inorganic Gases
74
74
74
vii
Table 2. Dielectric Constant of Pure Inorganic Solids and Liquids and Its Variation with
Temperature, Pressure, and Frequency
Table 3. Dielectric Constant of Air
75
77
Table 4. Dielectric Constant of H2O; Steam, Water, and Ice

Table 5. Effect of Illumination upon Dielectric Constant
Table 6. Relative Dielectric Strength of Pure Inorganic Gases at 25C and 1 Atmosphere
Table 7. Dielectric Strength of Air: Spherical Electrodes, 25C and 1 Atmosphere
Table 8. Dielectric Strength of Air: Needle Electrodes, 25C and 1 Atmosphere
78
79
79
79
80
Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength of Single Crystals, Mixtures and Solutions, Pure
Organic Compounds, and Miscellaneous Materials
Symbols
Table 1. Standard Liquids
Table 2. Dielectric Constant of Pure Organic Gases and Vapors
Table 3. Dielectric Constant of Mixtures of Hydrogen and Nitrogen
81
82
82
82
83
Table 4. Dielectric Constant of Pure Organic Compounds, and Its Variation with
Temperature and Frequency
83
Table 5. Dielectric Constant of Glycerol (C3H8O3)

Table 6. Dispersion and Absorption Data: Organic Compounds and Solutions
Table 7. Dielectric Constant of Crystals
Table 8. Dielectric Constant of Binary Mixtures and Solutions
Table 9. Dielectric Constant of Solutions of Oleates of the Heavy Metals
Table 10. Dielectric Constant of Solutions at Temperatures below -100C
Table 11. Dielectric Constant of Colloidal Suspensions in Water
Table 12. Dielectric Constant of Miscellaneous Materials
97
97
98
100
104
104
105
105
Table 13. Variation of Dielectric Constant with Pressure: Pure Organic Liquids and Solid
C6H6
Table 14. Effect of Magnetic Field upon the Dielectric Constant
Table 15. Effect of Electric Field upon the Dielectric Constant
Table 16. Dielectric Strength of Pure Organic Substances
High Voltage Corona
Introduction
Symbols
General Relations
105
105
106
106
107
107
107
107
Table 1. Corona on Clean, Round Wires in Air, 25C and 1 Normal AtmosphereVariation
with Radius
107
Table 2. Corona Round Wires in Air: Variation with Density
108
Table 3. Effective Corona Voltage for Three-Phase Transmission Lines in Triangular
Arrangement: 25C, 1 Normal Atmosphere
Table 4. Corona in Oil
Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity
Properties of Carriers of Free Electricity in Gases
108
108
109
110
Introduction
Table 1. Mobility Constant of Normal Ions in Gases
Table 2. Mobility of Normal Ions in Mixed Gases
Table 3. Mobility of Normal Ions: Variation with Pressure
Table 4. Mobility of Normal Ions in Dry Air: Variation with Temperature
Table 5. Mobility of Newly Formed Ions
Table 6. Diffusivity of Normal Ions
Table 7. Coefficient of Recombination of Normal Ions: One Pressure and Room
Temperature
Table 8. Coefficient of Recombination of Normal Ions: Variation with Pressure
Table 9. Coefficient of Recombination of Normal Ions: Variation with Temperature
Table 10. Mobility of Slow Ions
Table 11. Migrational and Thermal Velocities of Electrons in gases at 15C
110
111
112
114
114
114
115
115
115
115
115
116
Table 12. Number of Molecular Impacts of an Electron before Its Attachment to Form a
Normal Negative Ion
Table 13. Condensation of Vapors on Ions and Nuclei
Effective Sectional Area of Molecules
Ionization of Gases
Table 1. Ionization of Air by Electrons: Variation with Velocity
Table 2. Ionization of Gases by Electrons: Variation with Velocity
Table 3. Relative Molecular Ionization of Gases by -Rays from Various Substances
Table 4. Total Number of Pairs of Ions Produced by an Electron in Field of Zero Intensity
Table 5. Ionization of Gases by Accelerated Electrons: Variation with Intensity of Field
Table 6. Ionization of He by Accelerated Electrons: Variation with Pressure, Field Constant
Table 7. Energy Expended by Electrons in Ionizing a Molecule: Various Gases
Table 8. Ionization of Air by -Particles: Variation with Velocity
116
117
117
119
120
120
121
121
121
121
121
122
Table 9. Relative Molecular and Total Ionization of Gases by -Particles from Radium and
Polonium
122
Table 10. Ionization of Gases by Accelerated Positive Residues: Variation with Intensity of
Field
Table 11. Atomic Ionization Relative to Air
Table 12. Relative Molecular Ionization of Gases by -Rays and X-Rays
Table 13. Relative Molecular and Total Ionization of Gases by Secondary X-Rays
Table 14. Energy Expended in Ionizing Gases
Table 15. Ionization of Gases Mixed with Vapor of P
Electrical Resistance of Elementary Substances at Temperatures below -80C
Table 1. Electrical Resistance of Elementary Substances at Temperatures below -80C
Table 2. Resistance of Platinum below -80C
122
122
123
123
123
124
124
125
130
Table 3. Effect of Impurities, Stress, Heat Treatment, Etc., upon Resistance of Elementary
Substances at Low Temperatures
Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals at Temperatures Above -80C
131
135
Table 1. Electrical Resistivity of Single Crystals of Metals between 0 and 100C and the Effect
of Pressure
135
Table 2. Electrical Resistance of Pure Metals at Temperatures above 80C: Polycrystalline
Metals
Table 3. Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure upon Electrical Resistance of Metals between 0 and
100C
Table 4. Effect of Tension upon Electrical Resistance of Pure Metals
Effect of Impurities upon Electrical Resistance of Metals
Electrical Resistivity of S, Se, and Te
Symbols
Resistivity in the Dark
Effect of Light
The Electrical Conductivity of Pure Non-Metallic Liquids
136
Abbreviations
Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytic Conductors at High Temperatures
I. Pure Substances
A-B Table: Standard Arrangement
II. Binary Mixtures
A-B Table: Standard Arrangement
136
137
138
141
141
141
141
142
142
142
142
143
147
147
147
150
150
The Electrical Conductivity and the Ionization-Product of H2O

Electrical Conductivity
Ionization Product
152
152
152
Electrical Resistivity of (1) Single Crystals, (2) Solid Poor Conductors (Except Salts), (3)
Mixtures of Rare Earth Oxides and (4) Liquid Mixtures Suitable for High Resistances
Table 1. Electrical Resistivity of Poor Conductors: Pure Substances
Table 2. Electrical Resistivity of Minerals and Other Single Non-Metallic Crystals
Table 3. Electrical Resistivity of Nernst and Auer Mixtures Containing Rare Earths
153
153
154
155
Table 4. Resistivity of Mixed Liquids Suitable for Making High Resistances: Mixtures of
Xylene and Ethyl Alcohol
Table 5. Effect of Pressure upon Resistivity of Poor Conductors
Table 6. Surface Resistivity: Effect of Humidity of Air
Electrical Conductivity of Flames
Table 1. Electrical Properties of Bunsen Flame
Table 2. Electrical Properties of Metallic Vapors in Bunsen Flame
Electrical Resistivity of Alloys, Amalgams, and Commercial Metals
Symbols
Table 1. Named Alloys
Table 2. Resistivity of Alloys, Amalgams, and Commercial Metals
155
155
155
156
156
156
156
157
159
159
Ag-Al Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn
Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn Fe-Ni-C
Fe-Ni-C Tl-Sn
160
169
184
Table 3. Resistivity of Non-Mercuric Alloys at Temperatures Near and Above Their Normal
Melting Point
Table 4. Effect of Heat Treatment upon Resistivity of Steels
Table 5. Additional References
Electroelastic and Pyroelectric Phenomena
Electrostriction
Table 1. Electrostriction
Piezoelectricity
196
200
201
207
207
207
208
Table 2. The Piezoelectric Constants Present for each Class of Crystals Possessing the
Piezoelectric Property
Pyroelectricity
208
209
Table 3. A list of Substances for Which Either Piezo- or Pyroelectric Effects Have Been
Observed; Together with Their Constants at Room Temperature
Table 4. Tourmaline: Pyro- and Piezoelectric Constants
Table 5. Quartz: Pyro- and Piezoelectric Constants
209
210
211
Table 6. Rochelle Salt (KNaC4H4O64H2O): Pyro- and Piezoelectric Constants
211
Table 7. Piezoelectric Constants of Tartaric Acid (C4H6O6) and Cane Sugar (C12H22O11)
Table 8. Pyroelectric Effect: Variation with Temperature
Thermoelectricity
Table 1. Thermo EMF and Thermoelectric Power of Elementary Substances
Table 2. Thermoelectric Power of Couples of Pure Iron and Platinum
Table 3. Thermoelectric Power and Thermo EMF of Alloys (Mainly Binary Alloys)
Table 4. Mean Thermoelectric Power between 0 and t: Steels
Table 5. Thermo EMF of Carbon Steels: Effect of Heat Treatment
Table 6. Thermoelectric Power of Oxides and Sulfides
Table 7. Effect of Stress upon Thermoelectric Properties of Metals
Table 8. Effect of Stress upon Thermoelectric Properties of Al, Fe, and Sn
212
212
213
214
215
215
222
224
224
225
226
Table 9. Effect of Longitudinal Magnetic Field and of Tension upon Thermoelectric Properties
of Metals
Table 10. Effect of Magnetic Field and of Tension upon Thermo EMF of Bimetallic Circuits
Table 11. Peltier Coefficient: Directly Observed
Table 12. Peltier Coefficient: Directly Observed Variation with Temperature
Table 13. Peltier Coefficient of Bismuth: Directly Observed Effect of a Magnetic Field
Table 14. Thomson Coefficient: Directly Observed
Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions
Introduction
Solutions for Determining Cell Constants
Table 1. Kohlrausch Solutions
226
226
227
228
228
228
229
229
230
230
Table 2. Parker Solutions

Ionic Conductivity
Table 3. Ion Conductances at 18C
Solutions of Salts and of All Inorganic Strong Electrolytes
Part I. Conductivity of Neutral Halides, Nitrates and Sulfates
Table 1. Values of C up to 0.5
Table 3. Values of C above 1000
Table 2. Values of C from 0.5 to 1000
Part II. Conductivity of Strong Electrolytes
Table 1. Values of C up to 0.5
Table 3. Values of C above 1000
Table 2. Values of C from 0.5 to 1000
Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Solutions of Slightly Soluble Strong Electrolytes
Table 1. Electrolytes for Which Both Conductance and Solubility Are Given
Table 2. Electrolytes for Which the Conductance Only Is Given
Electrical Conductivity and Ionization Constants of Weak Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions
Inorganic Compounds
Organic Compounds. C-Table
230
230
230
230
230
231
231
232
241
241
241
242
256
256
257
259
259
260
261
CHBrN2O4 C6H10O4
261
C6H10O4 C9H9NO3
276
C9H9NO3 C37H31N3O10S3
Electrolytic Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions Containing Two or More Solutes
Transference Numbers of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
Table 1. Gravimetric Method
Table 2. Gravimetric Method, Best Values
Table 3. Moving Boundary Method
Table 4. Electromotive Force Method
Table 5. True Transference Numbers and Relative Hydration Values
Table 6. Mixtures of Electrolytes
Electrolytic EMF
The Characteristics of Standard Cells and of Primary Cells
The Weston Normal and the Weston Unsaturated Cadmium Cells
Cadmium Cells with Halide Electrolytes
The Clark Cell
The Helmholtz Cell
The Mercury Oxide Cell
The Lead Chloride Cell
The Cu-Hg Cell
The Pb-Hg Cell
291
305
309
309
310
310
311
311
311
312
312
312
314
314
315
315
315
315
315
Low-Voltage Normal Cells

The LeClanch Dry Cell
The Fry Zinc-Carbon Cell
Caustic Soda Cells
The Daniell Cell
The Grove and Bunsen Cells
The Poggendorff Cell
The Potentials of Electrode Cells
Abbreviations
Aqueous Solutions
Non-Aqueous Liquids
The EMF of Concentration Cells
Abbreviations, Signs and Symbols
I. True Concentration Cells
Aqueous Solutions
II. Cells with Salt Bridges
Aqueous Solutions
Potentials of Electrochemical Reactions
Potentials of Electrochemical Reactions at 25C
Electromotive Force of Cells Involving the Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Compounds
Liquid Junction Potentials
Overvoltage
Effect of Current Density on Overvoltage
Hydrogen Overvoltages at 25C
Chlorine Overvoltages at 25C
Bromine Overvoltages at 25C
Iodine Overvoltages at 25C
Oxygen Overvoltages at 25C
Effect of Temperature on Overvoltage
Effect of Pressure on Overvoltage
Electrical and Optical Properties of Silica
Dielectric Constant
Electrical Resistivity
Piezoelectric Constants of Quartz
Magnetic Susceptibility
Optical Constants
Refractive Index
Dispersion
Optical Rotation
315
315
317
317
318
318
318
319
319
319
320
321
322
322
322
329
330
330
331
332
332
333
338
339
339
339
339
340
340
340
340
340
341
341
341
341
341
341
341
342
342
Reflectivity
Verdet Constant
Magnetism
Atomic and Molecular Data in Relation to Theories of Magnetism
Symbols and Units
Magnetons or Magnetic Elements
Molecular Gyromagnetic Effects
Magnetism and Structure
Additivity Relations
Theories of Diamagnetism
Atomic Radii
Theories of Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Data
Table 1. Volume Susceptibility of Gases
Table 2. Specific Susceptibility: Elementary Substances
Table 3. Specific Susceptibility: Pure Inorganic Compounds
Table 4. Specific Susceptibility: Pure Organic Compounds
Table 5. Specific Susceptibility: Crystals
Table 6. Specific Susceptibility: Miscellaneous Substances
Table 7. Specific Susceptibility of Solutions: References
Table 8. Specific Susceptibility: Alloys and Amalgams
Table 9. Atomic and Atomic Group Susceptibilities
Ferromagnetism
Symbols
Units and Conversion Factors
Numerical Relations
Definitions
343
343
345
345
346
346
347
347
349
349
350
350
354
354
354
356
361
364
364
364
365
365
366
367
369
369
369
Table 1. Key Number and Composition of Each of Various Specimens of Iron, Cobalt,
Nickel, Their Alloys, and Alloys Containing Manganese and Copper
Illustrative Data
Table 2. Illustrative of Normal, Anhysteretic, and Differential Magnetization
Effect of Time
Table 3. Magnetization in Very Weak Fields
Table 4. Magnetization in Intense Fields
Table 5. Effect of Temperature: Swedish Iron and Mild Steel
Electrolytic Iron
Table 6. Magnetic Properties
Carbon Irons and Steels
Table 7. Effect of C upon Hysteretic Loss
Table 8. Coercive Force: Effect of C and Quenching Temperature
Cementite, Pearlite, Martensite
370
374
374
374
374
376
376
378
378
379
379
379
380
Table 9. Annealed Carbon Irons: Principal Magnetic Constants

Table 10. Quenched and Drawn Carbon Irons: Principal Magnetic Constants
Table 11. Normal and Cyclic Magnetization of Carbon Irons: Various Heat Treatments
Magnet Steels
Table 12. Cyclic Magnetization
Table 13. Coercive Force and Residual Magnetization and Their Variation with Heat
Treatment
Table 14. Effect of Mechanical Shock
Table 15. Effect of External Magnetic Field
Table 16. Temperature Coefficient
Alloys of Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Alloys of Nickel
Table 20. Nickel Alloys
Manganese Alloys and Compounds
Table 21 Ferromagnetic Manganese Alloys and Compounds
Transformation Temperatures
Table 22. Transformation Points
Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Crystals
Table 23. Magnetization of Artifical Magnetite
Galvanomagnetic and Thermomagnetic Effects
Table 1. Hall Effect: Elementary Substances
Table 2. Hall Effect: Miscellaneous Materials
Table 3. Hall Effect: Alloys
Table 4. Variation of Hall Effect with Temperature: Elementary Substances
Table 5. Variation of Hall Effect with Temperature: Bi, C, Co, Fe, Ni, Sb, and Te
Table 6. Variation of Hall Effect with Magnetic Field
Table 7. Corbino Effect
Table 8. Relation Between Hall and Corbino Effects, and Free Times of Electrons
Table 9. Ettingshausen Effect
Table 10. Nernst Effect: Elementary Substances
Table 11. Nernst Effect: Alloys
Table 12. Nernst Effect: Variation with Temperature
Table 13. Righi-Leduc Effect: Elementary Substances
Table 14. Righi-Leduc Effect: Alloys
Table 15. Increase Produced in Electric Resistance by Magnetic Field: Non-Magnetic
Materials
380
380
381
385
386
387
388
388
388
390
390
402
402
403
403
406
406
407
407
408
408
410
413
414
416
416
417
417
417
418
419
419
419
420
420
421
421
421
421
Table 16. Increase Produced in Electrical Resistance of Bismuth by Transverse Magnetic

Field
Table 17. Electrical Resistance of Antimony and of Bismuth in Transverse Magnetic Field
Table 18. Electrical Resistance of Graphite in Transverse Magnetic Field
422
423
423
Table 19. Increase Produced in Electrical Resistance by Transverse Magnetic Field: Magnetic
Materials
423
Table 20. Increase Produced in Electrical Resistance by a Longitudinal Magnetic Field:

Magnetic Materials
Table 21. Increase Produced in Thermal Conductivity by Magnetic Field
Magneto-Optics
Rotation During TransmissionFaraday Effect
Table 1. Verdet Constant for Water
Table 2. Verdet Constant for Gases and Vapors
424
424
425
425
425
425
Table 3. Verdet Constant for Pure Inorganic Liquids and Solids and for Miscellaneous
Materials
426
Table 4. Verdet Constant for TiCl4

Table 5. Verdet Constant for Pure Organic Liquids
Table 6. Verdet Constant for Solutions of Inorganic Substances
Table 7. Verdet Constant for Solutions of Organic Substances
Table 8. Verdet Constant in Infra-Red
Table 9. Molecular Magnetic Rotatory Power Relative to Water.Pure Substances
Table 10. Specific Magnetic Rotatory Power of Solutions
Table 11. Dispersion of Verdet Constant: Formulae
Table 12. Dispersion of Verdet Constant for Pure Gases
Table 13. Dispersion of Verdet Constant: Pure Substances
Table 14. Dispersion of Verdet Constant: Pure Organic Substances
Table 15. Differential Lag in Appearance of Faraday Effect
Rotation at ReflectionKerr Effect
426
426
426
427
427
428
431
432
432
432
434
434
435
Table 1. Kerr Constant and Rotation at Saturation: Polar Reflection, Normal Incidence, One
Wave-Length
Table 2. Dispersion of Rotation at Saturation: Polar Reflection, Normal Incidence
435
436
Table 3. Ellipticity Produced by Magnetization: Polar Reflection, Plane Polarized Light

Incident Normally, Magnetic Saturation
Table 4. Polar Reflection, Plane Polarized Light, Oblique Incidence, Fe
Table 5. Longitudinal Reflection, Plane Polarized Light, Oblique Incidence
Table 6. Transverse Reflection, Plane Polarized Light, Oblique Incidence
Magnetostriction and Allied Effects
Table 1. Longitudinal Joule Effect
Table 2. Joule Effect: Magnetite Crystal
Table 3. Change in Youngs Modulus with Magnetic Field
Table 4. Wiedemann Effect
437
438
438
438
439
440
440
440
441
Table 5. Nagaoka-Honda Effect

Table 6. Demagnetization of Rods by Impact and by Torsion
Atmospheric Electricity
Potential Gradient
Table 1. Potential Gradient: Land Values
441
441
442
442
442
Table 2. Potential Gradient, Ionic Content and Conductivity of the Atmosphere, and AirEarth Current Density: Ocean Values
Ionic Content
Table 3. Ionic Content of Atmosphere: Land Values
Conductivity of Atmosphere
Table 4. Conductivity of Atmosphere, and Air-Earth Current Density: Land Values
Table 5. Conductivity of Atmosphere at High Altitudes
Miscellaneous Data
Terrestrial Magnetism
General Conclusions
Table 1. Vertical Current Densities as Computed from Magnetic Data
Table 2. Magnetic Elements at Various Observatories: Recent Data
Table 3. Magnetic Elements for Each 10 of Latitude and Longitude
Table 4. Secular Changes in Declination at Various Places and over Long Periods
Table 5. Secular Changes in Magnetic Elements at Various Observatories: 1905 to 1925
Earth Currents
Aurora
Acoustics
Physical Aspects of Audition
Symbols and Definitions
Table 1. Sensitivity of the Ear
Table 2. Relative Frequency of Occurrence of Sound Elements of English Speech
Sound-Generators
Definitions and Symbols
Sound-Generators
Devices for Stabilizing the Frequency of Oscillation of Circuits Containing Electron Tubes
Detection and Measurement of Sound
Transmission, Reflection, Reverberation and Absorption of Sound
Symbols and Definitions
Table 1. Transmission of Sound Through Tubes, Horns and Wave-Filters
Table 2. Acoustic Resistivity and Transmission of Plane Waves from Medium to Medium
Table 3. Transmission Through Septa Bounded by Air
Table 4. Coefficient of Acoustic Absorption by Boundaries
Table 5. Absorbing Power of Objects
Table 6. Reverberation in Rooms
Velocity of Sound
442
442
444
444
444
444
444
445
445
446
446
446
449
449
449
449
450
450
450
450
453
453
453
454
456
457
458
458
458
459
459
459
460
460
461
Symbols
Relation of Velocity to Various Factors
Table 1. Velocity of Sound in Free Air
Table 2. Velocity of Sound in Gases and Vapors: One Temperature
Table 3. Velocity of Sound in Gases and Vapors: Variation with Temperature
Table 4. Velocity of Sound in Liquids
Table 5. Velocity of Sound in Natural Waters
Table 6. Velocity of Sound in Solids
Table 7. Velocity of Sound in Gases Confined in Tubes
461
461
461
462
463
464
464
465
466
468
Table of Contents
Volume VII
Refractivity
Refractivity of All Gases and Vapors and of Elementary Substances in the Isotropic Solid and
Liquid States
Symbols
Table 1. Refractivity of Dry Air
Variation of Reractivity of Air with Temperature, Pressure and Humidity
Table 2. Dispersion Formulae for Dry Air
Table 3. Corrections for Converting Wave-Lengths and Their Reciprocals in Air at 15C and
760 mm of Hg to Their Values in a Vacuum
Table 4. Refractivity of Gases and Vapors
Table 5. Dispersion Formulae for Gases and Vapors
1
1
2
2
4
5
5
6
11
Table 6. Index of Refraction of Isotropic, Non-Metallic Solid and Liquid Elementary

Substances
Refractivity of Selected Solids and Liquids
Table 1. Refractivity of Pure Solids and Liquids: Selected Substances
11
12
12
Table 2. Refractivity of Water (H2O)

Table 3. Refractivity of Some Remarkable Cubic Crystals
Table 4. Refractivity of Some Remarkable Organic Liquids
Table 5. Refractivity of Dyes
Refractivity of Birefringent Crystals
List of Birefracting Minerals in Table 1
Accurate Dispersions
Table 1. Refraction of Birefringent Crystals
A-B-Table: Inorganic Substances
C-Table: Organic Compounds
Table 3. Wave-Lengths Corresponding to Various Symbols
Table 2. Refraction of Pure Sulfates, Selenates, and Chromates of the Type RR2(SO4)26H2O
Table 4. Conversion of Temperature Coefficients of Refraction from Vacuum to Air
Refractivity of Pure Organic Liquids
13
13
14
15
16
16
17
17
17
29
30
31
32
34
CCl3NO2 C8H8Cl2O
34
C8H8Cl2O C11H12O
43
C11H12O C20H44Pb
Refractivity of Mixtures
Symbols
Arithmetical Relations
Wave-Length of Spectral Lines Used in This Section
Table 1. Refractivity at One Wave-Length: Binary Mixtures
54
63
64
65
65
65
Aqueous Two-Component Systems

Non-Aqueous Two-Component SystemsInorganic
Non-Aqueous Two-Component Systems
Table 2. Refractivity at One Wave-Length: Ternary Mixtures
I. Aqueous Mixtures, Standard Arrangement
II. C-Table: Non-Aqueous Mixtures
Table 3. Refractivity at One Wave-Length(D): Quaternary Aqueous Solutions
Table 4. Refractivity of Solutions of Proteins: Various Solvents
Table 5. Spectral Dispersion of Mixtures
I. Two-Component Aqueous Mixtures; Standard Arrangement
IIa. Non-Aqueous Binary Mixtures: Inorganic
IIb. C-Table: Non-Aqueous Binary Mixtures
III. Ternary Aqueous Mixtures
Electric and Magnetic Birefringence
Introduction
General Relations
Variation with
Variation with t
Time Effects
Ratio of Changes in Index
Relation between Electric and Magnetic Birefringence
Table 1. Electric Birefringence of CS2
Table 2. Magnetic Birefringence of Nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2)
Table 3. Electric and Magnetic Birefringence of Pure Substances: Relative Values
Table 4. Electric and Magnetic Birefringence of Solutions and Mixtures
Table 5. Magnetic Birefringence: Variation with Temperature and Wave-Length
Kinetics of Chemical Processes
Chemical Kinetics
Formal Treatment
Theories of Reaction Rate
General Introduction
Experimental Data
First-Order Gas Reactions
Higher-Order Gas Reactions
Racemization
Transformation of Geometric Isomers
Intramolecular Transformation
Tautomerism
Decomposition Reactions
CO2-Dissociation of Carboxylic Acids
65
77
77
91
91
96
98
98
99
99
102
102
108
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
110
110
110
110
112
113
113
113
114
115
115
116
116
117
118
118
118
119
120
122
Dissociation of Carboxylic Acids with the Production of CO or HCO2H

Addition Reactions
Coordination Reactions
Rearrangement of Dyestuffs and Indicators
Reactions of Sugars
Hydrolysis or Saponification of Esters, Ethers and Acid Anhydrides
Saponification of Esters of Inorganic Acids, Including Carbonic and Sulfonic Acids
Esterification
Dynamics of Esterification- and Acetalization-Equilibrium
Hydrolysis of Nitriles, Acid Amides and the Inverse Reactions
Hydrolysis of Diazo Compounds
Kinetics of Diazotization and Coupling Processes
Indirect Ether and Ester Formation
Reactivity of the Halogens in Organic Compounds
The Action of Halogens on Organic Substances Containing Oxygen
Miscellaneous Organic Reactions
Inorganic Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
The Kinetics of Biochemical Reactions
Introduction
Hydrolysis of Fats
Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates
Starch-Splitting Enzymes
Hydrolysis of Raffinose
Hydrolysis of Sucrose
Hydrolysis of Maltose
Hydrolysis of Lactose
Hydrolysis of -Glucosides
Hydrolysis of -Glucosides
Hydrolysis of Proteins
Pepsinases
Tryptases
Peptases
Milk Coagulation by Rennet
Hydrolysis of Urea
Decomposition of Peroxides
Alcoholic Fermentation
Photochemical Kinetics
Abbreviations and Conventions
Light Filters for the Mercury Vapor Lamp
Velocity of Reaction
Temperature Coefficients
123
123
126
127
127
128
137
137
139
140
141
142
143
143
146
146
147
153
153
153
154
154
154
154
155
155
155
155
156
156
156
156
156
157
157
158
159
159
160
161
164
Displacement of Equilibrium
Phototropy
Quantum Sensitivity
General Bibliography
Absorption Spectra of Dyes
Arrangement, Symbols, Units and Conventions
Abbreviations
Table 1. Monoazo Dyes
Table 2. Polyazo Dyes
Table 3. Triphenylmethane Derivatives
Table 4. Phthaleins and Sulfonphthaleins
Table 5. Xanthene Dyes
Table 6. Quinoline Dyes
Table 7. Azine Derivatives
Table 8. Oxazine Derivatives
Table 9. Thiazine Derivatives
Table 10. Anthraquinone Derivatives
Table 11. Indigo Derivatives and Related Coloring Matters
Table 12. Miscellaneous Dyes
Table 13. Natural Coloring Matters
Viscosity of Pure Liquids
A-Table: Elementary Substances
C-Table: Organic Compounds
Influence of Pressure on Viscosity
166
166
167
170
173
173
174
175
181
184
188
190
193
195
197
198
199
202
204
206
211
212
212
212
222
Free Energy of Chemical Substances, Activity Coefficients, Partial Molal Quantities, and Related
Constants
Scope of the Section
Arrangement
Units and Values of Constants Used
Free Energy Data
Activity Coefficients
Table, Standard Arrangement
A, Argon
Kr, Krypton
O, Oxygen
H, Hydrogen
F, Fluorine
Cl, Chlorine
Br, Bromine
224
224
225
225
226
226
227
231
231
231
231
231
232
232
234
I, Iodine
S, Sulfur
Se, Selenium
Te, Tellurium
N, Nitrogen
P, Phosphorus
As, Arsenic
Sb, Antimony
Bi, Bismuth
C, Carbon
Po, Polonium
Si, Silicon
Ti, Titanium
Ge, Germanium
Zr, Zirconium
Sn, Tin
Pb, Lead
Th, Thorium
Tl, Thallium
Zn, Zinc
Cd, Cadmium
Hg, Mercury
Cu, Copper
Ag, Silver
Au, Gold
Ir, Iridium
Pt, Platinum
Ru, Ruthenium
Pd, Palladium
Mn, Manganese
Fe, Iron
Co, Cobalt
Ni, Nickel
Cr, Chromium
Mo, Molybdenum
W, Tungsten
U, Uranium
V, Vanadium
Ta, Tantalum
B, Boron
Al, Aluminium
235
236
238
238
238
241
242
242
242
243
246
246
247
247
247
247
248
250
251
252
256
258
260
265
273
274
274
274
274
274
276
279
282
286
287
288
288
288
288
288
288
ix
Sc, Scandium
Y, Yttrium
La, Lanthanum
Ce, Cerium
Pr, Praseodymium
Nd, Neodymium
Sa, Samarium
Gd, Gadolinium
Er, Erbium
Yb, Ytterbium
Lu, Lutecium
Be, Beryllium
Mg, Magnesium
Ca, Calcium
Sr, Strontium
Ba, Barium
Li, Lithium
Na, Sodium
K, Potassium
Rb, Rubidium
Cs, Cesium
Dehydration Behavior of Minerals (E)
Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts in Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes
289
289
289
290
290
290
290
290
290
291
291
291
291
293
297
299
301
303
306
309
310
312
313
(CH3)4NI(s) MnC2O42H2O(s)
314
MnC2O42H2O(s) CaSO42H2O(s)
327
CaSO42H2O(s) Cs[Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2](s)
Optical Rotatory Power of Solid Crystals
C-Table: Standard Arrangement
Optical Rotatory Power of Liquids and Solutions
Arrangement
Class I. Organic Substances, the Asymmetric Carbon Atoms of Which Do Not Form Part of a
Ring
IB1: The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Two Other Carbon Atoms
Simple Halides
Alcohols: Monohydroxy Alcohols, Thiols and Their Esters
Alcohols: Keto Alcohols
Alcohols: Polyhydroxy Alcohols and Derivatives
Amines: Monoamines
341
353
353
354
355
355
355
360
360
360
360
362
362
363
Amines: Diamines
Amines: Hydroxyamines
Carboxylic Acids: Monohalogenomonocarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Dihalogenomonocarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Monohydroxymonocarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Dihydroxymonocarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Simple Dicarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Monohalogenodicarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Monohydroxydicarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Monoaminomonocarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Diaminomonocarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Monoaminodicarboxylic Acids
Polypeptides
365
365
365
366
366
368
368
369
369
374
377
377
377
IB2: The Molecule Contains Two Asymmetric Carbon Atoms Which Are Attached Each to
Two Other Carbon
s Atom
Alcohols and Amines: Polyhydric Alcohols
Alcohols and Amines: Hydroxyamines
Alcohols and Amines: Diamines
Carboxylic Acids: Dihalogeno Mono- and Dicarboxylic Acids
Dihydroxydicarboxylic Acids
380
380
380
380
380
381
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars Containing 5 Carbon Atoms and Related
Compounds
386
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Pentahydric and Hexahydric Alcohols Containing

6 Carbon Atoms
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars Containing 6 Carbon Atoms
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugar Acids Containing 6 Carbon Atoms
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 7 Carbon Atoms
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Other Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
IC1: The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Three Other Carbon Atoms
Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen Derivatives
Alcohols and Their Derivatives
Amines and Hydrazines
Ketones and Aldehydes and Their Condensation Products
Acids and Derivatives
ID: The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Four Other Carbon Atoms
Acids and Derivatives
388
388
396
398
399
399
399
399
400
401
401
402
402
402
403
405
405
Class II. Organic Substances, at Least One Asymmetric Carbon Atom of Which Forms
Part of a Ring
405
IIB1 to Bn: The Molecule Contains Asymmetric Atoms Which Are Attached to Two Other
Carbon Atoms
405
Oxygen Compounds: Monohydric Alcohols
405
Oxygen Compounds: Polyhydric Alcohols
405
Oxygen Compounds: Derivatives of Furane
406
Oxygen Compounds: Carboxylic Acids
406
Amines:Monobasic Amines: Nitrogen in Side Chain
406
Amines:Monobasic Amines: Nitrogen in Ring
406
Amines: Polybasic Amines
408
Amines: Amino Acids
408
IIC: The Molecule Contains Asymmetric Atoms Attached Each to Three Other Carbon Atoms 409
Hydrocarbons: Monocyclic Hydrocarbons
409
Hydrocarbons: Dicyclic Hydrocarbons
411
Hydrocarbons: Sesquiterpenes
411
Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols
411
Alcohols: Dihydric Alcohols
412
Alcohols: Polyhydric Alcohols
412
Ketones: Ketones Not Derived Directly from Terpenes
412
Ketones: Ketones Derived from Terpenes
413
Carboxylic Acids: Monocarboxylic Acids
415
Carboxylic Acids: Oxy and Hydroxy Acids
417
Carboxylic Acids: Ketonic Acids
417
Carboxylic Acids: Dicarboxylic Acids
418
Carboxylic Acids: Tricarboxylic Acids
418
Amines: Monoamines
418
Amines: Diamines
419
Amines: Amino Acids
419
IICB: The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two
and Three Other Carbon Atoms
Hydrocarbons and Halides
Alcohols: Polyhydric Alcohols
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids: Hydroxy Acids (Including Those Derived From Menthol and Their Esters)
Amines: Monoamines
Amines: Diamines
Amines: Amino Acids
420
420
420
428
428
428
428
431
431
IID: The Molecule Contains An Asymmetric Atom Forming Part of a Ring and Attached to
Four Other Carbon Atoms: Acids
432
IIDB: The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two
and Four Other Carbon Atoms
433
Acids
433
Amino Acids
433
IIDC: The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to
Three and Four Other Carbon Atoms
Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen and Nitrogen Derivatives
Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols Other Than Borneol
Alcohols: Dihydric Alcohols and Other Dihydroxy Compounds
Aldehydes and Ketones: Aldehydes and Ketones Not Related Directly to Terpenes
Aldehydes and Ketones: Fenchone and Derivatives
Aldehydes and Ketones: Thujone and Derivatives
Aldehydes and Ketones: Epicamphor and Derivatives
Aldehydes and Ketones: Camphor and Derivatives
Aldehydes and Ketones: -Diketones and Derivatives
Aldehydes and Ketones: -Diketones and Enolic Isomerides
Carboxylic Acids: Monocarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Ketonic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Dicarboxylic Acids
Amines and Imines: Monoamines and Hydroxyamines
Amines and Imines: Ketoamines and Imines
Amines and Imines:Amino Acids
Compounds of Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony
IIDCB: The Molecule Contains Three or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to
Two, Three and Four Other Carbon Atoms
Hydrocarbons and Halogen Derivatives
Glycols
Carboxylic Acids
Amines: Monoamines
Class III. Compounds Containing No Asymmetric Carbon Atom or Containing An Asymmetric
or Dissymmetric Atom of Some Other Element
Centro-Asymmetric Carbon Compounds
Optically Active Quinquevalent Nitrogen Compounds
Substances Probably, or Certainly, Containing Optically Active Phosphorus Atoms
Compounds Containing Optically Active Sulfur or Selenuim
Compounds Containing Optically Active Silicon
Class IV. Substances of Unknown, Doubtful or Complex Structure
Hydrocarbons and Their Simple Derivatives
Alcohols, Esters and Ethers
Aldehydes and Ketones
433
433
434
434
434
435
435
435
435
441
442
443
444
446
449
449
453
453
453
453
453
456
456
456
458
458
459
461
461
461
461
461
462
465
Carboxylic Acids
Other Carboxy Compounds
Nitrogen Compounds, Mainly Alkaloids
Literature
Index to Names
Commercial Explosives
Introduction
Types of Tests
Simple Explosives (Pure Substances)
Heat of Explosion
Trauzl Lead-Block Test
Lead-Block Test (Initiating Explosives)
Fall-Hammer Test
Limiting Charges Necessary for Various Initiating Explosives
Detonation Velocity
Notes
Compounded Explosives
Blasting Explosives
Explosives for Use in Fiery Coal Mines
Propulsive Explosives
Properties of Some Sporting Powders
Standard Ballistics for Shotgun Powders
Typical American Standard Proof
Typical British Standard Proof
Rifle Powders
Ordnance Powder
Index
465
466
467
478
487
489
489
489
490
490
490
491
491
492
492
493
493
493
494
495
496
496
496
497
497
497
498
1
INTEENATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES

NATIONAL AND LOCAL SYSTEMS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
CHARLES-EDOUARD GUILLAUME AND CHARLES VOLET
Plan.Section A: International Metric System; list of countries
in which its use was compulsory on January 1, 1925; list of those
in which its use was either legally optional or partially compulsory
on same date.
Section B: Other modern systems; the more important units at
present in use or in use before adoption of metric system.
Section C: Weights and measures of antiquity.
Style and Abbreviations.Only the singular number of the
names of the units are used; ten meters will appear as 10 meter.
Units of area and of volume will be written in the form centimeter2 (=cm 2 ) and centimeter8 (=cm 3 ), respectively.
ca.
ch.
cm2
Value given is only approximate.

Units have changed from time to time.
Square centimeter = centimtre carr = Quadratzentimeter = centimetro quadrato.
current
Units, other than metric, which are now in use; some
of the units included in this class are practically
obsolete. (See Local.)
local
Units of local or native origin or derivation which are
in use, but which are embraced neither by the
metric system nor by that of the central government. Applies mainly to colonial possessions.
(See Current.)
m3
Cubic meter = mtre cube = Kubikmeter = metro
cubico.
m.c.
International metric system compulsory since . . .
m.o.
International metric system legally optional since . .
older
Units used before adoption of international metric
system.
older =
The older units were those of
...
provincial Units vary from one province or city to another.
since . . . = . . . Since . . . the units have been the same
a s those o f
...
v.
Vide see.
var.
Units are variable, not rigidly denned.
A. INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM
The decimal metric system, established in France by the Loi

du 7 Avril, 1795, and represented by standards deposited in the
Archives de France, became international on May 20, 1875, by
the action of the Convention Internationale du Mtre. The new
standards, of platinum-iridium, constructed at that time and serving as the basis of the international system, were copied from those
of the Archives.
On January 1, 1925, the metric system was compulsory in:

Algeria
Allemagne
Argentina
Austria
Autriche
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Chile
Colombia
Congo, Belgian
Costa Rica
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Deutschland
Ecuador
Equateur
Espagne
Filippine
Finland
France
Germany
Gioppne
Greece
Guam
Guatemala
Haiti
Holland
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
Italy & colonies
Japan
Kolumbien
Kongo, Belgisch
Kuba
Luxemburg
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Netherlands & colonies
Nicaragua
Norway
Olanda
sterreich
Panama
Pay-Bas & colonies
Philippine Islands
Peru
Poland
Porto Rico
Portugal and colonies
Rumania
Russia
Salvador
Schweden
Schweiz
Serbie-Croatie-Slovnie
Seychelles Islands
Siam
Spain
Sude
Suisse
Svzia
Svizzera
Sweden
Switzerland
Tchcoslovaquie
UngarQ
Ungheria
Uruguay
Venezuela
Yugoslavia
On the same date, it was legally optional or partially compulsory
in:
Canada
China
T^,
,
Egypt
Ethiopia
Great Britian
..
,,
India,nBritish
Ireland, Northern
Irish Free State

ParaguayJ
_ ,
Turkey
United States of America
The fundamental units are: METER (m), which is the distance

at O0C between the axes of two lines ruled on the prototype
deposited at the Bureau international des Poids et Mesures,
Svres, France; KILOGRAM (kg), which is the mass of the prototype
deposited at the same Bureau; and LITER (1), which is the volume
of one kilogram of pure water at the temperature of its maximum
density, under the pressure of one normal atmosphere.1
The primary units of the system are the meter (m), micron
(fj,) 10~6 meter, gram (g) = 10~3 kilogram, liter (1), are (a) =
area of a square with a side 10 meter long, and stere (s) = volume
of a cube with an edge one meter long. The units of area [of
volume], characterized by the adjective square [cubic], are not
derived from a primary unit, but are each defined as the area
[volume] of a square [cube] with side [edge] equal to the stated unit
of length. The names of other secondary units are formed by
attaching to the name of a primary unit certain prefixes of unvarying significance,
i Normal atmosphere, v, p. 18.
Secondary units.
LENGTH
AI
mm
cm
dm
dkm
hm
km
Mm
m = meter
micron*
millimeter
centimeter
decimeter
dekameter
hectometer
kilometer
myriameter
megameter
* m/t millimicron = IO"9 m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
10~ m
10~3 m
10~2 m
IO"1 m
10 m
IO2 m
IO3 m
IO4 m
IO6 m
A*M micromicron = IO"12 m
MASS g = gram
microgram
= 10~6 g
milligram
= 10~3 g
centigram
= 10~2 g
decigram
= IO"1 g
dekagram
= 10 g
hectogram
= IO2 g
kilogram
= IO3 g
metric quintal = IO2 kg = IO5 g
metric ton = IO3 kg
= IO6 g
metric carat
= 200 mg
Aig*
mg
eg
dg
dkg
hg
kg
q
t
e
* Symbol 7 also used.
/J *
ml
cl
dl
dkl
hi
CAPACITY 1 = liter = 1.000 027 dm3

microliter = 10~~6 1
milliliter = 10~31
centiliter = 10~21
deciliter = IO"11
dekaliter = 10 1
hectoliter = IQ 2 1
* Symbol X also used.
mm
cm2
dm2
a
ha
km 2
m 2 = square meter
square millimeter =
square centimeter ==
square decimeter =
are
=
hectare
=
square kilometer =
IO"6 m 2
10~4 m2
10~2 m 2
IO2 m 2
IO 2 a
IO6 m 2
mm a
cm3
dm3
km 3
ds
s
dks
VOLUME m 3 = cubic meter

cubic millimeter
cubic centimeter =
cubic decimeter =
cubic kilometer ==
decistere = 0.1 s =
stre
=
dekastere = 10 s =
10~9 m 3
10~6 m3
10~3 m3
109 m3
IO"1 m3
1 m3
10 m 3
AREA
2
B. MODERN SYSTEMS
Abyssinia.var. : current, ca. :
Length
1 pic
= 0.686 m
1 farsang = 5.07 km
1 berri
= f farsang
Mass
I rottolo = 311 g
Unit
Rottolo
1 drachm = i _ JL
1 derime = J 1 "**
l wakea = yV
l mocha = ^V
Capacity, dry
l madega = 0.44 l
l ardeb = 10 or 24 madega
Capacity, liquid
l kuba = 1.016 l
gypten v. Egypt.
thiopien v. Ethiopia.
Algeria.Since 1843 =
France. Older:
Length
l pic (dzera torky)
1 pic (dzera rabry)
Unit
1 terrain
1 rebia
1 nus
= 0.640m
= 0.480 m
Pic
= J
= f
= J
Mass
lukkia
= 34.13g
l metical
= ca. 4.7 g
Unit
Ukkia
l rottolo thary
=16
l rottolo khadhary = 18
l rottolo kebyr
= 24
l cantar
= 100
rottolo
Capacity, dry
1 caffiso 317.47 1
1 saah = 58 1
1 tarri = y1^ caffiso
Capacity, liquid
1 khoull = 16f 1 or 16 1
Allemagne v. Germany.
Anam.var.: eh., current:*
Length
1 thuoc moc
= 0.425 m
1 thuoc de ruong = 0.470 m
l thuoc vai
= 0.644 m
Unit
Thuoc
1 Iy
= 0.001
l phan
= 0.01
l tat
= 0.1
l tarn )
_
.
l ngu /
-
l truong
= 10
l sao
= 15
l chai vai \
l that
/
- 3
l mao
= 150
l gon
= 300
Mass
l dong = 3.775 g
l picul = 60 kg
Unit
Dong
l hao = 0.001
l Ii
= 0.01
l fan = 0.1
l luong = 10
l neu = 100
l can = 160
l yen = 1600
l binh = 8000
l ta
= 16 000
l quan = 18 000
Area
l ngu2 = 4.5156 m 2
Unit
Ngu2
l thuoc = 6
l sao = 90
* By an ordinance of 1872, units
were defined in terms of metric.
Unit
Ngu2
1 mau = 900
!quo =1800
Capacity
1 hao or shita = 28.26 1
1 tao
= 2 hao
Angola.m.c. 1910.
Arabia.Provincial, current :
Length
1 covid = 0.482 m
1 guz
= 0.635 m
1 cassaba = 3.84 m
l farsakh = 4.83 km
Unit
Farsakh
1 baryd == 4
1 marhala = 8
Mass
1 maund
= 1350 g
1 rati
= ca. 460 g
Unit
Maund
l coffilas
= T^7
1 vakias
__ 1
1 tukeas
"^
1 farzil
_ _
1 farecella ~~
1 bahar
_
1 bokard
" 10U
Capacity, dry
1 tman
= 85 1
Unit
Tman
1 mecmeda __ l
1 kella
J ~~ ^
1 mec dnia = -g^
Capacity, liquid
1 nusfiah = 0.79 1 or
= 0.95 1
Unit
Nusfiah
1 vakia = yV
1 cuddy == 4
1zudda = 8
Argentine
Republic.m.c.
1887; m.o. 1863. Older,* provincial :
Length
1 vara
= 0.8666 m
Unit
Vara
1 linea
= ^-3l pulgada = ^V
1 pie
= i
1 braza
=2
1 cuadra =150
1 lgua
= 6000
Mass
l libraf = 459.4 g
Unit
Libra
1 grano
= -gTlTir
1 adarme = -5^
1 onza
= Y1^
* National system derived from old
Spanish. Units given are those of
province of Buenos Aires.
t 1 libra de farmacia = i libra =
344.5 g.
Capacity, dry
Unit
Libra
1 arroba = 25
1 quintal =100
1 tonelada = 2000
l Metze
Unit
l Probmetze
l Becher
l Futtermassel
l Muthmassel
l Achtel
l Viertel
l Muth
Area
2
1 vara = 0.75 m 2
Capaciti/, dry
l fanega
Unit
l cuartilla
l tonelada
l lastre
= 137.1977 l
Fanega
=
= 7.5
=15
Capacity, liquid
l Mass
Unit
l Pfiff
l Seidel
l Halbe
l Viertel
l Eimer
l Fass
l Dreiling
l Fuder
Capacity, liquid
l frasco
Unit
l octava
l cuarta
l baril
l cuarter
l pipa
= 2.375 l
Frasco
= yV
=
= 32
= 48
= 192
Austria.m.e.
1873. Older:
1876;
m.o.
Length
1 Fuss*
1 Ell
Unit
l Punkt
l Linie
l Zoll
l Klafter
l Meile
=0.316 08 m
= 0.7792 m
Fuss
= TT3T
= -J-J-J= TV
=6
= 24 000
Mass, (T) ordinary

l Pfund
= 560.01 g
Unit
Pfund
l Pfennig! _ a
l Denat J " ^T^
l Quentchen = y^g"
l Loth
= -g
l Unze
= tV
l Vierding = i
l Mark
=i
l Stein
= 20
l Zentner
= 100
l Saum
= 275
l Karch
= 400
Mass, (2) for drugs
l Pfund apoth. = f Pfund
= 420.01 g
Unit
Pfund apoth.
l Gran
= ^ 7^-31 Scrupel
= -%%-$
l Drachme
= ^C
l Unze
= y1-^
A rea
= 1600 Klafter2
= 57.557 a
l Metze = | Joch
l Joch
* Vienna.
= 61.489 l
Metze
= T^J
=T^
= --%
= -fe
= i
=J
= 30
= 1.41511
Mass
= i
=i
= \
= 10
= 40
= 400
= 1200
= 1280
Balearic Islands.v. Spain.

Local :
Length
l canna = 1.564 m
l palmos = I canna
Mass
1 rottolo
Unit
1 libra major
1 corta
1 quartano
1 arroba
1 misura
1 cantaro barbaresco
1 cantaro
1 cargo
= 408 g
Rottolo
=3
=9
=9
= 26
= 36
= 100
=104
= 312
Capacity, dry
1 quartera = 71.97 1
Unit
Quartera
1 barcella =
1 almude = ^
Capacity, liquid
l quartin = 27.14 l
Unit
Quartin
l quarte = -f$
l quarta = -^V
Bavaria v. Germany.
Belgian Congo.m.c. 1911.
Belgium.m.c. 1820; at first
with the names: aune = m,
litron = 1, livre = kg, once =
hg, lood = dg, wigtje = g,
Older:
Length
1 perche = 6.497 m
1 pied
= fa perche
1 livre
Unit
1 loth
1 once
1 marc
l stein
1 quintal
1 chariot
1 balle
1 schiffpfund
1 charge
Mass
= 489.5 g
Livre
= -fa
= TV
= \
=8
= 100
=165
= 200
= 300
= 400
Area
1 arpent = 400 perche2
= 130.6 a
Birmanie v. British India,
Rangoon.
Bolivia.m.c. 1893; m.o.
1871. Older = Spain.
Brazil.m.c. 1862. Older:*
Length
1 p
'
' = 0.33 m
Unit
Pe
1 palmo
=f
1 vara
= 3^
1 passo geometrico = 5
1 braca
= 6f
1 legoa
= 20 000
Mass
1 libra
= 459.05 g
Unit
Libra
1 onza
= Yg1 marco = ^
1 arroba t = 32
1 quintal = 128
1 tonelada = 1728
Area
1 tarefa = 30 to 40 a
1 alqueire = 242 or 484 a
Capacity
1 almude = 31.944 1
1 alqueire = 40 to 320 1
Unit
Almude
1 canada = y1^
1 pipa
= 15
1 tonel
= 30
feritain, British v. Great
Britain.
British India.m.o. 1920.
Current: British and local.
Local, J provincial :
BOMBAY.
Length
1 &uz
= 0.6858 m
Unit
Guz
1 tassoos = -^f
* Those of Portugal, with notable
loal differences.
t 1 arroba metrica = 15 kg.
t| Local or national measures are
notv denned by their equivalents in
British units.
Unit
Guz
1 hath ^
1 covid f- = f
1 cubit J
Mass
1 seer
= 317.5147 g
Unit
Seer
1 tank
= -^21 pice
\
-,
,
lparah j
1 maund
1 candy
= & r W
= 40
= 800
Area
Are
= 2.03
= 24.68
= 30.75
= 54
= 2962
Capacity
1 parah = 110.1 1
Unit
Parah
1 tipree = ^
1 seer
= -fa
1 adoulie = ^
1 candy = 8
1 garce = 80
CALCUTTA.
Length
1 guz*
= 0.9144 m
Unit
Guz
1 jaob 1
i
Unit
1 ground
1 biggah
1 kani
1 cawnie
1 chahar
IjOW
J ~" T
1 unglee
1 moot
1 span
1 covid \
1 haut J
1 danda
1 niranga
1 coss
= ^5= ^V
= I
_ i
~ 2
=2
= 10
= 2000
Mass
1 seer
= 933.04 g
Unit
Seer
1 ruttee
= y^nfir
1 masha
= -C^-Q
ltolahl
!
1 sicca J
^
I chittack
= T^
1 pouah
=J
1 raik
=f
1 pally
i
5
1 dhurra
J
1 maund (bazar) = 40
Area
1 guz2 = 0.836126 m2
Unit
Guz2
l chattack = 5
1 cottah
= 80
1 biggah = 1600
1 tenab
= 2500
* Old guz = 0.915 m.
British India.Cont'd.
Capacity
1 pally
= 5.0 to 5.51
Unit
Pally
l chattack = -%-$
1 khoonke = ^
1 kunk
= i^
1 raik
=}
1 soally
= 20
1 khahoon = 320
CEYLON.
Length
1 covid = 0.464 m
Mass
1 candy 1 = ^ g
1 bahar J
Capacity
1 ammonam = 203.4 1
Unit
Ammonam
1 parrah
= -1 seer
= -^-
MADRAS.
Length
1 covid = 0.472 m
Mass
1 seer
= 283.495 g
1 cafh
= 1.230 447 mg
Unit
Cafh
1 fanam
= 80
1 pagoda
= 2880
Unit
Seer
1 pagoda
= -fa
1 pollam _ J^
8
1 varahan J
1 powe
=^
1 vis
=5
1 maund
= 40
1 candy
= 800
Area
1 cawnie = 53.41 a
1 maoney = -^j- cawnie
Capacity
1 puddy = 1.533 1
Unit
Puddy
1 olluck = ^
1 measure = 1
1 marcai = 8
1 parah
= 40
1 garce
= 3200
RANGOON.
Length
1 sandong = 0.5588 m
Unit
Sandong
1 palgat
= -^
1 taim 1
_ 9
1 cubit J
~TT
1 Ian
=4
1 bamboo 1 _ 7
1 dha
/ ~7
1 oke thapal = 140
1 dain
= 7000
Mass
= 16.32 g
Tical
= -fa
= TV
= -g= ic
= 33^
= 100
= 15 000
Capacity
1 byee
= 0.505 1
Unit
Byee
1 lamany = -J1 zalay = -|1 zayoot = 2
l seit
=4
1 kwai
=8
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.
1 tical
Unit
1 ruay
1 pai
1 moo
1 mat
1 cattie
1 viss
1 candy
Mass
= 604.79 g
Kati
= TV
= 100
= 300
= 4000
Capacity
1 gantang* = 4.545 96 1
Unit
Gantang
1 para
= 10
1 koyan
= 800
Bulgaria.m.c. 1892.
Burma v. British India.
Cambodia v. Indo-China.
Canada.m.o. 1871. Current = British,! French names
are:
Length
1 pouce = 1 inch
1 chanon = 1 link
1 pied
= 1 foot
1 verge
= 1 yard
1 perche = 1 rod, pole
1 chaine = 1 chain t
Mass
1 livre
= 1 pound av.
1 cent 1
.,,
, , . ,,
!quintal/ = 1 hundred welght
1 tonneau = 1 short ton
Area
1 arpent = 34.196 a
1 kati
Unit
1 tahil
1 pikul
1 bhara
1 koyan
Capacity
1 pinte
= 1 quart
1 chopine = 1 pint
1 boisseau = 8 gallons
1 minot
= 39.025 1
* Gantang = British gallon.
f Old French measures have been
used, but only minot and arpent are
now in use.
Gunther's.
Ceylon v. British India.

Chile.m.c.
1848. Older
were from Spanish ; legal values :
Length
= 0.836 m
Bara
==
Tr2"
= -gV
=
=150
= 5400
Mass
1 libra
= 460.093 g
Unit
Libra
1 granos
= ^y^r
1 adarme
= -g^
1 castellano = y-J-^1 onza
= ^V
1 arroba
= 25
1 quintale = 100
A rea
1 bara2 = 0.698 896 m 2
Capacity, dry
1 almude = 8.083 1
1 f anega = 12 almude
Capacity, liquid
1 cuartillo = 1.111 1
1 arroba = 32 cuartillo
China.m.o. 1903 with the
following names :
Length
kilometer = sin Ii
hectometer = sin yin
dekameter = sin tchang
meter
= sin tchi
decimeter = sin tshwen
centimeter = sin fen
millimeter = sin Ii
Area
hectare = sin khing
are
= sin meou
centare = sin Ii
Capacity
kiloliter = sin ping
hectoliter = sin chi
dekaliter = sin teou
liter
= sin cheng
deciliter = sin ho
centiliter = sin cho
milliliter = sin tshwo
Great diversity in national
system; since 1908, defined by
metric equivalents. (The orthography here employed is
arbitrary; there is diversity in
provincial pronunciation.)
Length
1 tchi
= 0.32 m
Unit
Tchi
1 hoe
= 10~6
1 su
= KT5
1 bara
Unit
1 linea
1 pulgada
1 pie
1 cuadra
1 lgua
Unit
1 hao
1 1
1 fen
1 tsouen
1 pou
1 tchang
lyin
}
yan J
1 fen
kyo
Ii
pou
1 thsan
1 tou
1 Hang
Unit
1 hao
1 Hi
1 fen
1 tsien
1 kin \
1 , , . >
1 tchm J
1 kwan
1 tan
1 shih
Tchi
= W~*
= 10~3
= IO-2
= IO"1
=5
= 10
=100
= 120
= 300
= 1800
= 18 000
= 144 000
= 450 000
Mass
= 37.301 g
Liang
= 0.0001
= 0.001
= 0.01
=0.1
1A
=16
= 480
= 1600
= 1920
Area
1 meou = 6000 tchi2
= 614.4 m 2
Unit
Meou
1 hao
= T^VTT
1 pou2 \ _ _i
l k u n g / ~ 24nr
1 lyi
= Y^0T
1 fen
= TV
1 kish
=i
1 king
= 10
1 ching = 100
Volume
1 tchi3 = 32.768 dm 3
J ma 1 = 100 tchi 3
1 fang J
Capacity
1 cheng = 1.035 44 1
Unit
Cheng
1 quei = 0.0001
1 o
= 0.001
1 chao = 0.01
1 yo
=0.5
lkho
=0.1
1 to
1 hou
chei
=10
= 50
Jl sei Jl =100
1 ping
= 500
Capacity, liquid
Liquids are measured by
weight.
Chypre, Cipro v. Cyprus.
Cochin-China v. Indo-China.
Columbia.m.c. 1854, but
following, derived from metric
system, are current:
Length
= 0.8 m
Vara
= -fa
= -J
=100
= 6250
Mass
1 libra
= 500 g
Unit
Libra
1 onza
= yV
1 arroba = 25
1 quintal = 100
1 saco
= 125
1 carga
= 250
1 tonelada = 2000
Area
I vara2
= 0.64 m 2
l fanegada = 10 000 vara2
Cirnaque v. Tripoli.
Congo, Belgian.m.c. 1911.
Costa Rica,
Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Salvador.m.c. 1912 by a joint convention; in partial use at earlier
dates. Older (modified Spanish, English, and local):
Length
1 vara = 0.8393 m (Costa Rica)
= 0.8359 m (Guatemala)
= 0.8128 m (Honduras)
Unit
Vara
1 cuarta = -Jl tercia = ^1 mecate = 24
Mass
l caja
= 16 kg
l fanega = 92 kg
l carga = 161 kg
Area
l manzana = 10 000 vara2
= 6960.5 m 2 (Costa
Rica)
= 6987.4 m 2 (Guatemala)
= 6987.4 m 2 (Nicaragua)
l caballeria = 64 manzana
Capacity
l botella = 0.63 to 0.67 l
l cajuela = 16.6 l
Cuartillo is very variable.
Cuba.m.c. 1858, but others
(old Spanish, American, and
local) are current:
Mass
1 tonelada = 1015.65 kg
1 tercio
= 72.22kg
Area
1 caballeria
Cubana = 1342.02 a
1 cordele = -g^ caballeria
1 vara
Unit
1 pulgada
1 cuarta
1 cuadra
1 lgua
Unit
Pott
l viertel
=8
l fod3
= 32
l korec 1 =93.5921
l anker* = 40
1 strych J
l ohm*
= 160
Denmark.m.c. 1912; m.o.
l oxhoft* = 240
1910. Older:
Length
l pipe*
= 480
Length
1 pic = 2 foot
l fuder*
= 960
= 0.6096 m
1 fod
= 0.313 857 m
Deutschland v. Germany.
Dutch East Indies.Same as
Unit
Fod
Mass
Netherlands.
Old Dutch and
1
linie
=
y-J-j^ 1
/ = 2 . 8 pound a v
local measures are also used.
loke
1 tomme
= -fa
\ = 1270.06 g
Latter very variable; recently
1 afti
=2
1 moosa* = 50700 g
they have been legally defined
1
faon,
favn
=
6
Unit
Oke
by their metric equivalents.
1
ruthe
=
10
1 drachme
= -%^-$
Current :
1 miil
= 24 000
1 rottolo
=0.44
Length
1 stone
=5
Mass
1 depa = 1.70 m
l kantar
= 44
1 pund
= 500 g
Unit
Depa
l kantar (Aleppo) =180
Unit
Pund
1
hasta
=
J
l ton
= 800
1 kilan = i
l es
"vAr*
A rea
1 ort
= -sfa
Mass. (1) Ordinary
=
, ,
/ = 1600 yard2
1 quintin
ITS"
pikol
ldonum j = 13378a
}
.l
=61.761 3025 kg
1 loth
= -fa
1 pecul J
l scala
= l donum
1 unze
= -j^
Unit
Pikol
1 mark
= J
Capacity
1 thail
= y^Vff
i 1 bismerpund = 12
l oke
= 1.278 55 l
1 catti \
__ i
1 lispund
=16
1 kabi J
- TTTU- .
l cass
= 4.73 l
l kilef
=36.3681
1 kulack
= 0.0725
WOg
=36
1 waag
l medimno = 75.05 l
1 amat
=2
1 quintal
=m
l kartos
= 4 oke
1 small bahar = 3
1 centner
l kouza
= 8 oke
1 large bahar =4.5
1 skippund
= 320
l gomari =128 oke
1 timbang
== 5
1 skyplast
= 5200
1 ko jang
Cyrenaca v. Tripoli.
1 quint
=0.1
(Batavia) = 1667.555 kg
Czechoslovakia.m.c. 1876. J
1 ort
= 0.01
1 ko jang
Local:
i kvint
= 0.001
(Semarang) = 1729.316 kg
Length
Area
1 kojang
l latro = 1.917 m
(Soerabaya) = 1852.839 kg
1 tondelande = 55.162 a
BOHEMIA.
1 tonde
= 283.69 a
Mass. (2) For precious metals
l stopa = 0.296 m
1 thail = 54.090 g
l sah
= 1.778 m
Unit
Tonde
1 penge
= -gfa
l mile = 7.003 km
Unit
Thail
1 album
= -g^
PRAGUE.
1 wng = TV
1 fjerdingar = -fa
l loket = 0.593 m
1 tatti
= TV
1 skiepper
= J
1 sojekoe = J
MORAVIA.
1 pflug
= 32
1 reaal = ^
l stopa = 0.284 m
l loket = 0.594 m
Mass. (3) For opium
Capacity, dry
SILESIA.
1
thail
= 38.601 g
I korntonde = 139.12 1
l loket =0.579 m
Unit
Thail
Unit
Korntonde
l mile
= 6.483 km
l tji
= 0.1
1 pott
= T^11
tjembang
Mata
1
_
Area
l achtel
= -J--
1 hoen
/ " a01
BOHEMIA.
l viertel
= -fa
l merice = 19.99 a
Area
1 skieppe l _ i
l korec
lbahoei = 7 0 9 6 5 a
1 ottingkar J ~~ 8
l strych
= 28.78 a
1 bouw J
l fjerdingkar = J
l mira
l Heue21 = 55.0632 km
l last
= 22
Unit
Korec
Volume
Capacity, liquid
l jitro
=2
1 kojang = 1.976 362 m 3
l
pott
=
0.9661
l
l lan
= 60
1 toembak = 6.684 m 3
Unit
Pott
* Moosa = hundredweight.
Capacity, dry
I paegel
= J
f Kile = bushel.
1 kojang = 2011.26791
j Old Vienna (v. Austria) and some
l kande
=2
1 pikol = -fa kojang
local measures were still in use when
l stubchen = 4
the state was established.
Capacity
1 bocoy = 136.27 1
1 barrile = ^ bocoy
C y p r u s.British system.
Accepted equivalents:
Stopa = strevic.
Capacity
1 merice* = 70.6 1
* Moravian.
* Variable,
t Geographic.
Dutch East Indies.Cont'd.

Capacity y liquid
(Legal equivalents)
Unit
Liter
1 takar* = 25.770
1 kit*
= 15.159
1 koelak* = 3.709
1 kanf
= 1.5751
1 mutsjef = 0.1516
1 pintje* = 0.0758
Ecuador.m.c. 1865, but the
British and, more generally the
old Spanish, measures are
currently used.
Egypt.m.o. 1873; m.c. in
government use, 1891. Current: J
Length
1 diraa baladi = 0.58 m
1 kassabah
= 3.55 m
Unit
Diraa
1 kirat
= -21^
1 abdat
=^
1 kadam
= \
1 pic
=1
1 gasab
=4
1 mil hachmi = 1000
1 farsakh
= 3000
Mass
1 oke
= 1248 g
Unit
Oke
1 kirat
= virVfr
1 dirhem = ^7
1 miskal = -^f -$
1 okieh = 0.03
1 rotoli = 0.36
1 kantar = 36
1 helm = 200
Area
1 feddan
= 42.008 a
Unit
Feddan
1 sahme
= -5^
1 kirat kamel = -fa
1 feddan masri = 1
Capacity
I keddah
2.0625 1
Unit
Keddah
1, kirat
=^
1 khanoubah = yV
1 toumnah
= |
1 robhah
=J
1 nisf keddah = J
1 malouah
=2
lrob
I
4
1 roubouh J
1 keila
=8
1 ardeb
= 96
1 daribah
= 768
* For oil.
t For various products.
J In national system, units and
their interrelations were very variable,
but since 1891, have been defined by
their metric equivalents.
England v. Great Britain.

Equateur v. Ecuador.
Eritrea.m. o. Local, provincial :
Length
1 cubi
= 0.32 m
1 emmet i
fi
il derah
j i. Jr -46 m
Mass
l rotolo = 448 g
l okia = yV rotolo
l gisla = 163 kg
Capacity
l messe = 1.50 l
Unit
Messe
l cabaho = 4
l tanica =12
l ghebeta = 16
l entelam = 128
Espagne v. Spain.
Esthonia.Russian and local.
Current :
Length
l archine (Russian)
= 0.7112m
1 elle (Livonian) = 0.6096 m
Unit
Archine
1 elle (Kuunar) = 0.75
l faden
=3
Mass
l pfund
= 430 g
Unit
Pfund
l quent
= -j-J-gl loth
= ^2
l liespfund
= 20
l centner
= 120
l tonne
= 240
l schiffspfund = 400
Area
Reval
l lofstelle = 18.55 a
l tonnland = 54.627 a
Livonian
l lofstelle = 37.1 a
l tonnland = 51.94 a
Capacity
l hulmit
= 11.48 l
Unit
Hulmit
l lof (Reval)
=3
l lof (Livonian)
=6
l tonne (Livonian) =12
Etablissements des Dtroits
v. British India.
Etats-Unis v. United States.
Ethiopia.var. Current :
Length
(Approximate only)
Unit
cm
1 tat
= 2.5
1 gat = 8
1 sinzer = 16
1 kend = 49
Mass
1 kasm
= 3.90 g
l neter
= 336 g
l farasula* = 13.478 kg
Ifarasulaf = 16.85kg
l farasula = 17.972 kg
Unit
Kasm
l mutagalla = 2
l alada
=4
l wogiet
=8
Capacity
l menelik = = 1 1 (approximate)
Filippine v. Philippine.
Finland.m.c. 1892; m.o.
1887.
Older (Russian and
local) :
A rea
1 tunnland = 46.54 a
Capacity
1 tunna
= 163.49 1
1 kannor
= -fa tunna
1 ottingar = 15.71 1
1 sextingkar = \ ottingar
France.m.c. 1794. Other
legal units :
Length
1 mille marin = 1852 m
Volume
1 tonneau de jauge = 2.83 m 3
1 tonneau de mer = 1.44 m 3
Old measures derived from
the system of Charlemagne are :
Length
1 toise
= 1.949 0365 m II
1 toise
= 1.949 09OmIf
Unit
Toise
1 ligne
= gl
1 pouce
= -fa
1 pied
=
1 aune
= 0.6064
1 lieue
= 2280.3
1 mille marin = 950.13
1 lieue marine = 2850.4
Mass
1 livre**
= 489.505 85 g
Unit
Livre
1 grain
= Q^
1 scruple
= |-T
1 gros
I _ JL
1 drachme J - T a *
1 once
= i^g1 marc ft
=\
* For ivory,
t For coffee.
For rubber.
Toise de Prou at 16.250C.
Il Equivalent made legal in 1799.
1f By measurement, in 1887, by
J. R. Benoit.
** One livre de Charlemagne =
367.128 g.
ttl Marc de la Rochelle = 244.75 g
1 Marc de Limoges
= 240.93 g
1 Marc de Tours
= 237.87 g
1 Marc de Troyes et
Paris
= 260.05 g
Unit
1 quintal
1 millier
Unit
1 sol
1 denier
1 obole
1 grain
Livre
= 100
= 1000
Livre (Ch)
= -fa
= -g-J--^
= -^-o
= -^Vo
Area
lpied 2
=0.10552 m 2
Unit
Pied2
1 toise2
= 36
1 perche de Paris = 324
1 perche des Eaux
et Forts
= 484
1 arpent de Paris = 32 400
1 arpent des Eaux
et Forts
= 48 400
Capacity, dry
1 boisseau = 1.862 78 1*
Unit
Boisseau
1 litron
= py
1 quart
= \
1 minot
=3
1 mine
=6
1 setier
= 12
1 muid
= 144
Capacity, liquid
1 muid
=274.239 11
l muid
= 268.241 1{
l pinte
= 0.931 389 1
Unit
Pinte
l roquille
= 3*31 posson
=
l demi-setier = -J1 chopine
= \
l pot
=2
l velte
=8
l quarteau = 72
l feuillette = 144
l muid
= 288
Frncia, Isola di v. Mauritius.
Frankreich v. France.
Germany.m.c. 1872. Since
the beginning of the nineteenth
century, the other units and
their interrelations have been
fairly definite, but before that
there was great diversity.
Length: fundamental unit was
Fuss (foot), its value, depending upon the state, varied from
0.280 to 0.320 m. The one
most extensively used was the
Rheinlandischer Fuss (Rhenish
foot) = 0.313 857 m. Mass:
fundamental unit was Pfund
* From 1 muid = 268.241 1 by
relation 144 boisseau = 1 muid (see
Capacity, Liquid).
t Legal value.
Derived from concrete standards.
From 1 muid 268.241 1 by
relation 288 pinte 1 muid.
(pound), its value generally

varied little from 467 g; during
transition period preceding 1872
the accepted equivalents were
Pfund = 30 Loth = 300 Zeut
= 3000 Korn; Centner = 100
Pfund. Older:
BAVARIA.
Length
1 Fuss
= 0.291 86 m
1 Elle
= 0.833 Ol m
Unit
Fuss
l Linie
= T|
l Zoll
= ^5l Ruthe
= 10
l Chauseemeile = 25 406
Mass
l Pfund = 560 g
Unit
Pfund
l Gran
= 7^gtf
l Pfennig = ^
l Quint = T|-gl Loth
=^
l Unze
= -fa
l Zentner = 100
A rea
l Morgen }
l Tagwerk \ = 34.072 a
l Juchert I
= 400 Ruthe2
Capacity, dry
l Metzen
= 37.0596 l
Unit
Metzen
l Dreissiger = -fa
l Massel
= -J1 Scheffel
=6
Capacity, liquid
l Masskanne = 1.069 03 l
Unit
Masskanne
l ZoIP
-&
l Eimer
= 60 or 64
l Fass
= 1600
PRUSSIA.
Length
l Fuss = 0.313 857 m
Unit
Fuss
l Linie = -j-J-c
l Zoll = ^
l Ruthe = 12
l Meile = 24 000
l Elle = 25.5 Zoll
Mass
l Pfund
= 467.711 g
Unit
Pfund
l Quentchen = -fa
l Loth
= ^V
l Stein
= 22
l Centner
=110
l Schiffspfund = 330
A rea
l Morgen = 25.532 24 a
l Morgen = 180 Ruthe2
Capacity, dry
l Metze = 3.435 89 l
Unit
Metze
l Quart = ^
l Zoll= Tta
l Scheffel = 16
Capacity, liquid
l Quart = 64 Zoll3
l Quart = 1.145031
Unit
Quart
l Anker = 30
l Eimer = 60
l Ohm = 120
l Oxhoft = 180
l Fuder = 720
WRTTEMBERG.
Length
l FUSS = 0.286 49 m
Unit
Fuss
l Linie = 0.01
l Zoll
= 0.1
l Elle = 2.144
l Ruthe = 10
l Meile = 26 000
Mass
l Pfund
=467.728 g
l Apotheker-Pfund = 357.647g
Unit
Pfund
l Quentlein
= -gV
l Loth
= 3*2
l Mark
=|
l Zentner
= 104
Area
l Ruthe2
= 8.207 66 m 2
l Morgen
= 384 Ruthe2
l., Juchart
7A T?+u
2
,,,
, \> = 57o
Kutne^
l Tagwerk J
Capacity, dry
l Simri
= 942.125 Zoll3
= 22.1533 l
Unit
Simri
l Viertelein = y-^-g1 Erklein
= -fa
l Vierling = -Jl Scheffel = 8
Capacity, liquid
l Maass
= 78.125 Zoll3
= 1.837 05 l
Unit
Maass
l Schoppe
= -Jl Imi
= 10
l Eimer
= 160
l Fuder
= 960
Gioppne v. Japan.
Great Britain, Irish Free
State, and Northern Ireland.
m.o. 1864. Since 1898, the
national measures are convertible to metric by the legally
sanctioned factors given below.
National fundamental units defined thus: Length: The yard is
distance at 620F between axes
of two lines traced on gold plugs
set in a bronze bar preserved at

the Standards Department of
the Board of Trade. Mass:
The pound avoirdupois is the
mass of a certain platinum
standard, similarly preserved.
Capacity: The gallon is the
volume of 10 pounds avoirdupois of pure water, as weighed
in air against brass weights, the
water and air being at the temperature of 620F and the barometer at 30 inches. In official
comparisons, the density of
brass is taken as 8.143 g/cm3.
Some of the units in the following tables are not in current use.
Length
1 yard* (yd.) = 0.914 3992 m
!foot (ft.) = | y d .
= 30.479 97 cm
1 inch (in.) = -fa yd.
= 2.539 998 cm
Unit
Inch
1 mil
= 0.001
1 point
= -y-g
1 line
= y1^
1 barleycorn
= \
1 nail
= 2.25
1 palm
=3
1 hand
=4
1 span
1
=g
1 quarter J
1 foot
= 12
1 cubit
= 18
1 pace
= 30
1 yard
= 36
lell
=45
Unit
Foot
1 fathom
=6
1 pole
}
1 rod (rd.) I= 16.5
1 perch
j
1 rope
= 20
1 chain t
= 66
1 skein
= 360
1 furlong
= 660
1 cable length
= 720
1 mile (statute)
= 5280
1 mile (nautical) \
i1 iknot.
Jf = OUoO
1 league
= 15 840
Mass
1 pound avoirdupois (Ib. av.)
= 453.592 45 g
= 7 000 grain
1 grain (gr.) = 64.798 182 mg
(Three systems: avoirdupois,
troy, apothecary.)
* This is the present legal equivalent
of the imperial yard; recent comparisons by the National Physical Laboratory show that the yard as defined
by the Weights and Measures Act of
1878 =0.914 3987m.
t Gunther's chain, divided into 100
link.
Avoirdupois (av.)
(General use)
Unit
1 dram (dm.)
1 ounce (oz.)
1 clove or customary
stone
1 stone (legal)
1 quarter
1 cental
1 hundred-weight
(cwt.)
1^l
1 load/
1 ton
Pound
= -5-^
= -fa
=8
= 14
= 28
= 100
- 112
=252*
= 2240
Troy (t.)
(For precious metals)
Unit
Grain
1 pennyweight (dwt.) = 24
1 ounce (oz.)
= 480
1 pound (Ib.)
= 5760
Apothecary (ap.)
(For dispensing drugs)
Unit
Grain
1 scruple (s.) = 2 0
1 drachm (dr.) = 60
1 ounce (oz.) = 480
1 pound (Ib.) = 5760
Area
1 inch2 (sq. in.)
= 6.451 5898 cm2
2
1 foot (sq. ft.)
= 929.0289 cm2
1 yard2 (sq. yd.)
= 0.836 1259 m2
1 acre (A.) = 4046.849 m 2
Unit
Foot2
2
1 inch
= T^T
1 yard2
= |
Unit
Yard2
1 pole2 (sq. po.) 1
1 rod2
[ = 30.25
1 perch2
J
1 chain21
(eh.)
= 484
1 rood
= 1210
1 acre (A.) = 4840
Unit
= Acre
1 mile2 (sq. mi.)
= 640
Volume
1 yard3 (cu. yd.)
= 0.764 552 85 m 3
3
1 foot (cu. ft.)
= 28 316.77 cm3
3
1 inch (cu. in.)
= 16.3870253cm3
Unit
Foot3
3
1 inch
= TTV^
1 yard3
= 27
* Variable,
t Gunther's chain.
Great Britain.Cont'd.
Unit
Foot3
1 register
ton
= 100
1 rod
= 1000
Capacity, dry
I gallon (gal.) = 4.545 9631 1
1 bushel (bu.) = 8 gallon
= 35.367 7048 1
Unit
Gallon
1 quartern
=\
1 peck
=2
1 bucket
=4
1 bushel
=8
1
firkin
=9
1 kilderkin
= 18
1 barrel
= 36
1 hogshead
= 63
1 puncheon
= 84
1 butt
= 126
Unit
Bushel
1 strike
=2
1 sack
\ _Q
1 bag
J -
1 coomb
=4
1 quarter
=8
1 seam
=8
1 chaldron
=32*
1 wey
_
1 load J
~
1 last
= 80*
Capacity, Liquid
1 gallon (gal.) = 4.545 9631 1
Unit
Gallon
1 gill
i
1 quartern ? = -fa
1 noggin J
1 pint
=I
1 quart
=i
1 pottle
=i
Greece.m.c. 1922; m.o.
1836. Older:
Length
1 piki varies 0.640 to 0.670 m
1 pic
= 1 piki
1 small piki of Constantinople
= 0.648 m
1 large piki of Constantinople
= 0.669 m
1 piki (masonry)
= 0.750 m
Mass
1 dramme
= 3.2 g
1 livre (Venetian) = 450 g
l mna
= 1.5 kg
1 mine (royal)
= 1.5 kg
lokat
=1.280 kg
1 oka
= 1.250 to
1.333 kg
1 stater
= 56.32 kg
1 talanton
= 150 kg
A rea
1 stemma = 10 a
* Variable.
t 0.85331 royal mine.
Capacity
1 oka = 1.333 to 1.340 l
l baril = 74.236 l
Grossbritannien v. Great
Britain.
Guam.Metric is compulsory.
Guatemala v. Costa Rica.
Guinea,m.c. 1910. Older =
Portugal, England, and local:
Length
1 pik
= 0.578 m
1 jacktan = 3.658 m
Mass
1 benda
= 64.2 g
l kantar
= 977 kg
l gammell
= J kantar
Unit
Benda
l akey
= -fa
l mediatabla = -fa
l aguirage
= TV
l quinto
=^
l piso l
= i
8
l uzan J
l seron
= yV
l benda (offa) = \
Haiti.m.c. 1921. Older =
British, old French, and Spanish; legal equivalents during
transition period:
Length
1 toise = 1.9488 m
1 aune = 1.188 m
A rea
1 carreau = 1292.3 m
Volume
1 baril = 0.1 m 3
1 corde = 3.84 m 3
1 toise = 8 m 3
Holland v. Netherlands.
Honduras v. Costa Rica.
Hungary.m.c. 1876. Older
= old Vienna:
l mertfld
.,
1 mene
imarok
1 faust
Length
o o CQA .km
i
= o.oooo
= 0.105 36 m
A rea
1 hold = 43.16 a
1 joch =43.16 a
1 meile2 = 6978 ha
Volume
1 eimer
= 54.30 1
l halbe 1
, .
litcze I =Aeimer
Imetzen
1 ako J
Iceland.m.c. 1907. Older

(analogous to Danish) were
defined by their metric equivalents.
Length
1 fet
= 0.313 85 m
1 sj ornila
= 1855 m
Unit
Fet
1 lina
= T^T
1 fmmlungur = -fa
1 alin
=2
l famur
=6
1 mila a !andi = 24 000
Mass
1 pund
= 0.5 kg
Unit
Pund
1 mark
=2
l
fisk
=8
l fierding = 40
l liespund
= 64
l tunna smjrs = 224
Iskippund
1 batt
J
A rea
l ferfamur
= 3.546 m 2
!fermila
= 56.7383 km 2
Unit
Ferfamur
l ferpumlungur = -g-y^g-f
l ferfet
= -^
1 feralin
=^
l tundagslatta = 900
l engjateigur
= 1600
Capacity
= -fa fet 3
= 0.9661 l
Unit
Pottar
l kornskeppa
=18
l anker
= 39
l almenn turma = 120
l ltunna
= 136
l korntunna
= 144
India v. British India; v. IndoChina.
Indies, East v. British India;
v. Dutch East Indies.
Indo-China, British v. British
India.
Indo-China, French :
COCHIN CHINA.m.c. 1911,
with the names :
l pottar
Length
1 mot thuoc = l m
Mass
1 mot can ty
= 1 kg
1 mot dng can ty = l g
l picul
= 60 kg
Capacity
1 vung mot bat ty = 11
1 vung mot gi
= 40 1
CAMBODIA.m.c. 1914, with
the names:
Length
1 muoi mtre = l m
Mass
1 pram roi
= 1 kg
1 muoi gramme = 1 g
1 hocsep
= 60 kg
Capacity
1 muoi litre = 1 1
1 ssep litre = 40 1
Irish Free State v. Great
Britain.
Islande v. Iceland.
Italian
colonies.Metric
compulsory.
Italy.m.c. 1861; adopted in
Milan as early as 1803, with the
following names :
metro
palmo
dito
atomo
=
=
=
=
Length
m
dm
cm
mm
libbra nuova
oncia
grosso
denar
grano
Mass
= kg
= hg
= dkg
=g
= dg
Capacity
soma = hl
mina = dkl
pinta = 1
coppo = dl
Older, provincial:
Length
1 piede liprando = 0.513 77 m
Unit
Piede lip.
1 punto
= -J-J-^
1 oncia
= fa
1 canna
=4
1 trabucco
=6
1 miglio
= 4333J
Mass
= 307 to 398 g
Libbra
= ^1JT
= -g^-g
= -g1^= -fa
= 25
= 150
Area
1 quadrao
.,
{ = oo a
1 giornata J
1 tavola = T^ giornata
Capacity, dry
1 mine = varies 12 to 120 l
Capacity, liquid
1 barile da vino = 45.6 l
1 barile da olio = 33.4 l
1 libbra
Unit
1 grano
1 denaro
1 ottavo
1 oncia
1 rubbo
1 cantaro
Japan.m.o. 1893. Before

1891, great diversity; since
1891, fundamental units defined by metric equivalents.
Length
1shaku* = f|m
= 0.303 0303 m
Unit
Shaku
1 shi
= IO-5
1 m
= IO-4
1 rin
= IO'3
1 bu
= IO'2
1 sun
= IO"1
1 yabiki = 2.5
1 biro
=5
1 ken
=6
1 j
=10
1 ch
= 360
l rif
= 12 960
Mass
l kwan
= V" kg
= 3.75 kg
Unit
Kwan
l shi
= IO'7
l mo
= 10~6
l rin
= 10~5
l fun
= 10~4
l candareen
= l O"4
l momm
= IO"3
l niyo
= 0.004
l hyaku-me
= 0.10
l kin
- 0.16
l ninsoku-ichi-nin = 7
l kiyak-kin
=16
l karus hiri-ichi-da = 18
l komma-ichi-da = 40
A rea
(Land Measure)
100
=3m
= 3.305 785 12 m 2
Unit
Bu
lbu
l go
l tsubo
l s
l tan
l ch
l ri2
i sh
l
l
l
l
= 0.1
=l
=30
= 300
= 3000
= 46 656
Capacity
= |IM i
= 1.80390681
= 64827 bu3
Unit
ShO
shaku = IO-2
go
= IO-1
to
= 10
koku = 100
Kanada v. Canada.
Kolumbien v. Columbia.
Kongo v. Congo.
* The old shaku (kujirajaku) =

1.25 shaku is legal for fabrics.
t Oneri marin (kai-ri) = nautical ri.
Kuba v. Cuba.
Latvia.m. o. Russian and
local measures since 1845. Old
measures were those of Holland.
Length
1 elle
= 0.537 m
l quartier
= J elle
l m eile
= 7 verste
(Russian)
= 7.468 km
Mass
1 pfund = 419 g
For secondary units, see Esthonia.
Area
l kapp
= 1.4864 a
Unit
Kapp
1 pourvetel _
1 loofstelle J ~ 5
l tonnstelle =35
Volume
1 faden = 4.077 s
Capacity
1 stoof
= 1.2752 1
Unit
Stoof
1 kanne = 2
1 kulmet = 9
1 anker = 30
lpourei _
Hoof / ~ 0 4
1 tonne = 108
Lettonie v. Latvia.
Luxemburg.m.c. 1820. Previously used a local unit:
1 malter = 191 1.
Malacca.
Length
1 asta = 0.457 m
l depa = 4 asta
1 jumba = 8 asta
Mass
1 catty
= 0.61 kg
Unit
Catty
1 miam
= iHhjr
1 buncal = -$
1 tampang = 1
1 bedur
=2
1 kip
= 15
1 pecul
= 100
1 bahar
= 300
Area
1 jumba 2 =.13.38 m 2
\ = 400 jumba 2
lorlongj = 5 3 5 2 a
Capacity
1 chupa = ca. l l
1 gantang = 4 chupa
Malaysia v. British India; v.
Dutch East Indies.
Malta.m.c. 1914.
Older,
British and local (old Sicilian) :
Length
1 foot = 0.2836 m
1 canna = 2.088 m
1 palmo = I canna
Mass
1 rottolo = 1.75 Ib. av.
= 0.793 79 kg
Unit
Rottolo
1 parto = -^-
1 ounce = ^j1 cantaro = 100
Capacity
l caffiso = 20.457 l
l baril =43.1621
l salma = 290.944 l
Marokko v. Morocco.
Mauritius and Seychelles
Islands.m.c. Older = old
French, British, and the following:
Capacity
1 cash = 227.11 1
1 velt If1IjJ- cash
Mexico.m.c. 1896; m.o.
1857. Older (from Spanish,
Castillian), legally defined, during transition period, in terms
of metric equivalents:
Length
1 vara
= 0.838 m
Unit
Vara
1 linea
= -^-%
l pulgada = 3\f
l pie
=i
l lgua
= 5000
Mass
l libra
= 460.246 34 g
Unit
Libra
l tomin = yj-g1 adarme = -j-J-j1 ochava = i^s"
1 onza
= TV
1 arroba = 25
1 quintal = 100
1 tercio = 160
Area
1 fanega
= 356.628 a
Unit
Fanega
1 caballeria = 12
1 labor
= 18
1 sitio
= 492.28
Capacity, dry
1 cuartillo = 1.8918 1
Unit
Cuartillo
1 almud = 4
1 fanega = 48
1 carga
= 96
Capacity, liquid
1 cuartillo
= 0.456 264 1
1 cuartillo for
oil
= 0.506 162 1
1 jarra
=18 cuartillos
Morocco.m.o.; local, var.:

Length
1 cubit \
..
i U.ooo m
1 canna;
1 pic
= 0.61 m
1 tonni = ^ pic
Moss
1 rotali
__,_ _
-,1 artal
i Jf = 507.5 &g
l gerbe = 3 kg
l kula
= 22 rotai
1 kantar = 100 rotai
Capacity
hh
}f
=561
1 fanega
I mudd
.. ,
I I
,
= 141
1
almude
Mozambique v. Portuguese
East Africa.
Netherlands.m.c.
1820,
with the names :
streep
duim
palm
elle
roede
mijle
Length
= mm
= cm
= dm
=m
= dkm
= km
Mass
= dg
=g
= dkg
= hg
= kg
Capacity, dry
maatje = dl
kop
=1
schepel = dkl
mudde = hl
zak
= hl
last
= 30 hl
Capacity, liquid
vingerhoed = cl
maatje
= dl
kan
=1
dekaliter
= dkl
vat
= hi
Old national system is more
or less current in some of the
old colonies:
Length
(Amsterdam)
1 roeden = 3.679 77 m
1 elle
= 0.687 813 m
l voeten = 0.283 0594 m
l duime = 25.733 mm
l lyne = 2.144 mm
Mass
l pond = 492.16772 g
l pond* = 494.090 32 g
korrel
wigtje
lood
once
pond
* Amsterdam.
Netherlands.CWd
1 pond (Apothecary)
= f pond
= 369.126 g
Unit
Pond
1 mark
= \
1 unze
= 1*51 drachme = y^
1 engel
= -fa
1 vierling = y-îr
1 grein
= y^
Area
l morgen = 81.244 346 a
Capacity, dry
1 schepel = 27.26 1
Unit
Schepel
1 kop
= -fa
1 vierd = -J
1 zak
=3
1 mud = 4
1 last
= 108
Capacity, liquid
1 mingelen = 1.200 to 1.237 1
Unit
Mingelen
Ivat
=768
1 oxhooft = 192
1 aam
= 128
1 anker
= 32
1 steekan =16
1 stoop
=2
1 pint
=%
1 mutsje = \
Nicaragua v. Costa Rica.
Niederlande v. Netherlands.
Northern Ireland v. Great
Britain.
Norway.m. c. 1882; m.o.
1879. Older differed very little
from Danish; legal equivalents:
Length
1 fod = 0.3137 m
Mass
I skaalpund = 0.4981 kg
Area
l mal = 10 a
Capacity', dry
1 korntonde = 138.97 1
Capacity, liquid
1 pot = 0.9651 1
Oceania.British measures.
Olanda v. Netherlands.
sterreich v. Austria.
Paesi Bassi v. Netherlands.
Panama.Metric compulsory.
Paraguay.Metric almost
exclusively used. m.o. 1899.
Older = Spain; legal equivalents:
I vara (old)
lcuerdai
1 cordel J
1 vara
Unit
1 piede
1 pouce
1 ligne
l cuadra
1 lieue
Length
= 0.838 56 m
ara=
= 0.866 m
Vara
=^
= ^V
=^
= 100
= 5000
Mass
1 libra (old) = 460.08 g
1 libra
= 459 g
Unit
Libra
1 once
= TV
1 arrobe
=25
1 quintal
= 100
1 tonne
= 2000
Area
1 lino (old) = 48.832 a
1 lino
= 100 vara2
1 lino
= 75 m 2
Capacity, dry
1 fanega = 288 1
1 almude = -^ fanega
Capacity, liquid
I frasco
= 3.029 1
Unit
Frasco
1 cuarta
= -J
1 baril
= 32
1 pipe
==192
Pays-Bas v. Netherlands.
Persia.Metric is in process
of adoption. By 1924 the following assimilation had occurred : 1 zar = 1 m, 1 dram = l g,
l ralte = 11. National measures, provincial, var.; even today, in retail commerce, cereal
grains are used as weights :
Length
1 guerze (common) = 0.63 to
0.97m
= 1 monkelzer
1 zar
= 1.04 m
Unit
Zar
1 gireh
= TV
l ouroub
=J
l charac
= j
l gez |
_1
l guerze j
lfarsakh J
= ^
l parasang J
Mass
l miskal
= 4.60 g
Unit
Miskal
l una
= 3^
l gandumi
_ j
l grain /
~
l abbas
= -^-
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Unit
nakhodl
carat J
dng
dartung
dirhem
sir
pinar
danar
abbassi
rottel
tcheirek
saddirham
batman (Tauris)
batman (Shirez)
batman
l karvar
Miskal
_ 1
~~ ~^*
=i
= 0.22
=2
= 16
= 20
= 40
= 80
= 100
=160
= 320
= 640
= 1280
= 600 to
1000
= 100 batman
A rea
l jerib = 1082 m 2 to 1153 m 2
= 1000 to 1066 zar2
Capacity
l chenica = 1.32 l
Unit
Chenica
l sextario =0.25
l capichas = 2
l sabbitha =5.5
l colluthun = 6.25
l legana
= 30
l artaba
= 50
Peru.m.c. 1869.
Older
(from Spanish, Castillian):
Length
l vara = 0.83598m
Mass
l libra
= 460.09 g
Unit
Libra
l arroba = 25
1 quintal = 100
l fanega = 140
A rea
l topo
= 27.06 a
l fanegada = 64.596 a
Philippine
Islands.m.c.
1860. Older = Spain. Local:
Mass
1 catty
= about 600 g
Unit
Catty
1 punto
=^
1 chinanta = 10
1 lachsa
= 48
1 caban
= 97
l pecul
= 100
Area
1 balita
= 27.95 a
Unit
Balita
1 loan
= 0.1
1 quignon = 10
Capacity
1 kaban = 99.90 1
1 chupa = 3.75 cm3
1 ganta = -% kaban
1 apatan = J chupa
Poland.Metric in process
of adoption; in some provinces
it has been in use since 1872.
Russian system legalized in
1849,
without
displacing
national measurements. Since
1819 these have been defined by
their
metric
equivalents.
National :
Length
1 stopa = 0.288 m
Unit
Stopa
1 linja = Ti
1 cal = ^
1 lokiec = 2
1 sazen = 6
1 prt = 15
Old measures
1 pied (Warsaw) = 0.2978 m
1 pied (Cracow) = 0.3564 m
1 aune
= 0.620 m
Mass
l funt
= 405.504 g
Unit
Funt
1 gran
= ^û
1 skrupul = -g^
1 drachma = -^-gllut
= ^V
1 uncja
= TV
1 kamian = 25
1 centnar = 100
Old measures
l funt
= 404 g
l centner =16 funt
l stein
= 3.2 funt
Area
l prt2 = 18.6624 m 2
l morga = 300 prt2
l wloka = 9000 prt2
Capacity
i kwarta
=11
Unit
Kwarta
l kwarterka
= ^l garniec
=4
l cwierc
= 32
l korzec
= 128
Porto Rico.m.c.
1860.
Older = Spain:
Area
l cuerdo = 2250 vara2
= 15.72 a
Portugal.m.c. 1872; m.o.
1852. Older:*
Length
l pe
= 0.3285 m
l estadio
= 258 m
l milha
= 8 estadio
l legoa
= 24 estadio
* In some of the older colonies the
old Portuguese system, more or less
modified, is still in use.
Capacity
Pe
l
= T^J1 dimerla = 24.6 l
l
=^
Unit
Dimerla
l
=f
l oke
= TV
l
=2
. l mirze = 8
l
= *l kilo
= 16
Mass
Capacity, liquid
l libra*
= 459 g
l viacka = 14.15 l
Unit
Libra
l oke =0.1 vicka
1 grao
= TnfruRussia.m.o. 1900. Defini1 escrupulo
= -$^
tions of fundamental national
1 outava
= T-|-gunits: Length: Archine is dis1 onca
= yV
tance at 170C between the axes
1 marco i
_ i
T
of two lines drawn on the
1 meio J
""
platinum-iridium
prototype
1 arratel
=1
marked "H 1894." Mass:
1 arroba
= 32
Fount is mass of the platinum1 quintal
= 128
iridium prototype marked "H
Area
1894." Capacity, liquid: Vedr
1 vara2 = 1.2 m 2
is volume of 30 founts of pure
Unit
Vara2
water at 16%C. Capacity,
l ferrado = 605
dry: Garnet z is ^f 5 vedr.
l geira = 4840
Length
Capacity, dry
1 archine =0.711 200 m
l fanga = 54 l
l totchka = 0.254 0000 mm
Unit
Fanga
Unit
Totchka
l outava = -J51J1 ligne
= 10
l quarto = yV
l paletz = 50
l meio
=
l sotka = 84
l alqueira = \
1 dume = 100
l moio
= 15
l verchoc = 175
Capacity, liquid
l foute
= 1200
l almude
= 16.5 l
l archine = 2800
Unit
Almude
Unit
Archine
l quartillo = -3*5l sagne = 3
l meio
= -^r
l verste = 1500
l canada
= ^V
Mass (1) Ordinary
l alqueira = ^
1 fount = 409.51241 g
l bota i
=26
1 doli = 44.434 9403 mg
l pipa J
l tonelada = 52
Unit
Doli
1
sol
1
=
96
Portuguese Colonies.Metl zolotnik/
ric compulsory.
= 288
Portuguese East Africa (Mo- l lote
= 576
zambique).-rn.c. 1910. Older, l once
= 768
mainly of Portugal; one bahar l lana
= 9216
is considered equivalent to l fount
Unit
Fount
109 kg.
l poud
= 40
Prussia v. Germany.
- 400
Rumania.m.c. 1884; m.o. l berkovets
1866. In old Bessarabia, Rus- l tonne marine = 2400
sian measures replaced by metAfass (2) For drugs
ric in 1922. Older:
Unit
Doli
Length
1 grain
=1.4
1 halibiu = 0.701 m
1 scrupule
= 28
1 endere = 0.662 m
1 drachme
= 84
1 stringene = 1.96 m
1 once
= 672
Mass
1 livre
= 8064
1 cantar = ca. 56 kg
Area
l oke = -fa cantar
1 archine2 = 0.505 8054 m 2
* For drugs 1 libra = J libra =
1 ligne2
= 6.451 600 mm2
344.25 g.
Unit
linha
pollegada
palmo
covada
vara
Ligne2
= 100
= 306.25
= 14 400
= 78 400
Archine2
=9
= 2 1 600
= 2 250 000
Volume
!archine3
= 0.3597288m3
l ligne3
= 16.387 06 mm 3
Unit
Ligne3
3
1 dume
= 1000
l verchoc3
= 5359.375
l foute3
= l 728 000
!archine3
=21952000
Unit
Archine3
3
l sagne
= 27
l tonne marine = 7.87172
l last marin
= 15.743 44
Capacity, dry
l garnetz
= 3.279 842 l
l tchast
= 0.109328071
Unit
Tchast
l polougarnetz = 15
l garnetz
= 30
l lof
= 592
Unit
Garnetz
l tchetverik
=8
l polouosmina =16
l osmina
= 32
l tchetvert
= 64
Capacity, liquid
l vedr
= 12.299 41 l
l tcharka
= 0.122 99411
Unit
Tcharka
l chkalik
= 0.5
l bottle (vodka) = 5
l bottle (wine) = 6.25
l krouchka
= 10
l shtoff
= 12.5
l vedr
= 100
Unit
Vedr
l stekar
=1.5
l anker
=3
l pipe
= 36
lfass
I
Ibotchka/
~4U
Salvador v. Costa Rica.
Schottland v. Great Britain.
Schweden v. Sweden.
Schweiz v. Switzerland.
Scotland, Scozia v. Great
Britain.
Serbie-Croatie-Slovnie v.
Yugoslavia.
Seychelles Islands v. Mauritius.
Siam.m.c. 1923; m.o. 1889.
Older now defined by metric
equivalents; those of transition
period :
Unit
1 dume2
l verchoc2
l foute2
l archine2
Unit
l sagne2
l dciatine
l verste2
I wah
Unit
1 anukabiet
1 kabiet
1 niou
1 keup
1 sawk 1
1 sock J
1 ken
1 sen
1 roeneng
1 yote
1 tchang*
Unit
1 klom
1 klam
1 Pai
1 sompay
1 grani /
1 fuang
1 salung
1 baht
1 tamlung
1 doon
1 hap
1 bara
Length
= 2m
Wah
= ^-
= ^-c
= ^V
=I
__ i.
~~
=J
= 20
= 2000
= 8000
Mass
= 1200 g
Tchang
= TlFTTTF
= -rfaf
= WfrTF
=T
^^
= ^%-c
= Î1J= -fa
=^
= 20
= 50
= 400
Area
1 wah2 = 4 m 2
1 ngan = 100 wah2
1 rai = 400 wah2
Capacity
1 tananf = 1 1
Unit
Tanan
1 niou
=T^
1 chai meu
=^
l kam meu = f
1 laang
1=*
1 chang awn J
^
1 kanahn
=1
1 sat
= 20
1 tang
= 40
1 tamlaum
= 400
1 seste
= 800
1 ban
= 1600
Ikwien
=
1 koyan J
1 cohi
= 32 000
Siria v. Syria.
Somaliland.m.o.;
local,
vary with material and province :
Length
1 top
= 3.92 m
1 cubito = -f top
Mass
1 rottolo = 448 g
* Previously, 1 tchang = 600 to
1300 g.
t Previously, 1 tanan = 0.9 to 1.2
liter.
Somaliland.Cont'd.
Unit
Rottolo
1 okia
= jV
l frasla = 36
l gisla = 360
Area
l darat = 80 a
Capacity, dry
l chela = 1.359 l
Unit
Chela
l tabla = 15
l gisla = 120
Capacity, liquid
l caba = 0.453 l
Soudan v. Sudan.
South Africa v. Union of
South Africa
Spain.m.c. 1860. Older,*
var., provincial; Castillian:
Length
l vara = 0.835 905 m
(Other vara comprised between 0.768 m and 0.912 m)
Unit
Vara
1 punto = ^ 91I-J
1 linea
= -5^
1 diedo
= -^81 pulgada = -$
1 sesma = f
1 palma = J
1 pie
=
1 codos = J
1 passo
= if
1 estado = 2
1 estadal = 4
1 mula t = 1666f
1 lgua
= 5000 or 8000
Mass
1 libra = 460.093 g
(Other libra comprised between 350 g and 575 g)
Unit
Libra
1 grano
= 9^
1 arienzo
= ^^^
l tomin
= y|-g1 dinero
=^
1 adarme 1
_ _i
1 dracma J
"" "***
1 ochava \
__ _^
1 caracter /
~~ 1 2 ^
1 escrupulo
= -fc
1 onza
= y1^
1 marco
=J
1 arroba
= 25
1 barrii
= 50
1 quintal
= 100
1 quintalmacho = 150
1 tonelada
= 2000
* Old national system, more or less
modified, is still in use in the old
Spanish colonies.
t Milla = 5000 pie.
Area
1 vara2
= 0.698 7372 m 2
Unit
Vara2
1 cuartilla = 25
l calemin = 768
l aranzada = 6400
lfcmega \ Q2W
l fanegada J
l yugada = 460 800
Capacity, dry
l fanega = 55.501 l
Unit
Fanega
l ochavillo = Tjr-g-gl racion
= -j-J-gl cuartillo = -fa
1 medio
= fa
l calemin = y1^l almude = -^
l cuartilla = J
l cahiz
= 12
Capacity, liquid
(Arroba was plefined as volume of 34 libra of river water.
The arroba for oil was volume
of 25 libra of oil)
1 arroba (wine) = 16.133 1
1 arroba (oil) = 12.563 1
Unit
Arroba
1 COpaS
= yi^g-
1 quarterone 1 _ _ j
1 panilla*
J "1^
1 libra
1 = !
l cuartillo J
*"*
1 azumbre
=f
1 cuartilla*
= \
1 cantara
=1
1 moio
= 16
1 pipa
= 27
1 bota
= 30
Stati Uniti v. United States.
Straits Settlements v. British
India.
Sud-Africaine, Union v.
Union of South Africa.
Sudan.Egyptian in use.
Sude v. Sweden.
Suisse v. Switzerland.
Svzia v. Sweden.
Svizzera v. Switzerland.
Sweden.m.e. 1889; m.o.
1879. Older:
Length
1 fot
= 0.296 90 m
Unit
Fot t
1 unie = y-J-
l turn = y1-^
1 aim = 2
l famm = 6
l stang =16
l ref
= 100 or 160
l mil = 18 000
* Oils.
t The fot is also divided into decimals.
Mass
= 425.076 g
Sklpund
= YsVg= y^
= V
= y1^
= 20
= 32
= 100 or 120
=165
= 400
= 12 000
Area
l fot 2
= 0.088 149 61 m 2
' , , / = 1.542 618 17 a
Ikapplandj = ^ ^2
l sklpund
Unit
1 as
l quintin
1 lod
l untz
l lispund
l sten
l centner
l waag
l skeppund
l nylst
l ref 2
(
Itunlandj
= 8.814 961 a
= 49.363 781 6 a
= 56 000 fot2
Capacity, dry
l kanna
= 2.617 l
Unit
Kanna
l ort
= ^V
l junkfra
=^
l quarter
=^
l stop
=^
l kappar
=J
1 fjerdingar = 7
l spanna
= 28
ltunna
= 56
l koltunna = 63
l kollst
= 756
Capacity, liquid
l kanna
=0.1 fot 3
= 2.617 162 l
Unit
Kanna
ljungfruri = j
ljungfer J
"^
l quarter
= -gl stop
= \
l ankar
= 15
l eimer
= 30
=6
T J}
l ohm
l oxhufud _ Qn
l oxhoft J ~
l pipe
= 180
l fuder
= 360
Switzerland.m.c.
1877;
m.o. 1868. Older, var.; during
transition were fixed as follows :
Length
1 pied
on
- t
> ~ 30
cm
1 fuss J
Unit
Pied
1 ligne
!
T
1 unie
1 pouce __ j
Izoll
~T^
1 aune
__ ^
1 elle
~~
1 toise
_ fi
1 ruthe
~~
Unit
1 perche
1 lieue
Pied
=16
= 16 000
Mass (1) Ordinary

1 livre = 500 g
Unit Livre
1 loth = ^2
1 once = TV
Mass (2) For medicine
1 livre
= 375 g
Unit
Livre
1 grain
= --fa-
1 scruple = -2-^-g1 drachme = -gV
1 once
= y1^Syria.m.o.; current:
Length
l pic = 0.582 m
-Mass
1 rottolo = 1785 g
Unit
Rottolo
1 drachme \
-,
l pesi
/ = T
l metecali = y^j1 mitcal
= ^J-Cl once
= -^
1 zurbo
= 27.5
l cola
= 35
l cantar
= 100
Capacity
l roti
= 3.2 l
Unit
Roti
l makuk = 250
l garava = 450
Tchco-Slovaquie v. Czechoslovakia.
Tonkin.Same as Anam
(ff..)
Tripoli and Cyrenaca.m.o.,
current defined by metric equivalents :
Length
1 pik
= 0.68 m
= 1 handaze
1 palmo = \ pik
1 draa = 0.46 m
Mass
1 rottolo = 512.8 g
, ,
/ = 2.5 rottolo
loka
I =1282 g
l metical = 4.76 g
Unit
Rottolo
l kharouba = ^VlT
1 dram
= T^
1 termino = y^-gl uckin
= ^V
1 mattaro = 42
1 cantar
= 100
Area
1 pik2
= 0.4624 m 2
Unit
Pik2
l deimm = 1600
l jabia = 1800
Capacity, dry
l orba
= 7.6 l
Unit
Orba
l nufsorbah = \
l temen
=4
l ueba
= 16
(Measured by weight)
l oka
= 1282 g
1 marta
= 11 to 14 oka
l kele
= 2 marta
Capacity, liquid
1 barile = 64.8 l
1 bozze = -fa barile
1 oka = 1282 g
Unit
Oka
1 gorraf =9.75
1 giarra =58.5
Tschechoslovak v. Czechoslovakia.
Tunis.m.c. 1895. Current:
Length
1 pic arabe =48.8 cm
1 pic turc
== 63.7 cm
1 pic endaz =67.3 cm
The pic used depends upon
the object measured.
Mass
1 uckir
= 31.495 g
Unit
Uckir
1 rottolo attari
=16
1 rottolo sucki
=18
1 rottolo khaddari = 20
1 cantaro
= 100
Capacity
1 cafisso = 496 1
1 millerole (Marseilles)
= ca. 64 l
Unit
Cafisso
1 saah = T-
l whiba = -fa
Turkestan.
Length
1 archine
= 64 to 76 cm
1 archine (for
architecture) = 75.77 cm
1 nul
= 1 km
Unit
Archine
1 nocktat
= irAnr
1 hatt
= 2Tg1 parmack
= -fa
1 ouromb
=^
1 pic
=1
Mass
1 oka
= 1283 g
Unit
Oka
1 karat
= ^TVfr
l denke
= T^
1 dirhem 1 _ i
1 drachme J ~ TW
1 miskal
= -g-f 751 cequi
I =1
4
1 yusdrum J
1 rottel
= 0.44
1 batman
=6
1 kantar
= 44
1 tcheki
= 176 to 195
Area
,
J
= 1600 archine2
1
ldeunum
| = ^3 m2
1 djeril
= 100 a
Capacity
1 kile
= 32 to 43 1
1 zira3 = 0.435 m3
Unit
Kile
1 chinik = i
1 fortin = 4
Ungarn, Ungheria v. Hungary.
Union of South Africa.Metric, British, and old Dutch:
Length
1 elle = 0.685 m
Mass
1 bundle = 3175 g
Area
l morgen = 85.5 a
Capacity
1 gantang = 9.2 1
Length
1 balli
= 5 gantang
l hasch
= 0.7112 m
1 muid
= 109.1 1
1 legger = 516 1
Unit
Hasch
1 archine* 1 _
Unit
Legger
l altschin /
1 kanne = -gfa
l ahm
=i
Mass
United
States
of America.
l batman = 125 kg to 128 kg
m.o. 1866; m.c. for certain
Unit
Batman
governmental purposes. Fun1 sir
=|
damental units of national
1 tscharik = ^
system are defined in terms of
1 mimtscha = Tj-Jr
metric units. For less common
Turkey.m.o.; current, var.: and obsolescent units, see Great
* Russian.
Britain.
Length
1 yard (yd.) = M
= 0.914 401 83 m
1 foot (ft.) = ^ yd.
= 30.480 061 cm
1 inch (in.) = -fa yd.
= 2.540 005 08 cm
Unit
Inch
1 mil
= 0.001
1 hand
=4
1 span
=9
1 foot
= 12
1 yard
= 36
Unit
Foot
1 fathom
=6
lrod
1 pole [
= 16.5
1 perch
1 chain* (Gunther's) = 66
1 chain*
(.engineer's)
= 100
1 bolt
= 120
1 furlong
= 660
1 cable length
= 720
1 mile (statute) = 5280
1 mile (nautical) t = 6080.20
1 league (statute) = 3 st. mile
1 league
(nautical)
= 3 n. mile
Mass
1 pound avoirdupois
(Ib. av.) = 453.592 4277 g
= 7000 grain (gr.)
1 grain
= 64.798 918 24 mg
(Three systems: avoirdupois,
troy, apothecary.)
Avoirdupois (av.)
(General use)
Unit
Pound
1 dram (dr.)
= T^
1 ounce (oz.)
= -fa
1 hundred-weight (cwt.)
(long)
=112
1 ton (short) (sh. tn.) = 2000
1 ton (long) (1. tn.)
== 2240
Troy (t.)
(For precious metals)
Unit
Grain
1 pennyweight (dwt.) = 24
1 ounce (oz.)
=480
1 pound (Ib.)
= 5760
Apothecary (ap.)
(For dispensing drugs)
Unit
Grain
1 scruple (s. or 3) = 20
1 dram (dr. or 5) = 6 0
1 ounce (oz. or g) = 480
1 pound (Ib.)
= 5760
* 1 link = 0.01 chain.
t 1 nautical mile = 1853.249 m
Area
I inch2 (sq. in.)
= 6.451 6258 cm2
2
1 foot (sq. ft.)
= 929.0341 cm2
2
1 yard (sq. yd.)
= 0.83613071m2
1 acre (A.)
= 4046.873 m 2
Unit
Foot2
2
1 inch
= T^T
1 yard2
=9
Unit
Yard2
2
1 rod (sq. rd.) \
1 .
11 perch
J( ~ OU.ZO
2
1 chain *
= 484
1 rood
= 1210
1 acre (A.)
= 4840
Unit
Acre
1 mile2 (sq. mi.) = 640
1 township t
= 23040
Volume
1 yard3 (cu. yd.)
= 0.764 559 45 m3
1 foot 3 (cu. ft.)
= 28 317.0cm3
1 inch3 (cu. in.)
= 16.387 162 cm3
Unit
Foot3
1 inch3
= l'i^-g-g1 board foot (bd. ft.) = -fa
1 yard3
= 27
1 shipping ton
= 40
1 register ton
= 100
1 cord (cd.)
= 128
Capacityj dry
1 bushel (bu.) = 2150.42 inch3
= 35.238 329 1
Unit
Bushel
1 pint (pt.)
= fa
1 quart (qt.)
= -fa
1 peck (pk.)
= I
1 barrelt (bbl.) = 3.281
1 chaldron
= 36
1
firkin
= 9 gallon
Capacity, liquid
, ..
/ = 231 inch3
1 gallon (gal.) j ^ 3-7863321
1 minim (min. or TTl)
= 1T1T gal.
= 0.061 6102 ml
Unit
Minim
1 fluid dram (fl. dr.) = 60
1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) = 480
1 gill (gi.)
= 1920
* Gunther's chain.
t 36 mile*.
J For dry commodities, except
cranberries, barrel = 7056 inch3; cranberry barrel = 5826 inch8; lime barrel
contains 180 Ib. av. or 280 Ib. av.; by
custom, flour barrel = 196 Ib. av.
Variable.
united States.Cont1 d.
Unit
Gallon
1 gill (gi.)
=^
1 pint (pt.)
= I
1 quart (qt.)
= i
l barrel*
= 31.5
l hogshead
= 63
Uruguay.m.c. 1894; m.o.
1866. Older = Spain (Castillian), more or less modified.
Venezuela.m.c. 1914; m.o.
1857. Older = Spain (Castillian), more or less modified, and
the following of Granada :
Length
1 vara = 0.8 m
l meile = 6280 vara
Mass
I libra == l kg
l bag = 62.5 kg
Vereinigte Staaten v. United
States.
Wrttemberg v. Germany
Yugoslavia.m.c.
1883.
Older:
l
l
l
l
l
linija
palaz
archine
khvat
stopa
l oka
Unit
l dramm
l satlijk
l litra
l akov
l tovar
=
=
=
=
=
Length
21.95 mm
36.34 mm
660 mm to 712 mm
1.896 m
J kvat
Mass
= 1280 g
Oka
= -%^-c
=i
= \
= 40
= 100
Area
l stopa2
= 998.56 cm2
Unit
m2
l dunum
= 700
l motyka
= 800
l raliza
= 2500
l dan oranja = 3597
J = 5760
llanaz
j ssimkhv^
Capacity
(Liquids are measured by
weight.)
* Wine barrel,
t Hachemic.
Mass
1 roti
Unit
1 dirhem
l nevat
l nasch
l oukia
l man
l mine J
l ocque
l qanthar
l kikkar
l feddan
system
Prophet)
of
= 340 g
=
=
=
=
1 cafiz
= 32.64 kg
Unit
Cafiz
1 mudd
= ^g1 kiladja ]
1 caphite [ == -^r
1 kist
J
1 sa
= y1-^
1 makuk
= J
1 ferk
= i
1 wobe \ __ i
1 khoull J ~ 2 1 modius
= lj
1 artabe
__ _
1 amphora
1 gariba
l den
-8
Assyro- Chaldean -Persian
System.
Our knowledge of the measures of antiquity is derived from the

texts and monuments which have persisted to modern times, and
some actual standards which have come down to us. The latter
enable us to establish quite exact equivalence between the measures which they represent and ours. But most frequently such
equivalence is only very roughly known, or is actually unknown.
In this section are given only the more important or the best
studied of these systems. The values given must not be taken too
literally. Indeed, especially in antiquity, systems do not succeed
one another; they evolve. Several rnay coexist among a single
people; it is generally impossible to fix the dates at which these
systems were used. The ancients had no capacity measures, such
as ours; they weighed liquids and grains in terms of standards
forming a second system of weights.
(So-called
Feddan
_ x
" TTnr
= -gV
= -^V
= ^0= -^
= ^
= J
Capacity
C. SYSTEMS OF ANTIQUITY
Arabian System.
Length
1 foot
= 0.320 m
Unit
Foot
1 assbaa (finger) = -^81 cabda (palm) = J
1 cubit (new)
= I^
1 cubit t
=2
1 orgye (pace)
=6
1 qasab
= 12
1 seir
= 600
1 ghalva
= 720
1 mille
= 6000
1 parasang
= 18 000
lbarid 1
=72000
1 veredusj
1 marhala
= 144 000
Unit
1 achir \
Iqasaba/
1 qamha
1 habbah
1 cafiz
1 qirat
1 daneq
1 djarib
Roti
y-J-g^jJ
^
the
Length
1 foot
Unit
1 finger
1 palm
1 zereth
1 cubit
1 pace
1 qasab
1
i cane
1
Ji
1 chebel
l Stadion l
1 ghalva J
1 mille
1 parasang
1 schome
lstathmosi
1 mansion J
= 0.320 m
Foot
= -^
=J
=1
=2
=6
_ 10
-"-^
- 80
^720
= 5400
= 20 000
= 21 600
^80000
Mass
1 talent
= 32.6 kg
(Talent divided into 50, 60 or
100 mina)
1 drachma =0.01 mina
=2
=4
=100
= 125
Area
= 14 400 cubit 2 t
= 59 a
Area
( = 14.7 m2
1 gar
\ = 144 foot2
Unit
Gar
1 dizaine = 10
1 gan
= 100
1 gur
= 1000
Capacity
1 amphora
Unit
1 cados
1 makuk
1 wobe 1
1 modius J
1 small artaba
1 large artaba
1 large amphora
1 gariba
= 32.6 kg
Amphora
= jfa
=f
_ i
2
= I^
=2
=3
=8
Egypt: System of the Pharaohs.

Length
1 pied
= 0.349 m
Unit
Pied
1 doigt, finger! _ j
lir
1 theb
J
1 palme
_ ^
4
1 choryos/
1 dichas
= \
1 spithame
=f
1 pied royal 1
_
1 zereth
/
~~
1 pigon
= \\
1 coude royale i _ ^
2
l derah
J
l coude longue = 2
l pas
= 2\
l xilon
= 4|
l orgye
=6
l canne
= l if
l senus
= 150
l stade
= 500 or 600
l mille
*= 5000
l a tour vulgaire =15 000
l schome
= 18 000
l parasange
= 20 000
l atour royal
= 30 000
Mass
l mine = 850 g
Unit
Mine
1 gerah
= T^Vrr
1 side
= ^V
1 kikkar 1 _
1 talent J ~ U
Area
I pekeis
Unit
= 27.405 m 2
Pekeis
1 coude2
= iirr
1 su
1 dizaine
1 rema
1 aurure i
1 aro ure J
1 setta
= 6.25
=10
= 50
=
= 1000
Capacity
1 khar
= 34 kg
Unit
Khar
1 outen
= Tihr
1 man i
_ i
!mine/
~~ Tir
1 hecte
= TIT
1 apt
= i
1 keramion
=1
1 metretes d'Hron = 1J
l artabe des septante = I^
l artabe \
_ , 7_
l letech /
~ %2
Greek System.
Length
l pous* = 0.308 56 m
Unit
Pous
l daktylos (finger) = TV
1 condylos
=i
l palestra (palm) = J
l dichas
= \
l spithame (span) = f
l cubitf
= l|
l Grecian cubit
=2
l berna (pace)
= 2^
l orgyia
=6
l amma (corde)
= 60
l plethron
= 100
l Stadion
= 600
l mille
= 4500
L kiloorgyia
= 6000
Mass
l mina
Unit
l chalque
l oboi
l dioboi
l drachma
l tetradrachma
l talent
= 425 g
Mina
= ^sW
= if^-
= -sfa
=0.01
=0.04
= 60
Area
l pous2
= 0.095 209 m 2
Unit
Pous2
2
l dekapode = 100
l plethron2 = 10 000
Capacity
l chenica
= 816 g
Unit
Chenica
l cyanthos = -^
1 oxybaphon = -^V
1 cotyle
=i
l sexte
=J
* The Olympic foot of Egyptian
origin.
t Lapidary.
Unit
Chenica
1 maris
~2
1 chous
=3
1 hemiektos = 4
1 hektos
_g
1 modius J
1 metretes
= 36
1 medimnos = 48
Hebrew System.
Length
1 sacred cubit = 0.640 m
1 cubit*
= 0.555 m
Unit
Cubit*
1 finger = -^
1 palm
= Tf
1 zereth
=^
Mass (Sacred system)
1 mina
= 850 g
Unit
Mina
1 oboi \ __ !
Igerah/ "T~^
1 rabah = -j-'iir
1 bekah = iiu
1 shekel = -^0
1 talent t = 50
Mass (Talmudist or Rabbinical
system)
1 mina
= 354.2 g
Unit
Mina
l pondiuscule
= y-^V
l mehah ]
l gerah j= 6 -fa
l oboi J
l zuzah
_ i
!drachma/
~ roir
l shekel
l _ j
2
l tetradrachma /
^
l talent
= 60
Capacity, dry
- , , / (old) = 29.376kg
1 ephah< ; \ 01 . _ _ .6
{ (new) = 21.420 kg
Unit
Ephah
1 log
= TV
1 cab
= -fg
1 gomor
=0.1
sat
} !5- }
1 modius J
1 cor
=-
= 10
Capacity, liquid
1 bath (old) = 29.376 kg
1 bath (new) = 21.420 kg
Unit
Bath
1 log
= TV
lhin
= I
1 cor
= 10
* Talmudist,
t Of Moses.
Hindu System.
Length
1 hasta
= 0.457 m
Unit
Hasta
1 angula (finger) = -%
1 vitasti (span) = f
1 cubit
=1
1 dhanush
_
1 orgyia J
~~
1 erosa
= 8000
1 gavyuti
= 16 000
1 yodjana
= 32 000
Mass
1
} ^ 1 =0.147 g
1 ratica J
1 pala
= 47 g
Unit
Retti
l yava
=0.1
l masha
= 2, 5, 6, or 8
1 tank-sala = 24
l kona
= 48
1 tola
= 80
l karsha
= 96
32
1Ji
(silver)
1
1 dharana
= /j ^
(goM)
1 pala
Unit
1 tuba
l hara
1 bara
l achita
= 320
Pala
= 100
= 200
= 2000
= 20 000
Capacity
1 drona
= 13.2 kg
Unit
Drona
1 pala
_ _j^
1 musti J
~ 2^
1cudava
= -^
1 prastha
=^
1 adhaka
=J
1 cumbha (small) = 2
1 shari
= 16
1 cumbha
= 20
1 baha
= 200
Persian System v. AssyrioChaldean-Persian.
Roman System.
Length
1 pes (common or
Drusian) (foot) = 0.3196 m
1 legal pes (1st)
= 0.2962 m
1 legal pes (2nd) = 0.2967 m
Unit
Pes
1 digitus (finger) = -^
1 uncia (inch)
=^
1 cubitus (cubit) = Ij
1 passus (pace)
=5
1 decempeda
(perch)
= 10
1 actus (chain)
= 120
1 millarium (mile) = 5000
Mass
1 podium
= 326 g
Unit
Podium
1 scrupulus = -2^31 denier*
= -^V
1 denier t
= -gV
1 denarius
=^
1 solidus 1 _ _i_
72
1 sextula j
1 miliaresium = jfa
1 sicilium
= -/g^
1 duella
= -gV
1 semuncia
= -^
1 ounce
= -j\
1 mina
= if
1 centumpodium
= 100
Area
1 common pes2 = 0.102 14 m2
1 legal pes2 (1st) = 0.087 73 m2
1 legal pes2 (2nd) = 0.088 03 m 2
Unit
Pes2
1 decempeda2 = 100
1 actus (small) = 400
1 clima
= 3600
1 versum
= 10 000
1 actus
= 14 400
1 jugerum
= 28 800
1 heredium
= 57 600
1 centuria
= 5 760 000
1 saltus
= 23 040 000
Capacity,
1 sextarius
Unit
1 modius
1 quadrantal
1 pes31 (of water)
dry
= 544 g
Sextarius
=16
= 48
= 48
Capacity, liquid
1 sextarius I] = 544
KA/I
g;
1 sextus
j
Unit
Sextarius
1 cyathus
= y1^1 acetabulum = f
1 quartus
=J
1 hemina
= \
1 congius
=6
1 urna
= 24
1 amphora
= 48
lculeus I =96()
1 dolmm j
* Silver,
j- Neronian.
Legal pes (2).
SYMBOLS, BASIC CONSTANTS, CONVERSION DATA, DIMENSIONS, DEFINITIONS

.
Fundamental Constants
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Formulae, N. ERNEST
DORSEY
Technical Efflux Viscometers: Interpretation and Interconversion of Readings, W. H. HERSCHEL
Selected Technical Terms, N. ERNEST DORSEY
16
17
C
CTU
C
18
Ci, C2
32
34
Cj
Cp, Co
BASES OF DATA CONTAINED IN I. C. T.

When many experts are cooperating in the assembling of data,
it is essential that the same values for the fundamental constants
and for the necessary conversion factors shall be employed by all.
Consequently, at the very beginning of the work, the Editors
compiled a set of accepted, or I. C. T., values for such constants
and factors; and the Experts were instructed to base all their
data upon these values. In the few cases in which it was not feasible to follow these instructions, the data were to be accompanied
by a statement of the actual basis upon which they rest.
In compiling this list, and in choosing the accepted values of
such of the quantities as were independently chosen, the Editors
secured and utilized the advice of the United States Bureau of
Standards, the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain,
and the Socit Franaise de Physique. Acknowledgments are
also due to Dr. F. E. Fowie, of the Smithsonian Institution, for his
valued assistance in preparing the initial table of fundamental
constants, and to Professors T. W, Richards and G. P. Baxter
for their recommendations concerning the table of atomic weights.
The list so prepared comprised (1) a table of atomic weights
(p. 43), (2) a set of nine basic constants (p. 17) (the estimated
uncertainties were added at a later date), (3) twenty-one derived
constants (computed directly from the nine basic constants), five
conventional constants, and two experimental constants (p. 18)
and (4) certain conversion factors selected from Tables 1 to 79
(p. 20-32). Although the accepted values were close approximations to the best values at that time available, it was not
claimed that they were such best values.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Except as the contrary is definitely stated, the following symbols and abbreviations will always be used in the sense here indicated. Other symbols will be defined in the sections in which
they are used. For those quantities which are included in the
list of symbols approved by the International Association of
Chemical Societies (4, 119: 502; 21), the symbols so approved
have, in general, been used; in some cases, this has necessitated
the use of the same symbol to represent two distinct quantities;
the context will serve to indicate which interpretation is correct.
For explanations of the several technical terms, consult Selected
Technical Terms, p. 34.
A
A.
An
A46
A
a
(a)
abs.
Angstrom unit
Acre
Normal atmosphere
Atmosphere, 45 latitude
Atomic weight. Maximum
work of a thermodynamic
system
Are
Based on Int. ohm and Int.
ampere as defined by silver
voltameter.
(See
Int. elee, units, p. 27)
Absolute
ap.
Av.
av.
a
BTU
bbl.
bd.
bu.
o
Apothecaries
Average
Avoirdupois
Van der Waal's pressure
constant. Capillary constant.
British Thermal Unit
Barrel
Board
Bushel
Van der Waal's volume
constant
c
c
ca
ca.
cal
cd.
cf.
cgs
cgse
cgsm
ch.
cm
cm2
cm3
c.p.
cu.
cu. ft.
cwt.
c
CP, cv
Centigrade
Centigrade thermal unit
Concentration. Molecular
heat
Radiation constants of
black body. (See definition of black body.)
Intensity coefficient.
(See
definition of black body.)
Molecular heat at constant
pressure, at constant
volume
Velocity of light in vacuo
Carat. CentiCandle
circa = about, approximately
Calorie (gram)
Cord
Confer = compare
C e n t i meter-gram-second
system of units
Cgs electrostatic system
Cgs electromagnetic system
Chain
Centimeter
Square centimeter
Cubic centimeter
Candle power
Cubic
Cubic foot
Hundredweight
Specific heat = heat capacity of the substance
Specific heat at constant
pressure, at constant volume
fir.
fl.
fps
fpse
fpsm
ft.
ft. 2
ft.
fur.
Firkin
Fluid
Foot-pound-second system
of units
Fps electrostatic system
Fps electromagnetic system
Foot
Square foot
Cubic foot
Furlong
G
g
gal.
gi.
gr.
g
O
Gravitation constant
Gram
Gallon
Gill
Grain
Acceleration due to gravity
Standard gravity
H
h
h
ha
hhd.
h.p.
hr
h
Horse-power
Atomic weight of hydrogen
Planck's constant of action
HectoHectare
Hogshead
Horse-power
Hour
Height
Int.
I. C. T.
International
International Critical
Tables
Electric current
Ibidem, = in the same place
Id est = that is
Inch
Cubic inch
/
ibid.
i.e.
in.
in.8
Radiance
Intensity of monochromatic
radiance of wave-length X
Value of /x for x = XOT
Density
Derivative. DeciDay
Thermometric degree, absolute C unless contrary is
indicated
DekaCubic decimeter
Dram
Pennyweight
Density. Diameter
Critical density
Specific gravity at temperrature 112, with reference
to water at temperature
ta
J
J^
L
1
1.
lat.
Ib.
Ii.
liq.
long.
I
Latent heat per mole

Liter
Long
Latitude
Pound
Link
Liquid
Longitude
Length. Latent heat per
gram
M
M [a]
M [co]
CQ
Electromotive force
Mean translational energy
of molecule of ideal gas
at O0C
Electronic charge
Base of natural system of
logarithms = 2.71828 +
Exempli gratia
= for
example
Cgsm unit of quantity of
electricity
Electromotive force
Electrochemical equivalent
Cgse unit of quantity of
electricity
Et cetera = and so forth
Et sequentes = and the
following
Ratio of EQ to T0
F
F
fath.
Faraday
Fahrenheit
Fathom
Molecular weight
Molecular rotatory power
Molecular magnetic rotatory power
Mass of electron at low
velocity
Meter. MilliSquare meter
Maximum
Milligram
Mile
Minute
D
d
da
deg
dk
dm3
dr.
dwt.
d
dc
d*
tl
E
EQ
e
e
e.g.
em
emf
equiv
es
etc.
et seq.
1
Jn
R
K
k
kg
km
km2
k
fco
mo
m
m2
max.
mg
mi.
min
Karat. Kelvin, or absolute

C, scale of temperature
Constant of chemical equilibrium
KiIoKilogram
Kilometer
Square kilometer
Velocity
coefficient
of
chemical reaction
Boltzmann's gas constant
min.
ml
mmf
m/u
m
mff
Minim, Minimum
Milliliter
Magnetomotive force
Millimicron. MillimirroMass
Mass of a hydrogen atom
N
N0
N Q0
no
Numeric
Avogadro's number
Rydberg's universal series
constant
*
Refractive index
Transport
number for
anion, kation
Loschmidt's number
O
oz.
Atomic weight of oxygen

Ounce
P
pk.
pt.
p
Pet Pr
Pressure
Peck
Pint
Pressure
Critical pressure, reduced
pressure
n
na, nk
Q
q
qt.
q.v.
R
R
rd.
r
TQ
TL
T1
S.E.
S
8
8.
sec
eh.
sq.
sq. ft.
Quantity
Quintal
Quart
Quod vide = which see
TO
T
TC
t
t.
tn.
t
tc
Siemens unit
Entropy
Stere
Scruple
Second (mean solar unless
contrary is stated)
Short
Square
Square foot
Susceptibility (magnetic).
Electrical (volume) conductivity
Equivalent
conductivity
(electrical)
Wave-length.
X 5890 =
spectral line jof wavelength = 5890
Wave-length of maximum
monochromatic radiance
of black-body at stated
temperature
Permeability (magnetic).
Micron, Micro-, Molecular conductivity (electrical)
Micromicron. MicromicroFrequency
Rydberg's fundamental frequency
A
X
Xm
U
U. S.
V
VO
Volume
Volume per gram-mole of
ideal gas at O0C and A n
Vide = see
Based on Int. ohm and Int.
volt as defined by standard cell. (See Int. elee,
units, p. 27.)
Volume
Critical volume, reduced
volume
T.
(v)
v
ve, vr
W
wt.
w
Reaumur
Gas constant per mole of
ideal gas. Electrical resistance.
Rod
Radius
Specific refractivity (Gladstone and Dale)
Specific refraction (Lorentz
and Lorenz)
Radius of first Bohr ring,
hydrogen
Ice point, absolute C

Temperature on absolute
C scale
Critical temperature, absolute C
Metric ton
Troy
Ton
Time. Tempe r a t u r e C
(above ice point)
Critical temperature C
(above ice point)
Electrical resistance
Weight
Wien's displacement constant
yd.
yr
Yard
Year
Z
a
Atomic number
Degree of dissociation.
Angle of optical rotation
Specific rotatory power
Specific heat constant
Surface tension. Ratio of
Cp/Cy.
Gamma (magnetic unit)
Diffusion coefficient
Dielectric constant. Electrode potential
Electrode potential above
that of normal hydrogen,
of normal calomel, electrode
Viscosity
Angle (plane).
Temperature C above ice point
[a]
y
A
e
e ,e
77
6
1
In every computation it is tacitly assumed that the values employed are
exact. If but three digits are employed, it is assumed that all others are zero ;
if a computing machine is used, the assumption is carried out to the extreme
limit of the machine; if logarithms are used, it is carried to the limit within
which the logarithms are interpolated. To adopt an accepted or a conventional
û
v
v
TT
Ratio of circumference of a
circle to its diameter
Stefan's constant
(radiation)
Fluidity. Angle
Luminous flux
Ohm
Relative molecular magnetic rotatory power with
reference to water
Solid angle
Specific magnetic rotatory
power
o<p
t
[fi]
co
Fw 1
T\
5
3
9
0
'
"
%
%*
[]
<
<
<,
=
~
c
Minim
Apothecaries' ounce
Apothecaries' dram
Apothecaries' scruple
Degree (arc or temperature)
Minute of arc (sexagesimal)
Second of arc (sexagesimal)
Percent = per hundred
Per thousand = 0.1 %
Dimensional expressions
are inclosed in [ ]. In
text, [ ] is used to inclose
a second reading. (E.g.,
Length [diameter] of the
bar is 10 cm [1 cm] =
length of bar is 10 cm,
diameter of bar is 1 cm)
A B] denotes
that A is less than
[greater than] B
Negative of < ; A < B
denotes that A is not less
than B
Combination of < and = ;
A < B denotes that A is
equal to or less than, B
Is not equal to
Identically equal to; used
in defining symbols, etc.
Approximately (or essentially) equal to
Infinity
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
By an accepted, conventional, or defined value, is meant one which
is to be regarded as exactly correct for purposes of computation.1
Thus, errors from computational approximations are avoided and
do not enter into consideration in any future revision of the
computed result for a discovered difference between the true and
the accepted value. When the computation involves several
accepted values, it is especially important that each shall be
regarded as exactly correct, for only then can the result be independently revised (without complete recalculation) for changes
in the values of each. For this reason the logarithms of the
several accepted values are given to the full precision of Vega's
seven-place table. The degree of uncertainty in the value accepted
is indicated by the number of significant figures retained in the
value itself, not by the logarithm.
value, and to give as its logarithm an abbreviated value, is to introduce an
ambiguity of a magnitude determined by the degree of abbreviation of the
logarithm. But the sole object in adopting accepted or conventional values is
to avoid ambiguity.
ACCEPTED BASIC CONSTANTS Units: cgs, 0C, liter, An, absolute electric
Quantity
c
G
e
e
e/mo
e/mo
F
F
V0
h
T0
O
Velocity of light
Gravitation constant
Electronic charge
Electronic charge
Electronic ratio
Electronic ratio
Faraday
Faraday
Volume 1 mole at O0C, An
Planck's constant
Ice point, absolute
Atomic weight of oxygen
Value
2.9986 X IO10 cm sec'1
6.66
X 10~8 cm3 g-1 sec"2
4.774 X 10~10 es
*1.592 X 10~20 em
5.305
XlO17CSg-1
M.769 X IO7 emg"1
9.6500 X IO4 coulombs
*2.893 65X IO14 es
f22.4115 XlO 3 Cm 3 HIoIe- 1
6.554
X 10~27 erg sec
273.1 deg C
16.000
(by definition)
Uncertainty
Logio (value)
0.0003
0.01
0.005
10.476 9185
_8.823 4742
TO.678 8824
20.201 9639
17.7246854
7.247 7669
4.984 5273
14.461 4458
4.3504709
27.816 5064
2.436 3217
1.204 1200
0.010
0.0010
0.002
0.001
+0.15 to -0.05
(definition)
* This value is derived from the preceding one, which is the value actually accepted.
t Derived from volume at O0C, A46 = 22.412 liters/g-mole on assumption Iogio (An/A46) = 0.000 0214, liter = 1000.027 cm3.
ACCEPTED CONSTANTS .-CONVENTIONAL AND NON-BASIC Units: cgs, 0C, liter, An absolute electric, international angstrom
Quantity
R
R
R
AT0
H0
k0
EQ
e0
mH
m0
ri
h/e
h/e
hc/e
hc/e
oCi
Cz
w
C1v
N00
Gas constant
Gas constant
Gas constant
Avogadro's number
Loschmidt's number
Molecular gas constant
Translational energy of molecules, O0C
Ratio of E0 to T 0
Mass of hydrogen atom
Electronic mass
Radius 1st Bohr ring of hydrogen
Photo-electric constant
Specific heat constant
Stefan's constant
Radiation constant,
first
Radiation constant, second
Wien's displacement constant
Intensity coefficient
Rydberg frequency
Rydberg wave number
An
A 46
A
gs
Normal atmosphere
Atmosphere, latitude 45
Wave-length of red Cd line is
Standard gravity
Aberration constant
Value
A. Derived Constants
8.315 X IO7 erg deg"1 mole-1
0.082 06 liter atm deg"1 mole-1
1.9869 cal deg-1 mole"1
6.061 X IO23 mole'1
2.705 X IO19 cm~3 (at O0C, An)
1.372 X 10~16 erg deg"1
5.620 X 10~14 erg
2.058 X 10~16 erg deg"1
1.663 X 10~24 g "
8.999 X HT28 g
0.5305 X 10~8 cm
1.373 X 10~17 erg sec es"1
*4.117 X 10~15 volt sec
4.117 X 10~7 erg cm es"1
1.2344 X IO4 volt A
4.778 X IO"11 sec deg
5.709 X 10~5 erg cm~2 sec'1 deg-4
3.703 X IQ-5 erg cm2 sec-1
1.433 cm deg
0.2885 cm deg
1.301 X IQ-4 erg cm~3 sec-1 deg~5
3.2775 X IO15 sec"1
1.0930 X IQ5 cm"1
B. Conventional Constants
1.0132 50 X IO6 dyne cm~2
1.0132 OO X IO6 dyne cm~2
6438.4696 A
980.665 cm sec"2
20.47"
C. Experimental Constants
Grating space in calcite

H
Atomic weight of hydrogen
Liter
{Gram calorie (2O0C)
JGram calorie (150C)
jGram calorie (mean)
^British Thermal Unit (390F)
{British Thermal Unit (mean)
^British Thermal Unit (6O0F)
J International ohm
{International ampere (v)
{International ampere (a)
3.028 A
1.0077
1000.027 cm3
4.181 joule
4.185 joule
4.186 joule
1060.4 joule
1054.8 joule
1054.6 joule
1.000 52 ohm
0.999 90 ampere
0.99993 ampere
| Logio (value)
'
7.919 8658
2.914 1375
0.298 1703
23.782 5634
19.432 0925
16.137 3024
14.749 7154
6.313 3937
24.220 7679
28.954 1970
_j>- 724 6912
7.137 6240
15.614 5425
7.614 5425
4.091 4610
TT.679 2040
5.756 5416
5.568 5233
0.156 1225
.460 1933
4.114 2762
15.515 5372
5.038 6187
6.005
6.005
4.808
2.991
1.311
7166
6952
7827
5207
1178
0.481
0.003
3.000
0.621
0.621
0.621
3.025
3.023
3.023
0.000
0.999
0.999
1559
3313
0117
2802
6955
7992
4697
1701
.0878
2259
9566
9696
* This value is derived from the preceding one, which is the value actually accepted.
In the original list, this quantity was included solely in the list of conversion factors; its value, however, is an independently selected, accepted constant, and,
consequently, is treated as exact in all computations.
(v) = Based on Int. ohm and Weston normal cell = 1.018300 Int. volts at 2O0C; (a) = based on deposit of 1.11800 mg of silver per Int. ampere second.
CONVERSION FACTORS AND DIMENSIONAL

FORMULAE
N. ERNEST DORSET
In the following tables are given the factors by which values
expressed in other units must be multiplied in order to obtain
their equivalents in units of the centimeter-gram-second (cgs)
system. To convert in the reverse direction, divide by the factor
given. The dimensional formula in the cgs, or any similarly
constructed, system is given in the title of each table.
Conversion Factors.With few exceptions,1 the values given
are based exclusively upon legal definitions, conventional con1
The exceptions are (1) astronomical unit of distance, (2) parsec, (3) sidereal
second, (4) certain units of luminous intensity, (5) international electrical units
prior to 1911, and (6) the data for hydrometers.
stants, and the I. C. T. accepted values (p. 16). Consequently,

they are computable to as extreme a precision as may be desired.
They have been computed by means of Vega's seven-place logarithms, and it is hoped that their logarithms as given are correct
to a unit in the last digit. Obviously, those factors which involve
the accepted value of an experimentally determined constant will
be in error by an amount determined by the error in the accepted
value; but quantities converted by means of the logarithms given
will retain their same relative precision, however great this may
be, within the limit set by the seven-place table, and may at any
time be as exactly corrected for a revision of the accepted value.
This would not be true if an abbreviated logarithm were used,
unless the exact value of the abbreviated logarithm itself were
given. The latter would be equivalent merely to the adoption of
another accepted value for the experimental constant involved;
and the new value so fixed would, in general, be expressible only

by an indefinite number of digits. The former procedure is to be
preferred.
Frequently, the same factor applies to more than one type of
physical quantity; if the units of the several types have distinctive
names, separate tables are given, otherwise, not. In general, the
tables are arranged in the order of increasing complexity of the
dimensional formulae. Some quantities for which conversion
factors are seldom required, and a few dimensionless quantities
have been grouped together in Table 78. The dimensional
formulae of the more important electric and magnetic units, and
the numerical relations connecting these units in the three
systems most frequently used, are assembled in Table 77. To
find the conversion factor for a given quantity, consult the
index below.
Dimensions.Two types of dimensional equations need to be
considered, viz.: (1) Those in which the dimensions are expressed
in terms of the quantities directly involved in the phenomenon
under consideration, and (2) those in which the dimensions are
expressed in terms of certain fundamental units.
As an illustration of the first we may consider the force of
repulsion between two point charges (e, e') of electricity situated
at a distance, r, apart in a medium of dielectric constant e. If this
force is denoted by/, then/ = ee'/er2, and we may write [e2] = [fel2],
[e] = [e2f~ll~2], etc., where [ ] denotes that we are concerned with
dimensions only; [I] denotes the dimension of length, [/] that of force,
etc. These dimensional equations are true whatever be the
system of units employed. As they involve quantities, such as
force, which can be expressed in terms of other units that are
usually considered more fundamental, such dimensional equations
will be referred to as "unreduced," in order to distinguish them
from those of the second class in which the dimensions are expressed
solely in terms of a small number of fundamental units.
It is evident that the dimensions of a quantity in terms of
fundamental units can be assigned only in relation to a specific
system of units and to a specific method of derivation. For
example, (1) if the unit of volume is defined as the volume occupied
by a unit mass of water when at its greatest density under a pressure of one atmosphere, then the volume so defined will be independent of the units of length and time, and will vary directly as
the unit of mass: we will have [v] = [ra]. (2) If the unit of
volume is defined as the volume occupied by a mass of water

(when at its greatest density, etc.) which is equal to the mass of a
specified block of platinum, then the volume so defined will not
change as we change our units of length, of mass, and of time:
that is [v] = [v]. In this case [v] is an independent unit and must
be so regarded in all dimensional equations. (3) If the unit of
volume is defined as the volume of a cube of which the edge is
equal to the unit of length then [v] [Z3]. A unit may be defined
in any desired unambiguous manner and, in general, the dimensions
of the unit will vary from definition to definition.
Dimensional equations of the second type stand in marked
contrast to those of the former, in being far less general and in
implying the acceptance of a very exactly defined system of units.
This, however, is the type of equation which is commonly in mind
when dimensional equations are mentioned, and is probably the
one which is the more generally useful ; the unreduced dimensional
expressions (the first type), however, are often simpler, convey
more detailed information, and in many cases are to be preferred.
For these reasons, unreduced dimensional expressions are to
be found in explanations of technical terms (p. 34); they are
followed by others, the final one in each case being the fully reduced
dimensions on the centimeter, gram, second, degree centigrade
absolute, electrostatic system. Wherever necessary, this system
of units will be denoted by the symbol eg se in order to distinguish
it from the corresponding electromagnetic system, which will be
denoted by cgsm. In the conversion tables, dimensional formulae
only of the cgse and of the cgsm systems are given. In the cgse
system, the fundamental units and their symbols are those of
length [I] the centimeter, of mass [ra] the gram, of time [t] the mean
solar second, of temperature [T] the absolute centigrade degree,
and of dielectric constant [e], that of a vacuum. The fundamental
units in the cgsm system differ from those in the cgse system only
by the replacement of dielectric constant by magnetic permeability
[M], the unit being the permeability of a vacuum.
It should be realized that dimensional expressions give no
positive information regarding the ultimate nature of the quantity
to which they refer; e.g., energy and torque have the same dimensions, but differ vastly in their nature.
Symbols.(U. S.) before a logarithm denotes that it is based
upon the U. S. yard; for explanation of other symbols, see Symbols
and Abbreviations, p. 16.
INDEX TO TABLES OF CONVERSION FACTORS

Absorption (Radiation), Coefficient of,
2
Absorption (Radiation), Index of, 78
Absorptivity (Radiation), 2
Acceleration, Angular, 26
Acceleration, Linear, 24
Action, 37
Angle, Plane, 7, 8
Angle, Solid, 9, 10
Annealed Copper, Electrical Constants, 61
Area, 16, 17
Area-1 Time-1, 22
Brightness, Surface, 48
Bulk Modulus, 33
Capacity, Electrical, 56, 77
Capacity, Heat, 78
Capacity, Polarization, 77, 78
Capacity (Volume), 18, 19
Capillary Constant, 43
Charge, Electric, 49, 50, 77
Compressibility, 34
Compression, Modulus of, 33, 34
Concentration (Mass), 29
Concentration (Volume), 28
Conductivity, Electrical (Mass), 60, 77
Conductivity, Electrical (Surface), 77
Conductivity, Electrical (Volume), 58,
77
Conductivity, Thermal, 44
Copper, Electrical Constants of Annealed, 61
Curie's Constant (Magnetic), 12
Current, Electric, 51, 77
Degree (Thermometric), 11, 12
Degree-1 Length (Thermometric), 20
Degree*1 Mass-1 (Thermometric), 21
Density, 28
Density, Surface (Electnc), 78
Density, Volume (Electric), 78
Dielectric Constant, 14,77
Dielectric Strength, 52, 53
Diffusivity, 41
Diffusion, Coefficient of, 41
Displacement, Electric (Local), 77
Displacement, Electric (Integral), 49,
50, 77
Elastic Moduli, 33
Electric Units, Fundamental, 77
Electromotive Force, 52, 77
Energy, 35
Ettinghausen Effect, Coefficient of, 74
Expansivity, 12
Field Intensity, Electric, 53, 77
Field Intensity, Magnetic, 67, 68, 77
Fluidity, 38
Flux, Electric Induction, 49, 50
Flux, Luminous, 13
Flux, Magnetic Induction, 71, 77

Flux, Magnetic, 71, 77
Force, 30, 31
Force, Electromotive, 52, 77
Force, Magnetizing, 67, 77
Force, Magnetomotive, 69, 77
Frequency, 6
Hall Effect, Coefficient of, 73
Heat, 35
Heat Capacity, 78
Heat Conductivity, 44
Heat, Latent, 78
Heat, Reaction, 78
Heat, Superficial Latent, 78
Heat, Transformation, 78
Hydrometers, 79
Illumination, 47
Inductance (Electrical), 55, 77
Induction, Flux of Electric, 49, 50, 77
Induction, Flux of Magnetic, 71, 77
Induction, Magnetic, 70, 77
Inductivity, Electrical, 14,77
Intensity, Luminous, 46
Intensity of Magnetization, 70,77
Intensity of Radiation, 45, 78
Kerr's Constant, 78
Kinematic Viscosity, 40, 78
Leduc Effect, Coefficient of, 68
Length, 1,2
Length Degree"1, 20
Luminous Flux, 13
Magnetic Flux, 71, 77
Magnetic Induction, 70, 77
Magnetic Induction, Flux of, 71, 77
Magnetic Units, Fundamental, 77
Magnetism, Quantity of, 71, 77
Magnetization, Intensity of, 70, 77
Magnetizing Force, 67, 68, 77
Magnetomotive Force, 69,77
Mass, 3, 4
Mass-1 Degree-1, 21
Mobility, Ionic, 62, 77
Moduli, Elastic, 33
Moment of Force or Couple, 32
Nernst Effect, Coefficient of, 75
Peltier Coefficient, 64
Permeability, Magnetic, 15, 77,
Piezoelectric Constant, 66
Polarization Capacity, 77, 78
Pole Strength (Magnetic), 71, 77
Potential (Electric), 52,77
Potential (Magnetic), 69, 77
Potential Gradient (Electric), 53
Potential Gradient (Magnetic), 67, 68
Power, 36
Power, Thermoelectric, 63, 78
Pressure, 33, 34
Pyroelectric Constant, 78
INDEX TO TABLES OF CONVERSION FACTORS.Continued

Quantity of Electricity, 49,50,77
Quantity of Magnetism, 71,77
Reflectivity, 78
Refraction, Index of, 78
Reluctance (Magnetic), 72, 77
Resistance, Electrical, 54,77
Resistivity, Electrical (Mass), 59, 77
Resistivity, Electrical (Surface), 54, 77
Resistivity, Electrical (Volume), 57, 77
Rigidity, Modulus of, 33
Rotatory Power, 27
Skin Friction, Coefficient of, 33

Solubility (Gases), 78
Solubility (Non-gases), 28
Specific Heat, 78
Specific Heat of Electricity (Thornson), 65, 77
Specific Inductive Capacity, 14, 77, 78
Stress, 33, 34
Surface Tension, 42
Susceptibility (Magnetic), 15, 77
Temperature, 11, 12
Tension, 33, 34
Tension, Surface, 42
Thermal (See Heat)
Thermoelectric Power, 63, 78
Thomson's Coefficient (Thermoelectrie), 65
Time, 5, 6
Time-1 Area-i, 22
Torque, 32
Transmission, Coefficient of (Radiation), 2
Twist, 27
Velocity, Angular, 25
Velocity, Linear, 23
Velocity of a Process, 6
Verdet's Constant, 76
Viscosity, 39
Viscosity, Kinematic, 40, 78
Volume, 18, 19
Weight, 3, 4, 30, 31
Work. 35
Young's Modulus, 33, 34
CONVERSION FACTORS
1. Length [I] (see also p. 1)
Unit
l angstrm unit
!micron
lmil
!inch
!foot
!yard (U. S.)
1 yard (British)
1 mile, statute
1 light year
1 astronomical unit
1 parsec
1
!"angstrom!micron-1
lmil- 1
!inch"1
1 foot'1
1 mile"1
I
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
0
0 Xl(T8Cm
1.0000 X 10~4 cm
2.5400 X l O ~ 3 c m
2.5400
cm
30.480
cm
91.44018
cm
91.43992
cm
1.6093
km
9.4627 X IO12 km
1.495
X l O 8 km
3.084 X IO13 km
2. Length"1; Absorptivity; Coefficient of Absorption* [Z"1]

=
1
.
0
0
0
0 X IO8 cm-1
=
1.0000 X l O 4 cm"1
=
393.70
cm-1
=
0.39370
cm'1
=
3.2808 X IO-2 cm-1
=
0.62137
km"1
Logio (value)
8.000 0000
4.0000000
3.4048346
(U.S.) 0.4048346
(U.S.) 1.4840158
1.9611371
1.9611350
(U. S.) 0.206 6497
12.976 0131
8.1746712
13.489 09
8.000 0000
4.0000000
2.5951654
(U. S.) .595 1654
(U. S.) 2.515 9842
1.793 3503
* Coefficient of transmission (T ) is so defined that loge r = coefficient of absorption.
1 grain
1 carat (metric)
1 ounce (avoirdupois)
1 ounce (apothecary) or (troy)
1 pound (avoirdupois)
1 pound (apothecary) or (troy)
1 ton, short (2000 pounds)
1 ton, long (2240 pounds)
lslug(0 s )
1 gram mole
1 molecule/M. W. t
1 assay ton
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
t M. W. denotes the molecular weight of the substance.
1 grain"1 '
1 ounce-1 (avoirdupois)
!ounce-1 (troy)
1 pound"1 (avoirdupois)
1 ton"1 (2000 pounds)
1 ton-1 (2240 pounds)
1 (gram mole)-1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
3. Mass [m] ; Weight (see also p. 1)

4
.
7
9
9
m^
200.000
mg
28.350
g
31.103
g
453.59243
g
373.2417
g
907.185
kg
1016.047
kg
14.594
kg
M. W.f
g
1.6498 X 10~24 g
29.1667
g
4. Mass"1 [m-1]
1.5432 X 10~2 mg-1
3.5274XlO^g- 1
3.2151 X 10~2 g-1
2.2046 X 10~3 g"1
11.0231 X 10~4 kg-1
9.8421XlO-^g- 1
f(M. W.)"1
g"1
1.811 5677
2.3010300
1.4525458
1.492 8090
2.6566658
2.571 9902
2.9576958
3.006 9138
1.1641707
24.2174366
1.464 8868
f!l88 4323
2.5474542
2.507 1910
3.343 3342
3.0423042
4.9930862
t M. W. denotes the molecular weight of the substance.
1 second, mean solar

1 second, sidereal
1 hour (tropical, mean solar)
1 day (tropical, mean solar)
1 day (sidereal)
1 year (tropical, mean solar)
1 year (tropical, mean solar)
=
=
=
=
=
=
5. Time [t]
1.00273791 sidereal sec
0.997270 sec (mean solar)
3.6000 X 10s sec (mean solar)
8.6400 X IO4 sec (mean solar)
365.2422 day (mean solar)
0.001
.998
3.556
4.936
4.935
7.499
2.562
1874
8126
3025
5137
3263
0946
5809
^
"
CONVERSION FACTORS.Continued
6. Time"1 ; Frequency ; "Velocity" of a Process [r1]
1 second-1 (sidereal)
= 1 . 0 0 2 7 3 8
sec'1 (mean solar)
1
2
1 minute- (mean solar)
=
1.66667 X IO" sec"1 (mean solar)
1
1 hour' (mean solar)
=
2.77778 X 10~4 sec"1 (mean solar)
1 day-1 (mean solar)
=
1.15741 X 10~6 sec"1 (mean solar)
1
1 year" (mean solar)
=
3.16888 X IO"8 sec"1 (mean solar)
1 year"1 (mean solar)
=
2.73791 X 10"MaV-1 (mean solar)
1 electron-volt, quantum"1
=
2.4292 X IO14 sec"1 (mean solar)
1 joule per mole, AT0"1 quantum"1
=
2.5173 X IO9 sec-1 (mean solar)
1 velocity of light, (angstrm unit)-1 =
2.9986 X IO18 sec"1 (mean solar)
1 velocity of light, millimicron-1
=
2.9986 X IO17 sec'1 (mean solar)
1 velocity of light, micron-1
=
2.9986 X IO14 sec'1 (mean solar)
1 velocity of light, millimeter-1
=
2.9986 X IO11 sec-1 (mean solar)
1 velocity of light, meter"1
=
2.9986 X IQ8 sec"1 (mean solar)
!radian
!circumference
!quadrant
!degree
1 minute
1 second
circumference!degree"1
1 minute-1
1 second"1
Entire space
!hemisphere
1 square degree
1
Entire space1 hemisphere-1

1 square degree"1
0.001
?-221
4.443
5.063
8.500
3.437
14.385
9.400
18.476
17.476
14.476
11.476
8.476
1874
8487
6975
4863
9054
4191
4575
9301
9185
9185
9185
9185
9185
=
=
=
=
=
=
7. Angle [e]
57.29578
degree
6.28319
radian
1.57080
radian
1.74533 X IO"2 radian
2.90888 X 10~4 radian
4.84814 X 10~6 radian
1.7581226
0.7981799
0.1961199
2.2418774
4.463 7261
6.685 5749
=
=
=
=
8. Angle"1 [0-1]
0.159155
radian'1
57.29578
radian'1
3.43775 X IO3 radian^1
2.06265 X IQ5 radian"1
.201 8201
1.7581226
3.536 2739
5.314 4251
=
=
==
9. Solid Angle M
12.5664
steradian
6.2832
steradian
3.0462 X 10~4 steradian
1.0992099
0.7981799
4.483 7548
=
=
=
10. Solid Angle"1 [o?"1]

7.9577 X 10~2 steradian-1
1.5916 X IO"1 steradian-1
3.2828 X IQ3 steradian"1
2.9007901
1.201 8201
3.516 2452
11. Temperature [T] (See also Thermometry, p. 52)

Fahrenheit
x F
= (f)(z - 32)0C
Reaumur
x R
= (f )xC
Absolute (Centigrade)....,
x K
= (x - T 0 ) 0 C
Absolute (Fahrenheit)
x Rankine = (%)(x - 491.58)0C
1 per degree F
1 per degree R
1 per degree K
12. Degree"1 (Thermometric) ; Expansivity ; Curie's Constant (magnetic) [T~ 1 }

=
1.8000 per degree C
=
0.8000 per degree C
=_
j
1.OOP per degree C
0.255 2725
. 903 0900
0.000 0000
13. Luminous Flux [\]

By definition, the total luminous flux emitted by a point source of one spherical candle power is 4n- lumen.
14. Dielectric Constant; Electrical Inductivity [e]; [/i"1^2]
Specific inductive capacity is of zero dimensions. It is numerically equal to the dielectric constant expressed in cgse or in fpse units.
1 6 X IO20 cgse unit

1.0000
cgse unit
1.0764 X IO"3 cgsm unit
9.6784 X IQ17 cgse unit
1 cgsm unit
1 fpse unit
1 fpsm unit
1 fpsm unit
=
=
=
==
1 cgse unit
1 fpsm unit
1 fpse unit
1 fpse unit
15. Magnetic Permeability ; Susceptibility [e"^"2*2]; [M]

=
8.9916 X IO20 cgsm unit
=
1.0000
cgsm unit
=
1.0764 X IO"3 cgse unit
=
9.6784 X IQ17 cgsm unit
20.953 8370
0.0000000
3.031 9684
17.985 8054
20.953 8370
0.0000000
3.0319684
17.985 8054
1 circular millimeter
1 circular mil
1 square inch
1 square foot
1 square yard
1 square mile
1 are
!hectare
1 acre
1 (circular millimeter)1 millimeter-2
!meter- 2
1 (circular mil)-1
!inch-2
1 foot-2
1 yard"2
1 mile"2
16. Area [I2]
7.8540 X ICT3 cm2
5.0671 X 10~6 cm2
6.4516
cm2
2
9.2903 X IO cm2
8.3613 X IO3 cm2
2.5900
km 2
1.0000 X IO2 m 2
1.0000 X l O 4 m 2
4.0469 X IQ3 m 2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
17. Area-1 [r2]

127.324
cm~ 2
100.0000
cm~2
0.0001
cm~2
1.9735 X l O 5 cm~2
0.15500
cm'2
1.0764 XlO~ 3 cm- 2
1.19599 X 10~4 cm'2
0.38610
km~ 2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
3.895 0899
(U. S.) 6.704 7591
(U. S.) 0.809 6692
(U. S.) 2.968 0316
(U. S.) 3.922 2742
(U. S.) 0.413 2995
2.000 0000
4.0000000
3.607 1196
.
2.1049101
2.000 0000
4.0000000
(U. S.) 5.295 2409
(U. S.) . 190 3308
(U. S.) 3.031 9684
(U. S.) 4.077 7258
(U. S.) 1.586 7005
18. Volume [Is] or [v]

1 liter
1 cubic inch
1 cubic foot
1 cubic yard
1 gallon (U. S.)
1 gallon (British)
1 bushel (U. S.)
1 bushel (British)
1 quart, dry (U. S.)
1 quart, liquid (U. S.)
1 quart (British)
1 fluid ounce (U. S )
1 fluid ounce (British)
1 liter-1
1 inch-3
1 foot"3
1 yard"3
1 gallon-1 (U. S.)
1 gallon-1 (British)
1 quart'1, dry (U. S.)
1 quart'1, liquid (U. S.)
1 quart'1 (British)
1 (fluid ounce)-1 (U. S.)
1 (fluid ounce)"1 (British)
1 inch per 0F
1 foot per 0F
1 meter per 0C
0
1 p e r gram F
1 per pound 0F
1 per pound 0C
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
20. Length Degree"1 [ZT7"1]

4.5720 cm per 0C
54.864 cm per 0C
100.00 cm per 0C
1 foot" second1 foot-2 second-1

1 mile-2 second"1
1 meter"2 second"1
X
X
X
X
X
X
cm3
cm3
IO 4 cm3
IO5 cm3
IO3 cm3
IO3 cm3
IO 4 cm3
IO 4 cm3
cm 3
cm3
cm3
cm 3
cm3
19. Volume-1 [Z~3] or [ir1]

9.9997 X 10~4 c m "
6.1023 X 10~2 cm~3
3.5314 X 10~5 cm"3
1.3079
m~3
4
2.6417 X 10~ cm~3
2.1997 X 10~4 cm~3
9.0808 X 10~4 cmr3
1.0567 X 10~3 cm"3
8,7988 X 10~4 cm"3
3.3814 X 10~2 cm-3
3.5195 X IQ- 2 Cm- 3
1000.027
16.387
2.8317
7.6456
3.7854
4.5461
3.5239
3.6369
1101.23
946.358
1136.521
29.5737
28.4130
=
=
=
=
"
'
21. Mass"1 Degree-1 [m-1?7"1]

1.8000
p e r gram 0C
3.9683 X 10~3 per gram 0C
2.2046 X IQ'3 per gram 0C
22. Area-1 Time-1 [1'H'1]
3.8750
cm~2 hr'1
1.0764 X 10~3 cm~ 2 sec'1
1.2184 X 10~3 cm"2 yr"1
3.600 X IQ"1 cm~2 hr"1
3.000 0117
(U. S.) 1.214 5038
(U. S.) 4.452 0474
(U. S.) 5.883 4112
3.578 1157
3.657 6376
4.547 0271
4.560 7276
3.0418771
2.9760557
3.0555776
1.470 9057
1.453 5176
3
4.999
(U. S.) 2.785
(U. S.) 5.547
(U. S.) 0.116
4.421
4.342
4.958
3.023
4.944
2.529
2.546
9883
4962
9526
5888
8843
3624
1229
9443
4224
0943
4824
0.660 1071
1.739 2883
2.000 QOOO
:
0.255 2725
3.598 6067
3.343 3342
(U. S.) 0.588

(U. S.) 3.031
(U. S.) 3.085
1.556
2709
9684
7951
3025
23. Velocity [Zr1]
1 foot per second
1 foot per minute
1 mile per hour
1 mile per minute
1 meter per minute
1 kilometer per hour
Velocity of light
30.4801
cm sec"1
0.5080
cm sec"1
44.7041
cm sec"1
2.6822 X IO3 cm sec"1
1.6667
cm sec"1
27.7778
cm sec"1
2.9986 X IQ10 cm sec"1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(U. S.) 1.484 0158

(U. S.) .705 8645
(U. S.) 1.650 3472
(U. S.) 3.428 4984
0.2218487
1.4436975
10.476 9185
24. Acceleration [lt~2]

2
1 foot per second

1 mile per hour second
1 mile per hour minute
1 meter per second2
1 kilometer per hour second
Gravity, standard
Gravity, standard
30.480 cm sec~2
44.704 cm sec"2
0.74507 cm sec~2
100.000 cm sec~2
27.778 cm sec"2
980.665 cm sec~2
32.174 ft. sec ~2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1 revolution per day

1 revolution per minute
1 revolution per second
1 degree per second
2
1 revolution per second

1 revolution per minute2
1 revolution per minute second
1 degree per inch
1 degree per foot
1 degree per centimeter
1 minute per centimeter
(U. S.) 1.484 0158

(U. S.) 1.650 3472
(U. S.) .872 1959
2.0000000
1.443 6975
2.9915207
(U. S.) 1.507 5049
=
=
=
=
25. Angular Velocity [or1]

7.2722 X 10~5 radian sec"1
1.0472 X IO"1 radian sec"1
6.2832
radian sec"1
2
1.7453 X 10~ radian sec"1
5.861 6662
.020 0286
0.7981799
2.241 8774
=
=
=
26. Angular Acceleration [or2]

6.2832
radian sec~2
3
1.7453 X 10~ radian sec~2
0.10420
radian sec"2
0.798 1799
3.241 8773
.020 0286
=
=
=
=
27. Twist ; Rotatory Power [Bl~l]

7 1 4 X 10~3 radian cm-1
5.7261 X 10~4 radian cm"1
1.7453 X 10~2 radian cm-1
2.9089 X 10~4 radian cm"1
28. Density; Volume Concentration; Solubility

1 gram p e r milliliter*
= 0 . 9 9 9
1 pound per inch3
=
1 pound per foot3
=
1 pound per gallon (U. S.)
=
1 pound per gallon (British)
=
1 slug per foot3 (gs)
=
Mercury t at O0C
=
* Numerically equal to specific gravity t/4.
(U. S.) 3.837 0428

(U. S.) 4.757 8616
?.241 8774
4.463 7261
(Non-gases) [ml~3] or [mv~1} (See also Hydrometer Tables, p. 31)

9 7 3 g cm~3
.999 9883
27.680
g cm~3
(U. S.) 1.442 1621
0.016018 g cm~3
(U. S.) 2.204 6183
0.119826 g em"3
.078 5502
0.099776 g cm~3
2.999 0282
0.5154 gem'-
(U. S.) T. 712 1233
15.5951 g cm~3
1.192 9882
t Internationally accepted conventional value to be used in expressing pressures in terms of columns of mercury.
29. Mass Concentration [WiW2"1]

(This quantity involves two distinct units of mass; when the two units are the same, the concentration is called the "titer,".or is
denoted as a per cent.)
1 gram per ton (2000 pound)
1 gram per ton (2240 pound)
1 milligram per assay ton
1 ounce (av.) per ton (2000 Ib.)
1 ounce (av.) per ton (2240 Ib.)
1 pound (av.) per ton (2000 Ib.)
1 pound (av.) per ton (2240 Ib.)
1 gram per ton (metric)
1 karat t
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
_=
* Equals one troy ounce per 2000 Ib. av.
1 gram weight (
g
g
1 poundal
1 pound weight (g.)
1 ton weight (2000 Ib.) (g.)
1 ton weight (2240 Ib.) (g.)
=
=
=
=
1.1023 mg per kilogram

*34.286 mg per kilogram
41.667 mg per gram
0.042
.993
1.535
1.494
1.445
2.698
2.649
0.000
1.619
3042
0862
1132
8500
6320
9700
7520
0000
7888
2.991
(U. S.) 4.140
5.648
8.949
8.998
5207
6816
1864
2164
4344
f 1 of gold to 24 of mixture.
30. Force [mir2]

980.665
dyne
1.3825 X IO4 dyne
4.4482 X IO5 dyne
8.8964 X IO8 dyne
9.9640 X IQ8 dyne
1 (gram weight)"1 (g.)

lpoundal"1
1 (pound weight)"1
1 pound-foot (QS)
1 pound-inch
1 kilogram-meter
1 poundal-foot
fa)
fa)
fa)
81. Force-1 [m"1/-1/2]
=
1.0917 X 10~3 dyne"1
=
7.2330 X 10~5 dyne"1
==_
2.2481 X 10~6 dyne"1
3.008 4793
5.8593184
6.351 8136
32. Torque ; Moment of a Force [ml2t~2]

= 1 . 3 5 5 8 X 107 dyne cm
=
1.1298 X IO6 dyne cm
=
9.8066 X IO7 dyne cm
=
4.2140 X IQ5 dyne cm
(U. S.) 7.132

(U. S.) 6.053
7.991
(U. S.) 5.624
2022
0210
5207
6974
33. Stress; Pressure; Tension; Young's Modulus; Modulus of Rigidity; Modulus of Compression; Bulk Modulus; Coefficient of
Skin Friction [ml~lr2]
1 barye
=
1.0000
dyne cm~ 2
0.000 0000
6
lbar
=
*1.0000 X IO dyne cm"2
6.0000000
1 gram weight per cm2 (OTS)
=
980.665
dyne cm"2
2.9915207
2
1 kilogram weight per m
fa)
=
98.0665
dyne cm"2
1.991 5207
1 kilogram weight per mm 2 (gs)
=
9.8066 X IO7 dyne cm"2
7.991 5207
1 pound weight per in.2 (gs)
=
(U. S.) 4.838 5173
1 pound weight per ft. 2
fa)
=
(U. S. )2.680 1548
1 ton (2000 Ib.) weight per in.2 (gs)
=
(U. S.) 8.139 5473
1 ton (2240 Ib.) weight per in.2 (g.)
=
(U. S.) 8.188 7653
1 ton (2000 Ib.) weight per ft. 2
fa)
=
9.5760 X 105 dyne cm-2
(U, S.) 5.981 1848
1 ton (2240 Ib.) weight per ft. 2 (g,)
=
10.7251 X IO5 dyne cm"2
(U. S.) 6.030 4028
0
2
2
1 centimeter of water at 4 C (g.)
=
9.80638 X IO dyne cm2.991 5090
1 inch of water at 40C
fa)
=
2.49082 X IO3 dyne cm"2
(U. S.) 3.396 3436
1 centimeter of mercury at O0C
fa)
=
1.33322 X 10* dyne cm'-2
4.124 9031
0
1 inch of mercury at O C
fa)
=
3.38639 X IO4 dyne cm"2
(U. S.) 4.529 7377
1 normal atmosphere
fa)
=
1.01325 X IQ6 dyne cm"2
6.005 7166
* This value accords with the only internationally accepted use of this term; but "bar" has also been used to denote a pressure of one dyne per cm2.
2
1 centimeter per gram weight

fa)
centimeter2 per kilogram weight
fa)
millimeter2 per kilogram weight
fa)
inch2 per pound weight
fa)
inch2 per ton weight (2000 Ib.)
fa)
inch2 per ton weight (2240 Ib.)
fa)
foot2 per pound weight
fa)
(centimeter of water at 40C)-1
fa)
(inch of water at 40C)-1
fa)
(centimeter of mercury at O0C)'1
fa)
(inch of mercury at O0C)-1
fa)
(normal atmosphere)"1
fa)
34. Stress"1 ; Compressibility [m'W]

=
1.0197 X 10~3 cm2 dyne"
=
1.0197 X 10~6 cm2 dyne"
=
1.0197 X 10~8 cm2 dyne"
=
1.4504 X 10~5 cm2 dyne"
=
7.2519 X 10~9 cm2 dyne"
=
6.4749 X 10~9 cm2 dyne"
=
2.0886 X 10~3 cm2 dyne"
=
1.0197 X 10~3 cm2 dyne=*
4.0147 X 10~4 cm2 dyne"
=
7.5006 X 10~5 cm2 dyne"
=
2.9530 X 10~5 cm2 dyne"
=
9.8692 X 10~7 cm2 dyne"
3.008 4793
6.008 4793
8.008 4793
. (U. S.) 5.161 4827
(U. S.) 9.860 4527
(U. S.) 9.811 2347
(U. S.) 3.319 8452
3.008 4910
(U. S.) 4.603 &564
5.875 0969
(U. S.) 5.470 2623
7.994 2834
35. Work ; Energy ; Heat M2r2]

1.0000
erg
1.0000 X l O 7 erg
1.00032
joule
9.80665
joule
1.35582
joule
101.328
joule
*101.323
joule
0.101325
joule
2.6845 X l O 6 joule
1.5927 X 10~19 joule
4.181
joule
4.185
joule
4.186
joule
1060.4
joule
1054.8
joule
1054.6
joule
1.8983 X IQ3 joule
0.0000000
7.0000000
0.0001390
0.9915207
(U.S.) 0.1322022
2.005 7283
2.0057067
.005 7166
(U.S.) 6.4288674
6.4290413
6.4228845
6.5563025
4.9847097
9.202 1463
0.6212802
0.6216955
0.6217992
3.025 4697
3.023 1701
3.023 0878
3.278 3613
1 centimeter-dyne
=
1 joule (absolute)
=
1 joule (International) (v)
=
1 meter-kilogram
fa)
=
1 foot-pound
fa)
=
1 liter-atmosphere (normal)
fa)
=
1 liter-atmosphere (45 lat.)
=
1 cubic centimeter-atmosphere (normal) fa) =
1 horse-power hour (FP hr.)
fa)
=
1 horse-power hour (electrical, U. S., British) =
1 cheval-vapeur heure
fa)
=
1 kilowatt-hour (abs.)
=
1 International volt (v) faraday
=
1 International volt (v) electronic charge
=
1 gram calorie (2O0C)
=
1 gram calorie (150C)
=
1 gram calorie (mean)
=
1 British Thermal Unit (390F)
=
1 British Thermal Unit (mean)
=
1 British Thermal Unit (6O0F)
=
1 Centigrade Thermal Unit (150C)
=
* 745 = 980.616 cm sec"2.
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
36. Power M2r3J
1 watt (absolute)
=
1.0000 X IO7 erg sec"1
1 watt (International) (v)
=
1.00032
watt (abs.)
1 meter-kilogram per second (gs)
=
9.80665
watt (abs.)
1 foot-pound per second (ga)
=
1.35582
watt (abs.)
1 horsepower, electrical (U. S., British)
=
*746.00
watt (abs.)
1 horsepower, electrical (Continental Europe)
=
*736.00
watt (abs.)
1 horsepower (H3) (0.)
=
f745.70
watt (abs.)
1 cheval-vapeur (gs)
=
735.499
watt (abs.)
* Defined in terms of the watt, commonly used in rating electrical machinery,
7.0000000
0.000 1390
0.9915207
(U. S.) 0.132 2022
2.8727388
2.866 0778
2.872 5649
2.866 5820
t Defined as 550 ft. Ib. per sec.
37. Action [ml2rl]

= 6 . 5 5 4 X IO"27 e r g s e
=
2.4292 X IO14 quanta
=
=
=
=
2.5173 X IO9 quanta
=
1.0535 X IQ10 quanta
1 Planck's quantum
1 volt electronic-charge second
1 volt faraday second
1 joule second
1 calorie (150C) second
1 joule second/'NQ*
1 calorie (150C) second/ATp*
1 6 5064
14.3854575
38.1680209
33.183 4936
33.805 1891
9.400 9302
10.022 6257
* No denotes Avogadro's number, the number of molecules per gram mole.
38. Fluidity [m~llt] (See also 39)

=|
1.0000 poise"1
1 rhe
0.0000000
39. Viscosity [w^r ]

1 poise
1 gram weight sec cm-2 (gs)
1 pound weight sec inch"2 (gs)
1 pound weight sec foot"2 (g.)
=
=
=
=
1.000
gram cm'1 sec"1
980.665
poise
6.895 X IO4 poise
4.788 X IQ2 poise
0.0000000
2.9915207
(U. S.) 4.838 5173
(U. S.) 2.680 1548
40. Kinematic Viscosity [Z2*"1]

1 poise centimeter3 gram"1
1 poise inch gram'1
1 inch2 second-1
1 poise foot3 pound"1
=
=
=
=
1.00OCm 2 SeC- 1
16.387 cm2 sec"1
6.451 cm2 sec'1
62.43 Cm2SeC"1
0.0000000
1.214 5038
(U. S.) 0.809 6692
(U. S.) 1.795 3817
41. Diffusivity ; Diffusion, Coefficient of [IH~1}

All quantities of the thing diffusing are to be expressed in terms of the same units. Heat diffusivity is numerically equal to heat conductivity divided
by the product of the density times the heat capacity (per unit of mass); all must be expressed in the same system of units.
1 liter centimeter"1 day"1

1 centimeter2 day"1
1 inch2 sec"1
=
=
=
1.1574 X IO"2 cm2 sec"1

1.1574 X IO"5 cm2 sec"1
6.4516
cm2 sec"1
2.063 4980
5.063 4863
(U. S.) 0.809 6692
42. Surface Tension [mt~2] (See also Capillary Constant, Table 43)
1 milligram weight per mm (gs)
1 milligram weight per inch (gs)
1 erg per centimeter2
1 erg per millimeter2
=
=
=
=
9.80665 dyne cm"1

0.38609 dyne cm"1
1.00000 dyne cm"1
100.00000 dyne cm"1
0.991 5207
(U. S.) T.586 6861
0.000 0000
2.000 0000
43. (Capillary Constant)2 [Z2]

The term "Capillary Constant" is used in two different senses; viz., either to denote a\ = \/y/pg, or to denote a^ = \^2y/pg. English authors generally
follow the former practice, and German authors the latter; neither use the subscript, y denotes the surface tension, g the acceleration of gravity, and p the
positive difference in the densities of the adjacent fluids.
1 inch2
1 millimeter2 (fli 2 ) (gs)
1 millimeter2 (<z22) (g)
1 inch2 (ai 2 ) (gs)
1 inch2 (a22) (gs)
=
=
=
=
6.451
cm2
*9.807
dyne cm"1 per
*4.903
dyne cm"1 per
*6.327 X IO3 dyne cm"1 per
*3.163 X IQ3 dyne cm"1 per
(g cm"3)
(g cm"3)
(g cm"3)
(g cm"3)
0.809 6692
0.991 5207
0.690 4907
(U. S.) 3.801 1899
(U. S.) 3.500 1599
* To convert a2, when referred to gs, to surface tension in dynes per cm, multiply a2 by the factor given in this table and by the difference in the densities (gram per cm3) of the adjacent fluids; if a2 is referred to g, multiply the resulting product by g/g,.
44. Thermal Conductivity [T-lndrz]
The dimensions practically employed in expressing this property are (Heat Area"1 Time"1 per Degree Length"1). Other conversion factors may be obtained
by combining those of Tables 35 (Heat), 22 (Area'1 Time'1) and 20 (Length Degree"1).
1 calorie (.15) cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1

1 calorie (20) cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1
= 4.185 joules (abs.) cm~2 sec'1 (0C, cm-1)"1

= 4.181 joules (abs.) cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)"1
0.621 6955
0.621 2802
3
44. Thermal Conductivity [T^mlr ].- Continued
0
1 British Thermal Unit (39 F) ft." see" ( F, in.- )- = 5.218 joules (abs.) cm- see" ( C, cm- )2
1
0
1
1
2
1
0
1
1
1 British Thermal Unit (mean) ft." sec" ( F, in." )- = 5.191 joules (abs.) cm" sec' ( C, cm- )"
0
2
1
0
1
1
2
1
0
1
1
1 British Thermal Unit (6Q F) ft." sec" ( F, in." )" = 5.190 joules (abs.) cm" sec" ( C, cm" )-
0.717 5452
0.715 2456
0.715 1633
45. Intensity of Radiation [rar ] or [ml-H-*\

1
The dimensions depend upon the point of view; when the receptor is considered, they are [Energy, Area" , Time" ]; when the radiation itself is considered
1
they are [Energy, Volume" ]. Conversion from one to the other involves the velocity of propagation; if this is the velocity of light in vacuo, the factors are as
1
10
given below; if the velocity is v cm sec" , the factors given must be multiplied by v/(2.9986 X IO ). For other units, combine these factors with those of Tables
1
1
1
19 (Volume" ), 22 (Area" Time" ), and 35 (Energy).
3
1 erg cm3
1 foofc-pound ft." (g9)
=
=
10
8 6 X IO erg cm" sec'

13
2
1
1.4357 X IQ erg cm~ sec"
10.476 9185
(U. S.) 13.157 0733
1
46. Luminous Intensity of a Source in a Given Direction [^w" ]

By definition of the lumen, a source of one spherical candle power emits 4ir(= 12.566) lumens. (See also Photometric Standards, in another section (consult index).)
1 candle, International
1 pentane candle
1 Hefner unit
1 Carcel unit
1 bougie decimale
1 English sperm candle
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.0000 Int.
1.0
Int.
0. 9o Int.
9.6
Int.
1.0
Int.
1.0
Int.
lumen per steradian

candle 1
candle
candle Approximate
candle
candle
0.000 0000
47. Illumination of a Surface W~2]

1 lux
1 meter-candle
1 phot
1 foot-candle
1 lumen foot"2
=
=
=
=
=
1.000
lumen meter"2
1.000
lumen meter"2
1.000 X IO4 lumen meter"2
10.764
lumen meter"2
10.764
lumen meter"2
0.000
0.000
4.000
(U. S.) 1.031
(U. S.) 1.031
0000
0000
0000
9684
9684
48. Surface Brightness [^"2W"1]

2
1 lumen centimeter" steradian"

1 lumen foot"2 steradian-1
1 candle centimeter-2
1 candle inch"2
=
=
=
==
1.0000
lambert
1.0764
millilambert
3.1416 X IO3 millilambert
4.8695 X IQ2 millilambert
0.000 0000
(U. S.) 0.031 9684
3.4971499
(U. S.) 2.687 4807
49. Electrical Quantity; Charge; Total Electric Displacement; Flux of Induction [e*m*t~1];
1 absolute coulomb
1 absolute coulomb
1 International coulomb (v)
1 International coulomb (a)
lcgsmunit
lcgsmunit
lcgseunit
lfpsmunit
lfpseunit
lfpseunit
1 ampere-hour (abs.)
1 electronic charge
1 electronic charge
!faraday
!faraday
!faraday
1 faraday
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.00010
Int. coulomb (v)
1.00007
Int. coulomb (a)
0.99990
abs. coulomb
0.99993
abs. coulomb
10.0000
abs. coulomb
*2.9986 XlO 1 0 cgse unit
3.3349 X 10~10 abs. coulomb
1.1758 X l O 2 cgsm unit
3.5839 X l O 3 cgse unit
1.1952 X IO"6 abs. coulomb

3.6000 X l O 3 abs. coulomb
1.5921 X 10~19 abs. coulomb
4.774 X 1O-10 cgse unit
9.6500 X l O 4 abs. coulomb
9.6510 X l O 4 Int. coulomb (v)
9.6507 X l O 4 Int. coulomb (a)
2.89365 X IO14 cgse unit
[fT^m^ft]
0.000 0434
0.0000304
.999 9566
.999 9696
1.0000000
10.4769185
10.523 0815
2.0703408
3.5543566
6.0774381
3.5563025
9.201 9639
.678 8824
4.9845273
4.9845707
4.9845577
14.461 4458
* Value of c; experimental value = 2.9979 X IO10 (Rosa and Dorsey, Bull. U. S. Bur. Standards, 3: 433; 07).
50. Electrical Quantity-1; Charge"1; Total Electric Displacement-1; Flux of Induction"1 [e~*w-*rt]; [/i*7nr*H]
1 absolute coulomb"1
= 0 . 9 9 9 9 0
Int. coulomb"1 (v)
.999 9566
1 absolute coulomb-1
=
0.99993
Int. coulomb"1 (a)
.999 9696
lcgsmunit- 1
=
0.1000
abs. coulomb-1
.000 0000
1
9
lcgseunit=
2.9986 X l O abs. coulomb-1
9.4769185
1 ampere-hour-1
=
2.7778 X 10~4 abs. coulomb-1
4.4436975
!faraday-1
=
1.0363 X 10~5 abs. coulomb"1
5.0154727
1 electronic charge"1
=
6.281
X IQ18 abs. coulomb"1
18.798 0361
61. Electrical Current [e*m*Z*r8]; IfTJmWr1]
1 absolute ampere
=
1.00010
Int. ampere (v)
1 absolute ampere
=
1.00007
Int. ampere (a)
1 International ampere (v)
=
0.99990
abs. ampere
1 International ampere (a)
=
0.99993
abs. ampere
lcgsmunit
=
10.0000
abs. ampere
lcgseunit
=
3.3349 X 1O-10 abs. ampere
1
1 faraday second"
=
9.6500 X l O 4 abs. ampere
1 International ampere (U. S. before 1911)
=
0.99916
Int. ampere (v)
l International ampere (England before 1906)
=
0.99870
Int. ampere (v)
1 International ampere (England 1906-8)
=
0.99894
Int. ampere (v)
1 International ampere (England 1909-10)
=
0.99990
Int. ampere (v)
1 International ampere (France before 1911)
=
0.9998
Int. ampere (v)
1 International ampere (Germany before 1911)
=
0.99968
Int. ampere (v)
52. Electrical Potential [e^mffir1]; [ji*m*gr2]
1 absolute volt
=
0.99958
Int. volt
1 absolute volt
=
0.99955
Int. volt
1 International volt (v)
=
1.00042
abs. volt
1 International volt (a)
=
1.00045
abs. volt
lcgsmunit
=
1.0000 X 10~8 abs. volt
lcgseunit
=
299.86
abs. volt
1 International volt (U. S. before 1911)
=
0.99916
Int. volt
1 International volt (England before 1906)
=
0.99870
Int. volt
1 International volt (England 1906-8)
=
0.99894
Int. volt
1 International volt (England 1909-10)
=
0.99990
Int. volt
1 International volt (Germany and France, before 1911) =
0.99968
Int. volt
0.0000434
0.0000304
.999 9566
.999 9696
J..000 0000
10.5230815
4.9845273
.999 6353
.999 4358
l .999 5399
1^.999 9566
l .999 9131
1.999 8610
(v)
(a)
(v)
(v)
(v)
(v)
(v)
.999 8176
.999 8046
0.0001824
0.0001954
8.0000000
2.4769185
l .999 6353
l .999 4358
1.999 5399
.999 9566
1.999 8610
53. Electrical Field Strength ; Potential Gradient; Dielectric Strength [c'Mr^r1]; [^mW t^]
1 cgsm centimeter"
=
1.0000 X 10~* abs. volt cm-1
8.000
1 cgsm inch-1
=
3.9370 X 10~9 abs. volt cm"1
(U. S.) 9.595
1 cgse centimeter"1
=
2.9986 X IO2 abs. volt cm"1
2.476
1 cgse inch-1
=
1.1805 X IO2 abs. volt cm"1
(U. S.) 2.072
1 volt inch-1
=
3.9370 X IQ"1
volt cm"1
(U. S.) 1.595
1
54. Electrical Resistance; Surface Resistivity [6"1Z"1*]; [pit'1}

I absolute ohm
= 0 . 9 9 9 4 8
Int. ohm
1 International ohm
=
1.00052
abs. ohm
1 cgsm unit
=
1.0000 X 10~9 abs. ohm
1 cgse unit
=
8.9916 X IO11 abs. ohm
1 International ohm (France before 1911)
=
0.9999
Int. ohm
1 Board of Trade unit (England 1903)
=
0.99984
Int. ohm
1 B. A. unit
=
0.98660
Int. ohm
1 "Legal ohm" of 1884 (England)
=
0.99718
Int. ohm
1 Siemens unit
=
0.94073
Int. ohm
55. Electrical Inductance [6"1Z"1*2]; [/ml]
= 0 . 9 9 9 4 8
=
1.00052
=
1.0000 X 10~9
=
8.9916 X IQ11
1 absolute henry
1 International henry
1 cgsm unit*
1 cgse unit
* Occasionally called a centimeter.
1 absolute farad
1 International farad
lcgsmunit
1 cgse unit*
lcgsmunit
1 absolute farad
* Frequently called a centimeter.
1 absolute ohm-centimeter
1 International ohm-centimeter
1 cgsm unit
lcgseunit
Int.
abs.
abs.
abs.
0000
1654
9185
0839
1654
.999 7741
0.0002259
9.000 0000
11.953 8370
1.9999566
.999 9306
.994 1420
1. .998 7727
1.973 4667
henry
henry
henry
henry
.999 7741
0.0002259
9.000 0000
11.953 8370
56. Electrical Capacity [el]; [^1I-1J2]

=
1.00052
Int. farad
=
0.99948
abs. farad
=
1.0000 X l O 9 abs. farad
=
1.1121 X 10~12 abs. farad
=
8.9916 X l O 2 0 cgse unit
=_
8.9916 X IQ11 cgse unit
0.0002259
.999 7741
_9.000 0000
12.046 1630
20.9538370
11.953 8370
57. Electrical Volume Resistivity [e'lti; IyI2J-1]

=
0.99948
Int. ohm-cm
=
1.00052
abs. ohm-cm
=
9.9948 X IQ-10 Int. ohm-cm
=
8.9869 XlO 1 1 Int. ohm-cm
. 999 7741
_0.000 2259
U.999 7741
11.9536111
67. Electrical Volume Resistivity [rt]; [^r1].Continued
1 microhm-centimeter
=
1.0000 X 10~6 ohm-cm
1 microhm-inch
=
2.5400
microhm-cm
1 ohm-inch
=
2.5400 X l O 6 microhm-cm
1 ohm (meter, millimeter2)
=
100.0000
microhm-cm
1 ohm (meter, millimeter)
=
78.540
microhm-cm
1 ohm (mil, foot)
=
1.6624 X HT1 microhm-cm
International Annealed Copper Standard (2O0C)
=
1.7241
microhm-cm
6.000 0000
(U.S.) 0.4048346
(U.S.) 6.4048346
2.0000000
1.895 0899
(U.S.) . 220 7433
0.236 5720
68. Volume Conductivity fcr1]; [AT1Z"2*]

1 absolute *ohm~!-centimeter=
1.00052
Int.* ohm'1 cm"1
1
1 International ohm^-centimeter=
0.99948
abs. ohm"1 cm"1
9
1 cgsm unit
=
1.00052 X IO Int. ohm'1 cm"1
1 cgse unit
=
1.11273 X 10~12 Int. ohm"1 cm"1
1 microhms-centimeter-1
=
1.0000 X l O 6 ohm"1 cnT1
1 microhm-Mnch-1
=
3.9370 X IO"1 microhm-1 cm"1
1 ohm-Mnch-i
=
3.9370 X 10~7 microhm"1 cm'1
1 ohm"1 (meter, millimeter2)-1
=
1.000 X 10~2 microhm"1 cm"1
1
1
1 ohm- (meter, millimeter)=
1.2732 X 10~2 microhm'1 cm"1
1 ohm'1 (mil, foot)-1
=
6.0153
microhm-1 cm"1
0
International Annealed Copper Standard (2O C)
=
0.5800
microhm"1 cm"1
100% conductivity (2O0C)
=
0.5800
microhm"1 cm"1
0.000 2259
T.999 7741
_9.000 2259
2.046 3889
6.0000000
(U.S.) .595 1654
(U.S.) 7.5951654
2.0000000
2.1049101
(U.S.) 0.7792567
1.763 4280
T.763 4280
* "Mho" is occasionally used instead of ohm"1.
59. Electrical Mass Resistivity [e~lml-H]} [pml^r1]

1 absolute ohm (meter, gram)
=
0.99948.
Int. ohm (meter, gram)
1 International ohm (meter, gram)
=
1.00052
abs. ohm (meter, gram)
1 cgsm unit
=
9.9948 X 10~6 Int. ohm (meter, gram)
1 cgse unit
=
8.9869 X IO15 Int. ohm (meter, gram)
1 ohm (milet pound)
=
1.7513 X 10~4 ohm (meter, gram)
1 ohm (centimeter, gram)
=
1.0000 X IO4 ohm (meter, gram)
1 ohm (centimeter, gram)
=
D*
ohm-cm
!International Annealed Copper Standard at 2O0C =
0.15328
ohm (meter, gram)
* D represents the density in grams per centimeter3.
1
1 absolute ohm" (meter, gram)

1 International ohm"1 (meter, gram)
1 cgsm unit"1
1 cgse unit"1
1 ohm"1 (mile, pound)
1 ohm"1 (centimeter, gram)
1 ohm"1 (centimeter, gram)
. 999 7741
0.000 2259
6.999 7741
15.953 6111
(U. S.) 4.243 3663
4.000 0000
T. 185 4738
t Density = 8.89 grams per centimeter8. See Table 61.
60. Electrical Mass Conductivity [cm"1/3/"1]; [tr^mrllt]

=
1.00052
Int. ohm"1 (meter, gram)
=
0.99948
abs. ohm"1 (meter, gram)
=
1.00052 X IO5 Int. ohm"1 (meter, gram)
=
1.1127 X 10~16Int. ohm'1 (meter, gram)
=
5.7100 X 10~3 ohm"1 (meter, gram)
=
1.0000 X 10~4 ohm"1 (meter, gram)
=
*D~l (ohm-centimeter)"1
0.000
.999
_5.000
16.046
3.756
4.000
2259
7741
2259
3889
6337
0000
* D-1 = reciprocal of the density in grams per centimeter3.
61. Constants of Annealed Copper as Accepted at Various Times

Data taken from U. S. Bur. Standards Circular No. 31
Temperature 0C
Germany
Germany
Lindeck,
A. I. E. E.
England
(Old "Nor- (Old " Nor- Matthiessen,
before 1907
(Eng. Stds. mal Kupfer" mal Kupfer" assuming
(MatthiesCom. 1904)
assuming
density =
density
sen value)
density 8.89)
8.89
8.91)
O
15
15.6
20
25
0.141362
0.150437
0.1608
0.153463
0.15648s
O
15
20
25
0.00428
0.004022
0.003943
0.003866
8.89
15.6
0.139590
0.148502
Bureau
Standards
and
A. I. E. E.
1911
Inter.
Annealed
Copper
Standard
1913
0.14172s
0.15065s
0.14106s
0.150034
0.141332
0.150290
0.151130
0.15285l
0.153634
0.153022
0.156610
0.15409s
0.15576s
0.155938
coefficient of resistance (mass constant)
0.004255
D- = w (1-3.8701J X IO'3 0.0042
J-Ct
tô
0.004
0.00395l
+ 9.009*2 X 10~6)
0.003922
0.00387s
0.003846
0.00380l
Density
(8.89)
(8.89)
8.89
8.89
0.153022
0.156010
0.15328
0.156262
0.004277
0.004019
0.00394
0.003864
0.004265
0.004009
0.00393
0.003854
8.89
20
8.89
20
Resistivity in ohms (meter, grams)

0.13927?
0.14157l
0.141729
0.148164
0.15014l
0.149974
0.151470
0.154440
Temperature
0.00425s
0.004
0.003922
0.003846
8.91
A. I. E. E.
1907 to
1910
62. Ionic Mobility [e*w"]; \ir*rtrWt]
1 centimeter2 second"1 per cgse unit of potential =
1 inch2 second"1 per cgse unit of potential
=
1 inch2 second"1 volt"1 (absolute)
=
3.3349 X IO"3 cm2 sec"1 volt'1 (abs.)

2.1515 X IO"2 cm2 sec"1 volt'1 (abs.)
6.4516
cm2 sec"1 volt"1 (abs.)
3.523 0815
(U. S.) 2.332 7507
(U. S.) 0.809 6692
63. Thermoelectric Power [e^m^r1?7"1]; LuW^r2T"1]

1 cgsm unit of potential per 0C
1 cgsm unit of potential per 0F
1 cgse unit of potential per 0C
1 cgse unit of potential per 0F
1 microvolt per 0F
=
=
=
=
=
1.0000 X IO"2 microvolt per 0C

1.8000 X 10~2 microvolt per 0C
2.9986 X IO8 microvolt per 0C
5.3975X10* microvolt per 0C
1.8000
microvolt per 0C
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
(abs.)
2.000 0000
2.255 2725
8.476 9185
8.7321910
0.255 2725
64. Peltier Coefficient [e^m^r1]; [/****&-]

1 joule per ampere-hour (absolute)
1 joule per ampere-hour (absolute)
1 joule per coulomb
1 joule per faraday
1 joule per electron
1 calorie (150C) per ampere-hour
1 calorie (150C) per coulomb
1 millivolt
=
=
=
=
=
==
=
=
2.7778 X IO"3 joule em"1

9.2636 X 10~14 joule es"1
10.000
joule em-1
1.0363XlO- 4 JOuIeCm- 1
6.2811 X IO19 joule em"1
1.1625 X IO"2 joule em"1
41.850
joule em"1
1.0000 X IQ"2 joule em"1
_3.443 6975
4.966 7790
!..000 0000
4.0154727
19.798 0361
2.065 3930
!1.621 6955
2.000 0000
65. Thomson Effect, Coefficient of; Specific Heat of Electricity [e~^Tn^r1T'1]; [^m^r^T"1]
1 joule coulomb"1 per 0F
1 joule es"1 per 0F
1 joule em'1 per 0F
IJOuIeCS- 1 PCr 0 C
1 joule faraday-1 per 0C
1 joule electron"1 per 0C
1 volt per 0C
=
=
=
=
=
1.8000
5.3975
0.1800
2.9986
1.0363
6.2811
1.0000
joule coulomb"1 per 0C

X IO9 joule coulomb-1 per 0C
X IO"5 joule coulomb-1 per 0C
0.255 2725
9.732 1910
. 255 2725
9.4769185
5.015 4727
18.798 0361
0.000 0000
66. Piezoelectric Constant [e*m-*l*t]; \-*nr*l-*t*i

1 em per kilogram weight (gs)
1 em per pound weight (gs)
l es per kilogram weight (gs)
l es per pound weight
fes)
1 coulomb per kilogram weight (ga)
1 faraday per kilogram weight (gs)
1 electron per kilogram weight (gs)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
3.0577 X
6.7411 X
1.0197 X
2.2481 X
3.0577 X
2.9507 X
4.868 X
IO4 es per dyne

IO4 es per dyne
IO"6 es per dyne
10~6 es per dyne
IO3 es per dyne
IO8 es per dyne
10~16 es per dyne
4.485
4.828
6.008
6.351
3.485
_8.469
6.687
3978
7321
4793
8136
3978
9251
3617
67. Magnetic Field Intensity; Magnetic Potential Gradient; Magnetizing Force [e*m*Z*r*]; LirWHr1]
Fgauss, absolute
1 gauss, absolute
1 International gauss (v)
1 International gauss (a)
1 cgsm unit
1 cgse unit
1 gilbert per centimeter
1 ampere-turn per centimeter
1 ampere-turn per inch
1 gamma, y
= 1 . 0 0 0 1 0
Int. gauss (v)
=
1.00007
Int. gauss (a)
=
0.99990
abs. gauss
=
0.99993
abs. gauss
=
1.0000
abs. gauss
=
3.3349 X IO"11 abs. gauss
=
1.0000
gauss
=
1.2566
gauss
=
0.49474
gauss
=
1.0000 X IQ"5 gauss
0.000 0434
0.0000304
.999 9566
. 999 9696
0.0000000
.523 0815
0.000 0000
0.099 2099
(U. S.) .694 3753
5.000 0000
68. (Magnetic Field Intensity)-1; Coefficient of Leduc Effect [e"*w-^"]; [^m~^t]

1 gauss"1 (absolute)
1 International gauss"1 (v)
1 cgsm unit-1
1 cgse unit"1
1 centimeter per gilbert
1 centimeter per ampere-turn
1 inch per ampere-turn
= 0 . 9 9 9 9 0
Int. gauss-1 (v)
=
1.00010
gauss" (abs.)
=
1.0000
gauss" (abs.)
=
2.9986 X IO10 gauss" (abs.)
=
1.0000
gauss"
=
7.9577 X IO"1 gauss"
=
2.0213
gauss"
.999 9566
0.0000434
0.0000000
10.4769185
0.000 0000
.900 7901
0.305 6246
69. Magnetomotive Force; Magnetic Potential [elm^~2]; [^m^r1]
1 gilbert, absolute
= 1 . 0 0 0 1 0
Int. gilbert (v)
1 gilbert, absolute
=
1.00007
Int. gilbert (a)
1 International gilbert (v)
0.99990
abs. gilbert
1 International gilbert (a)
=
0.99993
abs. gilbert
lcgsmunit
=
1.00000
abs. gilbert
1 cgse unit
=
3.3349 X 10~u abs. gilbert
1 ampere-turn
=
1.2566
gilbert
0.000 0434
0.000 0304
1.9999566
1.9999696
J). 000 0000
11.523 0815
0.099 2099
70. Magnetic Induction; Intensity of Magnetization [e~*w*H]; [^m*l~'t~l]

Units of Magnetization are not named
1 maxwell per centimeter2, absolute

1 maxwell per centimeter2, absolute
1 International maxwell per centimeter2 (v)
1 International maxwell per centimeter2 (a)
1 maxwell per inch2
1 cgsm unit
1 cgse unit
1 line per centimeter2
1 line per inch2
0.99958
Int. maxwell per cm2 (v)
0.99955
Int. maxwell per cm2 (a)
1.00042
abs. maxwell per cm2
1.00045
0.15500
maxwell per cm2
1.00000
2.9986 X IO10 abs. maxwell per cm2
1.00000
maxwell per cm2
0.15500
maxwell per cm2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
.999 8176
.999 8046
0.000 1824
0.000 1954
(U. S.) . 190 3308
0.000 0000
10.476 9185
0.000 0000
(U. S.) 1.190 3308
71. Flux of Magnetic Induction; Magnetic Flux; Pole Strength; Quantity of Magnetism [e~*m*Z*]; [^m*l*rl]
Units of Pole Strength and Quantity of Magnetism are not named
1 maxwell, absolute
1 maxwell, absolute
1 International maxwell (v)
1 International maxwell (a)
1 cgsm unit
1 cgse unit
1 line
1 volt-second
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
==
0.99958
Int. maxwell (v)
0.99955
Int. maxwell (a)
1.00042
abs. maxwell
1.00045
abs. maxwell
1.0000
abs. maxwell
2.9986 X IO10 abs. maxwell
1.0000
abs. maxwell
1.0000 X IQ8
maxwell
1 oersted, absolute
1 International oersted
1 cgsm unit
1 cgse unit
72. Magnetic Reluctance [eZr2]; [AT1Z"1]

=
1.00052
Int. oersted
=
0.99948
abs. oersted
=
1.0000
abs. oersted
=_
1.1122 X 10~21 abs. oersted
73. Hall Effect, Coefficient of [-*m-*l-*t*]; [f**m-*P]

1 volt centimeter per ampere gauss (absolute) =
1 volt inch per ampere gauss (absolute)
=
1 cgse unit
=
2.6962 X IQ31 cgsm unit
.999 8176
.999 8046
0.0001824
0.0001954
0.000 0000
10.4769185
0.0000000
8.000 0000
0.000 2259
.999 7741
0.000 0000
21.046 1630
9.000 0000
(U. S.) 9.404 8346
31.430 7555
74. Ettinghausen Effect, Coefficient of [e^m-^-W]; [m-WT]

0
I0C centimeter per ampere gauss (absolute) =
10.000
C cm per cgsm unit
0
0
I F inch per ampere gauss (absolute)
=
45.720
C cm per cgsm unit
I0C centimeter per cgse unit
. =
8.9916 X IQ20 0C cm per cgsm unit
0
1 volt per gauss C (absolute)

1 volt per gauss 0F (absolute)
1 cgse unit per 0C
1 minute per gilbert
1 minute per ampere-turn
1 radian per gilbert
Name of quantity
Electric :
Capacity
Charge, quantity
75. Nernst Effect, Coefficient of [^HT'1]]

=
1.0000 X 10s
=
1.8000 X IO8
=
8.9916 X IQ20
1.000 0000
1.660 1071
20.953 8370
[^l2rlT~l]
cgsm unit per 0C
cgsm unit per 0C
cgsm unit per 0C
8.000 0000
8.255 2725
20.953 8370
76. Verdet's Constant [e^m^lê]; [^m'^te]

=
1.0000
minute per cgsm unit
=
1.2566
minute per cgsm unit
=
3.4377 X 10s minute per cgsm unit
0.000 0000
0,099 2099
3.536 2739
77. Fundamental Electric and Magnetic Units

1 *Cgsm unit equals
j
Dimensions
Cgse
T>
..i
*
/
u
\
n
JPractical
.,
Practical units (abs.)
Cgse system ^
Cgsm system
c2
C
109 farad
10 coulomb
el
e*m*t~l
ji"1*"12
\ p^m^fi
IE~H
It
77. Fundamental Electric and Magnetic Units.(Continued)
e * I O 9 ohm-1 (cm, g ) 6 W
e2
IO9 ohm-1
2
e
IO9 ohm"1 cm"1
c
10 ampere
c2
flO 9 ohm"1 per (cm sec'1)
c
10 coulomb per cm2
c
10 coulomb
c~l 10~8 volt
c'1 10~8 volt cm-1
c"2 10~9 henry
c2
f IO9 ohm"1 per (cm sec"1)
c
IO8 cm sec"1 per (volt cm"1)
c2
IO9 farad cm"2
C-1 10~8 volt
c~2 10~9 ohm
c"2 10~~9 ohm (cm, g)
c~2 10~9 ohm
c~2 IO"9 ohm-cm
c"1 10~8 volt deg"1
1
1
Conductivity (mass)
Conductivity (surface)
Conductivity (volume)
Current
Dielectric constant
Displacement (local)
Displacement (integral)
Electromotive force
Field strength
Inductance
Inductivity
Ionic mobility
Polarization capacity
Potential..
Resistance
Resistivity (mass)
Resistivity (surface)
Resistivity (volume)
Specific heat of electricity (Thomson)
Specific inductive capacity
Magnetic :
Field intensity
Flux of induction (integral)
Induction (local)
Intensity of magnetization (volume)
Magnetic flux (integral)
Magnetizing force
Magnetomotive force
Permeability
Pole strength
Potential
Quantity
Reluctance
Susceptibility
c
C-1
c"1
c"1
c"1
c
c
C-2
c"1
c
c'1
c2
c~2
1 gauss
1 maxwell
1 maxwell cm"2
1
1 maxwell
1 gauss
1 gilbert
1 maxwell cm~2 per gauss
1
1 gilbert
1
1 oersted
Y^ maxwell cm~2 per gauss
^ r 1
elt~l
er1
JmÎh-*
e
e^w^Z"^"1
e?m%l*t~l
e^mWr1
e^m'Hr1
e~ll~ltz
c
e*ra"M
d~l
-*w*Z*r1
C-1Z"1*
~lml~H
6"1J-1J
e~lt
C-ImWr1T-1
zero
^mT1U
^1I-H
^1'H
p-*m*l*t~l
^1I-H2
/t~*m*Z~^
n~%m?l*
^m^ftr2
^m^t~2
^l
~ll~2tz
/x~*w*|*
iJ.~ll~H2
^m^fit'2
M/r1
v,ml~lt~l
plr1
plH~l
^m^lh^T'1
zero
R-1W-1I2
R-1
R-1I*1
I
]IE~H-lt
Il~H
It
E
El~l
Rt
ÎE~ll~lt
#~ 1Z2J-1
IE~ll~2t
E
R
Rml~2
R
Rl
ET~l
zero
e?m?l*r2
~*m*l?
e~*m*l~~%
c-*ra*H*
e-^mW
*w%"2
^m^lh~2
e-1^""2^2
e-%m*fi
*m*Z^~2
6-*m*Z*
2
Zr
C-1Z-2J2
/x-*w*J-*f~l
^m^r1
^m^l~h~l
^m^l~^t~l
fJmfyfy-1
/*"*m*Z~*i"1
n~^m^lh~l
p
^mWr1
^mWf1
n*m*l*t-1
At-1Z-1
At
II'1
Et
El~H
El~H
Et
/E"1
I
I~lEl~H
Et
I
Et
IE~lt~l
1'1El-1I
* For the purposes of International Critical Tables, c has been taken as 2.9986 X IO10 cm per sec, logio c = 10.476 9185, logio c"1 = 11.523 0815. This
is the accepted value for the velocity of light in vacuo. The best directly determined value of the ratio of the two electrical units of quantity gives c =
2.9979 X IO10 cm per sec. (Rosa and Dorsey, Bull. U. S. Bur. Standards, 3: 433; 07.)
t In practice this unit is not used; the quantity given in essentially every instance is the dimensionless "specific inductive capacity," which is numerically
equal to the dielectric constant expressed in cgse units.
J In this column are given the dimensions in terms of the practical electrical units, as these generally enter into the actual determinations of the several
quantities. As three basic electrical units are employed, alternative expressions are possible. T thermometric degree, E = potential, / = current,
R = resistance.
78, Indicated Conversion Factors

a = area, C = electrical capacity, T = thermometric degree,
d = density, E = electrical potential, e = electric charge, F
electrical field intensity, h = heat, m mass, Q => quantity of
magnetism, R = electrical resistance, t = time, v =* volume, =
dielectric constant, rj = viscosity, 0 == plane angle.
^r
/.
, ,
Name of quantityJ
^
Electricity
Electric displacement
Polarization capacity
Pyroelectric constant
Specific inductive capacity
Surface density of charge
Thermoelectric power
Volume density of charge
Heat, capacity
Latent
Reaction
Superficial latent
Transformation
Dimen.
sions
, , ,
Tables
eF
Ca-1
ea^T'1
zero
ear1
ET~l
ev"1
hm^T'1
hm'1
km"1
Aa"1
hm~l
14, 53
56, 17
49, 17, 12
49, 17
52, 12
49, 19
35, 21
35, 4
35, 4
35, 17
35, 4
Name of quantity
Radiation, index of absorption
Intensity of
Kerr's constant (magneto-optic)
Reflectivity
Refraction, index of
Solubility, gases in liquids
Viscosity, kinematic
.
sions
zero
ha^r1
BQ~la
zero
zero
zero
r?d-1
Tables
35, 22
7, 71, 16
39, 28
79. Hydrometer Scales

Unless the hydrometer is used in the liquid and at the temperature for which it is graduated, corrections must be applied
for the changed capillary depression and for the expansion (or
contraction) of the instrument. (The following table does not
include all scales which have been used.)
T = temperature at which the instrument is to be used; r =
reading of instrument; the specific gravity is with reference to
water at temperature T unless another temperature is indicated
in the last column.
79. Hydrometer Scales.Continued

Hydrometer
A. P. I. = American Petroleum
Institute.
*
Bates
Baume
T
0
6O F
= 15.560C
6O F
0
= 15.560C
Specific gravity
Dense
| Light
141 K
f^rn
131 5
- +r
sl*7
1000 + 2.78r
145.88
145.88 - r
145.88
135.88 + r
Hi^-,
146.78
146.78 - r
^r
146.78
136.78 + r
17 5 C
Baume
150C
144^ -
Baum
150^;
144.3
144.3 - r
n^-,
"
"C
aJgb
145
Baume
RO 0 F
Fischer
J3^7 "Hationar-
fi^
8+7
12.50R
= 15.6250C
17^7
40
_
400 - r
^Tr
400
400 + r
'--e
_ 1^*
- 15.W O
400 - r
1000 + 1Or
1000
10Q
Gerlach, or "new"
17.5 C
Holland, or "old".
12.50C
-~
12.50R
= 15.6250C
_ aOJ^
American
^
^
400
400
100 - r
I4EiZ?
146.78 - r
"-4-C)
14
T45~^7
Gay-Lussac
TwaddeU
" Rational "

(water at 40C)
= 15.560C
Fleischer
Stoppani
"Rational"
>-C
"*
Brix
Petroleum
wSb
Baum
"--'-
Rema rkB
1000
1O0R
= 12.50C
TABLE !.COORDINATES OF POINTS OF INTERSECTION OF

LOGARITHMIC GRAPHS(5)
40CT+^
__100_
100 4- r
166
- r
J%
^t at ^Q)
TECHNICAL EFFLUX VISCOMETERS: INTERPRETATION

AND INTERCONVERSION OF READINGS
WINSLOW H. HEBSCHEL
Since changes are made from time to time in the standardization
or method of operation of these instruments, and many old instruments are still in use, it is believed that in general the determination of kinematic viscosity from the readings of the instruments, and direct interconversions between instruments, when
used at the same temperature, may be made by the use of Fig. 1,
with as great precision (about 5%) as the data will warrant. It is
assumed that the instruments are used in the normal manner.
For the Saybolt instruments, a higher precision is occasionally
justified, and may be obtained by the use of Table 2.
If the instruments are used at different temperatures, appropriate temperature corrections must be applied. For lubricating
oils, the viscosity at one temperature may be estimated from that
at another by the approximate empirical rule, applicable between
100 and 2120F (37.8 and 10O0C), that the logarithmic viscosity-temperature graphs are straight and meet at a point,
temperatures being expressed in degrees Fahrenheit. (For other
temperatures see ( 1 7 8 )). The location of the point of intersection for .several classes of oils is given in Table 1.
VJQ = viscosity in poises; ^0 = temperature in 0F

Class of oils
I logio 7o I
??o
I logio t0 I
Paraffin base
3.58 0.0038
2.77
Naphthene base
3.88
.0076
2.57
Mixed base
3.43 .0027
2.78
Fatty oils
3.75 .0056
2.82
to
589
371
605
661
In estimating the viscometer reading at a given temperature for

a certain type of instrument, from an observed reading at another
temperature with another type of instrument, the following steps
may be taken.
1. Determine the kinematic viscosity corresponding to the
observed reading by means of Fig. 1.
2. Multiply by the density (g/cm3) so as to obtain the absolute
viscosity (17) in poises; find the logarithm of the absolute viscosity
and the logarithm of the temperature (t) of test (0F).
3. Plot the observed 77, t and the rj0,10 of the point of intersection,
as given in Table 1, on logarithmic paper. Or plot the corresponding logarithms on equispaced coordinate paper. In either
case, these two points locate a straight graph upon which the
viscosity at the desired temperature will be found.
4. Divide the absolute viscosity at the desired temperature by
the density at that temperature to get the kinematic viscosity.
From this, determine, by means of Fig. 1, the corresponding time
of flow on the desired viscometer.
It will be noted that the density under (2) and (4) must be the
density at the temperature under consideration, and not the
density at 6O0F (15.60C), which is generally the standard for
such density determinations.
If an instrument is used in an irregular manner, appropriate
corrections must be applied ( 2 3 6 9).
TABLE 2.SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL AND SAYBOLT FUROL VISCOMETERS
Units: Time (/), sec; kinematic viscosity = (7?AO, poise/(g
per cm3).
Saybolt Universal
t
I
rj/d
32
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
|
*
0.0115
25
0.0417
26
0.0740
27
0.103 28
0.130 29
0.156
30
0.181
35
0.206
40
0.266
45
0.324
50
0.381 60
0.437
70
0.492
80
0.548
90
0.603
100
0.658
Saybolt Furol
I
n/d
0.486
0.512
0.537
0.562
0.586
0.610
0.730
0.846
0.960
1.072
1.292
1.507
1.724
1.939
2.155
For higher viscosities the kinematic viscosity is equal to 0.00220J

for the Saybolt Universal, or to 0.0216* for the Saybolt Furol.
LITERATURE
(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)
C 1 ) Fortseh and Wilson, 45, 16: 789; 24. ( 2 ) Ganz, 252, 6: 218; 99. ( 3 )
Herschel, 32, No. 100; 17. ( 4 ) Herschel, 244, 10: 31; 22. ( 5 ) Herschel,
46, 14: 715; 22. ( 6 ) Holde, Examination of hydrocarbon oils, 1917.
(7) Lane and Dean, 45, 16: 905; 24. ( 8 ) MacCoull, 253, 7: No. 6; 21. (.)
Ubbelohde, Tabellen zum Englerso-hen Viskosimeter, 1907.
Fio. 1.Conversion diagram for viscosimeters at a common temperature (*).
SELECTED TECHNICAL TERMS

N. ERNEST DORSET
In this section are given the definitions of numerous units, and
very brief explanations of such technical terms as occur in many
sections of the I. C. T. or are for other reasons more suitably considered here than elsewhere. Other terms will be explained where
they occur in the body of the work. Symbolical explanations
will be given wherever they appear to be satisfactory. In many
cases, dimensional formulae (see p. 18) are given; these are
enclosed in [ ]. Symbols are enclosed in ( ). The sequence will
be: Name, symbol or symbols, dimensional formula, definition or
explanation; but the symbol or formula, or both may be omitted.
For the explanation of the symbols employed in the formulae and
explanations, see p. 16.
Aberration, Constant of.[0]. tan (V-v)/c. V}v= maximum and
minimum velocity of earth in its orbit, c = velocity of light in
vacuo.
Absolute. (abs.). 1. An adjective, descriptive of a system of
units which is based upon the smallest possible number of
independent units. In this connection, every specification of a
definite substance or of a vacuum is to be regarded as the
introduction of an independent unit. 2. Absolute zero. The
temperature at which the pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal
gas, maintained at a constant volume, becomes zero. 3.
Absolute temperature. The temperature reckoned from the
absolute zero.
Absorption.When the absorption of radiation by a substance is
such that J = J0e~klj J, J0 = intensity, I = length of path, k
is the coefficient of absorption, k/d = coefficient of mass
absorption. Writing k = (47r/n)/X, n index of refraction,
X = wave length in vacuo, kf = index of absorption. (Some
call k'n the index.)
Absorptivity.Ratio of radiant energy absorbed to that absorbed,
under same conditions, by a black body.
Action, Planck's constant of.See Planck.
Ampere.Unit of electric current. Abs. ampere =0.1 cgs unit.
Int. ampere is that unvarying electric current which, when
passed through a solution of silver nitrate in water, in accordance
with certain specifications, deposits silver at the rate of
0.00111800 gram per second.
Ampere-turn.Unit of mmf. Difference in magnetic potential
between the facesoof a coil of one turn carrying one ampere.
Angstrom unit.(A). [I]. 10~10 meters. International Angstrom defined as such a length that wave-length of red cadmium
line in air at 150C, An, is exactly 6438.4696 Int. A; it = 10~10 m
within experimental error.
Anomalistic.Anom. year [month] = time between successive
passages of earth [moon] through perihelion [perigee].
Aphelion.Point of planet's orbit farthest from sun.
Apogee.Point of moon's orbit farthest from earth.
Aries, First point of.-Designation of position of vernal equinox
(see Celestial sphere); not at present in constellation Aries.
Assay ton.[m]. 29% grams; as many mg as there are troy
ounces in short ton.
Astronomical unit of length.Mean distance (q.v.) earth to sun;
149.50 X IO6 km.
Astronomical unit of mass.Mass of sun.
Astronomical unit of time.Mean solar day.
Atmosphere.[force area"1], [m/lt2]. 1. Normal atmosphere
(An) defined as pressure exerted by vertical column of liquid
76 cm long, density 13.5951 grams per cm3, acceleration of
gravity being 980.665 cm sec"2. 2. Atmosphere at 45 (A45)
differs from An only in use of acceleration of gravity at sea level
and lat. 45 instead of 980.655 cm see"2. 3. British atmosphere

is based on 30 inches instead of 76 cm.
Avogadro's number.(JV0). [m"1]. Number of molecules in a
mole.
Bar.[force/area], [m/lt2]. Internationally accepted unit of pressure; = IO6 dyne/cm2. Has also been used to denote one
dyne/cm2 (cf. Barye).
Barye.[force/area], [m/lt2]. The cgs unit of pressure, one dyne/
cm2. (In accordance with recommendation of special committee of International Congress of Physicists, Paris, 1900, and
with the usage of the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures.) (cf. Bar).
B. A. unit.A unit of electrical resistance based on certain coils
prepared in 1863-1864 by British Association for Advancement
of Science.
Black Body.One which absorbs all radiant energy incident upon
it. Its radiance of wave-length X is J\ dX; the intensity, J\ =
d\-5[eC2/xT - I]'1, T = absolute temperature, Ci, C2 are
radiation constants. Total radiance (J) is J*J\ dX taken over all
wave-lengths. / = <rTA, a = Stefan, or Stefan-Boltzmann constant of total radiation. For each T there is a wave-length
(X7n) for which /\( =Jm) is a maximum; Jm = C1T5J C1- = intensity coefficient ; X7n = w/T7 w = Wien's displacement constant.
Board of Trade unit.1. A unit of electrical resistance based upon
certain coils preserved by British Board of Trade. 2. (B. T.u.).
Unit of work. Generally used in England as equivalent of one
kilowatt-hour. (To be distinguished from British thermal unit
(BTU).)
Boltzmann's molecular gas constant.(k0). [ml2/t2T]. Gas
constant (q.v.) per molecule.
Bougie decimale.[^w"1]. An old unit of luminous intensity/
0.05 Violle unit.
Brightness./l2<*>]. Luminous intensity per unit of apparent
area of the luminous surface; if emission follows Lambert's law,
brightness is independent of direction of line of sight, otherwise
it is not; in latter case, line of sight is assumed to be normal to
the surface unless the contrary is stated.
British Thermal Unit.(BTU). [energy], [ml2/t2]. Heat per
pound, per 0F of rise, required to produce small rise in temperature of water under pressure An; varies with temperature, which
must be stated. "Mean" BTU = Kso of heat required to
0
0
raise one Ib. of water from 32 F to 212 F, pressure An. (To be
distinguished from Board of Trade unit (B.T.u.).)
Bulk modulus.[stress], [m/lt2]. Hydrostatic pressure divided by
resulting decrease in volume per unit volume. Also called
volume elasticity, cubical elasticity, resistance to compression,
modulus of compression (cf. compressibility).
Calorie.[Heat], [ml2/t2]. 1. Heat per unit of mass, per 0C of
rise, required to produce small rise in temperature of water under
pressure An; varies with temperature, which must be stated.
If unit of mass is gram, it is called small calorie, gram calorie,
or calorie; symbol is cal. If unit of mass is kilogram, it is called
large calorie, kilogram calorie, or Calorie; symbol, CaI. (2)
Mean calorie = Koo of heat required to raise unit mass of
water from O0C to 10O0C, pressure An.
Candle.(ca). [^w"1]. Basic photometric unit of luminousintensity. A value determined by international agreement, and
maintained at certain national laboratories by means of incandescent electric lamps is known as the "International candle."
Candle per square centimeter.[^/Z2co]. Brightness of surface
which, in direction considered, has a luminous intensity of one
candle per cm 2 of apparent area; TT lamberts. Similarly: Candle

per sq. in., etc.
Candlepower.(c.p.). Luminous intensity in terms of candles.
Capacity, heat.1. Of a substance, is heat per unit of mass,
per degree of rise, required to produce a very small rise in
temperature, also called specific heat, and thermal capacity.
2. Of a body, is heat, per degree of rise, required to heat the
body.
Capacity, electrical.Of body A with reference to body B is
Q/(VA V\ all other bodies in the field being insulated and
uncharged; Q = charge on A; VA-, VB potential of A1 B.
Capacity, polarization.Of one electrode with reference to another
is its electrical capacity per unit of area.
Capillary constant.(a). [I]. 1. British usage : a^ = y/(di d2)g;
y = surface tension, g = acceleration of gravity, (d\ d2)
= positive difference in the densities of the fluids separated
by the surface. 2. German usage: a22 = 2y/(di dz)g.
(The subscripts to the a are usually omitted.)
Carat fine.See Karat.
Crcel unit.A superseded unit of luminous intensity; approximately = 9.6 Int. candles.
Celestial sphere.Sphere, concentric with earth, serving to locate
angular positions of celestial bodies; its intersection with plane
of earth's orbit [equator] is called ecliptic [celestial equator] ;
intersections of ecliptic and equator are called equinoxes ; motion
of equinoxes with reference to stars is called precession of equinoxes, it is resultant of an oscillatory and a nearly uniform
motion, a fictitious equinox possessing only the latter motion
is called mean equinox. The mean equinox through which sun
passes in spring of northern terrestrial hemisphere is called
mean vernal equinox, and is point from which celestial longitude (along the ecliptic) and mean right ascension (R. A.)
(along the equator) are measuredpositive to the east. Intersections of the sphere and the axis of rotation of earth are called
celestial poles ; that of the sphere and its diameter perpendicular
to plane of ecliptic called poles of the ecliptic. Declinations
are measured from equator along great circles passing through
the polespositive towards north; celestial latitudes, from
ecliptic along great circles passing through poles of ecliptic
positive towards north. The pole of the sphere has a motion
compounded of a nearly uniform progressive motion and a
rotation about a point having the former motion; that point
is called mean pole, its motion is the precession of the pole,
the rotation of the true pole about the mean pole is called the
nutation of the pole; mean (angular) distance between mean
pole and true pole is called constant of nutation.
Centi-,Prefix denoting MooCentigrade.(C). Thermometric system in which freezing
point of water is called 0 and its boiling point is called 100;
pressure = An.
Centigrade thermal unit.(CTU). [energy], M2/*2]. Differs
from British Thermal Unit only in the substitution of Centigrade for Fahrenheit scale.
Centimeter.(cm). 1. The cgs unit of length, 0.01 meter. 2.
Often used to denote cgse unit of electrical capacity. 3.
Occasionally used to denote cgsm unit of electrical inductance.
Centimeter-dyne.[work], [mlz/i2]. One erg.
Centimeter of water [of mercury, etc.] at t.[force/area], [m/lt2].
Denotes pressure exerted by a vertical column of water [of
mercury, etc.] one cm long, temperature t, at a place where
acceleration of gravity is gs ( = 980.665 cm/sec2).
Cheval-vapeur.[work/time], [ml2/Is]. 1. Primary definition, 75
meter-kilograms per second. Also called force de cheval,
continental horsepower, Pferdekraft. 2. For electrical purposes, generally regarded as exactly 736 watts; may be called
continental electrical horsepower.
Circular inch.(cir. in.). [Z2]. Area of a circle one inch in

diameter. Similarly for circular mil (cir. mil), circular millimeter (cir. mm), etc.
Compressibility.[It 2 /m]. Reciprocal of bulk modulus.
Compression, modulus of.[m/lt 2 ]. See Bulk modulus.
Concentration.1. The amount per unit of volume; may be called
volume concentration. If amount is measured by mass, the
symbol is C. 2. The mass of the material per unit of mass of
the mixture containing it; may be called mass concentration.
If both masses are expressed in terms of the same unit, this
concentration is generally called the titer of the mixture.
Conductance.Reciprocal of resistance.
Conductance, Specific.See Conductivity, electrical.
Conductivity, Electrical.Reciprocal of electrical resistivity (q.v.).
1. (K) Volume conductivity = reciprocal of volume resistivity;
specific conductance. 2. Mass conductivity = K/d; d = density. 3. Equivalent conductivity (A) is K/C; c = equivalents of
solute per unit volume of solution. 4. Molecular conductivity
(ju) is K/m] m = moles of solute per unit volume of solution.
Conductivity,
Thermal.[(heat /area-time) /(TJl)];
[ml/Tt*].
r\ff
dQ/dt = kdxdy-jT-; Jc = thermal conductivity, dQ = amount

of heat through dxdy, in direction dz, in time d, do = increase
in temperature in distance dz.
Coulomb.The quantity of electricity transferred in one second
by a current of one ampere,
Critical.1. Any point, line, or region serving to locate a well
marked transition may be described as critical. 2. As regards
condensation of vapors, the temperature corresponding to the
isotherm above which liquefaction is impossible is called the
critical temperature; the vapor pressure at which the two
phases are in equilibrium at the critical temperature is the
critical pressure; volume of unit mass at the critical pressure
and temperature is the critical volume. These three values are
called the critical constants.
Cubic.(cu.), (3). Used in conjunction with name of unit of
length to form name of a related unit of volume; e.g., cubic
meter (cu. m) (m3) is name of a unit of volume equivalent to
volume of a cube with edges one meter long.
Cubic centimeter atmosphere.See Liter-atmosphere.
Curie.Internationally defined as amount of radon (radium
emanation) which can exist in equilibrium with one gram of
radium.
Current.(/). The current of x through a surface S is / =
dx/dt, where dx is the amount of x which passes through S in
time dt. The density of the current through S at a given point
is crs = dl/dJSj where d/ is the current at that point through an
element of S of area dS. The value of <r varies with the orientation of dS, and for a certain orientation it is a maximum. The
normal, in the direction of the flux, to the element so oriented
is the direction of the current; and this maximum value of <r
is called the density, or the intensity, of the current at that point.
Dalton.[m]. A unit of mass, He mass of atom of oxygen.
Approximately 1.65o X 10~24 grams.
Day.(da), [t], 1. Solar day = interval between successive
transits of sun across same meridian. It is not of uniform length.
2. Mean solar day = average length of all the solar days in
a tropical year. This is the basis of all our time measurements and is what is meant by day unless the contrary is
definitely indicated. 3. Sidereal day = interval between successive transits of true vernal equinox. 4. The day defined by
successive transits of same fixed star is not used in astronomical
computations, and appears to have no name.
Deci-.Prefix denoting Mo
Declination.1. Of celestial objects. See Celestial sphere. 2.
Magnetic declination = angular deviation of horizontal com-
ponent of earth 's magnetic field from northerly measured

geographic meridian; easterly deviations, positive.
Degree.1. (), (deg). Unit of difference in temperature; size
depends upon thermometric scale employed. 2. (). Unit of
angle, %$Q of complete circumference. 3. (). Hydrometer
degree is an arbitrary unit of difference in specific gravity; its
value depends upon type of hydrometer (see p. 31).
Deka-.Prefix denoting 10.
Demal.A concentration of one g-equivalent per dm3.
Density.1. Volume density = dQ/dv, dQ = amount of the physical quantity considered which is contained in the element
of volume dv. 2. Density of a substance, (d), (D), is dm/dv,
m = mass. When, on a particular scale of operation, the
density varies from point to point, it may be that on a larger
scale it will not; then the density on the larger scale may properly be called the apparent density (sometimes called bulk
density) when operations on the smaller scale are being considered. 3. Surface density = dQ/ds, ds = element of area of
surface over which do is distributed.
Dielectric constant.(). [t2/^2], M. The force (/) of repulsion
between two point charges (e, e') of electricity at a distance
(r) apart in a uniform medium of great extent is / = ee'/er2;
e depends upon the nature of the medium, and is called its
dielectric constant.
Diffusion, Coefficient of.See Diffusivity.
TN-A
*
i (A).
/ A N F quantity
^/j.
Diffusivity.1.
p^ / /vol. ,. concen.1
.
h [l2/t]. jdQ/dt
J
^ ' L area time/
distance J
= A(dc/dx)dydz.
dQ = amount of Q passing through area
dydz in direction of x in time dt, dc/dx = rate of increase, in
direction of X1 of volume concentration of Q. Also called
heat
.
area /\ mm e
specific heat X density X temp."! I" heat conductivity 1
"*"
distance
J L density X specific heat J
[l*/t]. dQ/dt = -Atcd(dT/dx)dydz, At = heat diffusivity, c =
specific heat, d density, T = temperature. Atcd = thermal
conductivity. At also called temperature conductivity.
Displacement constant, Wien's.See Black body.
Displacement, Electric.See Induction, electrostatic.
Draconic month.See Nodical month.
Dyne.[ml/t 2 ]. The cgs unit of force. The force which, when
acting continuously upon a mass of one gram and not opposed
by another, will impart to the mass a uniform acceleration of
one cm per sec.2
Dyne-centimeter.[force length], [ml2/t2]. The torque of one
dyne acting on a lever-arm of one cm.
Ecliptic.See Celestial sphere.
Elastic modulus.Ratio of stress to resulting elastic strain. There
are as many types of moduli as there are types of strain. 2.
Occasionally used to denote Young* s modulus.
Elasticity.1. Cubical; see Bulk modulus. 2. Longitudinal; see
Young's modulus. 3. Shear; see Rigidity. 4. Torsional; see
Rigidity. 5. Modulus of; see Elastic modulus.
Electric displacement, field strength, etc.See corresponding
nouns.
Electromagnetic unit of quantity of electricity.See Quantity of
electricity.
Electromotive force.(E) 1 (emf). See Potential.
Electron.Negative electrons are very small negatively charged
particles observed under many, very diverse conditions. All
appear to be alike in every way, including amount of charge
carried. They appear to be one of the basic elements of which
atoms are made.
Electronic charge.(e). A quantity of electricity, of either sign,
which is numerically equal to the electric charge carried by an
electron.
Electronic mass.(m0). The mass of a negative electron when

moving with a velocity much less than that of light. \
Electronic ratio.(e/m0). Ratio of electronic charge to electronic
mass.
Electrostatic unit of quantity of electricity.See Quantity of
electricity.
Elongation.Distance of an oscillating, or of a revolving, body
from a point of reference; e.g., the distance of an electron from
the nucleus about which it revolves.
Emissivity.Ratio of radiance of the body to that of a black body
at same temperature. If radiation of only one wave-length is
considered, it is monochromatic emissivity ; if all wave-lengths,
it is total emissivity. The ratio of the radiances (or of the
emissivities) of two non-black bodies is called relative emissivity
of first with respect to second.
English sperm candle.See Sperm candle.
Equation of tune.See Time.
Equator.1. The intersection of surface of the earth, or other
rotating spheroid, with the plane through its center perpendicular to its axis of rotation. 2. The intersection of the surface
of a spheroid with a plane through its center and perpendicular
to any diameter chosen as axis. 3. Celestial equator. See
Celestial sphere.
Equinox.See Celestial sphere.
Equivalent.(equiv). Electrochemical equivalent (briefly equivalent) of an ionactual or potentialis its formula weight
divided by its valence.
Erg.[force distance], [ml2/t2]. Work done by a force of one
dyne while acting through a distance of one centimeter in its own
direction.
Erg-second.[work time], [ml2/t]. The action produced by one
dyne acting through one cm in one sec.
Expansion, coefficient of.See Expansivity.
Expansivity.[T'1]. 1. Volume expansivity = dv/(vdT). 2.
Linear expansivity = dl/(ldT). V1I1 T ~ volume, length, temperature; dv[dl] is change in v[l] produced by change dT in
temperature.
Fahrenheit.(F). A thermometric system in which 32 denotes
the freezing, and 212, the boiling point of water under pressure
of An.
Farad.Capacity of electrical condenser which is charged to a
potential difference of one volt by one coulomb.
Faraday.(F). A subsidiary unit, the electrical charge carried
in electrolysis by one gram-equivalent.
Field.The field of a physical quantity is the region of space
within which phenomena characteristic of the quantity exist.
The strength, or intensity, of the field at any point is measured
by the magnitude at that point of some chosen, characteristic
phenomenon, and the complete designation of the field includes
an indication of this phenomenon; e.g., electrical field of force.
As force is the phenomenon most frequently chosen, an$ in other
cases the context indicates what is intended, the explicit designation of the chosen phenomenon is quite frequently oniitted.
Field intensity.The strength, or intensity, of a field of force at
any point is d//dw, where d/ is the mechanical force experienced
by dm, a vanishingly small amount of m placed at that point.
For an electrical field, m is positive electricity; for a magnetic
field it is a north magnetic pole; for a gravitational field it is
mass. Magnetic field strength is frequently called magnetizing
force.
Fluidity.(<p). Reciprocal of viscosity. Also called coefficient of
fluidity.
Flux.1. Flux ($) of vector (V) through surface S is $ = f VndS;
'S
Vn = component of V normal to dS, integral is to be taken

over S. 2. Flux of a quantity Q through surface is ^ *= dQ/dt,
dQ amount of Q which passes through S in time dt. 3. From

point source. If V = I/r2, where r = distance from source and
7 is a constant independent of direction, 7 is called intensity
of the source, and ^ = 7o>; o> = solid angle subtended, at the
source, by S (cf. Intensity, luminous).
Flux, Luminous.(4/). Flux of radiant energy expressed in
terms of its power to produce luminous sensation in the human
eye.
Flux, Magnetic.Flux of magnetic induction.
Foot-candle.[^/I 2 ]. Unit of illumination, one lumen per square
foot.
Foot-lambert.MV/VI- Unit of brightness; see Lambert.
Foot-pound.[ml 2 /t 2 ]. Work required to raise one pound a
vertical distance of one foot, where g = 980.665 cm/sec2 (cf.
meter-kilogram).
Foot-poundal.[ml 2 /t 2 ]. Work done by force of one poundal
(q.v.) acting through a distance of one foot.
Force.[ml/t 2 ]. That which imparts acceleration to material
bodies.
Force, Electromotive.See Potential.
Force, Magnetizing.See Field intensity.
Force, Magnetomotive.See Potential.
Force de cheval.See Cheval-vapeur.
Frequency.(v). [N/t]. Number per unit of time. In case of
vibrations, waves, etc., the frequency is the number of complete vibrations, of complete waves, etc., per unit of time.
Gamma.(7). [\/m/plt2], [\/mle/t4]. A unit of magnetic field
intensity; 0.000 Ol gauss.
Gas constant.1. (R). [work/mass-degree], [I*/PT]. The
coefficient R in the ideal gas equation pv = RTm; p = pressure,
v volume of the mass m at absolute temperature T. 2.
(R). [work/mole-degree]. Gas constant per mole obtained
by expressing m in moles. 3. (k). [work/molecule-degree],
[ml2/t2T]. Boltzmann's molecular gas constant: obtained by
expressing m in terms of number of molecules.
Gas, Ideal.One which strictly satisfies the equation (pv RTm)
and other relations deduced from the classical kinetic theory of
gases on the assumption that the molecules are infinitely small
and devoid of mutual attraction.
Gauss.[VW/*ft2L l^/mlc/t4]. The cgsm unit of magnetic
field intensity.
Gaussian gravitation constant.The square root of the intensity of
the gravitational field of force of the sun at a point whose distance from the sun is the astronomical unit of length (cf. Gravitation constant).
Geepound.See Slug.
Gilbert.[\/ml/[j,t 2 ], [\/eml3/t*]. Electromagnetic unit of magnetic potential, of magnetomotive force. Unless contrary is
indicated, it is the cgsm unit. In precise work, the International
gilbert, based upon the Int. elee, units, should be distinguished
from the absolute, or cgsm, gilbert.
Grade.[O]. Unit of plane angle, Moo of complete circumference.
Gram atom.See Mole.
Gram calorie.See Calorie.
Gram equivalent.See Mole.
Gram formula weight.See Mole.
Gram weight.See Weight.
Gravitation constant.(G). [l3/mt2]. The coefficient G occurring in the equation / = G (mm')/r2', f = force of gravitational
attraction between two point masses (m, m') in vacuo, r =
distance between m and mf (cf. Gaussian gravitation constant).
Gravity, Acceleration of.(g), (gs). [l/t2]. Unless the contrary
is indicated, this expression refers specifically to the earth,
and denotes the resultant acceleration downward experienced
by a freely falling body placed at the point considered. It
includes centrifugal effects arising from the rotation of the
earth, as well as the effects of gravitational attraction (cf.

Gravity, standard).
Gravity, Specific.See Specific gravity.
Gravity, Standard.(gs). [l/t2]. Standard gravity is the value
adopted by the International Committee on Weights and
Measures as the "accepted" value of the acceleration of gravity
to which all measurements involving this quantity are to be
referred. Thus a pressure of x cm of mercury at tC is to be
understood as denoting the pressure exerted by x cm of mercury
at tC at a place where the acceleration of gravity is gs. The
accepted value is gs = 980.665 cm/sec2 (= 32.174 ft./sec2).
Heat.1. By the heat of a process is meant the amount of heat
evolved, per unit quantity of material involved, during the
isothermal process, the process proceeding in the direction
indicated. The quantity of material may be expressed in
terms of mass, of moles, of equivalents, etc., as may seem
desirable. 2. By the latent heat of a transformation is meant
the amount of heat absorbed per unit quantity of material
transformed, the transformation proceeding in the direction
indicated. Latent heat of transformation of A to B = (heat
of transformation of A to B) = heat of transformation of B to A.
Heat diffusivity.See Diffusivity.
Heat, Specific.See Capacity, and Specific heat.
Hecto-.Prefix denoting 100.
Hefner unit.A superseded unit of luminous intensity; approximately = 0.9 Int. candles.
Henry.W,[t*/d]. Unit of electromagnetic inductance. Defined
as that inductance for which an induced electromotive force
of one volt is produced when the inducing current is changed
at the uniform rate of one ampere per second.
Horsepower.(h.p.). [work/time], [ml2/t3]. 1. (KP) Primary
definition of the term is work done at the rate of 550 foot-pounds
per second. 2. For electrical purposes it is regarded as exactly
= 746 watts, which is frequently called the electrical horsepower.
3. Continental horsepower. See Cheval-vapeur.
Humidity.1. Absolute humidity of a gas is the actual amount of
water vapor per unit volume of the gas. Usually expressed in
terms of the actual pressure of the water vapor present. 2.
Relative humidity of a gas = ratio of the pressure of water vapor
present to the pressure of water vapor which is in equilibrium
with water at the same temperature. 3. Dew-point of a gas is
the temperature at which the pressure of water vapor in equilibrium with water is equal to the actual pressure of the water
vapor contained in the gas. If the temperature of the gas be
varied while its absolute humidity remains unchanged, then the
dew-point is that temperature at which the relative humidity
is 100%. 4. If the bulb of a thermometer be encased in a
fabric which is kept wet with water (wet-bulb), the thermometer
will record a lower temperature than if the bulb were dry (drybulb). If the circulation over the wet bulb is sufficiently rapid,
the difference in the temperatures depends solely upon the
total pressure of the gas, its absolute humidity, and its temperature. Hence the humidity of the atmosphere, or of any other
very large volume of gas, can be readily determined by the use
of wet- and dry-bulb thermometers.
Hydrometer.An instrument which, by the extent of its submergence, indicates the specific gravity of the liquid in which it
floats. Frequently, its readings are expressed in degrees ().
Various systems of graduations are in use, see p. 31.
Hygromtrie.Pertaining to humidity of atmosphere.
Hypsometry.The art of measuring the elevation above sea-level.
More specifically, the use of the boiling-point of water for such
measurements.
Ice point.(T0). Temperature at which water freezes when
under the pressure of one normal atmosphere.
Ideal gas.See Gas, ideal.
Illumination.[t/l 2 ]. The illumination at a point of a surface is the surface density of the luminous flux incident at
that point.
Inch of water [of mercury, etc.] at t.Analogous to cm of water
(.o
Index of absorption.See Absorption.
Index of refraction.See Rfraction.
Inductance.The electrical inductance of circuit A with reference
to circuit B is /M//B; Â = flux of magnetic induction through
A as a result of the current IB in B. A and B may be the same
circuit.
Induction.1. That modification which is acquired by a medium
when it becomes the seat of a field of force, and which is evidenced by the fact that its boundaries with other media exhibit
distinctive properties which they do not possess in the absence
of the field. 2. The distinctive properties mentioned in (1);
as in magnetization by induction, induced electric charges, etc.
3. Electrostatic induction. [\/m/pl~3], l\/em/Uz]. eF, e =
dielectric constant, F = intensity of electrostatic field of force.
Electric displacement = cF/4ir. 4. Magnetic induction (B).
[\/fj,m/lt2],
[-v/w/eZ3]. B = pH, M = magnetic permeability,
H = intensity of magnetic field of force. 5. Electromagnetic
induction is the phenomenon which is characterized by the
appearance, in every circuit, of a cyclical emf which is proportional to the rate of change of the flux of magnetic induction
through that circuit.
Intensity coefficient.See Black body.
Intensity, Field.See Field intensity.
Intensity, luminous.1. Of a point source in a given direction =
amount of luminous flux, per unit of solid angle, which the source
emits in the direction considered. 2. Of a point of an extended
source = brightness of that point of the source; also called
intrinsic brightness. 3. Of an extended source, in a given
direction, is its intensity at a point so distant in the stated
direction that the source may be regarded as a point. For
nearer points the apparent intensity will depend upon the
distance, and is defined as the intensity of that point source
which at the same distance will produce the same illumination
(cf. flux).
Intensity of magnetization.See Magnetization.
Intensity of radiation.1. The intensity of the radiation emitted
in a specified direction by a body is the amount of radiant
energy emitted in that direction, per unit of time, per unit of
area, and per unit of solid angle of emission. For spectral, or
monochromatic, intensity, See Radiance. 2. Of received radiation, See Irradiation. 3. Of radiation in transit. The amount
of radiant power per unit area which passes through an element of area which is normal to the direction of propagation;
this equals the volume density of radiant energy at the point
considered.
International electrical units.A system of electrical and magnetic units based upon the ohm, the ampere, and secondarily
upon the volt, all as realized by certain concrete standards
which have been internationally agreed upon, and upon the
cgs units for such other quantities as may be involved. The
concrete standards have been so chosen as to make the international system nearly identical with the practical system; as
now defined, the outstanding discrepancy in no case exceeds
52 parts in 100 000. In distinguishing between the two systems, the units of the practical system are described as absolute, those of the other, as international. The introduction
of the volt as a secondary unit defined by a concrete standard
(Weston normal cell = 1.018300 Int. volts at 2O0C) introduces
confusion when measurements of high precision are to be
recorded. In these Tables, values based upon the Int. ohm
and the Int. ampere (as defined by the silver voltameter) are
denoted by (a). Those based on the Int. ohm and the Int.
volt (as defined by the standard cell) are denoted by (v).
Irradiation.The radiant power, per unit of area, incident upon a
surface.
Joule.[mZ2/<2]. 1- Absolute joule = IO7 ergs. 2. International
joule = work expended per second by an Int. ampere in an
Int. ohm.
Karat.(K). Denotes the "fineness of gold" in terms of parts
(by weight) of gold per 24 parts of the alloy. Twenty-four g
of an n karat alloy contains n g of gold, the alloy is "w carats
fine."
Kelvin.(K). Name applied to the absolute centigrade scale of
temperature.
Kilo-.Prefix denoting 1000.
Kilogram calorie.See Calorie.
Kilogram-meter.A torque equivalent to that of one kilogram
weight acting on a lever-arm one meter long.
Kilowatt-hour.Work expended by one kilowatt in one hour.
In Great Britain it is quite generally called Board of Trade unit
(B.T.u.).
Kinematic viscosity.[l2/t]. Ratio of viscosity to density.
Lambert.[^/J2]. The brightness of a surface which, radiating
in accordance with Lambert's law, emits a total luminous flux of
one lumen per cm2. For such a surface, brightness is independent of direction of the line of sight and equals I/T lumen,
per steradian, per cm2 = I/TT candles per cm2. If the total
emission is one lumen per sq. ft., the brightness is called one
foot-lambert.
Lambert's law. / = 70cos0; I0[I] = intensity of radiation
emitted in direction normal [at angle O with normal] to the
surface. In many cases this law does not express the facts.
Latent heat.(J, L). See Heat.
Latitude.(lat.). 1. The angular distance of a point from the
equator of a spheroid, measured along a great circle passing
through the poles. 2. Celestial latitude. See Celestial sphere.
Legal ohm.A unit of resistance; so designated by the International Conference of 1884, and defined as the resistance
of a column of mercury 1 mm 2 in cross-section and 106 cm
in length at the temperature of melting ice. It was never
legalized.
Light-year.Distance traveled by light in free space in one
year.
Line.Unit of flux of magnetic induction = one maxwell.
Liter-atmosphere.The amount of external work done when a
volume is increased by one liter against an external pressure of
one atmosphere.
Longitude.(long.). 1. The longitude of a point is the angle
which its axial plane makes with a fiducial one. For the earth,
angles measured from the fiducial plane towards the west are
usually considered positive. 2. Celestial or astronomical
longitude. See Celestial sphere.
Loschmidt's number,(n 0 ). [l~3]. Number of molecules per
unit volume of an ideal gas at O0C and pressure An.
Lumen.[^]. Fundamental unit of luminous flux. A uniform
point source of one candle emits 4?r lumens.
Luminous flux.See Flux, luminous.
Luminous intensity.See Intensity, luminous.
Lunar month.The time which elapses between successive new
moons. Also called synodical month.
Lux.A unit of illumination, one lumen per square meter.
Magnetic flux.See Flux, magnetic.
Magnetic induction.See Induction.
Magnetic moment.See Moment.
Magnetization, Intensity of.Magnetic moment per unit of
volume (cf. moment).
Magnetomotive force.(mmf ). See Potential.
Magnitude.The magnitude, or apparent magnitude, (m) of a

star is primarily an indication of the amount of light the earth
receives from it. The value to be assigned to the latter depends
upon the characteristics of the perceptive apparatus: visual,
photovisual, photographic, and radiometrie magnitudes are
to be distinguished. Certain stars near the north pole have
been chosen as standards; the numerical magnitudes assigned to
them are such as represent satisfactorily the range covered by
early naked-eye estimates, and satisfy the equation m = 2.5
(logio/o logio/), / = intensity of light from a star of magnitude m, and I0 = that from one of magnitude zero. For Vega,
m = 0.2; a star of m = 6 is near the limit of naked-eye visibility.
The absolute magnitude M is internationally defined as the
apparent magnitude the star would have if its distance were 0.1
parsec; M = m + 5 -f- 5 logio71", TT = parallax expressed in ".
Mass, Engineers' unit of.See Slug.
Maxwell.The cgsm unit of flux of magnetic induction.
Mean distance.In astronomical parlance, the mean distance of a
planet from the sun denotes the mean of the greatest and the
least distance from the sun to the path of the planet. Similarly
in other cases.
Mean spherical candlepower.Average candlepower of a source,
in all directions.
Mega-.Prefix = 1 000 000.
Megmho.Conductance of one reciprocal microhm.
Meter-candle.The illumination of an element of surface one
meter distant from a uniform source of one candle situated upon
the normal to the center of the element. One lux.
Meter-kilogram.[ml2/t2]. Work required to raise one kilogram
a vertical distance of one meter at a place where the acceleration
of gravity is 980.665 cm/sec.2
Mho.An electrical conductance of one reciprocal ohm.
Micro-.Prefix denoting 1/106.
Microhm.10~6 ohm.
Micromicro-.Prefix denoting 1/1012.
Micron.(M). Unit of length = 1/106 m = 0.001 mm.
Mil.0.001 in. (cf. Circular inch).
Muli-.Prefix = 0.001.
Millimicro-.Prefix = 0.000 000 001.
Minute.1. (min). Time, M440 of a day. 2. ('). Unit of
angle, Ho degree. 3. ( N ). Centesimal minute = unit of
angle =0.01 grade.
Modulus.1. See Elastic modulus. 2. For the several elastic
modulibulk, compression, elasticity, rigidity, torsion, Young's
see distinguishing name.
Mohs.An arbitrary scale of hardness based upon a selected list
of 10 native minerals.
Mole.A variable, derived unit of mass; its mass is numerically
equal to the molecular weight of the substance measured. The
expressions gram-mole, kilogram-mole, etc. are used to designate the basic unit of mass employed. Similarly derived units
based upon the atomic weight, the formula weight, or the
equivalent are called the gram-atom, gram-formula weight or
gram-equivalent when the gram is the basic unit, and correspondingly in other cases.
Molecular.For molecular properties, see appropriate properties.
Molecular volume.Volume occupied by one mole. Molecular
weight divided by density.
Molecular weight.(M). The sum of the atomic weights of all
the atoms contained in a molecule.
Moment.1. Of force (F) about a point = Fl, I = perpendicular
distance from the point to the line of F. 2. Of a couple =
product of either force times perpendicular distance between
them. 3. Of a magnet = moment of couple acting upon it
when it is at right angles to a magnetic field of unit
intensity. 4. Of inertia about an axis = sum of the products
of each element of mass times the square of its distance from

the axis.
Month.1. Period of time determined by motion of moon. See
lunar, synodical, tropical, sidereal, anomalistic, nodical, draconic. 2. Solar month = Ji 2 f tropical year. 3. Calendar
month = conventional subdivision of year.
Myria-.Prefix = 10 000.
Node.1. A point of a standing wave where the displacement is
independent of the time. 2. In astronomy, the points where
an orbital, or other, plane cuts the ecliptic; the rising node is
the one at which the passage across the plane of the ecliptic is
from south to north.
Nodical month.Time required by the moon to pass from one
rising node to the next. Also called draconic month.
Noon.See Time.
Normal.1. The normal to a surface is a line drawn perpendicular
to the surface at the point considered. 2. Any line perpendicular to another may be said to be normal to it. 3. A concentration of one gram-equivalent per liter.
Normal atmosphere.(An). See Atmosphere.
Numeric.(N). A pure number. A dimensionless quantity.
Nutation.See Celestial sphere.
Oersted,The cgsm unit of magnetic reluctance.
Ohm.(O). A unit of electrical resistance. 1. Absolute ohm =
IO9 cgsm units. 2. International ohm is the resistance, at the
temperature of melting ice, offered to an unvarying electric
current by a column of mercury, of constant sectional area, having a mass of 14.4521 grams and a length, at the temperature
mentioned, of 106.300 cm.
Ohm-centimeter.Unit of electrical volume resistivity. The
resistivity of a material of which a uniform bar one cm2 in
sectional area has a longitudinal resistance of one ohm per cm
of length. Frequently called one ohm per centimeter cube.
Ohm (cm, gram).Unit of electrical mass resistivity. The
resistivity of a material of which a bar, having such a uniform
section that its mass per linear cm is one gram, has a longitudinal
resistance of one ohm per cm of length.
Ohm (meter, mm).Unit of electrical volume resistivity. The
resistivity of a material of which a circular cylinder one mm
in diameter has a longitudinal resistance of one ohm per meter.
Ohm (meter, mm2).Unit of electrical volume resistivity. The
resistivity of a material of which a circular cylinder one square
mm in sectional area has a longitudinal resistance of one ohm
per meter.
Ohm (mil, ft.).Analogous to ohm (meter, mm). Cylinder one
mil in diameter, resistance of one ohm per foot.
Ohm (mile, pound).Analogous to ohm (cm, gram).
Ohm-inch.Analogous to ohm-centimeter.
Parallax.!.. The annual parallax of a star is defined as the maximum angle subtended by one astronomical unit of length at
the distance of the star from the sun. 2. The equatorial horizontal parallax of a member of the solar system is the maximum angle subtended by the equatorial radius of the earth at
the distance of the earth from the member considered.
Parsec.The distance of a star for which the annual parallax is
one second of arc.
Pentane candle.A superseded unit of luminous intensity = one
Int. candle.
Percent.(%). The number of units of the constituent in 100
units of the mixture containing it. If units of volume are used,
the ratio is called volume percent; if units of mass, it is called
mass percent, weight percent, or simply percent. (% must be
distinguished from % 0 which is frequently used to denote per
thousand.)
Perigee.That point of the moon's orbit which is nearest to the
earth, (c/. apogee).
Perihelion.That point of a planet's, or comet's, orbit which is

nearest to the sun (cf aphelion).
Permeability.GU.) The force (/) of repulsion between two
rigidly magnetized poles (ra, m') at a distance r apart is / =
(mmf)/(iJLr2); M depends upon the material in which the poles are
immersed, and is called its permeability.
Pferdekraft.See Cheval-vapeur.
Phot.An illumination of one lumen per cm2.
Photoelectric constant.1. h/e. It is l/v of the rise in potential
required to impart to a negative electron the energy it has
when emitted under the action of radiation of frequency v.
2. hc/e. This is X times the rise in potential mentioned in (1).
X = wave-length in vacuo.
Planck's constant of action.(h). [ml2/t]. A universal constant
which fixes the amount of energy contained in the individual
bundles, or quanta, of radiation emitted by a radiating body.
Each such bundle contains an amount of energy = h?, v =
vibration frequency of the radiation, h is also called Planck's
quantum.
Poise.[m/lt]. The cgs unit of viscosity. If the tangential
force, per unit area, which one layer of a fluid exerts upon an
adjacent one is one dyne when the space rate of variation of the
tangential velocity from layer to layer is unity, the viscosity
of the fluid is one poise.
Poisson's ratio.If a bar of uniform section be subjected to a pure
tensile stress, the ratio of its transverse contraction per unit of
transverse thickness to its elongation per unit of length is called
the Poisson's ratio of the material.
Pole strength.See Quantity of magnetism.
Poncelet.Unit of power = 100 meter-kilograms per second.
Potential.The excess of the potential at the point A over that at
Bj with reference to any quantity m, is the mechanical work per
unit of m which must be done in carrying a very small positive
amount of m from B to A. The difference in electrical potential
is called electromotive force, emf, potential difference; in
magnetic potential, is called magnetomotive force, mmf.
Potential gradient.The space rate of increase in the potential.
If the direction in which the rate to be measured is not
stated, that corresponding to the maximum gradient is to be
understood.
Pound weight.See Weight.
Poundal.The unit of force in the fps system. It is the force
which, if acting continuously upon a mass of one pound, will
impart to it a uniform acceleration of one foot per second2
(cf. Dyne).
Power.1. The time rate of doing work. 2. If when the two
junctions of a bimetallic circuit differ in temperature by a small
amount (d), there is an open circuit emf (dE) around the
circuit, then (dE)/(dt) is called the thermoelectric power of the
circuit, corresponding to the average temperature of the two
junctions. 3. The ability to do some specific thing; as in
rotatory power.
Practical electric units.A system of electrical units based upon
IO9 cm, 10~~n gram, sec, and the permeability of a vacuum, as
fundamental units. The units of most interest are the ohm
( = 109 cgsm), ampere ( = 0.1 cgsm), and volt ( = 108 cgsm).
Frequently described as absolute (cf. Int. elee, units).
Precession of the equinoxes.See Celestial sphere.
Pressure.(p), (P). [m/lt2]. Normal force per unit of area.
A hydrostatic pressure is a pressure which is the same in all
directions. For critical pressures, see Critical.
Quadrant.1. Unit of angle = 90. 2. Formerly used occasionally to denote the henry.
Quantity of electricity.1. (es). The electrostatic unit is that
quantity which when concentrated to a point and placed at
unit distance from an equal point charge will exert upon it a
unit force, the surrounding medium being a vacuum. 2. (em).

The electromagnetic unit is that quantity which is transferred
per unit of time across any section of an infinitely long, straight,
linear conductor when the current is such that the intensity
of the resulting magnetic field at unit distance from the conductor is unity. 3. For other unitscoulomb, electronic
charge, faradaysee corresponding names.
Quantity of magnetism.Also called pole strength. 1. The
electromagnetic unit is that quantity which when concentrated
to a point pole and placed at a unit distance from an equal point
pole will exert upon it a unit force, the surrounding medium
being a vacuum. 2. The electrostatic unit is that quantity
which when concentrated to a point pole and placed at a unit
distance from an infinitely long, straight, linear conductor would
experience a unit force as a result of a current in the conductor
such that one electrostatic unit of electricity per second is
transferred across each section of the conductor. 3. The Int.
electric unit is not named, it is the same as the cgsm unit.
Quantum.1. Certain processes are essentially discrete, and consequently parcel out into bundles the several quantities involved.
If for a certain quantity and a particular process these bundles
are all alike, it is now customary to call them quanta, without
implying that the quantity so bundled has in itself any atomistic properties. 2. Planck's quantum. See Planck.
Radian.An angle which encloses, of the circumference of a concentric circle, an arc = radius.
Radiance.The radiance of a body, within the spectral range
Xi to X2, is defined as the intensity of the radiant energy, having wave-lengths lying between X1 and X2, which the body
emits in a direction perpendicular to its radiating surface. If
the spectral range is not mentioned, all wave-lengths are to be
included; this is frequently called the total radiance. The
spectral, or monochromatic, intensity of the radiance of wavelength X is defined as the ratio of the radiance within the range
(X %d\) to (X + J^dX) to dX, when the latter is indefinitely
small (cf. Emissivity).
Radiation constants.See Black body.
Rankine.A name sometimes applied to the absolute Fahrenheit
scale of temperature.
Reaumur.(R). A thermometric system in which the freezing
point of water is called 0, and the boiling point, 80.
Reflectivity.The ratio of the intensity of the light specularly
reflected from a surface to the intensity of the light incident
upon it. It is a pure numeric.
Refraction.1. The index of refraction, refractive index, or
refractive exponent is n = sin i /sin r; i = angle of incidence
from a vacuum upon the substance, and r = angle of refraction, each measured from the normal to the surface. 2. Refractivity is (n 1). 3. Specific refractivity (TG) is (n l)/d.
Specific refraction (rL) is (n2 l)/d(n2 H- 2). d = mass per
unit of volume. 4. Molecular refractivity = Mr0. Molecular refraction = Mr^ M = molecular weight. By replacing
M by the atomic weight, the corresponding atomic values are
obtained. 5. Refractive constant of a solute is its specific
refractivity computed on the assumption that the refractivity
of the solution is equal to the sum of the refractivities of its pure
constituents each multiplied by the ratio of its mass per unit
volume of the solution to its own density when pure.
Reluctance.The magnetic reluctance of a body between two
specified equipotential surfaces is the ratio of the difference in
the two potentials divided by the flux of magnetic induction
from [to] either surface to [from] the body. It has no significance unless these two fluxes are the same.
Resistance.1. The electrical resistance of a body between two
specified equipotential surfaces is E/Ij where E is the unchanging difference in the potentials of the surfaces and / is the result-
ing current across any transverse section between them. 2.

Specific resistance. See Resistivity.
Resistivity.1. [resistance X length]. Resistivity, or volume
resistivity, of a substance is the longitudinal resistance per unit
of length of a uniform bar of the substance of unit sectional
area. 2. [resistance X mass/(length)2]. Mass resistivity of a
substance is the longitudinal resistance per unit of length of a
uniform bar of the substance of such a sectional area that it
contains one unit of mass per unit of length. 3. [resistance].
Surface resistivity is the resistance per unit of length of a strip
of the surface of unit width. It has reference solely to the
current which is restricted to the surface.
Rhe.Name proposed for cgs unit of fluidity; = one reciprocal
poise.
Right ascension.See Celestial sphere.
Rigidity.If to the four faces of a cube which are parallel to a
given edge there be applied tangential stresses which are equal
in absolute value, perpendicular to the given edge, and so directed
as to produce a pure distortion, the other two faces will be
deformed into diamond shaped figures if the material is isotropie. The modulus of rigidity is defined as the quotient of
the stress on any one of the faces divided by the resulting change
in any one of the angles of a distorted face. Also called modulus
of shear, Coulomb*s modulus, modulus of torsion (the last is
undesirable).
Rotation.See Rotatory power.
Rotatory power, Optical.1. The natural rotatory power is e/I1
where 6 is the rotation of the plane of polarization which occurs
in a path of length L The specific rotatory power ([a]) is
B/dl, d = density. The molecular [or atomic] rotatory power
is M0/dl [or A0/dl\] M = molecular, A = atomic weight. 2.
The magnetic rotatory power is 0/(IH cos a), where H = intensity of the magnetic field and a == angle between H and the
path of the light. It is commonly called Verdet's constant.
From the magnetic rotatory power, the specific ([]), molecular, and atomic magnetic rotatory powers are derived exactly
as in the case of natural rotation. The ratio of any one of these
quantities to the corresponding one for a chosen reference substance is called the relative power. Water is the reference
substance commonly chosen, and [O] is used to denote the
molecular magnetic rotatory power relative to water,
Rydberg's fundamental frequency, and series constant.See
Series, spectral.
Secohm.A superseded name for the henry.
Second.1. (sec). Time, K64o o day. Mean solar day, unless
contrary is indicated. 2. ("). Unit of angle, MGOO degree.
3. D. Centesimal second = 0.0001 grade.
Seger cone.One of a graded series of cones of refractory material
which, by their softening and the resultant deformation, indicate
the heat treatment to which they have been subjected.
Series, Spectral.Spectral lines, or groups of lines, which occur in
orderly sequence. Most of these sequences can be represented
by an equation of the form = ^ - (m + *+Jfa*pi x =
wave-length in vacuo; m is an integer varying from one line
(or group) to another; for any one series, A, B1 N1 a. and are
constants; B is an integer; N is known as Ry db erg1 s constant,
its value is determined by the constitution of the radiating
atom. On Bohr's theory, TV = N0, irp
, where M = mass
M. -f- nio
of the atom, m 0 = electronic mass, and N0* = 27r2m0e4/h3ce02;
Nco is known as Rydberg's universal series constant; e =
electronic charge; h = Planck's constant; e0 = dielectric constant of vacuum; c = velocity of light in vacuo. On this
theory, B denotes the number of electrons displaced from their
normal positions, m is the principal quantum number, a depends
upon the subordinate, or azimuthal, quantum number, and

=3 O. For atoms of the type of hydrogen, a = O, / 3 = 0 ;
for others (m + + /mz) is frequently called the effective
quantum number, generally it is not an integer. Rydberg's
fundamental frequency is vm cN.
Sidereal month.The time required for the moon to complete
one apparent circuit among the stars.
Siemens unit.(S.E.). A superseded unit of electrical resistance
proposed in 1860 by Werner von Siemens; defined as the
resistance at O0C of a column of mercury one meter long and of a
uniform cross section = one mm2.
Slug.A unit of mass. 1. The mass which will acquire an
acceleration of one foot per sec2 when continuously acted upon
by a force of one pound weight. Also called geepound, and
engineer's unit of mass. 2. The metric slug is the mass which
will acquire an acceleration of one meter per sec2 when continuously acted upon by a force of one kilogram weight.
Solar month.K2 tropical year.
Solubility.1. By solubility of the non-gas a in & is meant the
mass of a per unit mass of b which is contained in the mixture
which is in equilibrium, with an excess of a. In this mixture b
is said to be saturated with a. Data are frequently restricted
to mass of a per unit mass of mixture, mass of a per unit volume
of mixture, or moles of a per mole of mixture. 2. Solubility of
a gas is Cs/Cgi C8 = concentration of gas in the solution, Cg =
concentration of gas in overlying gas phase. 3. Solubility
product of an ionized substance (AnBn) in a stated solvent =
[A]n - [B]mj where [A] and [B] denote the concentrations of the
two ions when the solution is saturated with the substance.
Specific gravity.(^2). The ratio of the mass of a certain
volume of the substance at the temperature t2 to that of the
same volume of a reference substance (usually water) at temperature Z1. Frequently, but incorrectly, called density.
Specific heat.1. Heat capacity. See Capacity. 2. Specific
heat of electricity.See Thomson effect. 3. Einstein's specific
heat constant () = ratio of Planck's constant (h) to Boltzmann's molecular gas constant (k0). 4. Ratio of specific
heats = j = Cp/cv; cPi cv = specific heat at constant pressure
and at constant volume, respectively.
Specific inductive capacity.The ratio of the dielectric constant of
the substance to that of a vacuum.
Specific refractive power.Used indifferently to denote several of
the refractive constants (cf. Refraction).
Sperm candle, English.A superseded unit of luminous intensity
= one Int. candle.
Spheradian.See Steradian.
Spherical candlepower, Mean.See Mean spherical candlepower.
Square.(sq.), (2). Used in conjunction with the name of a
unit of length to form the name of a related unit of area; e.g.,
square foot (sq. ft.), (ft.2) is the name of a unit of area equivalent
to the area of a square with edges one foot long.
Square degree.The solid angle enclosed by a cone of vanishingly
small vertex angle 20 is fcn-02. If 6 is expressed in radians and
the unit of solid angle is so chosen that k = 1, that unit is called
a steradian. If B is expressed in degrees, and A = I, the corresponding unit of solid angle is called a square degree. One
square degree = (TT/18O)2 steradians. This procedure defines
a definite unit of solid angle although the solid angles enclosed
in cones of finite vertex angles are not proportional to the
squares of those angles.
Stefan's constant.See Black body.
Steradian.The solid angle which encloses on the surface of a
concentric sphere an area = (radius)2.
Stoichiometric.Pertaining to the ratio of the masses of the
several elements contained in a pure chemical compound.
Strain.1. For pure distortion the strain is measured by the

The most common systems are the centimeter-gram-secondchange in a significant angle. 2. The ratio of change in size to
degree Centigrade (cgs), and the foot-pound-second-degree
original size.
Fahrenheit (fps) systems. See also International electric
Stress.The force per unit of area over which it acts.
units, practical electric units, and absolute.
2
Surface tension.(7). [m/t ]. Owing to molecular attraction, Van der Waals.See Waals.
two fluids in contact adjust themselves so that the area of their Violle unit.A superseded unit of luminous intensity based upon
interface is a minimum, consistent with other requirements.
the brightness of fused platinum at the temperature of solidiThis adjustment may be pictured as arising from a tension
fication.
residing in the surface itself; to this is given the name surface Viscosity.If a fluid is flowing in the plane yz with velocity v it
exerts upon an adjacent plane a tangential drag = -n(dv)/(dx),
tension. Its value is defined as the normal, tensile force, per
unit of length, across any line traced on the surface.
per unit of area. 77 is called the viscosity, coefficient of visSusceptibility.(K). In the electromagnetic systems of units,
cosity, or coefficient of internal friction. Unit : poise.
4-n-K is the excess of the magnetic permeability of the substance Viscosity, Kinematic.Viscosity divided by density.
over that of a vacuum.
Volt.The electrical potential difference which, when steadily
Synodical.In astronomy, the synodical period of a body is the
applied to a conductor having a resistance of one ohm, will prointerval between its successive returns to the same position with
duce in it a current of one ampere (cf. absolute and international
reference to the plane which is perpendicular to the plane of
units). The Int. Committee authorized by the London Conthe ecliptic and which continuously passes through the centers
ference, 1908, agreed to regard the emf of the Weston normal
of the earth and the sun.
cell at 2O0C as exactly 1.0183 Int. volts. This furnishes a subSynonical month.See Lunar month.
sidiary definition which is slightly discordant with the primary
Temperature conductivity.See Diffusivity.
one. These tables distinguish between the two, and between
Tension, Surface.See Surface tension.
units derived from them, by using (a) to denote those based on
Tenth-meter.10~10 meter; one Angstrom unit.
ampere and ohm, and (v) to denote those based on volt as
Thermal.See Heat.
defined by the Weston cell.
Thermoelectric power.See Power.
Volt-electronic charge.Analogous to volt-faraday.
Thomson effect.In a region in which the temperature of a Volt-faraday.The work which must be done in order to transfer
homogeneous metallic conductor varies from section to section,
one faraday of positive electricity from any point to another
there exists a potential gradient which is proportional to the
having a potential one volt higher than the former.
product of the temperature and its gradient. This is the Volt-second.Unit of flux of magnetic induction. The amount
Thomson (or Kelvin) thermoelectric effect. The constant of
defined by the change per second, of the magnetic induction
proportionality is called the coefficient of the effect. If the
through an area, required to induce around the area an emf
coefficient is positive, a positive electric current flowing from
of one volt.
hot section to cooler section tends to make the temperature more Volume, Specific.Reciprocal of the density.
uniform; it is as if the current carried heat from hot portion to Waals, Van der.In the equation (p -j- a/V^)(V b) = 1 + at,
cooler portion, as if the electricity had a certain specific heat.
a and b are known as Van der Waals' constants; a[b] = presThis is what Thomson called the specific heat of electricity. It
sure [volume] constant.
may be either positive or negative, depending upon the metal.
Watt.Unit of power; work done at rate of one joule per second.
Time.True noon, or local true noon, is the instant at which the Watt-hour.Work expended by one watt in one hour (cf. kilosun is bisected by the meridional plane of the observer. Mean
watt-hour).
noon, or local mean noon, is the instant at which a fictitious Wave-length.(X). Distance between consecutive corresponding
mean sun is bisected by the meridional plane. This mean sun
points in a monofrequent wave train. Occasionally applied to
is one endowed with such a uniform, apparent angular velocity
complex waves.
in the equatorial plane that in one tropical year it will make Wave number.Reciprocal of wave-length.
exactly the same number of apparent revolutions around the Weight.The force with which a body, left to itself, is urged
earth as are made by the true sun. Time measured from the
towards the earth. In the absolute systems of units it is
true noon is called true, or apparent, solar time; that from mean
numerically equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the
noon is called mean time. The excess of mean time over true
acceleration of gravity (g) at the position considered; hence
time is called equation of time. The earth has been divided
varies with position. Such expressions as gram weight [pound
into a series of time zones, each 15 of longitude in width, so that
weight] are to be interpreted as meaning the weight of a gram
intercourse may be facilitated by all places in each zone using
[a pound] at a place where g has the standard value, 980.665
the mean time corresponding to the center of the zone; this is
cm/sec.2
known as standard time. The first zone is centered on Green- Wien's displacement constant.(w). See Black body.
wich, England.
Year.(yr). Time required for earth to make one complete
Titer.See Concentration.
circuit of its orbit, as defined by its return to the same posiTorque.The moment of a force.
tion as determined by the sun and some celestial point of
Tropical month.The yearly average of the time required for the
reference. For the tropical, equinoctial, or ordinary year the
moon to traverse 360 of astronomical longitude.
reference point is the mean vernal equinox; for the sidereal, or
Twist.If a uniform bar of free length I be clamped rigidly at one
true, year, it is a fixed star; for anomalistic year, it is perihelion
end and the other end be twisted, about the axis of the bar,
of earth's orbit; for eclipse year, it is ascending node of moon's
through an angle 0, the twist of the bar is defined as 0/L Simiorbit.
larly for other cases.
Young's modulus.If a bar of uniform section be subjected to a
Units, Systems of.The fundamental units in most absolute syslongitudinal tension, the ratio of this stress to the resulting
tems are those of mass, length, time, thermometric degree, and
elongation per unit of length is called its Young's modulus.
the dielectric constant (or the magnetic permeability) of a
Also called modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus, longitudinal
vacuum. Other units are defined in terms of these by the use
elasticity, coefficient of resistance to extension, modulus of
of established relations, arbitrary factors being made unity.
traction.
ELEMENTS AND ATOMS

PAGE
Atomic Numbers. Atomic Weights for Each Year Since 1882 43
Isotopes. F. W. ASTON
45
Periodic Table
46
Radioactive Elements. FREDERICK SODDY
46
Structure of the Isolated Atom. H. A. KRAMERS
47
ATOMIC WEIGHTS
The values given in column four were compiled for International Critical Tables (I. C. T.) by Prof. G. P. Baxter in 1923
and are those upon which all the data given in International
Critical Tables are based.
Following these are shown the accepted atomic weights back to
1882. For the period since 1903 these are taken from the reports
of the International Committee on Atomic Weights; for the period
1894 to 1903, from the reports of the American Chemical Society's
Committee on Atomic Weights; for the year 1882, from F. W.
Clarke's "A Recalculation of the Atomic Weights," reproduced
in the first (1883) edition of "Landolt-Bornstein." These 1882
values (to two decimals) are given in parentheses. A date in
parentheses indicates the first appearance of the element in the
atomic weight table. All the values given are based upon O =
16.000.
-
^T*
r
I
'Q
|
|
< fl
Name
18 Argon
Ac
Ag
89 Actinium
47 Silver
Al
13 Aluminium
As
33 Arsenic
Au
79 Gold
5 Boron
Ba
56 Barium
Be
4 Beryllium
Bi
83 Bismuth
Br
35 Bromine
6 Carbon
I. C. T.
at. wt.
Atomic weights
(1925-1882)
39.91 '25, 39,91; '24-'19, 39.9;

'18-'1I, 39.88; '10-'03,
39.9; '02, 39.96 (1902)
?
107.880 '25, 107.880; '24-'09,
107.88; >08-'03, 107.93;
'02-'94, 107.92 (107.92)
26.96 '25, 26.97; '24-'22, 27.0;
'21-'0O, 27.1; '99-'96,
27.11;'95-'94,27(27.OS)
74.96 '25-'1O, 74.96; '09-'0O,
75.0; '99-'97, 75.01; '96,
75.09;
'95-'94, 75.0
(75.09)
197.2 '25-'0O, 197.2; '99-'97,
197.23; '96, 197.24;
'95-'94, 197.3 (196.61)
10.82 '25, 10.82; '24-'19, 10.9;
'18-'0O, 11.0; '99-'96,
10.95;'95-'94, 11 (10.97)
137.37
'25-'09, 137.37; '08-'0O,
137.40; '99-'94, 137.43
(137.01)
9.02 '25, 9.02; '24-'0O, 9.1;
'99-'96, 9.08; '95-'94, 9
(9.11)
209.00 '25-'22, 209.0; '21-'07,
208.0; '06-'03, 208.5;
'02-'0O, 208.1; '99-'96,
208.11; '95, 208; '94,
208.9 (208.00)
79.916 '25,79.916; '24-'09,79.92;
'08-'03, 79.96; '02-'94,
79.95 (79.95)
12.000 '25,
12.000;
'24-'16,
12.005; '15-'98, 12.00;
'97-'96, 12.01; '95-'94,
12 (12.00)
IS o^l
Name
S
J*
me
m <! g
Ca 20 Calcium
Cb
41 Columbium
Cd
48 Cadmium
Ce
58 Cerium
Cl
17 Chlorine
Co
27 Cobalt
Cp
Cr
71 Cassiopeium
24 Chromium
Cs
55 Cesium
Ct
Cu
72 Celtium
29 Copper
?M
D j
^
Em
Er
66 Dysprosium
86 Ra-emanation
68 Erbium
Eu
F
63 Europium
9 Fluorine
Fe
26 Iron
Ga
31 Gallium
Gd
64 Gadolinium
L C> T
^ wt*
40.07
At mC wei
(1925-1882)
hts
'25~'12, 40.07; 'll-'09y

40.09; '08-'0O, 40.1;
'99-'97, 40.07; '96, 40.08;
'95-'94, 40 (40.08)
93.1 '25~'17, 93.1; '16-'09,
93.5;'08-'03,94;'02-'00,
93.7; '99-'97, 93.73;
'96-'94, 94.0 (94.03)
112.41
'25,
112.41;
'24-'09,
112.40; '08-'0O, 112.4;
'99, 112.38; '98-'97,
111.95; '96,
111.93;
'95-'94, 112 (112.09)
140.25
'2&-'04, 140.25; '03, 140;
'02-'0O, 139; '99-'98,
139.35; '97-'94, 140.25
(140.75)
35.458 '25,35.457; '24-'09,35.46;
'08-'94, 35.45 (35.45)
58.97
'25, 58.94; '24-'09, 58.97;
'08-'0O, 59.0; '9&-'98,
58.99; '97, 58.93; '96,
58.95; '95, 59.5; '94, 59
(59.02)
175.0
See Lu
52.01 '25, 52.01; '24-'1O, 52.0;
'09-'0O, 52.1; '99-'96,
52.14;
'95-'94, 52.1
(52.13)
132.81
'25-'09, 132.81; '08-'04,
132.9;'03, 133.0;'02-'00,
132.9; '00-'96, 132.89;
'95-'94, 132.9 (132.92)
Same as Hf
63.57 '25-'09, 63.57; '08-'94,
63.6 (63.32)
162.52 '25, 162.52;'24-'08, 162.5
(1908)
222.
See Rn
167.7 '25~'12, 167.7; '11-'09,
167.4; '08-'0O, 166.0;
'99-'97, 166.32; '96-'94,
166.3 (166.27)
152.0 '25-'07, 152.0 (1907)
19.00 '25-'03, 19.0; '02-'0O,
19.05; '99-'97, 19.06;
'96, 19.03; '95-'94, 19
(19.03)
55.84
'25-'12, 55.84; 'll-'09r
55.85; '08-'0I, 55.9; '0O,
56.0; '99-'96, 56.02;
'95-'94, 56 (56.04)
69.72 '25, 69.72; '24-'19, 70.1;
'18-'09, 69.9; '08-'0O,
70.0;
'99-'97, 69.91;
'96-'94, 69.0 (68.96)
157.26 '25, 157.26;'24-'09, 157.3;
'08-'03, 156; '02, 156.4;
'01-'0O, 157.0; '99-'97,
156.76; '96-'94, 156.1
"o
ô
S
CQ
Ge
.S o>
'QPU
M
o S
âme
^ a
32 Germanium
Gl
H
4 Glucinium
1 Hydrogen
He
2 Helium
Hf
Hg
72 Hafnium
80 Mercury
Ho
67 Holmium
I (J)
In
'25, 72.60; '24-'0O, 72.5;

'99-'97, 72.48; '96-'94,
72.3
9.02 See Be
1.0077 '25, 1.0077; '24-'94, 1.008
(1.00)
4.00
'25-'16, 4.00; '15-'1I,
3.99; '10-'03, 4.0; '02,
3.96 (1902)
178.6
200.61
'25,
200.61;
'23-'12,
200.6; '!!-'94, 200.0
(200.17)
163.4
'25, 163.4; '23-'13, 163.5
(1913)
126.932 '25, 126.932; '24-'09,
126.92; '08-'05, 126.97;
'04-'94, 126.85 (126.85)
114.8
'25-'09, 114.8; '08-'05,
115;
'04-'0O,
114;
'99-'97, 113.85; '96-'94,
113.7 (113.66)
193.1
'25-'09, 193.1; '08-'03,
193.0; '02-'0O, 193.1;
'99-'96, 193.12; '95-'94,
193.1 (193.09)
39.095 '25, 39.096; '24-'09, 39.10;
'08-'03, 39.15; '02-'94,
39.11 (39.11)
82.9
'25, 82.9; '24-'1I, 82.92;
'1O, 83.0; '09-'03, 81.8;
'02, 81.76 (1902)
138.91 '25, 138.90;'24-'09, 139.0;
'08-'03, 138.9; '02-'0O,
138.6; '99-'97, 138.64;
'96, 138.6; '95-'94, 138.2
(138.84)
6.939 '25, 6.940; '24-'1I, 6.94;
'10-'09, 7.00; '08-'96,
7.03; '95-'94, 7.02 (7.02)
175.0
'25-'16, 175.0; '15-'09,
174.0 (1909)
49 Indium
77 Iridium
19 Potassium
Kr
36 Krypton
La
57 Lanthanum
Li
3 Lithium
Lu
71 Lutecium
Ma
Mg
43 Masurium
12 Magnesium
Mn
25 Manganese
Mo
42 Molybdenum
7 Nitrogen
Na
11 Sodium
Nb
41 Niobium
Atomic weights
(1925-1882)
72.38
53 Iodine
Ir
L C . T.
^^
Ne
10 Neon
Ni
28 Nickel
Nt
O
Os
86 Niton
8 Oxygen
76 Osmium
15 Phosphorus
Pa
Pb
91 Protoactinium
82 Lead
Pd
46 Palladium
Po
Pr
84 Polonium
59 Praseodymium
Pt
78 Platinum
Ra
88 Radium
Rb
37 Rubidium
Re
Rh
75 Rhenium
45 Rhodium
Rn
86 Radon
Ru
44 Ruthenium
24.32
"
'25-'09, 24.32; '08-'03,

24.36; '02-'0O, 24.3;
'99-'97,
24.28;
'96,
24.29;
'95-'94,
24.3
(24.01)
54.93 '25-'09, 54.93; '08-'0O,
55.0; '99-'96, 54.99;
J
95-'94, 55 (54.03)
96.0
'25-'0O, 96.0; '99-'97,
95.99; '96, 95.98; '95-'94,
96 (95.75)
14.008 '25-'19, 14.008; '18-'07,
14.01; '06-'96, 14.04;
'95, 14.05; '94, 14.03
(14.03)
22.997 y25,
22.997;
'24-'09,
23.00; '08-'94, 23.05
(23.05)
93.1
See Cb
^ 'SrO
Name
l
l|
QQ ^ a
Nd 60 Neodymium
16 Sulfur
Sa
62 Samarium
I. C. T.
at. wt.
Atomic weights
(1925-1882)
144.27
'25,
144.27;
'24-'09,
144.3; '08-'99, 143.6;
'98-'97, 140.80; '96-'94,
140.5
20.2
'25-'09, 20.2; '10-'04,
20.0 (1904)
58.69
'25, 58.69; '24-'09, 58.68;
'08-'0O, 58.7; '99-'96,
58.69;
'95-'94,
58.7
(58.06)
222.
See Rn
16.000 '25-'94,16.000(16.0O)
190.8
'25, 190.8;'23-'09, 190.9;
'08-'0O, 191.0; '99-'96,
190.99; '95-'94, 190.8
(198.95?)
31.024 '25,
31.027;
'24-'1I,
31.04; '10-'0O,
31.0;
'99-'94, 31.02; '95-'94,
31 (31.03)
?
207.20 '25-'16, 207.20; '15-'09,
207.10; '08-'03, 206.9;
'02-'96, 206.92; '95-'94,
206.95 (206.95)
106.7
'25-'09, 106.7; '08-'03,
106.5; '02-'0O, 107.0;
'99-'96, 106.36; '95,
106.5; '94, 106.6 (105.98)
(210)
140.92
'25,
140.92;
'24-'16,
140.9; '15-'09, 140.6;
'08-'0O, 140.5; '99-'97,
143.60; '96-'94, 143.5
195.23 '25,
195.23;
'24-'1I,
195.2; '10-'09, 195.0;
'08-'03, 194.8; '02-'0O,
194.9; '99-'96, 194.89;
'95-'94, 195 (194.87)
225.95 '25, 225.95; '24-'16, 226;
'15-'09, 226.4; '08-'03,
225 (1903)
85.44 . '25, 85.44; '24-'09, 85.45;
'08-'05, 85.5; '04-'0O,
85.4; '99-'96, 85.43;
'95-'94, 85.5 (85.53)
102.91
'25,
102.91;
'24-'09,
102.9; '08-'0O, 103.0;
'99-'96, 103.01; '95-'94,
103 (104.29)
222.
'25, 222; '24-'12, 222.4
(1912)
101.7
'25-'0O, 101.7; '99-'96,
101.68; '95-'94, 101.6
(104.46?)
32.065 '25, 32.065;'24-'16, 32.06;
'15-'09, 32.07; '08-'03,
32.06; '02-'96, 32.07;
'95-'94, 32.06 (32.06)
15Q.43
'25,
150.43;
'24-'09,
150.4; '08-'05, 150.3;
.n
S
'S ^
fi
AT
ame
I. C. T.
at. wt.
Atomic weights
(1925-1882)
'04-'03, 150; '02-7OO,
150.3; '99-'97, 150.26;
'96-'94, 150.0
'25,
121.77;
'24-'03,
120.2; '02-'0O, 120.4;
'99-'96, 120.43; '95-'94,
120 (120.23)
'25-'2I, 45.10; '20-'0O,
44.1; '99-'97, 44.12;
'96-'94, 44.0 (44.08)
'25-'0O, 79.2; '99, 79.17;
'98-'97, 79.02; '96-'94,
79.0 (78.98)
'25, 28.06; '24-'22, 28.1;
'21-709, 28.3; '08-'94,
28.4 (28.26)
See Sa
'25-'16, 118.70; '15-7OO,
119.0; '99-'96, 119.05;
'95-'94, 119 (117.97)
'25-'1I, 87.63; '10-'09,
87.62; '08-'0O, 87.6;
'99-'96,
87.61;
'95,
87.66; '94, 87.6 (87.58)
'25-'1O, 181.5; '11-'07,
181.0;
'06-03,
183;
'02-'0O, 182.8; '99-'97,
182.84; '9&-'94, 182.6
(182.56)
'25-'07, 159.2; '06-'94,
160
'25-'09, 127.5; '08-'03,
127.6; '02,127.7; '01-'0O,
127.5; '99-'97, 127.49;
'96, 127; '95-'94, 125
(128.252)
'25-'19, 232.15; '18-'1I1
232.4; '10-'09, 232.42;
'08-'03, 232.5; '02-'0O,
232.6; '99-'96, 232.63;
'95-'94, 232.6 (233.95)
'25-'03, 48.1; '02-'96,
48.15;
'95-'94,
48
(49.96?)
'25,
204.39;
'24-'09,
204.0; '08-'03, 204.1;
'02-'96, 204.15; '95-'94,
204.18 (204.18)
'25, 169.4; '24-'22, 169.9;
'21-'09, 168.5; '08-'03,
171; '02-'94, 170.7
'25,
238.17;
'24-'16,
238.2; '15-'03, 238.5;
'02-'0O, 239.6; '99-'96,
239.59; '95-'94, 239.6
(239.03)
Isotope of Pa
'25, 50.96; '24-'12, 51.0;
'11, 51.06; '10-'03, 51.2;
'02-'0O, 51.4; '99-'96,
51.38; '95-'94, 51.4
(51.37)
CQ
< fl
Sa
62
Samarium
150.43
Sb
51 Antimony
121.77
Sc
21 Scandium
45.10
Se
34 Selenium
79.2
Si
14 Silicon
28.06
Sm
Sn
62 Samarium
50 Tin
150.43
118.70
Sr
38 Strontium
87.62
Ta
73 Tantalum
181.5
Tb
65 Terbium
159.2
Te
52 Tellurium
127.5
Th
90 Thorium
232.15
Ti
22 Titanium
47.9
Tl
,m
U
81 Thallium
204.4
69 Thulium
169.4
92 Uranium
238.17
UX2 91 Uranium-Xa
V
23 Vanadium
(234)
50.96
13
rD
g
mW
^ eu
"3 ^Q
XT
|
|
Name
*< ti
74 Tungsten
Xe
I. C. T.
^ ^
184.0
54 Xnon
130.2
y \ 39 Yttrium
89.0
Yb
70 Ytterbium
173.6
Zn
30 Zinc
65.38
Zr
40 Zirconium
91.
Atomic weights
(1925-1882)
'25-'0O, 184.0; '99-'97,
184.83; '96, 184.84; '95,
184.9; '94, 184 (184.03)
'25-'1I, 130.2; '1O, 130.7;
'09-'02, 128 (1902)
'25, 88.9; '24-'19, 89.33;
'18-'16, 88.7; '15-'0O,
89.0; '99-'97, 89.02; '96,
88.95;
'95-'94,
89.1
(90.02?)
'25, 173.6; '24-'16, 173.5;
'15-'09, 172.0; '08-'03,
173; '02-'0O,
173.2;
'99-'97, 173.19; '96-'94,
173.0 (173.16)
'25, 65.38; '24-'1O, 65.37;
'09, 65.7; '08-'0O, 65.4;
'99-'96, 65.41; '95-'94,
65.3 (65.05)
'25, 91; '24-'09, 90.6;
'01-'97, 90.4; '96-'94,
90.6 (89.57)
TABLE OF ISOTOPES
F. W. ASTON
"g
JE
0 g I. C. T. 3 2 g Mass numbers in order

* atomic .r-g of the intensities of the
-3 3 weight a "o mass-spectrum lines
P3
< g
A
Ag
Al
As
B
Ba
Be
Bi
Br
C
Ca
Cd
18
47
13
33
5
56
4
83
35
6
20
48
39.91
107.880
26.96
74.96
10.82
137.37
9.02
209.00
79.916
12.000
40.07
112.41
Ce
Cl
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
F
Fe
Ga
Ge
G]
H
He
Hg
I
In
K
Kr
La
58
17
27
24
55
29
9
26
31
32
4
1
2
80
53
49
19
36
57
140.25
35.458
58.97
52.01
132.81
63.57
19.00
55.84
69.72
72.38
9.02
1.0077
4.00
200.61
126.932
114.8
39.095
82.9
138.91
Lit.
S g.2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
6
40,36
107,109
27
75
11, 10
138, 136
9
209
79,81
12
40, 44
110,111,112,113,114,
116
2
140, 142
2
35,37
1
59
1
52
1
133
2
63,65
1
19
2
56,54
2
69,71
3
74,72,70
1
9
1
1
1
4
2,6 197-200,202,204
1
127
1
115
2
39,41
6
84, 86, 82, 83, 80, 78
1
139
Continued on p. 47.
,,
(3,5,21)
(is, 26)
( 10 )
( 4 22)
(4,22)
(17. 18)
(33)
(")
(4,22)
(2,21)
(31, 32)
O9)
()
(2,21,23)
(is, 26)
(is, 26)
( 6 24)
(14,26)
(4,22)
(. ")
(is, 26)
(13.26)
(33)
(3,21)
(3,21)
(2, 3,21)
(5,23)
(16)
(6,24)
(3.> 21)
(17)
PERIODIC CHART OF THE ELEMENTS WITH ATOMIC NUMBERS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS
I
III
II
VI
IV
Vili
or
O
VII
2
He
4.00
Li
12
Al
26.96
22.997
19
Si
28.06
21
20
39.095
Cu
63.57
Zn
65.38
Ga
69.72
38
39
37
Rb
85.44
47
32
31
30
29
16
50.96
33
48
50
91
18
A
39.91
24
25
26
35
159.2
152.0
67
Ho
163.4
71
70
69
167.7
C 3 II
Dy
162 . 52
Tb
Er
140.92
Eu
G5 GG
Tu Yb
169.4
173.6
27
Lu
175.0
28
Co
Fe
Ni
58.97
55.84
58.69
36
Kr
82.9
Br
Se
79.2
79.916
41
Sa
150.43
144.27
68
C
35.458
34
Nd
Ne Gd
20.2
157.26
Pr
62
64
Mn
Cr
52.01
54.93
As
74.96
40
Zr
17
23
19.00
Ce
140.25
Gl
10
P
31.024 32.065
Ge
72.38
Yt
Sr
87.62
89.0
49
N
O
14.008 16.000
22
Ti
Sc
Ca
47.9
40.07
45.10
15
13 14
Mg
24.32
Na
C
12.00
B
10.82
Be
9.02
6.939
ii
La
138.91
60
H
1.0077
59
57 58
42
43
Cb
93.1
Mo
96.0
Ma
51
52
53
45
44
46
Rh
Ru
102.91
101.7
106.7
PeÎ
54
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
In
Cd
I
Ag
126 . 932 130.2
118.70 121.77 127.5
107.880
112.41 114.8
55
56
Ba
137.37
Cs
132.81
Au
197.2
72
57
W
184.0
88
89
Ac
Ra
225.95
Pa
77
76
78
Os
190.8
Ir
195.23
Rn
* Indicates rare earths. See above
222
92
[J
232.15
238.17
THE BADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS
a - ray -^
Pt
193.1
Po
(210)
91
90
Ih
75
Re
Tl
Bi
Pb
Hg
207.20 209.00
200.61 204 .4
87
Group
Principal
element
Atomic
number
74
73
Hf
Ta
La
138.91 (178.6) 181.5
81
80
79
^- ray (orrayless)
FREDERICK SODDY
III
IV
VI
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
81
82
83
84
VII
85
VIII or O
II
III
IV
VI
Bn
Ba
Ac
Th
Pa
87
88
89
90
91
92
86
TABLE OF ISOTOPES.Continued
g
.3
o
'g
^g
Li
I. C. T. 3 ^ co Mass numbers in order

atomic . S rg < of the intensities of the Lit.
weight a I "o mass-spectrum lines
6.939
~ 7 ^ 6
(24,27,29,
30)
Mg
Mn
N
Na
Nd
Ne
Ni
O
P
Pr
Rb
S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sn
12
25
7
11
60
10
28
8
15
59
37
16
51
21
34
14
50
24.32
54.93
14.008
22.997
144.27
20.2
58.69
16.000
31.024
140.92
85.44
32.065
121.77
45.10
79.2
28.06
118.70
3
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
6
3
7,8
Sr
Te
Ti
V
Xe
38 87.62
52 127.5
22 47.9
23 50.96
54 130.2
2
3
1
1
7,9
Yt
Zn
Zr
39
30
40
89.0
65.38
91
1
4
3
24,25,26
55
14
23
142,144,146,145
20,22
58,60
16
31
141
85,87
32
121, 123
45
80, 78, 76, 82, 77, 74
28, 29, 30
120,118,116,124,119,
117, 122, 121
88,86
128, 130, 126
48
51
129, 132, 131, 134, 136,
128,
130, 126, 124
89
64,66,68,70
90, 94, 92
(28,30)
(15,26)
(3,21)
(6,24)
(17, 18)
(i, 20, 21)
(7)
(2,21)
(4,22)
(17)
(6 24)
(4,22)
(il, 25)
(15,26)
(io)
( 4 > 18 22)
(8)
(15,17,26)
(i)
(is, 26)
(is, 26)
(3, 5,10,21,
10, 11, 18).
Of special interest are the recent attempts ( 21 ) to develop a

rational "quantum mechanics" of the atom. This work clearly
demonstrates the limited applicability of a picture of atomic
structure, in which the behavior of the electrons inside the atom
is visualized by orbits possessing definite kinematical properties.
Atoms Containing One Electron.Only for atoms containing
a single electron, can a fairly complete description of the electronic
motion in the stationary state, and of the significance of the
quantum numbers be given. The motion of the electron obeys
quite approximately the laws of electrodynamics, and can be
described as a Keplerian elliptic motion, with the centre of gravity
of the nucleus and the electron in one focus. On this motion, a
slow uniform precession in the plane of motion is superposed
(effect of variability of mass or "relativity-effect"). Two quantum numbers (n, k) define the stationary states (n, k 1, 2,
3 . . . ; k ^ n), k/n being the ratio of the minor to the major
axis of the ellipse. The states are denoted by the symbol Uk*
In the normal state, \i(n k = 1), the orbit is circular; and,
omitting the correction due to the relativity effect, its constants are
given by equations (2)
l
h2
n 0.53 xx , 8
" ' - r C V t a c ^ Z - - * - * 1 0 " 8cm
23)
W l = _ ^ x ^ o ^ _ 2 ^ 1=
h
I+^
l+5f
(is, 26)
(31)
(i*)
_^_ x
I+=?
loliejrl
(2)
TF 1 . _11-X ^--^ -^ X 10-e*.
'+S
LITERATURE
1
C ) Aston, 58, 104: 334; 19. (2) Ibid., 104: 393; 19. ( 3 ) Ibid., 105: 8; 20.
( 4 ) Ibid., 105: 547; 20. ( 5 ) Ibid., 106: 468; 20. ( 6 ) Ibid., 107: 72; 21.
( 7 ) Ibid., 107: 520; 21. ( 8 ) Ibid., 109: 813; 22. () Ibid., 110: 312; 22.
(1) Aston, 08, 110: 664;22. ( 11 J Ibid., 110: 732; 22. ( 12 ) Ibid., Ill: 739; 23.
(13) Ibid., Ill: 771; 23. (U) Ibid., 112: 162; 23. O 5 ) Ibid., 112: 449; 23.
( 16 ) Ibid., 113: 192; 24. ( 17 ) Ibid., 113: 856; 24. ( 18 ) Ibid., 114: 273; 24.
( 19 ) Ibid., 114: 717; 24.
(20) Aston, 5, 39: 449; 20. ( 2 I) Ibid., 39: 611; 20. ( 2 2 ) Ibid., 40: 628; 20.
(23) Ibid., 42: 140; 21. ( 24 ) Ibid., 42: 436; 21. ( 2S ) Ibid., 4,5: 924; 23.
(26) Ibid., 47: 385; 24. ( 2 7 ) Aston and Thomson, 68, 106: 827; 21. ( 2 8 )
Dempster, 166, 52: 559; 20. ( 2 9 ) Dempster, 166, 53: 363; 21.
( 3 0 ) Dempster, 2, 18: 415; 21. (31) Ibid., 19: 431; 22. (32) ibid., 20: 631;
22. (33) Thomson, 3, 42: 837; 21.
"
^ '+S
In higher quantum states, the orbital constants are, with the

same approximation, given by (3, 4) :
n2
On = nzdi = -^- T1
_ WI _
2Z2vm
""=ir'~Kî)
w ^Wi =
^h
"-"K 1 + S)
7
r
nkri
k2ri
9
bn,k = nkai = -^r-; pk = 70,1
= -^-
...
(4)
The number of revolutions corresponding to one rotation of the

major axis, is, to a first approximation, given by (5) :
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ISOLATED ATOM
%->*i-x*>
(Symbols, p. 50)
H. A. KRAMERS
According to the fundamental postulates of Bohr's atomic
theory, a series of discrete "stationary states" has to be correlated
with each atom. A definite " energy-content " can be assigned to
every state, and an atom in a given state can change its energy only
by performing a process of "transition" to another state. The
emission of a spectral line of frequency v is correlated with a
spontaneous transition from a stationary state of energy content
Ei to another of energy content E^ by equation (1)
v = CE1 - #2)
The stationary state with the smallest energy is termed the

"normal state" of the atom. The properties of the stationary
states can, to a considerable extent, be accounted for by assuming
that the electrons surrounding the nucleus have definite motions,
characterized by integral values of certain quantities. These
integers are called the "quantum numbers" of the stationary
state in question; by their values the energy of the state is completely fixed. For general treatment of the subject, see (l> 3 4
(1)
<fi>
(a. = ^-2 = 7.30 X IO-3 ~; a2 = 5.31 X 10~*\

\
ne
lo/
/
The exact energy formula, neglecting terms containing m 0 /Af, is
given by (6) :
'-[{' c-^T^sor-]
-5x*S=!{. + - < - ) + . . . j
(For general formula for W, including terms in m 0 /Af, see (9).)

Figure 1 illustrates the stationary states in the hydrogen atom for
which n = 1, 2, 3, 4. The arrows indicate the transitions giving
rise to the fine-structure components of the spectral lines, Ha

and H. The numerical constants for these states are given in
Table 1.
TABLE 1.HYDROGEN ORBITS; TI = 5.286 X 10~9 cm (U)
nk
a/ri
b/ri
p/ri
co X 10~14
Ii
21
1
4
1
2
1
1
65.78
8.222
22
31
32
3s
41
42
4,3
44
4
9
9
9
16
16
16
16
4
3
6
9
4
8
12
16
4
1
4
9
1
4
9
16
a X 10~8
/*
1746
218.3
37 700
37 700
8.222
2.436
2.436
*
2.436
1.029
1.029
1.029
1.029
54.57
64.68
16.17
7.187
27.29
6.822
3.032
1.705
electronic orbits for which the principal quantum number is

smaller than n but equal to or greater than k (conception of
"penetrating orbits").
The maximum number of electrons which an n-quantum group
can contain is equal to 2n2. If it contains this number, it contains sub-groups corresponding to all possible values for k (k 1,
2 . . . n), and it is said to be a "finally completed" group. If
a group, due to the dynamical properties of the atom under consideration, contains only sub-groups corresponding to k = 1,
150 700
37 700
150 700
339 300
37 700
150 800
339 300
603 200
FIG. 2.Central orbit.
2 . . .ko (k0 < n) it will be in a state which is termed

"provisionally completed," if it contains 2k02 electrons. For
example, the 4-quantum group has reached the state of a 2-group
(k0 = 1) in Ca (20), the state of an 8-group or 8-shell (kQ = 2) in
Kr (36), the state of an 18-group or 18-shell (kQ = 3) in Ag (47),
and its final state of a completed 32-group or 32-shell (k0 = 4)
in Lu (71). With the exception of the 2-groups it seems impossible
to assign definite values to the number of electrons in the several
sub-groups of a provisionally, or finally, completed group; in fact,
the actual properties of the electronic groups seem to show that
the simple conception of central orbits characterized by the
symbol Uk is essentially insufficient for their description. (OrigFIG. 1.Orbits in hydrogen to n = 4. (Reproduced by permission
inally Bohr assumed that a group of 2&02 electrons contained 2&0
from The Journal of the Franklin Institute.)
electrons in each sub-group.) Closely connected herewith is
Atoms Containing More than One Electron.A complete theory the impossibility of assigning definite spatial arrangements to the
of stationary states is lacking. Many properties of these states orbits belonging to one and the same group. In Table 2 the
can be accounted for, however, on the basis of the principles number of electrons in each group is given as far as the theory
applied to atoms containing one electron. As a first approxi- allows of a definite statement; those in parentheses are uncertain.
From calculations based on Sommerfeld's quantum condimation, each electron may be considered as moving in a central
tions
and certain simplifying assumptions, a rough estimate of
field of force due to the nucleus and the other electrons, its motion
being characterized by a "principal quantum number" n and a the dimensions of the different types of orbits may be made.
"subordinate quantum number" k. The electronic orbit can be Such estimates for neutral atoms and for positive ions containing
described as a plane periodic orbit on which a uniform precession only finally, or provisionally, completed groups are schematically
represented in Fig. 3. The small vertical lines are so drawn
in the plane is superposed ("central orbit" c/. Fig. 2).
If the position of the electron in the orbital plane is defined by that their distances from the dot at the left are proportional to
polar coordinate (r, <p), the quantum numbers are defined by the radius of the sphere inside which the electrons belonging to
the respective groups are moving. The symbols g (Ui12 . . . ^ 0 )
Sommerfeld's quantum conditions (7)
means that the corresponding groups contain g electronic orbits
2
2
27rmojSr d<j> 2irP
,
1 /dr\ , ,_
7N
* = ir-3?-Tr
(-*)- s yrf( s ;* (7) of principal quantum number ny and of subordinate quantum
numbers from 1 to k0.
where the factor becomes equal to 1 if the relativity effect is
For the calculation of the dimensions of the outermost groups
neglected. P is equal to the angular momentum of the electron it has been necessary to consider also experimental data relative
with respect to the nucleus; the integral has to be taken over a to the effective gas-kinetic radii of the atoms of the inert gases,
complete period of the radial motion, from A to B (Fig. 2).
the effective radii of ions in crystals, ionic refraction, etc. As a
In the normal state the electrons are distributed in groups, each rule the effective radii are 1.5 to 2.5 times larger than the orbital
of which is characterized by its quantum numbers (n, k). On dimensions. As regards the inner groups, the estimate is rather
passing from the nucleus to the surface of the atom, the successive accurate; for the outer groups, errors of the order of 10 % might
groups correspond to successive integral values of the main be expected Special mention must be made of the uncertainty
quantum number n ("n-quantum group"), the innermost group in the radius of the 5-quantum group for elements heavier than
being characterized by n = 1; each group is divided into sub- barium ; the radii of this group as given in Fig. 3 for the elements
groups corresponding to the different values which k may take.
(72), 79, 80, 81, 82 are perhaps some 10% too high, as compared
The possibility of reconciling such a picture with the dynamical with radii of the homologous elements 47, 48, 49, 50.
properties of quantized central orbits is closely connected with
For atoms containing only one electron in the outermost group,
the fact that in an orbit for which k < n the electron will, in each the dimensions of the orbit of this electron, and its frequency of
revolution, dive into and leave again all regions occupied by revolution can with considerable accuracy be derived from the
TABLE 2
li 2i 22 3i 82 3s 4i 42 4s 4-i 5i 52 5s 54 5s 6l 62 6s 64 6s 6e 7i 72
IH
2He
1
2
3Li
4Be
5B
6C
2
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2^2)
10Ne
UNa
12Mg
13Al
14Si
2
2
2
2
8
8
8
8
1
2
21
2(2)
18 A
19 K
20Ca
21Sc
22Ti
2
2
2
2
8
8
8
8
8
8
8 1
8 2
29Cu
30Zn
31Ga
2
2
2
8
8
8
18
18
18
1
2
2 1
36Kr
18
37Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40Zr
2
2
2
2
8
8
8
8
18
18
18
18
8
8
8 1
8 2
47Ag
48Cd
49In
2
2
2
8
8
8
18
18
18
18
18
18
1
2
21
54 X
18
18
55Cs
56Ba
57La
58Ce
59Pr
2
2
2
2
2
8
8
8
8
8
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18 1
18 2
8
8
8
8
8
1
1
1
1
2
(2)
(2)
(2)
71Lu
72Hf
2
2
8
8
18
18
32
32
8
8
1
2
(2)
(2)
79Au
80Hg
81Tl
2
2
2
8
8
8
18
18
18
32
32
32
18
18
18
1
2
21
86Rn
18
32
18
87
88Ra
89Ac
90Th
2
2
2
2
8
8
8
8
18
18
18
18
32
32
32
32
18
18
18
18
8
8
8 1
8 2
1
2
(2)
(2)
1
2
(2)
(2)
frequency of the lowest frequency term in the corresponding

spectral series, provided we may adhere to the simple central
orbit model. Figure 4 contains a schematic picture of the orbits
of the outer electron in the normal state of neutral atoms of the
alkali metals, and of Cu, Ag, Au. They are all penetrating orbits,
since they correspond to k = 1. The regions inside which the.
electrons of the completed groups are moving are designated by
circles. The atoms of the inert gases are added for the sake of
comparison. The numbers at the left of the nucleus indicate
the number of electrons contained in each group; the symbols
ni,2 . . . at the right indicate the quantum numbers of the
orbits contained in each group.
[For detailed calculations of electronic orbits, based on simplifying assumptions, see ( 12 13 > 20 ) (Cs and U); the work is
semi-empirical. For detailed calculations on purely theoretical
basis, see (15) (Ne, Na, Mg+, Al++, Si+++, P++++) and (16) (alkali
metals); in Lindsay's work, the radii of outer groups in K+,
Rb+, and Cs+ seem too large, probably on account of inadequacy
of assumptions regarding numbers of electrons in sub-groups, as
well as of the simplifying assumptions made. For critical review
of work on effective atomic radii, see (I 4 ) and for recent work (8).
There is no simple direct connection between effective atomic radii
and the magnitude of the space occupied by electronic orbits.]
In experiments on optical and X-ray spectra, we meet neutral
atoms or atomic ions in higher quantum states. Several features
of these states can be described on the simple central orbit model.
In the case of "single excitation" all electronic orbits except one
remain normal, and the other electron describes an orbit with
quantum numbers which differ from those of the normal state.
"Double excitation" corresponds to two electrons describing
orbits different from those in the normal state, etc. We will
here consider only singly-excited states.
In the stationary states (energy levels) involved in the emission
of the ordinary X-ray spectra, one electron in the inner groups of
the atom is lacking. In the states involved in the emission of
the ordinary series-spectra, one electron belonging to the outermost group of the atom, the "series electron," moves in a central
Uk orbit the dimensions of which are large as compared with those
of the rest of the atom. It may move either quite outside the
atomic residue or it may penetrate into it in each revolution.
As a first approximation, a non-penetrating orbit may be
described as a Keplerian elliptical orbit performing a uniform
precession in its plane, the shape of the ellipse being very nearly
that of an n^-orbit in an atom containing only one electron and
having a nuclear charge Z* e equal to the net-charge of the atomic
residue. If the electron orbit is of the penetrating type, it may,
as a first approximation, be described as a set of congruent outer
Keplerian elliptical loops, connected by congruent inner loops,
the angular distance between successive loops being the same.
The semi-major axis, the semi-parameter p, and the semi-minor
axis b of the outer loop can be found from the value of the corresponding spectral term (T) by means of the formulae
.-^TJ
p=n
b=V~
(g)
wnere N ( = -*~-X I_L m I'M ) 1^ tne Rydberg constant for
[118
32
32
18
1
2
(2)
(2)
8]
the element in question, and Z*e is the net-charge of the atomic

residue. If we introduce the effective quantum number n*
(n*2 = Z**N/T), these formulae may be written:
n* 2
,
n*k
a ==
P =
b
~Z*ri
Z* Tl
= ~z*ri
(9)
The greater the ratio n*/k (or a/6) the closer the approximation
to which this description of the outer loops may be considered to
hold. The maximum distance of the electron from the nucleus
is equal to a + Vo^^S2, or very nearly equal to 2a y%p.
FIG. 3.Maximum elongations of electrons of several groups.

The values to be assigned to the precessional frequency characterizing the penetrating central orbits are very uncertain.
For the alkali elements, the ratio w/o- for the n\ orbits probably
lies between 0.3 and 0.5, for the nz orbits (except lithium) between
0.5 and 1.0. Based on the above formulae, an illustration of
the shapes of the orbits of the serie's electron corresponding to the
stationary states of the 7-atom, is given in Fig. 5. [For connection between spectra and the group structure of atoms, see
(6, 5). f or spectra and central field of force, see ( 12 13); for series
spectra and electronic orbits, see ( 2 7 ); for recent development of
formal theory of electronic groups, see ( l 7 19)].
SYMBOLS
The symbols c, e, h, m 0 , X have their usual significance (see
p. 16); others which occur more than once are:
an
Semi-major axis of electronic orbit, state n.
bn,k Semi-minor axis of electronic orbit, state n, k.
k
Subordinate, or azimuthal, quantum number defining a
stationary state.
M
Nuclear mass.
n
Principal quantum number defining a stationary state.
FIG. 5. Orbits of the series electron of potassium. (Reproduced by

permission from The Journal of the Frankkn Institute.)
FIG. 4.Normal orbit of outer electron.
n*
Hk
Effective quantum number = Z*N/T.

Designation of the state characterized by the numbers
N00
p
TI
T
v
PFn
Rydberg constant.
Semi-parameter of the electronic orbit (semi-latus rectum).
Radius of first Bohr ring for hydrogen.
Spectral term. = a wave number (1/X) of a spectral series.
Speed of electron in its orbit.
Energy expenditure required to remove the electron to
infinity.
Atomic number: Ze = nuclear charge.
Charge of atomic residue.
2ire2/hc.
(I - v*/c2)-^
Frequency of emitted radiation.
Rydberg fundamental frequency.
Frequency of precession of electronic orbit.
n, k.
Z
Z*e
a
v
v
ffn,k
con
Frequency of revolution of electron; for penetrating orbits,

the radial frequency, one revolution being from A to
B, Fig. 2.
LITERATURE
(For a key to the periodicals, see end of volume)
C 1 ) Andrade, The Structure of the Atom, 1923. ( 2 ) Birge and Blackettr

48, 8: 213; 24. ( 3 ) Bohr, The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution,.
2nd ed., 1924. ( 4 ) Bohr, 08, 112: 29; 23. 218, 11: 606; 23. ( 5 ) Bohr,
8, 71: 228; 23. ( 6 ) Bohr and Coster, 96, 12: 342; 23. ( 6a ) Born, Vorlesungen ber Atommechanik. ( 7 ) Born and Heisenberg, 96, 23: 388; 24.
(8) Davey, 2, 22: 211; 23. () Darwin, 3, 39: 537; 23.
(i) Foote and Mohler, Origin of Spectra, 1923. ( 1 M Foote, 143, 198: 344,
517; 24. (12) Fuess, 96, 11: 364; 22. 12: 1; 22. 21: 265; 24. 8, 76:
299; 25. (13) Hartree, 201, 21: 630; 23. 22: 409, 464; 24. 6, 106: 552;
24. (i*) Herzfeld, 200, 19: 259; 23. ( 1S ) Kramers and Urey, O. ( 16 >
Lindsay, 2, 23: 552; 24. 885, 3: 191; 24. 2, 25: 239; 25. (17) Pa11H, Jr.,
96, 31:' 765; 25. ( 18 ) Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien, 4th ed.
1925. (i 9 ) Stoner, 3, 48: 719; 24.
(20) Urey, O. ( 21 ) Heisenberg, 96, 33: 879; 25.
THERMOMETRY
E. F. MUELLER, L. H. ADAMS, F. O. FAIRCHILD AND H. T. WENSEL
PAGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Thermometric Scales
The Standard Thermodynamic Scale
Fixed Points
Resistance Thermometers
Liquid-in-glass Thermometers
Thermo-couples. L. H. ADAMS
~ A . , T
J C. O. FAIRCHILD
Optical
Pyrometryj H ^ WENsEL
52
52
E. F. MUELLER 53
54
54
57
K
59Q
1. THERMOMETRIC SCALES
E. F. MUELLER
Centigrade or Celsius scale, 0C
Fahrenheit scale, 0F
Ramur scale, 0R
Centigrade absolute or Kelvin scale, 0K
Fahrenheit absolute or Rankine scale, 0R'
By definition or as basic values adopted for I. C. T., the ice
and steam points under a pressure of IAn have the following
values :
Ice point: O0C = 320F = O0R = 273.10K = 491.580R'.
Steam point: 10O0C = 2120F = 8O0R = 373.10K = 703.580R'.
0
C = % (0F - 32) = %R = 0K - 273.1.
0
F = %C + 32 = 0R' - 459.58.
2. THE STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC SCALE

E. F. MUELLER
The experimental difficulties in the use of gas thermometers

and the .relatively low precision attainable in a single measurement have led to the introduction of a standard practical or working scale. This working scale is defined by certain base pointsy
the temperatures of which have been determined by gas thermometer measurements, and by the indications of suitable
instruments used for interpolation between the base points or for
extrapolation to higher temperatures. It is possible in this way,
without actually using a gas thermometer, to establish a working
scale which does not differ to a demonstrable extent from the
standard scale at any temperature within the range of the working
scale. The practice of the various national standardizing laboratories in defining the working scale is substantially uniform
at present, and it requires only minor adjustments and formal
agreement to give the working scales of these laboratories the
status of an international temperature scale. Such a scale would
bear essentially the same relation to the standard scale, as do the
international electric units to the absolute units.
The standard working scale may be defined by assigning numerical values to the temperatures defined by the boiling point of
oxygen, the melting point of ice, the boiling point of water, the
boiling point of sulfur, and the freezing points of antimony,
silver and gold. The platinum resistance thermometer is the
standard for interpolation in the range 195 to O0C and from
0 to 65O0C; the platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouple for
the range from 650 to 1063; and the luminous filament pyrometer above 10630C.
Wien's law is accepted as expressing the brightness-temperature relation for a black body. For the purpose of defining the
temperature scale above 10630C the present practice of the
national laboratories tends to favor the use of the value 1.430 cm
degrees for the constant C2 in this equation but the value 1.433
cm degrees has been adopted for I. C. T.
The thermodynamic scale, which is based solely on the laws

of thermodynamics and is independent of the properties of any
material substance, is accepted as the standard scale of temperature. Temperatures on the thermodynamic scale are proLITERATURE
portional to the pressures (or to the volumes) of an ideal gas in a
perfect constant volume (or constant pressure) gas thermometer.
(!)
Reichsanstalt,
8, 48: 1034; 15. ( 2 ) Griffiths and Schofield, 83, 13: 222; 18.
The standard scale is realized in practice by use of gas thermom( 3 ) Waidner, Mueller and Foote, Pyrometry, p. 46 (pub. by Am. Soc. Min.
eters, the indications of which can be reduced to the standard
and Met. Engrs., 1920). ( 4 ) Day and Sosman, Dictionary of Applied
scale, or for higher temperatures, by use of the relations between
Physics, 1: 836; 22. ( 5 ) Henning, 843, 44: 349; 24. ( 6 ) Riechsanstalt,
248, 44: 517; 24.
the intensity of radiation from a black body and its temperature.
n*
Hk
Effective quantum number = Z*N/T.

Designation of the state characterized by the numbers
N00
p
TI
T
v
PFn
Rydberg constant.
Semi-parameter of the electronic orbit (semi-latus rectum).
Radius of first Bohr ring for hydrogen.
Spectral term. = a wave number (1/X) of a spectral series.
Speed of electron in its orbit.
Energy expenditure required to remove the electron to
infinity.
Atomic number: Ze = nuclear charge.
Charge of atomic residue.
n, k.
Z
Z*e
a
27re2/hc.
v
v
<rn,k
(I - v*/c2)-^
Frequency of emitted radiation.
Rydberg fundamental frequency.
Frequency of precession of electronic orbit.
con
Frequency of revolution of electron; for penetrating orbits,

the radial frequency, one revolution being from A to
B, Fig. 2.
LITERATURE
(M Andrade, The Structure of the Atom, 1923. ( 2 ) Birge and Blackettr

48, 8: 213; 24. ( 3 ) Bohr, The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution,.
2nd ed., 1924. (*) Bohr, 68, 112: 29; 23. 218, 11: 606; 23. ( 5 ) Bohr,
8, 71: 228; 23. (6) Bohr and Coster, 96, 12: 342; 23. ( 6a ) Born, Vorlesungen ber Atommechanik. ( 7 ) Born and Heisenberg, 96, 23: 388; 24.
(8) Davey, 2, 22: 211; 23. (*) Darwin, 8, 39: 537; 23.
(io) Foote and Mohler, Origin of Spectra, 1923. ( 1 M Foote, 143, 198: 344,
517; 24. C 12 ) Fuess, 96, 11: 364; 22. 12: 1; 22. 21: 265; 24. 8, 76:
299; 25. (13) Hartree, 201, 21: 630; 23. 22: 409, 464; 24. 6, 106: 552;
24. ( 14 ) Herzfeld, 200, 19: 259; 23. ( 1S ) Kramers and Urey, O. ( 16 >
Lindsay, 2, 23: 552; 24. 886, 3: 191; 24. 2, 25: 239; 25. (*7) pauli, Jr.,
96, 31:' 765; 25. ( 18 ) Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien, 4th ed.
1925. (* 9 ) Stoner, 3, 48: 719; 24.
( 2 0 ) Urey, O. ( 2 I) Heisenberg, 96, 33: 879; 25.
THERMOMETRY
E. F. MUELLER, L. H. ADAMS, F. O. FAIRCHILD AND H. T. WENSEL

PAGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Thermometric Scales
The Standard Thermodynamic Scale....
Fixed Points
Resistance Thermometers
Thermo-couples. L. H. ADAMS
~ j.- -, T*
J C. O. FAIRCHILD
Optical Pyrometry j H T WENSEL
52
52
E. F. MUELLER 53
54
54
57
KQ
59
1. THERMOMETRIC SCALES
E. F. MUELLER
Centigrade or Celsius scale, 0C
Fahrenheit scale, 0F
Ramur scale, 0R
Centigrade absolute or Kelvin scale, 0K
Fahrenheit absolute or Rankine scale, 0R'
By definition or as basic values adopted for I. C. T., the ice
and steam points under a pressure of IAn have the following
values :
Ice point: O0C = 320F = O0R = 273.10K = 491.580R'.
Steam point: 10O0C = 2120F = 8O0R = 373.10K = 703.580R'.
0
C = % (0F - 32) = %R - 0 K - 273.1.
0
F - %C + 32 = 0R' - 459.58.
2. THE STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC SCALE

E. F. MUELLER
The thermodynamic scale, which is based solely on the laws
of thermodynamics and is independent of the properties of any
material substance, is accepted as the standard scale of temperature. Temperatures on the thermodynamic scale are proportional to the pressures (or to the volumes) of an ideal gas in a
perfect constant volume (or constant pressure) gas thermometer.
The standard scale is realized in practice by use of gas thermometers, the indications of which can be reduced to the standard
scale, or for higher temperatures, by use of the relations between
the intensity of radiation from a black body and its temperature.
The experimental difficulties in the use of gas thermometers

and the .relatively low precision attainable in a single measurement have led to the introduction of a standard practical or working scale. This working scale is defined by certain base pointsy
the temperatures of which have been determined by gas thermometer measurements, and by the indications of suitable
instruments used for interpolation between the base points or for
extrapolation to higher temperatures. It is possible in this way,
without actually using a gas thermometer, to establish a working
scale which does not differ to a demonstrable extent from the
standard scale at any temperature within the range of the working
scale. The practice of the various national standardizing laboratories in defining the working scale is substantially uniform
at present, and it requires only minor adjustments and formal
agreement to give the working scales of these laboratories the
status of an international temperature scale. Such a scale would
bear essentially the same relation to the standard scale, as do the
international electric units to the absolute units.
The standard working scale may be defined by assigning numerical values to the temperatures defined by the boiling point of
oxygen, the melting point of ice, the boiling point of water, the
boiling point of sulfur, and the freezing points of antimony,
silver and gold. The platinum resistance thermometer is the
standard for interpolation in the range 195 to O0C and from
0 to 65O0C; the platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouple for
the range from 650 to 1063; and the luminous filament pyrometer above 10630C.
Wien's law is accepted as expressing the brightness-temperature relation for a black body. For the purpose of defining the
temperature scale above 10630C the present practice of the
national laboratories tends to favor the use of the value 1.430 cm
degrees for the constant C2 in this equation but the value 1.433
cm degrees has been adopted for I. C. T.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Reichsanstalt, 8, 48: 1034; 15. ( 2 ) Griffiths and Schofield, 83, 13: 222; 18.
( 3 ) Waidner, Mueller and Foote, Pyrometry, p. 46 (pub. by Am. Soc. Min.
and Met. Engrs., 1920). ( 4 ) Day and Sosman, Dictionary of Applied
Physics, 1: 836; 22. ( 5 ) Henning, 243, 44: 349; 24. ( 6 ) Riechsanstalt,
248, 44: 517; 24.
3. FIXED POINTS
E. F. MUELLER
Reduction of Gas Thermometer Indications to the Thermodynamic Scale

The temperature tg on the scale of a constant volume or constant pressure gas thermometer filled with any real gas, is proportional to the pressure the gas would exert or the volume it
would occupy, respectively, if all of the gas were at the uniform
temperature to be measured, and if the volume or the pressure,
respectively, were the same at all temperatures. At 0 and
10O0C, the temperature tg is by definition identical with the
thermodynamic temperature t, while at other temperatures ta
departs from t by amounts which are proportional to the pressure
at 0, called the initial pressure. The tabular values are accordingly given only for an initial pressure equivalent to l m of
mercury.
The values of t I0 obtained by various methods cover a wide
range, so that only the order of magnitude of the values can be
considered as known with any certainty. The tendency in modern
work in gas thermometry has been to employ hydrogen or helium
as the thermometric gas, and for these gases the magnitude of
t tg is comparable with the experimental error of the gas thermometer itself, so that the importance of an exact knowledge of
the departure of the scales of these gas thermometers from the
thermodynamic scale is correspondingly reduced.
.,
T.
LiqUld
REDUCTION OF GAS THERMOMETER INDICATIONS, tg, TO THE

THERMODYNAMIC CENTIGRADE SCALE, t
t = Temperature on standard scale.

p = Pressure in millimeters of Hg (1 mm Hg = J^6 o An) where
p is between 680 and 780 mm.
BASE POINTS USED IN DEFINING THE STANDARD WORKING SCALE
(I. C. T. temperature scale)
Substance
~
'
a i-j CO
/~.^ **..
Solid
2
Temperature, 0C
Phenomenon
,,
.
Vaporpressure t -
TT
Vaporpressure
t=
Mercury*
Ice
Freezing
Melting
OA
Steam
, .
Condensing
,,
Sulfur
-, -,
.
Condensmg
-183.00+0.245 +
273.1) logio p/760 or
_ l g 3 OQ + Q om (p _ 76())
[ -0.0000065 (p - 760)2
f - 78.51 + 0.1443 (t +
logio p/760 or
_273.1)
7g ^ + Q ^ (p _ 7())
-0.000011 (p - 76O)2
t = -38.87
t = 0.000
F 100.000 + 0.1727 (t +
,
273.1) logio p/760 or
t = W()QQQ + Q Q367 (p _
760) -0.000023 (p - 760)2
"444.60 + 0.2215 (t +
273.1) logio p/760 or
t - ^ QQ + Q J/g (p _ 7QQ}
I -0.000048 (p - 76O) 2
To be determined with resistance
thermometer, t = approx. 630.5
t = 960.5 (reducing atmosphere).
t = 1063
Values of t tg for an initial pressure of 1 meter of mercury

Antimony
. Freezing
Helium
I
Hydrogen
|
Nitrogen
Silver
Freezing
Gold
Freezing
o/-.
Const. Const. Const. Const. Const. Const,
vol.
press.
vol. press.
vol. press.
* Not needed according to one suggested definition of the scale.
- 250 +0.04
+0.12
- 200 + .02 +0.04 + .06 +0.3
+0.5
- 150 + .01 + .02 + .03 + .1
+ .2 +1.3
SECONDARY FIXED POINTS USEFUL IN CALIBRATING TEMPERATURE
- 100 + .005 + .005 + .015 + .04 + .06 + .4
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
- 50 + .002 + .002 + .005 + .02 + .03 + .12
(I. C. T. temperature scale)
O
.000 .000 .000 .000 .00
.00
+ 25 - .001 - .001 - .001 - .003 - .008 - .02
Substance
Phenomenon
Temperature 0C
50 - .001
.000 - .002 - .004 - .010 - .03
Boiling
t = -252.7s + 0.0044 (p- 760)
75 - .001
.000 - .001 - .003 - .005 - .02 Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Vapor pressure t = 195.80 + 0.0109 (p 760)
100
.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .00
= 217.96 + 0.207s (t + 273.1)
Naphthalene
Condensing
150 + .002 + .001 + .01 + .01 + .01 + .05
logio (p/760)
Freezing
= 231.85
200 + .006 + .001 + .02 + .02 + .02 + .12 Tin
Benzophenone
Condensing
t = 305.9 + 0.194 (t + 273.1) logio
250 + .01 + .002
+ .03 + ,04 + .2
(P/760)
300 + .02 + .003
+ .04 + .07 + .3
t = 320.9
Cadmium
Freezing
350 + .03 + .005
+ .10 + .4
Lead
Freezing
t = 327.4
Zinc
Freezing
t = 419.4s
400 + .04 + .006
+ .14 + .5
Aluminum (99.85 %)
Freezing
t = 658.9
450 + .05 + .008
+ .17 + .6
Copper
Freezing
t 1083 (reducing atmosphere)
500
+ .2
+ .7
Palladium
Freezing
t = 1555 2
600
+ .3
+ .9
Platinum
Melting
t = 1755 6
Tungsten
Melting
t = 337o 30
800
+ .5 +1.3
1000
+ .7 +1.8
The above values are in accord with the temperature scale used throughout
1200
+1.0
+ 2 . 3 I. C. T. For the last three points the following slightly different values have
LITERATURE
(i)Rose-Innes, 3, 2: 131; 01. 15: 301; 08. (Z)Callendar, 3, 5: 48; 03. ( 3 )
Berthelot, 2S8, ISB: 113p.; 07. ( 4 )Buckingham, 31A9 3: 237; 07. (s)Cath
and Onnes,Jtf, No. 156a; 22. 18, 6: 1; 22. (6)Holborn and Otto, 96, 23:
77; 24. 30: 320; 24. (7)Keesom and Onnes, B60: 15; 24.
been suggested for future adoption as secondary points on an international

practical scale.
T 11 jT,
f l 5 5 5 f o C 2 = 1.430"
Palladmm
Freezing
t = [ 1554 fo ^ _ ^^
Platinum
Melting
t - f 1765 fo Ca " 1^430

L 1763 fo C2 = 1.433
Tungsten
Melting
t = f 3400 fo C* = 1 ^ 430 '

[3386 fo C2 = 1.433_
ADDITIONAL USEFUL SECONDARY POINTS

i
Substance
-n
t
Formula
Isopentaiie
Methylcyclohexane
Ether
CsHiz
CeHuCHs
(C2HsHO
Ether
(C?H6)2O
Carbon disulfide
Toluene
Ethyl acetate
Chloroform
Chlorobenzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Sodium sulfate
Potassium dichromate
30.5 NaCl + 69.5 Na2SO4
Potassium chloride
Sodium chloride
Sodium sulfate
Potassium sulfate
Potassium sulfate
Nickel
Cobalt
Lithium metasilicate
Diopside
Anorthite
CS2
CvH8
CH3CO2C2H5
CHCIs
CeHsCl
CCU
Na 2 S(VlOH 2 O
K2Cr2O?
KCl
NaCl
Na2SO4
K2SO4
K2SO4
Ni
Co
Li2SiOs
CaMgSi2Oe
CaAl2SJsO8
T.
Phenomenon
Temper,
^
ature, 0C
Freezing
159.6
Freezing
- 126.3
Slow freezing (un- - 123.3
stable)
Rapid freezing or - 116.3
slow melting
Freezing
- 111.6
Freezing
- 95.1
Freezing
- 83.6
Freezing
- 63.5
Freezing
- 45.2
Freezing
- 22.9
Transition
32.384
Melting
397.5
Melting
637.0
Melting
770.3
Melting
800.4
Melting
884.7
Inversion
583.0
Melting
1069.1
Melting or freezing
1452
Melting or freezing
1490
Melting
1202
Melting
1395
Melting
1555
LITERATURE
(i)Holborn and Day, 8, 2: 505; 00. 12,10: 171; OO (Sb, Ag, Au, Cu). (2)Buckingham, 31 A, 3: 281 ; 07 (Review of values for S boiling point). ( 3 ) Waidner and
Burgess, SlA, 7: 1; 11 (Naphthalene, benzophenone, Sn, Cd, Zn). (4)Holborn
and Henning, 8, 35: 761; 11 (Naphthalene, benzophenone, S, Sn, Cd, Zn).
( 5 )Day and Sosman, 152, No. 157; 11 (Zn, Sb, Ag, Au, Cu, Pd, Pt). ( 6 )Day
and Sosman, 12, 33: 517; 12. 8, 38: 849; 12 (Benzophenone, Zn, Sb, S).
(7)Henning, 8, 43: 282; 14 (O, CO2, Hg). (S)Eumorfopoulous, 5, 9OA: 189; 14
(S). ( 9 ) Wilhelm, SIA, 13: 655; 16. (Hg).
(lO)Chappuis, 288, 16: 17 (S). OMBureau of Standards, Cir. No. 66; 17 (Sn,
Zn, Al, Cu). (i 2 ) Cath, 168, No. 152d; 18. 6J1P1 21: 656; 19 (Ot N).
(i3)Martinez and Onnes, 168, No. 156b; 22. 18, 6: 31; 22 (H). (i)Worthing, 96, 22: 9; 24 (W). (iS)Henning and Heuse, 8, 23: 104; 24 (O, N, H).
( 16 )Finck and Wilhelm, , 47: 25 (Naphthalene, benzophenone). See also
References under Standard Scale of Temperature.
Additional Fixed Points: Timmermans, Van der Horst and Onnes, 168, No. 157;
22 (Organic liquids below 0). Dickinson and Mueller, 81 A, 3: 641; 07
(Na2SO4 transition). Roberts, 2, 23: 386; 24 (Salts). Day and Sosman,
Dictionary of Applied Physics, 1: 836; 22 (Metals and silicates). Richards,
et al, l, 36: 485; 14 (Na2CO, hydrates transitions). 40: 89; 18 (SrCh and
SrBr2 transitions). 41: 2019; 19 (C6H8).
THE LEIDEN TEMPERATURE SCALE

In certain sections of International Critical Tables (where so
indicated) the Leiden temperature scale will be employed.
(Onnes and Hoist, 168, No. 141a. 64V, 23: 175; 14. Cath and
Onnes, 168, No. 152a. 64V9 26: 437, 490; 17. Cath, 168, No.
152d. 64V, 27: 553; 18.) The relation between the Leiden
and the I. C. T. scales is shown by the following table:
Point
H 2 (B. P.)
O2 (B. P.)
ca. -40
I. C. T.
Leiden
-252.8
-183.0
-252.74
-182.95
^fV
i. o. i.
+0.06
+0.05
+0.04
4. RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS
E. F. MUELLER
Standard methods of calibration have been developed only
for platinum resistance thermometers. Data on the resistancetemperature relation for particular thermometers of other metals,
such as gold and lead, are available, and formulae to represent
the relation have been published, but standardized methods for
the calibration of such thermometers have not been developed.
The standard working scale, in the interval 0 to 65O0C, is

defined by means of a resistance thermometer of pure platinum,
for which the relation between resistance R and temperature t
is given by the equation:
R = A 0 (I -f at + bt*).
(1)
This may be transformed into the Callendar equations:
100
s
2
<*>
(/fe^s-o)
''
w
=
[(m
Oi}
<
>
The three constants in these equations, namely R , a, and b or
0
Ao, AIOO and respectively, are determined by calibration at

the ice point, the steam point, and the sulfur boiling point.
The purity of the platinum must be such that IOO/O > 1.390 and
444.6/o>2.645, the latter requirement being equivalent to
S<1.50.
The Callendar equations were devised to facilitate computations by the method of successive approximations. The platinum
temperature, symbol (pt), is proportional to the resistance above
A 0 and the amount by which it differs from the true temperature
is given by the correction term,
( " 1 JiOC)'
Consequently, a value of t sufficiently exact for use in computing the value of the correction term is readily obtained, if not by
the first, then certainly by a second or third approximation.
In the interval 195 to O0C the standard reference scale is
defined by means of the platinum resistance thermometer, using
the equation
t - (Pt) = [(4 - l)4] + [(4 - l)^} (3)

The constants A0, AIOO and d are determined just as for the
range above 0 and the additional constant is determined by a
calibration at the boiling point of oxygen. A criterion for the
purity of the platinum is that R-iss/Ro < 0.250.
Thermometers which are not to be heated above ordinary temperatures may be calibrated at the freezing point of mercury,
the CO2 point and the oxygen point, using the interpolation
formula:
R = R0(I + at + b*2 + c*4).
(4)
The constant c in the equation is approximately equal to
5 X 10~12 and when this value is assumed, calibration at the CO2
point may be omitted.
Equations (3) and (4) will yield substantially equivalent results,
but they are not algebraically interconvertible.
Equation (1) or equation (2) may be used for temperatures
up to 1000 or even UOO0C and the temperatures so determined
will not depart appreciably from the standard scale.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Callendar, 62, 178: 160; 87. ( 2 ) Waidner and Burgess, SlA, 6: 149; 09.
( 3 ) Holborn and Henning, 5, 35: 761; 11. ( 4 ) Henning, 8, 40: 635; 13 (Pt
and Pb at low temperatures). ( 5 ) Henning, 8, 43: 282; 14. ( 6 ) Cath, Onnes
and Burgers, 168, No. 152c; 17. 64P, 20, 1163; 18 (Pt and Au at low
temperatures). ( 7 ) Henning and Heuse, 96, 23: 95; 24. ( 8 ) Van Dusen,
1, 47: 326; 25.
5. TEMPERATURE SCALES DEFINED BY LIQUID-INGLASS THERMOMETERS

E. F. MUELLER
The readings of any particular thermometer, taken when all
of the liquid in the thermometer is at a uniform temperature,
may be reduced to those which would have been obtained if the
thermometer had been perfect and used under ideal conditions,
by applying corrections for non-uniformity of the capillary bore,
corrections for the change of reading due to departure of the
external and internal pressures from arbitrary constant values,
a correction for the departure of the ice-point reading, taken immediately after the temperature measurement, from the 0 mark, and
a correction to allow for the value of the mean scale degree, in

case the difference between the readings of the thermometer taken
first at 10O0C and then at O0C, does not correspond to 100 scale
degrees. The reading of a thermometer, when so corrected, may
be defined as the temperature on the liquid-in-glass scale for the
particular liquid and the particular kind of glass of which the
thermometer is made.
The temperature scales of mercury thermometers made of
French hard glass (verre dur), Jena 16m, Jena 59m, Jena 1565111
and Jena combustion tubing are defined as above. For Kew
glass, the temperature scale is denned in a somewhat different way,
in that the point of reference is the (single) ice point reading
taken after the thermometer has been held for a sufficiently long
period at ordinary temperature (about 1O0C) instead of the
(variable) ice point reading taken immediately after each temperature measurement. It is apparent that temperatures on the
mercury-in-glass scale are not proportional to the relative increase
of volume of mercury-in-glass.
Constants characteristic of the several glasses are the ice-point
depression, the softening point, and the average coefficient of
expansion of mercury-in-glass, between 0 and 10O0C.
The ice point depression is the difference between the ice point
reading of the thermometer taken after it has been kept a sufficiently long time (a few days or weeks) at 0 and the ice point
reading taken immediately after the thermometer has been kept
a sufficiently long time (a few minutes or hours) at 10O0C. Good
thermometric glasses are characterized by small ice point depression (less than 0.10C) and rapid recovery. Some glasses have
an ice point depression of nearly I0C.
The softening point determines the upper limit of temperature
at which thermometers made of the glass can be used.
The expansion coefficient is useful in calculating corrections for
emergent stem.
Values of these characteristic constants are :
. ,
T
Ice
point
,
.
depression
Op
_
Verre dur
0.07-0.11
"Kew" glass
0.20
0.04-0.08
Jena 16m
Jena59m
0.03-0.04
O. Ol
Jena 1565111
Jena combustion....
0.03
^1
Glass
Coefficient of
, i
*
cubical exp. of
i
mercury-in-glass
0 to IQO0C
0.000158
o *. .
Softening
. , ~
point 0 C
500
505
510
660
560
0.000158
0.000164
0.000172
|
Thermometers containing alcohol, toluene or pentane are not

adapted for observation at 10O0C, and for such thermometers
the mean scale degree is conveniently referred to the interval 0
to 78.5, the sublimation temperature of carbon dioxide serving
to fix the latter temperature.
The tabular values are the result of comparisons of mercuryin-glass thermometers with gas thermometers or platinum resistance thermometers which served to establish the standard scale of
temperature. The data for Jena 16ni glass and Jena 59m glass
may be used for Corning normal and Corning borosilicate thermometer glasses respectively.
Data of this kind were of great importance during the latter
part of the 19th and even during the early part of this century,
when calibrated mercury-in-glass thermometers were used to
distribute the standard scale of temperature. At present the
data are useful principally for minor purposes, such as calculation
of factors for determining emergent stem correction, calculation
of setting factors for metastatic thermometers, such as the Beckmann thermometer, graduation of thermometers by mercury thread
calibration in the absence of standards and thermally controlled
baths, etc.
In the tables, t represents the temperature on the standard

working scale (platinum resistance thermometer) except for verre
dur, where t represents temperatures on the former International
hydrogen scale, which in practice is not distinguishable from
the standard reference scale, while tgi represents corresponding
temperatures on the several liquid-in-glass scales.
VALUES OF t tgi FOR MEBCUBY-IN-GLASS THEBMOMETERS
t = temperature on standard scale, tgi temperature on mercury-in-glass scale.
op
39
30
20
10
O
+ 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
550
600
650
y
French
hard
Kew
Jena
Jena
Jena
(verre &glass
16m
59m
1565111 ,C~
\ x
bustion
dur)
+0.420
+ .290
+0.28 + 0.13
+ .172
+ .16 + .07
+ .073
+ .07 + .03
.000 0.00
.00
.00
0.00
0.00
- .052
.00 - .06 - .02 - .03
- .085
.00 - .09 - .04 - .05
- .102+ .005- .11 .04- .06
- .107+ .01 - .12 - .03- .06
- .103+ .01 - .12 - .03- .05
- .090+ .01 - .10 - .02- .04
- .072 + .015 - .08 - .01 - .03
- .050+ .02 - .06
.00- .02
- .026+ .025- .03 + .02- .01
.000
.00
.00
.00
.00
0.00
+ .06
+ .03 .05 + .06
+ .07
+ .02 .16 + .03
+ .03
- .02 - .31 - .13
- .04
- .12 - .52 - .38
- .12
- .29 - .84- .90- 1.13
- .5 - 1.3 - 1.3 - 1.6
- .9 - 1.9 - 1.8 - 2.2
-1.4
- 2.6 - 2.4 - 3.0
-2.0
- 3.4 - 3.1 - 4.0
-2.7
- 4.4 - 3.9 - 5.1
- 5.8 - 4.8 - 6.4
- 7.2 - 5.9 - 7.8
- 8.8 - 7.3 - 9.5
-10.6
- 8.9 -11.4
-12.6
-10.5
-13.5
-14.9
-12.4
-15.9
-17.4
-14.7
-18.6
-20.2 -17.2
-21.5
-23.3 -20.0
-24.8
-26.9 -23.1
-28.4
-32.
-39.
-44.
-58.
VALUES OF t tg FOR LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS
__
-180
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
Pentane in
16nl glass
_23.4
-21.0
-18.6
-16.2
-13.9
-11.6
- 9.4
- 7.3
- 5.3
Toluene in
verre dur
Alcohol in
verre dur
VALUES OF t ti FORLIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS.Continued
-100
-90
- 80
- 78,5
- 70
- 60
- 50
- 40
- 30
- 20
- 10
O
+ 10
20
30
100
Peritane in
16111 glass
- 3.4
- 1.7
- 0.2
0.0
+ 1.0
+ 2.0
+ 2.6
+ 3.0
+ 2.9
+ 2.4
+ 1.5
0.0
- 2.0
- 4.4
- 7.6
Toluene in
verre dur
Alcohol in
verre dur
0.0
0.0
+ .4
+ .8
+ 1.1
+ 1.2
+ 1.2
+1.0
+ 0.6
0.0
0.0
+0.3
+ .6
+ .7
+ .9
+ .9
+ .8
+ .5
.0
-3.6
-24.4
LITERATURE
Guillaume, Traite pratique de la thermometerie. Gauthier-Villars, Paris,
1889 (General). Chappuis, 288, 6: 1; 88 (Verre dur -25 to 100). Harker,
, 78A: 225; 06 (Kew glass). Scheel, Deut. Median. Ztg., 1916: 170 and
Holborn, Scheel and Henning, B63 (Jena glasses and organic liquids in glass).
Emergent Stem Correction for Liquid-in-glass Thermometers

If a liquid-in-glass thermometer standardized for total immersion is used with a portion of the liquid column at a temperature
below that of the bulb, the reading will be too low for this reason,
and an emergent stem correction should be applied to the observed
reading.
The emergent stem correction is calculated by the formula,
Correction = Kn (t ts)
in which
K = coefficient of cubical expansion of mereury-in-glass, per
0
C,
t = temperature of bulb, 0C,
ts = average temperature 0C of the mercury column nC
degrees in length.
The value of t is to be determined by means of an auxiliary thermometer or thermometers, preferably with a capillary thermometer. The sign as well as the magnitude of the correction
is given by the formula.
For many purposes, in using mercury-in-glass thermometers K
may be treated as a constant of the glass, using the values given
above for the apparent coefficient of expansion of mercury-inglass. The value of K does, however, change with temperature.
For purposes of computing the emergent stem correction, it
may be considered as depending on the average of t and ts, that is
^-Zi and is here so tabulated.
If the coefficients of expansion of mercury and of glass were
both constant, K would also be constant. Most of the change
in K is the result of the varying coefficient of the mercury, so
that the change in K with temperature for one glass may with
some certainty be inferred from the change for some other glass.
The use of the formula requires that t7 the temperature of the
bulb, be known. In case t is not known, but is to be determined
from the indication of the thermometer, the reading of the thermometer may be substituted in the formula in place of 2, as a
first approximation and the true magnitude of the correction
then calculated by means of a second, or if necessary, a third
approximation.
In many cases, in calculating the emergent stem correction

for thermometers containing organic liquids, it is sufficient to
use the approximate value, K = 0.001. The tables show to
what extent this is justified for pentane, toluene, and alcohol.
In such thermometers, K is practically independent of the kind
of glass used.
With the abandonment of the mercury-in-glass thermometer
as an instrument of high precision there has been an increasing
tendency to use partial immersion thermometers, graduated and
standardized for a particular depth of immersion, thus avoiding
the necessity of determining and applying the correction for
emergent stem.
TABLE OF EMERGENT STEM CORBECTION FACTORS
Mercury-in-glass Thermometers
t H- ts
_r
I Jena
Verre
Jena
Jena
Jena
,
p
^
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
dur
16'
59
1565'
O.000158 O.000158 O.000164 0.000172

158
158
164
172
158
158
165
173
159
159
167
175
161
170
177
164
174
180
177
184
182
188
187
194
195
200
mbuStion
0.000164
164
165
167
171
174
178
182
188
195
j _l_ k
~
z
_____
-160
-140
-120
-100
- 80
- 60
- 40
- 20
O
-f 20
Pentane
0.0009
09
09
10
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
Toluene
Alcohol
0.0009
09
10
10
10
11
0.0010
10
10
10
10
IQ
LITERATURE
Buckingham, SIa, 8: 239; 12.
Example: A thermometer of Jena 59m (or Corning borosilicate

glass) indicated a temperature, , of 470 after application of
corrections peculiar to the instrument. The thermometer was
immersed to the 150 mark, and the average temperature t* of
the 320 (n) of exposed mercury column was found to be 190.
The average of t and ts is 330 and the value of the factor K for
this temperature is 0.000176. Accordingly
Correction = 0.000176(320) (470 - 190) = 15.8
The corrected temperature is therefore 470 + 15.8 = 485.8.
Since the bulb temperature was considerably higher than 470
a second approximation may be tried:
Correction = 0.000176(320) (486 - 190) = 16.7
The second approximation yields a corrected temperature of
470 + 16.7 = 486.7 which in view of the rather large emergent
stem correction, may properly be reported as 487.
Possible short cuts in making the second approximation will be
readily apparent.
The example given is purposely somewhat exaggerated by
assuming an unusually high temperature (190) for the emergent
stem, in order to show that the factor K may differ appreciably

from the conventional value of 0.00016.
For computations in Fahrenheit temperatures, the proper
value of K is % of the tabulated value.
6. THERMOCOUPLES
L. H. ADAMS
"Standard" Calibration Tables (for Use with Deviation Curve)
Standard tables such as these do not necessarily have any
absolute significance; primarily, they are arbitrary reference
curves which, although representing fairly well the temperatureemf functions for certain thermocouples, are intended for use
with an appropriate deviation-curve. This correction-curve is
determined for each couple by calibration at severalpreferably
three or morefixed points within the " applicability range of the

couple." This curve is constructed by plotting AE as ordinate (AE
= Eois. Estand) against Estand, as abscissa. In order to obtain
the temperature corresponding to the emf indicated by the couple,
the appropriate value of AE (as obtained from its deviation curve)
is subtracted algebraically from the observed value of E before
the latter is converted into degrees by means of the table.
Example: At a certain temperature a copper-constantan couple gave
an emf of 8720 microvolts. From the previously determined
deviation curve of the particular couple the value of AE at 8720
microvolts is found to be 12 microvolts. The "standard" emf
is therefore 8720 12 or 8708 microvolts and from the copperconstantan table this may be seen to correspond to 189.08, which
is the required temperature.
The fixed (i.e., cold) junction is supposed to be maintained
at O0C.
TEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES FOR EVERY 100 MICROVOLTS

Platinum: Platinrhodium (90-10). Standard range, 630-1083C. Applicability range, 0-17540C
MV
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
/*V
I
O
147.1
17.8
100
17.8
159.7
16.7
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
276.6
12.4
265.4
1037.3
1122.2
1045.9
1062.9
778.8
950.4
9.0
8.8
870.1
9.2
959.2
9.0
100
8.8
1079.9
1247.6
1255.9
1264.3
1272.6
8.4
1197.6
1205.9
1438.4
1364.1
1520.9
1446.6
1529.2
8.2
1454.8
1537.5
700
1687.6
1612.5
800
8.4
1696.0
8.4
1620.9
600
....
8.3
8.3
8.3
500
1679.3
1604.2
400
8.3
1754.3
8.4
8.4
8.3
1746.0
1670.9
1595.8
..
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.3
1372.4
1512.6
1737.7
1662.6
1587.5
300
8.4
8.3
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.3
1289.3
1430.2
1355.8
1281.0
1504.3
1729.3
1654.3
1579.1
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.3
1422.0
1347.5
8.3
1496.0
200
8.3
8.4
8.3
100
1721.0
1645.9
1570.8
8.4
8.3
8.4
1000
1712.6
1637.6
1562.4
1037.3
8.3
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.3
1554.1
900
8.6
1704.3
1629.2
8.3
1028.7
18,000
8.3
800
8.6
8.8
950.4
1620.9
8.3
1545.8
1487.7
1413.8
1339.2
1537.5
1020.1
941.6
17,000
700
8.6
8.8
9.1
861.1
16,000
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.3
1189.2
1113.8
1330.9
769.5
1479.4
1405.6
852.0
600
1011.5
932.8
400
8.7
8.9
9.1
9.3
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.4
1180.9
1105.4
1322.6
760.2
1471.2
1397.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
1172.5
1096.9
1122.2
1239.3
8.4
1164.2
1088.4
1314.3
8.4
842.9
300
500
1002.8
923.9
200
8.7
8.9
9.1
9.3
9.6
915.0
833.8
750.9
994.1
8.9
9.1
9.4
8.2
8.3
824.7
741.5
9.6
906.1
9.1
9.4
9.6
1463.0
1389.0
8.3
732.1
8.2
8.3
815.6
9.4
9.7
1454.8
1380.7
1306.0
722.7
15,000
8.3
8.3
8.3
1230.9
1155.8
1372.4
1297.7
1222.6
8.4
8.4
1000
861.1
9.3
9.5
9.7
675.3
14,000
8.4
8.4
8.4
1147.4
1071.4
1289.3
1214.2
1139.0
578.3
13,000
8.3
8.4
8.4
900
1205.9
1130.6
1054.4
478.1
12,000
8.4
8.5
800
374.3
11,000
8.5
700
684.8
9.8
147.1
8.5
600
588.1
10.1
320.6
426.7
528.6
627.1
11.6
10.9
10.4
10.0
219.7
331.5
437.1
538.6
636.8
11.5
10.8
10.3
10.0
231.2
342.3
447.4
548.6
646.5
11-5
10.7
10.3
9.9
242.7
353.0
457.7
558.5
656.1
11.4
10.7 10.2
9.9
254.1
363.7
467.9
568.4
665.7
11.3
10.6
10.2
9.9
8.5
500
488:3
10.5
769.5
9.5
208.1
8.5
400
384.9
11-1
675.3
9.8
14.1
94.1
13.7
107.8
13.4
121.2
13.1
134.3
12.8
8.5
800
578.3
10.2
80.0
8.5
200
478.1
10.6
172.1
287.7
395.4
498.4
597.9
694.3
788.0
879.1
968.0
12.3
11.0
10.6
10.1
9.8
9.5
9.2
9.0
8.7
184.3
298,7
405.9
508.5
607.7
703.8
797.2
888.1
976.7
12.0
11.0
10.4
10.1
9.7
9.5
9.2
9.0
8.7
196.3
309.7
416.3
518.6
617.4
713.3
806.4
985.4
t 897.1
11.8
10.9
10.4
10.0
9.7
9.4
9.2'
9.0
8.7
8.6
100
374.3
11.2
34.5
15.8
50.3
15.1
65.4
14.6
10,000
265.4
12.6
......
900
8.3
1704.3
1000
TEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES FOR EVERY 100 MICROVOLTS

Copper : Constantan
-5000
J*V
-169.14
-4000
-124.46
5.20
100
-174.34
200
-128.47
-179.74
4. 09
-132.56
-185.38
400
-191.27
-136.74
5. 89
4.28
-141.02
6.17
600
4. 89
-145.41
-197.44
4.50
6.61
600
-203.95
-149.91
6.97
700
-210.92
800
-218.47
7.66
1000
Av
-169.14
7000
155.95
175.50
194.62
163.82
1.96
900
1OCO
165.78
10,000
49.20
2.33
51.53
2.32
53.85
72.08
2.23
74.31
2.23
76.54
2.22
78.76
2.2*
80.97
2.20
2.41
34.98
2.40
2.31
56.16
2.30
58.46
2.30
2.75
2.48
22.80
2.^7
2.35
46.86
2.34
-55.81
-26.82
25.27
49.20
72.08
11,000
-18.57
17.83
.73
-21.30
20.32
12,000
222.59
240.82
258.74
1.57
207.78
1.86
209.64
1.50
211.50
1.86
1.54
224.43
1.53
226.26
1.53
228.09
1.S3
229.92
1.52
1.51
242.63
1.50
244.43
1.80
246.23
1.50
248.03
1.79
213.36
231.74
249.82
1.52
235.38
260.52
1.77
262.29
1 .77
264.06
1.77
265.83
1.77
267 . 60
2 36
44.51
13,000
1.76
269.36
1.76
271 . 12
1.76
272.88
1.76
274.64
1.76
276.40
1.75
37.38
2.39
39.77
2.35
42.15
2.49
267.60
249.82
1.82
1.54
220.75
1.54
205.91
25.27
2.^5
27.72
" 2.43
30.15
2.42
32.57
-24.05
2.77
2.51
1.52
237.20
1.51
239.01
1.51
1.57
3000
2.99
1.55
1.55
2000
-52.79
3.02
-46.84
2.00
-49.80
233.56
218.91
2.56
7.72
2.55
10.27
2.53
2.71
-15.86
1.79
251.61
1.79
253.40
1.75
255.18
1.75
256.96
1.75
217.06
5.16
12.80
2.52
15.32
2.93
1.55
215.21
2.57
1000
60.76
2.25
63.04
2.27
65.31
2.27
67.58
2.25
69.83
2.25
231.74
213.36
2.59
2. 69
-13.17
-43.91
3.29
2.67
2.90
3.26
-87.86
204.04
400
1.97
-41.01
2.65
-10.50
2. 89
3.22
-124.46
185.11
1.91
187.02
1.91
188.93
1.90
190.83
1.90
192.73
1.59
161.86
2.86
-71.39
-120.53
3. 93
9000
- 7.85
-38.12
-81.16
3.33
-84.49
3.37
1.95
167.73
1.95
169.68
1.94
171.62
1.94
173.56
1.94
300
1.97
3.16
2.59
2.63
2.84
-68.20
3. 19
3.30
3. 86
- 2.60
2.02
- 5.22
-35.26
-77.87
1.96
159.89
-65.05
-74.61
-116.67
2.81
-32.42
3.11
3.74
-112.87
2.60
-29.61
-61.94
2.79
3.05
3. 68
1.59
196.51
1.59
198.40
1.55
200.28
1.55
202.16
1.55
200
800
-105.45
194.62
157.92
700
3. 63
1.93
177.43
1.93
179.36
1.92
181.28
1.92
183.20
1.91
100
600
- 98.25
3.57
-101.82
175.50
1.97
500
8000
-58.86
S. 51
4.73
6. 02
3.05
-O
-1000
-26.82
-55.81
3.46
-109.13
-159.25
4.87
-164.12
900
- 91.28
4.61
-154.52
-2000
3.42
- 94.74
4.18
5.64
300
- 87.86
4.01
5.40
-3000
1.75
278.15
1.75
279.90
1.75
281 . 65
1.74
283.39
1.74
285.13
14,000
15,000
285.13
1.74
286.87
1.74
288.61
1.74
290.35
1.73
292.08
1.73
302.42
293.81
310.98
302.42
127.75
1.07
349.75
351.42
336.36
1.05
366.32
1.07
1.68
1.68
1.65
364.67
1.07
1.68
1.05
367.97
1.00
353 . 08
1.04
1.04
1.04
374.53
1.04
376.17
1.03
377.80
1.05
363.02
348.08
334.68
1.05
361.37
1.68
1.70
1.00
1.07
346.41
333 . OO
1.00
359.72
344.74
19,000
372.89
358.06
1.67
1.69
1.99
153.97
1.95
1.00
1.07
1.69
1.99
151.99
371.25
356.40
343.07
146.00
2.00
148.00
2.00
150.00
369.61
1.05
1.69
135.91
2.03
137.94
2.02
139.96
2.02
141.98
2.01
143.99
2.01
1.00
354.74
341.40
331.32
18,000
1.05
1.69
6000
155.95
353.08
339.72
1.70
319.49
2. 06
1.05
1.69
329.64
1.70
17,000
338.04
1.70
1.72
2.12
106.91
336.36
327.95
317.79
125.69
104.79
1.70
1.71
1.72
300.70
16,000
1.71
316.09
2. 06
135.91
326.26
1.72
298.98
2.13
115.31
1.71
314.39
2.14
102.66
94.07
2.18
324 . 57
1.72
297.26
2.14
100.52
89.74
2.17
91.91
2. 16
1.71
312.69
117.40
2.05
119.48
2.05
121.56
2.07
123.63
2.05
322.88
309.27
96.23
2.15
98.38
129.80
2.04
131.84
2.04
133.88
2.03
1.71
307.56
2.09
109.02
2.10
111.12
2.10
113.22
2.09
87.56
321.19
305.85
2.16
2.11
319.49
304.14
5000
115.31
94.07
2.19
1.72
1.73
295.54
83.17
2.20
85.37
4000
1.64
369.61
1.03
379.43
1.03
381.06
1.03
382.69
1.03
384.32
1.03
385.95
TEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES FOR EVERY 0.5

MILLIVOLT
COMPARISON OP THE MORE COMMON THERMOCOUPLES
3.0
3.6
4.0
4,6
6.0
6.6'
6.0
6.6
7.0
7.6
8.a
8.6
9.0
9.6
10.0
Fixed-junction Corrections
If the fixed or "cold" junction be not maintained at O0C,
a correction must be applied. This may be done by any one of
several methods, of which the following are suggested:
A. Let the temperature of the fixed junction be tc and that
of the variable or "hot" junction be t. Then to the emf as read
Et-tc, add the emf corresponding to tc. This gives Et which
may at once be converted into *egrees by means of the proper
table.
B. Multiply the fixed-junction temperature by the factor,
f = (dE/dt)o/(dE/dt), which is the ratio of the mean emf-temperature gradient between 0 and tc to the gradient at t, and add
the product to t', the uncorrected temperature. That is, t =
t' + ite. These emf-temperature gradients may be obtained by
taking the reciprocals of the numbers appearing in the difference
column^ of the calibration tables.
O
95
186
277
367
457
546
632
713
792
871
950
O
105
195
277
353
425
495
O
121
244
365
483
600
719
843
970
1104
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1044
1136
O
147
265
374
478
578
675
769
861
950
O
146
260
364
461
553
641
725
806
884
959
1037
1122
1206
1289
1372
1455
1537
1620
1704
1032
1103
1173
1242
1311
1379
1447
1515
Copper: constantan
O
131
237
335
429
513
607
694
779
866
954
Platinum:
Platinrhodium
(Johnston-Matthey)
2.6
O
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
E
mv
Platinum: platinrhodium (Heraeus)
2.0
13.1
996.5
13.2
1009.7
13.3
1023.0
13.3
1036.3
13.4
1049.7
13.5
1063.2
13.6
1076.8
13.7
1090.5
13.7
1104.2
13.8
1118.0
13.8
1131.8
13.9
1145.7
13.9
1159.6
14^
(1174.)
14.
(1188.)
14(1202.)
Temperature,0C
Platinrhodium : *
gold-palladium
1.6
12.1
12.2
11.7
12.3
24.4
268.9
506.2
743.7
12.0
12.1
11.7
12.3
36.4
281.0
517.9
756.0
12.0
12.1
11.7
12.3
48.4
293.1
529.6
768.3
12.0
12.0
, 11.7
12.4
60.4
305.1
541.3
780.7
12.0
12.0
11.7
12.4
72.4
317.1
553.0
793.1
12.0
12.0
11.7
12.5
84.4
329.1
564.7
805.6
12.0
11.9
11.7
12.5
96.4
341.0
576.4
818.1
12.1
11.9
11.8
12.5
108.5
352.a
588.2
830.6
12.1
11.9
11.8
12.6
120.6
364.9
600.0
843.2
12.2
11.9
11.8
12.6
132.8
376.8
611.8
855.8
12.4
11.9
11.8
12.6
145.2
388.6
623.6
868.4
12.5
11.8
11.8
12.6
157.7
400.4
635.4
881.0
12.6
11.8
11.8
12.7
170.2
412.2
647.2
893.7
12.5
11.8
11.9
12.7
182.7
424.0
659.1
906.4
12.5
11.8
11.9
12.7
195.2
435.8
671.0
919.1
12.4
11-8
12.0
12.8
207.7
447.6
683.0
931.9
12.3
11.8
12.0
12.8
220.0
459:4
695.0
944.7
12.3
11.7
12.1
12.8
232.3
471.1
707.1
957.5
12.2
11.7
12.1
12.9
244.5
482.8
719.2
970.4
Chromel (X): copel
1.0
E
mv
Iron: constantan
E
O
10
20
30
40
mv
O7244.5482.8719.2970.4
12.3
12.2
11.7
12.2
13.0
0.6
12.3
256.7
494.5
731.4
983.4
Chromel (P) : alumel
Temperature,0C
Chromel-alumel
O
25
49
72
94
115
136
156
176
195
213
232
250
268
285
302
320
336
353
* 10 % Rh; 40 % Pd.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Adams, 128, 3: 4$0; 13. , 36: 65; 14. 25O1 1919: 2111. (2) Adams, O.
( 3 ) Adams and Johnston, 12, 32: 534; 12. ( 4 ) Foote, Fairchild and Harrison, S2, No. 170; 21. (5) Hoskins Mfg. Co., Catalog D; 24. () Roberts,
O. ( 7 ) Sosman, 12, 30: 7; 10.
OPTICAL PYROMETRY
C. O. FAIRCHILD AND H. T. WENSEL
The temperature scale above the melting point of gold is based
z^
\T
upon Wien's Law, J\ = CiX~5 e
, in which the constant C2 (1.433
cm deg) and the value 13360K for the melting point of gold
determine the scale. In optical pyrometry temperatures are
usually measured by comparing the brightness of a glowing object
with that of the filament of a lamp mounted in the image plane of a
simple telescope. For highest accuracy the current through
the lamp is kept at or near the value corresponding to 13360K
and higher temperatures are measured by reducing the brightness of the image of ^the object to match that of the filament by
means of a suitable screen such as a rotating sector or an absorption glass of; known transmission. The temperature is then
found from the following formula derived from Wien 's Law:
in which R is the transmission of the absorption device and X6

is the "mean effective wave-length" of a color filter in the pyrometer for the temperature interval 1336 to T. Values of X6 can
be obtained in some cases by the use of Table 2.
For practical purposes the pyrometer is ordinarily calibrated
in the range 700 to 140O0C (occasionally to 155O0C) in terms of
filament current. A satisfactory empirical relation between the
current I through the lamp filament and temperature Z0C is:
/ = a + bZ + cZ2 + di3. For tungsten lamps with short 3 mil

filaments dl/dt varies from about 0.00015 ampere per degree at
70O0C (7 = 0.3) to 0.0003 ampere per degree at 1400 (7 = 0.5).
For measurements above 1400 an absorption glass of such type
is employed that A(= X6 logio /6223) is a constant or varies
slightly with temperature. If the spectral transmission, Tr, of the
K
absorption device is of the form Trx = e , A will be a constant
and equal to K/C2.
For sector discs A = constant Xe.

TABLE I
Temperatures extrapolated from 13360K, using Wien's Law,

compared with those obtained using Planck's Law. The values
in this table were computed from the relation :
-î
Angular apertures required in the telescope of the disappearing

filament type of optical pyrometer for a balance between reflection
and diffraction at the filament. Under such conditions disappearance of the filament is obtained without resorting to low magnification or very low resolving power.
TABLE 3.TUNGSTEN FILAMENT OF CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION
Entrance aperture, radians
Filament diameter
Filament diameter
0.04 to 0.06 mm
0.1 mm
very low resolving power
0.04 and larger
0.04 and larger
.06 to .16
.055 to .07
.08to .13
non-disappearance
Exit aperture
_,.
^
0.005
.01
.02
.04
.06
Alogll+e x H
TABLE 2
Effective wave-length and mean effective wave-length of optical
pyrometer red glass filters. The effective wave-length \T is
found from the formula
JL _ a _ k
\T ~
T
Equation*
Corning H. T. red glasses

~A
| B
, c
, D
a
1.5509 I 1.5415 1.5369 | 1.5319 _.. ., ._
Visibility
b
29.6 I 28.2 | 28.0 | 26.8
Wave-length
. .
Transmission
microns
0.6150.0000.0000.0000.0000.442
.625
.085
.007
.000
.000
.323
.635
.520
.270
.141
.080
.220
.645
.730
.533
.389
.350
.141
.655
.798
.637
.508
.520
.084
.665
.815
.664
.541
.580
.046
.675
.823
.677
.557
.605
.024
.685
.828
.686
.567
.605
.0126
.695
.830
.689
.572
.603
.0061
.705
.830
.689
.572
.598
.0031
.715
.826
.682
.564
.590
.00158
.725
.824
.679
.559
.580
.00078
.822
.676
.555
.572
.00038
.735
.745
.820
.672
.551
.567
.00018
.818
.669
.547
.550
.00009
.755
.815
.664
.541
.535
.00003
.765
.775
.813
.661
.537
.510
.00000
* The constants a and b are given for four typical red glasses of the transmissions indicated. The change in effective wave-length with temperature of
glass filter itself is closely 0.00009^ per deg C at ordinary room temperatures.
TABLE 4.BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE VERSUS TRUE TEMPERATURE FOR RED LiGHT(y= 0.65/0
700
800
900
950
975
1000
1025
1050
1100
1150
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1750
745
857
972
700
801
902
1090
701
802
904
1004
1007
1210
1183
1106
1110
1332
1455
1296
1410
1525
1641
1758
1877
1936
1210
1215
1320
1083
1181
1156
1193
1231
903
958
Nichrome or
chromel(6)
Copper
oxide ( 5 )
Observed
brightness
temperature
Copper ( 5 )
True temperature
Nickel
oxide ( 4 )
Tp
I Tw - Tp II
!T1,
I
Tp
\ T w - TP
1336.000
4500
4493
7
1999.997
0.003
5000
4986
14
2499.958
.042
6000
5959
41
2999.74
.26
8000
7825
175
3499.0
1.0
10000
9550
450
3997
3
31 800
Iron oxide (3)
Iron(2)
Tw
1336
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Platinum C 1 )
taking X = 0.65/i.
702
804
906
1020
1010
1087
1159
1233
1116
1224
LITERATURE
(For a key to periodical see end of volume)
(*) Waidner and Burgess, SIa1 3: 163; 07. ( 2 ) Computed for an emissivity of
0.4; cf. Burgess, 32, No. 91: 17. ( 3 ) Burgess and Foote, SIa, 12: 83; 15.
( 4 ) Burgess and Foote, Sa, 11: 41; 15. (*) Burgess, SIa, 6: 111; 09. ( 6 )
Foote, Bureau of Standards, O. For data on C, Ta, W and other substances see sections on emissivity, color temperature, etc.
GENERAL REFERENCES
Burgess and Le Chatelier, Measurement of High Temperature, 1912. Pyrometry: Symposium of American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 1919. Foote, Fairchild and Harrison, 32, No. 170: 21. Foote,
Mohler and Fairchild, 128, 7: 18; 17. Foote, 83, 13: 3; 18. Forsythe, 83,
15: 3; 20. Fairchild and Hoover, 48, 7:7; 23.
LABORATORY METHODS FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING CONSTANT

TEMPERATURE
C. W. KANOLT, OLAF A. HOUGEN, ROLAND A. RAGATZ AND W. E. FORSYTHE
PAGE
Temperatures below O0C. C. W. KANOLT

61
Laboratory Methods for the Production of Cold. C. W.
KANOLT
62
Temperatures above O0C. O. A. HOUGEN AND R. A. RAGATZ. . 66
Production and Maintenance of High Temperatures. W. E.
FORSYTHE
67
The successful application of the methods described in this
,section involves careful attention to the details of construction
and operation of the auxiliary apparatus. For these details the
reader is referred to the original literature.
1. TEMPERATURES BELOW O0C
C. W. KANOLT
(a) Bath Liquids Boiling at Constant Pressure.The temperaturepressure data for number of suitable liquids are displayed
graphically in Fig. 1. For further data concerning these liquids
consult the index of I. C. T. Solid C2 mixed with a suitable
low-freezing liquid may also be used. Cf. Sec. (6) infra, also ( 42 ).
Bath liquids for the maintenance of constant temperatures by boiling

at a constant pressure.
(6) Bath Liquids with Thermostatic Control.In some cases
the liquid-solid mixture with proper thermal insulation may
be conveniently used to automatically maintain the temperature
of the invariant point (M.P. or eutectic). For general discussion
of low temperature baths v. (16). The systems given below are
arranged approximately in ascending order of their minimum
working temperatures.
Abbreviations and Signs.B. = "boils;" Cor. = "corrosiveness " or "corrosive;" E. = "eutectic composition;'7 Fl. = "flammable," hazardous, especially if cooled by means of liquid air.
S. = "solidifies" or "solidification;" SS. = "suggested for use
at its solidifying temperature;" 77 = "viscosity;" + = "high,"
= "moderate or low," thus, 77 = "moderate or low
viscosity."
Below -150.1. Petroleum distillate, dl\ 0.647: S.<-190

(3). Ibid., dl7 = 0.651: S.<-190. B. 33. 77 + at -190
(22). 2. Amylene, techn.: S. < 188. Fl. 77 > petrol ether,
q.v. (18,22). 3. Propane: S. at -187.8. B. at -37. Fl.
4. Propylene: S. at -185.2. B. at -47. Fl. May be used
-190 to -160. Moisture causes turbidity (25). 5. Butane,
techn.:r) at 180. Fl. Gas at ordinary temp. (24). 6.
Methyl chloride 25% +methyl ether 75%, E.: S. at -154. B.
<-20. Fl(4). 7. Isopentane: S. at -159.6. B. at 28.0. Fl.
SS. (37).
From -150 to -125.8. Pentane, techn.: S. <-190 for

some samples. B. ca. 25. Fl. (16). 77 varies with diff. samples.
Cf. (5. 7, I 6 17, 22, 24, 31). 9. Petroleum ether: one sample S. at
-160 (7). Other samples used down to -130 ( 16 ); -135
(5); -150 (is, 30); -160 (25). Fl. 9a. Chloroform 18% +
trans-dichloroethylene 13 % + trichloroethylene 20 % + ethyl bromide
41 % + ethyl chloride 8 % : S < -150. Non-Fl. 77.140 0.71 poises,
?7_i5o 6.3 poises (21). 10, Chloroform 15% + mthylne chloride
25% H- trans-dichloroethylene 11% + trichloroethylene 16% H- ethyl
bromide 33 %: S. ca. 150. Non-Fl. 77.14o = 0.85 poises, 17-100 =
15 poises (21). 11. Ethyl chloride: S. at -138.7. B. 12.2.
Fl. 77- at -138.7 (21). Cor. - (20, 19). Non-Fl. by adding
methyl bromide (13). 12. Chloroform 20% + trans-dichloroethylene 14% + trichloroethylene 21 % + ethyl bromide 45%. E.: S. at
-139. Non-Fl. 77-130 = 0.29 poises; 77.140 = 0.81 poises (21).
13. Methyl ether: S. at -138.5. B. at -23.7. Fl. 14. n-Pentane: S. at -130.8. Fl. Very volatile. 15. Ethyl ether 75 vol. %
+ toluene 25 vol. %: S. ca. -130 (7). 16. Methylcyclohexane:
5. at -126.3. Fl. SS. (37). 17. Petroleum distillate, d 0.713:
pasty ca. -125. S. ca. -147 ().
From -125 to -100.18. Chloroform 23% + ether 77%,
E.: S. at -121.7 (35). 19. Ethyl bromide: S. at -119.
Non-Fl. Becomes Cor. under action of light (10). 77-119 = 0.053
poises (21). 20. Ethyl ether: S. at -116.3 and (metastable) at
-123.3. Fl. SS. (37). 21. Carbon disulfide: S. at -111.6. Fl.
toxic. SS. (37). 22. Chloroform 27% + mthylne chloride 60% +
carbon tetrachloride 13%. E.: S. at -111. Non-Fl. 77- at
- 111 (21).
From -100 to -9023. Chloroform 31% + trichloroethylene
69%. E.: S. at -100. Non-Fl. 77- at -100 (21). 24.
Chloroform 71 % + ether 29%. E.: S. at -97.4 (35). 25.
Mthylne chloride: S. at 97. Volatile but non-Fl. 77 at
97 (21). Addition of alcohol recommended to avoid formation
of HCl in light (28). 26. Chloroform 79% + ether 21%. E.:
S. at -95 (35). 27. Toluene: S. at -95.1. Fl. 77+ at -80
(24). SS. (37). 28. Acetone: S. at -94.6. Fl. 77-89.7 =
0.0205 poise (1). 29. Methyl chloride: S. at -91.5. B. at 24.1. FL-, and non-Fl. by adding methyl bromide (14).
Cor.-.
From -90 to -80.30. Ethyl alcohol: S. at -114.1. Fl.
77+ near 114 (18, 39). ^ increased by presence of U2O (24).
Used down to -80 (15, 16) and to -90 (24). 31. Trichloroethylene: -S. at -86.4. Non-Fl. 77- at -86. Cor.-, when
pure but -f when ox. by air. 32. Ethyl acetate: S. at -83.6. Fl.
SS. (37). 33. Carbon tetrachloride 49 % + chloroform 51%.
E.: S. at -81. Non-Fl. 77- at -81 (21). 34. trans-Dichloroethylene: S. at 80.5. Fl. (9), but less so than vol. hydrocarbons
(21). Cor-.
From -80 to -50.35. Ethyl ether 80% + ethyl alcohol 20%:

Fl. Used down to 78. 77 < alcohol. Less turbid from moisture than is ether (25). 36. H2SO*, 88% in H2O1 E.: S. at -75.
yj+ at low temps. Cor. (23). 37. Chloroform: S. at -63.5.
Non-Fl. T;-at-63 (21). Cor-. SS. (37). A small quantity
of alcohol prevents decomposition. 38. CaCl2 29.8% in H2O.
R: S. at -55.
77+ at -55 (38). Cor.+ (32, 41). Cor.
diminished by addition of K2CrO4 ( 27 ).
From 50 to 25.39. Gasolene + CCl*: Depending upon the
density of the gasolene the following %'s of CCl4 should be used
to reduce Fl. 0.765, 30%; 0.725, 45%; 0.700, 60%; 0.680, 70%
(2, 28). / The 65% CCl4 may be used at -50.
Flash pt. ca. 50.
Cor- (8). 40. Chlorobenzene: S. at -45.2. Fl. SS. (37). 41.
NaCNS 500 g per 1 H2O, E.: S. at ca. -33.
Cor. < NaCl or
CaCl2 (36). 42. Ethyl alcohol 25% + glycerine 25% + water
50%: Used to -30 (40).
From -25 to 0.43. Carbon tetrachloride: S. at -22.9.
Non-Fl. 77- at -23
(21). Cor-. SS. (37). 44. NaCl
22.4% in water, E.: S. at -21.2. T 7 -. Cor.
DISTILLATES PROM GALICIAN PETROLEUM(U)
Fractionation
temp.
d\*
S. at
Fractionation
temp.
5
dj
S. at
24-40
I 40-60
I
60-80
80-100
100-120
0.6324
-203
0.6593
-198
0.7005
-185
0.7351
-170
0.7495
-151
120o_140o
0
140<>_160
0.7625
I -139
0.7738
-127
160-180 180-200 200-220

0.7872
-112
0.7962
-104
0.8072
-93
LITERATURE
C1) Archibald and Ure, 4, 125: 726; 24. ( 2 ) Associated Factory Mutual Fire
Insurance Cos., Quart. Nat. Fire Protect. Assoc. 11: 173; 17. ( 3 ) Baudin,
34,133:1207; 01. () Baume, 42,12: 216; 14. ( 5 ) Beckmannand Waentig,
93, 67: 17; 10. ( 6 ) Cabot, 54, 26: 813; 07. ( 7 ) Cardosi, 42, 13: 312; 16.
( 8 ) Cragoe, McKelvy and O'Connor, SlA, 18: 707; 23. ( 9 ) Fabre, 42,
21: 268; 20.
( 10 ) Fischer, Die neueren Arzneimittel, 6th ed., p. 74. (^1) Formanek, Knop
and Korber, 186, 41: 731; 17. () Hammerl, 75, 78: 59; 78. (i 3 )
Hennig, U. S. Pat. 1,393,124; Brit. Pat. 158,494; 20. ( 14 ) Henning,
U. S. Pat. 1,386,497; Canadian Pat. 213,825. (1s) Henning, 243, 33: 33;
13. (l) Henning, B62, p. 261. ( 17 ) Hoffmann and Rothe, 243, 27:
265; 07. ( l a ) Holborn and Wien, 8, 59: 213; 96. ( 19 ) Jenkin, 83, 18:
197; 22.
(20) Jenkin and Shorthose, Ilo, 116: 761; 23. 246, 66: 347; 24. (21) Kanolt,
Bur. Stands., O. ( 22 ) Kohlrausch, 8, 60: 463; 97. ( 23 ) Pickering, 4, 57:
331; 90. ( 2 4 ) Loomis and Walters, Bur. Mines, O. ( 2S ) Maass and
Wright, 1, 43: 1098; 21. ( 26 ) Meyerhoffer and Saunders, 7, 31: 381; 99.
(27) Pedersen, U. S. Pat. 1,405,320. ( 2 8 ) Remington and Wood, U. S.
Dispensatory, 20th ed.; 18. ( 29 ) Roozeboom, 7, 4: 42; 99.
(0) Rothe, 243, 22: 14, 33; 02. ( 3 I) Rothe, 243, 22: 192;02. ( 32 ) Rudnick,
45, 11: 668; 19. ( 33 ) Ruff and Fischer, 5, 36: 421; 03. (34) Saposhinikov, 245, 6: 384. ( 35 ) Smits and Berckmans, 64P, 21: 401; 19. ( 3 )
Sperr, U. S. Pat. 1,473,327. ( 3 ?) Timmermans, Van der Horst and Onnes,
34, 174: 365; 22. Timmermans, 28, 32: 95; 23. (38) Tucker, 67, 25: 111;
13. ( 3 ^) Wahl, 5, 87: 371; 12.
(*) Walton and Judd, 50, 18: 717; 14. (<*) Zimmerman, 244, 9: 307; 21.
(* 2 ) Thiele and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20.
LABORATORY METHODS FOR THE PRODUCTION OP

COLD
C. W. KANOLT
(a) Liquids for Cooling by Vaporization into the Atmosphere
The liquid may be sprayed onto the object to be cooled (2 3, 4).
it may be vaporized by a current of air passed through it, forming
a bath in which the object to be cooled is immersed ( 5 ); it may be
vaporized from a porous vessel (*); or in other ways. The temperatures obtainable from the liquids are approximately in the
order of their boiling points given below, but are much lower.
Gases with critical temperatures above 20 are not included.
The data given below are, in the order given; boiling point,
name of liquid, remarks, and literature.
Remarks: 1. Harmless. 2. Harmful. 3. F l a m m a b l e . 4.
Non-flammable. 5. Anaesthetic.
100, Water (1, 4). 61.2, Chloroform (4, 5). 46.2, Carbon
disulphide (2, 3). 40, Mthylne chloride (4, 5). 38.4, Ethyl
bromide (4, 5). 35-39, Amylene, techn. (3, 5). 34.6, Ethyl
ether (3, 5) produces -15 to -20 (2, 5). 13.1, Ethyl chloride
(3,5) produces -35(2). 070, Volatile petroleum distillates (1,3). -10.0, Sulfur dioxide (2,4). -24.1, Methyl
chloride (3, 5) produces -55 to -60 (L 2). -33.4, Ammonia
(2, 3). Carbon dioxide (1, 4). (The liquid can not exist at atmospheric pressure. Solid can be obtained by the release of liquid
from pressure. Sublimation temperature 78.5. Used mixed
with a liquid (6), produces -112 to -115 (l). -89.8,
Nitrous oxide (4, 5).
LITERATURE
O) d'Arsonval, 34, 133: 980; 01. ( 2 ) Braun, Die Lokalansthesie, Chapt. 4.
( 3 ) Kanolt, 48, 9: 416; 24. ( 4 ) Krause, B61, 6: 635; 19. ( 5 ) Lawrence,
247, No. 18: 10; 16. ( 6 ) Thiele and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20.
(b) Freezing Mixtures

To absorb the largest amount of heat, an aqueous freezing
mixture should be made with ice, rather than with water, and the
other substance used should be cooled to 0, or as low as possible,
before mixing with the ice. To absorb at a given temperature
the maximum amount of heat per unit mass of mixture, the proportions of ice and the other cooling agent should be those of a solution,
the freezing point of which is the required temperature (8). The
eutectic (cryohydric) temperature is the lowest attainable, if the
ingredients are precooled sufficiently. Most, if not all, salts when
mixed at room temperature with ice, produce sufficient cooling
to reach this temperature.
For more extensive information than given here relative to the
freezing points of solutions, together with the literature references,
see the separate tables of freezing points.
The following mixtures are among the most useful:
(a) Sodium chloride with ice for temperatures down to 21.2.
(o) Hydrated calcium chloride, CaCl2.6H2O, with ice, for temperatures down to 55.
Aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid with ice
have an advantage over salts with ice in avoiding the delay
incident to the solution of the salt.
Composition of mixture ( % anhydrous

salt, unless other- Freezing point of
solution
wise stated). E eutectic
composition
Substances
22.4 (E for
NaC1.2H20)
23.1 (E for NaCl)
NaCl- HjO (4, 12)
Na2CO8-IOH2O-H2O ()
33.3
37.E
42.9
5.93E
16.7
3.8E
Na2SO4-IOH2O-H2O
Na2S2O3-SH2O-H2O ( 13 )
13
NaOOCCH3-H2O-HjO ( )
KCl-H2O (12)
KNO3-H2O (12)
K2SO4-K2O (12)
KSCN-H2O (is.)
NH4Cl-H2O (12)
30.OE
22 4
80.1*
- 3.0
- 8.0
water and salt 10.7
- 4.7
salt -1
ice 0
-10.9
salt and ice at 1
- 2.85
salt and ice at 1
- 1.9
water and salt 10.8
-23.7
salt and ice at 1

water and salt 0
ice and salt 0
ice and salt at 1
water and salt 0
ice and salt 0
water and salt 13.6
-15.4
-14.0
80.7*
- 1.55
9.1
60.0
-15.8
75.0*
20.0
- 6
31.2
-12
37.5
41.2
-17.4
43. 3E
-17.5
46.8
-12
CQ
- 4.0
-16.75
-26.0
12.2
2.6
78.8
73.6
19.7
74.6
65.6
6.8
-13.6
68.4*
QO
57.1
% of hydrated salt
16.9
water and salt 10.7
71.2*
Ca2Cl2OHO- H2O (6)
- 2.0
77.2*
"3
NH4SCN-H2O (13)
salt and ice at - 1
-11
11. 2E
11.5
6.54E
57.1
- 5.3
- 1.2
19.3
23.1.
54.1
water and salt 13.2

- 2M
- 9.0
50.3
-21.3
-21
-17.75
57.5*
31.0
NH4NO3-H2O (12, is, 15)
salt and ice at 1

with ice
salt and ice at 1
-18.5
45.9
16.6
Heat absorbed at
temperature of
mixing, cal. per g
of mixture
56.4*
52.4
18. 7E
Lowest attained
temperature
recorded
-21.2
24.8
NaNOr-H2O (12, 13 )
Initial condition of
freezing mixture
Heat absorbed (at

freezing or saturation point of solution) from objects
to be cooled, cal.
per g of mixture.
The * values are
heats of fusion of
the eutectic, v. ( 5 )
water and salt 0

ice and salt 0
water and salt 0
water and salt 20
ice and salt 0
water and salt 0
water and salt 20
ice and salt 0
water and salt 0
water and salt 20
ice and salt 0
water and salt 0
water and salt 20
water and salt at
13.2
ice and salt 0
57.1
-30.4
24.3
69.5
25.5
-39.3
68.1
26.5
59.8
19.0
62.1
- 42 . 2
66.2
27.6
-44.7
64.4
28.4
-33.9
8.2
13.6
3.1
8.9
24.3
14.5
64.4
28.4
18.8
-18.0
69.9
66.2
Composition of mixture ( % anhydrous

salt, unless other- Freezing point of
solution
wise stated). E =
eutectic
composition
Substances
Heat absorbed at
temperature of
mixing, cal. per g
of mixture
- 8.1
ice and saltO 0
63.8
34.6
-12.4
ice and saltO 0
59.3
45.7
-22.7
ice and saltO 0
53.0
38.4
.54.9
-39.9
ice and saltO 0
48.0
26.0
58.8E
-54.9
ice and salt 0
45.8
17.7
ice and saltO 0
43.7
27.9
63.7
-33.3
67.1
-19.7
69.0
-14.1
74.1
water and salt 0
14.4
ice and saltO 0
41.9
% a.nhyd. salt
7.6
_
15.4
6.7
ice and salt 0
41.0
35.0
10.1
water and salt 0
16.0
water and salt 20
none
1.5
ice and salt 0
38.7
38.7
water and salt 0
17.7
water and salt 20
none
10.2
19.0
21.6
14.7
water arid salt 20
58-2
CuSO 4 -SH 2 O-H 2 OC 15 )
11-9
- 1.6
69.0
ZnS0 4 .7H 2 0H 2 O(S)
27.2
- 6.55
50.9
FeS04.7H2OH2O(S)
13.0
- 1.8
67.2
___
66.19% H2SO4-H2O
(U)
HClH2O
-2.1t
68.6
-20
- 3.1f
62.0
ice and acid at 0
-24
- 5.5t
ice and acid at 0
-28
-9.5f
33.6
ice and acid at 0
-32
-16.5t
44.2
ice and acid at 0
-36
-30.2f
47.7
ice and acid at 0
-37
-37t
30.33
36.59
37.69
42.37
62.96
21.6
63.88
13.15
-12.2
/21.2 at 0
1 12.0 at -15
-15.3
28.89
1*0
/30.6atO
119.1 at -15
0
21.5
0
CA AQ
86
-63
i *o
15
86,72
11.15
15
78.90
88.53
7.5
O
- 8.1
i*
15
74.68
24.5
9.17
0
21.2
9
7
62 67
-
75.30
43.0
6.09
21.6
7 A KA
-
02.9
~
-86
50.22
74 64
t Temperature when all ice is melted.
-16
__
24.8E
Na2SO4.1OH2O-36.69% HCl (U)
ice and acid at 0

ice and acid at 0
% of Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O
21.05
17.7
none
3 Q0
% of 66.19% H2SO4
7.1
none
33.2
water and salt 0
water and salt 0
77.5
57.3
50.2
I a
~~
MgS04.12H20H2O(S)
Lowest attained
temperature
recorded
26.8
CaChOHjO-H2O ( 6 ).
Continued
freezing mixture
Heat absorbed (at

to be cooled, cal.
per g of mixture.
The * values are
heats of fusion of
30.85
-14.8
27.43
/ 24.5 at 0
\ 1 3 . 4 a t -15
0
20.1
19.44
-15.6
Composition of mixture (% anhydrous

salt, unless otherwise stated). E =
eutectic
composition
freezing mixture
Freezing point of
solution
% of Na2SO4-10H2O
46.04
__
IQ 7
63.46
Na2SO4-IOH2O-30.13% HCl (")
__
_ 11 s
-
_H.8
19.7
-14.4
iy>/
65 23
2Q 4
'
75.43
-
20.0
82.54
19.9
-17.2
20.0
-12.6
89.88
20.4
ca. 0
6
2
Q3~86
(14)
_____
C2H6OH-H2O (i)
NH4Cl
NaCl
KCl
NH 4 NO 3
NaNO3
KNO 3
NH4SO4
Na2SO4-IOH2O
K2SO4
NH4Cl-KNO3
NH4Cl-NaNO3
NH4Cl-NH4NO3
NH4Cl-Na2SO4.10H2O
NH4Cl-K2SO4
NaCl-KNO3
NaC1.2H2OKNO3
KCl-NaNO3
KCl-NH4NO3
NH4NO3-KNO3
NH4NO3-Na2SO4.1OH2O
Na2NO3-NaSO4-IOH2O
- 8.2
19.8
-10.0
20.5
-12.0
~~
26.84
0
^00
27.18
ZHZZZHZZ
__H.8
25.72
'
20.21
^0
%Uale.
_37o
ale. at 2 ice at o
ale at 1 5 ice at
'
-1
-29.4
51.3
__38
ale. at 4 ice at 0
ca. -30
-24.2
Lit.
-18.2
-31.5
(9)
(9)
-17.6
-18.0
(9)
(9)
-24.9
(9)
-19.5
(9)
Salts
Lit.
Reduction of temperature produced by water with an equal

weight of a salt or of a mixture!
of salts in equal parts ( 7 )
temperature of 43.5 in a volume of 20 cc was maintained by mixing 100 cc of carbon disulfide and 70 cc of acetone per
hour, using a heat interchanger ( 3 ).
Reduction of temperature produced by water with an equal
weight of a salt or of a mixture
of salts in equal parts ( 7 )
Salts
"
Temperature produced by mixing salts with water
n
/^TT r>r\
^S2(CHa)2CO
J2-67
71.46
_____
Q0
50.42
Heat absorbed at
temperature of
mixing, cal. per g
of mixture
-15.6
-14.8
86.31
% of Na2SO4-IOH2O
35.54
Na2SO4-IOH2O-24.47% HCl
Lowest attained
temperature
recorded
Temperature produced by mixing salts with water
Substances
Heat absorbed (at

to be cooled, cal.
per g of mixture.
The * values are
heats of fusion of
14
4
12
25
9.5
10
8
7.5
4.5
20
17
22
19
NaNO3-KCNS
KNO3-NH4CNS
NH4Cl-NH4NO3-KNO3
NH4Cl-NH4NO3-NaNO3
NH4Cl-Na2SO4-IOH2O-KNO3
NH4Cl-(NH4)2SO4K2SO4
NH4Cl-(NH4)2SO4Na2SO4.1OH2O . . . .
NaC1.2H2ONaNO3-KNO3
KCl-KNO3-K2SO4
NH4NO3-KNO3-NaNO3
NH4NOs-KNO3-Na2SO4-IOH20
NH4NQ3-(NH4)2S04 Na2SO4.IQH2O...
10

O) Brendel, Diss., Charlottenburg; 92. ( 2 ) Bruni, 36, 27, I: 537; 97. ( 3 )
Duclaux, 34, 151: 715; 10. ( 4 ) Gortner, 166, 39: 584; 14. ( 5 ) Grber,
Diss., Techn. Hochschule, Mnchen; 08. ( 6 ) Hammerl, 75, 78: 59; 78.
( 7 ) Hanamann, 112, 173: 314; 64. ( 8 ) Kanolt, 48, 9: 416; 24.
( 9 ) Mazzotto, 7S1 23: 545, 633; 90.
( 10 ) Moritz, 186, 6: 1374; 82. (") Pfaundler, 75, 71: 509; 75. ( 12 ) Rudorff,
8, 122: 337; 64. ( 13 ) Rudorff, 8, 136: 276; 69. 25, 2: 68; 69. 0)
Szydlowski, 75, 116: 855; 07. ( 1S ) Tollinger, 70, 72: 535; 75.
11
20
22
26
10
-37.4
-28.2
-22.6
-30.1
(i)
(i)
(9)
(9)
-15.2
-19.9
-24.6
-11.55
(9)
(9)
(9)
(2)
17-23
16-27
17-26
-19.5
(9)
LITERATURE
2. TEMPERATURES ABOVE O0C
Fused salts
| Melting point |
Lit.
NaNO3 (45%), KNO3 (55%)....
218
(8, 14, 21, 32~
OLAF A. HOUGEN AND ROLAND A. RAGATZ

(a) Bath Liquids or Vapor Baths with Boiling under Constant
External Pressure.For heterogeneous systems and solutions v.
(13). For fire hazards on certain of these liquids v. p. 61.
For a more extensive series of liquids arranged in order of boiling points v. p. 310.
Boiling
Substance
point
At 760
mm
Lit
AtI^ ^^
mm
-31.3
-12.1
-4.8
'
13 to -30 ( 23 )
(2, 11, 13)
46 to -26 (3, n, is, 26, 27,
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl ether
Carbon disulfide
12.2
34.5
46.3
Acetone
Chloroform
Methyl alcohol
56.1
61.2
64.5
7.5
9.7
20.62
65 to 49
(is, 21)
(U, 21)
(2,10,11,13,21,
78.5
34.4
78 to 40
(2,10,11,13,21,
31, 41)
...
Ethyl alcohol
30)
44)
NaNO3 (55 %), NaNO2 (45 %) ..

KNO3
:
NaCl (28 %), CaCl2 (72 %)
NaCl (50 %), K2CO3 (50 %)
Na2CO3 (50 %), KCl (50 %)
CaCl2 (50 %), BaCl2 (50 %)
NaCl (35 %), Na2CO3 (65 % ) . . . .
NaCl (22 %), BaCl2 (78 %)
NaCl (44 %), KCl (56 %)
221
337
500
560
560
600
620
654
663
(44)
(i)
(44)
(44)
(44)
(44)
(44)
(44)
(44)
Molten metals
Lead
Lead (30 %), Tin (70 %)
Lead (50%), Tin (50%)
| Useful range | Lit.

327 to 700 (4, 5, 6, 29)
Above 183
(U)
(f)
Other liquids
Naphthalene
Benzophenone
Sulfur
| Useful range I
Lit.
80 to 217
(20,21,25)
49 to 305
(20, 21, 25)
113 to 444 (20, 25)
31)
Benzene
Water
79.8
100
25.8
81 to 40
51.7 145 to 25
(io, 11, is, 39)

(2,3,9,11,13,
16,
18,
26,
27,
29, 30, 32, 43)
Toluene..
110.5
51.8 130 to 70
(1O, ^3, 21, 29,
Chlorobenzene
w-Xylene
132.1
139.0
70.3
77.8
(31,39)
( 1 0 > 21, 28, 32,
Isoamyl acetate
Bromobenzene..
Aniline
142.5
156.2
184.4
Ethyl benzoate
Naphthalene
Methyl salicylate
Quinoline
Isoamyl benzoate
tt-Bromonaphthalene
Diphenylamine
Benzophenone
Mercury
213.2
217.9
223.3
237.7
262
281.1
302.0
305.4
356.9
198.8
221
224
261.5
Sulfur
444.6
330.7
32, 39, 4S)
132 to 70
140 to 70
39,45)
90.7
119.4
141 to 119 (30, 45)

160 to 120 (28,31)
184 to 150 ( 2 ^, 31, 32, 39,
42, 45)
142
144.3
151
166.7
Phosphorus pentasulfide. . 52
Zinc
907
758
(21,27,45)
(28, 39)
225 to 175 (31)
238 to 170 (15,21,39,45)
(21, 28, 45)
281 to 215 (28, si)
(5,15,28,39,45)
306 to 257 ( 2 S, 39)
Various
(2,5,31,39)
ranges
Various
(2,5,8,39)
ranges
(5)
(fj
(d) Metal Blocks.Aluminum and copper blocks have been used

up to 600, with a uniformity of temperature of 1 (39).
(e) Gas Baths and Furnaces.For temperatures above 900,
an electrically heated gas bath is usually employed, although for
the higher temperatures a bath material is not essential since heat
transfer takes place primarily by radiation. For lower temperatures, heat transfer and temperature uniformity are promoted
by packing with a granular non-oxidizing metal.
The following references (compiled by the Geophysical Laboratory) deal with the construction and temperature regulation of
high temperature furnaces: KoIovrat, 51, 8:495; 09. Haughton
and Hanson, 47, 14: 145; 15. 18: 173; 17. White and Adams,
2, 14: 44; 19. Haagn, 101, 40: 670; 19. Roberts, 128, 11: 409;
21. 48, 6: 965; 22. Bunting, 88, 6: 1209; 23. Adams, 48, 9:
599; 24. Roberts, 48, 10: 723; 25.
(6) Solid-liquid Non-variant Points.1. Ice-water, v. (H 24,

29, 46) f 2. Transformation temperatures of crystalline hydrates.
Salt
Sodium chromate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium bromide
Manganese chloride
Trisodium phosphate
Barium hydroxide
Hydration
temperature
0
C
19.71
32.383
35.3
48.0
50.8
57.8
73.4
78.0
LITERATURE
Lit.
(12,33)
(". , 32, 33, 34, 35)
(12, 33)
(i2, 33)
(12' 33)
(i 2, 33)
(i 2, 33)
( 1 2 > 33)
^
(c) Bath Liquids with Thermostatic Control.

Liquid
Water.
Mineral oils
Paraffin
10 parts cottonseed oil, 1 part
beeswax
Hydrogenated sesame oil
Hydrogenated cottonseed oil
I Useful range
0 to 90
To 20 below
the flash point
M.P. to 300
Lit.
(17, is, 21, 40)
(*' 19, 22, 37,
38, 40)
(5, 27, 29, 40)
M.P. to 300 (7)

60 to 300 (36)
60 to 285 (36)
(For key to the periodicals see end of volume)

'*) Aten, 7, 78: 13; 12. ( 2 ) Barus and Hallock, 106, No. 54; 89. (3) Brown,
3, 7: 411; 79. (*) Bodenstein, 7, 29: 665; 99. ( 5 ) Bodenstein, 7, SO: 113;
99. ( 6 ) Bodenstein, 7, 30: 125; 99. (7) Bosart, 1, 31: 724; 09. () Day
and Sosman, 8, 38: 849, 853; 12. ( 9 ) Dupre, 173, 38: 308; 13.
( i o) Forster, 135,106:80 ; 12. ( J l ) Freas, Thesis, Chicago ; 11. ( * 2) Qeer, 60,
6:85;02. ( 13 ) Golodetz, 136, 38: 1253; 14. ( 1 ^) Goodwin and Mailey, 2,
25:469; 07. ( 15 ) Gordon, 7, 28: 305; 99. ( 16 ) Grutzmacher, Deutsch.
Mech.-Ztg. 1902: 193. ( 17 ) Grutzmacher, Deutsch. Mech.-Ztg. 1902:
184. ( 1 8 ) Grutzmacher, 89, 3: 248, 260; 00. ( 19 ) Holborn and Henning,
8, 23: 810; 07.
(20) Hoborn and Henning, 8, 26: 860; 08. ( 21 ) Holborn, Scheel and Henning, B63. (22) Holborn and Schultze, 8, 47: 1101; 15. (23) Jenkin, 83,
18: 197; 22. (24) Marshall, 83, 7: 249: 11. (25) Meisner, 8t 39: 1230; 12.
(26) Meyer, 13, 165: 303; 73. (27) Moser, 92, 34: 625; 21. (2) Noyes,
152, No. 63: 12, 73, 194, 240; 07. (2) Ostwald-Luther, B64, p. 100.
(30) Pomplun, 243,11: 1; 91. ( 31 ) Ramsay and Young, 4, 47: 640; 85. (32)
Richards, 45, 4: 910; 12. ( 33 ) Richards and Churchill, 7, 28: 313; 99.
(34) Richards and Mark, 65, 38: 417; 02. (35) Richards and Wells, 65,
38: 431; 02. ( 3 ) Robertson, 45, 15:701; 23. ( 3 7) Rothe,243,19: 144;99.
(38) Shaw, 69, 11, III: 129; 17. (39) Sthler, B65, 1: 501.
(40) Sthler, B65, 1: 498. (4l) Stock, Henning and Kuss, 25, 54: 1119; 21.
(42) Sudborough, 64, 18: 16; 99. (43) Thiesen, Scheel and Sell, 89, 2:
140; 95. (44) Tour, 212, 6: 171; 24, (45) Wiebe and Bttcher, 243, 10:
16; 90. (46) Washburn and Williams. 1% 35: 741; 13.
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES THAT CAN BE REACHED

AND MAINTAINED FOR OBSERVATIONAL PURPOSES
BY VARIOUS MEANS
W. E. FORSYTHE
Maximum
temperature,
0
G
Electric furnaces operating in open air
Iron tube or iron wire wound furnace
Nicrome wound refractory tube
Platinum wound refractory tubedouble winding (2)
Iridium tube
Carbon resistor furnace
Carbon arc furnace
Electric furnaces operating in vacuo or inert gas
Tungsten wound refractory tube limited by refractory tube
Carbon tube furnace
Tungsten tube furnace (in vacuo)
Tungsten tube furnace (in inert gas)
Gas-fired furnaces
Special makes of furnaces(5) with flames entering the furnace in tangential direction so as
to give a good distribution of the heat, if
gas and air are well mixed, can be raised up
to about
5oo
800
1530
19oo
22oo
32oo
20oo
27oo
22oo
28oo
Maximum
temperature
0
C
The regenerative furnaces, such as are used in
open hearth steel furnaces, can be heated up to
about the same temperature of
Special furnaces and methods
High-frequency induction furnace. Limited only
by melting point of refractory or metal used
Filament in vacuum or inert gas limited only by
rate of vaporization or melting .point of filament used
Arc under pressure
Carbon ( 4 )
Tungsten (3)
Exploding fine wires by discharging a condenser
charged to high voltage through them gives a
temperature up to about (* )
17oo
5790
47ss
197oo
LITERATURE
1
17oo
C ) Anderson, 21, 51: 37; 20. ( 2 ) Hyde and Forsythe, 21, 51: 247; 20. ( 3 )
Luckey, 2, 9: 134; 17. ( 4 ) Lummer, 254, 21: 8; 17. ( 5 ) McCauley, Corning Glass Works, Corning, N. Y., O. Spencer, National Lamp Works,
NeIa Park, Cleveland, Ohio, O.
LABORATORY METHODS FOR MAINTAINING CONSTANT HUMIDITY

HUGH M. SPENCER
A saturated aqueous solution in contact with an excess of a
definite solid phase at a given temperature will maintain a constant
humidity within any enclosed space around it. By properly
selecting the salt to be used almost any desired degree of humidity
can be secured and controlled in this way. A number of salts
suitable for this purpose are displayed in the accompanying chart
and tables, together with the % humidity prevailing above their
saturated solutions at different temperatures. To convert
" % humidity" into "aqueous tension" multiply it by the vapor
pressure of pure water at the same temperature.
SOLID PHASE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
CaCl2.2H2O (19).
CoCl2.6H20 (8).
CoSO4.6H2O (7).
CuCl2.2H20 (8, 13, 22).
CuSO4.5H2O (u i 6 ).
K2C4H4O6-^H2O (4).
KCl (4. 5, 9, is, 21).
KClO3 (5, n, 16).
KNO3 (4, 5, 9, 16).
10. K2SO4 (4 5, 15, 20).
Solid phases
BaCl2.2H20
CaCl2.6H20
Ca(N03)2.4H20
11. MgCl2-GH2O (. ).
12. MgS04.6H20 (7).
13. MnSO4-H2O (7).
14. NH4NO3 ( 9 > 18).
15. NaCl (4, 5, is, 21).
16. Na2CO3-H2O (io, 22).
17. Na2C4H4O6.2H2O (U).
18. NaKC4H4O6.4H2O (14).
19. NaNO3 (4, 5, 9, 18, 21).
20. Na2SO4 (4, 16, 24, 26).
| t, 0C | % humidity
24~5
88
5
39.8
10
38
18.5
35
20.0
32.3
24.5
31
18.5
56
24.5
51
Lit.
( 1S )
(2)
O9)
(i 5 )
( 19 )
(i 5 )
O5)
O5)
Solid phases
CaSO4.5H20
CrO3
H2C204.2H20
H3P04.iH20
KC2H3O2
KBr
| t, 0C | % humidity]
20
98
20
35
20
76
24.5
9
20
20
168
13
20
84
100
69.2
Lit.
(15)
(is)
()
(15)
(15)
(U)
(is)
(5)
t, 0C | % humidity
I 18.5
4 4 (
24.5
43
20
47
20
88
100.0
22.9
20
92
20
86
100.0
56.2
20
45
20
15
20
65
18.5
56
24.5
52
20.0
79.2
25.0
79.3
30.0
79.5
20.0
72.6
25.0
71.2
3.0.0
68.6
20.0
93.1
25.0
93.0
30.0
92.9
20.0
81.0
25.0
81.1
30.0
81.1
108.2
75
100.0
22.9
20
58
20
92
16.39
36.58
16.39
32.57
16.39
30.49
20
76
18.5
92
24.5
87
20
75
100.0
54
Solid phases
K2CO3.2H2O
KCNS
K2CrO4
KF
K2HPO4
KHSO4
KI
KNO 2
LiCLH20
Mg(C2H3O2) 2.4H20
Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0
NH4Cl
NH4Cl and KNO 3

NH4H2PO4
(NH4)2S04
NaBr
NaBr.2H20
NaBrO3
NaCl and KClO3
NaCl and KNO 3
NaCl, KNO 3 and NaNO 3
NaC2H3O2.3H20
Na2CO3JOH20
NaClO3
Lit.
)
( 15 )
( 15 )
(15)
(5)
(is)
( 15 )
(5)
(15)
(15)
(15)
(15)
(15)
()
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(U)
(5)
(15)
(15)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(15)
(15)
(15)
(15)
(5)
[ t, 0C | % humidity
20
52
100.0
96.6
20
95
20
52
100.0
50.4
20
66
20
95
20
78
20
93
20
98
103.5
88.4
100.097
99.7
100.317
98.7
104.7
84.8
20
10
20
42
5
94.7
20
90
Solid phases
Na2Cr2O7.2H20
NaF
Na2HPO4.12H20
NaHSO4-H20
NaI
NaNO2
Na2SO3.7H20
Na2S2O3.5H20
Na2SO4.10H20
Pb(NO 3 ) 2
TlCl
TlNO3
Tl2SO4
ZnCl 2 -IiH 2 O*
Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O
ZnSO4.7H20
| Lit.
(is)
(5)
(15)
(is)
(5)
(i g )
()
(**)
()
(15)
(U)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(15)
(15)
(20)
(15)
* Unstable at this temperature.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Badger
and Baker, S3, 23: 569; 20. ( 2 ) Baker4 and Waite, 33, 25: 1137;
21. ( 3 ) Baker and Waite,
33, 25: 1174; 21. ( ) Berkeley and Appleby,
J, 85A:
489; 11. ( 5 ) Brnsted, 7, 82: 633; 03.8 ( 6 ) Brnsted, 137, 1:5;
7
18. ( ) Carpenter and Jette, 1, 45: 578; 23. ( ) Derby and Ingve, 1,
38: 1439; 16. ( 9 ) Edgar and Swan,
1, 44: 570; 22.
10
( ) Gerasimov, 63, 45: 1666; 13.
O 1 ) Gerlach, 91, 26: 413;1487. ( 12 ) Les13
,couer, 34, 103: 1260; 86. ( ) Lescouer,
6, 2: 78; 94. ( ) Lowry and
Morgan, 1, 46: 2192; 24. 1O 5 ) Obermiller, 7, 109: 145; 24.
( 16 )
Pawlowitsch, 7, 84: 169;1913. ( ^) Prideaux, 64, 39: 182; 20. ( 18 ) Rodebush, 1, 40: 1204; 18. ( ) Roozeboom, 7, 4: 31; 89.
( 2 0 ) 22
Sidgwick andEwbank, 4, 125: 2268; 24. (21) Speranski, 7, 70: 519; 10.
( ) Speranski, 7, 78: 86; 12. ( 23 ) Speranski, 7, 84: 166; 213.
(24)
Tammann, 8, 24: 530; 85. (25) Van't Hoff, 7, 45: 288; 03. ( 6 ) Wuite,
7, 86: 369; 14.
BAROMETRY AND MANOMETRY

H. H. KIMBALL
1. Gravity Correction.The equivalent barometric, or other
manometric, height (B8) corresponding to standard gravity (gs =
980.665 cm sec"2) is related to the height (Bi) corresponding to
local gravity (g) as shown by equation (1):
Bs - Bp = Bl + Ca; C0 = Bp-S*
03
9
(D
When g and gs are expressed in cm sec"2,

r
Lg
to
)(LQ197)
- pr "^
1
- *l\_
1000
J
Any desired unit may be used for Br1 C0 and B8 are in the same unit
as BI. [For most barometric purposes, a sufficiently accurate
correction (within 0.01% of Bi) is obtained by the use of the
approximate correction C91 Bn
-, in which Bn is the usual

l/S
barometric pressure at the station.]

Example: Bi = 29.851, QI = 978.053 cm sec"2. Then (g gs)
= -2.612 cm sec~2; 0.0197(0* - Q9) = -0.051s cm sec"2; 1000 C0
= -2.QQSB1 = -79.49. .'.B8 = 29.851 - 0.079 =29.772.
2. Temperature Correction.The equation by which the equivalent barometric, or other manometric, height (B) at the standard
temperature (In) can be computed from the nominal height (Bf) at
the temperature t, is generally written in the form
Tt
r>/ +C
i f i ,.
B=B
t
m
im
r>
B
n ~ k) ~ _tt "" ^
C1 =
tm)
r +m(t
(<y\
(2)
where tm = standard temperature of the manometric liquid, t, =

temperature at which the scale, after correction for errors of
graduation, reads correctly, m = coefficient of cubical expansion
of the manometric liquid, l = coefficient of linear expansion of the
material on which the scale is engraved.
The value of m which is generally used for mercury, and which
has been adopted by the International Meteorological Tables,
is m = 181.8 X IO"6 per 0C. For temperatures between O0C
and 3O0C this value appears ( 5 6 8 15 17) to be correct within
0.1 X 10~6 per 0C. The value of I1 for brass, which has been
adopted by the International Meteorological Tables, is I = 18.4 X
10~6 per 0C. The best determinations ( 1 J 2 ll) of this coefficient
for temperatures between 0 and 30 yield values varying from
B't X 10~6
will cause an error in Ct of ~-
17.5 X 10~6 per 0C to 19.3 X 10~6 per 0C, or by 5%. For

glass scales the approximate value / = 8.5 X 10~6per 0C is usually
satisfactory. (For silicate flint glasses (13) I varies from 7.88 X
10~6 per 0C to 9.35 X 10~6 per 0C; for crown glasses (13) it varies
from 6.75 X 19~6 to 9.54 X 10~6 per 0C.
For barometers with metric scales, the combined effect of an
error of 0.1 X 10~6 per 0C in m and of 0.9 X 10~6 per 0C in I
For t = 3O0C and B' =
760 mm, the error would be 0.023 mm; while for t = 1O0C,
B' .= 100 mm, it would be only 0.001 mm. At ordinary room
temperatures, the error so produced in Ct will be less for barometers
graduated in inches than for one graduated in millimeters. (For
barometers graduated in inches ts = 620F, tm = 320F),
TABLE 1.TEMPERATURE CORRECTION (Ct) FOR MERCURIAL MANOMETERS AND BAROMETERS

B=B'+ Ct] (B' = nominal height at t; B = equivalent height for mercury at O0C; B1 B', and Ct
are all in the same unit, which may be anything desired)
A. Brass scale correct at 620F, inches, 0F; tm = 320F, /. = 620F, m = 181.8 X 10~6 per 0C, I = ISA X 10~6 per 0C
(Applies directly to commercial barometers graduated in inches)
f(OF^\^
+ 12
22
32
42
52
62
72
82
92
B. Brass
10
20
+0.015
+0.006
-0.003
-0.012
-0.021
-0.030
-0.039
-0.048
-0.057
scale correct
^fC)^^^
^ T O + 0
- 5
O
+ 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
C. Glass
^7^-?l
H ^)
""---^,
Û)
- 5
O
+ 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ô
30
40
50
60
70
+0.030
+0.045
+0.061
+0.076
+0.091
+0.106
+0.012
+0.018
+0.024
+0.030
+0.036
+0.042
-0.006
-0.009
-0.012
-0.015
-0.018
-0.021
-0.024
-0.036
-0.049
-0.061
-0.073
-0.085
-0.042
-0.064
-0.085
-0.106
-0.127
-0.148
-0.060
-0.091
-0.121
-0.151
-0.181
-0.211
-0.078
-0.118
-0.157
-0.196
-0.235
-0.275
-0.096
-0.145
-0.193
-0.241
-0.289
-0.338
-0.114
-0.172
-0.229
-0.286
-0.343
-0.400
at O0C, millimeters, 0C; tm = ts = O0C, m = 181.8 X 10~6 per 0C, I = 18.4 X
100
200
300
400
500
600
80
90
+0.121
+0.048
-0.024
-0.097
-0.169
-0.242
-0.314
-0.386
-0.458
10~6 per 0C
+0.136
+0.054
-0.028
-0.109
-0.191
-0.272
-0.353
-0.434
-0.515
800
900
+1.31
+0.65
+1.47
+0.74
700
. 1 6
+0.33
+0.49
+0.65
+0.82
+0.98
+1.15
+0.08
+0.16
+0.25
+0.33
+0.41
+0.49
+0.57
0.00
-0.08
-0.16
-0.24
-0.33
-0.41
-0.49
-0.57
-0.16
-0.33
-0.49
-0.65
-0.82
-0.98
-1.14
-0.24
-0.49
-0.73
-0.98
-1.22
-1.47
-1.71
-0.33
-0.65
-0.98
-1.30
-1.63
-1.95
-2.28
-0.41
-0.81
-1.22
-1.63
-2.03
-2.44
-2.85
-0.49
-0.98
-1.46
-1.95
-2.44
-2.93
-3.41
-0.57
-1.14
-1.70
-2.27
-2.84
-3.41
-3.98
-0.65
-1.30
-1.95
-2.60
-3.24
-3.89
-4.54
scale correct at O0C, tm= ts = O0C, m = 181.8 X 10~6 per 0C, Z = 8.5 X 10~6 per
10
+0.17
+0.09
0.00
-0.09
-0.17
-0.26
-0.34
-0.43
-0.52
-0.60
-0.69
20G
30
+0.69
+0.35
+0.87
+0.43
60
+1.04
+0.52
70
+0.35
+0.17
+0.52
+0.26
-0.17
-0.35
-0.52
-0.69
-0.86
-1.03
-1.21
-1.38
-0.26
-0.52
-0.78
-1.04
-1.29
-1.55
-1.81
-2.06
-0.35
-0.69
-1.04
-1.38
-1.73
-2.07
-2.41
-2 75
-0.43
-0.86
-1.30
-1.73
-2.16
-2.59
-3.01
-3.44
-0.52
-1.04
-1.56
-2.07
-2.59
-3.10
-3.62
-4.13
-0.61
-1.21
-1.81
-2.42
-3.02
-3.62
-4.22
-4.82
Example: Barometer graduated in inches, brass scale correct at

620F; B' = 29.564 in., t = 76.80F. From section A it is found
that at 72, Ct for B' = 29.564 is -0.1155, at 82 it is -0.1421;
hence at 76.8, Ct = -0.1155 + ~*(-0.0266) = -0.1155 0.0128 = -0.128. Hence B = 29.564 - 0.128 = 29.436 in.
3. Capillary Corrections.The curvature of the surfaces of the
manometric liquid introduces pressures directed towards the centers of curvature of the surfaces. For each surface, this pressure is
40
50
-Y(~ + ^r ) dynes cm~2
]r\
+1.22
+0.61
-0.65
-1.30
-1.96
-2.60
-3.25
-3.90
-4.55
-5.19
0
C
80
+1.39
+0.69
-0.69
-1.38
-2.07
-2.76
-3.45
-4.14
-4.82
-5.51
-0.73
-1.47
-2.20
-2.93
-3.66
-4.39
-5.11
-5.84
90
+1.56
+0.78
-0.78
-1.56
-2.33
-3.11
-3.88
-4.65
-5.42
-6.19
~1Jem of the manometric liquid.
[7 = surface tension (in dynes cm""1), d density of the liquid

(in g cm~3), g is the acceleration of gravity (in cm sec"2), and TI
and r2 are the principal radii of curvature (in cm) of the surface
at the point considered.] At the vertex of the meniscus in a tube
of circular section, r\ = r2 = r, and if the angle of contact of the
liquid with the tube is either 0 or 180, and if the tube is not too
large, r is practically equal to the internal radius of the tube. If
the liquid surface is in an annular space between coaxial, circular

cylinders (as in the reservoir of a Fortin barometer), if the angle
of contact is 0, and if neither TI nor (r3 r2) is very great as
compared with the capillary constant, (18), then In! -,__
^1
approximately; h' and h are the respective capillary pressures (in

terms of unit column of the liquid) at the vertices of the surfaces
in the annular space of width (r3 r 2 ), and in a tube of radius n;
and d is the depth of the annular meniscus.
Laplace ( 12 ) has shown that, except for sign, the equations for a
convex meniscus are the same as those for a concave one. Hence,
this expression can probably be accepted as a first approximation
to the value for h' for any liquid, provided that the angle of contact
of the liquid with the solid is the same at all three surfaces, and
that TI and (r3 r 2 ) are not too great. In the case of the ordinary
mercurial cistern barometers, (r3 TZ) is quite large as compared
with the capillary constant of mercury, and the angles of contact
may not be the same at all three surfaces; for these reasons, no
great confidence can be placed in the actual value of h', as so computed, for such barometers, but its order of magnitude will probably be correct.
TABLE 2.CAPILLARY DEPRESSION OF THE APEX OF A MERCURIAL
COLUMN IN A GLASS TUBE OF CIRCULAR SECTION*
Depression in millimeters
Radius of the tube,
Height of the meniscus, mm
mm
0.2 I 0.4 I 0.6 I 0.8 I 1.0 I 1.2 I 1.4 I 1.6 I 1.8
1.0
2.464.40
1.4
1.262.363.22
1.8
0.751.442.022.48
2.2
0.490.951.361.701.98
2.6
0.340.660.961.221.441.61
3.0
0.240.480.700.901.071.21 1.32
3.5
0.170.340.490.640.760.870.961.04
4.0
0.120.240.350.460.560.640.710.770.82
4.5
0.090.180.260.340.410.470.530.580.62
5.0
0.070.130.190.250.300.350.400.440.47
5.5
0.050.100.140.190.230.270.300.330.36
6.0
0.040.070.110.140.180.200.230.250.27
6.5
0.030.060.090.110.140.160.180.200.21
T1O
0.020.040.060.080.100.120.140.150.16
* From the Schleiermacher-Delcros ( 4 > 9 10) table, as revised by Suring ( 14 ).
The values are about 5 % larger than those obtained from Bravais's ( 3 ) table,
in which the arguments are the diameter of the tube, and the angle of incidence
of the meniscus of the mercurial column with the walls of the tube.
Example: In a barometer cistern for which rz = 6 mm, r3 =

16 mm, d was found to be 0.5 mm.; the radius of the barometer
tube was TI 5 mm, and the height of the meniscus in it was 1.0
mm. From Table 2 it is found that the depression h, due to the
meniscus in the 5 mm tube, is 0.30 mm; hence h' = 0.015 mm.
That is, the pressure due to the annular surface is of the order of
0.02 mm; and the total depression of the column is H = 0.30
0.02 = 0.28 mm, subject to the uncertainty regarding the actual
value of h'.
4. Possible Residual-gas Error in Good Barometers.Under
ordinary laboratory conditions, errors amounting to as much as
4.1 mm (0.163 in.) have been observed, and errors of 1.1 mm
(0.043 in.) are not uncommon; but in most barometers, this error
does not exceed 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) when the instrument is

shipped by the manufacturer. Air may be introduced during
shipment and by handling. The smaller the tube of the barometer,
the more likely is the error to be large. The magnitude of the
error varies with the temperature and with the volume of the space
above the mercury column, as indicated by equation (3) :
x = X0 y [1 + 0.00367(Z - I0)]
(3)
where XQ and x are, respectively, the errors corresponding to the

volume F0 temperature to, and to the volume V temperature t\
temperatures being expressed in 0C.
5. Conversion of Water Column at tC to the Equivalent Water
Column at 40C.If ht and A4 are the equivalent true heights
(corrected for scale errors of graduation and expansion, and for
capillary pressures), and if dt and ^4 are the respective densities
(7, 16) then, if O = (a* - dt)/d4, h, = A(l - ).
TABLE 3.VALUES OF 1005
, for}
t(
UntS
tens
0
1
2
3
0.013
0.027
0.177
0.435
0.003
0.048
0.221
0.497
f <
0.000
0.073
0.268
0.563
0.003
0.103
0.320
0.633
0.012
0.138
0.375
0.706
Example.h^ = 67.53 cm. At 25, 1005 = 0.294. .'.Oh25 =

0.199, A4 = /I25(I ~ 5) = 67.53 - 0.20 = 67.33 cm.
6. Conversion of Water Column at 40C to Equivalent Mercury
Column at Standard Density (13.5951 g cm"3); and the Reverse.
If hw and hm are the equivalent true heights (corrected for the scale
errors of graduation and expansion, and for all capillary effects)
of the water and the mercury, respectively, hm = 0.073554A^.
TABLE 4.EQUIVALENT COLUMNS OF WATER (hw) AND OF
MERCURY (hm)
(Density of water = 0.999973 g cm"3; of mercury = 13.5951 g
cm"3)
hw
100
200
300
400
500
hm [I
7.3554
14.7108
22.0662
29.4216
36.7770||
hw I hm Il
600 44.132
700 51.488
800 58.843
900 66.199
1000 73.554|
hm
1
2
3
4
5
I hw H hm
13.5955
6
27.1909
7
40.7864
8
54.3818
9
67.9773| 10
hw
81.573
95.168
108.764
122.359
135.955
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Bein, 88, 14: 1113; 12. ( 2 ) Benoit, 288, 6: 190; 88. ( 3 ) Bravais, 6, 5:
492; 42. ( 4 ) Bravais and Martins, 239, 14: 47; 41. ( 5 ) Broch, 238, 2:
21; 83. ( 6 ) Chappuis, 238, 13: 28; 07. (7) Chappuis, 238, 13D: 39; 07.
( 8 ) Chappuis, 238, 16: 31; 17. ( 9 ) Delcros, Annaire Mtorologique de la
France, 169-170; 49.
C1 ) Delcros, 240, 8: 3; 18. C1 *) Dittenberger, 98, 46: 1535; 02. C 12 ) Laplace,
Mcanique Cleste (Bowditch translation) 4: 737. (13) Pulfrich, 8, 45:
661; 92. (i*) Suring, Ber. u. d. Ttigk. d. KgI. Pruss. Meteor. Inst.,
24-42; 16. ( 1S ) Thiessen, 89, 4: 4; 04. () Thiessen, Scheel and Dusselhorst, 89, 3: 68; 00. ( 1 7 ) Thiessen, Scheel and Sell, 89, 2: 180; 95. (l)
Verschaffet, 168, No. 32. 64V, 24: 175; 86.
PSYCHROMETRY; DENSITY OF MOIST AIR; CHANGE IN BAROMETRIC

PRESSURE WITH ALTITUDE
F. W. J. WHIPPLE
B; Bh
C
d; dh', d0
e; e'
Barometric pressure, in general; at h

Instrumental constant
Density of air, in general; at A; at T0 and An
Pressure of water vapor, present; when in equilibrium
with water (or ice) at temperature t'
g; ga
Acceleration of gravity, actual; standard value
h; H
Altitude above sea level, cm; meters
t; t'
Readings of dry bulb ; of wet bulb
T; T0; T' Absolute temperatures in 0C, general; of ice point;
" virtual"
x
Ratio (mass of vapor)/(mass of dry air)
Pressure unit
Any unit
MmHg
Kilodynes per cm2

1. Psychrometry.The pressure of the water vapor contained
in the air is commonly deduced from the simultaneous readings
of wet bulb and of dry bulb thermometers. The difference in
these two readings depends upon the heat received by radiation
as well as upon that furnished directly by the air. When the air
flow is slow, the radiation is an important factor. In the Assmann
psychrometer the bulb is surrounded by a double metal sheath;
this largely eliminates radiation effects. It is important to secure
adequate ventilation by the use of a thermometer with a bulb
much smaller than the sheath. The standard bulb is 12 mm long
and 4 mm in diameter. Alternatively, the thermometers may
be "slung," i.e., whirled on a suitable holder. In this case, direct
radiation from sun or sky should be avoided as it affects the drybulb readings and therefore the psychometric difference.
The general formula for the computation of vapor pressure is
e' -e = CB(t - t') X IO"4
Bj e, and ef are expressed in the same units, which may be anything desired. Within the order of accuracy of psychrometer
observations, C is constant for a given velocity of the air-flow past
the wet bulb. The relation of C to the air velocity has not been
determined very precisely. The variation of C with temperature
is negligible. If temperatures are expressed in 0C, the value of
C for thermometers with adequate ventilation (a relative velocity
of 3 m per second or more) is 6.6 when the cover of the wetbulb is saturated with water. On theoretical grounds, a lower
factor, 5.8, is appropriate for an ice-covered bulb, but in the
tables in general use 6.6 is adopted in this case as well. (Aspirations Psychrometer Tafeln, Braunschweig. 1908. Ferrei, Report
of Chief Signal Officer, p. 248. Washington, 1886.) For the
reduction of the readings of thermometers exposed in a Stevenson
screen, Regnault's values of C, 8 for water and 7 for ice, are generally
recommended (Etudes sur l'Hygromtrie, p. 102. Paris, 1845.)
As, however, the ventilation is indeterminate, the accuracy obtainable is of a lower order.
Relative Humidity is computed by expressing e, determined by
the psychrometric formula, as a percentage of the pressure of
vapor in equilibrium with water (not ice) at the temperature
of the dry bulb.
2. Density of Moist Ak*
T, T0 = absolute temperature in 0C
* If dw,da = density of vapor and of dry air at same pressure and temperature, dw/da - 0.6217 and (da - dw}/da = 0.3783.
__ mass of vapor _ 0.6217 e

~~ mass of dry air ~ B e
Tables in Dictionary of Applied Physics 3: 76, and in paper by Shaw and

Fahmy in Quart. J. Roy. Meteorological Soc., 1925, 210.
_. ._ ,
...
mass of vapor
0.6217 e
Specific humidity = total mass = B _ 0-3783 e
3. Relations Connecting Pressure and Altitude.V. Bjerknes
defines "virtual" temperature (T') as T' = TBf(B 0.3783e).
d
H
A f\
D\ = -^d=~0.03416-.
Qd AI
nnoxiifi' &Tr
^
H (i)
/i\
-g=d(loge)
= -j^--.
^"^l?--**;"
If suffix i refers to the lower station and 2 to the upper, then

(3)
approx. (4)
, approximately. (5)
For (TuT2 HI) not exceeding 1000 m, equations (4) and (5) are
equivalent to the logarithmic formula. The factor g/gs = (1
0.002640 cos 2<#>)(1 - 3.14F X 10~7) may generally be taken as
unity. The distinction between virtual and actual temperature
may be ignored except when high temperatures are involved.
In the determination of heights in an extended barometric
survey of a country, allowance must be made for the horizontal
pressure gradient. When daily weather maps are available, BI
may be taken from them as the pressure at sea-level in the neighborhood. If TI is not known, the conventional value (adopted by
Intern. Meterological Conference, Innsbruck, 1905) TI = T2 -f
0.005 (H2 H1) may be used, but in hot weather T1 = T2 -f
0.01 (Hz HI) is a better approximation. Value of T2 observed
at a mountain station may differ considerably from the temperature
of free atmosphere at same level; this is especially true in calm
weather, at night, and in the early morning, (cf. Hesselberg,
Int. Meterol. Conference, Utrecht, 1923, App. L.) Tables of
virtual temperatures: V. Bjerknes, Dynamic Meteorology, etc.,

Washington, 1911. Values of 0.01484/77: Computer's Handbook
of Meteorological Office, London, 2: 45.
Graduation of Aneroids.The height scales on aneroids designed
for the use of travellers, are graduated on the assumption that the
temperature of the atmosphere is constant and independent of the
altitude. Various standard temperatures, such as 5O0F and O0C
have been used. For such scales, especially when applied to
aircraft use, the difference between the indicated and the true
height may be excessive.
The International Commission for Aerial Navigation adopted
in 1925 a scale based on the following conventions (cf. Diet. Applied
Physics 3: 182): (a) Pressure at sea-level is An = 1.0132 X IO6
dynes/cm2; (b) temperature at sea-level is 150C; (c) temperature
decreases by 6.50C per km, up to 11 km; and above 11 km is
constant at -56.50C; (d) humidity may be ignored; (e) value of
g is same at all heights and = #45 (essentially gs). Whence, denoting the pressure and density at sea-level by BI, and ^1; those at
11 000 m by Bn 00 o and dn ooo:
I
~B!
Bi
di
Bn ooo
Bu ooo
dn ooo
Unit
mm
kilodyne/cm2
g/m3
mm
kilodyne/cm2
g/m3
Value
760
1013.2
1226
169.6
226.1
364
Log IQ
2.88081
3.00570
3.08849
2.22943
2.35432
2.56104
As the regulations drawn up by the I. C. A. N. are ambiguous,

attention must be drawn to the fact that whilst the altimeter
reading, H, gives the pressure uniquely, it cannot give the temperature and density of the air. Hence the formulae for d are on
quite a different footing from those for B. (Cf. Section on
Aerodynamics, Ed.)
VOLUMES OF LIQUID MENISCI

F. A. GOULD
As used in this section, the volume (V m) of the liquid meniscus in
a vertical, circular cylinder = volume of the liquid which lies
below the capillary surface and between two horizontal planes, one
tangent to the meniscus, and the other passing through the line
in which the meniscus meets the wall of the tube. The value of
Vm depends upon the surface tension (7), the acceleration of
gravity (g), the difference (p) in the densities of the fluids separated
by the surface, the radius (r) of the cylinder, and the angle (6)
at which the capillary surface meets the wall of the cylinder.
If B is variable and not too small, it is more convenient to use the
height (hm) of the meniscus (= distance between the planes
mentioned), than 0, as one of the variables. This has been done in
Tables 1 and 2, which give the volume of the mercury meniscus
for 7 = 400 mg wt./cm (=392.27 dynes/cm, g = 980.665), P =
13.55g/cm3. This value of 7 is close to the mean of the values

corresponding to the experimental determinations of Vm by
Scheel and Heuse (8, 33: 295; 10) (425 mg/cm), and by Palacios
(139, 17: 295; 19. 63, 24: 152; 23) (406 to 326 mg/cm); an idea
of the error which is associated with a departure of the actual value
of 7 from that assumed may be obtained by comparing their values
with those here given. (See also Schalkwijk, 168, No. 67, and
64 V1 8: 462; 00. 9: 512; 01.)
If 0 = O, it is convenient to tabulate the dimensionless quantities Vm/r3 and hc/r = FTO/Vr3 as functions of <7pr2/7, as is done in
Table 3. [gpr2/y = r2/!2- where a\ is capillary constant (British
usage), see section Technical Terms (p. 34); hc length of circular
cylinder of radius r and volume F7n].
TABLE 1.VOLUME (Vm) OF MERCURY MENISCUS

hm = height of meniscus, d = internal diameter
of tube. Accuracy for the larger menisci = 0.3 %, for the smaller = 1 %. Unit of Vn
= 0.001 cm3; of hm and d = 1 mm. Assumes 7 = 400 mg wt./cm
/C^^l
1 I 2 I 3 I 4
7
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.0400.1590.360
0.0830.3210.723
0.1340.4901.09
0.1950.6691.47
0.8611.87
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.07
1.31
1.56
1.85
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.29
2.72
3.17
3.67
4.19
4.76
5.39
6.07
0.646
1.30
1.95
2.63
3.31
I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 | 9 | 10 1 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 I 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 I 23
1.02
2.05
3.09
4.14
5.21
1.50 2.08 2.75 3.55 4.46 5.49 6.67 7.97 9.4211.112.814.816.919.221.624.227.030.033.1

3.00 4.16 5.53 7.12 8.9511.0 13.4 16.0 18.9 22.225.729.633.938.543.448.654.160.066.3
4.52 6.26 8.3210.7 13.5 16.6 20.2 24.1 28.5 33.438.744.651.057.865.273.081.390.299.6
6.04 8.3711.1 14.3 18.0 22.3 27.0 32.3 38.1 44.751.859.668.177.387.197.5 109 120 133
7.5910.5 14.0 18.0 22.7 28.0 33.9 40.6 47.9 56.165.074.785.496.9 109 122 136 151 167
4.01 6.30 9.1612.7

4.74 7.4310.8 14.9
5.50 8.5812.4 17.1
6.29 9.7714.1 19.4
7.12 11.0 15.8 21.7
17.6
19.5
21.4
23.4
25.4
24.1
26.6
29.1
31.7
34.5
16.8
19.7
22.6
25.6
28.6
21.7
25.4
29..2
33.0
36.9
27.3
32.0
36.8
41.6
46.5
33.7
39.5
45.4
51.4
57.3
40.9
47.9
55.1
62.3
69.6
63.5
69.7
76.0
82.4
89.0
77.0 92.1
84.5 101
92.1 110
99.9 119
108 129
7.99
8.90
9.88
10.9
12.1
12.3
13.6
15.0
16.4
18.0
31.8
35.0
38.2
41.7
45.2
40.9
44.9
49.1
53.3
57.8
51.4
56.5
61.7
66.9
72.3
13.3
19.6 27.6 37.3 48.8

21.4 29.8 40.2 52.6
23.2 32.2 43.3 56.4
34.8 46.5 60.4
37.4 49.8 64.6
62.3
67.0
71.7
76.7
81.9
77.8 95.7
83.6 103
89.5 110
95.5 117
102 124
53.4 69.1 87.3

73.7 93.0
98.9
108
115
122
130
132
140
149
158
167
48.9
57.4
65.9
74.5
83.2
57.8 67.678.390.0 103 117 131 147

67.8 79.291.7 105 120 136 154 172
77.8 91.0 105 121 138 156 176 197
88.0 103 119 137 160 177 199 222
98.3 115 133 153 174 197 222 248
o.l
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
164
191
219
248
276
181
212
243
274
306
200
234
268
303
337
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
109
119
130
141
152
127
139
152
164
177
147
161
176
190
205
169
185
201
218
235
192
211
229
248
268
218
238
260
281
303
245
268
292
316
340
274
300
326
353
380
305
334
363
392
422
338
369
402
434
468
372
407
443
478
515
1.1
1.2
1.3
.4
.5
116
124
133
141
150
138
148
158
168
179
163
175
186
199
211
190
204
218
232
246
220
236
251
268
284
253
270
288
306
325
287
307
328
349
370
325
347
r370
393
417
365
390
415
441
468
407
436
464
493
522
453
484
515
547
580
501
535
570
605
641
552
589
628
666
706
.6
.7
.8
1.9
2.0
159
169
179
189
200
190
201
213
225
237
224
237
250
264
279
261
276
291
307
324
301
318
336
354
373
344
364
384
405
427
391
413
436
459
484
441
466
492
518
546
495
523
552
581
612
552
583
615
648
681
614
648
683
719
755
678
716
754
794
833
746
787
829
872
915
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
TABLE 2.HEIGHT (hc) OF CYLINDER EQUIVALENT TO VOLUME (Vm) OF MERCURY MENISCUS

hc = Fm/xr2 = length of tube of radius r and volume Vm; hm = height of meniscus; d 2r = diameter of tube. Accuracy and
basis are same as for Table 1
Unit of hci hm, and d = 1 mm. Assumes y = 400 mg wt./cm
AUT"^
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
22
23
24 d^hm
20 I 21
13 I 14 I 15
18
19
16
17
11 I 12
7
3
4 i 5 I 6
8 I 9 I 10
1 i 2
0.0510.0510.0510.051 0.0520.053 0.054|0.055|0.056 0.057 0.058 0.059 0.060 0.061 0.063 0.064|0.065J0.0660.068 0.069|0.070 0.071 0.072 0.073 0.1
;0.106O. 1020. 102|0. 103 0.104 0.106 0.1080.110)0.112 0.114 0.116 0.118 0.121 0.123 0.126 0.1280.131J0.133 0.136 0.1380.140 0.142 0.144 0.147 0.2
j0.1710.156;0.155 0.155 0.157 0.160 0.163 0.165 0.168 0.172 0.175 0.178 0.182 0.185 0.189 0.192 0.1960.200 0.204 0.208 0.211 0.214J0.217 0.220 0.3
JO. 248 0. 213 0. 209 0.209 0.211 0.214 0.218 0.221 0.225 0.230 0.234 0.239 0.243 0.248 0.253 0.257 0.2630.268 0.273 0.277 0.281 0.2860.290 0.294 0.4
\
p. 2740. 265 0.263 0.265 0.268 0.273 0.278 0.283 0.288 0.294 0.300 0.306 0.311 0.318 0.323 0.329 0.336 0.342 0.348 0.353 0.3580.363 0.368 0.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
O. 3410. 323 0.319 0.321 0.324 0.329 0.335 0.341 0.348 0.355 0.362 0.368 0.375 0.383 0.389 0.397 0.404 0.411 0.418 0.424 0.4300.437 0.443
0.4160.385|0.377 0.378 0.381 0.386 0.392 0.400 0.408 0.416 0.424 0.432 0.440 0.448 0.456 0.465 0.473 0.481 0.489 0.496 0.5040.511 0.518
0 . 4970 . 449|0 . 4380.437 0.440 0.444 0.450 0.459 0.468 0.478 0.487 0.496 0.506 0.515 0.524 0.533 0.542 0.551 0.561 0.569 0.577 0.585 0.593
,0.588 0.5190.501 0.497 0.499 0.503 0.510 0.519 0.530 0.540 0.551 0.561 0.572 0.582 0.592 0.602 0.613 0.623 0.633 0.642 0.651 0.660 0.669
0.593'o.567 0.559 0.560 0.563 0.570 0.580 0.592 0.604 0.615 0.627 0.638 0.650 0.661 0.6730.684 0.695 0.706 0.716 0.726 0.736 0.746
I
I
0.674j0.636 0.624 0.623 0.626 0.632 0.643 0.655 0.668 0.681 0.694 0.706 0.719 0.731 0.7430.756 0.767 0.779 0.790 0.802 0.812 0.823
!
0.7620.708 0.6920.689 0.691 0.696 0.707 0.720 0.733 0.747 0.761 0.775 0.788 0.802 0.8150.828 0.841 0.854 0.866 0.878 0.889 0.900
i
i
0.8590.7860.763I0.756 0.757 0.761 0.772 0.785 0.799 0.815 0.829 0.844 0.859 0.873 O . 8870 . 9020.915 0.929 0.942 0.955 0.967 0.979
0.896 0.837 0.826 0.825 0.829 0.839 0.852 0.867 0.883 0.899 0.915 0.930 0.946 0.9610.976 0.991 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 .06
0.961 0.915 0.899 0.896 0.900 0.908 0.921 0 . 9360.953 0.969 0.986 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.13 .14
!
,
i
!
!
i
i
!
::
i
!
1.06 1.00 0.976 0.969 0.972 0.980 0.991 1.01

1.09 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.08
1.18 1.14 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15
1.23 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23
1.32 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.31
1.39 1.37 1.37 1.38
1.47 1.46 1.47
1.55 1.56
1.65
1.39
1.48
1.57
1.66
1.76
1.04
1.12
1.19
1.27
1.35
1.06
1.13
1.21
1.29
1.37
1.08
1.15
1.23
1.31
1.39
1.10
1.17
1.25
1.33
1.41
1.11
1.19
1.27
1.35
1.43
1.13
1.21
1.29
1.37
1.45
1.15
1.22
1.31
1.39
1.47
1.16
1.24
1.32
1.40
1.49
1.18
1.26
1.34
1.42
1.51
1.19
1.27
1.36
1.44
1.53
1.21
1.29
1.37
1.46
1.54
.22
.30
.39
.47
.56
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.41
1.50
1.58
1.68
1.77
1.43
1.52
1.60
1.69
1.79
1.45
1.54
1.63
1.72
1.81
1.47
1.56
1.65
1.74
1.83
1.50
1.58
1.67
1.76
1.86
.52
.60
.69
.78
.88
1.54
1.62
1.71
1.80
1.90
1.56
1.64
1.73
1.83
1.92
1.58
1.66
1.76
1.85
1.95
1.59
1.68
1.78
1.87
1.97
1.61
1.70
1.80
1.89
1.99
1.63 .65
1.72 .74
1.82 .83
1.91 .93
2.01 2.02
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
As quantities tabulated are dimensionless, any consistent system

of units may be used, g = acceleration of gravity, r = radius of
tube, hc = length of tube of radius r and volume Vm. (Computed
from tables of Bashforth and Adams as given in their "Capillary
Action.")
I VmIr* I he/r \\ gpr*/y
1.048
0.333
4.0
1.029
0.327
4.5
1.010
0.321
5.0
0.978
0.311
5.5
0.947
0.301
6.0
0.919
0.292
6.5
0.894
0.284
7.0
0.837
0.266
7.5
0.789
0.251
8.0
0.747
0.238
8.5
0.711
0.226
9.0
0.678
0.216
9.5
10.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.02
1.10
1.17
1.25
1.33
TABLE 3.VOLUME (Vm) OF LIQUID MENISCUS, 0 = 0

(Meniscus concave upwards)
gpr'/T
O
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
\ Vm/r* \ hc/r
0.649
0.206
0.623
0.198
0.599
0.190
0.578
0.184
0.557
0.177
0.537
0.171
0.518
0.165
0.501
0.159
0.484
0.1540
0.470
0.1493
0.456
0.1449
0.442
0.1406
0.429
0.1365
Example 1: A gas is collected in a eudiometer over mercury.

The volume to the plane through the line of contact of the mercury
with the wall of the tube = V0. If this portion of the eudiometer
is a vertical, circular cylinder of diameter d = 10 mm, and if
height of meniscus is hm = 1.5 mm, then Vm = 0.0723 cm3 (Table
1), and the actual volume of the gas is V = V0 0.072 cm3.
If volumes are expressed in terms of a linear scale engraved upon
the cylindrical portion of the eudiometer, and if the scale reading
at the line of contact is h0, and if d = 10 mm, hm = 1.5 mm, then
hc = 0.921 mm (Table 2), and the actual volume of the gas corresponds to h0 he = h0 0.921 mm.
Example 2: A gas is collected in a eudiometer over water. The
volume to the plane tangent to the bottom of the meniscus =
V0. If this portion of the eudiometer is a vertical, circular cylinder
of radius r = 0.5 cm, if y = 73 dynes/cm, g = 980.7 cm/sec2,
p 1.000, and 0 = 0 (the tube is perfectly wetted by the water),
then gp/y = 13.43 cm~2, gpr*/y = 3.36. Hence F m /r 3 = 0.689
(Table 3), and Vm = 0.086 cm3. Hence the actual volume of the
gas is V0 - Vm = V0 - 0.086 cm3.
If volumes are expressed in terms of a linear scale engraved upon
the cylindrical portion of the eudiometer, and if the scale reading
corresponding to the bottom of the meniscus is Ji0, then for gpr2/y =
3.36, hc/r = 0.219 (Table 3), and if r = 5 mm, hc = 1.10 mm, and
the actual volume of the gas corresponds to Ji0 hc = h0 1.10mm.
WEIGHTS AND WEIGHING

A. T. PIENKOWSKY
In this section are considered:(A) Weightsthe basis upon
which they are adjusted or tested, and their constancy; (B) the
correcting of weighings for the buoyant effect of the air, including
the weighing of substances in containers; and (C) the correcting
of density determinations for the buoyant effect of the air.
WEIGHTS
Basis of Adjustment.Most weights are adjusted by the maker
according to their apparent weight in air against brass standards.
This is equivalent to adjusting brass weights according to their
real mass (or "weight in vacuo"), but the true mass values of other
weights (e.g., those of platinum, aluminum, or quartz) may be

much different from their nominal values. When a set of weights
is calibrated, however, the values found may be either true mass
or apparent values, depending on the standard used and the
method of conducting the test. Certificates from different standardizing laboratories may give values on either basis, or on both.
"Weight in Air against Brass."Commercial weighing is all
based on apparent weight in air against brass standards, this basis
being more or less accurately defined in some countries. Precise
scientific weighing is based on true mass values (i.e., on "weight
in vacuo"), but weights below one gram may be tested and used
as if they were of brass, even for work of rather high precision.
In so testing these weights, their apparent "values" are computed
on the assumption that their density is A& = density of brass
(generally A& is taken as 8.4 g per cm3); and in using them the
apparent values so found are used as though they were the true
masses of the weights, A& being at the same time used just as
though it were the true density of the weights. In such cases the
error (m/ m) so introduced, arises solely from the fact that the
density (<TI) of the air at the time the values of the weights were
determined differs from that (<r) at the time they were used in
weighing the object. This error is given approximately by equation (1) in which m is the correct, and m/ is the false mass, s is the
nominal value of the weight, A& is the density assumed for brass
weights and A the actual density of the weights used.
m/ m = s\-
-j Oi - a)
(1)
Example: If the value of a platinum 500 mg weight (A =

21.5 g/cm3) is determined according to "weight in air against
brass" (Ab = 8.4 g/cm3) at sea level (<n = 0.0012 g/cm3), and this
value is used at an altitude of 5000 ft. (a- = 0.0010 g/cm3) the error
in the mass of a body as so weighed will be m/ m 0.007 mg.
"Apparent" densities or specific gravities determined according
to apparent "weight in air against brass" are subject not merely
to variations in the density of the air, but also to differences in
experimental technique (see p. 78 to 80).
Constancy.Data on changes in weights can indicate only the
order of magnitude of such changes, and as a rule can show only
what may happen, since such changes are extremely irregular.
Ordinary brass weights with knobs screwed in (whether gold
plated, platinum plated, or lacquered) may continue to gain in weight
for many years, and may do so without developing any visible signs
of such change. The following examples are typical of extreme
changes that sometimes occur. Larger changes have been recorded.
Denomination.. g
100 50
20
10
5
2
1
Gain in 6 yr.... mg 1.7 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.3
Gainin 14yr... mg 3.3 3.9 1.8 2.5 0.8 0.3 1.1
The following is typical of what has often happened when new
weights were not used and were carefully protected.
Denomination.. g
50
20
5
2
Gain in 5 mo... mg 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Gainin 1 yr.... mg 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Lacquered weights of good quality are less subject to spotting
and general surface tarnishing than are the gold or platinum plated
weights often sold. Lacquered weights, however, are subject to
rapid variations caused by changes in the relative humidity of the
air. Lacquered weights of about 20 to 100 g may be expected
to vary 0.1 or 0.2 mg with large variations in humidity. Changes
of over 0.5 mg have been recorded.
Sets of weights of the ordinary type may, however, be very constant. For example, one set was used for over a year with changes
less than 0.02 mg and few changes over half that amount; and two
sets were used occasionally for 17 and 18 yr, respectively, with
no changes over 0.2 mg.
For reference standards, one-piece weights are very much more

reliable than the common screw-knob type. The following changes
in a high grade, gold plated, bronze set of this type are typical for
weights used little and with great care. Positive changes are
gains, negative changes losses;
Denomination
g
50
20 20
10
5
2
2
1
Changes in 15 yr.. mg -0.12 0.00 0.02 -O. Ol|-0.006 0.001 0.008 -0.007
Solid platinum or platinum-iridium weights of moderate size

may be expected to remain constant within about 0.01 mg if
handled with sufficient care and protected from dust and other
deposits. The sheet metal weights below one g are not much
more constant than this; very good weights kept with extreme care
as reference standards may stay within 0.001 mg for some years,
but this cannot safely be assumed. If these small weights are
much used, even with good care, losses of 0.01 mg may soon be
expected in the larger ones.
CORRECTING OF WEIGHINGS FOR BUOYANT EFFECT OF
THE AIR
("Reduction of Weighings to Vacuo")
In addition to a sufficiently sensitive balance, accurate weighing
requires (1) that the balance itself maintain a sufficiently constant
zero point and ratio of arms of the beam; (2) that the effect of
inequality of the arms of the beam be eliminated by the method of
weighing, since it cannot as a rule be corrected for with sufficient
accuracy; (3) that the object and the weights have definite constant
values, free from such effects as variable surface films, evaporation,
magnetic attractions, etc.; (4) that surrounding conditions be
maintained free from sources of disturbance and error, such as
electrostatic attractions, convection currents, variable or unsymmetrical heat radiations, etc.; and (5) that proper correction be
made for the buoyant effect of the air.
The first four types of requirements are matters of technique,
and no general methods of correction can be used for errors arising
from them. They are therefore outside the scope of these tables.
The fifth requirement demands definite formulae and facts,
some of the most fundamental or general of which are given below.
The phrase "apparent weight" is commonly used for the result
of a weighing in which no correction has been made for the buoyant
effect of the air. The phrase is ambiguous1 and often leads to a
confusion of ideas. Therefore this term is not used in the equations of this section, but reference is made directly to the weights
that would be used on an equal-arm balance to make t he weighings.
The phrase "weights needed" must be understood to include the
proper fraction of the rider or other small weights needed to make
up the total amount; and it refers to actual values of the weights,
which may or may not equal the nominal values marked on them.
Symbols.
a mass of the contents of the "empty " portions of the container.
(In weighing gases a is zero. In weighing solids or liquids it
may be the mass of air or of vapor of the solid or liquid. In
weighing a pyknometer with the liquid which fills it at a temperature different from that at which it is weighed, the
volume occupied by a results from the unequal expansion of
pyknometer and liquid)
b (ve VC) /ve. Relative size of the container and its counterpoise
c mass of counterpoise
k buoyancy reduction factor
I mass of liquid that fills the pyknometer at the established
filling temperature
m mass of object; in general or where its volume is not fixed by
the volume of a pyknometer
p mass of pyknometer or other container
r error resulting from use of approximate buoyancy formula
Compare equations (8) and (9); in each case s" sf would be called the
apparent weight, but its value in (9) is vm<r greater than in (8).
mass of weights needed on an equal arm balance, whether with

or without special counterpoise, to balance the objects
being weighed. (Regarding use of other than true mass
values, see p. 73)
se s Vscr = s (1 0"/A). This is not " weight in vacuo " as that
phrase is often used
t temperature. If accented it is the temperature at the time of
the indicated weighing; if unaccented, it is the temperature
at which the pyknometer is filled. In so far as their temperatures have any effect upon the operation considered, all
objects (e.g., the balance, its loads, and the surrounding air)
are assumed to be at the same temperature
v volume or capacity; when without subscript it is capacity of
the container at time of weighing; with one of the subscripts
a, C1 I, m, PJ s, or w, it is volume of the object whose mass is
indicated by the subscript (e.g., vm = volume of the object
whose mass is m)
Vt capacity of the pyknometer at the temperature of filling
Vp volume of the pyknometer itself, excluding the space that
would be filled by liquid at the temperature of filling.
(Ordinarily vp = volume of the material of which the
pyknometer is constructed)
Ve "exterior volume" of the pyknometer or other container.
With pyknometers, at temperature of filling, ve = vp + vt',
at another temperature, t", ve"-vp" + v" = vp" + vw" -\-va"
w mass of the calibrating liquid (e.g., water) which is used to
determine a volume or to serve as a standard of density
cubical coefficient of thermal expansion
A density of the weights at the time of weighing
a density of the air at the time of weighing
p density of object being studied or of calibrating liquid. If
accented it is density at time of weighing; if unaccented it is
density at temperature (t) at which the pyknometer was
filled
Density is true mass per unit-of volume.
Accents denote the weighing to which the quantity applies. In
general ' denotes the weighing of the object alone or of the
container; " denotes the weighing of the combined container
and object studied, or of the container filled with the calibrating liquid or of the object suspended in the calibrating
liquid; '" denotes the weighing of the pyknometer "filled"
with liquid to be studied, or "filled" with object studied plus
calibrating liquid.
Subscripts./ denotes false or erroneous values. For e see above (se
and V0). Other subscripts indicate the object to which the
quantity applies; e.g., pa = density of material whose mass
is a.
Fundamental Exact Equation.The use of the direct, fundamental, exact equation (2) avoids many complications and approximations introduced by most formulae based on densities.
m = S + (Vm - V8)(T
(2)
The equation using densities, in one of the exact forms (3) given
below, is useful chiefly for computing exact tables, or the effect
of errors, approximations, etc. As a rule, either the densities are
not known well enough to warrant its use, or the volumes involved
will have been measured, thus going back to equation (2).
(3)
In the last form of (3), the second term is the exact " buoyancy
correction term," and in this correction term the factor (fraction)
by which s is multiplied is the exact "buoyancy reduction factor"
(A;). See Tables 2 and 3.
Common Equation Using Densities.Some form of equation (4)

is commonly used for reducing weighings. This equation is not
exact. It is entirely inapplicable to weighing gases, but is amply
accurate for much work with solids and liquids.
(4)
The factor <r(
J is the "buoyancy reduction factor" com-
monly given. When the densities lie between 0.5 and 21.5 g per
cm3, and are known with sufficient accuracy, the error (r) introduced by the use of this formula does not exceed one part in 100 000
of the mass of the object weighed. Its value, and that of the
proportional error (r' = r/s) may be calculated by formula (5);
their orders of magnitude may readily be determined from Table 1,
which is based on a = 0.0012 g/cm3.
(5)
TABLE 1
Unit of Density is g/cm3
Pm
1.00
0.5
0.05
0.005
A = 21.5
0.0001
0.0006
0.06
8.
100 rf
A = 8.4
0.0001
0.0005
0.06
8.
A = 2.65
0.0001
0.0005
0.06
7.
Density of the Air.Variations in the density of the air under

standard conditions,1 as well as the uncertainties of its experimental determination, limit the precision with which very large
or extremely precise buoyancy corrections can be calculated from
tables of air density. The former seems at present to be the larger,
and therefore sets a fixed limit which can be exceeded only by
eliminating or reducing the size of the correction, or by making
an experimental determination of the density of the air at the time
of the weighing. These limiting uncertainties are of the order of
5 in IO4 and affect the total buoyancy correction in the same ratio.
Since they affect only the fourth significant figure in the buoyancy
reduction factor they are negligible in the use of Tables 2 and 3.
In weighing gases, the density of the air must be found from
precise tables (consult index). When the volume of the gas is not
compensated by a counterpoise of the same size, the density of the
air must be known with approximately the same precision as is
desired for that of the gas; when it is so compensated, the buoyancy
correction is generally the total buoyancy on the weights, and
therefore is still relatively large.
For most work with solids and liquids an approximate value of
the density of the air is sufficient. The precision to which it must
be known can be found from an examination of Table 2. It should
be noted that a precision of 1 in 10n in the mass to be determined
requires a precision of 1 in the n'th decimal place of the buoyancy
reduction factor (i.e., in the actual factor k, not in the printed
value of 1000&). In getting the buoyancy reduction factor from
Table 2, and in similar work, to a precision not greater than one in
about IO5, the density of the air may be found from the "Air
Density Chart," Fig. 1.
The precision to which temperature, pressure, and humidity
must be known in order to find the density of the air to the necessary precision, may be inferred from Fig. 1, except in the case of
very large corrections, or of corrections to be determined with
extreme precision. In the latter cases this information must be
sought in other places.
Density of the Weights.If the density of the air in which the
weights are used is the same as that in which their values were
determined, errors in the density assumed for the weights will have
i Treuthart, 84, 172: 1598; 21. Moles, 34, 172: 1600; 21.
no effect on the accuracy with which the mass of the object may
be determined, provided the same density that was assumed for
them in determining their values is assumed for them when they
are used. It is not necessary, therefore, to know the density of
the weights as accurately as that of the object weighed.
If weights are used in air whose density differs by not more than
20 % from that of the air in which their values were determined,
the amount by which the density of ordinary weights is likely to
differ from the values used in Tables 2 and 3 will not cause errors
greater than one part in about 100,000 in the determination of the
mass of the object weighed; provided that the density used in
determining the value of the weight is the same as that used in the
computation of the mass.
For a precision above one part in a million, it is frequently
necessary to measure the volume or density of each weight.
FIG. 1.Air density chart.
(For use with Tables 2 and 3.)
Ordinary two-piece weights are not used for such work because
they cannot safely be put into liquids for hydrostatic weighing.
Aluminum is not used for weights above 0.02 g in high quality
weights, nor above 0.5 g in second quality sets. When the values
of such weights have been determined on the assumption of a
density of 2.7 g per cm3 at O0C, the use of the buoyancy reduction
factors given for quartz in Table 2 introduces an error in the mass
of the object weighed, of less than 0.0002 mg for amounts up to
0.02 g, and of less than 0.005 mg for amounts up to 0.5 g.
The densities of most gold alloys used for weights lie between 16
and 18 g per cm3. For gold within this range, the use of the factors
given in Tables 2 and 3 will not introduce errors greater than one
part in 200,000, or not over 0.005 mg in weighing amounts under
one g.
In Tables 2 and 3, the densities used for weights of platinum or
platinum-iridium, for those of brass or bronze, and for those of
aluminum, are those which were adopted many years ago for
certifying weights at the National Bureau of Standards of the
United States of America, and were assumed as the densities at
O0C. The following coefficients of cubical expansion are assumed
in reducing the volumes of such weights to the volumes at 2O0C.
Platinum and Platinum-iridium
Brass or bronze
Aluminum
0.000 026 per deg. C

0.000 054 per deg. C
0.000 069 per deg. C
The densities of gold and of crystal quartz are assumed as the

densities at 2O0C. All buoyancy reduction factors are based on
differences in volume at 2O0C.
Density of Object Weighed.A change of one in 10n of the mass
of the object corresponds to a change of one in the n'th decimal
place of the buoyancy reduction factor. Therefore, to the precision obtainable by the use of Table 2, the precision required in
the density of the object may be found by noting in that table
what change in density (at approximately the density under
consideration) corresponds to the allowable variation in the
buoyancy reduction factor.
The use of "standard" or "adopted" densities for the object
weighed may give an accuracy which is entirely fictitious.
There is no compensation as in the case of weights, and the
actual error or uncertainty in the density of the particular object
weighed has its full effect in the error or uncertainty of the
calculated mass
A fictitious "apparent" density derived from weighings uncorrected for buoyancy of the air must be corrected to true density
before being inserted in the formulae given in this section unless
only an approximate value of density is needed (see p. 78).
Temperature of Objects and Weights.In weighing gases, and
to secure the highest precision in many other cases, it is necessary
to compute all volumes or densities at the actual temperature of
the observations, unless the coefficient of expansion of the object
happens to be nearly the same as that of the weights. If the
temperature is entirely neglected, and weighings are made at room
temperatures, the extreme error likely to be introduced in the mass
calculated for solids and liquids is less than three in IO4. (This
would be the error for material having a density of 0.2 g per cm3
at O0C, and a coefficient of cubical expansion of 1.6 X IO3, when
compared with weights whose actual volumes or densities are those
used in the calculation.)
Example 1: The actual mass of the weights used was s =
10.0105 g; the corrected barometric height was 758 mm; air
temperature, 19.60C; relative humidity 25%; density of object
3.5 g/cm3; weights were of brass.
Referring to Fig. 1, the air density corresponding to these
conditions is seen to be close to 0.0012 g/cm3. Entering Table 2
with pm = 3.5 and the column for brass weights, under lOOOo- =
1.2, it is found that 1000 k is 0.20; hence the mass of the object is
m = s + ks = 10.0105 + 0.000 20 X 10.0105 = 10.0105 + 0.0020
= 10.0125 g.
Example 2: The factor for Pm = 3.0 differs by 6 in the fifth
decimal place from that for pm = 3.5. The error in mass produced
by using 3.0 in place of 3.5 as the density of the object is therefore
6 parts in IO5. For the object in Example 1 this would be an
error of 0.000 6 g. Similarly the use of 7.0 instead of 7.5 for pm
would produce an error of about one part in IO4 in the mass of the
object.
Example 3: In Fig. 1 the point corresponding to barometric
height 720 mm, air temperature 210C, and relative humidity 50 %,
lies to the right of the line for 0.0011 g/cm3, 50%, by 1 ^ 2 of the
distance between the 0.0011 and the 0.0012 lines. Hence, <r =
0.0011 + 0.0001 X 1 ^ 2 = 0.00113l g/cm3. (For most work for
which Table 2 is suited the density can be estimated by eye with
sufficient accuracy; as in this case, 0.00113 g/cm3.) The factor
from Table 2 may then be found either by multiplying the factor for
lOOOo- = 1.0 by 1.13 or by interpolating between the factor for
lOOOo- = 1.1 and that for lOOOo- = 1.2. For brass weights and Pm
= 3.5 the former gives 0.17 X 1.13 = 0.192 as the value of 1000&.
A calculated interpolation between 0.18 and 0.20 gives 0.18e, which
agrees with the other value within the accuracy of such tabular
interpolations.
Weighing Objects in Containers.Two weighings are required;
one of the container alone and the other with the object in the
TABLE 2.BUOYANCY REDUCTION FACTOR (k)

m s + ks, where k = ,
A(pm
<r)
(Cf. equation (3). Symbols, p. 74.) Unit of density is g/cm or, to precision of this table, g/ml)
'
0
A = 17
Gold
100Oa=
I
1.1
I
5.47
3.62
O 20".3
* = 21 - 5
Pt or Pt-Ir
lOOOcr=
1.0
I 1.1 I
4.98
5.48
3.30
3.63
1.2
5.98
3.96
O 4
O'o
06
0'.7
2.46
.96
-62
.38
2.71
2.15
1.79
1.52
2.95
2.35
1.95
1.66
2.45
1.95
1.61
1.37
2.69
2.14
1.77
1.51
0.75
.29
1.42
1.55
1.28
O 80
0'82
0'84
0'S6
O88
-20
-17
-15
-12
-09
1.33
1.29
1.26
1.23
1.20
1.45
1.41
1.37
1.34
1.31
.19
.16
.13
.11
.08
O 90
0*91
0'92
0 - 93
O94
-07
.05
-04
.03
.02
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.28
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.22
0 95
0'96
0*97
0'98
0.'99
.01
-OO
0.99
0.97
0.96
1.11
1.10
1.08
1.07
1.06
1 OO
1 Ol
1*02
1 03
1.'04
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.92
1 05
1.06
1 07
1 08
109
Density of object
weighed
P
0k
A = 8.4
Brass or bronze
1000<r=
1.0
I
1.1
[
4.91
5.40
3.22
3.55
1.2
5.89
3.87
2.94
2.34
'1.93
1.65
2.39
1.88
1.55
1.31
2.63
2.07
1.71
1.44
2.87
2.26
1.86
1.57
2.13
1.63
1.29
1.05
1.40
1.53
1.22
1.34
1.46
0.96
1.05
1.15
1.31
1.28
1.25
1.22
1.19
1.43
1.39
1.36
1.33
1.29
1.13
1.10
1.07
1.04
1.02
1.25
1.21
1.18
1.15
1.12
1.36
1.32
1.29
1.25
1.22
0.87
0.84
0.81
0.79
0.76
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.86
0.83
1.05
1.01
0.98
0.94
0.91
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
1.16
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.22
1.21
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
1.09
1.08
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.19
1.18
1.16
1.15
1.13
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.81
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.88
0.87
0.85
0.84
0.82
1.21
1.20
1.18
1.17
1.16
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.14
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.89
1.03
1.02
1.00
0.99
0.98
1.12
1.11
1.09
.08
.07
0.68
0.67
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.77
0.76
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.10
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90
1.04
1.03
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85
0.84
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
.06
.05
.03
.02
.01
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.59
0.58
0.69
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.64
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
0.89
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.81
0.80
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.88
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.59
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65
1.10
1 12
l'l4
1 16
118
0.86
0.85
0.83
0.82
0.80
0.95
0.93
0.91
0.90
0.88
I k 04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.85
0.83
0.82
0.80
0.79
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.87
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.95
0.79
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.87
0.85
0.83
0.82
0.80
0.95
0.93
0.91
0.89
0.87
0.53
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.47
0.59
0.57
0.55
0.53
0.52-
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
20
.25
30
.35
0.79
0.75
0.72
0.69
0.87
0.83
0.80
0.76
0.95
0.91
0.87
0.83
0.78
0.74
0.71
0.68
0.85
0.82
0.78
0.75
0.93
0.89
0.85
0.82
0.71
0.68
0.65
0.62
0.79
0.75
0.72
0.68
0.86
0.82
0.78
0.75
0.46
0.42
0.39
0.36
0.50
0.47
0.43
0.40
0.55
0.51
0.47
0.44
.40
50
.6
.7
1.8
1.9
0.67
0.62
0.58
0.54
0.51
0.48
0.74
0.68
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.53
0.80
0.74
0.69
0.65
0.61
0.58
0.66
0.61
0.57
0.53
0.50
0.47
0.72
0.67
0.62
0.58
0.55
0.51
0.79
0.73
0.68
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.60
0.55
0.51
0.47
0.44
0.41
0.66
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.48
0.45
0.71
0.66
0.61
0.56
0.52
0.49
0.34
0.29
0.25
0.21
0.18
0.15
0.37
0.32
0.27
0.23
0.20
0.16
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.21
0.18
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
0.45
0.41
0.37
0.34
0.31
0.50
0.45
0.41
0.37
0.34
0.54
0.49
0.44
0.41
0.37
0.44
0.40
0.36
0.33
0.30
0.49
0.44
0.39
0.36
0.33
0.53
0.48
0.43
0.39
0.36
0.38
0.34
0.30
0.27
0.24
0.42
0.37
0.33
0.29
0.26
0.46
0.40
0.36
0.32
0.29
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.14
0.08
0.04
0.01
-0.02
0.15
0.09
0.05
0.01
0.02
3.0
3.5
0.29
0.24
0.32
0.26
0.34
0.29
0.27
0.23
0.30
0.25
0.33
0.27
0.21
0.17
0.24
0.18
0.26
0.20
-0.04
-0.09
-0.05
-0.10
0.05
-0.11
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.20
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.22
0.17
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.24
0.18
0.14
0.12
0.09
0.08
0.19
0.14
0.11
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.21
0.16
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.23
0.17
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
-0.01
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
-0.01
-0.02
10
0.05
12
0.04
14
0.02
16
0.02
18
0.01
20
0.00
22
0.00
* See Density of Weights, p. 75.
Ii
\\
H
H
1.0
4.97
3.29
1.2
5.97
3.95
Il
y
Il
H
.13
.12
.11
.10
.08
Il
A = 2.65
|| Crystal quartz or aluminum*
I
1000 <r H
1.0
I
1.1
I
1.2
4.65
5.11
5.58
2.97
3.26
3.56
2.34
1.79
1.42
1.16
2.55
1.95
1.55
1.26
0.13
0.08
0.05
0.02
0.01
-0.01
0.14'
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.01
-0.01
0.16
0.10
0.06
0.03
0.01
-0.01
-0.13
-0.18
0.21
-0.23
-0.25
-0.27
-0.14
-0.20
-0.23
-0.26
-0.28
-0.29
-0.15
-0.21
0.25
-0.28
-0.30
-0.32
-0.02
0.04
-0.05
-0.06
-0.06
0.07
-0.07
-0.02
0.04
-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
-0.08
-0.08
-0.02
0.04
-0.06
-0.07
-0.08
0.08
-0.09
-0.28
-0.29
-0.31
-0.31
-0.32
-0.33
-0.33
-0.31
0.32
-0.34
-0.35
-0.35
-0.36
-0.37
-0.33
0.35
-0.37
-0.38
-0.39
-0.39
-0.40
container. The exact equations connecting the masses and corresponding t o equation ( 2 ) a
r
e
:
(
6
(pr + a') = (s' + c') + [ve' - (vsf + Vc')Y
,
,
,
.,
.
,
.,
.
,
.
,.,
T
A
j
If
also vej Vc, A
and a- are the same for both weighings, which
(p" _j_ m + a\ (s" _}_ c") -f u " _ (Vs" _|_ VC")]<T"
requires the same temperature and equivalent atmospheric
,, / ,
, conditions,
Assuming p and c to be constant, as must generally be done, and
subtracting, gives the general equation (6).
m = (s" s') (a" a') (V8" v3')<r
(7)
TABLE 3.BUOYANCY REDUCTION FACTOR (k) FOR USE IN INTERCOMPARISON OF WEIGHTS

(For other factors and for symbols, see Table 2 and p. 74)
Unity of density = g/cm3
m = s + Jcs
IQOOfc
Density o f
Af = 1
7
A
* = 8.4
A* = 2.7
Af = 2.65
A * = 21.5
weight
pj. or p^.jj.
Gold
Brass or bronze
Aluminum
Crystal quartz
teSted
lOOOo- =
1000(7 =
1000(T =
1000<r =
lOOOcr =
Pm
1.0 1.1 1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
21.5*
0.0000.0000.000 -0.012 -0.014 -0.015 -0.073 -0.080 -0.087 -0.324-0.357 -0.389 -0.331 -0.364 -0.397
17f
0.0120.0140.015
0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.060 -0.066 -0.072 -0.312 -0.343 -0.374 -0.319 -0.350 -0.382
8.4*
0.0730.0800.087 +0.060 +0.066 +0.072 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.252 -0.277 -0.302 -0.258 -0.284 -0.310
2.7*
0.3240.3570.389 0.312 0.343 0.375+0.252+0.277+0.302 0.000 0.000 0.000-0.006-0.007-0.008
2.65f
0.3310.3640.397 0.319 0.351 0.382 0.258 0.284 0.310+0.006+0.007+0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000
* Density at O0C, see " Density of Weights," p. 75.
t Density at 2O0C, see " Density of Weights," p. 75.
having its peculiar advantages, and each leading to a different

equation.
(3) If the number of experimental requirements is made very
small, the resulting equation for true density is very complex.
Simplification of the final solution can be accomplished only by
increasing the experimental requirements or by introducing
approximations into the solution.
No method can be selected as "best."1 Hence, the material
given here is limited to the general fundamental equations, and
V
/
\\ i -Pm/
-7
to the exact solutions for certain cases that are of wide applicability
In equations (8) and (8 ') the effect of the container has been in work of moderate precision. From these it is possible to arrange
eliminated; the equation is of the form of equation (2), and the procedures suited to many different conditions, and to determine
the accuracy of the corresponding solutions, and the effects of
buoyancy reduction factor from Table 2 may be used.
1
If the container is exhausted when weighed alone; and if, different errors under various circumstances.
In every case, pm is obtained in the same units as those in which
when the object is being weighed there is in the container only
1
P
is expressed. For the purposes of the following equations,
W
material whose mass should be part of m, then a a" = O and
or may, in general, be expressed either as g/cm3 or as g/ml.
instead of equations (8) and (8') we have
Density of Gases.The general equations for weighing gases
m - (s" - ') - v.,.-., o- = (a" - s')(l - l)
(9) are the same as those for pyknometer determinations of liquids,
particularly those for cases in which the pyknometer is exhausted
In this case the buoyant effect of the air on the object weighed
when weighed alone, as in equation (17).
has been eliminated, and the ordinary buoyancy reduction factors
Experimental Requirements.All the following equations
or equations do not apply (cf. (2) and (3)); Table 2 can not be used.
involve two general requirements: (1) That in any one weighing
or other operation all objects involved are at the same temperature
CORRECTING DENSITY DETERMINATIONS FOR THE (in weighing, the temperature of the atmosphere is involved); and
(2) that changes in pressure produce no change in any of the volBUOYANT EFFECT OF THE AIR
umes; e.g., the volume of the pyknometer or other container must
Correcting "Apparent" Values.Radical differences in the not change when it is exhausted. In addition, each equation
constancy of temperatures or air densities, or such differences involves one or more of the following special requirements:
A. Mass of pyknometer and its counterpoise remains constant:
as that between equations (8) and (9) above, make it impossible
r
to develop any single correction formula for correcting what are p' = p" = p'" and c' = c" = c" .
B. Coefficient of expansion of counterpoise is the same as that
often called "apparent" values of specific gravity, or of density
values which have been determined without proper correction for of the pyknometer: p = c. This makes 6 the same for all
the buoyant effect of the air. Such values can, however, be weighings.
C. Temperature at which pyknometer is filled is the same for the
corrected in so far as the method and conditions of their
material being studied as for the calibrating liquid. Therefore
determination are known.
1
U)" = PwVt and V" pivt.
Limitations.In general: (1) It is impossible to correct each
D. Temperature for all three weighings is the same as that at
weighing on which the determination depends, because some
which
the pyknometer is filled. This results in all volumes being
unknown mass, volume, or density will generally be needed in
r
order to find the volume of the air displaced. In some cases, constant, in vw" = VI" - v" = v" , in a" = a'" = O, and in the
however, approximate values may be known with sufficient density of each material being constant.
E. Density of the atmosphere the same for all three weighings:
accuracy for this purpose.
</ = o-" = ff'
(2) Some special experimental requirements are always involved.
F. Density of the weights the same in all weighings. This
Among these may be equal temperatures for two operations,
demands
that the temperature be the same for all three weighings.
constant volumes (e.g., of pyknometer), negligible changes in the
also p. 75.
density of the air, etc., or a combination of several of them. A See
1
The advantages and disadvantages of different experimental arrangements,
variety of combinations of such requirements may be used, each
If also pa" pa <TJ as when the "empty " portion of the container is filled with air of the same density as the surrounding
atmosphere, and the vapor of the "object" weighed is negligible or
should be included in m,
(S)
m = (S" - s') + (vm - v,.,-.,)*
or
/1 - "\
] (80
m = (8<> - s'}(l - ~] + vm<r = (s" - s')[
A
i As vt is assumed to remain constant, pressure effects must be suitably eliminated.
such as the size and mass of the counterpoise used, or the temperature control,
do not depend on the form of solution of the equations so much as on the effect
of variations and errors that are not shown in the fundamental equations.
G. Density of air or other material in the " empty " portion of

the pyknometer equal to that of the surrounding atmosphere :
Pa' = *', Pa" = *", Pa"' = a'".
H. Pyknometer evacuated when weighed empty.

/. Volume of counterpoise equal to ''exterior" volume of
pyknometer. vc = ve.
J. Volume of counterpoise equals that of the pyknometer itself,
excluding the space that would be filled by liquid at the temperature of filling: VC = Vp.
Pyknometer Determinations.(1) Liquids*Three weighings
are required, from which, under experimental requirement A,
w" and V" are obtained directly by equation (6). Under requireV"
ment C,PI = -^nP"Therefore under requirements A and C:
Is"' -sf) - (a"'-a')+[ve"f - W" + VC"W - [v.f - (v.'+Ve'
f
1
Pw
(s" -s ) - (a" -a') +[?," - (0."+OK' - [ve' - W+Vc')]*
(10)
and
(s" -sp - (a"-a')+[ve" - (V8" +Vc'W - b/ - W+Vc')]*' n 1n1
Vt-
"
~~~
Pw
Under requirement B1 b may be introduced for
"
v /
'I-ST^L*+"^"^"-' -'")]^r
+ -(Ve'"<r'"-ve'a') (12)
Vt
(."-.') - (" -a') +Kv.'V' -t>.V)
(13)
PW
Under the conditions noted, these equations are perfectly

general. They do not involve any mathematical approximations
in their derivation and therefore show the proper effect of each
quantity. However, in using them, approximate data must, in
general, be used, because vc which is needed in computing vt cannot
be accurately known until after vt has been computed. If a first
approximation is not sufficiently accurate the accuracy may be
increased by successive approximations.
{The values of Ve1 ve" and ve'" may be computed from the relation
ve Vp + Vt =
f)
Pp
IV
Pw
> and
if the capacity depends solely on
temperature (and not on pressure or other factors),

Ve'
= Ve[I
+ p(t'
t ) ] ' , Ve" = V9[I
+ p(t"
Ve'"
~ t)];
= Ve[I
+ p(tf"
t)]
(14)
The values of a', a", and a'" may be computed from known
values of pa and the equations
Va' = V' = V t [ I
+ p(t'
t)]
Va"
= " - Vw = Vt(p - w)(t" - t) \

(15)
t,G'" = '" - V1"' = Vt(p - i) (" -t) J
Under requirements D1 E, F, and G1 in addition to A, B1 and C1
(12) becomes
P1 = C~> (P. - O +
(16)
And under requirement H in addition to A, B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 and G
P, = V=T'' '-
W" - .') - (a'" - a')

"' = (se" - s,') - (a" - a') p
(17)
As shown in equations (16) and (17), experimental requirements

A to G inclusive render the results independent of the size or nature
of the counterpoise and of the value of the density of the weights
used, though these quantities must be the same for all observations.
Including requirement H renders the results independent of the
nm
(18)
and its equivalent (12), and (13) become
- ' T o- a" ~a'~\ a"' - a'

' - *'"
IT^T
I/. + \
n<n
19
- (-"-.Q-(O"-*')
(20)
and
< >
Pw
Under requirement J1 with A1 B1 and C1 (10) becomes

f
f
f
f
= (B'" - s') - (a'" - a ) + [v " - vs'"]<r'" - [v - v8']a
f
pw
(s" - s') - (a" - a') + [v" - vs"]a" - [v - v8']a'
(21)
and its equivalent (12), and (13) become
Se"'
p
1
S e" -
Se' T p
Se'
"
_|_.
\_
a>
Vt
((va
n ,f
, /N 1
~ Va)
'" ~ '
Vt
, r-
Vt
- O/'V" - v'a') (22)

Vt
and
- If also
Ve
a part of the buoyancy correction for each weighing is made by

calculating s/, se", and se'"j then the remaining buoyancy reduction
terms can be combined and simplified. Then under requirements
A, B, and C the equations may be put in the form
8e'"-8e'[
, a"-a'
b ,
.-] a'"-a'
and
actual value of the density of the air also, but still requires that
this value shall be the same for all three weighings.
Under requirement I1 with A1 B1 and C1 (10) becomes
Vt =
fa" - /) - (a" - a') + p'V" - V
Pw
. .
(23;
Pyknometer Determinations.(2) Solids.The following equations are based on two pyknometer weighings and a separate
determination of the mass of the object. If the pyknometer is
used as a container for weighing the object this requires two
weighings. (See p. 76 to 78.)
The symbol " refers to the weighing with the calibrating liquid
alone; '"to the weighing with both this liquid and the object
being studied.
Under requirements A and C only,
Pmn =
mp
/'
.
m (s'" s") + (a"' a") [ve"r v'" vc"'\ <r'" + [ve" v," vc"] <r"
(24)
Under requirement B1 in addition to A and C1 equation (24) may
be put into the form (25) by combining the terms in s with those
in vsa.
_
mpj'
Pm
~ m - (Se"' - S6") + (a'" - a") - b(ve'"a'" - ve"a") (25)
Under requirements D and E1 in addition to A1 B1 and C1
(26>
* = - (?"--57?
This equation is independent of the magnitudes of a, C1 and

vci merely requiring their constancy.
Hydrostatic Weighings for Density of Solids.These equations
are based on two weighings; one with the object in air and one with
it suspended in a liquid (e.g., water) of known density. The
equilibrium equations for these weighings are
m' - Vm'a' = s' - VS'*'
and
m" - Vm"PW" = s" - v."*"
the notation being similar to that used for pyknometer weighings.
If the mass of the object remains constant (i.e., m' = m"), (27) is
an exact solution of these equations.
Pr*' = , , * ' ' , WIl + m(t" oe ~~ *>e
t')]
a') + a'
(27)
If also all temperatures, the air density, and the density of the
weights are the same in the two weighings,
s/
Pm = -7
O
T77 (P* -*) +*
(28)
Correction Formula.When the result of a density determination is calculated without any correction for the buoyant effect
of the air, a false value (p/) is obtained except for pyknometer

determinations in which the conditions of the work are those
specified for equation (17).
If for pyknometer determinations, these false values were comgfff
g/
puted by means of the equation p/ = ,, -, PW and for hydrostatic
'
weighings of solids by means of the equation p/ = ^ P^ then

s s
to the precision attainable by assuming that the conditions were
those specified for equations (16) or (28) the values may be corrected
by the equation
P = P / ( l --}+*
(29)
Pw/
VOLUME OF A MASS OF LIQUID OF KNOWN WEIGHT IN AIR

(See also p. 73)
VERNEY STOTT AND PHILIP H. BIGG
-, _ <*
densities are in g/ml and W in g, V is in ml; if densities are in
^; t = temperature of the liquid when its lb '/f L > and WRb., V is in gal.; etc.
P <r
lhe exact relations connecting these quantities are given by
volume is V', I0 = temperature of the liquid when weighed; V the equation
volume of the liquid at temperature ; TF = weight of the liquid
A-0A
/i _ \ /i 0A
/i 0A
in air against weights of density A; p, p0 = density of the liquid
_ Wl
A _ \ _ Wl
A \ / "" ~p \ _
I ~~ P \
at t and at In0, respectively; a = density of air at time of weighing.
~~p\i
" / ~ p\ i ^ / I i ff I ~~
Ii 0 I
If densities are expressed in g/cm3, and TF in g, V is in cm 3 ; if
\ ~ ^0/
\ ~ P/ \ ~ PO/
\ ~~ PO/
Symbols.-F =
VALUES OF F FOB WATER AND MEBCURY

(Liquids are air-free)
i-?
V = FW
1-^
Po
/l-*\
In many cases the factor J
If I0 = 2O0C, the greatest value of this factor for the
J does not differ significantly from unity.
V ~pJ
temperature range covered by the following table differs from unity by only 7.3 X 10~6 for water and by 0.48 X 10~6 for mercury.
If t0 = t, V = FW. For water, F = 1 + 0.001 K^0; for mercury, F = 0.07 + 0.001 #Hg
Unit of F = milliliter per g of TF; of t = 0C. Assumes* a- = 0.0012 g/ml; A = 8.3 g/ml.
t
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
I ^H2O
1.189
1.130
1.089
1.06s
1.057
1.065
1.089
1.12?
1.18l
1.24s
^Hg
3.550
3.563
3.576
3.590
3.603
3.616
3.630
3.643
3.65e
3.670
||
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
^H2O
1.330
1.42s
1.533
1.654
1.78s
1.933
2.09o
2.259
2.43s'
2.63o
^Hg
|[ t
3.683
3.69?
3.71o
3.72s
3.73?
3.75o
3.76s
3.777
3.79o
3.803
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
^H2O
2.832
3.044
3.26?
3.5Oi
3.744
3.99s
4.26i
4.534
4.817
5.109
^Hg
[[ t
3.81?
3.83o
3.844
3.85?
3.87o
3.884
3.89?
3.91o
3.924
3.937
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
^H2Q
^Hg
5.41o
5.72o
6.03s
6.36e
6.702
7.04e
7.399
7.76o
8.129
8.50s
3.95i
3.964
3.97?
3.99i
4.004
4.01s
4.03i
4.044
4.05s
4.07i
||
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
^H2O
^Hg
8.89o
4.08s
4.09s
4.11i
4.12s
4.13s
4.152
4.16s
4.17s
4.192
4.20s
4.219
* The increase (dK) produced in K by changing A to A(I + o) ander to<r(l -J- s) is closely given (ca 1 %) for the range of this table by the equations:
dA
-H2O
-145<7-3s + 0.9975 + S.SsS)^-^
dA:Hg = 0.00078(-5.3s + 13.60 + S.Sso)^

units being those of this table. For uncertainties in <r, and for the variation of o- with pressure, temperature, and humidity, see p. 78. When brass weights are
not used, O will, in general, be large ; in such cases it is desirable to transform the equations once for all by inserting the proper value for O; they will take the
convenient form dK = a + 6s. If O = O, dK^ _ = I.06s;dK. = 0.00414 s. If s = O, dK TT _ = 0.145^-^-- dK = O.OlOe~.
-H.2VJ
rig
Example(I) If o- = 0.00132 and A = 8.383, s = 0.1, O = 0.01
xizU
= 0.145(0.73 + 0.01 + 0.0OS)1^ = 0.144(0.75) =
0.108. HeLe1 if t = 19-C, ^H o = 2.63 + 0.10s = 2.74.

2
Jig
1 ~t~ O
(2) If <r = 0.00132 and A = 2.65 (quartz), 5 = 0.1, (1 + 5) =

^fip
and dKH
1 -f- o
W'
(3 13)
f-iPi
~ T'
0 0253
'
= " ^
3.859.
and dK
Ks
HenC6
0-00078(-0.53 - 9.26 - 0.565)
' ' = 25' ^H8 = 3-884 - 0.025 =
STANDARD BUFFER SOLUTIONS AND ACID-BASE INDICATORS

MANSFIELD CLARK
In the following tables pH represents (formalistically) logio
+
7jj+7 where [H ] is the symbol for grams of hydrogen ions per liter.
Since there is a disagreement concerning the precise interpretation
of experimental values, the experimental meaning of pH is defined
by the set of conditions described below ( 8 57 ).
The normal hydrogen-electrode is regarded as a properly coated,
noble metal, under one atmosphere partial-pressure of hydrogen,
immersed in a solution normal with respect to hydrogen ions.
The difference of potential between electrode and solution is
regarded as zero at all temperatures.
The following values are regarded as standard differences of
potential (Ec) (liquid-junction potential-difference being eliminated) between the tenth-normal KClHg2Cl2Hg half-cell and
the hypothetical, normal hydrogen-electrode.
T
18
20
25
30
37.5 40
50
60
E0 0.3380 0.3379 0.3376 0.3372 0.3364 0.3360 0.3341 0.3317
For present purposes it is assumed that the liquid-junction

potential-difference between an Hg2Cl2 half-cell solution and the
solution the pH of which is under measurement has been eliminated when there has been interposed a saturated solution of KCl,
or when there has been employed the Bjerrum extrapolation ( 4 )
from measurements made with 3.5N KCl and 1.75N KCl as
interposed solutions.
When the electromotive force, e.m.f., of the "chain":
H2Pt
[H+]
KCl
saturated
KCl
O. IN
Hg2Cl2Hg
is measured under the above conditions, and the Hg is positive to

the Pt, pH is calculated from the equation
E.M.F. - Ec
=
0.000 198 37(273.09 -M) P '
(See ( 8 37 4S 64 ) and references therein on potentiometric
measurement of pH.)
The chief modes of employing indicators for the determination of
pH may be illustrated by the following examples.
I. A solution having been found to induce a blue color with
brom thymol blue (see No. 139, Table 3A), a yellow color with
thymol blue (No. 129), and a color intermediate between yellow
and red with phenol red (No. 142) is judged to have a pH value
between 7.0 and 7.8. Then to 10 0.05 cc of solution are
added 5 drops 0.04% phenol red solution (made by dissolving 0.1
g phenol red in 28.5 cc 0.0IN NaOH solution and diluting to
250 cc ). The resulting mixture is then compared with standards
made by adding 5 drops of the same phenol red solution to each
of 10 0.05 cc portions of buffers having pH values of 7.0,
7.2, 7.4, 7.6, etc. (See Table IA.)
The comparison is made in containers of identical dimensions
and under uniform illumination. It is found that the tested
solution has a color intermediate and half-way between those
of buffers 7.4 and 7.6, and since the total salt contents of the
tested solution and of the buffers are of the same order of magnitude, and since the solution contains no protein or substance known
to affect the indicator, 7.5 is judged to be the true pH value of the
tested solution ( 8 11 31 37 45, 53, 54, 56).
II. A solution is found to induce a partial color transformation
of phenol red. Using uniform containers (e.g., test tubes) there
are prepared :
(1) A mixture of 10 0.05 cc solution under test and 10
drops standard phenol red solution (see I).
(2) A mixture of x drops of indicator and sufficient buffer

solution of the value shown in column B of Table 3A to equal
the total volume of solution 1.
(3) A mixture of 10 x drops of indicator and sufficient
buffer of the value shown in column C of Table 3A to equal the
total volume of solution 1.
X is varied and there is found at x = 4 a match in color between
solution 1 and superposed solutions 2 and 3. From the relation:
pH = pK + log 77:
JLU X , and the value 7.8 for pK given in Table
3A it is calculated that the value of the tested solution is 7.6 (see in

addition to the general references under I (2 19 20, 22, 34, 63),
III. A solution is found to induce a partial color-transformation
in m-nitrophenol (No. 15, Table 3C). It is found that 10 cc of the
tested solution plus 1 cc of 0.3 % w-nitrophenol matches in color 11
cc of an alkalinized solution containing 0.2 cc of 0.3 % ra-nitrophenol. It is thus shown that the tested solution has induced a
20 % transformation. If a is the percentage transformation of the
indicator, pH is calculated from
PH=PK+IOg1W^
In the case at hand a = 20, the temperature of the measurement
was 25 and the total salt content of the solution was of the order
of magnitude of Q.15M. Hence from Table 3C, pK is taken as
8.16. By the above equation pH = 7.56.
The equation pH = pK -f- log 77^7:
IUU cannot be used with
picric acid, phenolphthalein or Alizarine yellow GG listed in Table

3C, since these indicators do not behave as monoacidic within the
range of pH specified. Empirical data (38) for phenolphthalein
and Alizarine yellow GG are shown in Table 4. It is best to vary
the amounts of indicator used till the most favorable color-differences are found. (In addition to the material found in the general
references under I see ( 30 31 38 39) for method III.)
pK in the tables represents the pH at which there is an apparent
half-transformation of the indicator. For indicators behaving as
monoacidic or monobasic, within the zone of pH designated, pK is
log 1/Ka when Ka is the "apparent dissociation constant" ( 43 ).
When an indicator, such as phenolphthalein, is known not to
behave as monoacidic within the range of pH designated, pK is
bracketed.
pK values listed in Tables 3A and 3C are uniform with respect to
the bases of reference. Those of the indicators in the general list
(Table 2) are referred to such a variety of bases that tabulation is
impracticable. The reader is therefore referred to original articles
(8, 31, 37, 43, 45, 51, 58, 59, 60, 61, 67).)
The values assigned to useful pH ranges are somewhat arbitrary,

depending upon concentration of indicator, the spectral distribution of illumination, and psychological preferences.
Indicator solutions are affected to various degrees by
a. Total salt content.
6. Specific ions: e.g., alizarine red S is affected by borates
differently than by phosphates ( 67 ).
c. Colloidal suspensions, protein solutions, etc.: e.g., congo
red in a gelatine solution of pH 3.6 behaved as if the p H
were 5.6 (53). Neutral red in soap solutions forms a fatty
acid complex ( 27 ).
d. Presence of immiscible solvents: e.g., chloroform used for
disinfection removes benzene-azo-benzyl-aniline from the
aqueous phase ( 53 ).
e. Mixed solvents and change of solvent (3 31 32 40 62 ).

/. Temperature. See Table 3A, 3C.
g. Time: e.g., water blue changes color slowly and propyl
red precipitates.
h. Destructive agents: e.g., methyl red is irreversibly reduced
in some bacterial cultures.
Since it is impracticable to tabulate all available data, only
representative "salt" and temperature effects are given in Tables
3A, 3B and 4.
The indicators of Table 3 include the better of those which
may be used in acidimtrie and alkalimetric titration. (For
principles see ( 5 31 43 45 ).)
Citrate (cc)
HCl (cc)
pH
5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 10.0

5.0 4.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.0
3.693.954.164.454.654.834.89 4.96
D. S0RENSEN's PHOSPHATE MIXTURES ( 55 56)

9.078 g KH2PO4, 11.876 g Na2HPO4^H2O each per 1. Values
hold between 10-70 (66).
Na 2 HPO 4 (Cc)
0.25 0.5
1.0 2.0
3.0
4.0
KH 2 PO 4 (Cc)
9.75 9.5
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
pH
5.29 5.59 I 5.91 6.24 6.47 6.64
Na2HPO4 (cc)
KH 2 PO 4 (Cc)
pH
TABLE 1.STANDARD BUFFER SOLUTIONS
5.0 (TO
TO sTo TO 9.5
5.0 4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0 0.5
6.81 6.98 7.17 7.38 7.73
8.0
The following tables give the compositions of solutions which

furnish, at the temperatures indicated, values of pH which conform
in essential respects to the specifications listed in the general
notes above. Recalculation to make the conformity rigid would
involve changes in the original data which would be less than the
uncertainties of the working standards used in the experiments.
The solutions listed may serve as standards for the colorimetrie
measurements of pH. The solutions suffer relatively slight displacement of pH with addition or subtraction of small proportions
of acid or alkali. This property is referred to as that of a buffer
(puffery tampon). (For buffer solutions see ( 8 37 45 64).)
E. S0RENSEN's CITRATE-NAOH MIXTURES ( 56 ); WALBUM's

VALUES (66)
Citrate solution; 21.008 g crystn. citric acid + 200 cc N NaOH
per 1; NaOH: O.IN
Volume parts
Temperature
Citrate
|
NaOH
10 | 20 I 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 I 70"
10.0
0.0
4.934.965.005.045.075.105.14
9.5
0.5
4.995.025.065.105.135.165.20
9.0
1.0
5.085.115.155.195.225.255.29
8.0
2.0
5.275.315.355.395.425.455.49
A. STANDARD BUFFER SOLUTIONS OF CLARK AND LUBS (10) AT 20
7.0
3.0
5.535.575.605.645.675.715.75
50 cc A + x cc B diluted to 200 cc
6.0
4.0
5.945.986.016.046.086.126.15
5.5
4.5
6.306.346.376.416.446.476.51
A = 0 . 2 M A = 0 . 2 M ^
A = 0.2Af
5.25
4.75 6 65|6.69 6.72 6.76 6.79 6.83 6.86
A = 0.23/ KCl* KH -fthal- KH -fthalKH2PO4
+ *f_?*
K = n
9M-TTf-I
B
0.2M
HCl
pH
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
cc B I
64.5
41.5
26.3
16.6
10.6
6.7
ate
0 2M
ate
B = 0 2M
f t 9MBR--0.2M
+0-2^KCl
= Q 2M
F. SjZfRENSEN's BORATE-HCL MIXTURES ( 5 6 ); WALBUM's
aU
HCl
NaOH
NaOH
pH I cc B I pH I cc B { pH j cc B I pH } cc B
2.2 46.70 4.0
0.40 5.8
3.72 7.8
2.61
2.4 39.60 4.2
3.70 6.0
5.70 8.0 3.97
2.6 32.95 4.4
7.50 6.2
8.60 8.2 5.90
2.8 26.42 4.6 12.15 6.4 12.60 8.4 8.50
3.0 20.32 4.8 17.70 6.6 17.80 8.6 12.00
3.2 14.70 5.0 23.85 6.8 23.65 8.8 16.30
3.4
9.90 5.2 29.95 7.0 29.63 9.0 21.30
3.6
5.97 5.4 35.45 7.2 35.00 9.2 26.70
3.8
2.63 5.6 39.85 7.4 39.50 9.4 32.00
5.8 43.00 7.6 42.80 9.6 36.85
6.0 45.45 7.8 45.20 9.8 40.80
6.2 47.00 8.0 46.80 10.0 43.90
B. S0RENSEN's GLYCOCOLL-NACL-HCL MixTUREs(56)

Glycocoll solution: O.IM Glycocoll + O.lM NaCl per 1; HCl:
O.IN. Values hold between 10-70 ( 66 )
Glycocoll (cc)
HCl (cc)
pH
Glycocoll (cc)
HCl (cc)
pH
0.0
TO
2703~
4~~ 5.0
10.0 9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
1.04 1.15 1.25 1.42 1.65 1.93
VALUES (66)
Borate: 12.404 g H3BO3 + 100 cc N NaOH per 1; HCl: 0.1N
Volume parts
Temperature
Borate
|
HCl
10 | 20 | 30 I 40 | 50 | 60 I 70
10.0
0.0
9.309.239.159.089.008.938.86
9.5
0.5
9.2.29.15 9.08 9.Ol 8.94 8.87 8.80
9.0
1.0
9.149.079.018.948.878.808.74
8.5
1.5
9.068.998.928.868.808.738.67
8.0
2.0
8.968.898.838.778.718.658.59
7.5
2.5
8.848.798.728.678.618.558.50
7.0
3.0
8.728.678.618.568.508.458.40
6.5
3.5
8.548.498.448.408.358.308.26
6.0
4.0
8.328.278.238.198.158.118.08
5.75
4.25 8.178.138.098.068.027.987.95
5.5
4.5
7.967.937.897.867.827.797.76
5.25
4.75 7.647.617.587.557.527.497.47
H.
S0RENSENJs BORATE-NAOH MIXTURES ( 56 ); WALBUM'S
6.0
7~Q
JTO<TO9.5
VALUES (66)
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
Borate: 12.404 g H3BO3 + 100 cc N NaOH per 1; NaOH: 0.1N
2.28 2.61 2.92 3.34 3.68
Volume parts
Borate) NaOJf
Citrate solution: 21.008 g crystn. citric acid + 200 cc N NaOH per
10
0.0
1; HCl: O. IN. Values hold between 10-70 (66)
9
1
8
2
Citrate (cc)
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.334.0 4.5 4.75
7
3
HCl (cc)
10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.676.0 5.5 5.25
6
4
pH
1.041.171.421.932.272.973.363.53
5
5
* The pH values of these mixtures are given by Clark and Lubs as preliminary
4
6
C. S^RENSEN7S ClTRATE-HCL MIXTURES ( 5 6 )
measurements.
t The old atomic weight (11.0) of boron is used throughout these tables.
Temperature
10 | 14 | 18 22 | 26 | 30 | 34 | 37
9.30 9.27 9.24 9.21 9.18 9.15 9.13 9.11
9.42 9.39 9.36 9.33 9.29 9.26 9.23 9.20
9.57 9.54 9.50 9.46 9.43 9.39 9.35 9.32
9.76 9.72 9.68 9.63 9.59 9.55 9.50 9.47
10.0610.02 9.97 9.91 9.86 9.80 9.75 9.71
11.2411.1611.0810.9910.9110.8210.7410.68
12.64|12.51 12.38 12.25 12.13 12.00|ll.87 11.77
Continued on p. 84.
G. S0RENSEN;s GLYCOCOLL-NACL-NAOH MIXTURES (56); WALBUM'S VALUES ( 66 )

Glycocoll: 7.505 g glycocoll + 5.85 g NaCl per 1; NaOH: O.IJV
Volume parts
Temprature
Glycocoll | NaOH~ 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 [ 28 | 30 | 32 |
9.5
0.5
8.75 8.70 8.66 8.62 8.58 8.53 8.49 8.45 8.40 8.37 8.32 8.28
9.0
1.0
9.10 9.06 9.02 8.97 8.93 8.88 8.84 8.79 8.75 8.71 8.67 8.62
8.0
2.0
9.54 9.50 9.45 9.40 9.36 9.31 9.26 9.22 9.17 9.13 9.08 9.04
7.0
3.0
9.90 9.85 9.80 9.75 9.71 9.66 9.61 9.56 9.51 9.46 9.42 9.37
6.0
4.0
10.34 10.29 10.24 10.18 10.14 10.09 10.03 9.98 9.93 9.88 9.83 9.78
5.5
4.5
10.68 10.63 10.58 10.53 10.48 10.42 10.37 10.32 10.27 10.22 10.17 10.12
5.1
4.9
11.29 11.24 11.18 11.12 11.07 11.01 10.96 10.90 10.85 10.79 10.74 10.68
5.0
5.0
11.53 11.48 11.42 11.36 11.31 11.25 11.20 11.14 11.09 11.03 10.97 10.92
4.9
5.1
11.80 11.74 11.68 11.62 11.57 11.51 11.45 11.39 11.33 11.27 11.22 11.16
4.5
5.5
12.34 12.28 12.22 12.16 12.10 12.04 11.98 11.92 11.86 11.80 11.74 11.68
4.0
6.0
12.65 12.59 12.52 12.46 12.40 12.33 12.27 12.21 12.15 12.09 12.03 11.96
3.0
7.0
12.92 12.86 12.80 12.73 12.67 12.60 12.54 12.48 12.42 12.35 12.29 12.23
2.0
8.0
13.12 13.06 12.99 12.92 12.86 12.79 12.73 12.66 12.60 12.53 12.47 12.41
1.0
9.0
13.23 13.16 13.09 13.03 12.97 12.90 12.83 12.77 12.70 12.64 12.57 12.51
Volume parts
Glycocoll | NaOH~
9.5
0.5
9.0
1.0
8.0
2.0
7.0
3.0
6.0
4.0
5.5
4.5
5.1
4.9
5.0
5.0
4.9
5.1
4.5
5.5
4.0
6.0
3.0
7.0
2.0
8.0
1.0
9.0
42
8.07
8.41
8.81
9.13
9.53
9.86
10.40
10.64
10.87
11.38
11.65
11.91
12.08
12.19
| 44 | 46 [
8.03 7.99 7.95
8.37 8.32 8.28
8.76 8.72 8.67
9.08 9.03 8.99
9.48 9.43 9.38
9.81 9.76 9.71
10.35 10.29 10.24
10.59 10.54 10.48
10.81 10.75 10.69
11.32 11.26 11.20
11.59 11.53 11.47
11.85 11.79 11.73
12.02 11.96 11.89
12.13 12.06 12.00
48
7.91
8.24
8.63
8.94
9.33
9.66
10.18
10.43
10.64
11.14
11.41
11.66
11.83
11.94
| 50
7.86
8.19
8.58
8.89
9.28
9.61
10.13
10.37
10.58
11.08
11.34
11.60
11.77
11.87
Temprature
| 52 | 54 | 56 |
7.82 7.78 7.74 7.69
8.14 8.10 8.06 8.02
8.53 8.49 8.44 8.40
8.84 8.79 8.74 8.70
9.23 9.18 9.13 9.08
9.56 9.51 9.46 9.41
10.07 10.02 9.96 9.90
10.32 10.26 10.20 10.14
10.52 10.46 10.40 10.35
11.02 10.96 10.90 10.84
11.28 11.22 11.16 11.10
11.54 11.47 11.41 11.35
11.70 11.64 11.57 11.51
11.80 11.74 11.67 11.61
58
7.65
7.97
8.35
8.65
9.03
9.35
9.85
10.09
10.29
10.78
11.03
11.28
11.44
11.54
34 |
8.24
8.58
9.00
9.32
9.73
10.07
10.62
10.86
11.10
11.62
11.90
12.17
12.34
12.45
37 | 40
8.18 8.12
8.52 8.45
8.92 8.85
9.25 9.18
9.66 9.58
9.99 9.91
10.54 10.46
10.78 10.70
11.02 10.93
11.53 11.44
11.81 11.72
12.07 11.98
12.25 12.15
12.35 12.25
| 60 | 62 |
7.61 7.56 7.52
7.93 7.88 7.84
8.30 8.26 8.21
8.60 8.55 8.50
8.98 8.93 8.88
9.30 9.25 9.20
9.79 9.74 9.68
10.04 9.98 9.93
10.23 10.17 10.11
10.72 10.66 10.60
10.97 10.91 10.84
11.22 11.16 11.09
11.38 11.31 11.25
11.48 11.41 11.35
64 | 66 |
7.48
7.79
8.16
8.45
8.82
9.15
9.62
9.87
10.05
10.54
10.78
11.03
11.18
11.28
J. pH VALUES OF BORAX-BORATE MIXTURES AT 180C AND "SALT-EFFECTS" FOR PHENOLPHTHALEIN AND -NAPHTHOLPHTHALEIN
PALITZSCH ( 44 )
Borax solution: 19.108 g Na2B4O7-IOH2O in 11. Boric acid solution: 12.404 g H3BO3 + 2.925 g NaCl in 1 1
rax
cc
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.6
0.3
Boric
acid
cc
pH
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.7
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.4
9.7
8.69
8.60
8.51
8.41
8.31
8.20
8.41
8.31
8.20
8.08
7.94
7.88
7.78
7.60
7.36
7.09
6.77
S = 36 S = 30 S = 26 S= 22 S = 18 S = 14 S = 10 S = 6
8.48
8.39
8.30
8.20
8.10
7.99
8.19
8.09
7.98
7.86
7.72
7.66
7.56
7.38
7.14
6.87
6.55
8.49
8.40
8.31
8.21
8.11
8.00
8.20
8.10
7.99
7.87
7.73
7.67
7.57
7.39
7.15
6.88
6.56
8.50
8.41
8.32
8.22
8.12
8.01
8.21
8.11
8.00
7.88
7.74
7.68
7.58
7.40
7.16
6.89
6.57
8.52
8.43
8.34
8.24
8.14
8.03
8.23
8.13
8.02
7.90
7.76
7.70
7.60
7.42
7.18
6.91
6.59
8.54
8.45
8.36
8.26
8.16
8.05
8.25
8.15
8.04
7.92
7.78
7.72
7.62
7.44
7.20
6.93
6.61
8.57
8.48
8.39
8.29
8.19
8.08
8.28
8.18
8.07
7.95
7.81
7.75
7.65
7.47
7.23
6.96
6.64
8.59
8.50
8.41
8.31
8.21
8.10
8.32
8.22
8.11
7.99
7.85
7.79
7.69
7.51
7.27
7.00
6.68
8.63
8.54
8.45
8.35
8.25
8.14
8.37
8.27
8.16
8.04
7.90
7.84
7.74
7.56
7.32
7.05
6.73
S=4
S=2
S= I
8.66
8.57
8.48
8.38
8.28
8.17
8.40
8.30
8.19
8.07
7.93
7.87
7.77
7.59
7.35
7.08
6.76
8.69
8.60
8.51
8.41
8.31
8.20
8.45
8.35
8.24
8.12
7.98
7.92
7.82
7.64
7.40
7.13
6.81
8.72
8.63
8.54
8.44
8.34
8.23
8.48
8.38
8.27
8.15
8.01
7.95
7.85
7.67
7.43
7.16
6.84
Phenolphthalein
True pH values of sea water containing S parts per 1000 salinity at color-match with standard
a-Naphtholphthalein
Standard solutions
TABLE 2.GENERAL LIST OF INDICATORS
H. S,ORENSEN'S BORATE-NAOH MIXTURES.(Continued)

Volume parts
Temperature
Borate) NaQH 40 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 56 I 60 | 64 [ 70
10
0.0
9.08 9.05 9.02 9.00 8.97 8.93 8.90 8.86
9
l
9.18 9.15 9.11 9.08 9.05 9.01 8.98 8.94
8
2
9.30 9.26 9.22 9.18 9.15 9.11 9.08 9.02
7
3
9.44 9.40 9.35 9.31 9.27 9.22 9.18 9.12
6
4
9.67 9.62 9.56 9.51 9.46 9.40 9.35 9.28
5
5
10.6110.5310.4410.3610.2710.1910.10 9.98
4
6
11.6811.5511.4211.2911.1711.0410.9110.72
I. ACETIC ACID-ACETATE MIXTURES; WALPOLE'S VALUES
(RECALCULATED) (68)
CH3CO2H M
CH3CO2Na M
pH
0.185 0.176 0.1640.147 0.126 0.102

0.015 0.0240.0360.053 0.0740.098
3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6
CH 3 CO 2 HM
CH 3 CO 2 NaM
pH
0.0800.0590.0420.0290.019
0.1200.1410.1580.1710.181
4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6
The following list of indicators includes all those for which

data on the pH-ranges have been found. Many of the data of this
table are to be regarded with caution, because in some cases the
names proposed are inadequate for complete identification, and in
others names have been given to materials of uncertain composition (8. 11, 31, 37, 45, 53, 54, 56, 64).
The Schultz (S
) and Rowe (R
) numbers are taken
from the 1923 ( 52 ) and 1924 (*8) editions, respectively, of these
works. Delicate shades of meaning in the color nomenclature
have been avoided, as data regarding the purity of the compounds
have often been lacking. The abbreviations used are as follows:
b, blue; br, brown; c, colorless; f, fades; fl, fluorescent; g, green;
o, orange; p, pink; pu, purple; r, red; v, violet; y, yellow. pK
is the pH at which there is an apparent half-transformation of
the indicator. * indicates that the indicator has been studied in
sufficient detail to be used in supplementing the lists of Table 3.
NITRO COMPOUNDS
^P
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Indicator
I Color and useful

~
range p H
c 0.0- 1.3 y
(31, 39)
e 2.0- 4.0 y
(3l, 38, 39)
y 2.0- 4.0 y
(9)
c 2.6- 4.4 y
(3l, 38, 39)
3-10
(23, 46)
3-11
(46)
c 3.9- 5.9 y
(3l, 38, 39)
c 4.0- 5.8 y
(3l, 38, 39)
P 4.1- 5.6 y
(67)
c 4.3- 6.3 y
(38, 39)
y 4.5- 8 . O r
(35)
c 5.6- 7.6 y (3l, 38,39,56)
c 5.0- 7.0 y
(46)
c 6.0-8.Oy
(6)
c 6.8- 8.6 y
(3l, 38, 39)
c 10.8-13.0 br
(3l, 33)
c 12.0-14.0 o; f
(50)
P 11.5-14.0 o
()
2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol; Picric acid [S. 5; R. 7]

2, 6-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis7 ]
2, 4-Dinitro-a-naphthol; Manchester yellow [S. 6; R. 9]
2, 4-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis' a]
Dinitrohydroquinol
Nitrohydroquinol
2, 3-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis' e]
2, 5-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis' T]
2, 6-Dinitro-4-aminophenol; Isopicramie acid
3, 4-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis' ]
4-Nitro-6-aminoguaiacol
p-Nitrophenol
o-Nitrophenol.
* Dinitrobenzoylene urea
ra-Nitrophenol.
2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenyl-methyl-nitroamine; Nitramine
s/ra.-Trinitrobenzene
2, 4, 6-Trinitrotohiene
MONO-AZO COMPOUNDS
19 p-Toluene-azo-phenyl-aniline
20 p-Carboxybenzene-azo-dimethylaniline; Para methyl red
21 p-Toluene-azo-phenyl-a-naphthylamine
22 Benzene-azo-diphenylamine
23 ra-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dipheny lamine; Metanil yellow [S. 134; R. 138]
24 Benzene-azo-phenyl-or-naphthylamine
25 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dipheny lamine; Tropaeolin OO [S. 139; R. 143]
26 o-Toluene-azo-o-toluidine; Spirit yellow R [S. 68; R. 17]
27 p-Toluene-azo-benzyl-a-naphthylamine
28 p-Toluene-azo-benzyl-aniline
29 Benzene-azo-benzyl-a-naphthylamine
30 Benzene-azo-aniline; Amirio-azo-benzene [S. 31; R. 15]
31 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-aniline
32 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-benzylaniline
33
ra-Carboxybenzene-azo-dimethylaniline
34 Benzene-azo-benzylaniline
35 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-w-chlorodiethylaniline
36 ra-Nitrobenzene-azo--naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic aeid; Orange III [S. 47; R. 39]
37 Benzene-azo-dimethylaniline; Tpfer's indicator [S. 32; R. 19]
38 o-Carboxybenzene-azo-a-naphthylamine
39 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-o-toluidine
1.0-2.0
r l .0- 3.0 y
1.1- 1.9
p 1.2- 2 . 1 y
r 1.2-2.3y
v 1.4- 2 . 6 0
r 1.4-2.6y
1.4-2.9
1.6-2.6
1.6-2.8
1.9- 2.9
y l .9- 3.3 y
r l .9- 3.3 y
r l .9- 3.3 y
r 2.0-4.Oy
p 2.3-3.3y
r 2.6-4.Oy
r 2.6- 4.6 y
r 2.9- 4.0 y
r 2.9- 5.8 y
mid-point 2.9
(53,54,56)
( 9 60)
(53, 54, 56)
(56)
( 56 )
(53, 54, 56)
(56, 60)
(53, 54, 56)
(53, 54, 56)
(53, 54, 56)
(53, 54, 56)
(53, 54, 56, 60)
(52, 53, 54, 60)
(56, 60)
(11 )
(56)
(56, 60)
(9)
56
( 60)
(6l)
(60)
Index
XT
No.
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
MONO-AZO COMPOUNDS.(Continued)
TJ-J.
Indicator
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-w-xylidine
o-Carboxybenzene-azo-diphenylamine
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-methylaniline.
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-ethyl aniline
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dimethy!aniline; Methyl orange [S. 138; R. 142]
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-diethy !aniline; Ethyl orange
o-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dimethylaniline
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-m-toluidine
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-p-xylidine
^Sulfo-o-methoxybenzene-azo-dimethyl-a-naphthylamine
p-Benzenesulfonie acid-azo-a-naphthylamine
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-phenyl-a-naphthylamine
o-Carboxybenzene-azo-phenyl-a-naphthylamine
Benzene-azo-a-naphthylamine
p-Toluene-azo-a-naphthylamine
o-Carboxybenzene-azo-methylaniline
Benzene-azo-m-phenylenediamine; Chrysoidine [S. 33; R. 20]
o-Carboxybenzene-azo-ethylaniline
o-Carboxybenzene-azo-rc-propylaniline
0-Carboxybenzene-azo-dimethylaniline; Methyl red [R. 211].
0-Carboxybenzene-azo-diethylaniline; Ethyl red
*o-Carboxybenzene-azo-di-7i-propylaniline; Propyl red
o-Carboxybenzene-azo-ra-phenylenediamine
Benzene-azo-dimethyl-a-naphthylamine
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dimethyl-a-naphthylamine
o-Carboxybenzene-azo-a-naphthylamine
o-Carboxybenzene-azo-(di or mono?)-amyl aniline
0-Carboxybenzene-azo-dimethyl-a-naphthylamine
4-Sulfo-a-naphthalene-azo-a-naphthol; Naphthylamine brown [S. 160; R. 175]
Tropaeolin?
70
6-Sulfo-a-naphthol-l-azo-m-hydroxybenzoic acid
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
Curcumine?
p-Benzenesulfonicacid-azo-or-naphthol; Tropaeolin OOO No. 1 [S. 144; R. 150]
p-Benzenesulfonicacid-azo-/3-naphthol; Tropaeolin OOO No. 2 [S. 145; R. 151]
m-Nitrobenzene-azo-salicylic acid; Alizarine yellow GG [S. 48; R. 36]
p-Nitrobenzene-azo-salicylic acid; Alizarine yellow R [S. 58; R. 40]
a-Naphthylaminosulfonic acid-azo-/3-naphthol; Red I [S. 161; R. 176]
a-Naphthalene-azo-/3-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid; Bordeaux B [S. 112; R. 88]
p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-resorcinol; Tropaeolin O [S. 143; R. 148]
Benzene-azo-/3-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid; Orange GG [S. 38; R. 27]
Crocein?
Helianthin (Grbler)?
Helianthin I?
Helianthin II?
" cin?
Color and useful

range pTT
H
mid-point 2.9
p 3.0- 4.6 y
r 3.1- 4.2 y
r 3.1- 4.4 y
r 3.1-4.4y
r 3.5-4.5y
mid-point 3.5
mid-point 3.5
mid-point 3.6
b 3.5-4.9o
r 3.5-5.7y
v 3.5- 6.5 o
v 3.5- 6.5 o
r 3.7- 5.Oy
3.7- 5.0
r 4.0- 6.0 y
o 4.0- 7.0 y
r 4.2- 6.2 y
r 4.2- 6.2 y
r 4.2- 6.3 y
r 4.4- 6.2 y
r 4.6- 6.6 y
o 4.6- 7.6 y
4.8- 5.5
r 5.0-5.7o
p 5.6-7.Oy
o 5.6-7.6y
r 5.6- 7.60
o 6.0-8.4p
y 7.0- 9.0 r
\ '
'
l v iz io r
y 7.4- 8 . 6 b
y 7.6-8.9p
7.6- 8.9(?)
c(?)10.0-12.0 y
y 10.0-12.1 y
10.5-12.1
p 10.5-12.5 o
yll-1-12.7 o
y 11.5-14.0 p
p 12.0-14.0 v
o 11.0-12.0 r
o 11.0-13.0 r
y 13.0-14.0 v
T .,
Lit.
(60)
(ll )
53 54 56 60
( )
(53 54 56 60)
( 56 60)
( 53 54, 56, 60)
(60)
( 60 )
( 60 )
( 42 )
56 61
( )
( 61 )
(61)
( 56 61)
(53,54, 56)
(ll)
(9)
(U)
(ll)
(U, 14, 56, 60)
C 11 60)
(11)
(9)
( 53 54 56)
(53 54 56 61)
(ll)
C 11 )
(ii,6i)
(9)
(o)
{
^
( 67 )
(31)
( 56 )
(*)
( 38 39)
( 56 )
(3. 54, 56)
(9)
( 56 )
(9)
(SO)
(9)
(50)
(50)
Ztull { <)
DIS-AZO COMPOUNDS
'
85
Ditolyl-disazo-bis-)3-naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid; Benzopurpurin B [S. 365; R. 450]
86
87
88
89
Ditolyl-disazo-bis-a-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid; Benzopurpurin 4B [S. 363; R. 448]

Diphenyl-disazo-bis-a-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid; Congo red [S. 307; R. 370]
Ditolyl-disazo-bis-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid; Azo blue [S. 377; R. 463]
Curcumin W [Probably Rowe, 364 (2l)]
b 0.3- 1 . O v
f
v 1.0-5.Oy l
y 12.0-14.0 r
[
v 1.3-4.Or
b 3,0-5.Or
v 10.5-11.5 p
jmid-point 7.3
| mid-point 7.6
(50)
(31)
(50)
(9)
(49)18
( )
TKIPHENYLMETHANE DERIVATIVES
Index
T ,.
,T
Indicator
No.
.
90 Methylated pararosaniline; Crystal violet [S. 516; R. 681]
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
Pl
Color and useful

range p TT
H
g 0.0- 2 . O b
p'-Tetramethyldiamino-triphenylcarbinol; Malachite green [S. 495; R. 657]
T .,
Lit.
(9I
Iu i?'^"i?'n f
^ D I i . O14 . U I
Hofmann's violet; Methylated rosanilines and pararosanilines [S. 514; R. 679]

Tetraethyl-diamino-triphenyl-carbinol; Brilliant green [S. 499; R. 662]
Heptamethylrosaniline; Iodine green [R. 686]
Hexaethylpararosaniline; Ethyl violet [S. 518; R. 682]
Ethyl-hexamethyl-pararosaniline; Ethyl green [R. 685]
..
Methyl violet 6B; Benzylated tetra- and pentamethyl-pararosaniline [S. 517; R. 683]
Gentian violet; mixture
Aniline red; Rosaniline and pararosaniline [S. 512; R. 677]
..
Red violet 5RS; Di- and tri-sulfonate of ethylrosaniline [S. 525; R. 693]
Resazurin [R. 727 note]
China blue [S. 539; R. 707]; Mixture
Rosolie acid [S. 555; R. 724]; Mixture
Alkali blue 4B [S. 536; R. 704]; Mixture
XL Soluble blue [S. 538; R. 706]; Mixture
Poirrier's blue
Acid fuchsin; Di- and tri-sulfonic acids of rosaniline and pararosaniline [S. 524; R. 692]. . . .
PHTHALEINS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Diethyl-ra-amino-phenolphthalein; Rhodamine B [S. 573; R. 749]
Pyrogallol-phthalein; Gallem [S. 599; R. 781]
Tetrabromofluorescein; Eosine Y S [S. 587; R. 768]
Erythrosin (iodeosin); Di- or tetra iodated fluorescein [S. 591, 592?; R. 772, 773?]
Phloxin red B.H. (Grbler)?
Dihydroxyfluoran; Uranin (fluorescein) [S. 585; R. 766]
Dichlorofluorescein
o-a-Naphthol phthalein
p-<*-Naphthol phthalein
Tetrabromophenol phthalein
o-Cresoltetrachlorophthalein
0-Cresolphthalein
Phenolphthalein [R. 764]
*1, 2, 3-Xylenolphthalein
Thymolphthalein
Dibromo-dinitrofluorescein; Eosin BN [S. 590; R. 771].
R = SCH3
R = SC4H9
R = SC6H5
( 50 )
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(31 )
(56)
(53, 54, 56)
(9)
(9)
(31)
(9)
(56)
(9)
(9)
(*)
(50)
g 0.0- 2.0 b
y 0.0- 2.6 g
y 0.0- 2.6 b
y 0.0- 3.6 b
y 0.3-2.Ob
yO.15-3.2v
0.4- 2.7
pu 1.2-3.Of
p 3.6- 6.0 c
o 3.8- 6.5 v
b 4.7- 7.0 c
br 6.9- 8.0 r
v 9.4-14.0 p
b 10.0-13.0 p
b 11.0-13.0 r
r 12.0-14.0 f
o 0.1- 1.2 p
variable 0-14
y O - 3.0
o 0.0- 3.6
p 1.4- 3.6 r
y 3.6- 5.6
y 4.0- 6.6
y 8.9- 9.5g(f)
y 7.0- 9 . O b
c 8.0- 9.0 v
c 8.5- 9.0 pu
c 8.2- 9.8 r
c 8.3-10.0 r
c 8.9-10.2 b
c 9.3-10.5b(f)
p 10.5-14.0 y
c 8.4-10.0 v
c 8.6- 9.8 v
e 9.0-10.0 v
(9)
(50)
fl
(9)
fi
(9)
(9)
fl
(9)
fl
(9)
(17)
(*)
(45)
(i)
(U 14)
(38, 39, 56)
(17)
(56)
(9)
(25)
(25)
(25)
SULFONPHTHALEINS
p
127
Catecholsulfonphthalein
128
m-Cresolsulfonpht.halein; Metacresol purple
129
Thymolsulfonphthalein; Thymol blue
jr
130 Tetranitrophenolsulfonphthalein
131 Tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein; Bromphenol blue
132 *Tetrachlorophenolsulfonphthalein
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
*Dichloro-dibromo-phenol-sulfonphthalein; Brom-chlorphenol blue

Tetrabromo-m-cresolsulfonphthalein; Bromcresol green
Dichlorophenolsulfonphthalein; Chlorphenol red
Dibromo-o-cresolsulfonphthalein; Bromcresol purple
Dibromophenolsulfonphthalein; Bromphenol red
*Diiodophenolsulfonphthalein
Dibromothymolsulfonphthalein; Bromthymol blue
*Brom Xylenol Blue, dibrominated No. 145
Phenol-nitrosulfonphthalein,,
0 2_ 0 g Q
y 4.0- 7.0 g
v 8.5-10.2 b
\
(
76-92
*'?~ ^J
Iy o.
u y. o D
2.8- 3.8?
y 3.0-4.6b
y 3.0- 4.6 b
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
3.2- 4.8 b
3.8- 5.4 b
5.0- 6.6 r
5.2- 6.8 pu
5.4- 7.0 r
5.7- 7.3 pu
6.0-7.6b
6.0- 7.6 b
6.6- 8.4 pu
(4l)
(llf
14
! (". 14)
(U)
(n'14)
(U)
(14)
(H 14)
(U 14)
(U l4)
(il, 14)
(9)
11 14
( )
(U. 14)
(U)
Index
XT
No.
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
SULFONPHTHALEINS .( Continued)
T J - X
Indicator
_____
Color a n d useful
T .,
Lit.
TT
range pH
y 6.8- 8.4 r
(". H)
y 7.2- 8.8 r
(1L 1 ^)
y 7.2- 9.2 p
()
y 8.0- 9.6 b
(12)
y 7.5- 9 . O b
(U)
y 7.8- 9.6 b
()
y 8.6-10.0
fl
(")
v 9.2-11.5 y
(11J
Phenolsulfonphthalein; Phenol red

o-Cresolsulfonphthalein; Cresol red
Salicylsulfonphthalein
*1.4-Dimethyl-5-hydroxybenzenesulfonphthalein; Xylenol blue
a-Naphtholsulfonphthalein
Carvacrolsulfonphthalein
Orcinsulfonphthalein
Nitro-thymolsulfonphthalein
QUINOLINE COMPOUNDS
150
151
a-(p-Dimethylaminophenylethylene)-quinoline ethiodide; Quinaldine red. Eastman Kodak

Co. No. 1361
Quinoline blue (cyanin); 1, I 7 Disoamyl-4, 4'-quinocyanme iodide [8. 611; R. 806]
1.0-2.0
e 7.0- 8.0 v
(36)
(52* 54, 56)
Index No. 152 INDOPHENOLS ( ls )

Color changes: from brownish or clear red in acid to deep blue in alkali. All indophenols are somewhat unstable
Indophenol
Substituents
2, 6, 3' Tribromo2, 6-Dibromo-3'-chloro2, 6-Dibromo-3'-methyl2, 6-Dichloro-3'-chloro2, 6-Dichloro-3'-methyl2j 6-Dibromo-3'-methoxy2, 6-Dichloro2, 6-Dibromo2, 6-Dibromo-2'-methyl2, 6-Dibromo-2'-bromo2-Chloro2-Bromo3-BromoIndophenol
2-Methyl3-Methyl2-Methoxy-.
2-Isopropyl-5-methyl2-Methyl-5-isopropyl
Orthoindophenol
| pK
Substituents
5.1 3' Bromo-.
5.4 Orthoindophenol
5.4
2'-MeUIyI5.8
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.9
6.3
7.0
7.1
7.8
8.1
8.4
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
Indonaphthol-2'-sulfonic acid
| pK
Substituents
7.1
2, 6 Dichloro8.4 Indonaphthol-2'-sulfonic acid
8.8
2-Methyl-
| pK
6.1
8.7
9.0
'
AZINES
Index
Color and useful
T i. ,
XT
Indicator
TT
No.
range pH
153 Safranine (Which?)
b-0.3- 1.0 r
154 Amino-dimethylamino-phenyl-diphenazonium chloride; Mthylne violet B.N. [S. 680;
R. 842]
pu 0.0- 1.2 v
155 Amino-phenylamino-p-tolyl-ditolazonium sulphate; Mauve [S. 688; R. 846]
0.1-2.9
156 Magdala red; Mixture amino- and diamino-naphthyl-dinaphthazonium chlorides [S. 694;
R. 857]
p 3.0- 4 . 0 f l
157 Induline, spirit soluble [S. 697; R. 86O]; Mixture
b 5.6- 7.0 v
158 Amino-dimethylamino-toluphenazonium chloride; Neutral red [S. 670; R. 825]
r 6.8-8.Oy
159 Dimethylamino-phenyl-naphtho-phenazonium chloride; Neutral blue [S. 676; R. 832]
9.3-10.2
T.
Lit.
(SO)
(9)
(56)
(50)
()
(56)
(52, 54, 56)
OXAZINE COMPOUNDS
1 V ^2 O^14 O b
160
Dihydroxy-dinaphthazoxonium sulfonate; Alizarin green B [S. 657; R. 918]
161
162
Diethylamino-benzylamino-naphtho-phenazoxonium chloride; Nile blue 2B [S. 654; R. 914] b 7.2- 8.6 p

Diethylamino-aminonaphtho-phenazoxonium sulfate; Nile blue A [S. 653; R. 913]
b 10.2-13.0 p
^
(9)
()
ANTHRAQUINONE COMPOUNDS
T
j
*
Indicator
Index
XT
No.
Color and useful

TT
range pH
?
T .,
Lit.
163
1, 2-Dihydroxy-anthraquinone-0-quinoline; Alizarin blue ABI [S. 803; R. 1066]
jf
6 O- 7 6 "^
164
1, 2, 4-Trihydroxy-anthraquinone; Purpurin [S. 783; R. 1037]
I o 4 O^ 8 O
(9)
165
Alizarin sulfonic acid; Alizarin red S [S. 780; R. 1034]
y 3.7- 4.2 p
166
1, 2-Dihydroxy-anthraquinone; Alizarin [S. 778; R. 1027]
167
Alizarin blue S
(67)
J ^ JQ'^2'i *u ^
( 5 3 54 56)
'
'
various 6-14
(45)
[ b 11.6-14.0 y |
(9)
y O - 1.Or
various 0-14
r 2.4- 4.5 g
c 2.7- 3.7 pu
. o 2.8- 3.9 y
i y 3.0 6.0 r
C
{rio.0-13.Oc j
(so)
(45)
( 65 )
( 67 )
(67)
,. - v
(45)
INDIGOS
168 I Indigo disulfonate; Indigo carmine [S. 877; R. 1180]
MISCELLANEOUS AND NATURAL INDICATORS
169 Echtrot?
170 Logwood [S. 938; R. 1246]
171 *Red cabbage extract
172 1-Oxynaphtho-quinomethane; Nierenstein's indicator
173 Trger and Hille's Indicator, Ci4Hi5N4SO3H
* ? * -m
.LT
174 Phenacetolm
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
Lacmosol
Lacmoid [R. 908 note]
Azolitmin (litmus) [R. 1242]
Cochineal [S. 932; R. 1239]
Archil (orchil) [S. 934; R. 1242]
Brazilein [S. 935; R. 1243]
Di-o-hydroxy-styryl ketone; Lygosine
Mimosa flower extract
Turmeric (curcuma) [S. 927; R. 1238]
Alkannin [R. 1240, note] cf. alizarin
q-Naphtholbenzein
COMMON SYNONYMS OF INDICATORS

Among synonyms given in this table are several which apply to
dyes which are not listed in preceding table or which have been
applied to two or more of the indicators listed. Such cases are
indicated by*.
Acid bordeaux, 77
Acid brown R,* 68
Acid fuchsin,* 107
Acid magenta II, 107
Acid roseine, 107
Alizarin, 166
Alizarin blue ABI, 163
Alizarin blue S, 167
Alizarin blue X, 163
Alizarin carmine, 165
Alizarin green B, 160
Alizarin red S, 165
Alizarin sulfonate or S, 165
Alizarin yellow GG, 74
Alizarin yellow R, 75
Alkali blue 4B, 104
Alkanet, 184
Alkanin, Alkannin, 184
Alphanaphtholbenzein, 185
Alphanaphtholphthalein,* 116
Amido-azo-benzol, 30
Amido-azo-toluol, 26
Amino-azo-benzene, 30
Amino-azo-toluene, 26
Amyl red, 66
Anchusin, 184
Aniline orange,* 31
Aniline red, 99
Aniline yellow,* 3, 25, 30
Archil, 179
Aurin, 103
Azo blue, 88
Azolitmin, 177
Azoresorcin, 101
Benzopurpurin B, 85
Benzopurpurin 4B, 86
Benzyl violet, 97
Beta naphthol orange, 73
Bitter almond oil green, 91
Blauholz, 170
Boettger's indicator, 184
Bordeaux B, 77
Brasilein, brasilin, brazilin, 180
Brazil wood, 180
Brilliant green, 93
Brilliant yellow,* 89
Brom-chlor-phenol blue, 133
Brom creso! green, 134
Brom cresol purple, 136
Brom phenol blue, 131
Brom phenol red, 137
Brom thymol blue, 139
Brom xylenol blue, 140
Butter yellow,* 26, 37
Cabbage red, 171
Campeachy wood, 170
Carmine, 178
Carminio acid, 178
Catechol sulphonphthalein, 127
China blue, 102
Chlor phenol red, 135
Chrome printing orange R, 75
Chrome printing yellow G, 74
Chrysoidine,* 56
r
r
r
y
p
c
y
4.4- 5.5 b
4.4- 6.2 b
4.5- 8.3 b
4.8- 6.2 v
5.6- 7.6 v
6.0- 8 . 0 p
7.3- 8 . 7 g
7.7-9.6
y 7.8- 9.2 br
8.3-10.0
y 8.5- 9.8 g
Chrysoine, 78
Coccus, 178
Cochenille, cochineal, 178
Congo, 87
Congo red, 87
Corallin, 103
Cresol red, 143
Cresolphthalein,* 119
Cresolsulphonphthalein,* 143
Crismer's indicator, 101
Crocein,* 80
Crystal violet, 90
Curcuma, 183
Curcumein,* 84
Curcumin,* 183
Curcumin W, 89
Curcummin,* 183
Cyanin, 151
Dechan's indicator, 109
Degener's indicator, 174
Dianil red,* 87
Dichlorofluorescein, 114
Diethylaniline orange, 45
Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 166
Dimethylaniline orange, 44
Dimethyl orange, 44
Dimethyl yellow, 37
Dinitroaminophenol, 9
Dinitrohydroquinone, 5
Echtrot,* 169
Echtrot A, 76
Echtrot B, 77
Eosine, 110
Eosine BN, 123
(26)
(53, 54, 56)
(53, 54, 56)
(53, 54, 56)
(9)
(9)
( 67 )
( 67 )
(31)
(53, 54, 56)
(53, 54, 56)
Eosine TS, 110

Erythrosine,* 111
Ethyl green,* 96
Ethyl orange, 45
Ethyl red,* 60
Ethyl violet, 95
Fast red A, 76
Fast red B,* 77
Fluorescein, 113
Formanek's indicator, 160
Fuchsia, 154
Fuchsin,* 99
Fuchsin S, 107
Galeine, 109
Gallein, 109
Gentian violet, 98
Golden orange, 44
Haematein,* i 170
Haematoxylin,* x haematoxylon,* 170
Hlianthine,* 44, 81, 82, 83
Hematein,* i hematine,* 1 170
Hematoxylin, * i 170
Henderson & Forbes' indicator, 5
Herzberg's indicator, 87
Hofmann's violet, 92
Holt & Reid's indicators, 124-126
Indigo carmine, 168
Indigo disulphonate, 168
Indophenols, 152
Induline spirit-soluble, 157
Iodeosine,* 111
Isopicramic acid, 9
Iodine green, 94
Kosmos red, 87
1
Haematoxylin is the leuco-compound of Haematein or Hematine as obtained
from logwood although the name is sometimes given to the oxidized form.
Haematein or Hematine should not be confused with Hematin of the blood
pigment.
Kroupa's indicator, 99
Kruger's indicator, 113
Lackmoid, lacmoid, 176
Lacmosol, 175
Lacmus, 177
Litmus, 177
Logwood, 170
Luck's indicator, 120
Lunge's indicator, 44
Lygosine, 181
McClendon's indicator, 11
Magdala red, 156
Magenta,* 99
Malachite green, 91
Manchester yellow, 3
Martius yellow, 3
Mauve, mauveine, 155
-Mellet's indicator, 70
Meta cresol purple, 128
Meta methyl red, 33
Metanil yellow, 23
Metanitrophenol, 15
Methyl blue,* 105
Mthylne violet BN, 154
Methyl green,* 96
Methyl orange, 44
Methyl red, 59
Methyl violet 5B or 6B, 97
Methyl yellow, 37
Michaelis' nitro indicators, 1, 2, 4, 7,
8, 10, 12, 15
Mimosa flower extract, 182
Moir's "Improved methyl orange," 49
Moir's polychromatic indicator, 127
Monobenzyl orange, 32
Monoethyl orange, 43
Monoethyl red, 57
Monomethyl orange, 42
Monomethyl red, 55
Monopropyl red, 58
Naphthol benzein, 185
Naphthol orange, 72
Naphtholphthalein,* 115, 116
Naphthylamine brown, 68
Neutral blue, 159
Neutral red, 158
Nierenstein's indicator, 172
Nile blue A, 162
Nile blue B, 161
Nitramine, 16
Nitroaminoguaiacol, 11
Nitrobenzene (tri), 17
Nitrobenzoylene urea, 14
Nitronaphthol, 3
Nitrotoluene, 18
Oil yellow,* 37
Oil yellow B, 30
Orange G,* 79
Orange GG, 79
Orange I, 72
Orange II, 73
Orange III,* 36, 44
Orange IV, 25
Orchil, 179
Orseille, 179
Parahelianthine, 44
Para methyl red, 20
Paranitrophenol, 12
Paraphthalein, 120
Fernambuco, 180
Phenacetolin, 174
Phenol red, 142

Phenolphthalein, 120
Phenolsulphonphthalein, 142
Phloxin red BH, 112
Phosphine substitute, 78
Picric acid, 1
Poirrier's blue C4B, 106
Poirrier's orange III, 44
Propyl red, 61
Purpurin, 164
Pyrogallol phthalein, 109
Quinaldine red, 150
Quinoline blue, 151
Red I, 76
Red cabbage extract, 171
Red violet 5R,* 92
Red violet 5RS, 100
Red wood, 180
Resazurin, 101
Resorcin blue,* 176
Resorcin phthalein, 113
Resorcin yellow, 78
Rhodamine B, 108
Riegel's indicator, 87
Rosaniline, 99
Roseine, 99
Rose magdala, 156
Rosolane, 155
Rosolie acid, 103
Rotholz, 180
Rubine S, 107
Safranine,* 153
Salicyl yellow,* 74
Schaal's indicator, 166
Soluble blue 3M, 2R, 102
Soluble red woods, 180
Spirit yellow, 30
Spirit yellow G, 30
Spirit yellow R, 26
Tetra brom fluorescein, 110
T. N. T., 18
Thymol blue, 129
Thymolphthalein, 122
Toluidine orange* (ortho), 39
Toluidine orange* (meta), 47
Toluylene red,* 158
Tpfer's reagent, 37
Tournesol, 177
Trger and Hille's indicator, 173
Tropaeolin*, ? 69
Tropaeolin D, 44
Tropaeolin G,* 23, 72
Tropaeolin O, 78
Tropaeolin OO, 25
Tropaeolin OOO No. 1, 72
Tropaeolin OOO No. 2, 73
Tropaeolin R, 78
Turmeric, 183
Turnsole, 177
Uranin, 113
von Mller's indicator?, 25
Weselsky's indicator, 101
Water blue, 102
XL Soluble blue, 105
Xylenol blue, 145
Xylenol phthalein,* 121
Xylidine orange* (meta), 40
Xylidine orange* (para), 48
Yellow B, 37
Yellow T, 78
Zellner's indicator, 113
TABLE 3
A. CLARK AND LUBS' SELECTION OF INDICATORS SUPPLEMENTED BY
COHEN ( 1 V**)
A = Cubic centimeters of Q.01N NaOH required per 0.1 g acid
indicator to form sodium salt. Dilute to 250 cc for 0.04 % reagent.
Use alcoholic solutions of methyl red (59) and cresolphthalein (119).
B = Approximate p H value of solution required for full "acid
color" appertaining to range indicated.
C = Approximate pH value of solution required for full "alkaline color" appertaining to range indicated.
XT
T i
Index
N o .
129
131
134
59
135
136
139
142
143
128
129
119
*
A
-r
B
see below cone. HCl

15.0
O
14.5
1
?
23.5
3
18.5
3
16.0
4
28.5
5
26.3
5
26.5
5
21.5
6
I
6
/-t
C
rangepH
Useful
T ^,
pKf
6
7
8
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
1.2-2.8
3.0-4.6
4.0-5.6
4.4-6.0
5.0-6.6
5.2-6.8
6.0-7.6
6.8-8.4
7.2-8.8
7.6-9.2
8.0-9.6
8.2-9.8
1.5
4.0
4.7*
[5.0]
6.2*
6.3
7.1
7.8
8.2
8.4*
8.9
[9.41
* No salt and protein errors determined.

t pK values are weighted means of values found in (2, 7, 11,14, 19, 20, 24, 34)
Representative Corrections of Colorimetrie Readings with Indicators of Table 3A to Bring Readings to Electrometric pH
Peptone- 10%
beef
gelatine
infusion
sol.
131 Brom phenol blue
0.05
59 Methyl red
-0.10
136 Brom cresol purple.... 0.01
0.04
139 Brom thymol blue
0.10
0.04
142 Phenol red
0.04
0.20
143 Cresol red
0.03
0.20
129 Thymol blue
0.04
0.20
119 Cresolphthalein
- 0.03
0.20
2%
eggwhite
0.24
Urine
0.05
O. Ol
0.02
0.00
Corrections at different salt content [after Kolthoff ( 29 )]

Thymol blue (acid range) O. IN KCl
-0.06
1.OAT KCl
+0.05
Brom phenol blue
O . I N KCl.
-0.05
1.OAT KCl
-0.35
Methyl red
0.5N NaCl
4-0.10
Brom cresol purple
0.5NNaCl
0.25
Phenol red
0.5N NaCl
-0.15
Thymol blue
0.5N NaCl
-0.17
With color match between a solution at 70 and a standard
buffer at 20 the solution at 70 will have the p H of the standard
corrected by the following values according to Kolthoff (28).
Thymol blue (acid range)
0.0
Brom phenol blue
0.0
Methyl red
-0.2
Brom cresol purple
O. O to -f-0.2
Phenol red
-0.3
Thymol blue (alk.).
-0.4
Corrections in sea water of salinity S [parts per 1000] after
Ramage and Miller 1925 (unpublished).
S
Cresol red.
5
IO
5
20
25
30
35
- . 11 - . 17 - .21 - .24 - .25 - .26 -.27
0.01 %-0.05 % aqueous
0.1-3.2
high
0.1-2.9
high
1.2-2.1
1.4-2.6
1.2-2.3
low
low
low
not
not
not
fair
fair
fair
not
good
good
moderate
good
good
2.3-3.3
1.9-3.3
2.6-4.0
low
low
low
not
not
not
good
fair
fair
not
good
good
moderate
good
good
2.9-4.0
3.1-4.4*
low
low
not
not
good
fair
not
good
moderate
good
50
59
12
158
103
72
116
120
0.01 %-0.05 % aqueous

0.01 g in 1 cc N HCl + 50 cc alcohol + 49 cc water
0.01 % aqueous
0.01 % aqueous
0.02 g in 1 cc N /W HCl + 50 cc
alcohol + 49 cc water
0.01 % aqueous
0.01% aqueous
0.01 g 0.1 cc AT/10 HCl + 80 cc
0.01 % aqueous
0.01 g in 0.4 cc N /W HCl -f 30 cc
0.01 g in 60 cc alcohol + 40 cc water
0.01 g in 50 cc alcohol + 50 cc water.
0.01 % aqueous
Usefulness in presence of
High cone,
Stability on
True
of products Chloroform and
standing
of protoluene
proteins
teolysis
fair
good
solutions
with chloroform acid
not, with tolu- fade
ene useful
fair
as above
good
as above
3.7-5.0
3.5-5.7
4.2-6.3*
5.0-7.0*
6.8-8.0*
6.9-8.0
7.6-8.9
7.3-8.7
8.3-10.0*
low
not
low
not
S.C.
low
moderate good
Sr^
.O.
low
low
fair
low
good
moderate S.C.
moderate S.C.
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
not
good
good
good
S.C.
fair
good
good
good
122
0.04 g in 50 cc alcohol + 50 cc water .
9.3-10.5
moderate
S.C.
good
good
moderate
good
moderate
good
good
good
good
fair
goodfades
in
strong alkali
fades in moderate
alkali
good
good
Index
No.
97
155
22
25
23
34
32
35
37
44
53
75
78
Composition of test solution
0.01 % aqueous
0.01 % aqueous
Sensitivity
Useful range to neutral
pH
salts
10.1-12.1
11.1-12.7
good
fair
S.C. =- useful in special cases.

* Apparent pK values referred to standard buffers: Methyl orange (44) 3.7 ( 34 cf.
see Table 3C. Neutral red (158) 6.85 ( 34 ). Phenolphthalein see Table 3C.
Representative average corrections of colorimetrie readings with

indicators of Table 3B to bring readings to electrometric pH (see
also Table 2).
Corrections (after
Sfoensen (53))
Index No.
In 2 %
In 2 % Corrections in solutions conof indicator peptone egg-white
taining salts
0.01-0.3N 0.07-0.3JV
salt
salt
97
-0.02
-0.19
155
-0.04
-0.19
22
-0.06 >-0.90
25
-0.27 >-1.40
23
-0.30 >-1.40
34
+0.01 >0.80
32
-0.22 >-0.80
35
0 41
37
-0.08
-0.53
44
-0.18
O.I^ KCl, -0.08; 1.(W KCl,
+0.23 Kolthoff
53
-0.02
50
-0.03
+0.15 0.5N NaCl, +0.10 S0rensen
12
-0.06
-0.04 0.5N NaCl, - 0.15 S0rensen
(-0.05 Kolthoff)
158
+0.13
+0.68 0.5N NaCl7 + 0.09 S0rensen
60
).
Methyl red (59) see Table 3A ( 59 60).
Corrections (after
S0rensen (53))
Index No.
In 2 %
In 2 %
of indicator peptone egg-white
0.01-0.3AT 0.07-0.3N
salt
salt
^
+0.08
+0.44
72
-0.12
+0.10
120
-0.01
+0.18
122
75
78
+0.01
+0.40
+0.29
-0.30
Paranitrophenol (12)
Corrections in solutions containing salts

0.5N NaCl, - 0.06 S0rensen
0.5N NaCl, - 0.12 S0rensen
0.5N NaCl, - 0.12 S0rensert
(-0.17Kolthoff)
O.INKCl, + 0.38; l.ONKCl,

+ 0.62 Kolthoff
Q MICHAELIS' SELECTION OF ONE-COLOR INDICATORS
;
;
:
P^" (Michaelis and coworkers pK (KoIthoff
Cone.
( 38> 39))
,
31
Index
Useful
%
(
) at
In
Jn
No. range pH in
In low salt
,.
,. 15 and
TT r\
x x
\J . LvIVt U . diri
n r\rnr
H2O
content
0.05Af
salt)
l
0.03-1.3
[0.26]
2 2.0-4.0 sat. 3.71 +0.006
(15 *)
3.59 3.41 3.58
C. MICHAELIS' SELECTION OF ONE-COLOE INDICATORS.(Continued) I Alizarine yellow GG.. 20 a 56

66
75
83
88
pH 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0
pK (Michaelis and coworkers pK (KoIConc.
( 38 > 39))
thoff
Index Useful
%
(Si) at
LITERATURE
No. range pH in
In low salt A rt,, A *far 15 and
(For
a
key
to
the periodicals see end of volume)
w
n
4. *
0.15M
H2O
content
., 0.51z
,, nnKTi/f
0.05M
1
salt
salt
galt)
C ) Arnold, 1, 46: 489; 24. ( 2 ) Barnett and Barnett, 227, 18: 127; 21. (*)
Bishop, Kittredge and Hildebrand, 1, 44: 135; 22. ( 4 ) Bjerrum, 9, 17:
58, 389; 11. ( 5 ) Bjerrum, 196, 21: 1; 14. ( 6 ) Bogert and Scatchard, ,
38: 1606; 16. (?) Brode, 1, 46: 581; 24. ( 8 ) Clark, The Determination of
3.98 3.88
3.95
Hydrogen Ions, 2nd. ed., 1922. ( 9 ) Clark, Cohen and Elvove, O; cf. ( 8 ).
4.76 4.71
( 10 ) Clark and Lubs, 141, 25: 479; 16. (**) Clark and Lubs, 229, 2: 1, 109,
191; 17. ( 2 ) Cohen, A., 230, 16: 31; 22. (13) Cohen, A., 230, 17: 535;
5.08 5.01
5.15
23. ( 14 ) Cohen, B., 831, 38: 199; 23. ( 1S ) Cohen, B., Gibbs and Clark,
231, 39: 381, 804; 24. ( 6 ) Cohn, Indicators and Test Papers, 1914. ( 1 7 )
5.30 5.25
Csanyi, 9, 27: 64; 21. (*8) Fels, 9, 10: 208; 04. (i) Gillespie, 232, 9:
115; 20.
7.22 7.17
7.03 ( 2 0 ) Gillespie, 1, 42: 742; 20. ( 2 1 ) Glaser, Indikatoren der Acidimtrie und
Alkalimetrie, 1901. ( 2 2 ) Hatfield, 1, 45: 940; 23. ( 23 ) Henderson and
Forbes, 1,32:687; 10. ( 2 4 ) Holmes and Snyder, 1, 47: 221, 226; 25. ( 2 5 )
8.24 8.19
8.30
Holt and Reid, 1, 46: 2333; 24. ( 26 ) Hottinger, 20, 65: 177; 14. ( 2 7 )
Jarisch, 205, 134: 177; 22. ( 2 ) Kolthoff, 70, 40: 775; 21. (2*) Kolthoff,
9.6 9.5
70, 41: 54; 22.
( 30 ) Kolthoff, 233, 59: 104; 22. 60: 949; 23. (3i) Kolthoff, Der Gebrauch von
Farbenindicatoren, 1923. ( 32 ) Kolthoff, 70, 42: 251; 23. ( 33 ) Kolthoff,
70, 42: 964; 23. ( 34 ) Kolthoff, 70, 43: 144; 24. ( 3 S) McClendon, 87,
21: 348; 24. (36) McClendon, 14i, 59: 437; 24. ( 37 ) Michaelis, Die
TABLE 4
Wasserstoffionenkonzentration, 1914. ( 38 ) Michaelis and Gyemant, 205,
RELATION BETWEEN PERCENTAGE, A, OF AVAILABLE COLOR AND
109: 165; 20. ( 39 ) Michaelis and Krger, 205, 119: 307; 21.
( 4 0 ) Michaelis and Mizutani, 206, 147: 7; 24. ( 41 ) Moir, 234, 3: no. 2; 20.
pH (AFTER MICHAELIS AND GYEMANT ( 38 ))
O*2) Moir, 234, 6: no. 2; 23. ( 43 ) Noys, l, 32: 815; 10. ( 4 4 ) Palitzsch,
Phenolphthalein
18 a 1.0 1.4 3.0 4.7 6.9 9.0
Bull. Inst. Ocanographie, No. 409: 22. ( 4 S ) Prideaux, The Theory and
pH 8.45 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9
Use of Indicators, 1917. ( 4 6 ) Prideaux and Nunn, 4, 125: 2110; 24. ( 4 7 )
Ramage and Miller, O. ( 4 8 ) Rowe, Color Index, 1924. ( 49 ) Salessky,
9, 10: 204; 04.
Phenolphthalein
18 a 12.0 16.0 21.0 27.0 34.0 40.0
50
51
Conductivity and lonizapH 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 ( ) Salm, 7, 57: 471; 06. ( ) Scudder, Electrical
tion Constants of Organic Compounds, 1914. ( 52 ) Schultz, Farbstofftabellen,
53
54
1923. ( ) S0rensen, 236, 8: 1; 09. ( ) S0rensen, 205, 21: 131, 201; 09.
Phenolphthalein
18 a 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0
C 55 ) S0rensen, 205, 22: 352; 09. ( 5 ) S^rensen, 236, 12: 393; 12. ( 5 7 >
pH 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0
S0rensen and Linderstr0m-Lang, 235, 15: no. 6; 24. ( 58 ) Thiel, 196, 16:
307; 11. (59) Thiel and Dassler, 25, 56: 1667; 23.
( 60 ) Thiel, Dassler and Wlfken, 237, 18: 1; 24. ( 6 l ) Thiel and Wlfken
Phenolphthalein
18 a 70.0 75.0 80.0 84.5 87.3
2
and Dassler, 93, 136: 406; 24. ( 63 )
pH 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 93, 136: 393; 24. ( ) Thiel, Wlfken
Van Alstine, 232, 10: 467; 20. ( 64 ) Vincent, La concentration en ions hydrogene et sa measure par la mthode lectromtrique, 1924. ( 6S ) Walbum, 205,
Alizarine yellow GG.. 20 a 13 16 22 29 36 46
48: 291; 13. ( 66 ) Walbum, 205, 107: 209; 20. (*) Walpole, 230, 8:
pH 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 628; 14. ( 68 ) Walpole, 4, 105: 2501, 2521; 14.
2.6-4.4 0.05
4.08 +0.006
(15 - O
7
4.87
8
4.0-5.8 0.025 5.16 +0.005
(15 -O
10
5.35
12 5.6-7.6 0.10 7.22 +0.011
(15 - O
15 6.8-8.6 0.30 8.35 +0.008
(15-O
120 8.0-10.00.04 [9.761+0.011
(18 -^)
74 10.0-12.0
[11.2] +0.013
(20 - n
HIGH VACUUM TECHNIQUE

SAUL DUSHMAN
SELECTED FORMULAE
1. Amount of Gas Striking 1 (7m2 per Sec
10
HUT
=~^ = ^^RT1
where p = density and O = average velocity
= 43.74 X IO"6 X pVW/T g cm~2 sec'1 (p in baryes)
= 58.32 X 1(T3 X pVW/T g cm~2 sec'1 (p in mm of Hg)
n = number of molecules
m
P
= 6.062 X IO 23 y. = 2.653 X IO19 /-^cm-2 sec"1 (pin
baryes)
= 3.535 X IO22 p/ VMT cm"2 sec"1 (p in mm of Hg)
2. Laws of Molecular Flow (Flow of Gases at Very Low Pressures).Q = amount of gas flowing through any tube or opening in
cm3 per sec
^ P2 - Pi,
TFV^1
where p2 P1 = difference of pressure
p = density at 1 barye pressure
W = "resistance" of tube or opening

For a circular opening (diam., d cm) in a thin plate
-*
For a tube of diameter d and length I
_ 2.394Z , 3.184
w
W
~~d^~ +~dT
3. Speed of Exhaust (S) of Given Volume (v).
"i-g
3
For ^2/P1 = 10, t in sec and v in cm
2.303z> ,3
S = 7
Cm SCc"1
t
For pump exhausting through resistance
1=1+1
Sp F
S0
where S0 = observed speed of exhaust,

Sp = speed of pump through negligible resistance, and
F ~ rate of flow through resistance (cm3/sec)
TABLE OF MOLECULAR DATA
H2
19.2
1.74
He
I N 2 I Q2 I
A
I Hg
CO | CO2 | H2O
Mean Free path (cm) at 250C and 1 barye
29.6
10.0
10.7
10.6
[3.24]*
9.92
6.68
[6.03]*
(1/d2) X 10~15 (Number of molecules per cm2)
2.74
1.01
1.11
1.19
1.11
0.98
0.92
1.19
Micrograms (IO"6 g) of gas striking 1 cm2 per
sec at 250C and 1 barye
3.597
5.062 13.42
14.33
16.01 35.89
13.42
16.81
10.76
Number of molecules striking 1 cm2 per sec at
250C and 1 barye. Unit IQ15
1082
769.3
283.7
271.7 | 243.3
10.85 [ 283.7 | 231.7 |362.0
* Values in square brackets refer to O0C. Note: 1 barye = 0.75 X 10~3 mm mercury. Values of mean free path calculated from viscosity coefficients-
KATE OF FLOW OF AIR AND HYDROGEN AT Low PRESSURES AND

2O0C
I
1cm
10
1
10
d
1 cm
1
0.1
OJ.
W
\ F (air) I JP(H 2 )
5.58 5 204
197 10
27,12 I 070
40 53
2 712.4
10.70
40.53
24 258
1.196
3.60
(Note.These relations are valid only for pressures so low

that the mean free path is equal to or greater than d.)
DATA ON VARIOUS TYPES OF PUMPS

~
Fore
pump
pressure
100 (max.) ca. l cm
1 400
0.01 mm
80
0.01 mm
p
cm 3 sec
Gaede rotary mercury. . . .

Gaede molecular
Gaede diffusion
Langmuir condensation
(metal)
4 000
Gaede two stage metal. . . 60 OOP
Min.
pressure
,, . - I 1
attainable
10~4 mm
<10~6 mm
<10~6 mm
6
O. Ol mm < 10~ mm
20
mm <10~6 mm
Evolution of Gas from Glass.For rate at which gas is evolved

at different temperatures, v. R. G. Sherwood (I9 40:1645; 18) and
J. E. Shrader (2, 13:434; 19).
Chemical Clean-up Reagents for Producing Low Pressures.
1. Charcoal in liquid air. 2. Ca or Mg volatilized in sealed-off
device, cleans up all gases except those of group O. 3. PzQs,
efficient for water vapor. 4. Palladium black at low temperatures,
very good for hydrogen.
SOME VAPOR PRESSURES AT Low TEMPERATURES
Substance
|
Hg
H2O
CO2
CO2
CO
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
Vaseline (Stopcock
grease)
tC
- 78
-Ill
-182
-193
-190
-185.8
-188
-180
p, mm | p, baryes
3 X IO"9 4 X 10-
0.75 XlO- 6 I X l O - 3
0.75 X 10~5 1X10-2
0.75X10-6 I X l O - 3
863
79.8
0.076
0.076
-190
(fresh
liquid air)
<10~6
PSYCHOLOGICAL DATA PERTAINING TO ERRORS OF OBSERVATION

R. S. WOODWORTH
(Additional data pertaining to sight and hearing are given in
other sections of International Critical Tables treating of the mechanical equivalent of light, colorimetry, and the physical aspects of
audition. Consult index. Editor.)
SIGHT
Much of the available data pertaining to the sensitivity of the
eye have been obtained under such conditions that the exact value
of the stimulus cannot satisfactorily be determined. Some are
expressed in terms of the illumination, others in terms of the
brightness, of a screen; the latter procedure is to be preferred.
If the illuminated screen were a perfect diffuser of the light, and
also a perfect reflector, if illuminated from the front, or a perfect
transmitter, if illuminated from the rear, then its brightness (B)
expressed in millilamberts would be numerically equal to 0.1 of its
illumination (7) expressed in meter-candles. In the following
data, this relation has been used to reduce to the basis of B, data
which have been given in terms of 7. Although in many cases
the screens surely did not possess the properties thus assumed, it
seems probable that the error so introduced is of less importance
than those arising from other sources. Data for reaction times
will be found near the end of this report.
Spectral range (41) for daylight vision is X = 397niju to 760 m/*;
for twilight vision (illumination too low for color perception),
X = 440 HIM to 670 m/i.
Threshold value = minimum stimulus which can be visually
perceived as light; the perception of form is not involved. For
white light and a thoroughly light-adapted eye, luminous area

subtending an angle of 10, it is that corresponding to a brightness
of 0.1 millilambert ( 37 ). For white light and a dark-adapted
eye, it varies with the area of the luminous area and with the
duration of stimulus as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1.THRESHOLD OF VISION FOR DARK-ADAPTED EYE ( 4S )
D = distance; 8 = visual angle subtended by shortest dimension of area; B = brightness required for perception; P power
entering eye; t = duration of exposure. Diameter of pupil ==
8.3 mm.
Unit of: Area = l c m 2 ; D = l e m ; # = l microlambert; P =
1 milliwatt = 10~10 erg sec"1; t = 1 sec.
Form I Area | D \ e \
B
\ P \\ t \ Bj
Star*... 0.00785300 1.2' 7.20
17.10.0020.362
Star*... 0.00785150 2.302.60
24.80.0060.098
Star*... 0.00785 35 9.8 0.24
42.10.011 0.0446
Square.. 0.04
35 19.6 0.0283
25.30.020 0.0239
Square.. 0.25
35 50
0.00662 37 0.034 0.0123
Square.. 1.00
35 1 30'0.002 41 54 0.160 0.0071
Square.. 4.00
35 3 160.00102 91 0.250 0.0051
Square.. 9.00
35 4 540.00045 91 0.500 0.00354
Square.. 36.0
35 9 440.000258208 1.000 0.00262
Square.. 144.0
35|18 56 0.000 175564 2.00OtO-OOO 77
* Circle, Diameter = 1 mm.
t If t = co, B = 0.000 45; t = 4, B = 0.000 63.
For square, area = 9 cm2, D 35 cm, 0 = 4.9.
TABLE 2.CHANGE IN THRESHOLD DURING ADAPTATION

Threshold = brightness (B) of a surface which can just be seen. Sensitivity
(S) l/B. In light adaptation, J = illumination to which dark adapted eye
was subjected for the time /; S was measured 10 sec after 1this exposure. Unit
of: t = 1 min; B = I microlambert; S = 0.1 millilambert- ; I = meter-candle.
*Dark adaptation ( 38 )
[
tLight adaptation (34, 39)
;
5
2 5 1 6 0 I Day?
BI I sO h\/
I r^ s
\ s
\ s
\ s~~
O
100.
1
i
23 000
9950
5800
435
0.5
5.0
20
17 500
7440
3700
230
4
1.33
75
1
10 400
5200
3250
200
9
0.054
1850
2
8130
3360
2600
115
14
0.0096
10 400
3
5200
2740
2038
87
19
0.0038
26 000
6
3470
2040
1600
48
23
0.001 43 69 500
10
3000
1450
1130
40
26
0.001 56 94 700
15
1000
312
31
0.000 57 174 000
60
95
36
39
0.000 51 195 000
80
54
28
51
0.00048208000 110
54
24
61
0.000 46215 000|
* Following nearly complete light adaptation. Luminous surface was 10 cm
in diameter and 57 cm from eye (Q 10).
t Following nearly complete dark adaptation. Luminous surface was l m
square and l m from1 eye (O = 45); initial S, just before exposure to J, was
10 000 millilambert- .
Moderate diffused day-light.
conditions the color of the light has no effect upon the discrimination. At lower brightnesses, the sensitiveness to change in
brightness depends upon both the color and the brightness (Fig. 4).
Resolving power of the eye is the smallest angular separation at
which two points, under the best illumination, can be seen as
distinct. For different observers, it varies from 50" to 93" ( 20 );
the generally accepted normal value is 1'. It varies with the
color of the light. In day-light and on a bright background, a dark
line a few minutes long can be seen if it is 1.2" wide; but, on a
dark background, a bright line is not visible unless it is at least 3.5"
wide ( 48 ).
Aligning power, the ability to detect a lack of alignment of two
similar, adjacent lines of the same width, as in setting a vernier,
exceeds the resolving power. The average error ( 48 ) of skilled
observers under best conditions corresponds to a visual error of
not over 3"; in coincidence range-finders, the images can be aligned
with an error not greater than 12" and sometimes as small as 2".
The rates of adaptation to darkness and to light are indicated in

Table 2 in which are given the threshold values at various intervals
(1) after removal from daylight, and (2) immediately (10 seconds)
after removal from a specified exposure, the eye before exposure
having been kept in darkness for 45 min. The visibility of monochromatic light varies with the wave-length, and the relative
visibility of lights of different wave-lengths depends upon their
intensities. (Figs. 1, 2.) For a large surface with a brightness of
FIG. 3.Discrimination of Hue ( 49 ).

AX = Change in wave-length (X) corresponding to the least noticeable difference
in
color.
FIQ. 1.Relative visibility (V)

(28.40).
B brightness, unit = 1 millilambert;
abscissae = wavelengths.
FIQ. 2.Position (Xm0*.) of maximum visibility (28, 40).

Unit of ,brightness = 1 millilambert.
5 to 80 millilamberts, the maximum visibility for the average

observer, is near ( 9 ) X = 557.6 mpi, but even normal subjects
exhibit individual differences; out of 125 subjects, the percentage
finding the maximum at each of the several wave-lengths was as
follows ( 9 ):
x
549
550
551
552
I % Il x I % I x l % [I x I % Il x I % [I x
2
2
5
3
553
554
555
556
4
7
9
8
557
558
559
560
12
13
12
7
561
562
563
564
2
3
2
1
565 2
566 2
567 O
568 2
569 O
570 2
All of the preceding refer to direct vision. The sensitivity of

other portions of the retina is greater.
Complementary colors are those pairs of colors which, when
superposed upon the retina in suitable proportions, produce the
sensation of white. Grunberg states that if their wave-lengths
are Am/*, X'mju, then (X - 559) (498 - X') =* 424, X > 559, X'<498
( 47 ); there are no complementaries to the colors in the range
498m/z to 559m/u.
Stable, or invariable, colors are those which do not change in hue,
except to become gray, as they are moved from the fovea to the
periphery of the retina. They are: yellow of X = 570m/z; bluish
green of X = 490m/x; blue of X = 46Om/*; and a non-spectral
bluish red (21).
Discrimination of Brightnesses.For large adjacent fields, differences of 1 % or even of 0.8 % in the brightness can be detected (31 )
if the brightness is of the order of 100 millilamberts. Under such
FIG. 4.Discrimination of brightnesses (29,40).

Al? = least noticeable increase in the brightness (B). Unit of B
is 1 millilambert; of wave-length (A) is Im^t.
Acuity, or discrimination of form, is closely related to the
resolving power, but differs from that in dealing, in general, with
extended, interpenetrating, bright and dark areas, and frequently
with low brightnesses. The absolute acuity (A) is the reciprocal
of the smallest visual angle for which neighboring contrasted
portions of the field can be seen as separated. Its variation with
the brightness (B) of the brighter portions of the field is given by
the equation (25) A = c + /c log B; the values of the constants c
and k are determined by the units, the character of the field, and
the eye; some values are given in Table 3, The unit commonly
employed for A is 1 reciprocal minute.
TABLE 3.ABSOLUTE ACUITY (A) AND BRIGHTNESS (B)
A = c + k logio B (cf. Fig. 5)
Unit of : A 1 minute"1; B=I millilambert
Limits of B I c I k
\
Field
| Lit.
O.Ol to 43.5 1.05 0.415 Snellen and similar charts (27)
40 to 1000 1.69 0.000 Snellen and similar charts (27)
0.1 to 18
1.44 0.573 Snellen and similar charts (12)
0.02 to 21
1.23 0.282 Crossed gratings
()
0.06 to 26
1.33 0.262 Crossed gratings
(7)
When the test field is a Snellen test chart, the acuity is commonly
expressed as the ratio of the maximum distance (dm), at which the
characters can be distinguished, to the standard distance (ds).
This ratio (dm/da) may be called the Snellen acuity; it is numerically
equal to the reciprocal of the visual angle (in minutes) subtended
by the sides of the elementary squares of the chart. As expressed
in these units, the acuity of the average good eye exceeds 1.00; for
the E-books, the mean of 100 subjects was 1.74, ranging from 1.00
to 2.45 ( 54 ).
to 12. At the upper limit, individuals varied from 15 000 to

22 000 d.v. per sec. As the age increases, the upper limit becomes
lower (Fig. 7).
FIG. 7.Dependence of highest audible tone upon age of subject (4).

* It is probable that these frequencies should be divided by two.
FIG. 5.Acuity in white and in

chromatic illumination (*6).
Unit of acuity = 1 Snellen unit ; of
illumination = 1 meter-candle.
FIG. 6.Relative acuity in indirect vision ( 30 ).

Abscissa indicates angular position of image upon the retina.
The effect of dark adaptation upon acuity may be obtained by

determining, at various intervals (t) after the light adapted eye
had been placed in darkness, the minimum illumination (7) in
which it can distinguish Snellen test characters placed at a known
distance. For a distance corresponding to a Snellen acuity of
%o ( = 0.2), the median1 values of / for 6 observers having in
daylight a Snellen acuity of % ( = 1.5) were found to be as follows
(13):
F I ( T l 5 I 10 I 15 I 25 I 35 I 45 minutes
/
1.09 0.79 0.56 0.40 I 0.34 0.42 0.42 meter-candles
The acuity depends also upon the color of the light, and upon the
position of the image upon the retina. See Figs. 5, 6.
Detection of Differences in Length.About 1 % of the length is
the least noticeable difference for simultaneously presented parallel
lines which are relatively displaced (result of several old investigations). More recent work shows that a variable line, 1 to 5
cm long, can, by eye, be set to equality with a standard line with a
probable error, for a single setting, of only 0.4%; for shorter lines
the error is greater, attaining 0.5% for lines 1 mm long ( 36 ).
When the time allowed for observation and judgment is short,
the differences which can be detected with certainty are considerably greater. If the sign of the difference is to be judged
correctly in 75 % of the trials, then, for a 10 cm line, the difference
must be 3.5 mm if the time is 4 seconds, and over 5 mm if the time
is only 0.5 second (18).
Decimal Subdivision of a Small Distance.When a fine line is set
on a millimeter scale to successive positions in random order, and
the subject is required to estimate its position to the nearest 0.1
mm, the average actual setting, for each tenth as estimated by 10
subjects (total of 6000 readings), for horizontal and for vertical
scales was as follows ( 3 > 52 ):
Estimate
Horizontal
Vertical
FIG. 8.Aural sensitivity.

J ess minimum audible power, unit = 1 erg cm-2 sec i. Data in
terms of effective, or r.m.s., pressure (P) in dynes cm-2 have been
reduced to erg cm-2 Sec-i (E) by means of the relation P = \/dvE =
Q.5\Ê; d = density of air, v = velocity of sound in air, both in cgs units.
REACTION TIMES
The simple reaction time, or, briefly, the reaction time, is the
interval which elapses between the application of a definite,
FIG. 10.Discrimination of differences in pressure ( 50 ).

P = initial pressure applied to
ball of the little finger by means of
a force F exerted on a circular disk
4 mm in diameter. AP = smallest
noticeable change in P.
0.1 (K2 OU ( T I 0 ~ 5 OTe 0~7 cTs (K9 1.0

0.1260.2340.3360.4230.5090.591 0.6760.7730.886 1.001
0.106 0.202 0.308 0.395 0.4860.5760.6520.757 0.8750.992
The lines of the scale were presumably of the same width as the
"fine line" of variable position. Settings were distributed over a
length of 30 mm, the illumination was good, and the distance was
that for best reading.
SENSES OTHER THAN SIGHT
Range of audible tones is from 18 to 18 600 double vibrations per
second ( 44 53); at high intensities the lower limit may be reduced
i For each value of t, the 6 observed values of I are arranged in order of
magnitude; the mean of the third and the fourth of the values is by definition
the median of the set.
FIG. 9.Discrimination of pitch.

N = number of double vibrations per sec; A.V = smallest noticeable
change in N. 0= Knudsen ( 2 6 ), x = Stcker ( 51 ), A = Vance & Schaefer
(")
expected stimulus and the performance of a prescribed movement

(usually a finger movement) indicating that it has been perceived.
Light.For foveal stimulation of medium intensity, reaction

time is 0.190 (0.008) sec; individuals range from 0.150 to 0.225
sec. It is the same for withdrawal as for initiation of stimulus
(22). For faint stimulation, near threshold, interval is increased
by 0.04 to 0.05 sec (* 6 ); reaction to withdrawal is 0.005 to 0.025
sec quicker than to initiation of stimulus ( 22 ). For photo-
FIQ. 11.Discrimination of differences in lifted weights.

AW = smallest noticeable change in the weight W,
* Weights had horizontal handles, were lifted successively with same hand.
** Cylindrical boxes lifted successively with same hand; ATF is change for
which 50 % of the estimates were of proper sign.
Cylindrical boxes lifted successively with same hand; ATF is change for which
75 % of the estimates were of proper sign.
t Weights lifted by downward pressure of fnger on a lever; several series of
observations; curves represent the extremes.
FIG. 12.Discrimination of differences in temperature O).

Both hands were adapted by immersion in water of temperature T0; they
were then separately placed simultaneously in water at temperatures T and Ti;
AT = least value of (5Ti - T) which could be detected.
metrically equal stimuli of different colors, reaction time is

independent of the color ( 22 ). Reaction time for eye to turn
towards a stimulus in indirect vision is 0.151 sec (or 1.181 sec) if
stimulus lies 1 (or 5) from fixation point (10). For medium
intensity, reaction time to monocular stimulation is about 0.015
sec greater than for binocular ( 43 ).
TABLE 4.DISCRIMINATION REACTION TIME
Unit of: T = 0.001 sec; Li, L2 = 1 cm; X = lm/t = 10
Position of squares* or circles!
Il Lengths^ ( 21 )
Contrast ( 2 1 )
I T \\
Contrast ( 2 1 )
| T \\ Li I Lz \ T
I X I
Il
I X I
|1
l
l
Black and
Red (640) and
White
205
Orange red
627 270 1 1.3 312
Red
640222
Orange
614257 1 1.25 313
Orange
614218
Yellow
585237 1 1.2 318
Yellow
S
585 211
Green
521 222 1 1.15 326
Green
521 218
Blue
452 231 1 1 . 1 335
Blue
453 226 Yellow and
Green
521 232 1 1.05 351
t Circles ( 2 4 )
296
Blue
452222
* Two colored squares each 3 by 3 cm, placed side by side; observer was to
react with corresponding hand to indicate on which side the previously specified
square was placed. This type of discrimination reaction is the quickest. The
same procedure was used in the discrimination of lengths.
t On a background of approximately 2.6 millilamberts and at a visual angle
of 45' to each side of fixation point was a circle of angular diameter = 24 X ,
brightness = 3.5% greater than that of background. Either circle could be
made to disappear, and the subject, by a reaction with the corresponding hand,
indicated which disappeared.
Sound.For finger reaction to sound of medium intensity,

reaction time = 0.136 (0.002) sec; individuals range from
0.082 to 0.195 sec. For very faint sound, the interval is increased
by 0.06 to 0.07sec (i).
Touch.For finger reaction to tactile stimulus of medium intensity, reaction time is 0.148 sec ( 23 ).
The discrimination reaction time is the interval which elapses
between the application of one of two possible, definite, expected
stimuli and the performance of the prescribed movement indicating
which of the two stimuli has been applied. For printed letters,
10-point type, average for the alphabet, the reaction time for
Roman capitals is 0.327 sec, Roman lower case 0.325, for short
words 0.353, for long words 0.355, for small (1 cm square) pictures of familiar objects 0.336 sec ( 6 ). For other data, see Table 4.
Number Limitation and Span of Apprehension.For college
students, the greatest number of digits which an individual can
repeat correctly immediately after a single auditory presentation
averages 7.6 ( 5 19), individuals range from 5 to 11 ( 5 ); for visual
presentation the average is 8.0 (l 9 ).
FIQ. 13.Reaction time for nonfoveal stimulation (*3).

AT 7 = excess of reaction time
over that required for foveal excitation. Abscissa indicates angular position of image upon the
retina. Finger reaction.
Fio. 14.Span41of apprehension ( ).

N = number of dots
exposed; ordinales = %
of judgments which were
correct,
When a number of black dots irregularly arranged upon a well

illuminated white background were exposed to view for a very
short interval (0.038 sec) and the subject was required to deter
mine the number of dots presented, the average number of correct
judgments made after considerable, but not extreme, practice
was as shown in Fig. 14. The visual angle subtended by the dots
was well above the threshold value.
LITERATURE
(M Abbot, 380, No. 68; 14. (2) Baird, Color Sensitivity of the Peripheral
Retina, Washington, 1905. ( 3 ) Bauch, Fortschritte d. Psychol., 1: 169; 13.
( 4 ) Bruner, 881, 11: 46; 08. ( 5 ) Carothers, 331, 46: 29, 36; 21. () Cattell,
882, 3: 463; 86. (?) Cobb, SSS, 21: 23; 14. () Cobb and Geissler, SSS,
20: 425; 13. ( 9 ) Coblentz and Emerson, 81 A, 14: 167; 18.
( 10 ) Dodge, Psych. Rev., Monograph Suppl, 35: 19; 07. C 1 1 ) Fechner, Psychophysik, 1: 193; 89. ( 2 ) Ferree and Rand, Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 15:
769; 20. (13) Ferree, Rand and Buckley, 334, 3: 352; 20. O 4 ) Fernberger, 333, 21: 346; 14. 335, 27: 269; 16. 334, l : 515; 16; 3: 141 ; 20. 4 :
71; 21. ( 15 ) Fletcher and Wegel, 2, 19: 533; 22. t 1 ) Froeberg, SSl, 8:
00; 07. ( 17 ) Fullerton and Cattell, On the Perception of Small Differences,
1892. ( 18 ) Garrett, 831, 56: 56; 22. (i) Gates, U. of Cai. Pubi, in Psych.,
1: 327; 16.
(2) Helmholtz, B69, 2: 36; 24. ( 21 ) Henmon, Time of Perception, etc., New
York, 1906. ( 2 2 ) Holmes, Diss., Columbia Univ., 1923. ( 2 3 ) Jastrow,
Time Relations of Mental Phenomena, 1890. ( 24 ) Johnson, 334, 7* 34; 24.
( 2 S ) Johnson, 334, 7: 5; 24. ( 26 ) Knudsen, 2, 21: 84; 23. (") Knig,
76, 1897: 559. ( 28 ) Knig, in Helmholtz Festgruss, 1891. ( 2 ^) Knig
and Brodhun, 76, 1888: 000.
(30) Koester, Centralbl. f. PhysioL, 10: 433; 96. (31) Kraepelin, 382, 2: 306;
85. ( 3 2) Kranz, 2, 22: 66; 23. ( 33 ) Lane, 2, 19: 492; 22. ( 3 4 ) Lohmann,
Z. Sinnesphysiologie, 41: 307; 06. (35) Merkel, 332, 5: 253; 89. (3)
Merkel, 332, 9: 409; 94. (37) Nagel, B69, 2: 318; 24. (3) Nagel, B69,
2: 320; 24. (3) Nagel, B69, 2: 325; 24.
40
( ) Nutting, SIA, 5: 261; 08-09. ( 4 M Oberly, 335, 35: 336-338; 24. ( 4 2 )
Parsons, B70, 28, 54, 59; 15. (43) Poffenberger, 33*, 23: 48; 12. ( 4 4 )
Pratt, 335, Sl: 404; 20. ( 4S ) Reeves, 21, 47; 143, 145; 18. ( 4 ) Rice, 33/,
20: 30; 12. ( 4 7 ) Southall, B69, 2: 128 (footnote); 24. ( 48 ) Southall, B69,
2: 33 (footnote); 24. ( 49 ) Steindler, 75, 115: 115; 06.
( 50 ) Stratton, 382, 12: 538; 96. ( 51 ) Stcker, 75, 96: 367; 07. ( 5 2 ) Urban,
Arch. ges. PsychoL, Sl: 1; 14. ( 53 ) Vance and Schaefer, 330, 69: lH]
115; 14. ( 5 4 ) Woodworth and Bruner, O.
ARRANGEMENT OF CHEMICAL SUBARRANGEMENT DES SUBSTANCES CHIMIQUES
ARRANGEMENT OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCEO

Throughout I. C. T., except when otherwise indicated, the
tabular arrangement of all chemical substances and of all systems
capable of representation by formula is in accordance with a system
called the "Standard Arrangement," which will now be explained
and which should be learned by every user of I. C. T.
L'arrangement tabulaire de toutes les substances chimiques et de

tous les systmes susceptibles d'une reprsentation par formule est,
dans les T. C. L, except lorsqu'il y a une autre indication, en
accord avec un systme appel "arrangement type," (standard
arrangement) expliqu ci-dessous, qui devra tre appris par chaque
personne qui veut utiliser les T. C. I.
Elementary Substances
Substances lmentaires
All tables containing only elementary substances (2V-Tables) are

arranged in alphabetical order of the symbols of the elements. In
tables containing both elements and compounds (2VA-Tables) the
elements follow the "standard arrangement," v. infra.
Toutes les tables ne contenant que les substances lmentaires

(Tables 2V) sont arranges dans l'ordre alphabtique des symboles
des lments. Dans les tables contenant les lments et les corps
composs (Tables 2V) les lments se trouvent suivant F
"arrangement type" voir infra.
Chemical Compounds and Other Systems Represented by Formula
Composs Chimiques et Autres Systmes Reprsents Par Formule
The arrangement is based upon the following table of " Keynumbers" of the elements:
L'arrangement est bas sur la table suivante des "nombres

cls" des lments:
KEY-NUMBERS OF THE ELEMENTS
-6-5-4-3-2-1
(He Ne A Kr Xe Rn)
1
O
2
H
3
F
NOMBRES CLES DES ELEMENTS
4 5
Cl Br
46 47 48 49 50
Cr' Mo W U V
Ac
74
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
Os P Pa Pb Pd
35 12 53 23 41
6
I
7 8
(85) S
9 10
Se Te
11 12 13 14 15
N P As Sb Bi
16 17 18 19 20
C Po Si Ti Ge
55
Al
56 57 58 59 60
Sc Y La Ce Pr
61 62 63 64 65
Nd (61) Sa Eu Gd
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
Dy Er Eu
67 69 64
51
52 53 54
Cb(Nb) Ta Pa B
Po Pr
17 60
To locate a given compound, first write its "key-formula,"

neglecting water of crystallization, thus:
Pt Ra Rb
37 80 84
Re Rh Ru
34 40 39
S
8
Sa
63
F Fe
3 43
Sb Sc Se Si Sn
14 56
9 18 22
Afin de situer un compos donn, il faut d'abord crire sa

"formule-cl," en ngligeant l'eau de cristallisation, ainsi:
Compound
Compos
Na2SO4 HC1O4.3H2O Hg(Ci8H33O2)2 2Fe2O3.P2O5.12H2O Ni3Pr2(NO3)i2.24H2O I3C6H3SO3H (NH4)2CO,
Key
formula
Formulecl
82_8_1
^2-1
30-16-2-1
In writing a key-formula the key-numbers must be written in

descending order.
All chemical compounds (-Tables) are arranged in the inverse
numerical order of their key-formulae. Example: to find the
compound Hg(Ci8H33O2)2 = 3 0 - 1 6 - 2 - 1 ; First, turn to
section 30 of the table. Then follow down the column of chemical
formulae until element 16 (C) is first encountered. From this point
continue until element 2 (H) is found, and then on until element 1
(O) is reached. At this point will be found all the compounds
composed of the four elements Hg, C, H, and O and these compounds are arranged in an obvious manner according to the
subscripts in the chemical formula. To facilitate the use of the
tables, key-numbers are inserted at frequent intervals either along
the top of the page or down the left hand column or both.
In looking for a chemical compound always consult the ^b-T able,
the scope of which provides for all chemical compounds except
those of the radioactive elements, of which only compounds of U,
Th and Ra are given in the -Table. For the others see p. 364.
In certain of the A-Tables, at the point where key-formulae
beginning with 16 occur, there will be found frequently only a few
of the simpler compounds, and the reader will be referred to a
43-12-1
60-45-11-1
16-8-6-2-1
16-11-2-1
__^
Lorsqu' on crit une formule-cl, les nombres cls doivent tre

crits dans l'ordre des valeurs dcroissantes.
Tous les composs chimiques dans toutes les tables (Tables A.)
sont arrangs d'aprs l'ordre numrique inverse de leurs formulescls. Exemple: pour trouver le compos Hg (Ci8H3SO2) 2 =
30-16-2-1; il s'agit premirement de chercher la section 30 de la
table; ensuite de suivre en descendant la colonne des formules
chimiques jusqu' ce qu'on trouve l'lment 16 (C). De ce point,
on continue jusqu' ce qu'on rencontre l'lment 2 (H), et ensuite
jusqu' ce que l'lment 1 (O) soit atteint. On trouvera alors ce
point tous les composs renfermant les quatre lments Hg, C,
H et O et ces composs sont arrangs d'une manire apparante en
relation avec les indices de leurs formules chimiques. Afin de
faciliter l'usage des tables, les nombres-cls sont inscrits, de
frquents intervalles, ou au haut de la page ou le long de la colonne
gauche, ou aux deux places.
Pour la recherche d'un compos chimique, il s'agit de consulter
toujours la Table A dont le but est de renseigner sur tous les
composs chimiques, l'exception des lments radio-actifs, dont
seuls ceux de U, Th et Ra sont donns dans la Table A. Pour les
autres, voir p. 364. Dans Certaines des Tables A, au point o les
STANCES AND SYSTEMS IN I. C. T.

DIE ANORDNUNG DER CHEMISCHEN VERBINDUNGEN
Durch die ganzen I. C. 7\, ausgenommen es ist etwas anderes
angegeben, ist die tabellarische Anordnung aller chemischen
Verbindungen und aller durch chemische Zeichen oder Formeln
darstellbarer Systeme, nach der "Normal-Anordnung" (standard
arrangement), durchgefhrt. Sie ist im folgenden dargelegt und
soll von jedem Leser der I. C. T. erlernt werden.
ORDINE DI ELENCAZIONE DELLE SOSTANZE

In tutti i volumi delle T. C. I. l'ordine in cui le sostanze ed i
sistemi rappresentabili con formule sono disposti nelle tabelle
(tranne che non sia diversamente indicato) quello "standard"
illustrato pi avanti. Chiunque voglia servirsi delle T. C. I.
deve anzitutto apprendere in che consiste questo sistema
" standard."
Elementare Stoffe
Alle Tafeln, welche nur elementare Stoffe (2V-Tabellen) enthalten,
sind in alphabetischer Reihenfolge nach den Symbolen der Elemente angeordnet. In den Tafeln, welche beides, Elemente und
Verbindungen (2V-Tabellen), enthalten, folgen die Elemente der
" Normal-Anordnung." Siehe weiter unten.
Die chemischen Verbindungen und andere durch Formeln darstellbare Systeme
Die Anordnung ist auf der folgenden Tafel begrndet, welche die
"Schlsselnummern7' der Elemente enthlt:
Sostanze Elementari
Tutte le Tabelle contenenti soltanto sostanze elementari (tabelle
A) sono disposte secondo l'ordine alfabetico dei simboli degli
elementi. Nelle tabelle che comprendono elementi e composti
(tabelle 2V-) gli elementi sono ordinati secondo la disposizione
"Standard." v. infra.
Composti Chimici ed Altri Sistemi Rappresentati da Formule
La disposizione basata sul quadro seguente di "numeri chiave"
degli elementi.
SCHLSSELNUMMERN DER ELEMENTE
21
Zr
22 23 24 25
Sn Pb Th Ga
66 67
Tb Dy
68 69 70
Ho Er Tm
Ga
25
Gd Ge Gl
65 20 75
Sr
78
Ta Tb
52 66
H
2
Te Th
10 24
26
In
NUMERI CHIAVE DEGLI ELEMENTI
27 28 29 30
Tl Zn Cd Hg
31 32 33 34 35
Cu Ag Au Re Os
36 37 38 39 40
Ir Pt Ma Ru Rh
71 72 73 74 75
Yb Lu Hf Ac Be(Gl)
76 77 78 79 80
Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra
81 82 83 84 85 86
Li Na K Rb Cs (87)
Hf Hg Ho
73 30 68
I
6
In
26
Ir
36
K La Li Lu
83 58 81 72
Ma Mg Mn Mo N
38 76 42 47 11
Ti Tl Tm
19 27 70
U
49
V
50
W
48
Y Yb Zn Zr
57 71 28 21
(61) (75) (85) (87)

62
34
7
86
Um eine gegebene Verbindung aufzufinden, hat man zuerst seine

Schlsselformel aufzuschreiben, wobei man das Kristallwasser
auslsst. z.B.:
Verbmdngen
Composto
Schlsselformel
Formula
chiave
41 42 43 44 45
Pd Mn Fe Co Ni
Na Nb Nd Ni O
82 51 61 45 1
Per trovare il posto di un dato composto bisogna prima

scrivere la formula chiave trascurando l'acqua di cristallizzazione,
p. es.:
Na2SO4 HC1O4.3H2O Hg(C18H33Oa)2 2Fe2O3-P2O5.12H2O Ni 3 Pr 2 (NO 3 )i 2 .24H 2 O I2C6H3SO3H (NH4)2CO3

82_g_1
^^
30-i6-2-l
In die Schlssselformel mssen die Schlsselnummern in absteigender Reihenfolge geschrieben werden.

Alle chemischen Verbindungen (Sa-Tabellen) sind in der umgekehrten Reihenfolge der Schlsselformeln angeordnet. Z. B.:
Um die Verbindung Hg(Ci8H33O2)2 = 30-16-2-1 zu finden, hat
man zuerst den Abschnitt 30 aufzusuchen. Dann hat man den
Kolonnen der chemischen Verbindungen abwrts zu folgen, bis man
zuerst das Element 16 (C) antrifft, von da an setzt man weiter fort,
bis das Element 2 (H) gefunden ist und dann weiter, bis das
Element l (O) erreicht ist. Bei dieser Stelle werden alle Verbindungen gefunden werden, welche sich aus den 4 Elementen Hg, C,
H, und O zusammensetzen. Diese Verbindungen sind in deutlicher
Art, entsprechend der Bezeichnungsweise chemischer Formeln,
angeordnet. Um den Gebrauch der Tafeln mglichst zu erleichtern, sind die Schlsselnummern hufig an verschiedenen Stellen
eingefgt. Sie befinden sich entweder am Kopf der Seiten, oder
auf der linken Seite unten, oder an beiden Stellen.
Um eine chemische Verbindung zu suchen, bentze man immer
die ^-Tabellen: die alle chemischen Verbindungen enthalten,
ausgenommen jene der radioaktiven Elemente. Von diesen sind
43-12-1
60-45-11-1
16-8-6-2-1
16-11-2-1
'
Nella formula chiave, i numeri chiave devono essere scritti

in ordine decrescente.
Tutti i composti in tutte le tabelle (Tabelle A) sono disposti
nell'ordine numerico inverso delle loro formule chiavi.
Supponiamo ad es. di voler trovare il composto Hg (Ci8H32O2)2 =
30-16-2-1. Prima si cerca la sezione 30 della Tabella, poi si
scorre la colonna delle formule fino ad incontrare l'elments 16 (C).
Da questo punto si continua finch si trova l'elemento 2 (H), e
quindi fino a raggiungere l'elemento 1 (O). Qui si trovano tutti i
composti risultanti dai quattro elementi Hg, C, H e O ordinati
secondo gli indici delle formule. Per facilitare l'uso delle
tabelle i numeri chiave sono inseriti ad intervalli frequenti
nella testata o lungo il margine sinistro della pagina, o nell'una
e nell'altro.
Per cercare un composto bisogna sempre consultare la tabella A
che contiene tutti i composti tranne quelli degli elementi radioattivi; di questi sono riportati nella tabella A soltanto i composti di
U, Th, Ra. Per gli altri vedi p. 364. In alcune tabelle A,
laddove si trovano formule chiave che cominciano con 16, si troveranno spesso soltanto pochi composti fra i pi semplici e il lettore
C-Table where the remainder of such compounds will be found

listed under a different arrangement known as
The (T-Arrangement
In this arrangement the compounds are arranged according to
their empirical formulae (including water of crystallization), in
the order C, H, with the remaining symbols alphabetical, e.g,,
C6H4I2O3S. The (T-Tables, however, will not contain any carbon
compound whose key-formula contains a number greater than 16.
SYSTEMS OF MORE THAN ONE COMPONENT
The components of each system are first arranged according
to the standard arrangement, giving the order A, B, C, etc. The
systems are then arranged, according to the standard arrangement,
in the order of their A-components. All systems having the same
A-component will be found (under that component) in the order
of their B-components, etc.
In certain tables, the above plan will be based upon the
(T-arrangement instead of the standard arrangement. Such cases
will always be so indicated.
formules-cls commenant par 16 se prsentent, on ne trouvera

frquemment qu'un petit nombre de composs plus simples,
et le lecteur sera alors renvoy une Table (L1 o le reste de ces
composs se trouvera dispos d'une faon diffrente nomm
L'Arrangement (L
Dans cet arrangement, les composs sont disposs en relation
avec leurs formules empiriques (l'eau de cristallisation inclusivement) dans l'ordre C, H, les symboles restants venant ensuite dans
l'ordre alphabtique; par ex: CeH4I2OsS. Cependant les
Tables (L ne contiendront aucun compos dont la formule-cl
renferme un nombre suprieur 16.
SYSTMES DE PLUS D'UN COMPOSANT
Les composants de chaque systme sont premirement disposs
d'aprs l'arrangement type suivant l'ordre A, B, C, etc. Les
systmes sont alors arrangs, en accord avec l'arrangement type,
dans l'ordre de leurs composants A. Tous les systmes ayant le
mme composant A seront trouvs sous ce composant dans l'ordre
de leurs composants B, etc.
Dans certaines tables, le plan sera bas sur l'arrangement (L au lieu
de l'arrangement type. De tels cas seront toujours mentionns.
Noms Indices (Anglais)

Les
formules
chimiques
de presque tous les composs organiques
Name Indices
et les minraux dont les proprits sont donnes dans les T. C. I.
The chemical formulae of nearly all of the organic compounds peuvent tre trouves au moyen des indices extensifs des noms
and minerals whose properties are given in I. C. T. can be found donns aux p. 174 et 280.
Si l'on ne trouve pas le nom cette place, il faudra consulter
with the aid of the extensive indices of names given on p. 174 and
280. If the name is not found there, other works of reference d'autres ouvrages de rfrences pour la formule. Il faut noter,
must be consulted for the formula. It should be noted, however, cependant, que la formule exacte n'est pas ncessaire. Le comthat the exact formula is not required. The compound can be pos peut tre immdiatement situ si l'on ne connat que les
readily located if only the elements composing it are known (in the lments qui le composent (dans le cas des composs inorganiques),
case of inorganic compounds) or if only the number of carbon atoms ou que les nombres des atomes de C (dans le cas des composs
are known (in the case of organic compounds) provided only that organiques) ; la seule condition que le lecteur puisse reconnatre
the user can recognize either name or formula when he sees it. ou le nom ou la formule lorsqu'il la voit.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
PROPRITS PHYSIQUES DES

SUBSTANCES CHIMIQUES
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The following tables (p. 96 to 314) are intended to serve as

a source of ready reference for the approximate values of certain
properties of chemical substances, displayed in such a manner as to
be of the greatest utility. The values given may be uncertain by
one or more units in the last significant figure. Non-significant
figures are given in small type. Thus, 23oo indicates that the
correct value lies between 1800 and 2800, with 2300 as most
probable value.
More accurate values for these properties, if known, will be
found in subsequent sections of I. C. T., together with their literature references.
Les tables suivantes (p. 96 314) ont t tablies dans le but de

servir de source de rfrence rapide pour les valeurs approximatives
de certaines proprits des substances chimiques, et sont disposes
de manire tre de la plus grande utilit possible. Les valeurs
donnes puivent tre incertaines par une ou plusieurs units de
leur dernier chiffre significatif. Les chiffres non signicatifs sont
donns en petits caractres. Ainsi, 23o o indique que la valeur
correcte se trouve entre 1800 et 2800, avec 2300 comme valeur la
plus probable. Si l'on connat des valeurs plus prcises pour ces
proprits, on les trouvera dans les sections suivantes des T. C. L,
accompagnes de leurs rfrences bibliographiques.
~A. ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR
'A. SUBSTANCES LMENTAIRES ET AIR ATMOSPHRIQUE
2V-Tables, p. 102. Values in parentheses are estimated, usually

with the aid of the Periodic Law.
. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. p. 96)
-Tables, p. 106
1. Formula or formula and name.
2. Gram-formula-weight. (I. C. T. atomic weights, v. p. 43.)
3. Crystal system.
-Table.
Special tables.
Tables 2V, p. 102. Les valeurs entre parenthses sont estimes

ordinairement l'aide de la Loi priodique.
. COMPOSES CHIMIQUES. ARRANGEMENT TYPE
(v. p. 96)
Tables , (p. 106)
1. Formule ou formule et nom.
2. Poids molculaire en grammes (Poids atomiques des T. C. L,
v. p. 43.)
in den !fc-Tabellen nur die Verbindungen des U, Th und Ra

enthalten. Fr die anderen siehe Seite 364. In einigen ^-Tabellen, dort wo die Schlsselnummern mit 16 beginnen, findet man
hufig nur einige wenige einfache Verbindungen. Der Leser wird
dann auf die (T-Tabellen verwiesen, wo die restlichen derartigen
Verbindungen gefunden werden knnen. Diese Tabellen sind
nach anderen Gesichtspunkten zusammengestellt. Es ist das die
C-Anordnung (C-Arrangement)
Bei dieser Anordnung sind die Verbindungen nach ihrer empirischen Formel gegeben (einschliesslich Kristallwasser) und zwar in
der Ordnung C, H, die restlichen Zeichen dann in alphabetischer
Ordnung, z.B. C6H4I2O3S. Die (T-Tabellen enthalten jedoch
keine Kohlenstoffverbindung, in deren Schlsselformel eine Zahl
grosser als 16 vorkommt.
SYSTEME MIT MEHR ALS EINER KOMPONENTE
Die Komponenten jedes einzeln Systmes sind zuerst in der
Reihenfolge A, B, C, u. s. w., entsprechend des " StandardArrangement" anzuordnen. Die Systeme sind dann, entsprechend des "Standard-Arrangement/' in der Reihenfolge ihrer
A-Komponenten angegeben. Alle Systeme, welche dieselbe AKomponente haben, werden unter dieser Komponente in der
Reihenfolge ihrer B-Komponenten gefunden.
In gewissen Tabellen wird dieser Plan entsprechend der (LAnordnung, an Stelle des " Standard Arrangement/' gewhlt.
Solche Flle werden immer entsprechend bemerkt.
Namenverzeichnis (Englisch)
Die chemischen Formeln von so ziemlich allen organischen
Verbindungen und Mineralien, deren Eigenschaften in den I. C. T.
enthalten sind, knnen mit Hilfe des ausgedehnten Namenverzeichnisses auf Seite 174 und 280 gefunden werden. Ist der Name
hier nicht auffindbar, so mssten andere Quellen fr die Formel
nachgesehen werden. Es soll aber bemerkt werden, dass eine
genaue Formel nicht ntig ist. Die Verbindung kann bei anorganischen Verbindungen leicht aufgefunden werden, wenn nur die
Elemente, die sie zusammensetzen, bekannt sind, bei organischen
Verbindungen, wenn nur die Zahl der Kohlenstoffatome bekannt
ist. Ntig ist es, dass'der Leser entweder den Namen oder die
Formel beim Ansehen erkennt.
DIE PHYSIKALISCHEN EIGENSCHAFTEN

CHEMISCHER STOFFE
EINFHRUNG
Die folgenden Tafeln (s. 96 bis 314) sollen zur raschen Orientierung ber angenherte Werte gewisser Eigenschaften chemischer
Verbindungen dienen. Sie sind in einer solchen Art angeordnet,
um vom grsstmglichem Nutzen zu sein. Die angegebenen
Werte knnen auf einer und mehreren Stellen der letzten grossgeschriebenen Ziffer unsicher sein. Z.B. sagt die Zahl 23o o aus,
dass der zwischen 1800 und 2800 liegende Wert am wahrscheinlichsten 2300 sein wird.
Genauere Werte fr diese Eigenschaften knnen, wenn sie
bekannt sind, in den weiter unten vorhandenen Abschnitten der
I. C. T. zusammen mit der Literatur gefunden werden.
2\. ELEMENTARE STOFFE UND DIE ATMOSPHRISCHE
LUFT
^-Tabellen, Seite 102. Werte, die in den Klammern sich
befinden, sind geschtzt gewhnlich nach dem periodischem
System der Elemente.
. CHEMISCHE VERBINDUNGEN. NORMALANORDNUNG [STANDARD-ARRANGEMENT] (siehe S. 97)
-Tabellen, Seite 106
1. Formel oder Formel und Name.
2. Gramm-Formel-Gewicht (Atomgewichte der I. C. T. siehe S.
43.)
sar rimandato a una tabella < dove si troveranno gli altri

disposti con criterio differente che viene chiamato
La Disposizione (L
Secondo questa i composti sono disposti in base alle formule
empiriche (compresa l'acqua di cristallizzazione) nell'ordine
C, H e con i rimanenti simboli ordinati alfabeticamente P. es.
C6H4ÔsS. Le tabelle (L non comprendono per composti del
carbonio che hanno un numero chiave pi grande di 16,
SISTEMI DI PI' D'UN COMPONENTE
I componenti di ciascun sistema sono dapprima disposti secondo
la disposizione tipo, nell'ordine A, B, C, etc. I sistemi sono
quindi disposti, secondo la disposizione tipo, nell'ordine dei loro
componenti A. Tutti i sistemi aventi lo stesso componente A
verranno trovati, sotto questo componente, nell'ordine dei loro
componenti B, etc.
In alcune tavole il piano sar' basato sulla disposizione (L in luogo
della disposizione tipo. Di ci' verr' sempre fatta menzione.
Indici Per Nome (Inglese)
Le formule chimiche di quasi tutti i composti organici e minerali
di cui sono riportate le propriet nelle T. C. I. si possono trovare
con l'aiuto di estesi indici di nomi dati a p. 174, e 280. Se negli
indici non si trova il nome bisogna consultare altre opere per
trovare la formula. Deve tuttavia notarsi che non necessaria
la formula esatta. Il composto pu essere facilmente ritrovato se
si conoscono solo gli elementi componenti (nel caso di composti
inorganici) o se si conosce solo il numero di atomi di carbonio
(nel caso di composti organici) purch il lettore sia in grado di
riconoscerne il nome o la formula quando li vede.
PROPRIET' FISICHE DELLE SOSTANZE

INTRODUZIONE
Le tabelle seguenti (p. 96 a 314) hanno lo scopo di fornire per
una serie di sostanze valori approssimati di certe propriet disposti in modo da essere della pi grande utilit. I valori riportati
ps sono essere incerti per una o pi unit nelle ultime cifre significative. Le cifre non significative sono indicate in caratteri
piccolli. Cos 23oo indica che il valore esatto si trova fra 1800 e
2800, e che 2300 il valore pi probabile.
Valori pi precisi di queste propriet quando sono conosciuti,
sono riportati nelle sezioni successive delle T. C. I. insieme con le
relative indicazioni bibliografiche.
A. SOSTANZE ELEMENTARI ED ARIA ATMOSFERICA
Tabelle 2V, p. 102. I valori fra parentesi sono calcolati
generalmente con l'aiuto della legge periodica.
. COMPOSTI,
DISPOSIZIONE STANDARD (v. p. 97)

Tabelle , p. 106
1. Formula oppure formula e nome.

2. Peso della formula in grammi. (T. C. I. pesi atomici v. p. 43.)
3. Sistema cristallino.
Tabella .
Tabelle speciali.
4. Punto di fusione. (Alla pressione di una atmosfera, tranne che
non sia diversamente indicato dalla soprascritta; cos 12517atm- =
fonde a 125 alla pressione di 17 atmosfere.)
Tabella
4. Melting point. (Under 1 atm. unless otherwise indicated by

3. Systme cristallin.
superscript, thus 12517atm- melts at 125 under 17 atm.)
Table .
-Table.
Tables spciales.
5. Boiling point. (Under 760 mm Hg unless otherwise indi4. Point de fusion. (Sous 1 atm. moins d'une indication par
cated by superscript, thus 321125 = boils at 321 under 125 mm exposant, ainsi I2517atm- fond 125 sous 17 atm.)
Table .
Hg.)
-Table.
5. Point d'ebullition. (Sous 760 mm Hg moins d'une indica6. Density, g cm~3. (At 20 unless otherwise indicated by super- tion par exposant, ainsi 32l125 = bout 321 sous 125 mm Hg.)
script, thus 1.85340 = 1.853 g cm~3 at 4O0C,)
Table .
6. Densit, g cm"3. (A 20 moins d'une indication par
-Table.
7. Refractive index and dispersion, (UD and H0 Ha) for 20 exposant, ainsi 1,85340 = g cm'3 4O0C.)
unless otherwise indicated.
Table .
7. Indice de rfraction, et dispersion (nD et H0 Ha) 20
moins d'une indication.
ABBREVUTIONS AND CONVENTIONS
at. or at m. atmosphere
C.
cubic or regular
d.
decomposes, e.g., d. 335 = decomposes at ca. 335;
335 d. = melts (resp. boils) at 335 with decomposition
diss.
a dissociation temperature
exp.
explodes
1.
liquid
H.
hexagonal
M.
monoclinic
P.
under pressure
s.
sublimation
s. d.
slight decomposition
R.
rhombic or orthorhombic
Tet.
tetragonal
Tr.
transition temperature
Tri.
triclinic
Trig.
trigonal
vac.
in vacuo
var.
variable
ABRVIATIONS ET CONVENTIONS
at. ou atm.
C.
d.
diss.
exp.
1.
H.
M.
P.
s.
s.d.
R.
Tet.
Tr.
Tri.
Trig.
vac.
var.
atmosphre
cubique ou rgulier
Se dcompose, par ex., d. 335 = se dcompose
environ 335; 335 d. = fond (resp. bout) 335 avec
dcomposition
une temprature de dissociation
exploser
liquide
hexagonal
monoclinique
sous pression
sublimation
lgre dcomposition
rhombique ou orthorhombique
tetragonal ou quadratique
temprature de transition
triclinique
trigonal
dans le vide
variable
THE PROPERTY-SUBSTANCE TABLES

Following the General Tables will be found (p. 306) the Property-substance Tables, in each of which the substances, identified
by Index Number, are arranged in ascending order of the values of
the property, the intervals on the scale of values of the property
being given in black-face type.
To Identify a Substance by Means of Its Properties.Example:
A liquid is found to have the following properties: B. P. = 81.1
at 745 mm, d = 0.783, nD = 1.347. What is the substance ?
With the aid of Craft's rule, first correct the boiling point to 760
mm. If the general nature of the substance is unknown, put
c = 10~4 in the Craft's equation, At = 0^(760 P). Thus
in the present instance, we should have At = 10~4 X (81.1 +
273) (760 - 745) = 0.3, and tB = 81.1 + 0.3 = 81.4. Next
turn to the special B. P. (p. 310), d (p. 313), and n (p. 276) tables
and read off from these tables the index numbers of substances
having values of the above properties in the neighborhood of those
for the unknown substance. Thus, for the present example, the
following index numbers will be obtained: For B. P., 130, 758, 727,
1612, 168, 277, 1535, 506, 792; for d, 208, 168, 395, 506, 3320,
1049, 262, 792, 5156; for nDj 141, 168, 213. The only index
number common to each of these properties is 168; and on turning
to this index number in the General (T-Table, we can readily
identify our substance as acetonitrile. The identification can then
be further checked by appropriate chemical tests, if desired.
TABLES DES PROPRITS DES SUBSTANCES

On trouvera (p. 306) la suite des Tables gnrales, les Tables
des Proprits des Substances, dans chacune desquelles, les
substances identifies par leur Nombre-Index, sont arranges
dans l'ordre ascendant des valeurs de la proprit; les intervalles
de l'chelle des valeurs de la proprit sont donns en caractres
gras.
Pour identifier une substance au moyen de ses proprits.
Exemple: On a trouv qu'un liquide a les proprits suivantes: P.E.
= 81.1 745 mm, d = 0.783, nD = 1,344. Quelle est la substance?
Au moyen de la rgle de Craft, on corrige premirement le point
d'ebullition 760 mm. Si la nature gnrale de la substance est
inconnue, on pose c = IO"4 dans l'quation de Craft, At = c!TE
(760 P). Ainsi dans le cas prsent, nous aurions AZ = 10~4 X
(81.1 + 273) (760 - 745) = 0.3, et *E = 81.1 + 0.3 = 81.4.
Ensuite on cherche dans les tables spciales des P.E. (p. 310), des d
(p. 313) et des n (p. 276) et on note les nombres-index des substances
ayant les valeurs des proprits ci-dessus dans le voisinage de
celles de la substance inconnue. Ainsi, pour l'exemple prsent,
les nombres-index suivants seront obtenus; Pour le P.E., 130, 758,
727, 1612, 168, 277, 1535, 506, 792; pour d, 208, 168, 395, 506, 3320,
1049, 262, 792, 5156; pour nD, 141, 168, 213. Le seul nombreindex commun chacune de ces proprits est 168; en revenant
ce nombre-index dans la Table gnrale <, et en notant les autres
proprits, on peut rapidement identifier notre substance comme
tant actonitrile. L'identification peut tre alors pousse plus
loin au moyen d'essais chimiques appropris, si on le dsire.
3. Kristall-System
-Tabellen.
Besondere Tabellen.
4. Schmelzpunkt. (Bei l Atmosphre: wird dem Werte eine
Zahl rechts hinaufgesetzt, so bedeutet diese den Druck unter
welchem der Schmelzpunkt angegeben ist. Es bedeutet I2517atm- :
der Schmelzpunkt ist bei einem Druck von 17 Atm. bei 125.)
-Tabellen.
5. Siedepunkt. (Unter 760 mm Quecksilber: wird dem Werte
eine Zahl rechts hinaufgesetzt, so bedeutet diese Zahl den Druck,
unter welchem der Siedepunkt angegeben ist. Es bedeutet 32l125;
der Siedepunkt liegt bei einem Druck von 125 mm Hg bei 321.)
-Tabellen.
6. Dichte, g cm~3. (Bei 2O0C: wird dem Wert eine Zahl rechts
hinaufgesetzt, so bedeutet diese Zahl die Temperatur, fr welche
die Dichte angegeben ist. Es bedeutet 1.85340: die Dichte bei 40
betrgt 1.853).
-Tabellen.
7. Brechungs-index und Dispersion, (HD und H Ha) fr 20,
wenn nichts anderes angegeben ist,
ABKRZUNGEN UND ZEICHEN
at. oder atm. Atmosphre
C.
kubisch oder regulr
d.
zersetzt sich, z. B. d335 bedeutet, zersetzt sich bei
ungefhr 335; 335d bedeutet, schmilzt (oder
siedet) bei ungefhr 335 unter Zersetzung
diss.
Dissoziations Temperatur
exp.
explodiert
1.
flssig
H.
hexagonal
M.
monoklin
P.
unter Druck
s.
Sublimation
s.d.
schwache Zersetzung
R.
rhombisch oder orthorhombisch
Tet.
tetragonal
Tr.
Umwandlungstemperatur
Tri.
triklin
vac.
im Vacuum
variabel
var.
STOFF-EIGENSCHAFTS TAFELN
Den Haupttabellen folgend, findet man Seite 306 Stoff-Eigenschafts Tafeln. In jeder dieser Tafeln, in welcher die Stoffe durch
ihre Indexzahlen bezeichnet sind, werden die Stoffe in aufsteigender
Ordnung der Werte dieser Eigenschaften dargestellt. Die Intervalle an der Scala der Eigenschaftswerte sind in fettgedruckten
Ziffern angegeben.
Die Erkennung eines Stoffes mit Hilfe seiner Eigenschaften.
Beispiel: Es ist eine Flssigkeit gefunden, welche folgende Eigenschaften hat: Siede-Punkt 81. l bei 745 mm, d = 0.783, nD = 1.344.
Welcher Stoff ist das? Mit Hilfe der Regel von Craft corrigiere
man zuerst den Siede-Punkt auf 760 mm. Ist die allgemeine Natur
des Stoffes nicht bekannt, setze man c = 10~4 in die Gleichung
von Craft" ein : At = c TB (760 P). Im gegenwrtigen Falle ist also
At = 10~4 X (81.1 + 275) (760 - 745) = 0.3, wonach dann der
Siede-Punkt fo = 81.1 -f 0.3 = 81.4 sich ergibt. Dann verwende man die Sd.P. Tabellen (Seite 310), die d-Tabellen (Seite
313) und die n-Tabellen (Seite 276), suche in diesen die Indexzahlen jener Stoffe heraus, deren oben genannte Eigenschaften
solche Werte haben, die in der Nhe der Eigenschafts Zahlen des
unbekannten Stoffes liegen. So erhlt man fr das gewhlte
Beispiel, folgende Indexnummern: fr Sd. P. 130, 758, 727, 1612,
168, 277, 1535, 506, 792, fr d, 208, 168, 395, 506, 3320, 1049, 262,
792, 5156; fr UD 141, 168, 213. Die einzige Index-Nummer,
die alle drei Eigenschaften vereinigt, ist 168. Diese Index-Nummer
wird in der Haupt (t-Tabelle aufgesucht; mit Beachtung noch
anderer Eigenschaften kann man leicht die Flssigkeit als Azetonitril erkennen. Die Identifizierung kann dann noch weiter durch
eine chemische Untersuchung, wenn ntig, besttigt werden.
5. Punto di ebollizione. (Alla pressione di 760 mm Hg

tranne che non sia altrimenti indicato dalla soprascritta; cos
321126 = bolle a 321 alla pressione di 125 mm Hg.)
Tabella .
6. Densit, g cm"3. (A 20, tranne che non sia altrimenti
indicato dalla soprascritta; cos 1.85340 = 1.853 g cm~3 a 4O0C.)
Tabella B.
7. Indice di rifrazione e dispersione (nD e H# Ha) per 20
tranne che non sia altrimenti indicato.
ABBREVIAZIONI E CONVENZIONI
at. oppure atm. atmosfera
C.
cubico o regolare
d.
si decompone; per es. d335 = si decompone a
ca. 335; 355d = fonde (o bolle) a 335 con
decomposizione
diss.
una temperatura di dissociazione
exp.
esplode
1.
liquido
H.
esagonale
M.
monoclino
P.
sotto pressione
s.
sublimazione
s.d.
leggera decomposizione
R.
rombico od ortorombico
Tet.
tetragonale
Tr.
temperatura di trasformazione
Tri.
triclino
Trig.
trigonale
nel vuoto
vac.
var.
variable
LE
TABELLE DELLE PROPRIET' DELLE SOSTANZE
Seguendo le tabelle generali si troveranno (p. 306) le tabelle

delle propriet in ciascuna delle quali le sostanze, indicate col
numero indice, sono disposte secondo l'ordine ascendente dei
valori della propriet. Gli intervalli nella scala dei valori della
propriet sono indicati in grassetto.
Identificazione di una sostanza a mezzo delle sue propriet.
Esempio: si supponga che un liquido abbia le seguenti propriet:
B.P. = 81.1 a 745 mm, d = 0.783, rcD = 1.344. Che sostanza ?
Con l'aiuto della regola di Craft, bisogna anzitutto ridurre il
punto di ebollizione a 760 mm. Se non si conosce la natura della
sostanza bisogna mettere, nella equazione di Craft, c = 10~4,
t = 0^(760 - P). Cos, nel caso nostro, si avrebbe t = IO"4 X
(81.1 + 273) (760 - 745) = 0.3, e tB = 81.1 + 0.3 = 81.4.
Dopo bisogna guardare alle tabelle speciali per il B. P. (p. 310),
per d (p. 313) e per n (p. 276), e ricavare da queste tabelle i numeri
indici delle sostanze aventi valori delle suddette propriet vicini a
quelli della sostanza sconosciuta. Cos, per il nostro esempio, si
otterranno i seguenti numeri indici: per B.P., 130, 758, 727, 1612,
168, 277, 1535, 506, 792; per d, 208, 168, 395, 506, 3320, 1049, 262,
792, 5156; per n^ 141, 168, 213. L'unico numero indice comune a
ciascuna di queste propriet 168; tornando a questo numero
indice nella Tabella Generale (T, e osservando le altre propriet,
si pu prontamente identificare la sostanza nel acetonitrile.
La identificazione pu quindi essere ulteriormente comprovata
da appropriati saggi chimici, se si desidera.
ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR. 2V-TABLE

THE GASEOUS STATE
fi
I
Stand.
ard
j
density
0,
Density
of the
. ,
saturated
j.
vapor at
the nor-
S
I
1A
g l-i
mal boiling point
4,g
THE LIQUID STATE.(Continued)
,bP^C1~.
nc heat _y.
,,
. ,
Viscosity
joules
A ..
n = A
X
per^ * 1 0 _ 6
~ ... ,
, ,
Critical constants
f m
poises
atl50
dv*
n
C
de
gem-s8 I|
?"
atm.
Cp
P
iI '
"A
1.7824
oT89 -122.4 48.0 0.531 20.2 221
20
As
>1400.
Br
302.
1.18
155
20
Cl 3.214
144.
76. 0.573 17.2 132
20
F 1.695
H 0.08987
1.33 -239.9 12.8 0.031014.5s 88.7 20
He 0.1785
(11.2)
-267.9
2.260.069 20.9 197 20
Hg
0.020 at 1650 3soo
5.
494 273
320
I
553.
184 124
Kr 3.708
(8.3)
- 62.6 54.2
248 20
N
1.2506
4.61
-147.1 33.5 0.311 14.56176.5 23
Ne 0.9002
9.46
-228.7 26.9 0.484
312
20
O
1.4290
4.74
-118.8 49.7 0.430 14.60203.9 23
Q3 3.Oa at
- 5.0 (67.) 0.54
-80
P
721. 1Oo.
Rn 9.73
(12.6)
104.4 62.4
229
20
S
1040.
Tl
14.8
Xe 5.851
(9.7)
16.6 58.2 1.15
225 20
Air 1.2930
284.2 20
THE LIQUID STATE

1
~,
<Chem.
_.
Density
8ymb.
gem-
<
A
1.402
Ac
Ag 9.4
Al 2.40
As
Au 17.
B
Ba
Be
Bi 10.1
Br 3.119
C
Ca
Cb
Cd 8.0
Ce
Cl 1.557
Co
Cr
Cs 1.84
Cu 8.3
'
' Latent heat

of vaporiNormal
zation at B.
. ...
. . T, . ,
Thermal expansion
.
-1^-AXlO-
p
1
.bolb^solid
**
1"*) ->
per gram
v at
'
-185.7 45oo.
960.
658.
1063.
at
(s =
tB
-183
-185.7
(>ITOO.)
Uo. 960-1200
1950.
Ila. 658-1100
18oo.
615. s
26oo.
atom (3
"solid ")
\
Lv
6.3
249.
225.
139. s
368.
(2550.)
114o.
(15oo.)
270.
122. 270-630
14so.
20.
lloo.
0-30
58.7s
4200.
117o.
(>3soo.)
320.
15o. 320-540
767.
!400.
- 33.6 15oo. -34
-34.6
29oo.
22oo.
26.
37o. 27-123
67o.
1083.
190.1083-1295
23oo.
361.
193.
15.0
600.
399.
107.
10.0
380.
320.
73.
467.
gT
F
Fe
Ga
Ge
H
He
1.11
6.9
6.095
at <Q
-187.
3ooo.
1530.
29.7
-200
0.0709 -252.713000.
0.126
-268.9
0.147 1 _27fl 8
-255
<*max
Hf
Hg
I
In
Ir
K
Kr
La
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
N
Na
Ne
Ni
O
O3
Os
P
Pa
Pb
Pd
Pt
Ra
Rb
Rh
Rn
Ru
S
Sb
20.
107.
0.83
2.6
62.
146.
1.57
650.
0.808
0.93
1.204
-195.8
97.5
-245.9
1.14
1.71
-183.
-183.
10.3
11.
19.
1.475
4.4
1.808
6.55
-187.
3Oo o.
>16oo.
(27oo.)
-252.7
_268
44.5
327.
1550.
1755.
38.5
-62.
115.
631.
(>32oo.)
356.9o
184.3s
>14so.
(>48oo.)
29o. 62-150
760.
-151.8
lsoo.
18o. 186-230
>12oo.
38o. 650-800
lilo.
19oo.
37oo.
60oo. -195
-195.8
28o. 100-200
880.
-245.9
29oo.
41oo. -195
-183.Oo
2ooo. -183
-112.
(>53oo.)
520. 50-60
280.
(6200.)
12o. 327-825
162o.
22oo.
43oo.
(1140.)
34o. 40-140
700.
(>2soo.)
-61.8
(>2?oo.)
43o. 115
444.6
1Oo. 630-1050
138o.
182.
20
8Oo. 107-150
Sc
~
(6.)
380.
(5oo.)
0.450
Q 1Q
59.3
22.0
84.
(9.4)
(l?o.)
262.
24o.
71o.
2.80
105.
1.74
38o.
3.41s
4.8s
193.
52o.
74.
(18. i)
8.9s
19o.
(2400.)
Se
Si
Sn 6.98
Sr
Ta
Te
Th
Ti
Tl 11.0
V
W
Xe
Yt
Zn
Zr
87
85
13.546
4.00
1.745
IB
3.06
6.7
232.
300.
688.
26oo.
1Oo. 232-1600
226o.
115o.
(>41oo.)
139o.
(>3ooo.)
(>3ooo.)
14o. 300-350
165o.
-109.1
463.
15o. 41&-543
(3ooo.)
59oo.
-109.1
(2500.)
907.
(>2900.)
(620.)
(520.)
31.
170?
325.
383.
85.
120?
256?
91o.
(13.4)
99.2
(69.6)
(83.7)
AIR
Mole %
O 2 in
liquid
"10
20
20.94
0.83l
.856
.861
-195.0
-194.3
-194.2
-195.0
-194.3
-194.2
.893
.932
.974
-193.5
-192.6
-191.5
-193.5
-192.6
-191.5
30
40
50
A at t
tB
0.185
(pergram)
Chem. symb. [ Cp |
p
Pb
Rb
32.
S
30.4
Sb
28
Se
Sn
31.
Tl
Zn
Air
I 1.91*
50
100
630
232
A |
n
2?3
6
98.
- 6
23.5
- 6
95.
10
12.
- 6
76.6
- 9
49.
- 6
74.
- 6
43.
- 6
t _
25^
400.
50.
115.
860.
390.
300.
300.
440.
-200.
* Per gram, for liquid containing 20.94 mole % O2.
^11
,
Chem. symb.
A
Ag
Al
Au
Bi
Br
Cd
Cl
Cs
Cu
Ga
H
Hg
I
In
K
Li
N
Na
Ni
Q
r, ,> i ^ i
Specific heat joules
^
/
per gram atom
SURFACE TENSION
Electrical resistivity
,
ohm-cm
A = A X 10n
Cp I
t
A
I n
22.4
-100.
33.8
907-1100
17.0
- 6
28.
660
20.1
- 6
27.
1100
30.8
- 6
31.
400
127.
36.
13-45
7.8
12
36.
321
34.
- 6
33.5
0-24
>10.
15
32.
50
36.6
- 6
27.
1084
21.3
- 6
23.
119
27.
- 6
0.975
-252
27.9
20
95.8
- 6
8.01
114-185
78.
6
29.
- 6
30.
63
13.
- 6
45.
- 6
27.8
-200
32.
100
9.7
- 6
33.
1452
109.
26.4
-200
Chem.
,
symb.
J
'
1000~
657.
1063.
269.
17.
400.
-70.
28.
1083.
30.
^
Al
Bi
Br
Cd
Cl
Ga
H
Hg
Chem.
i
symb.
B
Br
Cd
Cl
H
Hg
N
20.
110.5
155.
62.
230.
100.
1500.
,
Chem.
,T
dyne
t
,
dyne
t
11
symb.
.
cm"
cm"1
2~5
-185.8
~~N
8.8s -195.8
520.
7so.
O
13.2
-183.
37e.
300.
Pb
442.
350.
36.
58.6
S
60.
120.
62s.
350.
Se
72.
217.
27. - 34.5
358.
30(CO2) Air, with 50
1.91 -252.7
m o l e % O 2 11.6 -190.3
47e .
20.
REFRACTIVE INDEX
Chem.
TlD
t
i
symb.
27s*
N
1.661
15.
Na
0.82*
O
1.385
20.
Pb
1.097*
-252.8
S
1.6-1.9
20.
Se
1.1975* -195.8
Sn
^D
1.2053
0.0045
1.221
2.6*
1.929
2.9
2.1
-190.
-181.
110.
220.
* These values are for the Hg line 5790 A.
THE CRYSTALLINE STATE
~,
~ , ,
Chem.
u (At.
/AX
Crystal
symb.
/
J
, v. p. system
or
J
wt.
f
v
form
4
A
Ac
Ag
Al
As
Au
B
Ba
Be
Bi
Br
C
Graphite
Graphite
C.
C.
C.
Met.H.
Black
YeI. C.
C.
TV _ -4.__ g
cm_3
Density,
d
1.65
10.5
2.702
5.7
4.7
2.0
19.3
2.
3.5
H.
1.8
H.
9.80
R.
(3.4)
Dia. C.
3.51
C.
2.25s
Single crystal
t
-233
20
20
Thermal
.
expansion
t J7
rI d
-r:/ = A X 10 6
& d
A at t
18.9
23.03
4.7
20
20
20
14.2
2
20
20
20
20
13.3
20
20
20
0.9
3
20
20
20
20
20
.~ , , . ,
,,.
. , aSpecific heat joules
Melting
point
/
o?.
per gram atom
0
C
i = 4.185
*OK cal.i
1i joule
J
A,
tp
-189.2
(Isoo.)
960.5
660.0
81436atm
1063.0
23oo.
850.
13so.
271.
-7.2
35oo.
Latent
heat of
fusion at
Electrical
. .. .,
tp
resistivity
J
_.,
,
ohm-cm
. Kilo,
A .. .. 6
joules per
A = A X 10~
gram
atom
LF
~
A
\ t
72
25.9
Cp at t
-223
25.2
24.2
25.8
27.0
20
20
0-100
0-100
11.
8.0
1.62
2.62
35
20
20
O
25.7
14.
18
0-100
13.3
2.4
1.8 X IO12
20
O
!2.
10.9
5.4
18.5
115
>1014
5XlO20
Uoo.
39-60
20
20
16.1
0-100
25.6
20
23.5 -192to-108
6.1
20
8.5
20
15
20
20
THE CRYSTALLINE STATE.(Continued)

Chem.
.
symb.
Ca
Cb
Cd
Ce
Cl
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
F
Fe
Ga
Ge
H
He
Crystal
,
J
d
L
system
( I ~ 5 s
8.4
H.
8.6
C.
6.90
H.
(6.7)
R.
(1.9)
C.
8.9
C.
7.1
1.90
C.
8.92
(1.3)
C.
7.86
Tet.
5.9i
C.
5.36
C.
0.0808
.
t
20
20
20
20
, ,
AA at t0
25.
.
tp
0-21
29.8
20
12.3
8.2
97.
16.6
20
20
0-26
20
20
20
20
-262
11.7
18
20
0-30
9o
20
20
20
Hf
H.?
14.19
-38.9
I
In
Ir
K
Kr
La
Li
Ma
Mg
Mn
Mo
N
Na
Nd
Ne
Ni
O
O8
Os
P
R.
Tet.
C.
C.
4.93
7.3
22.4
0.86
(2)
6.1s
0.53
20
20
20
20
93
33
6.5
83.
-190to
-40
20-100
20
20
20
20
20
56.
20
25.6
23.
4
20
20
20
C.
H.
C.
C.
C.
C.
H.
Ozone
H.
YeLH.
Red, C.
Black
C.
C.
1.74
7.2
10.2
1.026
0.97
6.9
(l.o)
8.90
1.426
20
20
-252.5
20
20
20
-252.5
22.48
1.82
2.20
20
20
20
11.34
12.0
20
20
6.5
21.45
(5.)
1.53
20
20
71
20
12.8
20
6.1
12s.
29.1
11.8
20
0-40
20
20
Po
Pr
Pt
Ra
Rb
Re
Rh
Rn
Ru
S
Sa
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sn
26.0
LF
20
28
24.8
20
0-100
6.2
28.
24.8
23.
29.
24.5
-113
20
20
20
20
24.9
23
22.3
2.4
20
12-23
0-100
-260.6
3.40
14.4
6.9
2.1
11.5
(0.8)
11.2
5.5s
-38.8?
28.0
-40
2.33
113.5
155
23so.
62.3
-169
82e
186
(2300)
651
126o
2620+10
-209.8e
97.5
840
-248.67
1452
-218.4
-251.
27oo.
44.1
59043atm
27.8
27.3
26.1
29
20
0-100
0-100
14
8.3s
26
23
0-100
O
-101.6
1480.
161s.
26.
1083.
-22s.
153s.
29.7s
958.5
-259.U
<-272.2
A
A
4.6
20
7.5
78
20
20
9.7
2.6
20.
1.69
20
O
20
20
10.0
53
89XlO3
20
O
O
21.3
-50
0.059
(1700)
Hg
Pb
Pd
810.
1950.
320.9
640.
/^ A ,o
Cp at t
327.5
1555.
25
24.6
26
23
28.4
27
20
O
20-100
-212
20
0-100
25.8
22.5
20
-221.8
25
23
24
20-100
9
-21 to +7
26.5
26.2
20
18
27
26.5
0-100
20
28.7
2.3s
(1.5)
(3.5)
7.13
8.4
0.35e
2.6s
(0.2 4 )
18.1?
0.22
0.654
4.70
Ie
1.3XlO 15
9
6.
7.0
59
9.3
4.46
5
4.7?
20
20
20
20
18
20
20
20
4.6
79.
20
20
6.9
20
9
IO17
20
11
71o X IO 3
21.9
10.8
O
20
20
88
10.5
18
20
12.5
20
5.1
20
10.
2 X IO 23
20
20
(1800.)
C.
12.5
(4.)
H.
12.2
R.
2.07
M.
1.96
7.7
H.
6.684
(2.5)
Gray, Trig.
4.80
Red, H.?
4.50
C.
2.4
White, Tet. 7.31
Gray, C.?
5.75o
C.
20
20
8.9
90.
8.4
20
20
20
20
20
20
9.1
64.
20
40
25
11.4
20
25
25
20
20
20
37
40
2.8-7.3
20
20.
20
5.
-163 to
-18
940.
175s.
(960.)
38.5
(3ooo)
195s.
-71.
24s o.
112.8
119.0
>l300.
630.5
12oo.
220.
1420.
231.8s
25
22
2.1s
0-100
(3.25)
26
23
24
0-100
0-30
O- 30
l.ls
25
20
19.5
28
0-41
20.7
26.9
25.6
20
18
20
39.
20
(2.2),
1.2
20
(7.)
8s X IO 3
11.4
20
20
THE CRYSTALLINE STATE.(Continued)

Chem.
,
symb.
Sr
Ta
Te
Th
Ti
Tl
U
V
W
Xe
Yt
Zn
Zr
85
87
Crystal
,
system
n
C.
Met. H.?
/3 H.?
C.
C.
Tet.
C.
C.
H.
C.
;
2.6
16.6
6.24
6.00
11.2
4.5
11.85
18.7
5.96
19.3
(2.7)
5.5i
7.140
6.4
A at t
I
20
7
16.8
20
40
IF
_
807!
28s o.
452.
^0
Cp at f
_
'
LF
_
1
27
25
20
20
3.9
2 s T I
15
[5.8-33
X IO3]
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
28
20
20
33
20
184s.
180o.
303.5
<1850.
17io.
3370.
-140.
149o.
419.4s
17oo.
(470.)
(23.)
26.8
29
26.6
28
24.6
26
0-100
0-100
20
0-100
0-100
20-100
6.1s
18.
3
18.1
60.
5.48
20
20
20
20
20
(2.05)
25.3
25.2
20
0-100
7.1
6
17o.
20
O
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
-TABLE
Compiled with the cooperation of Raleigh Gilchrist, F. W. Smithers and Edward Wichers, Bureau of Standards, Washington D. C.; J. A. Almquist, J. M. Braham and E. W. Guernsey, Fixed Nitrogen Laboratory, Washington, D. C.; H. E.
Merwin, H. S. Roberts, R. B. Sosman and E. G. Zies, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C.; John C. W. Frazer,
F. O. Rice and H. C. Urey, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md.; Robert D. Coghill, Florence Fenwick, Donald M. Hetler,
Norman W. Krase and Hugh M. Spencer, Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn. The list of minerals was supplied by E. T.
Wherry, Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C.
H20
Molecular
weight
(I. C. T.
atomic
weights, v.
p. 43)
18.0154
H2O2
34.0154
General
index
number
Formula
O
-
3
4
5
6
7
7.1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
H2O2.2H20
HF
C12.8H20
ClO2
Cl2O
Cl2O6
Cl2O7
HCl
HCLH 2 O
HC1.2H20
HC1.3H20
HClO4
HClO4-H20
15
16
HC1O4.2H20
HC1O4.3H20
136.497
154.512
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
HBr
HBr.2H2O
HBr.3H20
HBr.4H20
HBrO
HBrO3
BrF3
1O2
I2O5
HI
HI.2H20
HI.3H20
HI.4H20
HlO3
HIO4
HIO4.2H20
I2O5-HIO3
IF5
ICl (a)
80.9237
116.955
134.970
152.985
96.9237
128.924
136.916
158.932
333.864
127.940
145.955
163.970
181.985
175.940
191.940
227.971
509.804
221.932
162.390
35.1
ICl (0)
162.390
R.
36
37
ICl3
IBr
233.306
206.848
R.
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
CCaCbCdCe
16 77 51 29 59
70.0462
20.0077
215.039
67.4580
86.9160
166.916
182.916
36.4657
54.4811
72.4965
92.6119
100.466
118.481
Crystal
system
ClCoCrCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
Refractive
Specific gravity 20/4 index findNormal melting
(or at other indicated ing numpoint, 0C
temperature)
ber, v. p.
165
R.
1.7
- 51
-83
d. 9.6
- 76
-20?
- 1
-111
-15.35
-17.7
-24.4
-112
50
-17.8
- 43.2 (a)
- 37 (/3)
-86
-11
-47.5
- 55.8
R.
M. ?
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
d. 100
5
d. 130
d. 300
-50.8
- 43
- 48
-36.5
110
d. 110
Tr. 170
8
27.2
13.9
ca. 33
ca. 42
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
0.917
1. 0.9982
1.64374'46
1. 1.442
203
8
16
1. 0.98813-6
1.23
1.65
1. 1.194-"-8
1.48
1.1.46 8 ' 1
1.1.768
1.88
.1. 1.776J0
1. 2.16~68
2.11-1*
4.2}J
4.799f
1. 2.847~ 4 - 7
27
4.629
1.3.5
1.3.24JJ
3.1825
1. 3.24J
1. 3.182J
3.II 15
4.41410
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
IrKLaLiLu
36 83 58 81 72
T j XT
Index No.
T^
i
Formula
UT i x
Mol. wt.
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
SO2
SO3
S2O7
H2S
H2S2
H2S3
H2S6
H2SO4
H2SO4.H2O
H2SO4.2H20
H2SO4.4H20
H2SO6
H2S2O7
H2S2O8
SF6
SOF2
SO2F2
SCl2
SCl4
S2Cl2
SOCl2
SO2Cl2
SO3.SO2C12
S2O3Cl4
SO2OHCl
S2Br2
SOBr2
SOClBr
SeO2
HSe
H2Se
H2SeO3
H2SeO4
71
H2SeO4-H20
161.230
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
SeF4
SeF6
SeCl4
Se2Cl2
SeOCl2
Se2Br2
SeOBr2
H2SeO4-SO3
H2SeO4.2SO3
SO3-SeCl4
TeO2-Tellurite
155.200
193.200
221.032
229.316
166.116
318.232
255.032
225.280
305.345
301.097
159.500
83
84
85
86
86.1
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
TeO3.
H2Te
H2TeO4
Te(OH)6 (a)
Te(OH)6 ()
TeF6
TeCl2
TeCl4
TeCl4-HCl-SH20
TeBr2
TeBr4
TeI4
2TeO2-SO3
NO....
NO2
175.500
129.515
193.515
229.546
229.546
241.500
198.416
269.332
395.875
287.332
447.164
635.228
399.065
30.0080
1 46.0080 |
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61451
.
.
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Crystal
,
system
64.0650
80.0650
176.130
34.0804
66.1454
98.2104
162.340
98.0804
116.095
134.019
170.142
114.080
178.145
194.145
146.065
86.0650
102.065
102.981
173.897
135.046
118.981
134.981
215.046
253.962
116.531
223.962
207.897
163.439
111.200
80.2077
81.2154
129.215
145.215
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
. _ _,
M. P.
,20
di
- 72.7
16.83
O
-82.9
- 88
-53
1.1.923
1. 0.96~60
1. 1.376
1.1.496
1.1.7l18
1. 1.834
1.1.842"
1. 1.650J
10.49
8.62
- 38.9
- 25
45
35
<60
- 55
-110
_120mm
-78
- 30
-80
340
-64
d.
58
H.
H.
10
65
18
1.1.9
-54.1
-37.5
57 d.
-80
-46
-50
R.
Ref. ind.
^ -,. AT
luiding JNo.
15
L 1.621
56
1.1.678
1.1.638
1.1.667
1.1.837
61
52
22
1.1.753
1.2.635
1. 2.6818
1. 2.31
3.9531J
20
64
1.2.12-'
3.004J6
2.95O46
1. 2.60845
2.627J 5
1. 2.3565
25
- 80
1. 2.906}7-5
1.2.44
1. 3.6041S
1. 3.3850
8.5
41.7
6.6
20
165
Tet. P.
Tet. 5.66
R. 5.89
5.0810 5
1. 2.57720
3.44^-2
3.053
3.071
d.
-48
d. 160
C.
M.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
R.
175
214
- 20
ca. 280
ca. 380
259
d. 500
-161
- 9.3
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 1822
SrTaTbTeTh
7852661024
4.3I 4 6
8.403}6
4.7
1. 1.2697150'2
1. 1.448
TiTlTmUV
1927 70 4950
1056
7
WYYbZnZr
4857712821
T j AT
Index No.
T^
i
Formula
n /r i
Mol. wt.
97
98
99
100
101
102
N20
N2O3
N2O6
2N2O6-H20
N4O6
NH 3
44.0160
76.0160
108.016
234.047
152.032
17.0311
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
110.1
111
H 2 N.NH 2
N2H4-H20
N3H
NH 3 .HN 3
2NH 3 -H 2 0
N 2 H 4 -HN 3
HNO 3
HNO3JI20
HNO3.3H20
NH2OH
32.0468
50.0622
43.0317
60.0628
52.0776
75.0785
63.0157
81.0311
117.0619
33.0311
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
H3NO4
NH4OH
H 6 NO 6
(OH) 4 NON(OH) 4
NH 2 NO 2
NH 4 NO 2
NH 4 NO 3
119
120
NH4ONNOH
N 2 H 4 -HNO 3
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
NH 4 NO 3 -HNO 3 ...
N2H4.2HNO3
NH4NO3.2HNO3
NH 4 NO 3 -SNH 3
NOF
NO2F
NH4F.HF
N 2 H 4 (HF) 2
NCl3
NOCI
NO2Cl
NH4Cl-Salammoniac
N2H4-HCl
N2H4.2HC1
NH4CL3NH3
NH4C1.6NH3
NH2OH-HCl
NH4ClO4
N2H4JIClO3
N2H4.HC1O4.2H20
NOBr
NOBr3
NH4Br
N2H4.HBr
HBr.2NH3
NH4Br-SNH3
NH 4 Br-ONH 3
NH41
NH3I2
NH 4 I 3
NH 4 LNH 3
N2H4.HI
N2H4.2HI
NI 3 -NH 3
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
....
81.0311
35.0465
99.0465
180.078
62.0314
64.0468
80.0468
Crystal
^
system
R.
CCaCbCdCe
16 77 51 29 59
CICoOCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
-102.4
-102
30
5
- 77.7
1.4
< - 40
- 80
110
- 78
65
-42
- 38
- 18.5
34
R.
R.
79.0625
95.0625
143.063
158.078
206.078
131.140
49.0080
65.0080
57.0465
72.0622
120.382
65.4660
81.4660
53.4968
68.5125
104.978
104.590
155.683
69.4968
117.497
116.513
168 543
109.924
269.756
97.9548
112.971
114.986
149.048
200.141
144.971
270.895
398.835
162.002
159.987
287.926
411.835
,.. _
M. P.
-34
- 77
- 35
- 39
72 d.
d.
169.6
Ref. ind.
dl720Q
~ ,. XT
finding
No.
8 9
1. 1 . 2 2 6 ~
2
1.1.447*
1. 1.682"
0.817~79
L 0.607
1. l.Olli*
1. l .0321
6
28
1.1.502
12
1.35
1. 1.204J'-5
21
a 1.66f
1.725J*
65
70.7
62.1
12
104
30
ca. - 40
-134
-139
R.
C.
1.1.211JJ
105
-64.5
< - 30
C.
C.
M.
R.
89
198
10.7
- 18
151
d.
exp. 80
132
-55.5
-40
C.
1. 1.653
1. 1.417~12
1.1.32"
l. 536
145
1.42
1.6717
1.95
489
1.2.637
2.548
80
R.
13.7
-20
C.
-
R.
exp. 127
220
d->20
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
2.563
1. 2.4615
3.749
153
3J5
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
IrKLaLiLu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No.
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Mg Mn Mo N
76 42 47 11
Formula
NH 4 LSNH 3
NH 4 I.4NH 3
3N2H4.2HI
NH 4 I.6NH 3
NH4IO3
NH 4 IO 4
2NH4IO3.H2O
3NH2OH.HI
N2S6
N4S4
N2O3.2SO3
NH4SH
(NH4)2S
NO2SO3H
NH2SO3H
NH4HSO4
SO 2 (NH 2 ) 2
NH2SO3NH4
N2H4.H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4Mascagnite
(NH2OH)2.H2S04
(NH4)AO3
(NH 4 )AO 5
(NH 4 )AO 6
(NH 4 )AO 8
NH(SO 2 NH 4 ) 2
NH(SO3NH4),
(N2H4)2.H2S04
NH4SO3F
NSe
SeO2(NO2)2
NH4HSeO4
(NH4)2SeO4
(NH4)2SeBr6
(NH 4 ) 2 TeO 4
P2O3
P2O4
P2O5
P4O
PH3
P2H
P2H4
P9H2
P12H6
H2PO3
H3PO2
H3PO3
H3PO4
PF3
PF6
POF3
PCl3
PCl6
P2Cl4
POCl3
P2O3Cl4
PH4Cl
PF3Cl2
PBr3
PBr6
POBr3
PH4Br
PQCl2Br
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Mol. wt.
196.064
213.095
352.020
247.157
192.971
208.971
403.957
227.033
188.341
184.292
236.146
51.1115
68.1426
127.081
97.0961
115.112
96.112
114.127
130.127
132.143
164.143
148.208
180.208
196.208
228.208
179.223
211.223
162.174
117.104
93.2080
203.216
162.247
179.278
594.774
227.578
110.048
126.048
142.048
140.096
34.0471
63.0557
66.0788
281.231
378.334
81.0394
66.0471
82.0471
98.0471
88.0240
126.024
104.024
137.398
208.314
203.880
153.398
251.880
70.5128
158.940
270.772
430.604
286.772
114.971
197.856
|
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Cry
*tal
system
M. P.
d\
*
8
5.1
90
28
d. 150
exp.
exp. 150
104
11
178
230
'**%
finding
No.
R.
Tt.
Tri.
R.
3.309f
3.056l8
1.1.901l8
2.22 15
- 2.14
d.
73 d.
205 d.
146.9
92
125
254
513 d.
170
d. 150
d.
d. 130
d. 120
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
M.
M.
R.
M.
M.
' M.
2.03l2
1.78
357
117
245
exp. 200
- 13
d.
d.
R.
M.
C.
M.
R.?
1.37
1.769
602
1.982
543
1.965
2.162
2.194
3.326
3.0l 25
2.135f
2.537J 2 - 6
2.387
l .91226
L 0.746~90
l.8319
1.1.012
l .9516
1.8319
22.5
>100
563 var.
-132.5
686
35
Tt.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
1.493-
1.65l21-2
1.834"-
73.6
42.3s
-160
- 83
- 68
-111.8
148 P.
- 28
1.25
<- 50
2846atm-40
1. 1.57420-8
47
1. 1.675
1. 1.587
25
1.2.852l5
62
R.
56
|
Sb Sc Se Si Sn
14 56 9 18 22
13
2.822
|
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
1. 2.104
Ti Tl Tm U V
19 27 70 49 50
|_
W Y YbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
~ ~ F o r m u l a
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
POClBr2
PI3
P2I4
PH41
P2S3
P2S5
P3S6
P4S3
P4S7
P4Si0
P2O2S3
P4O6S4
PSF3
PSCl3
PS2Cl5
PSBr3
P2SBr6
P2S3Br4
PSCl2Br
PSClBr2
P2SI2
P3N6
NH 4 H 2 PO 2
NH 4 H 2 PO 3
NH4H2PO4
N 2 H 4 -H 3 PO 3
N2H4.H3PO4
(NH4)2HP04
(N2H4)H4P2O6
(NH 4 ) 2 H 2 P 2 O 6
N 2 H 4 (H 3 POa) 2
P3N3Cl6
P4N4Cl8
P5N5CIi0
P6N6CIi8
P6N7Cl9
P 7 N 7 CIi 4
PNBr2
PS3NH4.
As2O3
As2O3-Arsenite
As2O3- Arsenolite
As2O3-Claudetite
As2O5
AsH3
AsF3
AsF5
AsCl3
AsCl5
AsBr3
AsI3
AsI5
As2S2-Realgar
272
As2S3-Orpiment
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
As4S3
2AsSCLAs2S3
2AsI3.SI6
NH4H2AsO4
(NH4)2HAsO4
SbO2-Cervantite
Sb2O3-Valentinite
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
Mol. wt.
____^__
242.314
411.820
569.776
161.987
158.243
222.373
285.462
220.291
348.551
444.746
190.243
348.356
120.089
169.463
272.444
302.837
573.609
477.907
213.921
258.379
347.977
163.112
83.0782
99.0782
115.078
114.094
130.094
118.091
194.126
196.141
196.141
347.844
463.792
579.740
695.688
603.322
811.636
204.864
145.258
197.920
197.920
197.920
197'.92O
229.920
77.9831
131.960
169.960
181.334
252.250
314.708
455.756
709.620
214.050
246.115
396.035
531.081
1705.17
159.014
176.045
153.770
291.540
CCaCbCdCe
16 77 51 29 59
ClCoCrCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
I 0^1
system
H.
Tri.
M^R
30
61
110
290
276
298
172.5
310
290
300
102
3.87-6at- 35
< - 17
38
- 5
-30
-60
75
J
finding
1. 2.4550
~??W
No.
2.03
2.0317
2.1917
1. 1.635
193
2.8517
L 2.26217
1.2.12
1.2.48
2.5l 18
100
a. 123
Tt.
1.803
250
36
82
1.619
R.
R.
152
170
82
114
123.5
41
91
237.5
< - 18
190
275
C.
C.
M.
31s
1.98
2.18JJ
1. 1.7816-6
3.71
3.865f
3.86
4.15
4.086
160
986
-113.5
1. 2.666J
M.
M.
- 80
-18
a. - 40
32.8
146
76
307 ()
Tr. 267
300
Tr. 170
120
72
Tt.
M.
C.
R.
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
1.2.163
1.3.54Oj*
4.3943
3.93
a 3.50619
/33.254 19
3.43
191
1067
1071
3.6019
656
2.31l9-1
1.989
4.07
5.67
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
283
174
1024
IrKLaLiLu
3683 58 81 72
Index No.
Formula
Cry Stal
Mol. wt.
,
system
~
c
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
Sb2O8-Senarmontite
Sb2O6
SbH3
SbF3
:
SbF6
SbF5.2SbF3
SbCl3
SbCl5
SbOCl
Sb4O6Cl2
SbF2Cl3
SbBr3
291.540
323.540
124.793
178.770
216.770
574.310
228.144
299.060
173.228
637.996
266.144
361.518
292
SbI3
502.566
Trig. M. R.
293
294
295
296
SbI6
SbF61
(SbF6)21
Sb2S3-Stibnite
756.430
343.702
560.472
339.735
R.
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
'305
306
306.1
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
Sb2(SO4)3
Sb2O3.2Sb2S3-Kermesite
SbF6S
SbSe
Sb2Se3
SbS3C4
Sb4Se6
Sb2Te3
BiO
BiO2
BiO2.2H20
Bi 2 O 3 (I)
Bi 2 O 3 (II)
Bi 2 O 3 (III)
Bi2O3.3H2OBismite
Bi2O6
HBiO3
BiF3
BiOF
BiCl
BiCl3
BiCl4
BiOCl
BiBr
BiBr3
BiOBr
BiI3
BiOI
BiS
:
Bi2S3-Bismuthinite
BiSe
Bi2Se3- Guana juatite
Bi2Te3
Bi2TeO6.2H2OMontanite
Bi2Te2S-Tetradymite
Bi(NO3)3.5H20
Bi(N03)3.6H20
BiPO4
531.735
971.010
248.835
200.970
481.140
682.110
883.080
626.040
225.000
241.000
277.031
466.000
466.000
466.000
520.046
498.000
258.008
266.000
244.000
244.458
315.374
350.832
260.458
288.916
448.748
304.916
58-9.796
351.932
241.065
514.195
288.200
655.600
800.500
677.531
705.065
485.101
503.116
304.024
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
OB P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
ULP.
T
- 88
292
7
390
73.4
2.8
17Od.
R.?
rff
finding
~
2
3.78
1. 2.26~28
4.37920-9
L 2.99022-8
4.18821
3.14Of
1.2.336
M.
,R.ef' "I^
No.
78
58
5.014
55
96.6
167
Tp. 114
(R. to Trig.)
Tr. 125
(M. to Trig.)
79
ca. 80
ca. 115
550
M.
4.14823
L 3.845J 9 - 6
M. 4.76S22
Trig. 4.84S26
4.64
red 4.120
gray 4.284
black 4.652
3.625}
4.6
1032
1073
230
542
611
605
590
629
7.5
5.6
5.6
8.9
8.20
8.5
4.36
5.10
5.75
5.32
7.5
d. lio
820
Tr. 704
860
d. 415
R.
R.
R.
d. 120
320
230
225
393
4.7
7.72
287
218
H.
R.
5.7
8.08
5.7
7.92
7.7
7.39
439
685
R.
625
710
573
R.
R.
Tri.
|
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
M.
6.82
7.7
3.79
7.5
2.83
2.76
3.23
d. 30
|
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
1002
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index N o . I
Formula
334
335
336
337
338
BiAsO4
Bi8AsH2O8-Atelestite
5B2O3.2As2O3.9H2O ?Rhagite
CO
CO2
339
C8O2
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
SiO2-Cristobalite
SiO2-Lechatelierite
SiO2-Quartz
SiO2- Tridymite
SiO2-H2O-Opal
SiH4
Si2H6
Si3H8
Si4Hi0
Si2H60
SiF4
SiHF3
SiCl4
Si2Cl6
Si3Cl8
Si4CIi0
Si6CIi2
Si6Ch4
Si2OCl6
Si4O4Cl8
Si4O3Cl10
Si8Oi0CIi2
SiH3Cl
SiH2Cl2
SiHCl3
SiBr4
Si2Br6
Si3Br8
Si4BiI0
SiH3Br
SiH2Br2
SiHBr3
Si2H6Br
Si2HBr5
SiCl3Br
SiCl2Br2
SiClBr3
SiI4
Si2I6
SiHI3
SiCl31
SiCl2I2
SiClI3.
SiBr31
SiBr2I2
SiBrI3
SiS
SiSCl2
SiCl8-SII
SiSBr2
SiN
Si2N3
Si3N4
Si2N3H
Aa Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
64 79 75 15 5
Mol. w t .
347.960
831.975
2887.98
28.0000
44.0000
Cly stal
t
system
M.
M.
-207
- 56.6 B 2at.
68.0000
-107
Compounds of C with elements of key numbers 2 to 15 in <-Table, p. 176
60.0600
60.0600
60.0600
60.0600
60.0600
32.0908
62.1662
92.2416
122.317
78.1662
104.060
86.0677
169.892
268.868
367.844
466.820
565.796
664.772
284.868
459.904
514.820
809.976
66.5411
100.991
135.442
347.724
535.616
723.508
911.400
110.999
189.907
268.816
141.075
456.708
214.350
258.808
303.266
535.788
817.712
409.864
261.366
352.840
444.314
394.740
441.756
488.772
60.1250
131.041
167.507
219.957
42.0680
98.1440
140.212
99.1517
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
C. Tet. ?
Trig.
R.
1710
<1470m.
1670
-185
-132.5
-117
-93.5
-144
- 77
ca. -110
- 70
- 1
- 67
f
** ***
*
finding
No.
7.14
6.4
1009
6.82
1. 0.81387195
1.53~7'
1. 1.101-37
1.114<
23
2.32
2.20
2.651
2.26
2 . I t o 2.3
. 0.68~i86
. 0.69~2*
.0.725
.0.79
.0.881-8
228
24
267
463
69,82
. 1.483
.1.58
192
170 s. d.
- 33
1. 1.1457113
1. 1.42^122
1. 1.34
2.812J
-118
-122
-134
5
95
133
185 d.
- 94
-77
< - 60
-100
89
< - 60
< - 60
-39
120.5
250
8
< - 60
< - 60
2
14
38
ca. 53
190
1. 1.533
1.2.17
1. 2.717
1.2.432
1.3.314
1.853J5
75
93
;
By Er Eu F P8
67 69 64 3 43
|
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
3.17
3.64
3.44
2.015*7
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
Ir K La Li Lu
36 83 58 81 72
T j
XT
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
-r
Index No
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
Formula
Si8H9N
N2H4-H2SiF6
(NH4)2SiF6Cryptohalite
SiBr4.6NH3
SiO2.P2O6
3Si02.2Bi2O3Agricolite
3Si02.2Bi208Eulytite
SiC-Carborundum
Si(CH3)H3
Si(CHa)2H2
Si(CH3).
Si(CHa)3C2H5
Si(C2Hs)3H
Si(CH3)2[(C2H6)2]
Si(CHa)3C3H7
Si(CH3)2[(CH2)5]
Si(CHa) 2 (C 2 H 6 )(C 3 H 7 )
Si(CH3)3(C4H9)
Si(CH1J8(MO-C4H9)
Si(CH3)2(C3H7)2
Si(CHa)2(C2H5)(ISO-C4H9)
Si(CH3) ,(WO-C6Hn)
Si(C2H5),
Si(C3H7)3H
Si(C2Hs)3(C3H7)
Si(C2H5)3(C4H9)
Si (C2H5) 3(iso-C4H9)
Si(CA)8(Wo-C8Hn)
Si(C6Hs)4
Si2(CHa)6
Si(OCH3),
Si(C2H5)3OH
Si(CA)3OC2H5
Si(OC3H7J4
Si(C6Hs)3OH
Si(C6H6CH2)3OH
Si20(OC3H7)6
Si(CH3)H2Cl
Si(CH3)HCl2
Si(C2H5)Cl3
Si(C3H7)Cl3
Si(C2Hs)2Cl2
Si(C4H9)Cl3
Si(WO-C4H9)Cl8
Si(C2H5)(C4H9)Cl2
Si(C6H5)Cl3
Si(C6H6CH2)Cl3
Si(C2H6)(C6H5)Cl2
Si(SCN)4
TiO2-Anatase
TiO2-Brookite
TiO2-RuIiIe
Ti2O3
TiF4
TiCl4
TiBr4
TiBrCl3
TiI2
TiI4
TiCl4-SCl4
Ti2N2
TiP
TiCl4-PCl3
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 l
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
A/T i 4.
Crystal
Lwt system
107.257
176.122
178.138
C.
449.911
202.108
1112.18
M.
1112.18
C.
40.0600
H.
46.1062
60.1216
88.1524
102.168
116.183
116.183
116.183
128.183
130.199
130.199
130.199
144.214
144.214
144.214
144.214
158.229
158.229
172.245
172.245
186.260
336.214
146.259
152.152
132.183
160.214
264.276
- . . 276.183
318.229
426.443
80.5565
115.007
163.473
177.488
157.053
191.503
191.503
185.084
211.473
225.488
205.053
260.352
79.9000
Tet.
79.9000
R.
79.9000
Tet.
143.800
Trig.
123.900
189.732
367.564
234.190
301.764
555.628
363.629
123.816
78.9240
1 327.130 |
|
M
Pr Pt Ha Rb
60 37 80 84
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
A/r r
' "
,720
Ref. ind.
^
finding
No.
L 0.895~106
M P
186 d.
>2700
-156.4
-149.9
233
106
-134.1
-93
2. Ol
2.307
3.1
6
6.11
3.17
L 0.62^7
1. 0.68480
L 0.645?'9
1.0.684
L 0.751
L 0.7168
L 0.701?
1.0.804
1. 0.732?-6
1. 0.721J7
L 0.717*8
L 0.74I 4 7 ' 6
1. 0.743
1.0.73I 4 6
1. 0.766?'8
1. O.762?
1. 0.774J7
1. 0.7798
1. 0.78l}8-6
1. 0.782?
1. 0.725?-6
1.1.028?
1.0.871
1. 0.840
L 0.915
1.178
1.177
1. 0.977?"6
. 0.935780
. 0.93J
. 1.23924'4
.1.21Oi 0
. 1.106?
. 1.162?'8
.1.154
. 1.042
. 1.326?'8
. 1.289?'3
. 1.159?
08
994
175
410
439
1036
9
1034
1035
143.8
1640 d.
- 30
39
3.84
4.17
4.26
4.6
2.798 205
1. l.726
407
1028
409
59
4.30
150
64
2930
5.1818
3.95?
85.5
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
Formula
Mol. wt.
TiCl4-POCl3
TC14.2POC13
TiC
Ti10C2N8
Ti2Si
GeO2
GeH4
Ge2H6
Ge3H8
GeCl4
GeHCl3.
GeBr4
GeI4
Ge(C2H6)4
343.130
496.528
59.9000
615.064
123.860
104.380
76.4108
150.806
225.202
214.212
179.762
392.044
580.108
188.534
ry/tal
system
d\Q
*
M. P.
110
107
31so
-165
-109
-105.6
-49.5
4.25
5.29
4.02
4.703
1. 1.523~"2
1. 1.98~109
1. 2.2Q-105
1.1.874g
26.1
144
- 90
1. 3.132^
4.322l
0.991^;^
R.
^' ***'
finding
No.
13
All Zr salts probably contaminated with 1-5% Hf

473
ZrO2-Baddeleyite
473.1 ZrO2 (free from Hf)
474
ZrF4
475
ZrCl4
475.5 ZrOCl2.8H20
476
ZrOS
477
4ZrO2.3SO3
478
4ZrO2.3SO3.15H20
478.5 (NH 4 ) 3 ZrF 7
479
ZrP2
480
2ZrCl4-PCl5
481
ZrC2
482
ZrSi2
483
ZrO2-SiO2-ZkCOn
484
SnO
485
SnO2Cassiterite
486
SnF4
487
SnCl2
488
SnCl4
489
H2SnCl6.6H2O
490
SnBr2
491
SnBr4
492
SnCl3Br
493
SnCl2Br2
494
SnClBr3
495
SnI2
496
SnI4
497
SnCl2I2
498
SnBr2I2
499
SnS
500
SnS2
501
SnSe
502
SnSe2
503
SnTe
504
SnCl4.2NOCl
505
2NH4CLSnCl4
506
(NH 4 ) 2 SnBr 6
507
Sn4P3
508
SnCl4.POCl3
509
Sn2As3
510
SnC2O4
512
Sn(C 2 Hs) 2
513
Sn(CH3),
514
Sn(CHs) 2 (C 2 He) 2
515
Sn(C2Ho)4
516
Sn(C6H6)2
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
'..
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
1677 51 29 59
123.000
123.000
167.000
232.832
322.039
139.065
732.195
1002.43
278.034
153.048
673.978
115.000
147.120
183.060
134.700
150.700
194.700
189.616
260.532
441.556
278.532
438.364
304.990
349.448
393.906
372.564
626.428
443.480
532.396
150.765
182.830
197.900
277.100
246.200
391.464
367.526
634.274
567.872
413.930
462.280
206.700
176.777
178.792
206.823
234.854
272.777
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
ML
27oo
5.49
5.73
4.4s
O2
274.5
4.8?
4.1
2.5
M.
C.
70.2
4.77?
164.5
Tet.
C.
Tet. H. R.
4.8822
4.5
6.9s
7.0
4.78
25oo
.
246.8
-30.2
391
1.2.226
1.92527
5.1217
1. 3.3435
1. 2.513
1. 2.813
1. 3.113
215.5
31.0
-31
-20
1
320
143.5
4.46
L 3.29
3.6
5.080
4.5
6.18
' * 5.0
6.4s
2.6
2.4
3.50
5.18
5Od.
880
861
382, 387
'
7so
180
58
6.5e ,.
3.5618
1. 1.654
1.1.314
1. 1.232
1. 1.18723
225.7
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
50
44
'
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
Ir K La Li Lu
368358 81 72
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
57Sn(C6Ho)4
518
Sn2(C2H6),,
519
Sn(C2H3O2)2
520
SnCl(C2HU)3
521
SnBr(C2Hs)3
522
SnI(CHa) 3
:
523
SnI(C2Hs)3
524
PbO-Litharge
525
PbO-Massicotite
526
PbO2-Plattnerite
527
Pb3O4-Minium
528
PbF2
529
PbCl2-Cotunnite
530
PbCl4
531
Pb(ClO2)2
532
Pb(ClO3),
533
Pb(ClO3)2.H20
534
Pb(ClO4)2.3H2O
535
PbO.PbCl2Matlockite
536
2PbO.PbCl2Mendipite
537
PbO.2PbCl2Penfieldite
538
6PbO.PbCl2Lorettoite
539
PbCl2.PbO.H2OLaurionite
540
PbCl2.PbO.H2OParalaurionite
541
2PbCl2.PbO.H2OFiedlerite
542
PbFCl
543
PbBr2
544
Pb(BrO3)2.H20
545
PbO.PbBr2.H20
546
PbClBr
547
PbI
548
PbI2
549
Pb(IO3)2
550
PbO.PbI2
551
PbI2.PbO.H20
552
PbS-Galena
553
PbSO4-Anglesite
554
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
PbS2O3
PbS2O6.4H20
Pb2O(SO4)-Lanarkite
PbSe-Clausthalite
PbSeO4
PbTe-Attaite
PbN 6
Pb(NOs)2
2PbO.N2O5.1.5H20
4PbO.N2O3.N2O5.2H20
2PbO.N2O6.H2O
(NH4)?PbCl6
Pb(POs)2
Pb2P2O7
3PbO.P2Of
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
4PbOJP2O5
5PbO.2P2O5
8PbO.P2O5
PbCl2.3Pb3(PO4)2Pyromorphite
Pb(AsO2),
Pb(AsOs)2
Pb2As2O7
Pb3(AsO4),
Pb3(AsQ4)2.0.5H2O
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
'.
>
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
426.854
411.631
236.746
241.274
285.732
290.701
332.748
223.200
223.200
239.200
685.600
245.200
278.116
349.032
342.116
374.116
392.131
460.162
501.316
724.516
779.432
1617.32
519.331
519.331
797.447
261.658
367.032
481.047
608.248
322.574
334.132
461.064
557.064
684.264
702.280
239.265
303.265
319.330
439.392
526.465
286.400
350.400
334.700
291.248
331.216
581.439
1112.86
572.431
456.026
365.248
588.448
. 811.648
1034.85
1400.10
1927.65
2713.06
421.120
453.120
676.320
899.520
908.528
Pt Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Cry stal
.
system
M. P.
finding
d?
^'^t
No.
226
1.1.412
182
Tt.
R.
Tt.
L 1.4288
1. 1.630
1.2.109 1 *
1. 1.83322
9.5s
8.0
9.37s
9.1
8.24
5.85
1.3.18j
88s
855
50l
-15
exp. 126
R.
423
1068
417
1016
3.89
M.
R.
Tt.
R.
H.
Tt.
R.
M.
M.
Tt.
R.
M.
R.
d. lio
d. loo
524 d.
69a
R.
C.
R. M.
M.
C.
R.
C.
C. M.
M.
R.
R.
C.
R.
H.
7.6
6.24
6 .Os
5.8s
d. 142
d. 150
d. Iso
601
37s
d. 180
H.
d. 300
402
d. 3oo
3oo d.
d. <100
Ul 4
UTO
Tr. 864
1005
6.16
6.83
7.5
6.2
5.18
3.22
6.92
8.10
6.3?
8.1e
97?
106s
d.
91?
exp. 3so
4?o
d. loo
d. loo
d. Iso
d. !20
8Oo
824
1014
Tr. 782
982
946
860
lise
4.5s
189
981
311
995
162
5.9s
5.8
389
6.8
5.8s
6.42
6.85
7.30
7.oo
802
1042
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
1008
1022
398
418
1006
6.6e
5.5s
6.72
5.74
H.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
2.6
7.2i
7 .Os
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
1000
998
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
5PKXPb3(AsO4) 2
5PbO.Pb3(AsO4)2.0.5H2O.
10PbO.3As2O5.3H2O
PbHAsO4
Pb(H2AsO4)2
Pbs(PbOH)2(As04)4
2Pb3(AsO4)2.2Pb(OH)2.10H2O
65PbO.21As2O5.12H20
9PbO.3As2O 5.PbCl2- Mimetite
2015.52
2024.53
2975.81
, . 347.168
489.151
2040.26
2461.62
19552.5
2976.68
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602 .
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
4PbO. As2O3.2PbCl2Ecdemite
3PbCl2.3PbO. As2O5- Georgiadesite
5PbO.2PbCl2.As2O3
PbS.AsSartorite
2PbS.As2S3Dufrenoysite
3PbS.2As2S3Rathite
4PbS.As2S3Jordanite
4PbS.3As2S3Baumhauerite
7PbS ,2As2S3-Lengenbaehite
10PbS.3As2S3Guitermanite
3PbO.Sb2O5Monimolite
PbO.PbCl2.Sb2O3Nadorite
PbS.SbZinkenite
2PbS.Sb2S3Piumosit
SPbS.SbDtirfeldtite
3PbS.2Sb2S3Domingite
4PbS.Sb Meneghinite
5PbS.Sb2S3Geocronite
5PbS.2Sb2S3Boulangerite
5PbS.2SbMullanite
5PbS.4Sb2S3Plagionite
6PbS.Sb2S3Kbrickenite
PbS.Bi2S3Galenobismutite
2PbS.Bi2S3Cosalite, Bjelkite
2PbS.3Bi2S3Chiviatite
3PbS.Bi2S3Lillianite
4PbS.5Bi2S3Rezbanyite
6PbS.Bi2S3Beegerite
2BiSCl.PbS.Bi2S3
PbCO3-Cerussite
PbC2O4
Pb(CH3),
Pb(CHa)3(C2H5)
Pb(CH 3 ) 2 (C 2 H 6 ) 2
Pb(CH3)3(C3H7)
Pb(C2Hs)3(CH3)
Pb(CHs)3(C4H9)
Pb(CH3) 3(iso-C4H9)
Pb(CHs) 2 (C 3 Hy) 2
'
Pb(C 2 Ho) 4
Pb(CHs)3(WJO-C5H11)
Pb(C2H5)3(C3H7)
Pb(C 2 H 5 ) 2 (C 3 H 7 ) 2
Pb(CHj)2Ci8O-C4H9),
Pb(C2Hs)3(ô-C4H9)
Pb(CHs)2(Uo-C5Hn)2
Pb(C2H6)J1(Mo-C4H9)J
Pb(C2Hs)3(C5H11)
Pb(CJB6)S(MO-C6H11)
Pb(C6H5),
Pb(CHO2)2
Pb(^-C4H4O6)
Pb(c?-C4H4O6)
1646.15
1733.87
1870.15
485.380
724.645
1210.03
1203.18
1695.41
2167.09
3131.00
. 1236.68
792.856
579.000
818.265
1057.53
1397.27
1296.80
1536.06
1875.80
1875.80
. 2555.27
1775.33
753.460
992.725
2021.12
1231.99
3528.04
1949.79
1306.51
267.200
295.200
267.292
281.308
295.323
295.323
309.339
309.339
309.339
323.354
323.354
323.354
337.369
351.385
351.385
351.385
379.416
379.416
365.400
365.400
515.354
297.215
355231
' . 355.231
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Ca Cu
4 44 46 85 31
ry,Stal
system
M. P.
d
*
862
R.
H.
M.
TrL
H.
R.
R.
Tet.
R.
R.
R.
M.
M.
Tri.
8.04
6.8e
5.79
4.4e
7.0s
7.i
7.1o
d. >200
d. Uo
d. >200
IUo
Tr. 395
7.I 3
7. o
7. i
7. U
4.6
5. 5o
5 Ai
6. Io
5.3s
5.8
5.94
6.5s
7.02
5.3
5.62
5.9
5.62
6. 3o
6.4
6.18
6.3
5.4?
6.5
6.9
6.6
6.92
7.0
6.2
7.2?
6.42
6.6
5.28
. 1.995
. l .889
.1.790
. l .76Of
. l .712?
.1.674?
. l .668?'5
. l .623244'4
.1.659l 8
. l .524?-4
. l .595?-'
. 1.529?-4
. l .504?-6
.1.53Of- 6
. l .430
.1.456?
1. l .482
1.1.506?-8
d.
<700 d.
C.
R.
R.
M.
R.
R.
R.
R.
M.
R.
R.
C.
R.
500 d.
d. 3i5
- 27.5
R.
227.7
d. 190
R.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
|
Ga Gd Ge GIH
25 65 20 75 2
4.63
2.53019
3.871ia
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
Rf. ind.
finding
No.
"
179
1054
963
399
1059
1001
42
43
48
37
46
34
32
35
51
30
49
41
33
40
31
36
38
39
973
Ir K La Li Lu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No.
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
Formula
Mol. wt.
Pb(C2H3O2)2
325.246
Pb(C2H3O2MH2O
379.292
Pb(C2H3O2)2.10H20
505.400
Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 4
459.292
Pb(C3H5O2),
515.354
Pb(C6H11O2).,
437.369
Pb(C7H13O2),
465.400
Pb(C8H16O2)2
493.431
Pb(C9H1702)2
521.416
Pb(C10H1902)2
549.493
Pb(C12 H 23 O 2 ) 2
605.554
Pb(C14H27O2),
661.616
Pb(C16H31O2),
717.677
Pb(ClgH38O2)2.
, . 769.708
Pb(C18H36O2)2
773.739
3PbO.2CO2.H2OHydrocerusite
775.615
PbCl2-PbCO3-Phosgenite
545.316
PbBr2.PbCO3
634.232
Pb(OH)2.PbSO4.2PbCO3Leadhillite.... 1078.88
Pb(OH)2.PbSO4.2PbCO3Maxite
1078.88
Pb(SCN) 2
323.346
PbSiO 3Alamosite
283.260
2PbO.SiO2
506.460
3PKXSiO2 ?
729.660
3PbO.2SiO2Barysilite
789.720
SnPbS2Teallite
390.030
ThO2-Thorianite
264.150
ThCl4
373.982
ThBr4
551.814
ThS2
296.280
ThOS
280.215
Th(SO4)2.9H20
602.419
Th(PO3),
548.246
ThC2
256.150
ThSi2
288.270
ThO2.SiO2Thorite
324.210
GaCl2
140.636
GaCl3
176.094
(NH4)2Ga2(SO4)2.24H20
992.147
In2O3
277.600
InCl3
221.174
In (ClO4) 3.8H20
557.297
Ini
241.732
InI2
368.664
InI3
495.596
In2(SO4)3
517.795
(NH 4 )2InCl5.H20
346.183
(NH4) JnBr5-H20
568.473
(NH4)2In (SO4)2.12H20
541.154
Tl20
424.800
Tl2O3
456.800
TlOH.
Tl(OH)3
TlF
TlCl
T1C13.4H20
TlClO3
TlClO4
TlBr
TlBr3.4H20
TlBr2C1.4H20
I TlI
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
^ 1 V L R
system
280
M.
75
R.
22
180
132
74
91.5
84.5
95
100
104
107
112
a. 80
125
H.
d. 400
Tt.
Tt.
d.
M.
R.
M.
M.
76e
74e
7i?
Trig.
R.
C.
>2800
R.
820
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
d.
d.
d.
M.
R.
Tt.
175
75.5
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
I R?f> "'
finding
No.
710
6. U
6.1s
6.5s
6.5
6.9
3.82
6.49
395
396
6.72
6.4
9.69
4.59
5.67
6.8
6.44
2.7?
4.08
8. 9e
7.9616
5.3
394
996
992
182
L 2.36J
1.77
7.179
4.0
Trig.
221.408
255.423
223.400
239.858
382.836
287.858
303.858
284.316
516.210
471.752
331.332
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 a
^
*
3.251
2.55
1.689
2.23J8
89
80
35l
212
199
3.43s
2.281
3.167
2.011
R.
R.
3oo
759
88
brown 9.65J1
black 10.19f
>340
43o
37
7.Oo
501
46o
4o
4Od.
44o
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
5.0479
4.89
7.557 7 ' 3
J
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
7.09J 4 ' 7
TiTITmUV
19 27 70 49 50
|
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No. I
Formula
Mol. wt.
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
Tl2S
Tl2S6
Tl8S7
Tl2SO4
Tl2S2O6
TlHSO4
Tl2Se
Tl2Se-Tl2Se3
Tl2SeO4
Tl2Te
Tl2TeO4
TlN 3
TlNO3
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
(NH4) 3T1C16.2H20
Tl3PO4
Tl4P2O7
TlH2PO2
TlH2PO4
Tl2H2P2O7
Tl2SAs2S3-Lorandite
TlSbAs2S6-Vrbaite
Tl2CO3
Tl(C 2 H 3 O 2 )....
507.295
708.224
991.648
269.439
301.439
584.863
686.980
636.415
468.800
263.423
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
738
739
740
T1(CHO2)3
Tl(C3H6O2)
TlCd-C4H6O6)
Tl(^Z-C4H6O6)
Tl(raeso-C4H5O6).0.5H2O
T1H(C2H3O2)2
Tl2(^-C4H4O6)
Tl2(WeSO-C4H4O6)
Tl2(OZ-C4H4O6)
Tl2(d-C4H4O6).0.5H2O
T1H(C13CCO2)2
TlH(CBr3CO2),
TlOC6H2(NO2),Picrate
339.423,
277.439
353.439
353.439
362.446
323.454
556.831
556.831
556.831
565.838
530.156
796.904
432.440
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
Tl (SbO)(^-C4H4O6). H20
TlC1.2PbCl2
TlGa(SO4)2.12H20
ZnO-Zincite
ZnO
Zn(OH) 2
ZnF2
ZnF2.4H20
ZnCl2
Zn(ClO3)2.4H20
Zn(ClO4)2.6H20
ZnBr2
ZnI 2
Zn(IOs) 2
ZnS(a)Wrzite
ZnS (/3)Sphalerite
ZnSO4-Zinkosite
ZnSO4-H20
ZnSO4.6H20
ZnSO4.7H2OGoslarite
ZnS2O6.6H20
ZnSe
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
440.865
569.125
185.966
504.865
568.930
301.473
488.000
1134.40
552.000
536.300
600.300
246.424
266.408
CCaCbCdCe
16 77 51 29 59
,
,.
508.216
796.090
682.435
81.3800
81.3800
99.3954
103.380
175.442
136.296
304.357
372.388
225.212
319.244
415.244
97.4450
97.4450
161.445
179.460
269.537
287.553
333.602
144.580
ClCoCrCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
Cry tal
/
system
R.
M.
d f , A e
*
finding
M?R
44s
12s
12?
682
' ^
No.
8.0
975
5.57
12o d.
340
33s
R.
6.875
991
412
5.712
T R.
Trig.
a C.
M.
M.
M.
334
206
Tr. 75 (7 to )
Tr. 145 ( to a}
>12o
19o
19o
27o
M.
R.
110
M.
95
140
R.
Tri.
Tri.
S.eJ 1 ' 4
1053
2.38P
6.86
6.7se
4.723
5.53
5.30
7.11
3.68
1. 3.9
1072
2.8
3.496
3.494
3.518
64
Trig.
Tri.
M.
M.
Tet.
M.
M. (red)
Tri.
(yellow)
R.
C.
165
3.990
>1800
R.
M. Tri. ?
R.
C.
d. 125
872
Tr. 100
365
H.
C.
R.
M.
R.
Tri.
H.
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
558
899
957
435
H.
R.
C.
4.80
5.110
4.66
4.60
2.82248
3.92318
3.164J7
2.993J6
394
446
d.
185o15atTr. 102o
d. 740
d. 238
Tr. 70.0
Tr. 39.0
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
2.477
5.6Oe
5.4?
3.053
4.84^ 5
2.535J2
2.9if
2.15
2.15 .
4.219
4.666J 4 ' 2
4.98
4.08?
4.102 J 6
3.7445
3.28}5
2.072J5
1.97
1.915
5.42J5
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
110
392
404
187
860
490
188.1
IrKLaLiLu
36 83 58 81 72
TIndex
j No.
XT
T-.
i
Formula
TI/r i wt.
*
Mol.
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
298.657
316.672
192.880
189.396
243.442
297.488
153.377
170.358
243.290
300.420
421.122
389.336
483.368
293.588
401.680
495.950
258.188
386.188
458.250
458.250
458.250
295.490
242.792
539.630
385.198
215.300
346.060
392.680
474.060
618.183
573.455
125.380
153.380
189.411
95.4262
123.457
151.488
207.549
155.395
191.426
183.426
219.457
367.488
239.488
548.947
307.587
810
811
ZnSeO4.5H20
ZnSeO4.6H20
ZnTe
Zn(NOs) 2
Zn(NO3)2.3H20
Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0
ZnCl 2 -NH 3
ZnCl2.2NH3
ZnCl2.2NH4Cl
Zn(ClO3)2.4NH3
ZnBr2.2NH4Br
Zn(BrO 3 ) 2 .4NH 3
Zn(IO 3 ) 2 .4NH 3
ZnSO4. (NH4)2SO4
ZnSO4. (NH 4 )2S04.6H20
,.
Zn (SeO4). (NH4)2SO4.6H2O
Zn3P2
Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2
Zn3(PO4)2.4H2Oa Hopeite
Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O Hopeite
Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O-Parahopeite
ZnH4(PO4)2.2H20
Zn2(OH)PO4-Tarbuttite
Zn3(PO4) 2.Zn (OH)2.3H2OSpencerite . . .
Zn2P2S6
ZnAs2
Zn3As2
Zn2As2O7
Zn3As2O8
Zn3(AsO4)2.8H2OKoettigite
4ZnO.As2O5-H2O-Adamite
ZnCO3-Smithsonite
ZnC2O4
ZnC2O4.2H2O
Zn(CH 3 ),
Zn(C 2 H 6 ) 2
Zn(C 3 H 7 ) 2
Zn(Mo-C6Hii),
Zn(CHO 2 ) 2
Zn(CHO2)2.2H2O
Zn(C 2 H 3 Os) 2
Zn(C2H3O2)2.2H20
Zn(Z-C4H5O6)2.2H2OZ-Malate
Zn(C 3H7CO2)2
5ZnO.2CO2.3H2OHydrozincite
Zn(CH2SO3)2.3H2O-Ethane disulfonate.
ZnCioH6O6S2.6H2O l,
5-Naphthalene
disulfonate
Zn(CN) 2
ZnO.SiO2
459.649
117.396
141.440
M.
R,
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
2ZnO.SiO2Willemite
2ZnO.SiO2.H2OCalamine
ZnSiF6.6H20
ZnSiS
ZnO-TiO2
ZnO.3TiO2
3ZnO.2TiO2
4ZnO.5TiO2
Tl2Zn (SO4)2.6H20
CdO
Cd20
Cd(OH) 2
222.820
240.835
315.532
125.505
161.280
321.080
403.940
725.020
774.402
128.410
240.820
146 .425
Trig.
R.
H.
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 l
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Crystal
,
system
Tri.
Tet.
C.
Tet.
R.
R.
T I T -P.
D
M.
d. >50
d.
1238.5
44.07
45.5
36.4
exp. 169
exp. 215
C.
R.
M.
R.
Trig.
d.
>420
9oo
Tr. >105
Tr. > 140
Tr. >163
100 d.
Trig.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
1.82
l .84
2.625
2.27
2.82
2.2s
1.931
2.20
4.5543
3.998J5
3.04
3.03
516
620
734
720
793
898
755
771
1015
4.TOiJ 1
4.91345
3.30915
4.345
4.44
2.58 7 ' 6
2.562
1.1.38610
1.1.18218
d. 100
d. > 100
.dl 3oo
1. l .022
2.3e
2.205
1.840
l .735
l .70I20
M.
M.
C.
252
188.2
2.06544
4. Is
3.14
2.2
d. 100
d. 100
-40
-28
M.
Tet.
M.
M. ?
Tri.
~ Ref.
,. ind.
AT
finding
No.
210.8
exp. 205
M.
M.
C.
R.
R.
R.
TrL
Tri.
Tri.
M.
H.
dl>2o
*
2.591
2.325
5.54J3
142
237
3.7
2.043
l .793
d. 800
1437
3.52
1. 3.86gls
3.9
3.45
2.104
3.41
3.17
4.92J 5
3.83
3.68i9
3.720
8.1s
8.19248
4.79 4 5
1509
d. 120
d.
d. 300
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
881
918
369
518
535
920
791
341
780
209
771
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 282l
Index No.
Formula
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
832.1
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
CdF2
CdCl2
CdCl2.2.5H20
Cd(ClO3)2.2H20
CdCl2.CdO.H20
CdBr2
Cd(BrO3)2.2H20
CdO.CdBr2.H20
CdI2(C*)
CdI2GS)
Cd(IOa) 2
Cd(IO3)2.H20
CdS-Greenockite
CdSO4
CdSO4-H20
CdSO4.2.66H20
CdSO4.7H20
CdS2O6.6H20
CdSe
CdSeO4.2H2O
CdTe
Cd(NOs) 2
Cd(NO3)2.4H20
CdCl2.NH4Cl
CdCl2.4NH4Cl
CdCl2.2NH2OH
Cd(ClO3)2.6NH3
Cd(BrO3)2.4NH3
Cd(IO3)2.4NH3
CdSO4. (NH4)2SO4
CdSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H20
CdSeO4. (NH4)2SeO4.2H2O
CdSeO4.(NH4)2SeO4.6H20
Cd2P2O7.2H20
Cd3(PO4)2
5CdO.2P2O5.5H2O
Cd(H2PO4)2.2H20
Cd3(PO4)2.2CdHPO4.4H20
3Cd3(PO4)2.CdCl2
Cd3As2
Cd2As2O7
CdHAsO4.H20
Cd(H2AsO4)2.2H20
CdSb
CdCO3
CdC2O4
Cd(CH 3 ) 2
Cd (CHO2) 2.2H20
Cd(C2H3O2)
Cd (C2H3O2).2H20
Cd(CH2SO3)2.2H20
Cd(CN) 2
CdO.SiO2
2CdO.SiO2
HgO-Montroydite
Hg20
HgF
HgF2
HgCl-Calomel
HgCl2-Corrosive sublimate
884
HgClO8
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
Mol. wt.
150.410
183.326
228.364
315.357
329.751
272.242
404.273
418.667
366.274
366.274
462.274
480.289
144.475
208.475
226.490
256.583
334.583
380.632
191.610
291.641
239.910
236.426
308.488
236.823
397.313
249.388
381.513
436.366
530.398
340.618
448.710
470.918
542.980
434.899
527.278
1016.22
342.520
1016.22
1765.16
487.150
486.740
270.393
430.392
234.180
172.410
200.410
142.456
238.456
171.433
207.464
336.602
164.426
188.470
316.880
216.610
417.220
219.610
238.610
236.068
271.526
284.068
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 3l
^1
system
O
C.
M.
H.
M. P.
568
Tr. 34
80
d. 280
583
R.
H.
H.
R.
M.
M.
M.
Tri.
H.
R.
C.
R.
Trig.
M.
Tri.
M.
M.
Tri.
M.
3ss
Tr. 160
175o10 at10Oo
Tr. los
Tr. 41.5
Tr. 4
d.
d. 100
1041
350
59.4
Tr. d.
exp.
exp.
20
13o
184
192
exp.
d.
d. 100
d. 2o
9Oo
Isoo
d. 55o
d. 100
d. 6Oo
C.
Tri.
Trig.
d. >120
d. 7s
455
d. <500
d. 34o
M.
256
M.
Tri.
C.?
C.
Tt.
R.
d. >20o
1242
1243
d. 100
d. 100
570
' 645 d.
302
277
R.
d. 250
R.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
d"
4
6^64
4.047?
3.327
4.56 4 5
5.192f
3.758
4.87l5
5.67Of
5.30534
6.48
6.43
4.820
4.691J4
3.786
3.090
2.48
2.272
5.81J6
3.632
6.2015
2.45547
2.93
2.01
2.721J
1.78
2.53
3.23
3.11
2.067
3.376
2.307
4.9655
*?.' ^
finding
No.
829
406
688
296
500
4.Ia 4 5
2.7421/
4.06
5.4645
6.211
5.974
4.16445
3.24I 4 6
4.258
3.3218
2.44
2.341
2.01
2.570
4.93
11. U
9.8
8.73
8.95
7.150
5.44
1. 4.44 280
1027
390
'
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 20
Ir K La Li Lu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
_
886
887
888
HgClO4.6H20
Hg(ClO4)2.7H20
Hg2ClO-Terlinguaite
HgCl2.2HgO
889
890
891
892
893
894
HgO.2HgCl2
Hg2O.2HgClEglestonite
HgCl2.3HgOKleinite
HgCl2.4HgO
HgBr
HgBr2
759.662
889.356
921.356
1137.97
280.526
360.442
895
896
897
898
HgBr2.4HgO
HgI
HgI2 (red)
HgI2 (yellow)
1226.88
327.542
454.474
454.474
899
900
901
902
903
904
904.1
904.2
904.3
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
914.1
915
916
916.1
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
Hg2Cl2I2
HgS-Metacinnabarite
HgS ()Cinnabarite
HgS (0)
HgSO4
Hg2SO4
Hg2SO4Cl2
Hg2SO4Br4
Hg2SO4I2
HgSO4.3HgS
Hg2SeO3
HgNO 2
HgNO3-H20
Hg (NO3) 2.0.5H20
Hg 2 (NO) 2
(HgOH)2.NH2OH
HgCl2.N2H4.HCl
HgCl2.2NH4Cl.H20
HgCl2.12NH3
Hg2(NOs)2Cl4
HgBr2.2N2H4.HBr.H20
NHg2Br.3NH4Br
Hg 2 (NO 3 )J 4
HgS.2Sb2S3Livingstonite
Hg(CH 3 ) 2
Hg(C 2 Ho) 2
Hg(C3H7),
Hg(ô-C4H9)2
Hg(C6Ho)2
Hg(C10H7)2Mercury -naphthyl
Hg(C2H3O2),
Hg(C 3 H 6 O 2 ) 2
Hg(C7H5O2)2
Hg(C18H33O2)2Oleate
Hg2(C3H5OO2
HgCH3Cl
HgC2H5Cl
HgCH31
Hg(C2H6S)2
Hg(CN) 2
CuOParamelaconite
CuO-Tenorite
Cu2O-Cuprite
CuF
CuF2.5HF.6H20
CuCl-Nantokite
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Cry
tal
system
408.160
525.634
452.678
704.746
726.000
232.675
232.675
232.675
296.675
497.285
568.201
816.949
751.149
994.700
528.420
. 246.618
280.633
333.634
461.236
468.267
340.039
396.535
475.899
667.068
603.475
789.008
1032.96
912.145
230.656
258.687
286.718
314.748
354.687
454.718
. . 318.656
346.687
442.687
763.118
547.297
251.091
265.107
342.565
322.817
252.626
79.5700
79.5700
143.140
82.5700
309.701
99.0280
Pt Pt Ra Rb
60 37 SO 84
M.
H.
M.
M. P.
d. 150
34 d.
d.
d.
d.
C.
H.
H.
d. 260
R.
237
R.
Tt.
Tt.
R.
d. 230
29Od.
Tr. 127
259
R.
C.
H.
H.
R.
M.
153
M.
dj
finding
4.28
2.78
8.725
red 8.3
black 8.5
6.42
8.33
7.93
9.10
7.307
6.05s
1. 5.12240
8.73
7.70
6.283
6.271
1. 5.24255
R ef
fi , '
7. 5o
8. Io
7.7s
6.47
7.56
d.
d.
270
d. 125
248
d. 120
180 d.
d. 140
70
79
d. 100
^
No.
1070
195
411
6.41e
5.925
4.7S5 39
4.3
7.33
4.083
157
R.
R.
2.84
- 9 P.
d. 100
73
18Od.
250
R.
121.8
188
d.
110
165
103
225 d.
170
193
143
77
4.81
1.3.069
1.2.444
1. 2.12416
1. l .83515
2.318
1.929
3.27o
Tt.
C.
C..
M.
C.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
d. 1026153 mm 2
1235- 6mm 2
908
d.
422
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
1029
53
54
4.063
3.482
4.00
6.4
6.40
6.0
2.405
3.53
TiTITmUV
19 27 70 49 50
1078
188
173
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
Formula
Mol. wt.
CuCl2
134.486
CuCl2.2H2O
170.517
Cu(ClO3)2.6H20
338.578
Cu (ClO4)2.7H20
388.594
3CuO.CuCl2.3H2OAtacamite
427.242
3CuO.CuCl2.3H2OParatacamite
427.242
4CuO.Cl2O5.3H20
523.242
CuBr
143.486
CuBr2
223.402
CuBr2.4H20
295.464
Cu(BrO3)2.6H2O. .. ,
427.494
CuI-Marshite
190.502
Cu(IOs)2
413.434
Cu(IOs)2JH20
431.449
Cu(IO3)OH
255.510
CuS-Covellite
95.6350
Cu2S-Chalcocite
159.205
Cu2S
159.205
CuSO4-Hydrocyanite
159.635
CuSO4-H20
177.650
CuSO4.3H20
213.681
CuSO4.5H2OChalcanthite
249.712
CuSO4.7H2OBoothite
285.743
Cu2SO8-H20
225.220
3CuO.SO3.2H2OAntlerite
354.806
Cu2SO3.CuSO3.2H2O
386.871
4CuO.SO3.3H2OBrochantite
452.391
4CuO.SO3.4H2OLangite
470.407
7CuO.2SO3.5H20
807.197
20CuO.SO8.2CuCl2.20H2OConnellite... 2300.75
Cu2Se
206.340
Cu3Se2-Umangite
349.110
CuO.SeO2.2H2OChalcomenite
226.801
CuSeO4.5H2O
'. 296.847
Cu(NO3)2.3H20
241.631
Cu(NO3)2.6H20
295.678
4CuO.N2O5.3H2OGerhardite
480.342
CuCl2.2NH4Cl
241.480
CuCl2.2NH4C1.2H20
277.510
CuCLSNH3
150.121
2CuCLNH3
- - - 215.087
2CuCLSNH3
249.149
3CuCl2.10NH3
573.769
Cu(ClOs)2.4NH8
298.610
CuBr2.2NH3
257.464
CuBr.3NH3
194.579
2CuBr.3NH3
338.065
Cu(BrO3)2.4NH3
387.526
CuLSNH3
241.595
2CuLSNH3
432.097
Cu(IO3)2.5NH3
498.590
(NH4) 2SO4.CuSO4
291.778
(NH4) 2SO4.CuSO4.6H20
399.870
(NH4)2SeO4.CuSeO4.6H20
494.140
CuP
94.5940
Cu2P
158.164
Cu3P2
252.758
4CuO1P2O5-H2O-Libethenite
478.343
4CuO.P2O.2H2OPseudolibethenite
496.359
4CuO.P2O6.3H2OTagilite
514.374
5CuO.P2O6-2H2ODihydrite
575.929
6CuO.P2O5.3H2OPhosphochalite
673.514
Cu(H2PO2J2
193.649
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
1677 51 29 59
ClCoCrCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
^1
system
R
C.?
R.
Trig.
R. M. ?
C.
M.
R.
C.
C. Tt.
M.
Tri.
R.
H. M. ?
R.
C.
R.
M.
Tri.
M.
H.
R.
M. P.
49s
UOd.
65
d. 200
d. 200
d.
So4
498
Tr. 3o
d. 180
GOS
d.
d. 240
d. 290
Tr. 103
1100
1130
200
d. 221
d. 20
d. 150
R.
R.
R.
H.
C.
1113
M. R. ?
Tri.
114.49
26.4 d.
R.
Tt.
M.
M.
d. 110
123
162
144
27o
d. 90
d. 2oo
115
135
exp. 140
105
117
exp. 215
d. 120
d.
d.
R.
M. Tri.
d
*
3.054
2.390 224
1.955
3.94
3.74
3.55
4.72
2.583
5.62
5.24l 15
4.87615
4.87815
4.6
5.6
5.783
3.6
3.1?
2.663
2.286J 5 ' 6
l .94421
3.8315
3.9
3.57
3.907
3.49
3.85
3.4
6.749 0
5.620
3.76
2.559
2.047
3.43
1.905l!"6
1.98
J'^
finding
No.
883
1033
172
186
641
921
944
939
350
916
903
354
1.81
2.31
2.72
2.348
1.87
2.22
5.14
6.4
6.67
3.7
4. o
4.08
4.2
4.4
538
639
932
968
940
exp. 90
Dy Er Eu P Fe
67 69 64 3 43
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
Ir K La Li Lu
368358 81 72
T j No.
AT
Index
T?
i
Formula
TV/T T wt.
4.
Mol.
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
CuPO4-CuOH
Cu3As-Domeykite
3CuO.As2O5.5H2OTrichalcite
4CuO, As2O6-H2O-Olivenite
4CuO.As2O5.3H2OLeucochalcite
4CuO.As2O6.7H2OEuchroite
5CuO. As2O 5.H2O-Erinite
6CuO.As2O5.3H2OClinoclasite
7CuO.As2O5.14H2OChalcophyllite
5CuO. As2O5.9H2OTyrolite
2Cu2S1As2S3
3Cu2S. As2S 5Enargite
3Cu2S.2As2S3 Binnite
Cu3(AsO4)2.3NH3.4H20
Cu3Sb 08)
239.172
265.670
558.707
566.215
602.246
674.308
645.785
761.386
1039.12
789.909
564.525
787.860
969.845
591.785
312.480
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1025. l
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
561.390
498.940
838.675
817.350
673.400
1824.42
1385.7
1474.6
3603.34
203.140
221.155
344.725
153.585
225.647
181.616
199.632
217.647
323.790
1036
1037
Cu6Sb2
Cu2S.Sb2S3Chalcostibite
Cu2S.2Sb2S3Guejarite
3Cu2S.Sb2SsStylotypite
Cu2S.Bi2S3Emplectite
5Cu2S.2Bi2S3Wittichenite
2Cu2S.Bi2S3.2BiSCl
2Cu2S.Bi2S3.2BiSBr
20CuO.Bi2O3.5As2O5.22H2O Mixit
2CuO.CO2Mysorine
2CuO.CO2.H2OMalachite
3CuO.2CO2.H2OAzurite
Cu(CH02)2:
Cu (CHO2) 2.4H20
Cu(C2H302)2
Cu(C2H3O2)2.H20
Cu(C2H302)2.2H20
Cu (CH2SO3)2.4H2OEthane disulfonate.
CuC10H6O6S2.6H2Ol, 5-Naphth a l e n e
disulfonate.
CuCN
CuC2O4.2NH3
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
CuSCN
Cu 2 (NHg) 2 (SCN) 2
Cu2Si
Cu4Si
Cu6Si2
CuO.SiO2.H2OBisbeeite
CuO.SiO2.H2ODioptase
2CuO.2SiO2.H2OShattuckite
6CuO.5SiO2.2H2OPlancheite
CuSiF6.6H20
CuCl2.PbO.H2OPercylite
2CuO.5PbO.3SO3.CO2.3H2OLinarite. . .
CuO.4PbO.P2O6Tsumebite
Cu2S.2PbS.Bi2S3Aikinite. . -.
5Cu2S.2ZnS.2As2S3Tennantite
Cu2HgI4
CuCl.HgS
Ag20
Ag2O2
AgF
AgCl-Cerargyrite
AgClO3
AgClO4
AgBr-Bromyrite
|
121.643
277.348
155.200
282.340 .
373.970
157.645
157.645
297.275
813.751
313.722
375.701
1613.38
1114.42
1151.93
1483.14
835.478
331.703
231.760
247.760
126.880
143.338
191.338
207.338
187.796
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 l
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Crystal
,
system
R.
H.
R.
R.
R.
R.
P.
d20
*
830
4.3
C.
C.
Tri.
687
Tr. 407OnOa)
830
R.
R.
R.
M.
M.
d. 220
M
115
d. 240
Tri.
M.
M.
474.5
R.
d. 20
Tet.
C.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
4.932
4.814
5.147
6. IO15
5.915
6.78
6.41
3.79
4.398
4.0
3.88
l .831
l .795
1.930
l .882
1.9
2.061
3.05
3.36
2.1581
4.67 18 - 7
5.4
6
6.45
4.4
6.096^
6.29
7.143166
7.44
5.8521^5
5.56
4.43o
d. 3oo
d. > 100
43s
455
23o
d. 486
434
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
885
951
960
891
964
976
306
912
352
977
938
652
667
792
2.305425 (a)
2.225l6 ()
2.846?5
1.02l2*
6.9 18
7.53
R.
Trig.
M.
M.
R.
C.
M.
R.
R.
C.
C.
3.4o
4.04
4.37
2.66
3. Os
4.289
4.40
4.48
3.05
8.51 ()
8.48 (a)
l .783
850
775
C.
Ref. ind.
__
c ..
finding
No.
931
8 .Oo
M.
Trig.
R.
457.839
89.5780
185.632
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
,
A
M.
6.474
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
783
319
948
320
211
176
967
987
198
177
185
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
Formula
AgBrO3
Agilodyrite
AgIO3
Ag2S-Acanthite
235.796
234.812
282.812
247.825
Ag2S-Argentile
Ag2SO4
Ag2S2O6.2H20
Ag2SeNaumannite
Ag2SeO3
Ag2Te-Hessite
AgN3
AgNO2
AgNO3
Ag2(NO)2
AgNO 2 -NH 3
NH4NO3AgNO3
Ag(NHg) 2 NO 3
AgCLAgNO3
2AgC1.3NH3
AgLAgNO3
AgI.2AgNO3
AgBr.NH4Br.4(NH4)2S2O3
Ag2P3
AgPO3
Ag3PO4
Ag4P2O7
Ag2HPO4
Ag3AsO3
Ag3AsO4
Ag3AsBr3
Ag2S.As2S3Smithite
Ag2S. As2S3Trechmannite
3Ag2S.As2S3Proustite
3 Ag2S. As2S5-Xanthoconite
Ag2S-Sb2S3-Miargyrite
3Ag2S.Sb2S3Pyrargyrite
3Ag2S-Sb2S3-Pyrostilpnite
5Ag2S-Sb2Sj- Stephanite
8Ag2S.Sb2S3Polybasite
12Ag2S-Sb2S3-Polyargyrite
Ag2S-Bi2S3-Matildite
AgNO2.Bi(NO2)3.2NH4NO2
Ag2CO3
Ag2C2O4
AgC 2 H 3 O 2 ..
AgC3H5O3-O-SH2O-Lactate
Ag2(^-C4H4O6)
Ag2(^-C4H4O6)
AgCN
AgCNO
AgCN-NH 3
Ag(SbO) W-C4H4O6).H20
4Ag2S. GeS2-Argyrodite
4Ag2S.SnS2Canfeldite
Ag2S.2As2S3.6PbSLengenbachite
3Ag2S.4PbS.3SbADiaphorite
3Ag2S.4PbS.3Sb2S3Freieslebenite
AgNO2.2TlNO2.Bi(NO2)3
AgCLHgCl
2AgLHgI2
4AgLCuI-Miersite
Ag2S. Cu2S-Stromeyerite
B BaBe Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
Mol. wt.
CCaCbCdCe
16 77 51 29 59
247.825
311.825
411.921
294.960
342.960
343.260
149.904
153.888
169.888
275.776
170.919
249.935
203.950
313.226
337.769
404.700
574.588
878.580
308.832
186.904
418.664
605.568
311.792
446.600
462.600
638.348
493.940
493.940
989.590
1053.72
587.560
1083.21
1083.21
1578.86
2322.34
3313.64
762.020
629.006
275.760
303.760
166.903
205.995
363.791
363.791
133.888
149.888
150.919
364.886
1127.81
1174.13
2175.65
2719.74
2719.74
1001.73
379.406
924.098
1129.75
407.030
ClCo CrCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
Cry al
f
system
Tt.
H.
R.
R.
C.
R.
R.
M. P.
d.
d. 552
>200
825
Tr. 17s
Tr. 17s
652
880
C.
R.
R.
Tt.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
Tt.
C.
Trig.
955
exp. 251.5
d. Uo
212
d. 110
7o d.
109.6
17o d.
16o
68d.
94
119.1
d.
M.
Trig.
Trig.
R.
M.
Trig.
M. Tri.
R.
R.
R.
R.
218 d.
exp. 140
d.
100
d.
320 d.
d.
102 d.
Tr. 45
R.
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
7.317
5.45f' 2
3.61
8.0
5.929
8.5
4.45326
4.352f
5.7534
**' in^
finding
No.
372
400
844
1050
336
d.
482
849
58s
d. 110
15Od.
C.
M.
R.
C.
C.
Tri.
R.
M.
d
*
5.206
5.6?
5.525
7.326
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
4.63
6.37o
6.37of
5.306 75
366
6.657f
5.55f
4.7oo
4.700
5.49
5.2
5.3O11J
5.7e
5.79O1J
6.3
6.1
6.50
6.9
3.05545
6.077
5.0294
3.259*5
1066
422
412
1030
425
1031
3.43215
3.77515
3.95
4.00
3.48l18-2
6.08515
6.28
5.8
5.9
6.3
4.874S
6.495
5.998J
5.64
6__2
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
183
Ir K La Li LiT
36 83 58 81 72
T j No.
AT
Index
T^
i
Formula
i/r i wt.
j.
Mol.
25Au20
1126
Au2O2
1127
Au2O3
1128
AuCl
1129
AuCl3
1130
Au 2 Cl 4
1131
AuBr
1132
AuBr3
1133
Au 2 Br 4
1134
AuHBr4.5H20
1135
AuI
1136
Au2S2
1137
Au2S3
Au2Se3
1138
1139
AuTe-Calaverite
1140
Au2Te4
1141
HAu(NO3)4.3H20
1142
Au2O3.4NH3
1143
Au2P3
Au(CN),.3H20
1144
1145
4AuCl3.3AgC1.8NH4Cl
1146
OsO2
OsO4 (yellow)
1147
410.400
426.400
442.400
232.658
303.574
536.232
277.116
436.948
714.064
-607.949
324.132
458.530
490.595
632.000
324.700
904.400
500.286
510.524
487.472
329.270
2072.28
222.800
254.800
1147.5
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
254.800
304.800
342.800
439.626
706.374
228.558
264.016
299.474
441.926
314.698
384.630
518.004
473.546
659.052
567.578
1238.91
266.146
481.185
518.086
514.894
838.880
702.958
227.295
353.630
432.830
297.370
300.208
444.056
352.286
710.804
992.900
369.278
345.150
588.292
616.292
766.124
954.188
618.308
646.339
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
OsO4 (white)
OsF6
OsF8
(NH4)2OsCl6
(NH4)2OsBr6
.IrCl
IrCl2
IrCl3
(NH4)JrCl6
IrC1.4NH3.H2O
[Ir(NHs)6Cl]Cl2
[Ir (NH3) 5Br]Br2
[Ir(NHs)5Cl]Br2
[Ir(NHg)6I]I2
[Ir(NHa)5Cl]I2
Ir2(SO4)3.(NH4)2SO4.24H20
PtCl2
PtCl4.8H2O
H2PtCl6.6H2O
PtBr4
H2PtBr6.9H20
PtI4
PtS
PtSe2
PtSe3
Pt(NH 3 ) 4 (OH) 2
Pt(NHs)2Cl2
(NH4)2PtCl6
[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2.H20
(NH 4 ) 2 PtBr 6
(NH 4 ) 2 PtI 6
PtP2O7
PtAs2-Sperrylite
[Pt(CO)Cl2],
2PtCl2.3CO
[Pt(CO)Br2],
[Pt(CO)I2],
[CH3(C2Hs)2SCl]2PtCl4
[(C2H6)3SCl]2PtCl4.
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 l
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Crystal
\
system
n/r -rP.
M.
finding
d. 20s
d. 18o
d. 16o
d. 289.5
254 d.
d. 25o
d. 115
16o d.
d. 115
27
d. 120
d. 14o
d. 19?
Tri.
472
72 d.
exp. 143
jzo
d;
Ref.
,. md.
AT
No.
7.4
3.9
5.1
8.754
4.65 22
9.04
2.84
6.67
d. 50
R.
159
M.
7.91
4.91
1. 4.44 4 i
41
57
39.5
34.5
C.
2.93
4.09
10.18
d. 798
d. 773
d. 763
C.
Trig.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
C.
M.
5.30
2.856
327
2.675
3.245 165
3.01
3.586155
3.12
106
d. 581
60
d. 180
<100d.
d. 100
5.87
2.43
2.431
8.897
7.65
7.15
R.
C.
Tet.
C.
C.
C.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
UOd.
d. 270
d. 110
d. >600
>800
195
130
182
ca. 150 d.
210
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
3.065
2.737
4.265
4.61
4.856
10.60
888
811
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No. I
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
Ag AI As Au
32 55 13 33
Formula
Mol. wt.
^1
system
M~P.
[C2H8NH2I2H2PtCl6
500.117
218 d.
[(CHa)8N]2H2PtCl6
528.148
245 d.
[CH3(C2H6)NH]2H2PtCl6
528.148
208
[C3H7NH2)2H2PtCl6
528.148
214
[(Wo-C3H7)NH2I2H2PtCl6
528.148
228
[(CHa)4N]2PtCl6
556.179
C.
278 d.
[CH3(C3H7)NH]2H2PtCl6
556.179
20Od.
[(CHa)3C2H6N]2PtCl6
584.210
C.
266 d.
[(C2H6)C3H7NH]2H2PtCl6
584.210
199
[C2H6(WO-C3H7)NH]2H2PtCl6
584.210
180
[C2H6(WO-C4H9)NH]2H2PtCl6
612.240
201 d.
[(C2H6)3N]2H2PtCl6
612.240
100
[(C3H7)2NH]2H2PtCl6
612.240
175 d.
[(CHa)3C3H7N]2PtCl6
612.240
C.
252 d.
[(CH3MwO-C3H7)N]2PtCl6
612.240
C.
237
[(C3H7)(WO-C4H9)NH]2H2PtCl6
640.271
188
[(CH3) (C2H6)3N]2PtCl6
640.271
C.
25Od.
[(CHa)2(C2H5)(C3H7)N]2PtCl6
640.271
C.
256 d.
[(CHs)3(C4H9)N]2PtCl6
640.271
C.
259 d.
[(CHa)3(WO-C4H9)N]2PtCl6
640.271
C.
220
[(CH3) (C3H7)2N]2H2PtCl6
640.271
>200
[(C2Hs)4N]2PtCl6
668.302
C.
25Od.
[(WO-C4H9)2NH]2H2PtCl6
668.302
213
[(C2H5)(C3Hy)2N]2H2PtCl6
668.302
175
[(CH3)2(C3H7)2N]2PtCl6
668.302
Tet.
250
[(CA)3(C3H7)N]2PtCl6
696.333
C.
235 d.
[(CH3)(C2H6)(C3H7)2N]2PtCl6
696.333
C.
228 d.
[(C2H6)2(C3H7)2N]2PtCl6
724.364
C.
22Od.
[(CH3)(C2H6)(C3H7)(WO-C4H9)N]2PtCl6.. 724.364
236 d.
[(C2HiO3(C4H9)N]2PtCl6
724.364
C.
220
[(C2Ho)3(Wo-C4H9)N]2PtCl6
724.364
M.
215
[(C2H5)(C3H7)3N]2PtCl6
752.394
Tri.
212
[(C3Hy)4N]2PtCl6
780.424
Tri.
199
[(CH3) (WO-C4H9) ,N]2PtCl6
808.456
R.?
174
[(C2H6) (MO-C4H9)IN]2PtCl6
836.487
Tet.
170
[(C3H7)(Wo-C4Hg)3N]2PtCl6
864.518
C.
168
Ptx(NOs)y(CaHbSc)
Tschugaeff and Chlopi n, 93, 82: 402; 12.
PtSi
223.290
lloo
Pt2Si
418.520
Pt3Si2
641.810
PtPbCl6.4H20
687.240
C.
PtPbBr6
881.926
d. >120
PtZnCl6.6H20
581.450
Trig.
PtZnBr6.12H20
956.291
Trig.
PtZnI6.9H20
1184.34
Trig.
PtCdCl6.6H20
628.480
Trig.
PtCuCl6.6H20
579.964
Trig.
RuO2
133.700
Tet.
RuO4
165.700
25.5
Ru2S3-Laurite
299.595
C.
RuSi
129.760
[Rh2(NH3)I0Cl2]Cl4
588.879
R.
d. 200
[Rh(NHs)5Br]Br2
427.814
R.
[Rh(NH3)J]I2
568.862
R.
NH4Rh(SO4) 2.12H20
529.264
C.
103
TlRh(SO4)2.12H20
715.625
C.
RbRh(SO4)2.12H20
596.665
C.
109
PdO
122.700
d. 877
PdCl2
177.616
5oo
PdI2
,
360.564
d. 3so
PdS
138.765
95o
Pd2S
245.465
soo d.
I PdSe
| 185900
|
.[
<960
|
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
d f * ? i n ^
*
finding
No.
2.275 18
2.015
139
2. 11515
2.218
2.229
1.81116
1.968 16
1.762"
1.89
1.885
1.804
1.903
1.7041S
1.821
1.87116
1.70215
1.731
1.812
1.795
1.75I17
1.737
1.776
l .6216
1.726
1.745
1,710
1.712
1.677
1.637
1.629"
1.602
1.57117
l .515
1.696
l .56217
1.509
11.63 15
13.818
14. l
3.681
6.025
2.717
2.877
3.689
2.882
2.734
7.2
5.77100
6.99
5.4
2.07918
2.65
3.1216
115
130
7.3
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
Ir K La Li Lu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No.
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1270-1
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
Formula
Mol. wt.
Pd(NHg) 2 Cl 2
211.678
(NHO2PdCl4
284.610
(NH4)2PdCl6
355.526
(NH4)SPdSO3Cl3-H20
365.268
Pd(CO)Cl2
205.616
Pd(CO)2Cl2
233.616
2PdCl2.3CO
439.232
PdSi
134.760
ZnPdCl6.6H20
492.920
MnO-Manganosite
70 9300
MnO.H2OPyrochroite
88.9454
MnO2Polianite, Pyrolusite
86.9300
MnO2.H20
104.945
Mn2O3
157.860
Mn2O3-H2O-Manganite
175.875
Mn3O4-Hausmannite
228.790
MnF2
92.9300
MnF3
111.930
MnF2.5HF.6H20
301.061
MnCl2-Scacchite
125.846
MnCl2.4H20
197.908
Mn(ClO4)2.8H20
397.969
MnCl2.3MnO2.3H2OKempite
440.682
MnBr2
214.762
MnBr2.4H2O
" . . . 285.820
MnS-Alabandite
86.9950
MnS2-Hauerite
119.060
MnSO4
, 150.995
MnSO4.H2OSzmikite
169.010
MnSO4.2H20
187.026
MnSO4.3H20
205.041
MnSO4.4H20
223.057
MnSO4.5H20
241.072
MnS2O6.6H20
323.152
MnSe
134.130
MnSeO4.2H20
234.161
MnSeO4.5H20
288.207
Mn 6 N 2
302.666
Mn(NO3)2.3H2O.
232.992
Mn(NO3)2.6H2O.
287.038
NH 4 MnO 4
136.969
(NH4)2SO4.MnSO4.6H20
391.229
(NH4)2SO4.2MnSO4
434.133
(NH4)2SO4.Mn2(SO4)3
530.196
(NH4)2SeO4.MnSeO4.6H2O. . . .
485.500
Mn6P2
391.628
Mn2P2O7
283.908
3MnO.P2O5.3H2OReddingite
408.884
3MnO.P2O6.4H2O ?Stewartite
426.898
5MnO.2P2O5.4H2OPalaite
710.808
5MnO.2P2O5.5H2OHureaulite
728.823
3MnO.As2O5-Armangite
442.710
4MnO.As2O6.H2OSarkinite,
Polyarsenite
531.655
Mn2O3.4MnO.As2O5.4H2OFlinkite
743.562
6MnO.As2O6.5H2OHemafibrite
745.577
7MnO.As2O6.4H2OAllactite
798.492
MnSb
176.700
10MnO.Sb2O6Manganostibite.
1032.84
Mn3C
176.790
MnCO3Rhodochrosite
114.930
MnC2O4
142.930
I Mn(CHQ2)2
144.945
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Cry tal
/
system
Tt.
Tt.
C.
Trig.
M. P.
d?
*
2^5
2.17
2.418
*ef' inf;
finding
No,
316
197
142
132
H.
C.
Trig.
R.
C.
C.
R.
Tt.
7.3l*5
2.359
5.18
3.25813
5.026
16s o
171
4.50
3.258
4.700
3.98
3.54
1.921
2.977f
2.01
1.99
2.94
4.38s245 fused
856
C.
M.
650
58.Oi
R.
M.
C.
C.
64.3d
d.
700
M.?
M. R.
Tri.
Tri.
C.
R.
Tri.
34.81
25.8
R.
M.
C.
M.
M.
R.
Tri.
M.
M.
H. R.
M.
R.
R.
M.
3.99
3.463
3.25
2.954
2.526
2.356
2.107
2.103
1.757
5.5915
2.949
2.334
6.63
1.82
2.20810-3
1.83i
2.5614
2.4O 11
2.093
4.94
3.707f
3.1
2.94
3.1?
3.1s
4.23
4.15
3.87
3.6
3.84
5.617
M.
1058
421
889
197
196
742
484
897
842
846
843
835
954
959
980
945
989
6.8917
3.125
2.4s 2 1 7
2.205
Trig.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
180
349
\
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
368
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
3
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1324.1
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
Ag Al Aa Au
32 55 13 33
Formula
Mol. wt.
Mn(CHO2)2.2H20
180.976
Mn(C2H3O2)2
172.976
Mn(C2H3O2MH20
245.038
MnCl2.2C6H5N.HCl
320.405
MnSi
82.9900
MnSi2
111.050
Mn2Si
137.920
MnO.SiOj
130.990
MnO.SiOsRhodonite
130.990
2MnO.SiO2Tephroite
201.920
3Mn2O3.MnO.SiO2Braunite
604.570
8MnO.7SiO2.5H2OBementite
1077.94
12MnO.8SiO2.7H2OEctropite
1457.75
MnSiF6.6H20
305.082
5MnO.SiO2. As2O3.H2ODixenite
630.645
12MnO.9SiO2.As2O6.7H2OSchallerite.. . 1747.73
MnO.TiOPyrophanite
150.830
2MnO.6PbO.3As2O5.H2OTrigonite
2188.84
2Mn2O3.3PbO.3SiO2Kentrolite
1165.44
2Mn2O3.3CuOCrednerite
554.430
MnPtCl6.6H20
571.000
MnPtCl6.12H20
679.093
MnPtBr6.12H20
945.841
MnPtI6.9H2O
1173.89
FeO
71.8400
Fe2O3Hmatite
159.680
Fe2O3.H2OGoethite
177.695
Fe2O3.H2OLepidocrocite
177.695
Fe3O4-Magnetite
231.520
FeF2
93.8400
FeF3
112.840
FeCl2-Lawrencite
126.756
FeCl2.4H20
198.818
FeCl3-Molysite
162.214
2FeCl3.2HCL4H20
469.421
FeBr2
215.672
FeBr3.6H20
403.680
FeI2
309.704
FeI2.4H20
381.764
FeS-Troilite
87.9050
FeS2-Marcasite
119.970
FeS2-Pyrite
119.970
Fe2S3
207.875
Fe3S4
295.780
Fe7S8-Pyrrhotite
647.400
FeSO4.H2OSzomolnokite
169.920
FeSO4.5H2OSiderotilate
241.982
FeSO4.7H2OMelanterite
278.012
Fe2O3.2SO3.7H2OAmarantite
445.918
Fe2O3.2SO3.1OH2O-Fibroferrite
499.964
Fe2O3.3SO3.9H2OCoquimbite
562.014
Fe2O3.4SO3.9H2ORhomboclasite
642.079
FeO.Fe2O3.4SO3.24H2OBilinite
984.150
2Fe2O3.SO3.6H2OGlockerite
507.517
2Fe2O3.5SO3.18H2O-Copiapite.. ..
1043.96
3Fe2O3.4SO3.1OH2O- Carphosiderite
979.454
Fe2O3.3TeO.4H2ODurdenite
662.242
Fe2N
125.688
Fe(NO3)3.6H2O
349.956
(NH 4 )2SO4.FeSO4.6H20
392.140
(NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H20
964.387
(NH4)2SeO4.FeSeO4.6H2O
486.410
FeP
86.8640
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Ca Cu
4 44 46 85 31
CrJ stal
l
system
M. P.
ET
17s
1280
1316
1273
1323
13oo
d.
Trig.
M.
R.
1404
Trig.
Trig.
Trig.
Trig.
d.
Trig.
R.
R.
C.
d.
142o
156o d.
1538 d.
H.
H.
<,*?' *
finding
No.
1.953
1.74
1.589
M.
Tri.
R.
Tt.
R.
M. ?
Trig.
H.
d\"*
282
45.7
5.9015
5.24 15
6.2015
3.48J*
3.72f
4.043f
4.7s
2.9o
2.46
l .90417 5
4.2
3.368
4.54
8.28
6.19
5.0
2.692
2.112
2.759
3.604
5.12
4.28
4.09
5.2
4.09
3.18
2.7
1.93
2.8
63
929
949
803
1044
206
385
344
405
1004
1014
424
1026
1013
280
4.636f
27
177
H.
R.
C.
H.
M.
Tri.
M.
Tri.
R.
Trig.
R.
119s
Tr. 450
d. >700
2.87
4.8
4.87
5.0
4.3
4.55
4.6
3.08
2.2
1.89
2.11
1.86
2.1
1.87
R.
Trig.
R.
2.1
2.6
d.
35
M.
C.
M.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
6.35
1.864
1.71
2.160
5^2
Ga Gd Ge GI H
25 65 20 75 2
642
471
762
255
270
675
530
958
654
371
990
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
513
102
612
_
Ir K La Li Lu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
372Fe2P
1373
Fe2P3
1374
Fe3P
Fe3P4
1375
1376
Fe(POs)3
1377
Fe2O3-P2O5^H2O- Strengite
1378
3FeO.P2O6.8H2OVivianite
1379
2Fe2O3-P2O5.12H2O-Cacoxenite
1380
3Fe2O3.2P2O5.8H2OBeraunite
1381
7FeO.2P2O6.9H2OLudlamite
1382
2Fe2O3.P2O5.2SO3.2H2ODestinezite . . .
1383
2Fe2O3.P2O5.2SO3.2H2ODiadochite....
1384
FeAs
1385
FeAs2-Arsenoferrite
1386
FeAs2-Lllingite
1387
FeAsO4.4H2OScorodite
1388
3FeO. As2O5-SH2O-Symplesite
1389
3Fe2O3.2As2O3.13H2O-Pharmacosiderite
1390
FeS2-FeAs2-Arsenopyrite
1391
2FeO.Sb2O6Tripuhyite...
FeS-Sb2S3-Berthierite
1392
1393
Fe3C
1394
FeCO3-H2O-Siderite
1395
FeC2O4.2H2O
Fe(CO)4
.
1396
1397
Fe(CO)6
1398
Fe2(CO)9
1399
FeC20Hi4O6S2-OH2O-Naphthalene-j3-sulfonate
1400
(NH 4 ) 4 Fe(CN)6.2NH 4 CLSH 2 0
1401
Fe4(NO)7S3N(C2H5)4
1402
FeSi
1403
FeSi2
1404
Fe2Si
1405
Fe3Si2
1406
FeO.SiO2Gruenerite
1407
2FeO.SiO2Fayalite
1408
2Fe2O3.2SiO2.3H2OIddingsite
1409
FeSiF6.6H2O
.
1410
FeO.TiO2Ilmenite
1411
Fe2O3-STiO2-Arizonite
1412
2Fe2O3.3TiO2Pseudobrookite
1413
6FeO-Sb2O3-STiO2- Derbylite
1414
2Fe2O3.PbO.3SO3.4H2OVegasite
1415
3Fe2O3.PbO.4SO3.6H2OPlumbojarosite
1416
3Fe2O3.2PbO.P2O5-2SO3.6H2OCorkite...
1417
5Fe2O3.3PbO.6As2O5 Carminite
1418
FeS.3Sb2S3.4PbSJamesonite
1419
3Fe2O3.2PbO.As2O5.2SO3.6H2OBeudantite
1420
9Fe2O3.4PbO.6As2O5.4SO3.33H2O
Lossenite
1421
2Fe2O3.3PbO.3SiO2Melanotekite
1422
TlFe (SO4)2.12H20
1423
Zn(FeO2)2
1424
Fe2O3-CuO
1425
FeS.CuSChalcopyrite
1426
FeS.2Cu2S.CuSBornite
1427
2FeS.CuSCubanite
1428
4FeS.Cu2S.2CuS
1429
4FeS.3Cu2S.3CuS
3Fe2O3.CuO.2P2O5.8H2OChalcosiderite
1430
1431
Fe2Q3.2CuO. As2O5.2H2OChenevixite...
Mg Mn Mo N
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 l
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
142.704
204.752
198.544
291.616
292.912
373.790
501.691
677.593
907.259
949.115
657.569
657.569
130.800
205.760
205.760
266.862
589.563
1109.08
325.730
467.220
427.640
179.520
133.855
179.871
167.840
195.840
363.680
578.170
445.083
659.773
83.9000
111.960
139.740
223.640
131.900
203.740
493.526
305.992
151.740
399.380
559.060
1122.08
854.817
1130.59
1335.71
2847.52
1967.98
ry/tal
system
M. P.
29
1110
R.
M.
H.
M.
M.
Tri.
C.
R.
R.
M.
M. ?, C.
R.
1020
99 o
R.
!837
Trig.
R.
d. 160
d. 140
-21
d. 100
Trig.
M.
R.
R.
Trig.
Trig.'
M. ?
R.
R.
H.
Trig.
Trig.
d
*
T?
4.5
6.74
5.04
3.02
2.87
2.58
3.38
2.9
3.72
2.1
2.0
7.83
7.4
7
3.2
2.96
3
6.2
5.82
4.0
7.4
3.8
2.28
1.99618
1.1.457
2.08518
1.490
1.883}5
6.1
5.4
7.0
6.7
3.5
15s o
125s
2.8
4.7s
4.25
4.7
4.53
M.
3.63
4.2
4.1
5.7
1423.58
Trig.
4.1
4622.21
1169.14
668.555
241.060
239.250
183.540
501.950
271.445
702.095
1116.14
986.829
584.771
R.
R.
C.
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Ref
finding
5.73
2.38
5.33
incL
No.
917
757
285
950
873
794
142
941
857
874
1015
377
1039
301
890
978
928
207
1069
1061
420
555
378
383
386
952
1010
124
1458
Tet.
C.
R.
4.2
5.0
4.0
5.0
4.85
3.1
3.93
Tri.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
SbScSeSi Sn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
Ti Tl Tm U V
19 27 70 49 50
969
379
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1439.1
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
Formula
FeS.Cu2S.SnS2Stannite
Fe2O3.CuO.PbO.2SO3.4H2OBeaverite..
2Ag3Fe(CN) 6.3NH3
FePtCl6.6H20
FePtI6.9H20
FeCXMnO2- Bixbyite
Fe2O3. MnO-Jacobsite
Fe2O3.9MnO.4P2O5.14H2OSalmonsite. .
9(MnFe)O.8SiO2.MnCl2.7H2O-Friedelite
CoO
Co2O3
Co3O4
Co(OH)2
CoF2
CoF2.3H20
CoF2.5HF.6H20
CoCl2
CoCl2.2H2O
CoCl2.6H20
Co (ClO3)2.6H2O
Co (ClO4)2.6H20
Co(ClO4)2.7H2O
. ...
CoBr2
CoBr2;6H20
CoI2..'
Co(IO3)2.6H2O
CoS-Syepoorite
Co3S4-Linnaeite
CoSO4
CoSO4-H20
CoSO4.4H20
CoSO4.6H20
CoSO4.7H2OBieberite
CoSe
.
CoSeO4.5H20
CoSeO4.6H20
CoSeO4.7H20
Co(NO3)2.3H20
Co(NO3)2.6H2O
Co(N02)3.3NH3
[Co(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 2 ) 2 ]NO 3
Co(NO3)2.6NH3
CoF2.6NH3
CoCl2.NH3
CoCl2.2NH3 (a)
CoCl2.2NH3 (0)
CoCl2.4NH3
CoCl2.5NH3
[Co(NHg)5Cl]Cl2
CoCl2.6NH3
CoCl3.6NH3
CoCl2.10NH3
[Co(NHs)4(OH2)Cl]Cl2
[Co(NH3)6(NO2)]Cl2
[Co(NH3)5(NO2)](NO3)Cl
CoBr2.2NH3
[Co(NH3)5Br]Br2
CoBr2.6NH3
[Co(NHs)5Br]Cl2
CoI2.2NH3
(NH4)2SO4.CoSO4.6H20
Co (SO4)2.4NH3.2H20
Co(SO4)2.5NH3
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Mol. wt.
429.940
694.642
1122.15
571.910
1174.80
158.770
230.610
1618.46
74.9700
165.940
240.970
92.9854
96.9700
151.016
305.101
129.886
165.917
237.978
333.978
365.978
383.994
218.802
326.894
312.834
516.926
91.0350
305.170
155.035
173.050
227.096
263.127
281.143
138.170
292.247
310.262
328.278
237.032
291.078
248.087
281.118
285.173
199.157
146.917
163.948
163.948
198.010
215.042
250.500
232.073
267.531
300.197
251.484
261.050
287.500
252.864
383.874
320.989
294.958
346.896
395.270
355.255
336.256
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
Cry stal
,
system
Tt.
H.
M~P.
C.
C.
R.
Trig.
C.
d. 8Oo
d.
M.
Trig.
M.
86
61
143
H.
J
*
4.4
4.36
2.45
2.7
3.45
4.95
4.75
2.88
3.1
5.6s
5.1s
6.0?3
3.59715
4.43
2.583
2.045
3.356
2.4772265
1.924**
1.92
^ in ^
finding
No.
373
848
329
131
2.075
4.909f
100 d.
>1100
C.
d.
M.
M. ?
Tri.
M.
M.
M.
,
d.
91
<100
R.
a. 321
27s
d.
R.
d.
M.
R.
M.
R.
26o
d.
5.68
3.68921
5.45
4.9
3.710g
1.92
2.368g
2.029^
1.948g
7.65
2.512
2.32
2.135
481
599
1.883g
2.001f
1.92217
1.473g
1.744g
2.097g
2.073g
1.593;*;
1.58Og
1.819g
1.497g
1.744g
1.7Ig
1.847
1.698"
1.800
2.4831/-8
1.955
2.0951^
222
M.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
1.901
1.804g
1.703g
Ga Gd Ge GIH
25 65 20 75 2
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
521
Ir K La Li Lu
36 83 58 81 72
T j XT
Index No.
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
- n i
Formula
TV/T i r+
373.294
666.523
346.726
489.540
393.861
297.141
208.890
208.890
283.850
342.820
326.830
598.953
165.995
118.970
146.970
170.970
185.016
197.016
249.078
356.132
M Lwt
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
[Co(NH3)6(SO4)]SO4H.2H20
[Co(NH3)(OH2)]2(SO4)3.3H2O
[Co(NH3)6]Cl(SO4).3H2O
. ...
(NH4)2SeO4.CoSeO4.6H20
Co(NH3)6Cl(Se04).3H20
Co (H2PO2) 2.6H20
CoAs2- Safflorite
CoAs2-Smaltite
Co As3-Skutterudite
Co2As3
Co3As2
Co3(AsO4)2.8H2OErythrite
CoAsS-Cobaltite
CoCO3-Spherocobaltite
CoC2O4
Co(CO)4
Co(CHO2)2.2H20
CoC3H2O4^H2O-Malonate
.
Co(C2H3O2)2.4H2O
Co(C5H7O2)3Acetylacetonate
CoCi0H6O8S2-OH2Ol, 5-Naphthalenedisulfonate
453.239
Co(CO)3NO
172.978
[Co(NH3)6(C2O4)]NO3.HNO3
357.149
CoSi
87.0300
CoSi2
115.090
CoSi3
143.150
Co2Si
146.000
Co2SiO4
210.000
CoSiF6.6H20
309.122
CoSnCl6.6H2O.
498.510
CoPtCl6.6H20
575.040
CoPtBr6.12H20
949.881
CoPtI6.9H20
1177.93
CoPtI6.12H2O.
1231.98
NiO-Bunsenite
74.6900
Ni2O8
165.380
Ni3O4.2H20
258.085
NiF2
96.6900
NiF2.3H2O..
150.736
NiF2.5HF.6H2O
304.821
NiCl2
129.606
Ni(ClO3)2.6H2O
333.698
Ni(ClO4) 2.6H20
365.698
Ni(ClO4)2.7H20
383.714
NiBr2
218.522
Ni(IO 3 ) 2
408.554
Ni(IO3)2.4H2O
480.616
NiS-Millerite
90.7550
Ni2S
149.445
Ni3S2
240.20,0
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
Ni3S4-Polydymite
NiSO4
NiSO4.H20
NiSO4.6H20
NiSO4.7H2OMorenosite
NiS2O6.6H20
NiSe
NiSeO4.6H2O
Ni(N03)2.6H20
NH4Cl.NiCl2.6H20
Ni(ClQ3)2.6NH3
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 l
OsTP~PbT Pd
35 12 23 41
304.330
154.755
172.770
262847
280.863
326.912
137.890
309.982
290.798
291.195
327.793
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Crystal
system
R.
Tet.
R.
M.
R.
_- ^
'
M R
d.
d.
d.
d.
d.
M.
C.
Trig.
d.
51
M.
M.
-1.05
1393
1277
1307
1327
Trig.
R. Trig.
Trig.
Trig.
Trig.
Trig.
C.
d.
Trig.
8Od.
149
H.
,20
Ref. ind.
"
finding
No.
l .82818
l .854
1.765
2.212
623
l .937
l .80948-5
6.97
6.5
6.79
7.35
7.82
2.9
850
6.2
2.818^
375
2.32549
1.731*
2.129 22
2.279
1.718-7
651
d
l .77
1.1.513"
1.26415
6.30
5.3
7.l 17
4.63
2.087
2.699
2.699
2.762
3.618
3.048
7.45
4.8s
3.41232
4.63
2.0141*
2.132
3.544
2.07
799
413
201
132
2.15
4.64f
5.07
H.
Trig.
d. ca. 100
79?
4.60
5.52
794
Tr. 545
C.
Tet. M.
R.
Tri.
Tet.
M.
M.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
Tr. 53.3
d.
56.7
180
Sb Sc Se Si S n S r T a T b T e T h
14 56 9 18 22
7852 66 10 24
4.7
3.6s
1.98
2.07
l. 948
l .908
8.46
2.31
2.05
l .645
1.52
Ti Tl Tm U V
19 27 70 49 50
246
501
262
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
Formula
,
Mol. wt.
Crystal
system
"
5 5 5 N i ( B r O 3 ) 2.6NH3.
1556
Ni(IO3)2.5NH3
1557
(NH4)2Ni(S04)2.6H20
1558
(NH4)2Ni(SeO4)2.6H20
1559
NiP2
1560
NiP3
1561
Ni2P
1562
Ni3P2
1563
Ni(H2PO2)2.6H20
NiAs-Nicollite
1564
1565
NiAs2Rammelsbergite
1566
Ni3As2Maucherite
1567
Ni5As2
416.709
493.710
394.990
M.
489.260
M.
120.738
151.762
148.404
238.118
296.861
133.650
H.
2 0 8 . 6 1 O R .
325.990
Tet.
443.370
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
453.990
598.113
165.715
180.460
536.990
212.525
146.690
170.690
286.085
184.736
176.736
248.798
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
Ag Al As Au
82 55 13 33
Ni3(AsO4)2
3NiO.As2O6.8H2OAnnabergite
NiAsS-Gersdorffite
NiSbBreithauptite
Ni5Sb2
NiSbS-Ullmannite
NiC2O4
Ni(CO) 4
3NiO.CO2.H2OZaratite
Ni(CHO2)2.2H20
Ni(C2H3O2)2
Ni(C2H3O2)2.4H20
NiCi0H6O6S2^H2O-I, 5-Naphthalene
disulfonate
Ni2Si
2NiO2.3SiO2.2H2OConnarite... .
NiSiF6.6H20
NiPdCl6.6H20
3NiO.6CuO.2As2O6.SO3.7H2OLindackerite
NiPtCl6.6H2O
NiPtBr6.6H20
CrO3
;
Cr2O3
Cr4O3.3H20
Cr6O9
CrF2
CrF3
CrCl2
CrCl3
CrO2Cl2
(CrO2)6Cl6
CrS
Cr2S3
Cr2(SOa)3
Cr2(SO4)3
Cr2(SO4)3.17H20
H2CrSO7
H2CrSeO7
(NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4
CrO4.3NH3
(NH4)2Cr2O7
(NH4)2Cr3Oio
(NHJ2Cr4Oi3
NH4IO3-CrO3
(NH4)2CrSO7
Cr2 (SO4)3. (NH4) 2SO4.24H2O
CrP
Cr(PQ3)3
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
452.959
145.440
397.590
308.842
486.230
1367.50
574.760
841.508
100.010
152.020
310.086
404.050
90.0100
109.010
122.926
158.384
154.926
632.798
84.0750
200.215
344.215
392.215
698.476
198.090
245.225
152.088
167.103
252.098
352.108
452.117
292.981
232.153
956.727
83.0340
289.082
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
M P
'
exp. 195
d.
1112
d.
968
1158
1170
C.
-25
M.
1309
H.
Trig.
H.
M.?
Trig.
Trig.
R.
H.
R.
Ref ind
finding
'
'
No.
539
643
998
Tr. 970
M.
H.
dl
*
T99
2.97
1.923
2.22
4.62 18
4.1918
6.315
5.99
1.824
7.57
7.1
7.86
d.
19o d.
19Oo
lloo
>1000
-96.5
4.982
3.0
6.3
7.70
6.6
2.235
1.1.310
2.6
2.154
1.798
1.744'5-7
1.79
7.2 17
2.5
2.134
2.353
2.2s
2.798
3.715
2.7
5.21
2.90
4
4.1i
3.8
2.75
2.7
1.1.836
2.5
4.1
3.7
2.2
3.0
1.7
845
136, 143
808
292
210
851
19o d.
200
M.
R.
M.
R.
170
R.
C.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
160
100 d.
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
1.8
1.96
2.I 5
2.33
2.34
3.5
1.72
5.7
2.9?
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
101
Ir K La U Lu
36 83 58 81 72
T j No.
XT
Index
T?
i
Formula
T\/r i wt.
x
Mol.
66Cr4(P2Oy)3
730.184
1617
Cr2As3
328.900
1618
4CrO3.As2O5.2(NH4)2O.H20
752.131
1619
Cr3C2
180.030
1620
Cr4C
220.040
1621
Cr6C2
284.050
CrC2O4-H20
158.025
1622
CrW-C4H4O6)
200.041
1623
1624
Cr[CH(COCH3) 2]3Acetylacetonate
349.172
1625
[Cr (CON 2 H 4 ) 6]C13.3H2O
572.711
1626
[Cr(CON2H4)6](CN)3.5.5H20
589.400
1627
[Cr(CON 2 H 4 ) 6 ](SCN) 3
586.510
1628
CrSi2
108.130
1629
Cr3Si
184.090
Cr3Si2
212.150
1630
1631
PbCrO4-Crocoitite
323.210
1632
3PbO.2CrO3Phoenicochroite
869.620
1633
TlCr(SO4)2.12H20
664.725
1634
ZnCr 2 O 4
233.400
1635
(NH 4 J 2 Cr 2 O 7 -HgCl 2
523.624
1636
Ag2CrO4
331.770
1637
Ag2Cr2O7
431.780
MnO-Cr2O3
222.950
1638
1639
FeCr2O4-Chromite
223.860
1640
NiCr2O6Cl2.9H20
491.765
1641
MoO2
128.000
1642
MoO3
144.000
1643
Mo5Oi4.6H20
812.0'92
1644
H2MoO4
162.015
1645
H 4 MoO 5
180.031
1646
MoF6
210.000
1647
MoO2F2
166.000
1648
MoOF4
188.000
1649
MoCl6
273.290
1650
MoI 2
349.864
1651
MoS2-Molybdenite
160.130
1652
Mo2S3
288.195
1653
(NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4
196.078
1654
18MoO3.14NH3.3H2O2.18H2O
3256.76
1655
Mo2P2
254.048
1656
Mo(POa) 3
333.072
1658
MoCl6.POCl3.
426.688
1659
18MoO3. As2O6.28H20
3326.35
1660
18MoO3. As2O5-SSH2O
3506.51
1661
Bi2O3. MoO3-Koechlinite
610.000
MoC
108.000
1662
1663
Mo2C
204.000
1664
Mo(CO) 6
264.000
1665
3C 2 H 4 (NH 2 ) 2 .HSCN.Mo(OH)(SCN) 3 ... . 462.447
1666
MoSi2
152.120
1667
TiO2.12MoO3.22H20
2204.24
1668
PbMoO4-Wulf enite
367.200
1669
2PbO.MoO3
590.400
1670
Fe2O3.3MoO3.7.5H2OMolybdite
774.796
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 U
WO3.H2OTungstite
WF6
WOF4
WCl6
WCl6
WO2Cl2
WOCl4
WBr5
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Crystal
,
system
M.
j2o
d:
"
d. 175
1890
1665
finding
3^2
6.2
1.8s
6.6s
6.7s
6.92
2.46
2.3315
ln
Ref,. ^XT
No.
'
214
15o
75
9Od.
M.
4.4
6.52
5.5
6.3
5.7s
2.3s
5.3
3. Ii
5.625
4.770
4.87
4.5
844
C.
M.
C.
1060
122
181
47
Tt.
R.
4.516 195
4.50 195
3.618
795
H.
M. Tri. ?
d. 115
3.12415
17
3.494
3.001
98
194
H.
4.3
4.8
5.9 15
2.270
2.975
6.17
3.28
1185
M.
M.
127
Tri.
Tri.
R.
3.088
2.822
d.
1065
2570
23so
8.40
8.9
1.95
128 d.
6.1
Tt.
Tt.
250.015
298.000
276.000
361.290
396.748
286.916
341.832
583.580
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
TV/r P.
r
M.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
60
1068
951
R.
R.
1473
2.5
Uo
24s
27s
6.7
419
4.5
919, 936,
953
1018
5.5?
21l
27e
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
WOBr4
WCl6.3WBr6
WI2
WI4
WS2
WP
WP2
W4P2
24WO3.P2O6.45H2O
WAs2
WC
W2C
,....
W3C
WSi2
W2Si3.
PbO. WO3- Raspite
PbO. WO3-Stolzite
CuO. WO3- Cuprotungstite
MnO. WO3-Hbnerite
FeO. WO3- Ferberite
Fe2O3. WO3.6H2OFerritungstite
NiO. WO3
3Cr3C2. W2C
UO2-Uraninite
UO3
UO4.2H20
U3O8- Pitchblende
UF6
(UO2)(ClO4)2.4H20
(UO2) (C1O4)2.6H20
UBr4
UI4
UO2(IO3)2
UO2(IO3)2.H20
UO2SO4.3H20
UO2NO3.6H20
UO2(NO3)2.3H20
UO2(NO3)2.6H20
(NH4)2(UO2)(NO3)4.2H20
(NH4)2(UO2)(SO4)2.2H20
UO2.2P2O6
3UO2.P2O6.6H2OPhosphuranylite
3UO3. As2O6.12H2O-Troegerite
Bi2O3.2UO2.3H2OUranospherite
5Bi2O3.3UO2.2As2O6.12H2OWalpurgite.
UC2
U2C3
UO3. CO2-Rutherf ordine
UO2C2O4
UO2(CHO2)2.H20
UO2(C2H3O2)2.2H20
(NH 4 ) 4 (UO 2 ) (CO3)3.2H20
UO2(C2H3O2)2.NH4C2H3O2
USi2
12U2O3.5SiO2.14H2OSoddite
U5Pb2Oi7^H2O-Curite
8UO3.4PbO.3P2O5.12H2O-Dewindtite.. .
UPbSiO6.1.33H2OKasolite
:
Cu(UO2)2P2O8.8H2O Metatorbernite I .
CuO.2UO3.P2O5.8H2OTorbernite
CuO.2UO2.As2O6.8H2OZeunerite
VO
VO2
519.664
2387.24
437.864
691.728
248.130
215.024
246.048
798.048
6520.74
333.920
196.000
380.000
564.000
240.120
452.180
455.200
455.200
311.570
302.930
303.845
499.772
306.690
920.090
270.170
286.170
338.201
842.510
352.170
541.148
577.178
557.834
745.898
620.034
638.049
420.281
440.270
448.232
502.278
590.310
534.408
554.266
1060.65
1304.61
1060.39
3816.53
262.170
512.340
330.170
358.170
378.201
424.247
558.356
465.278
294.290
6844.60
1949.31
3824.49
593.450
938.081
938.081
993.953
66.9600
82.9600
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
CCaCbCdCe
1677512959
ClCoCrCsCu
4 M 46 85 31
Cr3 al
f
system
M. P.
finding
d?
^- ^No.
27?
232
C.
2?77
28?7
>27oo
6.9
5.218
7.510
8.5
5.8
5.2i
4.68
6.918
15.718
16.0618
9.3
10.9
M.
Tt.
Tt.
M.
Tt.
H.
R.
1123
8.23
7.2
6.64
6.88 205
8.422
10.5
5.92
R.
1023
401
1007
1017
1062
364
d. lis
7.3i
4.68
M.
lio d.
9o
R.
R.
R.
5oo
d. 2 5 o
d. loo
59
!20
d. loo
R.
C.
M.
R.
Tri.
2260
2400
Tt.
R.
d. 110
d. 275
4.84
5.6
5.2
5.0s
3.2s
2.742
2.81
2.78
3.oi
3.9
3.3
6.36
5.7e
11. a18
11.28
5.6
2.98
3.6919
2.8916
2.7?
Tt.
906
802
993
997
935
223
R.
M.
Tt.
Tt.
Tt.
>1755
DyErEuFFe
676964343
525
GaGdGeGlH
256520752
8.0
4.627
7.19
4.8
5.9e
3.5
3.5
3.2
5.75814
4.399
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
303
737
317
IrKLaLiLu
3683588172
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
__
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
Y2Q2
V2O3
V2O5
VF3
VF4
VF5
VOF2
VOF3
VCl2
VCl3
VCl4
VOCI
VOCl2
VOCl3
V2O2Cl
VOBr
VOBr3
V2S2
V2S3
V2S5
V2O4.3SO3.16H2O-Minasragrite
VN
(NH 4 ) 3 VS 4 .,
(NH4)4V2S60
Bi2O3. V2O5-Bucherile
VC
V4C8
(NH 4 ) 2VO(CNS)4.5H20
VSi2
V2Si
PbO-V2O5
2PbO.V2O5
3PbO.V2O6
8PbO-V2O5
9PbO.3V2O5.PbCl2Vanadinite
TlVO3
Tl3VO4
Tl4V2O7
Tl6V4Oi3
4(PbZn)O. V2O5.H2ODescloizite
CdI0V6Cl2O24
CdI0V6Br2O24
2PbO.2CuO.V2O5.H2OCuprodescloizite.
Ag 4 V 2 O 7 ...
5(NH4)2O.P2O5.3V2O5.15MoO3.39H2O... .
6(NH4)2O.P2O5.6V2O5.12MoO3.41H2O....
3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.9MoO3.20H20
3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.10MoO3.21H20
3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.llMoO3.27H20
3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.15MoO3.24H2O
3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.9WO3.24H2O.
3(NH4)2O.Si02.V205.10W03.21H20
2UO3.3V2O5.15H2O-Uvanite
Cb2O5
CbF5
CbCl5
CbOCl3
CbC
Cb2FeO6-Ferroniobite
Ta2O5
TaF5
TaCl5
TaBr6
133.920
149.920
181.920
107.960
126.960
145.960
104.960
123.960
121.876
157.334
192.792
102.418
137.876
173.334
201.378
146.876
306.708
166.050
198.115
262.245
694.361
64.9680
233.336
382.465
647.920
62.9600
239.840
425.407
107.080
129.980
405.120
628.320
851.520
1967.52
2832.68
303.360
728.160
315.200
1638.24
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
1884.78
1973.69
805.475
645.440
381080
4012.67
2054.52
2216.54
2468.63
2990.58
2918.58
3096.53
1388.33
266.200
188.100
270.390
215.474
105.100
338.040
443.000
276.500
358.790
581.080
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
1
^
system
M. P.
>
*?'*
finding
No.
3.64
4.87^ 8
3.357
3.36319
2.97523
2.17719
3.39619
2.459
3.2318
3.0O18
1.1.81630
2.824
2.8813
1. 1.829
3.64
4.0O18
2.93314-5
4.200
4.7 21
3.000
1970
800
R.
d. 325
d.
3oo
H.
-109
< -15
d. 480
M. Tri.
619
2oso
R.
2830
27505mm
58
R.
5.630
1.620
1.716
6.25 24 - 5
5.4
1064
4.42
5.4817
.
849
722
952
794
H.
6.863
424
56e
454
8.59*7-5
6.0
5.26415
5.45615
6.1
R.
H.
H.
R.
403-
1021
1020
38s
2.410
2.411
2.80218
2.80418
2.807
2.816
3.40
3.43
M.?
R.
4.6Oj 1 - 2
3.29
2.75
1520
75.5
194
R.
R.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
14?o d.
96.8
22i
24o
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
6. 2e
8.735^ 1 ' 2
4.74
3.6s 27
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
979
1063
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
Formula
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
TaC
TaSi2
Ta2O5-MnO-Manganotantalate
B2O3
B2O3.3H2OSassolite
B2H6
B4H10
Bi0H14
BF3
BCl3
BBr3
B2HBr
BI3
B2S3
BN2
NH 4 BF 4
CB6
B(CHs) 3
B(C 2 H 5 )S
B(OCH3)3
B(OC2H5)3
B(OC 3 H 7 ) 3 .....
B(OC4H9)3Isobutyl
B(OC5Hn)3-Isoamyl
SiB3
SiB6
Zr3B4
ThB4
ThB6
TlBO2
Tl3BO3
Tl4B2O5
B2O3.CdO
B2O3-CuO
MnB2
Mn3B4O9
FeB
Fe2B
FeB2
Fe2B5
Fe5B2
CoB
Co2B
NiB
Ni2B
Ni3B2
CrB..
Cr3B2
Mo3B4
WB2
B2O3.9WO3.2NiO.18H20
Al2O3-Corundum
A12O3.H2ODiaspore
A12O3.3H2OGibbsite
Al(OH) 3
AlF3
AlF3-H2O-Fluellite
AlCl3
1865
AlBr3
1866
1867
AlBr3.15H20
Al (BrO3)3.9H2O
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
Mol. wt.
Cly stal
,
system
193.500
237.620
513.930
.
69.6400
123.686
27.6862
53.3570
122.308
67.8200
117.194
250.568
102.564
391.616
117.835
38.8360
104.859
76.9200
55.8893
97.9355
103.889
145.936
187.982
230.028
272.074
60.5200
92.9800
316.280
275.430
297.070
. 247.220
672.020
919.240
198.050
149.210
76.5700
352.070
66.6600
122.500
77.4800
165.780
300.840
69.7900
112.740
69.5100
128.200
197.710
62.8300
177.670
331.280
205.640
2631.30
101.920
119.935
155.966
77.9831
83.9600
101.975
133.334
M.
Trig.
R.
M.
M.
Tri.
R.
H.
266.708
Trig.
R.
Tri.
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
d.
-169
-112
99.5
-127
-107
-45
-104
43
310
23so
56
d
*
8.83
7.03
1. 1.85 glass
1.49
472
370 d.
434
875
d. 875
Tri.
,Aef*
finding
in(L
No.
1019
26
448
0.94
1. 1.434
1.2.60
1. 3.350
1.55
1.85l17
2.6
1. 0.69623
1.0.915
1. 0.864 265
1. 0.86716
1. 0.864
1.0.872
2.52
2.47
3.7
7.5
6.4
3.86
6.9
3.61
7.15
7.4
5.0
11
14
17
923
134o
1351
1225
116o
536.939
| 572.847
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
1677 Ol 29 59
M. P.
80
205o
d. 360
d. 2o o
104o
194
97.5
-
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
7.2s
7.9
7.4
8.0
5.5
6.715
7
10.8
1. 3.6 80
4. OO
3.413
2.423
3.0?
2.17
2.44f
1. 1.3I 4 200
3.01f
1. 2.64 4 00
359
911
692
632
507
7.5m
62.3
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
Ir K La Li Lu
368358 81 72
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
Cr3 stal
l
system
1868
1869
AlBrCl2
AlI3
177.792
407.756
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
Al2S3
A12O3.SO3.9H2OAluminite
A12O3.2SO3Alumian
.
Al2O3-SSO3
A12O3.3SO3.18H2OAlunogenite
2A12O3.SO3.1OH2O-Felsoebanyite
2A12O3.SO3.15H2O-Paraluminite
AlN
A1(NO3)3.9H20
AlCl3-NH4Cl
A1C13.3NH3
Al2(SO4)S-(NHO2SO4
Al2O3. (NH 4 )2O.4SO3.24H2OTschermigite
AlPO4
A12O3.P2O5.4H2OMetavariscite
AL2O3-P2O5-OH2O-Lucinite
A12O3.P2O5.6H2OZepharovichite
Al2O3-SP2O5
2A12O3.P2O5.3H2OAugelite
5A12O3.2P2O6-9H2OSpherite
Al(AsCl)3
Al4C3
Al2O3.Ci2O9.18H2O-Mellite
Al(CHg) 3 .A1(C2H6)3
A1(C5H7O2)3Acetylacetonate
A1(OC6H5)3
NH 3 (CH 3 ) Al(SO4)*. 12H20
Al2O3.SiO2Andalusite
Al2O3. SiO2-Cyanite
Al2O3-SiO2-Sillimanite
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O!Caolinite.. .
Al2O3.2SiO2-4H2ONewtonite
Al2O3.4SiO2.H2OPyrophyllite
3Al2O3.2SiO2Mullite
2(AlF)(XSiO2-Topaz
Al3Ti2
3Al2O3.2PbO.2P2O5.7H2OP l u m b ogummite
3Al2O3.2PbO.2SO3.P2O5.6H2O
Hinsdalite
2Al(OH)3.Pb(HCO3)2Dundasite
A12(SO4)3.T12SO4.24H20
Al2O3-ZnOAutomolite (Gahnite)
3Al2O3.6ZnO.2SO3.18H2OZincaluminite
Al2O3.4CuO.SO3.8H2OCyanotrichite. . .
(AlCl)O.6CuO.SO3.9H2OSpangolite... .
3Al2O3.CuO.2P2O5.9H2OTurquoise
4Al2O3-ISCuO-OAs2O5-SoH2O-Liroconite
Al2O3.MnO
Al2O3. MnO.4SO3.24H2OApjohnite
Al2O3.2MnO.P2O5.4H2OEosphorite
Al2O3. MnO.2SiO2.2H2OCarpholite
Al2O3.3MnO.3SiO2Spessartite
Al2O3-7MnO.8SiO2.6H2OGanophyllite..
Al2O3.FeOHercynite
Al2O3.FeO.4SO3.24H2OHalotrichite.. . .
Al2O3-FeO-P2O5-UH2O-Paravauxite
A]2O3-2FeO.P2Q5.4H2OChildrenite
150.115
344.124
262.050
342.115
630.361
464.059
554.136
40.9680
375.123
186.831
184.427
474.258
H.
M.
Trig.
906.628
121.984
316.030
352.060
352.060
528.064
399.934
955.835
358.214
143.840
714.197
72.0293
114.076
324.122
306.076
467.329
161.980
161.980
161.980
258.071
294.102
360.175
425.880
C.
H.
R.
R.
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
Mg Mn Mo N
76 42 47 11
Na Nb Nd Ni O
82 51 61451
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
176.680
143
191
d. 77o
R.
R.
d
*
Rf. ind.
finding
No.
3.98
1. 3.2000
2.02
1.705
2.74
2.71
1.69i17
2.33
453
286
468
587
462
215o
73
304
28Od.
2.039
9s.5
>15oo
>15oo
M.
R.
d.
d.
Tt.
194
a. 265
C.
R.
Tri.
R.
M.
Tt.
R.
R.
R.
Tt.
H.
1162.43
485.182
1279.35
183.300
1278.45
644.388
H.
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
UOo
d.
M.
R.
1162.36
831.565
3980.39
172.850
925.480
457.890
329.001
494.890
1187.00
173.760
926.390
513.977
459.710
M. P.
C.
C.
H.
R.
Trig.
Tri.
M.
C.
M.
R.
R.
C.
M.
C.
M.
Tri.
H.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
d.
d.
d. <15so
181o d.
d.
91
d.
d.
d. 300
d.
d.
d.
1456 9 18 22
7852661024
1.64
2.59
2.54
2.566
2.37
2.779
2.77
2.536
2.85f
2.36
1.64
1.23
1.568
3.2
3.6
3.23
2.6
2.37
2.85
3.15e
3.58
3.348
81
680
724
664
712
711
260
19
29
75
815
907
819
690
274
727
784
4.014
325
3.65
3.25
2.320
4.58
2.26
2.737
3.14
2.67
2.96
4.12
1.782
3.1s
2.94
4.180
2.84
3.9s
2.04
2.3
3.2s
865
Ti Tl Tm U V
1927 70 4950
107
161
256
779
340
782
830
477
837
801
167
914
165
505
681
876
W Y Yb Zn Zr
4857712821
T j No.
AT
Index
927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1957.1
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1976.1
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
-n
i
Formula
A/T i wt.
x
Mol.
2Al2O3.4FeO.3P2O5.24H2OVauxite
Al2O3.3FeO.3SiO2Almandite
Al2O3.3FeO.2SiO2.3H2ODaphnite
5Al2O3.2FeO.4SiO2.H2OStaurolite
Al2O3-CoO
3Al2O3.4CoO
AlBi 2 ..
A12O3.B2O3Jeremejevite
BO3(AlO)3
C2Bi2.3AlB12
8Al2O3.B2O3.6SiO2.H2ODumortierite...
Sc2O3
ScCl3
ScBr3
Sc2(S04)3
Sc(NOg) 3
Sc(NO3)3.4H20
Sc2O3.2SiO2Thortveitite
Yt2O3
YtCl3
YtCl3.H20
Yt(BrO3)3.9H20
Yt2(SOJ3
Yt2(SO4)3.8H20
Yt2O3-P2O5-Xenotime
Yt 4 (P 2 Or) 3
YtC2
Yt(CH3CO2)3.4H20
Yt (C2H5SO4) e. 18H20
2Yt2O3.4SiO2.H2OThalenite
Yt 2 Pt 3 (CN) 12.21H2O
Yt2(MoO4)
La2O3
LaCl3
LaCl3.7H2O,
La(BrO3)3.2H20
La (BrO3)3.9H20
LaS2
La2S3
La2(SO4)3
La2(SO4)3.9H20
(NH 4 ) ,La2(SO4) 4.8H2O
La2O3^P2O6
LaC2
La(C2H6SO4)6.18H2O
Tl2La(NO3)5.4H20
Zn3La2(NO3) 12.24H2O
La2Pt3(CN)12.18H20
Mn3La2(NO3) i2.24H20
Co3La2(NO3) 12.24H20
Ni3La2(NO3) 12.24H20
La 2 (MoO 4 ) 3
CeO2.
CeF3-Fluocerite
CeCl3
Ce(BrO3)3.9H20
Ce2S3
Ce2(SO4)3
Ce2(SO4)3.5H20
Ce2(SO4)3.8H20
Ce2(SO4)3.9H20
Ce2(S2O6)3.15H2O
Ce2SeO4
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
CCaCbCdCe
16 77 51 29 59
1349.71
497.620
491.606
910.528
176.890
605.640
156.800
171.560
187.700
624.240
1263.38
138.200
151.474
284.848
378.395
231.124
303.186
258.320
226.000
195.374
213.389
634.887
466.195
610.318
368.048
878.144
113.000
338.131
1163.90
710.255
1453.90
658.000
325.820
245.284
371.392
558.689
684.797
203.040
374.015
566.015
728.154
842.281
1036.06
162.910
1213.81
929.812
1650.43
1499.88
1619.08
1631.20
1630.36
757.820
172.250
197.250
246.624
686.137
376.695
568.695
658.772
712.818
730.834
1031.12
423.700
ClCoCrCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
Crystal
J
.
system
TrL
C.
M.
R.
C.
,.. P.
_,
M.
0
J2o
d
finding
2~45
4.04
3.7
4.37J 8
4.80
2.5
3.3
M.
H.
R.
Tet.
R.
2.6i5
3.3
3.864
~ Ref,. md.
No.
677
166
826
930
313
758
886
93g
3.91
2.579
15o
d. loo
R.
24io
<68e
16o
74
M.
Tet.
TrL
H.
M.
R.
1347
>2000
90?
d. 91
d. 15o
37.5
d. 65o
M.
M.
H.
72 d.
98.0
M.
Tet.
C.
H.
H.
M.
TrL
H.
TrL
R.
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
87.2
101.s
110.5
1181
19so
1324
84s
49
630
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
3.57
4.84
2.S 4 8
2.612
2.55s
4. e
3.059
4.13
1.696
1.764f
4.23
2.376
4.7916
6.51
3.9471^
4.91l11
3.6Oo
2.82l
2.5U
3.241
5.O2
1.845f
3.318J
2.161J
2.626
2.08Oj
2.1311J
2.146
4.77 16
7.3
5.8
3.92^
5.02O 11
3.912
3.17
2.88617
2.83l
2.288
4.456
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
946
661
348
238
925
415
224
298
560
748
IrKLaIaLu
36 83 58 81 72
T -, AT
Index No.
988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2002.1
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
.2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2035.1
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
T^
i
Formula
Tvyr T 4.
Mol. wt.
(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6.4H20
(NHO2SO4-Ce2(SO4)S-SH20
CePO4
Ce(P03)s
CeC2
Ce(C2H3O2)2
CeOF. CO2-Bastnsite
Ce(C2H6SO4MSH20
CeSi2
Tl2Ce(NO3)5.4H2O
Zn 3 Ce 2 (NO 3 ) i2.24H20
Ce2Pt3(CN)I2-ISH20
Mn3Ce2(NO3) 12.24H20
Co3Ce2(NO3)i2.24H20
Ni 3 Ce 2 (NO 3 )i2-24H 2 O
Ce 2 (MoO 4 ) 3
Ce2(WO4)3
06203.3Al2O3^P2O5-OH2O-Florencite....
Pr2O3
Pr4O7
PrioOis
PrCl3
Pr(BrOs)3
Pr(BrO3)3.9H2O
Pr2S3
Pr2(SO4)3
Pr2(SO4)3.5H2O
Pr2(SO4)3.8H20
Pr2(SeO4)3
Pr2(SeO4) 3.8H20
PrC2
Pr (C2H6SO4) 6.18H20
Zn3Pr2(NO3) 12.24H20
Mn3Pr2(NO3)i2.24H20
Co3Pr2(NO3) 12.24H2O
Ni 3 Pr 2 (NO 3 ) i2.24H2O
Nd 2 O 3
NdCl3
NdCl3.6H20
Nd(BrO 3 ) 3 .2H 2 0
Nd(BrO3)3.9H2O
Nd2S3
Nd2(SO4)3.8H20
NdC2
Nd(C2H6SO4) 6.18H20
Zn 3 Nd 2 (NO 3 )i2.24H 2 0
Mn 3 Nd 2 (NO 3 ) 12.24H20
Co3Nd2(NO3)i2.24H20
Ni3Nd2(NO3) 12.24H20
Nd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3
(NdPr) 2(SO4)3.8H2O
Sa2O3
SaCl2
SaCl3
SaCl3.6H20
SaOCl
SaBr3.6H20
Sa(BrO3)s-2H2O
,
Sa(BrO3)3.9H2O
Sa2S3
Sa2(SO4)3.8H2O
Sa(NO3)3.6H20
SaPO4
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 l
OB P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
558.429
844.961
235.274
377.322
164.250
258.296
219.250
1215.15
196.370
931.152
1653.11
1502.56
1621.76
1633.88
1633.04
760.480
1024.50
1026.45
329.840
675.680
1697.20
247.294
524.668
686.807
378.035
570.035
660.112
714.158
711.440
855.563
164.920
1215.82
1654.45
1623.10
1635.22
1634.38
336.540
250.644
358.736
564.049
690.157
384.735
720.858
168.270
1219.17
1661.15
1629.80
1641.92
1641.08
768.540
348.860
221.346
256.804
364.896
201.888
498.270
570.209
696.317
397.055
733.178
444.546
245.454
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Crystal
J
,
system
M!
M.
._
M. P.
J20
d?
4
Ref. md.
,. AT
finding
No.
"~~74
2.52s
5.22
3.27
5.2s
308 d.
H.
H.
Trig.
M.
R. Tet.
Tet.
Trig.
IL
64.5 d.
92.8
83.7
98.5
108.5
973
1089
81s
d. 150
56.5
5.04211
3.720*
3.17s
2.82
4.3015
3.094"-*
5.1
1.876J5
2.202$
2.109$
2.176$
2.195$
7.24
4.134f
2.282 4 6 ' 5
M.
M.
II
Trig.
91.5
81.o
97.o
108. o
784
124
d. 15o
66.7
5.17911 ?
2.850
5.1s
1.883245
2.215$
2.114$
2.195$
2.202$
5.14'
M.
H.
Tet.
M.
88.5
77.o
95.5
105.6
1176
68e
416
337
663
226
668
227
414
658
d. 15o
75
3.7
2.930
2.375
5.8317-5
M.
Tri.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
346
225
7.43
3.6922
4.46J8
2.383
7.02
2.971
TrL
H.
5.0
1.930?
5.6717
3.326?
2.18sJ
2.657
2.102$
2.157$
2.173$
4.83
6.7716-*
3.59
6.87
6.71s
6.704
4.02Of
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
670
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
__
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2099.5
2099.6
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
Ag Al Aa Au
32 55 13 33
Formula
SaC2
Sa(CHO2)3
Sa(C 2 H 3 O 2 MH 2 O..
Sa(C3H5O2)3
Sa(C3H602)3.3H20
Sa(C2H6SO4)G-ISH20
Zn3Sa2(NO3) i2.24H20
Mn 3 Sa 2 (NO 3 ) 12.24H20
Co3Sa2(NO3) i2.24H20
Ni3Sa2(NO3)12.24H20
Sa2O-B2O3
Eu 2 O 3
Eu(C2H5SO4) G. 18H20
Gd2O3
GdCl3
GdCl3.6H20
GdBr3.6H20
Gd 2 (SO 4 ) 3
Gd2(SO4)3.8H20
Gd(NO3)3.5H20
Gd(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O
,
Gd2(C2O4)3.1OH20
Gd(C2H3O2)3.4H20
Gd(C2H5SO4MSH20
Zn 3 Gd 2 (NO 3 )i 2 .24H 2 O
Gd 2 Pt 3 (CN) 12.21H2O
Co3Gd2(NO3) i2.24H20
Ni 3 Gd 2 (NO 3 ) i2.24H20
TbCl3
Tb(NO3)3.6H20
Dy 2 O 3 ..
DyCl3
Dy(C2H5SO4MSH2O
Er2O3
Er 2 (SO 4 J 3
Er2(SO4)3.8H20
Er(C 2 H 3 O 2 MH 2 0
Er(C2H5SO4MSH20
Yb2O3
YbCl3.6H20
Yb 2 (SO 4 ) 3
Yb2(SO4)S-SH20
Yb 2 (SeO 4 ) 3
Yb2(SeO4)3.8H2O..
Yb(NO3)3.4H20
Yb2(CO3MH20
Yb(C 2 O 4 ) 3
Yb(C 2 O 4 ),. 1OH20
Yb(C2H3O2MH20
LuCl3
HfO 2
HfOCl2.8H20
(NH 4 ) 3 HfF 7
BeO
BeF2
2BeO.5BeF2
BeCl2
BeBr2
BeI2
BeSO4
BeSO4.4H20
BeSeO4.4H20
Be3N2
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
Mol. wt.
174.430
285.453
399.561
369.546
423.592
1225.33
1673.47
1642.12
1654.24
1653.40
386.500
352.000
1226.90
362.520
263.634
371.726
505.100
602.715
746.838
433.361
451.376
758.674
406.391
1232.16
1687.13
1590.63
1667.90
1667.06
265.574
453.316
373.040
268.894
1237.42
383.400
623.595
767.718
416.831
1242.60
395.200
388.066
635.395
779.518
776.800
920.923
431.686
599.262
437.600
617.754
422.731
281.374
211.000
410.039
366.034
25.0200
47.0200
285.140
79.9360
168.852
262.884
105.085
177.147
224.282
55.0760
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
^f*1
system
M. P.
H.
76. 5
70.2
83.2
92.2
H.
62s
M.
92
91
110
Tri.
Tri.
H.
56.5
R.
63.2
72.5
58s
89.3
M.
680
H.
Tri.
H.
>916
2812
C.
H.
24oo
44o
49o
51o
Tt.
R.
|
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
d?
*
5.8e
3.733
1.94
1.894
1.786
1.904J5
2.283^
2.188J
2.2372
2.272
6.05
7.42
1.909f
7.40?
4.52J
2.424J
2.84415
4.139 146
3.01o14-6
2.40e 15
2.332
1.611
1.919J5
2.351"
2.563
2.315^
2.356?
4.35J
7.81
3.67J
1.492f
8.64o
3.678
3.18o
2.114
1.907f
9.IT
2.57s
3.79s
3.28e
4.14o
3.3o
2.682
3.67
2.439
2.644
2.09
3.98
9.68
3.02s
1. 2.115
2.3
1.89gf
4.2015
2.44s
1.71s10-5
2.03
fi*?'
*'
finding No.
234
239
235
240
233
270.5
70.1
347
219
537
22oo
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
Ir K La Li Lu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No. i
Formula
I
2110
Be(NO3)2.3H20
2111
Be2C
2112
Be(C 2 Ho) 2
2113
Be(C 3 H 7 J 2
2114
Be(C5H7O2)2Acetylacetonate
2115
BeO.3Be(C2H3O2)2
2116
BeO.3Be(C2H3O2) (C3H5O2)
2117
BeO.3Be(C3H5O2)2
2118
Be(XSBe(C4H7O2) 2
BeO.Be(C 2 H 5 SO 4 ) 2 .4H 2 O....
2119
2120
BeO.SiO2
2121
2BeO.SiO2Phenacite
2122
4BeO.2SiO2.H2OBertrandite
2123
BeOKBeBO3Hambergite
2124
BeO. Al2O3-Chrysoberyl
2125
3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2Beryl
2126
2BeO.Al2O3.2SiO2.H2OEuclase
2127
2BeO.Yt2O3.FeO.2SiO2Gadolinite
2128
MgO-Periclase
2129
MgO.H2OBrucite
2130
MgF2- Sellaite
2131
MgCl2-Chloromagnesite
2132
MgCl2.6H2OBischofite
2133
Mg(ClO3)2.6H20
2134
Mg(ClO 4 ) 2
2135
Mg(C104)2.6H20
2136
MgBr2
2137
Mg(BrO 3)2.6H 2O
.
2138
MgI2
2139
Mg(IO3)2.4H20
2140
MgS
2141
MgSO4
2142
MgO.SO3.H2OKieserite
2143
MgSO4.5H20
2144
MgSO4.6H2OHexahydrite
2145
MgO.SO3.7H2OEpsomite
2146
MgS2O6.6H20
2147
MgSeO4.6H20
2148
MgO.N2O5.H2ONitromagnesite
2149
Mg(NO3)2.6H20
(NH 4 )2O.MgO.2SO3.6H2O
2150
Boussingaultite
2151
(NH4)2O.MgO.2SeO3.6H20
2152
Mg2P2O7
2153
2MgO.P2O5.7H2ONewberyite
2154
3MgO.P2O5.8H2OBobierite
2155
Mg(H2PO2)2.6H20
2156
3MgO.P2O5. MgF2-Wagnerite
2157
(NH4)2O.2MgO.P2O5.12H2OStruvite...
2158
3MgO. (NH 4 )2O.2P2O5.1OH2OHannayite
2159
3MgO. As2O5-SH2O-Hoernesite
2160
(NH 4 ) MgAsO4.6H20
2161
Mg3Sb2
2162
Mg3Bi2
2163
MgO.CO2Magnesite
2164
MgO.CO2.3H2ONesquehonite
2165
MgO.CO2.5H2OLansfordite
2166
2MgO.CO2.4H2OArtinite
2167
4MgO.3CO2.4H2OHydromagnesite
2168
Mg(^-C4H4O6).5H2O
2169
Mg(^-C4H5O6) 2.4H20
2170
Mg(C2H3O2),
Mg Mn Mo N
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Cr tal
^
system
MoL wt.
187.082
30.0400
67.0970
95.1278
207.128
170.126
448.265
490.311
574.403
356.309
85.0800
110.100
238.215
93.8677
126.940
537.340
290.095
468.000
40.3200
58.3354
62.3200
95.2360
203.328
299.328
223.236
331.328
184.152
388.244
278.184
446.246
56.3850
120.385
138.400
210.462
228.477
246.493
292.542
275.612
166.351
256.428
360.620
454.890
222.688
348.796
407.131
262.491
325.328
490.950
637.288
495.003
289.411
316.500
490.960
84.3200
138.366
174.397
196.702
365.342
262.428
394.459
142.366
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
'
M. P.
d?
4
^'t'
finding
No.
60
1.915
M.
108
284
127
120
1.1684
1.364
Tet.
220
>1755
Tri.
R.
R.
R.
H.
M.
M.
C.
Trig.
Tet.
H.
M.
14io
28Oo
1396
712
118 d.
35
d. 251
147
7oo
3.0
2.6
2.35
3.76
2.66
3.1
4.3
3.65
2.4
3.0
2.325
1.56
1.80
2.6Of
1.9706
3.72
C.
117
M.
1185
M.
Tri.
M.
R.
Tri.
M.
9s
M.
M.
326
764
733
933
284
839
947
158
272
208
335
562
>120
R.
M.
Tet.
M.
R.
Tri.
M.
4.25
3.313-5
2.80
2.66
2.57
1.718
1.76
1.68
1.666
1.928
637
511
447
503
558
1.464
1.7o
2.04
2.59S22
2.10
2.41
1.5913
3.12
1.72
464
568
761
585
595
701
522
1.89
2.60
1.93215
703
702
3.037
1.85o
1.73
2.02
2. Ie
1.67
1.72
1.42
342
542
459
630
622
961
715
Trig.
R.
M.
R.
R.
M.
R.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
323
14 56 9 18 22
7852 66 10 24
Ti Tl Tm U V
19 27 70 49 50
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
Ag Ai As Au
32 55 13 33
Formula
Mol. wt.
Mg(C2H3O2)2.4H20
214.428
Mg(CH2SO3)2.4H2OEthane disulfonate 284.542
MgCioH6O6S2.6H2O1, 5-Naphthalene
disulfonate
418.589
Mg2Si
76.7000
MgO.SiO2Clinoenstatite
100.380
MgO-SiO2-Enstatite
100.380
2MgO.SiO2Forsterite
140.700
2MgO.3SiO2.4H2OParasepiolite
332.882
3MgO.2SiO2.2H2OChrysotile
277.111
3MgO.3SiO2.2H2OAntigorite
337.171
3MgO.4SiO2.H2OTalc
379.215
MgSiF6.6H2O
274.472
2MgO.SiO2.Mg(F, OH)2-Prolectite
4MgO.2SiO2.Mg(F, OH)2-Chondrodite..
6MgO.3SiO2.Mg(F, OH)2-Humite
8MgO.4SiO2.Mg(F, OH)2-Clinohumite..
MgO-TiO2-Geikielite
120.220
MgSnCl6.6H20
463.860
2(MgPb)O.SiO2.H2OMolybdophyllite..
MgCl2.2CdCl2.12H20
678.073
MgHg2I6.7H2O
1313.24
MgPtCl6.6H20
540.390
MgPtBr6.12H20
915.231
MgPdCl6.6H20
451.860
Mg2MnCl6.12H2O
532.503
MgO.Fe2O3Magnesioferrite
200.000
MgO.Fe2O3.3SO3.13H2OQuetenite
674.395
2MgO.Fe2O3.4SO3.15H2OBotryogenite. 830.811
6MgO.Fe2O3.CO2.12H2O-Pyroaurite.... 661.785
6MgO.Fe2O3.CO2.12H2O-Brugnatellite . 661.785
3(Fe, Mg)O.Fe2O3.2SiO2.3H2O
Cronstedtite
MgO.CoO2
131.290
Mg2Ni2O2.3SiO2.6H2OGenthite
486.292
MgCrO4.7H20
266.438
MgO-Cr2O3
192.340
MgCrO4. (NH 4 )2CrO4.6H20
400.510
6MgO. Cr2O3. CO2.12H2O-Stichtite
654.125
MgW4Oi3-SH20
1112.44
3MgO.5V2O5.28H20
3407.09
4MgO-Cb2O5
427.480
MgO.B2O3.3H2OPinnoite
164.006
2MgO.B2O3.H2OAscharite
168.295
2MgO.B2O3.H2OCamsellite... .
168.295
3MgO.B2O3
190.600
6MgO.8B2O3.MgCl2-Boracite impure.. . 894.276
10MgO.4B2O2.3H2OSzaibelyite
735.806
6MgO.2B2O3.2SO3.9H2OSuifoborite.... 703.469
3MgO-B2O3-P2O5-SH2O-Lueneburgite... 476.771
3MgO-B2O3-MnO-Mn2O3-Pinakiolite.... 419.390
3MgO-B2O3-FeO-Fe2O3-Ludwigite
422.120
4MgO-B2O3-Fe2O3-Magnesioludwigite... 390.600
MgO-Al2O3-Spinel
142.240
MgO.A12O3.4SO3.22H2OPickeringite... . 858.839
6MgO.A12O3.CO2.12H2O-Hydrotalcite... 604.025
3MgO. Al2O3.3SiO2Pyrope
403.060
4MgO.Al2O3.2SiO2.5H2OColerainite... . 473.397
5MgO.Al2O3.3SiO2.4H2O
Leuchtenbergite
555.762
5MgO. Al2O3-OSiO2.4H2O-Zebedassite... 735.942
5MgO.6Al2O2.2SiO2Sapphirine
933.240
(FeMg)O. A12O3.P2O5.H2OLazulite
B BaBe Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
Cry
*tal
system
M.
Tri.
M. P.
j
M.
M.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
M.
Trig.
M.
M.
R.
M.
Trig.
Trig.
H.
R.
1102
1557 d.
d.
189o
836
832
828
557
647
545
728
204
861
781
790
863
402
289
367
629
3.34
5.06
2.5
1.695
4.5o
1.84
2.16
M.
H.
M.
Tri.
H.
Tt.
2.18o
4.4
2.30
2.7
Tr. 265 R. to C.
213s
.
M.
M.
M.
Dy Er Eu FFe
67 69 64 3 43
3.28
3.19
3. 2s
3.8
2.437
2.802
2.12
1.802
4.6
2.12
2.1
2.07
2.07
R. ?
R.
R.
M.
R.
R.
R.
C.
M.
H.
C.
H.
777
3.1
3.1s
3. !5
3.1
3.98
2.08
4.7 2
Trig. ?
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
*ef' in^'
[finding No.
512
1.64
2.5
2.62
2. 7s
Trig.
Trig.
H.
H.
C.
M.
M.
H.
H.
R. ?
R.
R. C.
dj
V
1.454
1.727
194
626
660
275
264
363
665
813
265
926
2.99
2.9
3
2.4
2.1
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.6
1.85
2.06
3.5
2.51
277
666
1041
833
856
321
650
649
999
972
971
156
473
247
154
273
2.7
2.19
3.45
3J.
726
590
900
804
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 20
Ir K La U Lu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No.
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
Formula
_
Mg3Gd2(NO3) 12.24H20
CaO-Lime
CaH2
Ca(OH) 2
CaF2-Fluorite
CaCl2-Hydrophyllite
CaCl2.6H20
CaF2.CaCl2
CaBr2
CaBr2.3H20
CaBr2.6H20
Ca(BrO3)2.H20
CaF2. CaBr2
CaI2
CaI2.6H20
Ca(IOg)2-Lautarite
CaS-Oldhamite
CaSO4-Anhydrite
1563.95
56.0700
42.0854
74.0854
78.0700
110.986
219.078
189.056
199.902
253.948
307.994
313.917
277.972
293.934
402.026
389.934
72.1350
136.135
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
CaSO4.2H2OGypsum
CaS2O6.4H20
CaSeO4
CaSeO4.2H20
Ca 3 N 2
Ca(NO) 2
Ca(NO2)2.H20
Ca(NO2)2.4H20
Ca (NO3)2Nitrocalcite
Ca(NO3)2.3H20
Ca(NO3)2.4H2O (a)
Ca(NO3)2.4H2O (0)
Ca3P2
CaP2O6
Ca2P2O7
2CaO.P2O5.H2OMonetite
2CaO.P2O5.5H2OBrushite
Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
Ca4P2O9
4CaO.P2O5.5H2OIsoclasite
5CaO.2P2O5.1.5H2OMartinite
10CaO.3P2O5..
Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2
Ca(H2PO4)2.H20
CaF2.3Ca3P2O8Fluoroapatite
Ca5P3ClOi2-Chloroapatite
3Ca3(PO4)2.CaFClApatite
(NH4)CaPO4.7H20
Ca3As2
2CaO. As2O5-SH2O- Haidingerite
2CaO.As2O5.5H2OPharmacolite
2CaO. As2O5-SH2O-Wapplerite
9CaO.3As2O5. CaF2- Svabite
5CaO.3Sb2S5Romeite
CaC2
CaCO3-Aragonite
CaCO3-Calcite
CaCO3.6H20
CaC2O4
CaO.C2O3.H2OWhewellite
Ca(CHOo) 2
CaC4H2O4-H2O-Maleate
CaC4H2O4.2H2OFumarate
172.166
272.262
183.270
219.301
148.226
100.086
150.101
204.148
164.086
218.132
236.148
236.148
182.258
198.118
254.188
272.204
344.265
310.258
366.328
456.405
591.469
986.844
234.149
252.164
1008.84
520.880
1025.30
279.241
270.130
396.106
432.137
486.183
1272.46
1491.95
64.0700
100.070
100.070
208.162
128.070
146.085
130.085
172.101
190.116
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Mol. wt.
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
^
system
Trig.
C.
R. Trig.
C.
C.
Trig.
R
H.
M.
M. P.
77.5
2572
d. 675
1360
772
29.92
d. 737
765
80.5
38.2
d.
575
42
Tri.
C.
R. M.
Tr. 1193
(R. to M.)
M. 1450
M.
Trig.
M.
900
H.
C.
561
51.1
42.7
39.7
>1600
97s
1230
d.
M.
Tri.
M.
M.
M.
M. ?
Tri.
Tri.
H.
M.
1670
1630
1540
d.
d.
1630
1530
127o
d.
R.
M.
Tri.
H.
C.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
23oo
R.
H.
M.
1339779 ooomm
M.
R.
R.
R.
3.329
3.1518
3.956f
4.59115
2.815
2.9e
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
708
2.32
2.176
2.93
2.676
2.6317
2.5334
2.23 34
l .674g
2.36
600
269
!.82
526
2.5115
2.82
3.09
2.75
2.25
3.14
3.06
2.92
2.89
2.89
2.546J 5 ' 6
2.22O 4 6
3.1825
3.1720
3.14
1.56115
2.515
2.967
2.535
2.48
3.80
5.04
2.22
2.9s
2.71lf' 2
2.2 4
2.23
2.015
d.
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
dj
^L ^
*
[finding No.
2.163?
3.40
168
1.7
2.343
318
3.180
71
2.152^ 5 fused
120
1.6817
212
3.07
3.353f
TiTITmUV
19 27 70 49 50
586
656
!
148
698
765
309
331
308
756
730
621
345
169
880
328
633
674
577
706
754
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
CaC4H4O3-SH2O-Malate
CaC4H4O4-SH2O-Succinate
CaCmô-C4H4Oe)-SH20
Ca(d-C4H4O6).4H2O?
Ca(C2H3O2)2
Ca(C3H5Os)2-SH2O-Lactate
Ca(C4H5O2)2Crotonate
CaCsHioOio-6H2OAcid malate
Ca(C6H5CO2)2.3H20
CaH2(C4H4Oe)2^C4H6O6d-Tetratartrate.
Ca3Ci2H6Oi2-Aconitate
Ca3Ci2HioOi4.2H2OCitrate
Ca3Ci2HioOi4.4H2OCitrate
Ca(C4H2O3NOa)2-XH2O-Nitrotetronate
Ca(C9H8NOs)2-SH2O-Hippurate
7CaO.CO2.2P2O5Dahllite
10CaO.CO2.3P2O5Podolite
10CaO.CaF2.CO2.3P2O5.H2OFrancolite.
CaSi
CaSi2
Ca3Si2
Ca6Si10
CaSiO3
CaO-SiO2-Pseudowollastonite
CaO-SiO2-Wollastonite
CaO.2SiO2.H2OOkenite
2CaO-SiO2 (a)
2CaO-SiO2 (/3)
2CaO-SiO2 (T)
2CaO.SiO2.H2OHillebrandite
2CaO.2SiO2.3H2ORiversideite
3CaO.2SiO2
4CaO.4SiO2.7H2OCrestmorite
CaSiF6.2H20
3CaO.CaF2.3SiO2.2H2OZeophyllite
3CaO.CaF.2SiO2.H2OCusterite
5CaO-SiO2-P2O5
3CaO.SiO2.CO2.SO3.15H2O-Thaumasite
5CaO.2SiO2.CO2Spurrite
CaO.TiO2Perovskite
CaTi(SO4),
5CaO.2TiO2.3Sb2O5Lewisite
CaO.TiO2.SiO2Titanite
CaO.SnO2.3SiO2.2H2OStokesite
Ca2PbC18H30Oi2-Propionate
2CaO.PbO.3SiO2
4CaO.6PbO.6SiO2.H2OGanomalite
4CaO.5PbO.PbCl2.6SiO2Nasonite
CaO.ZnO.SiO2.H2OClinohedrite
2CaO.ZnO.SiO2Hardystonite
CaHgI4
CaHg5Ii2-SH20
Ca3Hg4Ii4.24H20
CaSO4-SCu(OH)2. CuSO4-SH2OUrvolgyite
2CaO.2CuO. As2O5-H2O-Higginsite
CaCu(C2H3O2)4.6H20
CaPt(CN)4.5H20
2CaO.MnO.P2O5.2H2OFairfieldite
2CaO-MnO. As2O5.2H2OBrandtite
CaO.MnO.SiO2Glaucochroite
194.147
210.147
242.147
260.162
158.116
218.147
210.147
414.239
336.193
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
638.239
462.256
534.318
570.349
450.255
720.586
1030.84
1126.92
68.1300
96.1900
176.330
521.020
116.130
116.130
116.130
194.205
172.200
172.200
172.200
190.215
286.306
288.330
590.628
218.161
462.491
365.415
482.458
622.566
444.470
135.970
376.165
1410.77
196.030
422.981
725.571
515.520
1902.86
1978.76
215.525
253.580
748.408
2710.43
3132.07
574.542
519.215
357.748
429.409
361.149
449.021
187.060
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
Cl
Tstal
system
R.
^20
*
M p
Tri.
R.
Rf. ind.
finding
No.
676
648
609
638
683
100
695
561
R.
R.
1.436
R.
1.85119
636
130
M.
R. ?
H.
H.
H.
1.745
1.318
3.08
3.077
3.1
2.3516
2.5
1.64
618
822
310
807
304
12Oo
H.
M.
M.
R.
M. Tri.
M. R.
M.
R.?
R.
2.89
1540
Tr. 1200
2130
Tr. 1420 to a
Tr. 675 y to
2.69
2.61
1475 d.
Tet.
Trig.
M.
1760
H.
M. ?
R.
C.
C.
M.
R.
Tet.
1U2
2.22
2.25
2.76
2.96
3.01
1.87
3.01
4.10
4.95
3.5
3.2
3.99
5.74
5.7
3. Ss
3.4
3.3o
4.69
3.61
3.132
Tet.
H.
M.
Tet.
R.
R.
Tet.
R.
Tri.
Tri.
R.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
2.9
2.3
4.33
1.42
3.07
3.671
3.41
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 25
299
773
800
578
908
1049
824
772
751
1046
759
276
732
243
867
1025
91
184
983
776
251
955
985
380, 384
862
332
965
213
1045
823
902
910
Ir K La U Lu
36 83 58 81 72
T i No.
AT
Index
^
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
ir
i
Formula
A/T i wt.
j.
Mol.
4CaO.2Mn203.5SiO2.4H2OOrientite....
4CaSiO3.3MnSi03Bustamite
Ca(XFe2O3
2Ca(XFe2O3
2CaO.FeO.P205.4H20Anapaite
6CaO.3Fe2O3.4P2O5.19H2OCalcioferrite
3CaO.2Fe2O3.2As2O5.6H2O
Arseniosiderite
FeCa2(CN) 6.12H20
CaO.FeO.2SiO2Hedenbergite
2CaO.4FeO.Fe2O3.4SiO2.H2OIlvaite....
CaO.Cr2O3
15CaO.8CrO3.7I2O5Dietzeite
3CaO. Cr2O3.3SiO2-Uvarovite
CaMoO4- Powellite
CaO. WO3-Scheelite
CaO.8UO3.2SO3.25H2OUranopilite
CaO.2UO3.P2O6.8H2OAutunite
CaO.2UO3.P2O5.8H2OBassetite
CaO.2UO3.As2O5-SH2O-Uranospinite....
2CaO.UO2.4CO2.1OH2O-Uranothallite....
CaO.2UO3.2SiO2.6H2OUranophane. . . .
CaV4On
CaO.3V2O5.9H2OHewettite
CaO.3V2O5.9H2OMetahewettite
2CaO.3V2O5.11H2OPascoite
CaCl8-Ca8(VO4)1
CaB6
CaO.B2O3
2CaO.B2O3
2CaO.3B2O3.5H2OColemanite
2CaO.3B2O3.7H2OMeyerhofferite
2CaO.3B2O3.13H2OInyoite
4CaO.5B2O3.9H2OPandermite
5CaO.6B2O3.9H2OPriceite
CaO.2SiO2.B2O3Danburite
2CaO.2SiO2.B2O3.H2ODatolite
4CaO.5B2O3.2SiO2.5H2OHowlite
8CaO.5B2O3.6SiO2.6H2OBakerite
CaO.B2O3.SnO2Nordenskioeldine
CaO.Al2O3
3CaO.Al2O3
3CaO.5Al2O3
5CaO.3Al2O3
CaF2-Al(F, OH)3,H2OGearksutite
CaF2.2Al(F, OH)3.H2OProsopite
6CaO. A12O3.3SO3.33H2OEttringite
CaO.2CaF2.2Al(F, OH)3.SO3.2H2O
Creedite
CaO.2Al2O3.P2O5.5H2OCrandallite
CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2Anorthite
CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2OHibschite
CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2OLawsonite
CaO. Al2O3.3SiO2.5H2OLevynite
CaO. Al2O3.4SiO2.4H2OGismondite
CaO.Al2O3.4SiO2.4H2OLaumontite
CaO.Al2O3.6SiO2.5H2OEpistilbite
CaO.Al2O3.6SiO2.5H2OHeulandite
CaO.Al2O3.7SiO2.7H2OStellerite
CaO.2Al2O3.2SiO2.H2OMargarite
2CaO. Al2O3-SiO2-Velardenite
2CaO.Al2O3.3SiO2.H2OPrehnite
2CaQ. Al2O3.5SiO2.6H2OLaubanite
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 l
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
912.362
857.490
215.750
271.820
398.090
1725.94
1055.50
508.212
248.030
817.435
208.090
397.818
500.410
200.070
288.070
2505.56
914.581
914.581
1002.45
738.464
856.622
419.910
763.969
763.969
856.069
461.116
104.990
125.710
181.780
411.137
447.168
555.260
734.619
860.329
245.830
319.915
782.677
1265.21
276.410
157.990
270.130
677.810
586.110
1273.04
492.035
278.110
314.141
314.141
428.247
470.292
470.292
608.427
608.427
704.518
398.045
274.120
412.255
622.452
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Crystal
J
,
system
K
TrL
AT ~
M.
P.
1216 d.
1436 d.
Tri.
M.
R.
TrL
M.
R.
Ref. md.
00
d:
c ,.
AT
^j finding
No.
O
9
4
3
868
408
1057
2.82
778
2.53
282
3.36
lloo
3.7
4.0
4.818
3.70
3.42
4.35
6.06
3.8
3.1
3.10
3.45
2.8
3.9
M.
C.
Tet.
Tet.
TrL?
R.
M.
R.
R.
TrL?
376
718
922
984
970
170
388
381
788
707
705
719
547
855
63?
R.
R.
M.
R.
2.554
2.51
2.46
4.01
2.3
R.
1100
1304
d.
d.
d.
d.
M.
Tri.
M.
M.
Tri.
R.
841
2.43
2.12
1.87s
2.43
2.4
3.0
3.0
2.6
2.8
4.2
M.
Trig.
M. ?, TrL
C.
Tet. ?, R.
C.
M.
M. TrL
H.
M.
R.
TrL
C.
R.
Trig.
1600
1535 d.
1720
1455
1551
1550
M.
M.
M.
R.
M.
Tet.
R.
M. ?
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
1590
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
1011
1003
961
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
739
635
570
738
735
806
831
746
721
2.77
2.88
l. 75
838
155
300
141
445
548
231
2.73
3.5
2.765
3.05
3.09
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.25
2.2
2. !2
3.0
3.04
2.9
2^2
470
294
723
149
869
241
644
605
572
528
509
820
333
796
221
TiTITmUV
19 27 70 49 50
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
2432CaO.3Al 2 O 3 .9SiO 2 Didymolite

958.440
2414
3Ca(XAl2O3-SiO2
330.190
2415
3CaO. Al2O3.3SiO2Grossularite
450.310
2416
3CaO.Al2O3.6SiO2.H2OBavenite
648.505
2417
4CaO.3Al2O3.6SiO2Meionite
890.400
2417.1 4CaO.3Al2O3.6SiO2.H2OClinozoisite.... 908.415
2418
4CaO.3Al2O3.6SiO2.H2OZoisite
908.415
2419
3CaO.5Ce2O3.6P2O5.24H2OChurchite.... 3095.37
2420
CaO.2CeOF.3CO2Parisite
538.570
2421
CaPO4. BeOH-Hydro-herderite
161.122
2422
CaCl2.2MgCl2.12H2O-Tachyhydrite.... 517.643
2423
2CaO.2MgO. As2O5-H2O-Adelite
440.715
2424
2Ca(XMgO. As2O5.MgFTilasite
425.700
2425
CaO. MgO.2CO2Dolomite
184.390
2426
CaO.MgO.SiO2Monticellite
156.450
2427
CaO.MgO.2SiO2Diopside
216.510
2428
CaO.3MgO.2SiO2Merwinite
297.150
2429
CaO.3MgO.4SiO2Tremolite
417.270
2430
2CaO.MgO.2SiO2kermannite
272.580
2431
5CaO.2MgO.6SiO2
721.350
2432
CaO.MgO.3B2O3.6H2OHydroboracite.. 413.402
2433
CaO.MgO.Al2O3.SiO2Gehlenite
258.370
2434
SrO
103.620
2435
Sr(OH) 2
121.635
2436
Sr(OH)2.8H2O
265.758
2437
SrF2
125.620
2438
SrCl2
158.536
2439
SrCl2.6H20
266.628
2440
Sr(ClOs)2
254.536
2441
SrF2.SrCl2
284.156
2442
SrBr2
247.452
2443
SrBr2.6H20
355.544
2444
Sr(BrO3)2.H20
361.467
2445
SrBr2.SrF2
373.072
2446
SrI2
341.484
2447
Sr(IO3)2
437.484
2448
SrI2.SrF2
467.104
2449
SrS
119.685
2450
SrS4.6H20
323.972
2451
SrO.SO3Celestite
183.685
2452
SrS2O3.5H20
289.827
2453
SrS2O6.4H20
319.812
2454
Sr(NO) 2
147.636
2455
Sr(NO)2.5H20
237.713
2456
Sr(NO 2 ) 2
179.636
2457
Sr(NO 2 ) 2 .H 2 0
197.651
2458
Sr(NO 3 ) 2
211.636
2459
Sr(NO3)2.4H20
283.698
2460
Sr3P2
324.908
2461
SrHPO4.
183.652
2462
SrC2
111.620
2463
SrO.CO2-Strontianite
147.620
2464
Sr(CHO2),
..
177.635
2465
Sr(CHO2)2.H2O
195.651
2466
Sr(CHO2)2.2H2O
213.666
2467
Sr(C2H3O2),
205.666
2468
Sr(CH2SO3)2.H2OEthane disulfonate.. . 293.796
2469
p470
2471
2472
2473
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
Sr(C2H5O4S)2.2H2OEthylsulfate
Sr(C4H2O3NO2)2.xH2ONitrotetronate. .
Sr(SbOC4H4Oe)2
SrSiO3
2SrQ.SiQ2
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
373.858
627.222
163.680
267.300
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
^1
system
~M.
R.
C.
M.
Tt.
M.
R.
M.
Trig.
R.
H.
M.
M.
Trig.
R.
M.
M.
M.
Tt.
M.
Tt.
R.
Tt.
C.
C.
Trig.
R.
Tt.
M.
M. P.
> 168 d.
d. 1498
1391
1458
d. 1365
243o
1190
873
d. 61
120 d.
962
643
d. 20
d.
402
Tri.
C.
R.
M.
Trig.
C.
M.
25
158Od.
d.
d.
570
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
149760 at71.9
M.
M.
M.
H.
1580
>17QO
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
d?
finding
27Tl
3.530
2.72
2.74
3.36
3.3
3.14
4.32
3. Oo
1.66s
3.76
3.28
2.872
3.2
3.3
3.15
3.0
2.944
2.0
3.04
4.7
3.625
1.9o
2.44
3.052
1.93
.
3.152
4.18
4.2Ie^ 4
2.35818
3.773
4.06
4.549f
5.04515
4.5
3.7015
3.96
2.1?17
2.373
2.683
2.173f
2.S67 27
2.408J
2.986
2.2
2.68
3.544
3.2
3.70
2.69
2.25
2.69s
2.099
2.355 (a)
2.453 ()
2.032
2.043
3.65
3.84
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
-*?.' ^
No.
540
1048
157
717
295
915
896
785
279
774
249
909
847
339
852
864
901
786
307
797
631
330
242
140
257
763
324
789
253
135
853
704
597
554
812
426
60
Ir K La Ia Lu
36 83 58 81 72
T j No.
XT
Index
2474
2475
2476
2477
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
-r
i
Formula
TVT i wt.
j.
Mol.
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
SrSiF6.2H20
SrCl2.2CdCl2.7H20
SrHg5I12-SH20
Sr2Cu(CHO2) 4.8H20
SrCrO4
SrCr2O7-SH20
Sr (OCrO2Cl)2.4H20
SrMoO4
SrWO4
Sr2Wi2SiO40.16H20
SrB6
SrO.B2O3
SrO.2B2O3
2SrO.B2O3
2SrO.3Al2O3.2P2O5.7H2OGoyazite
2SrO.3A)2O3.P2O0.2SO3.6H2O
Svanbergite
SrO.Al2O3.2SiO2
3SrO.2Ce2O3.7CO2.5H2OAncylite
SrCa2C18H30Oi2-Propionate.
BaO
BaO2
BaH2
Ba(OH) 2
Ba(OH)2.8H20
BaF2
BaCl2
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
BaCl2.2H20
Ba(ClO)2
Ba(ClOs)2
Ba(ClO3)2.H20
Ba(ClO4),
Ba(ClO4)2.3H20
BaClF
BaCl2.BaF2
BaBr2
BaBr2.2H20
Ba(BrO3)2.H20
BaBr2-BaF2
BaI2
BaI2.6H20
BaI2.7H20
Ba(IOa) 2
Ba(IO3)2.H20
BaI2.BaF2
BaS
BaS4.2H20
BaO.SOsBarite
244.317
240.286
304.286
322.301
336.286
390.332
191.828
383.656
297.202
333.233
411.217
472.572
391.234
499.326
517.342
487.234
505.249
566.604
169.435
301.661
233.435
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
BaS2O3-H20
BaS2O6.2H2O
BaS2O6.4H20
BaSeO4
BaTeO4
BaN 6
Ba(NO) 2
Ba(NO 2 ) 2
Ba(NO 2 ) 2 .H 2 O
Ba(NO3)2Nitrobarite
Ba(NH 2 ),
Ba2P2O7
Ba 3 (PO 4 )*
267.515
333.531
369.562
280.570
328.870
221.418
197.386
229.386
247.401
261.386
169.417
448.788
602.158
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
265.711
651.296
2757.98
562.964
203.630
357.686
430.618
247.620
335.620
3339.55
152.540
173.260
242.900
276.880
923.204
923.270
325.660
1365.94
605.991
153.370
169.370
139.385
171.385
315.509
175.370
208.286
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
J
Crystal
.
system
M^
M.
TVT P.
M.
dfj2o
finding
2.99 17 -*
2.718*
4.66
Tri.
M.
M.
m
d.
~ Itef,. XT
No.
593
3.89515
905
72
4.145
6.184
M.
934
3.3
1100
930
1130
Trig.
Trig.
3.2
305
3.5
314
3.95
974
230
>1700
R.
Tet.
C.
1923
5.72
4.96
4.21
4.495
2.1s
4.83
3.856f
d. 675
M.
M.
C.
M.
C.
R.
M.
H.
Tet.
77.9
1280
Tr. 925
962
d. 235
414
d. 120
505
1008
847
M.
M.
H.
74Od.
25.7
M.
M.
C.
R.
R.
d.
Tr. 1149 to M. ?
1580
R.
R. M.
M.
R.
R.
d.
825
3.179
713
2.74
5.931
4.5118
4.7814
3.582J4
3.9918
4.9618
5.15i
3.67
5.2s
5.O 15
5.2118
4.2515
2.988
4.49915
3.4518
4.53613-5
3.142
4.75
4.4816
3.89123
3.23 23
3.17329
3.244 23
592
280
315
913
816
744
1076
137
4.116
4.116
R.
C.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
3.097J 4
d. 219
217
C.
544
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
ETlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
T j No.
AT
Index
T^
i
Formula
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
BaHPO4
BaH4(PO2) 2.H20
BaF2^Ba3P2O8
BaCl2-SBa3P2O8
Ba3As2
BaHAsO4-H20
BaC2
BaCO3-Witherite
BaCO3 (a)
BaCO3 ()
BaC2O4
Ba(CHO 2 ) 2
BaC3H2O4-Malonate
Ba(raeso-C4H4O6).H2O
Ba-C4H406).5H20
Ba(C2H3O2)2
Ba(C2H3O2)2.H20
Ba(C2H3O2)2.3H20
Ba(C2H5CO2)2.H20
Ba(CH2SOa)2-Ethane disulfonate
BaC6H4O7S2.4H2OPhenol-2, 4-disulfonate
BaCi0H6O6S2-H2O-Naphthalene-1, 5disulfonate
BaSiO3
BaSiO3.6H2O
BaO.2SiO2
2BaO.SiO2
2BaO.3SiO2
BaSiF6
BaO.TiO2.3SiO2Benitoite
BaCdCl4.4H20
BaCdBr4.4H20
BaCd(CHO2)4.2H20
BaHg5Ii2
Ba3Hg6I16.16H20
BaPtBr6.10H20
BaPt (CN)4.4H20
BaO.MnO2
BaO.FeO.4SiO2Gillespite
4BaO.FeO.2Fe2O3.1OSiO2-Taramellite...
BaNi2O5
BaCrO4
Ba3[Cr(C2O4)3]2
Ba3[Cr(C2O4)3]2.7H20
Ba3[Cr(C2O4)3]2.12H2O
BaMoO4
BaWO4
BaO.4WO3.9H20
Ba2Wi2SiO40-IoH20
BaO.2UO3.P2O5.8H2OUranocircite
Ba2V2O7
3BaO. 1OWO3. V2O5.SiO2.28H20
BaB6
BaO.B2O3
2BaO.B2O3
3BaO.B2O3
BaCl2.2AlCl3
BaO. Al2O3.2SiO2Celsian
BaO. Al2O3.3SiO2.3H2OEdingtonite
4BaO.Al2O3.7SiO2Barylite
BaF2. Ce2O3-SCO2- Cordylite
BaO.CaO.2CO2Barytocalcite
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
i/r i wt.
x
Mol.
233.402
285.464
1981.84
2014.76
562.030
295.353
161.370
197.370
197.370
197.370
225.370
227.385
239.385
303.416
375.478
255.416
273.432
309.462
301.462
325.531
Crystal
.
system
R
M.
H.
H.
1670
1584
R. M.
R.
H.
Tr. 811 to
Tr. 982 to
1740' at-
J2 o
<n
Itef,.
finding
4.16515
2.90 17
745
1051
2.468
2.19
2.021
Tri.
Tri.
R.
R.
441.562
213.430
321.522
273.490
366.800
486.920
279.430
413.450
463.674
641.506
465.842
2692.60
3734.32
992.250
508.694
240.300
465.450
1605.28
334.750
253.380
1044.13
1170.24
1260.31
297.370
385.370
1243.51
3439.05
1011.88
488.660
3526.52
202.290
223.010
376.380
529.750
474.954
375.410
435.470
1135.82
635.870
297.440
R.
584
767
1420
>1755
1450
H.
Tri.
Tri.
M.
Trig.
R.
R.
M.
R.
904
872
659
775
1052
795
3.93
4.27915
3.7
2.968
3.687
356
827
894
627
1047
302
942
962
787
3.53
ca. 863
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
2.282
4.399
2.59
3.73
4.63
4.06
3.713
3.05
5.85
3.33
3.92
4.8
4.49815
2.57
2.S9628
2.37227
4.65
6.35
4.30
M.
M.
M.
R.
R.
H.
M.
582
2.779
1604
R.
R.
d.
XT
No.
875
M.
M.
334
343
5.949
4. l15
3.9315
3.75
4.43
2.658
3.21
2.147}8
2.98
R.
461.592
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
,, P.
_>
M.
1060
1002
1315
290
> 1700
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
3.66
4.3e
3.37
2.7
4.03
4.31
3.65
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
727
662
884
357
828
Ir K La IA Lu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No. I
Formula
MoL wt.
C r y
system
C.
H; ?
M.
t a l
d j 3 f f '
*
finding
M ^ R
2596
2597
2598
BaCa2Ci8H30Oi2-Propionate
BaO.2CaO.3SiO2
RaCl2
655.741
445.690
296.866
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
RaBr2
Li20
LiH
LiOH
LiORH20
LiF
385.782
29.8780
7.94670
23.9467
41.9621
25.9390
M.
C.
870
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
LiCl
LiClO3
LiClO3.0.5H20
LiClO4
LiClO4-SH20
LiBr
LiBr.2H20
LiBr.3H20
LiI
42.3970
90.3970
99.4047
106.397
160.443
86.8550
122.886
140.901
133.871
C.
613
129
65
236
95
547
44
3.5
446
2614
2615
2616
LiLSH20
Li2S
Li2SO4
187.917
45.9430
109.943
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
Li2SO4.H20
Li2S2O6.2H20
LiHSO4
LiNO2.H20
LiNO3
127.958
210.039
104.012
70.9624
68.9470
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
LiNO3.3H20
LiNH 2 ....
Li 2 NH
LiBr.NH3
LiNH4SO4
122.993
22.9624
28.8937
103.886
121.043
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
LiPO3
Li3PO4
Li3PO4.12H20
LiH2PO4
Li3AsO4
Li3Sb
Li2C2
Li2CO3
85.963
115.841
332.026
103.978
159.777
142.587
37.8780
73.8780
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
101.878
69.9621
248.070
101.993
238.070
2641
2642
2643
2644
Li2C2O4
LiCHO2.H20
LiHC4H4O5-OH2O-Malate
LiC2H3O2.2H20
Li2(CH2SO3)2.2H2OEthane disulfonate.
Li2CiuH6O6S2.2H2ONaphthalene 1, 5disulfonate
LiNH4(^-C4H4Oe)-H2O
LiNH 4 (Of-C 4 H 4 Oe)-H 2 0
Li6Si2
Li2O-SiO2
336.085
191.024
191.024
97.7540
89.9380
2645
2646
2647
2648
Li2O.2SiO2
2Li2O.SiO2
Li2SiF6.2H20
TlLi((#-C4H4O6).2H20
149.998
119.816
191.969
395.401
Mg Mn Mo N
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
C.
H.
C.
ind
'
No.
73
338
1320 d.
looo
Tr. 870
728
>17oo
680
4so
4.9i
5.79
2.013f'2
0.820
2.54
1.83
2.295 21 - 5
1. 1.789870
2.068f
2.429
1.841
3.464f
4.06lf
1. 2.827 673 - 4
73
M.
1.6e
2.221
1. 2.004 860
2.06
2.158
2.12313
1.615
1. 1.77f2
2.38
860
M.
R.
Trig.
255
d. 29.6
3eo
455
469
684
353
1.178175
1.30319
97
M. (a)
H. (/3)
M. (T ?)
R.
Trig.
1.204
2.461
2.537 175
1.645
2.461
3.07
3.217
1.6518
2. Ill 1 7 5
1. 1.765900
2.12117-5
1.46
837
100
>100
>950
M.
618
R.
M.
R.
M.
682
533
70
1.817
M.
M.
R.
R.
1.664
1201
1032 d.
1256
M.
TrL
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
694
Sb Sc Se Si Sn
14 56 9 18 22
1.12
1. 2.33f
2.52f
2.454f
2.28
2.3
3.144
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
Ti Tl Tm U V
19 27 70 49 50
814
614
693
55
322, 1042
1043
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
Formula
Mol. wt.
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2LiI.HgI2.6H20
2LiI.HgI2.8H20
Li2O.2MnO.P2O5Lithiophilite
Li20.2FeO.P2O0Triphylite
Li(UO2) (C2H3O2)3.3H20
Li2O-B2O3
Li2O.B2O3.16H20
Li2O.2B2O3
Li2O.Al2O3
2LiF. Al2O3-P2O5-Amblygonite
Li2O-Al2O3^SiO2-Eucryptite
Li2O.Al2O3.4SiO2Spodumene
Li2O.Al2O3.5SiO2
Li2O.Al2O3.6SiO2
Li2O.Al2O3.8SiO2Petalite
2Li20.7Al2O3.2B2O3.6SiO2.12H2OManandonite
Na20
Na2O2.8H20
NaH
NaOH
NaOH.3.5H2O.
NaF-Villiaumite
NaCl-Halite
NaOC1.2.5H20
NaOCLoH20
NaClO3
NaClO4
NaClO4-H20
NaBr
NaBr.2H2O
NaBrO3
NaI
NaIO3
NaIO4
NaIO4.3H20
Na2S
Na2S2
Na2S3
Na2S4
Na2S4.6H20
Na2S5
Na2SO3.7H20
Na2SO4 (a)Thenardite
Na2SO4
2693
2694
2695
269.6
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
Na2SO4.1OH2O-Glaubers salt
Na2SO4-IOH2O-Mirabilite
Na2S2O3
Na2S2O3-SH20
Na2S2O6.2H20
NaHS-SH20
NaHSO4
2Na2O.NaCl.NaF.2SO3Sulphohalite....
Na2Se4
Na2SeO4
Na2SeO4-IOH20
NaNO 2
NaNO3-Soda-niter
Na 2 (NO) 2
NaNH 2
3Na2O.N2O5.2SO3.2H2ODarapskite
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
CCaCbCdCe
lo 77 51 29 59
830.308
866.339
313.786
315.606
508.224
99.5180
387.764
169.158
131.798
295.846
251.918
372.038
432.098
492.158
612.278
1489.02
61.9940
222.117
24.0047
40.0047
103.059
41.9970
58.4550
119.494
164.532
106.455
122.455
140.470
102.913
138.944
150.913
149.929
197.929
213.929
267.975
78.0590
110.124
142.189
174.254
282.346
206.319
252.167
142.059
142.059
322.213
322.213
158.124
248.201
242.155
110.116
120.070
384.570
362.794
189.194
369.348
69.0050
85.0050
106.010
39.0204
490.159
ClCoCrCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
Cry al
f
system
R.
R.
M.
Trig.
843
47
900
>1625
Tri.
H.
M.
1388
1400
M.
13?o
H.
H.
Tet.
C.
C. Trig.
R.
H.
C.
M.
C.
C.
R.
Tet.
Trig.
C.
M.
R.
R.
M.
H.
M.
M.
M.
M.
R.
R.
Tri.
C.
7
J
finding
3.26
2.95
3.5
3.55
2.28O1*
** ^
No.
878
895
1.38
2.554f- J
3.05
2.67
3.2
2.40
2.41
2.4
2.89
2.27
740
268
854
573
749
d. 30
318.4
15.5
980
804
57.5
24.5
248
482 d.
d. 130
755
50.7
38l
651
d.
d. 300
0.92
2.130
2.79
2.163
66
129
2.49O 1 S
119
2.02
3.205
2.176
3.33917-5
3.667
4.277
3.86516
3.21918
1.856
138
445
223.5
275
25
251.8
Tr. 100
Tr. 100 to M.
Tr. 500 to H
884
d. 32.4
d. 48.0
22
>315
1.561
2.69
2.698
1.464
1.48
1.667
1.68s
2.189
2.742
2.49
466
434
428
564
520
76
-55
R.
M.
R.
Trig.
271
308
30Od.
210
M.
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
3.098
1.58
2.168
2.257
2.46630
2.2
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
288
475
IrKLaLiLu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
848.194
173.132
102.021
164.015
380.200
342.094
430.190
266.036
446.190
149.075
138.052
156.067
216.103
178.057
268.134
358.211
314.150
222.057
330.150
390.185
532.293
422.197
712.320
2768
6NaNO3.2Na2SO4.3H2ONitroglauberite
NaNH4SO4.2H2OLecontite
NaPO3
Na3PO4
Na3PO4.12H20
(NaPO3)3.2H20
Na4P2O6-IOH20
Na 4 P 2 O 7
Na4P2OUOH2O
NaH2PO3.2.5H20
NaH2PO4.H20
NaH2PO4.2H20
Na2HPO3.5H20
Na2HPO4.2H20
Na2HPO4.7H2O
Na2HPO4.12H20
Na2H2P2O6.6H20
Na 2 H 2 P 2 O 7
Na2H2P2O7.6H20
Na3HP2O6.9H20
Na3PO4-H3PO4.15H20
Na3PO4.NaF.12H20
2Na3PO4.NaF.19H20
NH4NaHPO4.4H2OMicrocosmic sait,
Stercorite
Na3AsO4
Na3AsO4.12H20
NaH2AsO4-H20
NaH2AsO4.2H20
Na2HAsO4.7H20
Na2H AsO4.12H20
2Na3AsO4.NaF.19H20
Na3AsS4.8H20
2Na2O.As2O6.2SO3
(NH 4 ) NaH AsO4.4H20
NaSb
Na3Sb
NaSbO2.3H20
Na3SbS4.9H2O
Na3Bi
Na 2 C 2
Na 2 CO 3
Na2CO3.H2OThermonatrite
Na2CO3.7H20
Na2CO3-IOH2O-Natron
NaCHO2
NaHCO 3
NaC 2 H 3 O 2
NaC2H3O2.3H20
NaHC3H2O4-H2OAcid malonate
NaH(d-C4H4O6).H2O
NaC4H7O4Diacetate
NaC16H3iO2Palmitate
NaC18H33O2-Elaidate
NaC18H33O2-Oleate
Na 2 Cd-C 4 H 4 Oe)-ZH 2 0
Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2OTronite
Na3C6H5O7.5H2OCitrate
NaCi0H6S2O6^H2O-Naphthalene I, 5disulfonate
Na2(CH2SO3)2.2H2OEthane disulfonate
2769
NaCN
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
Mg Mn Mo N
76 42 47 11
Na Nb Nd Ni O
82 51 61 45 1
209.129
207.951
424.136
181.988
200.003
312.070
402.147
800.192
416.334
514.038
253.065
144.767
190.761
230.813
481.160
277.991
69.9940
105.994
124.009
232.102
286.148
68.0047
84.0047
82.0201
136.063
144.036
190.051
142.051
278.236
304.251
304.251
230.056
226.030
348.107
Cr
ystal
system
R
R.
Trig.
Tri.
M.
M.
M.
R.
R.
R.
H.
M.
R. M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
988
d.
42
d. 190
a. 60
d. 220
d. 100
55
a. 79 d.
86.3
28
d.
465
856
d.
851
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
M.
R.
R.
C.
214
480
444
432
487
450
438
1.848
1.679
1.52
1.849
1.862
1.848
1.743
454
465
2.216
2.217
74
1.574
2.835
1.759
2.535
2.309
1.871
1.72
2.852*
437
433
504
436
216
672
546
556
441
90
879
457
2.864
1.839
775
R.
R. Trig.
M.
M.
M.
1.63
2.476
2.537 175
1.62
2.476
1.832
2.45
1.82
Rf. ind.
finding
No.
534
443
2.425 21
1.84517
M.
R.
C.
2.040
1.91
d.
34.6
Trig.
R.
R.
M.
M.
C.
M.
345.040
270.186
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
d.
616 d.
1340
d. 73.4
d.
C.
C.
49.0050
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
dy
M> P
d. 35.1
253
324
58; 78
1.57515
2.533
1.55
1.51
1.46
1.92
2.20
1.528
1.45
431
452
604
628
79
a. 270
227
235
R.
M.
R.
1.818
2.147 217
1.857f'5
M.
M.
1.777
1.939 (a)
1.880(A
563
809
563.7
Sb Sc Se Si Sn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
Ti Tl Tm U V
19 27 70 49 50
W Y Yb Zn Zr
4857 71 2821
Index No.
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
Formula
Mol. wt.
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
NaNH4(WeW-C4H4Oe)-H20
207.082
NaNH 4 W-C4H4O6).4H2O
261.128
NaC5H8NO4-Glutamate
169.067
NaSCN
81.0700
NaC6H4(NH2)SO3.2H2OSuif amiate.... 231.147
NaCioH8N03S.4H201, 4-Naphthylamine sulfonate
317.193
Na2O.SiO2
122.054
Na2O.2SiO2
182.114
Na2SiF6
188.054
Na2O.3TiO2
301.694
Na2O.ZrO2.6SiO2.3H2OElpidite
599.400
NaO.Pb(OH)Cl.SOj Caracolite
401.725
TlNa WZ-C4H4O6). 2H20
411.459
TlNa(meso-C4H4O6).2.5H2O
420.466
TlNa W-C4H4O6).4H20
447.489
NaTl3W-C4H4Oe)2
932.259
ZnNaPO4
183.401
Zn(Na 2 PO 4 ),
347.416
Na2SO4. CdSO4
350.534
Na2SO4. CuSO4.2H2OKroehnkite
337.725
Na2SO4.Cu(OH)2.3CuSO4.3H2O
Natrochalcite
772.596
NaCu(CN) 2
138.583
Na3IrCl6.12H20
691.024
Na2PtCl4.4H20
455.118
Na2PtCl6.6H2O
,
562.064
Na2PtBr6.6H20
828.812
Na2PtI6.6H2O
1110.91
Na 2 Ru(NO 2 ) 5 .2H 2 O
...
413.765
Na 2 MnP 2 O 7
274.972
Na2O.2MnO.P2O5Natrophilite
345.902
Na 4 Mn(PO 4 ) 2
336.966
Na2O.3Fe2O3.4SO3.6H2ONatrojarosite.. 969.386
2Na2O.Fe2O3.4SO3.7H2OSideronatrite... 684.042
3Na2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.6H2OFerrinatrite... 934.144
Na6Fe2(C2O4)6.1OH20
957.816
Na 2 Fe(CN) 5NO.2H20
297.913
Na4Fe (CN)6.12H20
520.061
Na2O.Fe2O3.4SiO2Aegirite
461.914
Na2O.Fe2O3.FeO.5SiO2Riebeckite
593.814
Na2O.2FeO.Fe2O3.6SiO2Crocidolite. . . . 725.714
Na2CrO4
162.004
Na2CrO4.4H20
234.066
Na2CrO4.6H20
270.096
Na2CrO4.10H20
342.158
Na2Cr2O7.2H20
298.045
Na2O.2CrO3.I2O5.2H20
631.909
Na2Cr2S4
278.274
NH4NaCrO4.2H2O
.
193.077
NaCrP2O7
249.055
Na2MoO4
205.994
Na2Mo2O7
349.994
3Na2O.7MoO3.22H20
1590.32
3Na2O.5MoO3.P2O5.14H20
1300.25
Na2WO4
293.994
2825 '
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
Na2WO4.2H20
Na2W2O6
Na2W3O9
Na 2 W 4 Oi 2
Na2O.4 WO3.1OH20
Na2W5Oi5
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
330.025
509.994
741.994
973.994
1170.15
1205.99
CCaCbCdCe
16 77 51 29 59
CiCoCrCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
^
system
M.
R.
M.
R.
R.
M. P.
dj"
finding
1.740
l. 587
1088
874
2.679
3.518
2.58
4.5
3.289
3.120
2.580
4.145
3.3
2.8
551
d. 350
d. 100
50
100 d.
Tri.
Tri.
M.?
M.
H.
R.
R.
M.
R.
R.
392
d. 64. s
d. 25.9
320
d.
d.
687
612
a. 700
689
937
2.06 4
715
2.33
1.013
840
2.9
3.41
2.7
3.2
2.2
2.55
1.973175
1.72
1.458
3.5
3.44
3.2
2.723
1.483
2.52 13
3.21
2.5515
1.84215
3
1.2.59O 4 026
871
966
725
271
616
956
887
893
892
818
698
d.
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
747
1040
571
202
741
R.
C.
74
527
574
2.50
3.323
3.707
R.
R.
R.
Trig.
M.
R.
M.
M.
M.
M.
R.
M.
Tri.
M.
M.
^
No.
696
M.
M.
in
562.3
M.
R.
H.
M.
R.
R.
Tri.
Tri.
R.
R.
R.
C.
R ef
fi , -
706.6
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
4.179
1. 3.613596-6
3.245
7.28
6.617
7.1954
3.84713
7.28317
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
IrKLaLiLu
36 83 58 81 72
Index No.
Formula
Mol. wt.
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
4Na2O.10WO3.23H20
5Na2O.12WO3.28H2O
9Na2O.22 WO3.51H20
Na2O.3UO3
NaU(C2H3O2)3
NaVO 3
Na2O.V2O4-SV2O5
Na 3 VO 4
Na3VO4.10H20
Na3VO4.12H20
Na 4 V 2 O 7
2Na3VO4.NaF.19H20
Na3VSO3JOH20
3Na2O-V2O5.10WO3.SiO2.29H20
Na 2 CbO 3
Na 2 O.B 2 O 3
Na 2 O.2B 2 O 3
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
Na2B4O7-IOH2O-Borax
Na2O.4B2O3
NaAlO2
2NaF. AlF3-Chiolite
3NaF. AlF3-Cryolyte
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
Na2O.A12O3.4SO3.12H2O-Tamarugite. . . 700.359
Na2O.Al2O3.4SO3.22H2OMendozite
880.513
Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H20
916.544
Na2O.3Al2O3.4SO3.6H2ONatroalunite. . 796.106
Na2O.Al2O3-P2O5-H2O-Fremontite
323.977
Na2O.2AlOF. As2O5- Durangite
396.834
Na2O. A12O3.2CO2.2H2ODawsonite
287.944
Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2Carnegieite
284.034
Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2Nephelite
284.034
Na2O. Al2O3.3SiO2.2H2ONatrolite
380.125
Na2O.Al2O3.4SiO2Jadeite
404.154
Na2O. Al2O3.4SiO2.2H2OAnalcite
440.185
Na2O-Al2O3-OSiO2-Albite
524.274
Na2O.Al2O3.9SiO2.2NaFLeifite
788.448
Na2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2OParagonite.... 764.145
2Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2.H2OUssingite
604.283
2Na2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.7H2O
Hydronephelite
916.216
3Na2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2NaClSodalite.... 969.012
3Na2O.3Al2O3.18SiO2.2NaClMarialite... 1689.73
3Na2O3.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2Na2SLazurite.... 1008.22
5Na2O.3 Al2O3.6SiO2.2SO3Noselite
1136.22
Na 2 La(NO 3 ) 5 .H 2 0
512.959
Na 2 Ce(NO 3 ) 5 .H 2 Oi
514.299
Na2O.2BeO.P2O5Beryllonite
254.082
Na2O.2BeO.6SiO2.H2OEpididymite
490.409
Na2O.2BeO.6SiO2.H2OEudidymite
490.409
Na2SO4.MgSO4
262.444
Na2O.MgO.2SO3.2.5H2OLoeweite
307.483
Na2O.MgO.2SO3.4H2OBloedite
334.506
3Na2O. MgO.4SO3Vanthoffite
546.562
NaMgPO4
142.341
Na 2 MgP 2 O 7
244.362
Na 2 Mg(COs) 2
190.314
NaCLNa2CO3-MgCO3-Northrupite
248.769
3Na2O.2MgO.4CO2.SO3Tychite
522.687
Na2O.CaO.2SO3Glauberite
278.194
Na2O.CaO.2SO3.4H2OWattevillite.... . 350.257
3Na2O.3CaO.2P2O5
638.288
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2889
2890
2891
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
2982.33
3598.40
6580.73
920.504
438.236
121.957
1137.51
183.951
364.105
400.136
305.908
752.192
380.170
3270.41
187.094
131.634
201.274
381.428
340.554
81.9570
167.954
209.950
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Cry al
f
M. P.
system
M . 6 8 0 . 8
Tri.
705.8
683.3
R.?
Tt.
M.?
562
R.?
a. 800 d.
a. 866
C. H.
Trig.
H.
654
C.
18
C.
966
741
M.
61
1526
Tr. 1248
!Oso
UOo
H.
C.
Tt.
C.
C.
M.
R.
R.
M.
R.
Trig.
M.
M. ?
Tr. 71
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTe-Th
7852 66 10 24
109.1
127, 263
245
123
1.773
3.344
4.19
2.3
2.2
2.56
2.4
2.3
2.63^
2.65J
2.85
3.55
2.55
2.729
2.37
2.23
2.69
2.5
2.2
2.7291^
2.37715
2.52
2.83
1.81
2.1
C.?
Tt.
C.
C.
M.
M.
M.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
6.912
2.56
2.79
3.0
2.90
1. 2.1O1083
2.03
1.88
1.675
2.6
3.04
4.0
2.4
2.57
2.67
2.25
3.34
2.25
2.61
2.57
2.8
2.50
lOoo
M. Tri.
M.?
C.
Trig. C.
M. ?
M.
R.
Tri. ?
H.
R.
M.
C.
Tri.
H.
M.
Tri.
Jf.- '1^
finding
No.
1.2.5 glass
2.37
1.73
75
783
1650
Tt.
M.
d
*
4~3
Ti Tl Tm U V
19 27 70 49 50
45
460
205
427
494
449
72
287
760
866
653
596
266
478
834
229
615
248
750
565
236
99
261
108
105
679
700
657
232
498
497
118
113
625
446
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
Index No. I
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
Formula
Mol. wt.
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
Na2O.CaO.2CO2.2H2OPirssonite
242.095
Na2O.CaO.2CO2.5H2OGaylussite
296.141
Na2O.4CaO.6SiO2.H2OPectolite
664.650
Na2O.2CaO.5B2O3.16H2OUlexite
810.580
NaF. CaF2. A1F3.H2OPachnolite
222.042
NaF. CaF2. A1F3.H2OThomsenolite
222.042
Na2O.CaO.2Al2O3.10SiO2.20H2O
Faujasite
1282.81
Na2O.2CaO.3Al2O3.9SiO2.8H2O
Mesolite
1164.56
Na2O.2CaO.3Al2O3.9SiO2.8H2O
Pseudomesolite
1164.56
5(Na2, Ca)O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2S03
Haynite
NaF.CaO.BeO.2SiO2Leucophanite
243.207
NaF.2CaO.2BeO.3SiO2Meliphanite... . 384.357
NaCaMgAlSi4Oi2-TuXtIiIe
418.587
Na2SrSO7
277.679
Na2Sr(COs)2
253.614
Na4SrCa(COs)4
459.678
Na 2 Ba(CO 3 ) 2
303.364
2NaaO.BaO.2TiO2.1OSiO2Leucosphenite
1037.76
Na 4 BaCa(COa) 4
509.428
NaLi(d/-C4H4O6).2H2O
213.998
3NaF.3LiF.2AlF3Cryolithionite
371.728
K20
94.1900
K2O4
142.190
KH
40.1027
KOH
56.1027
2918
KF
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
KF.2HF
KF.3HF
KCl-Sylvite
KClO3
KClO4
KBr
KBrO3
KI
KI3
KIO3
KIO4
K2H3IOC.3H20
KICl2
KIBr2
K2S
98.1104
118.118
74.5530
122.553
138.553
119.011
167.011
166.027
419.891
214.027
230.027
358.191
236.943
325.859
110.255
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
K2S.5H20
K2S3
K2S4
K2S5
K2SO4-Arcanite
200.332
174.385
206.450
238.515
174.255
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
K2S2O3
K2S2O3.0.33H20
K2S2O6
K2S2O7
K2S2O8
K2S3O6
K2S4O6
K2S5O6-LSH2O
190.320
196.325
238.320
254320
270.320
270.385
302.450
361.538
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
Cry tal
'
system
R.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 31
M?R
813
d.
df
*_
2.35
1.94
2.73
1.95
2.98
2.98
, Ref - in ^
finding
No.
567
580
766
551
429
430
C.
1.92
92
TrL
2.27
555
Tri.
2.22
531
C.
R.
Tet.
M.
2.4
2.96
3.01
3.27
106
743
297
870
3.1
849
280
750
720
740
M.
660
M.
C.
2.78
2.32
>280
d. .
Tr. 260
380
880
58.0950
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
506
67
0.80
2.044
1. 1.87f
2.48
1. 1.869J13
105
100
C.
M.
R.
Trig.
C.
M.
M.
Tet.
Tri.
M.
R.
R.
C.
M.
Trig.
368.4
d. 400
7so
37o d.
773
45
56o
582
103
579
134
150
541
60
60
471
Tr. 146.4
60
252.0
>145
206.0
Tr. 588
1067
d. 400
>300
Tri.
R.
M.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
1.98s
2.32
2.52
2.75
3.2717-5
3.123
3.498
3.89
3.618
1.805
2.662
519
2.23
2.278
2.277
215
2.304
2.296
2.112
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 20
458
472
Ir K La IJ Lu
36 83 58 81 72
TIndex
i No.
TVT
T-.
i
Formula
T%/r i wt.
Mol.
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
KSH
KHSO4-Misenite
KHS2O7
K2SO4-KHSO4
4K2SO4.3H2SO4
KSO 3 F...
KL4SO2
K2Se
K2SeO4
. K2SeSO7
K2H2TeI2Oio.2H20
KNO 2
KNO3-Niter
..
72.1677
136.168
216.233
310.423
991.261
138.160
422.287
157.390
221.390
301.455
657.600
85.1030
101.103
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
KNH 2
KNO3.2HNO3
KBr.4NH 3
KNO3.KHSO4
5K2O.(NH4)2O.6SO3Taylorite.
KPO3
2966
2967
K3PO4
K4P2O7
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
KH2PO4
136.134
K2H2P2O6^H2O
274.284
K2H2P2O6-SH20
292.300
KH2AsO4
180.070
5K2O. As2Os.8SO3.6H20
1449.48
KSb
160.865
K3Sb
'. 239.055
K2CO3
138.190
(KCO)2
134.190
K2C2O4.H2O
184.205
K2O.2CO2.H2OKalicinite
200.205
2K2CO3.3H20
330.426
KCHO2
84.1027
KHC2O4
128.103
KHC2O4.H20
146.118
KC2H3O2
98.1181
KC4H6O4-Acid succhiate
156.134
KC4H6O4.2H2OAcid succhiate
192.164
KH(^-C4H4O6)
188.134
KH(^Z-C4H4O6)
188.134
KH(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2
,.
158.149
KC6H7O7-Citrate
230.149
KC2H3O2.2C2H4O2
218.180
KHC8H4O4-Acid phthalate
204.134
KH(C 4 H 6 O 4 ) 2Disuccinate
274.180
KC9H7O4.2H2OAcetylsalicylate
254.180
KCi8H35O2-Oleate
320.349.
K2C4H4O4.3H2OSuccinate
248.267
K 2 WZ-C 4 H 4 O 6 )
226.221
K2(d-C4H4O6).0.5H20
235.229
2K2C2O4.H2C2O4.2H2OTetraoxalate... . 458.426
KH(CC13C02)2
364.851
KC2H6O4S-Ethyl sulfate
164.199
KC6H6O4S-p-Phenolsulfonate
212.199
KC6H6O4S.2H2Oo-Phenolsulfonate
248.229
KC6H4O7S2-H2O-2,4-Phenoldisulfonate. 309.271
CH2(SO3K)2-Methane disulfonate
252.335
K2CioH6O2S2.2H2ONaphthalene 1, 5disulfonate
336.397
Mg Mn Mo N N a N b N d N i O
76 42 47 11
82 51 61 45 1
55.1184
227.134
187.135
237.271
1003.42
118.119
Crystal
,
system
,, P.
^
M.
R. M.
455
210
168
M.
d. <25
311
0.26
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
^Ref.
. ind.
XT
finding 1
No.
2.35
2.5918
2.27718
2.851
3.066
R.
508
646
120
Trig.
397
297
R. Trig. Tr. 129 R. to Trig.
333
338
22
45
1.915
2. Il 10 - 6
556
2.38
440
212.309
330.428
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
df,a
*
Tet.
M.
R.
Tet.
Tr. 450
810
1340
Tr. 278
109o
96
d.
d.
288
605
812
891
78
M.
M.
M.
d. <200
167.5
M.
M.
R.
R.
M.
292
242 d.
2.258 145
1. 2.068900
2.33
2.338
2.867
2.289
244
624
483
278
2.29
2.13
2.17
2.043
1.91
2.0
2.044
1.8
1.767
1.616
1.956
1.954
486
476
655
617
142
Tri.
112
R.
M.
162
65
1.906
1.47
1.636
1.56
1037
R.
M.
M.
R.
Tet.
M.
R.
R.
R.
M.
>260
2.376
JVL
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
1.564
1.984
1.98
1.21322
2.005}8
1.843
1.87
1.734
1.797
14 56 9 18 22
7852 66 10 24
Ti Tl Tm U V
19 27 70 49 50
610
592
770
697
768
645
859
W Y Yb Zn Zr
4857 71 2821
T j No.
XT
Index
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3017.5
3017.6
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
T^
i
Formula
________
TV /r i wt.
Mol.
KCN
65.1030
KCNO
81.1030
KNH4(d-C4H4O6).0.5H2O
214.172
KC5H2N4O6-AcId uroxasate
253.142
KC6H2O7N3-Picrate
267.134
KCNS
97.1680
K(SbO)W-C4H4O6).0.5H2O-T a r t a r
emetic
333.904
K2O.SiO2
154.250
K2O.2SiO2
214.310
K2O.4SiO2.H20
352.445
K2SiF6-Hieratite
220.250
K2Ti2O5
253.990
K2ZrF6
283.190
K 3 ZrF7
341.285
K 2 Sn(OH) 6
298.936
K2SnCl6
409.638
K2SnBr6
676.386
K2SnS3.3H20
347.131
KPb2Cl5
630.785
K2PbCl6
498.138
KC2H3O2-PbI(C2H3O2)
491.273
KGa (SO4)2.12H20
517.130
K3InCl6.2H20
480.864
K3InBr6.2H20
747.612
K3T1C16.2H20
570.464
K2SO4.ZnSO4.6H2O
. 443.792
K2Zn (SeO4)2.2H20
466.001
K 2 Zn (SeO4)2.6H20
538.062
K 2 Zn(CN) 4
247.602
4KCLCdCl2
481.538
K2Cd(NO2),
374.632
CdKPO4
246.529
KC1.2HgCl2.2H20
653.636
2KCl.HgCl2.H20
438.647
KBr.HgBr,
479.453
KBr.HgBr2.H2O
497.468
KLHgI2-H20
638.516
2KCN.Hg(CN) 2
382.832
2KCLCuCl2.2H20
319.623
K2O.CuO.2SO3.6H2OCyanochroite
441.982
K2SeO4.CuSeO4.6H20
536.252
K2CO3-CuCO3
261.760
K 3 Cu(CN) 4
284.887
KNO 3 -AgNO 3
270.991
2KNO 2 .AgNO 2 .Bi(NO 2 ) 3
671.118
KAgCO3
206.975
KAuCl4
378.127
K4Os(CN)6.3H20
557.274
K2IrCl6
484.038
K2SO4.Ir2(SO4)3.24H20
1281.02
K3Ir(C2O4)3.4H2O.
646.447
K3IrCl2(C2O4)2.H2OChloroxalate
615.316
K3IrCl2(NO2)2C2O4.2H2ODichloro dinitro oxalate
597.348
K2PtCl4
415.252
K2PtCl6
486.168
K2PtBr6
752.916
K2PtI6
1035.01
K2S.3PtS.PtS2
1051.50
[Pt(NH3)CIs]KH2O
375.746
K 2 Pt(NO 2 J 2 Br 2 -H 2 0
543.283
K 2 Pt(NO 2 ) 2 I 2 .2H 2 0
655.331
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
CGaCbCdCe
1677 51 29 59
ClCoCrCsCu
4 44 46 85 31
Crystal
\
ystem
,, nP.
M.
634.5
R.
173.2
R.
,20
d?
finding
1.5216
2.048
1.700
l. 852
1.886
2.607
976
1041
d. 4oo
R.?
R.
C.
2.417
2.665
Ref.
,. md., T
No.
1038
982
810
532
634
980
M.
C.
Trig.
C.
1037.2
68.2
3.197
2.71
3.783
1.84748
R.
C.
440
d. 190
208.5
C.
Tet.
Tet.
Tet.
M.
Tri.
M.
C.
Trig.
R.
R.
R.
R.
d. 121
1.895
2.483
3.140
2.859
2.24s
3.21
2.554
d. 150
2.5
104
Tet.
Tet.
M.
M.
Trig.
M.
86
482
588
70
293
691
3.8
4.111J
3.58}55
4.40
3.865
877
2.44721-3
2.41
2.22
2.527
1.35<*
312
491
603
121
125
d.
357
M.
M.
C.
C.
Tri.
M.
3.219
3.33
3.769
769
d.
10s
3.546
2.510}?
736
R.
Tet.
C.
C.
C.
716
d. 250
>400 d.
d.
R.
Tri.
Tet.
147
3.30
3.499
4.66
5.18
6.441*
709
858
362
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
GaGdGeGl-H
25 65 20 75 2
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
IrKLaLiLu
368358 81 72
Index No.
Formula
MoL wt.
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
K2Pt,(C2O4)2.2H2O
K 2 Pt(CN) 4
K2Pt(N02)2C204.H20
K 2 Pt(SCN) 6
K 2 Pt(SCN) 6 .2H 2 O
K 2 Pt(SeCN) 6
KRu04.H20
K4Ru(CN)6.3H20
K 3 Rh(CN) 6
K2PdCl4
K2PdCl6
KMnO 4
:
K 2 MnCl 4 .2H 2 0
K4MnCl6-Chloromanganokalite
K2SO4. MnSeO4.2H20
K 3 Mn(CN) 6
K2Fe(SO4),
K2Fe(SO4)2.6H20
K2Fe2(SO4)4.24H20
K2O.3Fe2O3.4SO3.6H2OJarosite
K 6 Fe 2 (CrO 4 ) 4 .6H 2 O
K 3 Fe(CN) 6
K 4 Fe(CN) 6
K 4 Fe(CN) 6 -SH 2 0
2KF. CoF2
K2S04.CoS04.6H20
K2SeO4.CoSeO4.6H20
[Co(NHa) 2 (NO 2 ) 4]K
K 2 Co(C 3 H 2 O 4 ) 2 Malonate
K 3 Co(CN) 6
K2SO4.NiSO4.6H20
K2Ni(SeO4)2.6H20
K 2 Ni(COS) 4
2KCN.Ni(CN) 2 .H 2 0
K2O.CrO3Tarapacaite
K 2 Cr 2 O 7
K 2 Cr 3 Oi 0
K 2 Cr 4 Oi 3
KCrClO3
K2O.2CrO3.I2O5
K2CrSO7
K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3-24H20
K2CrSeO7
3K2CrO4.2(NH4)2CrO4
K2O.Cr2O3.2P2O5
K 3 Cr(CN) 6
K3Cr(SCN)6.4H20
K 2 Cr 2 O 7 -HgCl 2
K2Cr2O7.Hg(CN)2.2H20
K 2 MoO 4
K2WO4
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
K2W2O7
K2O.8WO3
K2SeO4.Cr2(SeO4)3.24H2O
K 4 U(C 2 O 4 ) 4 .5H 2 0
KUO 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 3 .H 2 0
KV(SO 4 ) 2.12H20
K4V2SfiO.3H20
K2O.2UO3.V2O3.8H2OCarnotite
3K2O.SiO2.V2O5.10WO3.22H2O
7K2O.2SiO2.3V2O5.18WO3.42H20
NH4K5O3-SiO2.V2O5.10WO3.23H2O
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 1
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
485.451
377.452
471.451
621.858
657.889
904.668
222.810
468.174
376.243
326.722
397.638
158.025
310.983
424.058
408.416
328.695
326.160
434.252
1006.50
1001.58
806.342
329.173
368.268
422.314
213.160
437.382
531.652
316.159
341.191
332.303
437.102
531.372
377.140
258.927
194.200
294.210
394.220
494.230
174.563
628.074
274.265
998.840
321.400
886.775
530.306
:. 325.343
589.795
565.736
582.867
238.190
326.190
558.190
1950.19
1187.38
772.627
504.350
498.370
520.736
960.573
3240.89
6257.86
3237.85
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Cry Stal
+
system
M.
R.
M.
H.
M. R.
R.
Tt.
M.
M.
C.
R.
Tri.
Trig.
Tri.
M.
M^P.
df
finding
3703
2.45
L^' ***'
No.
817
d. 80
d. 400 vac-
3.7019
2.3421*
3.378125
722
669
2.67
2.738
2.703
2.221
2.31
3.07
d. <240
291
1055
M.
C.
R.
M.
M.
2.177
2.169
1.831
3.2
1.44817-5
1.894"
1.89817
33
.
M.
M.
M.
M.
R.
479
97
370
678
699
714
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
R.
Tri.
M.
M.
M.
3.22
2.218
2.514
2.076
2.234
1.906
2.237
2.539
2.132J 8 - 4
1.871"-*
2.73218
2.69
2.648
2.649
2.497 39
3.66
d. <100
d. <100
97s
398
250
215
d.
492
589
514
608
125
927
924
35o
C.
1.83
120
M.
M.
R.
R.
R.
15Od.
1. 2.342 4 964
3.12Of1
919
921
Tr. 388
555
M.
607
1077
6.53
2.07817-*
2.563
2.396
1.782
2.144
M.
Tt.
H. R.
C.
M. Tri.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
2.4031S
3.520
1.71
1.71l16
3.53l11
95
SbScSeSiSn
14 56 9 18 22
988
3.664
3.537
3.74
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTITmUV
19 27 70 49 50
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
TIndex
i No.
XT
328
3129
3130
3131
3132
T - I I
Formula
TV it i wt.j.
MoI.
2KRTaF5
K2O.B2OS
KBF4
KBO2-KPO3
3KRAlF3
392.690
163.830
125.915
200.034
258.245
3133
K2O.A1203.4SO3.24H2OKalinite
3134
K2O.3A12O3.4SO3.6H2OAlunite
3135
KAl(SeO4)2.12H20
3136
K2O. Al2O3.2SiO2Kaliophilite
3137
K2O.Al2O3.4SiO2Leucite
3138
K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2Microcline
3139
K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2Orthoclase
3140
K2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2OMuscovite
3141
2A12O3.3B2O3.K2ORhodizite
3142
K2La(NO3)6.1.5H2O
3143
K2Ce(NO3) 5.2H20
3143.5 K 2 HfF 6
3143.6 K 3 HfF 7
3144
KMgF3
3145
K 2 MgF 4
3146
KCl. MgCl2.6H2OCarnallite
3147
KI.MgI2.6H20
K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2OLeonite
3148
3149
K2O.MgO.2SO3.6H2OPicromerite
3150
K2SO4.2MgSO4Langbeinite
3151
KCl. MgSO4.3H2OKainite
3152
K 2 Mg (SeO4)2.6H20
3153
KMgPO4
3154
K 2 Mg(P 2 Oe) 3
3155
KHMg(CO3)2.4H20
3156
K2Mg(CrO4)2.2H20
3157
K2O.4MgO.UB2O3.18H2O-Heintzeite.. .
3158
KCLCaCl2-Chlorocalcite
3159
K2O.CaO.2SO3.H2OSyngenite
3160
K2CaP2O7
3161
K 2 Ca(COa) 2
3162
K2O.8CaO. 16SiO2.16H2O-Apophyllite...
3163
K2CrO4. CaCrO4.2H20
K2O.4CaO.2Al2O3.24SiO2.H2OMilarite..
3164
3165
K2O.2CaO.MgO.4SO3.2H2OPolyhalite.
3166
K2SO4.4CaSO4.MgSO4.2H2OKrugite...
3167
KC1.2SrCl2
3168
2KCLSrCl2
3169
K2SrP2O7
3170
KSrCr (C2O4)3.6H20
3171
K 2 Ba(COs) 2
3172
K4BaCa(COs)4
3173
LiKSO4
3174
2KNO2.LiNO2.Bi(NO2)3
3175
LiKCO3
3176
LiK(d-C4H4O6).H20
3177
KLi(d/-C4H4Oe).H20
3178
KLiPt (CN)4.3H20
3179
K2Li2Fe (CN)6.3H2O
3180
KLiMoO4.H2O
,
3181
K3Na (SO4)2Glaserite
3182
KNaHAsO4.7H20
KNa(^-C4H4O6).3H20
3183
KNaC4H4O6.4H2ORochelle salt
3184
3185
KCLllNa2O.9SO3.2CO2Hanksite
3186
3KCLNaCLFeCl2-Rinneite
3187
K 3 Na(CrQ 4 J 2
AgAlAsAu
32 55 13 33
BBaBeBiBr
54 79 75 15 5
CCaCbCdCe
16 77 51 29 59
948.740
828.302
568.640
316.230
436.350
556.470
556.470
796.3'41
506.950
554.163
564.511
371.19
429.285
120.415
178.510
277.881
552.303
366.702
402.732
415.025
248.984
497.002
158.439
576.654
256.484
370.561
1345.79
185.539
289.310
292.308
238.260
1791.96
386.311
1981.77
602.941
875.211
391.625
307.642
339.858
550.817
335.560
573.820
142.099
570.177
106.034
212.080
212.080
399.342
358.002
224.049
332.412
328.168
264.169
282.184
1565.07
408.870
372.302
ClCoCrC 8 Cu
4 44 46 85 31
Crystal
,
system
R.
M.
C. R.
M. C.
Trig.
C.
H.
TrL
M.
M.
C.
R.
R.
M.
C.
R.
M.
M.
C.
M.
M.
R.
M.
Tri.
Tri.
M.
C.
M.
H.
R.
C.
TrL
H.
R.
R.
H.
T\/T P.
^>
M.
947
5oo d.
872
1035
Tr. 300
> 1745
>1800
liso
UTO d.
d.
d. 60
d. 180
j2o
d
finding
4~56
fi
Ref.
,. md.
__
No.
2.50
1.75
2.60
2.001
2.6
2.47
2.56
2.56
2.9
3.4
2.54J
77, 442
281
93
258
114
613
606
731
151
1037.1
68.1
167
d. 72
d. 100
2.8
2.7
1.60
2.547
2.2s
2.1s
2.83
2.13
2.34
2.6
2.4
1.98
2.6015
2.1
754
2.60
2.7
467
493
451
128
553
527
611
591
581
790
2.35
2.502
2.57
2.7s
2.801
259
254
685
638
597
2.9
2.155128
800
758
H.
2.393
3.2I 4 5
218
515
R.
M.
R.
M.
R.
Trig.
1.610
<looo
M.
R.
H.
Trig.
Trig.
DyErEuFFe
67 69 64 3 43
GaGdGeGlH
25 65 20 75 2
2.696
2.69e
1.884
1.783
l. 790
2.5e
2.3s
2.767
HfHgHoIIn
73 30 68 6 26
601
1075
798
753
237
517
222
290
351
IrKLaLiLu
36 83 58 81 72
T j TVT
Index No.
388
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
T^
i
Formula
5K 2 W 4 Oi 2 ^Na 4 W 5 Oi 5
(CaK2Na2)O.Al2O3.6SiO2.6H2O
Erionite
Rb20
Rb2O2
Rb2O3
Rb2O4
RbH
RbOH
RbF
RbCl
TV /t i
Mol. wt.
Crystal
J
.
system
,_
M. P
j20
d
finding
777
7534.93
R.
186.880
202.880
218.880
234.880
86.4477
102.448
104.440
120.898
d. 400
28o
d. 3Oo
300
7eo
715
'
3198
3199
3200
RbClO3
RbClO4
RbBr
168.898
184.898
165.356
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
RbBr 3
RbBrO3
RbBrCl2
RbBr2Cl
RbI
325.188
213.356
236.272
280.730
212.372
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
RbI3
RbIO3
RbIO4
RbICl2
RbIBr 2
RbIBrCl
Rb2S
Rb2S3
Rb2S5
Rb2SO4
466.236
260.372
276.372
283.288
372.204
327.746
202.945
267.075
331.205
266.945
R.
M. ?, C.
Tt.
R,
R.
R.
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
Rb2S2O6
Rb2S2O8
RbHSO4
RbI.4SO2
Rb2SeO4
RbNO 3
331.010
363.010
182.513
468.632
314.080
147.448
H.
M.
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
RbNO 3 .HNO 3
RbNO 3 .2HNO 3
Rb 2 CO 3
RbH3(C2O4)2.2H20
Rb(^Z-C4H5O6)
Rb (WeSO-C4H5O6).0.5H20
RbHC8H4O4-Phthalate
Rb2W-C4H4O6)
Rb2(raeso-C4H4Oe).H2O
Rb2(wes0-C4H4O6).2H20
Rb2C6H6O7-Citrate
RbH(CCl3CO2)2
RbSCN
Rb2SiF6
Rb Ti(SO4)2.12H20
RbPbCl3
RbPb2Cl5
RbGa(SO4)2.12H20
Rb2InCl5.H20
Rb2InBr5.H20
RbIn(SO4)2.12H20
Rb2TlCUH2O
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61 45 l
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
210.464
273.479
230.880
300.494
234.479
243.486
250.479
318.911
336.926
354.942
360.926
411.196
143.513
312.940
541.655
399.014
677.130
563.475
480.985
703.275
608.555
| 570.585
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
R.
C.
682
R.
d. 140
430
d. 110
76
642
R.
R.
C.
2.0
3.72
3.65
3.53
3.05
2
3.20311
L 2.88820
2.76
1. 2.088l50
3.19
2.9
3.35
L 2.795 4 30
Ref. md.
,. XT
No.
435
104
133
3.68
3.55
1. 2.873f 5
190
d.
146
4.33 195
3.91816
!90
225
205
2.912
213
225
106o
Tr. 653
R.
2.61815
3.613
L 2.5294100
576
217
502
2.89216
13.5
R.
H.
C.
R. Tri.
Tt.
Tr. 161.4 to C.
Tr. 219 to R.
310
62
45
837
3.90
3.11
L 2.395f
2.12518
2.282
2.399
l. 933
2.692
2.584
Tri.
TrL
Tri.
R.
Trig.
Tri.
M.
673
594
569
496
212 d.
2.15018
M.
195
3.332
C.
R.
R.
C.
R.
C.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
199
440
423
1.962
3.087
3.409
2.065
3.513
42
SbScSeSiSn
14 66 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
TiTlTmUV
19 27 70 49 50
87
83
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
TIndex
j No.
AT
- n i
Formula
A/T i wt.
x
Mol.
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
Rb3TlBr6.2H20
Rb2Zn(SO4)2-6H2O
Rb2Zn(SeO4)2.6H20
Rb2Cd(S04)2.6H20
2RbCl.CuCl2.2H20
Rb2Cu(S04)2.6H20
Rb 2 AgBi(NO 2 )G
Rb2SO4Jr2(SO4) 3-24H20
RbRh(SO4)2.12H20
RbMnO 4
Rb2Mn(SO4)2.6H20
RbFeCl3.2H2O
Rb2FeCl4.2H2O
Rb2Fe(SO4)2.6H20
RbFe(SO4)2.12H20
Rb2FeSe2O8-OH20
Rb2SeO4.Fe2(SeO4)3.24H20
Rb2Co (SO4)2.6H20
Rb2Co(C3H2O4)2.4H2OMalonate
Rb2SO4.NiSO4.6H20
Rb2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H20
RbV(SO4)2.12H20
3RbKAlF3
Rb2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H20
Rb2La(NO3)5.4H20
Rb2Ce(NO3) 5.4H20
Rb2Pr(NO3)5.4H20
Rb 2 Nd(NO 3 ) 5 .4H 2 0
Rb2Mg(SO4)2.6H20
Rb2Mg(SeO4)2.6H20
Rb2Mg(CrO4)2.6H20
RbLi(d-C4H4O6).H20
RbNa(meso-C4H4O6).2.5H20
Cs2O
Cs2O3
Cs2O4
976.247
536.482
630.752
583.512
412.313
534.672
763.808
1373.71
596.665
204.370
526.032
283.685
. . 404.583
526.942
549.595
621.212
1287.73
530.072
505.942
529.792
1091.53
544.715
397.280
1041.43
691.892
693.232
693.902
697.252
495.422
589.692
535.312
258.425
301.506
281.620
313.620
329.620
3281
3282
CsH
CsOH
133.818
149.818
3283
CsF
151.810
3284
CsCl
3285
3286
3287
Crystal
J
.
system
,, P.
~
M.
M.
M.
M.
C.
C.
4s
107
86
70
63.5
47
M.
M.
M.
R.
Tri.
400
6Oo
515 (in O 2 )
Tr. 223
272.3
683
C.
646
CsClO3
CsClO4
CsBr
216.268
232.268
212.726
C.
636
3288
3289
3200
3291
3292
CsBr3
CsBrO3
CsBrCl2
CsBr2Cl
CsI
372.558
260.726
283.642
328.100
259.742
R.
180
420
205
191
621
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
CsI3
CsIO3
CsIO4
CsICl2
CsIBr2
CsI2Br
CsIBrCl
Cs2S2
Cs2S3
513.606
307.742
323.742
330.658
419.574
466.590
375.116
329.750
361.815
R.
M.
R.
R.
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
16 77 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
4 44 46 85 3
510
3.235 104
2.46
2.711
2.850
2.518
1.92
2.819
2.13l15
2.567
2.131
2.586
1.946
1.9154
474
495
98
111
515
523
96
985
C.
M.
M.
168.268
499
598
485
109
M.
C.
M.
C.
~ Ref.
-,. md.
>T
No.
109
M.
C.
M.
d,20
finding
4.077
2.591
2.860
2.695
2.895
2.57
3.6715
C.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
l .867
2.497
2.497
2.50
2.56
2.40
2.684
2.466
2.281
2.20
4.36
4.25
78
461
549
805
671
3.68
2.7
3.675
3.586^50
L 2.549
3.97
1. 2.73274
3.5719-5
3.327
4.44
1. 3.03874
144
152
4.1O 19 - 5
4.51
1. 3.1146/0
163
207.5
230
248
195.5
235
460
217
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
4.85
4.259
3.86
Hf Hg Ho I In
73 30 68 6 26
Ir K La U Lu
36 83 58 81 72
T j No.
AT
Index
-^
i
Formula
n /r i wt.
j.
MoI.
3302
3303
3304
3305
Cs2S4
Cs2S5
Cs2S6
Cs2SO4
393.880
425.945
458.010
361.685
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
CsHSO4
Cs2SeO4
Cs2(SeO4)2
CsN3
CsNO3
229.883
408.820
552.020
174.834
194.818
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
CsNH 2
CsNO3.HNO3
CsNO3.2HNO3
CsHC8H4O4-Phthalate
CsH(CCl3CO2)2
Cs2SiF6
CsGa(SO4)2.12H20
Cs2InCl5-H20
Cs 2 InBr 5 -H 2 O
CsIn(SO4)2 .12H 2 O...
Cs2TlCl5-H20
Cs3Tl2Cl9
Cs2Zn (SO4) 2.6H20
Cs2Zn (SeO4)2.6H20
Cs2Cd(SO4)2.6H20
CsCd(CNS)3
CsCLHgCl2
Cs2HgI4
Cs2Hg3I8
Cs3HgI5
Cs2Cu(SO4)2.6H20
2CsNO2. AgNO 2 .Bi(NO 2 ) 3
CsSO4.Ir2(SO4)3.24H20
CsRh (SO4)2.12H20
CsMnO4
CsMn(SO4)2.12H20
Cs2Mn (SO4)2.6H20
CsFeCl3.2H20
Cs2FeCl4.2H20
CsFe(SO4)2.12H2O
Cs2Fe(SO4)2.6H20
Cs2FeSe2O8.6H20
Cs2SeO4.Fe2(SeO4)3.24H20
Cs2Co (SO4)2.6H20
Cs2Co (C3H2O4) 2.4H2OMalonate
Cs2Ni(SO4)ôH20
CsCr(SO4)2.12H20
CsV(SO4) 2.12H20
3CsF.AlF3
Cs2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H20
2Cs2O.2Al2O3.9SiO2.H2OPollucite
Cs2La(NO3)5.2H20
Cs2Mg(SO4)2.6H20
Cs2Mg(SeO4)2.6H20
Cs 2 Mg(CrO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O.
Cs3Cu2Sr(SCN)7
Cs3Cu2Ba(SCN)7
Cs3BaAg2(SCN)7
CsLiCl2
Mg Mn Mo N
76 42 47 11
Na Nb Nd Ni O
82 51 61 45 1
Oa P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
148.833
257.834
320.849
297.849
458.566
407.680
610.845
575.725
798.015
655.925
665.325
1126.35
631.222
725.492
678.252
419.439
439.794
973.958
1882.91
1233.70
629.412
858.548
1335.64
644.035
251.740
596.055
620.772
331.055
499.323
596.965
621.682
715.952
1382.47
624.812
600.682
624.532
593.135
592.085
539.390
1136.17
1325.64
750.601
590.162
684.432
630.052
1019.69
1069.45
1158.07
210.665
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Crystal
J
.
system
"
Ii.
R.
R.
R.
H.
,.. P.
_.
M.
finding
160
210
186
Tr. 660 to H.
1O1O
d.
df7 o 0
_ Ref.
,. md.
AT
No.
2.80616
4.243
1. 3.034J040
3.35216
687
752
4.453
315
Tr. 161 to C.
414
260
100
35
R.
M.
3.685
1. 2.713 00
2.178
2.143
3.37217
2.113
3.350
3.776
2.241
3.879
C.
C.
H.
M.
M.
M.
2.875
3.115
2.957
84
85
361
552
640
536
213
C. R.
M.
M.
R.
M.
C.
C.
164
4.806
5.14
4.605
2.858
3.881*
110
Ill
559
112
3.597 103
C.
M.
C.
M.
M.
C.
M.
M.
C.
2.740
2.907 17
3.275
2.061
2.796
3.694
3.61815
2.844
2.682
2.872
2.043
2.0334
60
116
200
524
100
550
116
566
575
94
823
C.
C.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Tet.
Tet.
Tet.
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
1.867
2.9
2.827
2.676
2.94
2.747
2.882
2.92
3.026
80
126
488
583
821
374
365
360
356.5
Sb Sc Se Si Sn
14 56 9 18 22
SrTaTbTeTh
7852 66 10 24
Ti Tl Tm U V
19 27 70 49 50
WYYbZnZr
4857 71 2821
BOILING POINTS
General
index No.
2
4
6
7
Boiling point under

Boiling point under
1 atm. (or mm of
General
1 atm. (or mm of
Hg indicated by index No. Hg indicated by
superscript)
|
superscript)
O
89
414
152.1
91
339
19.4
92
421
9.9 731
95
-151.0
3.8 766
96
21.3
8
9
13
17
21
82
- 85.0
1618
- 67.0
4050
97
98
99
101
102
23
26
31
34
35
13s
- 35.54ats. 110
97
ca. 97
103
104
105
109
111
36
37
38
39
ca. 77diss.
s. 10116atca. 116
- 10.0
44.6
114
118
120
125
126
40
41
42
44
46
s. 10
- 59.6
74.5
6040
290
128
129
47
53
54
55
57
16?
- 30
- 52
59
138
132
139
140
141
142
58
59
60
62
63
78.8
69.1
153766
151. s765
54-18
130
131
- 89.5
3.5
4?
42.5
- 33.3s
113.5
118.57395
37
86
56.5
Boiling point under

Boiling point under
General 1 atm. (or mm of
General 1 atm. (or mm of
index No. Hg indicated by
index No. Hg indicated by
superscript)
J
superscript)
204
-95
294
d. <260
205
- 75
316
44?
206
- 40
320
45a
207
73.5
322
5oo d.
208
!62
337
-192.0
209
210
211
213
214
180
107.23
2I2
- 8
172.9
1Oe
193
s. 38.8794
137.6
ca. 165
347
348
349
350
351
diss. 4o13
d. 210
s. ca. 140
- 56
- 63.5
222
223
224
226
227
s. 61.8708
490
5U
407.5
523
352
353
356
357
358
s. 105
<71
exp. 93
- 5.5
5
228
230
232
233
235
515
295
125
ca. 118
205 s. d.
360
361
362
363
364
237
238
250
251
252
150 d.
9560
12713
328.5
22413
365
366
367
368
371
s. 520
d. <100
exp. 240
- 2
ca. 32
149
253
254
255
256
263
26213
25713
29i13
s. 150vac-55
264
265
266
268
269
63752
- 53
122
221
4os
271
272
274
282
284
565
707
ca. 300 d.
- 17
149.5
285
286
287
291
292
390
220.2
9230
28o
400.6
148
64
65
66
67
68
6840
115 d.
s. 317
- 41.2
-42
164
165
166
170
172
s. 135
357.3
s. 120
490
d. 160
72
73
74
76
77
100
s. - 39
d. 288
176.4
227
177
181
186
191
192
s. Uo
s. 8Od.
d. > - 13
90300
s. ca. 180
81
82
84
87
88
183
s. 450
- 1.8
-35.5
324
193
195
197
198
338
339
341
345
346
215
216
217
218
219
s. 542
235vacs. 55i
220 vacd. 15
143
s. 347 (a)
600 (0)
- 87.4
57.5735
s. 2so d.
372
373
374
376
377
378
379
381
382
. 383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
403
404
s. - 78.5
6.3
223o
-112.0
- 15
53
80
- 15.2
- 651801
-80.2
57.57
139
213
15o15
19015
137.0
200
15s
ca. 300
- 30
8
33
153
ca. 240
2
66
109
O45
80
104
140.5
290
220
113.5
172
23s
192
230.5
255
s. 94020
9218-3
96
150183
s. 22Io diss.
31
No.
406
407
408
409
410
B. P.
27
63.5
107
96.2
90
No.
488
490
491
492
493
B. P.
114.1
620
202
5030
6530
No.
716
749
752
753
755
6530
720
340
191 d.
1230
760
769
770
779
797
d. 280
5oo
d. 271
UOo
46
1593
1597
1610
1619
1624
798
799
800
825
829
118
160
220
970
963
1646
1647
1648
1649
1658
832
845
870
881
882
71s
132
105
650
383.7
1664
1672
1673
1674
1675
883
893
894
896
304
s. 345
322
31Od.
s. 14o
B. P.
43o
732
650
624
s. 1185
||
No.
1515
1534
1552
1556
1575
411
412
413
414
415
1347529
122
115.5
108
142
494
495
496
497
499
416
417
418
419
420
139.5
132
153.7
171
172.5
508
513
514
515
517
421
422
423
425
426
191
187
205756
114.3756
122
518
519
520
521
522
427
428
429
432
435
154
153
227
19520
100.57657
523
528
529
530
543
436
437
438
439
440
125
130
149754 3
141.5
154.5
548
600
619
621
622
441
442
443
444
449
201.57394
10718
230
314.2
284
623
624
625
626
627
152755
70.516
64.514
166769
7813
920
921
922
939
940
191
13590
> 306 d.
1366
993
1747
1749
1752
1753
1755
180
78
146
181
> 420
270 d.
240
210
224
170
231
129o
95o
exp. los
9ie
954
s. 4?5
110
130751
5314
898
901
915
918
919
354
s. 580
d. 150
96
159
B. P.
78.6
973
136.7
78 d.
43751
>1300
176
d. 175
3soo
340
35
s. 270
180
268
17Od.
3s (in H2)
19.5
18?.
27s. 6
34e. 7
1676
1677
1678
1679
1689
266
22?.5
33s
32?
6000
1690
1706
6000
692ats. 5e
118
4ioo
1714
1724
111.2
4s o
148.5756
127
127.19
450
451
452
454
459
136.4
230
154
>360
140
628
629
630
631
632
8314
7013
99.516
10513
9613
947
951
958
974
1032
1345
129o
d. 400
17Od.
240 d.
1758
1767
1796
1797
1798
13o
3900
219
240.5
s. 4oo
460
461
465
466
467
138
4300
- 90
29
110.5
633
634
635
636
637
108.2*6
12313
12413
12115
144.513
1059
1075
1129
1147
1148
15so
444 d.
s. 265
134
203
1799
1802
1803
1804
1805
4aoo
229.5
242
32o
5soo
468
469
470
471
472
86.5
72
185.9
375
163.5
670
1149
1180
1234
1268
1334
47.3
s. 240
100.8183
119o
s. 12Oo diss.
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
87.5
17
d. 200
-101
12.5
1342
1397
1447
1509
1513
315
102.8749
1049
d. 52
240
1815
1817
1819
1821
1822
90.6
210
123o9-4
> 3500
110
480
481
485.5
486
487
416
5ioo
- 52
705
623
675
678
679
693
695
696
700
703
s. 610
725
5ooo
53s
217
139 diss.
3oo
8Oe
81s
824
No.
B. P.
!I
No.
B. P.
No.
95
65
120
175
212
2010
2044
2105
2112
2113
1828
1858
1864
1865
255
22io
182.7752
s. 177.8
26s
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
1866
1869
1870
1879
1893
d. 7
382
s. 1550 (in N2)
6Oo (in H2)
130
2131
2232
2234
2236
2244
1412
285o
450 diss.
>1600
718
2670
2671
2677
2680
2769
2285
2495
2499
s. 898.6
795 diss.
1400
2846
2917
2918
1894
1895
1953
194
315
4600
* Httig, 93, 141: 133; 24.
d. 1Oo
d. 1Oo
59o
188
245
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
270
331
330
341
23919
2500
2601*
2604
2605
2606
2608
2610
2613
2625
2668
B. P.
156o
|j
No.
B. P.
!670
1353
d. 270
2921
2924
2926
2927
2931
14ie
13so
13ao
d. 225
d. 215
d. 410
1265
119o
d. > 170
1390
2932
2936
2958
2959
3196
d. 180
d. 850
d. 350
d. 400
14io
17oo
141s
1390
13oo
1496
>1400
1320
15oo
3197
3200
3205
3283
3284
1390
1340
13oo
12so
1290
3287
3292
13oo
12so
REFRACTIVE INDICES
A. LIQUIDS
Serial
XT
No.
. , '
index
--
Refractive
. ,
index UD
Serial
XT
No.
. , "
index
^-
Refractive
. ,
index UD
Serial
AT
No.
. , "
index
^
Refractive
. ,
index UD
Serial
XT
No.
. , "
index
^
Refractive
. .
index UD
2
3
4
5
436
97
9
195
17
1.83334-318
1.19316
19
1.256
20
1.317170
21
1.32510
22
45
1893
62
111
59
1.429
1.43212
1.43714
1.44023-6
1.444
34
35
36
37
38
625
627
635
623
636
1.503522-550
1.506223-1
51
1.508122
52
1.508221
53
1.5097
54
6
7
8
9
10
102
95
1
426
41
1.325165
1.330-90
1.333
1.368
1.374
23
24
25
26
27
339
341
210
1808
26
1.454
1.46
1.46O25-1
1.464
1.46612
39
40
41
42
43
637
633
631
619
621
1.511821
1.5120215
1.512725
1.5128
1.513219
55
56
57
58
59
2644
55
1147
287
450
1.54825
1.55714
1.5645
1.60114
1.6110-5
11
12
13
14
15
1825
109
472
1827
38
1.381
1.39716-4
1.400
1.408
1.410
28
I 29
30
31
32
103
1894
629
634
626
1.47022
1.4806-5
1.4926
1.5005
1.5021-*
44
45
46
47
48
515
2847
624
207
622
1.5143
1.515
1.5158243
1.51614
1.5174
60
61
62
63
64
2472
57
214
1317
63
1.618
1.66614
1.69726-6
1.700
1.736
16
17
2
1828
1.41422
1.421
33
632
49
630
1.51751-7
65
42
1.5023
531.5201
628
1.521818
58
1.52710
918
1.532722-2
919
1.5399"-*
1.885
B. SOLIDS
I. Isotropie Group, m. = mean value
Serial . , * Refractive index
index
AT
No
- No.
66
2670
1.336
67
2913
1.339
68
398
1.370
68.13143.6 1.403
68.23017.6 1.408
Serial
95
96
97
98
99
. , '
index
No.
3107
3265
3084
3259
2870
XT
N
Refractive index
1.4814
1.4815
1.4817
1.4823
1.483
Serial . , " Refractive index Serial . , * Refractive index

index
index
XT
No
UD
- No.
- No.
127 2839
1.5305
160
260
1.7550
128 3150
1.5329
161 1911
1.780
129 2671
1.5442
162
562
1.782
130 1241
1.548
163 3292
1.7876
131 1451
1.55 (m.)
164 3327
1.792
nn
XT
No
69
344
70 3032
70.12099.6
70.2 478.5
71 2235
1.41
1.4115
1.426
1.433
1.4339
100
101
102
103
104
3340
1613
1369
2921
3197
1.4839
1.4842
1.4854
1.4903
1.493
132
133
134
135
136
1536
3200
2924
2458
1576
72
73
74
75
76
2855
2596
2732
1897
2700
1.4388
1.444
1.452
1.454
1.454
105
106
107
108
109
2873
2902
1910
2872
3253
1.495
1.496
1.4976
1.50
1.5004
137
138
139
140
141
2531
2679
1187
2438
2394
77
78
79
80
81
3133
3268
2760
3350
1882
1.4562
1.4566
1.457
1.4587
1.4594
109.52835
110
743
111 3261
112 3334
113 2887
1.501
1.5066
1.507018
1.5077
1.508
142
143
144
145
146
82
83
84
85
86
344
3242
3317
3320
3025
1.46
1.4638
1.4649
1.4652
1.4653
114
115
116
117
118
3137
1240
3343
2137
2886
1.509
1.5103
1.511618
1.514
1.5144
87
88
89
90
91
3239
690
680
2740
2332
1.4658
1.4664
1.4684
1.4693
1.4736
119
120
121
122
123
2674
2236
3047
1633
2842
92 2899
93 3135
94 |3347
1.48
1.4801
1.4810
124 1422
125 3098
[ 126 |3351
1.55 (m.)
1.5530
1.5590
1.5667
1.57
165
166
167
168
169
1923
1928
1921
2232
2282
1.800
1.801
1.811
1.83
1.83
1.5717
1.5943
1.6000
<1.6
1.608
170
171
172
173
174
2364
1261
945
939
278
1.838
1.862?
1.864 (m.)
1.93
2.0
1383
1576
3284
132
3205
1.61
1.61
1.6418
1.642
1.6474
175
176
177
178
179
402
1048
1059
280
581
2.05
2.05
2.0710
2.087
2.09?
147
148
149
150
151
3019
2267
2401
2926
3141
1.6574
1.660(m.)
1.67
1.6770
1.69
180
181
182
183
184
1258
1639
668
1123
2333
2.16
2.16
2.20
2.20
2.20
1.5151
1.52
1.522 (m.)
1.5228
1.5230
152
153
154
155
156
3287
148
2225
2392
2222
1.6984
1.7031
1.705
1.710
1.723
185
186
187
188
1062
951
756
936
2.253
2.346
2.3682
2.705
1.5236
1.54 (m.)
5.521
157
158
159
2415
2128
1145
1.735
1.7364
1.74 (m.)
188.1
188.2
189
552
2.89
3.56
3.912
MISCELLANEOUS
Serial . ,n'
index
AT
No.
XT
No.
"I
191
192
367
266
352
Refractive
. ,
index n
1.579156 (F)
1.621 14 (F)
1.412(C)
Serial . , '
index
AT
No.
AT
No.
193
194
195
232
2196
890
Refractive
. ,
index n
1.56311 (C)
2.35 (Li)
2.49 (Li)
Serial . , '
,T
index
No.
XT
No.
96
197
198
Refractive
. ,
index n
2 7 4 2 . 6 9 (Li)
1273
2.70 (Li)
1053 |>2.72 (Li)
Serial . ^n*
,T
index
No.
XT
No.
199
200
201
3236
3336
1528
Refractive
. .
index n
1.46 (red)
1.48 (red)
2.18 (red)
II. Uniaxial Group

. i
Serial No.
Gen. Index
Refractive index
. AT
Serial No.
co
Gen. index
Refractive index
co
202
203
204
205
206
2778
1
2182
2851
1323
1.300
1.309
1.3439
1.349
1.3570
1.296
1.313
1.3602
1.342
1.3742
247
248
249
250
251
2224
2866
2422
243
2336
1.512
1.518
1.522
1.5246
1.527
1.498
1.522
1.513
1.4792
1.539
207
208
209
210
211
1409
2130
814
1583
1047
1.3638
1.378
1.3824
1.3910
1.4092
1.3848
1.390
1.3992
1.4066
1.4080
252
253
254
255
256
764
2453
3164
1358
1912
1.5291
1.5296
1.532
1.533
1.534
1.5039
1.5252
1.529
1.575
1.514
212
213
214
215
216
2237
2347
2713
2941
2735
1.417
1.436
1.4458
1.455
1.4567
1.393
1.478
1.4524
1.515
1.4662
257
258
259
260
261
2439
3136
3162
1892
2871
1.5364
1.537
1.537
1.539
1.539
1.4866
1.533
1.535
1.511
1.537
217
218
219
220
221
3216
3173
2107
2119
2412
1.4574
1.4715
1.4720
1.473
1.475
1.5078
1.4721
1.4395
1.435
1.486
262
263
264
265
266
1551
2839
2200
2207
2861
1.5393
1.5398
1.540
1.542
1.542
1.5125
1.5475
1.510
1.516
1.538
222
223
224
225
226
3185
1731
1970
1995
2018
1.481
1.481
1.482
1.482
1.486
1.461
1.493
1.473
1.474
1.479
267
268
269
270
270.5
342
2659
2250
1359
2099.5
1.544
1.545
1.5496
1.5519
1.557
1.553
227
228
229
230
231
2031
340
2864
2493
2397
1.487
1.487
1.487
1.487
1.49
1.479
1.484
1.486
1.496
271
272
273
274
274.5
2804
2129
2226
1902
475.5
1.558
1.559
1.56
1.560
1.563
1.613
1.580
232
233
234
235
236
2880
2086
2054
2072
2869
1.490
1.490
1.490
1.490
1.490
1.471
1.480
1.481
1.482
1.502
275
276
277
278
279
2199
2326
2211
2971
2420
1.565
1.565
1.565
1.567
1.5690
1.560
1.575
1.518
1.6700
237
238
239
240
241
3181
1955
2061
2081
2403
1.4901
1.493
1.494
1.495
1.496
1.4996
1.480
1.484
1.480
1.491
280
281
282
283
284
1340
3134
2357
276
2125
1.57
1.572
1.575
1.5766
1.581
1.592
1.57
1.5217
1.575
242
243
244
245
246
2436
2329
2968
2840
1547
1.4991
1.507
1.5095
1.5095
1.5109
1.4758
1.468
1.4684
1.5232
1.4873
285
286
287
288
289
1379
1872
2856
2705
2188
1.582
1.583
1.585
1.5874
1.5885
1.5575
1.543
1.580
1.552
1.645
1.602
1.3361
1.5970
Serial No
Gen
* index
No.
Refractive index
co
290
291
292
293
294
3861.589
3079
1.59
1582
1.59
3033
1.5906
2399
1.595
295
296
297
298
299
2417
847
2904 .
1978.
2314
300
301
302
303
304
^.^ ^
e
1.590
Gen. index
'
No.
Refractive index
co
1.56
1.5907
1.585
~ 3 4 6 9 9 4 1 . 7 1 7
347
2100
1.719
348
1951
1.721
349
1259
1.723
350
969
1.724
1.817
1.733
1.816
1.681
1.746
1.597
1.6038
1.612
1.613
1.6150
1.560
1.6042
1.593
1.607
1.6360
351
352
353
354
355
3187
1025.1
2621
978
1414
1.7278
1.730
1.735
1.744
1.755
1.7361
1.810
1.435
1.724
1.82
2393
1400
2572
1737
2309
1.617
1.6198
1.621
1.623
1.625
1.652
1.5922
1.619
1.625
356
357
358
359
360
2563
2594
733
1858
3358
1.757
1.760
1.768
1.773
1.7761
1.804
1.577
1.812
1.773
1.6788
305
306
307
308
309
2489
1011
2430
2275
2273
1.629
1.632
1.633
1.634
1.634
1.639
1.575
1.639
1.631
1.632
361
362
363
364
365
3322
3065
2201
1699
3357
1.784
1.7909
1.80
1.80
1.8013
1.774
1.6527
1.72
1.6882
310
311
312
313
314
2307
556
3042 .
1934
2490
1.635
1.635
1.636
1.640
1.64
1.631
1.653
1.615
366
367
368
369
370
1089
2189
1307
794
3085
1.8036
1.815
1.817
1.818
1.820
1.7983
1.761
1.5973
1.618
1.715
315
316
317
318
319
2507
1252
1739
2234
1044
1.640
1.6430
1.643
1.644
1.644
1.633
1364
1063
1433
3356
1507
1.82
1.8466
1.85
1.8535
1.855
1.73
1.9200
1.623
1.446
1.697
371
372
373
374
375
320
321
322
324
325
1046
2216
2644
2441
1907
1.644
1.65
1.65
1.651
1.654
1.702
1.59
1.67
1.627
1.676
376
377
378
379
380
2358
1394
1415
1431
2339
1.870
1.875
1.875
1.88
1.913
1.792
1.633
1.784
326
327
328
329
330
2121
1156
2285
1439.
2433
1.6542
1.6576
1.6583
1.664
1.666
1.6700
1.6666
1.4864
1.629
1.661
381
382
383
384
385
2366
483
1416
2339
1324
1.918
1.923
1.93
1.945
1.96
331
332
333
334
335
2274
2341
2410
2537
2131
1.667
1.669
1.669
1.669
1.675
1.666
1.657
1.658
1.665
1.59
386
387
388
389
390
1419
483
2365
569
882
1.96
1.960
1.967
1.970
1.9733
2.015
1.978
1.936
2.6559
336
337
338
339
340
1084
2004
2597
2425
1914
1.6769
1.680
1.681
1.6817
1.694
1.6294
1.685
1.668
1.5026
1.641
391
392
393
394
395
485
744
310
666
657
1.997
2.008
2.01
2.07
2.09
2.093
2.029
1.82
2.05
1.94
341
342
343
344
345
812
2163
2538
1324.1
2281
1.694
1.700
1.701
1.704
1.706
1.723
1.509
1.699
1.679
1.698
396
397
398
399
400
658
2957
537
587
1064
2.114
2.12
2.13
2.135
2.21
2.140
2.00
2.21
2.118
2.22
1.6982
1.60
1.923
1.934
1.968
1.971
Serial No
Gen. index
No.
o>
Refractive index
I
e
Serial No
'
Gen. index
No.
Refractive index
co
4 0 1 6 9 5
402
2187
403
1776
404
755
405
1325
2.2685
2.31
2.354
2.356 .
2.481
2.182
1.95
2.299
2.378
2.210
407
408
409
410
411
445
2354
447
403
901
2.554
2.58
2.616
2.654
2.854
2.493
2.43
2.903
2.697
3.201
406
2.506
2.529
412
1095
3.0877
2.7924
2.51 (Li)
2.15 (Li)
835
MISCELLANEOUS
43
414
415
416
417
522
2035.1
1957.1
2002.1
526
1.3817 (C)
2.005 (667)
2.019(667)
2.3 (Li)
418
419
538
1668
2.35 (Li)
2.402 (Li)
1.3872 (C)
2.004 (667)
2.013(667)
2.007(667)
420
421
422
423
424
43
1264
1094
524
1334
2.45 (Li)
2.46 (Li)
2.6 (Li)
2.665 (Li)
3.01 (Li)
2.535 (Li)
2.94 (Li)
2.33 (Li)
2.304 (Li)
425
426
1098
2471
3.084 (Li)
1.683 (red)
2.881 (Li)
1.587 (red)
III. Biaxial Group

Serial
No.
427
428
429
430
431
Gen.
index No.
2852
2694
2897
2898
2753
432
433
434
435
436
2718
2724
2693
3189
2733
1.4193
1.4321
437
438
439
440
441
2723
2721
411
2964
2739
1.4412
442
443
444
445
446
a
1.394
1.407
1.405
1.438
1.439
Refractive index
1.364
1.396
1.413
1.414
1.425
1.4309
1.4361
1.44
1.44
1.441
y
1.398
1.415
1.440
1.4493
1.4373
1.452
1.469
Gen.
index No.
876
343
2150
2729
2691
a.
1.462
1.469
1.4716
1.4653
1.464
Refractive index
\
1.470
1,47
1.4730
1.4738
1.474
467
468
469
470
471
3146
1874
2617
2398
1356
1.466
1.474
1.460
1.461
1.4713
1.475
1.476
1.477
1.478
1.4782
1.494
1.483
1.488
1.485
1.4856
2948
2223
3255
2708
2978
1.475
1.476
1.4767
1.391
1.480
1.480
1.4807
1.481
1.482
1.487
1.483
1.4907
1.486
y
1.471
1.473
1.4786
1.4804
1.485
1.4368
1.447
1.4453
1.4424
1.4434
1.4458
1.448
1.4496
1.4510
1.459
1.4513
472
473
474
475
476
3133
2710
2717
2395
2890
1.430
1.440
1.4499
1.448
1.435
1.452
1.452
1.4525
1.454
1.455
1.458
1.453
1.4604
1.456
1.459
477
478
479
480
481
1918
2862
3083
2715
1463
1.478
1.480
1.4759
1.4777
1.477
1.482
1.482
1.4821
1.4822
1.483
1.482
1.493
1.4969
1.5036
1.489
447
448
449
450
451
2145
1809
2854
2720
3149
1.4326
1.340
1.432
1.4401
1.4607
1.4554
1.456
1.457
1.4629
1.4629
1.4609
1.459
1.458
1.4815
1.4755
482
483
484
485
486
3029
2970
1289
3247
2977
1.4775
1.4768
1.4801
1.4798
1.440
1.4833
1.4843
1.4840
1.4848
1.485
1.4969
1.4870
1.4913
1.4948
1.550
452
453
454
455
456
2757
1871
2727
2616
2738
2719
3353
138
760
3043
1.4852
1.4858
1.486
1.4860
1.4864
1.4873
1.4916
1.4782
487
488
489
490
491
1.4557
1.4857
1.4622
1.464
1.464
1.4645
1.465
1.4658
457
458
459
460
461
2743
2943
2165
2848
3273
1.4649
1.4609
1.456
1.4468
1.4672
1.4663
1.4669
1.468
1.4686
1.4689
1.4791
1.5657
1.507
1.4715
1.4779
492
493
494
495
496
3091
3148
2853
3258
3231
1.459
1.4599
1.4526
Serial
No.
462
463
464
465
466
1.470
1.4649
1.4620
1.4836
1.4807
1.483
1.484
1.4815
1.4865
1.487
1.487
1.4874
1.488
1.4897
1.5020
1.5004
1.490
1.496
1.4977
Serial
Gen.
N o . index N o .
4 9 7 2 8 8 2 1
498
2881
499
3245
500
854
501
1548
Refractive index
a
. 4 8 5 1 . 4 8 8 1 .
1.486
1.488
1.4833
1.4884
1.4847
1.4887
1.4669
1.4888
gerial
Gen.
Refractive index
y
N o . index N o .
a
4 8 9 5 5 2 3 3 2 3 1 . 5 0 2 2 1 . 5 0 4 8 1 . 5
1.489
553
3151
1.494
1.505
1.4975
554
2469
1.497
1.505
1.4959
555
2900
1.505
1.505
1.4921
556
2959
1.3346
1.5056
y
0 9 3
1.516
1.509
1.506
1.5064
1.4888
'1.4892
1.4897
1.49
1.490
1.5719
1.4911
1.5041
1.506
1.5153
1.490
1.490
1.49
1.4906
1.491
1.511
1.526
1.495
1.5036
502
503
504
505
506
3217
2147
2725
1924
2912
1.4812
1.4856
1.4855
507
508
509
510
511
1863
2950
2408
3249
2143
1.473
1.479
1.484
1.4886
512
513
514
515
516
2171
1368
3096
3262
777
517
518
519
520
521
3184
804
2938
2697
1491
522
523
524
525
526
2157
3264
3337
1716
2259
1.495
1.4895
1.4946
527
528
529
530
531
2771
2407
3152
1361
2901
1.495
1.498
1.4969
532
533
534
535
536
3014
2638
2709
806
3325
537
538
539
540
541
2108
992
1557
2413
2930
1.4664
1.4910
1.4949
1.5007
1.5007
1.5007
1.501
1.501
542
543
544
545
546
2164
179
2498
2180
2737
1.495
1.4981
1.4710
1.490
1.4794
547
548
549
550
551
2371
2396
3274
3341
2896
1.499
1.501
1.5011
1.5003
1.491
1.4870
1.4836
1.4859
1.4888
1.492
1.4935
1.4820
1.4902
1.465
1.40
1.418
1.480
1.498
1.491
1.4915
1.4916
1.4916
1.4930
1.4989
1.5051
1.5014
1.4994
1.493
1.494
1.4947
1.4953
1.4953
1.496
1.496
1.4961
1.4966
1.4967
1.498
1.504
1.5052
1.5025
1.498
1.499
1.4991
1.500
1.5
1.499
1.505
1.5139
557
558
559
560
561
2178
2148
3331
1986
2299
562
563
564
565
566
2132
2765
2696
2868
3344
567
568
569
570
571
2893
2151
3230
2383
2777
572
573
574
575
576
2406
2663
2772
3346
3215
577
578
579
580
581
1.344
1.5048
1.493
1.495
1.4886
1.504
1.5057
1.5043
1.5070
1.495
1.500
1.545
1.507
1.5073
1.5079
1.508
1.5085
1.528
1.5093
1.5093
1.510
1.51
1.510
1.5751
1.5169
1.5360
1.545
1.5132
1.520
1.515
1.512
1.516
1.5087
1.5131
1.510
1.510
1.511
1.5129
1.5133
2289
2317
2922
2894
3159
1.510
1.512
1.440
1.4435
1.500
1.514
1.514
1.515
1.5156
1.5170
1.578
1.515
1.525
1.5233
1.5183
582
583
584
585
586
2551
3354
2553
2153
2264
1.500
1.5178
1.517
1.5179
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.525
1.5236
587
588
589
590
591
1875
3031
3092
2228
3158
1.516
1.5121
1.5135
1.518
1.5181
1.5195
1.52
1.52
1.533
1.5335
1.5358
1.5027
1.5054
1.5081
592
593
594
595
596
2998
2477
3221
2154
2860
1.48
1.500
1.51
1.510
1.516
1.52
1.520
1.52
1.520
1.52
1.55
1.580
1.524
1.543
1.520
1.501
1.5016
1.5017
1.502
1.5021
1.526
1.5866
ca.
1.511
1.5265
597
598
599
600
601
2466
3246
1466
2249
3176
1.484
1.5162
1.521
1.5222
1.5225
1.5226
1.523
1.538
1.5331
1.5227
1.5296
1.503
1.503
1.5031
1.5035
1.504
1.538
1.510
1.5135
1.5094
1.520
602
603
604
605
606
174
3045
2758
2405
3139
1.5209
1.5096
1.407
1.513
1.518
1.5230
1.5235
1.524
1.524
1.524
1.5330
1.5387
1.541
1.525
1.526
1.500
1.50
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.4973
1.5185
1.5032
1.504
1.543
1.530
1.506
1.502
1.504
1.506
1.506
1.5061
1.507
1.507
1.514
1.515
1.5205
1.5162
1.5144
1.533
1.525
Serial
Gen.
Refractive index
No.
index No.
a.
\
6 0 7 3 I 1 . 5 2 2 1 1 . 5 2 4 4
608
3097
1.5199
1.5248
609
2294
1.470
1.525
610
2997
1.526
611
3157
1.508
1.526
612
613
614
615
616
1370
3138
2641
2865
2807
1.5201
1.522
617
618
619
620
621
i Serial
Gen.
Refractive index
y
\
No.
index No.
a
\
y
1 . 5 3 7 3 6 6 2 2 5 9 2 1 . 5 3 8 1 . 5 4 9 1 . 5 5 4
1.5339
663
2014
1.5399
1.5494
1.5607
1.555
664
1886
1.55
665
2204
1.5211
1.5500
1.5680
1.550
666
2212
1.53
1.55
1.55
1.5356
1.530
1.525
1.5193
1,5260
1.526
1.529
1.529
1.5295
1.536
1.5436
667
668
669
670
671
1032
2029
3074
2046
3276
1.545
1.5413
1.5498
1.5427
1.55
1.5505
1.5513
1.5519
1.552
1.5621
1.5634
1.5629
2985
2304
1762
778
2280
1.417
1.515
1.518
1.5240
1.525
1.530
1.530
1.530
1.5300
1.53
1.533
1.580
1.542
1.5385
1.550
672
673
674
675
676
2736
3220
2288
1360
2292
1.5382
1.5515
1.491
1.533
1.545
1.5535
1.5537
1.555
1.555
1.555
1.5607
1.5582
1.650
1.635
1.575
622
623
624
625
626
2167
1497
2969
2889
2197
1.527
1.5246
1.4893
1.515
1.527
1.530
1.5311
1.5314
1.532
1.532
1.540
1.5396
1.5363
1.536
1.583
677
678
679
680
681
1927
3086
2876
1884
1925
1.551
1.562
1.5520
1.551
1.554
1.555
1.556
1.5579
1.558
1.558
1.5608
1.582
1.573
627
628
629
630
631
2566
2759
2190
2166
2432
1.489
1.517
1.533
1.533
1.533
1.534
1.534
1.5769
1.557
1.565
682
683
684
685
686
2637
2296
2618
3165
188
1.530
1.55
1.5487
1.548
1.5607
1.560
1.56
1.5602
1.562
1.5630
1.590?
1.57
1.5788
1.567
1.5846
632
633
634
635
636
1861
2286
3015
2382
2302
1.5347
1.460
1.495
1.500
1.515
1.5347
1.535
1.535
1.535
1.535
1.5577
1.545
3305
838
2780
1901
3034
1.5598
1.5644
1.565
1.565
1.565
1.565
1.5662
1.560
1.575
687
688
689
690
691
637
638
639
640
641
2142
2295
993
3324
961
1.523
l. 525
1.5213
1.5326
1.5140
1.535
l. 535 ?
1.5355
1.5362
1.5368
1.586
l. 550
1.5395
1.5412
1.5433
692
693
694
695
696
1860
2642
2634
2298
2774
1.566
642
643
644
645
646
1355
1558
2404
3004
2955
1.528
1.5291
1.537
1.5372
1.539
1.539
1.5390
1.543
1.5466
697
698
699
700
701
647
648
649
650
651
2179
2293
2218
2217
1512
1.460
1.520
1.527
1.54
1.540
1.54
1.540
1.542
1.610
1.545
1.544
652
653
654
655
656
1030
2859
1363
2981
2265
1.413
1.466
1.530
1.415
1.539
1.542
1.542
1.543
1.545
1.545
1.557
1.596
1.595
1.565
1.551
657
658
659
660
661
2878
2036
2558
2198
1950
1.545
1.5392
1.542
1.544
1.5433
1.546
1.5479
1.548
1.548
1.5490
1.5352
1.5446
1.551
1.5592
ca. 1.548
1.572
1.5755
1.560
1.561
1.574
1.567
1.608
1.428
1.450
1.536
1.566
l. 567
1.567
1.567
1.567
1.572
1.600
1.649
3002
2268
3087
2877
2156
1.527
1.565
1.5660
1.565
1.569
1.568
1.568
1.5689
1.569
1.570
1.647
1.580
1.5831
1.569
1.582
702
703
704
705
706
2159
2158
2464
2369
2290
1.563
1.555
1.559
1.56
1.495
1.571
1.572
1.574
1.574
1.575
1.596
1.575
1.598
1.580
1.640
707
708
709
710
711
2368
2248
3063
643
1889
1.553
1.5693
1.5438
1.575
1.5752
1.5754
1.576
1.576
1.577
1.6130
712
713
714
715
716
1888
2504
3089
2789
3057
1.576
1.577
1.5772
1.578
1.579
1.588
1.635
1.562
1.574
1.5622
1.544
1.569
1.587
1.588
1.601
1.669
Serial
No.
77
718
719
720
721
Gen.
Refractive index
index No.
<x
\
2461.578
1.579
2359
1.5700
1.5818
2370
1.560
1.582
782
1.574
1.582
2389
1.583
7
1.583
1.5961
1.587
1.582
gerjal
No.
772
773
774
775
776
Q6n.
index No.
a
2321.605
2315
1.610
2421
1.592
2559
1.597
2335
1.609
Refractive index
\
v
Tel
1.612
1.611
1.654
1.612
1.621
1.612
1.621
1.6125
1.619
722
723
724
725
726
3073
2400
1885
2803
2227
1.576
1.563
1.508
1.585
1.5837
1.584
1.585
1.586
1.586
1.588
1.592
1.525
1.596
777
778
779
780
781
2173
2356
1913
813
2184
1.520
1.602
1.588
1.614
1.607
1.613
1.613
1.617
1.617
1.619
1.639
1.649
1.655
1.636
1.639
727
728
729
730
731
1903
2181
2591
2279
3140
1.552
1.539
1.584
1.5825
1.561
1.588
1.589
1.589
1.5891
1.590
1.600
1.589
1.594
1.5937
1.594
782
783
784
785
786
1915
1043
1905
2419
2429
1.61
1.61
1.619
1.620
1.609
1.62
1.62
1.620
1.620
1.623
1.65
1.71
1.627
1.654
1.635
732
733
734
735
736
2327
2123
781
2385
3056
1.586
1.5595
1.572
1.572
1.59
1.5908
1.591
1.591
1.592
1.598
1.6311
1.59
1.594
787
788
789
790
791
2583
2367
2451
2185
809
1.610
1.621
1.6220
1.617
1.531
1.623
1.623
1.6237
1.624
1.625
1.623
1.631
1.6309
1.652
1.659
737
738
739 .
740
741
1738
2384
2381
2658
2798
1.582
1.582
1.5863
1.579
1.5889
1.592
1.592
1.5920
1.593
1.5943
1.592
< 1.606
1.6139
1.597
1.7163
792
793
794
795
796
1035
783
1382
2561
2411
1.541
1.614
1.615
1.620
1.616
1.625
1.625
1.625
1.625
1.626
1.660
1.637
1.665
1.645
1.649
742
743
744
745
746
1276
2903
2523
2546
2388
1.562
1.571
1.5860
1.573
1.586
1.595
1.595
1.5951
1.597
1.598
1.632
1.598
1.6072
1.636
1.605
797
798
799
800
801
2431
3178
1514
2316
1920
1.621
1.6237
1.532
1.616
1.627
1.6278
1.628
1.629
1.63
1.635
2.2916
1.665
1.631
747
748
749
750
751
2775
1987
2664
2867
2322
1.573
1.5989
1.657
1.6003
1.595
1.599
1.5999
1.6
1.60
1.60
1.603
802
803
804
805
806
1721
1321
2230
3275
2386
1.585
1.602
1.603
1.622
1.632
1.630
1.632
1.632
1.633
1.63*4
1.630
1.632
1.639
1.644
1.636
752
753
754
755
756
3307
3179
2291
786
2278
1.599
1.5883
1.413
1.586
1.590
1.600
1.6007
1.602
1.602
1.602
1.600
1.6316
1.611
1.608
1.638
807
808
809
810
811
2308
1580
2767
3012
1185
1.541
1.577
1.620
1.635
1.636
1.636
1.636
1.637
1.669
1.639
1.638
757
758
759
760
761
1378
1935
2324
2857
2152
1.579
1.586
1.593
1.594
1.602
1.603
1.603
1.603
1.603
1.604
1.633
1.623
1.607
1.615
1.615
812
813
814
815
816
2470
2206
2640
1898
2521
1.453
1.636
1.507
1.632
1.6369
1.637
1.637
1.638
1.638
1.6381
1.707
1.653
1.698
1.643
1.6491
762
763
764
765
766
1357
2440
2122
2269
2895
1.51
1.567
1.591
1.611
1.626
1.614
1.595
1.605
1.605
1.605
1.606
1.606
1.634
817
818
819
820
821
3068
2823
1900
2409
3355
1.545
1.596
1.638
1.632
1.637
1.641
1.641
1.642
1.643
1.643
1.760
1.652
1.653
1.645
1.655
767
768
769
770
771
2555
3003
3052
3001
820
1.571
1.617
1.607
1.607
1.6071
1.608
1.609
1.694
1.593
822
823
824
825
826
2305
2349
2320
2501
1929
1.462
1.636
i. 642
1.635
1.643
1.643
1.644
1.645
1.646
1.649
1.722
1.654
1.654
1.660
1.649
Serial
No.
827
828
829
830
831
Gen.
index No.
2564
2177
826
1916
2387
832
833
834
835
836
2176
2214
2863
1298
2175
1.650
1.6527
837
838
839
840
841
~^
1.635
1.612
1.625
Refractive index
~
j
y
1.651
1.651
1.670
1.6513
1.652
1.675
1.653
1.669
Serial
No.
882
883
884
885
886
Gen.
index No.
2595
941
2593
1005
1937
1.681
1.67
1.678
2809
1184
1270.1
1406
1008
1.687
1.684
1.672
1.695
j
1.525
1.658
1.6748
1.647
1.651
1.653
1.6537
1.654
1.654
1.654
1.660
1.660
887
888
889
890
891
1919
2391
2126
2790
2379
1.633
1.643
1.652
1.6491
1.540
1.655
1.655
1.655
1.6555
1.656
1.662
1.663
1.671
1.7143
1.682
892
893
894
895
896
2815
2810
2565
2652
2418
1.6610
842
843 '
844
845
846
1295
1297
1069
1569
1296
1.651
1.652
1.6272
1.622
1.63
1.656
1.656
1.6573
1.658
1.66
1.683
1.660
1.6601
1.687
1.69
897
898
899
900
901
1294
785
734
2229
2428
1.695
1.660
847
848
849
850
851
2424
1439
2910
1505
1585
1.640
1.655
1.645
1.6263
1.629
1.660
1.66
1.661
1.6614
1.662
1.675
1.670
1.688
1.6986
1.727
902
903
904
j 905
906
852
853
854
855
856
2426
2463
2660
2372
2215
1.651
1.5155
1.660
1.642
1.662
1.662
1.664
1.666
1.667
1.667
1.668
1.666
1.676
1.669
1.673
857
858
859
860
861
1388
3064
3005
757
2183
1.635
1.626
1.485
1.658
1.668
1.6684
1.669
1.669
1.670
1.702
1.757
1.697
1.670
862
863
864
865
866
2340
2186
2427
1908
2858
1.668
1.664
1.670
1.634
1.670
1.670
1.671
1.671
1.673
867
868
869
870
871
2330
2353
2402
2905
2800
1.640
1.662
1.665
1.666
1.671
872
873
874
875
876
2557
1381
1389
2542
1926
1.673
1.653
877
878
879
880
881
3037
2651
2741
2284
792
1.648
1.676
'
1.529
1.643
1.5299
1.662
Refractive index
~
^
1.684
1.686
1.685
1.685
1.695
1.686
1.698
1.686
1.689
1.687
1.687
1.695
1.697
1.698
1.704
1.698
1.717
1.733
1.6994
1.70
1.702
1.702
1.702
1.7510
1.710
1.713
1.705
1.708
1.704
1.705
1.707
1.709
1.711
1.711
1.718
2350
976
2556
2480
1720
1.709
1.703
1.614
1.7146
1.691
1.711
1.713
1.714
1.7174
1.720
1.724
1.722
1.729
1.812
1.720
907
908
909
910
911
1899
2318
2423
2351
1859
1.712
1.715
1.712
1.686
1.702
1.720
1.720
1.721
1.722
1.722
1.728
1.737
1.731
1.735
1.750
912
913
914
915
916
1012
2510
1922
2417.1
972
1.694
1.7129
1.705
1.724
1.710
1.726
1.7266
1.729
1.729
1.731
1.730
1.7441
1.730
1.734
1.732
1.690
1.694
1.689
1.685
917
918
919
920
921
1377
793
1670
807
964
1.730
1.708
1.720
1.640
1.730
1.732
1.733
1.733
1.736
1.737
1.762
1.758
1.935
1.750
1.785
1.674
1.674
1.674
1.674
1.674
1.679
1.676
1.684
1.688
1.684
922
923
924
925
926
2360
1841
3101
1956
2208
1.732
1.617
1.7202
1.731
1.737
1.738
1.7380
1.738
1.74
1.751
1.776
1.8197
1.744
1.674
1.675
1.676
1.676
1.678
1.678
1.697
927
928
929
930
931
3100
1408
1318
1930
1003
1.678
1.679
1.6802
1.6809
1.683
1.699
1.687
932
933
934
935
936
997
2124
2484
1726
1670
1.677
1.684
1.6854
1.717
1.700
1.71
1.733
1.736
1.702
1.747
1.72
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.740
1.741
1.743
1.745
1.748
1.749
1.75
1.75
1.706
1.76
1.744
1.746
1.789
1.757
1.80
1.95
Serial
Gen.
No.
index No.
a.
Refractive index
Serial
Gen.
No.
index No.
937
938
939
940
941
2781
1028
967
1000
1387
1.743
1.730
1.708
1.719
1.765
1.754
1.758
1.760
1.762
1.774
1.764
1.838
1.798
1.805
1.797
985
986
987
988
989
2338
261
1050
3124
1305
1.910
1.871
1.885
1.750
1.92
7 9 1 . 9 4 5
1.92
2.01
1.920
1.956
1.925
1.95
1.95
1.96
942
943
944
945
946
2573
2352
966
1303
1944
1.770
1.758
1.730
1.760
1.757
1.774
1.776
1.778
1.779
1.78
1.783?
1.795
1.803
1.779
1.803
990
991
992
993
994
1365
712
663
1722
401
1.702
1.9493
1.947
1.955
1.955
1.9592
1.961
1.985
1.99
1.965
1.9640
1.968
2.05
947
948
949
950
951
2127
1045
1319
1380
1006
1.78
1.752
1.759
1.775
1.747
1.78
1.782
1.786
1.786
1.788
1.785
1.815
1.797
1.815
1.829
995
996
997
998
999
557
660
1723
576
2219
1.93
1.87
1.90
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.03
2.05
2.02
2.01
2.05
952
953
954
955
956
1420
1670
1300
2337
2808
1.783
1.78
1.780
1.818
2.04
1.802
573
617
329
2375
1326
2.050
2.0763
2.09
2.10
2.1
2.050
2.0780
1.813
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
2.042
1.8037
1.763
1.788
1.79
1.793
1.795
1.799
957
958
959
960
961
735
1362
1301
1007
2376
1.76
1.783
1.79
1.775
1.80
1.8
1.801
1.807
1.815
1.81
1.834
1.84
1.825
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
541
539
1696
535
335
962
963
964
965
966
2582
583
1009
2346
2802
1.74
1.820
1.800
1.750
1.816
1.82
1.826
1.831
1.832
1.88
1.846
1.832
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
967
968
969
970
971
1049
999
1430
2363
2221
1.8090
1.69
1.773
1.825
1.85
1.8380
1.84
1.840
1.842
1.85
1.8593
1.85
1.845
1.857
1.99
972
973
974
975
976
2220
639
2492
707
1010
1.85
1.789
2.02
1.877
1.8600
1.73
1.85
1.852
1.865
1.8671
1.870
977
978
979
980
981
1027
1407
1794
1302
553
1.655
1.835
1.817
1.87
1.8771
982
983
984
3010
2334
2361
1.527
1.900
Refractive index
1.908
1.70
2.08
1.816
2.0767
2.065
2.23
2.16
2.126?
2.1580
2.04
2.14
2.102
2.1161
2.15
2.15
2.15
1421
2374
473
1336
1327
2.12
1.77
2.13
1.94
2.10
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.31
2.35
2.20
2.51
2.31
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1391
529
1697
1671
1807
2.19
2.1992
2.17
2.09
2.22
2.20
2.2172
2.22
2.24
2.25
2.33
2.2596
2.32
2.26
2.29
1.8853
1.91
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1784
1781
536
1694
279
2.17
2.18
2.24
2.27
2.18
2.26
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.35
2.32
2.35
2.31
2.30
2.35
1.875
1.877
1.879
1.88
1.8823
1.909
1.886
2.057
1.93
1.8937
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
2331
1335
878
446
917
2.26
2.37
2.583
2.38
2.39
2.5
2.586
3
2.40
2.65
2.741
1.903
1.907
1.91
1.952
2.034
1.91
1030
1031
1032
1096
1101
296
3.194
3
3
4.046
2.15
2.18
4.303
MISCELLANEOUS
339441.8311.861 ( g r e e n ) 1 . 8 8 0 1 0 3 7 . 1 3 1 4 3 . 5 1 . 4 6 1 1 . 4 4 9
1034
429
1.3996
1.4102
1037.2
3017.5
1.466
1.455
1035
432
1.4057
1.4165
1038
3009
1.4676
1.620
1036
418
1.4248
1.4382
1039
1399
1.500
1.660
1037
2994
1.452
1.465
1040
2776 | 1.518
1.527
Serial
No.
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
Gen.
index No.
2213
2644
2646
1322
2348
a
1.575
1.584
1.594
1.62
1.6226
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
2323
2570
2414
2319
1075
1.641
1.6704
1.675
1.717
1.729
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
2549
2560
716
582
3081
1.810
1.817
1.90
1.553
1.555 (Li)
1.97
1.571
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
82
2355
1263
599
1631
2.00
2.200
2.24
2.30
2.31
2.18(Li)
2.200 (Li)
2.24 (Li)
2.35 (Li)
2.37(Li)
2.35
2.290
2.53
2.40
2.66
Refractive index
y
1.649
1.604
1.614
1.63
1.7643
1.650
1.685
1.735
1.788
1.789
1.830
Serial
No.
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
Gen.
index No.
1412
1698
1800
1766
1661
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1093
271
525
1411
887
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
272
723
298
2770
3177
1076
1077
1078
2524
3114
935
a
2.38
2.41
2.48
2.46
2.51
2.35
Refractive index

\
T
2.39 (Li)
2.42
2.40 (Li)
2.40 (Li)
2.50 (Li)
2.51
2.55 (Li)
2.58 (Li)
2.59 (Li)
2.61 (Li)
2.62 (Li)
2.64 (Li)
>2.72 (Li)
>2.72
>2.72 (Li)
2.74(Li)
1.473 (red)
.
1.5226 (red)
2.60
2.61
2.71
2.66
> 2.72 (Li)
1.532 (red)
1.591 (red)
2.63 (red)
INDEX OF MINERAL NAMES

Acanthite, 1066
Acmite, 1808
Adamite, 793
Adelite, 2423
Aegirite, 2808
Agricolite, 401
Aikinite, 1051
Akermanite, 2430
Alabandite, 1273
Alamosite, 663
Albite, 2865
Allaetite, 1303
Almandite, 1928
Altaite, 560
Alumian, 1872
Aluminite, 1871
Alunite, 3134
Alunogenite, 1874
Amarantite, 1357
Amblygonite, 2658
Analcite, 2864
Anapaite, 2356
Anatase, 445
Ancylite, 2492
Andalusite, 1898
Anglesite, 553
Anhydrite, 2248
Annabergite, 1569
Anorthite, 2400
Antigorite, 2180
Antlerite, 964
Apatite, 2275
Apiohnite, 1918
Apophyllite, 3162
Aragonite, 2284
Arcanite, 2938
Argentite, 1067
Argyrodite, 1115
Arizonite, 1411
Armangite, 1299
Arsenic siderite, 2357
Arseniosiderite, 2358
Arsenoferrite, 1385
Arsenolite, 260
Arsenopyrite, 1390
Artinite, 2166
Ascharite, 2212
Atacamite, 944
Atelestite, '335
Augelite, 1888
Au4omolite,1119
Autunite, 2368
Azurite, 1028
Baddeleyite, 473
Bakerite, 2389
Barite, 2521
Barylite, 2593
Barysilite, 666
Barytocalcite, 2595
Bassetite, 2369
Bastnsite, 1994
Baumhauerite, 595
Bavenite, 2416
Bea vrit, 1433
Beegerite, 615
Bementite, 1321
Benitoite, 2563
Beraunite, 1380
Berthierite, 1392
Bertrandite, 2122
Beryl, 2125
Beryllonite, 2876
Beudantite, 1419
Bieberite, 1463
Bilinite, 1361
Binnite, 1015
Bisbeeite, 1043
Bischofite, 2132
Bismite, 310
Bismuthinite, 325
Bismutospherite, Cl
Bixbyite, 1437
Biodi te (= Bioedite), 288
Bobierrite, 2154
Boothite, 962
Boracite, 2215
Borax, 2848
Bornite, 1426
Botryogenite, 2198
Boulangerite, 606
Boussingaultite, 2150
Brandtite, 2350
Braunite, 1320
Breithauptite, 1571
Brochantite, 966
Bromyrite, 1062
Brookite, 446
Brucite, 2129
Brugnatellite, 2200
Brushite, 2265
Bunsenite, 1528
Bustamite, 2353
Cacoxenite, 1379
Calamine, 813
Cala veri te, 1139
Calcioferrite, 2357
Calcite, 2285
Calomel, 882
Camsellite, 2213
Canfieldite, 1116
Caracalite, 2781
Carborundum, 403
Carminite, 1417
Carnallite, 3146
Carnegieite, 2860
Carnotite, 3124
Carpholite, 1920
Carphosiderite, 1364
Cassiterite, 485
Celestite, 2451
Celsian, 2591
Cerargytite, 1059
Cerussite, 617
Cervantite, 278
Chalcanthite, 961
Chalcocite, 956
Chalcomenite, 972
Chalcophyllite, 1011
Chalcopyrite, 1425
Chalcosiderite, 1430
Chalcostibite, 1019
Chenevixite, 1431
Childrenite, 1926
Chiolite, 2851
Chiviatite, 612
Chlorapatite, 2274
Chlormanganokalite,
3079
Chlorocalcite, 3158
Chloromagnesite, 2131
Chondrodite, 2184
Chromite, 1639
Chrysoberyl, 2124
Chrysolite, 2179
Churchite, 2419
Cinnabarite, 901
Claudetite, 261
Clausthalite, 558
Clinochlore, 2227
Clinoclasite, 1010
Clinoenstatite, 2175
Clinohedrite, 2340
Clinohumite, 2186
Clinozoisite, 2417.1
Cobaltite, 1506
Colemanite, 2381
Colerainite, 2226
Connarite, 1582
Connellite, 969
Copiapite, 1363
Coquimbite, 1359
Cordylite, 2594
Corkite, 1416
Corundum, 1858
Cosalite, 611
Cotinnite, 529
Covellite, 955
Crednerite, 1328
Creedite, 2399
Crestmoreite, 2324
Cristobalite, 340
Crocidolite, 2810
Crocoite, 1631
Cronstedtite, 2201
Cryolite, 2852
Cryptohalite, 398
Cubanite, 1427
Cuprite, 936
Cuprodescloizite, 1784
Cuprotungstite, 1696
Custerite, 2327
Cyanite, 1899
Cyanochroite, 3043
Cyanotrichite, 1913
Dahtlite, 2307
Danburite, 2386
Daphnite, 1929
Darapskite, 2708
Datolite, 2387
Dawsonite, 2859
Derbylite, 1413
Descloizite, 1781
Destinezite, 1382
Dewindtite, 1735
Diadochite, 1383
Diaphorite, 1118
Diaspore, 1859
Didymolite, 2413
Dietzeite, 2363
Dihydrite, 1000
Diopside, 2427
Dioptasite, 1044
Dixenite, 1324
Dolomite, 2425
Domeykite, 1004
Domingite, 603
Dufrenoysite, 592
Dumortierite, 1937
Dundasite, 1909
Durangite, 2858
Durdenite, 1365
Durfeidtite, 602
Ecdemite, 588
Ectropite, 1322
Edingtonite, 2592
Eglestonite, 890
Elpidite, 2780
Emplectite, 1022
Enargite, 1014
Enstatite, 2176
Eosphorite, 1919
Epididymite, 2877
Epistilbite, 2406
Epsomite, 2145
Erinite, 1009
Eriochalite, 940
Erionite, 3189
Erythrite, 1505
Ettringite, 2397
Euchroite, 1008
Euclase, 2126
Eucryptite, 2659
Eudidymite, 2878
EuIytite, 402
Fairfieldite, 2349
Faujasite, 2899
Fayalite, 1407
Felsoebanyite, 1875
Ferberite, 1698
Ferrinatrite, 2804
Ferritungstite, 1699
Ferrocolumbite, 1800
Fibroferrite, 1358
Fiedlerite, 541
Flinkite, 1301
Florencite, 2004
Fluellite, 1863
Fluocerite, 1978
Fluorapatite, 2273
Fluorite, 2235
Forsterite, 2177
Francolite, 2309
Freieslebnite, 1119
Fremontite, 2857
Friedelite, 1439.1
Gadolinite, 2127
Gahnite, 1911
Galena, 552
Galenobismutite, 610
Ganomalite, 2338
Gano-hyllite, 1922
Gaylussite, 2894
Gearksutite, 2395
Gehlenite, 2433
Geikielite, 2187
Genthite, 2203
Geocromite, 605
Georgiadesite, 589
Gerhard tite, 976
Gersdorffite, 1570
Gibbsite, 1860
Gillespite, 2572
Gismondite, 2404
Glaserite, 3181
Glauberite, 2889
Glaubers salt, 2693
Glaucochroite, 2351
Glockerite, 1362
Goethite, 1335
Goslarte, 760
Goyazite, 2489
Greenockite, 835
Grossularite, 2415
Grunerite, 1406
Guanajuatite, 327
Guejarite, 1020
Guitermanite, 597
Gypsum, 2249
Raiding eri te, 2278
Halite, 2671
Halotrichite, 1924
Hambergite, 2123
Hanksite, 3185
Hannayite, 2158
Hardystonite, 2341
Hauerite, 1274
Hausmannite, 1264
Haiiynite, 2902
Hedenbergite, 2360
Heintzite, 3157
Hemafibrite, 1302
Hematite, 1334
Hercynite, 1923
Hessite, 1072
Heulandite, 2407
Hewettite, 2374
Hexahydrite, 2144
Hibschite, 2401
Hieratite, 3016
Higginsite, 2346
Hillebrandite, 2321
Hinsdalite, 1908
Hoernesite, 2159
a-Hopeite, 781
0-Hopeite, 782
Howlite, 2388
Huebnerite, 1697
Humite, 2185
Hureaulite, 1298
Hydroboracite, 2432
Hydrocerusite, 657
Hydrocyanite, 958
Hydroherderite, 2421
Hydromagnesite, 2167
Hydronephelite, 2869
Hydrophilite, 2236
Hydrotalcite, 2224
Hydrozincite, 807
Iddingsite, 1408
Ilmenite, 1410
Ilvaite, 2361
Inyoite, 2383
lodyrite, 1064
Isoclasite, 213
Jacobsite, 1438
Jadeite, 2863
Jamesonite, 1418
Jarosite, 3085
Jercmejerite, 1934
Jordanite, 594
Kainite, 3151
Kalicinite, 2978
Kalinite, 3133
Kaliophilite, 3136
Kaolinite, 1901
Kasolite, 1736
Kempite, 1270.1
Kentrolite, 1327
Kermesite, 298
Kieserite, 2142
Kilbrickenite, 609
Kleinit, 891
Koechlinite, 1661
Koettigite, 792
Kroehnkite, 2789
Krugite, 3166
Lanarkite, 557
Langbeinite, 3150
Langite, 967
Lansfordite, 2165
Laubanite, 2412
Laumontite, 2405
Laurionite, 539
Laurite, 1235
Lautarite, 2246
Lawrencite, 1340
Lawsonite, 2402
Lazulite, 2230
Lazurite, 2872
Leadhillite, 660
Lechatelierite, 341
Lecontite, 2710
Leifite, 2866
Lengenbachite, 596,
1117
Leonite, 3148
Lepidocrocite, 1336
Leucite, 3137
Leucochalcite, 1007
Leucophanite, 2903
Leucosphenite, 2910
Levynite, 2403
Lewisite, 2333
Libethenite, 997
Lillianite, 613
Lime, 2232
Linarite, 1049
Lindackerite, 1585
Linnaeite, 1458
Liroconite, 1916
Litharge, 524
Lithiophilite, 2651
Livingstonite, 917
Lollingite, 1386
Lorandite, 723
Lorettoite, 538
Lossenite, 1420
Lweite, 2880
Lucinite, 1885
Ludlamite, 1381
Ludwigite, 2220
Lueneburgite, 2218
Magnesioferrite, 2196
Magnesioludwigite,
2221
Magnesite, 2163
Magnetite, 1337
Malachite, 1027
Manandonite, 2664
Manganite, 1263
Manganosite, 1258
Manganostibite, 1305
Manganotantalite,
1807
Marcasite, 1349
Margarite, 2409
Marialite, 2871
Marshite, 951
Martinite, 2269
Mascagnite, 174
Massicotite, 525
Matildite, 1103
Matlockite, 535
Maucherite, 1566
Maxite, 661
Meionite, 2417
Melanotekite, 1421
Melanterite, '1356
Meliphanite, 2904
Mendipite, 536
Mendozite, 2854
Meneghinite, 604
Merwinite, 2428
Mesolite, 2900
Metacinnabarite, 900
Metahewettite, 2375
Meta-torbernite, 1737
Meta-variscite, 1884
Meyerhofferite, 2382
Miargyrite, 1097
Microcline, 3138
Microcosmic salt, 2733
Mersite, 1123
Mlarite, 3164
Millerite, 1541
Mimetite, 587
Minasragrite, 1762
Miniumite, 527
Mirabilite, 2694
Misenite, 2948
Mixit, 1025.1
Molybdenite, 1651
Molybdite, 1670
Molybdophillite, 2189
Molyste, 1342
Monetite, 2264
Monimolite, 598
Montanite, 329
Monticellite, 2426
Montroydite, 878
Morenosite, 1548
Mullanite, 607
Mullite, 1904
Muscovite, 3140
Mysorine, 1026
Nadorite, 599
Nantokite, 939
Nasonite, 2339
Natroalunite, 2856
Natrochalcite, 2790
Natroj arosi te, 2802
Natrolite, 2862
Natron, 2753
Natrophilite, 2800
Naumannite, 1070
Nephelite, 2861
Nesquehonite, 2164
Newberyite, 2153
Newtonite, 1902
Niccolite, 1564
Niter, 2959
Nitrobarite, 2531
Nitrocalcite, 2257
Nitroglauberite, 2709
Nitromagnesite, 2148
Nordenskioeldine, 2390
Northupite, 2886
Noselite, 2873
Okenite, 2317
Oldhamite, 2247
Olivenite, 1006
Opal, 344
Orientite, 2352
Orpiment, 272
Orthoclase, 3139
Pachnolite, 2897
Palaite, 1297
Pandermite, 2384
Paragonite, 2867
Rinneite, 3186
Parahopeite, 783
Riversideite, 2322
Paralaurionite, 540
Romeite, 2282
Paraluminite, 1876
Rutherfordine, 1726
Paramelaconite, 934
Rutile, 447
Parasepiolite, 2178
Safflorite, 1500
Paravauxite, 1925
Salammoniac, 132
Parisite, 2420
Salmonsite, 1439
Pascoite, 2376
Sapphirine, 2229
Pectolite, 2895
Sarkinite, 1300
Penfieldite, 537
, Sartorite, 591
Percylite, 1048
Sassolite, 1809
Periclase, 2128
Scacchite, 1268
Perovskite, 2331
Schall eri te, 1324
Petalite, 2663
Scheelite, 2366.1
Pharmacolite, 2279
Scorodite, 1387
Pharmacosiderite, 1389 Sellaite, 2130
Phenacite, 2121
Senarmontite, 280
Phoenicochroite, 1632
Shattuckite, 1045
Phosgenite, 658
Siderite, 1394
Phosphochalite, 1001
Sideronatrite, 2803
Phosphuranylite, 1720
Siderolite, 1355
Pickeringite, 2223
Sillimanite, 1900
Picromerite, 3149
Skutterudite, 1502
Pinakiolite, 2219
Smaltite, 1501
Pinnoite, 2211
Smithite, 1093
Pirssonite, 2893
Smithsonite, 794
Pitchblende, 1705
Sodalite, 2870
Plagionite, 608
Soda-niter, 2705
Plancheite, 1046
Soddite, 1733
Plattnerite, 526
Spangolite, 1914
Plumbogummite, 1907
Spencerite, 786
Plumboj arosi te, 1415
Spessartite, 1921
Plumosite, 601
Sphalerite, 756
Podolite, 2308
Spherite, 1889
Polianite (Pyrosulite),
Spherocobaltite, 1507
1260
Spinel, 2222
Pollucite, 3351
Spodumene, 2660
Polyargyrite, 1102
Spurrite, 2330
Polybasite, 1101
Stannite, 1432
Polydymite, 1544
Staurolite, 1930
Polyhalite, 3165
Stellerite, 2408
Powellite, 2365
Stephanite, 1100
Prehnite, 2411
Stercorite, 2733
Priceite, 2385
Stewartite, 1296
Prolectite, 2183
Stibnite, 296
Prosopite, 2396
Stichtite, 2207
Proustite, 1095
Stokesite, 2335
Pseudobrookite, 1412
Stolzite, 1695
Pseudolibethemte, 998
Strengite, 1377
Pseudomesolite, 2901
Stromeyerite, 1124
Pseudowollastonite,
Strontianite, 2463
2315
Struvite, 2157
Pucherite, 1766
Stylotypite, 1021
Pyrargyrite, 1098
Sulphoborite, 2217
Pyrite, 1350
Sulphohalite, 2700
Pyroaurite, 2199
Svabite, 2281
Pyrochroite, 1259
Svanbergite, 2490
Pyromorphite, 573
Syepoorite, 1457
Pyrope, 2225
Sylvite, 2921
Pyrophanite, 1325
Symplesite, 1388
Pyrophyllite, 1903
Syngenite, 3159
Pyrostilpnite, 1099
Szabelyite, 2216
Pyrrhotite, 1353
Szmikite, 1276
Quartz, 342
Szomolnokite, 1354
Quetenite, 2197
Tachyhydrite, 2422
Rammelsbergite, 1565
Tagilite, 999
Raspite, 1694
Tale, 2181
Rathite, 593
Tamarugite, 2853
Realgar, 271
Taramellite, 2573
Reddingite, 1295
Tarapacaite, 3100
Rezbanyite, 614
Tarbuttite, 785
Rhagite, 336
Taylorite, 2964
Rhodizite, 3141
Teallite, 667
Rhodochrosite, 1307
Tellurite, 82
Rhodonite, 1318
Tennanite, 1053
Rhomboclasite, 1360
Tenorite, 935
Riebeckite, 2809
Tephrite, 1319
Terlinguaite, 887
Tetradymite, 330
Thalenite, 1956
Thaumasite, 2329
Thenardite, 2691
Thermonatrite, 2751
Thomsenolite, 2898
Thorianite, 668
Thorite, 677
Thortveitite, 1944
Tilasite, 2424
Titanite, 2334
Topaz, 1905
Torbernite, 17&
Trechmannite, 1094
Tremolite, 2429
Trichalcite, 1005
Tridymite, 343
Trigonite, 1326
Triphylite, 2652
Tripuhyite, 1391
Troegerite, 1721
Troilite, 1348
Tronite, 2765
Tschermigite, 1882
Tsumebite, 1050
Tungstite, 1671
Turquois, 1915
Tuxtlite, 2905
Tychite, 2887
Tyrolite, 1012
Ulexite, 2896
Ullmannite, 1573
Umangite, 971
Uraninite, 1702
Uranocircite, 2583
Uranophane, 2372
Uranopilite, 2367
Uranospherite, 1722
Uranospinite, 2370
Uranothallite, 2371
Uruolggite, 2345
Ussingite, 2868
Uvanite, 1794
Uvarovite, 2364
Valentinite, 279
Vanadinite, 1776
Vanthoffite, 2882
Vauxite, 1927
Vegasite, 1414
Velardenite, 2410
Villiaumite, 2670
Vivianite, 1378
Vrbaite, 724
Wagnerite, 2156
Walpurgite, 1723
Wapplerite, 2280
Wattevillite, 2890
Whewellite, 2288
Willemite, 812
Witherite, 2542
Wittichenite, 1023
Wollastonite, 2316
Wulfenite, 1668
Wrtzite, 755
Xanthoconite, 1096
Xenotime, 1951
Zaratite, 1576
Zebedassite, 2228
Zeophyllite, 2326
Zepharovichite, 1886
Zeunerite, 1739
Zincaluminite, 1912
Zincite, 744
Zinkenite, 600
Zinkosite, 757
Zircon, 483
Zoisite, 2418
(T-TABLE
[Compounds of carbon with elements having key-numbers below 16]
Acknowledgement is made to Prof. E. E. Reid for advice in connection with nomenclature and for his reading of the manuscript of this section.
o
2
T3
^g
e>
O
I
H
t?
O) OO
a
I*
Si?
Ji:
JSH
^jW
Qfl
di
'S w 'E
~*
1
1.1
2
3
4
5
CBi2O5
CBrClO
CBrCl3
CBrN
CBr2O
CBr3NO2
Bismutospherite
Carbonyl bromochloride
Bromotrichloromethane
Cyanogen bromide
Carbonyl bromide
Bromopicrin
510.00
143.37
198.29
105.92
187.83
297.76
CBr4
Carbon tetrabromide.
331.66
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
CClN
CCl2N2O4
CCl2O
CCl2S
CCl3NO2
CCl4
CF4
CIN
CIN3O6
CI4
CN4O8
COS
CSSe
CS2
CHBrCl2
CHBr3
CHCl3
CHF3
CHI3
CHN
CHNO
CHNS
CHN3O6
CH2Br2
CH2ClNO
CH2Cl2
CH2I2
Cyanogen chloride
Dichlorodinitromethane Cl 2 C(NO 2 ),....
Carbonyl chloride (Phosgene)
Thiophosgene
Chloropicrin Cl3CNO2
Carbon tetrafluoride
Cyanogen iodide
Iodotrinitromethane CI(NO 2 ) 3
Carbon tetraiodide
Tetranitromethane C(NO 2 ) 4
Carbonyl sulfide
Carbon sulfoselenide
Carbon disillude
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Chloroform
Fluoroform
lodoform
Hydrocyanic acid HCN
Cyanic acid HCNO
Thiocyanic acid HCNS
Nitroform CH(NO 2 ) 3
Mthylne bromide
Carbamyl chloride ClCONH2
Mthylne chloride
Mthylne iodide
61.466
174.93
98.916
114.98
164.38
153.83
88.00
152.94
276.96
519.73
196.03
64.065
123.265
76.130
163.84
252.76
119.38
70.008
393.80
27.016
43.016
59.081
151.032
173.85
79.481
84.931
267.88
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CH2N2
CH 2 N 2
CH2N2O3
CH 2 N 2 O 4
CH 2 N 4
CH2O
(CH2O)x
CH2O2
CH3AsCl2
CH3AsO
CH3Br
CH3Cl
'
CH3ClO
CH3ClO2S
CH3F
CH3I
CH3NO
CH3NO
CH3NO2
CH3NO2
Cyanamide CN.NH2
Diazomethane H 2 C:N 2
Methylnitrolic acid O 2 NCHNOH
Dinitromethane H 2 C(NO 2 ) 2
Tetrazole
Formaldehyde HCHO
Paraformaldehyde
Formic acid HCO2H
Methylarsine dichloride
Methylarsinous oxide
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl hypochlorite CH3OCl
Methylsulfone chloride
Methyl
fluoride
Methyl iodide
Formamide HCONH2
Formaldoxime H2C:NOH
Nitromethane CH3NO2
Methyl nitrite CH3ONO
42.031
42.031
90.031
106.031
70.047
30.015
(30.015)x
46.015
160.90
105.98
94.939
50.481
66.481
114.546
34.023
141.96
45.031
45.031
61.031
61.031
i
It
3^
^,.OD.
lg
a
-*
Hall
gslsS
d.
Wl
OO "^ n>
lil
i
w 0 ^
10.3
25
172
61.6
64.5
12711S
7.35
1.8215
1.959J 4 ' 6
2.015
2.44
2.799
pV/U. JL
^*f
189.5
3.42
-6
122.5
-104
13.8
1.186
8.3
73.5
112.4
76.8
-15
l. 392
1.509"
1.692
1.595
-21
52
^S U
-64
-23.0
-80
146.5
56
d.
13
-138
-111.6
7.7
-63.5
119
-14
d.
5
15
-52.8
50
-96.7
5.2;
5.7
44
-145
64
< -15
155
-92
160
8.4
- 59
95
-93
-97.6
-66.1
-5
-29.2
125.7
-48
84.5
46.3
92
150.4
61.2
20 40at 26
d.
> 100 d.
97.8
62
40.1
18Od.
14019 d.
-23
4.32
1.6503
1.24-87
1.261|J
1.92515
2.890
1.489
2.53
4.1
0.699
l. 140
*.0
*0OS Ob~fc
'JoSS flW) ci
s
697
826
721
470
476
364
772
417
1189
809
2.46JI
1.336
3.325
273
870
1.083
1073
100 d.
-21
O. SIS"20
100.5
136
1.220
1.838
4.6
-23.7
13.4
160
-78.0
42.6
193
84
101.9
-12
1.732?
0.92018
25
1.510
2.279
1.139
1.139
0.99115
696
995
43
No.
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
64.1
65
66
67
67.1
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
84.1
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Formula
CH3NO3
CH3NS
CH3N3
CH3N3O3
CH4
CH 4 N 2 O
CH 4 N 2 O 2
CH4N2S
CH4N2S
CH4N4O2
CH4O
CH4O3S
CH4O4S
CH4S
CH5As
CH6AsO3
CH6N
CH6NO
CH6NO2
CH5NO3
CH 5 N 3
CH5N3O
CH5N3O4
CH5N3S
CH5O3P
CH6P
CH6ClN
CH6ClN3
CH6ClN3O
CH 6 N 2
CH 6 N 4
CH6N4O2
CH6N4O3
CH 6 N 4 O 4
CH7ClNH4
C2Br2
C2Br2Cl2
C2Br2Cl4
C2Br2O2
C2Br4
C2Br6
C2Cl2
C2Cl2O2
C2Cl4
C2Cl4O2
C2Cl6
C2I2
C2I4
C2N2
C2N2S
C2N4O6
C 2 N 6 Oi 2
C2HBr
C2HBrCl2
C2HBr3
C2HBr3Cl2
C2HBr3O
C2HBr3O2
C2HBr5
C2HCl3
C2HCl3O
C2HCl3O
C2HCl3O2
Name
MoI. wt.
Methyl nitrate CH3ONO2

Thioformamide HCSNH2
Methyl azide....
Nitrourea O 2 NNHCONH 2
Methane
Urea H 2 NCONH 2
Methylnitramine CH 3 NHNO 2
Ammonium thiocyanate
Thiourea H 2 NCSNH 2 .
Nitroguanidine H 2 NC(:NH)N.HNO 2 .. .
Methyl alcohol CH3OH
Methylsulfonic acid CH3SO3H
Methyl sulfuric acid CH3SO4H
Methylmercaptan CH3SH
Methylarsine CH3AsH2
Methyl arsenate CH3AsO(OH)2
Methylamine CH3NH2
AT-Methylhydroxylamine CH 3 NHOH...
Ammonium formate HCO2NH4
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
Diazoaminomethane
Semicarbazide H 2 NCONHNH 2
Urea nitrate H 2 NCONH 2 .HNO 3
Thiosemicarbazide H 2 NCSNHNH 2
Methylphosphinic acid CH 3 PO(OH) 2 ...
Methylphosphine CH3PH2
Methylamine hydrochloride
Guanidine hydrochloride
Semicarbazide hydrochloride
Methylhydrazine CH 3 NHNH 2
Methyltetrazine CH 3 NHN :NNH 2
Guanidine nitrite (NH2)2C(:NH).HNO2
Guanidine nitrate
Semicarbazide nitrate
Aminoguanidine hydrochloride
Dibromoacetylene BrCiCBr
1, 2-Dibromo-l, 2-dichloroethylene
1, 2-Dibromo-l, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane.
Oxalyl bromide (COBr)2
Tetrabromoethylene Br2CiCBr2
Hexabromoethane Br3CCBr3
Dichloroacetylene ClCiCCl
Oxalyl chloride (COCl)2
Tetrachloroethylene Cl2CiCCl2
Trichloromethyl chloroformate
Hexachloroethane Cl3CCCl3
Diiodoacetylene ICiCI
Tetraiodoethylene I2CiCI2
Cyanogen CN.CN
Cyanogen sulfide (CN)2S
Trinitroacetonifcrile
Hexanitroethane (O 2 N) 3 CC(NO 2 ) 3
Bromoacetylene BrCiCH
1, 2-Dichloro-l-bromoethylene
Tribromoethylene Br2CiCHBr
1, 2, 2-Tribromo-l, 2-dichloroethane
Bromal Br3CCHO
Tribromoacetic acid Br3CCO2H
Pentabromoethane Br3CCHBr2
Trichloroethylene Cl2CiCHCl
Chloral Cl3CCHO
Dichloroacetyl chloride Cl 2 CHCOCl....
Trichloroacetic acid Cl3CCO2H
77.031
61.096
57.047
105.05
16.0308
60.047
76.047
76.112
76.112
104.063
32.031
96.096
112.09
48.096
91.999
139.999
31.047
47.047
63.047
79.047
59.063
75.063
123.06
91.128
96.063
48.063
67.512
95.528
Ill .53
46.062
74.078
106.08
122.079
138.08
110.54
183.83
254.75
325.66
215.83
343.66
503.50
94.916
126.916
165.83
197.83
236.75
277.86
531.73
52.016
84.081
176.03
300.05
104.924
175.84
264.76
335.67
280.76
296.76
424.59
131.38
147.38
147.38
163.38
M. P.
B. P.
d
__
exp. 65
l.21715
?1 L
No.
29
21
15Od.
-184
132.7
38
149.6
182
231
-97.8
< -30
-121.0
161
-92.5
42
116
d.
-12
96
153d.
183
105
226
-161.4
d. 160
0.869?5
0.415"164
1.335
1.243f 6
1.305
1.405
64.5
16710
0.792
1.481
7.6
2
0.868
-6.5
62.515
0.699-11
1.0003
1.266
1.573
1167
1077
1234
226
1223
92 s. d.
1.664
-14
23015
1333
173 d.
87.5
130
78.5
1333
123
163
4.4
-19.5
57.5
-50
-12
-22.4
-57
185
82
187
-34.4
60
41.5
142 d.
-83.5
6
130
57
-86.4
-57.5
57.5
76
172
104.4
227
210
64
120.8
127.5
185
-20.5
2
2.304J5
2.713 "
894
1308
3.823
1316
1.4883'4
1.623
1.65314
2.091
822
623
2.983
0.86617-2
exp. 220
-2
113.8
164
11216
174
245 d.
210300
88
98.1
108
195.3
1.913}5
2.708
2.635J5
2.3015
3.312
1.477
1.512
1.6174J
867
778
781
525
455
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
110
111
112
112.1
113
114
115
C2HCl3O2
C2HCl5
C2HF3
C2HF3O2
C2HI
C2HI3O2
C2H2
Dichloromethyl chloroformate
Pentachloroethane Cl3CCHCl2
Trifluoroethylene
Trifluoroacetic acid F3CCO2H
Iodoacetylene ICiCH
Triiodoacetic acid I3CCO2H
Acetylene HCiCH
163.38
202.298
82.008
114.01
151.94
437.80
26.015
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149 '
150
151
152
152.1
153
154
155
C2H2AsCl3
C2H2BrCl
C2H2BrCl
C2H2BrClO
C2H2BrClO2
C2H2BrCl3
C 2 H 2 Br 2
C 2 H 2 Br 2
C2H2Br2O
C2H2Br2O2
C2H2Br3Cl
C2H2Br4
C2H2Br4
C2H2ClIO2
C2H2ClNO
C2H2Cl2
C2H2Cl2
C2H2Cl2O
C2H2Cl2O
C2H2Cl2O2
C2H2Cl2O2
C2H2Cl3NO
C2H2Cl4
C2H2Cl4
C2H2F2O2
C2H2F3NO
C2H2I2O2
C2H2N4
C2H2O
C2H2O2
C2H2O4
C2H3Br
C2H3BrO
C2H3BrO2
C2H3Br3
C2H3Br3O
C2H3Br3O2
C2H3Cl
C2H3ClO
C2H3ClO2
2-Chlorovinylarsine dichloride
cis-l-Bromo-2-chloroethylene
frans-l-Bromo-2-chloroethylene
Chloroacetyl bromide ClCH2COBr
Bromochloroacetic acid BrClCHCO2H..
1-Bromo-l, 2, 2-trichloroethane
1, 1-Acetylene dibromide CH 2 :CBr 2 ....
1, 2-Acetylene dibromide BrCHiCHBr.
Bromoacetyl bromide BrCH2COBr
Dibromoacetic acid Br2CHCO2H
1, 2, 2-Tribromo-l-chloroethane
1, 1, 1,2-Tetrabromoethane BrCH2CBr3
1,1,2, 2-Tetrabromoethane
Chloroiodoacetic acid ClICHCO2H
Chloromethyl isocyanate ClCH 2 CNO...
cia-1, 2-Acetylene dichloride
trans-1, 2-Acetylene dichloride
Dichloroacetaldehyde Cl2CHCHO
Chloroacetyl chloride ClCH2COCl
Dichloroacetic acid Cl2CHCO2H
Chloromethyl chloroformate
Trichloroacetamide Cl3CCONH2
1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Difluoroacetic acid F2CHCO2H
Trifluoroacetamide F3CCONH2
Diiodoacetic acid I2CHCO2H
I 7 2, 4, 5-Tetrazine
Ketene CH2:CO
Glyoxal CHO.CHO
Oxalic acid HO2CCO2H
Vinyl bromide CH2:CHBr
Acetyl bromide CH3COBr
Bromoacetic acid CH2BrCO2H
1, 1, 2-Tribromoethane BrCH 2 CHBr 2 ..
Tribromoethyl alcohol Br 3 CCH 2 OH....
Bromal hydrate
Vinyl chloride CH2:CHC1
Acetyl chloride CH3COCl
Methyl chloroformate ClCO2CH3
207.35
141.39
141.39
157.39
183.39
212.31
185.85
185.85
201.85
217.85
301.22
345.68
345.68
220.41
91.481
96.931
96.931
112.931
112.931
128.931
128.931
162.40
167.85
167.85
96.015
113.023
311.88
82.047
42.015
58.015
90.015
106.939
122.939
138.939
266.77
282.77
298.77
62.481
78.481
94.481
M. P.
-29.0
-15.6
15Od.
-81.8
41
23.8
-21
48
20.6
0.0
0.1
90
-50.0
-80.5
10; -4
141
-43.8
-0.35
74.8
110
99
-151
15
189
-137.8
- 96.5
50
-26
80
53
-112.0
B. P.
116
162
-51
72.5
32
d
1.55814
1.709J
1.26~78
1.535
?1 L
No.
614
Liq. 0.613-80
Sol. 0.730-85
190
1.888
84.7
1.797}5
863
75.4
1.77745
864
135
1.913
211.7s. d. 1.98534
104.1
2.0554
92
2.178
110.2
2.256
719
150
2.317^;1J
232
22Od.
2.652J 4
780
103.513-5
2.875
794
15154
2.964
796
-83.6
81
48.4
60.3
90.5
105
193.5
108
240
130.5
146.3
134.2766
162.5
-56
50.4
15.8
76.7
208
188.4
9411
1.265}5
1.291J5
853
854
1.495
1.563
1.516
490
1.588
1.600
1.526
528
567
4
1.14
2
1.517}4
1.529 5
1.934
2.579
46
1194
415
773
1333
-15
52
71.4
1.104
1.23615
76
1.37Oj6
1099
f<*61.2
156
C2H3ClO2
Chloroacetic acid
CH2ClCO2H
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
C 2 H 3 Cl 2 NO
C2H3Cl3
C2H3Cl3
C2H3Cl3O
C2H3Cl3O2
C2H3FO
C2H3FO2
C2H3I
C2H3IO
C2H3IO
C2H3IO2
Dichloroacetamide Cl2CHCONH2
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane CH3CCl3
1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane ClCH 2 CHCl 2 ...
Trichloroethyl alcohol Cl3CCH2OH
Chloral hydrate Cl3CCH(OH)2
Acetyl fluoride CH3COF
Fluoroacetic acid CH2FCO2H
Vinyl iodide CH2 :CHI
Iodoacetaldehyde CH2ICHO
Acetyl iodide CH3COI
Iodoacetic acid ICH2CO2H
94.481
127.947
133.397
133.397
149.397
183.41
62.023
78.023
153.96
169.96
169.96
185.96
^~ '?
750.1
t43.8(?)
98
-36.7
17.8
47.4
> - 60
33
82
189
-5
234.6
74.1
113.5
152.2
98 d.
20.5
165
56
8Od.
108
1.334
1.443
1.55023-3
1.908
0.99320
2.08
1.9817
350
506
1258
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
41.031
41.031
57.031
57.031
73.031
89.031
105.03
73.096
73.096
69.047
165.05
28.0308
143.405
137.96
187.86187.86
203.86
203.86
93.497
93.497
98.947
98.947
114.947
114.947
147.Ol
131.012
164.41
281.9
281.9
88.047
88.047
104.047
120.047
120.047
136.047
152.047
84.063
44.031
44.031
76.096
60.031
60.031
60.031
-41
-45
168
169
170
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
C2H3N
C2H3N
C2H3NO
C2H3NO
C2H3NO2
C2H3NO3
C 2 H 3 NO 4
C2H3NS
C2H3NS
C2H3N3
C2H3N3O6
C2H4
C2H4BrCl
C2H4BrNO
C2H4Br2
C2H4Br2
C2H4Br2O
C2H4Br2O
C2H4ClNO
C2H4ClNO
C2H4Cl2
C2H4Cl2
C2H4Cl2O
C2H4Cl2O
C2H4Cl2OS
C2H4Cl2S
C2H4Cl3NO
C2H4I2
C2H4I2
C2H4N2O2
C2H4N2O2
C2H4N2O3
C2H4N2O4
C2H4N2O4
C2H4N2O5
C2H4N2O6
C2H4N4
C2H4O
C2H4O
C2H4OS
C2H4O2
C2H4O2
C2H4O2
Acetonitrile CH3CN
Methyl isocyanide CH3NC
Glycollic nitrile HOCH2CN
Methyl isocyanate CH3N :CO
Nitroethylene CH2:CHNQ2
Oxamicacid HO2CCONH2
Nitroacetic acid O2NCH2CO2H
Methyl thiocyanate CH3CNS
Methyl isothiocyanate CH3N:CS
1, 2, 4-Triazole
1, 1, 1-Trinitroethane (O2N)3CCH3
Ethylene H 2 CiCH 2
l-Bromo-2-chloroethane ClCH2CH2Br..
Acetobromoamide CH3CONHBr
1, 1-Dibromoethane CH3CHBr2
Ethylene bromide BrCH2CH2Br
Dibromoethyl alcohol Br 2 CHCH 2 OH...
s/ra.-Dibromomethyl ether (BrCH 2 ) 2 0.
Acetochloroamide CH3CONHCl
Chloroacetamide ClCH2CONH2
1, 1-Dichloroethane CH3CHCl2
Ethylene chloride ClCH2CH2Cl
Dichloroethyl alcohol Cl 2 CHCH 2 OH...
s/m.-Dichloromethyl ether (C1CH2)2O..
Di-(chloromethyl) sulfoxide
s/w.-Dichloromethyl sulfide
Chloral ammonia C13CCHO.NH3
1, 1-Diiodoethane CH3CHI2
Ethylene iodide ICH2CH2I
Oxamide H2NOCCONH2
Glyoxime NOH:CHCH:NOH
Ethylnitrolic acid CH3C(NO2):NOH. ..
1, 1-Dinitroethane CH3CH(NO2)2
Ethylene dinitrite ONOCH 2 CH 2 ONO..
Ethylene nitrite nitrate
Dinitroglycol (CH2ONO2)2
Dicyandiamide H 2 NC(:NH)NHCN... .
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO
Ethylene oxide
Thioacetic acid CH3COSH
Glycollic aldehyde HOCH2CHO
Acetic acid CH3CO2H
Methyl formate HCO2CH3
214
C2H4O3
Glycollic acid
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
C2H4O3
C2H4O3
C2H4O6S
C2H4S
C2H6AsO6
C2H6Br
C2H6BrO
C2H6BrO
C2H6Cl
C2H6ClO4S
C2H6Cl2N
C2H6ClO
C2H6ClO
C2H6ClO
C2H5ClO2S
C2H6ClO4
C2H5F
C2H6FO
Methyl acid carbonate CH3HCO3

Ethylene ozonide
Sulfoacetic acid HO3SCH2CO2H
Ethylene sulfide
Arsonoacetic acid (OH)2AsOCH2COOH
Ethyl bromide
2-Bromoethyl alcohol BrCH 2 CH 2 OH...
Bromomethyl methyl ether
Ethyl chloride
Chloromethyl methyl sulfate
Ethyl dichloramine C2H6NCl2
2-Chloroethyl alcohol ClCH 2 CH 2 OH...
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Ethyl hypochlorite
Ethylsulfone chloride CH 3 CH 2 SO 2 Cl...
Ethyl perchlorate
Ethyl
fluoride
2-Fluoroethyl alcohol FCH 2 CH 2 OH....
HOCH2CO2H
76.031
76.031
76.031
140.10
60.096
184.00
108.955
124.955
124.955
64.497
160.56
113.963
80.497
80.497
80.497
128.562
128.497
48.039
64.039
21Od.
89
-51
35
121
56
-169.4
-16.6
108
10.0
-34
110
119.5
-96.7
-35.3
40
74
82
419 d.
178
88
37.5
d.
-20
207
-123.5
-111.3
< -17
97
16.6
-99.8
(
B. P.
82
59.6
183
43
98.5
0.783
0.7564
1.104
133
119
260
1.068
1.069f
-103.8
103.7
0.566~i2
1.79
110
131.7
181
155
225.6
57.3
83.7
146
106
58.518
100 d.
179
d.
d.
186
98
*L
No.
6
952
1.07313-8
2.056
2.182
2.35
2.201
1.174
1.257
1.14515
1.315
501
1052
647
710
227
400
349
1.414J4
2.84
2.13210
1.667
exp. 116
1.3502^
1.216
1.472
1.49615
20.2
10.7
93
0.781
0.887J
1.07410
3
803
118.1
31.8
1.049
0.975
26
5
^*0
( p<y
-57
1816
86
55
152
-119.0
-138.7
-69.0
-26.5
38.0
150.3
87
12.2
9218
89
128.8
59.5
36.6
177.5
74
-32
103.4
1.034
1.430
1.685
1.53112-3
0.910
1.473
1.213
1.06310
275
555
458
107
1.357
1.7
1.114
21
No.
Formula
Name
234
235
236
237
C2H5I
C2H5IO
C2H5IO
C2H6N
Ethyl iodide
2-Iodoethyl alcohol ICH2CH2OH
Iodomethyl methyl ether ICH 2 OCH 3 ...
Vinylamine H 2 CiCHNH 2
238
C2H5NO
Acetamide
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
290.1
291
292
293
C 2 H 5 NO
C 2 H 5 NO 2
C2H6NO2
C2H5NO2
C2H5NO2
C 2 H 5 NO 2
C2H5NO2
C 2 H 5 NO 3
C 2 H 5 NO 3
C2H5NO4 (H2O)
C 2 H 5 NO 4
C2H5NS
C2H5N3O2
C2H6
C2H6AsBr
C2H6AsCl
C2H6AsCl3
C2H6AsI
C 2 H 6 NO
C2H6N2O
C2H6N2O
C2H6N4O2
C2H6N4S
C2H6O
C2H6O
C2H6O2
C2H6O2S
C2H6O3S
C2H6O4
C2H6O4S
C2H6O4S
C2H6O6
C2H6O6S2
C2H6S
C2H6S
C2H6S2
C2H6S2
C2H6Se
C2H6Te
C2H7As
C2H7As
C2H7AsO2
C2H7AsO3
C2H7N
C2H7N
C 2 H 7 NO
C 2 H 7 NO
C 2 H 7 NO
C2H7NO
C2H7NO
C 2 H 7 NO 2
C2H7NO3S
C2H7N3
C2H7N3O4
C2H7O2P
C2H7O3P
Acetaldoxime CH3CH:NOH
Acetohydroxamic acid CH 3 CONHOH..
Aminoacetic acid H2NCH2CO2H
Nitroethane CH3CH2NO2
Ethyl nitrite CH3CH2ONO
Methyl carbamate CH3CONH2
Glycollicamide HOCH2CONH2
Nitroethyl alcohol O 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH
Ethyl nitrate CH3CH2ONO2
Ammonium hydrogen oxalate
Nitroglycol HOCH2CH2NO3
Thioacetamide CH3CSNH2
Biuret NH(CONH 2 ),
Ethane CH3.CH3
Cacodyl bromide (CH3)2AsBr
Cacodyl chloride (CH3)2AsCl
Cacodyl trichloride (CH3)2AsCl3
Cacodyl iodide (CHs) 2 AsI....
Aminoacetamide H 2 NCH 2 CONH 2 ......
Dimethymitrosamine (CHs) 2 KNO
JV-Methylurea CH 3 NHCONH 2
Oxalyl dihydrazide (CONHNH 2 ),
Guanidine thiocyanate
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH
Methyl ether CH3OCH3
Glycol HOCH2CH2OH
Dimethyl sulfone (CH3)2SO2
Methyl sulfite (CH3)2SO3
Acetyl peroxide (CH3CO)2O2
Ethylsulfuric acid C2H5SO4H
..
Methyl sulfate (CHg) 2 SO 4 .
Oxalic acid dihydrate
Ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid
Methyl sulfide (CH3)2S
Ethylmercaptan C2H5SH
Methyl disulfide CH3SSCH3
Ethylenemercaptan HSCH2CH2SH
Ethylhydroselenide C2H5SeH
Methyl telluride (CHg)2Te
Dimethylarsine (CHg)2AsH
Ethylarsine C2H5AsH2
Cacodylic acid (CH3)2AsO.OH
Ethylarsonic acid C 2 H 5 AsO(OH) 2
Dimethylamine (CHg)2NH
Ethylamine C 2 H 5 NH 2
Acetaldehyde ammonia CH3CHO.NH3.
2-Aminoethyl alcohol H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH.
Dimethylhydroxylamine (CH 3 ) 2 NOH...
a-Ethylhydroxylamine NH2OC2H5
-Ethylhydroxylamine C2H5NHOH
Ammonium acetate CH3CO2NH4
Taurine H2NCH2CH2SO3H
Diazoaminoethane C2H5N.N.NH2
Methylurea nitrate
Dimethylphosphinic acid (CH3)2PO.OH
Ethylphosphinic acid C 2 H 6 PO(OH) 2 ....
CH3CONH2
MoI. wt. !
M. P.
I
155.97
-108.5
171.97
171.97
43.047
59.047
59.047
75.047
75.047
75.047
75.047
75.047
75.047
91.047
91.047
107.047
107.047
75.112
103.063
30.0462
184.92
140.464
211.38
231.94
74.06
74.062
74.062
118.08
118.143
46.046
46.046
62.046
94.111
110. Ill
94.046
126.111
126.111
126.046
190.18
62.111
62. Ill
94.176
94.176
109.246
157.546
106.014
106.014
138.014
154.014
45.062
45.062
61.062
61.062
61.062
61.062
61.062
77.062
125.127
73.08
137.08
94.08
110.08
?1L
No.
644
72.2
177 s. d.
125
56
1.933
2.905
2.02516
0.832
f*'
by .4
222
1.159
JJ^1
47
88
233 d.
< -50
115
0.966
1198
1070
B. P.
52
120
< -80
-102.0
d.
108.5
193
-172.0
114.8
17
177
1.161
1.056S
0.900155
193.8
88.7
1.27O15
1.105
1.556
1.3111
-88.3
130
106.5
0.546~88
728
il i o,
1274
84
54
>1
50 d.
160
65
101
235 d.
118
-117.3
-138.0
-17.4
193
30
-31.8
101.5
104
-83.2
-121.0
200
95
-96.0
-80.6
97
59 d.
114
88
-12
128
76
44
152.5
1.003
1.204
356
78.5
-24.9
197.5
238
126.5
6321
d.
188.8
0.789
1.617
1.115
17
36.2
34.7
118
146
53.5
82
36
36
7.4
16.6
110 s. d.
171
42.4
68
92 s. d.
305
1.046
1.31617
1.333}^
1.64
0.849
0.840
1.046
1.123
1.395
66
1206
323
1.21329
1.217
0.680?
0.689}{
1.02220
1333
446
0.8837-5
0.908
1.073
1098
No.
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
308.1
309
310
311
312
313
313.1
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
323-1
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
332.1
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
Formula
C2H7P
C2H7P
C2H8BrN
C2H8ClN
C2H8ClN
C2H8IN
C2H8N2
C2H8N2
C2H8N2
C 2 H 8 N 2 O 4 (H 2 O)
C2H8N4
C2H8N4O3
C 2 Hi 0 Cl 2 N 2
C 2 Hi 0 N 2 O
C 2 Hi 4 N 8 O 4 S
C3Cl3N3
C3Cl8
C3O2
C3HCl3O2
C3HCl7
C 3HN
C5H2Br2N2O
C3H2Cl2O2
C3H2Cl3NO
C3H2N2
C3H2N2O3
C3H2O
C3H2O2
C3H3BrO2
C3H3BrO2
C3H3BrO4
C3H3Cl
C3H3ClO
C3H3ClO2
C3H3ClO2
C3H3ClO4
C3H3Cl3O
C3H3Cl3O
C3H3Cl3O2
C3H3Cl3O8
C3H3Cl6
C3H3N
C3H3NO
C3H3NO2
C3H3NS
C3H3N3O3
C3H3N3O3
C3H4
C3H4
C3H4Br2
C3H4Br2
C3H4Br2
C3H4Br2O2
C3H4Br2O2
C3H4Br4
C3H4Br4
C3H4Cl2O
C3H4Cl2O
C3H4Cl2O2
C3H4Cl3NO2
C3H4N2
C3H4N2
C3H4N2O
Name
MoI. wt.
Dimethylphosphine (CH3)2PH
Ethylphosphine C2H5PH2
Ethylamine hydrobromide
Dimethylamine hydrochloride
Ethylamine hydroehloride
Ethylamine hydroiodide C 2 H 5 NH 2 .HI..
Ethylenediamine H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 2
wrcs/ra.-Dimethylhydrazine
Ethylhydrazine C 2 H 6 N H N H 2 - . . . . . . . . .
Ammonium oxalate
Ethyltetrazine
Methylguanidine nitrate
Ethylenediamine hydrochloride
Ethylenediamine hydrate
Aminoguanidine sulfate
Cyanuric trichloride
Octachloropropane Cl3CCCl2CCl3
Carbon suboxide OCrCrCO
Trichloroacrylic acid Cl 2 CrCClCO 2 H...
Heptachloropropane Cl 2 CHCCl 2 CCl 3 ...
Cyanoacetylene HCiCCN
Dibromocyanoacetamide
Malonyl chloride H2C(COCl)2
2, 2, 2-Trichlorolactic nitrile
Malonic nitrile H 2 C(CN) 2
Parabanic acid CO<(NHCO) 2 >
Propargyl aldehyde HCiCCHO
Propiolic acid HCiC.CO2H
1-Bromoacrylic acid CH 2 :CBrCO 2 H....
2-Bromoacrylic acid BrCHrCHCO 2 H...
Bromomalonic acid BrCH(CO2H)2
3-Chloroallylene ClCH2CiCH
Acryl chloride H2CrCHCOCl.
1-Chloroacrylic acid CH 2 rCClCO 2 H....
2-Chloroacrylic acid ClCHrCHCO 2 H...
Chloromalonic acid ClCH(CO2H)2
1, 1, 1-Trichloroacetone CH 3 COCCl 3 ...
1, 1, l'-Trichloroacetone
Methyl trichloroacetate Cl 3 CCO 2 CH 3 ..
2, 2, 2-Trichlorolactic acid
Pentachloropropane
Acrylic nitrile CH2:CHCN
Pyruvic nitrile CH3COCN
Cyanoacetic acid NCCH2CO2H
Thiazole
Cyanuric acid
Fulminuric acid (CNOH),
Aliene H 2 CrCrCH 2
Allylene HCiCCH3
cis-1, 2-Dibromopropylene
trans-1, 2-Dibromopropylene
2, 3-Dibromopropylene
1, 1-Dibromopropionic acid
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromopropane
1, 2, 2, 3-Tetrabromopropane
st/m.-Dichloroacetone (C1CH2)2CO
wnsyw.-Dichloroacetone
2, 2-Dichloropropionic acid
Chloral formamide Cl3CCHO-HCONH2
Imidazole
Pyrazole
Cyanoacetamide NCCH2CONH2
62.078
62.078
125.986
81.528
81.528
173.00
60.078
60.078
60.078
124.078
88.094
136.09
133.01
78.093
246.24
184.40
319.66
68.00
175.38
285.21
51.016
245.86
140.93
174.40
66.031
114.031
54.015
70.015
150.94
150.94
182.94
74.481
90.481
106.48
106.48
138.48
161.40
161.40
177.40
193.40
216.31
53.031
69.04
85.031
85.096
129.047
129.05
40.031
40.031
199.86
199.86
199.86
231.86
231.86
359.69
359.69
126.947
126.947
142.947
192.41
68.047
68.047
84.047
M. P.
B. P.
25
25
159.5
171
109
188.5
8.5
<-20
150
10
161
146
160
-107
72.9
30
5
123
61
32.1
227 d.
9
70
116
112 d.
117
64
101.5
îL
JNo.
<1
1.741
1.216
2.100
0.892^1
0.794
1032
987
1.501
1233
0.963
1284
433
14Od.
118
1.32
269
6.3
223
248
42.5
5826
220
220
61
144 d.
65
76
1.114
802
1.8054
0.816
2.375
1.450
911
1.049 4 ' 2
1009
1042
1333
1.139JJ
1.0455
1.14
65
85
133
-17.5
124
-82.0
66
>360
145 d.
-146
-104.7
61
64; 51
11
45
56
116
90
70
120
149
172
153.8
17045
198
79
93
108-"
116.8
1.489}^
1.607J4
645
1.198
1333
-32
-27.5
135.2
126
142.3
221
16020
230 s. d.
230 d.
173.4
120
190
256
188
0.660~ 4 2 - 9
2.024
2.024
1.934
2.94
2.653J8
1.383*,'
1.23415
924
925
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
353C3H4N2O
354
C3H4N2O2
355
C3H4O
356
C3H4O
357
C3H4O
358
C3H4O2
359
C3H4O3
360
C3H4O4
361
C3H4O4
362
C3H4O5
363
C3H4O6
364
C3H5Br
365
C3H5Br
366
C3H5Br
367
C3H5BrO
368
C3H5BrO2
369
C3H5BrO2
370
C3H5Br3
371
C3H5Br3
372
C3H5Br3
373
C3H5Cl
374
C3H5Cl
375
C3H5Cl
376
C3H5ClN2O6
377
C3H5ClO
378
C3H5ClO
379
C3H5ClO
380
C3H5ClO2
381
C3H5ClO2
382
C3H5ClO2
383
C3H5ClO2
384
C3H5ClO2
385
C3H5Cl3
386
C3H5Cl3
387
C3H5Cl3
388
C3H5Cl3
389
C3H5Cl3O
390
C3H6I
391
C3H5I
392
C3H5IO
393
C3H5IO2
394
C3H5IO2
395
C3H5N
396
C3H5N
397
C3H5NO
398
C3H5NO
399
C3H5NO
400
C3H5NO
401
C3H5NO2
402
C3H5NO2
403
C3H5NS
404
C3H5NS
405
C3H5NS2
406
C3H5N3O6
407
C3H5N3O9
Pyrazolone NHCOCH2CH :N
Hydantoin -NHCONHCH2COPropargyl alcohol HCiCCH2OH
Acrolein H2C:CH.CHO
Allylene oxide
Acrylic acid H2CCHCO2H
Pyruvicacid CH3COCO2H
Malonicacid CH2(CO2H)2
Methyl hydrogen oxalate
Tartronic acid HOCH(CO2H)2
Mesoxalic acid (HO)2C(CO2H)2
1-Bromopropylene CH3CHrCHBr
2-Bromopropylene CH3CBr :CH2
3-Bromopropylene BrCH2CHrCH2
Bromoacetone CH3COCH2Br
dZ-1-Bromopropionic acid
2-Bromopropionic acid
1, 1, 2-Tribromopropane
1-Chloropropylene CH3CHiCHCl
2-Chloropropylene CH3CCIrCH2
3-Chloropropylene ClCH2CHrCH2
Chlorodinitrohydrin
Chloroacetone CH3COCH2Cl
Propionyl chloride C2H5COCl
a-Epichlorohydrin
Chloroacetyl carbinol
1-Chloropropionic acid
2-Chloropropionic acid
Ethyl chloroformate ClCO2C2H5
Methyl chloroacetate ClCH2CO2CH3...
1, 1, 2-Trichloropropane
1, 1, 1-Trichloroisopropyl alcohol
2-Iodopropylene CH3CIrCH2
3-Iodopropylene ICH 2 CHrCH 2
Iodoacetone CH3COCH21
1-Iodopropionic acid CH 3 CHICO 2 H....
2-Iodopropionic acid ICH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H...
Propionitrile C2H5CN
Ethyl isocyanide C2H5NC
Ethyl isocyanate C2H5CNO
Acrylamide CH2:CHCONH2
2-Hydroxypropionitrile HOCH2CH2CN
Lactonitrile CH3CH(OH)CN
Isonitrosoacetone CH 3 COCH(rNOH)...
AUyI nitrite C3H5ONO
Ethyl thiocyanate C2H5CNS
Ethyl isothiocyanate C2H5CSN
/z-Mercaptothiazoline
Glycerol trinitrite
Glycerol trinitrate
84.047
100.047
56.031
56.031
56.031
72.031
88.031
104.031
104.031
120.031
136.03
120.955
120.955
120.955
136.955
152.955
152.96
280.79
280.79
280.79
76.497
76.497
76.497
200.51
92.497
92.497
92.497
108.497
108.497
108.497
108.497
108.497
147.413
147.413
147.413
147.413
163.413
167.97
167.97
183.97
199.97
199.97
55.047
55.047
71.047
71.047
71.047
71.047
87.407
87.047
87.112
87.112
119.177
179.06
227.06
65
220
-17
-87.7
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
Cyclopropane
Propylene CH 3 CHrCH 2
Cacodyl cyanide (CH3)2AsCN
1, 1-Dibromopropane CH 3 CH 2 CHBr 2 ..
1, 2-Dibromopropane CH3CHBrCH2Br
1, 3-Dibromopropane
2, 2-Dibromopropane CH3CBr2CH3
1, I'-Dibromoisopropyl alcohol
42.046
42.046
131.014
201.88
201.88
201.88
201.88
217.88
C3H6
C3H6
C3H6AsN
C3H6Br2
C3H6Br2
C3H6Br2
C3H6Br2
C3H6Br2O
12.3
13.6
135.6
54
158 d.
121
-116.6
-124.8
-119.4
- 54
25.7
61
17
-137.4
-136.4
6.8
-44.5
-94.0
-25.6
74 d.
61
-80.6
-32.7
-14.7
50
-99.3
45.5
82
-91.9
<-66
B. P.
^1'
115
52.5
63
141.9
165
0.972
0.841
324
119
1.051
1.267
264
873
163.3
1.422"
1191
1333
60.2
48.4
71.3
127
203.5
1.428196
1.36220
1.398
1.603
1.700
452
201
191
222
36
22.7
44.6
12315
121
80
117
2.356
2.3312
2.43623
186
204
95
131.5
137
148
123
156
161.3
103
103.1
58.411
1053
97.1
79
60
0.931
0.938
1.5415
1.1621
1.065
1.184
489
522
767
222
152
895
1.3069
1.139}85'2
1.22
1.3722*
1.36215
1.31825
1.41715
1.835
1.848}?
2.1715
0.783
0.742"*
0.898
22
19
85
-40.0
69
- 85.5
-5.9
2.9
13.2
-126.6
-185.2
-55.5
-34.4
221
184 s. d.
1.059
0.992
944
44
144.4
132
217
154
16015
exp. 260
-34.4
-47.0
138
130
140
167.0
114.5
219
0.955
0.996
0.995
494
651
1.291}J.6
1.60115
0.72O*79
0.609~f
1.933
1.979
1.783
2. II1
664
671
No.
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
Formula
C3H6Br2O
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2O
C3H6Cl2O
C3H6Cl2O
C3H6Cl2O2
C3H6Cl9N3
C3H6INO
C3H6I2
C3H6I2
C3H6I2
C3H6N2
C3H6N2O
C3H6N2O
C3H6N2OS
C3H6N2O2
C3H6N2O2
C3H6N2O2
C3H6N2O3
C3H6N2O3
C3H6N2O3
C3H6N2O3
C3H6N2O4
C3H6N2O7
C3H6N4O3
C3H6N6
C3H6O
C3H6O
C3H6O
C3H6O2
C3H6O2
C3H6O2
C3H6O2
C3H6O2
C3H6O3
C3H4O3
C3H6O3
C3H6O3
C3H6O3
C3H6O3
C3H6O3
C3H6O3
C3H6S
C3H7AsO3
C3H7Br
C3H7Br
C3H7BrO
C3H7BrO
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
C3H7ClO
C3H7ClO
C3H7ClO2
C3H7ClO2
C3H7F
C3H7I
C3H7I
C3H7IO
C3H7IO
C3H7N
Name
2, 3-Dibromopropyl alcohol
1, 1-Dichloropropane CH3CH2CHCl2...
1,2-Dichloropropane CH3CHClCH2Cl.
1, 3-Dichloropropane ClCH2CH2CH2Cl
2, 2-Dichloropropane CH3CCl2CH3
1, 1-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol
1, I'-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol
2, 3-Dichloropropyl alcohol
Dichloromethylal H2C(OCH2Cl)2
cis-Chloralimide
lodoacetoxime ICH2C(-.NOH)CH3
1, 2-Diiodopropane CH3CHICH21
1, 3-Diiodopropane ICH2CH2CH21
2, 2-Diiodopropane (CHs)2CI2
..
Pyrazoline
Ethyleneurea -CH2NHCONHCH2-..
Ethylideneurea CH 3 CHrNCONH 2 .....
Acetylthiourea CH3CONHCSNH2
Acetylurea NH(COCHg)2
Malonamide H 2 C(CONH 2 ) 2
.
Methylglyoxime
Hydantoic acid
Propylnitrolic acid.
Methyl allophanate... "
Propylpseudonitrole
Nitrourethane C2H5CO2NHNO2
Glycerol-1, 3-dinitrate
Ammonium fulminurate
Melamine (CNNHOs
Allyl alcohol CH2 :CHCH2OH
Propionaldehyde C2H5CHO
Acetone CH 3 COCH 3 ..
Acetyl carbinol CH3COCH2OH
Propionic acid C2H5CO2H
Ethyl formate HCO2C2H5
Methyl acetate CH3CO2CH3
Glycide C2H3OCH2OH
Glyceric aldehyde HOCH2CHOHCHO.
Dihydroxyacetone HOCH2COCH2OH..
d(0-Lactic acid CH3CH(OH)CO2H
dZ-Lactic acid CH3CH(OH)CO2H
Dimethyl carbonate (CH3O)2CO
Ethyl acid carbonate C2H5HCO3
Methyl glycollate HOCH2CO2CH3
a-Trihydroxymethylene
Allyl mercaptan CH2:CHCH2SH
Allylarsonic acid
n-Propyl bromide CH3CH2CH2Br
Isopropyl bromide (CH3)2CHBr
Bromoisopropyl alcohol
3-Bromopropyl alcohol
n-Propyl chloride CH3CH2CH2Cl
Isopropyl chloride (CH3)2CHC1
Chloroisopropyl alcohol
2-Chloropropyl alcohol
2-Chloro-l, 3-dihydroxypropane
3-Chloro-l, 2-dihydroxypropane
n-Propyl fluoride CH3CH2CH2F
n-Propyl iodide CH3CH2CH21
Isopropyl iodide (CH3)2CHI
Iodoisopropyl alcohol
3-Iodopropyl alcohol
,
Allylamine CH2:CHCH2NH2
MoI. wt.
M. P.
217.88
112.962
112.962
112.962
112.962
128.96
128.96
128.96
144.96
403.19
155
198.99
64.5
295.91
295.91
-13.0
295.91
70.062
86.062
131
86.062
154
118.13
165
102.062
217
102.062
170
102.06
153
118.062
171
118.06
66
118.06
208
118.06
76
134.06
64
182.06
< -30
146.078
d.
126.094
<250
58.046
-129
58.046
-81
58.046
-94.3
74.046
-17
74.046
-22
74.046
-80.5
74.046
- 98.1
74.046
90.046
138.
90.046
75
90.046
27
90.046
18
90.046
0.5
90.046
- 57
90.046 90.046
64
74.Ill
166.01
128
122.97
-110.0
122.97
-89.0
138.97
138.97
78.512
-122.8
78.512
-117.0
94.512
94.512
110.512
110.512
62.054
169.99
-101.4
169.99
- 90.8
185.99
185.99
57.062
B. P.
^lL
No.
219
87
96.8
125
69.7
147.8
174
183
166
2.168
1.14310
1.16614
1.2011S
1.093
1.333
1.367
1.355
1.352}}
177
d.
224
148 d.
144
2.490
2.57615
2.446
797
532
16Od
1481*
1.4715
97.0
48.8
56.1
146
141.1
54.3
57.1
162 d.
1.573260
0.855
0.807
0.7915
1.0822S
0.992
0.906
0.933
1.165
1221*
89.7
1.249J6
1.06922
151.2
s. 46
90
70.9
59.6
148
11218*
466
36.5
126
134
124.5145
213 d.
2
102.4
89.5
10560
225.4
53.2
1166
1311
204
20
14
315
63
15
18
381
1.16818
1.353
1.310
1.537
0.890
0.860
1.115S
1.103
1.321
1.322
346
289
71
371
354
1.747
1.703
621
597
2.34913
0.761
237
No.
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
493.1
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
Formula
C3H7NO
C3H7NO
C 3 H 7 NO
C3H7NOS
C3H7NO2
C3H7NO2
C 3 H 7 NO 2
C3H7NO2
C 3 H 7 NO 2
C3H7NO2
C3H7NO2
C 3 H 7 NO 2
C 3 H 7 NO 2
C3H7NO3
C3H7NO3
C3H7NO3
C3H7NO3
C3H7NO3
C 3 H 7 NO 5
C3H7NO5
C3H7N3O
C3H8
C3H8ClNO2S
C3H8N2O
C3H8N2O
C3H8N2O
C3H8O
C3H8O
C3H8O
C3H8OS2
C3H8O2
C3H8O2
C3H8O2
C3H8O2
C3H8O2S
C3H8O3
C3H8S3
C3H8S
C3H8S
C3H8S
C3H9As
C3H9AsO3
C3H9Bi
C3H9ClN2O
C3H9N
C3H9N
C3H9N
C3H9N3O2
C3H9O4P
C3H9P
C3H9P
C3H9Sb
C3Hi0ClN
C3Hi0N2
C3Hi0N2
C3Hi2N6O3
C4Br4S
C4CIi0O
C4F6O3
C4I2
C4HBr4N
C 4 HI 4 N
C 4 HN 3
Name
.
Aminoacetone CH3COCH2NH2
Acetoxime CH3CHrNOH
Propionamide C2H5CONH2
Thiourethane C2H5COSNH2
d-Alanine CH 3 CH(NH 2 )CO 2 H
dZ-Alanine
Sarcosine CH3NHCH2CO2H
1-Nitropropane C2H5CH2NO2
2-Nitropropane CH 3 CH(NO 2 )CH 3
Propyl nitrite C3H7ONO
Isopropyl nitrite (CH3)2CHONO
Lactamide CH3CH(OH)CONH2
Urethane C2H5OCONH2
dZ-Serine HOCH2CH(NH2)CO2H
d-Serine HOCH2CH(NH2)CO2H
Isoserine H 2 NCH 2 CH(OH)CO 2 H
Propyl nitrate C3H7ONO2
Isopropyl nitrate (CH3) 2CHONO2
Glycerol-1-nitrate
Glycerol-2-nitrate
Acetaldehyde semicarbazone
Propane CH3CH2CH3
Cysteine hydrochloride
1, 2-Dimethylurea CO(NHCH 3 ) 2
1, 1-Dimethylurea (CH3) 2 NCONH 2
Ethylurea C2H5NHCONH2
n-Propyl alcohol C2H5CH2OH
Isopropyl alcohol (CH3)2CHOH
Methyl ethyl ether CH3OC2H5
1, 2-Dithioglycerol
1, 2-Propyleneglycol
Trimethyleneglycol HO(CH2)3OH
Glycol methyl ether HOCH2CH2OCH3.
Methylal HCH(QCH 3)2
1-Thioglycerol HOCH2CH2(OH)CH2SH
Glycerol HOCH(CH 2 OH) 2
Trithioglycerol HSCH(CH2SH)2
Methyl ethyl sulfide CH3SC2H5
n-Propyl mercaptan C3H7SH
Isopropyl mercaptan (CH 3 ) 2 CHSH.....
Trimethylarsine (CH3) 3As
Propylarsonic acid C3H7AsO3H
Trimethyl bismuthine (CH3)3Bi
Lactamidine hydrochloride
n-Propylamine C 3 H 7 NH 2
Isopropylamine (CH3)2 CHNH 2
Trimethylamine (CH3)3N
Guanidine acetate
Trimethyl phosphate (CHg) 3 PO 4
Propylphosphine C3H7PH2
Trimethylphosphine (CH3)3P
Trimethylstibine (CH3)3Sb
Trimethylamine hydrochloride
dZ-Propylenediamine CH 2 (CH 2 NH 2 ) 2 ...
Trimethylenediamine H 2 N(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 ..
Guanidine carbonate
Thiophene tetrabromide
Perchloroether (C2Cl5)20
Trifluoroacetic anhydride (F3CCO)2O. .
Diiododiacetylene ICiCCiCI
Tetrabromopyrrole
Tetraiodopyrrole
Cyanoform CH(CN) 3
MoI. wt.
73.062
73.062
73.062
105.13
89.062
89.062
89.062
89.062
89.062
89.062
89.062
89.062
89.062
105.062
105.062
105.062
105.062
105.062
137.06
137.06
101.08
44.062
157.59
88.078
88.078
88.078
60.062
60.062
60.062
124.192
76.062
76.062
76.062
76.062
108.127
92.062
140.257
76.127
76.127
76.127
120.029
168.03
254.07
124.54
59.077
59.077
59.077
119.09
140.09
76.093
76.093
166.84
95.543
74.093
74.093
180.14
399.73
418.58
210.00
301.86
382.68
570.74
91.032
M. P.
'
61
79
108
B. P.
?1L
No.
189 d.
136.3
213
0.972^
1.042
1162
1153
1225
295
21Od.
s. >200
131.5
120
57
45
74
48
246 d.
228 d.
242 d.
58
54
162
-189.9
175
102.5
182
92
-127
-85.8
180
17.9
d.
-104.8
-111.5
100.5
102
160
160
-44.5
270
97.8
82.3
7.9
189
214 d.
124.6
44
d.
290
66
68
60
52.8
126
171
- 83.0
-101.2
-124.0
230
136
16
1249
13Od.
-104.8
1.01116
1.024
0.935
0.84425
1.138*
1.1I2S
1.0532*
1.036
1.40
1.40
105
0.585~J 4 - 5
1.142
1.255
1.21318
0.804
0.786
0.697
1.342"-
1.03823
1.053
0.969};?
0.862
1.29514-4
1.260
1.391"-*
0.837
59
37
8
512
1.12422
110
2.30018
48.7
34
3.5
0.719
0.694
0.662~s 2
193
53.5
42
80.6
1.22O1*
72
875
>1
1.52315
275 d.
119
135.5
197
112
69
-65
101
250
15Od.
93.5
0.878
1.2514
1.90014
40.5
1169
No.
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
604.1
605
606
Formula
C4H2ClN2O3
C4H2Cl2O2
C4H2I2S
C4H2N2O4
C4H2O3
C4H2O4
C4H3BrO4
C4H3BrO4
C4H3ClN2O3
C4H3NO2S
C4H3N3O4
C4H4AsCl3
C4H4BrNS
C4H4Br2O4
C4H4Cl2O2
C4H4Cl2O3
C4H4N2
C4H4N2
C4H4N2
C4H4N2
C4H4N2O2
C4H4N2O3
C4H4N4
C4H4O
C4H4O
C4H4O2
C4H4O3
C4H4O3
C4H4O4
C4H4O4
C4H4O5
C4H4S
C4H5BrO4
C4H5ClO
C4H5ClO2
C4H5ClO2
C4H5ClO2
C4H5Cl3O
C4H5Cl3O2
C4H5Cl3O2
C4H5Cl3O2
C4H5F3O2
C4H5N
C4H5N
C4H5N
C4H5NO2
C4H5NO2
C4H5NO2
C4H5NS
C4H5NS
C4H6
C4H6
C4H6
C4H6
C4H6As2O4
C4H6Br2O2
C4H6Br4
C4H6Br4
C 4 H 6 Br 4
C4H6Cl2O2
C4H6Cl2O2
C4H6Cl4O
C4H6N2
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
5, 5-Dichlorobarbituric acid
Fumaryl chloride ClOCCH :CHCOC1...
Thiophene diiodide
Alloxan OC(NHCO)2CO
Maleic anhydride (:CHCO)20
Acetylenedicarboxylic acid
Bromofumaric acid
Bromomaleic acid HO2CCBr:CHCO2H.
5-Chlorobarbituric acid
2-Nitrothiophene
Violuric acid
is-2-Chlorovinyl chloroarsine
2-Bromoallyl isothiocyanate
1, 2-Dibromosuccinic acid
Succinyl chloride (CH2COCl)2
Chloroacetic anhydride (ClCH 2 CO) 2 O..
Succinyl nitrile (CH 2 CN) 2
Pyridazine (1, 2-Diazine)
Pyrimidine (1, 3-Diazine)
Pyrazine (1, 4-Diazine)
Uracil NHCONHCH :CHCO
Barbituric acid OC(NHCO) 2 CH 2
Hydrocyanic acid (tetramer)
Tetrolic aldehyde CH3CiCCHO
Furfural (Furan)
Tetrolic acid CH3CiCCO2H
Succinic anhydride
Tetronicacid -OCH2C (OH) :CHCO.
Fumarie acid (:CHCO2H)2
Maleic acid OCHCO2H)2
Hydroxymaleic acid
Thiophene
Bromosuccinic acid
Crotonyl chloride CH3CH:CHCOC1....
1-Chloro-a-crotonic acid
l-Chloro--crotonic acid
2-Chloro-/3-crotonic acid
1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyraldehyde
1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyric acid
1, 1, 3-Trichlorobutyric acid
Ethyl trichloroacetate Cl 3 CCO 2 C 2 H 5 ...
Ethyl trifluoroacetate F3CCO2C2H5
Allyl cyanide CH2:CHCH2CN
Allyl isocyanide CH2:CHCH2NC
Pyrrole
Ethyl cyanoformate NCCO2C2H5
Methyl cyanoacetate NCCH 2 CO 2 CH 3 ..
Succinimide
Allyl thiocyanate CH 2 :CHCH 2 CNS....
Allyl isothiocyanate CH2:CHCH2CSN..
1, 2-Butadiene CH2:C:CHCH3
1, 3-Butadiene CH2:CHCH:CH2
Dimethylacetylene (CH3Ci) 2
Ethylacetylene C2H5CiCH
Diarsenodiacetic acid
Ethyl dibromoacetate Br2CHCO2C2H5..
1, 1, 4, 4-Tetrabromobutane
Ethyl dichloroacetate
Methyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate
1, 2, 2, 2-Tetraehloroethyl ether
1-Methylimidazole
196.95
152.93
335.94
142.03
98.015
114.02
194.94
194.94
162.50
129.096
157.05
233.36
178.02
275.86
154.95
170.95
80.047
80.047
80.047
80.047
112.05
128.047
108.063
68.031
68.031
84.031
100.031
100.03
116.031
116.031
132.03
84.096
196.95
104.497
120.50
120.50
120.50
175.41
191.41
191.41
191.41
142.039
67.047
67.047
67.047
99.047
99.047
99.047
99.112
99.112
54.046
54.046
54.046
54.046
267.97
245.88
373.71
373.71
373.71
156.96
156.96
211.88
82.062
211 d.
40
256 d.
57
179
186
141
295 s. d.
46.5
224 d.
255
17
46
54.5
-8
22
53
338
245
179 d.
-26
76.5
119.6
141
287
130.5
152
-40.0
159
?1L
No.
160
1.410
938
202
0.934
B. P.
225
230
200
1.702
192
163116
267
208
124
118
1.395
872
0.98Sf' 1
1.107
1097
1015
1.03If
1091
107
31
203
261
0.92717
0.937
913
260
290
135 d.
1.635
1.590
26Od.
1.104
85
1.065
693
125
1.091
165.4
238
1.396
523
168
61.7
116.1
106
131
116
200
288
161
150.7
19
-2.6
28.9
18.5
1.383
1.19518
0.832
0.794"
0.948
1.013
1.123}6
1.41216
1.050
1.01020
437
1
212
0.668
101
194
14510
18160
230
158.2
92*
189.7
199
1.903
2.529
588
782
1.282
l. 328
1.422
1.03610
367
99
66
61
60
75
124
-100.0
-130
205 d.
19; 39
39
-6
612
1333
687
No.
607
608
608.1
608.2
609
609.1
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
648.1
648.2
648.3
648.4
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
657.1
658
659
660
661
662
Formula
C4H6N2
C4H6N2
C4H6N2
C4H6N2
C4H6N2O2
C4H6N2O3S
C4H6N4O3
C 4 H 6 N 4 Oi 2
C4H6O
C4H6O
C4H6O
C4H6O
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
C4H6O3
C4H6O3
C4H6O3
C4H6O4
C4H6O4
C4H6O4
C4H6O4
C4H6O5
C4H6O5
C4H6O5
C4H6O5
C4H6O5
C4H6O6
C4H6O6
C4H6O6
C4H6O8
C4H6S
C4H7Br
C4H7BrO
C4H7BrO2
C4H7BrO2
C4H7BrO2
C4H7BrO2
C4H7BrO2
C4H7BrO2
C4H7BrO2
C4H7BrO2
C 4 H 7 Br 3
C4H7Br3O
C4H7ClO
C4H7ClO
C4H7ClO2
C4H7ClO2
C4H7ClO2
C4H7ClO2
C4H7ClO2
C4H7ClO2
C4H7ClO2
C4H7ClO2
C4H7ClO2
C4H7Cl3O
C4H7Cl3O
Name
MoL wt.
M. P.
4-Methylimidazole.,
1-Methylpyrazole
3-Methylpyrazole
5-Methylpyrazole
Ethyl diazoacetate
3-Methylpyrazole-4-sulfonic acid
Allantoin
Erythritol tetranitrate
Methyl propargyl ether
Vinyl ether (CH2:CH)20
Crotonaldehyde CH3CHiCHCHO
Dimethylketene (CH3)2C:CO
Succinic dialdehyde (CH2CHO)2
a-Crotonic acid CH3CH:CHCO2H
0-Crotonic acid CH2:C(CH3)CO2H
1-Methylacrylic acid
Trimethylenecarboxylic acid
Vinylacetic acid CH2:CHCH2CO2H
Allyl formate HCO2C3H5
Methyl acrylate CH2:CHCO2CH3
Diacetyl CH3COCOCH3
Acetic anhydride (CH3CO)20
1-Ketobutyric acid C 2 H 6 COCO 2 H......
Methyl pyruvate CH3COCO2CH3
Succinic acid (CH2CO2H)2
Lsosuccinic acid CH3CH(CO2H)2
Dimethyl oxalate (CO2CH3),
Ethyl hydrogen oxalate HO2CCO2C2H5.
Diglycollic acid 0(CH2CO2H)2
Glycollic anhydride (CH 2 OHCO) 2 O....
Z-MaKc acid HO 2 CCH 2 CH(OH)CO 2 H..
dZ-Malic acid
Isomalicacid CH 3 C(OH)(CO 2 H) 2
Mesotartaric acid. .. . .
d-Tartaric acid
dZ-Tartaric acid
Dihydroxytartaric acid
Divinyl sulfide (CH2:CH)2S
Vinylethyl bromide CH2:CHCH2CH2Br
Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
1-Bromobutyric acid C 2 H 5 CHBrCO 2 H.
2-Bromobutyric acid
3-Bromobutyric acid
1-Bromoethyl acetate
2-Bromoethyl acetate
Ethyl bromoaeetate BrCH 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 ...
Methyl 1-bromopropionate
Methyl 2-bromopropionate
1, 2, 3-Tribromobutane
1, 1, l-Tribromo-ter/.-butyl alcohol
Butyryl chloride C3H7COCl
Isobutyryl chloride (CH 3 ) 2 CHCOC1....
1-Chlorobutyric acid C2H5CHClCO2H..
d-2-Chlorobutyric acid
dZ-2-Chlorobutyric acid
3-Chlorobutyric acid
1-Chloroethyl acetate
2-Chloroethyl acetate
Ethyl chloroacetate ClCH 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 ....
Methyl 2-chloropropionate
n-Propyl chloroformate ClCO2C3H7
1, 2, 2-Trichloroethyl ethyl ether
1, 1, l-Trichloro-feTj.-butyl alcohol
82.062
82.062
82.062
82.062
114.062
162.22
158.08
302.08
70.046
70.046
70.046
70.046
86.046
86.046
86.046
86.046
86.046
86.046
86.046
86.046
86.046
102.046
102.046
102.046
118.046
118.046
118.046
118.046
134.05
134.05
134.05
134.05
134.05
150.05
150.05
150.05
182.05
86. Ill
134.97
150.97
166.97
166.97
166.97
166.97
166.97
166.97
166.97
166.97
294.80
310.80
106.51
106.51
122.51
122.51
122.51
122.51
122.51
122.51
122.51
122.51
122.51
177.43
177.43
56
-22
258
235
61
-75
-97.5
72
14.6
16
17
-39
-73.0
32
185
135
54.0
148
130
100
129
16Od.
140
170
206
114
-4
18
32
176
-89.0
-90.0
.
44
16.5
16
97
B. P.
262.9
127
204
5912
62
39
104
34.3
5710
185
171.9 d.
163
182.5
163
83
80.5
88
139.6
8521
137
235
d
1.008
0.993J 4
1.020
1.022
1.08517-6
^' I*
No.
828
898
927
1267
1328
0.8312-*
0.859l4
361
1.064
0.964 797
1.027
1.015
1.088
1.013
0.9481*
0.9561
0.975
1.082
290
1112
411
333
163.3
11715
1.154
1.562
1.455
1.12Of
1.218
14Od.
15Od.
1.595
1.601
1.666
1.760
1.687
849
113
85
81
1220
1122
1224
1222
101
99.0
146
11520
12216
0.912
6339
7027
159
68.548
7936
11319
1.4620
1.5140
1.514J3
1.4917
1.5192
2.190
395
450
438
436
460
752
102
92
101.315
10013
11622
19622
4635
145
144.2
148
116
170
166.4
1.028
1.017
194
168
1.186
1.25010
1.1124
1.178
1.159
1.187
1.083J
1.33014
386
1.574J
190
285
267
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
B. P.
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
679-1
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
693
694
695
696
697
697.1
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
C4H7Cl3O2
C4H7Cl3O2
C4H7FO2
C4H7IO2
C4H7N
C4H7N
C4H7N
C4H7N
C4H7NO
C 4 H 7 NO
C4H7NO2
C4H7NO2
C4H7NO2S
C4H7NO3
C 4 H 7 NO 3
C4H7NO3
C 4 H 7 NO 4
C 4 H 7 NO 7
C4H7NO8
C4H7NS
C4H7N3O
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8Br2
C4H8Br2
C4H8Br2
C4H8Br2
C4H8Br2
C4H8Br2S
C4H8Cl2
C4H8Cl2O
C4H8Cl2O
C4H8Cl2O2
C4H8Cl2S
C4H8Cl2S
C4H8Cl2OS
C4H8Cl2O2S
C4H8N2
C4H8N2O2
C4H8N2O2
C4H8N2O2
C4H8N2O2
C4H8N2O3
C4H8N2O3
C4H8N2O4
C4H8N2S
C4H8O
C4H8O
C4H8O
C4H8O
C4H8O
C4H8O
C4H8O
C4H8O
C4H8O
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
Chloral alcoholate Cl3CCH(XC2H6OH..

1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyraldehyde hydrate. .
Ethyl fluoroacetate FCH2CO2C2H5
Ethyl iodoacetate ICH2CO2C2H5
tt-Butyronitrile
C3H7CN
Isobutyronitrile (CH3)2CHCN
Isopropylisocyanide (CHs) 2 CHNC.....
Pyrroline
Acetonecyanhydrin (CH 3 ) 2 C(OH)CN...
a-Pyrrolidone
Diacetamide NH(COCH3)2
Diacetylmonoxime CH3COC (:NOH) CH3
Ethyl thiooxamate H 2 NCSCO 2 C 2 H 5 ....
Aeetylaminoacetic acid
Diacetohydroxamic acid
Ethyl oxamate H2NCO-CO2C2H0
Z-Aspartic acid
Nitrotetronic acid dihydrate
Ammonium tetraoxalate
Propyl isothiocyanate
Creatinine
Cyclobutane (CH 2 ) 4
1, 1-Dimethylethylene CH 2 :C(CH 3 ) 2 . . .
1, 2-Dimethylethylene CH3CH :CHCH3
Ethylethylene C 2 H 5 CHrCH 2
Methylcyclopropane (CH 2 ) 2 CHCH 3 ....
1, 2-Dibromobutane C2H5CHBrCH2Br.
1, 3-Dibromobutane
1, 4-Dibromobutane Br(CH2)4Br
2, 3-Dibromobutane CH 3 (CHBr) 2 CH 3 ..
1, 2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane
Di-(l-bromoethyl) sulfide
1, 2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane
2-Chloroethyl ether (C1CH2CH2)20
1, 2-Dichloroethyl ethyl ether
Dichlorobutylene glycol
Di-(l-chloroethyl) sulfide
Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (CH3CHCl)2S
Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfoxide
Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfone
2-Methyl-4, 5-dihydroimidazole
.
l-Acetyl-2-methylurea
Dimethyloxamide (CONHCH3)2
Dimethylglyoxime
Succinamide (CH2CONH2) 2 .
Ethyl allophanate H2NCONHCO2C2H5
Z-Asparagine
d-Tartaramide [CH(OH)CONH 2 J 2
Allylthiourea CH2:CHCH2NHCONH2..
Crotonyl alcohol CH 3 CHiCHCH 2 OH...
Cyclobutanol (CH2)3CHOH
Cyclopropyl carbinol (CH2)2CHCH2OH
Vinylethyl alcohol CH2:CHCH2CH2OH
Methyl allyl ether CH 2 :CHCH 2 OCH 3 ..
Vinyl ethyl ether CH2:CHOC2H5
n-Butyraldehyde C 3 H 7 CHO..
Isobutyraldehyde (CH3)2CHCHO
Methyl ethyl ketone CH3COC2H5
Erythrol
Methylacetyl carbinol (Acetoin)
2-Hydroxybutyraldehyde (Aldol)
n-Butyric acid C3H7CO2H
Isobutyric acid (CH3)2CHCO2H
193.43
193.43
106.054
213.99
69.062
69.062
69.062
69.062
85.062
85.062
101.062
101.062
133.13
117.062
117.06
117.06
133.06
181.06
197.06
101.127
113.078
56.062
56.062
56.062
56.062
56.062
215.89
215.89
215.89
215.89
215.89
247.96
126.98
142.98
142.98
158.98
159.04
159.04
175.04
191.04
84.078
116.08
116.08
116.08
116.078
132.08
132.08
148.08
116.143
72.062
72.062
72.062
72.062
72,062
72.062
72.062
72.062
72.062
88.062
88.062
88.062
88.062
88.062
^; *'
No.
55
78
-112.6
-19
25
78
74
63
206
89
115
270
d. 184
130.5
180
118
108
87
91
8223
250.8
223.5
186
153
26Od.
-50
-130
-20
-70.3.
126
13.5
110
53.5
106
180
210
246
243
192
226
195
78.4
> -30
-99.0
-65.9
-86.4
15
-7.9
-47.0
13
-6
1.4
-18
5
166
174
198 d.
158
149.0
8715
108
178
145
51.14340
1.694
1.093
1.81712-7
0.794
0.760
0.910
0.93219
1.116
1.66I112J
1.684
1.607
0.991
"
33
618
47
117
1190
0.703J
801
0.668
0.691-20
1.820
1.807
1.7918
1.83
1.759
1.742
102
1.213222
1.17423
461
67.527
12034
14028 d.
18115
198
1.199^4
1.2855
235 d.
1.543J5
118
124.1
124.3
114
46
35.5
75.7
61
79.6
196.5
142
8320
163.5
154.4
1.219J
0.854
0.923J51
0.899
0.856
0.7711
0.763}74J
0.817*
0.794
0.805
1.047
1.002l6
1.103
0.959
0.949
632
639
1177
701
1254
276
343
850
50
30
40
303
109
88
No.
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
773.1
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
781.1
781.2
782
783
784
785
Formula
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O3
C4H8O3
C4H8O3
C4H8O3
C4H8O3
C4H8O3
C4H8O3
C4H8O3
C4H8O3
C4H8O4
C4H8O4
C4H8S2
C4H9Br
C4H9Br
C4H9Br
C4H9Br
C4H9BrO
C4H9Cl
C4H9Cl
C4H9Cl
C4H9Cl
C4H9ClO
C4H9ClO
C4H9ClS
C4H9I
C4H9I
C4H9I
C4H9IO
C4H9N
C4H9N
C4H9NO
C4H9NO
C4H9NO
C4H9NO
C4H9NO
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO2
C4H9NO3
C4H9NO3
C4H9NO5
C4H9NO5
C4H9NO6
C4H9NS
C4H9N3O2
C4Hi0ClNO2
C4Hi0
C4Hi0
C 4 Hi0 N 2
C4Hi0N2O
C4Hi0N2O
C4Hi0N2S
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
Ethyl acetate CH3COC2H5

Methyl propionate C2H5CO2CH3
n-Propyl formate HCO2C3H7
Isopropyl formate HCO 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2
Ethoxyacetic acid C 2 H 5 OCH 2 CO 2 H....
1-Hydroxybutyric acid
1-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
2-Hydroxybutyric acid
Ethyl glycollate HOCH2CO2C2H5
Glycol acetate HOCH 2 CH 2 OCOCH 3 ...
Methylethyl carbonate CH3(C2H5)CO3.
Methyl hydracrylate
Methyl lactate CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 CH 3 ...
1, 2-Dihydroxybutyric acid
d-Methyl glycerinate
Diethylene disillde
n-Butyl bromide C4H9Br
Isobutyl bromide (CHs)2CHCH2Br
sec.-Butyl bromide C2H5CHBrCH3
tert.-Butyl bromide (CH3)3CBr
2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether
n-Butyl chloride C4H9Cl
Isobutyl chloride (CH3)2CHCH2C1
sec.-Butyl chloride C2H5CHClCH3
tert.-Eutyl chloride (CHs)3CCl
1-Chloroethyl ethyl ether
tert.-Butyl hypochlorite (CHs) 8 CClO....
2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide
n-Butyl iodide C4H91
Isobutyl iodide (CHs)2CHCH21
sec.-Butyl iodide C2H5CHICH3
2-Iodoethyl ethyl ether C2H5OCH2CH2I
Crotonylamine CH 3 CHrCHCH 2 NH 2 ...
Tetrahydropyrrole (Pyrrolidine)
n-Butyramide C3H7CONH2
Isobutyramide (CHs)2CHCONH2
AT-Dimethylacetamide CH 3 CON(CHs) 2 .
AT-Ethylacetamide CH 3 CONHC 2 H 5 ....
Methyl ethyl ketoxime
Iminoethyl alcohol HN(CHCH 2 O 2 H) 2 ..
1-Aminobutyric acid
2-Aminobutyric acid
3-Aminobutyric acid
1-Aminoisobutyric acid
Ethylaminoacetic acid
Propyl carbamate C3H7OCONH2
n-Butyl nitrite C4H9ONO
Isobutyl nitrite (CH3)2 CHCH 2 ONO....
Methy urethane CH3NHCO2C2H5
n-Butyl nitrate C4H9ONO2
Isobutyl nitrate (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 ONO 2 ...
d-Ammonium hydrogen malate
I-Ammonium hydrogen malate
Ammonium hydrogen tartrate
1, 4-Thiazan
Creatine
Ethylaminoacetic acid hydrochloride
n-Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3
Trimethylmethane (Isobutane)
Diethylenediamine (Piperazine)
Nitrosodiethylamine (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NNO
Trimethylurea (CHs) 2 NCONHCH 3
Propylthiourea C3H7NHCSNH2
88.062
88.062
88.062
88.062
104.062
104.062
104.062
104.062
104.062
104.062
104.062
104.062
104.062
120.06
120.06
120.192
136.99
136.99
136.99
136.99
152.99
92.527
92.527
92.527
92.527
108.527
108.527
124.59
184.00
184.00
184.00
200.00
71.077
71.077
87.077
87.077
87.077
87.077
87.077
103.077
103.077
103.077
103.08
103.077
103.08
103.077
103.077
103.077
103.077
119.077
119.077
151.077
151.077
167.077
103.142
131.093
139.54
58.077
58.077
86.093
102.093
102.093
118.16
-83.6
-87.5
-92.9
42.5
79
-14.5
75
112
-112.4
-118.5
-20
-123.1
-131.2
-28.5
-103.5
-93.5
-104.0
116
129
28
285
184
193
B. P.
d
_____
770.899
79.9
0.917
81.3
0.901
71.3
0.883
206
260
212
13014
160
1.08323
182
109.2
1.00227
7912
1.118
144.8
1.0816
12014
200
101.6
91.5
91.3
73.3
128.2
78.0
68.9
68
51.0
98
80
157
127
120.4
117.5
155
81
88.5
216
220
165.7
205
152
270
^' L
No.
29"
36
35
336
883
1.28O1J
1.275
1.264
1.2512/
1.222
1.370
0.884
0.875
0.871
0.840
372
352
347
309
132
98
110
60
0.958
1.617
1.605
1.595
1.670
0.87110
1.032
1.013
0.943
0.942
0.923
600
578
365
393
280
> 160
53
200
75
67
170
136
122.9
170
161
d.
0.911
0.87716
1.009l8'9
1.048
1.0142J
1.509
1.680
28
950
137
1205
1241
169
295
144
-135.0
-145.0
105.6
75.5
110
0.6
-10.2
146
175.4
232.5
0.601 (Hq.)
0.95117-5
1156
No.
Formula
Name
786
788
789
790
791
792
C 4 Hi 0 N 3 O 2
C4Hi0N4S2
C4Hi0O
C4Hi0O
C4Hi0O
C4H10O
Guanidine lactate
Ethylenediamine thiocyanate
n-Butyl alcohol C4H9OH
Isobutyl alcohol (CHa)2CHCH2OH
sec.-Eutyi alcohol C 2 H 5 CH(OH)CH 3 ...
fert.-Butyl
alcohol (CH3)3COH
793
C4H10O
794
794.1
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
835.1
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
C4H10O
Methyl propyl ether CH3OC3H7
C4Hi0O
Methyl isopropyl ether
C4Hi0O2
1, 4-Dihydroxybutane (CH 2 CH 2 OH) 2 ..
C4Hi0O2
2, 3-Dihydroxybutane (CH 3 CHOH) 2 ...
C4Hi0O2
1, 2-Dihydroxy-2-methylpropane
C4H10O2
Glycol dimethyl ether (CH3OCH2)2. ...
C4Hi0O2
Glycol ethyl ether HOCH 2 CH 2 OC 2 H 5 ..
C4Hi0O2
Diethyl peroxide (C2H5O)2
C 4 Hi 0 O 2
Dimethyl acetal CH3CH(OCH3)2
C4Hi0O2S
Ethyl sulfone (CA)2SO2
C4Hi0O2S2
Diethyl disulfoxide C2H5(SO)2C2H5
C4Hi0O3
1, 2, 3-Trihydroxybutane
C4H10O3
Di-(2-hydroxyethyl) ether
C4H10O3
Glycerol 1-methyl ether
C4H10O3S
Diethyl sulfte (C2H5)2SO3
C4H10O4
dZ-Erythritol HOCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH.
C4H10O4S
Diethyl sulfate (C2H5O)2SO2
C4H10S
n-Butyl mercaptan C4H9SH
C4H10S
Isobutyl mercaptan (CHs)2CHCH2SH..
C4H10S
sec.-Butyl mercaptan C2H5CH(SH)CH3.
C4H10S
teri.-Butyl mercaptan (CH3)3CSH
C4H10S
Ethyl sulfide (C2H5)2S
C4H10S2
Ethyl disulfide (C2H5S)2
C4H10Se
Ethyl selenide (C2Hg)2Se
C4H10Te
Ethyl telluride (C2H5)2Te
C4H11AsO2
Diethylarsonic acid (C 2 H 5 ) 2 AsO(OH)...
C4H11AsO3
N-Butylarsonic acid C 4 H 9 AsO(OH) 2 ....
C4H11N
rc-Bufcylamine
C4H9NH2
C4H11N
Isobutylamine (CH3)2CHCH2NH2
C4H11N
sec.-Butylamine C 2 H 5 CH(NH 2 )CH 3 ....
C4H11N
terZ.-Butylamine
(CHs) 3 CNH 2
C4H11N
Diethylamine (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NH
C4H11P
Diethylphosphine (C2H5)2PH
C4H12As2
Cacodyl (CH3)2As.As(CH3)2.
C4H12As2O
Cacodylic oxide [(CHg)2As]20
C4H12As2S
Cacodylic sulfide [(CHs)2As]2S
C 4 Hi 2 BrN
Tetramethylammonium bromide
C4H12BrNO
Diethylbromoacetamide
C4H12ClN
Diethylamine hydrochloride
C4H12ClN
Tetramethylammonium chloride
C 4 H 12 N 2
Tetramethylenediamine
C4H12N2O4
Ammonium succhiate
C 4 H 12 N 2 O 6
Ammonium d-tartrate
C 4 H 12 N 2 O 6
Ammonium cK-tartrate
C 4 H 12 N 4
Tetramethylammonium trinitride
C4H12OS
Dimethylethylsulfonium hydroxide
C4H13NO
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
C4H16N6O4S
Methylguanidine sulfate
C5HCl3N4
2, 6, 8-Trichloropurine
C5HCl4N
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloropyridine
C5HCl4N
C5HCl4N
C5H2Cl3N
2, 3, 5-Trichloropyridine
C5H3Cl2N
3, 5-Dichloropyridine
C6H3N3
1, 1, 1-Tricyanoethane CH3C(CN)3
Ether
(C2H6)20
MoI. wt.
M. P.
132.10
178.24
74.077
74.077
74.077
74.077
d.
-89.8
-108
74.077
("""Joo'o)
[ p LZo.o J
74.077
74.077
90.077
90.077
90.077
90.077
90.077
90.077
90.077
122.142
154.21
106.077
106.077
106.077
138.14
122.08
154.14
90.142
90.142
90.142
90.142
90.142
122.21
137.28
185.58
166.05
182.05
73.093
73.093
73.093
73.093
73.093
90.109
210.01
226.01
242.08
154.02
170.02
109.56
109.56
88.108
152.11
184.11
184.11
116.124
108.15
91.108
244.24
223.41
216.85
216.85
216.85
182.40
147.95
105.05
25.5
16
70
126
-26.0
>-74
<-79
-102.1
190
159
-50.5
-85.5
-104.5
-67.5
-50.0
-6
-25
B. P.
117.7
107.3
99.5
82.8
0.810
0.802
0.808
0.789
34 5
"^l L
No.
1236
1285
116
99
104
64
-714
38.9
32.5777
230
184
177
84.5
135.3
65
64.4
248
140 d.
1362*
250
197
161.3
331
208 s. d.
98
88
85
67
91.6
153.5
108
138
0.738
0.735^2
1.020
1.048
1.003
0.873
0.935
0.827
0.866
1.357
1.24
1.23217
1.132
1.27O2J
1.077
1.451
l. 172f
0.83620
0.836
0.83017
13
12
76
68
63
43.8
56.0
85
170
120
211
0.74020
0.736
0.71820
0.696
0.711
0.837
0.993
1.23Of' 5
811
1174
78
368
390
630
1035
131
111
93
39
65
>1
1.46215
1.56
67
217
330
27
158
1.36710
1.608
1.601
d.
125 d.
99.5
63
240
187
21
75
91
50
67
93.5
1.048
1.169
93
0.837
d.
13724
13520
13020
12016
0.760
1253
1323
No,
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
853.1
854
855
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
Formula
C6H4BrN
C6H4ClN
C6H4ClN
C 6 H 4 ClN
C6H4N2
C6H4N2O2
C6H4N2O4
C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 (H2O)
C6H4N4
C5H4N4O
C6H4N4O8
C6H4OS
C5H4O2
C6H4O2
C6H4O2S
C6H4O2S
C6H4O3
C6H4O3
C6H4O3
C6H4O3
C6H4O3
C5H4O4
C6H4O4
C6H6N
C6H6NO
C5H6NO
C 6 H 6 NO
C 6 H 6 NO
C5H6NO2
C5H5NO2
C5H6NO2
C 6 H 6 NO 3
C6H6N6
C5H6
C6H6
C5H6N2
C5H6N2
C5H6N2
C6H6N2
C6H6N2O
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O3
C5H6N2O3
C5H6O
C5H6OS
C6H6O2
C5H6O2
C5H6O2
C5H6O2
C6H6O3
C5H6O4
C6H6O4
C6H6O4
C5H6O4
C5H6O4
C5H6O4
C5H6O6
C5H6O6
C5H6N2O3
C5H7Cl3O2
C5H7N
C5H7N
C6H7N
Name
MoI. wt.
3-Bromopyridine
2-Chloropyridine
3-Chloropyridine
4-Chloropyridine
Glutaconic nitrile NCCH2CH:CHCN..
3-Nitropyridine
Methylalloxan
3, 5-Pyrazoledicarboxylic acid
Purine
Hypoxanthine
Uric acid
Thiophene-2-aldehyde
Furfural
1, 4-Pyrone
Thiophene-2-carboxylic acid
Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid
Citraconic anhydride
Glutaconic anhydride
Itaconic anhydride
Pyromeconic acid
Pyromucic acid
Aconic acid
Glutinicacid HO2CCiCCH2CO2H
Pyridine
2-Hydroxypyridine
3-Hydroxypyridine HOC5H4N
4-Hydroxypyridine
Pyrrole-2-aldehyde C H O C 4 H 4 N . . . . . . .
2, 4-Dmydroxypyridine (HO) 2 C 5 H 3 N...
2, 6-Dihydroxypyridine (HO) 2 C 5 H 3 N...
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid HO2QC4H4N.
2, 4, 6-Trihydroxypyridine
Adenine
Cyclopentadiene
2-Methyl-l, 3-butenine (Valylene)
2-Aminopyridine
3-Aminopyridine
4-Aminopyridine H 2 NC 5 H 4 N
Glutaric nitrile NC(CH 2 ) 3 NC
2-Hydroxyglutaric nitrile
Thymine
Dimethylparabanic acid
Pyridine nitrate
2-Methylfurfuran
Thiophene-2-alcohol
Furfuryl alcohol
Pentinoic acid
Ethyl propiolate CHiCCO2C2H6
Propargyl acetate CHiCCH 2 O 2 CCH 3 ...
Glutaric anhydride...
Citraconic acid CH3C(CO2H):CHCO2H
Glutaconic acid
Itaconic acid CH2IC(CO2H)CH2CO2H..
Mesaconic acid CH3(CO2H)CiCHCO2H
Paraconic acid
Trimethylene-1, 1-dicarboxylic acid
Acetone-l-l'-dicarboxylic acid
1-Ketoglutaric acid
1-Methylbarbituric acid
Chloral acetone
1-Methylpyrrole
2-Methylpyrrole
3-Methylpyrrole
157.96
113.50
113.50
113.50
92.047
124.05
156.05
156.05
120.06
136.06
168.06
112.10
96.031
96.031
128.10
128.10
112.03
112.03
112.03
112.03
112.03
128.03
128.03
79.047
95.047
95.047
95.047
95.047
111.05
111.05
111.05
127.05
135.08
66.046
66.046
94.062
94.062
94,062
94.062
110.06
126.06
142.06
142.06
82.046
114.11
98.046
98.046
98.046
98.046
114.05
130.05
130.05
130.05
130.05
130.05
130.05
146.05
146.05
142.06
205.43
81.062
81.062
81.062
M. P.
31.5
41
156 d.
B. P.
73
167.5
148.5
148
13012
216
217
> 150
d.
-38.7
32.5
126.5
136
7
87
68
117
133
164
146
-42
107
129
148.5
47
265
195
191.5
23Od.
365
56
64
157
-29
335 d.
145
198
161.7
217.7
26Od.
228
1521*
^l *'
No.
1.63210
1.20515
"
1.626
1239
1.893
1.215
1,159
1.190 403
685
1063
1.245
508
228
1324
115.3
281
0.982
641
42.5
50
204
252
0.805
903
287.4
20311
0.99515
1.181
1007
534
277
1333
64.3
207
170.2
0.916
1.136
996
119.5
125
287
0.968^
1.005
252
103
57
91
134
161 d.
202
58
175
135 d.
113
132
76
1.617
1.632
250
21030
115.4
148
143
0.911
0.945
892
No.
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
920
921
921.1
921.2
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
947.1
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
969.1
970
971
Formula
C 6 H 7 NO 2
C6H7NS
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8Cl2O2
C6H8N2
C6H8N2
C6H8N4O6
C6H8O
C5H8O
C6H8O
C6H8O
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O3
C6H8O3
C6H8O3
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O6
C6H8O6
C6H8O6
C6H8O5
C6H8O6
C6H8O6 (H2O)
C6H8O7
C6H9BrO2
C5H9BrO2
C6H9BrO2
C6H9BrO2
C6H9BrO2
C6H9Br3
C5H9Cl
C6H9ClO
C6H9ClO
C6H9ClO2
C6H9ClO2
C6H9ClO2
C6H9ClO2
C5H9IO2
Name
MoI. wt.
Ethyl cyanoacetate NCCH 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 ...

Crotonyl isothiocyanate
Cyclopentene
2, 3-Pentadiene CH3CH:C:CHCH3
tms/m.-Dimethylallene (CH3)2C:C:CH2
Isoprene CH2:C(CH3)CH:CH2
Methylethylacetylene CH 3 CiCC 2 H 6 ....
1, 3-Pentadiene CH 3 CHrCHCHrCH 2 ...
Propylacetylene C3H7CiCH
Isopropylacetylene (CH 3 ) 2 CHCiCH....
Ethyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate
3, 4-Dimethylpyrazole
3, 5-Dimethylpyrazole
Uroxanic acid
Cyclopentanone.
Ethyl propargyl ether CHiCCH2OC2H6
Tiglic aldehyde CH 3 CHrC(CH 3 )CHO..
Ethylideneacetone CH3CHrCHCOCH3.
Levulinic aldehyde
Acetylacetone CH3COCH2COCH3
Allylacetic acid CH 2 :CH(CH 2 ) 2 CO 2 H . .
Angelic acid
2, 2-Dimethylacrylic acid
1-Ethylacrylic acid CH2:C(C2H5)CO2H.
1, 2-Pentenic acid C 2 H 6 CHrCHCO 2 H..
2, 3-Pentenic acid
Tiglic acid CH3CHrC(CH 3)CO2H
AUyI acetate CH3CO2C3H5
Ethyl acrylate C2H3COC2H6
Methyl a-crotonate
Levulinic acid CH 3 COCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H...
Ethyl pyruvate CH3COCO2C2H6
Methyl acetoacetate
Dimethylmalonic acid (CHs) 2 C(CO 2 H) 2
Ethylmalonic acid C 2 H 5 CH(CO 2 H) 2 ....
Glutaricacid CH 2 (CH 2 CO 2 H) 2
Pyrotartaric acid
Methyltetronic lactone
Dimethyl malonate H 2 C(CO 2 CHs) 2
Ethyl hydrogen malonate. .
Methyl ethyl oxalate
Mthylne diacetate CH 2 (CO 2 CHg) 2 ....
a-Citramalic acid
d/-Citramalic acid
/3-Methylmalic acid
Arabonic lactone
Dimethyl tartronate
d-Methyl hydrogen tartrate
Aposorbinic acid
1-Bromovaleric acid C 3 H 7 CHBrCO 2 H..
2-Bromovaleric acid
3-Bromovaleric acid
2-Bromoisovaleric acid
Ethyl 1-bromopropionate
1, 2, 3-Tribromopentane
Isoprene hydrochloride
n-Valervi chloride C4H9COCl
Isovaleryl chloride (CH3)2CHCH2COC1
Ethyl 1-chloropropionate
.
Ethyl 2-chloropropionate
n-Butyl chloroformate ClCO2C4H7
Isobutyl chloroformate
Ethyl 2-iodopropionate
113.06
113.13
68.062
68.082
68.062
68.062
68.062
68.062
68.062
68.062
170.98
96.078
96.078
220.09
84.062
84.062
84.062
84.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
100.062
116.06
116.06
116.06
132.06
132.06
132.06
132.06
132.06
132.06
132.06
132.06
132.06
148.06
148.06
148.06
148.06
148.06
164.06
180.06
180.99
180.99
180.99
180.99
180.99
308.82
104.53
120.53
120.53
136.53
136.53
136.53
136.53
228. OO
M. P.
-22.5
-120
-120
-95
58
107
162 d.
-23.2
<-18
45
70
45
10
64
33.1
193
111.5
97.5
111
123
-62
95
117
123
98
53.3
76
110
B. P.
206
8550
43.6
51
40.5
34
56
44
40
29.3
184
?1L
No.
232~~
d
1.063
0.993
0.776
0.702
0.678
0.679
0.687
0.696
0.722
0.685
1.246
0.933J9
943
121
901
932
3
424
1131
0.951
0.833
0.870
0.856
1.018
0.976
0.984
0.983 46 - 7
353
325
430
370
295
439
805
1069
0.990
0.987
0.872
0.928
0.924
0.9814
1.14317
1.06O46
1.077
904
949
1121
146
1.1921O6
1.411
1151
1333
1213
206
301
220
130.6
80
116.5
124
188
137
189
185
195
180
10817
9516
198.5
105
99.8
120.7
246
144
170
16Od.
304
181.5
14721
173.7
170
1.154
1.176
1.156
383
882
241
10510
60
40
73.5
160
12821
109
128
113
146
162.5
138.9
130
202
1.393
2.095}4
0.933
l. 01615
1.087
1.114
1.078
1.040^
1.67915
419
743
223
235
236
807
No.
972
973
974
975
975.1
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
988.1
989
990
991
992
993
994
994.1
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1028.1
1029
1030
Formula
C6H9N
C5H9N
C 6 H 9 NO 1
C6H9NO3
C5H9NO3
C5H9NO4
C6H9NO4
C6H9NS
C5Hi0
C5H10
C5Hi0
C5H10
C5H10
C5H10
C5H10
C6HiO
C5H10Br2
C5Hi0Br2
C6Hi0ClNO4
C5Hi0Cl2
C6Hi0Cl2
C5H10Cl2
C6H10Cl2
C5H10N2
C6H10N2O2
C5H10N2O2
C6H10N2O3
C6H10N2O4
C6H10O
C5Hi0O
C6Hi0O
C5Hi0O
C6H10O
C6H10O
C5H10O
C5H10O
C5Hi0O
C6H10O
C5Hi0O
C6Hi0O
C5Hi0O2
C6H10O2
C5Hi0O2
C6H10O2
C6Hi0O2
C6Hi0O2
C6Hi0O2
C6Hi0O2
C5H10O2
C6Hi0O2
C6Hi0O2
C6Hi0O2
C6Hi0O2
C6Hi0O2S
C5Hi0O3
C5Hi0O3
C6Hi0O3
C6H10O3
C6Hi0O3
C6Hi0O3
C6Hj0O3
C5Hi0O3
C6H10O4
Name
MoI. wt.
n-Valervi mirile C4H9CN

Isovaleryl nitrile (CH3)2CHCH2CN
Piperidone
Acetylurethane CH 3 CONHCO 2 C 2 H 5 ....
a-Acetylaminopropionic acid
dZ-Glutaminic acid
d-Glutaminic acid
Isobutyl isothiocyanate
Cyclopentane CH 2 <(CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 >
1, 1-Dimethyltrimethylene
Methylcyclobutane
0-Amylene CH3CHiCHC2H5
a-Amylene C2H5C(CH3) :CH2
n-Propylethylene C3H7CHiCH2
2-Methyl-3-butene CH2:CHCH(CH3)2..
2-Methyl-2-butene CH 3 CH:C(CH 3 ) 2 .. .
1, 5-Dibromopentane CH2(CH2CH2Br)2
2, 3-Dibromopentane C 2 H 5 (CHBr) 2 CH 3
d(Z)-Glutaminic acid hydrochloride
3, 3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane
1, 4-Dichloropentane
1, 5-Dichloropentane CH2(CH2CH2Cl)2.
2, 3-Dichloropentane C2H5(CHCl)2CH3.
Diethylcyanamide NCN(C 2 H 5 ),
1-Nitropiperidine
Dimethylmalonamide
dZ-Glutamine
Amylene nitrosate
Cyclopentanol
Methylallyl carbinol
Vinylethyl carbinol
2-Pentene-4-ol
Ethyl allyl ether C 2 H 5 OCH 2 CHrCH 2 ...
Isovaleraldehyde (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CHO. .
Trimethylacetaldehyde (CH 3 ) 3 CCHO. .
n-Valeric aldehyde C4H9CHO
Diethyl ketone (C2H5)2CO
Methyl propyl ketone CH3COC3H7
Methyl isopropyl ketone
Pentamethylene oxide
3-Acetylpropyl alcohol
dZ-Methylethylacetic acid
Trimethylacetic acid (CHg) 3 CCO 2 H....
n-Valeric acid C5HnCO2H
Isovaleric acid (CHs) 2 CHCH 2 CO 2 H....
n-Butyl formate HCO2C4H9
d-sec.-Butyl formate
Isobutyl formate (CHs)2CHCH2CO2H..
Ethyl propionate C2H5CO2C2H5
Methyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2CH3
Methyl isobutyrate (CH 3 ) 2 CHCO 2 CH 3 .
n-Propyl acetate CH3CO2C3H7
Isopropyl acetate CH 3 COCH 2 (CHs) 2 ...
Ethyl thiocarbonate CS(OC2H5)2
!-Hydroxyvaleric acid
!-Hydroxyisovaleric acid
2-Hydroxyvaleric acid
Diethyl carbonate (C2H6O)2CO
Ethyl hydracrylate
Ethyl lactate CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 C 2 H 5 ....
Methyl Z-1-methoxypropionate
Propyl glycollate HOCH2CO2C3H7
Ethyl glycerate
83.077
83.077
99.077
131.08
131.08
147.08
147.08
115.14
70.077
70.077
70.077
70.077
70.077
70.077
70.077
70.077
229.91
229.91
183.54
140.99
140.99
140.99
140.99
98.093
130.09
130.09
146.09
162.09
86.077
86.077
86.077
86.077
86.077
86.077
86.077
86.077
86.077
86.077
86.077
86.077
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
102.08
134.14
118.08
118.08
118.08
118.08
118.08
118.08
118.08
118.08
134.08
M. P.
40
78
133
198
208 d.
-93.3
-139
-135
-124
-35
B. P.
4 0 . 8 0 1
129.3
0.802
256
215
162
49.5
21
42
36.4
32
40
20.1
38.4
224
175
1.460
1.538
0.943
0.754
0.660
0.651
0.667?
0.6321S
0.66813
1.70618
1.7087
193
-5.5
198
256
99
-51
3
-42.0
-77.8
-92.0
<-80
35.5
-59; -34.5
-37.6
-90.0
-95.3
-72.6
<-95
-84.7
-92.5
-73.4
31
86
< -32
-43.0
145
6117
178
139
187 d.
245
0.854
1.158
141
116.4
114.7
6462
67.6
92.5
75
103.4
101.7
101.7
93
87
209
174
163.8
187.0
176.7
106.8
97
98.2
99.1
102.3
92.6
101.6
89
162
0.946
0.834
0.837
0.838
0.765
0.80317
0.793
0.81911
0.814
0.812Ji
0.81515
0.880
1.016
0.941
0.90550
0.942
0.937J5
0.911
0.882
0.875
0.891
0.898
0.891
0.887
0.877 156
1.028
125.8
8412
154
131
170.5
12114
0.979
1.064f
1.031
0.998616-4
1.06218
1.1911J
?1L
No.
8sF
1215
1261
1266
843
921
880
31
866
1240
1.065
1072
1033
1208
1207
277
933
69
" 79
70
86
75
62
153
1050
175
145
74
48
58
51
68
49
52
939
57
313
No.
Formula
Name
1031
C6Hi0O4
Glycerol acetate (Monoacetin)
1032
C5Hi0O5
d(Z)-c*-Arabinose
1033
C5Hi0O5
d(0-0-Arabinose
1034
C5Hi0O5
c#-Arabinose
1035
C5Hi0O5
d-Lyxose
1036
C5Hi0O5
d-Ribose
1037
C5Hi0O5
Z-Xylose
1038
C5Hi0O5
dZ-Xylose
1039
C5H10O6
Arabonicacid HO 2 C(CHOH) 3 CH 2 OH..
1040
C5HnBr
n-Amyl bromide CH3(CH2)4Br
1041
C6Hi1Br
Isoamyl bromide (CHs)2CHCH2CH2Br.
1042
C5H11Br
tert.-Amyl
bromide (CHs) 2 (C 3 H 5 )CBr...
1043
C5H11Cl
n-Amyl chloride CH3(CH2)4C1
1044
C5HnCl
Isoamyl chloride (CHg)2CHCH2CH2Cl.
1045
C5H11Cl
tert.-Amyl
chloride (CHg) 2 (C 2 H 5 )CCl...
1046
C5H11Cl
sec.-Amyl chloride C 3 H 7 (CH 3 )CHCL...
1047
C5H11Cl
3-Chloropentane (C2Hs)2CHCl
1048
C6H11ClO
tert.-Amyl
hypochlorite
1049
C6HnF
n-Amyl fluoride CH3(CH2)4F
1050
C 6 HnF
Isoamyl fluoride (CHg)2CHCH2CH2F....
1051
C5HnI
n-Amyl iodide CH3(CH2)41
1052
C5HnI
Isoamyl iodide (CHs) 2 CHCH 2 CH 2 I....
1053
C6HnI
tert.-Amyl
iodide (CH3)2(C2H5)CHI
1054
C 5 HnN
Piperidine
!
1055
C 6 HnNO
Diethylketoxime (C2H5)2C:NOH
1056
C6Hi1NO
Methylpropylketoxime
1057
C5Hi1NO
Valeramide C4H9CONH2
1058
C 5 HnNO
Isovaleramide (CH3)2CHCH2CONH2...
1059
C 6 H n NO 2
1-Aminovaleric acid
1060
C 6 H n NO 2
3-Aminovaleric acid
1061
C 5 H n NO 2
4-Aminovaleric acid
1062
C 5 H n NO 2
2-Aminoisovaleric acid
1063
C 6 H n NO 2
n-Amyl nitrite CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 ONO...
1064
C5H11NO2
Isoamyl nitrite (CH3)2CH(CH2)2ONO..
1065
C 5 H n NO 2
tert.-Amyl
nitrite (CH 3 ) 2 (C 2 H 5 )CONO..
1066
C5HnNO2
n-Butyl carbamate C4H9CO2NH2
1067
C 6 H n NO 2
Isobutyl carbamate H2NCO2C4H9
1067.1 C 6 H n NO 2
Ethylurethane C2H5NHCO2C2H5
1068
C 5 H n NO 2
Betaine
1069
C6H11NO2
dZ-Valine (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(NH 2 )CO 2 H....
1069.1 C6H11NO2
d- Valine
1070
C6HnNO3
Isoamyl nitrate
1070.1 C5H11NO3
Bios
1070.2 C5HnNO4
Methyltetronic amide
1071
C5HnNO5
Z-Arabinose oxime
1072
C6Hi2
2-Methylbutane (Isopentane)
1073
C5Hi2
n-Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH3
1074
C6Hi2
2, 2-Dimethypropane (CH3) 4C
1075
C5Hi2ClN
Piperidine hydrochloride
1076
C6Hi2ClNO2
Betaine hydrochloride
1077
C5Hi2N2O
1, 2-Diethylurea CO(NHC2H5)a
1078
C6Hi2O
n-Amyl alcohol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH
1079
C6Hi2O
Isoamyl alcohol* (CHs)2CHCH2CH2OH
1080
C6Hi2O
Diethyl carbinol (C2H5)2CHOH
1081
C6Hi2O
tert.-Amyl
alcohol (CH3)2(C2H5)COH...
1082
C5H12O
tert.-Butyl
carbinol
1083
C6Hi2O
d-Amyl alcohol CH3(C2H6)CHCH2OH..
1084
C5Hi2O
sec.-Amyl alcohol CH 3 (C 3 H 7 )CH 2 OH...
1084.1 C6Hi2O
d-sec.-A.myl alcohol
1085
C5Hi2O
.
Methyl isopropyl carbinol
1085.1 C6Hi2O
d-Methyl isopropyl carbinol
1086
C6Hi2O
Ethyl propyl ether C2H6OC3H7
1087
C6Hi2O
Ethyl isopropyl ether C2H6OCH(CH3)2.
* Commercially known as "Amyl alcohol."
MoI. wt.
M. P.
134.08 "
150.08
159.5
150.08
150.08
164.5
150.08
105
150.08
87
150.08
153
150.08
131
166.08
89
151.00
151.00
151.00
106.54
106.54
106.54
-72.9
106.54
106.54
122.54
90.085
>-80
90.085
<-ll
198.02
198.02
198.02
85.093
-9
101.09
101.09
101.09
106
101.09
137
117.09
291.5
117.09
193
117.09
157
117.09
217
117.09
117.09
117.09
117.09
54
117.09
67
117.09
117.09
273d.
117.09
298 d.
117.09
315
133.09
133.09
223
149.09
135 d.
165.09
139
72.092
-159.7
72.092
-131.5
72.092
-20
121.56
237
153.56
235
116.11
106
88.092
-78.5
88.092
-117.2
88.092
88.092
-11.9
88.092
53
88.092
88.092
88.092
88.092
88.092
88.092
<-79
88.092
B. P.
1581651.20
1.585
1.605
127.9
121
109.2
105.7
99.1
85.7
105
105
76.3
62.8
53.5
156
148
125
105.8
168.3
168
?1L
No.
1243
1248
1.545
1228
1.525
1231
1.223
1.215
1.190
0.883
0.893
0.87015
0.870
0.895
0.855
0.788
401
378
389
191
181
155
157
572
232
1.517
1.510
1.49719
0.860
0.914
0.909
1.023
0.965
10476
99
93
0.853
0.872
0.903
56
67
206
176
0.981
262
148
0.996 217
28.0
36.2
9.5
263
137.9
130.5
115.6
101.8
114
128
119.5
118
114
61.4
54
0.62119-1
0.631
1.042
0.817^S
0.812
0.815f
0.809
0.816
0.809
0.8103
0.819
0.818
0.732
0.745
II
444
407
403
1327
200
1163
1218
9
10
823
166>
179'
158.
165
154
106
24
No.
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1111.1
1111.2
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1122.1
1122.2
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
Formula
Name
C5Hi2O
Methyl n-butyl ether CH3OC4H9
C5Hi2O2
Pentane-1, 2-diol C3H7CHOHCH2OH..
C 5 Hi 2 O 2
Pentane-1, 5-diol CH 2 (CH 2 CH 2 OH) 2 ...
C5Hi2O2
Mthylne diethyl ether CH 2 (OC 2 H 5 ) 2 .
C5Hi2O3
Glycerol 1-ethyl ether
C 5 Hi 2 O 4
Pentaerythritol
C5Hi2O5
Adonitol
C5Hi2O5
d-Arabitol
C5Hi2S
rc-Amyl
mercaptan C 5 HnSH
C5Hi2S
ac.-Amyl mercaptan
C5Hi2S
Isoamyl mercaptan
C 5 Hi 3 N
n-Amylamine C 5 H n NH 2
C5H13N
Isoamylamine (CHs) 2 CHCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ..
C5Hi3N
sec.-Amylamine CH3(C3H7)CH2NH2....
C 5 Hi 3 N
tert.-Amylamine
(CHg) 2 (C 2 H 5 )CNH 2 ....
C5Hi3NO2
Ammonium valerate
C 5 Hi 4 N 2
Pentamethylenediamine
C6Br4O2
Bromanil OC:(CBrCBr)2:CO
C6Br6
Hexabromobenzene
C6Br6O
"Hexabromophenol"
C6Cl4O2
Chloranil OC:(CC1CC1)2:CO
C6Cl6
Hexachlorobenzene
C6Cl6O
"Hexachlorophenol"
C6Cl8O
-Octachlorocyelohexenone
C6Cl8O
7-Octachlorocyclohexenone
C6I6
Hexaiodobenzene
C 6 HBr 5
Pentabromobenzene
C6HBr5O
Pentabromophenol C(Br5)OH
C6HCl3O2
Trichloroquinone
C 6 HCl 4 NO 2
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetraehloronitrobenzene
C6HCl4NO2
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene
C6HCl4NO2
2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene
C6HCl5
Pentachlorobenzene
C6HCl5O
Pentachlorophenol HOC6Cl5
C 6 HN 5 Ou
Pentanitrophenol C 6 (NO 2 ) 5 OH
C 6 H 2 BrN 3 O 6
Picryl bromide 2, 4, 6(NO 2 ) 3 C 6 H 2 Br....
C 6 H 2 Br 2 N 2 O 4
1, 2-Dinitro-4, 5-dibromobenzene
C6H2Br2N2O4
1, 3-Dinitro-4, 6-dibromobenzene
C 6 H 2 Br 4
1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrabromobenzene
C6H2Br4
1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrabromobenzene....:
C6H2Br4O
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrabromophenol
C6H2Br5N
Pentabromoaniline C 6 (Br 5 )NH 2 .
C6H2ClN3O6
Picryl chloride (NO2)3C6H2C1
C6H2ClN3O6
5-Chloro-l, 2, 4-trinitrobenzene
C6H2Cl2O2
2, 5-Dichloroquinone
C6H2Cl2O2
2, 6-Dichloroquinone
C6H2Cl3NO2
2, 3, 4-Trichloronitrobenzene
C6H2Cl3NO2
C6H2Cl3NO2
C6H2Cl3NO2
C6H2Cl4
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachlorobenzene
C6H2Cl4
C6H2Cl4
C6H2Cl4O
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachlorophenol
C6H2Cl4O2
Tetrachlorohydroquinone
C6H2Cl5N
Pentachloroaniline C6(Cl5)NH2
C6H2IN3O6
Picryl iodide (NO2)3C6H21
C6H2I2N2O4
2, 4-Diiodo-l, 3-dinitrobenzene
C6H2I2N2O4
4, 6-Diiodo-l, 3-dinitrobenzene
C6H2I4
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetraiodobenzene
C6H2I4
C6H2I4
C6H2N4O9
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetranitrophenol
MoI. wt.
88.092
104.09
104.09
104.09
120.09
136.09
152.09
152.09
104.16
104.16
104.16
87.108
87.108
87.108
87.108
119.11
102.12
423.66
551.50
367.50
245.83
284.75
300.75
371.67
371.67
833.59
472.59
488.59
211.38
260.85
260.85
260.85
250.30
266.30
319.05
291.96
325.86
325.86
393.68
393.68
409.68
487.60
247.50
247.50
176.93
176.93
226.40
226.40
226.40
226.40
215.85
215.85
215.85
231.85
247.85
265.31
338.97
419.90
419.90
581.74
581.74
581.74
274.05
M. P.
B. P.
70.3
211.8
239.4
89
230
253
102
103
-55.0
-105.0
9
300
306
128
290
226
46
90
89
350 d.
293
225
168
64.5
22
99
86
188
19Od.
123
115
117
98.5
178
120
222
83
116
161
121
56
89
57
68
47.5
51
138
69
232
232
165
162
168.4
136
148
254
140
d
0.764
0.9802^
0.994 2 J
0.851
1.091
?1 *'
No.
376
432
1178
1333
126
118
129.5
104
95
91
78
0.85720
0.84813
0.835
0.76619
0.751
0.749
178
0.885^
326
1.569236
2.016
2.058
304 d.
277
310.2
396
379
176
1333
482
1292
1305
l .84210
1.978
2.313
2.295
329
3.027
1.797
288
1.790
254
246
246
16423
1.73410
2.2S522-6
1315
2.744
d.
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
178 exp.
101.5
59.4
75.3
62
85
58
106
117.5
87.4
44
119.6
92.5
96
111
86.8
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1155.1
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
C6H2O4
C6H3BrN2O4
C6H3BrN2O4
C6H3BrN2O4
C6H3Br2NO2
C6H3Br2NO2
C6H3Br2NO2
C6H3Br2NO2
C6H3Br2NOa
C6H3Br3
C6H3Br3
C6H6Br3
C6H3Br3O
C6H3Br3O
C6H3Br3O2
C6H3ClN2O4
Diacetylenedicarboxylic acid
3-Bromo-l, 2-dinitrobenzene
2, 4-Dibromonitrobenzene
4, 6-Dibromo-2-nitrophenol
1, 2, 3-Tribromobenzene
2, 3, 5-Tribromophenol Br 3 C 6 H 2 OH....
2, 4, 6-Tribromophenol Br 3 C 6 H 2 OH....
2, 4, 6-Tribromoresorcinol
3-Chloro-l, 2-dinitrobenzene
138.02
246.96
246.96
246.96
280.86
280.86
280.86
280.86
296.86
314.77
314.77
314.77
330.77
330.77
346.77
202.50
1163
C6H3ClN2O4
202.50
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1174.1
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1200.1
1200.2
1200.3
1200.4
1200.5
C6H3ClN2O4
C6H3ClN2O4
C6H3ClN2O4
C6H3ClN2O4
C6H3ClN2O4
C6H3Cl2NO2
C6H3Cl2NO2
C6H3Cl2NO2
C6H3Cl2NO2
C6H3Cl2NO2
C6H3Cl2NO2
C6H3Cl2NO3
C6H3Cl3
C6H3Cl3
C6H3Cl3
C6H3Cl3O
C6H3Cl3O
C6H3Cl3O2
C6H3Cl3O2
C6H3Cl3O6S3
C6H3Cl4N
C6H3Cl4N
C6H3Cl4N
C6H3I3
C6H3I3
C6H3I3
C6H3I3O
C6H3N3O6
C6H3N3O6
C6H3N3O6
C6H3N3O6S
C6H3N3O7
C6H3N3O7
C6H3N3O7
C6H3N3O7
C6H3N3O8
C6H3N3O9S
C6H3N6O8
C6H4BrCl
C6H4BrCl
C6H4BrCl
C6H4BrI
C6H4BrI
-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene
/3-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene
2, 3-Dichloronitrobenzene
4, 6-Dichloro-2-nitrophenol
1, 2, 3-Trichlorobenzene
2, 3, 5-Trichlorophenol
2, 3, 5-Trichlorohydroquinone
2, 4, 6-Trichlororesorcinol
Benzene-1, 3, 5-trisulfonyl chloride
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloroaniline
1, 2, 3-Triiodobenzene
2, 4, 6-Triiodophenol I3C6H2(OH)
1, 2, 3-Trinitrobenzene
Thiopicric acid
2, 3, 5-Trinitrophenol C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 OH..
2, 3, 6-Trinitrophenol C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 OH..
2, 4, 5-Trinitrophenol C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 OH. .
Picric acid (NO2)3C6H2OH
,
Styphnic acid
Picrylsulfonic acid
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetranitroaniline
o-Bromochlorobenzene
ra-Bromochlorobenzene
p-Bromochlorobenzene
o-Bromoiodobenzene
m-Bromoiodobenzene
202.50
202.50
202.50
202.50
202.50
191.95
191.95
191.95
191.95
191.95
191.95
207.95
181.40
181.40
181.40
197.40
197.40
213.40
213.40
373.59
230.86
230.86
230.86
455.82
455.82
455.82
471.82
213.05
213.05
213.05
245.11
229.05
229.05
229.05
229.05
245.05
293.11
273.06
191.40
191.40
191.40
282.88
282.88
( O 28
87
53.4
43
59
60
62
33
54.5
72.5
43
65.4
122
52
17
63
53.4
68
134
83
184
118
88
90
116
84
181
156
127.5
61
121; 61
114
120
118
96
121.8
180
100
170
-12.6
-21.2
67.4
2.1
-9.3
B. P.
320
296
?1L
No.
1302
2.356
2.368
2.354
2.434
2.658
276
278
2.55
f OL 36.3
I "y Î'l
oo. o
315 d.
315
315
1.697
1.680
258
1.72114
l .43980
1.66922
1.60317
1.45180
1.69214
1.822
266
1308
256
219
213
208.5
253
244.5
d.
exp. 115
l .5741
754
1.73155
1.688
exp. >300
1.763
1.829
1313
exp. 237
204*
196
196.3
257.4754
252764
1.89
1.65612-5
1.62714
1314
765
764
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
1200.6
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1214.1
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
C6H4BrI
C6H4BrNO2
C6H4BrNO2
C 6 H 4 BrNO 2
C6H4Br2
C6H4Br2
C 6 H 4 Br 2
C6H4Br2O
C6H4Br2O
C6H4Br2O
C 6 H 4 Br 2 O
C 6 H 4 Br 2 O 2
C6H4Br2O2
C 6 H 4 Br 3 N
C6H4Br3N
C6H4ClI
C6H4ClNO2
C6H4ClNO2
C6H4ClNO2
C 6 H 4 ClNO 3
C6H4ClNO3
C6H4ClNO3
C6H4ClNO3
C6H4ClNO3
C6H4ClNO3
C6H4ClNO3
C6H4ClNO3
C6H4ClNO3
C6H4ClNO5S
C6H4ClNO6S
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2O
C6H4Cl2O
C6H4Cl2O
C6H4Cl2O
C6H4Cl2O
C6H4Cl2O
C6H4Cl2O2
C6H4Cl2O2
C6H4Cl2O2
C6H4Cl2O3S
C6H4Cl2O4S2
C6H4Cl2O4S2
C6H4Cl2O4S2
C 6 H 4 Cl 3 N
C6H4Cl3N
C6H4Cl3N
C6H4Cl3N
C6H4FNO2
C6H4FNO2
C6H4FNO2
p-Bromoiodobenzene
o-Bromonitrobenzene
w-Bromonitrobenzene
p-Bromo nitrobenzene
o-Dibromobenzene
ra-Dibromobehzene
p-Dibromobenzene
2, 4-Dibromophenol
2, 6-Dibromophenol
3, 4-Dibromophenol
3, 5-Dibromophenol
2, 4-Dibromoresorcinol
4, 6-Dibromoresorcinol
2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline
p-Chloroiodobenzene....
o-Chloronitrobenzene
ra-Chloronitrobenzene
p-Chloronitrobenzene
4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol
2-Chloronitrobenzene-5-sulfonic acid
5-Chloronitrobenzene-3-sulfonic acid
o-Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
2, 3-Dichlorophenol
2, 4-Dichlorophenol
2, 5-Dichlorophenol
2, 6-Dichlorophenol
3, 4-Dichlorophenol
3, 5-Dichlorophenol
2, 3-Dichlorohydroquinone
2, 5-Dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid
o-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride
w-Benzendisulfonyl chloride
p-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride
2, 3, 4-Trichloroaniline
3, 4, 5-Trichloroaniline Cl 3 C 6 H 2 NH 2 ....
o-Fluoronitrobenzene. ..
m-Fluoronitrobenzene
p-Fluoronitrobenzene
282.88
201.96
201.96
201.96
235.86
235.86
235.86
251.86
251.86
251.86
251.83
267.86
267.86
329.79
329.79
238.42
157.50
157.50
157.50
173.50
173.50
173.50
173.50
173.50
173.50
173.50
173.50
173.50
237.56
237.56
146.95
146.95
146.95
162.95
162.95
162.95
162.95
162.95
162.95
178.95
178.95
178.95
227.01
275.08
275.08
275.08
196.41
196.41
196.41
196.41
141.04
141.04
141.04
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
C6H4F2
C6H4F2
C6H4INO2
C 6 H 4 INO 2
C 6 H 4 INO 2
C6H4INO3
C6H4I2
C6H4I2
C6H4I2
m-Difluorobenzene
p-Difluorobenzene
.
o-Iodonitrobenzene
ra-Iodonitrobenzene
p-Iodonitrobenzene
4-Iodo-6-nitrophenol IC 6 H 3 (NO 2 )OH...
o-Diiodobenzene
m-Diiodobenzene
p-Diiodobenzene
114.03
114.03
248.97
248.97
248.97
264.97
329.90
329.90
329.90
M. P.
92
43.0
56.0
127
1.8
6.9
86.8
36
56
80
76.5
92.5
112
119
118
57
32.5
44.4;23.7
83.5
87
38.9
70
120
127
147
118
111
133
>200 d.
200 d.
-17.6
-24.8
52.9
57
45
58
67
68
68
145
170
164
97
105
63
131
67.5
96
77.5
100
-5.9
1.7
26.5;
21.5
-23.7
49.4
36
171.5
81
23.4
34.2
129.4
B. P.
251.6754
261
256.5
256
221
217
219
239
^: L
No.
1.623f
1.704
777
1.966J5
1.955
1.954
787
783
1132
130 (in CO2)

300
227.6751
245.7
235.6
242
1.365
1.534
1.520
179
173
173
1.298
1.288
1.458
731
723
1101
210
211.7
220
253.5
233.1
1.824
291.5
270
262.4
214.6
205
205
1.338
1.327
1.326
700
688
1084
83
88.9
290
280
288.1
1.172
1.164
1.810}5'5
l .804}5'5
1.80945'6
384
362
286.8
284.8
285
No.
Formula
Name
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
C6H4I2O
C6H4I2O
C6H4I2O
C6H4I2O
C6H4I2O4S
C6H4I3N
C6H4N2
C6H4N2
C6H4N2
C6H4N2O
C6H4N2O4
C6H4N2O4
C6H4N2O4
C6H4N2O5
C6H4N2O5
C6H4N2O5
C6H4N2O5
C6H4N2O5
C6H4N2O5
C6H4N2O6
C6H4N2O6
C6H4N2O7S
C6H4N2S
C6H4N4O6
C6H4N4O7
C6H4N6
C6H4O2
C6H4O4
C6H4O6
C6H4O8
C6H5AsCl2
C6H5AsO
C6H5Br
C6H5BrN2O2
C6H5BrO
C6H5BrO
C6H5BrO
C6H5BrO2
C6H5BrO2
C6H5BrO3S
C6H5Br2N
C6H5Br2N
C6H5Br2N
C6H5Br2N
C6H5Br2N
C6H5Cl
C6H5ClN2O2
C6H5ClN2O2
C6H5ClN2O2
C6H5ClN2O2
C6H5ClN2O2
C6H5ClN2O2
C6H5ClO
2, 4-Diiodophenol
2, 6-Diiodophenol I2C6H3OH
2, 6-Diiodophenol-4-sulfonic acid
2, 4, 6-Triiodoamline I 3 C 6 H 2 NH 2
Pyridyl-2-cyanide CKC5H4N
Pyridyl-3-cyanide CKC5H4N
Pyridyl-4-cyanide CKC 5 H 4 N
p-Diazophenol
o-Dinitrobenzene
w-Dinitrobenzene
p-Dinitrobenzene
2, 3-Dinitrophenol (NO2)2C6H3OH
2, 4-Dinitrophenol
2, 5-Dinitrophenol (NOs)2C6H3OH
2, 6-Dinitrophenol (NO2)2C6H3OH
3, 4-Dinitrophenol (NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 OH
3, 5-Dinitrophenol
2, 4-Dinitroresorcinol
4, 6-Dinitroresorcinol
2, 4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Benzisothiodiazole
Picramide 2, 4, 6-(NOs) 8 C 6 H 2 NH 2
2, 4, 6-Trinitroaminophenol
Hexaazobenzene
Quinone
2, 5-Dihydroxyquinone
Sarsapicacid
Ethanetetracarboxylic acid
Phenyl dichloroarsine
Phenylarsine oxide
Bromobenzene
4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline
o-Bromophenol
ra-Bromophenol
p-Bromophenol
Bromohydroquinone
2(4)-Bromoresorcinol
p-Bromobenzenesulfonic acid
2, 4-Dibromoaniline
2, 5-Dibromoaniline
2, 6-Dibromoaniline
3, 4-Dibromoaniline
3, 5-Dibromoaniline
Chlorobenzene
2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline
o-Chlorophenol
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
C6H5ClO
C6H5ClO
C6H5ClO2
C6H5ClO2S
C6H5ClO3S
C6H5Cl2N
C6H5Cl2N
C6H5Cl2N
C6H5Cl2N
m-Chlorophenol
p-Chlorophenol
Chlorohydroquinone
Benzenesulfone chloride
p-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid
2, 3-Dichloroaniline
2, 6-Dichloroaniline Cl2C6H3NH2
..
MoI. wt.
M. P.
345.90
345.90
345.90
345.90
425.96
470.84
104.05
104.05
104.05
120.05
168.05
168.05
168.05
184.05
184.05
184.05
184.05
184.05
184.05
200.05
200.05
248.11
136.11
228.06
244.06
160.08
108.03
140.03
172.03
204.03
222.92
168.00
156.96
216.97
172.96
172.96
172.96
188.96
188.96
237.02
250.88
250.88
250.88
250.88
250.88
112.50
172.51
172.51
172.51
172.51
172.51
172.51
128.50
72
68
83
104
120
185.5
29
50
79
exp. 38
116.5
89.7
172.1
144
111 .6
104
61.8
134
126.1
148
215
108
44
188
178
83
115.7
220
305
169 d.
128.50
128.50
144.50
176.56
192.56
161.96
161.96
161.96
161.96
B. P.
îlm
No.
190 d.
319
302
299
1.59
1.575
1.625
1.683
d.
206
1.318
253
120
-30.6
111
5.6
33
63.5
115
91
88
79.5
52
84
80.4
56.5
-45.2
105
118
157
125
115
103
a 7; O;
7-4.1
32.8
37
106
14.5
67
24
63
50
39
156.2
1.497
195
236.5
238
1.55380
747
1.588
264
132.1
1.107
681
173
1.2411'1
1058
1.306
1059
1060
214
217
263
247
14625
252
245
251
1.38315
1.567
No.
Formula
Name
MoL wt.
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
C6H5Cl2N
C6H5Cl2N
C6H6Cl2OP
C6H5Cl2P
C6H5F
C6H5FO
C6H5FO
C6H5FO
Phosphenyl oxychloride
Phosphenyl chloride
Fluorobenzene
0-Fluorophenol FC6H4OH
m-Fluorophenol
p-Fluorophenol
161.96
161.96
194.98
178.98
96.039
112.04
112.04
112.04
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366'
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
C6H5F2N
C6H5I
C6H5IO
C6H5IO
C6H5IO
C6H5IO
C6H5IO2
C6H5IO2S
C6H5I2N
C6H5NO
C6H5NO
C6H5NO
C 6 H 5 NO 2
C6H5NO2
C6H5NO2
C6H5NO2
C6H5NO2
C6H5NO3
C6H5NO3
C6H5NO3
C 6 H 5 NO 4
C 6 H 5 NO 4
C 6 H 5 NO 4
C6H5NO6S
C6H5N2
C6H5N3
C6H5N3O4
C6H5N3O4
C6H5N3O4
C6H5N3O4
C6H5N3O4
C6H5N3O4
C6H5N3O5
C6H6
C6H6
C6H6AsCl3
C6H6BrN
C6H6BrN
C6H6BrN
C6H6Br2N2
C6H6Br2N2
C6H6Br6
C6H6Br6
C6H6ClN
C6H6ClN
C6H6ClN
C6H6ClNO
C6H6ClNO
C6H6ClNO3S
C 6 H 6 Cl 2 N 2
C6H6Cl2N2
C6H6Cl2N2
C6H6Cl6
C6H6Cl6
2, 5-Difluoroaniline
lodobenzene.
o-Iodophenol
m-Iodophenol IC6H4OH
p-Iodophenol IC6H4OH
lodosobenzene
..
lodoxybenzene
Benzenesulfone iodide C6H5SO21
2, 4-Diiodoaniline I 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2
Pyridyl-a-aldehyde
Pyridyl-/3-aldehyde
Nitrosobenzene
Picolinic acid
Nicotinic acid
Isonicotinic acid
Nitrobenzene
p-Nitrosophenol ONC6H4OH
o-Nitrophenol
m-Nitrophenol
p-Nitrophenol
2-Nitroresorcinol
ra-(OH)2C6H3NO2
4-Nitroresorcinol ra-(OH) ,C 6 H 3 NO 2 ....
Nitrohydroquinone
2-Nitrophenol-4-sulfonic acid.
Aziminobenzene
Triazobenzene
2, 3-Dinitroaniline (NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2
2, 4-Dinitroaniline
2, 5-Dinitroaniline (NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2 .. . .
2, 6-Dinitroaniline
3, 4-Dinitroaniline (NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2 .. . .
3, 5-Dinitroaniline (NO 2 J 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2
Picramic acid
Benzene
Dipropargyl
Tri- (2-chlorovinyl)arsine
o-Bromoaniline
w-Bromoaniline
p-Bromoaniline BrC 6 H 4 NH 2 ...
3, 4-Dibromophenylhydrazine
3, 5-Dibromophenylhydrazine
a-rcm,s-Benzenehexabromide
-cis-Benzenehexabromide
o-Chloroaniline ClC6H4NH2
w-Chloroaniline
p-Chloroaniline
2-Chloro-3-aminophenol
2-Chloro-4-aminophenol
p-Chlorometanilic acid
2, 4-Dichlorophenylhydrazine
a-*rans-Benzenehexachloride
/3-cfs-Benzenehexachloride
129.05
203.97
219.97
219.97
219.97
219.97
235.97
268.04
344.91
107.05
107.05
107.05
123.05
123.05
123.05
123.05
123.05
139.05
139.05
139.05
155.05
155.05
155.05
219.11
119.06
119.06
183.06
183.06
183.06
183.06
183.06
183.06
199.06
78.046
78.046
259.38
171.97
171.97
171.97
265.89
265.89
557.54
557.54
127.51
127.51
127.51
143.51
143.51
207.58
176.98
176.98
176.98
290.79
290.79
M. P.
71.5
50.5
-41.2
16.1
13.8
28.5;
48.2
13.5
-31.4
40.4
40
94
exp. 210
exp. 238
45
96
68
137
232
317
5.7
126
45
96
113
85
115
134
141
99
127
188
137
138
154
159
165
5.5
-6
31.5
18.5
66.4
75
95.5
212
253
O
-10.4
71
87
153
28Od.
94
105
118
157
310
B. P.
' '
No.
272
260
258
224.6
86
1.375
1.319
1.024
804
487
18369
188
1.222
1.189f
652
1083
85.830
188.6
187160
1.28817-2
1.832
1.87680
792
181
9715
591
1.126
947
210.9
1.207
736
214.5
19470
1.447
1.485
1.468
73.524
1.09810
991
1320
606
380
79.6
85.4
260
251
251
0.878
0.805
1.572
1.587Jj?'3
793
210.5
229.8
231
1.213
1.215
1.17Oj0
774
776
288
1.87
1.891>
No.
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1441.1
1441.2
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
Formula
C6H6Cl6
C6H6Cl6
C6H6FN
C6H6FN
C6H6FN
C6H6IN
C6H6IN
C6H6IN
C6H6N2O
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O3
C6H6N2O3
C6H6N2O3
C6H6N2O3
C6H6N2O3
C6H6N2O3
C6H6N2O3
C6H6N2O4
C6H6N2O4
C6H6N4O3
C6H6N4O3
C6H6N4O3
C6H6N4O7
C6H6O
C6H6O2
C6H6O2
C6H6O2
C6H6O2
C6H6O2S
C6H6O3
C6H6O3
C6H6O8
C6H6O3
C6H6O3S
C6H6O4
C6H6O4
C6H6O4
C6H6O4
C6H6O4S
C6H6O6
C6H6S
C6H6Se
C6H6S2
C6H6S2
C6H7As
C6H7AsO8
C6H7BrN2
C6H7ClN2
C6H7ClN2
C6H7ClN2
C6H7ClN2
C6H7ClO
C6H7ClO4
C6H7ClO4
C6H7N
C6H7N
C6H7N
C6H7N
C6H7NO
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
T-Benzenehexachloride
o-Benzenehexachloride
o-Fluoroaniline
w-Fluoroaniline
p-Fluoroaniline
o-Iodoaniline
ra-Iodoaniline
p-Iodoaniline
p-Nitrosoaniline
Phenylnitroamine
o-Nitroaniline
w-Nitroaniline O 2 NC 6 H 4 NH 2
p-Nitroaniline
Quinonedioxime P-C6H4(NOH)2
3-Nitro-2-aminophenol
2-Nifcro-4-aminophenol
5-Acetylbarbituric acid
Dimethylalloxan
1-Methyluric acid
3-Methyluric acid
7-Methyluric acid
Ammonium picrate
Phenol
o-Dihydroxybenzene 1,2-C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 *..
Resorcinol 1,3-C6H4(OH)2
Hydroquinol 1, 4-C6H4(OH)2
5-Methylfurfural
Benzenesulfinic acid
Pyrogallol 1, 2, 3-C6H3(OH)3
Hydroxyhydroquinone
Phloroglucinol
Acrylic anhydride
Benzenesulfonic acid
Apionol 1, 2, 3, 4-C6H2(OH)4
1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrahydroxybenzene
1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrahydroxybenzene
Muconic acid (CHiCHCO2H)2
o-Phenolsulfonic acid
Aconitic acid
Thiophenol C6H5SH
Selenophenol C6H5SeH
Dithioresorcinol 1, 3-C6H4(SH)2
Dithiohydroquinone 1,4-C 6 H 4 (SH) 2 ....
Phenylarsine C6H5AsH2
Phenylarsonic acid
p-Bromophenylhydrazine
4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine
4-Chloro-ra-phenylenediamine
o-Chlorophenylhydrazine
p-Chlorophenylhydrazine
Sorbic chloride
Methyl chloromaleate
Methyl chlorofumarate
Aniline
,
a-Picoline.
/3-Picoline
T-Picoline
o-Aminophenol
290.79
290.79
111.05
Ill .05
Ill .05
218.99
218.99
218.99
122.06
138.06
138.06
138.06
138.06
138.06
154.06
154.06
154.06
154.06
154.06
154.06
154.06
170.06
170.06
182.08
182.08
182.08
246.08
94.046
110.05
110.05
110.05
110.05
142.11
126.05
126.05
126.05
126.05
158.11
142.05
142.05
142.05
142.05
174.11
174.05
110.11
157.25
142.18
142.18
154. Ol
202.01
186.99
142.53
142.53
142.53
142.53
130.51
178.51
178.51
93.062
93.062
93.062
93.062
109.06
I2
129
-34.6
* Commonly known as catechol, pyrocatechol, catechin, pyrocatechin.
-1.9
56.5
27
62
174
46
71.5
111 .8
148
240
136
143
202
111
165
206
148
300
255 d.
40Od.
>360 d.
37Od.
d.
41
105
110
170.5
84
134
140.5
219
46
161
165
220
32Od.
50
191
27
98
B. P.
^l l'
No.
68.514
186.3
189
1.151
1.160
1.152
716
722
707
286
1.430
1.424
182
245
276.5
286.2
187
100 d.
309
1.719
1.071?
1.344
1.28515
1.332
1.1091*
1318
1064
1272
1275
1184
1.453
1333
9735
d.
1.094
169.5
183.6
243
l .Q74
1.48715
1002
148
158 d.
107
72
86
47
90
-6.2
-69.9
170
1.840
7815
106.518
115.518
184.4
128.0
143.5
143.1
1.065
1.27825
1.29025
1.022
0.950
0.952
0.957
741
769
604
1018
No.
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1455
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1471.1
1472
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1504.1
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
Formula
C 6 H 7 NO
C6H7NO
C6H7NO
C 6 H 7 NO
C6H7NO2
C6H7NO2S
C6H7NO3S
C 6 H 7 NS
C6H7N3O2
C6H7N3O2
C6H7N3O2
C 6 H 7 N 6 Oi 6
C6H7O2P
C6H7O3P
C6H7P
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8
C6H8AsNO3
C6H8BrN
C6H8ClN
C6H8ClNO
C6H8ClNO
C6H8Cl2O2
C6H8N
C6H8N2
C6H8N2
C6H8N2
C6H8N2
C6H8N2
C6H8N2
C6H8N2O
C6H8N2O
C6H8N2O
C6H8N2O3
C6H8N2O3
C6H8N2O3
C6H8N2O3S
C6H8N2O3S
C6H8N2O4S2
C6H8N2O4S2
C6H8N2O4S2
C 6 H 8 N 6 Oi 8
C6H8O
C6H8O2
C6H8O2
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O4
C6H8O6
C6H8O5
C6H8O5
C6H8O6
C6H8O6
C6H8O7
C6H8O8
C6H8S
C6H8S
C6H8S
C6H8S
Name
MoL wt.
M. P.
m-Aminophenol
p-Aminophenol
Methyl 2-pyrryl ketone
0-Phenylhydroxylamine
Phloramine 3, 5-(OH)2C6H3NH2
Benzenesulfoneamide
p-Anilinesulfonic acid
2-Aminothiophenolr
,
4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine
4-Nitro-ra-phenylenediamine
2-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine
d-Glucose pentanitrate
Phenylphosphenous acid
Phenylphosphenic acid
Phenyl phosphine C6H5PH2
1, 3-Cyclohexadiene
Diallylene (CH2CiCH)2
o-Dihydrobenzene
ra-Dihydrobenzene
p-Dihydrobenzene
Arsanilic acid ^NH 2 C 6 H 4 AsO(OH) 2 ....
Aniline hydrobromide
Aniline hydrochloride
m-Aminophenol hydrochloride
p-Aminophenol hydrochloride
Adipyl dichloride
Piturine
Adipyldinitrile
o-Phenylenediamine
w-Phenylenediamine
p-Phenylenediamine
2, 5-Dimethylpyrazine (Retine)
Phenylhydrazine C 6 H 0 NHNH 2
2, 5-Diaminophenol
3, 4-Diaminophenol
3, 5-Diaminophenol
1, 3-Dimethylbarbituric acid
1-Ethylbarbituric acid
Aniline nitrate
o-Phenylenediamine-3-sulfonic acid
p-Phenylhydrazinesulfonic acid
o-Benzenedisulfoneamide
m-Benzenedisulfoneamide
p-Benzenedisulfoneamide
Mannitol hexanitrate
2, 5-Dimethylfuran
Dihydroresorcinol W-(OH)2C6H6
Sorbic acid CH3(CH:CH)2CO2H
Dimethyl fumarate
Dimethyl maleate
Ethyl f umarate CO2HCHiCHCO2C2H5.
Lactide
..
Acetonylmalonic acid
Acetylmalic acid
1-Ketoadipic acid
Tricarballylic acid
Glycerol triformate (Triformin)
Citric acid (HO 2 CCH 2 ) 2 C(OH)CO 2 H...
Hydroxycitric acid
2, 3-Dimethylthiophene.
2, 4-Dimethylthiophene
109.06
109.06
109.06
109.06
125.06
157.13
173.13
125.13
153.08
153.08
153.08
405.09
142.08
158.08
110.08
80.062
80.062
80.062
80.062
80.062
217.03
173.99
129.53
145.53
145.53
182.98
94.070
108.08
108.08
108.08
108.08
108.08
108.08
124.08
124.08
124.08
156.08
156.08
156.08
188.14
188.14
236.21
236.21
236.21
452.11
96.062
112.06
112.06
144.06
144.06
144.06
144.06
160.06
160.06
160.06
176.06
176.06
192.06
208.06
112.13
112.13
112.13
112.13
123
184
90
82
152
156
288
26
198
161
135
135 d.
70
158
-98
<200
286
198
229
306 d.
1
103.8
62.8
139.7
15
19.6
68
168
170
123
120
B. P.
1333
234
250 d.
160
80.5
70
78.5
80.5
85.5
1.475
-1.001"
0.842
0.85818-2
0.848
0.830
0.848
245
1.222
519
1245
1333
1321 s. d.
244
295
252
287
267
155
243.5
1.107J7'7
1086
0.990
1.098
1017
784
19Od.
1.358
0.951}5
1.8
0.888
94
70
125
150
134
124
166
18
153
160
^l L
No.
220
d.
286
233
229
188
113
104
134.5
102
d
___
228 d.
192
203
1.153U
255
0.862
471
974
1333
382
d.
266
1.320
1.542
137
138
137.5
146
0.994
0.996
0.976 175
LOOS 2 ?. 6
373
1202
No.
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1572.1
1573
1574
1575
Formula
C6H9AsO6
C6H9ClN2
C6H9ClO3
C6H9N
C6H9N
C6H9N
C6H9N
C6H9N
C6H9NO2
C 6 H 9 NO 3
C6H9NO3S
C6H9NO6S
C6H9N3
C6H9N3
C6H9N3O
C6H9N3O2
C6H9N3O2
C6H9N3O3
C6H9N3O4
C6H10
C6H10
C6H10
C6H10
C 6 Hi 0
C6H10
C6H10ClN3O2
C6H10N4O13
C6H10O
C6H10O
C6H10O
C6H10O
C6H10O
C6H10O
C6H10O
C6H10O
C6H10O2
C6H10O2
C6H10O2
C6H10O2
C6H10O2
C6H10O2
C6H10O2
C6H10O2
C6H10O2
C6Hj0O2
C6H10O3
C6H10O3
C6H10O3
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O4
C6H10O6
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
Arsenic acetate
Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride
Ethyl chloroacetoacetate
1, 2-Dimethylpyrrol
2, 3-Dimethylpyrrol
2, 4-Dimethylpyrrol
2, 5-Dimethylpyrrol
1-Ethylpyrrol
Guavacine
Triacetamide (CH3CO)3N
Ammonium benzenesulfonate
m-Aminophenol sulfate
1, 2, 3-Triaminobenzene
1, 2, 4-Triaminobenzene
2, 4, 6-Triaminophenol...
Cupferron
Histidine
Phloroglucinol trioxime
Caffuricacid
n-Butylacetylene C4H9CiCH
Diisopropenyl (CH3C:CH2)2
1, 5-Hexadiene (CH2CH:CH2)2
2, 4-Hexadiene (CH:CHCH3)2
Methylpropylacetylene CH 3 CCiC 3 H 7 ...
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrobenzene
Histidine hydrochloride
Tetranitrodiglycerol
Cyclohexanone
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrophenol
1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydrophenol
AUyI ether (CH2:CHCH2)20
l-Ethyl-2-methylacrolein
Allylacetone CH 2 :CH(CH 2 ) 2 COCH 3 ....
Diethylketene (C2H5)2C:CO
Mesityl oxide (CH 3 ) 2 C:CHCOCH 3 .....
Adipyl dialdehyde OCH(CH 2 ) 4 CHO....
Propionylpropionic aldehyde
Acetonylacetone (CH3COCH2)2
a-Ethylcrotonic acid
1, 2-Hexenic acid C 3 H 7 CHrCHCO 2 H...
2, 3-Hexenic acid
1, 2-Isohexenic acid
Crotonyl acetate
Ethyl a-crotonate
Ethyl isocrotonate
Glyceryl ether
Propionic anhydride (CH 3 CH 2 CO) 2 O...
Ethyl acetoacetate
Adipicacid HO2C (CH2) 4CO2H
1, 1-Dimethylsuccinic acid
Ethylsuccinic acid
Methylethylmalonic acid
Propylmalonic acid C 3 H 7 CH(CO 2 H) 2 ...
Isopropylmalonic acid
Dimethyl succinate (CH2CO2CH3) 2 . . . . .
Dimethyl isosuccinate
Diethyl oxalate (CO2C2Hs)2
Glycol diacetate (CH2OCOCHs)2
Ethylidene diacetate
Methyl Z-1-acetoxypropionate
Mannide
Isomannide
Lactic anhydride (CH3CHOHCO) 2
252.03
144.54
164.53
95.077
95.077
95.077
95.077
95.077
127.08
143.08
175.14
207.14
123.09
123.09
139.09
155.09
155.09
171.09
187.09
82.077
82.077
82.077
82.077
82.077
82.077
191.56
346.11
98.077
98.077
98.077
98.077
98.077
98.077
98.077
98.077
114.08
114.08
114.08
114.08
114.08
114.08
114.08
114.08
114.08
114.08
130.08
130.08
130.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
146.08
162.08
82
243
B. P.
164
253d.
155 exp.
220
-150
-103.7
251 d.
-59.0
40
-9
45
32
-45.0
< -80
151
142
98
117.5
96
87
19.5
-40.6
-31
87
26Od.
?1L
No.
17031
200
65"
165
171
169
131
285 d.
79
256
152
103
100
1.179g
0.927}4
0.935
0.88816
829
909
0.73115
0.688
0.718
0.749
0.810
852
127
819
336
340
257
71.5
69.6
60
82
84
83
250*
156.7
166 d.
166
94.3
137.3
129.5
89.5
135
949
166
194
209
217
208
10812
129
139
131.2
173
196.0
180
265100
165 d.
192.8
179
186.1
190.5
169
172
317
274
1.33
0.949
404
874
0.805
0.858
0.846
0.831
0.863
899
0.970
428
0.965
0.962
0.959
0.934
0.919
0.925
1.091
1.012
1.025
1055
953
885
1.121
1.028"
1.080
1.104
0.852
1.089
942
876
283
142
243
182
216
"
No.
1576
1577
1578
1578.1
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
~ TI T
Formula
C6Hi0O5
C6Hi0O5
(C6H10O5)X
(C6H10O5)X
C6H10O5
C6Hi0O6
C6H10O6
C6Hi0O6
C6H10O8
C6H10O8
C6H10O8
C6H10O8
C6H10S
C6HnBr
C 6 HnBrN 2 O 2
C6Hi1BrO2
C6H11BrO2
C6H11BrO2
C6H11BrO2
C6H11Cl
C6H11ClO
C6HnClO2
C6H11Cl2N3O2
C6H11Cl3O2
C6H11Cl8O2
C6H11I
C6H11N
C6H11N
C6H11N
C6H11NO2
C6H11NO2
C6H11NO3
C6H11NS
C6H11N3O4
C6H12
C6H12
C6H12
C6H12
C6H12
C6H12
C6H12
C6H12
C6H12
C6H12As2
C6H12As3BiO6
C6H12Cl2O2
C6H12N2O2
C6H12N2O2
C6H12N2O4S2
C 6 H 12 N 4
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
Name
MoI. wt.
Dimethyl malate
162.08
0-Glucosan
162.08
Glycogen
(162.OS)x
Starch
(162.OS)x
d-Saccharine
162.08
Dimethyl ^/-tartrate (CH(OH)CO2CHs)2 178.08
Dimethyl d-tartrate
178.08
Ethyl d-tartrate
178.08
Allomucic acid
210.08
Mucicacid HO2C(CHOH)4CO2H
210.08
d(Z)-Talomucic acid
210.08
Isosaccharic acid
210.08
Diallyl sulfide (CH2:CHCH2)2S
114.14
Cyclohexyl bromide
" . . . 163.00
Bromural
223.02
1-Bromocaproic acid C4H9CHBrCO2H.. 195.00
2-Bromocaproic acid
195.00
Ethyl 1-bromobutyrate
195. OO
Ethyl 1-bromoisobutyrate
195. OO
Cyclohexyl chloride
118.54
n-Caproyl chloride C5H11COCl...:
134.54
Isoamyl chloroformate
150.54
Histidine dihydrochloride
228.03
Trichloroacetal Cl3CCH (OC2H5),
221.46
Trichloroacetal (solid)
221.46
Cyclohexyl iodide
210.02
Capronitrile C5H11CN
97.09
Isocapronitrile (CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 2 ) 2 CN....
97.09
Isocaproisonitrile (CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 2 ) 2 NC .
97.09
Hygricacid
129.09
Nitrocyclohexane
129.09
Adipyl amide HO 2 C(CH 2 J 4 CONH 2
145.09
Isoamyl isothiocyanate
129.16
Citramide (H2NOCCH2)2C(OH)CONH2 189.11
Butylethylene C4H9CHiCH 2
84.092
2, 2-Dimethyl-4-butene
84.092
Cyclohexane
84.092
2-Methyl-2-pentene (CH3)2C:CHC2H5..
84.092
Methylcyclopentane
84.092
3-Methyl-2-pentene (isomer 1)
84.092
3-Methyl-2-pentene (isomer 2)
84.092
2, 3-Dimethyl-l-butene
84.092
Tetramethylethylene
84.092
Cacodyl carbide
234.01
Bismuth cacodylate (8H2O)
613.97
Dichloroacetal C12CHCH(OC2H5)2
187.01
Adipic diamide H2NOC(CH2)4CONH2.. 144.11
s2/m.-Diethyloxamide
. 144.11
Z-Cystine.....
240.24
Hexamethylenetetramine
140.12
Cyclohexanol
100.09
2-Hexene-4-ol
100.09
Dimethyl propenyl carbinol
100.09
'
Pinacolin (CH3)3CCOCH3
100.09
Ethyl isocrotonyl ether
100.09
Isopropyl allyl ether
100.09
n-Caproic aldehyde C5H11CHO
100.09
Isobutylacetaldehyde
100.09
Methylpropylacetaldehyde
100.09
Ethyl propyl ketone C2H5COC3H7
100.09
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
100.09
Methyl n-butyl ketone CH 3 COC 4 H 9 .... 100.09
Methyl isobutyl ketone
100.09
|
M. P.
B. P.
242
178
240
d.
161
85
48; 61.5
90
171 d.
206 d.
158 d.
185
-83.0
154
d
1.233
' '
No.
3T
1.5021
1164
282
280
1.328
138.7
165.5
0.888f'8
1.333
1034
575
13110
35
179 d.
164 d.
142.5
153
156
1.325JJ
1.315JJ
0.973
197
230 d.
192
163
155.5
137
1.266
451
543
1.024^
235 d.
83
-51.1
169
-34
130
205.5
1.626
0.809
0.806
188
159
1.068
182
215
-98.5
6.5
-140.5
64.1
42.3
81.4
67.1
73
65.7
70.2
59
73
84.515
82
184
0.683
44
0.779
0.692
0.750
0.722
0.698
0.680
0.712
304
881
-52.5
- 56.9
-84.7
199
1.13814
220
190
258 d.
23.9
848
128
1187
263
161.5
5927
112
106.2
94
84.2
129
121.7
121
124
114.5
127.2
119
0.962
0.837
0.835
0.811
1051
1008
321
0.776
0.834
0.81817 5
0.830?
0.830
0.803
124
96
No.
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1675.1
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1690.1
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
Formula
Name
C6Hi2O
Methyl sec.-butyl ketone
C6Hi2O2
Diacetone alcohol
C6Hi2O2
tert.-Butylacetic
acid
C6H12O2
Caproicacid C5Hi1CO2H
C6Hi2O2
Isocaproic acid
C6Hi2O2
Diethylacetic acid (C 2 Ho) 2 CHCO 2 H....
C6Hi2O2
Dimethylethylacetic acid
C6Hi2O2
Methylpropylacetic acid
C6Hi2O2
rc-Amyl
formate HCO2C5Hn
C6H12O2
Isoamyl formate
C6Hi2O2
tert.-A.myl formate
C6H12O2
n-Butyl acetate CH3CO2C4H9
C6H12O2
Isobutyl acetate CH3CO2CH2CH(CHs)2
C6Hi2O2
sec.-Butyl acetate
C6H12O2
Ethyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2C2H5
C6Hi2O2
Ethyl isobutyrate
C6Hi2O2
Methyl trimethylacetate
C6Hi2O2
Methyl n-valerate C4H9CO2CH3
C6Hi2O2
Methyl isovalerate
C6Hi2O2
n-Propyl propionate C2H5CO2C3H7
C6Hi2O2
Isopropyl propionate
C6H12O3
Phloroglucite
C6H12O3
Paraldehyde (CH3CHO)3
C6Hi2O3
1-Hydroxy-rc-caproic acid
C6Hi2O3
1-Hydroxyisocaproic acid
C6Hi2O3
dM-Hydroxyisocaproic acid
C6Hi2O3
1-Hydroxy-l, 1-diethylacetic acid
C6H12O3
Methyl n-butyl carbonate
C6Hi2O5
Fucose
C6Hi2O5
Mannitan
C6Hi2O5
d-Quercitol
C 6 Hi 2 O 5
Z-Quercitol
C6H12O5 (H2O)
0-Rhamnose
C6H12O5
Rhodeose
C6H12O6
d-Fructose (Lvulose)
C6H12O6
d, a-Galactose
C6H12O6
d, 0-Galactose
C6H12O6
^-Galactose
C6H12O6
d, a-Glucose
C6Hi2O6
d, 0-Glucose
C6H12O6
d(0-Inosite
C6Hi2O6
Dambose
C6H12O6
a-Mannose
C6H12O6
d-Mannose
C6H12O6
cft-Mannose
C6H12O6
d(Z)-Sorbose
C6H12O6
dZ-Sorbose
C6H12O6
d-Tagatose
C6H12S
Cyclohexyl mercaptan
C6H12S3
a-Trithioacetaldehyde
C6H12S3
/3-Trithioacetaldehyde (C2H4S)3
C6H12S3
7-Trithioacetaldehyde
C6H12Se
Hexamethyl selenide
C6H13Br
2-Bromo-2, 3-dimethylbutane
C6H13Br
n-Hexyl bromide C5H11CH2Br
C6H13BrO2
Bromoacetal BrCH2CH(OC2H5) 2
C6H13Cl
2-Chloro-2, 3-dimethylbutane
C6H13Cl
n-Hexyl chloride C5H11CH2Cl
C6H13ClN4O4
Hexamethylenetetramine perchlorate
C6H13I
n-Hexyl iodide C5HnCH21
C6H13IO2
Iodoacetal ICH2CH(OC2H5),
C6H13N
1-Methylpiperidine
C6H13N
2-Methylpiperidine (a-Pipecoline)
MoI. wt.
100.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
116.09
132.09
132.09
132.09
132.09
132.09
132.09
132.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
116.16
180.29
180.29
180.29
163.29
165.02
165.02
197.02
120.56
120.56
240.59
212.03
244.03
99.108
99.108
M. P.
-11
-9.5
-35
<-15
-14
-76.8
-98.9
-93.3
-88.2
-75.9
185
10.5
62
81
76
74.5
B. P.
117.8
166
190
202
207.7
197
187
193.5
130.4
123.5
113
126.5
118.3
112.2
121.3
111.7
102
127.3
116.7
123.4
111.3
0.815
0.93125
0.928
0.902
0.871
0.8961S
0.882
0.871
0.870
0.879
0.871
1.044o
0.910
0.881
0.883
0.893
124
0.994
0.929
0.925
0.9334'2
* *
No.
115
207
217
201
83
95
118
73
91
80
92
244
151
145
137
234
174
126
144
104
168
168
144
146
150
247
224
133
132
133
154
154
124
101
126
81
13
-30.4
1.5851'
1.471
1219
1.66917-s
1.5442*
250vacd.
205 d.
1.752
1.539
1.612
1.638
160
247
100
172
132
156
170
112.1
134
1.173
422
0,87525
0.872
238
180
13290
107
119
1.441
1.4941*
0.818
0.84423-6
1.122
158
560
416
1 1016
T> T
No.
1701
1702
1703
1704
1704.1
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1726.1
1727
1728
1730
1730.1
1732
1733
1733.1
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
Formula
C6H13N
C6H13N
C6H13NO2
C6H13NO2
C6H13NO2
C6H13NO2
C6H13NO2
C6H13NO2
C 6 H 13 NO 2
C6H13NO6
C6H13NO6
C6H13NO6
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14INO6
C6H14N2
C6H14N2O
C6H14N2O
C6H14N2O7
C6H14N4O2
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6Hi4O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O2
C6H14O2
C6H14O2
C6H14O2
C6H14O6
C6H14O5
C6H14O6
C6H14O6
C6H14O6
C6H14O6
C6H14O6
C6H14S
C6H14S
C6H16As
C6H16AsO3
C6H16AsO4
C6H16Bi
C6H16N
C6H16N
Name
3-Methylpiperidine (-Pipecoline)
4-Methylpiperidine (T-Pipecoline)
Hedonal H2NCO2CH(CH3)C8H7
Isoamyl carbamate
Propyl urethane C3H7NHCO2C2H5
Z-Leucine (CHg) 2 CHCH(NH 2 )CO 2 H....
dZ-Leucine
d(Z)-Isoleucine
dZ-Isoleucine
d-Glueosamine
d-Glucosimine
d-Glucosoxime
Diisopropyl (CH3) 2 CHCH(CH 3 ) 2
n-Hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3
3-Methylpentane (C2H5)2CHCH3
2-Methylpentane (CH 3 J 2 CHC 3 H 7 ......
2, 2-Dimethylbutane (CHs)3CC2H5
d-Glucosamine hydroiodide
a, 2, 5-Dimethylpiperazine
Diacetoneamineoxime
Dipropylnitrosamine (C 3 H 7 ) 2 NNO
Ammonium citrate
Arginine
tert.-Amyl carbinol
Isohexyl alcohol
Dimethylisopropyl carbinol
Ethylpropyl carbinol
Z(d)-Ethylpropyl carbinol
Ethylisopropyl carbinol
n-Hexyl alcohol C6H13OH
Methylbutyl carbinol
d-Methylbutyl carbinol
Methyl-sec.-butyl carbinol
Pinacolyl alcohol (CH 3 ) 3 CH(OH)CH 3 . .
d-Pinacolyl alcohol
Methyldiethyl carbinol
3-Methyl-3-ethylpropyl alcohol
2-Methyl-2-propylethyl alcohol
Ethyl n-butyl ether C4H9OC2H5
Ethyl isobutyl ether
Methyl n-amyl ether C5H11OCH3
Methyl isoamyl ether....
Propyl ether (C3H7)20
Isopropyl ether [(CHg)2CH]20
Pinacone [(CHs)2COH]2
Hexane-1, 5-diol
Hexane-1, 6-diol HOCH2(CH2)4CH2OH
Acetal CH3CH(OC2H5)2
Diglycerol [(HO)2C3Hs]20
Fucitol
Rhamnitol
Dulcitol
d-Mannitol
d-Sorbitol
d-Talitol
Dipropyl sulfide (C3H7)2S
Diisopropyl sulfide [(CH3)2CH]2S
Triethyl arsine (C2H5)3As
Triethyl arsenite (C2H5O)3As
Triethyl arsenate (C2H5O)3AsO
Triethyl bismuthine (C2H6)3Bi
Di-n-propylamine (C 3 H 7 ) 2 NH
Diisopropylamine [(CH3J2CH]2NH
MoI. wt.
99.108
99.108
131.11
131.11
131.11
131.11
131.11
131.11
131.11
179.11
179.11
195.11
86.108
86.108
86.108
86.108
86.108
307.05
114.12
130.12
130.12
226.12
174.14
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
102.11
118.11
118.11
118.11
118.11
166.11
166.11
166.11
182.11
182.11
182.11
182.11
118.17
118.17
162.08
210.08
226.08
296.12
101.12
101.12
M. P.
74
63.5
295
290
28Od.
275
110 d.
128
138
-135.1
-94.3
-98.2
165 d.
119
58
B. P.
26
129
215
220
186
58.1
69.0
64
60.0
49.7
d
0.845
0.867
^
24
- 1020
0.9921*
1.293
1221
0.66615
0.660
0.668
0.654
0.649
38
32
34
27
23
162
13517
205
1.483
207.5 d.
-14
-51.6
5.5
-22
-122.0
38
42
153
121
188
166.1
110
86
-30.6
135
165
122
135
134733
128
155.8
131.9
138
134
121
120
122.6
152.1
147.9
91.4
80
88.5
91
89
68.7
172.8
233
250
102.2
23010
0.844$
0.840J
0.823
0.819
0.825135
0.824
0.820
0.803f
0.815
0.83118
0.8122*
0.820
0.824
0.83015
0.829
0.752
0.751
0.754
0.687^1
0.747
0.735 162
429
211
183
205
245
214
242
231
53
41
0.981
0.831
2953-s
2953-5
l .46615
1.489
142
120.4
141 d.
166
238
10779
110.7
84
0.814
1.150
1.224J
1.326
1.82
0.738
0.72222
42
1333
1333
1333
495
149
No.
Formula
1762
1762.1
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1769.1
1770
1771
1772
1773
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
C6Hi5N
C6H16N
C6H18N
C6H15N
C6H15NO2
C6H15N3
C6H15O3P
C6H16O4P
C6H16P
C6H15PS
C6H16Sb
C6H16ClN
C6H16N2
C6Hi8N6O4S
C7HCl6O2
C7H2Br4O2
C7H2Cl4O2
C7H3Br3O2
C7H3Br3O2
C7H3Br3O2
C7H3Br3O2
C7H3Br3O2
C7H3Cl3O2
C7H3Cl3O2
C7H3Cl3O2
C7H3Cl3O2
C7H3Cl3O2
C7H3N3O7
C7H3N3O8
C7H4BrClO
C7H4BrClO
C7H4BrClO
G7H4BrN
C7H4BrN
C7H4BrN
C7H4Br2O2
C7H4Br2O2
C7H4Br2O2
C7H4Br2O2
C7H4Br2O2
C7H4Br2O2
C7H4Br2O5
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
C7H4ClFO
C7H4ClFO
C7H4ClFO
C7H4ClNO3
C7H4ClNO3
C7H4ClNO3
C7H4Cl2O
C7H4Cl2O
C7H4Cl2O
C7H4Cl2O
C7H4Cl2O
C7H4Cl2O
C7H4Cl2O2
C7H4Cl2O2
C7H4Cl2O2
C7H4Cl2O2
C7H4Cl2O2
C7H4Cl2O2
C7H4Cl3NO2
C7H4Cl4
Name
MoI. wt.
w-Hexylamine C6H13NH2
101.12
2-Hexylamine C4H9CH(NH2)CH3
101.12
Isohexylamine (CHg) 2 CH(CH 2 )SNH 2 ... 101.12
Triethylamine (C2H5)3N
101.12
Aminoacetal H2NCH2CH(OC2H6),
133.12
Acetaldehydeammonia (trimeric)
129.14
Triethyl phosphite (C 2 H 5 O) 3 P...
166.14
Triethyl phosphate (C2H6O)3PO
182.14
Triethylphosphine (C2H6)3P
118.14
Triethyl phosphinesulfide
150.20
Triethyl stibine (C2H6)3Sb
208.89
Triethylamine hydrochloride
137.59
Hexamethylenediamine H2N(CH2)6NH2 116.14
1, 1-Dimethylguanidine sulfate
270.25
Pentachlorobenzoic acid C 6 Cl 6 CO 2 H.... 294.30
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrabromobenzoie acid
. . 437.68
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzoic acid
259.85
2, 3, 4-Tribromobenzoic acid
358.77
358.77
358.77
358.77
358.77
2, 3, 4-Trichlorobenzoic acid
225.40
225.40
225.40
225.40
3, 4, 5-Tjichlorobenzoic acid
225.40
2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzaldehyde
241.05
2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzoic acid
257.05
o-Bromobenzoyl chloride
219.41
ra-Bromobenzoyl
chloride
219.41
p-Bromobenzoyl chloride.
219.41
o-Bromobenzonitrile
181.96
ra-Bromobenzonitrile
181.96
p-Bromobenzonitrile
181.96
2, 3-Dibromobenzoic acid
279.86
279.86
279.86
279.86
279.86
279.86
2, 6-Dibromo-3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic
acid
327.86
o-Fluorobenzoyl chloride
158.49
m-Muorobenzoyl chloride
158.49
p-Fluorobenzoyl chloride p-FC6H4COCl 158.49
o-Nitrobenzoyl chloride
185.50
m-Nitrobenzoyl chloride
185.50
p-Nitrobenzoyl chloride
185.50
2, 4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde
174.95
174.95
174.95
o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride
174.95
m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride
174.95
p-Chlorobenzoyl chloride
174.95
2, 3-Dichlorobenzoic acid
190.95
190.95
190.95
190.95
190.95
190.95
2, 3, 4-Trichloronitrotoluene
240.41
2-Chloro-l-trichloromethylbenzene
229.86
M. P.
-19
-94.4
-114.8
B. P.
128
130742
123.9
89.5
163
?1 *'
No.
0.767 204
0.728
129
156.5
216
128
1.07613-4
1.07212
0.800
169
150
413
1182
159.5
1.32416
1.069
85
94
254
39
288 d.
201
174
186
198
194
196
187
235
129
163
163
160
203
119
190
42
51
38
113
150
169
153
147
230
214
196
243
239
247 s. d.
253
225
237
150
75
34
72
71
58
44
-4
166
164.2
154.4
143.7
204.1
188.1
. 60
30
206
189
193
205105
278
1541*
233
248
238
117.526
11927-5
1.23170
301
260
1.51
No.
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
Formula
Name
_____^__
;
C 7 H 4 FNO 4
2-Fluoro-5-nitrobenzoic acid
C 7 H 4 FNO 4
C 7 H 4 FNO 4
C 7 H 4 FNO 4
C 7 H 4 FNO 4
C7H4I2O3
3, 5-Diiodosalicylic acid
C7H4N2O2
o-Nitrobenzonitrile
C7H4N2O2
m-Nitrobenzonitrile
C7H4N2O2
p-Nitrobenzonitrile
C7H4N2O5
2, 4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde
C7H4N2O5
2, 6-Dinitrobenzaldehyde
C7H4N2O6
2, 3-Dinitrobenzoic acid
C7H4N2O6
C7H4N2O6
C7H4N2O6
C7H4N2O6
C7H4N2O6
C7H4N2O7
3, 5-Dinitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
C7H4N4O9
2, 3, 5, 6-Tetranitroanisol
C7H4O4S
o-Sulfobenzoic anhydride
C7H4O7
Meconic acid
C7H5BrO
Benzoyl bromide C6H5COBr
C7H5BrO2
o-Bromobenzoic acid
C7H5BrO2
ra-Bromobenzoic
acid
C7H5BrO2
p-Bromobenzoic acid
C7H5BrO3
3-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
C7H5BrO3
5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
C7H5Br3
2, 3, 4-Tribromotoluene
C7H5Br3
C7H5Br3
C7H5Br8
C7H5Br3
C7H5Br3
C7H5ClO
o-Chlorobenzaldehyde
C7H5ClO
w-Chlorobenzaldehyde
C7H5ClO
p-Chlorobenzaldehyde
C7H5ClO
Benzoyl chloride C6H5COCl.
C7H5ClO2
o-Chlorobenzoic acid
C7H5ClO2
ra-Chlorobenzoic
acid
C7H5ClO2
p-Chlorobenzoic acid
C7H5ClO2
Salicyl chloride 0-HOC6H4COCl
C7H5ClO3
5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
C7H5Cl2NO2
m-Nitrobenzal chloride
C7H5Cl2NO4S
Halazone
C7H5Cl3
o-Chlorobenzal chloride
C7H5Cl3
p-Chlorobenzal chloride
C7H5Cl3
Benzotrichloride C6H5CCl3
C7H5Cl3
2, 3, 4-Trichlorotoluene..
C7H5Cl3
2, 4, 5-Trichlorotoluene
C7H5Cl3
3, 4, 5-Trichlorotoluene
C7H5Cl3O
2, 4, 6-Trichloro-3-hydroxytoluene
C7H5Cl3O
2, 4, 6-Trichloroanisol
C7H5FO
Benzoyl fluoride C6H5COF
C7H5FO2
o-Fluorobenzoic acid
C7H5FO2
m-Fluorobenzoic acid
C7H5FO2
p-Fluorobenzoic acid
C7H5IO
Benzoyl iodide C6H5COI
C7H5IO2
o-Iodobenzoic acid
C7H5IO2
w-Iodobenzoic acid
C7H5IO2
p-Iodobenzoic acid
C7H5IO3
3-Iodo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
C7H5N
Benzonitrile C6H5CN
C7H5N
Phenyl isocyanide C6H5NC
MoI. wt.
185.04
185.04
185.04
185.04
185.04
389.90
148.05
148.05
148.05
196.05
196.05
212.05
212.05
212.05
212.05
212.05
212.05
228.05
288.06
184.10
200.03
184.96
200.96
200.96
200.96
216.96
216.96
328.79
328.79
328.79
328.79
328.79
328.79
140.50
140.50
140.50
140.50
156.50
156.50
156.50
156.50
172.50
205.96
270.03
195.41
195.41
195.41
195.41
195.41
195.41
211.41
211.41
124.04
140.04
140.04
140.04
231.97
247.97
247.97
247.97
263.97
103.05
103.05
M. P.
B. P.
T? T
'
No.
139
122
134.5
130
121.5
23Od.
109
118
147
72
123
201
179
177
202 d.
163
205
174
154; 112
130
O
148
152
251
220
165
45
54
59
113
66
89
-3
18
47.5
-0.8
140.7
154.9
241.5
18.0
167.5
65
213
d.
219
1.570
1333
205
204
214
197.2
1.252
1.241
1.19661
1.211
753
751
1092
737
591-0 s. d.
228.5
234
220.7
234
232
247
-4.8
41
82
42.5
46
60.5
l.39915
1.378}5
240.7
162
122
124
182
3
162
185
266
198
-13.1
13525
190.7
166 d.
1.008168
0.97815
1028
No.
Formula
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
C7H6NO
C 7 H 6 NO
C 7 H 5 NO
C 7 H 5 NO
C7H5NOS
C7H5NOS
C 7 H 6 NO 3
C6H5NO3
C 7 H 5 NO 3
C7H6NO3S
C7H5NO4
C 7 H 5 NO 4
C 7 H 6 NO 4
C 7 H 6 NO 4
C7H6NO4
C 7 H 5 NO 4
C 7 H 5 NO 4
C 7 H 5 NO 4
C 7 H 5 NO 4
C 7 H 5 NO 5
C 7 H 5 NO 6
C7H6NO5
C 7 H 5 NO 5
C 7 H 5 NO 5
C 7 H 5 NO 6
C 7 H 5 NO 5
C 7 H 6 NO 5
C7H5NO5
C 7 H 6 NO 5
C7H5NS
C7H5NS
C7H6NS
C7H5N3
C7H6N3O6
C7H5N3O6
C7H5N3O6
C7H5N3O6
C7H6N3O6
C7H5N3O6
C7H5N3O6
C7H6N3O7
C7H6N3O7
C7H5N3O7
C7H5N3O7
C7H5N3O7
C7H6N3O7
C7H6N6O8
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
C7H6BrCl
C7H6BrCl
C7H6BrCl
C7H6BrCl
C7H6BrNO
C7H6BrNO
C 7 H 6 BrNO
C7H6BrNO2
C7H6BrNO2
C7H6BrNO2
C7H6Br2
C7H6Br2
C7H6Br2
C7H6Br2
C7H6Br2
Name
Anthranil
Benzoxazol
Phenyl isocyanate C 6 H 6 N :CO
Salicylic nitrile 0-OHC6H4CN
1-Hydroxybenzothiazole
1-Mercaptobenzoxazole
o-Nitrobenzaldehyde
w-Nitrobenzaldehyde
p-Nitrobenzaldehyde
o-Benzoicsulfimide (Saccharin)
o-Nitrobenzoic acid
w-Nitrobenzoic acid
p-Nitrobenzoic acid
Quinolinic acid
Lutidinic acid
Isocinchomeronic acid
Dipicolinic acid
Cinchomeronic acid
Dinicotinic acid
Ammonchelidonic acid
3-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
Benzothiazol
Phenyl thiocyanate C 6 H 5 CNS
Phenyl isothiocyanate C 6 H 5 NiCS
1, 2, 3-Benzotriazin
Chrysanisic acid
2, 3, 4-Trinitrotoluene
2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (T. N. T.)
2, 3, 4-Trinitroanisol
3, 4, 6-Trinitroanispl
2, 4, 6-Trinitro-3-hydroxytoluene
2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine
(Tetryl)
o-Bromobenzyl chloride
p-Bromobenzyl chloride
o-Chlorobenzyl bromide
p-Chlorobenzyl bromide
o-Bromobenzamide
w-Bromobenz amide
p-Bromobenzamide
o-Nitrobenzyl bromide
ra-Nitrobenzyl
bromide
p-Nitrobenzyl bromide
Benzal bromide C6H5CHBr2
o-Bromobenzyl bromide
m-Bromobenzyl bromide
p-Bromobenzyl bromide
2, 3-Dibromotoluene
MoI. wt.
119.05
119.05
119.05
119.05
151.11
151.11
151.05
151.05
151.05
183.11
167.05
167.05
167.05
167.05
167.05
167.05
167.05
167.05
167.05
183.05
183.05
183.05
183.05
183.05
183.05
183.05
183.05
183.05
183.05
135.11
135.11
135.11
131.06
227.06
227.06
227.06
227.06
227.06
227.06
227.06
243.06
243.06
243.06
243.06
243.06
243.06
287.08
205.42
205.42
205.42
205.42
199.97
199.97
199.97
215.97
215.97
215.97
249.88
249.88
249.88
249.88
249.88
M. P.
>-18
30.5
98
136
193
40.9; /337.9
58.0
106.5
228 d.
147.5
141.4
242.4
19Od.
248
237
226 d.
258 d.
323
22Od.
144
235
228
130
178
230
167
169
185
-21
75
259
112
97
111
80.7
137.5
104
155
104
68.4
120
107
106
130
51
48
156
150
190
46
58
100
30
41
61
31
B. P.
215
182.5
165.6
d
1.18746
* *'
No.
768
1.095
15615
16423
1.5754
1.4944
1.55Of
230
232
218.5
240
1.248
1.155
1.1351*5
302 d.
335 d.
333d.
240 exp.
313d.
291 d.
exp.
1.620
798
1.654
1.620
1.61815
1.408
exp. 187
11515
12010
1402
1.51
716.1
No.
Formula
Name
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
C7H6Br2
C7H6Br2
C7H6ClNO
C7H6ClNO
C7H6ClNO
C7H6ClNO2
C7H6ClNO2
C7H6ClNO2
C7H6ClNO2
C7H6ClNO2
C7H6ClNO2
C7H6ClNO2
C7H6ClNO2
C7H6ClNO2
C7H6ClNO2
C 7 H 6 Cl 2
C7H6Cl2
C7H6Cl2
C7H6Cl2O
C7H6Cl2O
C7H6Cl2O
C7H6Cl2O2
C7H6FNO
C7H6FNO
C7H6FNO
C 7 H 6 INO
C6H6INO
C7H6INO
C7H6N2
C7H6N2
C7H6N2
C7H6N2O2
C7H6N2O8
C7H6N2O8
C7H6N2O8
C7H6N2O4
C7H6N2O4
C7H6N2O4
C7H6N2O4
C7H6N2O4
C7H6N2O4
C7H6N2O5
C7H6N2O5
C7H6N2O5
C7H6N2O5
C7H6N2O6
C7H6N2O5
C7H6N2O5
C7H6N2O6
C7H6N2O7S
C7H6N2S
C7H6N4O7
C7H6O
C7H6OS
C7H6O2
C7H6O2
C7H6O2
C7H6O2
C7H6O2
2, 6-Dibromotoluene
3, 5-Dibromotoluene
o-Chlorobenzamide..
m-Chlorobenzamide
p-Chlorobenzamide
3-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene
ft-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene
o-Nitrobenzyl chloride
m-Nitrobenzyl chloride
p-Nitrobenzyl chloride
Benzal chloride C6H5CHCl2
o-Chlorobenzyl chloride
p-Chlorobenzyl chloride
1, l-Dichloro-2-hydroxytoluene
3, 5-Dichloro-2-hydroxytoluene
4, 6-Dichloro-3-hydroxytoluene
4, 5-Dichloro-2-methoxyphenol
o-Fluorobenzamide
m-Fluorobenzamide
p-Fluorobenzamide
o-Iodobenzamide
m-Iodobenzamide
p-Iodobenzamide
Benzimidazol
Cyanilide CNNHC6H5
Indazole
Ricininic acid
o-Nitrobenzamide
m-Nitrobenzamide
p-Nitrobenazmide
2, 3-Dinitrotoluene
2, 4-Dinitrotoluene
2, 5-Dinitrotoluene
2, 6-Dinitrotoluene
3, 4-Dinitrotoluene
3, 5-Dinitrotoluene
2, 4-Dinitroanisol
2, 5-Dinitroanisol
2, 6-Dinitroanisol
3, 4-Dinitroanisol
3, 5-Dinitroanisol
2, 4-Dinitro-3-hydroxytoluene
3, 5-Dinitro-4-hydroxytoluene
4, 6-Dinitro-2-methoxyphenol
2, 6-Dinitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid
1-Aminobenzothiazole
2, 4, 6-Trinitro-3-aminoanisol
Benzaldehyde C6H5CHO
Thiobenzoic acid C6H5COSH
Furfuracrolein
Salicyl aldehyde 0-HOC6H4CHO
m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde.
Benzoicacid C6H5CO2H
2008
2009
2010
C7H6O2
C7H6O2
C7H6O2S
Phenyl formate HCO2C6H5

Toluquinone CH3C6H3O2
Thiosalicylic acid 0-SHC6H4CO2H
MoL wt.
M. P.
249.88
249.88
155.51
155.51
155.51
171.51
171.51
171.51
171.51
171.51
171.51
171.51
171.51
171.51
171.51
160.96
160.96
160.96
176.96
176.96
176.96
192.96
139.05
139.05
139.05
246.99
246.99
246.99
118.06
118.06
118.06
150.06
166.06
166.06
166.06
182.06
182.06
182.06
182.06
182.06
182.06
198.06
198.06
198.06
198.06
198.06
198.06
198.06
214.06
262.13
150.13
258.08
106.05
138.11
122.05
122.05
122.05
122.05
122.05
T
39
141
134.5
178.3
23
38.2
44
37
21.5
7
61
49
44.5
71
-17.4
122.05
122.05
154.11
29
82
55
46
72
116
130
154.5
183.6
186.5
217.6
170
47
146.5
298
176.6
142.7
201.4
59.3
69.6
50.5
61
59.8
93
95.2
97.0
117.5
69.3
105.8
99
85.8
123
165
127
131
-56.0
24
51
-7
106.0
116.0
121.7
69
164
B. P.
246
1.81222
242
250
238
263
260.5
1.25680
1.29722
18335
214
214
214
?1L
No.
1.29516
1093
1094
1095
270
<360
1270
270.6
317
315
300 s. d.
360
1.462f
.263111
. 52115
.282111
.283111
.259111
.277111
1.341
1.476
1.319
1.334110
1.55812
179.5
1.046
200
196.5
240
1.167
1297
1300
725
759
130
249.2
1.129
1.26645
173
1.088
1160,
1333
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
138.05
138.05
138.05
138.05
138.05
154.05
154.05
154.05
154.05
154.05
154.05
170.05
170.05
202.11
202.11
202.11
218.11
236.93
170.97
170.97
170.97
170.97
186.97
186.97
186.97
202.97
202.97
126.51
126.51
126.51
126.51
142.51
142.51
142.51
142.51
142.51
142.51
142.51
142.51
142.51
142.51
158.51
190.58
190.58
206.58
240.04
110.05
110.05
110.05
217.99
217.99
217.99
217.99
233.99
249.99
249.99
121.06
121.06
121.06
121.06
121.06
121.06
121.06
108
154
159
201.3
213
204
206
200
167 d.
199
227
20Od.
22Od.
141
141
200
120
^l L
No.
1.443
1.4734
1.4684
1333
B. P.
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
C7H6O3
2, 3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
C7H6O3
3, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
C7H6O3
Salicylic acid 0-HOC6H4CO2H
C7H6O3
ra-Hydroxybenzoic
acid
C7H6O3
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid
C7H6O4
2, 3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
C7H6O4
C7H6O4
C7H6O4
C7H6O4
C7H6O4
C7H6O6
Pyrogallolcarboxylic acid
C7H6O6
Gallic acid 3,4,5-(HO) 3 C 6 H 2 CO 2 H....
C7H6O5S
o-Sulfobenzoic acid
C7H6O5S
w-Sulfobenzoic acid HO3SC6H4CO2H.. .
C7H6O5S
p-Sulfobenzoic acid HO 3 SC 6 H 4 CO 2 H...
C7H6O6S
Salicylsulfonic acid
C7H7AsCl2
Benzyl arsine dichloride
C7H7Br
Benzyl bromide
C7H7Br
o-Bromotoluene
C7H7Br
m-Bromotoluene
C7H7Br
p-Bromotoluene
C7H7BrO
5-Bromo-2-hydroxytoluene
C7H7BrO
C7H7BrO
C7H7BrO2
6-Bromo-2-methoxyphenol
C7H7BrO2
4-Bromo-2-methoxyphenol
C7H7Cl
Benzyl chloride
C7H7Cl
o-Chlorotoluene
C7H7Cl
w-Chlorotoluene
C7H7Cl
p-Chlorotoluene
C7H7ClO
o-Chlorobenzyl alcohol
C7H7ClO
w-Chlorobenzyl alcohol
C7H7ClO
p-Chlorobenzyl alcohol
C7H7ClO
3-Chloro-2-hydroxytoluene
C7H7ClO
C7H7ClO
C7H7ClO
C7H7ClO
C7H7ClO
2-Chloro-4-hydroxy toluene
C7H7ClO
3-Chloro-4-hydroxytoluene...
C7H7ClO2
4(5)-Chloro-2-methoxyphenol
C7H7ClO2S
Toluene-o-sulfonechloride
C7H7ClO2S
Toluene-p-sulfonechloride
C7H7ClO3S
2-Chlorotoluene-5-sulfonic acid
C7H7Cl2NO2S
Toluene-p-sulf onedichloroamine
C7H7F
o-Fluorotoluene
C7H7F
ra-Fluorotoluene
C7H7F
p-Fluorotoluene
C7H7I
Benzyliodide
C7H7I
o-Iodotoluene
C7H7I
w-Iodotoluene
C7H7I
p-Iodotoluene
C7H7IO
o-Iodoanisol 0-CH3OC6H4I.
C7H7IO2
5-Iodo-2-methoxyphenol
C7H7IO2
4-Iodo-2-methoxyphenol
C7H7NO
o-Aminobenzaldehyde
C7H7NO
m-Aminobenzaldehyde
C 7 H 7 NO
p-Aminobenzaldehyde
C 7 H 7 NO
syn -Benzaldoxime C6H0C :NOH
C 7 H 7 NO
ar^-Benzaldoxime C 6 H 6 CrNOH
C7H7NO
Benzamide C6H6CONH2
C7H7NO
Formanilide HCONHC6H6
-4.0
-28.1
-39.8
28
64
62
63
46
-39
-35.1
-47.8
7.8
72
70.5
86
49
49
66
53
55
< -18
10
69
78
83
< 80
-110.8
24.1
>
35
88
43
40
71.5
71
130
35
130
47.5
235
s. 76
1.5424
d.
1.694
1333
17550
199
181.8
183.7
183.6
235
1.438f
1.422
1.410
1.310
738
734
732
214
1.54724 5
18260
179.4
159.4
162.4
162.5
230
234
235
225
225
220
235
235
196
228
241.5
12621
14615
1.10318
1.080
1.072
1.07118
711
691
672
666
1.2112J
1.339
114
116
117
d.
211
204
211.5
240
1.001
0.999
1.00I15 3
1.73325
1.697
1.698
18Od.
1.5
15353
290
271
1.111
1.3414
1.112ô
505
500
502
785
1.800
972
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
145
174
187
125
140
170.5
162
-10.6;
-4.1
15.5
51.3
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C7H7NO2
C7H7NO2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
Anthranilic acid 0-H2NC6H4CO2H

m-Aminobenzoic acid
p-Aminobenzoic acid
Benzohydroxamic acid
o-Hydroxybenzamide
ra-Hydroxybenzamide
p-Hydroxybenzamide
o-Nitrotoluene
137.06
137.06
137.06
137.06
137.06
137.06
137.06
137.06
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2093
2094
2095
2096
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2120.1
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C7H7NO3
C 7 H 7 NO 3
C 7 H 7 NO 3
C7H7NO3
C 7 H 7 NO 3
'C 7 H 7 NO 3
C 7 H 7 NO 3
C7H7NO3
C7H7NO3
C7H7NO3
C7H7NO3
C7H7NO3
C7H7NO3
C7H7NO3
C 7 H 7 NO 3
C7H7NO3
C7H7NO4
C 7 H 7 NO 4
C 7 H 7 NO 4
C7H7NO4S
C7H7NO4S
C7H7NO4S
C7H7NO5S
C7H7NS
C7H8
C7H8
C7H8BrN
C7H8BrN
C7H8BrN
C7H8BrN
C7H8BrN
C7H8BrN
C7H8ClN
C7H8ClN
C7H8ClN
C7H8ClN
C7H8ClN
C7H8ClN
C7H8ClN
C7H8ClN
C7H8ClN
C7H8N2
C7H8N2
C7H8N2O
C7H8N2O
C7H8N2O
C7H8N2O
C7H8N2O
C7H8N2O
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
w-Nitrotoluene
p-Nitrotoluene
Phenylnitromethane
o-Nitrobenzyl alcohol
w-Nitrobenzyl alcohol
p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol
3-Nitro-o-cresol
4-Nitro-o-cresol
5-Nitro-o-cresol
6-Nitro-o-cresol
4-Nitro-m-cresol
5-Nitro-ra-cresol
6-Nitro-ra-cresol
3-Nitro-4-hydroxytoluene...
o-Nitroanisol
w-Nitroanisol... ;
p-Nitroanisol
4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
6-Nitro-2-methoxyphenol
o-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid
Tn-SuIfoaminobenzoic acid
p-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid
p-Nitrotoluene-0-sulfonic acid
Thiobenzamide C6H5CSNH2
Tropylidene
Toluene
4-Bromo-o-toluidine
5-Bromo-o-toluidine
5-Bromo-m-toluidine
6-Bromo-ra-toluidine
2-Bromo-p-toluidine
3-Bromo-p-toluidine
4-Chloro-o-toluidine
2-Chloro-ra-toluidine
2-Chloro-p-toluidine
3-Chloro-p-toluidine
Benzalhydrazine C6H5CH2NHNH2
Benzamidine C 6 H 5 C(:NH)NH 2
0-Aminobenzarnide
m-Aminobenzamide
p-Aminobenzamide NH 2 C 6 H 4 CONH 2 ...
Benzoylhydrazine C6H5CONHNH2
Nitrosomethylaniline
Phenylurea C6H5NHCONH2
o-Nitromethylaniline
ra-Nitromethylaniline
137.06
137.06
137.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
153.06
169.06
169.06
169.06
201.13
201.13
201.13
217.13
137.13
92.062
92.062
185.99
185.99
185.99
185.99
185.99
185.99
141.53
141.53
141.53
141.53
141.53
141.53
141.53
141.53
141.53
120.08
120.08
136.08
136.08
136.08
136.08
136.08
136.08
152.08
152.08
74
27
93
145
94.6
118
69.5
129
91
56
36.5
9.4
38
54
220
28Od.
62
104
103
167
238
280 d.
130
116
-95.1
32
59.5
36
78.8
26
26
22
30
30
83
26
16
80
108
79
183
112
15
147
34
66
B. P.
^l L
I No.
1.5114
27Od.
222.3
1.16815
724
231
238
227
16820
ISO3
18512
1.164l5
1.0988"
1.160
729
1096
702
12522
277
258
260
1.24Of
1.268
1.373
1.233
1053
749
118
110.5
257 d.
240
260
240
257
240
238.5
239.2
245
229
230
243
241
245
219
14014
0.888
0.866
686
579
225 d.
1.14419
1.498
1.151
1.12lf "7
998
1330
No.
Formula
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2176.1
2178
2179
2180
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C 7 H 8 N 2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O3
C7H8N2S
C7H8N4O2
C7H8N4O2
C7H8N4O2
C7H8N4O3
C7H8N4O3
C7H8N4O3
C7H8N4O3
C7H8N6O7
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8OS
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C7H8O2S
C7H8O3
2181
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
C7H8O3S
C7H8O3S
C7H8O4
C7H8O4
C7H8O4S
C7H8O4S
C7H8O6
C7H8S
C7H8S
C7H8S
C7H8S
C7H9AsO3
C7H9ClN4O2
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7H9N
Name
p-Nitromethylaniline
3-Nitro-o-toluidine
4-Nitro-o-toluidine
5-Nitro-o-toluidine
6-Nitro-o-toluidine
2-Nitro-3-aminotoluene
6-Nitro-3-aminotohiene
3-Nitro-p-toluidine
5-Nitro-3-amino-4-hydroxytoluene
Phenylthiourea C 6 H 5 NHCSNH 2
Theophylline
Paraxanthine
Theobromine
1, 3-Dimethyluric acid
Guanidine picrate
Benzyl alcohol C6H5CH2OH
o-Cresol..
ra-Cresol
p-Cresol
Phenyl methyl ether (Anisol)
4, 6-Dihydrobenzaldehyde
Thioguaiacol CH3OC6H4SH
!..
o-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol
ra-Hydroxybenzyl
alcohol
p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol
2, 4-Dihydroxytoluene
Homocatechol 3, 4-(HO)2C6H3CH3
Orcinol 3, 5-(HO)2C6H3CH3.
Guaiacol 0-HOC6H4OCH3
Resorcinol methyl ether
Hydroquinol methyl ether
Dimethyl-7-pyrone
Furfurylacetone
Toluene-o-sulfinic acid
2, 5-Dimethylfurfurane-3-carboxylic acid
(Uvinic acid)
Toluene-0-sulfonic acid
Toluene-p-sulfonic acid
Iretol 2, 4, 6-(OH)3C6H2OCH3
Hydrochelidonic anhydride
4-Hydroxytoluene-2-sulfonic acid
2-Hydroxytoluene-6-sulfonic acid
Cinchonic acid
Benzyl mercaptan C6H5CH2SH
o-Thiocresol G-CH3C6H4SH
m-Thiocresol
ra-CH3C6H4SH
p-Thiocresol 39-CH3C6H4SH
Benzylarsonic acid C 6 H 5 CH 2 AsO(OH) 2 .
Theobromine hydrochloride
Benzylamine C6H5CH2NH2
2, 4-Lutidine
2, 6-Lutidine
3, 4-Lutidine
2-Ethylpyridine
3-Ethylpyridine
MoL wt.
M. P.
152.08
152.08
152.08
152.08
152.08
152.08
152.08
152.08
152.08
152.08
152.08
168.08
152.14
180.09
180.09
180.09
196.09
196.09
196.09
196.09
288.11
108.06
108.06
108.06
108.06
108.06
108.06
140.13
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
124.06
156.13
152
96
105
127.5
91.5
53
109
98.4
138
77.5
117
110
154
272
299
337
41Od.
390 d.
40Od.
34Od.
290
-15.3
30.1
10
34.8
-37.3
< -20
140.06
172.13
172.13
156.06
156.06
188.13
188.13
188.06
124.13
124.13
124.13
124.13
216.03
216.56
107.08
107.08
107.08
107.08
107.08
107.08
135
86
67
110
104
125
66
65
108
28
< -17.5
53
132
40
80
105
186
69
188
118
169
15
<-20
43
167
B. P.
?1L
No.
1.20I155 2
1.19010
1.3651S
1.36615
1.37815
1.31217
205.8
190.8
202.8
201.1
155.8
171.5 d.
219
1.046
1.051
1.035
1.039155
0.994
1.020i4 5
713
727
714
715
659
1.161
30Od.
252
290
205.1
244.3
243
1.129l4
1.29O4
1.14315
>1
H03
1179
0.9953137
229
128.825
14020
210
195
194.3
195.4
195
184
157
143
164.5
148.8
165.3
1.05820
1.05242
0.980
0.949J
0.942
0.950
0,959
1333
720
990
No.
Formula
2201
2202
2203
2204
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7H9N
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2234.1
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2243
2244
2245
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2260.1
2260.2
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
C7H9N
C7H9N
C 7 H 9 NO
C7H9NO
C 7 H 9 NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO
C7H9NO2
C7H9NO2
C7H9NO2S
C7H9NO2S
C7H9NO2S
C7H9NO8
C7H9NO5S
C7H9N3O
C7H9N3O
C7Hi0
C7Hi0
C7Hi0
C7Hi0
C7Hi0
C7H10ClN
C7Hi0ClN
C7Hi0ClN
C 7 Hi 0 N 2
C7H10N2
C 7 Hi 0 N 2
C 7 Hi 0 N 2
C 7 Hi 0 N 2
C 7 Hi 0 N 2
C7Hi0N2
C 7 Hi 0 N 2
C 7 Hi 0 N 2
C7Hi0N2
C 7 Hi 0 N 2
C 7 Hi 0 N 2
C 7 Hi 0 N 2 O 3
C7Hi0N2O3
C7Hi0N4O5
C7Hi0N2O7
C7Hi0O
C7Hi0O2
C7Hi0O8
C7Hi0O4
C7Hi0O4
C7Hi0O4
Name
__
4-Ethylpyridine
a-Lutidine
Methylaniline C 6 H 6 NHCH 3
o-Toluidine 0-CH3C6H4NH2
m-Toluidine /W-CH3C6H4NH2
p-Toluidine P-CH3C6H4NH2
o-Aminobenzyl alcohol
p-Aminobenzyl alcohol
4-Amino-2-hydroxytoluene
5-Amino-w-cresol
o-Anisidine 0-CH3OC6H4NH2
ra-Anisidine
W-CH3OC6H4NH2
p-Anisidine P-CH3OC6H4N H 2
Benzylhydroxylamine C 6 H 6 CH 2 NHOH.
Salicylamine 0-OHC6H4CH2NH2
m-Tolylhydroxylamine
p-Tolylhydroxylamine
4, 6-Dihydrobenzaldoxime
6-Amino-2-methoxy phenol
Ammonium benzoate C 6 H 6 CO 2 NH 4
Toluene-o-sulf oneamide
Toluene-m-sulf oneamide
Toluene-p-sulf oneamide
Ammonium salicylate
Ammonium o-sulfobenzoate
1-Phenylsemicarbazide
4-Phenylsemicarbazide
2, 3-Dihydrocycloheptene
1, 2-Dihydrotoluene
1, 3-Dihydrotoluene
2, 4-Dihydrotoluene
1, 3, 5-Heptatriene
o-Toluidine hydrochloride
w-Toluidine hydrochloride
p-Toluidine hydrochloride
Methyl-p-phenylenediamine
Benzylhydrazine C 6 H 6 CH 2 NHNH 2
2, 3-Diaminotoluene
2, 4-Diaminotoluene
2, 5-Diaminotoluene
Toluylene-2, 6-diamine
3, 4-Diaminotoluene
3, 5-Diaminotoluene
1, 1-Methylphenylhydrazine
o-Tolymydrazine 0-CH 3 C 6 H 4 NHNH 2 .. .
m-Tolylhydrazine
p-Tolylhydrazine P-CH 3 C 6 H 4 NHNH 2 ..
5-Ethyl-5-methylbarbituric acid
Trimethylbarbituric acid
Dimethyl ureindihydroxy succhi ate
Isohydroxydimethylurea
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrobenzaldehyde
A^Tetrahydrobenzoic acid
Diacetylacetone CO(CH2COCHs)2
cis-Pentamethylene-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid
Teraconic acid
Terebic acid
MoI. wt.
107.08
107.08
107.08
107.08
107.08
107.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
123.08
139.08
139.08
171.14
171.14
171.14
155.08
219.14
151,09
151.09
94.077
94.077
94.077
94.077
94.077
143.54
143.54
143.54
122.09
122.09
122.09
122.09
122.09
122.09
122.09
122.09
122.09
122.09
122.09
122.09
170.09
170.09
234.10
230.11
110.08
126.08
142.08
158.08
158.08
158.08
M. P.
-57.0
-24.4;
-16.3
-31.5
43.7
82
95
161
175
128
79
174
144.5
135
5.2
57.7
166
156.5
195.70
200.7
0.936
0.947
0.986
0.998
757
758
203.3
200.5
280 s. d.
0.989
1.046
989
1087
345
224
251
245
12350
129
68
94
44
127
198
156.3
108
137.5
1.10826
1.07lf
1.2624
> 250
172
122
214.5
228
239
35.5
26
62
99
64
105
88.5
?1L
No.
B. P.
1.524
121
108
110.1
106
114
242
249.8
257.5
259.5
10341
255
280
274
265
285
227.5
1333
1200
0.835
0.827
0.764
524
498
1.040
766
56
224
61
212
165
203
180
1204
1212
212
49
140
161 d.
175
12110
1.009
1.072J7'2
1.068"
0.816
552
1090
No.
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2284.1
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2289.1
2289.2
2289.3
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295.
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2308.1
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
Formula
C7Hi0O4
C7Hi0O5
C7Hi0O5
C7Hi0O5
C7HnBrO4
C 7 HnNO
C 7 HnNO 2
C7HnNO2
C 7 Hi 2
C7Hi2
C 7 Hi 2
C7H12
C7H12
C7H12
C7H12
C7H12
C7H12
C7H12
C7H12Cl2O2
C 7 H 12 N 2 O
C 7 H 12 N 4 O
C7H12N4O8
C7H12O
C7H12O
C7H12O
C7H12O
C7H12O
C7H12O
C7H12O2
C7H12O2
C7H12O2
C7H12O2
C7H12O2
C7H12O2
C7H12O2
C7H12O2
C7H12O2
C7H12O3
C7H12O3
C7H12O3
C7H12O3
C7H12O4
C7H12O4
C7H12O4
C7H12O4
C7H12O4
C7H12O4
C7H12O4
C7H12O4
C7H12O4
C7H12O6
C7H12O6
C 7 Hi 2 O 6
C7H13BrN2O2
C7H13BrO2
C7H13BrO2
C7H13ClO2
C7H13ClO2
C7H13N
C7H13NO
C7H13NO
C7H13NO2
C7Hi3NO6
Name
MoI. wt.
Dimethyl citraconate
3-Ketopimelic acid
Ethyl mesoxalate (HO) 2 C(CO 2 C 2 Ho) 2 ..
Quinic lactone
Diethyl bromomalonate
Nortropinone
Arecaidine
Arecaine.
w-Amylacetylene C6Hi1CiCH
2, 4-Dimethyl-l, 3-pentadiene
2, 4-Dimethyl-2, 3-pentadiene
3-Heptine C3H7CiCC2H6
2, 4-Heptadiene
2-Heptine CH3CiCC4H9
4-Methylcyclohexene
A^Tetrahydrotoluene
A2-Tetrahydrotoluene
;.
A3-Tetrahydrotoluene
Isobutyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate
Sinapoline
Caffeidine
Caffoline
Diallyl earbinol (CH2:CHCH)2CHOH..
Hexahydrobenzaldehyde
o-Methylcyclohexanone
?ra-Methylcyclohexanone
p-Methylcyclohexanone
Suberone <(CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 > CO
Pimelic aldehyde OCH(CH2)6CHO
Teracrylic acid
Hexahydrobenzoic acid
1, 2-Isoheptenic acid
Allyl butyrate C 3 H 7 CO 2 CH 2 CHrCH 2 ...
Allyl isobutyrate
Cyclohexyl formate HCO2C6Hn
Ethyl angelate
Ethyl tiglate CH 3 CHiC(CH 3 )CO 2 C 2 H 5 .
Hexahydrosalicylic acid
Ethyl levulinate
Ethyl methylacetoacetate
Methyl dimethylacetoacetate
Butylmalonic acid C 4 H 9 CH(CO 2 H) 2 ....
Isobutylmalonic acid
sec.-Butylmalonic acid
Diethylmalonic acid (C 2 Ho) 2 C(CO 2 H) 2 .
w-Pimelic acid HO2C(CH2)0CO2H
Trimethylsuccinic acid
Diethyl malonate CH 2 (CO 2 C 2 Ho) 2
Dimethyl pyrotartrate
Methyl ethyl Buccinate
Glycerol diacetate (Diacetin)
Quinic acid
Diethyl mesoxalate
Adalin CH 2 BrCONHCON(C 2 Hs) 2
Ethyl 1-bromo-n-valerate
Ethyl 1-bromoisovalerate
Amyl chloroacetate ClCH 2 CO 2 C 6 H 11 ...
Isoamyl chloroacetate
Heptylnitrile C6H13CN
Nortropanol
Suberoxime (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 C:NOH... .
Stachydrine
Quinic amide (OH)4C6H7CONH2
158.08
174.08
174.08
174.08
239. OO
125.09
141.09
141.09
96.092
96.092
96.092
96.092
96.092
96.092
96.092
96.092
96.092
96.092
199. Ol
140.11
168.12
200.12
112.09
112.09
112.09
112.09
112.09
112.09
128.09
128.09
128.09
128.09
128.09
128.09
128.09
128.09
128.09
144.09
144.09
144.09
144.09
160.09
160.09
160.09
160.09
160.09
160.09
160.09
160.09
160.09
176.09
192.09
192.09
237.03
209.02
209.02
164.56
164.56
111.11
127.11
127.11
143.11
191.11
M. P.
143
<-31
187
70
224 d.
214 d.
> -70
B. R
210.5
1.110
220
1.119S
235
1.426JI
110.5
93.3
70
106
107
113.3
102.2
111
105
103
0.738J2'6
0.749}2
0.760
0.731
0.763
0.800
0.809
0.805
0.799
1.15621
?11%
No.
922~
160
815
896
385
431
408
394
100
94
197
<-18
31
16.5
<0
151
161
167740
6015
56.410-5
179.5
11213
218
233
227
143
133.5
162.5
142
152
0.857
0.926
0.93O15-1
0.914 252
0.912 24 - 4
0.969
842
1027
1021
1.048
0.942
1040
442
1.010
0.918
0.924
963
964
111
101.5
107
76
121
103
152
-49.9
< -20
163
57
116
161
23
210
132
205.3
186.8
174
15Od.
1.017
1.019
0.999^f
263
239
2721O0
198.9
198
208.2
17640
d.
200
1.242
1.054
1.078
1.093
1.178}
1.637
192
186
192
192
183
1.2268
1.278}J
1.055
1.041^
0.815
230
1.023
208
1333
345
240
TD T
No.
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2353
2354
2354.1
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2359.1
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2367.1
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2373.1
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
Formula
C 7 H 14
C 7 Hi 4
C7H14
C7H14
C 7 Hi 4
C7H14
C7H14
C7H14
C7H14
C7H14
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C 7 Hi 4 O
C7H14O
C7H14O
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C 7 Hi 4 O 2
C7H14O2
C 7 Hi 4 O 2
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C 7 Hi 4 O 2
C 7 Hi 4 O 2
C 7 Hi 4 O 2
C 7 Hi 4 O 3
C 7 Hi 4 O 3
C 7 Hi 4 O 4
C7Hi4O5
C 7 Hi 4 O 6
C 7 Hi 4 O 6
C 7 Hi 4 O 6
C 7 Hi 4 O 6
C 7 Hi 4 O 6
C 7 Hi 4 O 6
C 7 Hi 4 O 6
C 7 Hi 4 O 6
C 7 Hi 4 O 6
C 7 Hi 4 O 7
C 7 Hi 4 O 7
C 7 Hi 4 O 8
C7Hi4S
C7Hi5Br
C7H15Cl
C7H15F
C7H15I
C7H15N
Name
MoI. wt.
2, 4-Dimethyl-2-pentene
98.108
3-Ethyl-2-pentene (C 2 Ho) 2 CiCHCH 3 ...
98.108
Heptamethylene (Cycloheptane)
98.108
Hexahydrotoluene
98.108
2-Heptene CH3CHiCHC4H9
98.108
Methylcyclohexane
98.108
3-Methyl-2(3)-hexene
98.108
1-Heptene C5H11CHiCH2
98.108
2, 2, 3-Trimethyl-l-butene
98.108
2, 3-Dimethyl-2-pentene
98.108
Cycloheptanol
114.11
2-Heptene-4-ol
114.11
Hexahydrobenzyl alcohol
114.11
1-Methylcyclohexane-l-ol
114.11
o-Hexahydrocresol
114.11
ra-Hexaliydrocresol....
114.11
dZ-ra-Hexahydrocresol
114.11
p-Hexahydrocresol
114.11
Heptaldehyde C6H13CHO
114.11
Dipropyl ketone (C3H7)2CO
114.11
Diisopropyl ketone [(CHs) 2 CH] 2 CO....
114.11
Ethyl n-butyl ketone C2H5COC4H9
114.11
Ethyl isobutyl ketone
114.11
Methyl n-amyl ketone CH3COC5H11 . . . 1 1 4 . 1 1
Methyl isoamyl ketone
114.11
Isoamylacetic acid
130.11
Heptylic acid C6H13CO2H
130.11
n-Amyl acetate CH3CO2C5H11
130.11
Isoamyl acetate
130.11
d--Amyl acetate
130.11
tert.-Amyl acetate
130.11
Ethyl n-valerate C4H9CO2C2H5
130.11
Ethyl isovalerate
130.11
n-Hexyl formate HCO2C6H13
130.11
Isobutyl propionate
130.11
d-sec.-Eutyl propionate
130.11
Methyl n-caproate C5H11CO2CH3
130.11
Propyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2C3H7
130.11
Propyl isobutyrate (CHs) 2 CHCO 2 C 3 H 7 . 130.11
Isopropyl butyrate C 3 H 7 CO 2 CH(CHa) 2 . 130.11
Isopropyl isobutyrate
130.11
Di-n-propyl carbonate CO(OC 3H7)2
146.11
Ethyl butyl carbonate
146.11
Glycerol 1-butyrate
162.11
Z-Methyl rhamnoside
178.11
-Methyl galactoside
194.11
(3-Methyl galactoside
194.11
-Methyl glucose
194.11
/3-Methyl glucose
194.11
a-Methyl glucoside
194.11
0-Methyl glucoside
194.11
-Methyl mannoside
194.11
d-Inosite methyl ether (0-Pinite)
194.11
Z-Inosite methyl ether (Quebrachite)
194.11
d, /3-Galaheptose
210.11
d, a-Glucoheptose
210.11
d-Mannoheptonic acid
226.11
Ttt-Hexahydrothiocresol
130.17
ra-Heptyl
bromide C7H15Br
179.03
rc-Heptyl
chloride C7H15Cl
134.57
n-Heptyl fluoride C7H15F
118.12
n-Heptyl iodide C7H151
226.05
Ethylpiperidine
113.12
M. P.
-12
-147.5
-126.4
26
-47
-45.0
-32.6
-10
-99.3
-71.4
-95.2
109
112
176
161
135
168
104
194
187
191
199
215 d.
175 d.
-73
B. P.
84
98
118.1
103
98.5
100.8
97.4
99
80
95.1
185.2
6311
181.2
168.3
169
176
175
174
155
143.5
123.7
148.5
136
150
144
216.5
223.5
147.6
142.5
131
124.8
145.5
135
153.6
138
132
149.5
143
135.4
128
120.8
168.2
169
271
' '
No.
25
0.699
0.725J5
0.811
0.764
192
405
910
0.764
0.718
272
186
0.719
0.958
0.842J 4 ' 4
0.916
0.919f
0.923
0.914
0.923
0.9241*
0.850
0.821}5
0.806
838
816
1029
478
466
467
833
202
173
0.815
0.8221*
0.82117
0.92615
0.922
0.879^
0.875
0.868
0.87419
0.877
0.866
0.898
0.869
0.8657
0.904J
0.87915
0.884J
0.86513
0.869J
0.96822
269
130
122
100
1109
126
108
123
97
1227
200-2
1230
1171
1217
210vac-
1.52
1.54
174
178.8
159.5
119.2
203.8
128
1.13316
0.88116
0.804
1.401
0.857f
61
469
1000
No.
2385
2386
2386.1
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2400.1
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2407.1
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2422.1
2422.2
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
Formula
C 7 Hj 5 NO
C 7 Hi 5 NO
C 7 H 15 NO 2
C 7 Hi 6
C7Hi6
C 7 Hi 6
C 7 Hi 6
C7H16
C7H16
C 7 Hi 6
C 7 Hi 6
C7Hi6O
C7Hi6O
C 7 Hi 6 O
C7Hi6O
C7H16O
C7Hi6O
C7Hi6O
C7Hi6O
C7Hi6O
C7Hi6O
C7Hi6O
C7Hi6O
C 7 Hi 6 O
C 7 Hi 6 O
C7H16O
C7H16O
C7H16O
C7H16O
C7H16O
C7H16O
C7H16O
C7H16O3
C7H16O4S2
C7H16O7
C7H16O7
C7H17N
C8Cl4O3
C8H2Cl2O3
C8H2Cl4O4
C8H4BrNO2
C8H4ClNO
C8H4Cl2O2
C8H4Cl2O2
C8H4Cl2O2
C8H4Cl2O4
C8H4Cl4O
C8H4N2
C8H4N2
C8H4N2O4
C8H4O3
C8H5Cl3O
C8H5Cl4NO
C8H5NO
C8H5NO2
C8H5NO2
C8H5NO2
C8H5NO2
C8H5NO2
C8H5NO6
C8H5NO6
C8H6NO6
C8H5NO6
Name
rc-Heptylamide
C6H13CONH2
Heptaldoxime C 6 Hi 3 CHiNOH
Isobutylurethane C 4 H 9 NHCO 2 C 2 H 5 ....
2, 4-Dimethylpentane CH2[CH(CH3)2]2.
3, 3-Dimethylpentane
n-Heptane CH3(CH2) 5CH3
2-Methylhexane (CH3)2CHC4H9
d, 3-Methylhexane C 3 H 7 CH(CH 3 )C 2 H 5 .
3-Ethylpentane (C2Hs)3CH
2, 2, 3-Trimethylbutane
2, 2-Dimethylpentane (CHg) 3 CC 3 H 7 ....
Dimethylbutyl carbinol
Dimethylisobutyl carbinol
Dimethyl-tert.-butyl carbinol
Dipropyl carbinol (C3H7)2CHOH
Diisopropyl carbinol
d-Ethylbutyl carbinol
Ethylisobutyl carbinol
Ethyl-sec.-butyl carbinol
n-Heptyl alcohol C7Hi5OH
2-Hydroxy-3-ethylpentane
l-Hydroxy-2-methylhexane
Isoheptyl alcohol
Methyl-n-amyl carbinol
d-Methylamyl carbinol
Methylisoamyl carbinol
Methylethylpropyl carbinol
Methylethylisopropyl carbinol
Propylisopropyl carbinol
Triethyl carbinol (C2H5)3COH
Ethyl isoamyl ether
Propyl butyl ether C4H9OC3H7
Ethyl orthoformate HC(OC2Hs)3
Sulfonal (CH3)2C (SO2C2Hs)2
d-Mannoheptitol
Volemitol
w-Heptylamine C7H15NH2
Tetrachioro-o-phthalic anhydride
3, 6-Dichloro-o-phthalic anhydride
Tetrachloro-o-phthalic acid
w-Bromoisatine
Isatine chloride
o-Phthalyl dichloride 0-C 6 H 4 (COCl) 2 ...
Isophthalyl dichloride ^-C6H4(COCl)2..
Terephthalyl dichloride ^-C6H4(COCl)2.
3, 6-Dichloro-o-phthalic acid
Trichloromethyl p-chlorophenylketone...
Isophthalic nitrile W-C 6 H 4 (CN) 2
Terephthalic nitrile ^-C 6 H 4 (CN) 2
Nitroisatine
o-Phthalic anhydride
Dichloromethylp-chlorophenylketone...
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloroacetanilide
Benzoyl cyanide C6H5.COCN
o-Cyanobenzoic acid
w-Cyanobenzoic acid
p-Cyanobenzoic acid
Isatine
o-Phthalimide 0-C6H4(CO)2NH
3-Nitro-o-phthalic acid
4-Nitro-o-phthalic acid
2-Nitroisophthalic acid
MoI. wt.
129.12
129.12
145.12
100.12
100.12
100.12
100.12
100.12
100.12
100.12
100.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
116.12
148.12
228.25
212.12
212.12
115.14
285.83
216.93
303.85
225.96
165.50
202.95
202.95
202.95
234.95
257.86
128.05
128.05
192.05
148.03
223.41
272.88
131.05
147.05
147.05
147.05
147.05
147.05
211.05
211.05
211.05
211.05
M. P.
96
55.5
< -65
-90.0
-25
17
-34.6
-76.1
128
188
155
-23.0
257
191
250
255
18Od.
O
41
78
185
28
161
222
230
130.8
51
1.81
34
190
217
214
201
238
220
164
300
245
B. P.
^l L
No.
195
9617
83.9
87
98.4
90.4
92
93.8
80.8
78.6
142.2
130
132
155.4
140
6618
148.2
150
175.8
152
162.5
167.2
158
73.520
150
141
140
141
142
112
117.1
145.9
30Od.
0.834f
0.943
0.681
0.711<>
0.684
0.7072
0.687
0.670
0.695J5
0.674
0.816
0.816
1124
311
45
0.820
0.829
0.823
256
265
251
155.1
0.777
278
1.408
755
0.852
0.81722
0.853
0.83I43
0.831
0.819
0.819
0.81917 5
0.823
0.833
0.821"
0.840
0.76418
0.777
0.897
55
89
77
224
228
287
266
291
259
253
270
215
334
339
276.7
276
259
18145
284.5
1784*
208
1.5274
No.
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2482
2483
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2493.1
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
Formula
C8H6NO6
C8H6NO6
C8H6NO6
C8H6NO6
C8H6NO6
C8H6NO6
C8H6NO6
C8H6NO6
C8H6N3O8
C8H6
C8H6BrN
C8H6Br2
C8H6Br2O
C8H6Cl2O2
C8H6Cl3NO
C8H6Cl3NO
C8H6Cl3NO
C8H6I2O8
C8H6N2
C8H6N2
C8H6N2
C8H6N2O2
C8H6N2O2
C8H6N4O8
C8H6O
C8H6O2
C8H6O2
C8H6O2
C8H6O2
C8H6O2
C8H6O3
C8H6O8
C8H6O8
C8H6O8
C8H6O3
C8H6O4
C8H6O4
C8H6O4
C8H6O5
C8H6O5
C8H6O5
C8H6O5
C8H6O5
C8H6O5
C8H6S
C8H7Br
C8H7Br
C8H7Br
C8H7BrN2O3
C8H7BrO
C8H7Cl
C8H7Cl
C8H7ClO
C8H7ClO
C8H7ClO
C8H7ClO2
C8H7ClO2
C8H7F2NO
C8H7N
C8H7N
C8H7N
C8H7N
C8H7N
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
2-Nitroterephthalic acid
Pyridine-2, 3, 4-tricarboxylic acid
Pyridine 2, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid
Picryl acetate
"
Phenylacetylene C6H6CiCH
Bromobenzyl cyanide C 6 H 6 CHBrCN...
Styrene-1, 2-dibromide
p-Bromophenacyl bromide
Piperonal chloride
2, 3, 4-Trichloroacetanilide
Methyl 3, 5-diiodosalicylate
Phthalazine
Quinazoline
Quinoxaline
Isatoxime (Nitrosooxindol)
p-Nitrobenzyl cyanide
Alloxantin
Coumarone
Phenylglyoxal C6H5CO4CHO
o-Phthalic aldehyde 0-C6H4(CHO)2
Isophthalic aldehyde ^-C 6 H 4 (CHO) 2 ...
Terephthalic aldehyde ^C 6 H 4 (CHO) 2 ..
Phthalide
Piperonal (Heliotropin)
o-Aldehydobenzoic acid
m-Aldehydobenzoic acid
p-Aldehydobenzoic acid
Phenylglyoxylic acid
o-Phthalic acid 0-C6H4(CO2H)2
Isophthalic acid
ra-C6H4(CO2H)2
Piperonylic acid CH 2 :O 2 :C 6 H 3 .CO 2 H.. .
2-Hydroxy-o-phthalic acid
4-Hydroxy-o-phthalic acid
2-Hydroxyisophthalic acid
Noropianic acid.
Thionaphthene
a-Bromostyrene C6H6CBnCH2
co-Bromostyrene (isomer 1)
o>-Bromostyrene (isomer 2)
a-Bromonitroacetanilide
w-Bromoacetophenone
a-Chlorostyrene C6H6C.C1:CH2
co-Chlorostyrene C 6 H 6 CHrCHCl
a>-Chloroacetophenone
p-Chloroacetophenone
Phenylacetyi chloride C 6 H 5 CH 2 COCL.
p-Anisyl chloride P-CH3OC6H4COCl...
Phenyl chloroacetate ClCH 2 CO 2 C 6 H 6 ..
2, 5-Difluoroacetanilide
Benzyl cyanide C 6 H 6 CH 2 CN
Indole
o-Tolunitrile 0-CH3C6H4CN
w-Tolunitrile m-CH3C6H4CN
p-Tolunitrile p-CH3C6H4CN
211.05
211.05
211.05
211.05
211.05
211.05
211.05
211.05
271.06
102.05
195.97
261.88
277.88
204.96
238.43
238.43
238.43
403.91
130.06
130.06
130.06
162.06
162.06
286.08
118.05
134.05
134.05
134.05
134.05
134.05
150.05
150.05
150.05
150.05
150.05
166.05
166.05
166.05
182.05
182.05
182.05
182.05
182.05
182.05
134.11
182.97
182.97
182.97
258.99
198.97
138.51
138.51
154.51
154.51
154.51
170.51
170.51
171.06
117.06
117.06
117.06
117.06
117.06
255
270
25Od.
323
100
235
227
261
76
>-17
73.5
109.7
B. P.
12Od.
143
231.7
1341*
^l L
No.
0.930
1.519
820
1185
1.133J8
1075
1.091
997
240 s. d.
122
190
204
110.5
91
48
30.5
202
117
17Od.
>-18
73
56
89.5
116
73; 65
37
100.5
175
250
66
191 d.
330
228
244
181 d.
239
306
288
171
32
-43.5
7
-7.5
131
50
59
20
27
45
122.5
-23.8
52.5
29.5
317
243
226
175
14212*
248
290
263
1.404
1486
1.593
221
16075
221
10826
119
199
198.8
247
232
102.517
1.165
1.4057
1.4224
1.427
1.765
1.647
1049
770
786
992
1.1122'
1.32415
1.188
1.168
235
233.9
254
204
214
217
1.01518
0.9952^
0.984^56
679
1333
1004
No.
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2522.1
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2540.1
2540.2
2541
2542
2543
2544
2544.1
2544.2
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
Formula
C8H7NO
C8H7NO
C8H7NO
C8H7NO
C8H7NO2
C8H7NO2
C8H7NO2
C8H7NO2
C8H7NO3
C8H7NO3
C8H7NO4
C8H7NO4
C8H7NO4
C8H7NO4
C8H7NS
C8H7NS
C8H7NS
C8H7NS
C8H7NS
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O6
C8H7N3O7
C8H8
C8H8BrNO
C8H8BrNO
C8H8Br2
C8H8Br2
C8H8Br2
C8H8ClNO
C8H8ClNO
C8H8ClNO
C8H8Cl2
C8H8Cl2
C8H8Cl2
C8H8INO
C8H8N2
C8H8N2
C8H8N2OS
C8H8N2O2
C8H8N2O2
C8H8N2O2
C8H8N2O2
C8H8N2O2
C8H8N2O3
C8H8N2O3
C8H8N2O3
C8H8N2O4
C8H8N2O4
C8H8N2O4
C8H8N2O4
C8H8N2O4
C8H8N2O4
C8H8N2O4
C8H8N2O4
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
p-Anisonitrile P-CH3OC6H4CN..dZ-Mandelonitrile C 6 H 6 CH(OH)CN*....

Indoxyl
Oxindol
Hydrindic acid (Dioxindol)
o-Nitrostyrene o-NO2.C6H4.CH:CH2....
m-Nitrostyrene W-NO 2 -C 6 H 4 -CHiCH 2 ..
p-Nitrostyrene p-NO2.C6H4.CH:CH2.. .
Oxanilicacid CO2H.CONHC6H5
o-Phthalamic acid
Methyl o-nitrobenzoate
Methyl m-nitrobenzoate
Methyl p-nitrobenzoate
Uvitonic acid
Benzyl isothiocyanate
Benzyl thiocyanate
o-Tolyl isothiocyanate
m-Tolyl isothiocyanate
p-Tolyl isothiocyanate
2, 3-Dinitroacetanilide
3, 4, 5-Trinitro-o-xylene
3, 4, 6-Trinitro-o-xylene
2, 4, 5-Trinitro-m-xylene
2, 4, 6-Trinitro-m-xylene
4, 5, 6-Trinitro-m-xylene :
2, 3, 6-Trinitro-p-xylene
Ethyl picrate
Styrne (Phenylethylene)
o-Bromoacetaiiilide
p-Bromoacetanilide
o-Xylenedibromide 0-C 6 H 4 (CH 2 Br) 2 ....
m-Xylenedibromide ^-C6H4(CH2Br)2...
p-Xylenedibromide P-C 6 H 4 (CH 2 Br) 2 ....
o-Chloroacetanilide
m-Chloroacetanilide
p-Chloroacetanilide
o-Xylenedichloride 0-C6H4(CH2Cl)2
m-Xylenedichloride TTi-C 6 H 4 (CH 2 Cl) 2 ...
p-Xylenedichloride P-C 6 H 4 (CH 2 Cl) 2 ....
p-Iodoacetanilide P-CH3CONHC6H4I..
Apoharmine
1-Methylindazole
Benzoylthiourea C 6 H 5 CONHCSNH 2 ...
Benzoylurea C6H5CONHCONH2
o-Phthalic diamide 0-C 6 H 4 (CONH 2 ) 2 ...
Isophthalic diamide m-C6H4(CONH2)2..
N-Nitrosoacetanilide
Ricinine
o-Nitroacetanilide
m-Nitroacetanilide
p-Nitroacetanilide
3, 4-Dinitro-o-xylene
2, 5-Dinitro-m-xylene....
4, 5-Dinitro-m-xylene
2, 3-Dinitro-p-xylene
133.06
133.06
133.06
133.06
149.06
149.06
149.06
149.06
165.06
165.06
181.06
181.06
181.06
181.06
149.13
149.13
149.13
149.13
149.13
225.08
225.08
225.08
225.08
225.08
241.08
241.08
241.08
241.08
241.08
241.08
257.08
104.06
213.99
213.99
263.89
263.89
263.89
169.53
169.53
169.53
174.98
174.98
174.98
261.00
132.08
132.08
180.14
164.08
164.08
164.08
164.08
164.08
180.08
180.08
180.08
196.08
196.08
196.08
196.08
196.08
196.08
196.08
196.08
60
-10
85
120
180
13.5
-5
29
150
149
-8
70
96
274
41
26
186
120
197
144
121
115
72
90
181.5
125
14020
78.5
99
165
94.5
77
144
88
72.5
172.5
55
34.2
100.5
184
183
169
200
220
265
41
201
93
150.5
214
82
56
115
75
101
132
93
147
B. P.
?1I%
No.
256
d.
1.124
110
195 d.
155 d.
269
279
1.284^
243
235
239
245
237
1.104**
1.087J{
146
0.903
d.
140
245
1.988
1.959
2.102
241
255
1202
1.393
1.302
1.417
10715
1.032J9'2
907
1129
No.
Formula
2566
2566.1
2566.2
2567
2568
2569
2570
C8H8N2O4
C8H8N2O6
C8H8N4O
C8H8O
C8H8O
C8H8O
C8H8O
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
C8H8O
C8H8O
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O8
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O3
C8H8O4
C8H8O4
C8H8O4
C8H8O4
C8H8O4
C8H8O4
Name
__^_____
4, 5-Dinitro-l, 2-dimethoxybenzene..
4-Methoxyphenyltetrazole
Phenylacetaldehyde C6H5CH2CHO
o-Toluic aldehyde 0-CH3C6H4CHO
m-Toluic aldehyde m-CH 3 C 6 H 4 CHO....
p-Toluic aldehyde ^-CH3C6H4CHO
Acetophenone CH3COC6H5
Coumarane
Phenacyl alcohol C6H5COCH2OH
5-Hydroxytoluene-2-aldehyde
o-Methoxybenzaldehyde
ra-Methoxybenzaldehyde
p-Methoxybenzaldehyde
o-Hydroxyacetophenone
ra-Hydroxyacetophenone
p-Hydroxyacetophenone
Phenylacetic acid C 6 H 5 CH 2 CO 2 H
o-Toluic acid 0-CH3C6H4CO2H
m-Toluicacid W-CH3C6H4CO2H
p-Toluic acid ^-CH3C6H4CO2H
Benzyl formate HCO2CH2C6H5
Methyl benzoate C6H5CO2CH3
Phenyl acetate CH3CO2C6H5
o-Xyloquinone 1,2-(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 2 O 2 -3,6..
ra-Xyloquinone
1, 3-(CH3)2C6H2O2-2, 5.
p-Xyloquinone 1,4-(CH3)2.C6H2O2-2, 5.
Piperonyl alcohol
Isovanillin 4,3-CH 3 OC 6 H 3 (OH)CHO...
Vanillin 3,4-CH 3 OC 6 H 3 (OH)CHO
o-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid
m-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid
p-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid
o-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
ra-Hydroxyphenylacetic
acid
p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
3-Hydroxytoluene-2-carboxylic acid
4-Hydroxytoluene-3-carboxylic a c i d . . . . . .
d(Z)-Mandelic acid C 6 H 5 CH(OH)CO 2 H.
dZ-Mandelic acid C 6 H 5 CH(OH)CO 2 H...
o-Methoxybenzoic acid
m-Methoxybenzoic acid*
p-Methyoxybenzoic acid
Phenoxyacetic acid C6H5OCH2CO2H . .
Methyl salicylate HOC6H4CO2CH3
Resorcinol acetate
Phloroacetophenone
Berberonic acid 2, 4, 5-C5H5N(CO2H)3.
Dehydracetic acid
A1 4-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid
A 2 ' 4-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid
A2' 6-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid
MoI. wt.
M. P.
196.08
228.08
128.09
120.06
120.06
120.06
120.06
124
130.5
228
120.06
120.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
136.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
152.06
168.06
168.06
168.06
168.06
168.06
168.06
19.7
86
108.9
55.1
117.4
54
35
2.5
95
109
76.7
102.4
110.5
176.8
-12.5
55
73
125
51
116
81
120
111
181
137
129
148
167
172.4
178
183
152.5
208
172
207
177.8
133
118
98
100
184.2
99
-8.6
285
165
109
153
215
215
B. P.
^l Im
No.
"
1.326131
1306
194
195.5
195.5
204
1.027
1.039
1.019
1.020
202.3
189.5
1.026
1.074
1.013
960
971
814;
906
705
21.8
223
242
230
247
213
265.5
259.2
263
275
203.4
199.6
195.5
1.133
1.118
1.123
745
836
821
1.07883
1.062414'6
1.054J11-8
1157
64,0
1.081
1.094
1.078
656
610
.1.196
285
19O11
1.3614
200
280
285 s. d.
223.3
283
270
1.3854
1333
1.184
708
No.
Formula
2626
2627
2628
2630
2631
C8H8O4
C8H8O4
C8H8O4
C8H8O5
C8H8O8
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2682.1
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
C8H9Br
C8H9Br
C8H9Br
C8H9Br
C8H9Br
C8H9Br
C8H9Br
C8H9Br
C8H9Cl
C8H9Cl
C8H9Cl
C8H9Cl
C8H9Cl
C8H9N
C8H9NO
C8H9NO
C8H9NO
C8H9NO
C8H9NO
C8H9NO
C8H9NO
C8H9NO
C8H9NO
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO2
C8H9NO3
C8H9NO3
C8H9NO3
C8H9NO3
C8H9NO3
C8H9NO4
C8H9NS
C8H9N3O4
C8Hi0
C8Hi0
C8Hi0
C8Hi0
C8Hi0ClN
Name
Homogentisinic acid
Isovanillic acid
Vanillicacid
Methyl gallate
Tetramethylene-1, 1, 2, 2-tetracarboxylic
acid
o-Xylyl bromide
4-Bromo-o-xylene
ra-Xylyl
bromide
2-Bromo-ra-xylene
4-Br orno -ra-xylene
5-Bromo-m-xylene
p-Xylyl bromide
2-Bromo-p-xylene
o-Xylyl chloride
3-Chloro-o-xylene
4-Chloro-o-xylene
m-Xylyl chloride
P-Xylyl chloride
2-Allylpyridine
o-Aminoacetophenone
w-Aminoacetophenone
p-Aminoacetophenone
Acetanilide (Antifebrin)
Acetophenoneoxime CH3C (-.NOH)C6H5
Phenylacetamide C6H5CH2CONH2
o-Toluic amide 0-CH3C6H4CONH2
ra-Toluic
amide ra-CH3C6H4CONH2... .
p-Toluic amide P-CH3C6H4CONH2
o-Acetoaminophenol
m-Acetoaminophenol
p-Acetoaminophenol
dZ-Aminophenylacetic acid
Homoanthranilic acid
N-Methylanthranilic acid
dZ-Phenylaminoacetic acid
Benzyl carbamate C 6 H 6 CH 2 CO 2 NH 2 ...
Ethyl nicotinate
Methyl o-aminobenzoate
Methyl p-aminobenzoate
3-Nitro-o-xylene
4-Nitro-o-xylene
2-Nitro-m-xylene
4-Nitro-ra-xylene
5-Nitro-ra-xylene
2-Nitro-p-xylene
a-Anisaldoxime CH 3 OC 6 H 4 CHrNOH...
-Anisaldoxime CH 3 OC 6 H 4 CH^NOH...
o-Methoxybenzamide
p-Methoxybenzamide
3-Nitro-4-methoxytoluene
o-Nitrophenetol 0-C2H5OC6H4NO2
p-Nitrophenetol P-C2H5OC6H4NO2
Methyl 3-hydroxy-4-aminobenzoate
Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate
Biliverdic acid
Thioacetanilide CH 3 CSNHC 6 H 5 .......
2, 4-Dinitrodimethylaniline
Ethylbenzene C6H5CH2CH3
o-Xylene o-C6H4(CH3)2
m-Xylene m-C6H4(CH3)2
p-Xylene p-C6H4(CH3)2
o-Chlorodimethylaniline
MoI. wt.
M. P.
168.06
168.06
168.06
184.06
147
250
207
192 d.
232.06
184.99
184.99
184.99
184.99
184.99
184.99
184.99
184.99
140.53
140.53
140.53
140.53
140.53
119.08
135.08
135.08
135.08
135.08
135.08
135.08
135.08
135.08
135.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
151.08
167.08
167.08
167.08
167.08
167.08
183.08
151.14
221.09
106.08
106.08
106.08
106.08
155.54
203
21
0.2
> -10
> - 20
38
10
> -20
>-20
96.5
106
114.2
58
155
138
97
159
203
149
168
256
177 d.
179
127
86
8.2; 24.3
112
30
2
71
64
133
129
162.3
8.5
60
120
143
114
75
87
- 92.8
-27.1
-53.6
13.2
B. P.
217.7
214.5
215.8 s. d.
206
207
204
220.7
205.7
199
189.5
191.5
196
202
190
252 s. d.
290
295
303.8
1.38I23 '
1.369
1.37I23
1.362
1.324
1.356
?1L
No.
740
735
1.0692}.
0.959
1.214
284
265
1055
135.515
250.8
258
225.5
246
273.7
239.9
274 d.
268
283
1.16815
1.14715
1.13930
1.11215
1.12617-5
1.13215
1.190H
718
1.476
0.868
0.879
0.865
0.861
1.107
577
626
584
573
d.
136.5776 -7
144
139.0
137.7
208.5
No.
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2713.1
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
Formula
C8Hi0ClN
C8Hi0N2O
C8Hi0N2O
C8Hi0N2O
C8Hi0N2O
C8Hi0N2O
C8H10N2O
C8Hi0N2O
C8Hi0N2O2
C8Hi0N2O2
C8Hi0N2O2
C8Hi0N2O3
C8Hi0N2S
C8Hi0N4O2
C8Hi0N4O3
C8Hi0N4O3
C8Hi0N4O3
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hj0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O2
C8H10O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8H10O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8H10O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2
C8Hi0O2S
C8Hi0O3
C8Hi0O3
C8Hi0O4
C8Hi0O4
C8Hi0O4
C8Hj0O4
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
p-Chlorodimethylaniline
AT-Acetyl-o-phenylenediamine
N-Acetyl-m-phenylenediamine
N-Acetyl-p-phenylenediamine
Benzylurea C6H5CH2NHCONH2
Hydracetine . CH3COHN.NHC6H6
1-Methyl-l-phenylurea
p-Nitrosodimethylaniline
o-Nitrodimethylaniline
m-Nitrodimethylaniline
p-Nitrodimethylaniline
3-Amino-4-methoxy-6-nitrotoluene
Benzylthiourea C 6 H 5 CH 2 NHCSNH 2 ...
Caffeine (Thine)
1, 3, 9-Trimethyluric acid
2, 3-Dimethylphenol
2, 4-Dimethylphenol
2, 6-Dimethylphenol
3, 4-Dimethylphenol
3, 5-Dimethylphenol
o-Ethylphenol
ra-Ethylphenol
p-Ethylphenol
Methylphenyl carbinol
d-Methylphenyl carbinol
2-Phenylethyl alcohol C6H5CH2CH2OH
o-Tolyl carbinol 0-CH3C6H4CH2OH
w-Tolyl carbinol W-CH3C6H4CH2OH...
p-Tolyl carbinol ^-CH3C6H4CH2OH....
Benzyl methyl ether C6H5CH2OCH3...
o-Cresyl methyl ether 0-CH3C6H4OCH3
m-Cresyl methyl ether
p-Cresyl methyl ether
Phenetol C6H5OC2H5
Anis alcohol P-CH3OC6H4CH2OH
Caffeol
Creosol 3, 4-CH3O(OH)C6H3CH3
3, 5-Dimethyl-o-dihydroxybenzene
4, 5-Dimethyl-o-dihydroxybenzene
2, 4-Dimethylresorcinol
2, 3-Dimethylhydroquinone
p-Homosaligenin
Styrolne alcohol HOCH 2 CH 2 OC 6 H 5 ...
o-Dimethoxybenzene 0-C6H4(OCH3) 2
o-Ethoxyphenol 0-HOC6H4OC2H5
Hydroquinone dimethyl ether
Hydroquinone monoethyl ether
Resorcinol dimethyl ether
Resorcinol monoethyl ether
Ethylphenylsulfone C 2 H 5 SO 2 C 6 H 5 ......
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol
Crotonic anhydride
Ai-Tetrahydro-o-phthalic acid
A3-Tetrahydro-o-phthalic acid
Diallyl oxalate C2O4(C3H5)2
Dimethyl muconate (CH:CH.CO2CH3)2
155.54
150.09
150.09
150.09
150.09
150.09
150.09
150.09
166.09
166.09
166.09
182.09
166.16
194.11
210.11
210.11
210.11
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
122.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
138.08
170.14
154.08
154.08
170.08
170.08
170.08
170.08
35.5
144.8
279
160.5
147.5
128
82
85
66
163
131.5
162
237
32Od.
340
380
75
26
49
65
68
>-18
-4
46
34
>-20
59.5
-30.2
45
5.5
74
82
150
163
137
125
221 s. d.
213
151
105
68
22.5
28
56
66
-55.3
42
115
B. P.
231
15424
285
1.179
1.31317
1.23
218
211.5
212
225.1
219.5
207.5
214
219
205
10018
221
223.3
217
217
174
171.3
177.2
176.5
172
258.8
197
221.8
1.036
1.037
1.025
1.003^
1.014
1.02415
1.0234
1.036
668
677
0.98720
0.981
0.978}3
0.970
0.965
1.10926
619
627
646
633
1.092
709
280
279
274.2
206
241
212.6
247
215
247
>300
d.
247.8
1.08618
1.053^
1.08Oj
1.01022
1.040
120
215
217
75u.;156st.
"?; **
No.
1.055
520
No.
2750
2751
2752
2753
2753.1
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2808.1
2809
2810
Formula
C8H10O8
C8HnBrN4O2
C8HnClN2O
C8HuClN4O2
C8HnClO4
C8HnCl3O6
C8HnI3N4O2
C8HnN
C 8 HnN
C 8 HnN
C 8 HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8H11N
C8HnN
C8HnN
C8H11N
C8H11N
C8H11N
C8H11N
C8H11N
C8H11N
C8H11NO
C 8 H n NO
C8H11NO
C8H11NO
C8H11NO
C8H11NO
C8H11NO
C8H11NO
C8H11NO
C8H11NO
C8H11NO
C8H11NO3S
C8H11NO3S
C8H11NO3S
C8H11N3O
C8H12
C8H12
C8H12
C8H12ClN
C8H12N2
C8H12N2
C8H12N2
C8H12N2
C8H12N2
C8H12N2
C8H12N2O2
C 8 Hi 2 N 2 O 3
C8H12N2O3
C8H12N2O3
C8H12N2O4
C8H12O
C8H12O2
Name
MoI. wt.
Succinic peroxide
Caffeine hydrobromide
p-Nitrosodimethylamline hydrochloride..
Caffeine hydrochloride
Ethyl chloromaleate......
a-Chloralose
Caffeine triiodide
Dimethylaniline C 6 H 5 N(CHs) 2 ..
2, 3-Dhnethylamline
2, 4-Dim et hy!aniline
2, 5-Dimethylaniline
AT-Ethylaniline C6H5NH.C2H5
o-Ethylaniline 0-C2H5C6H4NH2
w-Ethylaniline W-C2H5C6H4NH2
p-Ethylaniline ^-C2H5C6H4NH2
Methyl-o-toluidine CH3C6H4NCH3
Methyl-m-toluidine
Methyl-p-toluidine ^-CH3C6H4NHCH3.
a-Phenylethylamine C 6 H 5 CH(NH 2 )CH 3
u>-Phenylethylamine C 6 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 .
2-Isopropylpyridine
4-Isopropylpyridine
2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine
'Nicotoine
2-Propylpyridine (Conyrine)
2, 3, 4-Trimethylpyridine
2, 4, 5-Trimethylpyridine
2, 4, 6-Trinethylpyridine
Hydroxyethylaniline
o-Dimethylaminophenol
o-Ethylaminophenol 0-HOC6H4NHC2H5
m-Ethylaminophenol
3-Amino-2-methoxytoluene
5-Amino-2-methoxytoluene
o-Phenetidine 0-NH2C6H4OC2H5
w-Phenetidine Tn-NH2C6H4OC2H5
p-Phenetidine ^-NH2C6H4OC2H5
Dimethylaniline oxide C 6 H 5 N(CH 3 ) 2 O..
Tyramine P-HOC6H4CH2CH2NH2
w-Dimethylanilinesulfonic acid
p-Dimethylanilinesulfonic acid
m-Ethylaniline sulfonic acid
Maretin m-CH3.C6H4NH.NHCONH2. .
Dihydro-o-xylene
A^-S-Dihydro-ra-xylene
A1-3-3-Dihydro-p-xylene
w-Phenylethylamine hydrochloride
Dimethylketine
1, 1-Dimethyl-m-phenylenediamine
1, 1-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine
2, 6-Dimethylphenylhydrazine
1-Ethyl-l-phenylhydrazine
l-Ethyl-2-phenylhydrazine
Phenylhydrazine acetate
n-Butylbarbituric acid.
1, 3-Diethylbarbituric acid
5, 5-Diethylbarbituric acid
Tetraacetylhydrazine [(CH 3 CO) 2 N] 2 ....
Amylpropiolic aldehyde
Ethyl sorbate CH3(CHiCH)2CO2C2H5..
234.08
275.03
186.56
230.58
206.54
309.46
575.91
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
121.09
137.09
137.09
139.09
137.09
137.09
137.09
137.09
137.09
137.09
137.09
137.09
201.16
201.16
201.16
165.11
108.09
108.09
108.09
157.56
136.11
136.11
136.11
136.11
136.11
136.11
168.11
184.11
184.11
184.11
200.11
124.09
140.09
M. P.
B. P.
?1L
No.
127 d.
1333
177
1333
230
171
1.67
> -15
15.5
49
-63.5
-5
45
107.5
62
53
> -21
2.4
153
161
266 d.
257
294 d.
184
217
86
41
46
125.519
1.19126
193.50
223.8
216
217
216.9
226
221
204.72
216
215
216.5
207
206
206
187.4
198.2
159
178
174
208
165
188
168
172
286
200
0.956
0.992
0.974
0.98015
0.979
1.076
0.972
0.963
0.98322
0.990
0.97522
0.977
742
739
750
761
643
0.913
0.966
0.91715
1.110
17612
223
229.2
248
254.2
1.061
135
130
135.6
0.823
0.830
189
258
262.3
0.99525
1.036
237
240
69
215
52
191
86
0.94015
0.95824-4
0.934
0.944
0.91823
0.955
771
756
744
968
748
497
529
1.01816
1671
1203
187
76.512
0.89
0.936
608
No.
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2816.1
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2849.1
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
Formula
Name
C8Hi2O4
Terpenylic acid
C8Hi2O4
Diethyl fumarate (:CHCO2C2H5)2
C8H12O4
Diethyl maleate OCHCO2C2Hs)2
C8Hi2O4
Ethyl diacetoacetate
C8Hi2O4
Dimeric diacetyl
C8Hi2O5
Ethyl oxalacetate
C8Hi3BrO4
Diethyl bromoisosuccinate
C 8 Hi 3 N
Granatic acid
C 8 Hi 3 N
Trepidine
C8H13NO
Tropinone
C 8 Hi 3 NO 2
Arecolidine
C8H13NO2
Arecoline
C8H13NO2
Scopoline
C8Hi3N3O2
Iminodiethylbarbituric acid
C8H14
n-Hexylacetylene C6H13CiCH
C8H14
d-Laurolene
C8H14
Methyl-tt-amylacetylene
C8H14
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-ra-xylene
C8H14BrNO2
Arecoline hydrobromide
C8H14ClNO2
Arecolidine hydrochloride
C8H14O
1, l-Dimethylcyclohexene-3-ol
C8H14O
2, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanone
C8H14O
2, 6-Dimethylcyclohexanone
C8H14O
Crotonyl ether (CH 3 CH:CHCH 2 ) 2 O....
C8H14O
2-Methyl-2-heptene-6-one
C8H14O
Homomesityl oxide
C8Hi4O2
Allyl isovalerate C4H9CO2C3H5
C8Hi4O2
Cyclohexyl acetate CH3CO2C6H11
C8Hi4O2
Methyl hexahydrobenzoate
C8H14O3
Dialdan
C8H14O3
rc-Butyric
anhydride (C4H9CO)20
C8H14O3
Isobutyric anhydride [(CHg)2CHCO]2O.
C8Hi4O3
l-Ethyl-3-acetylbutyric acid
C8H14O4
tt-Amylmalonic
acid C5H11CH(CO2H)2.
C8H14O4
2, 2'-Dimethyladipic acid
C8H14O4
Suberic acid HO2C(CHa)6CO2H
C8Hi4O4
Diethyl methylmalonate
C8H14O4
Diethyl succinate (CH2CO2C2H5)2
C8Hi4O4
Di-n-propyl oxalate (CO2C3Hr)2
C8Hi4O4
Ethyl isopropyl malonate
C8Hi4O5
Diethyl malate
C8Hi4O6
Diethyl d-tartrate [CH(OH)CO 2 C 2 H 5 ] 2 .
C8Hi5ClO
Capryl chloride C7H15COCl
C8H15N
n-Caprylonitrile C 7 Hi 5 CN
C8Hi6N
tt-Coniceine
C8Hi5N
/3-Coniceine
C8Hi5N
7-Coniceine
C8Hi5N
o-Coniceine
C8Hi5N
Granatinine
C 8 Hi 5 N
Pseudoconiceine
C8Hi5N
Tropane
C8Hi5NO
Granatoline
C8Hi5NO
Hygrine
C8Hi5NO
Pelletierine
C8Hi5NO
Pseudotropine
C8H15NO
Tropine
C8H16
Cyclooctane (CH2)8
C8H16
Diisobutylene (CH3)2C:CHC (CH 3 ),....
C8Hi6
o-Dimethylcyclohexane
C8Hi6
m-Dimethylcyclohexane
C8Hi6
p-Dimethylcyelohexane .
C8Hi6
Ethylcyclohexane C2H5-C6H11
C8Hi6
2-Methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentene
MoI. wt.
172.09
172.09
172.09
172.09
172.09
188.09
253.02
123.11
123.11
139.11
155.11
155.11
155.11
183.12
110.11
110.11
110.11
110.11
236.03
191.57
126.11
126.11
126.11
126.11
126.11
126.11
142.11
142.11
142.11
158.11
158.11
158.11
158.11
174.11
174.11
174.11
174.11
174.11
174.11
174.11
190.11
206.11
162.57
125.12
125.12
125.12
125.12
125.12
125.12
125.12
125.12
141.12
141.12
141.12
141.12
141.12
112.12
112.12
112.12
112.12
112.12
112.12
112.12
M. P.
89
0.6
B. P.
218.5
225
211 s. d.
?1L
No.
377
375
492
13224
12213
1.052
1.067
1.09
1.56O49'8
1.172
l .318325
163
218.5
0.946
0.987 99 - 6
946
1141
220
243
1.016^05
58
905
270
41
110
110
295
125
120.5
134
124
168
98
-67.3
130
-75.0
-53.5
82
76
140
-20.8
17
-16
41
>-50
25Od.
7516
172.5
55.310
145
174
160625
155
177
183
198.2
182.5
1589
14Od.
321
279100
201.4
216.5
211
217 d.
253
280
196
200
158
169
172
161.5
0.770
0.797
818
397
0.801
398
0.933
0.913
0.914
0.890
0.860
0.863
926
426
813
406
0.99545
0.969
0.950
1.018
1.042
1.01822
0.9872^
1.128
1.202
0.9758
0.82013 3
0.89316
203
246
0.872
0.90Ij 5
945
355
421
60
172
167
0.878
0.930
195
195 d.
243
233
150.6
102.6
129.4
123.7
120.5
128
117.1
0.935
0.988
975
134
108
63
14.4
-57.5
-85
-86
1.016^00
0.839
0.71515
0.779
0.771
0.769
1146
317
288
257
No.
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2901.1
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2909.1
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2916.1
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2922.1
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
Formula
Name
C8Hi6
2-Methyl-2-heptene (CHs) 2 CiCHC 4 H 9 ..
C8H16
4-Methyl-3-heptene
C8Hi6
n-Octylene CH3(CH2)&CH:CH2
C 8 Hi 6 BrNO
Pelletierine hydrobromide
C8Hi6ClNO
Pelletierine hydrochloride
C 8 Hi 6 N 2 O 4
Ethylidene diurethane
C8Hi6O
l, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanol
C8Hi6O
d-1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexanol
C8Hi6O
dl-l, 3-Dimethylcyclohexanol
C8Hi6O
1, 4-Dimethylcyclohexanol
C8Hi6O
C8Hi6O
C8Hi6O
C8H16O
C8Hi6O
C8Hi6O
C8Hi6O
cis-3, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol
C8Hi6O
trans-3, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol
C8Hi6O
2-Methyl-2-heptene-6-ol
C8Hi6O
Isoamyl allyl ether
C8Hi6O
rc-Caprylic
aldehyde C7Hi6CHO
C8Hi6O
Ethyl n-amyl ketone C 2 H 5 COC 0 Hn....
C8Hi6O
Ethyl isoamyl ketone
C8Hi6O
Methylbutyrone
C8Hi6O
Methyl hexyl ketone CH3COC6Hi3
C8Hi6O
Methyl isohexyl ketone
C8Hi6O
Propyl isobutyl ketone
C8Hi6O2
rc-Caprylic
acid CH3(CH2)6CO2H
C8Hi6O2
Triethylacetic acid (C2H5)3CCO2H
C8Hi6O2
Isoamyl propionate
C8H16O2
d-jS-Amyl propionate
C8Hi6O2
tert.-Amyl propionate
C8Hi6O2
Butyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2C4H9
C8Hi6O2
Isobutyl n-butyrate
C8Hi6O2
Isobutyl isobutyrate
C8H16O2
tert.-Butylethyl
acetate
C8Hi6O2
Ethyl n-caproate C 5 HnCO 2 C 2 H 5
C8H16O2
Heptyl formate HCO 2 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 3
C8Hi6O2
n-Hexyl acetate CH 3 CO 2 (CHa) 5 CH 3 ....
C8Hi6O2
d-0-Hexyl acetate
C8Hi6O2
Methyl n-heptylate C5Hi1CO2CH3
C8Hi6O2
n-Propyl w-valerate C4H9CO2C3H7
C8Hi6O2
n-Propyl isovalerate
C8Hi6O3
1-Hydroxy-n-caprylic acid
C8Hi6O3
AmyH-lactate CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 C 5 H n ..
C8Hi6O4
Metaldehyde (C 2 H 4 O) 4
C8H16O4
Paraldol (C 4 H 8 O 2 ) 2
C8Hi6O4
Bismethoxyacetal
C8Hi6O6
Dambonite (Inosite dimethyl ether)
C8Hi6O6
2, 3-Dimethyl-tt-glucose
C8Hi6O6
2, 3-Dimethyl-^-glucose
C8Hi6O6
d, a-Ethylglucoside
C8Hi6O7
Ethyl d-gluconate
C8HnBr
n-Octyl bromide CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 2 Br
C8Hi7Br
Z-2-Bromooctane
C 8 Hi 7 BrN 4
Hexamethylenetetramine bromoethylate
(Bromalin)
C8Hi7Cl
w-Octyl chloride CH3(CH2)6CHC1
C8Hi7Cl
2-Chlorooctane C6H13CHClCH3
C8Hi7F
7i-Octyl fluoride CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 2 F
C8Hi7I
n-Octyl iodide CH 3 (CHo) 6 CH 2 I.
C 8 Hi 7 N
d-Coniine
C 8 H 17 N
2, 4, 6-Trimethylpiperidine
MoI. wt.
112.12
112.12
112.12
222.05
177.59
204.14
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
128.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
144.12
160.12
160.12
176.12
176.12
176.12
208.12
208.12
208.12
208.12
224.12
193.05
193.05
249.08
148.59
148.59
132.13
240.06
127.14
127.14
M. P.
B. P.
R I
' *
No.
125.2
120.4
123
0.816
0.724
0.72217
219
166
6914
169
170
72.213
179
178.5
174.7
99.535
189.2
185
187.5
176
120
8132
168
163.5
180
172.7
204
155
237.5
202
160.2
5816
143.5
166.4
156.9
148.7
157
166.6
176.7
169.2
572
172.1
167.5
155.9
0.926J4
834
0.91 li4
832
0.923
0.912
0.907
496
888
887
0.913J4
0.907
0.911
0.90216
0.854
468
889
447
463
434
0.821
0.850
261
140
145
126
72
50
8
11
-21.6
16
39.5
-80.7
0.82716
0.818
0.817
0.813
0.910
225
296
i
0.870
0.866
0.85515
0.872*?
0.866} J
0.8752
0.875J5
0.894
0.890?
0.864
0.881J5
0.889
0.863
163
133
I
148
140
120
139
187
141
69.5
110.5215
150
82
127
195
87
110
114
65
0.9644
1172
1238
210
1197
204
7114
1.11616
1.09117
184.6
173
142.5
225.5
166.5
147
0.87915
0.87115
0.81214-1
1.3414'5
0.845
0.831
200
-45.9
-2.5
94
549
978
954
No.
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2942.1
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974,
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
Formula
Name
C8HnNO
Conhydrine (Hydroxyconiine)
C8HnNO
a-Pseudoconhydrine
C8Hi7NO2
1-Hydroxy-n-caprylic amide
C8Hi8
2, 5-Dimethylhexane
C8Hi8
2, 3-Dimethylhexane
C8Hi8
2, 4-Dimethylhexane
C8Hi8
3, 4-Dimethylhexane
'.
C8Hi8
Isooctane (CH3)2CH(CH2)4CH3
C8Hi8
2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane
C8Hi8
3-Methylheptane C 2 H 6 CH(CH 3 )C 4 H 9 ..
C8Hj8
4-Methylheptane (C3HT)2CHCH3
C8Hi8
ra-Octane
CH3(CH2)6CH3
C8Hi8
2-Ethylhexane CH3(C2H5)CHC4H9
C8Hi8
3-Ethylhexane (C2Hs)2CHC3H7
C8Hi8
2, 2, 3, 3-Tetramethylbutane
C8Hi8
2, 2, 3-Trimethylpentane
C8Hi8BrN
d-Coniine hydrobromide
C8Hi8ClN
^-Coniine hydrochloride
C8Hi8ClNO
Pseudoconhydrine hydrochloride
C8Hi8IN
Coniine hydroiodide
C8H18N2O
Nitrosodiisobutylamine
C8Hi8N2O3
Coniine nitrate
C8Hi8O
Dibutyl alcohol
C8Hi8O
Diethylpropyl carbinol
C8Hi8O
Dimethyl-n-amyl carbinol
C8Hi8O
Dimethylisoamyl carbinol
C8H18O
Ethylisoamyl carbinol
C8Hi8O
l-Hydroxy-2, 5-dimethylhexane
C8Hi8O
2-Hydroxy-2, 4-dimethylhexane
C3Hi8O
4-Hydroxy-3-ethylhexane
.
C8Hi8O
2-Hydroxy-4-methylheptane
C8Hi8O
d-6-Hydroxy-3-methylheptane
C8H18O
4-Hydroxy-2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane
C8H18O
Methyl dipropyl carbinol
C8H18O
Methylethylbutylcarbinol
C8Hi8O
Methylethylisobutyl carbinol
C8Hi8O
Methylisohexyl carbinol
C8Hi8O
n-Octyl alcohol CH3(CH2)7OH
C8Hi8O
d-sec.-Octyl alcohol C6H13CH(OH)CH3.
C8H18O
dl-sec.-Octyl alcohol C6Hi3CH(OH)CH3
C8H18O
Propylbtityl carbinol
C8Hi8O
Propylisobutyl carbinol
C8H18O
Isopropylbutyl carbinol
C8H18O
Isopropylisobutyl carbinol
C8H18O
n-Butyl ether C4H9OC4H9
C8H18O
Isobutyl ether [(CH3)2CHCH2]20
C8H18O
sec.-Butyl ether (C2H6CHCHg)20
C8H18O
Ethyl hexyl ether C2H5OC6H13
C8H18O
Methyl n-heptyl ether CH3OC7H15
C8H18O2S
n-Butylsulfone (C4H9)2SO2
C8H18O3
Ethyl orthoacetate CH 3 CH(OC 2 H 5 ),...
C8H18O4S2
Trional C2H5(CH3)C(SO2C2H5)2
C8H18S
Di-n-butyl sulfide (C4H9)2S
C8H18S
Diisobutyl sulfide [(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 ] 2 S....
C8H18S
Di-sec.-butyl sulfide [C2H6CHCH3J2S...
C8H19N
Di-rc-butylamine (C4H9)2NH
C8H19N
Diisobutylamine [(CH3)2CHCH2]2NH..
C8Hi9N
n-Octylamine C8Hi7NH2
C8Hi9N
sec.-Octylamine C 6 H 13 CH(CH 3 )NH 2 ....
C8H20As2
Ethylcacodyl (C2H6)2As2(C2H5)2
C 8 H 2 iNO
Tetraethylammonium hydroxide. ..
.
C9H4O4
Phthalonic anhydride
C9H6Cl2N
2, 3-Dichloroquinoline
C9H6Cl2N
2, 4-Diehloroquinoline
MoI. wt.
M. P.
143.14
143.14
159.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
114.14
208.06
163.61
179.61
255.08
158.16
190.16
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
130.14
178.20
162.14
242.27
146.20
146.20
146.20
129.15
129.15
129.15
129.15
266.07
147.17
176.03
197.96
197.96
8
106
150
-91.0
-56.5
104
211
217
213
146
-5
83
-61
-20
-16.3
-38.6
B. P.
226
236.5
-70.0
190 d.
186
105
67
^JQL
1333
109.2
114.0
109.9
116.5
116.0
114
122.2
118.0
124.6
118.8
115
106.8
110.8
0.722}jj
221
0.893**
181.2
160.5
162
154
166
179.5
151
164
168
169
147.5
161.5
160.6
152.4
172
194
862<>
178.5
7110
164
154
163
140.9
122.5
121
137
149.8
0.848
0.838
0.879
0.823
0.808
0.828
43.5
76
-79.7
0.693
0.725j{
0.708J*
0.721
0.704J5
0.70S15
0.707
0.722
0.707}*
0.71745
0.715
87
178
138
156
103
134
114
112
135
233
339
322
254
247
0.835
0.817
0.842
0.823
0.827
0.83015
0.813
0.827
0.822
0.819
0.838J
0.821
0.825
0.82015
0.769JJ
0.762
0.75621
297
298
308
274
318
279
357
248
249
0.795JS
142
0.94 22
182
171
165
161
138.8
180
164
190
0.852
0.83610
0.83223
0.745
0.777 27
0.771
180
319
292
No.
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
Formula
C9H6Cl2N
C9H6Cl2N
C9H6Cl2N
C9H5Cl2N
C9H6Cl2N
C9H6Br2O2
C9H6Br2O2
C9H6ClN
C9H6ClN
C9H6ClN
C9H6ClN
C9H6ClN
C9H6ClN
C9H6ClN
C9H6Cl2O2
C9H6Cl2O2
C9H6INO4S
C9H6N2O2
C9H6N2O2
C9H6N2O2
C9H6N2O2
C9H6O2
C9H6O2
C9H6O2
C9H6O3
C9H6O4
C9H6O4
C9H6O6
G9H6O6
C9H6O6
C9H6O7
C9H7BrO2
C9H7BrO2
C9H7BrO2
C9H7BrO2
C9H7ClO
C9H7ClO2
C9H7ClO2
C9H7ClO2
C9H7ClO2
C9H7ClO2
C9H7Cl3O2
C9H7N
C9H7N
C9H7N
C9H7NO
C9H7NO
C9H7NO
C9H7NO
C9H7NO
C9H7NO
C9H7NO
C9H7NO2
C9H7NO2
C9H7NO2
C9H7NO3
C9H7NO3
C9H7NO4
C9H7NO4
C9H7NO4
C9H7NO4S
C9H8
C9H8
C9H8Cl2
Name
____
cis-1, 2-Dibromocinnamic acid
irans-2, 2-Dibromocinnamic acid
2-Chloroquinoline
3-Chloroquinoline
4-Chloroquinoline
5-Chloroquinoline
6-Chloroquinoline
7-Chloroquinoline
8-Chloroquinoline
cis-1, 2-Dichlorocinnamic acid
trans-I y 2-Dichlorocinnamic acid
Loretin
5-Nitroquinoline
6-Nitroquinoline
7-Nitroquinoline
8-Nitroquinoline
Phenylpropiolic acid C 6 H 6 CiCCO 2 H....
Chromone
Coumarine
Umbelliferon
Daphnetin
Esculetin
Hemimellitic acid 1,2,3-C 6 H 3 (CO 2 H) 3 .
Trimellitic acid 1,2,4-C 6 H 3 (CO 2 H) 3 ...
Trimesic acid 1, 3, 5-C6H3(CO2H)3
1, 3, 5-Tricarboxyphenol
cis-Allo-1-bromocinnamic acid
cis-Allo-2-bromocinnamic acid
Zrans-1-Bromocinnamic acid
^mns-2-Bromocinnamic acid
Cinnamyl chloride C6H6CHiCHCOC!..
cis-Allo-1-chlorocinnamic acid
ct-Allo-2-chlorocinnamic acid
frans-1-Chlorocinnamic
acid
frcws-2-Chlorocinnamic
acid
o-Chlorocinnamic acid
Benzyl trichloroacetate
Cinnamic nitrile C6H6CHrCHCN
Isoquinoline
Quinoline
p-Cyanoacetophenone CN.C6H4COCH3
2-Hydroxyquinoline
4-Hydroxyquinoline
5-Hydroxyquinoline
6-Hydroxyquinoline
7-Hydroxyquinoline
8-Hydroxyquinoline
3-Aminocoumarine
Indole-2-carboxylic acid
Indole-3-carboxylic acid
Indoxylic acid
Kynuric acid
o-Nitrocinnamic acid
w-Nitrocinnamic acid
p-Nitrocinnamic acid.
Diaphthol
Indene
Phenylallylene C6H6CiCCH3
Cinnamal chloride C6H6CHiCH 2CHCl.
MoI. wt.
M. P.
197.96
197.96
197.96
197.96
197.96
216.96
216.96
163.51
163.51
163.51
163.51
163.51
163.51
163.51
216.96
216.96
351.05
174.06
174.06
174.06
174.06
146.04
146.04
146.04
162.04
178.05
178.05
210.04
210.05
210.05
226.05
226.97
226.97
226.97
226.97
166.51
182.51
182.51
182.51
182.51
182.51
253.43
129.06
129.06
129.06
145.06
145.06
145.06
145.06
145.06
145.06
145.06
161.06
161.06
161.06
177.06
177.06
193.06
193.06
193.06
225.13
116.06
116.06
186.98
85
117
93
104
85.5
100
136
38
34
32
41
45
> -20
121
101
d.
72
150
133
89
137
58
67
227
256
27Od.
190
216
350
18Od.
120
160
131
135
36
111
132
137
142
211
11
23
-19.5
61
200
201
224
193
238 d.
76
130
203d.
218 d.
B. P.
124-5
138-6
275
255.5
260.4
268
262
256
288
1.251
301.7
0.935
^l L
No.
Ul 0 - 6
1110-*
1216
122-6
257.5
99-6
97-5
109-5
113-5
178.550
255
243
237.7
1.389J
1.037
1.099
1.093
692
1026
941
1.006
806
300
360
266.9
123
189
240
197
286
295
-2
58.5
182.4
185
14330
No.
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
Formula
C9H8Cl2O2
C9H8I2O3
C9H8N2
C9H8N2
C9H8N2
C9H8N2
C9H8N2
C9H8N2
C9H8N2
C9H8N2
C9H8N2O
C9H8N2O
C9H8O
C9H8O
C9H8O
C9H8O2
C9H8O2
C9H8O2
C9H8O2
C9H8O2
C9H8O2
C9H8O2
C9H8O2
C9H8O3
C9H8O3
C9H8O3
C9H8O3
C9H8O3
C9H8O3
C9H8O3
C9H8O4
C9H8O4
C9H8O4
C9H8O4
C9H8O4
C9H8O4
C9H8O5
C9H8O5
C9H9BrO
C9H9ClO2
C9H9N
C9H9N
C9H9N
C9H9N
C9H9N
C9H9NO
C9H9NO
C9H9NO2
C9H9NO2
C9H9NO2
C9H9NO2
C9H9NO3
C9H9NO3
C9H9NO3
C9H9NO3
C9H9NO3
C9H9NO3
C9H9NO4
C9H9NO4
C9H9NO4
C9H9N3
C9H9N3
C9Hi0
Name
MoI. wt.
^
Benzyl dichloroacetate
218.98
Ethyl 3, 5-diiodosalicylate
417.93
2-Aminoquinoline
144.08
3-Aminoquinolme
144.08
4-Aminoquinoline
144.08
5-Aminoquinoline
144.08
6-Aminoquinoline
144.08
7-Aminoquinoline
144.08
8-Aminoquinoline
144.08
3-Phenylpyrazolone
144.08
Cyanoacetanilide CNCH 2 CONHC 6 H 5 .. 160.08
Pyrrone (Dipyrryl ketone)
160.08
Cinnamic aldehyde C 6 H 5 CHiCHCHO.. 132.06
a-Hydrindone
132.06
0-Hydrindone
132.06
o-Coumaric aldehyde
148.06
p-Coumaric aldehyde
148.06
Allocinnamic acid
148.06
Cinnamic acid C6H5CHiCHCO2H
148.06
Isocinnamic acid
148.06
Atropicacid
. 148.06
Melilotic anhydride
148.06
Chromanone
148.06
Acetopiperone
164.06
o-Acetylsalicylic aldehyde
164.06
Benzoylacetic acid C 6 H 5 COCH 2 CO 2 H.. 164.06
o-Coumaric acid
164.06
ra-Coumaric
acid
164.06
p-Coumaric acid
164.06
Phenylpyruvie acid C6H5CH2COCO2H. 164.06
o-Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
180.06
Caffeic acid
180.06
Phenylmalonic acid C6H5CH(CO2H)2... 180.06
Uviticacid 3, 5(CO2H)2C6H3CH3
180.06
Methyl phthalate 0-CO2HC6H4CO2CH3 180.06
Benzoyl acetyl peroxide
180.06
Esculetinic acid
196.06
Myristicinic acid
196.06
Indene oxybromide
212.99
Benzyl chloroacetate
184.53
Dihydroquinoline
131.08
1-Methylindole
131.08
2-Methylindole
131.08
3-Methylindole (Scatole)
131.08
5-Methylindole
131.08
Cinnamamide C6H5CH-.CHCONH2
147.08
Hydrocarbostyril
147.08
o-Aminocinnamic acid
163.08
ra-Aminocinnamic
acid
163.08
p-Aminocinnamic acid
163.08
Benzoylacetaldehydeoxime
163.08
0-Acetylaminobenzoic acid
179.08
m-Acetylaminobenzoic acid
179.08
p-Aeetylaminobenzoic acid
179.08
Hippuricacid C 6 H 5 CONHCH 2 CO 2 H... 179.08
Methyl oxanilate C6H5NHCOCO2CH3.. 179.08
Acetylsalicylamide
179.08
Salicyluric acid
195.08
Ethyl
ra-nitrobenzoate
195.08
Ethyl p-nitrobenzoate
195.08
5, 8-Diaminoquinoline
159.09
6, 8-Diaminoquinoline
159.09
Benzylethylene C6H5CH2CHiCH2
118.08
M. P.
B, P.
17960
132
129
94
154
110
114
189
70
240
200
160
-7.5
41
61
133
134
68
133
57
107
25
38.5
83
37
104
208
191
206
157
133.5
195
153
290
82.5
36.6
168
210
130.5
R L
d
*
No.
4
1.313 ,684
1319
251.0
244
225 d.
12519
300
256 d.
267 d.
272
16050
1.049
1.10I45
1.07167
791
1100
1.2844
253
1290
ISO19
300
147.59
l .222J
242.4
272.3
266.2
1.071
675
226
60
95
58.5
141.5
163
159 d.
181
176 d.
87
185
250
252
187.5
114
144
160
47
57
156
163
1309
d.
1.371
1256
0.909
654
298
155
No.
Formula
~32C9Hi0
3121
C9Hi0
3122
C9Hi0N2
3123
C9Hi0O3
3124
C9H10O
3125
C9Hj0O
3126
C9Hi0O
C9H10O
3127
3128
C9Hi0O
3129
C9Hi0O
3130
C9Hi0O
3131
C9H10O
3132
C9Hi0O
3133
C9Hi0O
C9Hi0O
3134
3135
C9Hi0O
3135.1 C9Hi0OS
3136
C9H10O2
3137
C9Hi0O2
3138
C9Hi0O2
3139
C9Hi0O2
3140
C9Hi0O2
3141
C9Hi0O2
3142
C9Hi0O2
3143
C9Hi0O2
3144
C9H10O2
3145
C9Hi0O2
3146
C9H10O2
3147
C9Hi0O2
3148
C9H10O2
3149
C9H10O2
3150
C9Hi0O2
3151
C9H10O2
3152
C9H10O2
3154
C9H10O2
3155
C9Hi0O2
3156
C9Hi0O2
3157
C9H10O2
3158
C9H10O3
3159
C9H10O3
3160
C9H10O3
3161
C9H10O3
3162
C9H10O3
3163
C9H10O3
3164
C9H10O3
3165
C9H10O3
3166
C9H10O3
3167
C9H10O3
3168
C9H10O3
3169
C9H10O3
3169.1 C9Hi0O3
3170
C9Hi0O3
3171
C9Hi0O3
3172
C9Hi0O3
3173
C9Hi0O3
3174
C9H10O3
3175
C9H10O3
3176
C9H10O4
3177
C9H10O4
3178
C9H10O4
3179
C9H10O4
3181
C9H10O4
3182
C9H10O4
Name
MoL wt.
Isoallylbenzene C6H5CHiCHCH3
118.08
Hydrindene
118.08
1-Ethylindazole
146.09
2-Acetamino-4-nitrotoluene
194.09
Anol p-(CH3CH:CH) C6H4OH
134.08
Chavicol P-(CH2ICHCH2)C6H4OH
134.08
Cinnamyl alcohol C6H5CHiCHCH2OH. 134.08
Allyl phenyl ether C3H0OC6H5
134.08
Methyl styryl ether
134.08
2, 4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde
134.08
Hydrocinnamaldehyde
134.08
o-Xylene-4-aldehyde
134.08
Ethyl phenyl ketone C2H5COC6H5
134.08
Methyl benzyl ketone CH3COCH2C6H5 134.08
p-Methylacetophenone (Melilot)
134.08
Chromane
134.08
Ethyl thiobenzoate
166.14
0-Coumaral alcohol
150.08
Hesperetol
150.08
2, 3-Dimethylbenzoic acid...
150.08
2, 4-Dimethylbenzoic acid
150.08
150.08
150.08
150.08
o-Ethylbenzoic acid
150.08
m-Ethylbenzoic acid
150.08
p-Ethylbenzoic acid
150.08
Hydratropic acid C 2 H 4 (C 6 H 5 )CO 2 H.... 150.08
Hydrocinnamic acid
150.08
Mesitylinic acid 3,5-(CHs)2C6H3CO2H. 150.08
Benzyl acetate CH3CO2CH2C8H5
150.08
o-Cresyl acetate 0-CH3CO2C6H4CH3.... 150.08
m-Cresyl acetate W-CH3CO2C6H4CH3.. 150.08
p-Cresyl acetate P-CH3CO2C6H4CH3... 150.08
Ethyl benzoate C6H5CO2C2H5
150.08
Methyl phenylacetate
150.08
Methyl p-toluate P-CH3C6H4CO2CH3.. 150.08
Phenyl propionate C2H5CO2C6H0
150.08
Acetovanillone
166.08
Paeonol 4,2-CH3O(OH)C6H3COCH3... 166.08
o-Ethoxybenzoic acid
166.08
m-Ethoxybenzoic acid
166.08
p-Ethoxybenzoic acid
166.08
<#-Atrolactic acid
166.08
ra-Hydrocoumaric
acid
166.08
Melilotic acid
166.08
d(Z)-2-Phenyllactic acid.
166.08
Phloretic acid HOC6H4CH(CH3)CO2H. 166.08
d(Z)-Tropic acid
166.08
dZ-Tropic acid
166.08
Anisyl acetate P-CH3OC6H4O2CCH3.... 166.08
Ethyl salicylate OHC6H4CO2C2H5
166.08
Guaiacyl acetate (Eucol)
166.08
Methyl anisate P-CH3OC6H4CO2CH3... 166.08
Methyl o-cresotinate
166.08
Methyl p-cresotinate
166.08
Methyl dZ-mandelate
166.08
Hydrocaffeic acid
182.08
d(Z)-Pheny]glycerie acid
182.08
;
dZ-Phenylglyceric acid
.'
182.08
c?(Z)-p-Methoxymandelic acid
182.08
Veratricacid 3,4-(CH 3 O) 2 C 6 H 3 CO 2 H.. 182.08
Methoxymethyl salicylate
182.08
M. P.
B. P.
7 5 0 . 9 2 4 1
176.5
0.965
12015
1.064
96
93
>-25
33
-8
47
21
-15.4
119
57
144
126
132
116
165
68
47
113
48.6
166
-51.5
-34.6
33
20
115
50
22
137
195
91
111
83
125
129
128
123
1.3
48
30
58
139
164
141
105
181
25Od.
237
258.5
192
213
216
280
225
218
216.7
222
9512
253763
268
268
1.069
213.5
208
212
212.5
213.2
220
217
211
300
13912
231.5
240
256
235
242
14420
935
1039
1.001
877
1.010
1.028
l .01313
1.064
l .09425
689
703
1148
1.07Ij 8 ' 7
1.058
673
1.050
1.047
1.04416
599
628
1.0541J
1.101
1.131
1.138
1.451
1.354
16242
970
878
l .03318
1.044
1.0424
265
279.8
^l L
No.
1.20015
670
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
B. P.
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
C9Hi0O4
C9Hi0O4
C9Hi0O5
C9Hi0O6
C9Hi0Oe
3187.1
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
C9Hi0S2
C9H11N
C 9 HnN
C 9 HnN
C9H11N
C9HnN
C9HnNO
C9HnNO
C9HnNO
C9H11NO
C9H11NO
C9H11NO
C9H11NO
C9H11NO
C9HnNOS
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9HnNO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
3213
3214
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3235.1
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9HnNO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO2
C9H11NO3
C9Hi2
C9Hi2
C9Hi2
C9Hi2
C9Hi2
C9Hj2
C9Hi2
C 9 Hi 2
C9Hi2N2O
C9H12N2O2
C9H12N2O2
C9H12N4O3
C9Hi2O
C9H12O
C9Hi2O
C9Hj2O
C9H12O
C9H12O
C9H12O
C9H12O
C9H12O
Methyl vanillate
Glycol salicylate (Spirosal)
Syringicacid
Ethyl gallate
2, 3, 4, 5-Dimethoxydihydroxybenzoic
acid
Ethyl dithiobenzoate
AUyI aniline C 6 H 5 NHCH 2 CHiCH 2
Benzylideneethylamine
Styrylamine C6H5CHiCHCH2NH2
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroquinoline
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
o-Acetotoluide 0-CH3CONHC6H4CH3...
m-Acetotoluide Tn-CH3CONHC6H4CH3.
p-Acetotoluide P-CH3CONHC6H4CH3..
AT-Benzylacetamide CH 3 CONHC 7 H 7 ...
N-Ethylbenzamide C 6 H 5 CONHC 2 H 5 ...
AT-Methylacetanilide (Exalgin)
Propionanilide C2H5CONHC6H5
AT-Phenylthiourethane
4-Acetylamino-2-hydroxytoluene
3-Acetylamino-4-hydroxytoluene
p-Acetylmethylaminophenol
1-Anilinopropionic acid
o-Dimethylanthranilic acid
Tn-Ethylaminobenzoic acid
Z-Phenylalanine
eft-Phenylalanine
o-Tolylaminoacetic acid
p-Tolylaminoacetic acid
2, 4, 6-Trimethylpyridine-3-carboxylic
acid
Ethyl p-aminobenzoate
Ethyl anthranilate
o-Acetaniside 0-CH3OC6H4NHCOCH3..
p-Acetaniside CH 3 CONHC 6 H 4 OCH 3 ...
p-Formylphenetidine
Nitrocumene (CHs)2CHC6H4NO2
Nitromesitylene
AT-Phenylurethane C 2 H 5 CO 2 NHC 6 H 5 ...
Z-Tyrosine
Cumene (CHg)2CHC6H5
o-Ethyltoluene 0-C2H5C6H4CH3
;.
m-Ethyltoluene Tn-C2H5C6H4CH3
p-Ethyltoluene P-C2H5C6H4CH3
Hemimellitene 1, 2, 3-(CH3)3C6H3
Mesitylene 1, 3, 5-(CH3)3C6H3
n-Propylbenzene CH3(CH2)2C6H5
Pseudocumene 1, 2, 4-(CH3)3C6H3
l-Ethyl-2-phenylurea
p-Phenetylurea C2H5OC6H4NHCONH2.
Pilosinine. ..
1, 3, 7, 9-Tetramethyluric acid
Benzylmethyl carbinol
d-Benzylmethyl carbinol
Ethylphenyl carbinol
Hydrocinnamyl alcohol
Mesitol 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3C6H2OH
o-n-Propylphenol 0-C3H7C6H4OH
ra-n-Propylphenol
Tn-C3H7C6H4OH
p-n-Propylphenol P-C3H7C6H4OH
Pseudocumenol 2, 4, 5-(CH2)3C6H2OH.
182.08
182.08
198.08
198.08
214.08
182.21
133.09
133.00
133.09
133.09
133.09
149.09
149.09
149.09
149.09
149.09
149.09
149.09
149.09
181.16
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
165.09
181.09
120.09
120.09
120.09
120.09
120.09
120.09
120.09
120.09
164.11
180.11
180.11
224.12
136.09
136.09
136.09
136,09
136.09
136.09
136.09
136.09
136.09
63
287
17012
?1L
No.
~"
245
160
148
20
75
110
65.5
153
61
71
102
104
69
225
160
240
162
175
101
283 d.
265 d.
150
118
18028
209
195.4
237
233
251
1.143925
0.98225
1.064
1.055
296
303
307
300.
290
254.7
1012
1013
1255
1276
1250
1269
155
91
84
127
60
-35
44
52
295 d.
> -17
< -20
-52.7
-101.6
-61.0
99
173
79
228
< -18
69
26
61
72
260
305
224 d.
255
238
153.4
162
162.5
162
176.5
164.6
157.5
169.8
30035
d.
212
12525
219
237.4
220
226.6
228
232.6
235
1.456
0.864
0.882
0.867
0.862
0.895
0.863
0.862
0.87
1259
561
615
585
568
650
580
556
622
1268
0.994
0.991
0:996
1.008
1.015
1.009
660
706
T> T
No.
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3282.1
3282.2
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3294.1
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
Formula
C9Hi2O
C9Hi2O
C9Hi2O
C9Hi2O
C9Hi2O
C9Hi2O2
C9Hi2O2
C9Hi2O3
C9Hi2O3
C9Hi2O3
C9Hi2O3
C9Hi2O3S
C9Hi2O3S
C9Hi2O5
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9H13N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3N
C9Hi3NO2
C9Hi3NO8
C9Hj4
C9Hi4
C9Hi4ClNO2
C9Hi4N2O8
C9Hi4O
C9Hi4O
C9Hi4O2
C9Hi4O2
C9Hi4O8
C9Hi4O4
C9Hi4O4
C9Hi4O4
C9Hi4O4
C9Hi4O4
C9Hi4O4
C9Hi4O4
C9Hi4O4
C9Hi4O6
C9Hi4O6
C9Hi4O6
C9Hi4O7
C9Hi5NO
C9Hi5NO8
C9Hi5NO8
C9Hj5NO8
C9Hi5N8O2S
C9Hi6
C9Hi6
C9Hi6
C9Hj6ClNO8
C9Hi6N2O5S8
C9Hi6O
C9Hi6O
C9Hi6O
Name
MoI. wt.
_____
Ethyl benzyl ether C2H6OC7H7
136.09
Ethyl m-cresyl ether
136.09
Ethyl p-cresyl ether P-CH3C6H4OC2H5. 136.09
Propyl phenyl ether C3H7OC6H5
136.09
Isopropyl phenyl ether
136.09
Mesorcinol..
152.09
Guaiacyl ethyl ether
152.09
Phloroglucinol trimethyl ether
168.09
Pyrogallol trimethyl ether
168.09
Metacrolein (C3H4O)3
168.09
Caryophyllenic acid
168.09
Mesitylenesulfonic acid
200.16
Toluene p-ethylsulfonate
200.16
Anhydrocamphoronic acid
200.09
Cumidine p-(CH3) ,CHC 6 H 4 NH 2 ....... 135.11
Dimethyl-o-toluidine
135.11
Dimethyl-m-toluidine
135.11
Dimethyl-p-toluidine
135.11
Ethyl-0-toluidine
135.11
Ethyl-m-toluidine
135.11
Ethyl-p-toluidine
135.11
Mesidine 1, 3, 5-(CH3)3C6H2NH2
135.11
co-Mesitylamine
. . . 135.11
Parvoline
135.11
rc-Propylaniline
C6H5NHC3H7
135.11
Isopropylaniline C6HBNHCH(CH3)2.. .. 135.11
Pseudocumidine
135.11
Anhydroecgonine
167.11
Adrenaline
183.11
Apocyclene
122.11
Santene
,
122.11
Anhydroecgonine hydrochloride
203.57
Ethylpropylbarbituric acid
198.12
Nopinone
138.11
Phorone
138.11
Lauronolic acid
154.11
Methyl amylpropiolate
154.11
Castelamarin
170.11
cis-Hexahydrohomophthalic acid
186.11
Zrans-Hexahydrohomophthalic acid
186.11
<#-Pinicacid
186.11
d-Pinic acid
186.11
Diethyl citraconate
186.11
Diethyl glutaconate
186.11
Diethyl itaconate
186.11
Diethyl mesaconate
186.11
4-Ketoazelaic acid
202.11
Z-Camphoronie acid
218.11
Glycerol triacetate
218.11
Trimethyl citrate
234.11
Pseudopelletierine
153.12
d-Ecgonine
185.12
Z-Ecgonine.
185.12
dWEcgonine
185.12
Ergothioneine
229.21
Campholene
124,12
Nopinane
124'.12
Pulegene
124.12
Z-Ecgonine hydrochloride
221.59
Cheiroline
328.33
Camphorol
140.12
a-Nopinol
140.12
dZ-Santenol
140.12
M. P.
150
52
47
46
B. P.
226
192
189.9
190.5
177.2
275.5
213
255.5
241
'
No.
17 5
Q.998 0.949
0.874
0.968
0.946}jj
648
928
1.099^
1.140
77
33
133
63
-61.0
66
235 d.
207 d.
43
241
146
O
28
269
146
157
102.5
136
17315
1.17432
225
184.6
212.5
211.5
214
222
217
233
218.2
234
222
213
235
0.957
0.929
0.941
0.937
0.95315-5
138.9
142
0.87lf
0.86915
209
198.5
12911-5
111"
21610
21610
230.3
238
227.9
229
0.939
0.963
0.950
1333
682
733
726
699
0.94918
0.885
1056
486
598
0.991}^
1.09319-4
1154
1.062
1.050
1.045
1.047
847
369
594
1.161
326
102; 109
165
79
49
257
198 d.
212
290
> -20
246
48
102
98
259
287 d.
246
1.00I99-5
1138
1.370}2
133
149.5
139
0.803
0.8612J
0.79122
200 d.
8116
205
196
0.987
399
479
979
No.
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3314.1
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3330.1
3331
3332
3333
3333.1
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
Formula
C9Hi6O2
C9Hi6O2
C9Hi6O2
C9Hi6O3
C9Hi6O4
C9Hi6O4
C9Hi6O4
C9Hi6O4
C9Hi6O4
C9Hi6O4
C9Hi6O4
C9Hi6O4
C9HnBrO
C9Hi7NO
C9Hi7NO
C9Hi7NO
C9Hi8
C9Hi8
C9Hi8
C9Hi8
C9Hi8
C9Hi8
C9Hi8O
C9H18O
C9Hi8O
C9Hi8O
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9H18O2
C9Hi8O8
C9Hi8O3
C9Hi8O3
C9Hi8O4
C9Hi8O7
C9Hi9N
C9Hi9NO
C9H20
C9H20
C9H20
C9H20
C9H20
C9H20
C9H20
C9H20
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O
Name
Amyl Z-a-crotonate
Ethyl hexahydrobenzoate
Methyl cyclohexylacetate
Ethyl isopropylacetoacetate
Azelaicacid HO2C(CH2)7CO2H
n-Butyl ethyl malonate
Isobutyl ethyl malonate
sec.-Butyl ethyl malonate
Diethyl dimethylmalonate
Diethyl glutarate CH2(CH2COC2Hs)2...
Dipropyl malonate CH2(CO2C3Hr)2
Propyl isopropyl malonate
Z-Amyl bromobutyrate
Homotropine
Methylpelletierine
Triacetoneamine
Cyclononane
Ethylcycloheptane C2H5C7Hi3
Hexahydrocumene (CH3)2CHC6Hn
2-Methyl-l-octene C6Hi3C(CH3):CH2...
Nonylene C6Hi3CHiCHCH3
Propylcyclohexane C3H7C6Hn
ctf-Pulenol
Pelargonie aldehyde CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CHO...
Diisobutyl ketone [(CH3)2CHCH2]2CO.
Isopropyl isoamyl ketone
Pelargonie acid CH3(CH2)7CO2H
Amyl rc-butyrate C4H9CO2C5Hn
Isoamyl n-butyrate
d--Amyl n-butyrate
Amyl isobutyrate (CHg) 2 CHCO 2 C 5 Hn.
Butyl n-valerate C4H9CO2C4H9
Isobutyl
rc-valerate
d-sec.-Butyl valerate
Isobutyl isovalerate
Ethyl n-heptylate C6Hi3CO2C2H5
n-Heptyl acetate CH3CO2C7Hi5
Methyl caprylate C7Hi5CO2CH3
d--Octylformate
Propyl caproate C5HnCO2C3H7
Parapropionaldehyde (C3H6O)3
Di-n-butyl carbonate (C4H9O)2CO
Diisobutyl carbonate
1, 2-Dihydroxypelargonic acid
Galactite
Z-1-Methylconiine
N-Diethyl-n-valeramide
2, 4-Dimethylheptane
d-2, 5-Dimethylheptane
dZ-2, 5-Dimethylheptane
2, 6-Dimethylheptane
4-Ethylheptane (C3H7)2CHC2H5
d-3-Methyloctane
4-Methyloctane C 3 H 7 (CH 3 )CHC 4 H 9 ....
n-Nonane CH3(CH2)7CH3
Butyl-sec.-butyl carbinol
Dibutyl carbinol (C4H9)2CHOH
Diisobutyl carbinol
Di-sec.-butyl carbinol
Diethylisobutyl carbinol
4, 6-Dimethylheptane-2-ol
Methylethylisoamyl carbinol
Methylethyl-tert.-amyl carbinol
MoI. wt.
156.12
156.12
156.12
172.12
188.12
188.12
188.12
188.12
188.12
188.12
188.12
188.12
221.05
155.14
155.14
155.14
126.14
126.14
126.14
126.14
126.14
126.14
142.14
142.14
142.14
142.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
158.14
174.14
174.14
174.14
190.14
238.14
141.15
157.15
128.15
128.15
128.15
128.15
128.15
128.15
128.15
128.15
144.15
144.15
144.15
144.15
144.15
144.15
144.15
144.15
M. P.
106.5
B. P.
196.5
202
205 d.
360
13012
120
16060
196
237
228.3
143
10511
d
0.896
0.9675
0.99Oj 4
0.96O2J5
1.029
0.9762^
0.968^
0.9S62,?
0.995
1.025
1.027?
o. 98O2J
1.19626
Î l'
No.
360
886
1155
284
286
310
196
293
85
215
39.6
<-30
12
-41
172
199
150
143
149.9
149.5
187.5
93.523
182
172
254
184.8
178.6
7116
155
185.8
167
6718
168.5
187.1
191.5
192.9
822<>
185.5
170
207.7
190.3
0.773J6
0.952
0.787
0.754}*
0.767
0.908
0.82815
0.833
0.907
0.883J
0.882J
0.869
0.859
0.885
0.854
0.860
0.854
0.872J5
0.874}?
0.887
0.87212-5
0.884J
902
280
340
184
161
167
164
162
195
221
209
0.924
0.91915
123
-51 ^
142
175.5
210
133.3
137
135.9
132.0
139
143.4
141.6
150.6
180
194
174.3
171
172
195
175
166
0.83224
1214
0.716
0.71516
0.719}?
0.712}?
0.741
0.72I17
0.732}*
0.718
0.834
0.823
0.816J2
0.836
143
147
151
335
320
271
338
0.879
0.829
0.832
329
348
144
170
No.
3363
3364
3365
3366
, 3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
Formula
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O
C9H20O2
C9H20O4
C9H20O4S2
C9H21N
C9H2iN
C10H2Cl6
Ci0H4Cl4
C10H4Cl4
C10H4Cl4
C10H4Cl4
C10H4Cl4
Ci0H4Cl4
Ci0H4Cl4
C10H4N4O8
Ci0H4N4O8
Ci0H4N4O8
Ci0H4N4O8
Ci0H4N4O8
Ci0H4N4O9
C10H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
C10H6Cl3
Ci0H5Cl3
Ci0H5Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H6Cl3
Ci0H5NOi0
Ci0H6N3O6
Ci0H5N3O6
Ci0H5N3O6
Ci0H6N3O6
Ci0H5N3O7
Ci0H5N3O7
Ci0H5N3O7
Ci0H6ClNO2
Ci0H6ClNO2
Ci0H6Cl2
Ci0H6Cl2
C10H6Cl2
Ci0H6Cl2
Ci0H6Cl2
Ci0H6Cl2
Ci0H6Cl2
Ci0H6Cl2
Ci0H6Cl2
Ci0H6Cl2
Cj0H6Cl2O
Ci0H6Cl2O
Ci0H6Cl2O
C10H6Cl2O
Name
Methylpropylisobutyl carbinol
n-Nonyl alcohol CH3(CH2)8OH
Isobutyl-d-amyl ether
Ethyl rc-heptyl ether C2H5OC7H15
Methyl n-octyl ether CH3OC8H17
Propylidene dipropyl ether
Ethyl orthocarbonate C(OC 2 H 5 ) 4
Tetronal (C2H5) 2C(SO2C2H5)2
n-Nonylamine C 9 Hi 9 NH 2 ....
Tri-n-propylamine (C3H7) 3N
Hexachloronaphthalene
a-Tetraehloronaphthalene
/3-Tetrachloronaphthalene
7-Tetrachloronaphthalene
0-Tetrachloronaphthalene
e-Tetrachloronaphthalene
f-Tetrachloronaphthalene
ic.-Tetrachloronaphthalene
a-Tetranitronaphthalene
1, 2, 5, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene
1, 3, 5, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene.
2, 4, 5, 7-Tetranitro-a-naphthol
1, 2, 3-Trichloronaphthalene
Pyridinepentacarboxylic acid
1, 2, 5-Trinitronaphthalene
2, 4, 5-Trinitro-a-naphthol
2, 4, 7-Trinitro-a-naphthol
2, 4, 8-Trimtro-a-naphthol
4-Chloro-l-nitronaphthalene
7-Chloro-l-nitronaphthalene
1, 2-Dichloronaphthalene
2, 3-Dichloro-a-naphthol
5, 7-Dichloro--naphthol
5, 8-Dichloro^-naphthol
MoI. wt.
144.15
144.15
144.15
144.15
144.15
136.15
192.15
256.28
143.17
143.17
334.76
265.86
265.86
265.86
265.86
265.86
265.86
265.86
308.06
308.06
308.06
308.06
308.06
324.06
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
231.41
299.05
263.06
263.06
263.06
263.06
279.06
279.06
279.06
207.51
207.51
196.96
196.96
196.96
196.96
196.96
196.96
196.96
196.96
196.96
196.96
212.96
212.96
212.96
212.96
M. P.
-5
B. P.
T) T
' "
No.
330"
344
125
171.3
215
148.2
166.6
173
166.2
159
0.826
0.828
0.773
0.79016
0.802J
0.849
0.917
195
156
0.757
230
1.315f ' 6
1076
1.30Oj6
1104
1.26Ij 00
1.2924
1149
1150
90
85
-93.5
143
130
194
176
141
180
160.5
140
259
27Od.
<300
195
203
180
81
92
78
97
88
83.5
103
80.5
113
89.5
131
66
109.5
91
90
22Od.
113
123
218
247
189.5
145
175
84
116
37
61
68
107
48
62
88
120
135
114
101
108
132
115
exp.
exp.
282
289
287.6
286
d.
285
No.
3426
3427
3428
3429
3429.1
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
Formula
Ci0H6Cl2O
Ci0H6Cl2O
Ci0H6Cl2O
C10H6Cl2O
Ci0H6Cl2O
Ci0H6Cl2O4S2
Ci0H6Cl2O4S2
Ci0H6Cl2O4S2
Ci0H6Cl2O4S2
Ci0H6N2O2
Ci0H6N2O4
Ci0H6N2O4
Ci0H6N2O4
Ci0H6N2O4
C10H6N2O4
Ci0H6N2O4
Cj0H6N2O4
Ci0H6N2O6
Ci0H6N2O5
Ci0H6N2O6
Ci0H6N2O6
Ci0H6N2O6
Ci0H6O2
Ci0H6O2
Ci0H6O2
Ci0H6O8
Ci0H6O8
Ci0H6O8
Ci0H7Br
Ci0H7Br
Ci0H7Cl
C10H7Cl
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO
C10H7ClO2S
C10H7ClO2S
Ci0H7F
Ci0H7F
Ci0H7IO
Ci0H7NO
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
Ci0H7NO2
C10H7NO3
C10H7NO3
C10H7NO3
Ci0H7NO3
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
6, 7-Dichloro-<x-naphthol
1, 3-Dichloro-/3-naphthol...
1, 4-Dichloro-0-naphthol
3, 6-(6, 8)-Dichloro-0-naphthol
Naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonechloride
Pyrocoll
1, 2-Dinitronaphthalene
'
1, 7-Dinitronaphthalene.
2, 4-Dinitro-a-naphthol
4, 5-Dinitro--naphthol
4, 8-Dinitro-a-naphthol
l, o-Dinitro--naphthol
1, 8-Dinitro-/3-naphthol
1, 2-Naphthoquinone
1, 4-Naphthoquinone
2, 6-Naphthoquinone
Mellophanic acid
Prehnitic acid
Pyromellitic acid
a-Bromonaphthalene
/3-Bromonaphthalene
or-Chloronaphthalene
/3-Chloronaphthalene
2-Chloro-a-naphthol
4-Chlorona-naphthol
5-Chloro--naphthol
6-Chloro--naphthol
7-Chloro-a-naphthol
l-Chloro-/?-naphthol
5-Chloro--naphthol
6-Chloro-/3-naphthol
7-Chloro--naphthol
8-Chloro-/3-naphthol
Naphthalene-1-sulfonechloride
Naphthalene-2-sulfonechloride
a-Fluoronaphthalene
0-Fluoronaphthalene
l-Iodo-0-naphthol
Cinnamyl cyanide C6H5CHiCH2COCN.
a-Nitronaphthalene
/3-Nitronaphthalene
2-Nitroso--naphthol
4-Nitrosona-naphthol
,
1-Nitroso--naphthol
Cinchoninic acid
Quinaldinic acid
Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
a-Kynurenic acid.
2-Nitro-a-naphthol
3-Nitro--naphthol
4-Nitro-a-naphthol
212.96
212.96
212.96
212.96
212.96
325.09
325.09
325.09
325.09
186.06
218.06
218.06
218.06
218.06
218.06
218.06
218.06
234.06
234.06
234.06
234.06
234.06
158.05
158.05
158.05
254.05
254.05
254.05
206.97
206.97
162.51
162.51
178.51
178.51
178.51
178.51
178.51
178.51
178.51
178.51
178.51
178.51
226.58
226.58
146.05
146.05
269.99
157.06
173.06
173.06
173.06
173.06
173.06
173.06
173.06
173.06
173.06
173.06
173.06
189.06
189.06
189.06
189.06
151
95
81
124
125
183
129
226
162
269
103
145
129
216
162
156
170
138
23Od.
235 d.
195
198
12Od.
125
135
238
237 d.
264
5
59
56
70
117
131.5
94
123
71
128
115
126.5
101
68
76
59
94.5
115
58.8
79
152
194
109.5
254
156
275
292
249
187.5
283
128
168
164
B. P.
îL
No.
'
281.1
282
258
264.3
308
19513
20113
216.5
212.5
304
16515
1.476
1.605
1.191
1.138l0'7
1.135
1.3314
799
795
1102
No.
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
Formula
Ci0H7NO8
Ci0H7NO8
Ci0H7NO8
Ci0H7NO3
Ci0H7NO8
Ci0H7NO4
Ci0H8
Ci0H8Cl4
Cj0H10IN
C10H8N2
Ci0H8N2
Ci0H8N2
C10H8N2
C10H8N2O2
C10H8N2O2
C10H8N2O3
C10H8N2O2
C10H8N2O2
C10H8N2O2
C10H8O
C10H8O
C10H8O2
C10H8O2
C10H8O2
C10H8O2
C10H8O2
C10H8O2
C10H8O2
Ci0H8O2
C10H8O2
C10H8O2
C10H8O2S
C10H8O2S
C10H8O3
C10H8O3
C10H8O3
C10H8O3S
C10H8O3S
C10H8O4
C10H8O4
C10H8O4
Ci0H8O4
C10H8O4
C10H8O4
Ci0H8O4S
Ci0H8O4S
Cj0H8O4S
C10H8O4S
C10H8O4S
Ci0H8O4S
Cj0H8O5
Ci0H8O6S2
Ci0H8O6S2
C10H8O7
C10H8S
C10H8S
C10H9Cl3O2
C10H9N
Ci0H9N
Ci0H9N
Ci0H9N
Ci0H9N
Ci0H9N
Name
5-Nitro-a-naphthol
l-Nitro-/3-naphthol
5-Nitro-/3-naphthol
6-Nitro-0-naphthol
8-Nitro-/3-naphthol
Indoledicarboxylic acid
Naphthalene Ci0H8
Naphthalenetetrachloride
Quinoline methiodide C9H7KCH31
2, 3'-Dipyridyl
3, 3'-Dipyridyl.
4, 4'-Dipyridyl
Nicotelline
3-Nitro--naphthylamine
6-Nitro-<x-naphthylamine
7-Nitro-a-naphthylamine
l-Nitro-0-naphthylamine
5-Nitro-/3-naphthylamine
8-Nitro--naphthylamine
a-Naphthol C10H7OH
/3-Naphthol C 10 H 7 OH..,
1, 2-Dihydroxynaphthalene
Naphthalene-1-sulfinic acid
Naphthalene-2-sulfinic acid
1, 4, 5-Trihydroxynaphthalene
1, 3, 6-Trihydroxynaphthalene
2-Benzoylacrylic acid
Naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid
Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid
Anemonin
0-Carboxycinnamic acid
Furoin
0-Methylesculetin
Scopoletin
1, 4, 5, 6-Tetrahydroxynaphthalene
a-Naphthol-2-sulfonic acid
/3-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid
0-Naphthol-7-sulfonic acid
Fraxetin
Naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic acid
Cotarnicacid
a-Thionaphthol C10H7SH
0-Thionaphthol C10H7SH
Chloralacetophenone
3-Methylquinoline
4-Methylquinoline (Lepidine)
6-Methylquinoline
7-Methylquinoline
8-Methylquinoline
a-Naphthylamine C10H7NH2
MoI. wt.
189.06
189.06
189.06
189.06
189.06
205.06
128.06
269.89
271.02
156.08
156.08
156.08
156.08
188.08
188.08
188.08
188.08
188.08
188.08
144.06
144.06
160.06
160.06
160.06
160.06
160.06
160.06
160.06
160.06
160.06
160.06
192.13
192.13
176.06
176.06
176.06
208.13
208.13
192.06
192.06
192.06
192.06
192.06
192.06
224.13
224.13
224.13
224.13
224.13
224.13
208.06
288.19
288.19
240.06
160.13
160.13
267.44
143.08
143.08
143.08
143.08
143.08
143.08
M. P.
171
103
147
158
145
>250 d.
80.1
182
133
I
I
B. P.
217.9
289
68
296.5
112
304.8
148
<300
137
143
122
127
143
105
96
280
122
286
60
125
176
258
138
178
140
159
216
190
85
105
170
97
99
90
102
189 s. d.
30Od.
175
135
204
204
154
<250
17Od.
120
107
125
89
227
d.
125 d.
178
285 d.
81
288 s. d.
77
14
250
262
255
252.5
14334
50
301
1.145
T> T
\l
No.
1143
1.164
l .099"-3
l .2174
1126
1333
1303
1271
1.14623
1.550
l .074
l .086
1.066
1.072
1.073
1.131
1003
788
789
1080
No.
Formula
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
Ci0H9N
Ci0H9NO
Ci0H9NO
Ci0H9NO
Ci0H9NO
Ci0H9NO
Ci0H9NO
Ci0H9NO
Ci0H9NO
Ci0H9NO2
Ci0H9N3O4
Ci0H 10
Ci0Hi0
Ci0HiO
Ci0Hi0
Ci0Hi0Cl3NO3
Ci0Hi0NO4
Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2
Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2
Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2
Ci0Hi0N2
Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2
Ci0Hi0N2O
Ci0Hi0N2O4S
Ci0Hi0O
Ci0Hi0O
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
C10Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
C10Hi0O3
Ci0Hi0O3
Ci0Hi0O3
Ci0Hi0O3
C10Hi0O3
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0H10O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0H10O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
Ci0Hi0O4
C10H10O4
C10H10O5
C10H10O5
C10H10O6
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
0-Naphthylamine Ci0H7NH2
3-Amino-/3-naphthol
7-Amino-/3-naphthol
2-Hydroxyquinaldine
4-Hydroxyquinaldine
6-Hydroxyquinaldine
7-Hydroxyquinaldine
8-Hydroxyquinaldine
Echinopsine
a-Scatolecarboxylic acid
Anilalloxan
1, 2-Dihydronaphthalene
1, 4-Dihydronaphthalene
l-Ethyl-2-phenylacetylene
Phenylcrotonylene C 6 H 5 CHiCHC 2 H 5 ...
Chloral-p-acetaminophenol
Oxycannabin
Naphthylene-1, 2-diamine
1, 6-Naphthylenediamine
1, 8-Naphthylenediamine
N-Phenyl-3-methylpyrazolone
N-Sulfophenyl-S-methylpyrazolone
Benzylideneacetone
l, 2-Dihydro--naphthol
cis-Isosafrol
Zrarcs-Isosafrol
Safrol CH 2 IO 2 IC 6 H 3 C 3 H 5
Benzoylpropionaldehyde
Benzoylacetone C6H5COCH2COCH3....
1-Benzylacrylic acid CH2:C(C7H7)CO2H
1-Benzylidenepropionic acid
2-Benzylidenepropionic acid
3-Phenylcrotonic acid
Allyl benzoate C6H5CO2C3H5
Benzyl acrylate C2H3CO2CH2C6H5
Methyl cinnamate
Phenylvinyl acetate
o-Coniferylaldehyde
p-Coniferylaldehyde
m-Methoxycinnamic acid
p-Methoxycinnamic acid
Methyl benzoylacetate
1-Benzoyllactic acid
Benzylmalonic acid
Ferulic acid.
Hesperetinic acid
o-Phenylenediacetic acid
m-Phenylenediacetic acid
p-Phenylenediacetic acid
Dimethyl isophthalate
Dimethyl o-phthalate
Dimethyl terephthalate
Ethyl hydrogen o-phthalate
Hydroquinone diacetate
Methyl acetylsalicylate
Resorcinol diacetate
Meconin
Salacetol 0-HOC 6 H 4 CO 2 CH 2 COCH 3 ....
Larixinic acid
Opianic acid
Apiolic acid
143.08
159.08
159.08
159.08
159.08
159.08
159.08
159.08
159.08
175.08
235.09
130.08
130.08
130.08
130.08
298.46
208.09
158.09
158.09
158.09
158.09
158.09
174.09
254.16
146.08
146.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
162.08
178.08
178.08
178.08
178.08
178.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
210.08
210.08
226.08
110.2
234
163
205
231
213
234
74
152
165
248 d.
-9
15.5
16Od.
182
96
120
189.5
77.5
66.5
127
. 32Od.
42
35
> -18
11
61
69
74
86
65
36
B. P.
306.1
^l L
No.
l.Oolf
267
84.516
212
203
190
0.997
0.998
0.923
844
1.147?9'4
1.127949'4
1137
1135
1287
1.008
1068
1.117J5
1.123J5
1.096
0.99815
1.09060
868
869
812
1106
230
UO8
259.6
12110
1.058}J
1.069^
1.042J6
1.065
973
999
265 d.
1.158
712
17
191
262
1642*
243
248
234.5
244.4
262
288
302
131
82.5
115
169
112
117
169
228
150
170
241
68
140
48
124
54
101
71
153
150
175
282
>300
1.189j{
278 s. d.
155
1333
No.
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3643 .1
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
-, 3661
i 3662
1
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3681.1
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
Formula
Ci0Hi0O6
Ci 0 HnNO 2
Ci 0 HnNO 2
Ci 0 HnNO 3
Ci0HnNO3
Ci0HnNO3
Ci0HnNO3
Ci 0 HnNO 4
Ci 0 HnN 3 O 4
Ci 0 Hi 2
C10H12
Ci 0 Hi 2
C10H12Br2O
Ci0Hi2Br2O2
Ci 0 Hi 2 N 2
C10H12N2
C10H12N2O
C10H12N2O2
C10H12N2O2
C10H12N2O2
C10H12N2O3
C10H12O
C10H12O
C10H12O
C10H12O
C10H12O
Ci0H12O
C10H12O
C10H12O
Ci0Hi2O
Ci0Hi2O
Ci0Hi2O
C10H12O
C10H12O
C10Hi2O
C10H12O
C10H12O
C10H12O
Ci0Hi2O2
Ci0Hi2O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
Ci0Hi2O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C10H12O3
C1OH12O3
C10H12O3
Name
Hemipinic acid
Acetoacetanilide
Diacetanilide (CH3CO)2N. C6H5
p-Diacetylaminophenol
Ethyl oxanilate
Methyl hippurate
dZ-Benzoylalanine
Benzacetin
4-Nitro-l, 3-diacetylphenylenediamine. . .
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydronaphthalene
0-Phenyl-0-butylene
2, 4-Dibromothymol
Isoeugenol-1, 2-dibromide
Isonicoteine
Nicoteine
l-Allyl-2-phenylurea
Diacetyl-o-phenylenediamine
Diacetyl-ra-phenylenediamine
Diacetyl-p-phenylenediamine
5, 5-Diallylbarbituric acid
p-Anethol p-CH 3OC6H4CH:CHCH 3... .
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro^-naphthol
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-tt-naphthol
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthol
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthol
Benzyl allyl ether C6H6CH2OC3H6
Ethyl styryl ether C 6 H 6 CHrCHOC 2 H 6 ..
Methyl chavicyl ether
Cumic aldehyde (CH3)2CHC6H4CHO....
Mesitylinic aldehyde
3, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzaldehyde
Benzyl acetone C 6 H 5 (CH 2 ) 2 COCH 3
Ethyl benzyl ketone
Phenyl isopropyl ketone
Phenyl n-propyl ketone
p-Tolylacetone
p-Tolyl ethyl ketone
3, 5, 6-Trimethyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
Eugenol
Isoeugenol
Cumic acid (CH3) 2CHC6H4CO2H
o-Isopropylbenzoic acid
3-Phenylbutyric acid C6H5(CH2)3CO2H
o-Propylbenzoic acid 0-C3H7C6H4CO2H.
p-Propylbenzoic acid
3, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzoic acid
2, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzoic acid.. . "
2, 4, 6-Trimethylbenzoic acid
Benzyl propionate
Ethyl phenylacetate C6H6CH2CO2C2H6
Ethyl o-toluate CH3C6H4CO2C2H6
Ethyl w-toluate CH3C6H4CO2C2H6
Ethyl p-toluate CH3C6H4CO2C2H6
Isopropyl benzoate
d-Methylbenzylcarbinyl formate
Methyl hydrocinnamate
Phenyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2C6H6
n-Propyl benzoate C6H6CO2C3H7
Thymoquinone
Coniferyl alcohol
Benzyl lactate
Ethyl anisate P-CH3OC6H4CO2C2H5....
MoL wt.
M. P.
226.08
177.09
177.09
193.09
193.09
193.09
193.09
209.09
237.11
132.09
132.09
132.09
307.92
323.92
160.11
160.11
176.11
192.11
192.11
192.11
208.11
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
148.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.06
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
164.09
180.09
180.09
180.09
186
85
37
118
67
80.5
166
205
246
-30
4
102
115.5
186
191
160
171
22.5
68
57.5
B. P.
^lL
No.
14211
300
207.2
207
189
17525
0.971
0.975
0.90121
1.659};J
931
930
966
293
267
1.098
1.07812
760
235.3
14017
265.3
265.5
276
204
226
216
235
237
0.986
1.090
236
230.2
217
232.3
233
239763
0.9892J
l .002J
0.984
0.988
0.993
690
253
267.5
1.071"
1.080
1.1634
841
936
1044
917
1.071
0.982
0.965
0.978
893
676
698
52
11
51
879
106
-10
116.5
51
47.5
58
141
215
149.5
152
-51.6
45.5
74
7.8
290
273
220
226
221.3
226.4
228
218.5
HO19
239
228
231.2
232
1306
263
l .03617'5
1.031
1.033
1.028
1.026
1.017}J
l .02722
l .01849
1.027}^
1.027
1.106
589
629
624
636
595
1025
680
No.
Formula
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
Ci0Hi2O3
Ci0Hi2O3
Ci0Hi2O4
Ci0Hi2O4
Ci0Hi2O4
Ci0Hi2O4
Ci0Hj2O4
Ci0Hi2O5
Ci0Hi2O5
Ci0Hi2O6
Ci 0Hi 3ClO
Ci0Hi3ClO
Ci0Hi3N
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3728.1
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
Ci0Hi3N
Ci0Hi3N
Ci0Hi3NO
Ci 0 Hj 3 NO
Ci0Hi3NO
Ci 0 Hi 3 NO
Ci0Hi3NO
C10H13NO
C10H13NO
C10Hi3NO2
Ci0Hi3NO2
Ci0Hi3NO2
Ci0Hi3NO2
Ci0Hi3NO2
Ci0Hi3NO2
Ci0Hi3NO3
Ci0Hi3NO3
Ci0Hi3NO3
Ci0Hi3NO3
Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 3
Ci0Hi3N3O4
Ci0Hi3N5O5
Ci 0 Hj 4
Ci 0 Hi 4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hj4
C10Hi4
C10Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4Br2O
Ci0Hi4ClN
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
Ci0Hi4Cl2O
Ci0Hi4Cl2O
C10H14N2
C10Hi4N2
Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2
Ci0Hi4N2O2
Ci0Hi4N2O
Name
Ethyl mandelate
Propyl salicylate 0-HOC 6 H 4 CO 2 C 3 H 7 ...
Cantharic acid
Ethyl vanillate
Cantharidin
Guaiacyl methyl glycollate
Sparassol
Asaronicacid
Glycerol monosalicylate
/3-Anemoninic acid
4-Chlorothymol
6-Chlorothymol
Kairoline (1-Methyl-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline)
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro^-naphthylamine...
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-^-naphthylamine...
o-Acetylmethyltoluidine
p-Acetylmethyltoluidine
AT-Butyranilide C 6 H 5 NHOCC 3 H 7 ......
3, 5-Dimethylacetanilide
w-Dimethylaminoacetophenone
N-Ethylacetanilide
Thalline
1-Anilinobutyric acid
Propyl p-aminobenzoate
o-Acetphenetidine
ra-Acetphenetidine
2-Nitrocymene
Phenacetin C2H5OC6H4NHCOCH3
Damascenine
2-Nitrothymol
4-Nitrothymol
Ratanhine
Surinamine (AT-Methyltyrosine)
2, 4-Dinitro-7V-diethylaniline
Vernine
n-Butylbenzene CH3(CH2)3C6H5
sec.-Butylbenzene C2H5(CH3)CHC6H5...
tert.-Butylbenzene
(CH3)3C.C6H5
o-Cymene o-CH3(CH2)2C6H4CH3
ra-Cymene
m-CH3(CH2),C6H4CH3
p-Cymene 29-CH3(CH2)2C6H4CH3
o-Diethylbenzene o-(C2H5)2C6H4
ra-Diethylbenzene
ra-(C2H5)2C6H4
p-Diethylbenzene p-(C2H5)2C6H4
1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylbenzene
4-Ethyl-ra-xylene C2H5C6H3(CHs)2
5-Ethyl-m-xylene C2H5C6H3(CH3)2
Hexahydronaphthalene
Isobutylbenzene (CHg) 2 CHCH 2 C 6 H 5 ...
Verbenene
d-a, e/-Dibromocamphor
Thermin (Tetrahydro--naphthylamine
hydrochloride)
a-Dichlorocamphor
/3-Dichlorocamphor
Isonicotine
Nicotine
Nicotimine
6-Nitroso-3-(diethylamino) phenol
p-Nitroso-AT-diethylaniline
MoI. wt.
180.09
180.09
196.09
196.09
196.09
196.09
196.09
212.09
212.09
228.09
184.56
184.56
147.11
147.11
147.11
163.11
163.11
163.11
163.11
163.11
163.11
163.11
179.11
179.11
179.11
179.11
179.11
179.11
195.11
195.11
195.11
195.11
195.11
239.12
283.14
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
134.11
309.94
183.57
221.02
221.02
162.12
162.12
162.12
194.12
178.12
M. P.
34
278
44
212
B. P.
255
240
38
56
80
92
174
59
54.5
43
141
76
79
96
135
27
119
142
252
28Od.
80
240
>-25
-73.5
< -20
<-20
-35
80
<-20
<-20
-4
84
84
JNo.
1.09916
1.180
300
1.366
245.5
276.8
278.5
1.021
1.054J3-1
1.029f' 2
1005
1006
986
18915
259
283.8
0.994j
<250
15215
d.
168
1.08515
180
175
168.7
157
175
176
184.5
182
183
195
183
185
205.5
171.4
197
204
159
0.862
0.860
0.867
0.85818
0.860
0.857
0.866
0.860
0.865
0.838J1'3
0.878
0.861
0.934
0.85815
0.896J
0.901
0.88615
20Od.
4.2
26Od.
274.3
250
1.009
1246
61
237
96
77
78
^l *'
293
15615
68
144
76
189
64
64
554
550
582
601
559
1022
569.1
1273
562
662
593
1209
695
No.
3751
3752
3753
3754
3754.1
3754.2
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3777.1
3778
3779
3780
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
Formula
Ci0Hi4N2O2
Ci0Hj4O
Ci0H14O
Ci0Hi4O
Ci0Hi4O
Ci0Hi4O
Ci0H14O
C10Hi4O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O2
C10H14O2
C10H14O2
C10H14O2
C10H14O2
C10H14O2
C10H14O2
C10H14O3
C10H14O4
C10H14O4
C10H14O4
C10H14O5
C10H14O6
C10H15BrO
C10H15BrO
C10H15Cl
C10H15ClO
C10H15ClO
C10H15ClO
C10H15N
C10H15N
C10H15N
C10H15N
C10H15N
C10H15N
C10H15N
C10H15NO
C10H16NO
C10H15NO
C10H16NO
C10H16NO3S
C10H16N3O6
C10H16
C10Hi6
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16
Name
MoL wt.
M. P.
Phenocoll P-C2H5OC6H4NHCOCH2NH2
Carvacrol
d-Carvol
Cuminal alcohol
Methyl d-methylbenzyl carbinol
Methyl Z-phenylethyl carbinol
3-Methyl-2-hydroxyisopropylbenzene....
Thymol (CHa)2CHC6H3(OH)CH3
5-Mebhyl-2-hydroxyisopropylbenzene
Benzyl propyl ether C 6 H 5 CH 2 OC 3 H 7 ...
n-Butyl phenyl ether C6H5OC4H9
Isobutyl phenyl ether
Myrtenal (Myrtenic aldehyde)
Eucarvol
Pinocarvol
d(Z)-Piperitone
Umbellulone
o-Diethoxybenzene 0-(C 2 H 0 O) 2 C 6 H 4 ....
Corulignol
Hydroquinone diethyl ether
Resorcinol diethyl ether.
d-Camphorquinone
Thymohydroquinone
Crocetin
dZ-Camphoric anhydride
1, 2, 3, 5-Tetramethoxybenzene
Guaiamar
Diethyl muconate
Pinoylformic acid
Diallyl tartrate
a-Bromocamphor
/3-Bro mo camphor
Myrtenyl chloride
a-Chlorocamphor
/8-Chlorocamphor
7-Chlorocamphor
n-Butylaniline C6H6NHC4H9
2-Dimethylamino-m-xylene
4-Dimethylammo-m-xylene
4-Dimethylamino-o-xylene
Diethylaniline C6H5N(C2Hs)2
Isobutylaniline C 6 H 5 NHCH 2 CH(CHa) 2 .
Prehnidine 1, 2, 3, 4-C6H2(CHg)4
ra-Diethylaminophenol
Ephedrine
Hordenine
Pseudoephedrine
Diethylaniline-m-sulfonic acid
Pilocarpidine nitrate
Z-Bornylene
dZ-Camphene
d(Z)-Camphene
Camphilene
d(Z)-A4-Carene
Cyclofenchene
Dipentene
d(Z)-Fenchene
Fenchylene
Geraniene
d(Z)-Limonene
Myrcene
Ocimene
ci*-0-Octalin
194.12
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
150.11
166.11
166.11
166.11
166.11
166.11
166.11
166.11
182.11
198.11
198.11
198.11
214.11
230.11
231.03
231.03
170.57
186.57
186.57
186.57
149.12
149.12
149.12
149.12
149.12
149.12
149.12
165.12
165.12
165.12
165.12
229.19
257.14
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
100.5
0.5
51.5
36
B. P.
78
61
125
92.5
100
-34.4
70
78
40
118
117
270 d.
137
111
50
42.7
-96.9
^lL
No.
237.9
225
246.6
8512
13214
226
231.8
229
196
210.3
198
9010
10620
224
235
220
0.976
0.960
0.97815
0.927 27
0.9767
0.98715-2
0.969
0.98217-*
658
669
1170
674
0.950
0.93916
0.988
0.952
0.984
0.934vac0.958
616
845
620
542
551
246
l .04915
45
72
12.4
198
143
104
221
47
75
13; 62
80
678
940
235.2
290
270
271
64
19120
274
13010
9012
220 s. d.
247
237 s. d.
240.9
196.2
232.2
205
216.27
242
260
278
255
17411
0.983J9'1
1.1872-6
1.449
1252
1.015
586
0.915
0.939
0.916
0.934
0.940
649
730
663
717
1333
147
160
159
156
167707
144
176
150
142
164
177
167
7421
731S
0.822
0.8715
0.855J J
0.861
0.86518
0.869
0.840
0.843
0.842
0.802
0.799
0.915
1116
1074
1037
445
515
955
435
510
503
835
984
No.
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3867.1
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
Formula
Ci0Hi6
Ci0Hi6
Ci0Hi6
Ci0Hi6
Ci0Hi6
C10Hi6
Ci0Hi6
Ci0Hi6
Ci0Hi6
Ci0Hi6
Ci0Hi6
Ci0Hi6
Ci0H16 .
C10Hi6
C10H16ClNO
C10H16ClNO
C10H16ClNO
C10H16Cl2
C10Hi6Cl2
C10Hi6N2
C10H16N2
C10H16N2
C10H16N2
C10H16N2O2
C10H16N2O2
C10H16N2O3
C10H16N2O3
C10Hi6N2O3
Ci0Hi6N2O3
Ci0H16N2O3
Ci0Hi6O
Ci0Hi6O
Ci0Hi6O
Ci0Hi6O
Ci0Hi6O
Ci0Hi6O
Ci0Hi6O
C10Hj6O
C10Hi6O
C10Hi6O
C10H16O
C10H16O
C10H16O
Ci0H16O
C10Hi6O
Ci0Hi6O
Ci0Hi6O
C10H16O
[C10H16O]x
C10H16O2
C10Hi6O2
C10H16O2
C10H16O2
C10H16O3
C10H16O3
C10H16O4
C10H16O4
C10Hi6O4
Ci0Hi6O4
Ci0Hi6O4
Ci0Hi6O5
Ci0Hi6O5
Ci0HnBr
Name
Zrans-/3-Octalin
d(Z)-a-Phellandrene
/3-Phellandrene
tf-a-Pinene
Z-0-Pinene
Sabinene
d(Z)-Sylvestrene
a-Terpinene
-Terpinene
A1- &-Terpinene
Terpinolene
Terpinylene
a-Thujene
/3-Thujene
Ephedrine hydrochloride
a-Limonene nitrosylchloride
Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
a-Camphordichloride
/3-Camphordichloride
p-Aminodiethylaniline
o-Tetramethylphenylenediamme
m-Tetramethylphenylenediamine
p-Tetramethylphenylenediamine
a-Camphordioxime
T-Camphordioxime
5, 5-n-Butylethylbarbituric acid
5, 5-sec.-Butylethylbarbituric acid
5, 5-Dipropylbarbituric acid
5, 5-Isobutylethylbarbituric acid
5, 5-n-Propylisopropylbarbituric acid
Alantol
dZ-Camphor
d-Camphor
Carvenone
Caryophyllin
a-Citral
/3-Citral
Cyclocitral
d-Fenchone
Hartin.
Isopulegon.
Myristicol
Myrtenol
Phellandral
Pinol
Pulegon
Sabinol
a-Thujone
Urson
Acetylmethylheptenone
Ascaridol
Geranie acid
Hydroxycamphor
d(Z)-Pinonic acid
dZ-Pinonic acid
dZ-Camphoric acid
d-Camphoric acid
Cyclohexyl acid succinate
dMsocamphoric acid
d-Methyl pinate
Z-Cineolic acid
Diethyl acetylsuccinate
d-Pinene hydrobromide
MoL wt.
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
136.12
201.59
201.60
201.59
207.04
207.04
164.14
164,. 14
164.14
164.14
196.14
196.14
212.14
212.14
212.14
212.14
212.14
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
152.12
[152.12]x
168.12
168.12
168.12
168.12
184.12 '
184.12
200.12
200.12
200.12
200.12
200.12
216.12
216.12
217.05
M. P.
-55
B. P.
9
175
171
154
164
165
177
175
174
182
185
175
151
147.7
^' L
No.
0.90913
0.843
0.852
0.878
0.87315
0.842
0.863
0.834
0.840
0.855
0.855
824
914
919
915
982
541
537
0.830
0.821
440
420
983
527
210
104
175
148
178
-2
51
182 d.
132
128
157
145
176
162
262
218
262
260
0.98813-8
200
174
179
209.1
233
0.99025
0.926
229
10412
11429
195
920
956
825
839
9012
218
224
230
184
224
209
200
0.89315
0.888
0.957J 5
0.944
1.120
0.92117-5
0.976
0.945
0.942
0.937
0.943
0.913
581
553
507
861
546
827
234
84* 11920
0.94515
l .00815
0.952
860
518
544
897
295
6
230
264
-6
205
99
105
202
187
44
191
18012
1.216
1309
1.055
256 d.
1.081
196
80
499
1325
884
No.
Formula
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3886.1
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
Ci0Hi7Cl
Ci0Hi7Cl
Ci0Hi7Cl
Ci0Hi7Cl
Ci0HnCl
Ci0Hi7Cl
Ci0H17N
C10Hi7N
C10H17NO
C10H17NO
C10H17NO3
C10H17NO3
C10H17NO6
C10H18
C10H18
C10H18
C10H18
C10H18
C10H18
C10H18
C10H18
C10H18Cl2N2
3897
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3913.1
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
C10H18O
C10H18O
C10H18O
C10Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
C10H18O
C10H18O
C10H18O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
C10H18O
C10H18O
C10H18O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0H18O
C10H18O
C10H18O
C10Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O
Ci0Hi8O2
Ci0Hi8O2
Ci0Hi8O2
Ci0Hi8O2
Ci0Hi8O2
Ci0H18O3
Ci0H18O3
Ci0Hi8O3
Name
Camphene hydrochloride
cis-0-Chlorodecalin
Fenchyl chloride
Geranyl chloride
Isobornyl chloride
d-Pinene hydrochloride
Camphenamine
Pinylamine
Camphoroxime
d-Fenchoneoxime
Z-Ecgonine methyl ester
dZ-a-Pinone oxime
Phaseolunatin
Camphane
Carane
cis-Decahydronaphthalene
Zrans-Decahydronaphthalene
d-Menthene
d-Pinane
Pinocamphane
Thujane
o-Tetramethylphenylenediamine hydrochloride
Apopinol
Aurantiol
dZ-Borneol
d(Z)-Borneol
Cineol
d-Citronellal
dZ-Fenchyl alcohol
dl, (d)-Fenchyl alcohol
<fl, (Z)-Fenchyl alcohol
d, (Z)-Fenchyl alcohol
Geraniol
dZ-Isoborneo!
d(Z)-Isoborneol
dZ-Isofenchyl alcohol
Z-Isofenchyl alcohol.. :
Isopulegol.
Z-Isopulegol
Lavendol
d-Linalool
Z-Linalool
dZ-Menthone
Z-Menthone
Myrcenol
Nerol
Pinen hydrate (Homopinol)
dl, a-Terpineol
d ( l ) , a-Terpineol
/3-Terpineol
7-Terpineol
ctt-Terpinen-4-ol
d-Terpinen-4-ol (Origanol)
Thujyl alcohol
Acetylmethyl hexyl ketone
d(Z)-Campholic acid
d-Citronellic acid
9, 10-Decylenic acid
Fencholic acid
Pinol glycol
n-Valeric anhydride (C4H9CO)20
Isovaleric anhydride
MoI. wt.
M. P.
172.59
172.59
172.59
172.59
172.59
172.59
151.14
151.14
167.14
167.14
199.14
199.14
247.14
138.14
138.14
138.14
138.14
138.14
138.14
138.14
138.14
156.5
237.07
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
154.14
170.14
170.14
170.14
170.14
170.14
186.14
186.14
186.14
B. P.
11215
8514
10314
161.5
128
119.5
165
150
144
152
-125
-45
R I
' '
No.
0.983
0.91825
517
0.940
0.940
564
613
1.147
1.210
547
160
50
193.3
185.3
168
169.4
164.9
157
0.838^J
0.898
0.872
1.4481
0.839
0.856
0.814
459
539
504
423
448
477
363
199
9515
0.8941*
0.869 20
213.5
176.4
208
204.6
201
201
209
229
1.011
0.90118
0.856
0.953
0.93540
0.93350
207.4
205.5
207"
249
240
180
210.5
208.6
-1
33
42
47
49
< -15
212
216
62
59
35
40
33
70
-6
107
<0
18
129
204
202
10212
94"
199
198.3
195
210
207
1011
225.2
205
219.8
217.7
210.3
474
0.881
531
0.96115
0.915
0.9110
0.87316
0.875
0.86615
0.897
0.896
0.901 14 - 5
0.881
859
513
509
0.936
0.919
-0.819J
538
890
521
0.929
0.926
0.921
0.907j{
533
526
923
480
981
441
840
214
212
212
237 d.
260
257
1424
255
0.97O18-9
462
215
215
0.929
0.933
229
0.931
No.
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3945.1
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3974.1
3975
3976
3977
3978
3978.1
3979
3980
3981
3981.1
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
Formula
Name
Ci0H18O3
Ethyl diethylacetoacetate
Ci0Hi8O4
Sebacicacid HO2C(CH2)8CO2H
Ci0Hi8O4
Isoamyl ethyl malonate
Ci0Hi8O4
n-Butyl isopropylmalonate
Ci0H18O4
Di-rc-butyl oxalate (CO2C4Hg)2
C10Hi8O4
Diisobutyl oxalate
C10Hi8O4
Dipropyl succinate
C10Hi8O5
Dipropyl malate
Ci0Hi8O6
Dipropyl d-tartrate [HOCHCO2C3H7]2..
Ci0Hi8O6
Di-sec.-propyl tartrate
Ci0H18O9
Arabin
C10Hi9Cl
sec.-Menthyl chloride
C10H19Cl
tert.-Menthyl chloride
C10Hi9N
Bornylamine
Ci0Hi9N
Camphylamine
Ci0Hi9N
Z-Fenchylamine
C10H19N
Geranylamine
C10H19NO
Lupinine
Ci0Hi9NO3
Sebamic acid
Ci0H20
a-Decylene CH 2 :CH(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3
Ci0H20
C3H7CH :CHC5Hn
T-Decylene
C10H20
2, 3-Dimethyl-2-octene
Ci0H20
2, 6-Dimethyl-l(2)-octene
C10H20
o-Menthane
C10H20
m-Menthane
C10H20
p-Menthane
C10H20
2-Methyl-5-ethyl-5-heptene
C10H20
3, 3, 5-Trimethyl-4-heptene
C10H20ClNO
Lupinine hydro chloride
Ci0H20N2O6
Lycetol (Dimethylpiperazine tartrate)....
C10H20O
a-Carvacromenthol
C10H20O
/3-Carvacromenthol
C10H20O
d-Citronellol
C10H20O
Z-Citronellol
C10H20O
d-Isomenthol
C10H20O
o-Menthan-2-ol
:
C10H20O
p-Menthan-8-ol
Ci0H20O
Z-a-Menthol
C10H20O
Z-lS-Menthol
C10H20O
Z-Neomenthol
C10H20O
n-Capric aldehyde CH3(CH2)8CHO
C10H20O
Isocapric aldehyde
C10H20O
Isopropyl n-hexyl ketone
C10H20O
Methyl n-octyl ketone CH 3 COC 8 Hi 7 ...
Ci0H20O
Propyl hexyl ketone C3H7COC6H13
C10H20O2
cis-Terpine
C10H20O2
Jrarcs-Terpine
Ci0H20O2
rc-Capric
acid CH3(CH2)8CO2H
Ci0H20O2
Di-n-butylacetic acid
C10H20O2
n-Amyl valerate C4H9CO2C0H11
C10H20O2
n-Butyl caproate C6H13CO2C4H9
C10H20O2
Ethyl n-caprylate C7Hi5CO2C2H5.
Ci0H20O2
n-Heptyl propionate C 2 H 5 CO 2 C 7 Hi 5 ....
Ci0H20O2
Isoamyl isovalerate
Ci0H20O2
Methyl pelargonate C8H17CO2CH3.
Ci0H20O2
d-7-Nonyl formate
Ci0H20O2
n-Octyl acetate CH3CO2C8Hi7
Ci0H20O3
1-Hydroxycapric acid
Ci0H2iN
Z-Menthylamine
Ci0H22
n-Decane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 8 CH 3
Ci0H22
2, 6-Dimethyloctane
C10H22
2, 7-Dimethyloctane
Ci0H22
dlt 3, 6-Dimethyloctane
MoI. wt.
186.14
202.14
202.14
202.14
202.14
202.14
202.14
218.14
234.14
234.14
282.14
174.60
174.60
153.15
153.15
153.15
153.15
169.15
201.15
140.15
140.15
140.15
140.15
140.15
140.15
140.15
140.15
140.15
205.62
264.17
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
156.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
172.15
188.15
155.17
142.17
142.17
142.17
142.17
M. P.
127
10.5
B. P.
158.2
294.5100
ISO20
13614
243.4
229
250.8
15110
303
15816
d
1.282
0.9542J
0.974.
1.0108
1.00214
l .00615
1.075
1.139
1.11613-7
?1L
No.
327
1161
306
331
366
260
163
68
170
215
9418-5
200
198
195
10519
257
172
161
162650
169
171
168.2
170
158.4
157.5
0.941
0.948
485
488
0.91022
0.82925
511
0.763
912
0.748
0.789
0.814
0.790
0.793
0.761
0.788?
993
965
387
358
302
213
250
1244
219
222
221.7
11415
0.918
0.85715
0.861
410
464
83
36
42.5
35.5
<-15
3.5
-9
104.7
158
31
-44.8
-38.5
70.5
-32.0
-52.8
9525
207.4
212
212
10521
209.2
169.6
210
211
207
258
265
268.4
14016
203.7
204.3
205.8
208
194
214
9522
210
208.2
174
159
160
162
0.890^
0.89O1J
0.8995
0.82815
0.828
0.841"
0.825
0.824
1168
0.89530
0.89818-4
0.881
0.882JJ
0.87817
0.885
0.870
0.87717-5
0.869
0.885J
1038
0.860
0.747
0.734
0.722
475
220
185
171
473
307
213
198
258
250
No.
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4043.1
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
Formula
Name
Ci0H22
d, 3, 6-Dimethy!octane
Ci0H22
2-Methylnonane (CH3)2CH(CH2)6CH3.
Ci0H22
3-Methylnonane C 2 H 5 (CH 3 )CHC 6 Hi 3 ...
Ci0H22
5-Methylnonane (C4H9)2CHCH3
Ci0H22
Tripropylmethane (C3H7)3CH
Ci0H22O
n-Decyl alcohol CH3(CH2)9OH
Ci0H22O
3, 7-Dimethyl-n-octyl alcohol
Ci0H22O
Methylethylisohexyl carbinol
Ci0H22O
Propyl-n-hexyl carbinol
Ci0H22O
rc-Amyl
ether (C 5 Hn) 2 0
Ci0H22O
Isoamyl ether [(CH3)2CHCH2CH2]2O.. .
Ci0H22O3
cis-Terpine hydrate
Ci0H22O5S2
d-Glucosediethylmercaptal
Ci0H22S
Diisoamyl sulfide
Ci0H23N
rc-Decylamine
CH3(CH2)9NH2
...
Ci0H23N
Diisoamylamine
Ci0H25Sb
Pentaethyl stibine (C2H5) 5Sb
Ci0H30O
a(/3)-Lactucerol
Ci0H30O5
Agaric acid
CnH6OiO
Benzenepentacarboxylic acid.
CnH7ClO
tt-Naphthoyl
chloride Ci0H7COCl
CnH7ClO
/3-Naphthoyl chloride Ci0H7COCl
CnH 7 N
a-Naphthylcyanide
CnH 7 N
0-Naphthylcyanide
CnH 7 NO 4
Quinoline-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid
CnH7NO4
Quinoline-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid
CnH8O
a-Naphthaldehyde
CnH8O
/3-Naphthaldehyde
CnH8N2O4
Benzoylbarbituric acid
CnH8O2
2-Hydroxy-a-naphthaldehyde
CnH8O2
4-Hydroxy-a-naphthaldehyde
CnH8O3
8-Hydroxy-a-naphthoic acid
CnH8O2
a-Naphthoic acid
CnH8O2
-Naphthoic acid
CnH8O3
3-Hydroxy-/3-naphthoic acid.
C11H9N
2-Phenylpyridine
CnH9N
3-Phenylpyridine
CnH9N
4-Phenylpyridine
CnH9NO2
Aniluvitonic acid
CnH9NO3
Quininic acid
CnH9NO6
Hydrastininic acid
CiiHio
a-Methylnaphthalene
C n Hi 0
0-Methylnaphthalene
CnHi0I3NO3
Thyroxin
CiiHioO
Methyl a-naphthyl ether
CiiHioO
Methyl 0-naphthyl ether
CnHi0O2
Ethyl phenylpropiolate
CnHi1BrN2O
4-Bromoantipyrine
CiiHiiN
2, 4-Dimethylquinoline
CiiHnN
CiiHnN
Ci1H11N
.
C11H11N
C11Hi1N
C11H11N
Methyl-a-naphthylamine
C11H11NO
Physostigmol
C11H11NO2
Indole-2-propionic acid.
C11HnNO4
Ethyl o-nitrocinnamate
C11H11NO4
Ethyl p-nitrocinnamate.
C11H12BrNO3S
p-Bromophenylmercapturic acid
C11H12IN
Quinaldine methiodide
CnH12IN
Quinoline ethiodide
C11H12N2O
Antipyrine
MoI. wt.
142.17
142.17
142.17
142.17
142.17
158.17
158.17
158.17
158.17
158.17
158.17
190.15
286.30
174.23
157.19
157.19
266.96
166.23
230.23
298.05
190.51
190.51
153.06
153.06
217.06
217.06
156.06
156.06
232.08
172.06
172.06
188.06
172.06
172.06
188.06
155.08
155.08
155.08
187.08
203.08
251.08
142.08
142.08
584.88
158.08
158.08
174.08
267.02
157.09
157.09
157.09
157.09
157.09
157.09
157.09
173.09
189.09
221.09
221.09
318.08
285.03
285.03
188.11
M. P.
B. P.
' *'
^0*
160.8
160
166.9
166.2
161.7
231
11815
8914
211
190
172.2
0.73513
0.72S45-1
0.735
0.732
0.740 1 5 2
0.829
0.849J
0.8345
0.826
0.774
0.783"-8
216
218
190
100
0.843
443
0.767
281
117.1
128
17
174
197
189
210
851
172
1210
181
142 d.
233 d.
43
33.5
66.5
130 d.
246
297.5
306
296.5
305
291.6
60.5
275
81
178
169
160
185
219
78
241
280
164
-22
35.1
250
< -10
72
55
108
136
44
141
153
190
157
109; 113
1.148
l .07899-4
962
1133
19297
300
>300
270
270.4
275
1.077}
>1
>1
243
245
1.025
1.029
258
274
27Od.
1.096J3'9
117
58
61
65
1.117!?
1.094
790
1062
831
1181
264
261
265
291
256
259
293
d.
319174
1307
No.
Formula
___
4059
CnHi 2 N 2 O 2
4060
CnHi 2 N 2 O 2
4060.1 CnH12O
CnHi2O2
4061
4062
CnHi2O2
4063
CnHi2O3
4064
CnHi 2 O 3
4065
CnHi 2 O 3
4066
CnHi2O3
4067
CnHi 2 O 3
4068
CnHi2 O 3
4069
CnHi2O3
4071
CnHi2O4
4072
CnHi 2 O 4
4073
CnHi 2 O 5
4074
CnHi 3 BrN 2 O
4075
CnHi3ClN2O
4076
Ci1Hi3N
4077
CnHi 3 NO 3
4077.1 CnHi 3 NO 3
4078
CnHi 3 NO 4
4079
C n Hi 3 NO 4
4080
CnHi3N3O
4081
CnHi3N3O
4082
CnHi3N3O6
4083
Ci1H14ClNO3
4084
C n Hi 4 N 2
4085
C n Hi 4 N 2
4086
CnH14N2O
4087
C n Hi 4 N 2 O 2
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
204.11
204.11
160.09
176.09
176.09
192.09
192.09
192.09
192.09
192.09
192.09
192.09
208.09
208.09
224.09
269.03
224.57
159.11
207.11
207.11
223.11
223.11
203.12
203.12
283.12
243.57
174.12
174.12
190.12
199
289
37.5
206.12
162.11
162.11
162.11
162.11
162.11
162.11
178.11
178.11
178.11
178.11
178.11
178.11
178.11
178.11
178.11
178.11
194.11
194.11
194.11
177.12
177.12
177.12
193.12
193.12
193.12
193.12
209.12
209.12
209.12
305.19
148.12
148.12
108
4088
4089
4090
4090.1
4091
4091.1
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4097.1
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4, 4-Phenylethylhydantoin
Z-Tryptophane
Benzylidene methyl ethyl ketone
Ethyl atropate
Zrans-Ethyl cinnamate
3-Benzoylbutyric acid
Ethyl benzoylacetate
-Ethyl phenylpyruvate
0-Ethyl phenylpyruvate
7-Ethyl phenylpyruvate
Eugenol formate
Isoeugenol formate
Benzylsuccinic acid
a-Hydropiperic acid
Sinapic acid
Antipyrine hydrobromide
Antipyrine hydrochloride
Lilolidine
Hydrastinine
Ethyl hippurate
Benzacetin
Neurodin
4-Aminoisoantipyrine
Benzylcreatinine
2, 4, 6-Trinitro-tert.-buty!toluene
Hydrastinine hydrochloride
Calycanthine
Isocalycanthine.
Cytisine
Antithermine (Acetopropionylphenylhydrazone)
Butyl phenyl ketone C6H5COC4H9
Isobutyl phenyl ketone
Isopropyl benzyl ketone
p-Methylbutyrophenone
Propyl benzyl ketone
2, 4, 6-Trimethylacetophenone
Eugenol methyl ether
Isoeugenol methyl ether
p-Isopropylphenylacetic acid
n-Butyl benzoate C6H5CO2C4H9
Benzyl butyrate C 3 H 7 CO 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5 ....
Benzyl isobutyrate
d--Butyl benzoate
Ethyl hydro cinnamate
Isobutyl benzoate
Phenyl isovalerate
n-Butyl salicylate
Propyl anisate P-CH3OC6H4CO2C3H7...
Zingerone
p-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde
Isovaleroanilide
n-Valeroanilide
p-Diethylaminobenzoic acid
Isobutyl p-aminobenzoate
Methylacetophenetidine
.
Triphenin
Anhalamine
Lactophenine
Methoxyacetophenetidin
Hydrastinine bisulfate
n-Amylbenzene CH3(CH2)4C6H5
fert.-Amylbenzene
C n Hi 4 O
CnH14O
C n Hi 4 O
C n Hi 4 O
CnH14O
C n Hi 4 O
C n Hi 4 O 2
CnH14O2
CnH14O2
C11H14O2
C11H14O2
C11H14O2
C11H14O2
C11H14O2
C11H14O2
CnH14O2
C11H14O3
C11H14O3
C11H14O3
C11H15NO
C11H15NO
C11H15NO
C11H15NO2
C11H15NO2
C11H15NO2
C11H15NO2
C11H15NO3
C11H15NO3
C11H15NO3
C11H15NO7S
CnH16
C n Hi 6
6.5
126
52
B. P.
124.416
271
270 d.
154.515
15215
^L
No.
0.98750
1.051
1.049
1061
1.122
704
746
79
15020
16020
161
76
191
150
160
15615
116
60.5
190
87
109
225
97
210
243
235
153
180
1333
239.5
225
237
252739
244
240.5735
249
264
52
-22.4
41
41
115
49
193
65
40
120
188
118
98
216
1.04323
250.3
240
228
12020
249
237
226
15515
17645
18814
1747
0.967
0.985J
1.026
0.984J
0.975
l .05515
1.055
1.00O20
1.01617-5
l .01618
1.000
1.015
l .00215
683
661
557
563
571
1.09
653
0.860
0.87415
514
267
300
202.1
189.3
No.
Formula
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
CnHi 6
CnHi 6
CnHi 6
CnHi 6
CnH ]6
CnHi 6
CnHi 6 Br 2 N 2 O 3
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
CnHi6ClNO3
CnHi6N2O2
CnHi 6 N 2 O 2
CnH16O
CnHi6O
CnHi6O
CnHi6O
CnHi6O
CuHi6O
CnHi7BrN2O2
C11H17BrN2O2
CnH17ClN2O2
C11H17ClN2O2
C11H17N
C11H17N
C11H17N
C11H17N
C11H17NO3
CnH17N3O6
C11H17N3O6
C11H17O2
C11H18N2O3
C11H18N2O3
C11H18O2
C11H18O2
C11H18O2
C11H18O2
C11H18O2
C11H18O4
C11H18O6
C11H19N3O
C11H20O
CnH20O
C11H20O2
C11H20O2
C11H20O3
C11H20O4
C11H20O4
CnH20O4
CnH20O6
C11H21NO2
C11H22
C11H22
C11H22N3O4
C11H22O
C11H22O
C11H22O
C11H22O
C11H22O
C11H22O2
C11H22O2
C11H22O2
C11H22O2
C11H22O3
C n H 24
Name
MoL wt.
3, 5-Diethyltoluene
Isoamylbenzene (CH3)2CH(CH2)2C6H5.
Pentamethylbenzene (CH3)6C6H
4-Propyl-o-xylene C3H7C6H3(CHs)2
4-Propyl-m-xylene C 3 H 7 C 6 H 3 (CHs) 2 ....
2-Propyl-p-xylene C3H7C6H3(CH3)2. . . .
#-2, 3-Dibromopropyl-5, 5-diethylbarbituric acid
Anhalamine hydro chloride
Pilocarpine
Isopilocarpine
p-Isoamylphenol
Pentamethylphenol
Benzyl n-butyl ether C6H5CH2OC4H9....
Benzyl isobutyl ether
Phenyl isoamyl ether
Thymyl methyl ether
Isopilocarpine hydrobromide
Pilocarpine hydrobromide
Isopilocarpine hydrochloride
Pilocarpine hydrochloride
o-Diethyltohiidine
m-Diethyltomidine
p-Diethyltoluidine
Isoamylaniline
Mescaline
Isopilocarpine nitrate
Pilocarpine nitrate
Citronellyl formate
5, 5-n-Butylisopropylbarbituric acid
5, 5-Isoamylethylbarbituric acid
d-Bornyl formate
Geranyl formate
Isobornyl formate
Methyl geranate
d, a-Terpinyl formate
Ethyl camphorate
Diethyl ethylacetylmalonate
d-Camphor semicarbazone
Geranyl methyl ether
Methyl d-bornyl ether
Z-Menthyl formate
Undecylenic acid
Isoamyl ethylacetoacetate
Di-n-butyl malonate CH2(CO2C4H9) 2 .. .
Diethyl diethylmalonate
Isoamyl isopropyl malonate
Glycerol 1, 2-dibutyrate
Menthyl carbamate
a-Undecylene CH2:CH(CH2)8CH3
/3-Undecylene CH 3 CH:CH(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ..
Clavine
Methyl Z-menthyl ether
Undecylic aldehyde
Diamylketone (C5Hn)2CO.
Diisoamyl ketone
Methyl n-nonyl ketone
Umbellulic acid
Undecylic acid CH3(CH2)UCO2H
Ethyl pelargonate C8H17CO2C2H5
Methyl caprate C9H19CO2CH3
Diisoamyl carbonate
w-Undecane CH3(CH2)9CH3
148.12
148.12
148.12
148.12
148.12
148.12
383.97
245.59
208.14
208.14
164.12
164.12
164.12
164.12
164.12
164.12
289.06
289.06
244.61
244.61
163.14
163.14
163.14
163.14
211.14
271.16
271.16
181.13
226.16
226.16
182.14
182.14
182.14
182.14
182.14
214.14
230.14
209.17
168.15
168.15
184.15
184.15
200.15
216.15
216.15
216.15
232.15
199.17
154.17
154.17
260.19
170.17
170.17
170.17
170.17
170.17
186.17
186.17
186.17
186.17
202.17
156.18
M. P.
53
<-20
<-20
<-20
125
258
34
93
125
B. P.
200
194
230
209
208.5
207
26110
255
267
216
213
225
216.2
d
0.879
0.885
0.8471,07'2
0.92819-3
0.920
0.954
147
185
127
196.7
1152
545
1333
1333
206
228
229
254.5
151
159
173
*h L
No.
9811
0.92415 -5
0.9286
0.884
1333
453
210
156
230
9811
10014
11714
13640
1.009
0.909
l .01715
0.922
0.999
858
491
137.520
1.053
316
0.916
0.936
0.907
0.951^
1.005$
0.990
0.95S26
1011
961
87
238
9
24.5
165
212
195.3
217
295
236 d.
251.5
223
14025
282
>200 d.
188
193
0.763
0.774}*
282
314
341
263
-4
14.6
12.1
23
29.3
-44.5
-18
-26.5
11718
226.3
226
228
280
228160
219
224
228.7
197
0.861
0.82523
0.82620
342
0.826
312
1066
0.86617-5
0.91215
0.741
234
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
4178.1
4179
4179.1
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4185.1
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
C n H 24
CnH 24 O
CnH24O
CnH 26 N
Ci2H6N7Oi2
Ci2H6Oi2
Ci2H7N3O7
Ci2H8
Ci2H8AsN
Ci2H8Br2
Ci2H8Cl2
Ci 2 H 8 N 2
Ci 2 H 8 N 2
Ci 2 H 8 N 2
Ci 2 H 8 N 2
Ci2H8N2O4
Ci 2 H 8 N 2 O 4
Ci 2 H 8 N 2 O 4
Ci 2 H 8 N 2 O 4
Ci2H8O
Ci2H8O2
Ci2H8O4
Ci2H8O4
Ci2H8O4
Ci2H8O4
Ci2H8S2
Ci2H9AsClN
Ci2H9Br
Ci2H9Cl
Ci2H9Cl
Ci2H9Cl
Ci2H9Cl
Ci2H9ClN2
Ci2H9ClN2
C12H9I
Ci2H9N
Ci2H9NO2
Ci2H9NO2
Ci2H9NO2
Ci2H9NS
Ci2H9N3O2
Ci2H9N3O5
Ci 2 Hi 0
e-Ethylnonane
n-Undecyl alcohol CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 CH 2 OH. .
rc-Undecan-6-ol
n-Undecylamine CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 CH 2 NH 2 ...
Dipicrylamine [2, 4, 6-(NO2)3C6H2]2NH
Mellitic acid C 6 (CO 2 H) 6
Phenyl picrate
Acenaphthylene
Phenarsazine
p, p'-Di-(bromophenyl)
1, 2-Dichloracenaphthene
Phenanthroline
Phenazine
Phenazone
Pseudophenanthroline
Dinitroacenaphthene
o, o'-Dinitrodiphenyl
m,
ra'-Dinitrodiphenyl
p, p'-Dinitrodiphenyl
Diphenylene oxide
2-Phenylbenzoquinone
1, 8-Naphthalic acid
Bergaptene
..
Paracotoin
Xanthotoxin
Thianthrene
Phenarsazine chloride
3-Bromoacenaphthene
3-Chloroacenaphthene
o-Chlorodiphenyl 0-ClC6H4C6H6
m-Chlorodiphenyl m-ClC6H4C6H6
p-Chlorodiphenyl P-ClC6H4C6H6
ra-Chloroazobenzene
p-Chloroazobenzene P-ClC6H4NNC6H6.
3-Iodoacenaphthene
Carbazole
o-Nitrodiphenyl 0-NO2C6H4C6H6
m-Nitrodiphenyl W-NO2C6H4C6H5
p-Nitrodiphenyl P-NO2C6H4C6H6
Thiodiphenylamine.
p-Nitroazobenzene
2, 4-Dinitro-4'-hydroxydiphenylamine....
Acenaphthene..
156.18
172.19
172.19
171.20
439.10
342.05
305.08
152.06
241.03
311.89
222.98
180.08
180.08
180.08
180.08
244.08
244.08
244.08
244.08
168.06
184.06
216.06
216.06
216.06
216.06
216.19
277.50
232.99
188.53
188.53
188.53
188.52
216.54
216.54
280.00
167.08
199.08
199.08
199.08
199.14
227.09
275.09
154.08
19
16
16.5
25Od.
286
153
93
310
164
115
78.5
171
156
173
206 d.
124
198
233
87
107
270
188
152
146
160
193
51.2
69.8
34
89
75.5
67.5
89
65
244.8
37
61
113
180
129.9
190
95
4219
4220
4221
4221.1
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
Ci 2 Hi 0
Ci2Hi0AsCl
Ci2Hi0As2
Ci2H10ClI
Ci2Hi0Cl2N2
Ci2Hi0Cl2N2
Ci2H10N2
Ci2H10N2
C12H10N2O
C12H10N2O
C12H10N2O
Ci2H10N2O
C12H10N2O2
C12H10N2O2
C12H10N2O2
C12H10N2O2
C12H10N2O2
C12H10N2O2S
Ci2Hi0N2O3
Diphenyl C6H5C6H6
Diphenyl arsine chloride
Arsenobenzene C6H5AsAsC6H5
Diphenyliodonium chloride
Dichlorobenzidine [2,4-Cl(NH 2 )C 6 H 3 I 2 .
p, p-Dichlorbenzidine
Aribine
Azobenzene C6H5NNC6H5
Azoxybenzene
.
p-Hydroxyazobenzene
AT-Nitrosodiphenylamine (C 6 H 6 ) 2 NNO..
p-Nitrosophenylaniline
o, o'-Azophenol
ra,
ra'-Azophenol
HOC6H4NNC6H4OH.
p, p'-Azophenol
o-Nitrodiphenylamine
p-Nitrodiphenylamine
Benzidinesulfone
o, o'-Azoxyphenol
154.08
264.50
304.00
316.47
253.01
253. Ol
182.09
182.09
198.09
198.09
198.09
198.09
214.09
214.09
214.09
214.09
214.09
246.16
288.17
69.0
42.8
196
d. 230
163
60
237
67
36
152
66.5
143
172
205
215
75
133
>350
102
B. P.
7"
14630
235754
234
d
19
0.751
0.833
0.833
275
R l
' '
No.
""
374
1192
1.897
>360
>360
>360
288
366
336.4
319
268
1.437f
282
18Od.
354.8
320
1.674f
1333
340
371 d.
277.5
1.024 9 9 2
254.9
327 d.
1.041
1.58340
1127,
1193
1105
1.67
297.4
1.203
1.246
1031
No.
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4297.1
4298
Formula
Ci2H10N2O3
Ci2H10O
C12H10O
C12H10O
C12H10O
C12H10OS
C12H10O2
C12H10O2
C12H10O2
C12H10O2
C12H10O2
C12H10O2
Ci2Hi0O2S
Ci2Hi0O3S
Ci2Hi0O4
Ci2Hi0O4
Ci2Hi0O4
Ci2Hi0O4
Ci2Hi0O4
Ci2Hi0O4S
Ci2H10O6
C12H10O6S2
C12H10P2
C12H10S
C12H10S2
C12H10Se
C12H10Te
Ci2H11As
C12H11AsO2
C12H11N
C12H11N
C12H11N
C12H11N
C12H11N
C12H11NO
C12H11NO2S
C12H11N3
C 12 HnN 3
C 12 HnN 3
Ci2H11N3O2
C12HnN3O2
C12H11P
C12H12
Ci 2 Hi 2
Ci 2 Hi 2
Ci 2 Hi 2
Ci2Hi2
Ci2Hi2ClN
Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2
Ci 2 H 12 N 2
Ci 2 H 12 N 2
C12H12N2
C12H12N2
C12H12N2O
C12H12N2O3
C12H12N2O6S2 )
C12H12N4
C12H12N4
C 12 H 12 N 4 O 4 )
C12H12O
Ci2Hi2O
Ci2H12O
C12H12O2
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
p, p'-Azoxyphenol
o-Phenylphenol C6H5C6H4OH
m-Phenylphenol C6H6C6H4OH
p-Phenylphenol C6H5C6H4OH
Phenyl ether C6H6OC6H5
Diphenyl sulfoxide (C6H6)2SO
o, o'-Diphenol OHC6H4-C6H4OH
o, p'-Diphenol OHC6H4.C6H4OH
m, w'-Diphenol OHC6H4.C6H4OH
P1 p'-Diphenol OHC6H4.C6H4OH
a-Naphthyl acetate CH3CO2Ci0H7
0-Naphthyl acetate CH3CO2Ci0H7
Diphenyl sulfone (C6Hs)2SO2
Phenyl benzenesulfonate
2, 2'-Diresorcinol
4, 4'-Diresorcinol
5, 5'-Diresorcinol
Piperic acid
Quinhydrone
4, 4'-Dihydroxydiphenylsulfone
Paracotoic acid
Benzenesulfonic anhydride
Phosphobenzene C6H6P.PC6H5
Diphenyl sulfide (C6H5)2S
Diphenyl disillude (C6H5)A
Diphenyl selenide (C6H5)2Se
Diphenyl telluride (C6H5)2Te
Diphenylarsine (C6H5)2AsH
Diphenylarsonic acid (C 6 H 5 ) 2 AsOOH...
o-Aminodiphenyl C6H5C6H4NH2
2-Benzylpyridine
3-Benzylpyridine
4-Benzylpyridine
Diphenylamine (C 6 H 5 ) 2 NH
m-Phenylaminophenol
Benzenesulfanilide
ra-Aminoazobenzene
p-Aminoazobenzene C 6 H 6 N 2 C 6 H 4 NH 2 ..
Diazoaminobenzene C 6 H 5 N 2 NHC 6 H 5 ...
o-Nitrobenzidine
ra-Nitrobenzidine
Diphenylphosphine (C6H6)2PH
1, 4-Dimethylnaphthalene
a-Ethylnaphthalene
-Ethylnaphthalene
Diphenylamine hydrochloride.
p-Aminodiphenylamine
Benzidine (p-NH 2 C 6 H 4 ) 2
/3-Benzidine
1, 1-Diphenylhydrazine (C 6 H 6 ) 2 NNH 2 ..
Hydrazobenzene C6H6NHNHC6H5
Harmalol
Luminal (5,5-Phenylethy!barbituric acid)
Benzene-o, o'-disulfonic acid
Chrysoidine
p, p'-Diaminoazobenzene
Urocanic acid
Ethyl a-naphthyl ether
Ethyl /3-naphthyl ether
Z-Methyl-a-naphthyl carbinol
Benzylideneacetylacetone
288.17
170.08
170.08
170.08
170.08
202.14
186.08
186.08
186.08
186.08
186.08
186.08
218.14
234.14
218.08
218.08
218.08
218.08
218.08
250.14
234.08
298.21
216.13
186.14
218.21
233.28
281.58
230.05
262.05
169.09
169.09
169.09
169.09
169.09
185.09
233.16
197.11
197.11
197.11
229.11
229.11
186.11
156.09
156.09
156.09
156.09
156.09
205.56
184.11
184.11
184.11
184.11
184.11
200.11
232.11
344.24
212.12
212.12
276.12
172.09
172.09
172.09
188.09
156; 107
56
78
165
26.9
70.5
109
161
123.5
272
44.8
68.5
129
35
268
222
310
217
171
239
108
90
149
61
178
45.5
34
53
82
110
59
126
96
143
190
< -18
111
< -14
-19
B. P.
275
> 300
308
259
340
326
342
1.072
^lL
No.
1019
377.8
22Od.
24010 d.
293
310
302
320
15537
299
276
286
287
302
340
1.1191J
948
l .35615
1.55615
800
1.159
1333
1183
>360
exp.
280
264.3
266
1.0716
1.016
258 d.
251
1.064^
1.008
900
1333
75
128.7
45
36
131
212 d.
173
> 175 d.
117.5
241
213 d.
5.5
37.5
47
354
401.7
363
22050
d.
1333
276.4
282
11611
18815
1.061
1.064
1.115
779
1071
No.
Formula
Name
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4318.1
4319
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4330.1
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4345.1
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
Ci2Hi2O2
C12Hi2O3
Ci2Hi2O6
Cj2Hi2O6
Ci2Hi2O6
Ci2Hi3N
Ci2Hi3N
Ci2Hi3N
C12Hi3N
Ci2Hi3N
Ci2Hi3NO3
Ci 2 Hi 3 N 3
Ci2Hi4As2Cl2N2O2
C12Hi4IN
Cj 2 Hi 4 N 2 O
Ci 2 Hi 4 N 4 O 4 S 2
Ci 2 Hi 4 N 4 O 6
C12Hi4N4O8
Ci 2 Hi 4 O 2
Ci 2 Hi 4 O 3
Ci2Hi4O3
Ci2Hi4O3
Ci2Hi4O4
C12H14O4
C12Hi4O4
C12Hi6N
C12H15N
C12H16N
C12Hi6NO
Ci 2 Hi 6 NO
Ci2Hi6NO2
C12Hi6NO3
Ci2Hi6NO3
Ci2Hi5NO3
Ci2Hi6NO3
Ci2Hi6NO4
Ci2H16N2O
Ci2Hi6N2O4S
Ci2Hi6O
C12H16O
C12H16O2
C12H16O2
C12H16O2
C12H16O2
C12Hi6O2
Ci2Hj6O2
Ci2Hi6O2
Ci2Hi6O2
Ci2Hi6O2
Ci2Hi6O3
C12H16O3
C12H16O3
C12H16O3
C12H16O3
C12H16O8
C12H16O3
C12H16O4
C12H16O6
C12H16O6
C12H16O7
C12H17AsN2O4
C12H17NO
C12H17NO
Allyl cinnamate
Benzoylacetylacetone
Brasilie acid
Phloroglucinol triacetate
Pyrogallol triacetate
Dimethyl-a-naphthylamine
Dimethyl-/3-naphthylamine
Ethyl a-naphthylamine
Ethyl -naphthylamine
2, 6, 8-Trimethylquinoline
Pyrantin
p, p'-Diaminodiphenylamine
Arsphenamine
Quinaldine ethiodide
p-Tolylantipyrine
Benzidine-o, o'-disulfoneamide
Desoxyamalic acid
Amalic acid (Tetramethylalloxantine)... .
n-Propyl cinnamate
Eugenol acetate
Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate
Isoeugenol acetate
Apiol
Isoapiol
Diethyl o-phthalate 0-C6H4(CO2C2H5)2.
Carbazoline
Diallylaniline C 6 H 5 N(CH 2 CH:CH 2 ) 2 . . .
Julolidine
Benzoylpiperidine
Naphthalanmorpholine
Dipropionanilide C6H5N (OCC2H5)2
Ethyl phenaceturate
Anhalonidine
Anhalonine
Hydro co tarnine
Cotarnine
Methylcytisine (Caulophylline)
Aniline sulfate (C6H5NH2)2H2SO4
Isoamyl phenyl ketone
Isobutyl benzyl ketone
Eugenol ethyl ether
Isoeugenol ethyl ether
Pentamethylbenzoic acid
Amyl benzoate C6H6CO2C5H11
Benzyl isovalerate
Benzyl d-valerate
Isoamyl benzoate
Isopropyl hydro cinnamate
Thymyl acetate
n-Amyl salicylate 0-HOC6H4CO2C5H11.
Butyl anisate P-CH3OC6H4CO2C4H9....
Isoamyl salicylate
Isobutyl anisate
Guaiacyl valerate C 4 H 9 CO 2 C 6 H 4 OMe..
Asaron
Elemicin
Aspidinol
Diethyl succinylsuccinate
d, 0-Phenylglucoside
Arbutin
Aniline arsenate (C6H6NH2)2H3AsO4. ..
N-n-Butylacetanilide
Caproanilide CH3(CH2)4CONHC6H5. . .
MoL wt.
188.09
204.09
252.09
252.09
252.09
171.11
171.11
171.11
171.11
171.11
219.11
199.12
438.96
299.05
202.12
342.27
310.14
342.14
190.11
206.11
206.11
206.11
222.11
222.11
222.11
173.12
173.12
173.12
189.12
189.12
205.12
221.12
221.12
221.12
221.12
237.12
204.14
284.20
176.12
176.12
192.12
192.12
192.12
192.12
192.12
192.12'
192.12
192.12
192.12
208.12
208.12
208.12
208.12
208.12
208.12
208.12
224.12
256.12
256.12
272.12
328.11
191.14
191.14
M. P.
B. P.
35
129
106
165
46
46
155
158
160 d.
234
137
278
260 s. d.
221 d.
31
52
80
29.5
56
286 d.
16722
1.05211
1.152}*
276
305
17615
18315
261.4
1.045}^
1.02Sf'2
1.060
1.057
285.1
282.4
1.044
1.084
283
294
304
296.1
297
245
280
18417
312
179.530
99
40
48
63
44
79
160
85.5
55
133
137
1.015
1.19712
1.122
^L'
No.
810
1081
871
969
665
1232
1310
817
607
0.954
1280
100 d.
1.3774
242.5
250.5
254
0.969J
1.0219-5
808
0.989
566
0.982 22
0.993
0.98625
1.009
1.06515
1.054
1.0452J
1.052
558
634
1.165
1.063
1333
694
64
210.5
d.
13625
250730
262
12611
243
265
18340
273
17046
265
296
14710
67
161
128
175
195
140
1333
276.5
95
635
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
124
38
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4365.1
4366
4367
4367.1
4367.2
4367.3
4367.4
4367.5
4367.6
4367.7
4367.8
4367.9
4368
4368.1
4368.2
4368.3
Ci 2 H n NO
Ci2HnNO2
Ci 2 H n NO 2
Ci2HnN6O9
Ci2Hi8
Ci 2 Hi 8
Ci 2 Hi 8
Ci2Hi8
Ci 2 Hi 8 N 2 O 4
Ci2Hi8N2O5
Ci2Hi8N2O5
Ci2Hi8N4O
Ci2Hi8N4O2
Ci2Hi8O
Ci2Hi8O
Ci2Hi8O
Ci2Hi8O3
Ci2Hi8O3
Ci2Hi8O4
Ci2Hi8O6
Ci2Hi8O6
C-Diethylacetanilide
Ethyl-N-phenacetine
Ethyl-o-tolylurethane
Lysine picrate
Hexamethylbenzene
l-Methyl-3-tert.-amylbenzene
1, 2, 4-Triethylbenzene
1, 3, 5-Triethylbenzene
Rhamnose phenylhydrazone
d, a-Glucosephenylhydrazone
d, /3-Glucosephenylhydrazone
Phenylhydrazine hydrate
Hexamethylenetetramineresorcinol
Benzyl isoamyl ether
Thymyl ethyl ether
Mellithyl alcohol (CHs)5C6CH2OH
Phloroglucinol triethyl ether
Pyrogallol triethyl ether
Cascarillin
Trimeric diacetyl
Diethyl 1, l'-diacetylsuccinate
191.14
207.14
207.14
375.17
162.14
162.14
162.14
162.14
254.16
270.16
270.16
234.17
250.17
178.14
178.14
178.14
210.14
210.14
226.14
258.14
258.14
4368.4
4368.41
4368.5
4368.6
4368.7
4368.8
4368.9
4369
4369.1
Ci2Hi8O6
C12Hi8O8
Ci2H19Br3O2
Ci2Hi9ClO2
Ci2Hi9Cl3O2
Ci2Hi9N
Cj2H20N2O3
Ci2H20N2O3
Ci2H20N4O?
258.14
290.14
434.89
230.60
301.52
177.15
240.17
270.17
4369.2
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4375.1
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4393.1
4394
4395
4396
4397
Ci2H20O
Ci2H20O
Ci2H20O2
Ci2H20O2
Ci2H20O2
Ci2H20O2
C12H20O2
C12H20O2
Ci2H20O2
C12H20O2
C12H20O2
C12H20O2
C12H20O6
C12H20O7
C12H20O10
C12H21ClO2
C12H21N3
C12H22O
C12H22O
C12H22O2
C12H22O2
C12H22O3
C12H22O3
C12H22O4
C12H22O6
C12H22O6
C12H22O6
C12H22Ou
C12H22On(H2O)
C12H22On
Ci2H22On
Triethyl aconitate
Diethyl diacetyltartrate
Bromal d-borneolate
d-Bornyl chloroacetate
Chloral-d-borneolate
n-Dipropylaniline C 6 H 5 N(C 3 Hr) 2
Isoamylisopropylbarbituric acid
Isoamylpropylbarbituric acid
Hexamethylenetetraminemethylene
citrate
Ballanophorin
Homophorone
Geranylacetic acid
dl-Bornyl acetate
d-Bornyl acetate.
Geranyl acetate
Isobornyl acetate
Isopulegyl acetate
Z-Linalyl acetate
Neryl acetate
dl, a-Terpinyl acetate
d (I), a-Terpinyl acetate
Diethyl l-ethyl-l'-acetylsuccinate
Triethyl citrate
Maltosan
Z-Menthyl chloroacetate
Kyanpropine
Ethyl d-bornyl ether
Hexenyl ether.
d-Citronellyl acetate
Z-Menthyl acetate (HOCHCO 2 C 4 H 9 ) 2 ...
Lanolic acid
Z-Menthyl glycollate
Diisoamyl oxalate
,
Di-n-butyl d-tartrate
Diisobutyl d-tartrate
Diisobutyl Z-tartrate
Lactose
Maltose
Saccharose
Trehalose (2H2O)
332.19
180.15
180.15
196.15
196.15
196.15
196.15
196.15
196.15
196.15
196.15
196.15
196.15
244.15
276.15
324.15
232.62
207.19
182.17
182.17
198.17
198.17
214.17
214.17
230.17
262.17
262.17
262.17
342.17
360.19
342.17
342.17
252 d.
166
B. P.
^l L
No.
298
255
265
208
218
218
0.8673
0.882
0.863
237.5
226.9
0.933J
583
565
159
160
141
24
200 d.
160.5
43
39
205
105
88
68
109
17524
280.1
253250
17015
14730
1.209 (st.)
1196,
1.176 (met.) 1201
1.106
454
1.10971
1.868
56
241
0.910
210625
17919
11422
226
242
899
10314
220
13425
220 d.
14040
263
294
0.886
0.938
0.985
0.99115
0.91715
0.981
0.93518
0.895
0.91615
0.957
0.983?
1.064}?.6
1.137
13712
1.056
205
118
12115
227
0.901
1023
0.903}5
0.919
402
418
175
132
175
56
29
< -50
150 (?)
38
116
77
87
22.5
69
74
201.6
186
210
265
20318
325
18521
d.
530
516
483
994
493
1010
934
414
409
0.96811
1.09815
1.02979
1.525
1.540
1.5885
1229
1333
1242
1195
No.
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
Formula
Name
Ci2H23ClO
Lauryl chloride CH3(CH2)I0COCl
Ci 2 H 23 N
Lauronitrile CH3(CH2)i0CN
Ci2H24
rc-Dodecylene
CH2:CH(CH2)9CH3
Ci 2H24N2Oi0
d-Glucosealdazine
Ci2H24O
rc-Amyl
hexyl ketone C 6 HnCOC 6 H 13 ...
Ci2H24O
Ethylmenthol
Ci2H24O
Z-Ethyl menthyl ether
Ci2H24O
Laurie aldehyde CH3(CH2)I0CHO
Ci2H24O2
Laurie acid CH3(CH2)I0CO2H
Ci2H24O2
n-Decyl acetate CH3CO2Ci0H21
Ci2H24O2
Ethyl w-caprate C9Hj9CO2C2H5
Ci2H24O3
n-Parabutyraldehyde
Ci2H25NO
Lauramide CH3(CH2)I0CONH2
Ci 2 H 26
rc-Dodecane
CH3(CH2) 10CH3. ..
Ci2H26
5-Propylnonane (C4H9) ,CHC3H7
Ci2H26
2, 4, 5, 7-Tetramethy!octane.
Ci2H26O
n-Amylhexyl carbinol
Ci2H26O
n-Dodecyl alcohol CH3(CH2)I0CH2OH .
Ci2H26O
n-Hexyl ether (C6Hi3)20
Ci 2 H 27 N
Dodecylamine Ci 2 H 25 NH 2
Ci 2 H 27 N
Tri-n-butylamine (C4Hg)3N
Ci2H27N
Triisobutylamine [(CH3)2CHCH2]3N... .
Ci2H28N2O4
Ethylenediamine isovalerate
Ci3H7Br3O3
Tribromosalol
Ci3H8Cl2O
p, p'-Dichlorobenzophenone
Ci3H8N2O5
p, p'-Dinitrobenzophenone
Ci3H8N6O9
o, o', p, p'-Tetranitrodiphenylurea
Ci3H8O
Fluorenone
Ci3H8O
Pyrene ketone
Ci3H8O2
Xanthone
Ci8H8O3S
Benzophenonesulfone
Ci3H8O4
Euxanthone
Ci3H9BrO2
p-(p-Bromophenyl) benzoic acid
Ci3H9ClO
o-Chlorobenzophenone
Ci3H9ClO
ra-Chlorobenzophenone
Ci3H9ClO
p-Chlorobenzophenone
Ci3H9N
Acridine
Ci3H9N
a-Naphthoquinoline
Ci3H9N
/3-Naphthoquinoline
Ci3H9N
Phenanthradine
Ci3H9NO
9-Acridone
Ci3Hi0
Fluorene
Ci3Hi0AsN
Diphenylcyanoarsine (C6Hs)2AsCN
Ci3Hi0Cl2
Benzophenone chloride..
Ci3Hi0Cl2
m,
ra'-Dichlorodiphenylmethane
Ci3Hi0Cl2
p, p'-Dichlorodiphenylmethane
Ci3Hi0N2O3
Benzeneazosalicylic acid
Ci3Hi0O
p-Diphenylaldehyde P-C6H5C6H4CHO..
Ci3Hi0O
Fluorenol
Ci3Hi0O
a-Benzophenone (C6H5)2CO
Ci3Hi0O
/3-Benzophenone
Ci3Hi0O
T-Benzophenone
Ci3Hi0O
5-Benzophenone
Ci3Hi0O
Xanthene
Ci3Hi0O2
o-Hydroxybenzophenone
Ci3Hi0O2
ra-Hydroxybenzophenone
Ci3Hi0O2
p-Hydroxybenzophenone
Ci3Hi0O2
o-Phenylbenzoic acid
Ci3Hi0O2
m-Phenylbenzoic acid
Ci3Hi0O2
p-Phenylbenzoic acid
Ci3H10O2
Phenyl benzoate C6H5CO2C6H5
C13Hi0O3
2, 5-Dihydroxybenzophenone
Ci3Hi0O3
2, 2'-Dihydroxybenzophenone
MoL wt.
M. P.
218.64
181.19
168.19
356.20
184.19
184.19
184.19
184.19
200.19
200.19
200.19
216.19
199.20
170.20
170.20
170.20
186.20
186.20
186.20
185.22
185.22
185.22
264.23
450.80
250.98
272.08
392.11
180.06
180.06
196.06
244.13
228.06
276.99
216.53
216.53
216.53
179.08
179.08
179.08
179.08
195.08
166.08
255.05
236.99
236.99
236.99
242.09
182.08
182.08
182.08
182.08
182.08
182.08
182.08
198.08
198.08
198.08
198.08
198.08
198.08
198.08
214.08
214.08
-17
4
-31.5
100
9
44.5
48.0
102
-12
30
24
28
-21.8
129
195
145
190
189
84
142
174
187
240
194
45.5
83
78
108
52
93
104
354
116
30
8
55
218 d.
60
156
48.5
26.5
45-48
-51
100.5
41
116
134
111
161
219
70
122
59
B. P.
14518
198100
9615
1129
854
212.9
185100
225100
191.5
245
10035
20012 5
216
205
210
1199
259
208.8
13515
214
191.5
?1L
No.
0.82715
0.762}5
0.90417
0.854
0.883
918
1123
1082
0.862
0.768
0.756
255
268
0.831
0.778222
0.766^
294
341.5
351
330
> 300
346
351
351
360
295
305
318
21015
1.23518-5
1.234^1
305.4
306
1.083535
1.10823
315
250530
344
314
340
1.23531
1014
T> T
No.
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4512
4513
4514
4515
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
Formula
Ci3Hi0O3
Ci3Hi0O3
Ci3Hi0O3
Ci3Hi0O3
Ci3Hi0O3
Ci3H10O3
Ci3Hi0O3
Ci3Hi0O4
Ci3Hi0O6
Ci3H10O6
Ci3Hi0O8
Ci3Hi0S
Ci3H11N
C13H11N
C13H11NO
C13H11NO
C13H11NO
C13H11NO
C13H11NO
C13H11NO
C13H11NO2
C13H11NO2
C13H11NO2
C13H11NO2
C13H11NO2
C13H11NO3
C13H11NO4
Ci 3 H n N 3
Ci3HnO5
C13H12
Ci3H12
C13H12
C13H12
C13H12N2
C13H12N2O
C13H12N2O
Ci3Hi2N2O
Ci3H12N2O
C13H12N2O
C13H12N2O
C13Hi2N2O
C13Hi2N2O
CnH12N2O2
C13H12N2S
C13H12O
C13H12O
C13H12O
Ci3H12O
Ci3Hi2O3S
C13H13N
C13H13N
C13H13NO
C13H13NO
C13H13NO2S
C13H13N3
C13H14N2
C13H14N2
C13H14N2
C13H14N2
C13H14N2
IC 13 Hi 4 N 2 O
Name
2, 4/-Dihydroxybenzophenone
o-Phenoxybenzoic acid
Diphenyl carbonate (C6H5O)2CO
Salol 0-HOC6H4CO2C6H5
2, 6, 2'-Trihydroxybenzophenone
Pimpinellin
Maclurin
Sordidin
Thiobenzophenone (C6H5) 2CS
Benzylideneaniline C 6 H 5 NiCHC 6 H 5 ....
5, 10-Dihydroacridine
o-Aminobenzophenone
ra-Aminobenzophenone
p-Aminobenzophenone
Benzanilide C6H5NHCOC6H5
Benzophenoneoxime (C 6 H 5 ) 2 C:NOH....
A^Phenylformanilide (C 6 H 5 ) 2 NOCH....
o-Benzoylaminophenol
m-Benzoylaminophenol
p-Benzoylaminophenol
p-Nitrodiphenylmethane
Salicylanilide 0-OHC6H4CONHC6H5....
p-Aminosalol
Gallanilide.
2, 8-Diaminoacridine
Gelsemic acid
Diphenylmethane (C6H5)2CH2
o-Phenyltoluene CH3C6H4C6H6
m-Phenyltoluene CH3C8H4C6H5
p-Phenyltoluene CH3C6H4C6H6
Benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone
1-Benzoyl-l-phenylhydrazine
l-Benzoyl-2-phenylhydrazine
o, o'-Diaminobenzophenone
m, m'-Diaminobenzophenone
p, p'-Diaminobenzophenone
1, 2-Diphenylurea CO(NHC6H6)2
1, 1-Diphenylurea (C6H5)2NCONH2.. ..
Harmine
o-Nitrobenzylaniline
1, 2-Diphenylthiourea
o-Benzylphenol C6H6CH2C6H4OH
p-Benzylphenol C6H6CH2C6H4OH
Diphenyl carbinol (C6H5)2CHOH
Benzyl phenyl ether C 6 H 5 OCH 2 C 6 H 5 ...
Phenyl-p-toluenesulfonate
Benzylaniline C6H5NHCH2C6H5
AT-Methyldiphenylamine (C6H5)2NCH3.
m-(o-Tolylamino) phenol
p-(ra-Tolylamino) phenol
Toluene-p-sulfoneanilide
Diphenylguanidine
Oj p'-Diaminodiphenylmethane
m, w'-Diaminodiphenylmethane
m, p'-Diaminodiphenylmethane
PJ p'-Diaminodiphenylmethane
l-Phenyl-2-benzylhydrazine
Harmaline
Mol. wt.
M. P.
214.08
214.08
214.08
214.08
214.08
214.08
214.08
230.08
246.08
262.08
294.08
198.14
181.09
181.09
197.09
197.09
197.09
197.09
197.09
197.09
213.09
213.09
213.09
213.09
213.09
229.09
245.09
209.11
247.09
168.09
168.09
168.09
168.09
196.11
212.11
212.11
212.11
212.11
212.11
212.11
212.11
212.11
228.11
228.17
184.09
184.09
184.09
184.09
248.16
183.11
183.11
199.11
199.11
247.17
211.12
198.12
198.12
198.12
198.12
198.12
214.12
126
144
197
210
114.5
81
43
133
119
22Od.
210
146.5
54
169
108
86
124
161
142
74
167 d.
174
227
31
135
152
205
284
206
27
-3
156
70
168
135
174
237
235
189
257 d.
44; 57
154
21
84
68
39
96
37
-7.6
91
103
148
88
48
90
89
26
238
B. P.
355 d.
302
173**
' '
No.
1.250
300
1.321*
220
1.230
262
260
277
267
1.006
1030
1.031
l .01527
260
1329
d.
1.3214
312
322
298.5
287
300
293.4
375
350
1.038J*
1.047^
No.
4525
Formula
Name
4557
4558
4559
4560
Analgen (5-Acetylamino-8-ethoxyquinoline)
Ci3Hi4N4S
1, 2-Di(p-aminophenyl) thiourea
Ci3Hi4O2
Isobutyl phenylpropiolate
Ci3Hi4O4
Drimine
Ci3Hi5Cl3N2O3
Chloralantipyrine
Ci3Hi6N
2, 5, 6, 8-Tetramethylquinoline
Ci3Hi6IN
2, 4-Dimethylquinoline ethiodide
Ci3H16N2O
4-Ethyl antipyrine
Ci3H16N2O
l-Phenyl-2-propyl-3-methylpyrazolone...
Ci3Hi6O
Benzalpinacoline
Ci3Hi6O3
Ethyl benzylacetoacetate
C13H16O3
Isoeugenol propionate
C13H16O4
Ethyl phenylmalonate
C13H16O7
Z-Helicin
C13H16O7
Salinigrin
C13H17NO4
Thermodin
Ci3H17N3O
Pyramidon
C13H18BrNO2
Phenoval
C13H18N2O
Eseroline
.
C13H18N4O6S
Hexamethylenetetramine salicylsulfonic
acid (Hexal)
C13H18O
Phenyl hexyl ketone C6H5COC6H13
C13H18O2
Eugenol propyl ether
C13H18O2
Phenyl heptylate C6H13CO2C6H5
Ci3Hi8O3
Isoamyl anisate
Ci3Hi8O7
Methylarbutin
Ci3Hi8O7
Salicin.....
Ci3Hi8O8
Calmatambetin
Ci3Hi9NO
Heptanilide CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CONHC 6 H 5 ....
Ci3Hi9NO2
Benzalaminoacetal
Ci3Hi9NO2
Dioscorine
Ci3H19NO3
Pellotine
C13H19NO9
Gynocardine
C13H19O8
Aucubine
C13H20ClNO2
Dioscorine hydrochloride
C13H20ClNO3
Gujasanol (Diethylaminoacetic acid guaiacol hydrochloride)
C13H20N2O2
Novocaine
C13H20N2O2(2H2O) Novocaine
C13H20O
a-Ionone
C13H20O
0-Ionone
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
C13H20O
C13H20O
C13H20O
C13H20O2
C13H21ClN2O2
C13H21ClN2O2
C13H21N
C13H21NO4
C13H22BrNO4
C13H22N2O3
Ci3H22O
Ci3H22O2
Ci3H22O3
C13H22O7
Ci3H24NO2
Ci2H24O
Ci3H24O
Ci3H24O2
Ci3H24O3
Ci3H24O4
4526
4526.1
4527
4528
4529
4530
4530.1
4530.2
4530.3
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539 ,
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
MoL wt.
M. P.
230.12
258.21
202.11
234.11
353.51
185.12
313.06
216.14
216.14
188.12
220.12
220.12
236.12
284.12
284.12
251.14
231.16
300.06
218.16
155
195
B. P.
^L
No.
Ci3Hi4N2O2
Irone
Lactucol
Pseudoionone
Galbanic acid
Novocaine hydrochloride
Procaine
^-Ethyl-isoamylaniline
Meteloidine
Meteloidine hydrobromide
Ethylheptylbarbituric acid
Zeorin
d-Bornyl propionate
Z-Menthyl pyruvate
Taxicatin
Cuscohygrine
Allyl Z-menthyl ether
Geranylacetone
Z-Menthyl propionate
Z-Menthyl dZ-lactate
Brassylic acid
358.24
190.14
206.14
206.14
222.14
286.14
286.14
302.14
205.15
221.15
221.15
237.15
333.15
303.15
257.62
273.62
236.17
272.19
192.15
192.15
192.15
192.15
192.15
208.15
272.64
272.64
191.17
255.17
336.09
254.19
194.17
210.27
226.17
290.17
226.19
196.19
196.19
212.19
228.19
| 244.19
256
68
20
225
68
93
39.5
17612
1.15825
300
29Od.
292
285 d.
0.93960
1.036}6
1.095^
175
195
88
108
150
127
190 d.
17
175
201.5
148
71
1237
1262
1048
1333
271.5
270.5
282.3
18830
1.002
0.982JJ
1.040
240
1.43426
638
220160
43.5
111
162
181
204
184
60
51
160
1333
147.528
14018
0.930
0.944
14416
0.939
988
667,
951
605
1702
0.897
1001
0.97915
0.985
857
156
156
155
262
141
250
119
251
171
32
114
HO11
14022
17023
10413
13919
11815
14215
0.876
0.918
0.984
No.
Formula
4580.1
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
C13H24O4
Ci3H26
Ci3H26O2
Ci3H26O2
Ci3H26O2
Ci3H28
Ci3H28
C13H28
Ci3H28O
C13H28O
Ci3H29N
Ci4H2Cl8
Ci4H3Cl7
Ci4H4Cl4O2
Ci4H4Cl4O2
C14H4Cl6
C14H6Cl2O2
C14H6Cl2O2
C14H6Cl2O2
C14H6Cl2O2
C14H6Cl2O2
C14H6Cl2O2
C14H6Cl2O2
C14H6Cl2O2
C14H6Cl2O2
C14H6Cl4
C14H6Cl4
C14H6Cl4
C14H6N2O6
C14H6O8
C14H7ClO2
Ci4H7ClO2
C14H7ClO2
Ci4H7NO4
Ci4H7NO4
Ci 4 H 7 NO 6
C14H7NO6
C14H8Br2
C14H8Cl2
Ci4H8Cl2
Ci4H8O2
Ci4H8O2
C14H8O2
C14H8O2
Ci4H8O8
Ci4H8O8
C14H8O4
Ci4H8O4
Ci4H8O4
Ci4H8O4
Ci4H8O4
Ci4H8O4
C14H8O4
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
C14H8O4
C14H8O4
C14H8O6
C14H8O6
Ci4H8O6
C14H8O6
C14H8O6
C14H9Cl
C14H9Cl
Name
MoI. wt.
Di-Z-amyl malonate
Tridecylene
Tridecylic acid CH 3 (CH 2 )UCO 2 H......
Isoamyl caprylate
Methyl laurate CnH23CO2CH3
Dipropylhexylmethane (C3H7)2CHC6Hi3
Tributylmethane (C4Ho)3CH
n-Trideeane CH3(CH2)nCH3.
Di-n-hexylcarbinol (C6H13)2CHOH
n-Tridecyl alcohol CH 3 (CH 2 ) U CH 2 OH.
Tridecylamine CH 3 (CH 2 )UCH 2 NH 2 ....
Octachloroanthracene
Heptachloroanthracene
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachloroanthraquinone
/3-Tetrachloroanthraquinone.
Hexachloroanthracene
a-1, 2-Dichloroanthraquinone
/3-1, 2-Dichloroanthraquinone
1, 4-Dichloroanthraquinone
.
.
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachloroanthracene
a-Tetrachloroanthracene
/3-Tetrachloroanthracene
1, 3-Dinitroanthraquinone
Ellagic acid
1-Chloroanthraquinone
1-Nitroanthraquinone
2-Nitroanthraquinone
4-Nitro-a-alizarin
3-Nitro-/3-alizarin
9, 10-Dibromoanthracene
1, 2-Dichloroanthracene
9, 10-Dichloroanthracene
Anthraquinone C6H4:(CO)2:C6H4
Isoanthraquinone
Phenanthraquinone
3, 4-Phenanthraquinone
2-Hydroxyanthraquinone
Diphenic anhydride,
Alizarin
Anthraflavic acid
Anthrarufin
1, 6-Dihydroxyanthraquinone
1, 7-Dihydroxyanthraquinone
Chrysazin
Hystazarin (2, 3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone)
Quinizarin
Xanthopurpurin
Anthragallol
Anthrapurpurin
Flavopurpurin
Purpurin
1, 4, 6-Trihydroxyanthraquinone
1-Chloroanthracene
9-Chloroanthracene
244.19
182.20
214.20
214.20
214.20
184.22
184.22
184.22
200.22
200.22
199.23
453.68
419.23
345.86
345,86
384.78
276.96
276.96
276.96
276.96
276.96
276.96
276.96
276.96
276.96
315.88
315.88
315.88
298.06
302,05
242.51
242.51
242.51
253.06
253.06
285.06
285.06
335.89
246.98
246.98
208.06
208.06
208.06
208.06
224.06
224.06
240.06
240.06
240.06
240.06
240.06
240.06
240.06
240.06
240.06
256.06
256.06
256.06
256.06
256.06
212.53
212.53
M. P.
51
5
-6.2
42
30.5
27
>350
>350
191
330
330
161
207
187.5
232
204
199
267
282
211
149
220
152
240
B. P.
15413
232.7
236100
13610
14818
221.2
234
15615
265
^C L
JNo.
0.96225
0.845
0.765}4
0.760
0.757
299
300
908
1.17I99-6
1140
0.822J1
1.667
162
208
204
230
181
289
244
221
255
209
285
212
207
133
302
219
290
330
280
272
292
191
>280
195
263
310
330
>360
256
>300
82
103
379.8
1.438
360
1.405
430
s. 290
462
459
No.
4642
. 4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4656.1
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
Formula
Ci4H9NO2
Ci4H9NO2
Ci4H9NO^
Ci4H9NO2
Ci4H9NO2
Ci4H9NO2
Ci4H9NO2
Ci4H10
Ci4Hi0
Ci4Hi0
Ci4Hi0
Ci4Hi0Cl2
Ci4Hi0Cl2
Ci4H10Cl2
Ci4Hi0Cl4
C14H10N2O2
C14H10N2O2
C14H10N2O2
C14H10N2O3
C14H10N2O4
C14H10N2O4
C14H10N2O4
C14H10N2O4
C14H10N2O5
Ci 4 Hi 0 N 2 O 5
Ci4Hi0N2O5
Ci4Hi0O
Ci4Hi0O
Ci4Hi0O
Ci4Hi0O
Ci4Hi0O
Ci4H10O2
C14H10O2
C14H10O2
C14H10O2
C14H10O3
C14H10O3
C14H10O3
C14H10O3
C14Hi0O3
Ci4Hi0O3
Ci4Hi0O4
Ci4Hi0O4
C14H10O4
Ci4H10O4
C14H10O4
C14H10O4
C14H10O4
C14H10O4S2
C14H10O5
C14H10O5
C14H10O5
C14H10O6
C14H10O9
C14H11N
C14H11N
C14H11N
C14H11N
C 14 HnN
C14H11N
C14H11N
C14H11N
C 14 HnN
Name
1-Aminoanthraquinone
2-Aminoanthraquinone
9-Nitroanthracene
2-Nitrophenanthrene
3-Nitrophenanthrene
4-Nitrophenanthrene
9-Nitrophenanthrene
Anthracene C 6 H 4 :(CH) 2 :C 6 H 4
Diphenylacetylene C6H5CCiC6H5
Isoanthracene
Phenanthrene
Dichlorostilbene
a-Tolane dichloride
/3-Tolane dichloride
Tolane tetrachloride
Phthalylphenylhydrazine
a-Diaminoanthraquinone
-Diaminoanthraquinone
p, p'-Azoxybenzaldehyde
o, o'-Azobenzoic acid
m, ra'-Azobenzoic acid
a-p, p'-Dinitrostilbene
-p, p'-Dinitrostilbene
o, o'-Azoxybenzoic acid
m, m'-Azoxybenzoic acid
p, p'-Azoxybenzoic acid
Anthranol
1-Anthrol (1-Hydroxyanthracene)
2-Anthrol
Diphenylketene (C6H5)2C:CO
-...
Phenanthrone
Benzil C6H5COCOC6H5
Chrysazol
Flavene
3, 4-Dihydroxyphenanthrene
Benzoic anhydride (C6H5CO)20
o-Benzoylbenzoic acid
ra-Benzoylbenzoic
acid
p-Benzoylbenzoie acid
Desoxyalizarin
Disalicylic aldehyde
Benzoylsalicylic acid
1, 8-Diphenic acid
1, 9-Diphenic acid
1, 10-Diphenic acid
2, 9-Diphenic acid
Diphenyl oxalate (CO2C6H5)2
Benzoyl peroxide (C 6 H 5 CO 2 ) 2 .
Dithiosalicylic acid
Gentianin
Gentienin
Salicylosalicylic acid
Aponic acid
Tannin
a-Anthramine C 6 H 4 :(CH) 2 :C 6 H 3 NH 2 .. .
/3-Anthramine C 6 H 4 :(CH) 2 :C 6 H 3 NH 2 .. .
o-Benzylbenzonitrile
1-Methylacridine.
3-Methylacridine
5-Methylacridine
a-Naphthoquinaldine
-Naphthoquinaldine
7-Naphthoquinaldine
MoI. wt.
M. P.
223.08
223.08
223.08
223.08
223.08
223.08
223.08
178.08
178.08
178.08
178.08
248.99
248.99
248.99
319.91
238.09
238.09
238.09
254.09
270.09
270.09
270.09
270.09
286.09
286.09
286.09
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
194.08
210.08
210.08
210.08
210.08
226.08
226.08
226.08
226.08
226.08
226.08
242.08
242.08
242.08
242.08
242.08
242.08
242.08
306.21
258.08
258.08
258.08
274.08
322.08
193.09
193.09
193.09
193.09
193.09
193.09
193.09
193.09
193.09
256
302
146
99
170
80
116
218
60
134.5
99.6
170
143
63
163
179
236
>300
194
237
340
285
216
240
320
240 d.
17Od.
153
200 d.
152
95.2
22Od.
270
143
43
127
162
194
208
128
207
252
216
228
340
136 d.
104
290
267
225
148
252 d.
20Od.
130
238
19
88
134
114
82
92
B. P.
342
300
1.25J7
340.2
1.025
"?;L
No.
1158
18318
17818
1.356
14612
1.104
348
1.5213'3
360
1.1995
325 s. d.
d.
400
314
360740
> 300
> 300
1186
1235
No.
__
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
Formula
Ci 4 HnNO 2
Ci 4 HnNO 3
Ci4HnNO4
Ci4Hi2
C14Hi2
Ci 4 Hj 2 N 2
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2
C 14 Hi 2 N 2
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 2
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 2
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 2
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 2
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 4
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 4
Ci4Hi2N2O4
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 4
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 S
Ci4Hi2O
Ci4Hi2O
Ci4Hi2O
C14Hi2O
Ci 4 Hi 2 O
Ci4Hi2O2
Ci4Hi2O2
Ci4Hi2O2
Ci4Hi2O2
Ci4Hi2O2
Ci4H12O2
C14H12O2
C14H12O3
Ci4Hi2O2
Ci4Hi2O3
Ci4Hi2O3
Ci4Hi2O3
C14Hi2O3
C14Hi2O3
Ci4Hi2O3
Ci4Hi2O3
Ci4Hi2O4
Ci4H12O4
C14H12O4
C14H12O6
C14H13NO
C14H13NO
C14H13NO
C14H13NO
C14H13NO
C14H13NO
C14Hi3NO2
C14H13N3O
C14H14
C14Hi4
Ci4Hi4
Ci4Hi4
Ci4H14
Ci4H14
Cj4Hi4
Ci4H14N2
Ci4Hi4N2
Ci4Hi4N2
Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2
Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2
Ci4Hi4N2
Name
a-Benziloxime C 6 H 4 COC(INOH)C 6 H 0 ..
Dibenzohydroxamic acid.
Disalicylamide
1, 1-Diphenylethylene (C 6 Hs) 2 CiCH 2 ...
Stilbene C6H5CHiCHC6H5
Benzalazine C 6 H 5 CH:N.NCH:C 6 H 5 .. . .
Orexine
Tolazone
a-Benzildioxime (C 6 H 5 CiNOH) 2
/3-Benzildioxime
7-Benzildioxime
Oxanilide (CONHC 6 H 5 ) 2
Di-0-aminophenyl oxalate
Di-w-aminophenyl oxalate
Di-p-aminophenyl oxalate.
Hydrazo-0-benzoic acid
Dehydrothio-p-toluidine
Diphenylacetaldehyde
Phenyl benzyl ketone
Phenyl o-tolyl ketone
Phenyl m-tolyl ketone
Phenyl p-tolyl ketone
Benzoin C6H5COCH(OH)C6H5
o-Benzylbenzoic acid
ra-Benzylbenzoic
acid
p-Benzylbenzoic acid
Diphenylacetic acid (C6H5)2CHCO2H. .
Benzyl benzoate C6H5CO2CH2C6H5
p-Cresyl benzoate P-CH3C6H5O2CC6H5.
Benzyl salicylate
ra-Cresyl
benzoate C6H5CO2C6H4CH3..
Trihydroxydihydroanthracene
Benzilicacid (C 6 H 5 ) 2 C(OH)CO 2 H......
Amyrolin
Benzosol C6H5CO2C6H4(OCH3)-o
o-Cresyl salicylate
.
ra-Cresyl
salicylate
p-Cresyl salicylate
Cotoin
Isocotoin
Guaiacyl salicylate
Gardenin
N-Benzoyl-o-toluidine
AT-Benzoyl-m-toluidine
AT-Benzoyl-p-toluidine
o-Benzylbenzamide
N-Diphenylacetamide
Phenylacetanilide
Benzoylanisidine
ra-Acetylaminoazobenzene
Dibenzyl (C6H5CH2)2
1, 1-Diphenylethane (C 6 Hs) 2 CHCH 3 ...
o, o'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2
o, m'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2
o, p'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2
m, m'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2
p, p'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2
o, o'-Azotoluene (0-CH3C6H4N)2
o', p'-Azotoluene
m, m'-Azotoluene (m-CH 3 C 6 H 4 ) 2 N 2
p, p'-Azotoluene (p-CH3C6H4)2N2
o, o'-Diaminostilbene
p, p'-Diaminostilbene
MoI. wt.
M. P.
225.09
241.09
257.09
180.09
180.09
208.11
208.11
208.11
240.11
240.11
240.11
240.11
272.11
272.11
272.11
272.11
240.17
196.09
196.09
196.09
196.09
196.09
212.09
212.09
212.09
212.09
212.09
212.09
212.09
228.09
212.09
228.09
228.09
228.09
228.09
228.09
228.09
227.09
224.09
244.09
244.09
276.09
211.11
211.11
211.11
211.11
211.11
211.11
227.11
239.12
182.11
182.11
182.11
182.11
182.11
182.11
182.11
210.12
210.12
210.12
210.12
210.12
210.12
138
161
20Od.
9
124
93
95
187
105
165
250
167.5 d.
18Od.
220 d.
205
191
60
> -18
60
133
114
108
155
148
18.5
71.5
55
256
150
124
61
35
74
39
129
162
65
164
143
125
158
163
103
117
154
131
52.5
17.8
7
121
55
71
55
144
170
231
B. P.
277
307
1.038J4
0.970}325
?; L
No.
837
1.29O4
>360
237 d.
320
434
19327
322
316
316.5
326.5
344
324
316
21422-5
1.100
775
l .08817-5
1188
1.11418-5
1.35I18
1312
1296
1299
1291
232
1281
284
272
272
287.5
281
288
295
0.942f- 6
1.006J1
0.95510
0.999
1118
763
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
74
59
37
70
164.0
117.4
220
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O
Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O
Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O
Ci4Hi4N2O
Ci4Hi4N2O2
C14HuN2O3
Ci 4 Hi 4 N 4
Ci4Hi4N4O5
Ci4Hi4O
Ci4Hi4O
Ci4Hi4O
Ci4Hi4O
Ci4Hi4O2
Ci4Hi4O2
Ci4Hi4O2
Ci4Hi4O2S
Ci4Hi4O2S
Ci4Hi4S2
Ci4Hi4S
Ci4Hi4Se
Ci4Hi5N
Ci4Hi5N
Ci4Hi5N
Ci4Hi5N
Ci4Hi5N
Ci 4 Hi 5 N
Ci4Hi5NO2S
Ci 4 Hi 5 N 3
Cj 4 Hi 5 N 3
Ci 4 Hi 5 N 3
Ci 4 Hi 5 N 3
Ci4Hi5N3
Ci 4 Hi 5 N 3
Ci4Hi6 <
Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2
Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2
Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2
Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2
Ci4Hi6N2O
Ci4Hi6N2O2
Ci 4 Hi 6 N 4
Ci 4 Hi 6 N 4
Agathin 0-OHC6H4CHiKN(CH3)C6H5.
o, o'-Azoxytoluene
m, m'-Azoxytoluene
p, p'-Azoxytoluene
o, o'-Azoanisol (o-CH3OC6H4)2N2
p, p'-Azoxyanisol (P-CH 3 OC 6 H 4 ) 2 N 2 ....
"Cyanaline"
Theobromine salicylate
Benzyl ether (C6H5CH2)20
o-Cresyl ether (CH3C6H4)20
w-Cresyl ether (CH3C6H4)20
p-Cresyl ether (p-CH3C6H4)2O
dZ-Hydrobenzoin [C6H5CH(OH)J2
Guaiacyl benzyl ether
Isohydrobenzoin
Dibenzylsulfone (C6H5CH2)2SO2
p-Ditolylsulfone (CH3C6H4)2SO2
Dibenzyl disulfide (C6H5CH2)A
Dibenzylsulfide (C6H5CH2)2S
Dibenzyl selenide (C6H5CH2)2Se
Dibenzylamine (C6H5CH2)2NH
o-Ditolylamine (o-CH3C6H4)2NH
w-Ditolylamine (W-CH3C6H4) 2 NH
p-Ditolylamine (p-CH3C6H4)2NH
Ethyldiphenylamine (C6H5)2NC2H5
N-Methylbenzylaniline
p-Toluenesulfonemethylanilide
4-Amino-2, 4/-dimethylazobenzene
4'-Amino-2, 3'-dimethylazobenzene
4-Amino-2, 3'-dimethylazobenzene
4-Amino-3, 4'-dimethylazobenzene
o, o'-Diazoaminotoluene
p, p'-Diazoaminotoluene
Hexahydroanthracene
o-Hydrazotoluene (0-CH 3 C 6 H 4 NH) 2 ....
p-Hydrazotoluene (CH3C6H4NH)2
o-Tolidine [4, 3-H2N(CH3)C6H3J2
m-Tolidine [4, 2-H2N(CH3)C6H3J2
3-Ethoxybenzidine
3, S'-Dimethoxybenzidine
2, 2/-Diamino-4, 4'-azotoluene
3, 3'-Diamino-2, 2'-azotoluene
226.12
226.12
226.12
226.12
242.12
258.12
238.14
318.14
198.11
198.11
198.11
198.11
214.11
214.11
214.11
246.17
246.17
246.24
214.17
261.31
197.12
197.12
197.12
197.12
197.12
197.12
261.19
225.14
225.14
225.14
225.14
225.14
225.14
184.12
212.14
212.14
212.14
212.14
228.14
244.14
240.16
240.16
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4823.1
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
Ci4Hi6N4O9
Ci 4 Hi 7 N
Ci4Hi7N
Ci4Hi7NO
Ci4Hi7NOe
Ci4Hi7NO6
Ci 4 Hi 7 NO 6
Ci4Hi7NO6
Ci4Hi8O3
Ci4Hi8O7
Ci4H20N2O6S
C14H20O2
Ci4H20O2
Ci4H20O3
Ci4H2IClN2O4
Ci 4 H 2 iNO 2
Ci4H22
Ci4H22
Ci4H22ClNO2
C14H22O2
Oscine picrate
Diethyl-a-naphthylamine
Diethyl-/?-naphthylamine
Etheserolene.
Indican
J-Mandelonitrile glucoside
Prulaurasin
Sambunigrin
Apocynamarin
Picein
Methylamino-p-phenol sulfate
Isanic acid
Z-Amyl hydrocinnamate
Helleboretin
Nirvanin
Thymacetine
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetraethylbenzene
1, 2, 4, 5-Tetraethylbenzene
Stovain
Longifolic acid
384.16
199.14
199.14
215.14
295.14
295.14
295.14
295.14
234.14
298.14
344.24
220.15
220.15
236.15
316.64
235.17
190.17
190.17
271.64
222.17
B. P.
298
278
288
50
139
62
121
150
158
72
49
45.5
-26.0
79
9.2
95
127
100
80
127
51
116
63
165
126
129
107
139
172
203
a, 145;b, 133;
c, 159
238
48
57
147
122
152
175 d.
194
26Od.
41
l .03616
1.04724-3
^l L
No.
1333
>300
290 s. d.
405714
1.07I55S
300
313.4
320
330.5
297
306
1.026f ' 6
976
290
d.
0.957
160.618
19219
1.005
1.026
1722*
0.9721
254
250
0.887
0.888
937
977
>200
185
136
13
175
153
23455
637
609
No.
Formula
Name
4831
Ci4H22O4
Dicyclohexyl oxalate
4831.1 Ci4H23ClO4
Di-Z-amyl chlorofumarate
4832
Ci4H23N
AT-Dibutylaniline C 6 H 5 N(C 4 H 9 ),
4832.1 Ci 4 H 23 N
Diisobutylaniline
4833
Ci4H24O2
Kersyl alcohol
4834
C14H24O2
d-Bornyl 7*-butyrate
4835
Ci4H24O2
Geranyl butyrate
4836
C14H24O2
Z-Menthyl crotonate
4837
Ci4H24O3
/-Menthyl acetoacetate
4837.1 C14H24O4
Di-Z-amyl maleate
4838
C14H24O4
Z-Menthyl acid succinate
4839
C14H25NO2
Carparne
4840
C14H26ClNO2
Carparne hydro chloride
4841
C14H26O2
Z-Menthyl n-butyrate
4842
C14H26O2
Z-Menthyl isobutyrate
4843
C14H26O3
w-Heptylic anhydride (C 6 H 1 3 CO) 2 O....
4844
C14H26O3
Menthyl ethyl glycollate
4845
C14H26O4
Diamyl succinate
4845.1 C14H26O4
Di-Z-amyl succinate
4846
C14H26O4
Diethyl sebacate
4846.1 C14H26O6
Diisoamyl tartrate
4847
C14H27ClO
Myristyl chloride CH3(CH2) 12COC1
4848
C14H27N
Myristic nitrile CH3(CH2) 12CN
4849
C14H28
n-Tetradecylene
C14H28O
Myristic aldehyde CH3(CH2)12 CHO....
4850
4851
C14H28O2
Myristic acid CH3(CH2)12CO2H
4852
C14H28O2
Ethyl laurate C11H23CO2C2H5
4853
C14H28O3
Hydroxymyristic acid
4854
Ci4H28O4
Ipurolicacid
4855
C14H29NO
Myristic amide CH3(CH2)12CONH2. . . .
4856
C14H30
n-Tetradecane CH3(CH2) 12CH3
4857
C14H30O
rc-Heptyl
ether (C7H15)20
4858
C14H30O
n-Tetradecyl alcohol C 13 H 27 CH 2 OH....
4859
C14H31N
Tetradecyl amine C13H27CH2NH2
4860
C15H8O4
Anthraquinone-a-carboxylic acid
4861
Ci5H8O4
Anthraquinone--carboxylic acid
4862
Ci5H8O4
Anthraquinone-7-carboxylic acid
4863
Ci5H8O6
Alizarin-/3-carboxylic acid
4864
C16H8O7
Pseudopurpurin
4865
C15H9N
Thebenidine
4866
C16H10
Fluoranthene.
4867
C15H10
Succisterene
4868
Ci5Hi0O2
Flavone
4869
Ci5H10O2
Anthracene-1-carboxylic acid
4870
C15H10O2
4871
Ci5Hi0O2
4872
C15H10O2
1-Methylanthraquinone
4873
Ci5Hj0O2
2-Methylanthraquinone
4874
Ci5H10O4
Chrysine
4875
Ci5H10O4
Chrysophanic acid
4876
Ci5H10O4
a-Methylalizarin
4877
Ci5H10O4
/3-Methylalizarin
4878
Ci5Hi0O4
Rumicin
4879
Ci5Hj0O5
Aloe-emodin
4880
Ci5Hi0O6
Emodin
4881
Ci5H10O6
Galangin
4882
C16H10O5
Morindon
4883
C15H10O6
Fisetin
4884
Ci5H10O6
Kaempferol
4885
C16H10O6
Luteolin
4886
C15H10O6
Rhein
4887 .C 15 H 10 O 6
Scutellarein
4888
C16H10O7
Morin
MoI. wt.
254.17
290.65
205.19
205.19
224.19
224.19
224.19
224.19
240.19
256.19
256.19
239.20
275.67
226.20
226.20
242.20
242.20
258.20
258.20
258.20
290.20
246.67
209.22
196.22
212.22
228.22
228.22
244.22
260.22
227.23
198.23
214.23
214.23
213.25
252.06
252.06
252.06
284.06
300.06
203.08
190.08
190.08
222.08
222.08
222.08
222.08
222.08
222.08
254.08
254.08
254.08
254.08
254.08
270.08
270.08
270.08
270.08
286.08
286.08
286.08
286.08
286.08
302.08
M. P.
45
85
45
62
121
225
17
1
-l
19
-12
52.5
58
-10.7
51
101
103
5.5
38
37
294
288
285
305
220
148
110
160
97
260
280
206
171
175
275
193
229
179
182
218
250
217
275
360
274
320
314
30Od.
285
B. P.
19113
18513
262.8
14621
15611
121ll
15318
140.514
14511
16525
30Od.
^' L
No.
1.05225
0.909 26
0.96615
0.901
0.833
0.986l{
0.970825
856
1333
12915
11712
258
15520
293
1291
308
19516
16815
226100
246
16624
250.5100
269
252.5
260
16715
16215
25160
300
0.911
0.906
0.932
332
0.9522255
0.95725
0.9651*
1.063*5
0.828
0.775
0.858J0
0.868l3
1088
337
0.765
0.815
0.824f
412
No.
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4936.1
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4944.1
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
Formula
Ci6Hi0O7
Ci5Hi0O8
Ci6Hi0O8
Ci 5 HnN
Ci 6 HnN
Ci5HnN
Ci 6 HnN
Ci 5 HnNO
Ci5Hi2
Ci 6 Hi 2
Ci 6 Hi 2
C15H12N2O3
Ci5H12N2O3
Ci5Hi2O
Ci5Hi2O2
Ci5Hi2O3
Ci5Hi2O3
Ci6Hi2O4
Ci6Hi2O4
Ci5Hi2O4
Ci5Hi2O6
Ci6Hi2O6
Ci6Hi3NO4
Ci5Hi4O
Ci6Hi4O
C16H14O
C16H14O
Ci6Hi4O2
Ci6Hi4O2
Ci5Hi4O3
Ci5Hi4O3
Ci6Hi4O3
Ci6Hi4O4
Ci5H14O4
C15H14O4
C15H14O5
C16H14O5
C15H14O5
C15H15NO
C16H15NO3
C15H15NO8
C15H16
C15H16N2O
C15H16N2O
C16H16N2O
C15H16N2S
C16H16N2S
C15H16O2
C16H16O6
Ci6Hi6O9
Ci6Hi6O9
Ci6Hi7N
Ci 5 Hi 7 N 3
Ci5Hi8
Ci5Hi8N2
Ci6Hi8O3
Ci5Hi8O4
Ci6Hi8O4
Ci5Hi8O7
Ci6Hi8O7
Ci5Hi9NO2
Ci6Hi9NO9
Ci5H20ClNO2
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
Quercetin
Gossypetin
Quercetagetin
2-Phenylquinoline
4-Phenylquinoline
6-Phenylquinoline
8-Phenylquinoline
Benzoylphenylacetonitrile
a-Methylanthracene
2-Methylanthracene
9-Methylanthracene
Furfuramide
Furfurine
Benzylideneacetophenone
Benzoylacetophenone
p-Toluyl-o-benzoic acid
Chrysophanol
Acetylsalol 0-CH 3 CO 2 C 6 H 4 CO 2 C 6 H 5 ....
Benzosalin
Diphenyl malonate CH 2 (CO 2 C 6 H 5 ) 2 ... .
Eriodictyol
Methylenedisalicylic acid
Salophen
Benzylacetophenone
Benzyl p-tolyl ketone
Dibenzyl ketone ( C 6 H 5 C H 2 ) 2 C O . . . . . .
p, p'-Dimethylbenzophenone.
Benzyl o-toluate
Benzyl phenylacetate
Benzyl mandelate
Methyl benzilate
Lapachol
Hydrocotoin
Peucedanin
N-Xanthoxyllin
Guaiacyl carbonate (0-CH3OC6H4O)2CO.
Kavaiin (Methysticin)
Phloretin
p-Dimethylaminobenzophenone
Malakin
Narceinic acid
Dibenzylmethane (C6H5CH2)2CH2
s?/m.-Di-o-tolylurea.
si/ra.-Di-ra-tolylurea
syra.-Di-p-tolylurea
1, 2-Di-o-tolylthiourea
sym.-Di-ra-tolylthiourea
Santinicacid
Picrotoxinin
Daphnin
Esculin
Ethylbenzylaniline
Di-o-tolylguanidine
Azulene
p, p'-Diamino-o, o'-ditolylmethane
Santonin
Artemisin
Coriamyrtin
Hyenanchin
Picrotin
Tropacocaine
Lithuric acid
Tropacocaine hydro chloride
302.08
318.08
318.08
205.09
205.09
205.09
205.09
221.09
192.09
192.09
192.09
268.11
268.11
208.09
224.09
240.09
240.09
256.09
256.09
256.09
288.09
288.09
271.11
210.11
210.11
210.11
210.11
226.11
226.11
242.11
242.11
242.11
258.11
258.11
258.11
274.11
274.11
274.11
225.12
257.12
337.12
196.12
240.14
240.14
240.14
256.20
256.20
228.12
292.12
340.12
340.12
211.14
239.16
198.14
226.16
246.14
262.14
262.14
310.14
310.14
245.15
357.15
281.62
3O
230
318
86
62
111
99
86
207
80
121
116
62
81
139
204
97
85
50
267
238 d.
188
73
109
33.9
92
93
73
140
95.5
109
132.5
86
137
255 d.
90
92
184
<-20
256
203
263
156
111 .5
132.5
206
200
205
179
149
170
202
225
234 d.
250
49
204.5
271
B. P.
^lL
No.
363
26077
283187
200
1.195
' 1.047"4
1134
1.066"4
1136
25Od.
348
>200
1.07If
198
385
21015 d.
360
360
330.5
335.1
315
319
1.1217
1.101
1333
299
1.007
762
218
1265
298
l .03418-5
168.411
0.988
d.
1.187
1282
1333
1.043}
1147
No.
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
Formula
Ci6H20O2
Ci5H20O3
Ci5H20O3
Ci5H20O4
Ci5H20O4
Ci5H20O4
Ci5H20O4
Cj5H20O8
Ci 5 H 2 INO 2
Ci 5 H 2 INO 4
Ci5H21N3O2
Ci 5 H 2 IN 3 O 3
Ci5H22BrN3O2
Ci5H22ClNO2
Ci5H22ClNO4
Ci5H22ClN3O2
Ci5H22O2
Ci5H22O2
Ci5H22O2
Ci5H22O3
Ci5H23Cl
Ci5H24
Ci5H24
Ci5H24
Cj 5 H 24
C15H24
Ci5H24
Ci5H24
Ci5H24
Ci5H24
Ci5H24
Ci5H24
Ci5H24
Ci5H24
Ci5H24N2O
Ci5H24N2O
Ci5H24O
CiiH24O
Ci5H24O
Ci5H25BrO2
Ci5H25NO7
Ci5H26
Ci5H26
Ci5H26N2
Ci5H26N2
Ci5H26N2O
Ci5H26O
Ci5H26O
Ci5H26O
Ci5H26O
Ci5H26O
Ci5H26O
Ci5H26O
Ci5H26O
Ci5H26O
Ci5H26O2
Ci5H26O2
Ci5H26O2
Ci5H26O2
Ci5H26O3
Ci5H26O6
Ci5H27ClN2
Ci 6 H 27 IN 2
Name
Alantolactone
Perezone
Pipitzol
Absinthiin
Isosantonic acid
dZ-Santonic acid
d(0-Satonic acid
Androsin
/3-Eucaine
Ajacine
Physostigmine
Geneserine
Physostigmine hydrobromide
0-Eucaine hydrochloride
Ajacine hydrochloride
Physostigmine hydrochloride
Santalic acid
Eugenol isoamyl ether
Thymyl isovalerate
Alantic (Alantolic) acid
Santalyl chloride
Atractylene
Z-Cadinene
Cannibene
a-Caryophyllene
Cedrene
Clovene
Guajene
Patschoulene
a-Santalene
0-Santalene
7-Santalene
a-Selinene
Zingiberene
d(7)-Lupanine
Oxysparteine
Betulol
a-Santalol
/3-Santalol
Bornyl bromoisovalerate
Senecifolidine
Elemone
Ferulene
Isosparteine
Sparteine
Retamine
Atractylol
Cedrol
-Elemol
/3-Elemol
Eudesmol
Farnesol
Guajol
Nerolidol
Zingiberol
Bornyl isovalerate
Isobornyl isovalerate
d-Bornyl n-valerate
/-Menthyl angelate
Z-Menthyl levnlinate
Tributyrin
Sparteine hydrochloride
Sparteine hydroiodide
MoL wt.
M. P.
232.15
248.15
248.15
264.15
264.15
264.15
264.15
328.15
247.17
279.17
275.19
291.19
356.11
283.64
315.64
311..65
234.17
234.17
234.17
250.17
238.64
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
204.19
248.20
248.20
220.19
220.19
220.19
317.11
331.20
206.20
206.20
234.22
234.22
250.22
222.20
222.20
222.20
222.20
222.20
222.20
222.20
222.20
222.20
238.20
238.20
238.20
238.20
254.20
302.20
270.68
362.16
76
105
141
68
155
12Od.
179
220
91
143
105
129
B. P.
^lL
No.
19210
1604
2605
1,251
1333
1263
1333
268
93
1333
94
44
84
212
162
59
87
46
78
93
<-75
1959
302.2 d.
249
0.976
0.959J 5
15510
14114-5
275
259
260
264
263
1249
256
252
1267
12010
13516
270
1.040
0.927
0.918
0.89715
0.906
0.929
0.930
0.908
0.930
0.91315
0.894
0.936
0.914
0.87215
574
20912-5
15813
300
309
16310
0.97816
0.97915
0.97315
865
957
958
11910
1267
17916-5
325.2
0.883
0.870
l .02817
1.023
916
959
292
294
14310
14410
15610
1202
289 s. d.
277
15714-5
260
13812
13O11
14110
16912
310
846
625
631
596
590
603
602
591
862
569
617
1.511
0.941 213
0.94218
0.988
0.895
0.880
0.949
0.95715
0.95615
0.977
1.027
967 .
611
657
548
1175
891
985855
351
1333
133
No.
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
B. P.
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5028.1
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
Ci 5 H 28 O 2
Ci5H28O2
Ci5H28O2
Ci5H30O2
Ci5H30O2
Ci5H32
Ci5H32O
Ci5H33N
Ci5H33N
Ci6H8O6
Ci6H8O6
Ci6H8O6
Ci6HiO
Ci6Hi0
Ci6Hi0N2
Ci6Hi0N2O2
Ci6Hi0O3
Ci6Hi0O4
Ci6Hi0O4
Ci6Hi0O4
Ci6Hi0O6
Ci6H11N
Ci 6 H n N
Ci 6 HnNO 2
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
Ci6H11N3O2
C16H12
C16H12
C16H12
C16H12ClNO2
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5062.1
5063
5064
5065
5066
5066.1
5067
5067.1
5068
5069
C16H12N2O4
Ci6H12N4O
C16Hi2O
Ci6Hi2O
Ci6H12O3S
C16H12O4
C16H12O4
C16H12O5
C16H12O6
C16H12O6
C16H12O6
C16H12O8
C16H13N
C16H13N
C16H13N
Ci6H13NO7
Ci 6 Hi 3 N 2
Ci6H13N3
Ci 6 Hi 4
Ci6H14
C16Hj4
C16H14
C16H14
C16Hi4
Ci 6 Hi 4 Cl 2 N 2 O 2
Ci 6 Hi 4 N 2
Ci6Hi4N2
Ci 6 Hi 4 N 2
Ci6Hi4O
Ci6Hi4O
Ci6H14O2
Ci6H14O2
Z-Menthyl isovalerate
Cimicic acid
Z-Menthyl n-valerate
Pentadecylic acid
Methyl myristate
n-Pentadecane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 13CH3
n-Pentadecyl alcohol CH 3 (CH 2 )i 4 OH.,.
Pentadecylamine
Triisoamylamine
Anthraquinone-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid
Diphenyldiacetylene
Pyrene
a,/3-Naphthophenazine
Indigotin
Diphenylmaleic anhydride
Anthracene-1, 3-dicarboxylic a c i d . . . . . . . .
Anthracene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid
Anthracene-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid
Trifolitin..Amaron
Aminopyrene
Atophan (2-Phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic
acid
,
Indigoxime
a-Phenylnaphthalene
/?-Phenylnaphthalene
Pseudophenanthrene
Chloroxyl (Phenylcinchoninic acid hydrochloride)
Isatid
Azoxytolunitrile
Phenyl a-naphthyl ether
Phenyl /3-naphthyl ether
Atronylenesulfonic acid
a-Ethylalizarin
Pratol
Physcion (Physcic acid)
Chrysoeriol
Emodine methyl ether
Hematein
Laccainic acid
Flavoline
N-Phenyl-a-naphthylamine
AT-Phenyl-0-naphthylamme
Papaveric acid
Galegine
Hydrazoindole
Atronene
2, 3-Dimethylanthracene
Distyrene C 6 H 5 CH:CHCH:CHC 6 H 5 ....
9-Ethylanthracene
3, 3'-Dichlorodiacetylbenzidine
a-Flavaniline
Indolin
1, 5-Diphenyl-3-methylpyrazole
Dypnone
Benzylidene-p-tolyl ketone
Benzyl cinnamate
Diphenacyl C6H5COCH2CH2COC6H5..
?1L
NO.
240.22
240.22
240.22
242.23
242.23
212.25
228.25
227.26
227.26
296.06
296.06
296.06
202.08
202.08
230.09
262.09
250.08
266.08
266.08
266.08
298.08
217.09
217.09
249.09
277.11
204.09
204.09
204.09
285.56
296.11
276.12
220.09
220.09
284.16
268.09
268.09
284.09
300.09
300.09
300.09
332.09
219.11
219.11
219.11
331.11
233.12
247.12
206.11
206.11
206.11
206.11
206.11
206.11
337.04
234.12
234.12
234.12
222.11
222.11
238.11
238.11
12711
0.90715
14115
257100
295.3
270.5
0.907
0.772
301
237
0.785|{
427
44.2
54
19
10
46
36.5
330
300
340
88
150
142.5
392 d.
155
330
320
345
275
240
116
>360
>360
1.35
1.340
1211
1.04I 99 - 2
1130
209
205
102.5
115
223
237.5
182
55
45; 93
258
189
253
207
>337
195
25Od.
65
62
108
233 d.
65
140
325
345
340
335.8
18Od.
375
335258
399.5
326
246
71
231
124
59
302
97
245
63
1199
22522
77
34
145
1289
24425
No.
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5082.1
5082.2
5082.3
5082.4
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090 '
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
Ci6Hi4O3
Guaiacyl cinnamate
254.11
Ci6Hi4O3
Phenylacetic anhydride
254.11
Ci6Hi4O3
o-Toluic anhydride (0-CH3C6H4CO)2O.. 254.11
Ci6Hi4O4
Dibenzyl oxalate (CO2CH2C6H5)2
270.11
Ci6Hi4O4
Diphenyl succinate (CH 2 CO 2 C 6 Ho) 2 .... 270.11
Ci6H14O5
Brasilin
286.11
Ci 6 Hi 4 O 6
Sakuranetin
286.11
Cj6Hi4O6
Diphenyl tartrate (CHOHCO2C6H5)2 .. 302.11
Ci6Hi4O6
Hematoxylin
302.11
Ci6Hi4O6
Hesperetin
302.11
Cj6Hi4O6
Homoeriodyctiol
302.11
Ci6H16NO2
Anisaldazine
254.12
Ci 6 Hi 6 N 2 O 2
Diacetylbenzidine (p-CH3CONHC6H4)2 268.14
Ci6Hi6N2O6
o-Aminophenyl tartrate
332.14
Ci6Hi6N2O6
ra-Aminophenyl
tartrate
332.14
Ci 6 Hi 6 N 2 O 6
p-Aminophenyl tartrate
332 .14
Ci6Hi6N2O2
Diacetylhydrazobenzene
268.15
Ci6H16N2S
Dehydrothioxylidine
268.20
C16Hi6N4Oi0
Damascenine picrate
424.16
Ci6Hi6O2
p-Dimethylbenzoin
240.12
Ci6Hi6O5
Anisilic acid
288.12
Ci6Hi6O3
Ethyl benzilate
256.12
Ci6Hi7NO3
Amygdophenine
271.14
Ci 6 Hi 7 NO 4
Lycorine
287.14
Ci6Hi7NO4
Phenetidine salicylacetate
287.14
Ci6Hi8ClNO4
Lycorine hydrochloride
323.61
Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2
Azo-o-ethylbenzene
238.16
Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2
Azo-p-ethylbenzene
238.16
Ci6Hi8N2
3, 3'-Azo-o-xylene
238.16
Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2
4, 4'-Azo-o-xylene
238.16
Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2
4, 4'-Azo-ra-xylene
238.16
Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2
4, 5'-Azo-ra-xylene
238.16
Ci6Hi8N2
5, 5'-Azo-ra-xylene
238.16
Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2
2, 2'-Azo-p-xylene
238.16
Ci6Hi8N2
Diphenylpiperazine
238.16
Ci6Hi8N2O
Paricine
254.16
Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 O 2
o-Azophenetol (C 2 H 5 OC 6 H 4 Ni) 2
270.16
C16Hi8N2O2
p-Azophenetol (C 2 H 5 OC 6 H 4 NO 2
270.16
Ci6Hi8N2O3
3, 3'-Azoxy-4-methoxytoluene
286.16
Ci6Hi8N2O3
p-Azoxyphenetol
286.16
(C16H18N2Oa)x
Bilirubin
[286.16]x
Ci6Hi8N2O8
Carpiline
286.16
Ci6Hi8N2O3
Hematoporphyrin
286.16
Ci6Hi8N2O3
Pilosine
286.16
Ci6Hi8O
Thymyl phenyl ether
226.14
Ci6H18O2S
Di-ra-xylylsulfone
274.20
Ci6Hi8O7
Barbaloin
322.14
Ci 6 Hi 9 NO 4
Benzoylecgonine
289.15
Ci 6 H 20 N 2
3-Hydrazo-o-xylene
240.17
Ci6H20N2
4-Hydrazo-o-xylene
240.17
Ci6H20N2
4-Hydrazo-ra-xylene
240.17
Ci 6 H 20 N 2
5-Hydrazo-ra-xylene.
240.17
Ci 6 H 20 N 2
2-Hydrazo-p-xylene
240.17
C16H20N2O2
o-Hydrazophenetol (0-C2H5OC6H4NH)2 272.17
C16H20N4
w-Tetramethyldiaminoazobenzene
268.19
C16H20O4
Phenyl acid camphorate
276.15
C16H20O9
Gentiopicrin
356.15
C16H21N8
p-(Tetramethyldiamino)diphenylamine.... 255.19
C16H21NO3
Camphoranilic acid
275.17
C16H2iNO3
Homoatropine
275.17
C16H2iNO3
Noratropine
275.17
Ci6H2iNO3
Norhyoscyamine
275.17
Ci6H22BrNO3
Homoatropine hydrobromide
356.09
M. P.
130
117.5
39
81
121
250
150
102
140
226
223
169
331
211 d.
175 d.
220 d.
105
BP
d
____
* I*
No.
325
23514
330
1333
180
1.03I185
1293
197
159
89
164
34
141
235 d.
182
208
46.5
63
111
141
129
47
137
119
163.5
130
131
160.2
149
136.9
192.5
185
< 100 d.
187
20121
>340
24220
240
296.8
121
148
195
141
107
122
125
145
89
118
100
191
119
204
97.5
114
140.5
212 d.
1.Oil
1333
1333
No.
5132
5133
5134
5135
5135.1
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5142.1
5143
5143.1
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
Formula
Name
Ci6H22ClNO3
Homoatropine hydrochloride
Ci 6 H 22 N 4
ra-Hydrazodimethylaniline
Ci6H22N8O8S
Caffeine sulfate
Ci6H22O4
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Ci6H22O4
Methyl santoate
Ci6H22O6
Bilinicacid
Ci6H22O8
Coniferin
Ci6H22On
d-Glucose pentacetate
Ci6H23NO8
Bakankosin
Ci 6 H 24 O 2
Methyl santalate
Ci 6 H 26
Pentaethylbenzene
Ci6H26O
Patchouli alcohol
Ci6H26O
Guaiol
Ci6H26O2
Menthyl Z-sorbinate
..
Ci6H26O8
Diisobutyl d-diacetyl tartrate
Ci6H27ClN2O2
Alypin hydrochloride
..
Ci 6 H 27 N 3 O 6
Alypin nitrate
Ci 6 H 28 N 2
Genisteine
Ci6H28O2
Hydrocarpic acid
Ci6H28O2
Palmitolic acid
Ci6H28O4
Palmitoxylic acid
Ci6H80O2
Gaidic acid
Ci6H30O2
Hypogaeic acid
Ci6H30O2
Z-Menthyl n-capronate
Ci6H30O3
n-Caprylic anhydride (C8H15CO)20
Ci6H30O3
7-Ketopalmitic acid
Ci6H3iN
Palmitonitrile CH3(CH2) I3CH2CN
C16H32
-Hexadecylene CH 2 :CH(CH 2 ) U CH 3 .. .
Ci6H32N2O6S
Pelletierine sulfate
Ci6H32O
Palmitic aldehyde Ci5H31CHO
Ci6H32O2
Palmitic acid Ci5H3ICO2H
Ci6H32O2
Ethyl myristate Ci3H27CO2C2H5
Ci6H32O3
Jalapinolic acid
Ci6H32O3
Juniperic acid
Ci6H32O3
Lanopalmic acid
Ci6H33I
rc-Cetyl
iodide Ci5H31CH21
Ci6H33NO
Palmitic amide Ci5H3iCONH2
Ci6H34
7, 8-Dimethyltetradecane
Ci6H34
rc-Hexadecane
Ci6H34O
Cetyl alcohol C15H31CH2OH
Ci6H34O
n-Octyl ether (C8Hi7)20
CnH10O
Benzanthrone
C17HnN
a-Anthraquinoline
Ci7Hi2O
Phenyl a-naphthyl ketone
Ci7Hi2O
Phenyl 0-naphthyl ketone
Ci7Hi2O2
Chrysenic acid
C n Hi 2 O 2
a-Naphthyl benzoate
Ci7Hi2O2
-Naphthyl benzoate
CnHi2O3
a-Naphthyl salicylate
Ci7Hi2O3
/3-Naphthyl salicylate
C17H12O5
Alpinin
Ci7Hi2O5
Pratonsol
Ci7Hi3NO2
6-Methyl-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic
.
acid
Ci 7 Hi 4
a-Benzylnaphthalene
Ci 7 Hi 4
/8-Benzylnaphthalene
C n Hi 4 O
Dibenzylideneacetone
C n Hi 4 O 2
Atronic acid
Ci7Hi4O2
Isatronic acid
Ci7H14O4
Nepalin
C17H15N5O9
Tryptophane picrate
C17H16
l, 2, 4-Trimethylanthracene
C17H16
l, 3, 6-Trimethylanthracene
MoI. wt.
M. P.
311.64
270.20
486.30
278.17
278.17
310.17
342.17
390.17
357.19
248.19
218.20
234.20
234.20
250.20
346.20
314.68
341.23
248.23
252.22
252.22
284.22
254.23
254.23
254.23
270.23
270.23
237.25
224.25
380.33
240.25
256.25
256.25
272.25
272.25
272.25
352.19
255.26
226.26
226.26
242.26
242.26
230.08
229.09
232.09
232.09
248.09
248.09
248.09
264.09
264.09
296.09
296.09
217
100
263.11
218.11
218.11
234.11
250.11
250.11
282.11
433.16
220.12
220.12
B. P.
?1 L
No.
1333
1333
190
185
113
157
< -20
56
91
340
86
1.167
1321
16410
277
271 d.
1.002
0.896
0.994^
655
1176
17314
1573-5
169
152
60.5
60
47
67
39
33
-1
74
29
4
133
58.5
64
10.5
68
95
88
22
106
20
49.3
170
170
75.5
82
186.5
56
110
83
95
174
225
228
59
35.5
112
164
157
136
196 s. d.
243
222
1.086417
17822
24015
23615
15315
285
0.903
251.5100
274
0.822"
0.789
388
20229
21515
295
0.853f
1113
1.123
535
212.515
23612
267.5
287.5
344
291.8
0.79214
0.775
0.79S4"8'9
0.820
446
385
350
350
1.165
1.176
1108
No.
Formula
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5211
Ci7H16
CnHi6O8
Ci7Hi6O3
CnHi6O4
C n H n NO 2
CnHi8ClNO2
CnHi8N2O3
Ci7Hi8O
Ci7Hi8O2
CnHi8O2
CnHi9NO3
Ci7Hi9NO3
Ci 7 Hi 9 NO 3
Ci7H20BrNO3
Ci7H20ClNO3
Ci7H20N2O
Ci7H20N2O3
Ci 7 H 20 N 2 O 4
Ci7H20N2S
5212
5213
5213.1
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
Ci7H20N4O3
Ci7H20N4O3
Ci7H20O2
CnH20O7
Ci7H20Oi0
C17H2iNO2
C n H 2 iNO 3
Ci7H21NO4
Ci 7 H 2 iNO 4
Ci 7 H 2 iNO 4
C n H 21 NO 4
C17H21NO4
C17H21NO4
C17H2iNO4
C17H21N3
C17H22BrNO4
C17H22ClNO2
C17H22ClNO4
C17H22ClNO4
C 17 H 22 N 2
5231
C17H22N2O
5232
C17H22O3
5233
C17H22O5
5234
C17H22O9
5235
C17H23NO3
C17H23NO3
5236
5237
C17H23NO3
5238
C17H24BrNO3
5239
C17H24BrNO3
5240
C17H24ClNO3
5241
C17H24ClNO3
5242
C17H24N2O6S
5243
C17H24N2O6
5244
C17H24O2
5244.1 C17H24O4
C17H24Oi0
5245
5246
Ci7H25NO3
5247
C17H25O6
5248
C17H26ClNO3
5249
C17H26O
Name
1, 4, 6-Trimethylanthracene
Eugenol benzoate
Isoeugenol benzoate
Dibenzyl malonate
Apomorphine
Apomorphine hydrochloride
Antipyrine resorcinate
Dibenzylacetone CO(CH2CH2C6H5)a. . .
Eugenol benzyl ether
Isoeugenol benzyl ether
Morphine
a-Isomorphine
Piperine
Morphine hydrobromide..
Morphine hydrochloride
Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone
Nicotine salutiate
Z-Arabinose diphenylhydrazone
3, 3-Tetramethyldiaminothiobenzophenone
Z-Arabinosazone
d-Xylosephenylosazone
Di-(p-dianisyl)dimethylmethane
Tutin
Patellaric acid
Apoatropine
Dihydromorphine
Atroscine
-Cocaine
dZ-Cocaine
d(Z)-Cocaine
Hyoscine
dZ-Pseudococaine
d-Pseudococaine
Auramine
Hyoscine hydrobromide
Apoatropine hydrochloride
Cocaine hydrochloride
Hyoscine hydrochloride
p-(Tetramethyldiamino)-diphenylmethane
p-(Tetramethyldiamino)-diphenyl carbinol [p-(CH3)2NC6H4]2CHOH
Podocarpic acid
.
Guaiacyl acid camphorate
Syringin
Atropine
d-Hyoscyamine
Pseudoatropine
Atropine hydrobromide
Hyoscyamine hydrobromide
Atropine hydrochloride
Hyoscyamine hydrochloride
Sinapine thiocyanate
Atropine nitrate
Menthyl benzoate
Ethyl santoate
Verbenalin
Euphthalmine
Scillitin
Euphthalmine hydrochloride
Benzylmenthol
MoI. wt.
M. P.
220.12
268.12
268.12
284.12
267.14
303.61
298.16
238.14
254.14
254.14
285.15
285.15
285.15
366.08
321.62
268.17
300.17
316.17
227
70
104
B. P.
?":L
No.
360
234.514 d.
17Od.
210
115
30
59
d.
247
129.5
25Od.
174
117.5
218
284.24
340.19
328.19
256.15
336.15
384.15
271.17
287.17
303.17
303.17
303.17
303.17
303.17
303.17
303.17
267.19
384.09
307.64
339.64
339.64
202
166
164
60.5
208
100
62
157
50
88
80
98
55
81.5
41
136
194
239
187
254.19
91
270.19
274.17
306.17
370.17
289.19
289.19
289.19
370.11
370.11
325.65
325.65
368.27
352.20
260.19
292.19
388.19
291.20
325.19
327.67
246.20
96
188
112
192
115.5
106
120
162
152
165
1333
22418
235 d.
193 vac-
1.317
1277
1333
1333
>360 s. d.
1333
200 d.
167 d.
1.150
1294
1.10399-5
1.10299-6
1326
1333
1139
1142
1333
1333
1257
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
176
1333
54.5
89
181.6
113
154
183
111
288
18310
0.808
1.148
1322
No.
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5308.1
5310
5312
5313
5314
Formula
Ci7H28O
C n H 20 NO 2
Ci 7 H 30 O 9
Ci 7 H 32 O 2
Ci7H34
Ci 7 H 34 O
Ci 7 H 34 O 2
CnH34O2
Ci 7 H 34 O 2
Ci 7 H 35 NO 2
Ci 7 H 36
Ci7H36O
Ci 7 H 37 N
Ci 8 Hi 2
Ci8Hi2
Ci 8 Hi 2
Ci8H12
Ci 8 Hi 2 N 2
Ci 8 Hi 2 N 2
C 18 Hi 2 N 2
Cj 8 Hi 2 N 2
Ci8Hi2O3
Ci 8 Hi 2 O 5
Ci8Hi3N
Ci 8 Hi 4
Ci3Hi4O3
Ci8Hi4O4
C18H14O7
Ci8Hi4O8
Ci8H15As
C18H15Bi
C18H15N
C18H15O3P
C18H15O4P
C18H15P
C18H15Sb
C18H16NO2
Ci8H16N2
C18H16N2
C18H16N2O2
C18H16N2O3
C18H16N2O6S
C18H16O2
C18H16O4
C18H16O4
C18H16O4
C18H16O4
Ci8H16O4
C18H16O4
C18H18O4
C18H16O4
C18H16O4
C18H16O4
C18H16O7
C18H16O7
C18H16O14
C18H18
C18H18
Ci 8 Hi 8 N 2 O 4
Ci8Hi8N8
Ci8Hi8O4
Ci8H19NO3
C18H19N3O2
C18H20BrNO2
Name
Phellyl alcohol
Ajaconine
Jalapic acid
J-Menthyl heptylate
8-Heptadecene C 7 Hi 5 CHrCHC 8 Hi 7
Margaric aldehyde Ci6H33CHO
Datarie acid
Margaric acid Ci6H33CO2H
Methyl palmitate Ci5H3iCO2CH3
Sphingosine
n-Heptadecane CH 3 (CH 2 )i 5 CH 3
Heptadecane-9-ol C 8 H n CH(OH)C 8 Hi 7 .
Heptadecylamine C n H 35 NH 2
Benzanthrene
Chrysene
Triphenylene
Truxene
2, 3'-Diquinolyl
2, 7'-Diquinolyl
. . . .
6, 6'-Diquinolyl
8, 8'-Diquinolyl
o-(a-Naphthoyl) benzoic acid
Calycin
Aminochrysene
p-Diphenylbenzene C 6 H 4 (C 6 Ho) 2
Cinnamicanhydride (C6H5CHiCHCO)2O
Epicarin
Xanthoeridol
Diaspirin (Succinyldisalicylic acid)
Triphenylarsine (C6H5)3As
Triphenyl bismuthine (C6H5)3Bi
Triphenylamine (C 6 H 5 ) 3 N
Triphenyl phosphite (C6H5O)3P
Triphenyl phosphate (C6H5O)3PO
Triphenylphosphine (C6H5)3P
Triphenylstibine (C6H5)3Sb
Aporhene
Diphenyl-ra-phenylenediamine
Triphenylhydrazine (C6Hs)2NNHC6H5..
Analgen
5, 5'-Dibenzylbarbituric acid
Chinosol
Cinnamyl cinnamate
or-Isatropic acid
/3-Isatropic acid
a-Truxillic acid
Isotruxillic acid
7-Truxillic acid
0-Truxillic acid
e-Truxillic acid
Tj-Truxillic acid
Dibenzyl fumarate
Nepodin
dMJsnic acid
dW-Usnic acid
Igasuric acid (Chlorogenic acid)
Retene
1, 3, 5, 7-Tetramethylanthracene
Antipyrine salicylate
Vesuvin
Dibenzyl succinate
Berbamine
Dimazon (Diacetylaminoazotoluene)
Apomorphine methobromide
Mol. wt.
M. P.
___^_
248.22
OO
279.23
163
378.23
120
268.25
238.26
254.26
36
270.26
60
270.26
59.9
270.26
29.5
285.28
244
240.28
22.5
256.28
61
255.29
49
228.09
84
228.09
251
228.09
198.5
228.09
>360
256.11
176
256.11
193
256.11
178
256.11
205
276.09
173.5
308.09
240
243.11
203
230.11
205
278.11
135
294.11
195
342.11
258
358.11
178
306.08
60
440.16
78
245.12
126.5
310.14
326.14
49.9
262.14
79
352.89
48
278.13
89
260.14
95
260.14
142
292.14
210
308.14
222
388.20
177.5
264.12
44
296.12
237
296.12
206
296.12
272
296.12
206
296.12
228
296.12
174
296.12
192
296.12
260
296.12
59.5
296.12
158
344.12
193
344.12
203
456.12
207
234.14
98.5
234.14
28Od.
326.16
92
346.20
143.5
298.14
45
297.15
200
309.17
75
362.08
180
B. P.
16515
16095
20426
227100
227100
19615
25Od.
303
-p T
No.
0.901
0.79810
0.85360
1119
0.778
359
340
448
427
365
22O11
24511
>360
>360
29Od.
1.58520
0.774
1.1841*
1.194
1.50012
0.869l0
1.08516-5
2115
1295
394
23814
1.1316
No.
5315
5316
5317
Formula
.
Ci8H20N2O3
Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3
C18H2iNO3
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5325.1
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5343.1
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5371.1
5372
5373
5374
Cj8H2INO3
Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3
Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3
Ci8H22BrNO3
Ci8H22BrNO3
Ci8H22ClNO3
Ci8H22ClNO3
C18H22N2O2
Ci 8 H 22 N 2 O 5
Ci 8 H 22 N 4 O 4
Ci 8 H 22 N 4 O 4
Ci8H22N4O4
Ci8H22N4O4
Ci8H22Oi0
Ci8H23ClN2O2
C18H23NO6
Ci 8 H 24 NO 7 P
C18H26O2
C18H26O4
C18H27NO3
C18H27NO8
C18H28ClNO8
C18H28O4
C18H30
C18H30O
C18H30O2
C18H31ClN2O6
C18H32
C18H32O2
C18H32O2
C18H32O2
C18H32O2
C18H32O2
C18H32O4
C18H32O16
C18H32O16
C18H33N2O12
C18H34
C18H34
Ci8H34O
C18H34O
C18H34O2
C18H34O2
C18H34O2
C18H34O2
C18H34O2
C18H34O2
C18H34O3
C18H34O3
C18H34O3
C18H34O3
C18H34O3
C18H34O3
C18H34O3
C18H34O3
C18H34O5
C18H34O6
C18H34O16
C18H35ClO
C18H35N
Name
MoL wt.
M. P.
Cinchotenine
Bebeerine
Codeine
312.17
299.17
299.17
98
214
155
Isobebeerine
Isocodeine
Pseudocodeine
Codeine hydrobromide
Morphine methylbromide
Bebeerine hydrochloride
Codeine hydrochloride
Holocaine
Pilocarpine salicylate
Galactosazone
d-Glucosazone
Z-Glucosazone
Gulososazone
Murrayin
Holocaine hydrochloride
Cocaine formate
Codeine phosphate
Menthyl phenylacetate
Diamyl phthalate
Capsaicin
.
Senecifoline
Senecifoline hydrochloride
Embellie acid
Hexaethylbenzene C 6 (C 2 Hs) 6
Sycoceryl alcohol
Linolenic acid
dZ-Ecgonine hydrochloride
Fichtelite
Chaulmoogric acid
a-Eleostearic acid
Linoleic acid
Stearolic acid C 8 H 17 CfC(CH 2 ) 7 CO 2 H...
Tariric acid.
Stearoxylic acid
Raffinose
Procellose
Piperazine quinate (Sidonal)
Hexadecylacetylene Ci6H33CiCH
l-Methyl-2-pentadecylacetylene
Chaulmoogryl alcohol
Oleic aldehyde
Elaidicacid
Gynocardic acid
Oleic acid C 8 H 17 CH:CH(CH 2 ) 7 CO 2 H...
Petroselinic acid
Rapicacid
Z-Menthyl n-caprylate
3-Ketostearic acid
6-Ketostearic acid
8-Ketostearic acid
9-Ketostearic acid
10-Ketostearic acid
Ricinelaidic acid
Ricinic acid
Ricinoleic acid
Oleic acid ozonide
Di-n-heptyl tartrate
Clavisepsin
Stearyl chloride , C17H36COCl
Stearonitrile C17H35CN
299.17
299.17
299.17
380.09
380.09
335.64
335.64
298.19
346.19
358.20
358.20
358.20
358.20
398.17
334.65
349.19
397.22
274.20
306.20
305.22
385.22
421.68
308.22
246.23
262.23
278.23
406.71
248.25
280.25
280.25
280.25
280.25
280.25
312.25
504.25
504.25
469.27
250.26
250.26
266.26
266.26
282.26
282.26
282.26
282.26
282.26
282.26
298.26
298.26
298.26
298.26
298.26
298.26
298.26
298.26
330.26
346.26
506.26
302.73
265.28
297
144
181
265 d.
260
264
117
120
201
208 d.
205 d.
168
170
189
42
235
65
194
260
142
129
90
247
46
69
49
<-18
48
50.5
86
119
210
171
26
30
36
51.5
67.5
14
34
14
97
75
83
76
65
53
81
17
35
198
23
41
^L
No.
l .31514
1283,
1286
B. P.
179
d.
1.29O180
1288
1264
1333
1333
1333
202 d.
18Od.
205.525
344
1333
1.002
1226
298
0.831}30'4
23217
0.914
24820
23512
23016
260
1.010
1159
1247
0.903
13Od.
1.465
ISO15
18415
0.798 2 ^
0.802
1694
288100
0.85115
0.85179-4
456
28610<>
0.895J 7 ' 7
0.86840
0.89715
0.898
929
1057
17515
25015
25215
25015
23514
21515
21413
0.94515
1.022
0.999 41
472
No.
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5428.1
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
Formula
C18H35NO
Ci8H36NO2
Ci8H36
Ci8H36O
Ci8H36O2
Ci8H36O2
C18H36O2
C18H36O2
Ci8H36O3
C18H36O3
C18H36O3
C18H36O3
C18H36O3
C18H36O4
C18H37I
C18H37NO
C18H38
C18H38O
C19H12O
C19H13N
C19H13N3O6
C19H14O3
Ci9H14O6
C19H15
C19H15Cl
C19H15N3
C19H16
C19Hi6N2
C19H16O
C19H16O3
C19H17N
C19H17N
C19H17N
C19H17N
C19H17NO2
C19H17NO3
C19H17NO3
C19H17NO3
C19H17N3
C19H17N3
C19H18ClN3
C19H18N2
C19H18O3
C19H18O7
C19H18O8
C19H18O11
C19H19NO2
C19H19NO3
C19H19NO4
C19H19NO5
C19H19N3
C19H19N3
C19H19N3O
C19H20N2O
C19H20N2O4
C19H20N2O4
C19H20O4
C19H20O5
C19H21NO3
C19H2JiNO3
Ci 9 H 2 iNO 3
Ci 9 H 2 INO 5
Ci 9 H 22 N 2
Name
MoL wt.
M. P.
Oleicamide
Oleohydroxamic acid
n-Octodecylene
Stearic aldehyde Ci7H35CHO
..
Stearic acid Ci7H35CO2H
Cetyl acetate CH3CO2Ci6H33
Ethyl palmitate C 15 H 31 CO 2 C 2 H 5 .........
Methyl margarate
1-Hydroxystearic acid
dZ-2-Hydroxystearic acid
4, 9-Dihydroxystearic acid
n-Octodecyl iodide
Stearic amide C15H31CONH2
n-Octadecane CH3(CH2)16CH3
n-Octadecyl alcohol
Benzylideneacenaphthenone
9-Phenylacridine
Tri-p-nitrophenylmethane
Aurine
Oroxylin
Triphenylmethyl (C6H5)3C
Triphenylchloromethane (C6Hs)3CCl. ..
Chrysaniline
Triphenylmethane (C6H5)3CH
Benzophenone phenylhydrazone
Triphenyl carbinol (C6H5)3COH
Triphenyl orthoformate HC(OC6H5)3.. .
ra-Aminotriphenylmethane
p-Aminotriphenylmethane
Diphenylbenzylamine
Triphenylmethylamine (C 6 H 5 ) 3 C.NH 2 ..
Novatophan
Cusparidine
Cusparine
Isocusparine
a-Triphenylguanidine
/3-Triphenylguanidine
a-Triphenylguanidine hydrochloride
p, p'-Diaminotriphenylmethane
Eugenol cinnamate
Eriodonol
Atranoric acid
Euxanthic acid
Ditamine
Galipidine
Bulbocapnine.
Stylopine
o-Leucaniline (NH2C6H4) 3CH
p-Leucaniline (NH 2 C 6 H 4 ) 3CH
Pararosaniline (NH2C6H4]I3C(OH)
Cinchoninone
Antipyrine mandelate
dZ-Ornithuric acid
Diethyl diphenylmalonate
Guaiaconic acid
Isothebaine
Oxyacanthine
Thebaine
Eupyrin
Desoxycinchonidine
281.28
297.28
252.28
268.28
284.28
284.28
284.28
284.28
300.28
300.28
300.28
300.28
300.28
316.28
380.22
283.29
254.29
270.29
256.09
255.11
379.12
290.11
338.11
243.12
278.57
285.14
244.12
272.14
260.12
292.12
259.14
259.14
259.14
259.14
291.14
307.14
307.14
307.14
287.16
287.16
323.62
274.16
294.14
358.14
374.14
422.14
293.15
309.15
325.15
341.15
289.17
289.17
305.17
292.17
340.17
340.17
312.15
328.15
311.17
311.17
311.17
343.17
278.19
76
61
18
63.5
69.3
18.5
24.2
29
85
85
81.5
79
78
136.5
34
109
28
58.5
107
181
207
> 220
225
147
112
270
92.5
137
162.5
77
120
84
87
105
76
79
92
194
145
131
241
140
90
199
197
162
75
111
199
202
165
148
189
127
53
183
59
100
204
210
193
88
61
B. P.
179"
261100
383
200.515
185.510
0.791
170-5
25112
317
210.515
J^ L
0.8476^3
0.858
1117
1041
1043
0.777
0.812J9
1047
1.014f
1128
404
310
359.2
> 360
27755
1.188
d.
0.875^
d.
1332
1.226
1.305
1301
No.
__
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
I 5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
Formula
Ci9H22N2
C19H22N2O
Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O
Ci9H22N2O
Ci9H22N2O
Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O
Ci9H22N2O
Ci9H22N2O2
Ci9H22N2O2
Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O 2
Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O 4
Ci9H23ClN2O
Ci9H23ClN2O
Ci9H23NO3
Ci 9 H 23 NO 4
Ci 9 H 23 NO 4
Ci 9 H 23 NO 4
Ci 9 H 23 NO 4
Ci 9 H 23 NO 6
Ci 9 H 23 N 3 O 4
Ci9H24BrNO3
Ci9H24ClNO3
(2H2O)
Ci9H24N2O
Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O
Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O
Ci9H24N2O
Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O 2
Ci9H24N2O2
Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O 2
Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O 2
Ci9H25N4O4
Ci 9 H 26 N 2 O
Ci 9 H 27 NO 4
Ci9H28ClNO4
Ci9H28O2
Ci9H28O4
Ci9H28Oi3
Ci9H30O2
Ci9H34O2
Ci9H36O3
Ci9H38O2
Ci9H38O2
Ci9H38O2
Ci9H40
C20Hi0I4O4
C 20 Hi 2
C20Hi2O3
C20Hi2O5
C20H14
C 20 Hi 4
C 20 Hi 4
C20Hi4
C 20 Hi 4 N 2
C 20 Hi 4 N 2
C 20 Hi 4 N 2 O
C 20 Hi 4 N 2 O
C20H14O
C20H14O
C20Hi4O
C20Hi4O2
C20Hi4O2
C20Hi4O4
Name
MoL wt.
M. P.
Desoxycinchonine
Apocinchonine
Cinchonicine.
Cinchonidine...
a-Cinchonine
Homocinchonidine
0-Isocinchonine
Apoconquinine
Apoquinine
Cupreine
Chitenine
Cinchonidine hydrochloride
Cinchonine hydrochloride
Codethyline
Cinnamylcocaine
Corytuberine
Porphyroxime
Sinomenine
Morphine acetate
Cinchonine nitrate
Eucodine (Methylcodeine bromide)
Dionine
278.19
294.19
294.19
294.19
294.19
294.19
294.19
310.19
310.19
310.19
342.19
330.65
330.65
313.19
329.19
329.19
329.19
329.19
345.19
357.20
394.11
349.65
92
228
59
210
264.3
207.6
126
137
21Od.
202
286 d.
242 d.
218 d.
93
121
240
135
161
20Od.
Cinchamidine (Hydrocinchonidine)
Cinchonamine. .
Cinchotine
Pereirine
Conquinamine
Geissospermine
Hydrocupreine
Quinamine
Ionidine
Aspidosine
a-Eucaine
a-Eucaine hydrochloride
Abietic acid
Convallaretin
Calmatambin
Benzyl laurate CnH23CO2CH2C6H5
Methyl chaulmoograte
Methyl ricinolate
Nondecylic acid CH 3 (CH 2 )I 7 CO 2 H.....
Ethyl margarate CH3(CH2)I5CO2C2H5..
Methyl starate Ci7H35CO2CH3
n-Nondecane CH3(CH2)17CH3
Nosophen (Tetraiodophenolphthalein). . .
Perylene
Fhioran
Fluorescein
a, a'-Dinaphthyl Ci0H7.Ci0H7
a, /S'-Dinaphthyl
, '-Dinaphthyl Ci 0 H 7 .Ci 0 H 7 ....
9-Phenylanthracene
a, a'-Azonaphthalene
, /3'-Azonaphthalene
a, a'-Azoxynaphthalene
/3, '-Azoxynaphthalene
a-Naphthyl ether (Ci0H7)20
0-Naphthyl ether (Ci0H7)20
a, 0'-Naphthyl ether
a-Dinaphthol
0-Dinaphthol
Phenolphthalein
296.20
296.20
296.20
296.20
312.20
312.20
312.20
312.20
373.23
298.22
333.22
369.68
288.22
320.22
464.22
290.23
294.26
312.28
298.29
298.29
298.29
268.31
821.81
252.09
300.09
332.09
254.11
254.11
254.11
254.11
282.12
282.12
298.12
298.12
270.11
270.11
270.11
286.11
286.11
318.11
230
185
286
124
123
189
230
172
156
245
103
200
161
>255
144
8.5
22
B. P.
?1 L
No.
1278
1304
1333
1333
261
123
66
27
38
32
225
264
175
160.5
80
187.8
153
190
204
127
167
110
105
81
300
218
261
17Od.
1251
21112
22720
24510
299100
21515
330
0.946^
0.912^
0.924
540
0.777J 2
1045
29Od.
360
452
417
>360
25019
26415
1.277f
465
No.
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5566
5567
5568
5570
5571
Formula
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
C 20 Hi 4 O 6
C20Hi4O9
C20Hi4S
C 20 Hi 6 N
ft
C 20 Hi 5 NO 4
C20Hi5NO8
C 20 Hi 5 Ns
C 20 Hi 5 N 3
C 20 Hi 6 N 2
C 20 Hi 6 N 2
ft
C 20 Hi 6 N 2 O
C 20 Hi 6 N 4
C20Hi6O2
C20H16O3
C20Hi7N5O2
C20Hi8
C20H18
C20Hi8ClNO4
C 20 Hi 8 N 2 O
C 20 Hi 8 N 2 O
C20H18N4S
C 20 Hi 9 N
C 20 Hi 9 NO 5
C20H19NO5
C20H19NO6
C 20 Hi 9 NO 9
C 20 H 20 N 2 O 6
C20H20O6
C20H20O6
C20H20O7
C20H20Oi0
C20H20Oi2
C20H2iNOs
C 20 H 2 iNO 4
C 20 H 2 iNO 4
C20H2iNO4
C 20 H 2 iNO 4
C20H22ClNO4
C 20 H 22 N 2 O
C 20 H 22 N 2 O 2
C20H22N2O2
C20H22N2O4
C20H22O8
C20H23ClN2O2
C20H 23NO4
C20H23NO4
C20H23N3O4
C20H23O4
C20H24Cl2N2O2
C20H24NO4
C 20 H 24 N 2 O
C20H24N2O2
C20H24N2O2
C20H24N2O2
C20H24N2O2
C20H24N2O2
C20H24N2O2
C20H24N2O2
C20H26BrN2O2
C20H25ClN2O2
C20H26ClN2O2
C 20 H 26 NO 2
C20H26NO4
Fluorescin
Psoromic acid
a, a'-Dinaphthyl sulfide (Ci 0 Hy) 2 S
/S'-Dinaphthylamine (Ci 0 H 7 ) 2 NH
Sanguinarine
Berilicacid..
p-Amino-a-azonaphthalene
Amino--azonaphthalene
a, a'-Hydrazonaphthalene
/3'-Hydrazonaphthalene
Benzilphenylhydrazone
Nitron
Triphenylacetic acid (C 6 H 5 ) 3 C.CO 2 H...
Rosolie acid
Rubazonic acid
Diphenyl-m-tolylmethane
1,1, 2-Triphenylethane
Berberine hydrochloride
a-Benzoinphenylhydrazone
/3-Benzoinphenylhydrazone
Triphenylguanylthiourea
Dibenzylaniline C 6 H 5 N(CH 2 C 6 Ho) 2
Chelidonine
Papaveraldine
Protopine
Berberilic acid
Antipyrine acetylsalicylate
Cubebinol
Cubebin
Coccelicacid
Scoparin
Luteic acid
Galipeine
Z-Canadine
Dicentrine
Papaverine
dZ-Canadine
Papaverine hydrochloride
Quinene
Dehydro quinine
Jelsemine
Lysuric acid
Populin
Jelsemine hydrochloride
Acetylcodeine
Corypalmine
Pyramidon salicylate
Naphthyl acid camphorate
Quinene dichloride...
Staphisagroine
Desoxyquinine
Isoconquinine
Isoquinine
Quinicine
Quinidine
Quinine
Quinine (isomer A)
Quinine (isomer B)
Quinine hydrobromide
Quinidine hydrochloride
Quinine hydrochloride
Lobelidine
Codamine
334.11
398.11
286.17
269.12
333.12
397.12
297.14
297.14
284.14
284.14
300.14
312.16
288.12
304.12
359.17
258.14
258.14
371.61
302.16
302.16
346.24
273.15
353.15
353.15
353.15
417.15
368.17
340.15
356.15
372.15
420.15
452.15
323.17
339.17
339.17
339.17
339.17
375.64
306.19
322.19
322.19
354.19
390.17
358.65
341.19
341.19
369.20
327.18
395.1.2
342.19
308.20
324.20
324.20
324.20
324.20
324.20
324.20
324.20
405.13
360.67
360.67
311.20
343.20
27
264
110
172.2
213
200
175
156
a 271; 274
164
134
189 d.
265
270
181
61.5
54
155
106
157
70
136
210
207
182
65
92
132
178
219 d.
274
115
134
169
147
167
221 d.
82
181
178
145
180
300
133.5
236
70
122
97
275
52
142
185
60
168
175
193.5
189
200
259 d.
160
106
121
B. P
^1 L
No.
29015
471
d.
356
349.4
d.
1.0716
1.397
1333
l .337
1331
1298
1279
259 d.
No.
Formula
5572
5573
5575
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
C20H26NO4
C20H25NO4
C20H26N2O6S
C 20 H 26 N 2 O 2
C20H26N2O2
C 20 H 27 NO 5
C 20 H 27 NOn
C20H27N2O4P
C20H28O4
C20H28O5
C20H28O6
C20H28Oi3
C20H30N2O6
C20H30O2
C20H30O4
C20H30O5
C20H32O6
C20H33NO
C20H33N3
C20H33N3
C20H34O
C20H34O
C20H34O
C20H34O
C20H34O10
C20H36N8Oi6
C20H36O
C20H36O2
C20H36O2
C20H38O2
C20H38O3
C20H40O
C20H40O2
C20H40O2
C20H4iI
C20H42
C20H42O
C2iHi4O
C2iHi4O
ft
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
C 2x Hi 4 O 2
C2IHi5Bi2O9
C2xHi6
C 2 iHie
C 2x Hi 6
ft
C 2 iHi 6 N 2
C2iHi6Oii
C 2 iHi 8 N 2
C 2 iHi 8 N 2
C21Hi8Oi2
C 2 IHi 9 NO 4
C2iH20
C 2 IH 20 N 2 O 4
C2iH20O6
C2iH20O9
C2iH20O9
Name
MoI. wt.
M. P.
Laudanidine
Laudanine
Quinine disulfate
Hydroquinidine
Hydroquinine
Diversine
Amygdalin
Quinine hypophosphite
Thymyl acid camphorate
Eugenol acid camphorate
Cholanicacid
Primeverin
Quinine hydrate
d-Pimaric acid
Onoceric acid
Andrographolide.
Andrographolic acid
Myristic anilide
Ormosine
Ormosinine
Ambrosterol
Cinchol
Cupreol
Quebrachol
Cyclamin
Vicine
Excretin
Eicosinic acid
Ethyl chaulmoograte
Eicosenic acid
Ethyl ricinoleate
Phytol
Arachidic acid
Ethyl starate CnH35CO2C2H5
n-Eicosyl iodide
n-Eicosane CH3(CH2)I8CH3
Eicosyl alcohol CH3(CH2)I8CH2OH. ...
a, VDinaphthyl ketone
0'-Dinaphthyl ketone
343.20
343.20
422.28
326.22
326.22
361.22
457.22
390.25
332.22
348.22
364.22
476.22
378.25
302.23
334.23
350.23
368.25
303.26
315.28
315.28
290.26
290.26
290.26
290.26
434.26
628.34
292.28
308.28
308.28
310.29
326.29
296.31
312.31
312.31
408.25
282.32
298.32
282.11
282.11
177
164.5
16Od.
167
172.3
93
200
181
89
116
285
206
57
212
120
218
188
84
87
205
147
139
140
125
236
242 d.
96
69
Picenic acid
298.11
Bismuth salicylate
829.12
a, a'-Dinaphthylmethane
268.12
a,/3'-Dinaphthylmethane (Ci 0 H 7 ) 2 CH 2 .. 268.12
/S'-Dinaphthylmethane (Ci 0 Hy) 2 CH 2 .. 268.12
Lophine
296.14
Methylenecitrylsalicylic acid
444.12
Amarin
298.16
Hydrobenzamide
298.16
Scutellarin
462.14
Fumarine
349.15
Phenylditolylmethane
272.15
Alstonine (Chlorogenine)
364,17
Curcumin
368.15
Aloin
. . . 416.15
1, 2-Dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-4-(, 3, 4trihydroxybenzylbenzofuran) *
416.15
5630
C2iH20O9
Frangulin
416.15
5631
C 2 iH 20 Oii
Quercitrin
448.15
5632
C 2 IH 20 Oi 2
Incarnatrin
464.15
5633
C 2 iH 2 iN
Tribenzylamine (C6H5CH2)3N
287.17
5634
C 22 H 2 iNO 6
d-Corcycavamine
367.17
5635
C 2 iH 2 iNO 6
Hydrastine
383.17
* Also commonly known as Catechol, Pyrocatechol, Catechin, Pyrocatechin. See #1414.
50
77
33.7
42
38
71
135
a 125.5
b!64.5
201
135 d.
109
95
93
275
154
129
101
20Od.
199
56
195
183
147.9
217
226
185
245
92
149
132
B. P.
R L
'
No.
1.256
d.
28220
1333
27015
23020
26715
25813
20410
328
224
192 5
20515
2203
0.906
1036
0.914
0.856
481
484
0.778346'7
1065
360
1333
0.991J5
No.
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
Formula
C 2 iH 2 iNO 6
C 2 iH 2 iN 8
C2iH2iO4P
C2iH2iO6P
C2iH2i07P
C2iH25N2O2
C 2 IH 22 N 2 O 2
C2IH23Cl2N8O3
C 2 IH 28 NO 4
C2iH28NO5
C 2 iH 28 NO 5
C 2 IH 28 NO 5
C 2 IH 23 NO 5
C 2 iH 23 NO 5
C 2 iH 28 NO 6
C 2 iH 23 N 8 O 5
C 2 IH 24 ClNO 4
C 2 iH 24 N 2 O
C 2 iH 24 N 2 O
C 2 IH 24 N 6 Oi 0
C 2 IH 24 O 9
C 2 IH 24 Oi 0
C 2 iH 24 Oii
C 2 iH 24 Oi 2
C 21 H 26 NO 4
C 2 IH 25 NO 4
C 2 iH 25 NO 4
C 2 iH 25 NO 4
C-JiH25N8O2
C-JiH26N2O
C 2 IH 26 N 2 O 3
C2iH26N2O8
C 2 IH 26 N 2 O 4
C-JiH27ClN2O8
C 2 iH 27 NO 4
C 2 iH 27 NOio
C-JiH28N2O
C2iH23O4
C-JiH30N2O4
C2iH30O2
C2iH30O4
C2iH30O8
C 2x H 34 O
C-JiH34O2
C-JiH84O8
C-JiH34O4
C2iH84Oio
C2iH86O4
C-JiH33O8
C2IH38O6
C2iH4002
C5JiH42
C-JiH42O2
C2iH42O2
C2iH48NO
C2iH44
C22H14
C 22 Hi 4 N 2 O
C 22 Hi 5 NO 6
C 22 Hi 5 N 3
C22Hi8O4
C22H20Oi3
C 22 H 22 On
Name
MoL wt.
M. P.
Rhoeadine
Anhydroformaldehydeaniline
Tri-p-cresyl phosphate
Triguaiacyl phosphite
Triguaiacyl phosphate
Isostrychnine
Strychnine
Benzamide hydrochloride
Meconidine
Cryptopine
Diacetylmorphine
a-Homochelidonine
/3-Homochelidonine
T-Homochelidonine
Colchiceine
Strychine nitrate
Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride
Paytine
'. ,
Strychnidine
Geneserine picrate
Glycyphylline
Phloridzin
Datiscin
Saponarin
Corybulbine
Corydine
Glaucine
Isocorybulbine
Porphyrine
Desoxystrychnine
Corynanthine
Quebrachine
Quinine formate
Quebrachine hydrochloride
d(/)-Laudanosine
d-Cocaine bitartrate
Tetraethyldiaminobenzophenone
Marrubiin
,
Struxine
Cannabinol
Euonymol
Antiarin
Pyrethrol
Benzyl myristate Ci3H27CO2CH2C6H5 ...
Di-d-bornyl carbonate
Ipurganol
Helleborein
Trifolianol
Di-Z-menthyl carbonate
Tricaproin
Dimentholformal
9-Heneicosene C8HnCH:CHCnH23
Cluytinic acid
Heneicosonic acid CH3(CH2)I9CO2H
Heneicosamide CH3(CH2)I9CONH2
n-Heneicosane CH3(CH2) I9CH3
Picene
Rosindon (Rosindulon)
Colchinine
Rosinduline
0-Cresolphthalein
Carminic acid
.
Isotrifolin
383.17
315.19
368.19
400.19
416.19
334.19
334.19
436.12
353.19
369.19
369.19
369.19
369.19
369.19
385.19
397.20
405.65
320.20
320.20
520.23
420.19
436.19
452.19
468.19
355.20
355.20
355.20
355.20
351.22
322.22
354.22
354.22
370.22
390.68
357.22
453.22
324.23
344.22
374.25
314.23
346.23
410.23
302.27
318.26
334.26
350.26
446.26
352.28
338.29
386.29
324.31
294.32
326.32
326.32
325.34
296.34
278.11
322.12
389.12
321.14
346.14
492.15
462.17
232 d.
45.5
77
78
98
214.5
268
178
58
218
172
182
159
171
172
B. P.
?1lm
No.
185
2705
1.35918
1.351
1260
1333
230
156
250.5
175
180
17Od.
180
232
239
105
120
180
97
172
242
248
113
290
89
112
96
154.5
25Od.
250
215
199
20.5
216
225
230 d.
300
106
-25
57
3
69
74
110
40.4
364
262
146
199
216
136 d.
250
29514
1.430
1165
1333
29715
315100
l .04218
290
23111
0.932^
536
0.988
392
337
20211
21515
520
0.80515
0.775J5'8
1067
No.
Formula
5702
C 22 H 22 On
5703
C 22 H 23 NO 7
5704
C 22 H 23 NO 7
5705
C 22 H 23 N 3 O 7
5706
C22H24Oi0
5707
C 22 H 25 NO 4
5708
C 22 H 25 NO 6
5709
C 22 H 26 N 2 O 2
5710
C 22 H 26 N 2 O 3
5711
C 22 H 26 N 2 O 3
5712
C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4
5713
C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4
5714
C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4
5715
C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4
5716
C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4
5718
C 22 H 26 O 12
5719
C22H27AsNO5
5720
C 22 H 27 BrN 2 O 3
5721
C22H27ClN2O2
5722
C22H27ClN2O3
5723
C 22 H 27 NO 4
5724
C22H27N3O5
5725
C 22 H 28 N 2 O 2
5726
C 22 H 28 N 2 O 2
5727
C 22 H 28 N 2 O 4
C22H28N2O4
5728
5729
C 22 H 28 N 4
5730
C 22 H 28 O 3
5732
Q22H29IO2
5733
C22 H 30 N 2O 2
5734
C 22 H 3 iNO 5 (?)
5735
C22H32O3
5736
C22H32O4
5737
C22H32O6
5738
C22H33NO5
5739
C22H33NO5
5741
C22H34N4O8S
5742
C 22 H 35 NO 6
C 22 H 36 O 4
5743
5744
C22H36O8
5745
C22H37NO
5746
C22H38O
5747
C22H38O
5748
C22H88O4
5759
C22H38O4
5760
C22H39ClO
5761
C 22 H 40 O 2
5762
C 22 H 4 iNO
5763
C22H42O2
5764
C22H42O2
5765
C 22 H 42 O 3
5765. l C 22 H 42 O 3
5766
C 22 H 43 NO
5767
C22H44O
5768
C 22 H 44 O 2
5769
C22H44O2
5770
C22H45I
5771
C22H45NO
5772
C 22 H 46
5773
C22H46O
5774
C23H20O2
5775
C23H23NO6
5776
C 23 H 24 N 2 O 6
Name
Trifolin
Gnoscopine
Narcotine
Pyrene picrate
Sakuranin
Corycavidine
Z-Colchicine
Apoyohimbine
Acetylquinine
Gelsemine
Chaimaridine
Chaimarine
Conchaimarine
Conchairamidine
Mitraversine
Hesperidin
Strychnine methylarsinate
Gelseminine hydrobromide
Apoyohimbine hydrochloride
Gelseminine hydrochloride
dZ-Corydaline
Physostigmine salicylate
Aspidosamine
Aspidospermatine
Ditaine (Echitamine)
Quinine acetate
Camphorosazone
Santalyl salicylate
Europhen (Diisobutyl-p-cresol iodide)....
Aspidospermine
Mitragynine
Anacardic acid
Digitoxigenin
Genin
Atropine isovalerate
Atropine valerate
Pilocarpine sulfate
Delphinine
Bryonol
Capsularin
Palmitic anilide
Cholestol
Ilicyl alcohol
Citrullol
Di-Z-menthyl oxalate
Behenolyl chloride C21H39COCl
Behenolic acid C2iH39CO2H
Behenolyl amide C2iH39CONH2
Brassidic acid
Erucic acid
14-Ketobehenic acid
Isobutyl ricinoleate
Erucamide C2iH41CONH2
Erucyl alcohol
Behenic acid
Methyl heneicosate C20H4iCO2CH3
Docosyl iodide CH3(CH2)20CH2I
Behenamide C21H43CONH2
.
w-Docosane CH3(CH2)20CH3
Docosyl alcohol CH3(CH2)20CH2OH
Amaric anhydride
Corycavine
Buphnatine
MoI. wt.
M. P.
462.17
413.19
413.19
431.12
448.19
367.20
399.20
350.22
366.22
366.22
382.22
382.22
382.22
382.22
382.22
482.20
460.18
447.14
386.68
402.68
369.22
413.23
352.23
352.23
384.23
384.23
348.25
340.22
452.16
354.25
389.25
344.25
360.25
392.25
391.26
391.26
514.36
409.28
364.28
428.28
331.29
318.29
318.29
366.29
366.29
354.76
336.31
335.32
338.32
338.32
354.32
354.32
337.34
324.34
340.34
340.34
436.28
339.36
310.35
326.35
328.15
409.19
424.20
260
233
175
218
212
213
146
252
108
178
128
233
120
115
237
171
60 d.
B. P.
?1 I0
No.
1.374
1333
251 d.
1333
300
330
136
178.9
100
162
206
126
55
110
208
106
26
230
206
32
42
132
187.5
212
176
90.5
139
175
290
68
29
57.5
90
61.5
33.5
84
83
34.6
84
49
49
112
44.4
74
140.5
216
240
1333
1333
1333
126.620
1.07015
2202
2405
1333
1333
28417
360
350
22512
28230
28l30
0.85957-1
0.86O45'4
1085
2629
0.90322
980
200-2
30660
224.515
0.77S414'4
No.
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5801
5802
5803
5804
5804.1
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5826
5829
5830
5831
5832
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
Formula
C 23 H 24 N 4 O 2
C 23 H 24 N 4 On
C23H24O3
C 23 H 24 O 9
C23H24O9
C 23 H 26 NO 4
C23H26ClN3O3
C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4
C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4
C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4
C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4
C 23 H 26 N 2 O 5
C 23 H 27 NO 6
C 23 H 27 NO 8
C 23 H 27 N 3 O 7
C23H28ClNO8
C 23 H 28 N 2 O 4
C 23 H 29 NO 2
C 23 H 30 N 2 O 4
C 23 H 30 N 2 O 5
C 23 H 30 N 2 O 5
C23H30N2O5
C 23 H 3 iNO 2
C 23 H 33 N 2 O 4
C23H33N3O5
C23H36O2
C23H36O4
C23H38N2
C23H38O2
C23H38O4
C23H38O4
C23H40O
C23H40O
C23H40O4
C23H40O4
C23H42O2
C23H44O2
C23H46O
C23H46O2
C23H48
C 24 Hi 6
C 24 Hi 8
C24Hi8As2N2O
C 24 Hi 8 N 2
C 24 Hi 8 N 2 O
C 24 H 20 N 2
C 24 H 20 O 6
C 24 H 20 O 9
C 24 H 25 N 3 O
C 24 H 28 O 6
C24H28O8
C24H28O8
C 24 H 29 NO 6
C24H30O5
C 24 H 30 O 7
C 24 H 30 Oi 5
C 24 H 32 N 2 O 4
C 24 H 32 N 4 O 9
C 24 H 38 N 2 O
C 24 H 38 O 4
C 24 H 40 N 2
C 24 H 40 O 4
C 24 H 40 O 4
Name
Methylenediantipyrine
Hypscine picrate
0-Cresol orthoacetate
Picropodophyllin
Podophyllotoxin
Lanthopine
Acoin
Aricine
Brucine
Concusconine
Cusconine
Allobrucine oxide
Homoatropine salicylate
Narceine
Brucine nitrate
Narceine hydrochloride
Vellosine
Lobeline
Quinine propionate
dZ-Quinine lactate.
d-Quinine lactate
Z-Quinine lactate
Atisine
Quinine ethyl carbonate (Equinine)..
Pyramidon acid camphorate
Lactucon (Lactucol acetate)
Calabarol
Conessine
Benzyl palmitate
Anonol
Grindelol (Phytosterol glucoside)
Ambrein
Xanthosterin
Di-Z-menthyl malonate
Ipuranol
Methyl behenolate C2iH39CO2CH3
Methyl erucate C21H41CO2CH3
Laurone (CnH23)2CO
Methyl behenate C2iH43CO2CH3
n-Tricosane CH3(CH2)2iCH3
Crackene
1, 3, 5-Triphenylbenzene
Phenarsazine oxide
py p'-Diphenylazobenzene
PJ p'-Diphenylazoxybenzene
p, p'-Diphenylhydrazobenzene
Glycerol tribenzoate
Glycerol trisalicylate
Benzoylauramine
Diguaiacyl camphorate
a-Flavaspidie acid...
/3-Flavaspidic acid
Atropine salicylate
Blaterone
Anthamantin
Scopolin
Quinine butyrate
Maltosazone
Holarrhenine
Di-d-bornyl succinate
Conessine
Choleic acid
Cucurbitol
MoI. wt.
M. P.
388.22
532.22
348.19
444.19
444.19
379.20
427.68
394.22
394.22
394.22
394.22
410.22
413.22
445.22
457.23
481.68
396.23
351.23
398.25
414.25
414.25
414.25
353.25
401.27
431.28
344.28
376.28
342.31
346.29
378.29
378.29
332.31
332.31
380.31
380.31
350.32
352.34
338.35
354.35
324.37
306.14
306.14
500.08
334.16
350.16
336.17
404.15
452.15
371.22
412.22
444.22
444.22
427.23
398.23
430.23
558.23
412.26
520.28
370.31
390.29
356.32
392.31
392.31
77
188
89
227
94
200
178
188 d.
178
208
110
189
B. P.
?:L
No.
"
1333
170
23Od.
192
189 d.
131
111
165.5
175
171
85
91
94
184
245
125
36
298
257
82
214
62
290
22
69
54.5
47.7
308
170
350
250
205
247
76.5
79
179
124
92
156
1333
0.914g
1333
1079
17O1
0.944J6
222*
0.870
0.789^ 0 ' 9
457
1111
0.779J 7 ' 7
1120
1.206
1317
225
320.7
500
1333
300
79
218
77.5
206
198
83.7
125
190
260
No.
Formula
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
C 24 H 40 O 6
C 24 H 4 iNO
C24H42O4
C 24 H 42 O 6
C 24 H 42 O 6
C 24 H 44 O 6
C24H44I2O2
C24H44O2
C24H46O2
C24H46O2
C24H48O2
C24H48O2
C24H48O2
C24H48O2
C24H48O2
C 24 H 48 O 2
C24H60
C 24 H 60
C24H60O
C26H20
C 25 H 2 iN 8
C 26 H 26 Ou
C 26 H 28 Oi 4
C26H29NO8S
C26H32O8
C25H32O8
C 25 H 34 Oi 4
C25H39NO8
C26H40O
C26H40O
C26H40O2
C26H42O2
C 26 H 44 O 4
C26H60O2
C25H50O2
C26H60O8
C 26 H 62
C26Hi4
C 26 H 20
C26H20O
C26H20O
C26H21NOu
C 26 H 22
C 26 H 22 N 4
C26H22O2
C 26 H 23 N 6
C 26 H 26 N 2 O 2
C 26 H 27 ClN 2 O 2
C 26 H 28 N 2 O 4
C 26 H 28 Oi 4
C 26 H 28 Oi 4
C26H30N2O6S
C26H30O4
C 26 H 32 N 2 O 2
C 26 H 87 NO 3
C26H38
C 26 H 40 O
C 26 H 40 O 7
C 26 H 4 INOi 0
C 26 H 42 O 3
C 26 H 42 O 3
C 26 H 43 NO 2
C 26 H 43 NO 6
'
Name
Cholicacid
Stearic anilide CH3(CH2)16CONHC6H5.
Di-Z-menthyl Buccinate
Di-Z-menthyl d-tartrate
Di-Z-menthyl Z-tartrate
Lithofellinic acid
Ethyl diiodobrassidate
Ethyl behenolate C2IH39CO2C2H5
Ethyl brassidate
Ethyl erucate C2IH41CO2C2H5
Carnaubic acid
..
Lignoceric acid C23H47CO2H
Paraffinic acid C23H47CO2H
Pisangcerylic acid C23H47CO2H
Tetraconic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 22 CO 2 H
Ethyl behenate C 2 iH 43 CO 2 C 2 H 5
Isotetracosane
n-Tetracosane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 22 CH 3
Carnaubyl alcohol C24H49OH
Tetraphenylmethane C(C6H5)4
Tetraphenylguanidine
Ononin
Gentiin
Codeine o-guaiacolsulfonate
Albaspidin
Aspidin
Loganin
Pseudoaconine
Fungisterin
Homotaraxasterol
Benzyl oleate
Benzyl starate Ci7H36CO2CH2C6H6....
Di-Z-menthyl glutarate
Neocerotic acid
Hyenic acid
Cerebronic acid
Pentacosane CH3(CHz)28CH3
Rubicene
Tetraphenylethylene
a-Benzopinacoline
0-Benzopinacoline
Aconine
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetraphenylethane
Benzilosazone
Benzopinacone
Tetraphenyldiguanidine
Benzoylcinchonine
Benzoylcinchonine hydrochloride
Cinchonidine salicylate
Ruberythric acid
Morindin
Quinine phenolsulfonate
Bixin
Ibogine
Jervine
Carotin
Ergosterin
Laserpitin
Japaconine
Sarsasapogenin
Smilacin
Rubijervine
Glycocholic acid
MoI. wt.
M. R
408.31
359.32
394.32
426.32
426.32
412.34
618.20
364.34
366.35
366.35
368.37
368.37
368.37
368.37
368.37
368.37
338.39
338.39
354.39
320.15
363.19
502.20
552.22
503.30
460.25
460.25
558.26
481.31
356.31
356.31
372.31
374.32
408.34
382.39
382.39
398.39
352.40
326.11
332.15
348.15
348.15
523.17
334.17
390.20
366.17
405.22
398.22
434.68
432.23
564.22
564.22
498.31
406.23
404.26
411.29
350.29
368.31
464.31
527.32
402.32
402.32
401.34
465.34
195
93.6
63
75
42
206
37
15
30.5
72
81
46
72
85.5
50.5
51
54
69
285
131
210
274
165
147
124
215
95
144
164
B. P.
22Od.
0.947J1
1.054
1.04516
230
0.865
231
24315
324.1
0.779J51'1
77.8
78
100
54
306
221
205
181
132
209
225
186 d.
136106
207
70
260
245
?; **
No.
1046
449
431
2377
45.8
24320
28440
0.933^
0.908^
1024
1078
0.779
425
383
1.182
247
1333
189
152
241
167.8
154
117.5
97
183
160 d.
236
134
18520
24010 d.
1.040
No.
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
' 5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
, 5939
' 5940
5941
15942
! 5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
Formula
Name
.
C 26 H 44 O
Caulosterol
C 26 H 44 O 2
Onocerin
C 26 H 44 O 4
Gitogenin
C 26 H 44 Oi 0
Parillin
C26H45NO8
Protoveratridine
C 26 H 46 O
Mochyl alcohol C26H45OH
C 26 H 46 O 4
Di-Z-menthyl adipate
C 26 H 52 O 2
Cerotic acid
C 26 H 52 O 2
Ethyl lignocerate
C 26 H 54
w-Hexacosane CH3(CH1O24CH3
C 26 H 54
Isohexacosane
C 26 H 54 O
Ceryl alcohol C26H53OH
C 27 H 28 Br 2 N 2 O 5
Quinine dibromosalicylate
C 27 H 28 N 6 S 3
Diphenylguanidine trithiocarbonate
C 27 H 30 N 2 O 5
Quinine salicylate
C 27 H 30 Oi 5
Apiin.
C 27 H 30 Oj 6
Sophorin
C 27 H 32 Oi 6
Rutin
C 27 H 38 O 7
Strophantidin
C 27 H 39 N 5 O 5
Paucine
C 27 H 40 O 8
Cerberin
C 27 H 42 O
Ergosterin
C 27 H 46 O
Cholesterin
C27H46O
Phytosterol
C 27 H 46 O
Sitosterol
C 27 H 46 O 2
Atropurol
C 27 H 47 N
Cholesterylamine
C 27 H 47 NO 9
Indaconine
C27H48O
Coprosterol
C 27 H 50 O 6
Tricaprylin
C 27 H 54 O ;
Myristone (Ci3H27)2CO
;
C 27 H 56
rc-Heptacosane
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 25 CH 3
C28H18
9, 9'-Dianthranyl
C 28 H 20 N 2
Amaron (Tetraphenylpyrazine)
C 28 H 22 N 2 O
Benzoylamarin
C 28 H 22 O 2
Anthrapinacone
C 28 H 24 N 2
Benzylamarin
C 28 H 28 N 2 O 5
Strychnine salicylate
C28H30O2
Columbin
C 28 H 34 On
Phillirin
C 28 H 36 N 2 O 4
Ipecamine
C 28 H 36 N 2 O 4
Psychotrine
C 28 H 36 O 7
Digitogenic acid.
C 28 H 38 N 2 O 4
Cephaeline
C 28 H 38 N 2 O 4
Hydroipecamine.
C28H38O7
a-Elateriri.
C28H38O7 ,
0-Elaterin
C 28 H 44 O 2 i
Lactucerin
C 28 H 45 NO
Behenolic anilide C 2 iH 39 CONHC 6 H 5 ....
C28H46NO9;
Isopyroine
C 28 H 46 O 2
Cholesteryl formate
C 28 H 47 NO
Brassidic anilide C 2 iH 4 iCONHC 6 H 5 ....
C 28 H 47 NO
Erucic anilide C n H 41 CONHC 6 H 5 .. . . . .
C 28 H 48 Oi 0
Gitalin
C 28 H 49 NO
Behenic anilide CH 3 (CH 2 ) 20 CONHC 6 H 5
C28H54O2
Z-Menthyl starate.
C28H58
Octocosane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 26 CH 3 .
C28H58O
Cluytyl alcohol
C29H24O8
Fortoin (Methylenedicotoine)
C 2 9 H 2 6 Oi 2 ;
Aromadendrin
C 29 H 32 N 2 O 6
Quinine acetylsalicylate
C 29 H 35 NO 7
Paniculatine
C 29 H 36 N 2 O 4
Emetamine
MoI. wt.
_
372.34
388.34
420.34
516.34
499.36
374.35
422.35
396.40
396.40
366.42
366.42
382.42
620.06
532.46
462.25
594.23
610.23
612.25
474.29
513.34
492.31
382.32
386.35
386.35
386.35
402.35
385.37
529.37
388.37
470.39
394.42
380.43
354.14
384.17
402.19
390.17
388.20
472.23
398.23
546.26
464.29
464.29
484.28
466.31
466.31
486.29
486.29
412.34
411.36
540.36
414.35
413.37
413.37
544.37
415.39
422.42
394.45
410.45
500.19
566.20
504.26
509.28
476.29
M. P.
159
232
272
176.1
265
234
61
82.5
56
60
61
80
198
89
187
228
166
183
195
126
192
165
148
136
140
285
104
94
105
8
76
59.5
300
240
180
182 d.
124
B. P.
^;L
No.
0.836 9
31020
29640
207-7
0.779
1333
d.
>360
27015
1.067
0.954
0.792f' 9
0.779f' 5
425
1333
182
160
90
138
210
99
92
232
195
210
72
160
1216
78
66
253
102
39
65
82.5
213
216
157
263
156
31840
0.779
No.
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5989
5990
5991
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6032.1
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
Formula
C 29 H 40 N 2 O 4
C 29 H 42 Cl 2 N 2 O 4
C 29 H 43 NO 7
C 29 H 43 NO 8
C29H48
C 29 H 48 O
C 29 H 49 O 3
C29H50O5
C 29 H 5 iNO 8
C 29 H 52 O 20
C29H58O2
C 29 H 60
C 30 H 20 NO 9
C 30 H 28 Oi 0
C 30 H 34 Oi 3
C30H38O4
C 30 H 40 N 2 O 5
C 30 H 42 Cl 2 N 2 O 5
C 30 H 42 I 2 N 2 O 5
C 30 H 42 N 2 Oi 5 S 2
C30H44N6O8S
C30H44O9
C 30 H 46 Oi 2
C30H48O2
C30H48O2
C30H48O8
C30H50O
C30H50O
C30H50O
C30H50O
C30H50O2
C30H50O2
C30H52O4
C30H54N4O4S
C30H60
C30H60O2
C30H60O4
C30H62
C30H62
C30H62O
C30H62O2
C 3 iHi 5 NO 4
CnH26Oi0
C 3 iH 27 NO 5
C3IlI38Oi0
C 3 IH 43 NOu
C3iH43O
C31H50O
C3iH52O2
C3iH52O2
C3iH62O
Ci3H62O3
C3iH64
C 32 H 22 Oi 0
C32H26
C 32 H 27 N 3 O
C 32 H 4 iNO 9
C32H42N2O9
C32H44N2Oi0S
C32H44Oi0
C32H45NO9
C32H46BrNOi0
I C32H46ClNOi0
Name
Isoemetine
Isoemetine hydrochloride
Pseudojervine
Sabadenine
Spinacene
Taraxasterol
Phytosterol acetate
Cluytianol
Sabadine
Sapotin
Montarne acid
Nonacosane CH3(CH2)27CH3
Adlumidine
Santalin
Picrotoxin
Hellesboresin
Emetine
Emetine dihydrochloride
Emetine dihydroiodide
Sinaibin
Physostigmine sulfate.
Cymarin
Ouabain
Echicerin
Mycosterol
/3-Quinovin
a-Amyrin
/3-Amyrin
Androsterol
Stigmasterol
Betulin
Cholesterol propionate
Menthyl camphorate
Sparteine sulfate
Melene
Melissic acid CH3(CHa)28CO2H
Lanoceric acid
Melissane
n-Triacontane CH3(CH2)28CH3
Melissyl alcohol
Cocceryl alcohol
Apomorphine dibenzoate
Tephrosin
Dibenzoylmorphine
Kosin
Napelline
Lupeon
Lupeol
Cholesterol butyrate
Euonysterol
Palmitone (Ci5H3O2CO
Cocceric acid
w-Hentriacontane CH3(CH2)29CH3
Heraclin
Pentaphenylethane
Benzacine
Pyraconitine
Lappaconitine
Homo atropine sulfate
Quassiin
Indobenzaconine
Benzaconine hydrobromide
Benzaconine hydrochloride
MoI. wt.
480.32
553.26
517.34
533.34
396.37
412.37
445.38
478.39
541.40
720.40
438.45
408.46
538.16
548.22
602.26
462.29
508.32
581.26
764.20
734.47
648.45
548.34
598.35
440.37
440.37
536.37
426.39
426.39
426.39
426.39
442.39
442.39
476.40
566.51
420.46
452.46
484.46
422.48
422.48
438.48
454.48
465.12
558.20
493.22
570.29
603.36
431.33
438.39
456.40
456.40
450.48
482.48
436.49
566.17
410.20
469.23
583.32
598.34
648.42
588.34
587.36
684.28
639.82
M. P.
98
31Od.
307
160
< -20
222
122
300
240
240
86.8
63.6
234
226
200
15Od.
74
53
238
138.5
140
138 d.
185
157
160
235
185
195
208
140
252
98.7
86
B. P.
197 d.
2609
0.859JS
34840
0.780
^' I'
No.
1333
570
1959
1333
>300
1333
63
91
105
74
70
88
104
156
187
190.5
142
165
170
215
92.8
138
83
93
68.1
185
173
150
171
223
380
222-3
2351^0
0.890
0.780
0.77795
1333
0.795f- 9
30215
1125
0.78I 4 58 ' 1
1333
211
130
282
a 217; 268
No.
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
Formula
C 32 H 48 N 2 Oi 4 S
C32H49NO9
C 32 H 6 iNOu
C 32 H 52 N 2 O 3
C32H52O2
C32H64O2
C32H64O2
C32H62O3
C 32 H 62 Oi 6
C32H64O2
C 32 H 66
C33H40Oi9
C 33 H 43 NOn
C 33 H 46 N 2 O 9
C33H60Oi0
C33H63NO7
C33H56O2
C33H66O6
C33H62O6
C33H66O2
C33H68O
C34H32O6
C34H36N2O6
C34H36N2O9
C34H40N2Oi0S
C34H40N2Oi2S2
C34H44N2O8S
C34H44O8
C34H47NOi0
C 34 H 47 NOn
C34H48BrNOn
C34H48ClNOn
C34H48N2Oi0S
C34H48N2Oi0S
C 34 H 48 N 2 Ou
C34H49NOn
C34H60ClNOiI
C34H50O2
C34H60O3
C34H64On
C34H56Oi6
C34H57NO2
C34H70
C34H70O
C35H38Oi2
C36H39N6O5
C 35 H 4 IN 5 O 6
C35H44N6Oi0P
C36H66O2
C36H56Oi4
C35H69O8
C36H60NO4
C35H70O
C36H72
C36H5O6
C36H34N2O8S
C 36 H 34 N 2 Oi 3
C 36 H 42 O 6
C 36 H 42 Oi 3
C 36 H 44 N 2 Oi 0 S
C36H48Oi0
C36H48Oi0
C36H60N6O6
Name
Sinapine sulfate
Veratrine.
Protoveratrine
Lycopodine
Echitin
Cholesterol valerate
Phytosterol valerate
Palmitic anhydride (Ci6H3iCO)20
Convolvulin (Rhodeoretin)
Cetyl palmitate Ci5H3ICO2C16H33
n-Dotriacontane CH3(CH2)30CH3
Robinin
Anhydroaconitine
Septentrionaline
Tormentol
Solangustine
,
Cholesterol capronate
Phytosteroline
Tricaprin
Psyllostearylic acid
Psyllostearyl alcohol
Isoeugenol dibenzoate
Pseudomorphine
Sekisanine
Morphine sulfate
Quinine diguaiacolsulfonate
Apoatropine sulfate
d-Camphor salicylate
Indaconitine
Aconitine
Aconitine hydrobromide
Aconitine hydrochloride
Atropine sulfate
Hyoscjâmine sulfate
Aconitine nitrate
Japaconitine
Japaconitine hydrochloride
Cholesterol benzoate
Cholesterol salicylate
Digitoxin
Jalapin
Solanidine.
n-Tetratriacontane
Incarnatryl alcohol
Filixic acid
Ergotinine
Ergotoxine
Ergotoxine phosphate
Echiretin
Digitalin
Phytosterolene acetate
Imperialine
Stearone (Ci7H35)2CO
n-Pentatriacontane
Lophopetalin
Aporheine sulfate
Cynoctonine
Helleborin
Filicic acid
Codeine sulfate
a-Picrasmin
/3-Picrasmin
Pyramidon camphorate
MoI. wt.
M. P.
716.45
591.39
625.40
512.42
468.40
470.42
470.42
494.48
702.48
480.49
450.51
740.31
629.34
614.37
606.39
575.42
484.43
548.43
554.48
494.51
480.52
536.25
568.29
616.29
668.39
732.45
640.42
580.34
629.37
645.37
726.29
681.84
676.45
676.45
708.,39
647.39
683.85
490.39
506.39
638.42
720.43
511.45
478.54
494.54
650.29
609.34
627.36
725.40
508.43
700.43
607.45
558.47
506.54
492.55
533.04
654.34
702.28
570.32
682.32
696.42
640.37
640.37
662.43
193
205
250
115
170
89.6
30
64
158
54
75
195
186
131
228
235 d.
91.2
290
31.1
95
69.5
161
327 d.
200
25Od.
130 d.
B. P.
31015
^L
0.832f
0.77579-4
1110
0.92I410
1054
1333
1333
60
203
195
163
149
194
206
204.2
149
145.5
180
244
150
215
76.5
74
184
229 d.
164
187
52
217
160
254 d.
88
74.7
230
75
137
>250 d.
125
278
204
212
90
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1180
2551-0
0.781
1333
15
331
0.793J6
0.782^4'7
1333
No.
6101
6102
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6119
6120
6120.1
6122
6124
6125
6126
6127
6129
6131
6133
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6147
6148
6150
6151
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6172
6173
6175
Formula
C36H51NOn
C 36 H 5 INOi 2
C36H62O3I
C36H66O3
C36H70O3
C 36 H 74
C37H36N2O9
C37H61NOn
C37H64O2
C 38 H 44 N 2 Oi 2
C38H44N4O2
C38H46N2O8
C38H46N2O8
C38H46N4O6S
C38H46N4O6S
C38H46N4O8S
C39H41NOi2
C39H63NO10
C39H74O6
C40H40N2Oi0S2
C40H50N4O8S
C40H56O15
C40H70O2
C 4 IH 50 N 4 O 7
C42H46N4O8S
C 42 H 54 N 2 O 7
C42H66O6
C42H70O2
C43H45N3O24
C43H57N4O10P
C44H54N4O8
C44H54N4O9
C44H54N4O10
C44H64NOi9
C44H76O20
C44H82O3
C44H82O3
C45H86O6
C46H50N4Oi0
C46H56N2O20S
C 47 H 54 Oi 6
C48H93NO9
C49H80O23
C50H66O30
C50H70O8
C51H98O6
C52H9iNOi8
C52H92ClNOi8
C52H104O2
C54H88Oi7
C56H74N4O12S
C56H88O9
C 57 Hi 04 O 6
C57H104O6
C57H104O9
C57H110N2Oi5
C 57 Hn 0 O 6
C58H46O23
C66H104O17
C68H96N2O26S
C72H88N6O20
Name
Bikhaconitine
Pseudaconitine
Inulin
.
Oleic anhydride
Stearic anhydride [CH3(CH2)I6CO]2O...
Hexatriacontane
Xanthaline
Taxine
Cholesterol caprinate
Morphine tartrate
Dicinchonine
a-Truxilline
/3-Truxilline
Cinchonidine sulfate
Cinchonine sulfate
Cupreine sulfate
Adlumine
Zygadenine
Trilaurin
Quinine-0-naphtholsulfonate
Quinine sulfate
Strophantin
Homoeuonysterol
Quinine carbonate
Strychnine suif ate
."
Tritopine
Caulosapogenin
Echitein
Quinoline tartrate
Quinine glycerophosphate
Quinine succinate
Quinine malate
Quinine tartrate
Glycyrrhizic acid
Sarsasaponin
Brassidic anhydride
Erucic anhydride
Trimyristin
Strychnine d-tartrate
Narceine sulfate
Filmaron
Phrenosin
Gitonin
Hyssopin
Lupulinic cid
Tripalmitin
Solanine
Solanine hydrochloride
Ceryl cerotate
Caulosaponin (Leontin)
Psychotrine sulfate
Caulophyllosapogenin
Glycerol trielaidate
Glycerol trioleate
Glycerol triricinoleate
Pyosin
,
Tristearin
Fustin
Caullophyllosaponin
Aconitine sulfate
Quinine citrate.
MoI. wt.
673.40
689.40
990.48
546.51
550.54
506.57
652.29
685.40
540.49
720.36
588.37
658.37
658.37
686.45
686.45
718.45
715.32
705.49
638.57
772.45
746.48
776.43
582.54
710.42
766.45
698.43
666.51
606.54
987.37
820.50
766.45
782.45
798.45
910.50
924.59
658.63
658.63
722.66
818.42
988.51
874.42
827.72
1036.6
1146.5
798.54
806.76
1017.7
1054.2
760.80
1008.7
1026.7
904.68
884.80
884.80
932.80
1062.9
890.85
1110.4
1168.8
1388.8
1356.7
M. P.
113
211
178 d.
22.2
72
76.5
208
82 d.
82.2
B. P.
\ R; L
I No.
1.35
2651-0
0.78276
1333
40
80
45
242
198.5
257 d.
188
200
46.5
186
235.2
179
134
169
200
182
315
195
125
181
192
177.5
202.5
220
248
64
48
55
228
0.89l65
1333
0.835
0.885J0
1.429
1145
1144
1089
1333
60
215 s. d.
272 d.
275
93
65.1; 46
254 d.
212
84
255
217
315
32
-17
238
54.5; 70.8
219
260
0.866f
24018
1114
0.915
0.959
0.862f
1115
1333
183.5
REFRACTIVE INDEX
A. LIQUIDS
Serial
8
&r
.(j^n1D d
N ,f
Refractive
Dispersion
index H/- H
Serial
V.
. jn'
^
wz>
Refractive
inde
n
Dispersion
H - Ha
Serial
No.
-UP'
#
z)
Refractive
index
n
Dispersion
H - H
T36
1 329
1.3316
1 3419
1.344
0.0045
0.0054
0.0061
0.0051
0.0060
86
87
88
89
90
1005
2933
724
2392
3369
1.3927
1.3929
1.3930
1.393
1.393
0.0070
0.0080
0.0070
0.0068
0.0062
171
172
173
174
175
3995
4007
2344
3998
1012
1.408
1.408
1.4082
1.408
1.4086
6
7
8
9
10
168
793
513
1072
1073
1 3474
1.3526
1 3534
1.355
1.3564
0.0058
0.0061
0.0058
0.0062
0.0040
91
92
93
94
95
1654
1659
822
2926
1651
1.3932
1.3935
1.394
1.3947
1.3951
0.0068
0.0074
0.0066
0.0068
176
177
178
179
180
1100
420
2934
1080
2985
1.4088
1.4093
1.4095
1.410
1.410
11
12
13
14
15
1049
794.1
794
448
451
1 3574
1.3576
1.3579
1.3591
1.3597
0.0056
0.0062
0.0068
0.0063
96
97
98
99
100
1639
2362
747
790
2354.1
1.3959
1.3959
1.3960
1.396
1.3960
181
182
183
184
185
1044
1570
1730
3329
3994
1.4103
1.4104
1.411
1.4110
1.411
16
17
18
19
20
489
262
452
396
447
1.3613
1.361
1.3619
1 363
1.3636
0.0079
0.0061
0.0062
0.0070
0.0067
101
102
103
104
105
598
686
2937
791
495
1.3962
1.3962
1.3964
1.397
1.3972
186
187
188
189
190
2331
2910
1602
4000
657
1.4114
1.4114
1.4115
1.4116
1.4118
21
22
23
24
25
233
395
1716
1086
37
1.3639
1.3664
1.369
1.3695
1.3714
0.0062
0.0060
0.0064
0.0063
0.0072
106
107
108
109
110
1085.1
228
2359
723
748
1.3973
1.3974
1.3975
1.3979
1.398
191
192
194
195
196
1043
2326
651
3335
3311
1.4119
1.412
1.4121
1.4122
1.4123
26
27
28
29
30
212
1715
773
725
718
1.3719
1.372
1.3723
1.3727
1.3730
0.0066
0.0065
0.0078
0.0064
0.0070
111
112
113
114
115
821
2941
624
2940
1640
1.398
1.3980
1.3984
1.398
1.399
0.0074
0.0069
0.0086
0.0070
197
198
199
200
201
3999
3986
1619
1070
1645
1.4126
1.4127
1.4128
1.4129
1.4130
31
32
33
34
35
984
1713
665
1714
727
1.3758
1 376
1.3767
1.377
1.3771
0.0080
0.0065
0.0051
0.0065
0.0066
116
117
118
119
120
789
671
1652
356
2905
1.3993
1.3996
1.3997
1.3998
1.3999
0.0069
0.0068
0.0127
202
203
204
205
206
2343
2846
446
1730.1
948
1.4131
1.4131
1.4134
1.4135
1.4136
36
37
38
39
40
726
506
1712
823
719
1.3779
1.378
1.3783
1.3786
1.3791
0.0065
0.0065
0.0064
0.0070
0.0071
121
122
123
124
125
917
2354
2361
1636
3365
.4004
.4005
.4005
.4006
.4008
0.0096
0.0069
0.0069
0.0071
207
208
209
210
211
1643
2309
3338
4001
1726.1
1.4138
1.4138
1.414
1.414
1.4141
41
42
43
44
45
1741
1746
48
1610
2387
1.3807
1.3819
1.382
1.3821
1.3825
0.0066
0.0065
0.0089
126
127
128
129
130
2357
1534
1617
1764
2353
.4009
.4010
.401
.401
.4012
0.0070
0.0098
0.0090
0.0081
212
213
214
215
216
587
3982
1733.1
2411
1571
1.4144
1.4145
1.4146
1.4149
1.415
46
47
48
49
50
146
667
1015
1019
717
1.3828
1 383
1.384
1.3840
1.3843
131
132
133
134
135
820
746
2901.1
2938
2942
.401
.4015
.4015
.4016
.402
0.0075
0.0071
217
219
220
221
222
1644
2873
3993
3336
375
1.4150
1.415
1.415
1.4153
1.4154
51
52
53
54
55
1017
1020
1739
247
2389
1.3844
1.3844
1.3849
1.385
1.385
136
137
138
139
I 140
487
775
2935
2909.1
2904
1.4022
1.4026
1.4026
1.4030
1.4035
223
224
225
226
227
966
2396
2896
66
189
1.4156
1.4159
1.4161
1.4164
1.4166
0.0075
0.0076
0.0080
56
57
58
59
60
1063
1026
1016
505
749
1.3851
1.3852
1.3858
1.386
1.386
0.0063
0.0068
0.0066
141
142
143
144
145
2912
1560
3347
3349
1013
1.4036
1.4038
1.404
1.4040
1.4043
228
229
230
231
232
2397
3936
3372
1736
911
.4172
.4174
.4176
.4178
.4179
61
62
63
64
65
2382
1007
450
792
824
1.3861
1.3862
1.3868
1.387
1.387
0.0064
0.0070
0.0068
0.0067
0.0075
146
147
148
149
150
937
3353
2903
1760
1768
1.4045
1.4047
1.4049
1.405
1.405
233
234
235
236
237
2944
4178
968
969
479
.4184
.4184
.4185
.4185
.4186
66
67
68
69
70
269
1064
1018
1001
1004
1.3874
1.3874
1.3879
1.3881
1.3882
0.0074
0.0066
0.0131
0.0072
151
152
153
154
155
3354
378
1010
1084.1
1045
1.405
1.4051
1.4051
1.4053
1.4056
0.0084
238
239
240
241
242
1695
2302
2320
943
1734
.4194
.419
.4195
.4196
.4196
71
72
73
74
75
468
524
1653
1014
1006
1.3886
1.389
1.389
1.3891
1.3895
0.0068
0.0071
156
157
158
159
160
2936
1046
1081
1603
2275
1.4058
1.4060
1.406
1.406
1.406
0.0070
0.0069
0.0087
243
244
245
246
247
1561
1662
1732
2847
2955
.4198
.4198
.420
.420
.4201
76
77
78
79
80
154
2393
809
1002
1655
1.3898
1.390
1.3902
1.3902
1.3903
0.0084
0.0068
0.0060
0.0080
0.0070
161
162
163
164
165
3330.1
3334
2901
3333.1
1084
1.4060
1.4060
1.4065
1.4070
1.4072
248
249
250
251
252
2970
2971
3989
2400.1
896
.4203
.4204
.4204
.4206
.4207
81
82
83
84
85
626
972
1649
242
625
1.3904
1.3909
1.391
1.392
1.3927
0.0069
166
167
168
169
170
1079
3331
652
1767
3351
1.4075
1.4076
1.4079
1.4079
1.408
253
254
255
256
257
2407.1
2954
4411
2399
2869
.4209
.4209
.4209
.421
.421
0.0091
0.0065
0.0074
0.0079
0.0074
0.0068
0.0068
0.0081
0.0073
0.0070
0.0070
0.0080
0.0071
0.0071
0.0085
0.0075
0.0080
0.0071
0.0071
0.0070
0.0071
0.0080
0.0069
0-0071
Refractive
inde,
Dispersion
H - H
^z>
586
60
208
141
213
0.0066
0.0067
. 5n'
'^*
i>
2
3
4
5
0.0071
Serial
b
No.
0.0072
0.0068
258
259
260
261
262
3988
2407
569
2892
1067.1
1.421
1.4213
1.4216
1.4217
1.4219
0.0113
0.0071
263
264
265
266
267
2301
358
2400
2405
658
1.4223
1.4224
1.4226
1.4226
1.4227
0.0070
268
269
270
271
272
4412
2351
2409
3357
2330
1.4228
1.423
1.423
1.423
1.4235
273
274
275
276
277
28
2965
220
711
999
1.4237
1.4238
1.4239
1.4240
1.4240
278
279
280
281
282
2419
2967
3325
4012
4161
1.424
1.424
1.424
1.424
1.424
0.0078
283
284
285
286
287
1557
3308.
657.1
3309
2403
1.4242
1.4242
1.4247
1.4248
1.425
0.0106
288
289
290
291
292
2868
465
616
2406
2987
1.425
1.4251
1.4254
1.4254
1.4254
293
294
295
296
297
3314
4419
928
2899
2962
1.4259
1.426
1.4263
1.4268
1.427
298
299
300
301
302
2963
4585
4586
949
3962
1.4270
1.427
1.427
1.4271
1.4271
0.0075
0.0074
0.0073
0.0090
0.0075
0.0073
0.0100
303
304
305
306
307
721
1612
264
3939
3975
1.4272
1.4273
1.4274
1.4275
1.4275
0.0075
0.0072
0.0081
308
309
310
311
312
2964
744
3310
2386.1
4172
1.4278
1.428
1.4284
1.4288
1.4289
0.0077
0.0044
313
314
315
316
317
1027
4162
449
4153
2867
1.429
1.4293
1.4295
1.4299
1.430
0.0075
0.0076
0.0075
0.0105
0.0104
318
319
320
321
322
2966
2986
3356
1629
2953
1.430
1.430
1.430
1.4302
1.4303
0.0075
0.0076
0.0074
323
324
325
326
327
273
355
925
3289
3937
1.4306
1.4306
1.4306
1.4306
1.4309
0.0102
0.0094
0.0094
329
330
331
332
333
3361
3363
3940
4843
620
1.4310
1.431
1.4311
1.4312
1.4314
0.0087
334
335
336
337
338
2412
3355
736
4852
3358
1.4314
1.4317
1.432
1.4321
1.4322
0.0073
0.0076
339
340
341
342
343
2952
3328
4166
4169
712
1.433
1.4330
1.4333
1.4334
1.4335
0.0072
0.0072
0.0074
0.0070
0.0076
0.0074
0.0073
0.0090
0.0081
0.0071
0.0072
0.0118
0.0073
0.0073
0.0073
0.0094
0.0051
0.0074
0.0072
0.0072
0.0194
0.0084
0.0073
0.0091
0.0071
0.0081
0.0081
0.0071
0.0074
0.0076
0.0075
0.0075
0.0072
0.0075
0.0080
0.0093
0.0193
0.0078
0.0073
0.0074
0.0093
0.0071
0.0081
0.0076
0.0073
0.0095
0.0077
0.0114
0.0073
0.0076
0.0073
0.0076
Serial I PfNo.
<^d0ex
__
345
346
347
348
___
2318
464
743
3362
ê" **
index H/3 ~H
rij$
j 433g
1.434
1.4341
0.0092
1.4344
1.4345
349
350
351
352
353
192
158
5010
742
924
1.4346
1.4349
1.4359
1.436
1.436
354
355
356
357
358
471
2849.1
258
2968
3961
1.4362
1.4362
1.4364
1.437
1.437
359
360
361
362
363
5260
3303
614
1253
3895
364
365
366
367
368
17
762
3944
604
811
1.438
1.438
1.4380
1.4386
1.4386
369
370
371
372
373
3285
927
470
741
1506
1.4388
1.4390
1.4392
1.4398
1.4404
374
375
376
377
378
4179
2813
1089
2812
1041
1.4404
1.4407
1.441
1.4410
1.4412
379
380
381
382
383
1098
1366
457
1500
941
384
385
386
387
388
Serial
P- Dispersion gerial
Ge^ ^
No. 1^ index H/J ~Ha
No. 1^ index H/3 ~Ha
'
Tifo
nj)
43|
2890
1.4503
524
2239
1.4763
435
3808
1.4505
525
106
1.4777
436
648.3 1.4506
526
3927
1.4785
437
585
1.4507
0.0087
527
3816 1.4788
438
648.2 1.451
0.0092
528
139
1.479
0.0092
0.0080
439
440
441
442
443
929
3826
3917
2294
4010
1.4512
1.4515
1.4521
1.4524
1.4524
0.0126
0.0074
0.0078
444
445
446
447
448
1054
3805
285
2888
3893
1.4530
1.4532
1.4539
1.4540
1.4540
0.0089
1.437 0.0076
1.4371
1.4373
0.0149
, 1.4375
0.0126
1.4376
0.0176
0.0121
0.0095
0.0089
0.0035
Dispersion ^
, Gen. ^ Dispersion
No. 1C**
index H/3 ~Ha
'
n^jr)
eie
376
1.5042
617
4981 1.5042
.
618
666
1.5046
619
2719 1.505 0.0159
620
3763
1.5050
529
530
531
532
533
2797
4370
3908
422
3926
1.4792
1.4792
1.4798
1.4801
1.4803
0.0116
534
535
536
537
538
887
5164
5682
3824
3922
1.4805
1.4806
0.0102
1.482
1.4.823
1.4827
0.0096
0.0110
449
5853
450
648.1
451
1595
452
364
453 4144
1.4543
1.4550
1.455 0.0084
1.4554
1.4556
539
3890
540
5480
541
3823
542 3764
543 1596
1.4828
1.483
1.4846
1.4848
1.4867
454
455
456
457
458
4368.4
107
5356
5813
222
1.4556
1.4557
1.4557
1.4558
1.4562
0.0110
544
545
546
547
548
3865
4131
3860
3886
5001
1.4870
0.0147
1.4872
0.0140
1.488
1.488
1.4881
459
460
461
462
463
3889
648.4
696
3933
2889
1.4567
1.4570
1.457
1.457 0.0081
1.4574
549
550
551
552
553
2927
3725
3765
2262
3857
1.489
1.4890
1.4895
1.4903
1.4911
0.0112
0.0083
464
465
466
467
468
3969
5482
2340
2341
2886
1.4579
1.4580
1.4581
1.4590
1.459 0.0082
554
555
556
557
558
3724
221
3229
4097
4344
1.4914
1.4915
1.4920
1.4922
1.4922
1.4412
1.4413
1.4414
1.4415
1.4416
0.0091
0.0122
0.0077
0.0103
0.0082
469
470
471
472
473
2383
11
1478
5371
3974.1
1.4594
1.4595
1.4597
1.4602
1.4603
559
560
561
562
563
3728
1697
3223
3736
4097.1
1.4925
1.4929
1.4930
1.493
1.4930
1252
2281
655
3960
5156
1.4417
1.4419
1.442
1.4420
1.442
0.0131
0.0084
474
475
476
477
478
3902
3992
12
3894
2339
1.4606
1.4606
1.4607
0.0097
1.4609
1.461
564
565
566
567
568
389
390
391
392
393
1042
814
1576
5688
764
1.4421
1.4425
1.4425
1.4427
1.4428
479
480
481
482
483
3296
3915
5605
1105
4372
1.4614
1.4623
1.4626
1.463 0.0088
1.4630
394
395
396
397
398
2284
648
1096
2825
2827
1.443
1.4433
1.4437
1.4438
1.444
484
485
486
487
488
5606
3947
3273
1328
3948
1.4636
1.4642
1.4643
1.4646
1.4649
399
400
401
402
403
3295
190
1040
4387
1056
1.4441
1.4443
1.4444
1.4445
1.4450
489
490
491
492
493
366
136
4148
2814
4374
1.4655
1.4659
1.4659
1.4660
1.4660
404
405
406
407
408
1537
2327
2835
1055
2283
1.4451
1.4452
1.4453
1.4454
1.4454
494
495
496
497
498
409
410
411
412
413
4381
3968
619
4856
1769
1.4455
1.4456
1.4457
1.4459
1.446
0.0129
414
415
416
417
418
4376
148
1699
19
4388
1.4460
1.4462
1.4464
1.4467
1.4468
0.0120
0.0089
419
420
421
422
423
963
3827
2850
1692
3892
1.4469
1.4471
1.4476
1.4478
1.4481
424
425
426
427
428
921.1 1.4482
5940
1.4482
2831
1.4486
5013
1.4486
1551 1.449
429
430
431
432
433
1724
926
2282
1090
307
1.4490
1.4495
1.4496
1.4499
1.4500
0.0096
0.0082
0.0097
0.0092
0.0131
0.0107
0.0094
.
fiqi
475
3230
90
3679
4971
1.5051
1.5051
1.5055
1.5057
1.5057
0.0148
0.0158
0.0137
0.0163
626
2684
2720
3154
3678
815
1 5058
i'506
1'506
i'506
i!5063
O 0161
O'0161
O'0161
O ' 0162
O !0130
627
62g
629
630
AQ79
i 5065
ÔQ
i'507
97X0
T ' 507
^J
^ i 5X7
^ JgJg
J^Qg
AQA
6
6^?
J^
J
jgg
QQn
*>
4827
o?
2^g
, <,n1
T'SR
j
'
^
i SS
J'gjjg
OU m4-UD*
n n1AQ
n ni So
0.0140
n 0107
O 0188
..,
641
643
f44
645
__.
t -no
ft
n7r ~
870
}?? U - U1W
2775
1.5105
234
1.512 0.0163
331 1.512
0.0147
646
647
648
649
650
2721
183
3244
3786
3227
1.512
1.5128
1.513
1.5131
1.5132
0.0144
0.0125
0.0146
0.0140
651
652
653
654
655
404
1330
4102
3119
5141
1.5134
0.0168
1.514 0.0169
1.514
1.5143
1.516 0.0143
3882
4367
4342
140
3226
1.4935
1.4939
1.494
1.4942
1.4943
0.0160
656
657
658
659
660
2589
5000
3754.2
2163
3235.1
1.5164
0.0132
1.5164
1.5168
1.517 0.0173
1.5174
569
569.1
570
571
572
573
4980
3731
5978
4098
1051
2688
1.4946
1.495
1.4951
1.4954
1.4955
1.4956
0.0133
0.0131
0.0158
661
662
663
664
665
4091.1
3740
3788
412
4318
1.5175
1.5187
1.5201
1.5203
1.5207
574
575
577
578
579
4983
1588
2683
755
2112
1.4956
1.4959
1.4959
1.4960
1.4962
0.0104
0.0152
0.0137
0.0160
666
667
668
669
670
2041 1.521 0.0164

4560 1.521
2713.1 1.5211
3755
1.5218
3170 1.5226
0.0206
0.0151
580
581
582
583
584
3228
3856
3726
4366
2685
1.4967
1.4967
1.4969
1.4972
1.4973
671
672
673
674
675
413
1.523 0.0124
2040
1.523
0.0165
3149 1.5232
3757
1.5234
3096 1.523
403
1756
2882
2796
2240
1.4666
0.0107
1.467
1.467 0.0084
1.4675
1.4680
.
585
586
588
589
3225
3780
600
3677
1.4975
0.0152
1.4976
1.498 0.0117
1.498 0.0137
676
677
678
679
680
3655
2714
3752
2503
3688
499
500
501
502
503
3854
2058
176
2059
3811
1.4690
1.4691
1.4697
1.470
1.4700
0.0144
0.0112
0.0142
590
591
593
594
595
4975
4978
3741
3286
3681.1
1.4981
1.4984
1.4986
1.4993
1.4995
681
682
683
684
685
1307 1.525 0.0172

3258
1.525
4090.1 1.5250
3057 1.526
859
1.5261
0.0270
504
505
506
507
508
3891
2057
159
3858
863
1.4701
1.4704
1.4711
1.4715
1.4717
0.0153
0.0094
596
597
598
599
600
4974
476
3277
3152
754
1.4996
1.4997
1.4998
1.500
1.5001
0.0140
686
687
688
689
690
2111 1.5261
594
1.5266
1250 1.5267
3132 1.527
3664
1.5271
509
510
511
512
513
3913.1
3810
3952
515
3913
1.4723
1.4727
1.4727
1.4729
1.4729
601
602
603
604
605
3727
4977
4976
1443
4561
1.5003
0.0146
1.5005
1.5007
1.501 0.0160
1.5011
691
692
693
694
695
2039
3034
576
4353
3747
1.528 0.0166
1.5282
1.5285
0.0173
1.5285
1.5286
0.0160
4115
3806
4371
3879
3864
1.473
1.473 0.0118
1.4739
1.4741
1.4743
606
607
608
609
610
1365
4324
2810
4828
2590
1.5014
0.0167
1.5019
0.0147
1.5023
0.0245
1.5025
1.503 0.0149
696
697
698
699
700
45
2
3656
3265
1249
1.5297
1.5300
1.5301
1.5305
1.5311
0.0221
0.0117
0.0204
0.0169
514
515
516
517
518
1.4744
1.4745
1.4747
1.4753
1.4755
611
612
613
614
615
4999
589
3883
111
3224
1.5030
1.5035
0.0154
1.5036
1.504 0.0104
1.5042
0.0153
701
702
703
704
705
699
2084
3134
4064
2571
1.5313
1.5323
1.5335
1.5338
1.5339
0.0122
0.0090
519
1466
520
2745
521
3924
522
368
523 I 582
0.0089
0.0098
0.0084
0.0099
0.0098
0.0084
0.0089
0.0094
0.0095
0.0094
0.0083
0.0088
0.0092
0.0083
0.0082
0.0079
0.0084
0.0145
0.0132
0.0141
0.0114
0.0078
0.0131
0.0105
0.0094
0.0120
621
622
623
624
625
0.0132
0.0144
0.0113
0.0169
0.0132
0.0171
0.0163
0.0157
0.0157
0.0117
0.0131
0.0158
0.0116
0.0056
0.0213
1.5236
1.5240
1.524
1.5242
1.5249
0.0157
0.0196
0.0198
0.0173
0.0232
0.0183
0.0189
0.0232
0.0202
0.0217
Serial
N
-
*
No*
70632371
707
1390
708
2618
709
2725
710
184
*$T
-te
nj>
*V%"
H
/3-Ha
.5357
1.536
1.5369
1.537
1.5379
Serial
No.
^
^
^T
index
Wj)
^Persion
0 ~ Ha
Serial
Ge^
^
^ Dispersion gerial
index H0 ~ H
No.
nj)
No.
Ge^
**%> Dispersion
^
*
*" ~ *"
nj)
0.0168732291.5490.017675627571.5700.02177821.
0.0216
732
2032
1.5490
757
2203
1.5714
0.0249
782
601
0.0222
-733
3259
1.5492
0.0229
758
2204
1.5728
0.0230
783
1205
0.0180
734
2031 1.551
759
2004
1.5735
0.0315
784
1483
0.0140
735
2639
1.551 0.0189
760
3642
1.5749
785
2061
711
712
713
714
715
2038
3606
2159
2161
2162
1.539
1.5394
1.5399
1.540
1.540
0.0175
0.0210
0.0173
0.0181
0.0184
Zl? ,
ZS'1
717
Z
720
701
722
723
724
725
5??
aln
3789
2
?oi
2195
in
nSQ
1230
20S1
2001
'?97
'tfJi
1.5421
'??S
1*5440
l 5442
1 5455
1546
1 54fi2
!.'5464
-0213
* ôo^
0.0220
* rÔK
o'o75
O 0219
O 0202
O 0178
U>U1
'
0.0232
726
727
728
729
730
3260
2160
236
2082
3787
1.5469
1.547 0.0185
1.5472
0.0204
1.5475
1.5481
0.0224
P
-Sx
f
No.
801683
802
310
803
209
804
1327
805
930
Ternperature
joc
O
O
7
7
7.5
806
807
808
809
810
3054
969.1
4339
22
4304
8.2
8.4
9.5
10
10.8
1.571
1.417
1.5301
1.2675
1.6265
811
812
813
814
815
807
3591
2832
2570
2276
11
11
11.9
11.9
12
1.4198
1.5425
1.4519
1.5503
1.4468
816
817
818
819
820
2337
4323
2824
1535
2453
12
12
12.5
12.5
12.5
1.467
1.5703
1.4208
1.4559
1.5524
821
822
823
824
825
2580
89
1078
3818
3851
12.7
12.9
13
13
13
1.5764
1.4340
1.414
1.479
1.4971
826
827
828
829
831
5
3861
608
1518
4041
13
13.6
13.7
13.7
13.9
1.5831
1.4540
1.4786
1.4993
1.6232
832
833
834
835
836
2880
2342
2878
3812
2579
14
14
14
14
14
1.458
1.462
1.463
1.4883
1.5566
837
838
839
840
841
4707
2336
3852
3919
3666
842
843
844
845
846
2289.1
979
3574
3762
4967
736
737
738
739
740
741
743
742
744
1347
1859
2030
2763
2633
1.5529
.5537
.555
.5559
.556
1441
.5562
-558
559
-559
*5597
-5598
.560
.561
.5620
-5649
2762
964
2758
745
2578
746
747
748
4062
749
75
1294
Ô
2098
27
2767
751
752
753
754
755
1857
649
1856
1176
2423
0.0225
0.0182
761
762
763
764
765
0.0375
0.0214
766
767
768
0.0217
-0270
0.0283
0.0193
0.0214
0.0227
0.0230
.5650
0.0209
.567
.567 0.0230
.5671 0.0207
1.5692
0.0214
862
863
864
865
866
4979
117
118
4986
988
15
15
15
15
15
0.0077
0.0188
0.0084
0.0229
867
868
869
870
871
100
3589
3590
29
4306
0.0253
0.0089
0.0167
0.0338
872
873
874
875
876
2255
372
1.583 0.0248
1.584
1.5861
0.0286
1442 1.5863
0.0249
2491
1 588
^
2756
1.5887
0.0248
18
1.589 0.0176
151
1.5890
0.0162
1375 1.5895
0.0240
4723
1.5921
0.0195
769
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
1376
1202
101
4296
126
1.5931
1.5979
1.5992
1.602
1.603
1.6094
1.611
1.6149
0.0296
1.616 0.0296
1.618 0.0303
791
3069
1.6195
0.0424
792
1333 1.621 0.0253
793
1369 1.6260
0.0265
794
127
1.6277
0.0189
795
3455
1 633
^
0.0309
796
128
1.638 0.0183
797
428 1.642
798
1918 1.6509
0.0349
799
3453
1.658 0.0325
800
4263
1.6913
0.0356
0.0243
0.0161
0.0193
0.0290
0.0162
917
918
919
920
921
3649
4404
3820
3849
982
17
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.2
1.5671
1.4435
1.4774
1.4895
1.3817
15
15
15
15
15.1
.5219 0.0148
.5632
.5736
.7425
.6477
0.0404
922
923
924
925
926
2267
3928
339
340
2830
17.2
17.2
17.4
17.4
17.5
1.4511
1.4638
1.5337
1.5369
1.4771
0.0111
0.0085
558
359
1541
525
1546
15.2
15.3
15.3
15.4
15.4
.4735
.4302
.4526
.3770
.4213
927
928
929
930
931
609
3245
5359
3638
3637
17.6
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.8
1.4588
1.5058
1.463
1.4804
1.5451
0.0157
0.0157
0.0092
0.0085
0.0169
0.0135
877
878
879
880
881
3128
3122
3661
983
1613
15.5
15.7
15.8
16
16
1.5647
1.5747
1.5196
1.378
1.4013
932
933
934
935
936
920
1000
4375.1
3125
3667
18
18
18
18
18
1.4079
1.4282
1.4565
1.5441
1.5680
0.0180
0.0251
0.0083
0.0128
0.0141
0.0312
882
883
884
885
886
942
737
3874
1555
3304
16
16
16
16
16
1.4083
1.4156
1.438'
1.4506
1.452
937
938
939
940
941
4813
545
1022
3753
3037
18
18.1
18.2
18.2
18.2
1.5933
1.5004
1.4513
1.4999
1.6283
0.0172
0.0248
887
888
889
890
891
2884
2883
2887
3923
5003
16
16
16
16
16
1.455
1.458
1.458
1.4762
1.480
942
943
944
945
946
1568
916
400
2855
2818
18.3
18.3
18.4
18.4
18.4
1.4198
1.4221
1.4058
1.4607
1.4904
14
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.5
1.610
1.4397
0.0092
1.4647
0.0084
1.4787
1.5439
0.0189
892
893
894
895
896
908
3654
84
379
2279
16
16
16
16.1
16.3
1.4888
1.5514
1.580
1.4397
1.4554
947
948
949
950
951
1341
4260
935
773.1
4560
18.5 1.5389
0.0211
18.5
1.635
18.8 1.4357
0.0096
18.9 1.4200
18.9 1.5198
0.0195
14.6
14.7
14.7
14.8
14.8
1.4505
1.4098
1.5740
1.5104
1.5128
0.0083
0.0071
0.0222
0.0201
0.0153
897
898
899
900
901
3847
608.1
1548
4279
918
16.3
16.3
16.4
16.4
16.5
1.4846
1.4971
1.4458
1.6157
1.4402
0.0126
0.0133
0.0136
0.0296
952
953
954
955
956
170
1554
2929
3807
3850
19
19
19
19
19
1.4117
1 4375
1.4435
1.4724
1.4900
847
3283
848
1616
849 622
850
713
851
4004
14.9
15
15
15
15
1.4463
1.4065
1.4257
1.4313
1.4372
0.0103
0.0090
902
903
904
905
906
3324
880
934
2816
2570
16.5
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
1.4632
1.4470
1.4527
1.4561
1.5469
0.0090
0.0129
0.0127
0.0104
0.0230
957
958
959
960
961
4987
4988
4994
2568
4150
19
19
19
19
19.1
1 4992
1.5092
1.5289
1.5485
1.4714
852
853
854
855
856
15
15
15
15
15
1.4421
1.4490
1.4519
1.4*628
1.4638
907
908
909
910
911
2538
4587
1519
2328
313
16.6
16.8
16.8
16.9
17
1.5485
1.4419
1.5077
1.425
1.3870
0.0240
0.0147
0.0076
0.0104
962
963
964
965
966
4023
2298
2299
3959
3639
19.3
19.5
19.5
21
21
1.6546
1.4310
1.4355
1 447
1.5390
0.0234
0.0171
0.0052
0.0337
0.0298
0.0101
0.0116
0.0101
Serial
No.
11
Refractive
index
Dispersion
H8P - Ha
nt
j)
.4644
.4708
.4801
.4849
.4871 0.0130
2492
1204
3548
3549
4038
.4921
.4982
0.0233
.4998
0.0227
.5018
.5094
0.0071
1533
132
133
5007
4834
857
858
859
860
861
786
787
788
789
790
1887
77
Ternperature
JOQ
15
15
15
15
15
1.575 0.0162
1.576
1.5761
1.577
1.5814
92
913
914
915
916
in
Q
j-S6 '
Jf
0*
-No.
4572
4147
3912
3863
3859
2771
4930
4757
1200.2
1200.1
P
;S'
?
No.
3955
568
3819
3821
4993
Serial
No.
Refractive
index
Dispersion
t
H8P - H
ft)
1.3752
1.4538
1.3597
0.0058
1.6053
1.4341
0.0094
0.0252
0.0221
6062
1.6077
1.608 0.0217
1.6081
0.0256
1.609 0.0234
0.0103
0.0084
0.0071
0.0092
0.0236
0.0274
0.0090
0.0076
0.0123
0.0149
0.0079
0.0159
Serial
No.
in ex
Ternperature
jOQ
17
17
17
17
17
Refractive
index
Dispersion
t
H/Ha
Up
p
1.4385
0.0090
1.4467
1.4674
0.0109
1.4784
1.5332
0.0072
0.0116
0.0157
0.0085
0.0104
0.0094
0.0280
0.0168
0.0136
0.0312
0.0148
0.0070
0.0090
0.0124
0.0087
0.0111
0.0227
0.0134
0.0409
0.0102
0.0105
'
Serial
No.
p T e r n -5
pera,
ture
JNo.
.op
Refractive
index
Dispersion
H/nT\
p Ha
in dex
/-.
;HAV
ex
ÎMO.
0
Serial
No.
in
TernPera~
ture
,OQ
Refractive
index
Dispersion Serial
*j^
H-H . No.
n
p a
9674998
968
2759
969
4307
970
3121
971
2569
2731.4979
21.3 1.5591
21.3 1.6544
21.4 1.5370
21.4 1.5407
0.0408
0.0168
0.0223
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
3
994
1587
816
5603
26.1
26.4
26.8
27.5
30
l. 4540
1.4954
1.4877
1.4769
1.4559
972
973
974
975
976
2071
3600
1496
2859
4789
21 4
21.4
21 6
21.6
21.6
1.5637
1.5766
1.4351
1.4766
1.5743
0.0247
0.0311
0.0114
0.0089
0.0193
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
3804
3981
3126
2293
5380
30
31
33
33.8
33.9
1.474
1.4308
1.5758
1.4561
1.4358
977
978
979
980
981
4814
2928
3297
5765.1
3916
21.6
21 9
22
22
22
1.6321
1.4512
1.4380
1.4538
1.4604
0.0400
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
316
5381
3648
5486
5852
34.2
34.3
34.4
34.6
35
1.4146
1.4347
1.5537
1.436
1.4587
982
983
984
985
986
3822
3815
3813
5005
3703
22
22
22
22.2
22.2
1.4754
1.4770
1.4959
1.4600
1.5604
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
5391
4530.3
2490
1011
1627
35.2
35.2
36
36.5
37
987
988
989
990
991
301
4559
2205
2199
1357
22.3
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.5
1.4075
1.4984
1.5711
1.5021
1.5642
0.0242
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
177
2096
6056
1553
3272
992
993
994
995
996
2493
3958
4373
46
893
22.5
22.6
22.6
22.7
22.7
1.5990
1.4484
1.4623
1.4453
1.4852
0.0083
0.0113
0.0166
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
997
998
999
1000
1001
2468
2134
3601
2384
4563
22.7
22.7
22.9
23
23
1.5645
1.5760
1.5494
1.4531
1.5300
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1430
3547
2505
3701
3702
23
23
23.1
23.1
23.1
1.5861
1.6141
1.5272
1.5802
1.5898
0.0231
0.0298
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
886
1628
314
4375
4156
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.4
23.4
1.4365
1.4329
1.4597
1.4619
1.4624
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
3191
3192
4448
561
1700
23.4
23.4
23.4
23.5
23.6
1.5798
1.5933
1.6060
1.5231
1.4464
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1482
1444
4241
1701
2289.3
23.6
24
24
24.3
24.4
1.4992
1.5043
1.5826
1.4463
1.4432
0.0175
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
3728.1
4385
5875
3687
3036
24.5
25
25
25
25.1
1.4877
1.4555
1.4875
1.5252
1.6223
0.0139
0.0080
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
2289.2
1885
2338
4490
4226
25.2
25.5
26
26
26
1.4431
1.5257
1.4558
1.575
l.6644
0.0082
0.0191
TernPera"
ture
-OQ
Refractive
index
Dispersion
n ^ H, p H a
1097
560
1098
288
1099
156
1100 3071
1101 1231
63.1
63.9
65
66
69.9
1.4165
1.4152
1.4297
1.5377
1.5266
0.0169
0.0171
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
3456
2172
3414
4219
3593
70.7
74
76
77.1
77.8
1.6079
1.5425
1.6228
1.588
1.5678
0.0295
0.0187
0.0303
0.0265
0.0375
0.0076
0.0249
0.0076
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
238
5168
2356
6048
5814
78.3
78.9
79
79.4
79.5
1.4274
1.4283
1.3732
1.4331
1.4283
0.0098
0.0075
0.0064
0.0077
0.0076
1.4349
1.5526
1.6332
1.3931
1.4606
0.0075
0.0292
0.0293
0.0070
0.0078
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
617
5159
6157
6169
3801
79.7
79.8
80
80
80
1.4228
1.4273
1.4381
1.4399
1.4402
0.0126
0.0075
37.2
38.6
40
40
40
1.5258
1.5760
1.4446
1.4467
1.4514
0.0181
0.0118
0.0150
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
5379
4756
5258
5816
936
80.2
80.6
80.7
80.8
81
1.4299
1.539
1.4175
1.4236
1.4342
0.0076
0.0187
0.0073
0.0075
0.0123
5360
1314
1315
1316
4060.1
40
40
40
40
40
1.4533
1.5473
1.5565
1.5579
1.5726
0.0327
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
631
4406
2386
6026
3507
82.1
82.1
83.9
93.5
98.7
1.379
1.4183
1.421
1.4297
1.6206
0.0067
0.0074
0.0083
0.0076
0.0324
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
4039
860
1413
5610
4174
40
40.3
41
42.9
45.2
.6026
.5238
.5425
.434
.4294
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
4218
5402
2548
5063
921.2
98.8
99
99.2
99.2
99.3
1.6048
1.5839
1.5522
1.6762
1.4657
0.0293
0.0219
0.0242
0.0556
0.0121
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
5694
3587
931
239
4297
45.3
46
46.7
47
47.3
.4344
.5836
.4434
.415
.5932
0.0076
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1206
4024
4897
3584
4899
99.3
99.4
99.4
99.4
99.4
1.5743
1.6211
1.6803
1.6828
1.6959
0.0204
0.0387
0.0541
0.0147
0.0094
0.0102
0.0082
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
993
30
3802
2464
3412
48
48
48
48
48.5
.4126
.4418
.4621
.6231
.6338
0.0079
0.0085
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
3583
3291
5223
4640
2819
99.4
99.5
99.5
99.5
99.6
1.7083
1.4760
1.5021
1.6959
1.4621
0.0515
0.0094
0.0133
0.0561
0.0094
0.0302
0.0278
0.0170
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
56
5876
5805
3550
4305
48.6
50
50
51.2
53.2
.4616
.4663
.4689
.6703
.6443
5224
3494
6145
6144
2864
99.6
99.6
100
100
100
1.5022
1.5827
1.4347
1.4366
1.4811
0.0134
0.0287
0.0424
0.0439
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
4447
1331
1251
5763
1480
53.5
56
56
57.1
57.7
.5975
.5010
.5150
.448
.6339
0.0268
0.0173
0.0225
0.0084
0.0305
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
4947
3144
3417
3418
946
100
100
100
100
106.4
1.5080
1.5345
1.6092
1.6235
1.4188
0.0060
0.0177
0.0291
0.0313
0.0065
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
2206
4851
6147
2263
563
59.1
60
60
60
61
.5532
.4308
.4429
.4787
.4953
1152 4119
1153 482
1154 3282.1
1155 3307
1156
782
107.2
107.8
109.4
110.6
113
1.489
1.4161
1.4482
1.4303
1.446
0.0145
0.0090
0.0085
0.0077
0.0097
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1858
1961
1962
1963
2083
61
61.5
61.5
61.5
62.5
.5553
.5557
.5577
.5647
1.5346
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
114.6
129
130.4
131.9
133.3
1.512
1.6567
1.480
1.504
1.422
0.0133
0.0191
0.0073
0.0085
0.0081
0.0093
0.0140
0.0231
0.0268
0.0264
0.0244
0.0083
0.0302
0.0205
0.0095
0.0137
0.0140
0.0126
p
JH
?INO.
in ex
0.0295
0.0082
0.0077
0.0289
0.0189
0.0075
0.0076
0.0123
0.0098
0.0281
0.0343
0.0305
0.0149
0.0228
0.0246
2585
4652
5340
2007
3938
0.0089
0.0591
0.0085
0.0187
B. SOLIDS
I. Mean Values
. 1!
^Jf
No
-
Q
8
62481
1163
Gen.
index
No.
1070.1
Refractive
index
n^
1.4156
1.525
ali
"
^0'
Gen.
index
No.
a
S
IJ
||
64
\
|
1578.1
Refractive
index
nty
j
|
1753
i
"0al
^ '
Gen.
index
No.
Q
S
(I
||
65
i5664
|
Refractive
index
n*
1.635
;
-i
al
No
'
Q
S
(I
Ij
I66J
|
Gen.
index
No.
Refractive
index
nfr
444
17755
II. Uniaxial Group

Serial I Gen.
Refractive index I j
No. I index No.
u
\
e
||
1167
55
.484 1.602
1168
3973
.497 1.476
1169
535
.499 1.49
1170
3756
.525 1.609
1171
2373
.529 1.513
1172
2915
.530 1.430
* Stable modification.
Serial
Gen.
No.
index No.
1173
238*
1174
808
1175
5002
1176
5142.1
1177
697.1
1178
1093
Refractive index 11 Serial

Gen.
o>
|
e
|| No.
index No.
1.54
.46
1179
2174
1.544
.521
1180
6075
1.545
.548
1181
4043.1
1.545
.548
1182
1769.1
1.554
.515
1183
4272
1.559
.548
Refractive index
w
\
e
1.569 1.666
1.579 1.540
1.581 1.493
1.590 1.650
1.600 1.649
Serial
Gen.
No.
index No.
1184
1416
1185
2454
1186
4672
1187
1625
1188
4727
1189
21
Refractive index
u
\
t '
1.633 .626
.646 .642
.6588
.6784
.700 .640
.717 .563
. 800
.750
III. Biaxial Group

Serial
XT-
^0'
-0^11'
index
No.
Refractive index
a
1.367 l
1.4162
1.402
1.407
1.440
'
No.
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
4688
786
4530.1
2916.1
853.1
1.545
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
988.1
778
4396
1032
3964
1.546
1.519
1.5376
1.551
1.559
1.561
1.5651
1.567
1.570
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1472
3716
5343.1
1033
493.1
1.56
1.54
1.544
1.555
1.515
1.57
1.571
1.572
1.573
1.575
1.60
1.59
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
3199
5477
3778
835
708
.560
.510
.5535
.55
.549
1.576
1.578
1.5787
1.581
1.583
1.647
1.618
1.5912
Refractive index
I
index
No.
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
4330.1
4752
4943
5317
306
1.564
1.621
1.590
1.620
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
788
5317*
3585
5319
5067.1
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
3087
4750
1111.1
5082.4
5213.1
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
2234.1
4368.3
1507*
2808.1
2260.1
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
776
270
996
994.1
3742
1.625
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
4008
5028.1
2260.2
947.1
3344
1.505
1.511
1.495
1.500
1.512
1.512
1.513
1.515
1.520
1.524
1.836
1.672
1.535
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
3194
3111
5228
161
3222
.556
.535
.522
.538
.550
1.587
1.592
1.594
1.600
1.600
.700
.760
.616
.602
.680
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
975.1
5961
2373.1
1070.2
1672
1.413
1.520
1.524
1.529
1.530
1.531
1.589
1.566
1.537
1.566
1.534
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
5648
976
4530.2
4960
5320
.560
.574
1.600
1.6015
1.602
1.602
1.602
1.610
1.6187
1.528
1.510
1.523
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
629
1705
639
67.1
638
1.450
1.525
1.4955
1.4227
1.495
1.534
1.535
.5352
.5358
.536
1.610
1.560
1.6045
1.5545
1.605
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
4936.1
977
609.1
3234
3208
.526
.490
.530
.538
.600
1.603
1.605
.605
.609
.610
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
484
5336
2367.1
1035
4394*
1.515
1.520
1.536
1.532
1.517
.540
.540
.540
.541
.542
1.575
1.580
1.541
1.549
1.555
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1977
3540
1414
3732
241
.609
.460
.604
1.616
1.697
1.734
1.495
.612
.614
.614
.615
.615
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
2372
1037
4318.1
303
64.1
1.5942
1.546
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1415
3196
5202
5441
5562
1.578
1.495
1.580
1.610
1.620
.620
.625
.625
.625
.625
~~32
1322
1323
1324
1325
5135.1
5244.1
835.1
868
3873*
1.530
1.522
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
5221
1069.1
610
4500
2135
1.479
1.493
1.487
1.488
1.445
1.517
1.4386
1.507
1.519
1.585
.496
.496
.498
.499
.501
1.524
1.509
1.566
1.527
.503
.505
1.509
1.510
1.512
1.540
1.607
1.543
1.544
1.545
1.5457
1.546
1.546
1.582
1.591
1.5705
1.571
P^n'
Serial
XT
4397*
4368.3t
2920
238f
5066.1
.478
.479
.484
.485
.488
1.837
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1.459
1.546
1.547
1.548
1.550
1.555
679.1
361
4184
4218
147
1.370
1.536
1.5502
1.617
1.620
1.625
- ^ en>
index
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1.471
.409
.4603
.463
.468
.475
Serial
TSJ
Refractive index
1.543
.607
.621
1.628
1.629
1.630
1.6CO
1.633
1.635
1.636
1.637
1.642
1.643
1.661
1.640
1.650
1.684
1.675
1.648
.505
.587
.626
.612
1.645
1.646
1.646
1.647
1.650
1.655
1.769
1.712
1.662
5304
4748
1985
5561
4749
1.463
1.621
1.442
1.580
1.586
1.653
1.654
1.662
1.665
1.668
1.780
1.691
1.756
1.690
1.680
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1987
5428.1
1149
3539
5442
1.479
1.529
1.640
1.493
1.570
1.669
.670
.670
.675
.685
1.734
1.716
1.810
1.739
1.690
1.647
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1111.2
2566.2
4058
84.1
3103
1.619
1.597
1.5697
1.631
1.479
.688
.692
.6935
1.698
1.710
1.696
1.806
1.7324
1.713
1.810
1.620
1.658
1.754
1.675
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
4322
445
4739
1197
1200
1.583
1.490
1.464
>1.56
1.650
1.73
1.743
1.748
1.75
1.760
1.872
1.946
>1.95
1.870
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1142
87
5818
1412
3060
.763
.740
.524
.508
.535
1.787
1.847
1.867
1.870
1.873
1.857
1.863
1.873
1.907
1.893
1.627
1.807
1.645
1.675
1.630
1320
1364
1.58
1.565
1.660
1.74?
1.627
33
1332
1333
554
125
j 1.690
5424
1.652
| 1.768
Holland, 57, 31: 390; 10, approximate data
only.
1.577
1.586
1.650
1.54
>1.95
1.505
MISCELLANEOUS
1.529
1.385
1.480
1.524 (red)
1.533 (red)
1.564 (red)
*Hydrated form.
F~49
1.495
1.579
1.583
1.602
tMetastable modification.
^Stable modification.
INDEX TO (L TABLE
Abietic acid, 5477
Abietin, 5137
Absinthiin, 4953
Acenaphthene, 4218
Acenaphthylene, 4184
cetal, 1746
Acetaldehyde, 208
Acetaldehyde ammonia, 284,1766
Acetaldehydecyanhydrin, 400
Acetaldehyde semicarbazone, 499
Acetaldoxime, 239
Acetamide, 238
Acetamide chloride, 226
Acetaminoethylsalicylic acid, 4078
2-Acetamino-4-nitrotoluene, 3123
o-Acetaminophenetol, 3713
tn-Acetaminophenetol, 3714
p-Acetaminophenetol, 3716
o-Acetaminophenol, 2655
m-Acetaminophenol, 2656
p-Acetaminophenol, 2657
Acetanilide, 2649
o-Acetaniside, 3216
p-A cet ani si de, 3217
Acetic aoid, 212
Acetic anhydride, 626

Acetoacetanilide, 3627
Acetoacetic ester, 1561
Acetobromoamide, 182
Acetochloroamide, 187
Acetohydroxamic acid, 240
Acetoin, 721
Acetol, 449
Acetone, 448
Acetone alcohol, 449
Acetonebromoform, 650
Acetone chloride, 420
Acetonechloroform, 662
Acetonecyanhydrin, 671
Acetonediacetic acid, 2268
Acetonediacetic anhydride, 2185
Acetone-1, I'-dicarboxylic acid, 904
Acetone diethylsulfone, 2416
Acetonedi-2-propionic acid, 3287
Acetone salicylate, 3622
Acetonitrile, 168
Acetonylacetone, 1551
Acetonyl chloride, 377
Acetonylmalonic acid, 1503
Acetophenone, 2571
Acetophenoneoxime, 2650
Acetopiperone, 3080
Acetopropionylphenylhydrazone,
4087
Acetopyrine, 5532
o-Acettoluide, 3194
ra-Acettoluide, 3195
p-Acettoluide, 3196
Acetvanillone, 3158
Acetoxime, 481
o-Acetphenetidine, 3713
m-Acetphenetidine, 3714
p-Acetphenetidine, 3716
Aceturic acid, 676
Acetylacetone, 929
Acetylaminoacetic acid, 676
m-Acetylaminoazobenzene, 4755
m-Acetylaminobenzoic acid, 3109
p-Acetylaminobenzoic acid, 3110
6-Acetylamino-3-ethcxy-4-isopropyltoluene, 4826
5-Acetylamino-8-ethoxyquinoline,
4525
4-A cetylamino-2-hydroxyquinoline,
3202
3-Acetylamino-4-hydroxytoluene,
3203
o-Acetylaminomethoxybenzenef 3215
Acetylamino-2-methoxy-4-benz oi c
acid, 3635
p-Acetylaminophenyl salicylate, 4911
a-Acetylaminopropionic acid, 975.1
Acetyl-o-anisamine, 3215
N-Acetylanthranilic aoid, 3108
5-Acetylbarbituric acid, 1407
Acetylbenzoylaconine, 6067
Acetyl bromide, 149
Acetyl carbinoi, 449
Acetyl chloride, 154
Acetylcodeine, 5551
Acetyl cyanide, 332.1
Acetylene, 115
Acetylene dibromide, 123
Acetylenedicarboxylic acid, 549
cts-Acetylene dichloride, 132
<rons-Acetylene dichloride, 133
Acetylene tetrabromide, 128
Acetylenetetrachloride, 140
Acetylenyl carbinol, 355
Acetyl-p-ethoxyphenylurethane, 4536
III. Biaxial Group

Serial
XT-
^0'
-0^11'
index
No.
Refractive index
a
1.367 l
1.4162
1.402
1.407
1.440
'
No.
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
4688
786
4530.1
2916.1
853.1
1.545
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
988.1
778
4396
1032
3964
1.546
1.519
1.5376
1.551
1.559
1.561
1.5651
1.567
1.570
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1472
3716
5343.1
1033
493.1
1.56
1.54
1.544
1.555
1.515
1.57
1.571
1.572
1.573
1.575
1.60
1.59
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
3199
5477
3778
835
708
.560
.510
.5535
.55
.549
1.576
1.578
1.5787
1.581
1.583
1.647
1.618
1.5912
Refractive index
I
index
No.
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
4330.1
4752
4943
5317
306
1.564
1.621
1.590
1.620
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
788
5317*
3585
5319
5067.1
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
3087
4750
1111.1
5082.4
5213.1
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
2234.1
4368.3
1507*
2808.1
2260.1
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
776
270
996
994.1
3742
1.625
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
4008
5028.1
2260.2
947.1
3344
1.505
1.511
1.495
1.500
1.512
1.512
1.513
1.515
1.520
1.524
1.836
1.672
1.535
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
3194
3111
5228
161
3222
.556
.535
.522
.538
.550
1.587
1.592
1.594
1.600
1.600
.700
.760
.616
.602
.680
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
975.1
5961
2373.1
1070.2
1672
1.413
1.520
1.524
1.529
1.530
1.531
1.589
1.566
1.537
1.566
1.534
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
5648
976
4530.2
4960
5320
.560
.574
1.600
1.6015
1.602
1.602
1.602
1.610
1.6187
1.528
1.510
1.523
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
629
1705
639
67.1
638
1.450
1.525
1.4955
1.4227
1.495
1.534
1.535
.5352
.5358
.536
1.610
1.560
1.6045
1.5545
1.605
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
4936.1
977
609.1
3234
3208
.526
.490
.530
.538
.600
1.603
1.605
.605
.609
.610
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
484
5336
2367.1
1035
4394*
1.515
1.520
1.536
1.532
1.517
.540
.540
.540
.541
.542
1.575
1.580
1.541
1.549
1.555
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1977
3540
1414
3732
241
.609
.460
.604
1.616
1.697
1.734
1.495
.612
.614
.614
.615
.615
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
2372
1037
4318.1
303
64.1
1.5942
1.546
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1415
3196
5202
5441
5562
1.578
1.495
1.580
1.610
1.620
.620
.625
.625
.625
.625
~~32
1322
1323
1324
1325
5135.1
5244.1
835.1
868
3873*
1.530
1.522
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
5221
1069.1
610
4500
2135
1.479
1.493
1.487
1.488
1.445
1.517
1.4386
1.507
1.519
1.585
.496
.496
.498
.499
.501
1.524
1.509
1.566
1.527
.503
.505
1.509
1.510
1.512
1.540
1.607
1.543
1.544
1.545
1.5457
1.546
1.546
1.582
1.591
1.5705
1.571
P^n'
Serial
XT
4397*
4368.3t
2920
238f
5066.1
.478
.479
.484
.485
.488
1.837
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1.459
1.546
1.547
1.548
1.550
1.555
679.1
361
4184
4218
147
1.370
1.536
1.5502
1.617
1.620
1.625
- ^ en>
index
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1.471
.409
.4603
.463
.468
.475
Serial
TSJ
Refractive index
1.543
.607
.621
1.628
1.629
1.630
1.6CO
1.633
1.635
1.636
1.637
1.642
1.643
1.661
1.640
1.650
1.684
1.675
1.648
.505
.587
.626
.612
1.645
1.646
1.646
1.647
1.650
1.655
1.769
1.712
1.662
5304
4748
1985
5561
4749
1.463
1.621
1.442
1.580
1.586
1.653
1.654
1.662
1.665
1.668
1.780
1.691
1.756
1.690
1.680
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1987
5428.1
1149
3539
5442
1.479
1.529
1.640
1.493
1.570
1.669
.670
.670
.675
.685
1.734
1.716
1.810
1.739
1.690
1.647
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1111.2
2566.2
4058
84.1
3103
1.619
1.597
1.5697
1.631
1.479
.688
.692
.6935
1.698
1.710
1.696
1.806
1.7324
1.713
1.810
1.620
1.658
1.754
1.675
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
4322
445
4739
1197
1200
1.583
1.490
1.464
>1.56
1.650
1.73
1.743
1.748
1.75
1.760
1.872
1.946
>1.95
1.870
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1142
87
5818
1412
3060
.763
.740
.524
.508
.535
1.787
1.847
1.867
1.870
1.873
1.857
1.863
1.873
1.907
1.893
1.627
1.807
1.645
1.675
1.630
1320
1364
1.58
1.565
1.660
1.74?
1.627
33
1332
1333
554
125
j 1.690
5424
1.652
| 1.768
Holland, 57, 31: 390; 10, approximate data
only.
1.577
1.586
1.650
1.54
>1.95
1.505
MISCELLANEOUS
1.529
1.385
1.480
1.524 (red)
1.533 (red)
1.564 (red)
*Hydrated form.
F~49
1.495
1.579
1.583
1.602
tMetastable modification.
^Stable modification.
INDEX TO (L TABLE
Abietic acid, 5477
Abietin, 5137
Absinthiin, 4953
Acenaphthene, 4218
Acenaphthylene, 4184
cetal, 1746
Acetaldehyde, 208
Acetaldehyde ammonia, 284,1766
Acetaldehydecyanhydrin, 400
Acetaldehyde semicarbazone, 499
Acetaldoxime, 239
Acetamide, 238
Acetamide chloride, 226
Acetaminoethylsalicylic acid, 4078
2-Acetamino-4-nitrotoluene, 3123
o-Acetaminophenetol, 3713
tn-Acetaminophenetol, 3714
p-Acetaminophenetol, 3716
o-Acetaminophenol, 2655
m-Acetaminophenol, 2656
p-Acetaminophenol, 2657
Acetanilide, 2649
o-Acetaniside, 3216
p-A cet ani si de, 3217
Acetic aoid, 212
Acetic anhydride, 626

Acetoacetanilide, 3627
Acetoacetic ester, 1561
Acetobromoamide, 182
Acetochloroamide, 187
Acetohydroxamic acid, 240
Acetoin, 721
Acetol, 449
Acetone, 448
Acetone alcohol, 449
Acetonebromoform, 650
Acetone chloride, 420
Acetonechloroform, 662
Acetonecyanhydrin, 671
Acetonediacetic acid, 2268
Acetonediacetic anhydride, 2185
Acetone-1, I'-dicarboxylic acid, 904
Acetone diethylsulfone, 2416
Acetonedi-2-propionic acid, 3287
Acetone salicylate, 3622
Acetonitrile, 168
Acetonylacetone, 1551
Acetonyl chloride, 377
Acetonylmalonic acid, 1503
Acetophenone, 2571
Acetophenoneoxime, 2650
Acetopiperone, 3080
Acetopropionylphenylhydrazone,
4087
Acetopyrine, 5532
o-Acettoluide, 3194
ra-Acettoluide, 3195
p-Acettoluide, 3196
Acetvanillone, 3158
Acetoxime, 481
o-Acetphenetidine, 3713
m-Acetphenetidine, 3714
p-Acetphenetidine, 3716
Aceturic acid, 676
Acetylacetone, 929
Acetylaminoacetic acid, 676
m-Acetylaminoazobenzene, 4755
m-Acetylaminobenzoic acid, 3109
p-Acetylaminobenzoic acid, 3110
6-Acetylamino-3-ethcxy-4-isopropyltoluene, 4826
5-Acetylamino-8-ethoxyquinoline,
4525
4-A cetylamino-2-hydroxyquinoline,
3202
3-Acetylamino-4-hydroxytoluene,
3203
o-Acetylaminomethoxybenzenef 3215
Acetylamino-2-methoxy-4-benz oi c
acid, 3635
p-Acetylaminophenyl salicylate, 4911
a-Acetylaminopropionic acid, 975.1
Acetyl-o-anisamine, 3215
N-Acetylanthranilic aoid, 3108
5-Acetylbarbituric acid, 1407
Acetylbenzoylaconine, 6067
Acetyl bromide, 149
Acetyl carbinoi, 449
Acetyl chloride, 154
Acetylcodeine, 5551
Acetyl cyanide, 332.1
Acetylene, 115
Acetylene dibromide, 123
Acetylenedicarboxylic acid, 549
cts-Acetylene dichloride, 132
<rons-Acetylene dichloride, 133
Acetylene tetrabromide, 128
Acetylenetetrachloride, 140
Acetylenyl carbinol, 355
Acetyl-p-ethoxyphenylurethane, 4536
Acetyl fluoride, 162

Acetylformic acid, 359
Acetylglycine, 676
Acetylglycocoll, 676
AXAcetyl-p-hydroxyphenylJ-urethane, 4079
Acetyl iodide, 166
Acetylmalic acid, 1504
p-Acetylmethylaminophenetol, 4109
p-Acetylmethylaminophenol, 3204
Acetylmethylheptenone, 3863
Acetylmethyl hexyl ketone, 3929
Acetylmethyl-o-toluidine, 3704
Acetylmethyl-p-toluidine, 3705
1, 2-Acetylmethylurea, 703
Acetyl peroxide, 267
N-Acetyl-0-phenylenediamine, 2689
JV-Acetyl-ra-phenylenediamine, 2690
N-Acety 1-p-phenylenediamine, 2691
syra-Acetylphenylhydrazine, 2693
Acetylphenyl salicylate, 4906
3-Acetylpropyl alcohol, 1009
Aoetylquinine, 5710
o-Acetylsalicylaldehyde, 3081
Acetylsalicylamide, 3113
o-Acetylsalicylic acid, 3087
Acetylsalol, 4906
Acetylthiourea, 434
Acetylurea, 435
Acetylurethane, 975
Acidol, 1076
Acoin, 5783
Aconic acid, 868
Aconine, 5886
Aconitic acid, 1429
Aconitine, 6067
Aconitine hydrobromide, 6068
Aconitine hydrochloride, 6069
Aconitine nitrate, 6072
Aconitine salicylate, 6128
Aconitine sulfate, 6173
Acridine, 4434
Acridinic acid, 4021
9-Acridone, 4438
Acrolein, 356
Acrylamide, 398
Acryl chloride, 323.1
Acrylic acid, 358
Acrylic aldehyde, 356
Acrylic anhydride, 1422
Acrylic nitrile, 332
Adalin, 2315
Adenine, 879
Adipic acid, 1562
Adipylamide, 1607
Adipyl dialdehyde, 1549
Adipyl diamide, 1623
Adipyl dichloride, 1476
Adipyl dinitrile, 1478
Adirin, 3721
Adlumidine, 5986
Adlumine, 6119
Adonitol, 1094
Adrenaline, 3271
Aesculetinic acid, 3093
Agaric acid, 4015
Agathin, 4769
Aglycon, 4889
Ajacine, 4959
Ajacine hydrochloride, 4964
Ajaconine, 5251
d-Alanine, 484
ctf-Alanine, 485
Alantic acid, 4969
Alantol, 3844
Alantolactone, 4950
Alantolic acid, 4969
Albaspidin, 5868
Aldehydine, 2774
o-Aldehydobenzoic acid, 2475
m-Aldehydobenzoic acid, 2476
p-Aldehydobenzoic acid, 2477
Aldehydocollidine, 2774
Aldol, 722
Alizarin, 4626
Alizarin-/3-carboxylic acid, 4863
Allantoin, 610
Aliene, 337
Aliene tetrabromide, 345
ez's-Allo-1-bromocinnamic acid, 3024
cts-Allo-2-bromocmnami c acd, 3025
Allobrucine oxide, 5788
cis-Allo-1-chlorocinnamic acid, 3029
cr's-Allo-2-chlorocmiiamic acid, 3030
Allocinchonine, 5439
Allocinnamic acid, 3074
Allomucic acid, 1583
Alloxan, 547
Alloxantin, 2467
AHyI acetate, 937
Allylacetic acid, 930
Allylacetone, 1546
Allyl alcohol, 446
Allylamine, 479
Aliylaniline, 3188
Allylarsonic acid, 463
Allylbenzene, 3119
Allyl benzoate, 3598
Allyl butyrate, 2295
Allyl chloride, 375
Allyl cinnamate, 4299
Allyl cyanide, 587
Allylene, 338
Allylene hydroiodide, 390
Allylene oxide, 357
Allylene tetrabromide, 344
Allyl ether, 1544
Allyl formate, 623
Allyl iodide, 391
Allyl isobutyrate, 2296
Allyl isocyanide, 588
Allyl isothiocyanate, 594
Allyl isovalerate, 2836
Allyl Z-menthyl ether, 4576
Allyl mercaptan, 462
Allyl mustard oil, 594
Allyl nitrite, 402
p-Allylphenol, 3125
Allyl phenyl ether, 3127
l-Allyl-2-phenylurea, 3643.1
2-Allylpyridine, 2645
Allylsulfocarbainide, 710
Allyl sulfocarbimide, 594
Allyl sulfocyanate, 593
Allyl thiocyanate, 593
Allylthiourea, 710
Aloe-emodin, 4879
Aloin, 5628
Alphol, 5178
Alphozone, 2750
Alpinin, 5180
Alstonine, 5626
Aluminium acetylacetonate, A1895
Aluminium phenolate, 1896
Aluminium triethyl, !&1894
Aluminium trimethyl, 1893
Alypin, 5145
Alypin hydrochloiide, 5144
Amalic acid, 4316
Amaric anhydride, 5774
Amarin, 5621
Amaron, 5033, 5944
Ambrein, 5808
Ambrosterol, 5595
Aminoacetal, 1765
Aminoacetamide, 257
Aminoacetic acid, 241
Aminoacetone, 480
o-Aminoacetophenone, 2646
ra-Aminoacetophenone, 2647
p-Aminoacetophenone, 2648
2-Amino-5-(p-aminophenyl)-acridine,
5401
o-Aminoanisol, 2216
w-Aminoanisol, 2217
p-Aminoanisol, 2218
1-Aminoanthraquinone, 4642
2-Aminoanthraquinone, 4643
m-Aminoazobenzene, 4273
p-Aminoazobenzene, 4274
p-Amino-a-azonaphthalene, 5511
Amino-/9-azonaphthalene, 5512
Aminoazotoluene, 4796
o-Aminoazotoluene, 4797
o-Aminobenzamide, 2130
m-Aminobenzamide, 2131
p-Aminobenzamide, 2132
o-Aminobenzaldehyde, 2067
m-Aminobenzaldehyde, 2068
p-Aminobenzaldehyde, 2069
o-Aminobenzoic acid, 2074
m-Aminobenzoic acid, 2075
p-Aminobenzoic acid, 2076
o-Aminobenzophenone, 4475
m-Aminobenzophenone, 4476
p-Aminobenzophenone, 4477
1-Aminobenzothiazole, 1999
p-Aminobenzoyl-dibutylamino-propanol sulfate, 6103
p-Aminobenzoyl-diethylaminoethanol,
4557
Aminobenzoyl-diethylaminoethanol
hydrochloride, 4566
o-Aminobenzyl alcohol, 2207
p-Aminobenzyl alcohol, 2208
d(Z)-l-Amino-see-butylacetic acid, 1707
1-Aminobutyric acid, 766
Z-1-Aminocaproic acid, 1705
dZ-1-Aminocaproic acid, 1706
Aminochrysene, 5273
o-Aminoci nnamic acid, 3104
m-Aminocinnamic acid, 3105
p-Aminoci nnamic acid, 3106
3-Aminocoumarine, 3045
4-Amino-o-cresol, 2209
5-Amino-m-cresol, 2212
6-Amino-m-cresol, 2213
2-Amino-p-cresol, 2214
3-Amino-p-cresol, 2215
p-Aminodiethylaniline, 3833
4-Amino-2,
3'-dimethylazobenzene,
4798
4'-Amino-2, 3'-dimethylazobenzene,
4797
4-Amino-2, 4/-dimethylazobenzene,
4796
4-Amino-3,
4/-dimethylazobenzene,
4799
o-Aminodiphenyl, 4266
p-Aminodiphenylamine, 4285
1-Aminododecane, 4417
2-Aminoethyl alcohol, 285
6-Amino-5-ethyl-2, 4-dipropyl-l, 3diazine, 4384
cZZ-1-Aminoglutaric acid, 976
d-1-Aminoglutaric acid, 977
5-Aminoguaiacol, 2224
Aminoguanidine hydrochloride, 82
Aminoguanidine sulfate, 308
1 -Ami no-4-guani di no-n-valeri e a ci d,
1722
1-Aminoheptadecane, 5262
l-Amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, 3222
dZ-l-Amino-2-hydroxypropionic acid,
493
2-Amino-l-hydroxypropionic
acid,
494
4-Aminoisoantipyrine, 4080
1-Aminoisobutyric acid, 769
p-Aminoisopropylbenzene, 3257
2-Aminoisovalenc acid, 1062
Amino-J acid, 3570
3-Amino-4-methoxy-6-nitrotoluene,
2699
3-Amino-2-methoxytoluene, 2784
5-Amino-2-methoxytoluene, 2785
4-Amino-l-methylaminobenzene, 2247
3-Amino-/3-naphthol, 3552
7-Amino-0-naphthol, 3553
1-Aminopentadecane, 5020
o-Aminophenol, 1446
m-Aminophenol, 1447
p-Aminophenol, 1448
ro-Aminophenol hydrochloride, 1474
p-Aminophenol hydrochloride, 1475
m-Aminophenol sulfate, 1524
dZ-Aminophenylacetic acid, 2658
p-Aminophenylarsonic acid, 1471
p-Aminophenyl salicylate, 4486
o-Aminophenyl tartrate, 5082.1
m-Aminophenyl tartrate, 5082.2
p-Aminophenyl tartrate, 5082.3
c-1-Aminopropionic acid, 484
dZ-1-Aminopropionic acid, 485
6-Aminopurine, 879
Aminopyrene, 5034
2-Aminopyridine, 882
2-Aminoquinoline, 3059
5-Aminoresorcinol, 1451
4-Aminosalicylic acid, 2101
5-Aminosalicylic acid, 2102
p-Aminosalol, 4486
w-Aminotriphenylmethane, 5406
5-Amino-l, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene,
3289
1-Aminotridecane. 4590
3-Aminotoluene-4-carboxylic
acid,
2659
2-Aminothiophenol, 1458
1-Aminotetradecane, 4859
5-Amino-l, 2, 3, 4-te tra methyl benzene, 3791
1-Aminovaleric acid, 1059
3-Aminovaleric acid, 1060
4-Amino valeric acid, 1061
3-Amino-o-xylene, 2757
4-Amino-o-xylene, 2761
2-Amino-m-xylene, 2760
2-Amino-p-xylene, 2759
Ammonchelidonic acid, 1906
Ammonium acetate, 289
d-Ammonium acid malate, 776
Z-Ammonium acid malate, 777
Ammonium acid oxalate, 248
Ammonium acid tartrate, 778
Ammonium benzenesulfonate, 1523
Ammonium benzoate, 2225
Ammonium citrate, 1721
Ammonium formate, 67
Ammonium fulminurate, 444
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate, 67.1
d-Ammonium hydrogen malate, 776
Z-Ammoni um hydrogen malate, 777
Ammonium hydrogen oxalate, 248
Ammonium hydrogen tartrate, 778
Ammonium
nitrosophenylhydroxylamine, 1528
Ammonium oxalate, 303
Ammonium picrate, 1412
Ammonium salicylate, 2229
Ammonium Buccinate, 834
Ammonium o-sulfobenzoate, 2234.1
Ammonium tartrate, 835, 835.1
Ammonium tetraoxalate, 680
Ammonium thiocyanate, 57
Ammonium valerate, 1103
n-Amyl actate, 2353
d--Amyl actate, 2354.1
tert.-Amyl actate, 2355
n-Amylacetyene, 2275
d-act.-Amyl alcohol, 1083
n-Amyl alcohol, 1078
sec.-Amyl alcohol, 1084, 1084.1
Jert.-Amyl alcohol, 1081
n-Amylamine, 1099
sec.-Amylamine, 1101
tert.-Amylamin, 1102
n-Amylbenzene, 4115
iert.-Amylbenzene, 4116
Amyl benzoate, 4342
n-Amyl bromide, 1040
tert.-Amyl bromide, 1042
l-Amyl bromobutyrate, 3314.1
Amyl n-butyrate, 3329
d--Amyl w-butyrate, 3330.1
er.-Amyl carbinol, 1723
n-Amyl chloride, 1043
sec.-Amyl chloride, 1046
Jert.-Amyl chloride, 1045
Amyl chloroacetate, 2318
Amyl Z-a-crotonate, 3303
Amyl cyanide, 1602
a-Amylene, 984
/8-Amylene, 982
y-Amylene, 983
Amylene dibromide, 988
Amylene nitrite, 996
Amylene nitrosate, 996
n-Amyl ether, 4006
n-Amyl fluoride, 1049
n-Amyl formate, 1648
ter.-Amyl formate, 1650
n-Amyl n-hexyl carbinol, 4414
n-Amyl n-hexyl ketone, 4402
Z-Amyl hydrocinnamate, 4823.1
tert.-Amyl hypochlorite, 1048
n-Amyl iodide, 1051
tert.-Amyl iodide, 1053
Amyl isobutyrate, 3331
Amyl Z-lactate, 2914
n-Amylmalonic acid, 2843
n-Amyl mercaptan, 1096
ac<.-Amyl mercaptan, 1097
n-Amyl nitrite, 1063
tert.-Amyl nitrite, 1065
Amylpropiolic aldhyde, 2809
d-j8-Amyl propionate, 2901.1
tert.-Amyl propionate, 2902
n-Amyl salicylate, 4347
n-Amyl valerate, 3982
Amygdalin, 5580
Amygdophenine, 5088
a-Amyrin, 6002
0-Amyrin, 6003
Amyrolin, 4739
Anacardic acid, 5735
Analgen, 4525, 5289
Anapyralgin, 3629
Andrographolic acid, 5591
Andrographolide, 5590
Androain, 4957
Androsterol, 6004
Anemonin, 3526
/3-Anemonic acid, 3698
Anesthesin, 3213
p-Anethol, 3648
Angelic acid, 931
Anhalamine, 4111
Anhalamine hydrochloride, 4124
Anhalondine, 4331
Anhalonine, 4332
Anhydroaconitine, 6050
Anhydrocamphoronic acid, 3256
Anhydroecgonine, 3270
Anhydroecgonine hydrochloride, 3274
Anhydroformaldehydeaniline, 5637
Anhydroglucochloral, 2754
Anilalloxan, 3572
Aniline, 1442
Aniline arsenate, 4358
1-Anilinebutyric acid, 3711
Aniline gallate, 4487
Aniline hydrobromide, 1471.1
Aniline hydrochloride, 1472
Aniline nitrate, 1489
Aniline sulfate, 4336
p-Anilinesulfonic acid, 1455
1-Anilinopropionic acid, 3205
Aniluvitonic acid, 4035
Anis alcohol, 2723
Anisaldazine, 5081
Anisaldehyde, 2580
tt-Anisaldoxime, 2672
/3-Anisaldoxime, 2673
Anisic acid, 2616
o-Anisidine, 2216
m-Anisidine, 2217
p-Anisidine, 2218
Anisilic acid, 5086
Anisol, 2163
p-Anisonitrile, 2508
Anisyl actate, 3169.1
p-Anisyl chloride, 2500
Anol, 3124
Anonol, 5806
Anthamantin, 5835
Anthracene, 4649
Anthracene-1-carboxylic acid, 4869
Anthracene-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid,
5029
5030
5031
Anthraflavc acid, 4627
Anthragallol, 4635
-.Anthramine, 4695
/S-Anthramine, 4696
Anthranil, 1887
Anthranilic acid, 2074
Anthranol, 4667
Anthrapinacone, 5946
Anthrapurpurin, 4636
a-Anthraquinoline, 5172
Anthraquinone, 4620
Anthraquinone-cr-carboxylic acid, 4860
Anthraquinone--carboxylic acid, 4861
Anthraquinone-7-carboxyIic acid, 4862
Anthraquinone-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid,
5022
5023
5024
Anthrarufin, 4628
1-Anthrol, 4668
2-Anthrol, 4669
Antiarin, 5680
Antifebrin, 2649
Antimony pentaethyl, 4013
Antimony tri ethyl, 1770
Antimony trimethyl, 531
Antimony triphenyl, 5285
Antipyrine, 4058
Antipyrine acetylsalicylate, 5532
Antipyrine hydrobromide, 4074
Antipyrine hydrochloride, 4075
Antipyrine mandelate, 5429
Antipyrine resorcinate, 5198
Antipyrine salicylate, 5308
Antithermine, 4087
Apidosamine, 5725
Apidospermatine, 5726
Apiin, 5926
Apiol, 4322
Apiolic acid, 3625
Apionol, 1424
Apoatropine, 5216
Apoatropine hydrochloride, 5227
Apoatropine sulfate, 6064
Apocinchonine, 5439
Apoaconitine, 6050
Apoconquinine, 5445
Apocyclene, 3272
Apocynamarin, 4820
Apoharmine, 2547
Apomorphine, 5196
Apomorphine dibenzoate, 6017
Apomorphine hydrochloride, 5197
Apomorphine methobromide, 5314
Aponic acid, 4693
Apopinol, 3897
Apoquinidine, 5445
Apoquinine, 5446
Aporheine, 5286
Aporheine sulfate, 6093
Aposorbinic acid, 958
Apoyohimbine, 5709
Apoyohimbine hydrochloride, 5721
Arabin, 3946
Z-Arabinosazone, 5212
d(Z)--Arabinose, 1032
cZ(Z)-/3-Arabinose, 1033
dZ-Arabinose, 1034
Z-Arabinose diphenylhydrazone, 5209
Z-Arabinoseoxime, 1071
d-Arabitol, 1095
Arabonic acid, 1039
Arabonic lactone, 955
Arachidi e acid, 5607
Arachidi e alcohol, 5611
Arbutin, 4357
Arecaidine, 2273
Arecaine, 2274
Arecolidine, 2820
Arecolidine hydrochloride, 2829
Arecoline, 2821
Arecoline hydrobromide, 2828
Arginine, 1722
Aribine, 4224
Aricine, 5784
Aromadendrin, 5970
Arsanilic acid, 1471
Arsenic acetate, 1513
Arsenoacetic acid, 219
Arsenobenzene, 4221
Arsphenamine, 4311
Artemisin, 4944
Asaron, 4352
Asaronic acid, 3696
Ascaridol, 3864
Z-Asparagine, 708
Z-Aspartic acid, 679
Aspidin, 5869
Aspidinol, 4354
Aspidosine, 5474
Aspidospermine, 5733
Aspirin, 3087
Atesine, 5799
Atisine, 5799
Atophan, 5035
Atractylene, 4971
Atractylol, 4996
Atranoric acid, 5420
dZ-Atrolactic acid, 3163
Atrolactyltropeine, 5237
Atronene, 5059
Atronic acid, 5186
Atronol, 5059
Atronylenesulfonic acid, 5045
Atropic acid, 3077
Atropine, 5235
Atropine hydrobromide, 5238
Atropine hydrochloride, 5240
Atropine isovalerate, 5738
Atropine nitrate, 5243
Atropine salicylate, 5832
Atropine sulfate, 6070
Atropine valerate, 5739

Atropurol, 5936
Atroscine, 5218
Aubepin, 2580
Aucubine, 4554
Auramine, 5225
Aurantiol, 3899
Aurine, 5397
Azelaic acid, 3307
Aziminobenzene, 1356
o, o'-Aaoanisol, 4773
p, p'-Azoanisol, 4774
Azoberizene, 4225
o, o'-Azobenzoic acid, 4660
m, ra'-Azobenzoic acid, 4661
p-Azodiphenyl, 5820
o-Azoethylbenzene, 5092
p-Azoethylbenzene, 5093
a, a'-Azonaphthalene, 5495
, /3'-A:zonaphthalene, 5496
0-Azophenetol, 5102
p-Azophenetol, 5103
o, o'-Azophenol, 4230
w, ra'-Azophenol, 4231
p, p'-Azophenol, 4232
o, o'-Azotoluene, 4763
2, 4'-Aaotoluene, 4764
3, 3'-Azotoluene, 4765
4, 4'-Azotoluene, 4766
4, 4'-Azoxyanisol, 4774
p, p'-Azoxybenzaldehyde, 4659
Azoxybenzene, 4226
o, o'-Azoxybenzoic acid, 4664
w, ra'-Azoxybenzoic acid, 4665
p, p'-Azoxybenzoic acid, 4666
p-Azoxydiphenyl, 5821
2, 2'-Azo-p-xylene, 5099
3, 3'-Aao-o-xylene, 5094
4, 4'-Ai5O-o-xylene, 5095
4, 4'-AzO-W-XyICnC, 5096
4, 5'-Azo-ra-xylene, 5097
5, o'-Azo-ra-xylene, 5098
3, 3'-Azoxy-4-methoxytoluene, 5104
a, a'-Asoxynaphthalene, 5497
/3, /S'-Azoxynaphthalene, 5498
p-Azoxyphenetol, 5105
o, o'-Azoxyphenol, 4236
p, p'-Aaoxyphenol, 4237
o, o'-Azoxytoluene, 4770
4, 4/-Azoxytoluene, 4772
Azoxytolunitrile, 5042
Azulene, 4941
Bakankosin, 5139
Ballanophorin, 4369.2
Barbaloin, 5112
Barbital, 2808
Barbituric acid, 565
Barium acetate, 2550
Barium calcium propionate, 2596
Barium ethane disulfonate, 2554
Barium formate, 2546
Barium malonate, 2547
Barium mesotartrate, 2548
Barium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate,
2556
Barium oxalate, &2545
Barium
phenol-2,
4-disulfonate,
2555
Barium propionate, 2553
Barium dZ-tartrate, 2549
Barosmin, 5928
Bebeerine, 5316
Bebeerine hydrochloride, 5323
Bebirine, 5316
Behenainide, 5771
Behenaiiilide, 5965
Behenic acid, 5768
Behenolic acid, 5761
Behenolic anilide, 5959
Behenolylamide, 5762
Behenolyl chloride, 5760
Benzacetin, 3635, 4078
Benzacine, 6031
Benzaconine hydrobromide, 6036
Benzaconine hydrochloride, 6037
Benzalaminoacetal, 4550
Benzalazine, 4709
Benzal bromide, 1944
Benzal chloride, 1964
Benzaldehyde, 2001
Benzaldehydephenylhydrazone, 4494
syn-Benzaldoxime, 2070
anh'-Benzaldoxime, 2071
Benzalhydrazine, 2128
Benzalpinacoline, 4530.3
Benzamide, 2072
Benzamide hydrochloride, 5645
Benzamidine, 2129
Benzanalgen, 5289
Benzanilide, 4478
Benzanthracene, 5263
Benzanthrene, 5263
Benzanthrone, 5171
Benzene, 1365
Benzeneazosalicylic acid, 4444
o-Benzenedisulfonylamide, 1492
ra-Benzenedisulfonylamide, 1493
p-Benzenedisulfonylamide, 1494
o-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride, 1242
m-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride, 1243
-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride, 1244
a-frans-Benzenehexabromide, 1373
/3-cts-Benzenehexabromide, 1374
a-frans-Benzenehexachloride, 1384
0-cVBenzenehexachloride, 1385
7-Benzenehexachloride, 1386
0-Benzenehexachloride, 1387
Benzenepentacarboxylic acid, 4016
Benzenesulfanilide, 4272
Benzenesulfinic acid, 1418
Benzenesulfoneamide, 1452
Benzenesulfone chloride, 1318
Benzenesulfone iodide, 1339
Benzenesulfonic acid, 1423
Benzenesulfonic anhydride, 4258
Benzene-1, 2, 3, 4-tetracarboxylic
acid, 3401
acid, 3450
acid, 3452
Benzene-1, 2, 3-triacetate, 4303
Benzene-1, 3, 5-triacetate, 4302
Benzene-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid,
3020
3021
3022
Benzene-1, 3, 5-trisulfonyl chloride,
1182
Benzidine, 4286
/3-Benzidine, 4287
Benzidine-o, o'-disulfoneamide, 4313
Benzidine-o, o'-disulfonic acid, 4292
Benzidinesulfone, 4235
Benzil, 4672
a-Benzildioxime, 4712
0-Benzildioxime, 4713
-y-Benzildioxime, 4714
Benzilic acid, 4738
Benzilosazone, 5888
a-Benziloxime, 4704
Benzilphenylhydrazone, 5515
Benzimidazol, 1977
Benzisothiodiazole, 1283
Benzocaine, 3213
Benzohydroxamic acid, 2077
Benzoic acid, 2007
Benzoic anhydride, 4676
o-Benzoic sulfimide, 1896
Benzoin, 4728
a-Benzoinphenylhydrazone, 5523
/8-Benzoinphenylhydrazone, 5524
Benzoisonitrile, 1886
Benzonaphthol, 5177
Benzonitrile, 1885
a-Benzophenone, 4447
7-Benzophenone, 4448
Benzophenone chloride, 4441
Benzophenoneoxime, 4479
Benzophenone phenylhydrazone, 5403
Benzophenonesulfone, 4428
a-Benzopinacoline, 5884
0-Benzopinacoline, 5885
Benzopinacone, 5889
1, 2-Benzopyrone, 3016
1, 4-Benzopyrone, 3015
Benzosalin, 4907
Benzosol, 4740
Benzothiazol, 1916
1, 2, 3-Benzotriazine, 1919
Benzotrichloride, 1870
Benzoxazol, 1888
Benzoylacetic acid, 3082
Benzoylacetaldehydeoxime, 3107
Benzoylacetone, 3593
Benzoylacetophenone, 4903
Benzoylacetylacetone, 4300
Benzoyl acetyl peroxide, 3092
Benzoylaconine, 6021
2-Benzoylacrylic acid, 3523
c#-Benzoylalanine, 3632
Benzoylamarin, 5945
Benzoylaminoacetic acid, 3111
p-Benzoylaminoanisol, 4754
5-Benzoylamino-8-ethoxyquinoline,
5289
o-Benzoylaminophenol, 4481
w-Benzoylaminophenol, 4482
p-Benzoylaminophenol, 4483
di-1-Benzoylaminopropionic acid, 3632
Benzoylaniline, 4478
Benzoylanisidine, 4754
Benzoylauramine, 5826
Benzoylbarbituric ,acid, 4025
o-Benzoylbenzamide, 4751
o-Benzoylbenzoic acid, 4677
m-Benzoylbenzoic acid, 4678
p-Benzoylbenzoic acid, 4679
Benzoyl bromide, 1844
3-Benzoylbutyric acid, 4063
Benzoyl carbinol, 2573
Benzoyl chloride, 1859
Benzoylcinchonine, 5891
Benzoylcinchonine
hydrochloride,
5892
Benzoyl cyanide, 2434
Benzoyl-1-dimethylamino-l-methylpropanol hydrochloride, 4829
Benzoylecgonine, 5113
Benzoyl fluoride, 1876
1-Benzoylhexahydropyridine, 4328
Benzoylhydrazine, 2133
Benzoyl iodide, 1880
1-Benzoyllactic acid, 3607
Benzoyl peroxide, 4688
o-Benzoylphenol, 4452
Benzoylphenylacetonitrile, 4896
1-Benzoyl-l-phenylhydrazine, 4495
l-Benzoyl-2-phenylhydrazine, 4496
Benzoylpiperidine, 4328
Benzoylpropionaldehyde, 3592
Benzoylpseudotropine, 4947
Benzoylsalicin, 5549
Benzoylsalicylic acid, 4682
Benzoylthiourea, 2549
Benzoyl o-toluate, 4916
JV-Benzoyl-o-toluidine, 4748
N-Benzoyl-ra-toluidine, 4749
AT-Benzoyl-p-toluidine, 4750
Benzoylurea, 2550
JV-Benzylacetamide, 3197
Benzyl acetate, 3149
Benzylacetic acid, 3147

Benzylacetone, 3659
Benzylacetophenone, 4912
Benzyl acrylate, 3599
1-Benzylaerylic acid, 3594
Benzyl alcohol, 2159
Benzyl allyl ether, 3653
Benzylamarin, 5947
Benzylamine, 2195
Benzylaniline, 4512
Benzylarsenochloride, 2028
Benzylarsonic acid, 2193
Benzyl benzoate, 4733
o-Benzylbenzoic acid, 4729
w-Benzylbenzoic acid, 4730
p-Benzylbenzoic acid, 4731
o-Benzylbenzonitrile, 4697
Benzyl bromide, 2029
Benzyl n-butyl ether, 4129
Benzyl butyrate, 4096
Benzylcarbamate, 2662
Benzyl chloride, 2038
Benzyl chloroacetate, 3090
Benzyl cinnamate, 5068
Benzylcreatinine, 4081
Benzyl cyanide, 2503
Benzyl di chloroacetate, 3057
Benzyldichloroarsine, 2028
Benzyl ether, 4777
Benzylethylene, 3119
Benzyl formate, 2588
Benzylhydrazine, 2248
Benzylhydroxylamine, 2219
Benzylideneacenaphthenone, 5394
Benzylideneacetone, 3587
Benzylideneacetophenone, 4902
Benzylideneacetylacetone, 4298
2-Benzylideneamino-l,
1-diethoxyethane, 4550
Benzylideneaniline, 4473
Benzylidene bromide, 1944
Benzylidene chloride, 1964
Benzylideneethylamine, 3189
Benzylidenehydrazine, 2128
Benzylidene methylethyl
ketone,
4060.1
1-Benzylidenepropionic acid, 3595
2-Benzylidenepropionic acid, 3596
Benzylidene-p-tolyl ketone, 5067.1
Benzyl iodide, 2060
Benzyl isoamyl ether, 4367.6
Benzyl isobutyl ether, 4130
Benzyl isobutyrate, 4097
Benzyl isothiocyanate, 2522
Benzyl isovalerate, 4343
Benzyl lactate, 3687
Benzyl laurate, 5480
Benzylmalonic acid, 3608
Benzyl mandelate, 4918
Benzylmenthol, 5249
Benzyl mercaptan, 2189
Benzylmethyl carbinol, 3235, 3235.1
Benzyl methyl ether, 2718
Benzyl mustard oil, 2522
Benzyl myristate, 5682
a-Benzylnaphthalene, 5183
/ff-Benzylnaphthalene, 5184
Benzyl oleate, 5875
Benzyl palmitate, 5805
o-Benzylphenol, 4505
p-Benzylphenol, 4506
Benzyl phenylacetate, 4917
Benzyl phenyl ether, 4508
Benzyl propionate, 3676
Benzyl propyl ether, 3758
2-Benzylpyridine, 4267
Benzyl salicylate, 4735
Benzylsilicon trichloride, 442
Benzyl starate, 5876
Benzylsuccinic acid, 4071
Benzyl sulfide, 4787

Benzyl thiocyanate, 2522.1
Benzylthiourea, 2700
Benzyl p-tolyl ketone, 4913
Benzyl tri chloroacetate, 3034
Benzylurea, 2692
Benzylurethane, 2662
Benzyl valerate, 4344
Berbamine, 5312
Berberine hydrochloride, 5522
Berberlilic acid, 5530
Berberonic acid, 2621
Bergaptene, 4198
Berilic acid, 5510
Beryllium acetate, 2115
Beryllium acetate propionate, 2116
Beryllium acetylacetonate, 2114
Beryllium butyrate, 2118
Beryllium diethyl, 2112
Beryllium dipropyl, 2113
Beryllium ethyl sulfate, 2119
Beryllium propionate, 2117
Betaine, 1068
Betaine hydrochloride, 1076
Betol, 5179
Betulin, 6006
Betulol, 4986
Bikaconitine, 6101
Bili ni e acid, 5136
Biliphaine, 5106
Bilirubin, 5106
Biliverdic acid, 2681
Bios, 1070.1
Bis-methoxyacetal, 2916.1
Bismuth ammonium citrate, 1774
Bismuth cacodylate, 1621
Bismuth salicylate, 5615
Bismuth tri ethyl, 1759
Bismuth trimethyl, 522
Bismuth triphenyl, 5280
Bismutospherite, 1
Biuret, 251
Bixin, 5898
Borneol, 3900, 3901
dZ-Bornyl acetate, 4372, 4373
Bornylamine, 3949
Bornyl bromoisovalerate, 4989
d-Bornyl n-butyrate, 4834
Bornyl d-chloroacetate, 4368.6
Z-Bornylene, 3800
d-Bornyl formate, 4147
Bornyl isovalerate, 5005
d-Bornyl propionate, 4572
rf-Bornyl n-valerate, 5007
Bornyval, 5005
Boron triethyl, 1823
Boron trimethyl, 1822
Brasilie acid, 4301
Brasilin, 5075
Brassidic acid, 5763
Brassidic anhydride, 6144
Brassidic anilide, 5962
Brassylic acid, 4580
Brenzcain, 4782
Bromacetal, 1693
Bromacetol, 414
Bromal, 103
Bromal d-borneolate, 4368.5
Bromal hydrate, 152.1
Bromalin, 2923
Bromanil, 1106
Brometone, 650
3-Bromoacenaphthene, 4203
o-Bromoacetanilide, 2539
p-Bromoacetanilide, 2540
Bromoacetic acid, 150
Bromoacetone, 367
co-Bromoacetophenone, 2494
Bromoacetyl bromide, 124
Bromoacetylene, 99
1-Bromoacrylic acid, 320
2-Bromoacrylic acid, 321
2-Bromoallyl isothiocyanate, 556

Bromoallyl mustard oil, 556
o-Bromoaniline, 1368
m-Bromoaniline, 1369
p-Bromoaniline, 1370
4-Bromoantipyrine, 4043.1
o-Bromobenzamide, 1938
7n-Bromobenzamide, 1939
p-Bromobenzamide, 1940
Bromobenzene, 1294
p-Bromobenzenesulfonic acid, 1301
o-Bromobenzoic acid, 1845
w-Bromobenzoic acid, 1846
p-Bromobenzoic acid, 1847
o-Bromobenzonitrile, 1793
m-Bromobenzonitrile, 1794
p-Bromobenzonitrile, 1795
o-Bromobenzoyl chloride, 1790
m-Bromobenzoyl chloride, 1791
p-Bromobenzoyl chloride, 1792
o-Bromobenzyl bromide, 1945
ra-Bromobenzyl bromide, 1946
p-Bromobenzyl bromide, 1947
o-Bromobenzyl chloride, 1934
p-Bromobenzyl chloride, 1935
Bromobenzyl cyanide, 2454
1-Bromobutyric acid, 645
a-Bromocamphor, 3778
j5-Bromocamphor, 3779
1-Bromo-n-caproic acid, 1590
2-Bromocaproic acid, 1591
Bromochloroacetic acid, 120
o-Bromochlorobenzene, 1200.1
Tw-Bromochlorobenzene, 1200.2
p-Bromochlorobenzene, 1200.3
l-Bromo-2-chloroethane, 181
eis-l-Bromo-2-chloroethylene, 117
frans-l-Bromo-2-chloroethylene, 118
trans-1-Bromocinnamic acid, 3026
rans-2-Bromocinnamic acid, 3027
3-Bromo-p-cresol, 2035
5-Bromo-o-cresol, 2033
5-Bromo-m-cresol, 2034
Bromodichloromethane, 17.4
2-Bromo-2, 3-dimethylbutane, 1691
3-Bromo-l, 2-dinitrobenzene, 1149
p'-Bromodiphenyl-p-carboxylic acid,
4430
1-Bromoethyl acetate, 648
2-Bromoethyl acetate, 648.1
2-Bromoethyl alcohol, 221
Bromoethylene, 148
2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether, 745
Bromoethyl ethyl ketone, 644
Bromoform, 18
Bromofumaric acid, 550
3-Bromoguaiacol, 2036
5-Bromoguaiacol, 2037
Blromohydroquinone, 1299
5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 1849
5-B r o m o-2-hydroxymethoxybenzene,
2037
3-*Bromo-4-hydroxytoluene, 2035
5-Bromo-2-hydroxytoluene, 2033
5-Bromo-3-hydroxytoluene, 2034
l-Bromo-2-hydroxypropane, 466
3-Bromo-l-hydroxypropane, 467
o-Bromoiodobenzene, 1200.4
m-Bromoiodobenzene, 1200.5
p-Bromoiodobenzene, 1200.6
w-Bromoisatine, 2422
Bromoisopropyl alcohol, 466
2-Bromoisovaleric acid, 962
Bromomaleic acid, 551
Bromomalonic acid, 322
Bromomethyl methyl ether, 222
a-Bromonaphthalene, 3453
0-Bromonaphthalene, 3454
a-Bromonitroacetanilide, 2493.1
4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline, 1295
o-Bromonitrobenzene, 1201
ra-Bromonitrobenzene,
1202
p-Bromonitrobenzene, 1203
Z-2-Bromooctane, 2922.1
p-Bromophenacyl bromide, 2456
o-Bromophenol, 1296
w-Bromophenol, 1297
p-Bromophenol, 1298
p-(p-Bromophenyl)-benzoic acid, 4430
p-Bromophenylhydrazine, 1436
p-Bromophenylmercapturic acid, 4055
Bromopicrin, 5
2-Bromopropane, 465
dZ-1-Bromopropionic acid, 368
2-Bromopropionic acid, 369
3-Bromopropyl alcohol, 467
1-Bromopropylene, 364
3-Bromopyridine, 847
Bromoquinol, 5921
2(4)-Bromoresorcinol, 1300
3-Bromosalicylic acid, 1848
5-Bromosalicylic acid, 1849
a-Bromostyrene, 2491
w-Bromostyrene, 2492, 2493
Bromosuccinic acid, 577
o-Bromotoluene, 2030
m-Bromotoluene, 2031
p-Bromotoluene, 2032
4-Bromo-o-toluidine, 2114
5-Bromo-o-toluidine, 2115
5-Bromo-w-toluidine, 2116
6-Bromo-ra-toluidine, 2117
2-Bromo-p-toluidine, 2118
3-Bromo-p-toluidine, 2119
1-Bromo-l, 2, 2-trichloroethane, 121
Bromotrichloromethane, 2
2-Bromo-l, 3, 5-trinitrobenzene, 1122
1-Bromovaleric acid, 959
2-Bromovaleric acid, 960
3-Bromo valeri c acid, 961
Bromovalerylphenetidine, 4538
1-Bromo-o-xylene, 2632
1-Bromo-ra-xylene, 2634
1-Bromo-p-xylene, 2638
2-Bromo-p-xylene, 2639
4-Bromo-o-xylene, 2633
Bromural, 1589
Brovalol, 4989
Brucine, 5785
Brucine nitrate, 5791
Bryonol, 5743
Bulbocapnine, 5424
Buphnatine, 5776
1, 2-Butadiene, 595
1, 3-Butadiene, 596
n-Butane, 781.1
l-Butene-3, 4-diol, 720
2-Butinal, 568
2-Butine, 597
3-Butine, 598
JV-n-Butylacetanilide, 4359
n-Butyl acetate, 1651
sec-Butyl acetate, 1653
erf-Butylacetic acid, 1642
n-Butylacetylene, 1532
n-Butyl alcohol, 789
sec-Butyl alcohol, 791
erf-Butyl alcohol, 792
n-Butylamine, 820
sec-Butylamine, 822
erf-Butylamine, 823
n-Butylaniline, 3785
Butyl anisate, 4348
n-Butylarsonic acid, 819
n-Butylbarbituric acid, 2806
n-Butylbenzene, 3724
sec-Butylbenzene, 3725
erf-Butylbenzene, 3726
n-Butyl benzoate, 4095
d-0-Butyl benzoate, 4097.1
n-Butyl bromide, 741
sec-Butyl bromide, 743
ferf-Butyl bromide, 744
Butyl-sec-butyl carbinol, 3355
n-Butyl n-butyrate, 2903
n-Butyl caproate, 3983
n-Butyl carbamate, 1066
ferf-Butyl carbinol, 1082
Butyl carbonate, 3341
Butylchloral, 582
Butylchloral hydrate, 664
n-Butyl chloride, 746.
sec-Butyl chloride, 748
erf-butyl chloride, 749
n-Butyl chlorocarbonate, 969.1
n-Butyl chloroformate, 969.1
n-Butyl cyanide, 972
a-Butylene, 686
/3-Butylene, 685
T-Butylene, 684
2, 3-Butyleneglycol, 796
n-Butyl ether, 2973
sec-Butyl ether, 2975
ferf-Butylethyl acetate, 2906
5, 5-n-Butylethylbarbituric acid, 3839
5, 5-sec-Butylethylbarbituric acid,
3840
n-Butylethylene, 1610
ferf-Butylethylene, 1611
n-Butyl formate, 1014
d-sec-Butyl formate, 1015
erf-Butyl hypochlorite, 752
Butylideneacetic acid, 1553
n-Butyl iodide, 754
sec-Butyl iodide, 756
5, 5-n-Butylisopropylbarbituric acid,
4145
n-Butyl isopropyl malonate, 3940
n-Butyl malonate, 4160
n-Butyl mercaptan, 810
sec-Butyl mercaptan, 812
erf-Butyl mercaptan, 813
Butylmalonic acid, 2304
sec-Butylmalonic acid, 2306
n-Butyl nitrate, 774
n-Butyl nitrite, 772
n-Butyl oxalate, 3941
n-Butyl phenyl ether, 3759
Butyl phenyl ketone, 4088
n-Butyl phthalate, 5135
d-sec-Butyl propionate, 2359.1
n-Butyl salicylate, 4101
Butylsilicon trichloride, 438
Butyl sulfide, 2981
n-Butylsulfone, 2978
n-Butyl n-valerate, 3332
d-sec-Butyl valerate, 3333.1
n-Butyraldehyde, 717
n-Butyramide, 760
n-Butyranilide, 3706
n-Butyric acid, 723
n-Butyric anhydride, 2840
T-Butyrolactam, 672
n-Butyronitrile, 667
Butyryl chloride, 651
Buxine, 5316
Cacodyl, 826
Cacodyl bromide, 253
Cacodyl carbide, 1620
Cacodyl chloride, 254
Cacodyl cyanide, 410
Cacodyl iodide, 256
Cacodyl oxide, 827
Cacodyl sulfide, 828
Cacodyl trichloride, 255
Cacodylic acid, 280
Cadaverine, 1105
Cadineiie, 4972
Cadmium acetate, 872
Cadmium dimethyl, 870
Cadmium ethanedisulfonate, 874
Cadmium formate, 871
Caffeic acid, 3088
Caffeidine, 2286
Caffeine, 2701
Caffeine hydrobromide, 2751
Caffeine hydrochloride, 2753
Caffeine sulfate, 5134
Caffeine triiodide, 2755
Caff eoi, 2724
Caffoline, 2287
Caffuric acid, 1531
Cajeputol, 3902
Calabarine, 4960
Calabarol, 5804
Calcium acetate, 2296
Calcium acid malate, 2299
Calcium aconitate, 2302
Calcium benzoate, 2300
Calcium citrate, 2303
Calcium crotonate, 2298
Calcium formate, 2289
Calcium fumarate, 2291
Calcium hippurate, 2306
Calcium lactate, 2297
Calcium lead propionate, 2330
Calcium malate, 2292
Calcium maleate, 2290
Calcium mesotartrate, 2294
Calcium nitrotetronate, 2305
Calcium oxalate, 2287
Calcium succinate, 2293
Calcium d-tartrate, 2295
Calcium rf-tetratartrate, 2301
Calcon, 4902
Calmatambetin, 4548
Calmata mbin, 5479
Calycanthine, 4084
Calycin, 5272
Camphane, 3888
Camphenamine, 3882
Camphene, 3801, 3802
Camphene hydrochloride, 3876
Camphilene, 3803
Campholene, 3295
Campholic acid, 3930
Camphor, 3846
df-Camphor, 3845
Camphoranilic acid, 5127
-Camphor dichloride, 3831
/3-Camphor dichloride, 3832
Camphor di-o-methoxybenzoate, 5829
a-Camphordioxime, 3837
7-Camphordioxime, 3838
Camphoric acid, 3868, 3869
Camphoric anhydride, 3773
Camphor
6-isopropyl-3-methylbenzoate, 5583
Camphor 3-methoxy-4-allybenzoate,
5584
Camphorol, 3300
Z-Camphoromc acid, 3288
Camphorosazone, 5729
Camphoroxime, 3884
d-Camphorquinone, 3770
d-Camphor salicylate, 6065
d-Camphor semicarbazone, 4154
Camphylamine, 3950
Z-Canadine, 5539
cZZ-Canadine, 5542
Cane sugar, 4396
Cannabinol, 5678
Cannibene, 4973
Cantharic acid, 3691
Cantharidin, 3693
Cantharene, 2795
n-Capric acid, 3981
n-Capric aldehyde, 3975
n-Capriloiiitrile, 2852
Caprylidene, 2824
Caproanilide, 4360
n-Caproic acid, 1643
rc-Caproic aldehyde, 1633
Caprone, 4170
n-Capronitrile, 1602
7-Caproyl chloride, 1596
n-Capryl chloride, 2851
Caprylene, 2874
n-Caprylic acid, 2899
n-Caprylic aldehyde, 2892
n-Caprylic anhydride, 5153
Capsaicin, 5336
Capsularin, 5744
Carane, 3889
Carbamyl chloride, 27
Carbanil, 1889
Carbanilide, 4500
Carbazole, 4211
Carbazoline, 4325
Carbolic acid, 1413
Carbon dioxide, 338
Carbon disillde, 17.3
Carbon monoxide, 337
Carbon suboxide, 339
Carbon sulfoselenide, 17.2
Carbon tetrabromide, 6
Carbon tetrachloride, 12
Carbon tetrafluoride, 13
Carbon tetraiodide, 16
Carbonyl bromide, 4
Carbonyl bromochloride, 1.1
Carbonyl chloride, 9
Carbonyl sulfide, 17.1
Carbostyril, 3039
o-Carboxycinnamic acid, 3527
A*-Carene, 3804
Carminio acid, 5700
Carnaubic acid, 5854
Carnaubyl alcohol, 5862
-Carophyllene, 4974
Carotin, 5901
Carparne, 4839
Carparne hydrochloride, 4840
Carpiline, 5107
Carvacrol, 3752
a-CarvacromenthoI, 3966
0-Carvacromenthol, 3967
Carvenone, 3847
d-Carvol, 3753
Carvomenthol, 3966
Caryophyllenic acid, 3253
Caryophyllin, 3848
Cascarillin, 4368.1
Castelamarin, 3280
Catechol, 1414
Catechol methyl ether, 2174
Caullophyllosaponin, 6172
Caulophylline, 4335
Caulophyllosapogenin, 6164
Caulosapogenin, 6133
Caulosaponin, 6161
Caulosterol, 5909
Cederucamphor, 4997
Cedrene, 4975
Cedrol, 4997
Cephaeline, 5954
Cerane, 5919
Cerebrin, 5931, 6153
Cerebronic acid, 5880
Cerin, 5250
Cerotic acid, 5916
n-Ceryl alcohol, 5920
n-Ceryl cerotate, 6160
Cesium acid phthalate, 3314
Cesium acid trichloroacetate, 3315
Cesium cobalt malonate, 3345
Cetane, 5167
w-Cetyl acetate, 5380
Cetyl alcohol, 5168
Cetylene, 5156
n-Cetyl iodide, 5164
Cetyl palmitate, 6047

Cevine, 5977
Chaimaridine, 5712
Chaimarine, 5713
Champacol, 5002
Chaulmoogric acid, 5344
Chaulmoogryl alcohol, 5355
Chavicol, 3125
Cheiroline, 3299
Chelidamic acid, 1906
Chelidonine, 5527
Chinosol, 5291
Chitenine, 5448
Chloracetol, 420
Chloral, 107
Chloral-p-acetaminophenol, 3578
Chloralacetone, 907
Chloralacetophenone, 3544
Chloral alcoholate, 663
Chloramide, 349
Chloral ammonia, 195
Chloralantipyrine, 4528
Chloral d-borneolate, 4368.7
Chloral cyanohydrin, 315
Chloral formamide, 349
Chloral hydrate, 161
cis-Chloralimide, 425
a-Chloralose, 2754
Chloranil, 1109
a-Chlorhydnn, 473
0-Chlorhydrin, 472
3-Chloroacenaphthene, 4204
Chloroacetamide, 188
o-Chloroacetanilide, 2542
ra-Chloroacetanilide, 2543
7>-Chloroacetanilide, 2544
Chloroacetic acid, 156
Chloroacetic anhydride, 559
Chloroacetone, 377
co-Chloroacetophenone, 2497
p-Chloroacetophenone, 2498
Chloroacetyl bromide, 119
Chloroacetyl carbinol, 380
Chloroacetyl chloride, 135
1-Chloroacrylic acid, 324
2-Chloroacrylic acid, 325
3-Chloroallylene, 323
2-Chloro-3-aminophenol, 1378
2, 4-Chloroaminophenol, 1379
4-Chloroaniline-3-sulfonic acid, 1380
o-Chloroaniline, 1375
m-Chloroaniline, 1376
p-Chloroaniline, 1377
1-Chloroanthracene, 4640
9-Chloroanthracene, 4641
1-Chloroanthraquinone, 4610
ra-Chloroazobenzene, 4208
p-Chloroazobenzene, 4209
5-Chlorobarbituric acid, 552
o-Chlorobenzal chloride, 1868
p-Chlorobenzal chloride, 1869
o-Chlorobenzaldehyde, 1856
m-Chlorobenzaldehyde, 1857
p-Chlorobenzaldehyde, 1858
o-Chlorobenzamide, 1951
m-Chlorobenzamide, 1952
p-Chlorobenzamide, 1953
Chlorobenzene, 1307
p-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 1319
o-Chlorobenzoic acid, 1860
m-Chlorobenzoic acid, 1861
p-Chlorobenzoic acid, 1862
o-Chlorobenzophenone, 4431
w-Chlorobenzophenone, 4432
p-Chlorobenzophenone, 4433
o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride, 1812
ra-Chlorobenzoyl chloride, 1813
p-Chlorobenzoyl chloride, 1814
o-Chlorobenzyl alcohol, 2042
m-Chlorobenzyl alcohol, 2043
p-Chlorobenzyl alcohol, 2044

2-Chloro-a-naphthol, 3457
o-Chlorobenzyl bromide, 1936
p-Chlorobenzyl bromide, 1937
o-Chlorobenzyl chloride, 1965
5-Chloro-/S-naphthol, 3463
p-Chlorobenzyl chloride, 1966
o-Chlorobenzylidene chloride, 1868
6-Chloro-0-naphthol, 3464
p-Chlorobenzylidene chloride, 1869
1-Chlorobutyric acid, 653
7-Chloro-0-naphthol, 3465
d-2-Chlorobutyric acid, 654
8-Chloro-/8-naphthol, 3466
dZ-2-Chlorobutyric acid, 655
2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline, 1308
3-Chlorobutyric acid, 656
a-Chlorocamphor, 3782
/3-Chlorocamphor, 3783
7-Chlorocamphor, 3784
o-Chlorocinnamic acid, 3033
Jrans-1-Chlorocinnamic acid, 3031
o-Chloronitrobenzene, 1215
rans-2-Chlorocinnamic acid, 3032
m-Chloronitrobenzene, 1216
2-Chloro-p-cresol, 2050
p-Chloronitrobenzene, 1217
2-Chloronitrobenzene-o-sulfonic acid,
3-Chloro-o-cresol, 2045
3-Chloro-p-cresol, 2051
1227
5-Chloronitrobenzene-3-sulfonic acid,
4-Chloro-ra-cresol, 2048
1228
4-Chloro-l-nitronaphthalene, 3410
6-Chloro-m-cresol, 2049
7-Chloro-l-nitronaphthalene, 3411
1-Chloro-a-crotonic acid, 579
2-Chloro-3-nitrophenol, 1221
l-Chloro-/3-crotonic acid, 580
2-Chloro-/3-crotonic acid, 581
Chlorodecahydronaphthalene, 3877
cts-jS-Chlorodecalin, 3877
4-Chloro-l, 2-diaminobenzene, 1437
4-Chloro-l, 3-diaminobenzene, 1438
2-Chloro-l, 3-dihydroxypropane, 472
3-Chloro-l, 2-dihydroxypropane, 473
o-Chlorodimethylaniline, 2687
2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene, 1958
p-Chlorodimethylaniline, 2688
2-Chloro-2, 3-dimethylbutane, 1694
a-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1165
/3-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1166
2-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1164
2-Chloropentane, 1046
3-Chloropentane, 1047
o-Chlorophenol, 1314
Chlorodinitrohydrin, 376
m-Chlorophenol, 1315
o-Chlorodiphenyl, 4205
p-Chlorophenol, 1316
ra-Chlorodiphenyl, 4206
4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine, 1437
p-Chlorodiphenyl, 4207
4-Chloro-w-phenylenediamine, 1438
1-Chloroethyl acetate, 657
o-Chlorophenylhydrazine, 1439
2-Chloroethyl acetate, 657.1
p-Chlorophenylhydrazine, 1440
2-Chloroethyl alcohol, 227
Chlorop'icrin, 11
Chloroethylene, 153
' 2-Chloropropane, 469
1-Chloroethyl ethyl ether, 751
1-Chloropropionic acid, 381
2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, 753
2-Chloropropionic acid, 382
Chloroform, 19
2-Chloropropyl alcohol, 471
Chlorogenic acid, 5305
1-Chloropropylene, 373
Chlorogenine, 5626
4(5)-Chloroguaiacol, 2052
4(5)-C h l o r o-2-hydroxymethoxyben1-Chloropropylidene chloride, 385
zene, 2052
2-Chloropropylidene chloride, 386
l-Chloro-2-hydroxypropane, 470
2-Chloropyridine, 848
2-Chloro-l-hydroxypropane, 471
Chlorohydroquinone, 1317
2-Chloro-4-hydroxytoluene, 2050
2-Chloroquinoline, 3000
Chloroiodoacetic acid, 129
5-Chlorosalicylic acid, 1864
p-Chloroiodobenzene, 1214.1
tt-Chlorostyrene, 2495
Chloroisopropyl alcohol, 470
a>-Chlorostyrene, 2496
Chloroisopropylidene chloride, 387
4-Chlorothymol, 3699
Chloromalonic acid, 326
6-Chlorothymol, 3700
p-Chlorometanilic acid, 1380
o-Chlorotoluene, 2039
Chloromethyl chloroformate, 137
m-Chlorotoluene, 2040
Chloromethyl isocyanate, 130
p-Chlorotoluene, 2041
Chloromethyl methyl ether, 228
2-Chlorotoluene-5-sulfonic acid, 2055
Chloromethyl sulfate, 225
2-Chloro-m-toluidine, 2122
a-Chloronaphthalene, 3455
2-Chloro-p-toluidine, 2126
j3-Chloronaphthalene, 3456
3-Chloro-p-toluidine, 2127
l-Chloro-/3-naphthol, 3462
4-Chloro-o-toluidine, 2120
5-Chloro-o-toluidine, 2120.1
6-Chloro-o-toluidine, 2121
2-Chloro-w-trichlorotoluene, 1822
2-Chloro-l, 3, 5-trinitrobenzene, 1127
5-Chloro-l, 2, 4-trinitrobenzene, 1128
2-Chlorovinylarsine dichloride, 116
2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine, 11.6
Chloroxyl, 5040
1-Chloro-o-xylene, 2640
1-Chloro-w-xylene, 2643
1-Chloro-p-xylene, 2644
Cholanic acid, 5585
Choleic acid, 5842
Cholesterol, 5933
Cholesterol benzoate, 6075
Cholesterol butyrate, 6024
Cholesterol caprinate, 6110
Cholesterol capronate, 6054
Cholesterol formate, 5961
Cholesterol propionate, 6007
Cholesterol salicylate, 6076
Cholesterol valerate, 6043
Cholesterylamine, 5937
Cholestol, 5746
Cholestrophane, 889
Cholic acid, 5844
Chromane, 3135
Chromanone, 3079
Chromium acetylacetonate, Al624
Chromium oxalate, 1622
Chromium tartrate, 1623
Chromone, 3015
Chrysaniline, 5401
Chrysanisic acid, 1920
Chrysatropic acid, 3530
Chrysazin, 4631
Chrysazol, 4673
Chrysene, 5264
Chrysenic acid, 5175
Chrysine, 4874
Chrysoeriol, 5049
Chrysoidine, 4293
Chrysophanic acid, 4875
Chrysophanol, 4905
Ciba, 5850
Cimicic acid, 5014
Cinchamidine, 5462
Cinchol, 5596
Cinchomeronic acid, 1904
Cinchonamine, 5463
Cinchonic acid, 2188
Cinchonicine, 5440
Cinchonidine, 5441
Cinchonidine hydrochloride, 5451
Cinchonidine salicylate, 5893
Cinchonidine sulfate, 6115
a-Cinchonine, 5442
Cinchonine hydrochloride, 5452
Cinchonine nitrate, 5459
Cinchonine sulfate, 6116
Cinchoninic acid, 3478
Cinchoninone, 5428.1
Cinchotenine, 5315
Cinchotine, 5464
Cinchotoxine, 5440
Cineol, 3902
Cineolic acid, 3873
Cinnamal chloride, 3056
Cinnamaldehyde, 3069
Cinnamamide, 3102
Cinnamic acid, 3075
Cinnamic anhydride, 5275
Cinnamic nitrile, 3035
Cinnamoyl chloride, 3028
Cinnamyl alcohol, 3126
Cinnamyl cinnamate, 5292
Cinnamylcocaine, 5454
Cinnamyl cyanide, 3472

Citraconic acid, 898
Citraconic anhydride, 863
a-Citral, 3849
/8-Citral, 3850
d-Citramalic acid, 952
dZ-Citramalic acid, 953
Citramide, 1609
Citric acid, 1507
Citronellal, 3903
Citronellic acid, 3931
Citronellol, 3968, 3969
d-Citronellyl acetate, 4387
Citronellyl formate, 4144
Citrullol, 5748
Clavine, 4157
Clavisepsin, 5372
Clovene, 4976
Cluytianol, 5981
Cluytinic acid, 5691
Cluytyl alcohol, 5968
Cobalt acetate, 1512
Cobalt acetylacetonate, 1513
Cobalt formate, 1510
Cobalt malonate, 1511
Cobalt naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate,
1514
Cobalt oxalate, 1508
Cocaine, 5221
a-Cocaine, 5219
dZ-Cocaine, 5220
Cocaine formate, 5332
Cocaine hydrochloride, 5228
d-Cocaine tartrate, 5674
Cocamine, 6113
Coccelic acid, 5535
Cocceric acid, 6027
Cocceryl alcohol, 6016
Codamine, 5571
Codeine, 5317
Codeine o-guaiacolsulfonate, 5867
Codeine hydrobromide, 5321
Codeine hydrochloride, 5324
Codeine phosphate, 5333
Codeine sulfate, 6097
Codethyline, 5453
Coerulignol, 3767
Colchiceine, 5652
Z-Colchicine, 5708
Col chinine, 5697
Collidine, 2777
Collidine-3-carboxylic acid, 3212
Columbin, 5949
Conchaimarine, 5714
Conchairamidine, 5715
Concusconine, 5786
Conessine, 5804.1, 5841
Conhydrine, 2930
-Coniceine, 2853
/3-Coniceine, 2854
7-Coniceine, 2855
5-Coniceine, 2856
Coniferin, 5137
Coniferyl alcohol, 3686
o-Coniferylaldehyde, 3602
p-Coniferylaldehyde, 3603
d-Coniine, 2928
Coniine hydrobromide, 2945
Coniine hydrochloride, 2946
Coniine hydroiodide, 2948
Coniine nitrate, 2950
Conquinamine, 5466
Convallaretin, 5478
Convovulin, 6046
Conyrine, 2776
s^/ra-Copellidine, 2929
Coposterin, 5939
Copper naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate,
1035
Coralline, 5397
Cordol, 4421
Coriamyrtin, 4944.1
Coriandrol, 3915
Corybulbine, 5663
d-Corycavamine, 5634
Cory cavi dine, 5707
Coryeavine, 5775
dZ-Corydaline, 5723
Corydine, 5664
Coryfin, 4844
Corynanthine, 5669
Corypalmine, 5552
Corytuberine, 5455
Cotarnic acid, 3541
Cotarnine, 4334
Cotoin, 4744
o-Coumaral alcohol, 3136
2>-Coumarhydrin, 3080
o-Coumaric acid, 3083
m-Coumaric acid, 3084
p-Coumaric acid, 3085
o-Coumaric aldehyde, 3072
p-Coumaric aldehyde, 3073
Coumarine, 3016
Coumarone, 2468
Crackene, 5817
Creatine, 780
Creatinine, 682
Creosol, 2725
Cresalol, 4741
o-Cresol, 2160
m-Cresol, 2161
p-Cresol, 2162
o-Cresol orthoacetate, 5779
o-Cresolphthalein, 5699
o-Cresol-6-sulfonic acid, 2187
P-Cresol-2-sulfonic acid, 2186
o-Cresyl acetate, 3150
m-Cresyl acetate, 3151
p-Cresyl acetate, 3152
m-Cresyl benzoate, 4736
2>-Cresyl benzoate, 4734
o-Cresyl ether, 4778
m-Cresyl ether, 4779
p-Cresyi ether, 4780
o-Cresyl methyl ether, 2719
m-Cresyl methyl ether, 2720
p-Cresyl methyl ether, 2721
o-Cresyl salicylate, 4741
m-Cresyl salicylate, 4742
p-Cresyl salicylate, 4743
Crocetin, 3772
Crotonaldehyde, 614
a-Crotoiiic acid, 617
0-Crotonic acid, 618
Crotonic anhydride, 2745
Crotonyl acetate, 1556
Crotonyl alcohol, 711
Crotonylamine, 758
Crotonyl chloride, 578
Crotonylene, 597
Crotonyl ether, 2833
Crotonyl isothiocyanate, 912
Crotonyl mustard oil, 912
Cryptopine, 5647
Cubebin, 5534
Cubebinol, 5533
Cucurbitol, 5843
Cumarane, 2572
Cumene, 3223
Cumenol, 3656
Cumic acid, 3668
Cumic aldehyde, 3656
Cumidine, 3257
Cuminal alcohol, 3754
Cupferron, 1528
Cupreine, 5447
Cupreine sulfate, 6117
Cupreol, 5597
Cupric acetate, 1031
Cupric formate, 1029
Cuscohygrine, 4575
Cusconine, 5787
Cusparidine, 5411
Cusparine, 5412
Curcurnin, 5627
Cyanamide, 30
Cyananiline, 4775
Cyanic acid, 23
Cyanilide, 1978
Cyanoacetamide, 352
Cyanoacetanilidc, 3067
Cyanoacetic acid, 333
p-Cyanoacetophenone, 3038
Cyanoacetylene, 313
o-Cyan oben zoic acid, 2435
m-Cyanobenzoic acid, 2436
p-Cyanobenzoic acid, 2437
Cyanoform, 543
Cyanogen, 95
Cyanogen bromide, 3
Cyanogen chloride, 7
Cyanogen iodide, 14
Cyanogen sulfide, 96
Cyanoguanidine, 207
Cyanuric acid, 335
Cyanuric trichloride, 308.1
Cyclamin, 5599
Cyclobutane, 683
Cyclobutanol, 712
Cyclocitral, 3851
Cyclofenchene, 3805
Cycloform, 4108
Cycloheptadiene, 2237
Cycloheptane, 2327
Cycloheptanol, 2335
Cycloheptanone, 2290
Cycloheptatriene, 2111
1, 3-Cyclohexadiene, 1466
Cyclohexane, 1612
Cyclohexane-1, 3, 5-triol, 1661
Cyclohexanol, 1627
Cyclohexanone, 1541
Cyclohexyl acid succinate, 3870
Cyclohexyl acetate, 2837
Cyclohexyl bromide, 1588
Cyclohexyl carbinol, 2337
Cyclohexyl chloride, 1595
Cyclohexyl formate, 2297
Cyclohexylene, 1537
Cyclohexyl iodide, 1601
Cyclohexyl mercaptan, 1687
Cyclorionane, 3318
Cyclooctane, 2865
Cyclopentadiene, 880
Cyclopentane, 979
Cyclopentanol, 997
Cyclopentanone, 924
Cyclopentylene, 913
Cyclopropane, 408
Cyclopropyl carbinol, 713
Cymarin, 5997
o-Cymene, 3727
ra-Cymene, 3728
Cynoctonine, 6094
Cysteine hydrochloride, 501
/-Cystine, 1625
Cystisine, 4086
Damaiacenine, 3717
Damascenine picrate, 5084
Dambonite, 2917
Dambose, 1680
Daphnetin, 3018
Daphiiin, 4937
Datiscin, 5660
Daturic acid, 5256
Daturine, 5235
cis-Decahydronaphthalene, 3890
Zrans-Decahydronaphthalene, 3891
Decaline, 3890
n -Decane, 3993
n-Decyl acetate, 4407
tt-Decyl alcohol, 4002
n-Decylamine, 4011
n-Decylic aldehyde, 3977
a-Decylene, 3955
T-Decylene, 3956
9, 10-Decylenic acid, 3932
Dehydracetic acid, 2622
Dehydromorphine, 6060
Dehydroquinine, 5546
Dehydrothio-p-toluidine, 4722
ra-Dehydrothioxylidine, 5083
Delphinin e, 5742
Desoxyalizarin, 4680
Desoxyamilic acid, 4315
Desoxybenzoin, 4724
Desoxycholic acid, 5842
Desoxycinchonidine, 5437
Desoxycinchonine, 5438
Desoxyquinine, 5557
Desoxystrychnine, 5668
Dextrose, 1677, 1678
Diacciami de, 673
Diacetamlide, 3628
Diacetin, 2312
Diacetohydroxamic acid, 677
Diacetone alcohol, 1641
Diacetoneamineoxime, 1719
Diacetyl, 625, 2815, 4368.2
Diacetylacetone, 2263
Diacetylaminoazotoluene, 5313
p-Diacetylaminophenol, 3629
Diacetylbenzidine, 5082
Diacetylenedicarboxylic acid, 1148
Diacetylhydrazobenzene, 5082.4
Diacetylmonoxime, 674
Diacetylmorphine, 5648
Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride, 5654
Diacetyl-o-phenylenediamine, 3644
Diacetyl-ra-phenylenediamine, 3645
Diacetyl-p-phenylenediamine, 3646
Dialdan, 2839
Diallyl, 1534
Diallylaniline, 4326
5, 5-Diallylbarbituric acid, 3647
Diallyl carbinol, 2288
Diallylene, 1467
Diallyl oxalate, 2748
Diallyl sulfide, 1587
Diallyl tartrate, 3777.1
2/m-Diallylurea, 2285
2, 8-Diaminoacridine, 4488
tt-Diamionanthraquinone, 4657
/3-Diaminoanthraquinone, 4658
p, p'-Diaminoazobenzene, 4294
2, 4-Diaminoazobenzene, 4293
2, 2'-Diamino-4, 4'-azotoluene, 4810
3, 3/-Diamino-2, 2/-azotoluene, 4811
o-Diaminobenzene, 1479
w-Diaminobenzene, 1480
p-Diaminobenzene, 1481
1, 2-Diaminobenzene-3-sulfonic acid,
1490
2, 2/-Diaminobenzophenone, 4497
3, 3'-Diaminobenzophenone, 4498
4, 4'-Diaminobenzophenone, 4499
3, 3'-Diamino-4, 4'-dihydroxyarseiiobenzene di hydro chloride, 4311
4, 4'-Diamino-2, 2'-dimethyldiphenyl,
4807
4, 4'-Diamino-3, 3'-dimethyldiphenyl,
4806
0, p-Diaminodiphenyl, 4287
p, p'-Diaminodiphenylamine, 4310
2, 4/-Diaminodiphenylmethane, 4519
3, 3'-Diaminodiphenylmethane, 4520
3, 4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane, 4521
4, 4/-Diaminodiphenylmethane, 4522
p, p'-Diamino-o, o'-ditolylmethane,
4942
1, 5-Diaminopentane, 1105
2, 5-Diaminophenol, 1484
Di-(p-aminophenylene) sulfone, 4235
1, 2-Di-(o-aminophenyl)-e t h y 1 e n e ,
4767
l, 2-Di-(p-aminophenyl)-e t h y 1 e n e ,
4768
l, 2-Diamino-l, 2-di(phenylimino)ethane, 4775
Di-0-aminophenyl oxalate, 4716
Di-m-aminophenyl oxalate, 4717
Di-p-aminophenyl oxalate, 4718
1, 2-Di-(p-aminophenyl) thiourea,
4526
5, 8-Diaminoquinoline, 3117
6, 8-Diaminoquinoline, 3118
2, 2'-Diaminostilbene, 4767
4, 4/-Diaminostilbene, 4768
2, 3-Diaminotoluene, 2249
p, p'-Diaminotriphenylmethane, 5417
Di-Z-amyl chlorofumarate, 4831.1
Diamyl ketone, 4170
Di-Z-amyl inaleate, 4837.1
Di-Z-amyl malonate, 4580.1
Diamyl o-phthalate, 5335
Diamyl succinate, 4845, 4845.1
o-Dianisidine, 4809
Di-(p-anisyl)dimethylmethane, 5213.1
Di-p-anisyl-p-phenetylguanidine hydrochloride, 5783
9, 9'-Dianthranyl, 5943
Diapthol, 3053
Diarsenodiacetic acid, 599
Diaspirin, 5278
Diathesin, 2166
l, 2-Diazine, 561
l, 3-Diazine, 562
l, 4-Diazine, 563
Diazoaminobenzene, 4275
Diazoaminoethane, 290.1
0, o'-Diazoaminotoluene, 4800
p, p'-Diazoaminotoluene, 4801
Diazomethane, 31
p-Diazophenol, 1270
1, l-Di(benzalamino)-phenylmethane,
5622
Dibenzohydroxamic acid, 4705
s^/TW-Dibenzoylethane, 5069
Dibenzoyl-eMysine, 5548
Dibeiizoylmorphine, 6019
Dibenzyl, 4756
Dibenzylacetone, 5199
Dibenzylamine, 4789
Dibenzylaniline, 5526
5, 5-Dibenzylbarbituric acid, 5290
Dibenzyl disulfide, 4786
Dibenzyl fumarate, 5301
Dibenzylideneacetone, 5185
Dibenzyl ketone, 4914
Dibenzyl malonate, 5195
Dibenzylmethane, 4930
Dibenzyl oxalate, 5073
Dibenzyl selenide, 4788
Dibenzyl succinate, 5310
Dibenzyl sulfide, 4787
Dibenzyl sulfone, 4784
Di-d-bornyl carbonate, 5683
Di-d-bornyl succinate, 5840
a-Dibromhydrin, 415
/3-Dibromhydrin, 416
Dibromoacetic acid, 125
Dibromoacetylene, 83
2, 4-Dibromoaniline, 1302
9, 10-Dibromoanthracene, 4617
o-Dibromobenzene, 1204
m-Dibromobenzene, 1205
p-Dibromobenzene, 1206
2, 3-Dibromobenzoic acid, 1796

l, 2-Dibromobutane, 688
l, 3-Dibromobutane, 689
1, 4-Dibromobutane, 690
2, 3-Dibromobutane, 691
a, a'-Dibromocamphor, 3712
ci's-1, 2-Dibromocinnamic acid, 2998
trans-I, 2-Dibromocinnamic acid, 2999
Dibromocyanoacetamide, 313.1
l, 2-Dibromo-l, 2-dichloroethylene, 84
l, 1-Dibromoethane, 183
1, 2-Dibromoethane, 184
2, 2-Dibromoethyl alcohol, 185
l, 1-Dibromoethylene, 122
l, 2-Dibromoethylene, 123
Di-(l-bromoethyl) sulfide, 694
Dibromogallic acid, 1802
1, 3-Dibromo-2-hydroxypropane, 415
2, 3-Dibromo-l-hydroxypropane, 416
1, l'-Dibromoisopropyl alcohol, 415
Dibromomethane, 26
s2/ra-Dibromomethyl ether, 186
2, 4-Dibromo-3-m e t h y 1-4-isopropylphenol, 3640
1, 2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane, 693
2, 4-Dibromonitrobenzene, 1152
4, 6-Dibromo-2-nitrophenol, 1155.1
1, 5-Dibromopentane, 987
2, 3-Dibromopentane, 988
2, 4-Dibromophenol, 1207
p, p'-Di-(bromophenyl), 4185.1
3, 4-Dibromophenylhydrazine, 1371
3, 5-Dibromophenylhydrazine, 1372
l, 1-Dibromopropane, 411
l, 2-Dibromopropane, 412
1, 3-Dibromopropane, 413
2, 2-Dibromopropane, 414
l, 1-Dibromopropionic acid, 342
1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid, 343
2, 3-Dibromopropyl alcohol, 416
N-2, 3-Dibromopropyl-5, 5-diethylbarbituric acid, 4123
cis-l, 2-Dibromopropylene, 339
trans-1, 2-Dibromopropylene, 340
2, 3-Dibromopropylene, 341
2, 4-Dibromoresorcinol, 1211
4, 6-Dibromoresorciiiol, 1212
l, 2-Dibromosuccinic acid, 557
1, 2-Dibromo-l, l, 2, 2-tetrachloromethane, 84.1
2, 4-Dibromothymol, 3640
2, 3-Dibromotoluene, 1948
2, 6-Dibromo-3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 1802
oj, co'-Dibromo-p-xylene, 2541
Di-n-butylacetic acid, 3981.1
Di-n-butyl alcohol, 2951
Di-n-butylamine, 2984
Di-n-butylaniline, 4832
Di-n-butyl carbinol, 3356
Di-sec-butyl carbinol, 3358
Di-n-butyl carbonate, 3341
Di-n-butyl malonate, 4160
Di-n-butyl oxalate, 3941
Di-n-butyl phthalate, 5135
Di-n-butyl sulfide, 2981
Di-sec-butyl sulfide, 2983
Di-n-butyl d-tartrate, 4392
Dibutyrin, 4163
Dicentrine, 5540
Dicetyl, 6048
a-Dichlorhydrin, 422
/3-Dichlorhydrin, 423
l, 2-Dichloroacenaphthene, 4186
Dichloroacetal, 1622
Dichloroacetaldehyde, 134
Dichloroacetamide, 157
Dichloroacetic acid, 136
l, 1-Dichloroacetone, 346
1, l'-Dichloroacetone, 347
Dichloroacetyl chloride, 108
Dichloroacetylene, 88
2, 3-Dichloroaniline, 1320
l, 2-Dichloroanthracene, 4618
9, 10-Dichloroanthracene, 4619
a-1, 2-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4596
/5-1, 2-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4597
l, 4-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4598
1, 8-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4601
5, 5-Dichlorobarbituric acid, 544
2, 4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde, 1809
o-Dichlorobenzene, 1229
m-Dichlorobenzene, 1230
p-Dichlorobenzene, 1231
2, 5-Dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid
1241
2, 2-Dichlorobenzidine, 4222
4, 4-Dichlorobenzidine, 4223
2, 3-Dichlorobenzoic acid, 1815
p, p'-Dichlorobenzophenone, 4422
l, 2-Dichloro-l-bromoethylene, 100
Dichlorobutylene glycol, 697.1
a-Dichlorocamphor, 3744
/9-Dichlorocamphor, 3745
cis-l, 2-Dichlorocinnamic acid, 3007
trans-I, 2-Dichlorocinnamic acid, 3008
l, 1-Dichloro-o-cresol, 1967
3, 5-Dichloro-o-cresol, 1968
4, 6-Dichloro-m-cresol, 1969
3, 3-Dichlorodiacetylbenzidine, 0064
Dichlorodinitromethane, 8
Dichloro-1, 2-diphenylethylene, 4653
l, 2-Dichloro-l, 2-diphenylethylene,
4654
m, w'-Dichlorodiphenylmethane, 4442
p, p'-Dichlorodiphenylmethane, 4443
l, 1-Dichloroethane, 189
1, 2-Dichloroethane, 190
2, 2-Dichloroethyl alcohol, 191
l, 1-Dichloroethylene, 131
cis-l, 2-Dichloroethylene, 132
trans-1, 2-Dichloroethylene, 133
Di-(2-chloroethyl) ether, 696
1, 2-Dichloroethyl ethyl ether, 697
Di-(l-chloroethyl) sulfide, 698
Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, 699
Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfone, 701
Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfoxide, 700
4, 5-Dichloroguaiacol, 1970
2, 3-Dichlorohydroquinone, 1238
l, l-Dichloro-2-hydroxypropane, 421
1, 3-Dichloro-2-hydroxypropane, 422
2, 3-Dichloro-l-hydroxypropane, 423
3, 3-Dichloroisopentane, 989
1, 1-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol, 421
l, l'-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol, 422
Dichloromethane, 28
Dichloromethylal, 424
Dichloromethylarsine, 38
3, 3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane, 989
Dichloromethyl chloroformate, 110
Dichloromethyl-p-c h l o r o p h e n y l
ketone, 2432
l/m-Dichloromethyl ether, 192
l, 2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane, 695
Di-(chloromethyl) sulfide, 194
Di-(chloromethyl) sulfoxide, 193
l, 2-Dichloronaphthalene, 3412
1, 7-Dichloronaphthalene, 3417
I1 8-Dichloronaphthalene, 3418
2, 3-Dichloro-a-naphthol, 3422
l, 3-Dichloro-/3-naphthol, 3428
1, 4-Dichloro-jS-naphthol, 3429
3, 6-Dichloro-/3-naphthol, 3429.1
2, 3-Dichloronitrobenzene, 1169
4, 6-Dichloro-2-nitro phenol, 1174.1
l, 4-Diohloropentane, 990
1, 5-Dichloropentane, 991
2, 3-Dichloropentane, 992
2, 3-Dichlorophenol, 1232
2, 4-Dichlorophenylhydrazine, 1381
3, 3-Dichloro-l-phenylpropene, 3056
3, 6-Dichlorophthalic acid, 2426
3, 6-Dichlorophthalic a n h y d r i d e ,
2421
l, 1-Dichloropropane, 417
l, 2-Dichloropropane, 418
1, 3-Dichloropropane, 419
2, 2-Dichloropropane, 420
2, 2-Dichloropropionic acid, 348
2, 3-Dichloropropyl alcohol, 423
3, 5-Dichloropyridine, 845
2, 3-Dichloroquinoline, 2991
2. 5-Dichloroquinone, 2911
2, 6-Dichloroquinone, 1130
Dichlorostilbene, 4653
Di-(2-chlorovinyl)-arsine c h l o r i d e ,
555
w, /-Dichloro-p-xylene, 2545
Dicinchonine, 6112
Dicyandiamide, 207
Dicyclohexyl oxalate, 4831
o, (/-Diethoxyazobenzene, 5102
p, p'-Diethoxyazobenzene, 5103
p, p'-Diethoxyazoxybenzene, 5105
o-Diethoxybenzene, 3766
p-Diethoxyethenyldiphenylamidine,
5325
C-Diethylacetanilide, 4361
Diethylacetic acid, 1645
Diethyl acetylethylmalonate, 4153
Diethyl acetylsuccinate, 3874
Diethylamine, 824
Diethylamine hydrochloride, 831
Diethylaminoacetic acid guaiacol
hydrochloride, 4556
p-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4104
p-Diethylaminobenzoic acid, 4107
ra-Diethylaminophenol, 3792
Diethylaniline, 3789
Diethylaniline-m-sulfonic acid, 3796
Diethylarsonic acid, 818
0, o'-Diethylazobenzene, 5092
p, p'-Diethylazobenzene, 5093
1, 3-Diethylbarbituric acid, 2807
5, 5-Diethylbarbituric acid, 2808
o-Diethylbenzene, 3729
m-Diethylbenzene, 3730
p-Diethylbenzene, 3731
Diethylbromoacetaniide, 830
./V-Diethylbromoacetylurea, 2315
Diethyl bromoisosuccinate, 2816.1
Diethyl bromomalonate, 2271
Diethyl carbinol, 1080
Diethyl carbonate, 1026
Diethyl chloromaleate, 2753.1
Diethyl citraconate, 3283
Diethylcyanamide, 993
Diethyl diacetyltartrate, 4368.41
Diethyl diethylmalonate, 4161
Diethyl diphenylmalonate, 5431
Diethyldipropylammonium
chloroplatinate, 3M213
Diethyl disulfide, 815
Diethyl disulfoxide, 803
Diethylenediamine, 782 Diethylene disulfide, 740
Diethyleneglycol, 805
Diethyl
l-ethyl-l'-acetylsuccinate,
4380
Diethyl fumarate, 2812
Diethyl glutaconate, 3284
Diethyl glutarate, 3312
Diethylisobutyl carbinol, 3359
Diethylisopropylmethane, 2938
Diethyl itaconate, 3285
Diethylketene, 1547
Diethyl ketone, 1005
Diethyl ketoxime, 1055
Diethyl malate, 2849.1
Diethyl maleate, 2813
Diethyl malonate, 2309
Diethylmaloriic acid, 2307
Diethyl mesaconate, 3286
Diethyl mesoxalate, 2314
Diethyl methylmalonate, 2846
Diethyl muconate, 3776
Diethyl-a-naphthylamine, 4813
Diethyl-/3-naphthylamine, 4814
Diethyl oxalate, 1570
Diethyloxamide, 1624
Diethyl peroxide, 800
Diethylphosphine, 825
Diethyl o-phthalate, 4324
Diethylpropyl carbinol, 2952
Diethylpropylmethane, 2942
Diethyl sebacate, 4846
Diethyl selenide, 816
Diethylsilicon dichloride, 437
Diethyl succinate, 2847
Diethyl succinylsuccinate, 4355
Diethyl sulfate, 809
Diethyl sulfide, 814
Diethyl sulfite, 807
Diethyl sulfone, 802
Diethylsulfonediethylmethane, 3370
Diethylsulfonedimethylmethane, 2416
Diethylsulfonemet hylethylmethane,
2980
Diethyl d-tartrate, 2850
Diethyl telluride, 817
Diethyl thiocarbonate, 1022
3, 5-Diethyltoluene, 4117
o-Diethyltoluidine, 4137
m-Diethyltoluidine, 4138
p-Diethyltoluidine, 4139
1, 2-Diethylurea, 1077
JV-Diethylvaleramide, 3346
2, 5-Difluoroacetanilide, 2502
Difluoroacetic acid, 141
2, 5-Difluoroaniline, 1332
m-Difluorobenzene, 1252
p-Difluorobenzene, 1253
Digitalin, 6087
Digitoflavone, 4885
Digitogenic acid, 5953
Digitoxigenin, 5736
Digitoxin, 6077
Diglycerol, 1747
Diglycolic acid, 633
Diguaiacyl camphorate, 5829
Di-n-heptyl tartrate, 5371.1
Di-77-hexyl carbinol, 4588
5, 10-Dihydroacridine, 4474
4, 6-Dihydrobenzaldehyde, 2164
4, 6-Dihydrobenzaldoxime, 2223
o-Dihydrobenzene, 1468
ra-Dihydrobenzene, 1469
p-Dihydrobenzene, 1470
3, 4-Dihydrobenzopyran, 3135
Dihydrocumarin, 3078
2, 3-Dihydrocycloheptene, 2237
l, 2-Dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-4-(a, 3,
4-trihydroxybenzylbenzofuran), 5629
Dihydroharmine, 4524
Dihydromorphine, 5217
l, 2-Dihydronaphthalene, 3573
l, 4-Dihydronaphthalene, 3574
l, 2-Dihydro-/3-naphthol, 3588
A1, ^Dihydro-o-phthalic acid, 2623
A2, 4-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid, 2624
A 2 , 6-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid, 2625
Dihydroquinoline, 3097
Dihydroresorcinol, 1497
l, 2-Dihydrotoluene, 2238
1, 3-Dihydrotoluene, 2239
2, 4-Dihydrotoluene, 2240
Dihydroxyacetone, 455
5,
6-Dihydroxy-o-aldehydobenzoic
acid, 2489
l, 8-Dihydroxyanthracene, 4673
l, 3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4634
1, 8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4631
2, 3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2011
3, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2012
o-Dihydroxybenzene, 1414
m-Dihydroxybenzene, 1415
p-Dihydroxybenzene, 1416
o-Dihydroxybenzene dimethyl ether,
2737
o-Dihydroxybenzene ethyl ether, 2738
2, 3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2016
2, 2'-Dihydroxybenzophenone, 4460
2, 5-Dihydroxybenzophenone, 4459
4, 4/-Dihydroxybenzophenone, 4464
6,
7-Dihydroxy-l, 2-benzopyrone,
3019
7, 8-Dihydroxy-l, 2-benzopyrone,
3018
1, 4-Dihydroxybutane, 795
2, 3-Dihydroxybutane, 796
1, 2-Dihydroxybutyric acid, 738
3, 4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid, 3088
2, 3-Dihydroxycoumarin, 3018
4, 5-Dihydroxycoumarin, 3019
4, 4'-Dihydroxy-/3, 0'-dinaphthyl, 55G2
1, 2-Dihydroxy-l, 2-diphenylethane,
4781
4, 4'-Dihydroxydiphenylsulfone, 4256
Di-(2-hydroxyethyl) ether, 805
5, 7-Dihydroxyflavone, 4874
2,
5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyltoluene,
3771
Dihydro-o-xylene, 2795
Dihydro-m-xylene, 2796
A1, 3-Dihydro-p-xylene, 2797
Dihydroxymalonic acid, 363
2, 4-Dihydroxymesitylene, 3248
1, 2-Dihydroxy-2-methylpropane, 797
1, 2-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3509
1, 2-Dihydroxynonylic acid, 3313
1, 2-Dihydroxypelargonic acid, 3313
3, 4-Dihydroxyphenanthrene, 4675
2, 5-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2626
2-(3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic
acid, 3176
2, 4-Dihydroxypyridine, 875
2, 6-Dihydroxypyridine, 876
2, 6-Dihydroxypyrimidine, 564
2, 5-Dihydroxyquinone, 1288
4, 9-Dihydroxystearic acid, 5388
Dihydroxy tartari c acid, 641
1, 2-Dihydroxy-l, 1, 2, 2-tetraphenylethane, 5889
2, 4-Dihydroxytoluene, 2169
1, 2-Dihydroxytricarballylic acid, 1508
1, 7-Dihydroxyxanthone, 4429
Diindole, 5066
Diiodoacetic acid, 143
Diiodoacetylene, 93
2, 4-Diiodoaniline, 1340
o-Diiodobenzene, 1258
m-Diiodobenzene, 1259
p-Diiodobenzene, 1260
2, 4-Diiodo-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1142
4, 6-Diido-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1143
Diiododiacetylene, 540
1, 1-Diiodoethane, 196
1, 2-Diiodoethane, 197
Diiodomethane, 29
2, 4-Diiodophenol, 1261
2, 6-Diiodophenol-4-sulfonic acid,
1265
1, 2-Diiodopropane, 427
3, 5-Diiodosalicylic acid, 1828
Diiodothiophene, 546
Diisoamylamine, 4012
Diisoamyl carbonate, 4177
Diisoamyl ketone, 4171
Diisoamyl oxalate, 4391

Diisoamyl sulfide, 4010
Diisoamyl tartrate, 4846.1
Diisobutyl, 2933
Diisobutylamine, 2985
Diisobutylammonium chloroplatinate,
1208
Diisobutylaniline, 4832.1
Diisobutyl carbinol, 3357
Diisobutyl carbonate, 3342
Diisobutyl-o-cresol iodide, 5732
Diisobutyl d-diacetyltartrate, 5143.1
Diisobutylene, 2866
Diisobutyl ketone, 3326
Diisobutyl oxalate, 3942
Diisobutyl sulfide, 2982
Diisobutyl d-tartrate, 4393
Diisobutyl Z-tartrate, 4393.1
Diisopropenyl, 1533
Diisopropyl, 1712
Diisopropylamine, 1761
, Diisopropyl carbinol, 2400
Diisopropyl ketone, 2345
Diisopropylmethane, 2387
Diisopropyl sulfide, 1755
Dimazon, 5313
Dimercaptoglucose diethyl ether, 4009
Dimentholformol, 5689
Di-Z-menthyl adipate, 5915
Di-Z-menthyl carbonate, 5687
Di-Z-menthyl glutarate, 5877
Di-Z-menthyl malonate, 5810
Di-Z-menthyl oxalate, 5759
Di-Z-menthyl succinate, 5846
Di-Z-menthyl cZ-tartrate, 5847
Di-Z-menthyl Z-tartrate, 5848
3, 4-Dimethoxyallylbenzene, 4092
2, 2/-Dimethoxyazobenzene, 4773
4, 4/-Dimethoxyazobenzene, 4774
3, 4-Dimethoxybenzene-l, 2-dicarboxylic acid, 3626
3, 3'-Dimethoxybenzidine, 4809
3, 4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid, 3181
Di-(2-methoxyphenyl) carbonate, 4924
2, 3, 4, 5-Dimethoxydihydroxybenzoic
acid, 3187
6, 7-Dimethoxy-l-(3, 4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-isoquinoline, 5528
3,
5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic
acid, 3185
2, 4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxydiphenyl
ketone, 4921
s2/m-Di-(o-methoxyphenyl)-hydrazine,
5119
6, 7-Dimethoxyphthalide, 3621
3, 4-Dimethoxypropenylbenzene, 4093
Dimethylacetal, 801
N-Dimethylacetamide, 762
3, 5-Dimethylacetanilide, 3707
Dimethylacetylene, 597
Dimethylacetylene tetrabromide, 603
2, 2-Dimethylacrylic acid, 932
2, 2'-Dimethyladipic acid, 2844
1, 1-Dimethylallene, 915
1, 3-Dimethylallene, 914
Dimethylalloxan, 1408
Dimethylamine, 282
Dimethylamine hydrochloride, 297
-Dimethylaminoacetophenone, 3708
4-Dimethylaminoantipyrine, 4537
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 3193
p-Dimethylaminobenzophenone, 4927
2-Dimethylamino-l-(p-h y d r o x y phenyl)-ethane, 3794
o-Dimethylamiriophenol, 2781
2-Dimethylamino-m-xylene, 3786
4-Dimethylamino-o-xylene, 3788
4-Dimethylamino-m-xylene, 3787
Dimethyl-n-amyl carbinol, 2953
Dimethylamylmethane, 2937
o-Dimethylanthranilic acid, 3206
Dimethylaniline, 2756
2, 3-Dimethylaniline, 2757
Dimethylaniline oxide, 2789
Dimethylaniline-ra-sulfonic acid, 2791
Dimethylaniline-p-sulfonic acid, 2792
2, 3-Dimethylanthracene, 5060
Dimethylarsine, 278
0, o'-Dimethylazobenzene, 4763
2, 4'-Dimethylazobenzene, 4764
3, 3'-Dimethylazobenzene, 4765
4, 4/-Dimethylazobenzene, 4766
2, 2'-Dimethylazoxybenzene, 4770
3, 3'-Dimethylazoxybenzene, 4771
4, 4/-Dimethylazoxybenzene, 4772
1, 3-Dimethylbarbituric acid, 1487
2, 4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde, 3129
2, 3-Dimethylbenzoic acid, 3138
p-Dimethylbenzoin, 5085
p, p'-Dimethylbenzophenone, 4915
3, 5-Dimethylbenzylamine, 3265
2, 3-Dimethyl-l, 3-butadiene, 1533
2, 2-Dimethylbutane, 1716
2, 3-Dimethylbutane, 1712
2, 2-Dimethylbutyl alcohol, 1723
Dimethylbutyl carbinol, 2396
Dimethyl-tert-butyl carbinol, 2398
2, 2-Dimethyl-4-butylene, 1611
2, 3-Dimethyl-l-butylene,- 1618
2, 3-Dimethyl-2-butylene, 1619
1, l-Dimethyl-2-n-butylethylene, 2872
Dimethyl carbonate, 458
Dimethyl chlorofumarate, 1441.2
Dimethyl chloromaleate, 1441.1
Dimethyl citraconate, 2267
o-Dimethylcyclohexane, 2867
m-Dimethylcyclohexane, 2868
p-Dimethylcyclohexane, 2869
1, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2878
1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2879, 2880
cis-3, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2888
trans-3, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2889
2, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanone, 2831
2, 6-Dimethylcyclohexanone, 2832
1, l-Dimethylcyclohexene-3-ol, 2830
Dimethylcyclopentamethylene
silicane, 3Ml 1
0,
o'-Dimethyldiazoaminobenzene,
4800
p,
p'-Dimethyldiazoaminobenzene,
4801
1, 2-Dimethyl-l, 2-diethylethane, 2936
sz/m-Dimethyldiethylethylene, 2871
Dimethyldiethylsilicane, 3409
Dimethyldiethylmethane, 2388
3, 5-Dimethyl-o-dihydroxybenzene,
2726
4,
5-Dimethyl-o-dihydroxybenzene,
2727
Dimethyldiisobutylethane, 4413
3, 8-Dimethyldiphenazone, 4711
o, o'-Dimethyldiphenyl, 4758
Dimethyl dipropylammonium chloroplatinate, B1210
Dimethyldipropyl silicane, 415
Dimethyl disulfide, 274
Dimethylenemethane, 337
Dimethyl ether, 263
Dimethylethylacetic acid, 1646
Dimethyl ethyl carbinol, 1081
1, 1-Dimethylethylene, 684
sym-1, 2-Dimethylethylene, 685
sym-1, 2-Dimethylethyleneglycol, 796
1, l-Dimethyl-2-ethylethylene, 1613
1, 2-Dimethyl-2-ethylethylene, 1614
Dimethylethylisopropyl silicane, 3&416
Dimethylethylpropyl silicane, 412
Dimethylethylsulfonium hydroxide,
837
Dimethyl fumarate, 1499
2, 5-Dimethylfuran, 1496
2, 5-Dimethylfurfurane-3-carboxylic
acid, 2180
2, 3-Dimethyl-a-glucose, 2918
2, 3-Dimethyl-j8-glucose, 2919
Dimethylglyoxime, 705
1, 1-Dimethylguanidine sulfate, 1773
2, 6-Dimethyl-l, 5-heptadiene-l-aldehyde, 3849
2, 4-Dimethylheptane, 3347
2, 5-Dimethylheptane, 3348, 3349
2, 6-Dimethylheptane, 3350
2, 4-Dimethylheptane-4-ol, 3363
2, 5-Dimethylhexane, 2933
1, 1-Dimethylhydrazine, 301
2, 3-Dimethylhydroquinone, 2732
4, 4-Dimethyl-l-hydroxybutane, 1724
2, 4-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyhexane, 2957
2, 5-Dimethyl-l-hydroxyhexane, 2956
Dimethylhydroxylamine, 286
Dimethylisoamyl carbinol, 2954
Dimethylisobutyl carbinol, 2397
Dimethyl isophthalate, 3614
Dimethylisopropyl carbinol, 1725
Dimethyl isosuccinate, 1569
Dimethylketene, 615
Dimethylketine, 2799
Dimethyl ketol, 721
Dimethyl malate, 1576
Dimethyl maleate, 1500
Dimethylmalonamide, 994.1
Dimethyl malonate, 948
Dimethylmalonic acid, 944
Di methyl-p-methylhexylcarbinol,
3972
Dimethyl muconate, 2749
1, 4-Dimethylnaphthalene, 4279
Dimethyl-a-naphthylamine, 4304
Dimethyl-/3-naphthylamine, 4305
l-(5, 8-Dimethyl-2-naphthyl) - p r o pionic acid, 4936
Dimethylnitrosamine, 258
2, 6-Dimethyloctane, 3994
2, 7-Dimethyloctane, 3995
3, 6-Dimethyloctane, 3996, 3997
2, 3-Dimethyl-2-octene, 3957
2, 6-Dimethyl-l (2)-octene, 3958
3, 7-Dimethyl-n-octyl alcohol, 4003
Dimethyl oxalate, 631
Dimethyloxamide, 704
Dimethylparabanic acid, 889
2, 4-Dimethyl-l, 3-pentadiene, 2276
2, 4-Dimethyl-2, 3-pentadiene, 2277
2, 2-Dimethylpentane, 2394
2, 3-Dimethyl-2-pentene, 2334
2, 4-Dimethyl-2-pentene, 2325
2, 3-Dimethylphenol, 2705
1, 1-Dimethyl-m-phenylenediamine,
2800
1, 1-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine,
2801
2, 6-Dimethylphenylhydrazine, 2802
Dimethylphosphinic acid, 292
Dimethyl o-phthalate, 3615
cr-2, 5-Dimethylpiperazine, 1718
Dimethylpiperazine tartrate, 3985
2, 2-Dimethylpropane, 1074
2, 2-Dimethylpropane-l-ol, 1082
Dimethyl propenyl carbinol, 1629
2, 5-Dimethylpyrazine, 1482
3, 4-Dimethylpyrazole, 921.2
3, 5-Dimethylpyrazole, 922
2, 4-Dimethylpyridine, 2196
3, 5-Dimethylpyrocatechol, 2726
4, 5-Dimethylpyrocatechol, 2727
Dimethyl-7-pyrone, 2176.1
Dimethyl pyrotartrate, 2310
1, 2-Dimethylpyrrole, 1516
Dimethylphosphine, 294
2, 4-Dimethylquinoline, 4044
2, 4-Dimethylquinoline methiodidc,
4530
1, 2-Dimethylquinone, 2591
Dimethyl racemate, 1580
2, 4-Dimethylresorcinol, 2728
Dimethylsilicane, 405
Dimethyl succinate, 1568
1, 1-Dimethylsuccinic acid, 1563
Dimethyl sulfate, 269
Dimethyl sulfide, 272
Dimethyl sulfite, 266
Dimethylsulfone, 265
Dimethyl d-tartrate, 1581
Dimethyl tartronate, 956
Dimethyl telluride, 277
Dimethyl terephthalate, 3616
7, 8-Dimethyltetradecane, 5166
2, 3-Dimethylthiophene, 1509
o-Dimethyltoluidine, 3258
ra-Dimethyltoluidine, 3259
p-Dimethyltoluidine, 3260
Dimethyltriazene, 290.1
1, 1-Dimethyltrimethylene, 980
p, p'-Dimethyltriphenylmethane, 5625
1, 1-Dimethylurea, 502
1, 2-Dimethylurea, 503
Dimethyl
ureindihydroxysuccinate,
2260.1
1, 3-Dimethyluric acid, 2154
1, 3-Dimethylxanthine, 2151
tt-Dinaphthol, 5502
0-Dinaphthol, 5503
a, a'-Dinaphthyl, 5491
a, /S'-Dinaphthyl, 5492
/3, jS'-Dinaphthyl, 5493
, 0'-Dinaphthylamine, 5508
s^ra-Di-(a-naphthyl)hydrazine, 5513
S2/ra-Di-03-naphthyl)hydrazine, 5514
a, fr -Dinaphthyl ketone, 5612
, ^-Dinaphthyl ketone, 5613
a, a'-Dinaphthylm ethane, 5616
a, '-Dinaphthylmethane, 5617
8, 0'-Dinaphthylmethaiie, 5618
a, '-Dinaphthyl sulfide, 5507
Dinicotinic acid, 1905
Dinitroacenaphthene, 4191
2, 3-Dinitroacetanilide, 2526
3, 5-Dinitro-4-aminobenzoic acid, 1920
4, 6-Dinitro-2-aminophenol, 1364
2, 3-Dinitroaniline, 1358
2, 4-Dinitroanisol, 1990
1, 3-Dinitroanthraquinone, 4608
2, 4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde, 1832
2, 6-Dinitrobenzaldehyde, 1833
o-Dinitrobenzene, 1271
m-Dinitrobenzene, 1272
p-Dinitrobenzene, 1273
1, 3-Dinitrobenzene-4-sulfonic acid,
1282
2, 3-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 1834
2, 6-Dinitrobenzoie acid, 1837
p, p'-Dinitrobenzophenone, 4423
3, 5-Dinitrocresol, 1996
2, 4-Dinitro-w-cresol, 1995
l, 2-Dinitro-4, 5-dibromobenzenc,
1122.1
1, 3-Dinitro-4, 6-dibromobenzene,
1122.2
2, 4-Dinitro-JV-diethylaniline, 3722
4, 5-Dinitro-l, 2-dimethoxybenzene,
2566.1
2, 4-Dinitrodimethylaniline, 2682.1
0, o'-Dinitrodiphenyl, 4192
m, m'-Dinitrodiphenyl, 4193
j), p'-Dinitrodiphenyl, 4194
1, 1-Dinitroethane, 202
Dinitroglycerine, 443
3, 5-Dinitroguaiacol, 1997
2,4-Dinitro-4'-hydroxydiphenylamine,
4217
Dinitromethane, 33
l, 2-Dinitronaphthalene, 3435
l, 6-Dinitro-/3-naphthol, 3445
1, 8-Dinitro-/3-naphthol, 3446
2, 4-Dinitro-a-naphthl, 3442
4, 5-Dinitro-a-naphthol, 3443
4, 8-Dinitro-a-naphthol, 3444
2, 3-Dinitrophenol, 1274
2, 4-Dinitroresorcinol, 1280
4, 6-Dinitroresorcinol, 1281
3, 5-Dinitrosalicylic acid, 1840
a-p, p'-Dinitrostilbene, 4662
-p, p'-Dinitrostilbene, 4663
2, 3-Dinitrotoluene, 1984
2, 6-Dinitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid,
1998
2, 3-Dinitro-p-xylene, 2564
2, 5-Dinitro-m-xylene, 2562
3, 4-Dinitro-o-xylene, 2558
4, 5-Dinitro-ra-xylene, 2563
Di-n-octyl carbinol, 5261
Dioform, 132
Diogonal, 4123
Dionine, 5461
Dioscorine, 4551
Dioscorine hydrochloride, 4555
Diosmin, 5928
Dioxindol, 2512
Dipentene, 3806
Diphenacyl, 5069
l, 8-Diphenic acid, 4683
l, 9-Diphenic acid, 4684
1, 10-Diphenic acid, 4685
2, 9-Diphenic acid, 4686
Diphenic anhydride, 4625
0, o'-Diphenol, 4243
O1 p'-Diphenol, 4244
m, m'-Diphenol, 4245
p, p'-Diphenol, 4246
Diphenyl, 4219
Diphenylacetaldehyde, 4723
JV-Diphenylacetamide, 4752
Diphenylacetic acid, 4732
Diphenylacetylene, 4650
p-Diphenylaldehyde, 4*445
Diphenylamine, 4270
Diphenylamine hydrochloride, 4284
Diphenylammonium. chloroplatinate,
1198
Diphenylarsine, 4264
Diphenylarsine chloride, 4220
Diphenylarsonic acid, 4265
p, p'-Diphenylazobenzene, 5820
p, p'-Diphenylazoxybenzene, 5821
p-Diphenylbenzene, 5274
Diphenylbenzylamine, 5408
Diphenyl carbinol, 4507
Diphenyl carbonate, 4466
Diphenylchloroarsine, 4220
Diphenylcyanoarsine, 4440
Diphenyldiacetylene, 5025
Diphenyl-2, 3'-dicarboxylic acid, 4684
Diphenyl-2, 4'-dicarboxylic acid, 4683
Diphenyl disulfide, 4261
Diphenylene disulfide, 4201
Diphenyleneketone, 4425
Diphenylene oxide, 4195
o-Diphenylenemethane, 4439
1, 1-Diphenylethane, 4757
l, 2-Diphenylethane, 4756
l, 1-Diphenylethylene, 4707
l, 2-Diphenylethylene, 4708
Diphenylformamide, 4480
a-Diphenylglyoxime, 4712
Diphenylguanidine, 4518
Diphenylguanidine trithiocarbonate,
5922
l, 1-Diphenylhydrazine, 4288
l, 2-Diphenylhydrazine, 4289
p, p'-Diphenylhydrazobenzene, 5822
Diphenylimide, 4211
Diphenyliodonium chloride, 4221.1
Diphenylketene, 4670
Diphenylmaleic anhydride, 5028.1
Diphenyl malonate, 4908
Diphenylmethane, 4490
Diphenylmethane-o-nitrile, 4697
l, 5-D i p h e n y 1-3-methylpyrazole,
5066.1
Diphenyl-ra-phenylenediamine, 5287
Diphenylphosphine, 4278
Diphenylpiperazine, 5100
Diphenyl selenide, 4262
Diphenyl succinate, 5074
Diphenyl sulfide, 4260
Diphenylsulfone, 4249
Diphenyl sulfoxide, 4242
Diphenyl tartrate, 5077
Diphenyl telluride, 4263
l, 2-Diphenylthiourea, 4504
Diphenyl-m-tolylmethane, 5520
l, 1-Diphenylurea, 4501
1, 2-Diphenylurea, 4500
Dipicolinic acid, 1903
Dipicrylamine, 4181
Dipropargyl, 1366
Dipropionanilide, 4330
n-Dipropylamine, 1760
Di-n-propylaniline, 4368.8
5, 5-Dipropylbarbituric acid, 3841
Dipropyl carbinol, 2399
Di-n-propyl carbonate, 2365
Dipropylhexylmethane, 4585
Dipropyl ketone, 2344
Dipropyl malate, 3944
Dipropyl malonate, 3313
Dipropylnitrosamine, 1720
Di-n-propyl oxalate, 2848
Dipropyl succinate, 3943
Dipropyl sulfide, 1754
Dipropyl tartrate, 3945
Di-sec.-propyl tartrate, 3945.1
2, 3'-Dipyridyl, 3497
3, 3'-Dipyridyl, 3498
4, 4/-Dipyridyl, 3499
Dipyrryl ketone, 3068
2, 3'-Diquinolyl, 5267
2, 2'-Diresorcinol, 4251
4, 4'-Diresorcinol, 4252
5, S'-Diresorcinol, 4253
Disalicylamide, 4706
Disali cyli e aldehyde, 4681
Displosal, 4692
Distyrene, 5062.1
Ditaine, 5727
Ditamine, 5422
l, 2-Dithioglycerol, 509
Dithiohydroquinone, 1433
Dithioresorcinol, 1432
Dithiosalicylic acid, 4689
Ditolaneazotide, 5033
o, o'-Ditolyl, 4758
o, ra'-Ditolyl, 4759
0, p'-Ditolyl, 4760
w, m'-Ditolyl, 4761
p, p'-Ditolyl, 4762
o-Ditolylamine, 4790
w-Ditolylamine, 4791
p-Ditolylamine, 4792
Di-o-tolylguanidine, 4940
Di-p-tolyl ketone, 4915
Ditolyl sulfone, 4785
1, 2-Di-o-tolyl thiourea, 4934
l, 2-Di-m-tolylthiourea, 4935
l, 2-Di-o-tolylurea, 4931
l, 2-Di-w-tolylurea, 4932
l, 2-Di-p-tolylurea, 4933
Diversine, 5579
Divinyl, 596
Divinyl sulfide, 642
Di-?n-xylylsulfone, 5111
-Docosane, 5772
Docosanic acid, 5768
Docosyl alcohol, 5773
Docosyl iodide, 5770
n-Dodecane, 4411
n-Dodecyl alcohol, 4415
n-Dodecylamine, 4417
n-Dodecylene, 4400
n-Dotriacontane, 6048
Drimine, 4527
Dulcin, 3232
Dulcitol, 1750
Duotal, 4924
Durene, 3732
Dypnone, 5067
Dysprosium ethyl sultate, 2081
c?-Ecgonine, 3292
i-Ecgonine, 3293
rfZ-Ecgonine, 3294
i-Ecgonine hydrochloride, 3298
dZ-Ecgonine hydrochloride, 5343
Ecgonine methyl ester, 3886
Echicerin, 5999
Echinopsine, 3559
Echiretin, 6086
Echitamine, 5727
Echitein, 6135
Echi tin, 6042
n-Eicosane, 5610
Eicosenic acid, 5604
Eicosinic acid, 5602
Eicosyl alcohol, 5611
n-Eicosyl iodide, 5609
Elaidic acid, 5357
-Elateri n, 5956
/3-Elaterin, 5957
Elaterone, 5834
Elemicin, 4353
tt-Elemol, 4998
j8-Elemol, 4999
Elemone, 4991
Eleomargaric acid, 5345
-Eleostearic acid, 5345
Ellagic acid, 4609
Embelic acid, 5339
Emetamine, 5973
Emetine, 5991
Emetine dihydrobromide, 5992
Emetine dihydrochloride, 5993
Emetine dihydroiodide, 5994
Emodin methyl ether, 5050
Endermol, 830
Ephedrine, 3793
Ephedrine hydrochloride, 3828
Epicarin, 5276
a-Epichlorhydrin, 379
Epihydrin alcohol, 453
Erbium acetate, 2085
Erbium ethyl sulfate, 2086
Ergosterol, 5902, 5932
Ergothioneine, 3294.1
Ergotinine, 6083
Ergotoxiiie, 6084
Ergotoxine phosphate, 6085
Ericin, 3182
Eriodictyol, 4909
Eriodictyonone, 5080
Eriodonol, 5419
Erucamide, 5766
Erucic acid, 5764
Erucic anhydride, 6145
Erucic anilide, 5963
Erucyl alcohol, 5767
Erythrene, 596
K-Erythritol, 808
Erythritol tetranitrte, 611
Erythrol, 720
Esculetin, 3019
Esculetinic acid, 3093
Esculin, 4938
Esdragol, 3655
Eserine, 4960
Esercirne, 4539
Ethane, 252
Ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid, 271
Ethanetetracarboxylic acid, 1290
Ether, 793
Etheserolene, 4815
Ethocaine, 4557
Ethoxyacetic acid, 729
p-Ethoxy-N-aminoacetylaniline, 3751
ro-Ethoxyaniline, 2787
p-Ethoxyaniline, 2788
3-Ethoxybenzidine, 4808
o-Ethoxybenzoic acid, 3160
ra-Ethoxybenzoic acid, 3161
p-Ethoxybenzoic acid, 3162
wi-Ethoxy-p, p'-diaminodiphenyl, 4808
3-Ethoxy-4-isopropyltoluene, 4367.8
p-Ethoxyphenylsuccinimide, 4309
JV-Ethylacetamide, 763
JV-Ethylacetanilide, 3709
Ethyl acetate, 725
Ethyl acetoacetate, 1561
l-Ethyl-3-acetylbutyric acid, 2842
Ethylacetylene, 598
Ethyl acid carbonate, 459
Ethyl acrylate, 938
1-Ethylacrylic acid, 933
Ethyl alcohol, 262
-Ethylalizarin, 5046
Ethyl allophanate, 707
Ethyl allyl ether, 1001
Ethylamine, 283
Ethylamine hydrobromide, 296
Ethylamine hydrochloride, 298
Ethylamine hydroiodide, 299
Ethylaminoacetic acid, 770
Ethylaminoacetic acid hydrochloride,
781
Ethyl p-aminobenzoate, 3213
7n-Ethylaminobenzoic acid, 3207
o-Ethylaminophenol, 2782
ra-AT-Ethylaminophenol, 2783
Ethylammonium
chloroplatinate,
1186
Ethyl n-amyl ketone, 2893
Ethyl angelate, 2298
o-Ethylaniline, 2764
ra-Ethylaniline, 2765
p-Ethylaniline, 2766
^-Ethylaniline, 2763
Ethylaniline-m-sulfonic acid, 2793
Ethylantipyrine, 4530.1
Ethyl anisate, 3688
9-Ethylanthracene, 5063
Ethyl anthranilate, 3214
Ethylarsine, 279
Ethylarsonic acid, 281
Ethyl atropate, 4061
1-Ethylbarbiturie acid, 1488
Ethyl behenate, 5859
Ethyl behenolate, 5851
AT-Ethylbenzamide, 3198
Ethylbenzene, 2683
Ethyl benzilate, 5087
Ethyl benzoate, 3154
o-Ethylbenzoic acid, 3143
w-Ethylbenzoic acid, 3144
p-Ethylbenzoic acid, 3145
Ethyl benzoylacetate, 4064
Ethyl benzylacetoacetate, 4531
Ethylbenzylaniline, 4939
Ethyl benzyl ether, 3243
Ethyl benzyl ketone, 3660
Ethyl borate, B1825
Ethyl d-bornyl ether, 4385

Ethyl brassidate, 5852
Ethyl bromide, 220
Ethyl 1-bromo-n-butyrate, 1592
Ethyl 1-bromoisobutyrate, 1593
Ethyl 1-bromoisovalerate, 2317
Ethyl 1-bromopropionate, 963
Ethyl 1-bromo-n-valerate, 2316
d-Ethylbutyl carbinol, 2400.1
Ethyl-sec-butyl carbinol, 2402
Ethyl butyl carbonate, 2366
Ethyl n-butyl ether, 1737
Ethyl n-butyl ketone, 2346
Ethyl n-butylmalonate, 3308
Ethyl sec-butylmalonate, 3310
Ethyl n-butyrate, 1654
Ethylcacodyl, 2988
Ethyl camphorate, 4152
Ethyl n-caprate, 4408
Ethyl ri-caproate, 2907
Ethyl n-caprylate, 3984
Ethyl carbamate, 492
Ethyl carbonate, 1026
Ethyl chaulmoograte, 5603
Ethyl chloride, 224
Ethyl chloroacetate, 658
Ethyl chloroacetoacetate, 1515
Ethyl chlorocarbonate, 383
Ethyl chloroformate, 383
Ethyl chloromaleate, 2753.1
Ethyl 1-chloropropionate, 968
Ethyl 2-chloropropionate, 969
Ethyl irons-cinnamate, 4062 .
Ethyl ra-cresyl ether, 3244
Ethyl p-cresyl ether, 3245
Ethyl a-crotonate, 1557
Ethyl /3-crotonate, 1558
1-Ethylcrotonic acid, 1552
Ethyl cyanide, 395
Ethyl cyanoacetate, 911
Ethyl cyanocarbonate, 590
Ethyl cyanoformate, 590
Ethylcycloheptane, 3319
Ethylcyclohexane, 2870
Ethyl diacetoacetate, 2814
Ethyl diazoacetate, 609
Ethyl dibromoacetate, 600
Ethyl dichloroacetate, 604
Ethyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate, 921.1
Ethyl diethylacetoacetate, 3937
Ethyl diiodobrassidate, 5850
Ethyl 3, 5-diiodosalicylate, 3058
4-Ethyl-l, 3-dimethylbenzene, 3733
5-Ethyl-l, 3-dimethylbenzene, 3734
Ethyl dimethylmalonate, 3311
Ethyldiphenylamine, 4793
Ethyldipropylammonium chloroplatinate, 1209
Ethyldipropylmethane, 3351
Ethyl dithiobenzoate, 3187.1
Ethylene, 180
Ethylenebromhydrin, 221
Ethylene bromide, 184
Ethylenechlorhydrin, 227
Ethylene chloride, 190
Ethylene chlorobromide, 181
Ethylenecyanhydrin, 399
Ethylene cyanide, 560
Ethylene diacetate, 1571
Ethylene-1, 2-diamine, 300
Ethylenediamine hydrate, 307
Ethylenediamine hydrochloride, 306
Ethylenediamine isovalerate, 4420
Ethylenediamine thiocyanate, 788
Ethylene dibromide, 184
Ethylene dichloride, 190
Ethylene diiodide, 197
Ethylene dinitrate, 205
Ethylene dinitrite, 203
Ethylene-ethenyldiamine, 702
Ethylene iodide, 197
Ethyleneiodohydrin, 235
Ethylene mercaptan, 275

Ethylene nitrite nitrate, 204
Ethylene oxide, 209
Ethylene ozonide, 216
Ethylene sulfide, 218
Ethyleneurea, 432
Ethyl erucate, 5853
Ethyl ether, 793
Ethylethylene, 686
Ethyl fluoride, 232
Ethyl fluoroacetate, 665
Ethyl formate, 451
Ethyl fumarate, 2812
Ethyl gallate, 3186
Ethyl d-gluconate, 2921
d-a-Ethylglucoside, 2920
Ethyl glutaconate, 3284
Ethyl glutarate, 3312
Ethyl glycerate, 1030
Ethylglycine, 770
Ethylglycine hydrochloride, 781
Ethylglycocoll, 770
Ethylglycocoll hydrochloride, 781
Ethyl glycolate, 733
4-Ethylheptane, 3351
Ethyl heptylate, 3335
5, 5-Ethylheptylbarbituric acid, 4570
Ethyl 7i-heptyl ether, 3366
Ethyl hexahydrobenzoate, 3304
2-Ethylhexane, 2942
3-Ethylhexane, 2942.1
Ethyl hexyl ether, 2976
Ethyl hippurate, 4516
Ethylhydrazine, 302
Ethyl hydroacrylate, 1027
Ethyl hydrocinnamate, 4098
Ethyl hydrogen fumarate, 1501
Ethyl hydrogen malonate, 949
Ethyl hydrogen mesoxalate, 2269
Ethyl hydrogen oxalate, 632
Ethyl hydrogen phthalate, 3617
Ethyl hydrogen d-tartrate, 1582
Ethyl hydroselenide, 276
Ethyl 1-hydroxydiphenylacetic acid,
5087
3-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexane, 2952
4-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexane, 2958
a-Ethylhydroxylamine, 287
j8-Ethylhydroxylamine, 288
Ethyl 1-hydroxyphenylacetate, 3689
Ethyl hypochlorite, 229
Ethylideneacetone, 927
Ethylidene bromide, 183
Ethylidene chloride, 189
Ethylidene diacetate, 1572
Ethylidene diethyl ether, 1746
Ethylidene dimethyl ether, 801
Ethylidene diurethane, 2877
Ethylidene iodide, 196
Ethylidene nitrite, 202
Ethylideneurea, 433
1-Ethylindazole, 3122
Ethyl iodide, 234
Ethyl iodoacetate, 666
Ethyl 2-iodopropionate, 971
AT-Ethylisoamylaniline, 4567
Ethylisoamyl carbinol, 2955
Ethyl isoamyl ether, 2413
Ethyl isoamyl ketone, 2894
Ethylisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, 1196
Ethylisobutyl carbinol, 2401
Ethyl isobutyl ether, 1738
Ethyl isobutyl ketone, 2347
Ethyl isobutylmalonate, 3309
Ethyl isobutyrate, 1655
Ethyl isocrotonyl ether, 1631
Ethyl isocyanate, 397
Ethyl isocyanide, 396
Ethyl isopropylacetoacetate, 3306
Ethylisopropylammonium chloroplatinate, 1195
Ethylisopropyl carbinol, 1727

Ethyl isopropyl ether, 1087
Ethyl isopropyl ketone, 1637
Ethyl isopropyl malonate, 2849
Ethyl isothiocyanate, 404
Ethyl isovalerate, 2357
Ethyl itaconate, 3285
Ethyl lactate, 1028
Ethyl laurate, 4852
Ethyl levulinate, 2301
Ethyl lignocerate, 5917
Ethyl malate, 2849.1
Ethyl maleate, 2813
Ethyl malonate, 2309
Ethylmalonic acid, 945
Ethyl mandelate, 3689
Ethyl margarate, 5484
Ethylmenthol, 4403
Ethyl Z-menthyl ether, 4404
Ethyl mercaptan, 273
Ethyl mesaconate, 3286
Ethyl mesoxalate, 2314
Ethyl p-methoxybenzoate, 3688
Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, 4318.1
Ethyl 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoate,
3692
Ethyl methylacetoacetate, 2302
l-Ethyl-2-methylacrolein, 1545
5-Ethyl-5-methylbarbituric acid, 2259
Ethyl 6-methyl-2-phenylquinoline-4carboxylate, 5410
Ethylmorphine hydrochloride, 5461
Ethyl mustard oil, 404
Ethyl muconate, 3776
Ethyl myristate, 5160
a-Ethylnaphthalene, 4282
/3-Ethylnaphthalene, 4283
Ethyl-a-naphthylamine, 4306
Ethyl-0-naphthylamine, 4307
Ethyl a-naphthyl ether, 4296
Ethyl /3-naphthyl ether, 4297
Ethyl nicotinate, 2663
Ethyl nitrate, 247
Ethyl nitrite, 243
Ethyl m-nitrobenzoate, 3115
Ethyl p-nitrobenzoate, 3116
Ethyl o-nitrocinnamate, 4053
Ethyl p-nitrocinnamate, 4054
Ethylnitrolic acid, 201
Ethyl o-nitrophenyl ether, 2677
Ethyl p-nitrophenyl ether, 2678
e-Ethylnonane, 4178.1
Ethyl orthoacetate, 2979
Ethyl orthocarbonate, 3369
Ethyl orthoformate, 2415
Ethyl oxalacetate, 2816
Ethyl oxalate, 1570
Ethyl oxamate, 678
Ethyl oxanilate, 3630
Ethyl palmitate, 5381
Ethyl pelargonate, 4175
3-Ethylpentane, 2392
3-Ethyl-2-pentene, 2326
Ethyl perchlorate, 231
Ethyl-AT-phenacetine, 4362
Ethyl phenaceturate, 4330.1
o-Ethylphenol, 2710
m-Ethylphenol, 2711
p-Ethylphenol, 2712
Ethyl phenylacetate, 3677
l-Ethyl-2-phenylacetylene, 3575
Ethyl tt-phenylacrylate, 4061
Ethylphenyl carbinol, 3236
Ethyl phenyl ether, 2722
1-Ethyl-l-phenylhydrazine, 2803
l-Ethyl-2-phenylhydrazine, 2804
Ethyl phenyl ketone, 3132
Ethyl phenylmalonate, 4533
Ethyl phenylpropiolate, 4043
a-Ethyl phenylpyruvate, 4065
/S-Ethyl phenylpyruvate, 4066
7-Ethyl phenylpyruvate, 4067
Ethylphenyl sulfone, 2743

l-Ethyl-2-phenylurea, 3231
Ethylphosphine, 295
Ethylphosphinic acid, 293
Ethyl o-phthalate, 4324
Ethyl picrate, 2537
Ethylpiperidine, 2384
Ethyl propargyl ether, 925
Ethyl propiolate, 895
Ethyl propionate, 1017
Ethyl-rc-propylacetylene, 2278
Ethylpropylammonium
chloroplatinate, 1194
Ethylpropylbarbituric acid, 3275
Ethyl propyl carbinol, 1726, 1726.1
Ethyl propyl ether, 1086
Ethyl propyl ketone, 1636
Ethyl propyl silicon di chloride, !044O
2-Ethylpyridine, 2199
Ethylpyridine-3-carboxylate, 2663
Ethyl pyroracemate, 942
1-Ethylpyrrole, 1520
Ethyl pyruvate, 942
Ethyl rhodanide, 403
Ethyl ricinoleate, 5605
Ethyl salicylate, 3170
Ethyl santoate, 5244.1
Ethyl sebacate, 4846
Ethyl selenide, 816
Ethyl silicon trichloride, 435
Ethyl sorbate, 2810
Ethyl starate, 5608
Ethyl styryl ether, 3654
Ethyl succinate, 2847
Ethylsuccinic acid, 1564
Ethyl sulfate, 809
Ethyl sulfide, 814
Ethyl sulfite, 817
Ethyl sulfocyanate, 403
Ethyl sulfone, 802
Ethylsulfone chloride, 230
Ethylsulfuric acid, 268
Ethyl rf-tartrate, 2850
Ethyl telluride, 817
Ethyltetrazene, 304
Ethyl thiobenzoate, 3135.1
Ethyl thiocyanate, 403
Ethyl thiooxamate, 675
Ethylthionyl chloride, 230
Ethyl tiglate, 2299
Ethyl o-toluate, 3678
Ethyl m-toluate, 3679
Ethyl p-toluate, 3680
o-Ethyltoluene, 3224
m-Ethyltoluene, 3225
p-Ethyltoluene, 3226
o-Ethyltoluidine, 3261
m-Ethyltoluidine, 3262
p-Ethyltoluidine, 3263
Ethyl o-tolylurethane, 4363
Ethyl trichloroacetate, 585
Ethyl trifluoroacetate, 586
Ethyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate, 3186
chloroEthyltriisobutylammonium
platinate, 1220
Ethyltripropylammonium
Ethylurea, 504
Ethylurethane, 1067.1
Ethyl n-valerate, 2356
Ethyl vanillate, 3692
4-Ethyl-m-xylene, 3733
5-Ethyl-ra-xylene, 3734
-Eucaine, 5475
/3-Eucaine, 4958
a-Eucaine hydrochloride, 5476
/3-Eucaine hydrochloride, 4963
Eucalyptol, 3902
Eucarvol, 3762
Eucatropine, 5248
Eucodine, 5460
Eucol, 3171
Eudesmol, 5000
Eugenol, 3666
Eugenol acetate, 4318
Eugenol acid camphorate, 5584
Eugenol benzoate, 5193
Eugenol benzyl ether, 5200
Eugenol cinnamato, 5418
Eugenol ethyl ether, 4339
Eugenol formate, 4068
Eugenol isoamyl ether, 4967
Eugenol methyl ether, 4092
Eugenol propyl ether, 4543
Euonymol, 5679
Euonysterol, 6025
Euphthalmine, 5246
Euphthalmine hydrochloride, 5248
Eupophine, 5314
Eupyrin, 5436
Euquinine, 5801
Euresol, 2619
Europhen, 5732
Europium ethyl sulfate, 2061
Euxanthic acid, 5421
Euxanthone, 4429
Exalgin, 3199
Excretin, 5601
Farnesol, 5001
Fenchene, 3807
Fencholic acid, 3933
Fenchone, 3852
Fenchone oxime, 3885
Fenchyl alcohol, 3904, 3905, 3906,
3907
Fenchylamine, 3951
Fenchyl chloride, 3878
Fenchylene, 3808
Ferrous
naphthalene-/3-sulfonate,
1399
Ferulene, 4992
Ferulic acid, 3609
Ferulicaldehyde, 3603
Fichtelite, 5343.1
Fiestin, 4883
Filicic acid, 6096
Filixic acid, 6082
Filmaron, 6151
a-Flavaniline, 5065
a-Flavaspidic acid, 5830
/8-Flavaspidic acid, 5831
Flavene, 4674
Flavoline, 5053
Flavon, 4868
Flavopurpurin, 4637
Fluoran, 5489
Fluoranthene, 4866
Fluorene, 4439
Fluorene ketone, 4425
Fluorenol, 4446
Fluorenone, 4425
Fluorescein, 5490
Fluorescin, 5505
Fluoroacetic acid, 163
o-Fluoroaniline, 1388
m-Fluoroaniline, 1389
p-Fluoroahiline, 1390
<?-Fluorobenzamide, 1971
ra-Fluorobenzamide,
1972
p-Fluorobenzamide, 1973
Fluorobenzene, 1328
o-Fluorobenzoic acid, 1877
ra-Fluorobenzoic acid, 1878
p-Fluorobenzoic acid, 1879
o-Fluorobenzoyl chloride, 1803
ra-Fluorobenzoyl chloride, 1804
p-Fluorobenzoyl chloride, 1805
Fluoroethyl alcohol, 233
Fluoroform, 20
tt-Fluoronaphthalene, 3469
/3-Fluoronaphthalene, 3470
o-Fluoronitrobenzene, 1249
m-Fluoronitrobenzene, 1250
p-Fluoronitrobenzene, 1251
2-Fluoro-5-nitrobenzoic acid, 1823
o-Fluorophenol, 1329
to-Fluorophenol,
1330
p-Fluorophenol, 1331
o-Fluorotoluene, 2057
ra-Fluorotoluene, 2058
p-Fluorotoluene, 2059
Formal, 513
Formaldehyde, 35
Formaldehyde cyanhydrin, 170
Formaldoxime, 47
Formanilide, 2073
Formamide, 46
Formic acid, 37
Formopyrine, 5777
p-Formylphenetidine, 3218
Fortoin, 5969
Frangulin, 5630
Fraxetin, 3538
d-Fructose, 1674
Fucitol, 1748
Fucose, 1668
Fulminuric acid, 336
Fumarie acid, 573
Fumarine, 5624
Fumaryl chloride, 545
Fuugisterin, 5873
Furan, 569
Furfurylacetone, 2178
Furfuracrolein, 2003
Furfural, 859
Furfuramide, 4900
Furfuran, 569
Furfurine, 4901
Furfuryl alcohol, 893
Furoin, 3528
Fustin, 6170
Gadolinium acetate, 2071
Gadolinium ethyl sulfate, 2072
Gadolinium oxalate, 2070
Gai die acid, 5150
Galactite, 3314
Galactosazone, 5326
rf-a-Galactose, 1675
d-0-Galactose, 1675.1
dZ-Galactose, 1676
d-0-Galaheptose, 2376
Galangin, 4881
Galbanic acid, 4564
Galegine, 5057
Galipeine, 5538
Galipidiiie, 5423
Gallanilide, 4487
Gallanol, 4487
Gallic acid, 2023
Gallobromol, 1802
Gardenin, 4747
Geissospermine, 5467
Gelsemic acid, 4489
Gelsemine, 5711
Gelseminic acid, 3530
Gelseminine hydrobromide, 5720
Gelseminine hydrochloride, 5722
Geneserine, 4961
Geneserine picrate, 5657
Genin, 5737
Genisteine, 5146
Gentianin, 4690
Gentienin, 4691
Gentiin, 5866
Gentiopicrin, 5125
Gentisin, 4690
Geoffroyin, 3721
Geranial, 3849
Geranie acid, 3865
Geraniene, 3809
Geraniol, 3908
Geranyl acetate, 4374
Geranylacetic acid, 4371
Geranylacetone, 4577
Geranylamine, 3952
Geranyl butyrate, 4835
Geranyl chloride, 3879
Geranyl formate, 4148
Geranyl methyl ether, 4155
Gitalin, 5964
Gitogenin, 5911
Gitonin, 6154
Glaucine, 5665
d-a-Glucoheptose, 2377
d-Glucoeamine, 1709
rf-Glucosamine hydroiodide, 1717
/3-Glucosan, 1577
d-Glucosazone, 5327
Z-Glucosazone, 5328
d-a-Glucose, 1677
d--Glucose, 1678
d-Glucosealdazine, 4401
d-Glucosediethylmercaptal, 4009
Glucose pentaacetate, 5138
d-Glucose pentanitrate, 1462
a-Glucose phenylhydrazone, 4367.2
/9-Glucose phenylhydrazone, 4367.3
d-Glucosimine, 1710
rf-Glucosoxime, 1711
Glutaconic acid, 899
Glutaconic anhydride, 864
Glutaconic nitrile, 851
Glutamine, 995
rf-Glutaminic acid, 977
d(Z)-Glutamic acid hydrochloride,
988.1
<#-Glutaminic acid, 976
Glutaric acid, 946
Glutaric anhydride, 897
Glutaric nitrile, 886
Glutinic acid, 869
Glyceric aldehyde, 454
Glycerol, 515
Glyceryl acetate, 1031
Glyceryl bromide, 371
Glyceryl 1-butyrate, 2367
Glyceryl chloride, 388
Glyceryl di acetate, 2312
Glyceryl-1, 2-dibutyrin, 4163
Glyceryl l, 3-dinitrate, 443
Glyceryl ether, 1559
Glyceryl 1-ethyl ether, 1092
Glyceryl 1-methyl ether, 806
Glyceryl monosalicylate, 3697
Glyceryl 1-nitrate, 497
Glyceryl 2-nitrate, 498
Glyceryl triacetate, 3289
Glyceryl tribenzoate, 5823
Glyceryl tributyrate, 5010
Glyceryl tricaprate, 6056
Glyceryl tricaproate, 5688
Glyceryl tricaprylate, 5940
Glyceryl trielaidate, 6165
Glyceryl tri formate, 1506
Glyceryl trimyristate, 6147
Glyceryl tri ni trte, 407
Glyceryl trinitrite, 406
Glyceryl tri oleate, 6166
Glyceryl tri palmi tate, 6157
Glyceryl triricinoleate, 6167
Glyceryl trisalicylate, 5824
Glyceryl tristearate, 6169
Glycide, 453
Glycine, 241
Glycocholic acid, 5908
Glycocoll, 241
Glycogen, 1578
Glycol, 264
Glycol acetate, 734
Glycolbromhydrin, 221
Glycolchlorhydrin, 227
Glycol diacetate, 1571
Glycol dimethyl ether, 798

Glycol dinitrate, 205
Glycol ethyl ether, 799
Glycoliodohydrin, 235
GIy coli e acid, 214
GIy coli e aldehyde, 211
Glycolic amide, 245
Glycolic anhydride, 634
Glycolic nitrile, 170
Glycol methyl ether, 512
Glycol salicylate, 3184
Glycoluric acid, 438
Glycosal, 3697
Glycyphylline, 5658
Glycyrrhizic acid, 6142
Glyoxal, 146
Glyoxaline, 350
Glyoxime, 200
Gnoscopine, 5703
Gossypetin, 4890
Granatic acid, 2817
Granatini ne, 2857
Granatoli ne, 2860
Grindelol, 5807
Guacamphol, 5233
Guaethol, 2738
Guaiacol, 2174
Guaiacolsalol, 4746
Guaiaconic acid, 5432
Guaiacyl acetate, 3171
Guaiacyl acid camphorate, 5233
Guaiacyl benzoate, 4740
Guaiacyl benzyl ether, 4782
Guaiacyl carbonate, 4924
Guaiacyl cinnamato, 5070
Guaiacyl ethyl ether, 3249
Guaiacyl glyceryl ether, 3775
Guaiacyl methyl glycolate, 3694
Guaiacyl salicylate, 4746
Guaiacyl valerate, 4351
Guaiadol, 2066
Guaiamar, 3775
Guaiaquin, 6063
Guaiol, 5142.1
Guajene, 4977
Guajol, 5002
Guanidine acetate, 527
Guanidine carbonate, 535
Guanidine hydrochloride, 75
Guanidine lactate, 786
Guanidine nitrate, 80
Guanidine nitrite, 79
Guanidine picrate, 2158
Guanidine thiocyanate, 261
Gujasanol, 4556
Gulososazone, 5329
Guvacine, 1521
Gynocardic acid, 5358
Gynocardine, 4553
Gynoval, 5006
Halazone, 1866
Harmaline, 4524
Harmalol, 4290
Harmine, 4502
Hartin, 3853
Hedonal, 1703
Helleborein, 5685
Helleboresi n, 5990
Helleboretin, 4824
Helleborin, 6095
Helenin, 4950
Z-Helicin, 4534
Heliotropin, 2474
Helmitol, 4369
Hematein, 5051
Hematoporphyrin, 5108
Hematoxylin, 5078
Hemimelitic acid, 3020
Hemimellitene, 3227
Hemipinic acid, 3626
Heneicosamide, 5693
n-Henei cosane, 5694
9-Heneicosene, 5690
Heneicosonic acid, 5692
n-Hentriacontane, 6028
Heptachloroanthracene, 4592
Heptachloropropane, 312
n-Heptacosane, 5942
n-Heptadecane, 5260
Heptadecan-9-ol, 5261
8-Heptadecene, 5254 .
Heptadecylamine, 5262
Heptadecylic acid, 5257
2, 4-Heptadiene, 2279
Heptaldehyde, 2343
Heptamethylene, 2327
n-Heptane, 2389
Heptane-1, 7-dicarboxylic acid, 3307
Heptanilide, 4549
1, 3, 5-Heptatriene, 2241
-Heptene, 2332
/3-Heptene, 2329
2-Heptene-4-ol, 2336
-Heptine, 2275
/3-Heptine, 2280
7-Heptine, 2278
n-Heptyl acetate, 3336
n-Heptyl alcohol, 2403
n-Heptylamine, 2419
r?-Heptyl bromide, 2380
7&-Heptyl chloride, 2381
n-Heptylene, 2332
n-Heptyl ether, 4857
n-Heptyl fluoride, 2382
n-Heptyl formate, 2908
7i-Heptylic acid, 2351
n-Heptylic amide, 2385
n-Heptylic anhydride, 4843
n-Heptylic oxime, 2386
n-Heptyl iodide, 2383
n-Heptyl nitrile, 2320
n-Heptyl propionate, 3985
Heraclin, 6029
Heroine, 5648
Heroine hydrochloride, 5654
Hesperetin, 5079
Hesperetinic acid, 3610
Hesperetol, 3137
Hesperidin, 5718
Hetralin, 4367.5
Hexaazobenzene, 1286
Hexabromobenzene, 1107
Hexabromoethane, 87
Hexabromophenoi, 1108
Heaxchloroanthracene, 4595
Hexachlorobenzene, 1110
Hexachloroethane, 92
Hexachloronaphthalene, 3373
Hexachlorophenol, lili
n-Hexacosane, 5918
n-Hexadecane, 5167
HexadecyJacetylene, 5353
n-Hexadecyl alcohol, 5168
tt-Hexadecylene, 5156
1, 5-Hexadiene, 1534
2, 4-Hexadiene, 1535
Hexaethylbenzene, 5340
Hexahydroanthracene, 4802
Hexahydrobenzaldehyde, 2289
Hexahydrobenzene, 1612
Hexahydrobenzoic acid, 2293
Hexahydrobenzyl alcohol, 2337
Hexahydro-0-cresol, 2339
Hexahydro-p-cresol, 2342
Z-Hexahydro-m-cresol, 2340
f?Z-Hexahydro-?n-cresol, 2341
Hexahydrocumene, 3320
Hexahydro-p-cymene, 3961
czs-Hexahydrohomophthalic a c i d ,
3281
frans-Hexahydrohomophthalic acid,
3282
Hexahydronaphthalene, 3735
Hexahydropyridine, 1054
Hexahydrosalicylic acid, 2300

ra-Hexahydrothiocresol, 2379
Hexahydrothiophenol, 1687
Hexahydrotoluene, 2330
Hexaiodobenzene, 1112
Hexal, 4541
Hexamethylbenzene, 4365
Hexamethyldisilicane, 425
Hexamethylenediamine, 1772
Hexamethyleneglycol, 1745
Hexamethylenetetramine, 1626
ethobromide, 2923
Hexamethylenetetraminemethy l e n e
citrate, 4369.1
Hexamethylenetetramine perchlorate,
1696
Hexamethylenetetramineresorcinol,
4367.5
Hexamethylenetetraminesalicylsulfonic acid, 4541
Hexamethylethane, 2943
Hexamethyl selenide, 1690.1
Hexamine, 1626
n-Hexane, 1713
Hexane-1, 5-diol, 1744
Hexane-1, 6-diol, 1745
Hexanitrodiphenylamine, 4181
Hexanitroethane, 98
Hexapropoxydisilicane oxide, 3M32
Hexatriacontane, 6107
2-Hexene-4-ol, 1628
1, 2-Hexenic acid, 1553
4, 5-Hexenic acid, 1554
Hexenyl alcohol, 1629
Hexenyl ether, 4386
n-Hexine, 1532
n-Hexyl acetate, 2909
d-/3-Hexyl acetate, 2909.1
n-Hexylacetylene, 2824
n-Hexyl alcohol, 1728
n-Hexylamine, 1762
2-Hexylamine, 1762.1
n-Hexyl bromide, 1692
Hexylbutylene, 3956
n-Hexyl chloride, 1695
n-Hexylene, 1610
n-Hexyl ether, 4416
rc-Hexyl formate, 2358
n-Hexyl iodide, 1697
Hippuric acid, 3111
Histidine, 1529
Histidine dihydrochloride, 1598
Histidine hydrochloride, 1539
Holarrhenine, 5839
Holocaine, 5325
Holocaine hydrochloride, 5331
Homoanthranilic acid, 2659
Homoatropine, 5128
Homoatropine hydrobromide, 5131
Homoatropine hydrochloride, 5132
Homoatropine salicylate, 5789
Homoatropine sulfate, 6033
Homocatechol, 2172
a-Homochelidonine, 5649
/3-Homochelidonine, 5650
-y-Homochelidonine, 5651
Homocinchonidine, 5443
Homocinchonine, 5442
Homoeriodyctiol, 5080
Homoeuonysterol, 6126
Homogentisinic acid, 2626
Homomesityl oxide, 2835
Homonopinol, 3921
Homophorone, 4370
Homopyrocatechol, 2172
2?-Homosaligenin, 2735
Homotaraxasterol, 5874
Homotropine, 3315
Hordenine, 3794
Hydantoic acid, 438
Hydantoin, 354
Hydracetine, 2693
Hydrastine, 5635
Hydrastinine, 4077
Hydrastinine hydrochloride, 4083
Hydrastinine sulfate, 4114
Hydrastininic acid, 4037
Hydratropic acid, 3146
Hydrazobenzene, 4289
o-Hydrazobenzoic acid, 4719
m-Hydrazodimethylaniline, 5133
>-Hydrazodiphenyl, 5822
Hydrazoindole, 5058
a, a'-Hydrazonaphthalene, 5513
, /3'-Hydrazonaphthalene, 5514
o-Hydrazophenetol, 5119
o-Hydrazotoluene, 4803
2>-Hydrazotoluene, 4805
2-Hydrazo-p-xylene, 5118
3-Hydrazo-o-xylene, 5114
4-Hydrazo-o-xylene, 5115
4-Hydrazo-m-xylene, 5116
5-Hydrazo-w-xylene, 5117
Hydrindene, 3121
Hydrindic acid, 2512
a-Hydrindone, 3070
/S-Hydrindone, 3071
Hydrobenzamide, 5622
dZ-Hydrobenzoin, 4781
Hydrocaffeic acid, 3176
Hydrocarbostyril, 3103
Hydrocarpic acid, 5147
Hydrochelidonic acid, 2268
Hydrochelidonic anhydride, 2185
Hydrocinchonidine, 5462
Hydrocinchonine, 5464
Hydrocinnamaldehyde, 3130
Hydrocinnamic acid, 3147
Hydrocinnamyl alcohol, 3237
Hydroconquinine, 5577
Hydrocotarnine, 4333
Hydrocotoin, 4921
m-Hydrocoumaric acid, 3164
Hydrocupreine, 5468
Hydrocyanic acid, 22
Hydrocyanic acid (Tetramer), 567
Hydroipecamine, 5955
a-Hydrojuglon, 3521
/3-Hydrojuglon, 3522
-Hydropiperic acid, 4072
Hydroquinidine, 5577
Hydroquinine, 5578
Hydroquinol, 1416
Hydroquinol diacetate, 3618
Hydroquinol diethyl ether, 3768
Hydroquinol dimethyl ether, 2739
Hydroquinol ethyl ether, 2740
Hydroquinol methyl ether, 2176
Hydrotropilidene, 2237
Hydroxyacetamide, 245
Hydroxyacetic acid, 214
Hydroxyacetone, 449
o-Hydroxyacetophenone, 2581
w-Hydroxyacetophenone, 2582
33-Hydroxyacetophenone, 2583
3-Hydroxy-2-amylene-l, 4-naphthoquinone, 4920
1-Hydroxyanthracene, 4668
2-Hydroxyanthraquinone, 4624
2>-Hydroxyazobenzene, 4227
o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2004
ra-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2005
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2006
o-Hydroxybenzamide, 2078
m-Hydroxybenzamide, 2079
p-Hydroxybenzamide, 2080
o-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 2013
w-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 2014
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 2015
o-Hydroxybenzophenone, 4452
z-Hydroxybenzophenone, 4453
p-Hydroxybenzophenone, 4454
7-Hydroxy-l, 2-benzopyrone, 3017
1-Hydroxybenzothiazole, 1891
o-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2166
w-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2167
p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2168
2-Hydroxybutyraldehyde, 722
1-Hydroxybutyric acid, 730
2-Hydroxybutyric acid, 732
Hydroxycamphor, 3866
1-Hydroxycapric acid, 3991
Z-1-Hydroxycaproic acid, 1664
rf-1-Hydroxycaproic acid, 1663
dZ-1-Hydroxycapric acid, 1665
1-Hydroxy-n-caprylic acid, 2913
1-Hydroxy-w-caprylic amide, 2932
o-Hydroxycinnamic acid, 3083
m-Hydroxycinnamic acid, 3084
p-Hydroxycinnamic acid, 3085
o-Hydroxycinnamyl aldehyde, 3072
p-Hydroxycinnamyl aldehyde, 3073
Hydroxycitric acid, 1508
Hydroxyconiine, 2930
1-Hydroxy-l, 1-diethylacetic acid,
1666
2-Hydroxy-2,
3-dimethylbutane,
1725
1-Hydroxy-l,
2-dimethylcycloheptane, 2876
1-Hydroxy-l,
3-dimethylcycloheptane, 2879, 2880
l-Hydroxy-2, 2-dimethylcyclohexane,
2882
2-Hydroxy-l, 3-dimethylcyclohexane,
2885
2884
2886
2887
2883
cis-5-Hy droxy-1,
3-dimethylcyclohexane, 2888
Jrans-5-Hydroxy-l, 3-dimethylcyclohexane, 2889
1-Hydroxy-l, 4-dimethylhexane, 2881
2-Hydroxy-2,
4-dimethylpentane,
2397
3-Hydroxy-2,
3-dimethylpentane,
2410
3-Hydroxy-2,
4-dimethylpentane,
2400
1-Hydroxydiphenylacetic acid, 4738
JV-Hydroxyethylaniline, 2780
2-Hydroxy-3-ethylpentane, 2404
3-Hydroxy-3-ethylpentane, 2412
9-Hydroxyfluorene, 4446
2-Hydroxyglutaric nitrile, 887
2-Hydroxyheptane, 2407
4-Hydroxyheptane, 2399
3-Hydroxyhexane, 1726
p-Hydroxyhydratropic acid, 3167
Hydroxyhydroquinone, 1420
4-Hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyltoluene,
2735
3-Hy droxyindol e-2-carboxyli c a ci d,
3048
1-Hydroxyisobutyric acid, 731
2-Hydroxyisophthalic acid, 2486
2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-l-methylhexahydrobenzene, 3966
1-Hydroxyisovaleric acid, 1024
Hydroxymaleic acid, 575
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxypropylbenzene,
3767
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxytoluene, 2725
o-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, 2597
m-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, 2598
p-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, 2599

l-Hydroxy-2-methylhexane, 2405
l-Hydroxy-5-methylhexane, 2406
2-Hydroxy-2-methylhexane, 2396
3-Hydroxy-2-methylpentane, 1727
2-Hydroxy-2-methylquinol ne, 3554
4-H y d r o x y-3-methyltetradecane-6carboxylic acid, 5161
Hydroxymyristic acid, 4853
2-Hydroxy-a-naphthaldehyde, 4026
4-Hydroxy-a-naphthaldehyde, 4027
3-Hydroxy-j8-naphthoic acid, 4031
8-Hydroxy-a-naphthoic acid, 4028
d-2-Hy droxy octane, 2967
4-Hydroxyoctane, 2969
9-Hydroxyphenanthrene, 4671
o-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2600
w-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2601
p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2602
1-Hydroxypheuylacetic acid, 2612,
2613
1-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, 2509
2-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-ethylamine,
2790
2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid,
3165
2-Hydroxy-o-phthalic acid, 2483
2-Hydroxypyridine, 871
4-Hydroxypyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic
acid, 1906
/3-Hydroxy-y-pyrone, 866
d-1-Hydroxypyrotartaric acid, 952
dZ-1-Hydroxypyrotartaric acid, 953
2-Hydroxypropionitrile, 399
2-Hydroxyquinaldine, 3554
2-Hydroxyquinoline, 3039
3-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylicacid,
3484
7-Hydroxyquinoline-3-sulfonic acid,
3053
Hydroxysantonin, 4944
1-Hydroxystearic acid, 5383
3-Hydroxytoluene-4-aldehyde, 2577
2-Hydroxytoluene-4-carboxylic acid,
2610
2603
2611
2604
2607
5-Hy droxy toluene-2-carboxyli c aci d,

2605
2608
6-Hy droxytoluene-2-carboxyli c acid,
2606
2609
3, 2-Hydroxytoluic acid, 2603
Hydroxytoluic aldehyde, 2574, 2575,
2576, 2577
1-H y d r o x y t r i -(p-aminophenyl)methane, 5428
2-Hydroxy-2, 3, 3-trimethylbutane,
2398
1-Hydroxyvaleric acid, 1023
2-Hydroxyvaleric acid, 1025
Hyenanchin, 4945
Hyenic acid, 5879
Hygric acid, 1605
Hygrine, 2861
Hyoscine, 5222
Hyoscine hydrobromide, 5226
Hyoscine hydrochloride, 5229
Hyoscine picrate, 5778
Hyoscyamine, 5236
Hyoscyamine hydrobromide, 5239
Hyoscyamine hydrochloride, 5241
Hyoscyamine sulfate, 6071
Hypnal, 4528
Hypogaeic acid, 5151
Hypotonin, 4420
Hypoxanthine, 855
Hyssopin, 6155
Hystazarin, 4632
Ibogine, 5899
Idryl, 4866
Igasuric acid, 5305
Ilicic alcohol, 6002
Ilicyl alcohol, 5747
Imidazole, 350
Iminodiethylbarbituric acid, 2823
Iminoethyl alcohol, 765
Iminoveronal, 2823
Imperialine, 6089
Incarnatrin, 5632
Incarnatryl alcohol, 6081
Indaconine, 5938
Indaconitine, 6066
Indazole, 1979
Indene, 3054
Indene oxybromide, 3095
Indican, 4816
Indigo blue, 5208
Indigotin, 5208
Indigoxime, 5036
Indobenzaconine, 6035
Indole, 2504
Indole-2-carboxylic acid, 3046
Indole-3-carboxylic acid, 3047
Indoledicarboxylic acid, 3493
Indole-2-propionic acid, 4052
Indolin, 5066
Indoxyl, 2510
Indoxylic acid, 3048
d(Z)-Inosite, 1679
dZ-Inosite, 1680
Inosite dimethyl ether, 2917
d-Inosite methyl ether, 2374
Z-Inosite methyl ether, 2375
Inulin, 6104
3-Iodoacenaphthene, 4210
Iodoacetal, 1698
Iodoacetaldehyde, 165
p-Iodoacetanilide, 2546
Iodoacetic acid, 167
Iodoacetol, 429
Iodoacetone, 392
lodoacetoxime, 426
Iodoacetylene, 113
o-Iodoaniline, 1391
m-Iodoaniline, 1392
p-Iodoaniline, 1393
o-Iodoanisol, 2064
o-Iodobenzamide, 1974
ra-Iodobenzamide, 1975
p-Iodobenzamide, 1976
lodobenzene, 1333
o-Iodobenzoic acid, 1881
m-Iodobenzoic acid, 1882
p-Iodobenzoic acid, 1883
2-Iodoethyl alcohol, 235
Iodoethylene, 164
2-Iodoethyl ethyl ether, 757
Iodoform, 21
4-Iodoguaiacol, 2065
5-Iodoguaiacol, 2066
5-Iodo-2-hydroxymethoxyb e n z e D e ,
2066
l-Iodo-2-hydroxypropane, 477
3-Iodo-l-hydroxypropane, 478
9-Iodo-8-hydroxyquino l i n e - 5 - s u l fonic acid, 3009
Iodoisopropyl alcohol, 477
lodol, 542
Iodomethyl methyl ether, 236
l-Iodo-/3-naphthol, 3471
o-Iodonitrobenzene, 1254
m-Iodonitrobenzene, 1255
p-Iodonitrobenzene, 1256
4-Iodo-6-nitrophenol, 1257
o-Iodophenol, 1334
w-Iodophenol, 1335
p-Iodophenol, 1336
lodopicrin, 15
1-Iodopropionic acid, 393
2-Iodopropionic acid, 394
3-Iodopropyl alcohol, 478
2-Iodopropylene, 390
3-Iodopropylene, 391
3-Iodosalicylic acid, 1884
lodosobenzene, 1337
o-Iodotoluene, 2061
m-Iodotoluene, 2062
p-Iodotoluene, 2063
2-Iodo-l, 3, 5-trinitrobenzene, 1141
lodotrinitromethane, 15
lodoxybenzene, 1338
lonidine, 5473
a-Ionone, 4559
/3-Ionone, 4560
Ipecamine, 5951
Ipuranol, 5811
Ipurganol, 5684
Ipurolic acid, 4854
Iretol, 2184
Irone, 4561
!sanie acid, 4823
Isatid, 5041
Isatine, 2438
Isatine chloride, 2422.1
Isatoxime, 2465
Isatronic acid, 5187
a-Isatropic acid, 5293
/3-Isatropic acid, 5294
7-Isa tropi c acid, 5295
Isoacetonitrile, 169
Isoallylbenzene, 3120
Isoamyl acetate, 2354
Isoamylacetic acid, 2350
Isoamyl alcohol, 1079
sec.-Isoamyl alcohol, 1085
Isoamyl allyl ether, 2891
Isoamylamine, 1100
Isoamylaniline, 4140
Isoamyl anisate, 4545
Isoamylbenzene, 4118
Isoamyl benzoate, 4345
Isoamyl borate, A1828
Isoamyl bromide, 1041
Isoamyl n-butyrate, 3330

Isoamyl caprylate, 4583
Isoamyl carbamate, 1704
Isoamyl carbinol, 1729
Isoamyl carbonate, 4177
Isoamyl chloride, 1044
Isoamyl chloroacetate, 2319
Isoamyl chlorocarbonate, 1597
Isoamyl chloroformate, 1597
Isoamyl cyanide, 1603
ee-Isoamylene, 985
/3-Isoamylene, 986
Isoamyl ether, 4007
Isoamyl ethylacetoacetate, 4159
5, 5-Isoamylethylbarbituric acid, 4146
Isoamyl ethyl malonate, 3939
Isoamyl fluoride, 1050
Isoamyl formate, 1649
Isoamyl iodide, 1052
Isoamyl isocyanide, 1604
Isoamylisopropylbarbituric a c i d ,
4368.9
Isoamyl isopropyl malonate, 4162
Isoamyl isothiocyanate, 1608
Isoamyl isovalerate, 3986
Isoamyl mercaptan, 1098
Isoamyl mustard oil, 1608
Isoamyl nitrate, 1070
Isoamyl nitrite, 1064
Isoamyl oxalate, 4391
p-Isoamylphenol, 4127
Isoamyl phenyl ketone, 4337
Isoamyl propionate, 2901
Isoamylpropylbarbituric acid, 4369
Isoamyl salicylate, 4349
Isoamyl sulfide, 4010
Isoamyl tartrate, 4846.1
Isoanthracene, 4651
Isoanthraquinone, 4621
Isoapiol, 4323
Isobebeerine, 5318
Isoborneol, 3910
dMsoborneol, 3909
Isobornyl acetate, 4375
Isobornyl chloride, 3880
Isobornyl formate, 4149
Isobornyl isovalerate, 5006
Isobutane, 781.2
Isobutylacetaldehyde, 1634
Isobutyl acetate, 1652
Isobutyl alcohol, 790
Isobutylamine, 821
Isobutyl p-aminobenzoate, 4108
Isobutyl amyl ether, 3365
Isobutylaniline, 3790
Isobutyl anisate, 4350
Isobutylbenzene, 3736
Isobutyl benzoate, 4099
Isobutyl benzyl ketone, 4338
Isobutyl bromide, 742
Isobutyl n-butyrate, 2904
Isobutyl carbamate, 1067
Isobutyl carbinol, 1079
Isobutyl carbonate, 3342
Isobutyl chloride, 747
Isobutyl chlorocarbonate, 970
Isobutyl chloroformate, 970
Isobutyl cyanide, 973
Isobutyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate,
2284.1
Isobutylene, 684
Isobutylene dibromide, 693
Isobutylene dichloride, 695
lsobutyleneglycol, 797
Isobutyl ether, 2974
5, 5-Isobutylethylbarbituric acid, 3842
Isobutyl formate, 1016
Isobutylidene bromide, 693
Isobutylidene chloride, 695
Isobutyl iodide, 755
Isobutyl isobutyrate, 2905
Isobutyl isothiocyanate, 978
Isobutyl isovalerate, 3334

Isobutylmalonic acid, 2305
Isobutyl mercaptan, 811
Isobutyl mustard oil, 978
Isobutyl nitrate, 775
Isobutyl nitrite, 773
Isobutyl oxalate, 3942
Isobutyl phenyl ether, 3760
Isobutyl phenyl ketone, 4089
Isobutyl phenylpropiolate, 4526.1
Isobutyl propionate, 2359
Isobutyl ricinoleate, 5765.1
Isobutylsilicon trichloride, 439
Isobutyl tartrate, 4393
Isobutylurethane, 2386.1
Isobutyl ra-valerate, 3333
Isobutyraldehyde, 718
Isobutyramide, 761
Isobutyric acid, 724
Isobutyric anhydride, 2841
Isobutyroisonitrile, 669
Isobutyronitrile, 668
Isobutyryl chloride, 652
Isocalycanthine, 4085
Isocamphoric acid, 3871
Isocapric aldehyde, 3976
Isocaproic acid, 1644
Isocaproisonitrile, 1604
Isocapronitrile, 1603
Isochrysene, 5265
Isocinchomeronic acid, 1902
#-Isocinchonine, 5444
Isocinnamic acid, 3076
Isocodeine, 5319
Isoconquinine, 5558
Isocorybulbine, 5666
Isocorydaline, 5723
Isocotoin, 4745
Isocrotonic acid, 619
Isocusparine, 5413
Isocyanuric acid, 336
Isodecylic aldehyde, 3978
Isodibutol, 2961
Isodulcitol, 1672
0-Isodurene, 3739
Isodurylic acid, 3673
Isoemetine, 5974
Isoemetine hydrochloride, 5975
Isoephedrine, 3795
Isoeugenol, 3667
Isoeugenol acetate, 4319
Isoeugenol benzoate, 5194
Isoeugenol benzyl ether, 5201
Isoeugenol dibenzoate, 6059
Isoeugenol 1, 2-dibromide, 3641
Isoeugenol ethyl ether, 4340
Isoeugenol formate, 4069
Isoeugenol methyl ether, 4093
Isoeugenol propionate, 4532
Isofenchyl alcohol, 3911, 3912
Isoferulic acid, 3610
Isoheptane, 2390
1, 2-Isoheptenic acid, 2294
Isoheptyl alcohol, 2406
Isohexacosane, 5919
Isohexane, 1715
1, 2-Isohexenic acid, 1555
Isohexyl alcohol, 1724
Isohexylamine, 1763
Isohydrobenzoin, 4783
Isohydrosorbic acid, 1553
Isohydroxydimethylurea, 2260.2
d(Z)-Isoleucine, 1707
dZ-Isoleucine, 1708
Isomalic acid, 637
Isomannide, 1574
d-Isomenthol, 3970
a-Isomorphine, 5203
Isonicoteine, 3642
Isonicotine, 3746
Isonicotinic acid, 1346
Isonitrosoacetone, 401
Isonitrosobarbituric acid, 554

Isooctane, 2937
Isopentane, 1072
Isophthalic acid, 2480
Isophthalic aldehyde, 2471
Isophthalic diamide, 2552
Isophthalic nitrile, 2428
Isophthalyl dichloride, 2424
Isopilocarpine, 4126
Isopilocarpine hydrobromide, 4133
Isopilocarpine hydrochloride, 4135
Isopilocarpine nitrate, 4142
Isopral, 389
Isoprene, 916
Isoprene hydrochloride, 965
Isopropenyl chloride, 373
Isopropyl acetate, 1021
Isopropylacetylene, 921
Isopropyl alcohol, 506
Isopropyl allyl ether, 1632
Isopropylamine, 525
Isopropylammonium chloroplatinate,
1190
N-Isopropylaniline, 3268
p-Isopropylaniline, 3257
p-Isopropylbenzaldehyde, 3656
Isopropylbenzene, 3223
Isopropyl benzoate, 3681
o-Isopropylbenzoic acid, 3669
2>-Isopropylbenzoic acid, 3668
p-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol, 3754
Isopropyl benzyl ketone, 4090
Isopropyl borate, A1827
Isopropyl bromide, 465
Isopropylbutyl carbinol, 2971
Isopropyl butyrate, 2363
Isopropyl chloride, 469
Isopropyl cyanide, 668
Isopropyl ether, 1742
Isopropylethylene, 985
Isopropyl formate, 728
Isopropylhexahydrobenzene, 3320
Isopropyl n-hexyl ketone, 3977
Isopropyl hydrocinnamate, 4345.1
Isopropylidene chloride, 420
Isopropyl iodide, 476
Isopropyl isoamyl ketone, 3327
Isopropylisobutyl carbinol, 2972
Isopropyl isobutyrate, 2364
Isopropyl isocyanide, 669
Isopropylmalonic acid, 1567
Isopropyl mercaptan, 519
Isopropyl nitrate, 496
Isopropyl nitrite, 490
p-Isopropylpheny!acetic acid, 4094
Isopropyl phenyl ether, 3247
Isopropyl phenyl ketone, 3661
Isopropyl propionate, 1660
2-Iaopropylpyridine, 2772
4-Isopropylpyridine, 2773
Isopropyl sulfide, 1755
w-Isopropyltoluene, 3737
p-Isopropyltoluene, 3738
Isopulegol, 3913, 3913.1
Isopulegon, 3854
Isopulegyl acetate, 4375.1
Isopyroine, 5960
Isoquinine, 5559
Isoquinoline, 3036
Isosaccharic acid, 1586
czs-Isosafrol, 3589
rans-Isosafrol, 3590
Isosantonic acid, 4954
Isoserine, 494
Isosparteine, 4993
Isostrychnine, 5641
lsosuccinic acid, 630
Isotetracosane, 5860
Isothebaine, 5433
Isotrifolin, 5701
Isotropylcocaine, 6113
Isotruxillic acid, 5296
Isovaleraldehyde, 1002
Isovaleramide, 1058
Isovaleric acid, 1013
Isovaleric anhydride, 3936
Isovaleroanilide, 4105
Isovaleryl chloride, 967
Isovaleryl nitrile, 973
Isovanillic acid, 2627
Isovanillin, 2595
Itaconic acid, 900
Itaconic anhydride, 865
Jalapic acid, 5252
Jalapin, 6078
Jalapinolic acid, 5161
Japaconne, 5904
Japaconitine, 6073
Japaconitine hydrochloride, 6074
Jelsemine, 5547
Jelsemine hydrochloride, 5550
Jervine, 5900
Julolidine, 4327
Juniperic acid, 5162
Kaempferol, 4884
Kairoline, 3701
Kavaiin, 4925
Kersyl alcohol, 4833
Ketene, 145
Ketine, 1482
1-Ketoadipic acid, 1504.1
4-Ketoazelaic acid, 3287
14-Ketobehenic acid, 5765
7-K e t o-8-benzylideneacenaphthene,
5394
1-Ketobutyric acid, 627
1-Ketoglutaric acid, 905
7-Ketopalmitic acid, 5154
3-Ketopimelic acid, 2268
3-Ketostearic acid, 5363
6-Ketostearic acid, 5364=
/u-Ketotricosane, 5814
Kosin, 6020
Kryofine, 4113
Kyanpropine, 4384
Kynurenic acid, 3484
Kynuric acid, 3049
Kynurine, 3040
Laccainic acid, 5052
Lactamide, 491
Lactamidine hydrochloride, 523
d(Z)-Lactic acid, 456
dZ-Lactic acid, 457
Lactic anhydride, 1575
Lactide, 1502
Lactophenine, 4112
Lactonitrile, 400
Lactose, 4394
Lactucerin, 5958
Lactucerol, 4014
Lactucol, 4562
Lactucol acetate, 5803
Lactucon, 5803
Lactyl-p-phenetidine, 4112
Laevoglucosan, 1577
Lanoceric acid, 6012
Lanolic acid, 4389
Lanthanum ethyl sulfate, A1970
Lanthopine, 5782
Lapachol, 4920
Lappaconitine, 6032.1
Larixinic acid, 3623
Larycin, 5137
Laserpitin, 5903
Laudanidine, 5572
Laudanine, 5573
Laudanosine, 5673
Lauramide, 4410
Laurie acid, 4406
Laurie aldehyde, 4405
d-Laurolene, 2825
Laurone, 5814
Lauronitrile, 4399
Lauronolic acid, 3278
Lauryl chloride, 4398
Lavendol, 3914
Lead acetate, 642
Lead caprate, 651
Lead caproate, 647
Lead diethyl dipropyl, 631
Lead dimethyl diethyl, 622
Lead dimethyl diisoamyl, 634
Lead dimethyl diisobutyl, 632
Lead dimethyl dipropyl, 627
Lead formate, 639
Lead heptoate, 648
Lead laurate, 652
Lead methyl triethyl, 624
Lead myristate, 653
Lead nonylate, 650
Lead octoate, 649
Lead oleate, 655
Lead oxalate, 618
Lead palmitate, 654
Lead starate, 656
Lead tartrate, 640, 641
Lead tetraacetate, 645
Lead tetraethyl, 628
Lead tetramethyl, 619
Lead tetraphenyl, 638
Lead tetrapropionate, 646
Lead triethyl amyl, 636
Lead triethyl isoamyl, 637
Lead triethyl isobutyl, 633
Lead triethyl propyl, 630
Lead trimethyl butyl, 625
Lead trimethyl ethyl, 621
Lead trimethyl isoamyl, 629
Lead trimethyl isobutyl, 626
Lead trimethyl propyl, 623
Lenopalmic acid, 5163
Leontin, 6161
Lepidine, 3546
o-Leucaniline, 5426
p-Leucaniline, 5427
Z-Leucine, 1705
dZ-Leucine, 1706
Leucinic acid, 1664
Levulinic acid, 941
Levulinic aldehyde, 928
Lvulose, 1674
Licareol, 3916
Lignoceric acid, 5855
Lilolidine, 4076
Limonene, 3810
a-Limonene nitrosylchloride, 3820
Linalool, 3915, 3916
Linalyl acetate, 4376
Linoleic acid, 5346
Linolenic acid, 5342
Lipoiodine, 5850
Lithium acetate, 2638
Lithium ammonium tartrate, 2641.2
Lithium ethanedisulfonate, 2639
Lithium formate, 2636
Lithium malate, 2637
Lithium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate,
2640
Lithium oxalate, 2635
Lithium thallium tartrate, 2648
Lithofellinic acid, 5849
Lithuric acid, 4948
Lobelidine, 5570
Lobeline, 5794
Loganin, 5871
Longifolic acid, 4830
Lophine, 5619
Lophopetalin, 6092
Loretin, 3009
Loturine, 4224
Luminal, 4291
Lupanine, 4984
Lupeol, 6023
Lupeon, 6022
Lupinidine, 4994
Lupinine, 3953
Lupinine hydrochloride, 3964
Lupulinic acid, 6156
Luteic acid, 5537
Luteolin, 4885
a-Lutidine, 2202
2, 4-Lutidine, 2196
2, 6-Lutidine, 2197
3, 4-Lutidine, 2198
Lutidinic acid, 1901
Lycetol, 1718
Lycopodine, 6041
Lycorine, 5089
Lycorine hydrochloride, 5091
Lysidine, 702
Lysine picrate, 4364
Lysuric acid, 5548
d-Lyxose, 1035
Maclurin, 4470
Magnesium acetate, 2170
Magnesium acid d-tartrate, 2167
Magnesium ethanedisulfonate, 2172
Magnesium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, 2173
Magnesium d-tartrate, 2168
Malakin, 4928
Maleic acid, 574
Maleic anhydride, 548
Z-MaIi c acid, 635
dZ-Malic acid, 636
Malonamide, 436
Malonic acid, 360
Malonic nitrile, 316
Malonyl chloride, 314
Malonylurea, 565
Maltosan, 4382
Maltosazone, 5838
Maltose, 4395
d(Z)-Mandelic acid, 2612
dZ-Mandeloiiitrile, 2509
Z-Mandelonitrileglucoside, 4817
Manganese acetate, 1311, 1312
Manganese formate, 1309, 1310
Manganese oxalate, 1308
Mannide, 1573
Mannitan, 1669
d-Mannitol, 1751
Mannitol hexanitrate, 1495
d-Mannoheptitol, 2417
d-Mannoheptonic acid, 2378
a-Mannose, 1681
d-Mannose, 1682
dZ-Mannose, 1683
Maretin, 2794
Margaric acid, 5257
Margaric aldehyde, 5255
Marrubiin, 5676
Meconic acid, 1843
Meconidine, 5646
Meconin, 3621
Melamine, 445
Melampyrin, 1750
Melaniline, 4518
Melene, 6010
Melilot, 3134
Melilotic acid, 3165
Melilotic anhydride, 3078
Melissane, 6013
Melissic acid, 6011
Melissyl alcohol, 6015
Mellithyl alcohol, 4367.6
Mellitic acid, 4182
Mellophanic acid, 3450
o-Menthane, 3959
m-Menthane, 3960
p-Menthane, 3961
Menthanediol, 3975
o-Menthan-2-ol, 3971
p-Menthan-8-ol, 3972
Menthene, 3892
Menthenol, 3922
a-Menthol, 3973
0-Menthol, 3974
Z-Menthol mthylne ether, 5689
Menthone, 3917, 3918
Z-Menthyl acetate, 4388
Z-Menthyl acetoacetate, 4837
Z-Menthyl adipate, 5915
Menthylamine, 3992
Z-Menthyl angelate, 5008
Menthyl benzoate, 5244
Z-Menthyl n-butyrate, 4841
Menthyl camphorate, 6008
Z-Menthyl n-caproate, 5152
Z-Menthyl n-caprylate, 5362
Menthyl carbamate, 4164
Z-Menthyl carbonate, 5687
sec-Menthyl chloride, 3947
<er-Menthyl chloride, 3948
Z-Menthyl chloroacetate, 4383
Z-Menthyl crotonate, 4836
Z-Menthyl glutarate, 5877
Menthyl ethyl glycollate, 4844
Z-Menthyl formate, 4157
Z-Menthyl glycollate, 4390
Menthyl heptylate, 5253
Z-Menthyl hydrogen Buccinate, 4838
Menthyl hydroxyacetate, 4390
Z-Menthyl isobutyrate, 4842
Z-Menthyl isovalerate, 5013
Z-Menthyl dZ-lactate, 4579
Z-Menthyl levulinate, 5009
Z-Menthyl malonate, 5810
Z-Menthyl oxalate, 5759
Menthyl phenylacetate, 5334
Z-Menthyl propionate, 4578
Z-Menthyl pyruvate, 4573
Menthyl sorbinate, 5143
Z-Menthyl starate, 5966
Z-Menthyl succinate, 5846
Z-Menthyl tartrate, 5847.8
Z-Menthyl n-valerate, 5015
1-Mercaptobenzoxazole, 1892
2-Mercaptomethoxybenzene, 2165
/i-Mercaptothiazoline, 405
Mercuric acetate, 924
Mercuric benzoate, 926
Mercuric ethyl chloride, 930
Mercuric methyl chloride, 929
Mercuric propionate, 925
Mercuric starate, 927
Mercurous propionate, 928
Mercury di-(ethyl sulfide), 932
Mercury ethyl, 919
Mercury isobutyl, 921
Mercury methyl, 918
Mercury a-naphthyl, 923
Mercury phenyl, 922
Mercury propyl, 920
Mesaconic acid, 901
Mescaline, 4141
Mesidine, 3264
Mesitol, 3238
o)-Mesitylamine, 3265
Mesitylene, 3228
Mesitylenesulfonic acid, 3254
Mesitylinic acid, 3148
Mesitylinic aldehyde, 3657
Mesityl oxide, 1548
Mesorcinol, 3248
Mesotan, 3182
Mesotartaric acid, 638
Mesoxalic acid, 363
Metaerolein, 3252
Metaldehyde, 2915
Metanilic acid, 1454
Meteloidine, 4568
Meteloidine hydrobromide, 4569
Methane, 54
Methanethiol, 63
Methoxyacetophenetidine, 4113
4-Methoxy-l-allybenzene, 3655
3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-acetate, 4318

3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-b e n z o a t e,
5193
3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-benzyl ether,
5200
3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-cinnamate,
5418
3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-formate, 4068
o-Methoxybenzaldehyde, 2578
ra-Methoxybenzaldehyde, 2579
p-Methoxybenzaldehyde, 2580
o-Methoxybenzamide, 2674
2>-Methoxybenzamide, 2675
o-Methoxybenzoic acid, 2614
w-Methoxybenzoic acid, 2615
2>-Methoxybenzoic acid, 2616
p-Methoxybenzonitrile, 2508
m-Methoxycinnamic acid, 3604
p-Methoxycinnamic acid, 3605
4-Methoxy-2, 6-dihydroxydiphenylketone, 4744
3-Methoxy-l, 7-dihydroxyxanthone r
4690
3-Methoxy-4-ethoxypropenylbenzene,
4340
3-M e t h o x y-4-hydroxyallylbenzene,
3666
3-M e t h o x y-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
2596
4-M e t h o x y-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
2595
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic a c i d ,
2628
4-Methoxy-3-hydroxybenzoic a c i d ,
2627
6-Methoxy-7-hydroxy-l, 2-b e n z opyrone, 3530
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,
2744
3-M e t h o x y-4-hydroxypropenylbenzene, 3667
4-M e t h o x y-3-hydroxyvinylbenzene,,
3137
d(Z)-p-Methoxymandelic acid, 3179
Methoxymethyl salicylate, 3182
o-Methoxyphenol, 2174
m-Methoxyphenol, 2175
p-Methoxyphenol, 2176
p-Methoxyphenyl acetate, 3153
o-Methoxyphenyl benzoate, 4740
p-Methoxyphenyl benzoate, 4736
o-Methoxyphenyl benzyl ether, 4782
4-Methoxyphenyltetrazole, 2566.2
3-Methoxypropenylbenzene-4-acetatef.
4319
3-Methoxypropenylbenzene-4-benzoate, 5194
3-Methoxypropenylbenzene-4-benzy
ether, 5201
3-Methoxypropenylbenze n e - 4 - f o r mate, 4069
3-Methoxypropenylbenzene-4-p r o pionate, 4532
6-Methoxyquinoline-4-c a r b o x y l i e
acid, 4036
6-Methoxy-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline, 3710
o-Methylacetanilide, 3191
7V-Methylacetanilide, 3199
Methyl acetate, 452
Methyl acetoacetate, 943
p-Methylacetophenone, 3134
Methyl Z-1-acetoxypropionate, 1572.1
Methylacetyl carbinol, 721
Methylacetylene, 338
Methyl acetylsalicylate, 3619
Methyl acid carbonate, 215
1-Methylacridine, 4698
Methyl acrylate, 624
Methylacrylic acid, 620
Methylal, 513
Methyl alcohol, 60
tt-Methylalizarin, 4876
/S-Methylalizarin, 4877
Methylallene, 595
Methyl allophanate, 440
Methylalloxan, 853
Methylallyl carbinol, 998
Methyl allyl ether, 715
Methylamine, 65
Methylamine hydrochloride, 74
Methylaminoacetic acid, 486
Methyl o-aminobenzoate, 2664
Methyl p-aminobenzoate, 2665
Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate,
2680
l-Methylamino-2-hydroxy-l-phenylpropane, 3793
Methylamino-p-phenol sulfate, 4822
Methyl o-aminophenyl ketone, 2646
Methyl ra-aminophenyl ketone, 2647
Methyl p-aminophenyl ketone, 2648
4-Methyl-2-(p-aminophenyl)-qui n oline, 5065
Methyl-n-amylacetylene, 2826
3-Methyl-rc-amyl alcohol, 1735
l-Methyl-3-tert-amylbenzene, 4365.1
Methyl n-amyl carbinol, 2407
d-Methyl amyl carbinol, 2407.1
Methyl n-amyl ether, 1739
Methyl n-amyl ketone, 2348
Methyl amylpropiolate, 3279
Methylaniline, 2203
Methyl anisate, 3172
1-Methylanthracene, 4897
Methyl anthranilate, 2664
JV-Methylanthranilic acid, 2660
1-Methylanthraquinone, 4872
2-Methylanthraquinone, 4873
Methylarbutin, 4546
Methyl arsenate, 64.1
Methylarsine, 64
Methylarsinous oxide, 39
Methylaspirin, 3619
Methylatophan, 5182
Methyl azide, 52
1-Methylbarbituric acid, 906
Methyl behenate, 5815
Methyl behenolate, 5812
Methyl benzilate, 4919
Methyl benzoate, 2589
Methyl benzoyl acetate, 3606
Methyl benzoylaminoacetate, 3631
Methyl o-benzoylbenzoate, 4907
Methyl benzoylecgonine, 5221
JV-Methylbenzylaniline, 4794
d-Methylbenzylcarbinyl f o r m a t e ,
3681.1
Methyl benzyl ketone, 3133
Methyl borate, 1824
Methyl d-bornyl ether, 4156
Methyl bromide, 40
Methyl 1-bromopropionate, 648.3
Methyl 2-bromopropionate, 648.4
2-Methylbutane, 1072
2-Methyl-l, 3-butenine, 881
4-Methyl-l-butine, 921
Methyl-n-butylacetylene, 2280
d-2-Methyl butyl alcohol, 1083
Methylbutyl carbinol, 1730, 1730.1
Methyl-sec-butyl carbinol, 1732
Methyl-tert-butyl carbinol, 1733
Methyl n-butyl carbonate, 1667
Methyl n-butyl ether, 1088
l-Methyl-2-butylethylene, 2329
Methyl n-butyl ketone, 1638
Methyl sec-butyl ketone, 1640
Methyl n-butyrate, 1018
Methylbutyrone, 2895
p-Methylbutyrophenone, 4090.1
Methylethylisopropyl carbinol, 2410

Methyl caprate, 4176
Methyl ethyl ketone, 719
Methyl n-caproate, 2360
Methyl ethyl ketoxime, 764
Methyl caprylate, 3337
Methylethylmalonic acid, 1565
Methyl carbamate, 244
Methyl ethyl oxalate, 950
Methyl carbonate, 458
2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane, 2938
Methyl ehaulmoograte, 5481
2-Methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentene, 2871
Methyl chavicyl ether, 3655
3-Methyl-3-ethylpropyl alcohol, 1735
Methyl, chloride, 41
Methylethylpropylammonium chloroMethyl chloroacetate, 384
platinate, 1213
Methylchloroform, 158
Methylethylpropylisobutylammonium
Methyl chi oroformate, 155
Methyl 2-chloropropionate, 659
Methylethylpropyl carbinol, 2409
Methyl cinnamate, 3600
Methylethylpropylene, 1614
Methyl citraconate, 2267
1 -M e t h y l-2-ethyl-l -w-propylethyl en e,
Methylcodeine bromide, 5460
2873
Z-1-Methylconiine, 3345
Methyl o-cresotinate, 3173
2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine, 2774
Methyl ethyl succinate, 2311
Methyl p-cresotinate, 3174
Methyl ethyl sulfide, 517
Methyl a-crotonate, 939
Methylethylsulfonium
chloroplatiMethyl cyanide, 168
nate, 1184
Methyl cyanoacetate, 591
Methyl fluoride, 44
Methylcyclobutane, 981
Methyl formate, 213
Methylcyclohexane, 2330
1-Methylcyclohexane-l-ol, 2338
2-Methylfuran, 891
5-Methyl furfural, 1417
l-Methylcyclohexane-2-ol, 2339
l-Methylcyclohexane-4-ol, 2342
Methyl fumarate, 1499
M-Methylcyclohexane-3-ol, 2340
a-Methylgalactoside, 2368
dZ-l-Methylcyclohexane-3-ol, 2341
0-Methylgalactoside, 2369
Methyl gallate, 2630
o-Methylcyclohexanone, 2289.1
Methyl geranate, 4150
m-Methylcyclohexanone, 2289.2
p-Methylcyclohexanone, 2289.3
a-Methylglucose, 2370
4-Methylcyclohexene, 2281
0-Methylglucose, 2371
Methyl cyclohexylacetate, 3305
a-Methylglucoside, 2372
jS-Methylglucoside, 2373
Methylcyclopentane, 1615
rf-Methyl glycerinate, 739
Methylcyclopropane, 687
Methylglycine, 486
Methylcytisine, 4335
Methylglycocoll, 486
Methyldichloroarsine, 38
Methyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate, 604.1 Methylglycocyamine, 780
Methyl glycollate, 460
Methyl di ethyl carbinol, 1734
l-Methyl-2, 2-diethylethylene, 2326
Methylglyoxalidine, 702
1-Methylglyoxaline, 606
2-Methyl-4, 5-dihydroimidazole, 702
Methyl 3, 5-diiodosalicylate, 2461
4-Methylglyoxaline, 607
Methyl dimethylacetoacetate, 2303
Methylglyoxime, 437
Methylguanidineacetic acid, 780
JV-Methyldiphenylamine, 4513
Methyldipropylammonium c h l o r oMethylguanidine nitrate, 305
Methylguanidine sulfate, 839
platinate, 1206
Methyl heneicosate, 5769
Methyldipropyl carbinol, 2962
2-Methyldivinyl, 916
2-Methylheptane, 2937
Mthylne bromide, 26
Mthylne chloride, 28
Methylenecitrylsalicylic acid, 5620
2-Methyl-2-heptene, 2872
4-Methyl-3-heptene, 2873
Mthylne diacetate, 951
Methylenediantipyrine, 5777
2-Methyl-2-heptene-6-ol, 2890
2-Methyl-2-heptene-6-one, 2834
Methylenedicotoine, 5969
Mthylne diethyl ether, 1091
Methyl n-heptylate, 2910
Mthylne dimethyl ether, 513
d-Methyl-n-heptyl carbinol, 2967
Methyl hexahydrobenzoate, 2838
<?-Methylenediphenylene oxide, 4451
Methylenedisalicylic acid, 4910
2-Methylhexane, 2390
Mthylne iodide, 29
c?-3-Methylhexane, 2391
Methyl erucate, 5813
2-Methylhexan-l-ol, 2405
/8-Methylesculetin, 3529, 4489
2-Methylhexan-2-ol, 2396
Methyl ether, 263
dZ-Methylethylacetic acid, 1010
Methylethylacetylene, 917
Methylethylammonium chloroplati5-Methylhexan-l-ol, 2406
nate, Al 188
Methylethyl-ter-amyl carbinol, 3362
Methylethylbutyl carbinol, 2963
3-Methyl-2(3)-hexene, 2331
Methylethyl carbinol, 791
dZ-Methyl-n-hexyl carbinol, 2968
Methyl n-hexyl ether, 2977
Methylethyl carbonate, 735
M e t h y l e t h y l d i p r o p y !ammonium
Methyl hexyl ketone, 2896
Methyl hippurate, 3631
Methylhydrazine, 77
Methylethyleneglycol, 510
Methyl hydroacrylate, 736
Methyl ethyl ether, 508
Methyl hydrocinnamate, 3682
s2/ra-Methylethylethylene, 982
wnsi/ra-Methylethylethylene, 983
Methyl hydrogen oxalate, 361
Methyl hydrogen tartrate, 957
6-Methyl-3-ethylheptene-2, 3962
Methyl 3-hydroxy-4-aminobenzoate,
5-Methyl-3-ethyl-3-hydroxyhexane,
2679
3359
2-Methyl-2-hydroxyheptane, 2953
Methylethylisoamyl carbinol, 3361
Methylethylisobutyl carbinol, 2964
Methylethylisohexyl carbinol, 4004
4-Methyl-4-hydroxyheptane. 2962
a-5-Methyl-2-hydroxyheptane, 2960
3-Methyl-2-hydroxyisopropylbenzene,
3755
5-Methyl-2-hydroxyisopropylbenzene,
3757
l-Methyl-4-hydroxyquinoline, 3559
JV-Methylhydroxylamine, 66
Methyl hypochlorite, 42
1-Methylimidazole, 606
4-Methylimidazole, 607
1-Methylindazole, 2548
1-Methylindole, 3098
Methyl iodide, 45
Methylisoamyl carbinol, 2408
Methyl isoamyl ether, 1740
Methyl isoamyl ketone, 2349
Methylisobutyl carbinol, 1731
Methyl isobutyl ketone, 1639
Methyl isobutyrate, 1019
Methyl isocyanate, 172
Methyl isocyanide, 169
Methyl isohexyl carbinol, 2965
Methyl isohexyl ketone, 2897
Methyl isophthalate, 3164
Methyl isopropyl carbinol, 1085,
1085.1
Methyl isopropyl ether, 794.1
1-Methyl-l-isopropylethylene, 1618
l-Methyl-2-isopropylhexahydrobenzene, 3959
1-M e thyl-3-isopropylhexahydrobenzene, 3960
1-M e t h y 1-4-isopropylhexahydrobenzene, 3961
Methyl isopropyl ketone, 1007
2-Methyl-5-isopropylphenol, 3752
4-Methyl-6-isopropylpheiiol, 3757
3-Methyl-6-isopropylpherioxybenzene,
5110
2-Methyl-5-isopropylquinone, 3685
Methyl isosuccinate, 1569
Methyl isothiocyanate, 177
Methyl isovalerate, 1658
Methyl lactate, 737
Methyl laurate, 4584
Methyl malate, 1576
Methyl maleate, 1500
Methyl malonate, 948
Methyl dZ-mandelate, 3175
Methyl margarate, 5382
d-1-Methylmalic acid, 952
dZ-1-Methylmalic acid, 953
2-Methylmalic acid, 954
a-Methylmannoside, 2373.1
Methyl mecenate, 2749
Methyl Z-menthyl ether, 4168
Methylmercaptan, 63
Methyl 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl
ketone, 3158
Methyl 4-methoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl
ketone, 3159
Methyl Z-1-methoxypropionate, 1028.1
Methyl d-methylbenzyl carbinol,
3754.1
Methyl mustard oil, 177
Methyl myristate, 5017
a-Methylnaphthalene, 4038
/3-Methylnaphthalene, 4039
2-Methyl-a-naphthoquinoline, 4701
3-Methyl-j8-naphthoquinoline, 4702
Methyl-a-naphthylamine, 4050
Z-Methyl-a-naphthyl carbinol, 4297.1
Methyl a-naphthyl ether, 4041

Methyl /8-naphthyl ether, 4042
Methyl nitramine, 56
Methyl nitrate, 50
Methyl nitrite, 49
Methyl o-nitrobenzoate, 2518
Methyl m-nitrobenzoate, 2519
Methyl p-nitrobenzoate, 2520
Methylnitrolic acid, 32
JV-Methylnitrosoaniline, 2134
2-Methylnonane, 3998
2-Methyl-2-nonen-6, 8-dione, 3863
Methyl n-nonyl ketone, 4172
Methylnopinol, 3921
d-3-Methyloctane, 3352
4-Methyloctane, 3353
3-Methyloctane-4-ol, 3355
2-Methyl-l-octene, 3321
Methyl n-octyl ether, 3367
Methyl w-octyl ketone, 3978
Methyl oxalate, 631
Methyl oxanilate, 3112
Methyl palmitate, 5258
Methyl pelargonate, 3987
Methylpelleticrine, 3316
l-Methyl-2-pentadecylacetylene, 5354
1-Methylpentaniethyleneglycol, 1744
2-Methylpentane, 1715
3-Methylpentane, 1714
2-Methylpentan-3-ol, 1727
2-Methyl-2-pentene, 1613
3-Methyl-2-pentene, 1616, 1617
Methyl phenylacetate, 3155
Methylphenyl carbinol, 2713, 2713.1
.ZV-Methyl-p-phenylenediamine, 2247
Methyl Z-phenylethyl carbinol, 3754.2
1, 1-Methylphenylhydrazine, 2255
Methyl phenyl ketone, 2571
Methylphenylnitrosamine, 2134
4- Methyl-2-phenylq ni noli ne, 5053
6-M e t h y l-2-phenylquinoline-4carboxylic acid, 5182
iV-Methylphenyltoluene-4-sulfonamide, 4795
1-Methyl-l-phenylurea, 2694
Methylphosphine, 73
Methylphosphinic acid, 72
Methyl phthalate, 3091, 3615
Methyl picrate, 1929
Methyl d-pinate, 3872
1-Methylpiperidine, 1699
Methyl propargyl ether, 612
Methyl propionate, 726
Methylpropylacetaldehyde, 1635
Methylpropylacetic acid, 1647
Methylpropylaeetylene, 1536
Methylpropylammoniuni chloroplatinate, 1192
Methylpropyl carbinol, 1084
Methylpropylcarbinolurethane, 1703
Methylpropylene, 684
Methyl propyl ether, 794
2-Metihyl-2-propylethyl carbinol, 1736
Methylpropylisobutyl carbinol, 3363
Methyl propyl ketone, 1006
Methyl propyl ketoxime, 1056
1-Methylpyrazole, 608
3-Methylpyrazole, 608.1
5-Methylpyrazole, 608.2
3-Methylpyrazole-4-sulfonic a c i d ,
609.1
2-Methylpyridine, 1443
2-Methylpyridine-4,
6-dicarboxylic
acid, 2521
Methyl pyrotartrate, 2310
1-Methylpyrrole, 908
Methyl 2-pyrryl ketone, 1449
Methyl pyruvate, 628
3-Methylquinoline, 3545
2-Methylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid,
4035
2-Methylquinoline ethiodide, 4312
2-Methylquinoline methiodide, 4056
Methyl racemate, 1580
2-Methyl rhamnoside, 2367.1
Methyl rhodanide, 176
Methyl ricinolate, 5482
Methyl salicylate, 2618
Methyl santalate, 5140
Methyl santoate, 5135.1
Methylsilicane, 404
Methylsilicane chloride, 433
Methylsilicane dichloride, 434
Methyl starate, 5485
Methyl styryl ether, 3128
Methyl Buccinate, 1568
Methyl sulfate, 269
Methyl sulfide, 272
Methyl sulfite, 266
Methyl sulfocyanate, 176
Methylsulfone chloride, 43
Methylsulfonic acid, 61
Methylsulf uri e acid, 62
Methyl tartrate, 1581
Methyl tartronate, 956
Methyl telluride, 277
Methyl terephthalate, 3616
1-Methyl-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline, 3701
Methyltetramethylene, 981
Methyltetrazene, 78
Methyltetronic amide, 1070.2
Methyltetronic lactone, 947.1
Methylthiocy anate, 176
Methylthionyl chloride, 43
Methyl p-toluate, 3156
N-Methyl-o-toluidine, 2767
AT-Methyl-m-toluidine, 2768
AT-Methyl-p-toluidine, 2769
Methyl trichloroacetate, 329
Methyltriethylammonium c h l o r o platinate, 1202
Methyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate,
2630
Methyl 2, 4, 6-trihydroxyphenyl
ketone, 2620
Methyltriisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, 1219
Methyl trimethylacetate, 1656
Methyltrimethylene, 687
N-Methyltyrosine, 3721
5-Methyluracil, 888
./V-Methylurea, 259
Methyl urea nitrate, 291
Methylurethane, 773.1
1-Methyluric acid, 1409
Methyl n-valerate, 1657
Methyl vanillate, 3183
Methysticin, 4925
Metol, 4822
Michler's ketone, 5207
MiIk sugar, 4394
Mitragynine, 5734
Mitraversine, 5716
Mochyl alcohol, 5914
Monacetin, 1031
Monobutyrin, 2367
Monotal, 3694
Montarne acid, 5984
Mori n, 4888
Morindin, 5896
Morindon, 4882
Morphine, 5202
Morphine acetate, 5458
Morphine ethyl ether, 5453
Morphine hydrobromide, 5205
Morphine hydrochloride, 5206
Morphine methyl bromide, 5322
Morphine methyl ether, 5317
Morphine sulfate, 6062
Morphine tartrate, 6111
Morphol, 4675
Morphosan, 5322
Mucic acid, 1584
Muconic acid, 1427
Murrayin, 5330
Musk, 4082
Mustard gas, 699
Mycosterol, 6000
Mykose, 4397
Myrcene, 3811 1
Myrcenol, 3919
Myricyl alcohol, 6015
Myristic acid, 4851
Myristic aldehyde, 4850
Myristic amide, 4855
Myristic anilide, 5592
Myristicinic acid, 3094
Myristic ni true, 4848
Myristicol, 3855
Myristone, 5941
Myristyl chloride, 4847
Myrtenal, 3761
Myrtenol, 3856
Myrtenyl chloride, 3780
Napelline, 6021
Naphthalanmorpholine, 4329
a-Naphthaldehyde, 4023
/3-Naphthaldehyde, 4024
Naphthalene, 3494
Naphthalene-1, 8-dicarboxylic acid,
4197
Naphthalene-1, 5-disulfone chloride,
3430
3431
3432
3433
Naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic acid, 3539
Naphthalene-1, 6-disulfonic acid, 3540
Naphthalene-1-sulfinic acid, 3519
Naphthalene-2-sulfinic acid, 3520
Naphthalene-1-sulfone chloride, 3467
Naphthalene-2-sulfone chloride, 3468
Naphthalene-1-sulf onic acid, 3524
Naph thai en e-2-sulf onic acid, 3525
Naphthalene tetrachloride, 3495
1, 8-Naphthalic acid, 4197
Naphthionic acid, 3562
a-Naphthoic acid, 4029
/S-Naphthoic acid, 4030
-Naphthol, 3507
/3-Naphthol, 3508
a-Naphthol-2-sulfonic acid, 3532
-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid, 3533
tt-Naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 3534
a-Naphthol-8-sulfonic acid, 3535
/3-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid, 3536
0-Naphthol-7-sulfonic acid, 3537
a, 0-Naphthophenazine, 5207
a-Naphthoquinaldine, 4701
/8-Naphthoquinaldine, 4702
-y-Naphthoquinaldine, 4703
ce-Naphthoquinoline, 4435
/3-Naphthoquinoline, 4436
1, 2-Naphthoquinone, 3447
o-(-Naphthoyl)-benzoic acid, 6271
a-Naphthoyl chloride, 4017

/3-Naphthoyl chloride, 4018
a-Naphthyi acetate, 4247
/3-Naphthyl acetate, 4248
Naphthyl acid camphorate, 5554
-Naphthylamine, 3550
/3-Naphthylamine, 3551
-Naphthyl benzoate, 5176
/3-Naphthyl benzoate, 5177
a-Naphthyl cyanide, 4019
/3-Naphthyl cyanide, 4020
Naphthylene-1, 2-diamine, 3580
tt-Naphthyl ether, 5499
a, /3'-Naphthyl ether, 5501
/S-Naphthyl ether, 5500
a-Naphthyl salicylate, 5178
/3-Naphthyl salicylate, 5179
Narceine, 5790
Narceine hydrochloride, 5792
Narceine sulfate, 6150
Narceinic acid, 4929
Narcotine, 5704
cM-Narcotine, 5703
Neocerotic acid, 5878
Neodymium ethyl sulfate, 2031
Neoisocodeine, 5320
Z-Neomenthol, 3974.1
Nepalin, 5188
Nepodin, 5302
Neral, 3850
Nerol, 3920
Nerolidol, 5003
Nerolin, 4042
Neryl acetate, 4377
Neurine perchlorate, 1104
Neurodin, 4079
Neuronal, 830
Nickel acetate, 1578
Nickel formate, 1577
Nickel naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate,
1580
Nicoteine, 3643
Nicotelline, 3500
Nicotimine, 3748
Nicotine, 3747
Nicotine salicylate, 5208
Nicotinic acid, 1345
Nicotoine, 2775
Nirvani n, 4825
Nirvanol, 4059
o-Nitroacetanilide, 2555
Tra-Nitroacetanilide, 2556
p-Nitroacetanilide, 2557
Nitroacetic acid, 175
3-Nitro-)8-alizarin, 4616
4-Nitro-a-alizarin, 4615
5-Nitro-3-amino-p-cresol, 2149
2-Nitro-4-aminophenol, 1405
o-Nitroaniline, 1396
m-Nitroaniline, 1397
p-Nitroaniline, 1398
o-Nitroanisol, 2098
m-Nitroanisol, 2099
p-Nitroanisol, 2100
9-Nitroanthracene, 4644
1-Nitroanthraquinone, 4613
2-Nitroanthraquinone, 4614
p-Nitroazobenzene, 4216
m-Nitrobenzal chloride, 1865
o-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 1893
m-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 1894
p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 1895
0-Nitrobenzamide, 1981
m-Nitrobenzamide, 1982
p-Nitrobenzamide, 1983
Nitrobenzene, 1347
o-Nitrobenzidine, 4276
m-Nitrobenzidine, 4277
o-Nitrobenzoic acid, 1897
m-Nitrobenzoic acid, 1898
p-Nitrobenzoic acid, 1899
o-Nitrobenzonitrile, 1829
m-Nitrobenzonitrile, 1830
p-Nitrobenzonitrile, 1831
o-Nitrobenzoyl chloride, 1806
m-Nitrobenzoyl chloride, 1807
p-Nitrobenzoyl chloride, 1808
0-Nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2085
m-Nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2086
p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2087
o-Nitrobenzylaniline, 4503
o-Nitrobenzyl bromide,' 1941
m-Nitrobenzyl bromide, 1942
p-Nitrobenzyl bromide, 1943
o-Nitrobenzyl chloride, 1961
m-Nitrobenzyl chloride, 1962
p-Nitrobenzyl chloride, 1963
p-Nitrobenzyl cyanide, 2466
o-Nitrocinnamic acid, 3050
m-Nitrocinnamic acid, 3051
p-Nitrocinnamic acid, 3052
2-Nitro-p-cresol, 2096
3-Nitro-o-cresol, 2088
4-Nitro-m-cresol, 2093
Nitrocresol methyl ether, 2676
Nitrocumene, 3219
Nitrocyclohexane, 1606
2-Nitrocymene, 3715
4-Nitro-l, 3-diacetylphenyl e n e d i amine, 3636
2-Nitro-l, 4-diaminobenzene, 1461
4-Nitro-I, 2-diaminobenzene, 1459
4-Nitro-l, 3-diaminobenzene, 1460
o-Nitrodimethylaniline, 2696
m-Nitrodimethylaniline, 2697
p-Nitrodimathyleniline, 2698
o-Nitrodiphenyl, 4212
m-Nitrodiphenyl, 4213
p-Nitrodiphenyl, 4214
0-Nitrodiphenylamine, 4233
p-Nitrodiphenylamine, 4234
p-Nitrodiphenylmethane, 4484
Nitroethane, 242
o-Nitroethoxybenzene, 2677
p-Nitroethoxybenzene, 2678
Nitroethyl alcohol, 246
Nitroethylene, 173
Nitroform, 25
Nitroglycerine, 407
Nitroglycerol, 497, 498
Nitroglycol, 249
3-Nitroguaiacol, 2103
Nitroguanidine, 59
Nitrohydroquinone, 1354
2-Nitro-3-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1911
Nitroisatine, 2430
2-Nitroisophthalic acid, 2442
1-Nitroisopropylbenzene, 3219
2-Nitro-4-isopropyltoluene, 3715
Nitromannite, 1495
Nitromesitylene, 3220
Nitromethane, 48
3-Nitro-4-methoxytoluene, 2676
o-Nitromethylaniline, 2136
w-Nitromethylaniline, 2137
p-Nitromethylaniline, 2138
2-N i t r o-3-methyl-6-isopropylphenol,
3718
4-N i t r o-3-methyl-6-isopropylphenol,
3719
Nitron, 5516
a-Nitronaphthalene, 3473
0-Nitronaphthalene, 3474
l-Nitro-/3-naphthol, 3489
2-Nitro-a-naphthol, 3485
5-Nitro-tt-naphthol, 3488
5-Nitro-/3-naphthol, 3490
l-Nitro-/8-naphthylamine, 3504
3-Nitro-a-naphthylamine, 3501
5-Nitro-/3-naphthylamine, 3505
8-Nitro-/3-naphthylamine, 3506
2-Nitrophenanthrene, 4645
o-Nitrophenetol, 2677
p-Nitrophenetol, 2678
o-Nitrophenol, 1349
w-Nitrophenol, 1350
p-Nitrophenol, 1351
2-Nitrophenol-4-sulfonic acid, 1355
2-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine, 1461
4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine, 1459
4-Nitro-w-phenylenediamine, 1460
3-Nitro-o-phthalic acid, 2440
4-Nitrophthalic acid, 2441
1-Nitropiperidine, 994
1-Nitropropane, 487
2-Nitropropane, 488
3-Nitropyridine, 852
5-NitroquinoIine, 3010
6-Nitroquinoline, 3011
2-Nitroresorcinol, 1352
4-Nitroresorcinol, 1353
2-Nitrosalicylic acid, 1911
n-Nitrosoacetanilide, 2553
p-Nitrosoaniline, 1394
Nitrosobenzene, 1343
Nitrosodiethylamine, 783
6-N i t r o s o-3-(diethylamino)-phenol,
3749
p-Nitrosodiethylaniline, 3750
Nitrosodiisobutylamine, 2949
p-Nitrosodimethylaniline, 2695
p-Nitrosodimethylaniline h y d r o chloride, 2752
A^-Nitrosodiphenylamine, 4228
p-Nitrosodiphenylamine, 4229
Nitrosodipropylamine, 1720
l-Nitroso-0-naphthol, 3477
2-Nitroso-a-naphthol, 3475
4-Nitroso-a-naphthol, 3476
Nitrosooxindol, 2465
P-Nitrosophenol, 1348
p-Nitrosophenylaniline, 4229
o-Nitrostyrene, 2513
m-Nitrostyrene, 2514
p-Nitrostyrene, 2515
2-Nitroterephthalic acid, 2445
Nitrotetronic acid dihydrate, 679.1
2-Nitrothiophene, 553
2-Nitrothymol, 3718
4-Nitrothymol, 3719
o-Nitrotoluene, 2081
w-Nitrotoluene, 2082
p-Nitrotoluene, 2083
p-Nitrotoluene-0-sulfonic acid, 2109
2-Nitro-ra-toluidine, 2143
2-Nitro-p-toluidine, 2147
3-Nitro-o-toluidine, 2139
3-Nitro-p-toluidine, 2148
4-Nitro-w-toluidine, 2144
5-Nitro-ra-toluidine, 2145
6-Nitro-Ttt-toluidine, 2146
2-Nitro-l, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene, 3220
Nitrourea, 53
Nitrourethane, 442
2-Nitro-ra-xylene, 2668
2-Nitro-p-xylene, 2671
3-Nitro-o-xylene, 2666
4-Nitro-o-xylene, 2667
4-Nitro-w-xylene, 2669
5-Nitro-m-xylene, 2670
Nonacosane, 5985
Nonadecine-1-carboxylic acid, 5602
n-Nonane, 3354
n-Nondecane, 5486
Nondecylic acid, 5483
n-Nonylic acid, 3328
n-Nonyl. alcohol, 3364
n-Nonyl aldehyde, 3325
n-Nonylamine, 3371
Nonylene, 3322
d-a-Nonyl formate, 3988
Nopinane, 3296
a-Nopinol, 3301
Nopinone, 3276
Noratropine, 5129
Norhyoscyamine, 5130
Noropianic acid, 2489
Nortropanol, 2321
Nortropinone, 2272
Nosophen, 5487
Novaspirin, 5620
Novatophan, 5410
Novocaine, 4557, 4558
Novocaine hydrochloride, 4565
Ocimene, 3812
Octachloroanthracene, 4591
/3-Octachlorocyclohexenone, 1111.1
7-Octachlorocyclohexenone, 1111.2
Octachloropropane, 309
Octacosane, 5967
n-Octadecane, 5391
n-Octadecyl alcohol, 5392
n-Octadecyl iodide, 5389
n-Octadecylene, 5377
cts-0-Octalin, 3813
rans-/3-Octalin, 3814
w-Octane, 2941
n-Octyl acetate, 3989
n-Octyl alcohol, 2966
d-see-Octyl alcohol, 2967
dl-sec-Octyl alcohol, 2968
n-Octyl aldehyde, 2892
n-Octylarnine, 2986
sec-Octylamine, 2987
n-Octyl bromide, 2922
n-Octyl chloride, 2924
sec-Octyl chloride, 2925
Octylene, 2874
n-Octyl ether, 5169
n-Octyl fluoride, 2926
d--Octyl formate, 3338
n-Octyl iodide, 2927
Oenanthaldoxime, 2386
Oenanthol, 2343,
Oenanthylic acid, 2351
Oenanthylic aldehyde, 2343
Oenanthylidene, 2275
Oleic acid, 5359
Oleic acid ozonide, 5371
Oleic aldehyde, 5356
Oleicarni de, 5375
Oleic anhydride, 6105
Oleohydroxamic acid, 5376
Onceric acid, 5589
Onocerin, 5910
Onocol, 5910
Ononin, 5865
Opianic acid, 3624 i
Orcin, 2173
/3-Orcinol, 2729
Orexine, 4710
Origanol, 3926, 3927
Ormosine, 5593
Ormosinine, 5594
dZ-Ornithuric acid, 5430
Oroxylin, 5398
Orthoform, 2679
Orthoform, new, 2680
Oscine, 2822
Oscine picrate, 4812
Ouabain, 5998
Oxalic acid, 147
Oxalic acid dihydrate, 270
Oxalylanthranilic acid, 3049
Oxalyl bromide, 85
Oxalyl chloride, 89
Oxalyldihydrazide, 260
Oxalylurea, 317
Oxamic acid, 174
Oxamide, 199
Oxanilic acid, 2516
Oxanilide, 4715
Oxindol, 2511
Oxyacanthine, 5434
Oxycannabin, 3579
Oxyquinoline sulfate, 5291
Oxysparteine, 4985
Oxytoluyltropeine, 5128
Paeonol, 3159
Palmitic acid, 5159
Pamitic aldehyde, 5158
Palmitic amide, 5165
Palmitic anhydride, 6045
Palmitic anilide, 5745
Palmitolic acid, 5148
Pal mi tone, 6026
Palmitonitrile, 5155
Palmitoxylic acid, 5149
Paniculatine, 5972
PapaveraldinCj 5528
Papaveri e acid, 5056
Papaverine, 5541
Papaverine hydrochloride, 5544
Parabanic acid, 317
n-Parabutyraldehyde, 4409
Paraconic acid, 902
Paracotoic acid, 4257
Paracotoin, 4199
Paraffinic acid, 5856
Paraformaldehyde, 36
Paraldehyde, 1662
Paraldol, 2916
Param, 207
Paramorphine, 5435
Parapropionaldehyde, 3340
Pararosaniline, 5428
Parasalicyl, 4681
Paratophan, 5182
Paraxanthine, 2152
Paricine, 5101
Parillin, 5912
Parvoline, 3266
Patchouli alcohol, 5142
Patellaric acid, 5215
Patschoulene, 4978
Pau cine, 5930

Paytine, 5655
Pelargonie acid, 3328
Pelargonie aldehyde, 3325
Pelletierine, 2862
Pelletierine hydrobromide, 2875
Pelletierine hydrochlonde, 2876
Pelletierine sulfate, 5157
Pellotine, 4552
Pelosine, 5316
Pentabromoaniline, 1126
Pentabromobenzene, 1113
Pentabromoethane, 105
Pentabromophenol, 1114
Pentachloroanilme, 1140
Pentachlorobenzene, 1119
Pentachlorobenzoic acid, 1775
Pentachloroethane, 111
Pentachlorophenol, 1120
Pentachloropropane, 331
Pentacosane, 5881
n-Pentadecane, 5018
n-Pentadecyl alcohol, 5019
Pentadecyl amine, 5020
Pentadecylic acid, 5016
1, 3-Pentadiene, 918
2, 3-Pentadiene, 914
Pentaerythritol, 1093
Pentaethylbenzene, 5141
Pentahydroxybenzophenone, 4470
Pentamethylbenzene, 4119
Pentamethylbenzoic acid, 4341
Pentamethylbenzyl alcohol, 4367.G
Pentamethylenediamine, 1105
cis-Pentamethylene-1, 2-dicarboxylic
acid, 2264
Pentamethyleneglycol, 1090
Pentamethylene oxide, 1008
Pentamethylphenol, 4128
n-Pentane, 1073
Pentane-1, 2-diol, 1089
Pentane-1, 5-diol, 1090
Pentanitrophenol, 1121
Pentaphenylethane, 6030
n-Pentatriacontane, 6091
l-Pentene-3-ol, 999
2-Peiitene-4-ol, 1000
2-Pentene-2, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid
2, 3-imide, 2681
1, 2-Pentenic acid, 934
1-Pentine, 920
Pentinoic acid, 894
n-Pentylethylene, 2332
Perbromobenzene, 1107
Perbromoethylene, 86
Perchlorobenzene, 1110
Perchloroether, 538
Perchloroethylene, 90
Pereirine, 5465
Perezone, 4951
d-Perseitol, 2417
Perylene, 5488
Petronal, 3370
Petroselinic acid, 5360
Peucedanin, 4922
Phaseolunatin, 3887
Phellandral, 3857
-Phellandrene, 3815
/9-Phellandrene, 3816
Phellyl alcohol, 5250
Phenacetin, 3716
Phenamine, 3751
Phenanthraquinone, 4622
3, 4-Phenanthraquinone, 4623
Phenanthrene, 4652
Phenanthridine, 4437
Phenanthroline, 4187
Phenanthrone, 4671
Phenarsazine, 4185
Phenarsazine chloride, 4202
Phenarsazine oxide, 5819

Phenazine, 4188
Phenazone, 4189
o-Phenetidine, 2786
ra-Phenetidine, 2787
p-Phenetidine, 2788
Phenetidine salicylacetate, 5090
Phenetol, 2722
Phenetsal, 4911
p-Phenetylurea, 3232
Phenocaine, 5331
Phenocoll, 3751
Phenecoll salicylate, 5210
Phenol, 1413
Phenolphthalein, 5504
o-Phenolsulfonic acid, 1428
Phenosal, 5090
a-Phenotriazine, 1919
Phenoval, 4538
Phenoxyacetie acid, 2617
o-Phenoxybenzoic acid, 4465
Phenylacetaldehyde, 2567
Phenylacetamide, 2651
Phenylacetanilide, 4753
Phenyl acetate, 2590
Phenylacetic acid, 2584
Phenylacetic anhydride, 5071
Phenylacetyl chloride, 2499
Phenylacetylene, 2453
Phenyl acid eamphorate, 5124
9-Phenylacridine, 5395
Phenylalanine, 3208, 3209
3-Phenylallylamine, 3190
Phenylallylene, 3055
Phenylaminoacetic acid, 2661
ra-Phenylaminophenol, 4271
2-Phenyl-l-aminopropionic acid, 3208,
3209
9-Phenylanthracene, 5494
Phenylarsine, 1434
Phenylarsenious oxide, 1292
Phenylarsonic acid, 1435
Phenyl benzenesulfonate, 4250
Phenyl benzoate, 4458
o-Phenylbenzoic acid, 4455
ra-Phenylbenzoic acid, 4456
p-Phenylbenzoic acid, 4457
2-Phenyl-l, 4-benzopyrone, 4868
2-Phenylbenzoquinone, 4196
Phenylbenzylamine, 4512
1-Phenyl-l-benzylhydrazine, 4523
Phenyl benzyl ketone, 4724
2-Phenylbutane, 3725
Phenylbutylene, 3639
Phenyl w-butyrate, 3683
3-Phenylbutyric acid, 3670
Phenyl carbonate, 4466
Phenyl chloroacetate, 2501
Phenylchloroform, 1870
Phenylcinchoninic aeid hydrochloride,
5040
2-Phenylcrotonic acid, 3596
3-Phenylcrotonic acid, 3597
Phenylcrotonylene, 3576
Phenyl cyanide, 1885
Phenyldichloroarsine, 1291
3-Phenyl-3, 4-dihydroquinazoline,
4710
Phenyldimethylaminopyrazolone,
4537
l-Phenyl-2,
3-dimethylpyrazolonc,
4058
Phenylditolylmethane, 5625
o-Phenylenediacetic acid, 3611
m-Phenylenediacetic acid, 3612
p-Phenylenediacetic acid, 3613
o-Phenylenediamine, 1479
ra-Phenylenediamine,
1480
p-Phenylenediamine, 1481
o-Phenylenediamine-3-sulfonic acid,
1490
Phenyl ether, 4241
2-Phenylethyl alcohol, 2714

tt-Phenylethylamine, 2770
w-Phenylethylamine, 2771
>-Phenylethylamine
hydrochloride,
2798
5, 5-Phenylethylbarbituric acid, 4291
Phenylethylene, 2538
4, 4-Phenylethylhydantoin, 4059
Phenylethylsilicane dichloride, 3^443
JV-Phenylf ormami de, 2073
N-Phenylformanilide, 4480
Phenyl formate, 2008
/S-Phenylglucoside, 4356
Phenylglyceric acid, 3177, 3178
Phenylglycol, 2736
Phenylglycolic acid, 2612, 2613
Phenylglyoxal, 2469
Phenylglyoxylic acid, 2478
Phenyl heptylate, 4544
Phenyl hexyl ketone, 4542
Phenylhydrazine, 1483
Phenylhydrazine acetate, 2805
Phenylhydrazine hydrate, 4367.4
Phenyldrazine hydrochloride, 1514
p-Phenylhydrazinesulfonic acid, 1491
j8-Phenylhydroxylamine, 1450
3, 5-Phenylimino-l, 4-diphenyl-4, 5dihydro-1, 2, 4-triazol, 5516
Phenyl isoamyl ether, 4131
Phenyl isocyanate, 1889
Phenyl isocyanide, 1886
Phenyl isothiocyanate, 1918
Phenyl isovalerate, 4100
2-Phenyllactic acid, 3166
Phenyl malonate, 4908
Phenylmalonic acid, 3089
Phenyl methyl ether, 2163
1-P h e n y l-5-methyl-3-methoxypyrazole, 4510
TV-Phenyl-S-methylpyrazolone, 3585
Phenyl mustard oil, 1918
a-Phenylnaphthalene, 5037
iff-Phenylnaphthalene, 5038
2-Phenylnaphthalene-2- c a r b o x y l i c
acid, 5175
JV-Phenyl-a-naphthylamine, 5054
7V-Phenyl-#-naphthylamine, 5055
Phenyl a-naphthyl ether, 5043
Phenyl 0-naphthyl ether, 5044
Phenyl a-naphthyl ketone, 5173
Phenyl /3-naphthyl ketone, 5174
Phenylnitroamine, 1395
Phenylnitromethane, 2084
Phenyl oxalate, 4687
o-Phenylphenol, 4238
ra-Phenylphenol, 4239
p-Phenylphenol, 4240
Phenylphosphenic acid, 1464
Phenylphosphenous acid, 1463
Phenylphosphine, 1465
Phenyl picrate, 4183
Phenylpropiolic acid, 3014
Phenyl propionate, 3157
1-Phenylpropionic acid, 3146
Phenyl-sec-propyl alcohol, 3235
3-Phenylpropyl alcohol, 3237
1-P h e n y l-2-propyl-3-methylpyrazolone, 4530.2
3-Phenylpyrazolone, 3066
2-Phenylpyridme, 4032
3-Phenylpyridine, 4033
4-Phenylpyridine, 4034
Phenylpyruvic acid, 3086
2-Phenylquinoline, 4892
2-Phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid>
5035
Phenyl rhodanide, 1917
Phenyl salicylate, 4467
Phenyl selenide, 4262
1-Phenylsemicarbazide, 2235
4-Phenylsemicarbazide, 2236
Phenylsilicon trichloride, 441
Phenyl succinate, 5074
Phenyl sulfide, 4260
Phenyl tartrate, 5077
Phenyl 'telluride, 4263
Phenyl thiocyanate, 1917
Phenylthiourea, 2150
JV-Phenylthiourethane, 321
o-Phenyltoluene, 4491
w-Phenyltoluene, 4492
p-Phenyltoluene, 4493
Phenyl-p-toluenesulfonate, 4509
Phenyl o-tolyl ketone, 4725
Phenyl m-tolyl ketone, 4726
Phenyl p-tolyl ketone, 4727
Phenylurea, 2135
N-Phenylurethane, 3221
Phenylvinyl acetate, 3601
Phillirin, 5950
Phloramine, 1451
Phloretic acid, 3167
Phloretin, 4926
Phloridzin, 5659
Phloroacetophenone, 2620
Phloroglucinol, 1421
Phloroglucinol triacetate, 4302
Phloroglucinol triethyl ether, 4367.9
Phloroglucinol
trimethyl
ether,
3250
Phloroglucinol trioxime, 1530
Phloroglucite, 1661
Phlorone, 2593
Phorone, 3277
Phosgene, 9
Phosphenyl chloride, 1327
Phosphenyl oxychloride, 1326
Phosphobenzene, 4259
o-Phthalamic acid, 2517
Phthalazine, 2462
o-Phthalic acid, 2479
o-Phthalic aldehyde, 2470
o-Phthalic anhydride, 2431
o-Phthalic diami de, 2551
Phthalide, 2473
o-Phthalimide, 2439
Phthalonic anhydride, 2990
o-Phthalyl dichloride, 2423
Phthalylphenylhydrazine, 4656.1
Phrenosin, 6153
Physcic acid, 5048
Physcion, 5048
Physostigmine, 4960
Physostigmine hydrobromide, 4962
Physostigmine hydrochloride, 4965
Physostigmine salicylate, 5724
Physostigmine sulfate, 5996
Physostigmol, 4051
Phytol, 5606
Phytosterol, 5934
Phytosterol acetate, 5980
Phytosterolene acetate, 6088
Phytosterol glucosi de, 5807
Phytosteroline, 6055
Phytosterol valerate, 6044
Piazothiole, 1283
Picein, 4821
Picene, 5695
Picenic acid, 5614
a-Picoline, 1443
0-Picoline, 1444
7-Picoline, 1445
Picolinic acid, 1344
Picramic acid, 1364
Picramide, 1284
a-Picrasmin, 6098
/S-Picrasmin, 6099
Picric acid, 1197
Picroaconitine, 6021
Picropodophyllin, 5780
Picrotin, 4946
Picrotoxin, 5989
Picrotoxinin, 4936.1
Picryl acetate, 2452
Picryl bromide, 1122
Picryl chloride, 1127
Picryl iodide, 1141
Picrylsulfonic acid, 1199
Pilocarpi dine nitrate, 3797
Pilocarpine, 4125
Pilocarpine hydrobromide, 4134
Pilocarpine hydrochloride, 4136
Pilocarpine nitrate, 4143
Pilocarpine salicylate, 5325.1
Pilocarpine sulfate, 5741
Pilosine, 5109
Pilosinine, 3233
d-Pimaric acid, 5588
n-Pimelic acid, 2308
Pimelic aldehyde, 2291
Pimpinellin, 4469
Pinane, 3893
Pinacolin, 1630
Pinacolyl alcohol, 1733, 1733.1
Pinacolyl chloride, 1694
Pinacone, 1743
a-Pinene, 3817
0-Pinene, 3818
Pinene hydrate, 3921
d-Pinene hydrobromide, 3875
Pinene hydrochloride, 3881
Pinic acid, 3282.1, 3282.2
Finite, 2374
Pinocamphane, 3894
Pinocarvol, 3763
Pinol, 3858
Pino! glycol, 3934
dZ-a-Pinone oxime, 3886.1
Pinonic acid, 3867, 3867.1
Pinoylformic acid, 3777
Pinylamine, 3883
a-Pipecoline, 1700
0-Pipecoline, 1701
T-Pipecoline, 1702
Piperazine, 782
Piperazine quinate, 5352
Piperic acid, 4254
Piperidine, 1054
Piperidine hydrochloride, 1075
Piperidone, 974
Piperine, 5204
Piperitone, 3764
Piperonal, 2474
Piperonal chloride, 2457
Piperonyl alcohol, 2594
Piperonylic acid, 2482
Piperylene, 918
Pipitzol, 4952
Pisangcerylic acid, 5857
Piturine, 1477
Podocarpic acid, 5232
Podophyllotoxin, 5781
Populin, 5549
Porphyrine, 5667
Porphyroxime, 5456
Potassium acetate, 2983
Potassium acetylsalicylate, 2993
Potassium acid acetate, 2988
Potassium acid chloroacetate, 2999
Potassium acid oxalate, 2981
Potassium acid phthalate, 2991
Potassium acid Buccinate, 2984
Potassium acid tartrate, 2986
Potassium acid uroxasate, 3009
Potassium ammonium cM;artrate,
3008
Potassium citrate, 2989
Potassium cobalt malonate, 3094
Potassium disuccinate, 2992
Potassium ethylsulfate, 3000
Potassium formate, 2980
Potassium lithium d-tartrate, 3176
Potassium methanedisulfnate, 3004
Potassium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, 3005

Potassium nickel dithioxalate, 3098
Potassium oleate, 2994
Potassium oxalate, 2977
Potassium phenol-2, 4-disulfonate,
3003
Potassium o-phenolsulfonate, 3002
Potassium p-phenolsulfonate, 3001
Potassium sodium tartrate, 3183
Potassium succinate, 2995
Potassium tartrate, 2996
Potassium tetraoxalate, 2998
Potassium uranyl acetate, 3121
Potassium uranyl oxalate, 3120
Praesodymium ethyl sulfate, 2018
Pratensol, 5181
Pratol, 5047
Prehnidine, 3791
Prehnitene, 3740
Prehnitic acid, 3451
Primeverin, 5586
Procaine, 4566
Procellulose, 5351
Propadiene, 337
Propaesine, 3712
Propanai, 3841
Propane, 500
Propargyl acetate, 896
Propargyl alcohol, 355
Propargyl aldehyde, 318
p-Propenylanisol, 3648
Propenylbenzene, 3120
Propenyl chloride, 374
Propioisonitrile, 396
Propiolic acid, 319
Propionaldehyde, 447
Propionaldehyde dipropylacetal, 3368
Propionamide, 482
Propionanilide, 3200
Propionic acid, 450
Propionic anhydride, 1560
Propionitrile, 395
Propionyl chloride, 378
Propionylphenetidine, 4110
Propionylpropionic aldehyde, 1550
Propine, 338
n-Propylacetanilide, 4106
n-Propyl acetate, 1020
Propylacetylene, 920
n-Propyl alcohol, 505
n-Propylamine, 524
Propyl p-aminobenzoate, 3712
Propyl ammonium chloroplatinate,
1189
n-Propylaniline, 3267
Propyl anisate, 4102
Propylarsonic acid, 521
n-Propylbenzene 3229
Propyl benzoate, 3684
o-Propylbenzoic acid, 3671
p-Propylbenzoic acid, 3672
Propyl benzyl ketone, 4091
Propyl borate, 1826
n-Propyl bromide, 464
Propylbutyl carbinol, 2969
Propyl n-butyl ether, 2414
Propyl n-butyrate, 2361
Propyl caproate, 3339
Propyl carbamate, 771
Propyl carbonate, 2365
n-Propyl chloride, 468
n-Propyl chlorocarbonate, 660
n-Propyl chloroformate, 660
n-Propyl cinnamate, 4317
Propyl cyanide, 667
Propylcyclohexane, 3323
Propylene, 409
Propylene chloride, 418
cfZ-Propylenediamine, 533
a-Propyleneglycol, 510
l-Propyleneglycol-2-chlorhydrin, 471
Propyl ether, 1741

n-Propylethylene, 984
n-Propyl fluoride, 474
n-Propyl formate, 727
Propyl glycolate, 1029
Propyl-n-hexyl carbinol, 4005
Propyl hexyl ketone, 3978.1
Propylideneacetic acid, 934
Propylidene chloride, 417
Propylidene dipropyl ether, 3368
n-Propyl iodide, 475
Propylisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, 1201
Propylisobutyl carbinol, 2970
Propylisobutyl ketone, 2898
Propylisobutyrate, 2362
5, 5-n-Propylisopropylbarbituric acid,
3843
Propylisopropyl carbinol, 2411
Propylisopropyl malonate, 3314
Propylisothiocyanate, 681
n-Propyl isovalerate, 2912
Propyl malate, 3944
Propyl malonate, 3313
Propylmalonic acid, 1566
n-Propyl mercaptan, 518
Propyl p-methoxybenzoate, 4102
3-Propyl-3-methylpropyl alcohol, 1736
Propyl mustard oil, 681
Propyl nitrate, 495
Propyl nitrite, 489
Propylnitrolic acid, 439
5-Propylnonane, 4412
3-n-Propylpentane, 2942
o-n-Propylphenol, 3239
m-n-Propylphenol, 3240
p-n-Propy!phenol, 3241
Propyl phenyl ether, 3246
Propyl phenyl ketone, 3662
Propylphosphine, 529
n-Propyl propionate, 1659
Propylpseudonitrole, 441
2-Propylpyridine, 2776
Propyl salicylate, 3690
Propylsilicon trichloride, 436
Propyl succinate, 3943
Propyl sulfide, 1754
Propyl tartrate, 3945
Propylthiourea, 785
o-Propyltoluene, 3727
m-Propyltoluene, 3728
Propyltriisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, 1221
Propylurethane, 1704.1
n-Propyl n-valerate, 2911
2-Propyl-p-xylene, 4122
4-Propyl-o-xylene, 4120
4-Propyl-m-xylene, 4121
Protocatechuic acid, 2020
Protocatechuic aldehyde, 2012
Protocatechuic aldehyde mthylne
ester, 2474
Protopine, 5529
Proto veratri dine, 5913
Protoveratrine, 6040
Prulaurasin, 4818
Pseudoaconine, 5872
Pseudoaconitine, 6102
Pseudoatropine, 5237
Pseudobutylene, 685
Pseudobutyleneglycol, 796
Pseudococaine, 5223, 5224
Pseudocodeine, 5320
a-Pseudoconhydrine, 2931
Pseudoconhydrine hydrochloride, 2947
Pseudoconiceine, 2858
Pseudocumene, 3230
Pseudocumenol, 3242
Pseudocumidine, 3289
Pseudoephedrine, 3795
Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, 3830
Pseudoionone, 4563
Pseudojervine, 5976
Pseudomorphine, 6060
Pseudopelletierine, 3291
Pseudophenanthrene, 5039
Pseudophenanthroline, 4190
Pseudopurpurin, 4864
Pseudotropine, 2863
Psoromic acid, 5506
Psychotrine, 5952
Psychotrine sulfate, 6163
Psyllic acid, 6057
Psyllostearyl alcohol, 6058
Psyllostearylic acid, 6057
Pulegene, 3297
Pulegon, 3859
dZ-Pulenol, 3324
Purine, 854
Purpurin, 4638
Putrescine, 833
Pyosin, 6168
Pyraconitine, 6032
Pyramiden, 4537
Pyramiden acid camphorate, 5802
Pyramiden camphorate, 6100
Pyramiden salicylate, 5553
Pyrantin, 4309
Pyrazine, 563
Pyrazole, 351
3, 5-Pyrazoledicarboxylic acid, 835.1
Pyrazoline, 431
Pyrazolone, 353
Pyrene, 5206
Pyreneketone, 4426
Pyrene picrate, 5705
Pyrethrol, 5681
Pyridazine, 561
Pyridine, 870
Pyridine-2-carboxylic acid, 1344
Pyridine-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid, 1900
Pyridine nitrate, 890
Pyridinepentacarboxylic acid, 3402
Pyridine-2, 3, 4-tricarboxylic acid,
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
Pyridyl-2-aldehyde, 1341
Pyridyl-3-aldehyde, 1342
Pyridyl-2-cyanide, 1267
Pyrimidine, 562
Pyrocatechol, 1414
Pyrocatechol diethyl ether, 3766
Pyrocatechol ethyl ether, 2738
Pyrocatechol methyl ether, 2174
Pyrocoll, 3434
Pyrogallol, 1419
Pyrogallolcarboxylic acid, 2022
Pyrogallol triacetate, 4303
Pyrogallol triethyl ether, 4368
Pyrogallol trimethyl ether, 3251
Pyroglycerol, 1747
Pyromeconic acid, 866
Pyromellitic acid, 3452
Pyromucic acid, 867
l, 4-Pyrone, 860
Pyroracemic acid, 359
Pyroracemic alcohol, 449

Pyrotartarie acid, 947
Pyrotritaric acid, 2180
Pyrrole, 589
Pyrrole-2-aldehyde, 874
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 877
Pyrrolidine, 759
a-Pyrrolidone, 672
Pyrrolme, 670
Pyrrolylene, 596
Pyrrone, 3068
Pyruvic acid, 359
Pyruvic nitrile, 332.1
Quassiin, 6034
Quebrachine, 5670
Quebrachine hydrochloride, 5672
Quebrachite, 2375
Quebrachol, 5598
Quercetagetin, 4891
Quercetin, 4889
d-Quercitol, 1670
Z-Quercitol, 1671
Quercitrin, 5631
Quinaldine ethiodide, 4312
Quinaldine methiodide, 4056
Quinaldinic acid, 3479
Quinalgan, 5289
Quinamine, 5469
Quinazoline, 2463
Quinene, 5545
Quinhydrone, 4255
Quinic acid, 2313
Quinic amide, 2324
Quinic lactone, 2270
Quinicine, 5560
Quinide, 2270
Quinidine, 5561
Quinidine hydrochloride, 5567
Quinine, 5562, 5563, 5564
Quinine acetate, 5728
Quinine acetylsalicylate, 5971
Quinine butyrate, 5837
Quinine carbonate, 6127
Quinine citrate, 6175
Quinine dibromosalicylate, 5921
Quinine dichloride, 5555
Quinine diguaiacolsulfonate, 6063
Quinine disulfate, 5575
Quinine ethyl carbonate, 5801
Quinine formate, 5671
Quinine glycerophosphate, 6137
Quinine hydrate, 5587
Quinine hydrobromide, 5566
Quinine hydrochloride, 5568
Quinine hypophosphite, 5581
Quinine lactate, 5796, 5797, 5798
Quinine malate, 6139
Quinine /S-naphtholsulfonate, 6122
Quinine nitrate, 5574
Quinine phenolsulfonate, 5897
Quinine propionate, 5795
Quinine salicylate, 5925
Quinine Buccinate, 6138
Quinine sulfate, 6124
Quinine tartrate, 6141
Quimnic acid, 4036
Quinizarin, 4633
Quinoline, 3037
Quinoline-2-carboxylic acid, 3479
Quinoline-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid, 4021
Quinoline-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid, 4022
Quinoline ethiodide, 4057
Quinoline methiodide, 3496
Quinoline tartrate, 6136
Quinolinic acid, 1900
Quinone, 1287
Quinonedioxime, 1399
Quinonoxime, 1348
I Salicyl-p-phenetidin, 4928
Salicyl sulfonic acid, 2027
Quinotoxine, 5560
/3-Quinovin, 6001
Salicyluric acid, 3114
Quinoxaline, 2464
Saliformin, 4540
Saligenin, 2166
Raffinose, 5350
Salinigrin, 4535
Rapic acid, 5361
Salipyrine, 5308
Ratanhine, 3720
Salocol, 5210
0-Resalgin, 5198
Salol, 4467
Resorcinol, 1415
Salophen, 4911
Resorcinol acetate, 2619
Saloquinine, 5925
Resorcinol antipyrine, 5198
Salvarsan, 4311
Resorcinol diacetate, 3620
Samarium acetate, 2051
Resorcinol diethyl ether, 3769
Samarium ethyl sulfate, 2054
Resorcinol dimethyl ether, 2741
Samarium formate, 2050
Resorcinol ethyl ether, 2742
Samarium propionate, 2052, 2053
Resorcinol methyl ether, 2175
Sambunigrin, 4819
Retamine, 4995
Sanguinarine, 5509
Retene, 5306
-Santalene, 4979
Rhamnitol, 1749
/3-Santalene, 4980
0-Rhamnose, 1672
T-Santalene, 4981
Rhamnose phenylhydrazone, 4367.1
Santalic acid, 5987
Rheadine, 5636
Santalin, 5987
Rhein, 4886
a-Santalol, 4987
Rhizocholic acid, 4016
/3-Santalol, 4988
Rhodanic acid, 24
Rhodeoretin, 6046
Santalyl chloride, 4970
Santalyl salicylate, 5730
Rhodeose, 1673
Santene, 3273
Rhodinol, 3908
<2Z-Santenol, 3302
Rhodinyl acetate, 4374
Santinic acid, 4936
Rhodinyl butyrate, 4835
Santonic acid, 4956
d-Ribose, 1036
Santonin, 4943
Ricinelaidic acid, 5368
dZ-Santoninic acid, 4955
Ricinic acid, 5369
Santyl, 5730
Ricinine, 2554
Saponarin, 5661
Ricininic acid, 1980
Sapotin, 5983
Ricinoleic acid, 5370
Robigenin, 4884
Sarcosine, 486
Sarsapic acid, 1289
Robinin, 6049
Sarsasapogenin, 5905
Rochelle salt, 3184
Sarsasaponin, 6143
Rosindon, 5696
Scatole, 3100
Rosinduline, 5698
Rosindulon, 5696
a-Scatolecarboxylic acid, 3560
Scillitin, 5247
Rosolie acid, 5518
Scoparin, 5536
Rubazonic acid, 5519
Scopolamine, 5222
Ruberythric acid, 5895
Rubicene, 5882
Scopoletin, 3530
Rubidium acid chloroacetate, 3233
Scopolin, 5836
Rubidium acid oxalate, 3225
Scopoline, 2822
Scutellarein, 4887
Rubidium acid phthalate, 3228
Rubidium citrate, 3231
Scutellarin, 5623
Sebacic acid, 3938
Rubidium cobalt malonate, 3263
Rubidium lithium d-tartrate, 3276
Sebamic acid, 3954
Rubidium
sodium
mesotartrate,
Sekisanine, 6061
Selenophenol, 1431
3277
Rubidium tartrate, 3229
a-Selinene, 4982
Semicarbazide, 69
Rubijervine, 5907
Semicarbazide hydrochloride, 76
Rumicin, 4878
Rutin, 5928
Semicarbazide nitrate, 81
Seminose, 1682
Sabadenine, 5977
Senecifolidine, 4990
Sabadine, 5982
Senecifoline, 5337
Sabinane, 3895
Senecifoline hydrochloride, 5338
Sabinene, 3819
Septentrinaline, 6051
Sabinol, 3860
Saccharin, 1896
dZ-Serine, 493
d-Serine, 493.1
d-Saccharine, 1579
Sidonal, 5352
Saccharose, 4396
Silicon tetraethyl, 418
Safrol, 3591
Silicon tetraphenyl, 424
Sakuranetin, 5076
Sakuranin, 5706
Silver acetate, 1107
Salacetol, 3622
Silver lactate, 1108
Salicin, 4547
Silver oxalate, 1106
Salicin benzoate, 5549
Silver tartrate, 1109, 1110
Sinaibin, 5995
Salicitrin, 5620
Salicylaldehyde, 2004
Sinapic acid, 4073
Salicylaldehyde methylphenylhydraSinapine sulfate, 6038
zone, 4769
Sinapirie thiocyanate, 5242
Salicylamine, 2220
Sinapoline, 2285
Salicylanilide, 4485
Sinomenine, 5457
Salicyl chloride, 1863
Sitosterol, 5935
Salicylic acid, 2013
Smilacin, 5906
Salicylic nitrile, 1890
Sodium acetate, 2756
Salicyl osali cy li e acid, 4692
Sodium acid malonate, 2758
Sodium acid tartrate, 2759

Sodium citrate, 2766
Sodium diacetate, 2760
Sodium elaidate, 2762
Sodium ethanedisulfonate, 2768
Sodium formate, 2754
Sodium glutamate, 2772
Sodium lithium tartrate, 2912
Sodium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate,
2767
Sodium 1, 4-naphthylaminesulfonate,
2775
Sodium oleate, 2763
Sodium palmitate, 2761
Sodium thallium tartrate, 2782
Sodium sulfanilate, 2774
Sodium tartrate, 2764
Sodium uranyl acetate, 2835
Solangustine, 6053
Solanidine, 6079
Solanine, 6158
Solanine hydrochloride, 6159
Sophoretin, 4889
Sophorin, 5927
Sorbic acid, 1498
Sorbic chloride, 1441
d-Sorbitol, 1752
d(Z)-Sorbose, 1684
dZ-Sorbose, 1685
Sordidin, 4471
Sparassol, 3695
Sparteine, 4994
Sparteine hydrochloride, 5011
Sparteine hydroiodide, 5012
Sparteine sulfate, 6009
Sphingosine, 5259
Spinacene, 5978
Spirosal, 3184
Stachydrine, 2323
Stannous acetate, 519
Staphisagroine, 5556
Starch, 1578.1
Stearic acid, 5379
Stearic aldehyde, 5378
Stearic amide, 5390
Stearic anhydride, 6106
Stearic anilide, 5845
Stearolic acid, 5347
Stearone, 6090
Stearonitrile, 5374
Stearoxylic acid, 5349
Stearyl chloride, 5373
Stercorin, 5939
Stigmasterol, 6005
Stilbene, 4708
Stovaine, 4829
Strontium acetate, 2467
Strontium antimony tartrate, 2471
Strontium calcium propionate, 2493
Strontium ethanedisulfonate, 2468
Strontium ethylsulfate, 2469
Strontium formate, 2464
Strontium nitrotetronate, 2470
Strophantidin, 5929
Strophantin, 5998, 6125
Struxine, 5677
Stryacol, 5070
Strychnidine, 5656
Strychnine, 5642
Strychnine methylarsinate, 5719
Strychnine nitrate, 5653
Strychnine salicylate, 5948
Strychnine sulfate, 6129
Strychnine d-tartrate, 6148
Stylopine, 5425
Styphnic acid, 1198
Styracin, 5292
Styrne, 2538
Styrne dibromide, 2455
Styrolne alcohol, 2736
Styryl alcohol, 3126
Styrylamine, 3190
Suberane, 2327
Suberic acid, 2845
Suberone, 2290
Suberoxime, 2322
Suberyl alcohol, 2335
Succinamide, 706
Succinic acid, 629
Succinic anhydride, 571
Succinic dialdehyde, 616
Succinic peroxide, 2750
Succinimide, 592
Succinonitrile, 560
0, o'-Succinoxybenzene-l-carbox y 1 i c
acid, 5278
Succinyl chloride, 558
Succinyldisalicylic acid, 5278
Succisterene, 4867
Sucrol, 3232
Sulfanilic acid, 1455
Sulfoacetic acid, 217
o-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid, 2106
m-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid, 2107
p-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid, 2108
o-Sulfobenzoic acid, 2024
ra-Sulfobenzoic acid, 2025
p-Sulfobenzoic acid, 2026
o-Sulfobenzoic anhydride, 1842
Sulfonal, 2416
p-Sulfonedichloroaminobenzoic acid,
1866
N-S u l f o p h e n y 1-3-methylpyraz olone,
3586
5-Sulfosalicylic acid, 2027
Surinamine, 3721
Sycoceryl alcohol, 5341
Sylvestrene, 3820
Syringic acid, 3185
Syringin, 5234
d-Tagatose, 1686
d-Talitol, 1753
u?(/)-Talomucic acid, 1585
Tanacetone, 3861
Tanacetyl alcohol, 3928
Tanni c acid, 4694
Tannin, 4694
Taraxasterol, 5979
Tariric acid, 5348
d-Tartaramide, 709
Tartar emetic, 3012
d-Tartaric acid, 639
cM-Tartaric acid, 640
Tartronic acid, 362
Taurine, 290
Taxicati n, 4574
Taxine, 6109
Tephrosin, 6018
Teraconic acid, 2265
Teracrylic acid, 2292
Terebic acid, 2266
Terephthalic acid, 2481
Terephthalic aldehyde, 2472
Terephthalic nitrile, 2429
Terephthalyl dichloride, 2425
Terpan, 3902
Terpene hydrate, 3922
Terpenylic acid, 2811
cts-Terpine, 3979
Jrans-Terpine, 3980
-Terpinene, 3821
/3-Terpinene, 3822
Ai, 5-Terpinene, 3823
Terpinen-4-ol, 3926
tt-Terpineol, 3922, 3923
/8-Terpineol, 3924
7-Terpineol, 3925
cis-Terpin hydrate, 4008
Terpinolene, 3824
a-Terpinyl acetate, 4378, 4379
Terpinylene, 3825
d-a-Terpinyl formate, 4151
Tetraacetylhydrazine, 2808.1
1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrabromobenzene, 1123
1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrabromobenzene, 1124
2, 3, 4, 6- Tetrabromobenzoic acid,
1776
1, 1, 4, 4-Tetrabromobutane, 601
1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrabromoethane, 127
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane, 128
Tetrabromoethylene, 86
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrabromophenol, 1125
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromopropane, 344
1, 2, 2, 3-Tetrabromopropane, 345
Tetrabromopyrrole, 541
Tetrabromoquinone, 1106
Tetrabromothiophene, 537
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloroacetanilide, 2433
Tetrachloroacetophenone, 2427
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloroaniline, 1183
a-Tetrachloroanthracene, 4606
/3-Tetrachloroanthracene, 4607
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachloroanthracene, 4605
/3-Tetrachloroanthraquinone, 4594
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachloroanthraqumone,
4593
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachlorobenzene, 1135
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzoic acid,
1777
1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrachloroethane, 139
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane, 140
Tetrachloroethylene, 90
1,2, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethyl ethyl ether,
605
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloro-l, 2-diphenylethane, 4656
Tetrachlorohydroquinone, 1139
a-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3374
/3-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3375
y-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3376
5-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3377
e-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3378
f-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3379
ttt'c-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3380
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloronitrobenzene,
1116
1117
1118
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachlorophenol, 1138
Tetrachloro-o-phthalic acid, 2422
Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, 2420
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloropyridine, 841
Tetrachloroquinone, 1109
Tetraconic acid, 5858
n-Tetracosane, 5861
w-Tetradecane, 4856
n-Tetradecyl alcohol, 4858
Tetradecylamine, 4859
n-Tetradecylene, 4849
Tetraethylammoniumchloroplatinate,
A1209
Tetraethylammonium hydroxide, 2989
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetraethylbenzene, 4827
1, 2, 4, 5-Tetraethylbenzene, 4828
Tetraethyldiamino b e n z o p h e n o n e ,
5675
Tetraethyl germanium, 472
Tetraethylsilicane, 418
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrobenzaldehyde,
2261
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrobenzene, 1537
Ai-Tetrahydrobenzoic acid, 2262
Tetrahydroberberine, 5542
Tetrahydrogeraniol, 4003
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline, 3191
3, 4, 8, 9-Tetrahydrojulol, 4327
Tetrahydrolinalool, 4004
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene,
3637
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydronaphthalene,
3638
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-a-naphthol, 3649
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthol, 3651
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-a-naphthol, 3650
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthol, 3652
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-a-naphthylamine, 3702
5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-j8-naphthylamine, 3703
Tetrahydro-/S-naphthylamine hydrochloride, 3743
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrophenol, 1542
A2-Tetrahydrophenol, 1542
1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydrophenol, 1543
A2-Tetrahydrophenol, 1543
A^Tetrahydrophthalic acid, 2746
A2-Tetrahydro-o-phthalic acid, 2747
Tetrahydropyrrole, 759
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroquinoline, 3192
Ai-Tetrahydrotoluene, 2282
A2-Tetrahydrotoluene, 2283
A3-Tetrahydrotoluene, 2284
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroxybenzene, 1424
2, 4, 2', 4/-Tetrahydroxydiphenyl,
4252
2, 6, 2', 6'-Tetrahydroxydiphenyl,
4251
3, 5, 3', 5'-Tetrahydroxydiphenyl,
4253
Tetrahydroxyhexahydrobenzoic acid,
2313
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-m-xylene, 2827
1, 4, 5, 6-Tetrahydroxynaphthalene,
3531
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetraiodobenzene, 1144
Tetraiodoethylene, 94
Tetraiodophenolphthalein, 5487
Tetraiodopyrrole, 542
1, 2, 3, 5-Tetramethoxybenzene, 3774
Tetramethylalloxantine, 4316
Tetramethylallylene, 2277
Tetramethylammonium bromide, 829
Tetramethylammonium chloride, 832
Tetramethylammonium chloroplatinate, Al 191
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide,
838
Tetramethylammonium trini tri de, 836
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetramethylaniline, 3791
l, 3, 5, 7-Tetramethylanthracene,
5307
l, 2, 3, 4-Tetramethylbenzene, 3740
l, 2, 3, 5-Tetramethylbenzene, 3739
1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylbenzene, 3732
2, 2, 3, 3-Tetramethylbutane, 2943
m-Tetramethyldiaminoazobenzene,
5123
Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone,
5207
(p, p'-Tetramethyldiamino)-diphenyl
carbinol, 5231
(p, p'-TetramethyldiaminoJ-diphenylamine, 5126
(p, 2/-Tetramethyldiamino)-diphenylmethane, 5230
Tetramethyl diaminothiobenzophenone, 5211
Tetramethylene, 683
Tetramethylenediamine, 833
Tetramethyleneglycol, 795
Tetramethylene-1, 1, 2, 2-tetracarboxylic acid, 2631
Tetramet hylethylene, 1619
Tetramethylethyleneglycol, 1743
Tetramethylhydrounlic acid, 4315

Tetramethylmethane, 1074
2, 4, 5, 7-Tetramethyloctane, 4413
o-Tetramethylphenylenediamine, 3834
m-Tetramethylphenylenediamine, 3835
p-Tetramethylphenylenediamine, 3836
o-Tetramethylphen y l e n e d i a m i n e
hydrochloride, 3896
2, 3, 4, 5-Tetramethylpyridine, 3266
2, 5, 6, 8-Tetramethylquinoline, 4529
Tetramethylsilicane, 406
Tetramethyl silicate, 426
1, 3, 7, 9-Tetramethyluric acid, 3234
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetranitroaniline, 1200
2, 3, 5, 6-Tetranitroanisol, 1841
Tetranitrodiglycerol, 1540
t 'i Pt p'-Tetranitrodiphenylurea,
4424
Tetranitromethane, 17
tt-Tetranitronaphthalene,
3381
1, 2, 5, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene, 3382
2, 4, 5, 7-Tetranitro-a-naphthol, 3386
2, 3, 4, 6-Tetranitrophenol, 1147
Tetraphenylguanidine, 5890
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetraphenylethane, 5887
Tetraphenylethylene, 5883
Tetraphenylguanidine, 5864
Tetrapheriylmethane, 5863
Tetraphenylpyrazine, 5944
Tetraphenylsilicane, 424
Tetrapropylammonium chloroplatinate, 1218
Tetrapropyl silicate, 429
n-Tetratriacontane, 6080
1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrazine, 144
Tetrazole, 34
Tetrol, 569
Tetrolic acid, 570
Jetrolic aldhyde, 568
Tetronic acid, 572
Tetryl, 1933
Thallme, 3710
Thallium acetate, 726
Thallium acid acetate, 732
Thallium acid tartrate, 729, 730r
731
Thallium acid tribromoacetate, 739
Thallium acid trichloroacetate, 738
Thallium antimonyl tartrate, 741
Thallium formate, 727
Thallium picrate, 740
Thallium propionate, 728
Thallium tartrate, 733, 734, 735,
736
Thallium trichloroacetate, 737
Thebaine, 5435
Thebenidine, 4865
Thine, 2701
Theobromine, 2153
Theobromine hydrochloride, 2194
Theobromine salicylate, 4776
Theophylline, 2151
Thermin, 3743
Thermodin, 4536
Thianthrene, 4201
l, 4-Thiazan, 779
Thiazole, 334
Thioacetamide, 250
Thioacetanilide, 2682
Thioacetic acid, 210
Thioantipyrine, 4511
Thiobenzamide, 2110
Thiobenzoic acid, 2002
Thiobenzophenone, 4472
Thiocarbanilide, 4504
o-Thiocresol, 2190
m-Thiocresol, 2191
p-Thiocresol, 2192
Thiocyanic acid, 24
Thiodiphenylamine, 4215
Thiof ormami de, 51
1-Thioglycerol, 514
Thioguaiacol, 2165
Thionaphthene, 2490
-Thionaphthol, 3542
/3-Thionaphthol, 3543
Thiophene, 576
Thiophene-2-alcohol, 892
Thiophene-2-aldehyde, 858
Thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, 861
Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid, 862
Thiophene diiodide, 546
Thiophenetetrabromide, 537
-Thiophenic acid, 861
/3-Thiophenic acid, 862
Thiophenol, 1430
Thiophosgene, 10
Thiopicric acid, 1193
-Thiosalicylic acid, 2010
Thiosemicarbazide, 71
Thiosineamine, 710
Thiourea, 58
Thiourethane, 483
Thujane, 3895
-Thujene, 3826
0-Thujene, 3827
-Thujone, 3861
Thujyl alcohol, 3928
Thymacetine, 4826
Thymine, 888
Thymohydroquinone, 3771
o-Thymol, 3755
7n-Thymol, 3756
p-Thymol, 3757
Thymoquinone, 3685
Thymyl actate, 4346
Thymyl acid camphorate, 5583
Thymyl ethyl ether, 4367.7
Thymyl isovalerate, 4968
Thymyl methyl ether, 4132
Thymyl phenyl ether, 5110
Thyroxin, 4040
Tiglio acid, 936
Tiglio aldehyde, 926
Tin diethyl, 512
Tin dimethyl diethyl, 514
Tin diphenyl, 516
Tin oxalate, 510
Tin tetraethyl, 515
Tin tetramethyl, 513
Tin tetraphenyl, 517
Tin triethyl, 518
Tolane, 4650
-Telane di chloride, 4654
/3-Tolane dichloride, 4655
Tolane tetrachloride, 4656
Tolazone, 4711
o-Tolidine, 4806
wt-Toli dine, 4807
Toluene, 2112
Toluene-3,
5-dicarboxyIic
acid,
3090
p-Toluene ethylsulfonate, 3255
Toluene-o-sulfinic acid, 2179
p-Toluenesulfonanilide, 4517
Toluene-o-sulfoneamide, 2226
Toluene-m-sulfoneamide, 2227
Toluene-p-sulfoneamide, 2228
Toluene-o-sulfonechloride, 2053
Toluene-p-sulfonechloride, 2054
Toluene-p-sulfonedichloroamide, 2056
Toluene-o-sulfonic acid, 2181
Toluene-p-sulfonic acid, 2183
p-Toluenesulfonemethylanilide, 4795
-Toluie acid, 2584
o-Toluic acid, 2585
m-Toluic acid, 2586
p-Toliuc acid, 2587
o-Toluic aldehyde, 2568
w-Toluic aldehyde, 2569
p-Toluic aldehyde, 2570
o-Toluic amide, 2652

w-Toluic amide, 2653
p-Toluic amide, 2654
o-Toluic anhydride, 5072
o-Toluidine, 2204
m-Toluidine, 2205
p-Toluidine, 2206
o-Toluidine hydrochloride, 2243
m-Toluidine hydrochloride, 2244
p-Toluidine hydrochloride, 2245
o-Tolunitrile, 2505
ra-Tolunitnle, 2506
p-Tolunitrile, 2507
p-Toluoin, 5085
o-Toluquinoline, 3549
m-Toluquinoline, 3548
p-Toluquinoline, 3547
Toluquinone, 2009
4-Toluylbenzoic acid, 4904
Toluylene-2, 3-diamine, 2249
p-Tolylacetone, 3663
o-Tolylaminoacetic acid, 3210
p-Tolylaminoacetic acid, 3211
ra-(o-Tolylamino)-phenol, 4514
p-(ra-Tolyamino)-phenol, 4515
m-Tolylaminourea, 2794
p-Tolylantipyrine, 4313
o-Tolyl carbinol, 2715
w-Tolyl carbinol, 2716
p-Tolyl carbinol, 2717
p-Tolyldimethylpyrazolone, 4313
p-Tolyl ethyl ketone, 3664
o-Tolylglycine, 3210
o-Tolylglycocoll, 3210
o-Tolylhydrazine, 2256
m-Tolyhydrazine, 2257
p-Tolylhydrazine, 2258
w-Tolylhydroxylamine, 2221
p-Tolylhydroxylamine, 2222
o-Tolyl isothiocyanate, 2523
m-Tolyl isothiocyanate, 2524
p-Tolyl isothiocyanate, 2525
o-Tolyl mustard oil, 2523
w-Tolyl mustard oil, 2524
p-Tolyl mustard oil, 2525
Tormentol, 6052
Trehalose, 4397
Triacetamide, 1522
Triacetin, 3289
Triacetoneamine, 3317
n-Triacontane, 6014
Triaminoazobenzene, 5311
1, 2, 3-Triaminobenzene, 1525
1, 2, 4-Triaminobenzene, 1526
2, 4, 6-Triaminophenol, 1527
Tri-(o-aminophenyl)-methane, 5426
Tri-(p-aminophenyl)-methane, 5427
Triazobenzene, 1357
1, 2, 4-Triazole, 178
Tribenzylamine, 5633
Tribenzylsilicol, 431
Tribromhydrin, 372
Tribromoacetic acid, 104
Tribromoacetaldehyde, 103
2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline, 1213
3, 4, 5-Tribromoaniline, 1214
2, 2, 3-Tribromobenzene, J. 156
1, 2, 4-Tribromobenzene, 1157
1, 3, 5-Tribromobenzene, 1158
1, 3, 4-Tribromobenzoic acid, 1778
1, 2, 3-Tribromobutane, 649
Tribromo-er-butyl alcohol, 650
1, 2, 2-Tribromo-l-chloroethane, 126
1, 1, 2-Tribromo-l, 2-dichloroethane,
102
Tribromethyl alcohol, 152
Tribromoethylene, 101
1, 1, l-Tribromo-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane, 650
1, 1, 2-Tribromoethane, 151
Tribromonitromethane, 5
1, 2, 3-Tribromopentane, 964
2, 3, 5-Tribromophenol, 1159
2, 4, 6-Tribromophenol, 1160
2, 4, 6-Tribromophenyl salicylate,
4421
1, 1, 2-Tribromopropane, 370
2, 4, 6-Tribromoresorcinol, 1161
Tribromosalol, 4421
2, 3, 4-Tribromotoluene, 1850
Tri-n-butylamine, 4418
Tributylmethane, 4586
Tributyrin, 5010
Tricaprin, 6056
Tricaproin, 5688
Tricaprylin, 5940
Tricarballylic acid, 1505
1, 3, 5-Tricarboxyphenol, 3023
Trichlorhydrki, 388
Trichloroacetal, 1599
Trichloroacetal (solid), 1600
Trichloroacetamide, 138
2, 3, 4-Trichloroacetanilide, 2458
Trichloroacetic acid, 109
1, 1, 1-Trichloroacetone, 327
1, 1, I'-Trichloroacetone, 328
Trichloroacetophenone, 2432
Trichloroacrylic acid, 311
2, 3, 4-Trichloroaniline, 1245
2, 4, 6-Trichloroanisol, 1875
1, 2, 3-Trichlorobenzene, 1175
2, 3, 4-Trichlorobenzoic acid, 1783
1, 1, l-Trichloro-er-butyl alcohol, 662
1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyraldehyde, 582
1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyraldehyde hydrate, 664
1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyric acid, 583
1, 1, 3-Trichlorobutyric acid, 584
2, 4, 6-Trichloro-w-cresol, 1874
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane, 158
1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane, 159
Trichloroethyl alcohol, 160
Trichloroethylene, 106
1, 2, 2-Trichloroethyl ethyl ether, 661
2, 3, 5-Trichlorohydroquinone, 1180
1, 1, l-Trichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane, 662
1,1, l-Trichloro-2-hydroxyprop a n e ,
389
3, 3, 3-Trichloro-2-hydroxypropyl
phenyl ketone, 3544
2, 4, 6-Trichloro-3-hydroxyto l u e n e ,
1874
1, l, 1-Trichloroisopropyl alcohol, 389
2, 2, 2-Trichlorolactic acid, 330
2, 2, 2-Trichlorolactic nitrile, 315
Trichloromethyl chloroformate, 9l
Tri chlor omethyl p-chlorophenyl ketone, 2427

l, 2, 3-Trichloronaphthalene, 3387
1, 6, 7-Trichloronaphthalene, 3399
2, 3, 4-Trichloronitrobenzene, 1131
2, 4, 6-Trichloronitrobeiizene, 1134
Trichloronitromethane, 11
2, 3, 4-Trichloronitrotoluene, 1821
2, 3, 5-Trichlorophenol, 1178
2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol, 1179
l, l, 2-Trichloropropane, 385
l, l, 3-Trichloropropane, 386
l, 2, 2-Trichloropropane, 387
1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane, 388
2, 6, 8-Trichloropurine, 840
2, 3, 5-Trichloropyridine, 844
Trichloroquinone, 1115
2, 4, 6-Trichlororesorcinol, 1181
Tri-co-chlorotoluene, 1870
2, 3, 4-Trichlorotoluene, 1871
Tri-(2-chloro vinyl )-arsine, 1367
w-Tricosane, 5816
Tri-p-cresyl phosphate, 5638
l, l, 1-Tricyanoethane, 846
n-Tri decane, 4587
77-Tridecyl alcohol, 4589
Tridecylamine, 4590
Tridecylene, 4581
Tridecylic acid, 4582
Tridecyl ketone, 5941
Trielaidin, 6165
l, 2, 3-Triethoxybenzene, 4368
l, 3, 5-Triethoxybenzene, 4367.9
Triethylacetic acid, 2900
Triethyl aconitate, 4368.4
Triethylamine, 1764
Triethylamine hydrochloride, 1771
Triethylammonium chloroplatinate,
1197
Triethyl arsenate, 1758
Triethyl arsenite, 1757
Triethylarsine, 1756
l, 2, 4-Triethylbenzene, 4366
l, 3, 5-Triethylbenzene, 4367
Triethylbutylammonium chloroplatinate, 1215
Triethylbutyl silicane, 421
Triethyl carbinol, 2412
Triethyl citrate, 4381
Triethylisoamyl silicane, 425
Triethylisobutyiammonium c h l o r oplatinate, 1216
Triethylisobutyl silicane, 422
Triethylmethane, 2392
Triethyl phosphate, 1768
Triethylphosphine, 1769
Triethylphosphine sulfide, 1769.1
Triethyl phosphite, 1767
Triethyl propene-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylate, 4368.4
Triethylpropylammonium c h l o r o platinate, 1211
Triethylpropyl silicane, 420
Tri ethylsili cane, 408
Triethyl silicol ether, 428
Triethylstibine, 1770
Triethylsulfonium
chloroplatinate,
1185
Triethyltin bromide, 521
Triethyltin chloride, 520
Triethyltin iodide, 523
Trifluoracetamide, 142
Trifluoroacetic acid, 112.1
Trifluoroacetic anhydride, 539
Trifluoroethylene, 112
Trifolianol, 5686
Trifolin, 5702
Trifolitin, 5032
Triformin, 1506
Triguaiacyl phosphate, 5640
Triguaiacyl phosphite, 5639
1, 2, 10-Trihydroxyanthracene, 4680
1, 2, 3-Trihydroxyanthraquinone,
4635
4638
4637
4636
4639
3, 4, 5-Trihydroxybenzanilide, 4487
1, 2, 3-Trihydroxybenzene, 1419
1, 3, 5-Trihydroxybenzene, 1421
2, 3, 4-Trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2022
3, 4, 5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2023
2, 6, 2'-Trihydroxybenzo p h e n o n e ,
4468
l, 2, 3-Trihydroxybutane, 804
Trihydroxydihydroanthracene, 4737
l, 3, 4-Trihydroxyflavonol, 4884
l, 3, 5-Trihydroxy-2-methoxybenzene,
2184
Trihydroxymethylanthraquinone, 4879
a-Trihydroxymethylene, 461
l, 3, 6-Trihydroxynaphthalene, 3522
1, 4, 5-Trihydroxynaphthalene, 3521
3, 5, 7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-l, 4benzopyrone, 4881
2, 4, 6-Trihydroxyphenyl 4-hydroxy-3methoxystyryl ketone, 5080
2, 4, 6-Trihydroxypyridine, 878
Triiodoacetic acid, 114
2, 4, 6-Triiodoaniline, 1266
l, 2, 3-Triiodobenzene, 1186
l, 2, 4-Triiodobenzene, 1187
1, 3, 5-Triiodobenzene, 1188
2, 4, 6-Triiodophenol, 1189
Triisoamylamine, 5021
Triisobutylamine, 4419
Trilaurin, 6120.1
Trimellitic acid, 3021
Trimesic acid, 3022
3, 4, 5-Trimethoxyallylbenzene, 4353
l, 2, 3-Trimethoxybenzene, 3251
1, 3, 5-Trimethoxybenzene, 3250
2, 4, 5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid, 3696
2, 4, 5-Trimethoxypropenylbenzene,
4352
Trimethylacetaldehyde, 1003
Trimethylacetic acid, 1011
2, 4, 6-Trimethylacetophenone, 4091.1
l, 3, 6-Trimethylallantoin, 2287
Trimethylamine, 526
Trimethylamine hydrochloride, 532
Trimethylammonium chloroplatinate,
1187
l, 3, 5-Trimethylaniline, 3264
l, 2, 4-Trimethylanthracene, 5190
l, 3, 6-Trimethylanthracene, 5191
1, 4, 6-Trimethylanthracene, 5192
Trimethylarsine, 520
Trimethylbarbituric acid, 2260
2, 4, 6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde, 3657
3, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzaldehyde, 3658
l, 2, 3-Trimethylbenzene, 3227
1, 3, 5-Trimethylbenzenesulfonic acid,
3254
2, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzoic acid, 3674
Trimethyl bismuthine, 522
2, 2, 3-Trimethylbutane, 2393
2, 2, 3-Trimethylbutan-3-ol, 2398
2, 2, 3-Trimethyl-3-butene, 2333
Trimethylbutylamnionium c h l o r o platinate, 1204
Trimethylbutyl silicane, 413
Trimethyl carbinol, 792
Trimethyl citrate, 3290
l, l, 4-Trimethylcyclohexane-2-ol,
3324
Trimethylene, 408
Trimethylenebromhydrin, 467
Trimethylenecarboxylic acid, 621
Trimethylene cyanide, 886
Trimethylenediamine, 534
Trimethylene-1, 1-dicarboxylio acid,
903
Trimethylene dichloride, 419

Trimethyleneglycol, 511
Trimethyleneiodohydrin, 478
Trimethylethylammonium c h i o r o platinate, 1193
Trimethylethylene, 986
1, l, 2-Trimethyl-2-ethylethylene,
2334
Trimethylethylmethane, 1716
Trimethylethylsilicane, 407
3, 3, 5-Trimethyl-4-heptene, 3963
3, 4, 4-Trimethylhexane-3-ol, 3362
3, 5, 6-Trimethyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3665
2, 4, 4-Trimethyl-2-hydroxypentane,
2961
Trimethylisoamylsilicane, 417
Trimethylisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, 1205
Trimethylisobutylsilicane, 414
Trimethylisopropylammonium chloroplatinate, 1200
Trimethylmethane, 781.2
2, 2, 3-Trimethylpentane, 2944
2, 4, 5-Trimethylphenol, 3242
2, 4, 6-Trimethylphenol, 3238
Trimethylphenylmethane, 3726
Trimethyl phosphate, 528
Trimethylphosphine, 530
2, 4, 6-Trimethylpiperidine, 2929
Trimethylpropylammonium chloroplatinate, 1199
1,1, 2-Trimethyl-2-propylethane, 2934
Trimethylpropylmethane, 2394
Trimethylpropylsilicane, 410
2, 3, 4-Trimethylpyridine, 2777
2, 4, 6-Trimethylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid, 3212
2, 6, 8-Trimethylquinoline, 4308
Trimethylsilicol, 427
Trimethylsuccinic acid, 2308.1
Trimethyltin iodide, 522
Trimethylurea, 784
l, 3, 9-Trimethyluric acid, 2702
1, 7, 9-Trimethyluric acid, 2703
3, 7, 9-Trimethyluric acid, 2704
Trimethylxanthine, 2701
Trimyristin, 6147
Trinitroacetonitrile, 97
2, 4, 6-Trinitro-3-aminoanisol, 2000
2, 4, 6-Trinitroaminophenol, 1285
2, 4, 6-Trinitroaniline, 1284
2, 3, 4-Trinitroanisol, 1927
2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzaldehyde, 1788
l, 2, 3-Trinitrobenzene, 1190
1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene-2-sulfonic acid,
1199
2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzoic acid, 1789
2, 4, 6-Trinitro-tert-butyltoluene, 4082
2, 4, 6-Trinitro-w-cresol, 1932
Trinitrocyanomethane, 97
2, 4, 6-Trinitro-l, 3-dihydroxybenzene, 1198
l, l, 1-Trinitroethane, 179
Trinitromethane, 25
l, 2, 5-Trinitronaphthalene, 3403
1, 4, 5-Trinitronaphthalene, 3406
2, 4, 5-Trinitro-a-naphthol, 3407
2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenetol, 2537
2, 3, 5-Trinitrophenol, 1194
Tri-(p-nitrophenyl)-methane, 5396
2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, 1933
2, 4, 6-Trinitrothiophenol, 1193
2, 3, 4-Trinitrotoluene, 1921
2, 3, 6-Trinitro-p-xylene, 2536
2, 4, 5-Trinitro-m-xylene, 2533
3, 4, 5-Trinitro-o-xylene, 2531
3, 4, 6-Trinitro-o-xylene, 2532
Triolein, 6166
Trional, 2980
Tripalmitin, 6157
Triphenin, 4110
Triphenylacetic acid, 5517
Triphenylamine, 5281
Triphenylarsine, 5279
l, 3, 5-Triphenylbenzene, 5818
Triphenyl carbinol, 5404
Triphenylchloromethane, 5400
Triphenylene, 5265
1, l, 2-Triphenylethane, 5521
a-Triphenylguanidine, 5414
/3-Triphenylguanidine, 5415
a-Triphenylguanidine hydrochloride,
5416
Triphenylguanylthiourea, 5525
Triphenylhydrazine, 5288
2, 4, 5-Triphenylimidazole, 5619
Triphenylmethane, 5402
Triphenylmethyl, 5399
Triphenylmethylamine, 5409
Triphenyl orthoformate, 5405
Triphenyl silicol, 430
Triphenyl phosphate, 5283
Triphenylphosphine, 5284
Triphenyl phosphite, 5282
Triphenylstibine, 5285
Tri-n-propylamine, 3372
Tripropylmethane, 4001
Tripropylsilicane, 419
Triricinolein, 6167
Tristearin, 6169
Tritane, 5402
tt-Trithioacetaldehyde,
1688
/S-Trithioacetaldehyde, 1689
7-Trithioacetaldehyde, 1690
Trithioglycerol, 516
Tritopine, 6131
Tropacocaine, 4947
Tropacocaine hydrochloride, 4949
Tropane, 2859
Tropic acid, 3168, 3169
Trepidine, 2818
Tropigenine, 2321
Tropilene, 2261
Tropilidene, 2111
Tropine, 2864
Tropine atropate, 5216
Tropinone, 2819
Tropoline, 2321
Truxene, 5266
a-Truxillic acid, 5295
0-Truxillic acid, 5296
7-Truxillic acid, 5297
-Truxillic acid, 5298
e-Truxillic acid, 5299
7?-Truxillic acid, 5300
a-Truxilline, 6113
-Truxilline, 6114
Z-Tryprophane, 4060
Tryptophane picrate, 5189
Tussol, 5429
Tutin, 5214
Tyramine, 2790
Z-Tyrosine, 3222
Ulexine, 4086
mbelliferon, 3017
Umbellulic acid, 4173
Umbellulone, 3765
n-Undecane, 4178
w-Undecan-6-ol, 4179.1
n-Undecyl alcohol, 4179
n-Undecylamine, 4180
a-Undecylene, 4165
0-Undecylene, 4166
Undecylenic acid, 4158
Undecylic acid, 4174
Undecylic aldehyde, 4169
Uracil, 564
Uranyl acetate, 1729
Uranyl formate, 1728
Uranyl oxalate, 1727
Urea, 55
Urea chloride, 27
Urea nitrate, 70
Urea oxalate, 787
Urei deformami de, 251
Urethane, 492
Uric acid, 857
Urocanic acid, 4295
Urotropine, 1626
Uroxanic acid, 923
Urson, 3862
Usnic acid, 5304
dZ-Usnic acid, 5303
Uvinic acid, 2180
U vi ti c acid, 3090
Uvitonic acid, 2521
n-Valeraldehyde, 1004
Valeramide, 1057
rc-Valeric acid, 1012
n-Valeric anhydride, 3935
n-Valeroanilide, 4106
n-Valeryl chloride, 966
Valerylene, 917
n-Valeryl nitrile, 972
Validol, 5013
di- Valine, 1069
Valyl, 3346
Valylene, 881
Valzin, 3232
Vanillic acid, 2628
Vanillic alcohol, 2744
Vanillin, 2596
Vellosine, 5793
Veratric acid, 3181
Veratrme, 6039
Veratrol, 2737
Verbenalin, 5245
Verbenene, 3741
Vernine, 3723
Vesipyrine, 4906
m
Vesuvin, 5308.1
Vicine, 5600
Vinylacetic acid, 622
Vinylamine, 237
Vinyl bromide, 148
Vinyl chloride, 153
Vinyl ether, 613
Vinylethyl alcohol, 714
Vinylethyl bromide, 643
Vinylethyl carbinol, 999
Vinylethylene, 596
Vinyl ethyl ether, 716
Vinylguaiacol, 3137
Vinyl iodide, 164
Vinyl trichloride, 159
Violuric acid, 554
Volemitol, 2418
Wrightine, 5841
Xanthaline, 6108
Xanthene, 4451
3, 4-Xylenol, 2706
Xanthine, 856
p-Xylidine, 2759
Xanthoeridol, 5277
zc-Xylidine, 2757
Xanthone, 4427
asi/ra-Xylidine, 2758
Xanthopurpurin, 4634
m-Xylidine acetate, 3707
Xanthosterin, 5809
p-Xylohydroquinone, 2733
Xanthotoxin, 4200
o-Xyloquinone, 2591
N-Xanthoxyllin, 4923
m-Xyloquinone, 2592
o-Xylene, 2684
p-Xyloquinone, 2593
w-Xylene, 2685
m-Xylorcin, 2731
p-Xylene, 2686
Xylososazone, 5213
o-Xylene-4-aldehyde, 3131
Z-Xylose, 1037
rw-Xylene-5-carboxylic acid, 3148
dZ-Xylose, 1038
o-Xylene dibromi de, 2540.1
o-Xylylaldehyde, 3131
ra-Xylene
dibromi de, 2540.2
o-Xylyl bromide, 2632
p-Xylene dibromide, 2540.3
ra-Xylyl
bromide, 2634
o-Xylene dichloride, 2544.1
p-Xylyl bromide, 2638
m-Xylene dichloride, 2544.2
o-Xylyl chloride, 2640
2, 3-Xylenol, 2705
w-Xylyl chloride, 2643
3, 2-Xylenol, 2707
p-Xylyl chloride, 2644
3, 5-Xylenol, 2709
Yara-yara, 4042
2, 4-Xylenol, 2708
Yohimbine, 5670
Yohimbine hydrochloride, 5672

Ytterbium acetate, 2097
Ytterbium oxalate, 2095
Yttrium acetate, 1954
Yttrium ethyl sulfate, 1955
Zeorin, 4571
Zinc acetate, 802
Zinc butyrate, 806
Zinc ethanedisulfonate, 808
Zinc ethyl, 798
Zinc formate, 801
Zinc isoamyl, 800
Zinc malate, 805
Zinc methyl, 797
Zinc naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate,
809
Zinc oxalate, 795
Zinc propyl, 799
Zingerone, 4103
Zingiberene, 4983
Zingiberol, 5004
Zygadenine, 6120
PROPERTY-SUBSTANCE TABLES
[All index numbers refer to the (T-Tables (p. 176) except those preceded by , which refer to the -Table (p. 106)]
744, 1074, 2961, 85, 3037. -19: 671, 1762.1, 4283, 110.1, 136,
266, 4176, 15, 11, 1229, 329, 264, 1964. -17: 355, 449, 4398,
-207: 337. -189.9: 500, 409, 345, 54. -172: 252, 180, 6166, 181, 2204, 2966, 2853, 112.1, 3133, 10, 2159. -15:
1810, 465, 95. -160: 204, 1072, 404, 145. -150: 530, 388, 735, 22, 1646, 1725, 1885, 186, 428, 1200.1, 2589.
485.5, 1532, 405, 2328, 337 -145: 31, 781.2, 349, 1615, -12: 68, 89, 290.1, 2327, 4411, 4849, 1081, 18, 1642, 4852, 2081,
126, 982, 224, 17.1, 263, 148, 374, 375, 1712. -135: 781.1, 1376, 1694. -10: 2509, 2351, 3667, .1643, 96, 1200.5, 914,
985, 433, 125, 366, 195, 346, 1073, 747. -130: 598, 1054, 1551, 3573, 3978.1, 2618. -8: 155, 561, 2518, 3129, 723,
686, 446, 1813, 505, 408, 2330. -125: 3890, 365, 526, 986, 208, 4513, 1866, 2493, 3069, 2004, 1205, 1442, 4587. -6: 7, 606,
826, 1366, 3863, 3929, 404, 1249, 994, 156. -5: 235, 46, 2514,
793, 746, 468, 365, 1741, 63, 273, -120: 915, 916, 366, 220, 742,
364, 9, 262, 1079, 347, 469, 364, 793. -114.8: 1764, 263, 2766, 2949, 3364, 1870, 1314, 2081. -4: 645, 1812, 2029, 2711,
667, 741, 13, 1811, 154, 207, 518, 209, 9, 2058. -110; 3740, 4169, 1856, 4493, 2928. -2: 149, 3054, 3835, 1390, 2,
53,464, 1752, 466,234, 790, 339, 1814, 310, 467. -105 :1515, 353, 3902, 4847, 5153, 1859, 141. O: 1, 40, 127, 1314,
1102, 513, 517, 338, 822, 1816, 756, 1537, 754, 97, 814, 98, 247,
1375, 1844, 2423, 3276, 128, 2633, 2953, 458, 3752, 2812. 1:
3229, 475, 525. -100: 374, 594, 213, 837, 391, 2357, 717, 1652,494, 1478, 4846, 210, 3170, 103, 2756, 1250, 1204. 2:
1610, 1716, 452. -98: 1466, 60, 41, 615, 3810, 28, 189, 1597, 384, 2669, 1200.4, 2788, 1672, 2580, 287, 407, 1003, 1880,
149, 282, 1016, 2361, 2112. -95: 920, 1763, 448, 1713, 371, 5690, 2612, 3978. 4: 3640, 4399, 5156, 84, 23, 100, 367,
378, 348, 755, 3372, 979, 1654. -93: 434, 40, 727, 2683, 24, 313, 3453, 4584, 29, 2216, 1365, 1733, 1949, 2725, 4296, 4856,
65, 1020, 35, 1007, 395, 2933, 476. -90: 42, 472, 652, 1014, 1296, 1347. 6: 102, 3852, 1612, 4062, 79, 376, 284, 863,
2389, 789, 465, 651, 1655. -88: 282, 356, 726, 106, 719, 17, 1314, 1959, 2492, 4002, 4761, 18, 2041, 3688. 8: 34, 381,
2869, 506, 403, 821. -85: 2868, 1019, 1639, 725, 100, 272, 4, 2882, 4442, 5940, 76, 300, 37, 2676, 5480, 46. 9: 319, 1105,
205, 524, 1587, 41. -82: 332, 115, 447, 2905, 283, 383, 133, 4157, 4402, 4707, 4794, 2098, 5. 10: 136, 184, 307, 934, 2053,
451. -80: 57, 62, 72, 105, 265, 13, 2981, 1078, 55, 2161, 2639, 5018, 5, 45, 1662, 3944, 5160, 135. 11: 163,
107, 1006, 102. -77 : 113, 350, 372, 1651, 2415, 6, 1659.345, 2886, 3035, 3591, 3662, 121, 3328, 4172, 358, 3769. 13:
-75: 614, 2840, 3728.1, 1021, 626, 2382, 1045, 38, 1017, 2359, 218, 17, 1691, 3776, 4828, 2686, 3219, 699, 1332, 2513, 359,
693. -70: 352, 2985, 1443, 227, 206, 823, 2834, 356, 45, 146, 1330, 35.1. 14: 385, 5359, 5361, 2865, 1318, 619, 4170.
718. -65: 539, 130, 68, 11, 19, 2763, 948, 2955, 3230, 3258. 15: 25, 146, 721, 1482, 2134, 2190, 5851, 2669, 2082, 2759,
-60: 238, 38, 1012, 1548, 107, 2867, 91, 215, 459, 2203, 1638, 3574. 16: 620, 656, 795, 2128, 2899, 1329, 655, 2294, 4180, 212,
2941. -56: 2001, 20, 141, 412, 2741, 2701, 52, 1099, 3817, 39. 17: 1646, 372, 558, 621, 1176, 2398, 2850, 4011, 4542,
59. -54: 367, 2685, 2841, 43, 26, 3995, 3228, 1630, 1728, 4843, 5370, 160, 4758, 515. 18: 2843, 457, 646, 1506, 1857,
3684, 3149, 1603. -51: 3, 176, 10.02, 3354, 4450, 26, 820, 1863, 3933, 5377, 5380, 1369, 4733. 19: 602, 4179, 4697, 4848,
64, 88, 132, 683, 824, 2309, 468. -48: 28, 84, 2040, 19, 5017, 1568, 1483, 2571. 20: 80, 856, 1039, 2443, 2498,
724, 2340, 63, 2927, 1307. -45: 1815, 169, 1560, 2343, 3893, 3157, 3192, 4529, 5167, 5682, 126. 21: 841, 2632, 3132, 4505,
3984, 377, 4175, 140, 2491, 16. -43: 27, 1026, 109, 870, 1251, 1958. 22: 644,. 2698, 2961, 562, 1117,2120,3160,
1005, 1328, 168, 3337, 1570. -40: 124, 142, 214, 267, 5164, 5481, 5812, 6105, 191, 2737, 3648, 4392, 5260. 23:
797, 400, 576, 2031, 1760. -39: 115, 378, 622, 2038, 47, 1954, 2322, 3036, 4173, 5373, 1258, 120, 1627. 24: 1320, 2002,
859, 2968, 3989. -38: 110, 1013, 60, 2163, 159, 29, 190, 4367.4, 4415, 2060, 5381, 2673, 2664, 4158. 25: 71, 2450,
2039. -36: 114, 232, 987, 1644, 3219, 3731, 1388, 2403, 3154,2688, 672, 3078, 1234, 792, 2514, 368, 1287, 2813. 26:
95, 413, 3789. -34: 112, 186, 1606, 360, 384, 2344, 3993, 1458, 2118, 2119, 2126, 2248, 2338, 2525, 2706, 3240, 4523, 5353,
269, 2205, 4400, 1333. -31 : 492, 1294, 1571, 488, 2722, 56, 5735, 470, 975, 1251, 4448, 4241. 27: 1134, 1345, 456,
237, 450, 3638, 48. -29: 111, 886, 749, 2030, 209, 798, 833, 1392, 1432, 2086, 2500, 3717, 4490, 4590, 5484, 35. 28:
619, 2684, 233, 4178, 151, 568, 809, 4789, 379. -25: 48, 158, 2739, 765, 1163, 2032, 2174, 2427, 2738, 3277, 4417, 5391,
1575, 827, 2393, 5688, 1230, 12, 2204, 2503, 1253, 929. -23: 1331. 29: 51, 1267, 1966, 2515, 4373, 5155, 5760, 7174, 2507,
12, 2419, 911, 90, 4095, 450, 609, 1734, 4038, 4419, 2896, 1200.2. 4322, 5258, 2622, 2160, 2237. 30: 99, 123, 219, 331,
-21: 1397, 2, 121, 1918, 2847, 7, 90, 147, 493, 205, 690, 2666, 267, 312, 1822, 1945, 2120.1, 2123, 2667, 3173, 4414, 4440,
I. MELTING POINTS
Verbenene, 3741
Vernine, 3723
Vesipyrine, 4906
m
Vesuvin, 5308.1
Vicine, 5600
Vinylacetic acid, 622
Vinylamine, 237
Vinyl bromide, 148
Vinyl chloride, 153
Vinyl ether, 613
Vinylethyl alcohol, 714
Vinylethyl bromide, 643
Vinylethyl carbinol, 999
Vinylethylene, 596
Vinyl ethyl ether, 716
Vinylguaiacol, 3137
Vinyl iodide, 164
Vinyl trichloride, 159
Violuric acid, 554
Volemitol, 2418
Wrightine, 5841
Xanthaline, 6108
Xanthene, 4451
3, 4-Xylenol, 2706
Xanthine, 856
p-Xylidine, 2759
Xanthoeridol, 5277
zc-Xylidine, 2757
Xanthone, 4427
asi/ra-Xylidine, 2758
Xanthopurpurin, 4634
m-Xylidine acetate, 3707
Xanthosterin, 5809
p-Xylohydroquinone, 2733
Xanthotoxin, 4200
o-Xyloquinone, 2591
N-Xanthoxyllin, 4923
m-Xyloquinone, 2592
o-Xylene, 2684
p-Xyloquinone, 2593
w-Xylene, 2685
m-Xylorcin, 2731
p-Xylene, 2686
Xylososazone, 5213
o-Xylene-4-aldehyde, 3131
Z-Xylose, 1037
rw-Xylene-5-carboxylic acid, 3148
dZ-Xylose, 1038
o-Xylene dibromi de, 2540.1
o-Xylylaldehyde, 3131
ra-Xylene
dibromi de, 2540.2
o-Xylyl bromide, 2632
p-Xylene dibromide, 2540.3
ra-Xylyl
bromide, 2634
o-Xylene dichloride, 2544.1
p-Xylyl bromide, 2638
m-Xylene dichloride, 2544.2
o-Xylyl chloride, 2640
2, 3-Xylenol, 2705
w-Xylyl chloride, 2643
3, 2-Xylenol, 2707
p-Xylyl chloride, 2644
3, 5-Xylenol, 2709
Yara-yara, 4042
2, 4-Xylenol, 2708
Yohimbine, 5670
Yohimbine hydrochloride, 5672

Ytterbium acetate, 2097
Ytterbium oxalate, 2095
Yttrium acetate, 1954
Yttrium ethyl sulfate, 1955
Zeorin, 4571
Zinc acetate, 802
Zinc butyrate, 806
Zinc ethanedisulfonate, 808
Zinc ethyl, 798
Zinc formate, 801
Zinc isoamyl, 800
Zinc malate, 805
Zinc methyl, 797
Zinc naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate,
809
Zinc oxalate, 795
Zinc propyl, 799
Zingerone, 4103
Zingiberene, 4983
Zingiberol, 5004
Zygadenine, 6120
[All index numbers refer to the (T-Tables (p. 176) except those preceded by , which refer to the -Table (p. 106)]
744, 1074, 2961, 85, 3037. -19: 671, 1762.1, 4283, 110.1, 136,
266, 4176, 15, 11, 1229, 329, 264, 1964. -17: 355, 449, 4398,
-207: 337. -189.9: 500, 409, 345, 54. -172: 252, 180, 6166, 181, 2204, 2966, 2853, 112.1, 3133, 10, 2159. -15:
1810, 465, 95. -160: 204, 1072, 404, 145. -150: 530, 388, 735, 22, 1646, 1725, 1885, 186, 428, 1200.1, 2589.
485.5, 1532, 405, 2328, 337 -145: 31, 781.2, 349, 1615, -12: 68, 89, 290.1, 2327, 4411, 4849, 1081, 18, 1642, 4852, 2081,
126, 982, 224, 17.1, 263, 148, 374, 375, 1712. -135: 781.1, 1376, 1694. -10: 2509, 2351, 3667, .1643, 96, 1200.5, 914,
985, 433, 125, 366, 195, 346, 1073, 747. -130: 598, 1054, 1551, 3573, 3978.1, 2618. -8: 155, 561, 2518, 3129, 723,
686, 446, 1813, 505, 408, 2330. -125: 3890, 365, 526, 986, 208, 4513, 1866, 2493, 3069, 2004, 1205, 1442, 4587. -6: 7, 606,
826, 1366, 3863, 3929, 404, 1249, 994, 156. -5: 235, 46, 2514,
793, 746, 468, 365, 1741, 63, 273, -120: 915, 916, 366, 220, 742,
364, 9, 262, 1079, 347, 469, 364, 793. -114.8: 1764, 263, 2766, 2949, 3364, 1870, 1314, 2081. -4: 645, 1812, 2029, 2711,
667, 741, 13, 1811, 154, 207, 518, 209, 9, 2058. -110; 3740, 4169, 1856, 4493, 2928. -2: 149, 3054, 3835, 1390, 2,
53,464, 1752, 466,234, 790, 339, 1814, 310, 467. -105 :1515, 353, 3902, 4847, 5153, 1859, 141. O: 1, 40, 127, 1314,
1102, 513, 517, 338, 822, 1816, 756, 1537, 754, 97, 814, 98, 247,
1375, 1844, 2423, 3276, 128, 2633, 2953, 458, 3752, 2812. 1:
3229, 475, 525. -100: 374, 594, 213, 837, 391, 2357, 717, 1652,494, 1478, 4846, 210, 3170, 103, 2756, 1250, 1204. 2:
1610, 1716, 452. -98: 1466, 60, 41, 615, 3810, 28, 189, 1597, 384, 2669, 1200.4, 2788, 1672, 2580, 287, 407, 1003, 1880,
149, 282, 1016, 2361, 2112. -95: 920, 1763, 448, 1713, 371, 5690, 2612, 3978. 4: 3640, 4399, 5156, 84, 23, 100, 367,
378, 348, 755, 3372, 979, 1654. -93: 434, 40, 727, 2683, 24, 313, 3453, 4584, 29, 2216, 1365, 1733, 1949, 2725, 4296, 4856,
65, 1020, 35, 1007, 395, 2933, 476. -90: 42, 472, 652, 1014, 1296, 1347. 6: 102, 3852, 1612, 4062, 79, 376, 284, 863,
2389, 789, 465, 651, 1655. -88: 282, 356, 726, 106, 719, 17, 1314, 1959, 2492, 4002, 4761, 18, 2041, 3688. 8: 34, 381,
2869, 506, 403, 821. -85: 2868, 1019, 1639, 725, 100, 272, 4, 2882, 4442, 5940, 76, 300, 37, 2676, 5480, 46. 9: 319, 1105,
205, 524, 1587, 41. -82: 332, 115, 447, 2905, 283, 383, 133, 4157, 4402, 4707, 4794, 2098, 5. 10: 136, 184, 307, 934, 2053,
451. -80: 57, 62, 72, 105, 265, 13, 2981, 1078, 55, 2161, 2639, 5018, 5, 45, 1662, 3944, 5160, 135. 11: 163,
107, 1006, 102. -77 : 113, 350, 372, 1651, 2415, 6, 1659.345, 2886, 3035, 3591, 3662, 121, 3328, 4172, 358, 3769. 13:
-75: 614, 2840, 3728.1, 1021, 626, 2382, 1045, 38, 1017, 2359, 218, 17, 1691, 3776, 4828, 2686, 3219, 699, 1332, 2513, 359,
693. -70: 352, 2985, 1443, 227, 206, 823, 2834, 356, 45, 146, 1330, 35.1. 14: 385, 5359, 5361, 2865, 1318, 619, 4170.
718. -65: 539, 130, 68, 11, 19, 2763, 948, 2955, 3230, 3258. 15: 25, 146, 721, 1482, 2134, 2190, 5851, 2669, 2082, 2759,
-60: 238, 38, 1012, 1548, 107, 2867, 91, 215, 459, 2203, 1638, 3574. 16: 620, 656, 795, 2128, 2899, 1329, 655, 2294, 4180, 212,
2941. -56: 2001, 20, 141, 412, 2741, 2701, 52, 1099, 3817, 39. 17: 1646, 372, 558, 621, 1176, 2398, 2850, 4011, 4542,
59. -54: 367, 2685, 2841, 43, 26, 3995, 3228, 1630, 1728, 4843, 5370, 160, 4758, 515. 18: 2843, 457, 646, 1506, 1857,
3684, 3149, 1603. -51: 3, 176, 10.02, 3354, 4450, 26, 820, 1863, 3933, 5377, 5380, 1369, 4733. 19: 602, 4179, 4697, 4848,
64, 88, 132, 683, 824, 2309, 468. -48: 28, 84, 2040, 19, 5017, 1568, 1483, 2571. 20: 80, 856, 1039, 2443, 2498,
724, 2340, 63, 2927, 1307. -45: 1815, 169, 1560, 2343, 3893, 3157, 3192, 4529, 5167, 5682, 126. 21: 841, 2632, 3132, 4505,
3984, 377, 4175, 140, 2491, 16. -43: 27, 1026, 109, 870, 1251, 1958. 22: 644,. 2698, 2961, 562, 1117,2120,3160,
1005, 1328, 168, 3337, 1570. -40: 124, 142, 214, 267, 5164, 5481, 5812, 6105, 191, 2737, 3648, 4392, 5260. 23:
797, 400, 576, 2031, 1760. -39: 115, 378, 622, 2038, 47, 1954, 2322, 3036, 4173, 5373, 1258, 120, 1627. 24: 1320, 2002,
859, 2968, 3989. -38: 110, 1013, 60, 2163, 159, 29, 190, 4367.4, 4415, 2060, 5381, 2673, 2664, 4158. 25: 71, 2450,
2039. -36: 114, 232, 987, 1644, 3219, 3731, 1388, 2403, 3154,2688, 672, 3078, 1234, 792, 2514, 368, 1287, 2813. 26:
95, 413, 3789. -34: 112, 186, 1606, 360, 384, 2344, 3993, 1458, 2118, 2119, 2126, 2248, 2338, 2525, 2706, 3240, 4523, 5353,
269, 2205, 4400, 1333. -31 : 492, 1294, 1571, 488, 2722, 56, 5735, 470, 975, 1251, 4448, 4241. 27: 1134, 1345, 456,
237, 450, 3638, 48. -29: 111, 886, 749, 2030, 209, 798, 833, 1392, 1432, 2086, 2500, 3717, 4490, 4590, 5484, 35. 28:
619, 2684, 233, 4178, 151, 568, 809, 4789, 379. -25: 48, 158, 2739, 765, 1163, 2032, 2174, 2427, 2738, 3277, 4417, 5391,
1575, 827, 2393, 5688, 1230, 12, 2204, 2503, 1253, 929. -23: 1331. 29: 51, 1267, 1966, 2515, 4373, 5155, 5760, 7174, 2507,
12, 2419, 911, 90, 4095, 450, 609, 1734, 4038, 4419, 2896, 1200.2. 4322, 5258, 2622, 2160, 2237. 30: 99, 123, 219, 331,
-21: 1397, 2, 121, 1918, 2847, 7, 90, 147, 493, 205, 690, 2666, 267, 312, 1822, 1945, 2120.1, 2123, 2667, 3173, 4414, 4440,
I. MELTING POINTS
5200, 5354, 6044, 4321, 1888, 2464, 4589, .5852. Sl: 491, 1023, 5919, 156, 1581, 5520, 5763, 1277. 62: 3222, 1152, 1169, 1393,
1948, 2293, 3981, 4318, 4484, 6056, 851, 1368. 32: 627, 647, 1663, 2034, 2103, 2249, 2783, 3417, 3776, 3912, 4782, 4838, 4893,
1553, 2114, 2490, 3003, 4579, 5486, 5738, 6165, 316, 2693, 860, 4902, 5054, 5216, 5810, 120, 1867, 1480. 63: 214, 675, 838,
268, 1315. 33: 36. 3084, 163, 1170, 1297, 3126, 3156, 3255, 1177, 1243, 1321, 2036, 2864, 3183, 3257, 4329, 4655, 4802, 5066.1,
3904, 3924, 5151, 941, 4019, 5764, 5608, 2162, 4914. 34: 111, 5093, 5846, 6010, 2075, 3271, 1298, 1704, 5378, 5985. 64:
886, 1807, 2136, 2434, 2715, 3002, 3689, 4125, 4205, 4268, 455, 732, 32, 343, 442, 461, 883, 936, 2033, 2251, 2672, 3699,
5068, 5087, 5360, 5389, 1259, 2544.2, 1149, 2724, 5767, 1286. 3700, 4340, 5159, 6045, 6144, 1272, 1997, 426, 432, 1116,
35: 50, 200, 1367, 2133, 3313, 177, 1591, 2063, 2071, 2578, 2812. 65: 108, 119, 942, 2607, 2993, 257, 324, 1865,
3588, 3922,4250, 4300, 4741, 5371.1, 2752,4039,1011, 2247, 2688, 2172, 2473, 2708, 2921, 3597, 4047, 4108, 4210, 4746, 5053, 5057,
3974, 5184. 36: 244, 1207, 1255, 2116, 3028, 3600, 3757, 3972, 5336, 5367, 5532, 5967, 6157, 1174, 3195. 66: 333, 439, 580,
4226, 4288, 5255, 5355, 5805, 1163, 768, 2096, 5020, 229, 3092. 1854, 2048, 2137, 2171, 2478, 2697, 2740, 3269, 3398, 5483, 5963,
37: 697, 1316, 1957, 2474, 3081, 3412, 3628, 4212, 4512, 4771, 1370, 3584, 4020, 4228, 2027. 67: 830, 845, 1067, 1235, 1319,
4859, 5850, 1163, 1962, 203, 4060.1, 4297, 1893. 38: 234, 2167, 2992, 3016, 3630, 4225, 4352, 5149, 1200.3, 1245, 4208,
386, 56, 1270, 1743, 1794, 2099,2638,3000,3703, 4362,4383,4858,
5358. 68: 1081, 865, 1134, 1179, 1236, 1237, 1262, 1343, 1484,
5485, 5610, 2241, 1955, 3079, 1163, 1219. 39: 451, 602, 603, 2221, 2709, 2736, 3074, 3143, 3414, 3467, 3498, 3614, 3650, 3695,
1323, 1772, 1950, 4368, 4508, 4743, 1147.5, 5072, 5150, 5966,2900, 3953, 4368.41, 4507, 4528, 4530.1, 4953, 5161, 5759, 6028, 1929,
4530.3, 3317, 2260. 40: 701, 702, 193, 546, 961, 974, 1335, 4248. 69: 401, 538, 1138, 2009, 2054, 2185, 2805, 3201, 3238,
1550, 2067, 2178, 3793, 3923, 4109, 4327, 6112, 1147, 1334, 5694, 3594, 4219, 4393, 5344, 5602, 5691, 5814, 5862, 1993, 5379, 238,
1893. 41 : 252, 1147, 118, 852, 1413, 1871, 1946, 2424, 2522.1,
2091, 2913, 6058, 1985, 4204. 70: 908, 1077, 2638, 3270,
2553, 2801, 2819, 2854, 3004, 3070, 4103, 4104, 4452, 4823, 5224, 320, 351, 802, 932, 1220, 1463, 1501, 2272, 2519, 3065, 3457,
5374, 97, 78. 42: 37, 2245, 2718, 3242, 203, 66, 1745, 3791, 3925, 4458, 4495, 4772, 5193, 5526, 5553, 5893, 6014, 2056,
1792, 2743, 3587, 3905, 4588, 5332, 5609, 5739, 5848, 730, 1873, 2044, 3991, 4242, 120, 6169. 71: 1377, 1809, 1963, 2069, 2670,
3973, 2259, 3802, 4220. 43 : 1817,1166, 1173,1201, 2066, 2192, 3198, 3462, 3622, 4549, 4764, 5061, 5611, 1324, 1396, 2068, 4734,
3272, 3710, 4018, 4367.9, 4467, 4676, 2978, 4551, 2206, 156. 44: 2464. 72: 116, 275, 1141, 1971, 2481, 3149, 617,
2611, 30, 293, 654, 1157, 1283, 1811, 1956, 2223, 3220, 3692, 1261, 1437, 1808, 1832, 1970, 2042, 2532, 2879, 3010, 3242, 3768,
3870, 4053, 4330, 4503, 4984, 5292, 766, 5014, 1216, 5772, 1962, 4042, 4786, 5854, 5857, 5959, 6106, 2076, 1172, 2543, 311. 73:
4405, 4247. 45: 49, 2927, 3223, 3261, 346, 931, 933, 168, 915, 1878, 2614, 2469, 2473, 2592, 4912, 4919, 286,
1233, 1339, 1349, 1552, 1850, 2501, 2723, 2781, 3005, 3766, 4287, 2713, 962, 2455, 202. 74: 647, 1948, 1988, 195, 380,
4449, 4831, 4837, 5044, 5310, 6114, 767, 393, 3685, 4266, 4431, 491, 674, 1703, 2085, 2726, 3558, 3595, 3686, 4393.1, 4480, 4742,
4788, 5637, 1343, 5876. 46: 559, lili, 1395, 1423, 1874, 4769, 5154, 5692, 5773, 5991, 6013, 6081, 1666, 6091, 142. 75:
1941, 1969, 2037, 2712, 2802, 3252, 4305, 4308, 4998, 5019, 5343.1, 239, 389, 643, 866, 1626, 2044, 2848, 455, 584, 738,
5856, 6157, 553, 5092, 6120.1 47: 1640, 2655, 3272, 239, 842, 1371, 1806, 1919, 2561, 2682, 2705, 2749, 3193, 3775, 4233,
874, 1439, 1978, 3115, 3144, 3130, 3251, 3774, 3906, 4297.1, 5097, 4285, 5313, 5364, 5422, 5847, 6048, 6093, 1151, 679, 1796,
5148, 161, 1135, 1858, 2073, 3670, 5816. 48: 2696, 125, 1581, 784, 4207, 5173. 76: 270, 3204, 292, 441, 907, 957, 1665,
1937, 2463, 3172, 3299, 3617, 3416, 4328, 4406, 4520, 4815, 5285, 2306, 2452, 2844, 2980, 3044, 3468, 3697, 3712, 4072, 4950, 5366,
5347, 6145, 1331, 6, 4447, 3147. 49: 1980, 492, 1961, 2046, 5375, 5410, 5941, 2055, 570, 1210, 5823, 6080, 6107, 2584. 77:
2047, 2263, 2707, 2761, 3291, 3907, 4106, 4787, 4947, 5262, 5345, 932, 2033, 2540.2, 3254, 3544, 3745, 4389, 5067.1, 5405, 5607,
5769, 5770, 5168, 1254, 5283. 50: 14, 498, 1144, 2792, 27, 5638, 2231, 1247, 2147, 3583, 5837, 5878, 2498. 78: 2757,
150, 255, 389, 844, 1268, 1322, 1428, 2494, 2881, 3159, 3550, 3801,2976, 664, 673, 975, 2055, 2425, 3389, 3746, 3778, 3792, 4034,
4780, 4908, 5604, 5218, 156, 1325, 1986, 5348, 5859, 2678. 51: 4239, 4433, 5000, 5280, 5387, 5639, 5879, 5962, 710, 79, 2537,
1509, 343, 1136, 1793, 1935, 2003, 2432, 3663, 2594, 3669, 3836, 4187, 2117. 79: 293, 909, 2733, 214, 482, 731, 1269, 1522,
4558, 4582, 4800, 4853, 5860, 2258, 4203, 2083, 3756, 5357. 2131, 2212, 3233, 3290, 3474, 3713, 4067, 4330.1, 4792, 5284,
62: 3, 244, 1175, 1303, 2807, 3221, 3250, 3658, 4065, 4094, 4318.1,5386, 5411, 5824, 5835, 1302. 80: 139, 144, 181, 655,
4435, 5557, 6086, 2504, 4756, 4850, 1231. 53: 387, 152.1, 563, 683, 827, 1535, 1857, 3071, 152, 1209, 2129, 2179, 3705,
771, 1082, 2049, 2143, 2176, 2785, 4119, 4270, 5368, 5429, 5993, 3722, 3732, 3777, 3875, 4319, 4647, 4798, 4899, 5220, 5492, 5920,
956, 1165, 1178, 701. 54: 361, 498, 631, 1066, 1851, 2100, 2577, 6113, 3494, 1305, 2240, 3394, 3631, 1924. 81 : 2020, 238, 1257,
3619, 4473, 5016, 5521, 5861, 5881, 6047, 560, 1171, 3709, 5244, 1664, 1690, 2596, 3387, 3428, 3543, 4026, 4466, 4903, 5073, 5369,
5815, 6169. 65: 290, 2730, 663, 1968, 2051, 2544.1, 2591, 4049, 5501, 5855, 5223, 5385. 82 : 245, 249, 93, 167, 197, 394, 1450,
4333, 4443, 4736, 4763, 4765, 5043, 5222, 5729, 6147, 2575, 2386. 1513, 1621, 1872, 1967, 2207, 2558, 2694, 2727, 2843, 2916, 4271,
66: 216, 1822, 15, 179, 348, 607, 882, 1131, 1202, 1208, 2095, 4640, 4702, 5174, 5545, 5808, 6109, 6110, 3091, 3603, 5968, 5916.
2256, 2470, 2559, 2739, 3456, 3704, 4238, 4323, 4368.7, 4369.2, 83: 1127, 1181, 1263, 1286, 1600, 2056, 2125, 2950, 3080, 3165,
5142, 5176, 5625, 5917, 156, 2010, 2073, 1306, 1391, 1552. 3970, 4432, 5178, 5365, 5766, 6026, 2057, 1217, 3392, 2000,
67: 61, 105, 548, 897, 1133, 1214.1, 1232, 2314, 3076, 3116, 5840. 84: 1187, 1304, 1418, 3216, 3410, 3749, 3750, 4425, 4506,
3137, 4503, 4816, 5587, 5689, 2672, 86, 109, 3652, 5761, 2218. 4985, 5263, 5407, 5592, 5765, 5768, 6160, 649. 86: 325, 398,
68: 70, 508, 1769, 2757, 1269, 497, 902, 921.2, 1154, 1153, 1352, 1580, 1766, 2510, 2695, 2993, 3315, 3370, 3519, 3627,
1234, 1719, 1810, 1894, 1942, 2650, 2815, 3015, 3175, 3671, 4045, 4833, 4907, 5383, 5384, 5799, 458, 2997, 4332, 5858, 1996.
4851, 5646, 3056, 3101, 5158, 5392, 3473. 59: 1714, 288, 1167, 86: 1449, 3269, 217, 1024, 1119, 1438, 1753, 2045, 2166, 2573,
1852, 2497, 3454, 3470, 3708, 3921, 4273, 4460, 4770, 4996, 5063, 2662, 2799, 2808.1, 3596, 4476, 4892, 4897, 4924, 5135.1, 5349,
5183, 5201, 5431, 5440, 1984, 845, 1150, 2115, 2717, 5301, 5942,6008, 2735, 1162, 1206, 5984. 87: 864, 1036, 1164, 1218, 1378,
1988, 5257. 60: 1165, 1667, 2110, 2720, 2931, 2932, 1567, 1574, 2682.1, 2918, 3107, 4079, 4152, 4195, 4390, 4997,
2934, 3142, 3343, 96, 583, 960, 1168, 1821, 2508, 2678, 2857,5408, 5593, 1974, 1156. 88: 201, 240, 290, 1184, 1301, 2065,
3099, 3218, 3509, 4223, 4445, 4557, 4650, 4724, 4727, 5147, 5256, 2542, 3391, 3418, 4368.3, 4519, 4536, 4698, 5025, 5163, 5219, 5436,
5279, 5560, 5719, 5918, 6065, 6151, 1875, 4024, 4516, 5146, 5213.1.6015, 6090, 2032, 2253. 89: 133, 375, 175, 677, 1039,
1111.2, 1132, 1855, 2811, 3013, 3537, 4206, 4209, 4522, 5085,
61 : 220, 1450, 2439, 2855, 315, 342, 369, 382, 481, 581, 611,
1191, 1192, 1947, 1960, 1987, 2258, 3038, 3071, 3197, 3241, 3413, 5119, 5244.1, 5286, 5583, 5673, 5779, 5922, 2078, 2471, 3396,
3593, 3742, 3779, 4046, 4213, 4261, 4740, 5261, 5376, 5437, 5915, 6043, 1272. 90: 157, 983, 1002, 1627, 1708, 129, 350,
1111.1, 1185, 1440, 1449, 1582, 2533, 3401, 3524, 4258, 4521, 4927,
5341, 5418, 5762, 5951, 6100, 5745. 91: 253, 1468, 1910,
I960, 2069, 843, 898, 1300, 2094, 2462, 3163, 3213, 3400, 4515,
4958, 5142.1, 5230, 5801, 6011, 6054, 648, 2019, 2142. 92:
171, 504, 1200.6, 3388, 3706, 4703, 4915, 4928, 5308, 5412,.
5438, 5533, 5633, 5830, 5955, 2058, 1159, 1211, 3783, 5402,
1998, 6024. 93: 391, 1989, 2087, 2555, 2564, 2995, 3124,
4127, 4184, 4436, 4530.2, 5002, 5453, 4709, 4918, 4964, 5044,
5579, 5618, 6027, 6156, 1882, 543, 846, 5845. 94: 1082, 1336,
1381, 1769.1, 2222, 2286, 3060, 3460, 4969, 5781, 5802, 5938,
2540.1, 3471, 2089. 95: 368, 650, 727, 2149, 2609,
39, 281, 952, 2139, 2208, 2582, 3100, 3427, 4218, 4360, 4710, 4795,
5162, 5179, 5287, 5617, 5872, 6057, 1990, 4672, 2034, 1372, 4921.
96: 2968, 69, 1160, 1196, 1246, 1340, 1350, 1566, 2139, 2385,
2520, 3123, 3507, 3580, 3714, 3744, 4275, 4509, 5231, 5601, 5675,
2647, 291, 1802. 97: 2021, 2625, 211, 284, 662, 1241,
1922, 1991, 2653, 3390, 3522, 4082, 4868, 4906, 5065, 5363, 5555,
5667, 5904, 1865, 946, 5128. 98: 1648, 1972, 157, 955, 1433,
1564, 1890, 2614, 2829, 3302, 4113, 5221, 5640, 5974, 2145, 2001,
1123, 5306, 6007. 99: 144, 579, 996, 1118, 1356, 1995, 2250,
2539, 2617, 3231, 3523, 3867, 4325, 4645, 4896, 5954, 1812,
4652. 100: 22, 241, 534, 563, 564, 651, 784, 786,
792, 796, 842, 854, 860, 878, 879, 910, 914.1,
1108, 1168, 1197, 1398, 1454, 1540, 1613, 1713,
1716, 1943, 2297, 2629, 2729, 2791, 2793, 2920,
3155, 3312, 635, 1199, 1248, 1526, 1943, 2285, 2448, 2615,
2998, 3784, 4013, 4401, 4797, 5124, 5133, 5215, 5250, 5432, 5725,
5880, 2475, 2545, 3751, 4451. 101: 259, 540, 1688, 2562, 3008,
3207, 3422, 3466, 3621, 4854, 5622, 270, 1149, 2304, 1975.
102: 230, 1113, 1094, 1499, 3199, 3287, 3301, 3525, 3641,
4236, 4410, 5077, 5965, 2585, 502, 3282.1, 5038. 103: 927,
1240, 3054, 894, 1095, 1313, 1525, 2105, 2308, 3393, 3435,
3489, 4517, 4641, 4752, 4855, 5475, 1479. 104: 122, 162,
652, 3040, 271, 1264, 1276, 1497, 1674, 1926, 1928, 2104,
2169, 2373, 2943, 2996, 3082, 3200, 3772, 3829, 4437, 4688, 5194,
5937, 6016, 3979. 105: 128, 988, 2919, 72, 1035, 1242,
1308, 1382, 1414, 2140, 2183, 2252, 2735, 2991, 3179, 3506, 3520,
3867.1, 4368.2, 4713, 4951, 4960, 5082.4, 5409, 5500, 5664, 5939,
6012, 2035, 782, 1994. 106: 431, 1162, 702, 1057, 1077,
1155, 1317, 1932, 2005, 2648, 2931, 3665, 4302, 5165, 5236, 5524,
5570, 5687, 5734, 5891, 1895, 3307. 107: 460, 653, 3265,
871, 922, 1436, 1931, 2305, 3077, 3415, 3535, 3930, 4196, 4237,
4807, 5115, 5394, 2782. 108: 2022, 2114, 182, 483, 1282,
2011, 2130, 2173, 2227, 2863, 3423, 4051, 4087, 4257, 4434, 4475,
4537, 4730, 5055, 5710, 2002, 250, 2574. 109: 1242, 3251,
298, 1829, 2144, 2367.1, 2583, 2622, 3287, 4058, 4080, 4243,
4368.5, 4913, 4922, 5390, 5616, 3399, 3477, 1078, 2456. 110:
30, 32, 106, 221, 459, 533, 726, 925, 941, 978,
1076, 1089, 1172, 1673, 1707, 1728, 2070, 3203,
3333, 143, 187, 700, 785, 958, 1415, 1709, 1752, 2149, 2168,
2820, 2822, 2919, 3062, 3194, 4272, 4866, 5177, 5499, 5507, 5693,
5732, 5787, 3551, 1976, 2461, 2586. Ill: 3334, 947, 1161,
1225, 1295, 1403, 1923, 2300, 2598, 3029, 3164, 3800, 4281, 4455,
4552, 4894, 5094, 5249, 5423, 5795, 945, 4935, 1275, 1397. 112:
654, 2990, 322, 537, 740, 1212, 1386, 1841, 1921, 2133, 2368,
2665, 3499, 3607, 5185, 5233, 5400, 5674, 5771. 113: 905, 1351,
1495, 1795, 1853, 3145, 3395, 3403, 4058, 4214, 5138, 5246, 5671,
6101. 114: 250, 289, 641, 1193, 2681, 2920, 3063, 3112, 3421,
4580, 4700, 4729, 5129, 2649, 974, 4465. 115: 295, 985,
1032, 1131, 1133, 1644, 1704, 678, 1122.1, 1299, 1312,
1353, 2531, 2560, 2744, 3158, 3425, 3464, 3472, 3604, 4105, 4186,
5039, 5198, 5538, 5715, 6041, 3643.1, 5235, 1287. 116: 3347,
321, 349, 760, 1128, 1186, 1971, 2006, 2110, 2315, 2472, 2595,
3141, 3411, 4077, 4384, 4439, 4453, 4648, 4801, 4901, 5034, 5584,
1271, 3668. 117: 183, 989, 866, 953, 1122.2, 2148, 2466,
2994, 3458, 3608, 3795, 4043.1, 4753, 5325, 4008, 2576, 4774,
1155.1, 1565, 1992, 4293, 5071, 5208, 5903. 118: 2132, 261,
1183, 1195, 1214, 1224, 1309, 1383, 1830, 2090, 2187, 2613, 2930,
3211, 3629, 3794, 4112, 5123. 119: 21, 1213, 1718, 1788, 3136,
3718, 4469, 4570, 5099, 5126, 5350, 1083, 188, 3884, 571, 1158,
120: 166, 179, 274, 566, 709, 820, 905, 992, 1135,
1715, 2117, 2440, 2504, 2956, 3108, 245, 352, 1125,
1194, 1221, 1265, 1292, 1488, 1930, 2027, 2511, 2527, 2597, 2679,
2746, 3024, 3419, 3447, 3534, 3581, 4110, 4955, 5237, 5252, 5325.1,
5406, 5589, 5665, 5714, 379. 121: 3029, 178, 363, 1130,
1192, 1749, 2307, 2530, 3007, 4762, 4783, 4839, 4900, 5074, 5111,
5454, 5571, 1827, 2007, 922, 1197. 122: 313.1, 1174.1, 1824,
1877, 2236, 2458, 3503, 3508, 4459, 4818, 5116, 5554, 5980, 8,
2502. 123: 242, 979, 81, 947.1, 954, 1122, 1447, 1487, 1833,
1997, 3169, 3343, 3404, 3461, 5461, 5466, 251, 4245. 124:
2025, 330, 592, 1686, 1878, 2566, 1504.1, 3429, 3618, 4192, 4361,
4477, 4708, 4739, 5062.1, 5465, 5829, 5869, 5947. 125: 172,
656, 705, 746, 904.2, 3048, 836, 1311, 1502, 2077, 2170,
2535, 2593, 2731, 3166, 3429.1, 3448, 3510, 3536, 3782, 4123,
4128, 4749, 5117, 5598, 5804.1, 5841, 6096, 6136, 5613.
126: 531, 521, 697.1, 808, 1348, 1672, 1689, 2877, 3139, 4063,
4274, 4461, 4805, 5444, 5728, 5930, 1279, 861, 3465, 5281. 127:
152, 706, 1658, 2116, 1203, 1222, 1358, 1999, 2224, 2661,
2750, 2916.1, 3217, 3504, 3585, 3938, 4135, 4539, 4677, 4796,
4799, 5428.1, 5497, 5505, 1190, 2141. 128: 1665, 291, 463,
1108, 1710, 2211, 2416, 2693, 3463, 3485, 3839, 3881, 4009, 4355,
4681, 5712, 4286. 129: 2606, 636, 761, 872, 1387, 1783, 2093,
2220, 2601, 2674, 3059, 3167, 3431, 3437, 3934, 4249, 4301, 4420,
4744, 4806, 4961, 5096, 5340, 5621, 1260, 5204, 4216. 130: 24,
178, 848, 1181, 2303, 2676, 104, 634, 1607, 1826, 1842,
1910, 1933, 1972, 2070, 2072, 2109, 2839, 3045, 3374, 4021, 4695,
5070, 5101, 6035, 6063, 574, 680, 2566.1, 3095, 2431. 131: 1038,
1244, 2000, 2493.1, 3026, 3397, 3602, 4289, 4755, 5102, 5415, 5794,
5864, 6051, 2699, 3459. 132: 140, 646, 1255, 906, 1682,
2176.1, 2324, 2563, 3030, 3058, 3140, 3424, 3838, 4369, 5534,
5741, 5886, 4923, 4936, 55. 133: 369, 326, 867, 975.1, 1226,
1681, 1683, 2612, 2673, 3012, 3072, 3075, 3256, 3496, 4234, 4334,
4468, 4623, 4728, 4811, 5157, 3087, 5551. 134: 899, 1180, 1278,
1354, 1419, 1504, 2860, 3073, 4454, 4699, 5515, 5539, 5908, 6126,
1498, 1825, 1952, 4651. 135: 986, 630, 904, 1070.2, 1461, 1462,
2180, 2215, 2371, 3027, 3420, 3449, 3528, 3716, 4485, 4497, 5275,
5456, 5612, 5615, 360. 136: 862, 1144, 1400, 1891, 2999, 3282.2,
4052, 4687, 4826, 5188, 5225, 5527, 5700, 5723, 5890, 5934, 5388,
5105. 137: 1058, 1344, 1360, 1669, 2600, 2730, 3014, 3031, 3161,
3501, 3797, 4313, 4335, 4925, 5098, 5403, 5445, 6094, 1925, 2228.
138: 454, 1137, 1361, 1711, 2146, 2652, 3442, 3513, 4704, 5952,
5997, 6025, 5995. 139: 1071, 1823, 3176, 4781, 4808, 4904, 5596,
5746, 1481. 140: 583, 728, 907, 987, 1074, 1106,
1136, 1396, 3201, 638, 1147, 2078, 2264, 2536, 2845, 2875,
3380, 3515, 3616, 4358, 4920, 5058, 5078, 5417, 5597, 5935, 5996,
6005, 1420, 5130, 5774, 1860. 141: 138, 551, 572, 1355, 1951,
2024, 2025, 3178, 3377, 3672, 3711, 4054, 4367.3, 4568, 4952,
5088, 5095, 5114, 1898, 3102. 142: 539, 803, 1254, 2988,
98, 1563, 3032, 3344, 3719, 4015, 4426, 4479, 5288, 5339, 5558,
6020, 5027, 1982. 143: 931, 1142, 1451, 1868, 1401,
2268, 2680, 3373, 3502, 3505, 3771, 4229, 4276, 4654, 4675, 4748,
4959, 496, 5309, 1818, 444. 144: 471, 981, 1864, 781,
1274, 1673, 1676, 1907, 2529, 2541, 3113, 3138, 3696, 3887, 4462,
4766, 5319, 5479, 5873, 2214, 2689. 146: 336, 889, 1238, 1668,
2074, 2088, 2876, 3408, 3436, 3492, 3841, 4422, 4811, 5069, 5118,
5414, 5548, 6075. 146: 269, 308.1, 869, 1677, 2948, 3275,
3281, 4200, 4644, 5697, 5708, 14, 1979, 4472, 170. 147: 2135,
1223, 1799, 1831, 2135, 2565, 2626, 3490, 4133, 4817, 5399, 5541,
5595, 5868, 1897, 2692, 5628. 148: 633, 1145, 1280, 1398, 1406,
1845, 2602, 3187, 3500, 3831, 4518, 4548, 4692, 4732, 4865, 5112,
5427, 5933, 873, 149: 1536, 2517, 2656, 4259, 4605, 4942,
5104, 5634, 6069, 6074, 3674, 57. 160: 159, 161, 454,
540, 541, 885, 965, 1090, 1183, 1625, 1942, 1961,

2009, 2026, 2043, 3032, 3111, 53, 114, 305, 542, 1503,
1678, 1796, 1802, 1939, 2516, 2728, 2932, 3011, 3210, 3248, 3611,
3624, 3886.1, 4074, 4382, 4538, 4738, 4784, 5026, 5076, 5990,
6031, 6078, 2556. 151: 137, 1562, 2734, 3426, 4141. 152:
247, 70, 219, 575, 1451, 1524, 1846, 2138, 2308.1, 3475, 3559,
3675, 3888, 4199, 4227, 4486, 4607, 4671, 4819, 5145, 5239, 5899,
2607. 163: 899, 437, 1037, 1379, 1507, 1748, 1798, 2623, 2789,
3089, 3196, 3623, 4055, 4086, 4183, 4668, 4830, 5494. 154: 433,
1362, 1589, 1684, 1685, 1841, 2012, 2150, 3061, 3531, 4504, 4754,
5247, 5620, 5902, 1817, 1973, 5676, 1861. 155:34,425, 1530,
1927, 2418, 2651, 4309, 4525, 4566, 4731, 4954, 5028.1, 5317, 5523.
156: 853, 1189, 1452, 1938, 2749, 3117, 3440, 3479, 4146, 4189,
4237, 4446, 4494, 4564, 4565, 4934, 5473, 5512, 5655, 5831, 5973,
6017, 2226, 3876. 157: 912, 884, 1061, 1310, 1384, 3086, 3282,
3840, 4057, 5139, 5187, 5217, 5525, 5971, 5999. 158: 362, 1435,
1464, 1585, 1696, 3491, 3980, 4310, 4750, 4785, 5302, 6046. 159:
577, 819, 1363, 2013, 2654, 3104, 3516, 4142, 4367.1, 4811, 5084,
5650, 5909, 296, 1032. 160: 85, 1080, 1127, 1132, 1395,
1612, 1947, 3302, 36, 309, 637, 1508, 1786, 3025, 3068, 3114,
3186, 3203, 3578, 3646, 4029, 4075, 4201, 4311, 4331, 4367.2,
4562, 4867, 5568, 5575, 5906, 5950, 5960, 5977, 6000, 6088, 5103,
2691, 3379, 5491. 161: 64.1, 308, 777, 900, 1129, 1424, 1460,
1579, 2209, 2265, 2321, 2370, 2428, 2790, 4071, 4244, 4354, 4456,
4478, 4596, 4705, 5457, 5477, 6059, 3880. 162: 980, 2992,
499, 923, 1142, 1881, 2080, 2700, 3205, 3433, 3439, 3843, 4553,
4610, 4678, 4745, 4995, 5238, 5421, 5726, 2675, 5404. 163: 82,
1784, 1785, 1838, 2313, 2698, 2729, 3103, 3118, 3553, 3949, 4222,
4656, 4751, 5251, 6068, 5100. 164: 868, 1240, 1528, 2010, 2441,
3177, 3487, 4037, 4185.1, 4747, 4773, 5086, 5186, 5213, 5514,
5874, 6084, 1816, 480, 1034, 5573, 5613. 165: 81, 735,
926, 353, 434, 1141, 1364, 1404, 1425, 1717, 1849, 1998, 2260,
2540, 2621, 3142, 3288, 3560, 3885, 4164, 4240, 4303, 4714, 4803,
5240, 5426, 5867, 5932, 6021, 5796. 166: 1505, 1815, 3148, 3632,
4365, 5212, 5927, 1751. 167: 292, 3146, 1913, 2019,
2106, 2193, 2603, 4481, 5498, 5542, 5577, 2980, 1864, 4716,
5901. 168: 1221, 2949, 1115, 1485, 1675, 1675.1, 2372, 2657,
2828, 3093, 3486, 4496, 5329, 5561, 1143. 169: 774, 1290,
1605, 1797, 1914, 2188, 2549, 3605, 3609, 4028, 4474, 5081, 5144,
5540, 6127. 170 : 175, 248, 288, 359, 929, 1079, 1220,
1610, 436, 639, 776, 1200, 1239, 1446, 1486, 1977, 2467, 3441,
3521, 3533, 3612, 3954, 4646, 4653, 4667, 4767, 4943, 5171, 5172,
5196, 5330, 5659, 5790, 5818, 6022, 6042, 1416, 2079. 171: 297,
438, 523, 1583, 2489, 2755, 3488, 3647, 4188, 4255, 4574, 4872,
5352, 5651, 5718, 5798, 6032, 1256. 172: 2235, 2609, 4230, 4809,
5469, 5648, 5652, 5668, 1273, 5508, 5578, 2604, 226, 2544. 173 :
76, 3232, 4143, 4190, 4291, 6030, 3011, 5271. 174: 1219,
1394, 1671, 1776, 1840, 2075, 2213, 3707, 3845, 4427, 4482, 4498,
5180, 5207, 5298. 175: 88, 678, 1198, 1209, 1313,
1618, 501, 903, 2210, 2266, 2378, 2476, 3206, 3409, 3527, 3625,
3830, 4356, 4368.9, 4369.1, 4534, 4546, 4820, 4829, 4873, 5082.2,
5489, 5511, 5562, 5657, 5704, 5747, 5797. 176: 650, 2369, 3106,
3376, 3511, 3842, 5242, 5267, 5744, 5912, 1981, 2587. 177:
1346, 1836, 2659, 2752, 5572, 5777, 5291, 6139, 2611. 178:
164, 200, 1124, 1148, 1285, 1577, 1911, 2605, 3514, 3541, 3832,
4027, 4265, 5269, 5278, 5535, 5547, 5645, 5711, 5783, 5785, 6104,
1953, 5724. 179: 549, 567, 1835, 2660, 3846, 4656.1, 4877, 4940,
4956, 5826, 6125. 180: 504, 544, 565, 645, 906, 916,
950, 1126, 1166, 1195, 1554, 3143, 3288, 703, 1198,
2260.1, 2422.2, 2512, 3023, 3378, 3386, 3896, 4215, 4717, 5314,
5549, 5658, 5660, 5666, 5945, 6076. 181: 1188, 2433, 2485, 2599,
3105, 3181, 4014, 4554, 4614, 5320, 5395, 5519, 5546, 5581, 5885,
6137, 2534, 5245. 182: 519, 1182, 58, 503, 1879, 3495, 3579,
3837, 4878, 5042, 5090, 5530, 5649, 5946, 5949, 6131. 183: 71,
2132, 2547, 2606, 3430, 5248, 5430, 5627, 5905, 5928, 6175, 1974.
184: 849, 679.1, 767, 1182, 1448, 2546, 2794, 4556, 4929, 5803,
6082, 2616. 185: 370, 92, 629, 1586, 1661, 1882, 1915, 2426,
3108, 4030, 4134, 4825, 5107, 5137, 5463, 5559, 5631, 5998, 6002,
6029, 1266. 186: 397, 3304, 550, 1777, 2184, 2526, 2990,
3626, 3644, 4396, 5889, 6050, 6122, 1975, 5175. 187: 94, 840,
1781, 2076, 2270, 2374, 3869, 4428, 4711, 5109, 5228, 5925, 6018,
6085, 3111, 3483, 4598, 5742, 5493. 188: 923, 1201, 1120,
1284, 1359, 1750, 2186, 2417, 4111, 4198, 4911, 5232, 5591, 5778,
5784, 6119, 1820, 299. 189: 147, 8049, 3064, 3526, 3698, 4424,
4501, 5046, 5331, 5428, 5467, 5516, 5564, 5788, 5793, 5898, 3407,
3582. 190: 256, 639, 720, 721, 1589, 1604, 3023,
3206, 3209, 818, 1121, 1624, 1789, 1900, 1940, 2435, 2459,
2989, 3020, 3518, 4056, 4078, 4217, 4277, 4423, 4541, 5136, 5495,
5842, 6019. 191: 1869, 3291, 1429, 2375, 2421, 2479, 2808,
3084, 3645, 3871, 4073, 4593, 4631, 4722, 5125, 877. 192 : 850,
707, 2630, 5234, 5299, 5792, 5931, 6138, 5106. 193 : 930, 251,
265, 768, 944, 988.1, 1060, 1892, 3042, 4107, 4202, 4875, 5268,
5303, 5435, 6038, 5563. 194: 1649, 1797, 1895, 1779,
2373.1, 3375, 3476, 4430, 4659, 4679, 4821, 5226, 5337, 5413, 6070.
195: 1180, 1555, 3234, 709, 876, 2917, 3088, 3162, 3384,
3445, 4357, 4421, 4526, 4535, 4633, 5050, 5113, 5276, 5626, 5844,
5929, 5957, 6003, 6049, 6067, 6135, 3298. 196: 1780, 3873,
4221, 5189, 4136, 1137, 1253, 535, 2287, 2528, 3051, 4463,
5420. 198: 134, 976, 994.1, 1459, 1472, 1778, 1884, 2225,
3293, 3446, 3770, 4193, 5315, 5372, 5839, 5921, 5265, 6116. 199:
686, 1194, 1218, 2020, 2376, 4059, 4601, 5419, 5424, 5624,
5681, 5698. 200: 185, 945, 958, 984, 1192, 1237,
1605, 1860, 280, 461, 1228, 2018, 2022, 2026, 2550, 2923,
3039, 3067, 4367.5, 4669, 4694, 4706, 4937, 5312, 5458, 5476,
5510, 5566, 5580, 5623, 5782, 5989, 6061, 6120, 6129. 201:
1196, 1775, 1834, 2438, 2554, 3040, 5326, 5614, 2014, 1983,
4547, 4394. 202: 901, 1402, 1837, 2465, 3868, 4944, 5211, 5425,
5447, 6141. 203: 1787, 2260.2, 2631, 2655, 3046, 3385, 4810,
4932, 5273, 5304, 6066. 204: 2016, 2460, 3529, 3530, 4555, 4600,
4612, 4905, 5127, 5433, 5496, 6098, 1819, 6073, 4948. 205:
169, 772, 1125, 3211, 3290, 599, 1839, 3554, 3635, 3866,
4231, 4368.1, 4487, 4719, 4938, 5036, 5270, 5274, 5328, 5594,
5821, 5884, 6039. 206: 716, 2937, 640, 676, 1405, 1584, 2017,
3085, 4191, 4489, 4871, 4936.1, 5294, 5296, 5586, 5727, 5737, 5838,
5849, 6071. 207: 207, 2610, 2628, 3271, 4597, 4622, 4682, 4898,
5048, 5305, 5396, 5529, 5892, 3293, 1722, 5443. 208: 1188,
440, 977, 2608, 3083, 4611, 4680, 5091, 5214, 5327, 5733, 5786,
6004, 6108, 3024, 3901, 4619, 5035, 5887. 210: 118, 1184,
2707, 2948, 3303, 174, 486, 704, 1337, 2323, 3094, 3828,
4083, 4145, 4397, 4464, 4471, 5197, 5289, 5351, 5434, 5441, 5446,
5528, 5865, 5953, 5958, 3900, 4341, 770. 211: 1677, 544,
2945, 3033, 4604, 5082.1, 6034, 6102. 212: 685, 1217, 3232,
1373, 2259, 3294, 3693, 3909, 4290, 4621, 4990, 5131, 5588, 5706,
5743, 6099, 6159. 213: 1208, 3213, 3326, 1866, 2015, 2733,
2947, 3556, 3964, 4295, 5509, 5707, 5969. 214: 89, 1189,
1624, 1801, 2274, 2437, 2557, 5316, 5809, 2243, 5641. 215:
775, 990, 1216, 3103, 1281, 1609, 2377, 2624, 2625, 2747,
2806, 3673, 4232, 5680, 5871, 6023, 6079, 6153, 490. 216:
3021, 3438, 3517, 3910, 4114, 4663, 4684, 5683, 5699, 5775, 5970.
217: 2529, 3301, 435, 831, 854, 1062, 2436, 2798, 2946, 4254,
4881, 5132, 5629, 6037, 6087, 6163, 1976. 218: 320, 1105,
1186, 3047, 3405, 4444, 4649, 4879, 5209, 5452, 5503, 5590,
5647, 5705, 5836. 219 : 2527, 1421, 4031, 4457, 4625, 5536, 6170.
220: 153, 968, 1028, 1205, 1213, 1215, 2726, 354,
1288, 1426, 1531, 1623, 1848, 1906, 2023, 2101, 2440, 2551, 3402,
4470, 4606, 4673, 4718, 4775, 4864, 4957, 5082.3, 6142. 221:
959, 1803, 2732, 3773, 4316, 4617, 5544, 5883, 1490, 1126,
2429, 4252, 5191, 5290, 5979. 223: 1070.1, 5040, 5080, 6032.1,
2686, 554, 1680, 2273, 3041. 225: 317, 928, 3210, 3214,
1114, 3202, 4081, 4530, 4691, 4840, 4944.1, 5181, 5398, 5487,
5684, 5888, 516. 226: 517, 74, 708, 1110, 1903, 3097, 3432,
5079, 5630, 5987. 227: 2762, 317, 2021, 2450, 3017, 3538,
4483, 5192, 5780, 638. 228: 1190, 1212, 1896, 1909, 2244,
1836, 2922, 2925, 1411, 543. 380: 92, 2917, 2704,
2482, 2566.2, 3234, 3610, 4685, 5182, 5297, 5439, 5926, 6052, 6148,2679, 1785, 832, 2623, 2155, 2811, 5028, 752, 3101.'
1474, 1493, 4876, 6083. 230: 165, 299, 316, 895, 1060, 400: 657, 2923, 2939, 2959, 3015, 3190, 3279, 1409,
2156, 548, 2446, 2154, 713, 2503, 3310, 310, 199.
3296, 527, 878, 1800, 1828, 1912, 2430, 2754, 3443, 3853, 4613,
4890, 5462, 5468, 5654, 5685, 5736, 5791, 6092. 231: 59, 3555, 420: 3289, 939, 3238, 1777, 696, 3202, 1062, 1837,
4768, 5062, 1680, 1139, 1140, 1345, 4599, 5636, 5661, 5910,742, 1058, 322, 703, 2103, 3022, 3237, 1075, 2685,
753, 2615, 704. 450: 82, 2602, 1779, 867, 1059,
5956. 233: 424, 241, 1492, 4016, 4194, 5056, 5703, 5713, 1670,
3552, 3557, 4312, 4945, 5914, 5986. 235: 1211, 2502, 2763,2947, 700, 3300, 2744, 562, 2933, 1140, 1835,
1036. 480: 1757, 1086, 2675, 1061, 2104, 948,
3299, 260, 610, 1076, 1598, 1782, 1908, 2449, 3270, 3444, 4085,
4500, 5089, 5333, 6001, 6053, 6124. 236 : 1214, 2608, 4657, 940. 500: 94, 529, 616, 1244, 1710, 3130, 699,
5552, 5599, 5907, 804, 894, 1200, 1075, 1902, 2701, 3451,2505, 2105, 174, 3175, 535, 300, 2610. 550: 296,
3743, 4224, 4499, 4660, 4712, 5293, 5716, 254, 5041. 238: 859, 2788, 1064, 3117, 2928, 2257, 2836, 2773,
193, 1778, 825, 880, 2458, 328. 575: 2244, 1163,
758, 1338, 2107, 2439, 3043, 3450, 4154, 4524, 4696, 4812, 4910,
5994, 6168, 2245, 2486, 4256, 5227, 5663. 240: 1033, 1804, 2929, 829, 1088, 2077, 303, 2531, 3168. 600:
839, 1399, 1578, 3050, 3066, 3204, 3723, 4429, 4608, 4664, 4666,861, 3280, 542, 3006, 302, 951, 2973, 301, 2821,
5033, 5272, 5455, 5776, 5944, 5982, 5983. 241: 3274, 3613, 4035, 2605, 2711, 2634, 3292. 625: 326, 2063, 304,
1984, 707, 3287, 2373, 3167, 3205, 2442, 881,
4294, 5416, 5900, 1862, 2984, 494, 5451, 5600, 5669, 6115, 1899,
3284. 650: 1268, 1963, 2680, 1068, 2841, 279,
706, 1514, 4084, 5190. 244: 2483, 4616, 5259, 6077, 4211, 184,
2911. 675: 2233, 2496, 2080, 2601, 2831, 3200,
1187, 565, 2443, 3185, 5474, 5632, 5804, 5896. 246: 493, 705,
3298, 3636, 4022, 5060, 487, 1679, 3406, 5203, 5343, 5822. 248: 2833, 324, 2039, 1017, 2820, 536, 2824. 700:
1674, 2674, 3297, 904.3, 1901, 3572, 5670, 6143, 3482. 250: 1275, 2136, 2822, 2832, 2829, 327, 2131, 2162,
380, 884, 916.1, 1130, 1202, 1207, 1210, 1711, 3197, 665, 2908, 1773. 725: 2599, 2924, 2238,
3059, 3102, 541, 2422, 2446, 2477, 2627, 3109, 3965, 4040, 757, 2513, 2909, 2847, 664. 750: 2907, 3158, 2677,
4181, 4569, 4715, 4880, 4946, 5051, 5075, 5206, 5677, 5679, 5701,3172, 692, 1154, 3196, 2239, 663, 2921, 1873, 788,
5820, 6040, 6062, 5656. 251: 2134, 1539, 1847, 4571, 5264, 2236, 1153, 2926. 775: 1042, 2748, 503, 2849,
1073, 2689, 1199, 2935, 3110, 3720, 4364, 4683, 4693, 2024, 3161, 1543, 1775, 1642, 1541. 800: 567,
5709, 6006. 253: 2754, 1093, 1374, 1529, 5047, 5964, 173, 810, 1247, 1440, 1744, 2837, 3171, 576, 2671,
2965, 2974, 2893, 2008, 307, 669, 3349, 568. 825:
1129, 1146, 1771, 3478, 6089, 6158. 255: 2621, 557, 1408,
2422.1, 2444, 4618, 4926, 6161, 872, 1203, 547, 995, 1523,1066, 1004, 1018, 2628, 3224, 2654, 1631, 2509,
2658, 3018, 4527, 4638, 4642, 4737, 4931. 257: 2420, 2792, 3292, 1979, 1087, 1772. 850: 1041, 528, 1265, 2745,
4502, 5807, 6117, 609.1, 1625, 1904, 3512, 4124, 5045, 5277. 309, 572, 2616, 501, 579, 2584, 2838, 2604, 747,
259: 93, 898, 1204, 1920, 3381, 5567, 891, 1486, 3311, 3131, 2438, 2777. 875: 1838, 1839, 1243, 499,
682, 1575, 3946, 4315, 4822, 4869, 5300, 5323, 5338, 5702, 5843,1070, 2918, 2692, 524, 2975. 900: 780, 857, 2253,
5895, 6172. 261: 2451, 5460, 5504, 5696, 4167, 4634, 4933, 5972, 2656, 1959, 937, 560, 3115, 3116, 2487, 1939,
3452, 3862, 5324, 5488, 5506, 5442. 265: 1896, 875, 2552,
571, 3129. 950: 1246, 1669, 1774, 1072, 2161,
3209, 5322, 5517, 5913, 1193, 1883, 2791, 4602, 4690, 4909. 2441, 2500, 2846, 1564, 2002.1, 2262, 3100, 3013,
268: 4251, 4963, 5642, 6037, 3280, 3434. 270: 722, -904.1, 557, 2670, 3017, 570, 3267, 2716, 1385, 1567.
982, 1173, 2761, 679, 2445, 2817, 3019, 3382, 3796, 4197, 1000: 836, 2598, 2852, 2588, 2507, 3305, 569, 789,
4674, 5401, 5518. 271: 2704, 4949, 5513, 2151, 4246, 4629,1384, 2645, 3132, 1862, 843, 3014, 577. 1050:
5295, 5911, 6154, 3282. 273: 1475, 1068, 2521, 4884, 5513,
2863, 2587, 3215, 558, 2938, 1668, 2776, 2003,
5537, 5866. 275: 1675, 1729, 2687, 532, 1708, 3480, 4025, 2967. 1100: 824, 956, 1223, 1593, 1870, 2360,
4874, 4882, 5032, 5556, 5619, 6155. 276: 224, 1678, 883, 2379, 2486, 2865, 2174, 1374, 1561, 970, 552,
1679, 1191, 3691, 4314, 6097, 2690. 280: 91, 642, 828, 1694, 957, 2488, 587, 2334. 1150: 3138, 573,
1880, 2532, 2906, 3193, 1380, 1707, 2102, 2108, 3721, 1571, 1851, 553, 1572, 3139, 2035.1, 1976,1. 1651,
4036, 4628, 4870, 5307. 282: 1342, 4603, 6036, 3208, 3484, 2141, 2437, 1348. 1200: 2313, 2644, 2354, 1850,
2115, 4488. 285: 766, 1521, 2620, 4620, 4662, 4862, 4888,
2263, 765, 876, 877, 3283, 1407, 2646, 2275, 1317,
5585, 5863, 5936. 286: 1471.1, 1491, 3052, 4182, 5448, 5464,1518, 1314, 2499, 1372. 1300: 1319, 2380, 1519,
319, 573, 2971, 1455, 1494, 1773, 2488, 4861, 4060, 4615, 1581, 2589, 1316, 2597, 1318, 1978, 1520, 1845,
1128. 290: 223, 228, 896, 954, 2590, 1109, 1706,
2712, 2966, 947, 1957.1. 1351: 1846, 2235, 2431,
2158, 3090, 3294.1, 4626, 4689, 5672, 5748, 5811, 6055, 1059. 2663, 2659, 2427, 1517, 2130. 1400: 2660, 1325,
292: 283, 2983, 3481, 4630, 1113, 2793, 4860, 485, 552, 780, 2125, 1333, 2559, 2355, 811, 2248, 2561, 2394,
1705, 2823, 3053, 3222, 3848. 297: 2958, 5318, 225, 1069, 1424, 2430, 1801, 1671, 2323, 2426. 1500: 858,
1980, 5806, 2152. 300: 25, 229, 272, 549, 550, 691, 812, 1795, 2860, 2274, 2392, 1337, 2270, 2315,
794, 823, 1056, 1749, 1915, 2682, 2706, 3194, 1406, 2404, 2400, 2175, 1334, 2451, 2472, 2521,
3195, 1106, 1407, 2442, 4887, 5023, 5502, 5550, 5686, 5721, 2538, 2410. 1600: 2391, 2557, 2267, 2273, 447,
5834, 5943, 5981. 302: 882, 4624, 4643, 5064, 1879, 1289,1258, 2850, 1621, 343, 2266, 2537. 1700: 2600,
4863, 1107, 1475, 2487, 5882, 271, 5976, 1993, 2705, 5817.
340, 2393, 2544, 2328. 1800: 1904, 1393, 755,
310: 227, 1818, 3221, 1385, 4185, 4253, 4635, 4889, 5975, 1619, 2177. 1900: 1590, 2494, 1743, 1977, 1763,
2952, 4886. 315: 617, 3309, 1069.1, 6133, 6164, 1346,
1858, 2318, 2222, 1877. 2200: 2109, 1724, 2283,
4891, 2668. 320: 315, 495, lili, 2815, 1427, 2702,
1821, 1663. 2400: 1725, 2100, 1945, 2434, 1662,
3586, 4665, 4885, 5030. 321: 1474, 2170, 1905, 2447, 2756, 483, 2232. 2700: 473, 1689, 1767, 2099, 2128, 456,
1746, 6060. 330: 2480, 4594, 4595, 4627, 4636, 5022, 5029, 1690. 3000: 461.
5722, 5082, 715, 888, 2153, 711, 2960, 564. 340: 66,
IL BOILING POINTS
710, 869, 2157, 2703, 4661, 4686, 5024, 5031. 350: 561,
844, 1245, 2790, 3106, 1112, 3022, 5819, 684, 4438, -192: 337, 54, 95, 345, 180, 1813. -95: 204, 465,
3359, 182, 3051. 360: 1859, 4883, 5695, 749, 879,
97, 252, 195, 9, 115, 351, 44. -75: 205, 17, 350,
126, 41, 125, 145, 263, 265, 485.5, 112. -48: 17.1, 164, 119, 574, 1548, 1723, 1726, 2357, 2795, 339, 799, 2362, 534,
409, 500, 68, 67, 206, 73, 26, 87, 408, 102, 232, 337.
2797, 3349. 136: 38, 774, 2347, 481, 450, 1552. 137: 360,
-30: 53, 364, 338, 263, 41, 31, 35, 95. -18: 686, 282, 385, 628, 929, 1509, 1604, 2976, 3348, 1545, 1511, 2683, 218,
349, 346, 13, 153, 73, 49, 781.2. -10: 38, 213, 65, 684, 2686, 1078. 138: 57, 460, 410, 817, 1510, 1730.1, 2359, 1587,
2985, 969.1, 3272. 139: 353, 693, 992, 1557, 2685, 3297,
130, 596, 141, 99, 84. 0.6: 781.1, 685, 371, 64, 474, 98,
3351, 626. 140: 120, 177, 378, 459, 304, 412, 635, 803,
526, 40. 6: 131, 687, 339, 310, 282, 63, 508, 365, 9, 1074.
10: 40, 209, 224, 1814, 683, 42, 7, 149, 148, 283, 1811, 2400, 2410, 2843, 2973. 141: 972, 997, 1756, 2409, 2411, 450,
3353, 358. 142: 721, 1754, 2298, 2412, 2979, 3273, 3808, 2396,
243, 598, 595, 4, 1672. 20.1: 985, 208, 162, 52, 980, 96,
374, 1.1, 294, 295, 22, 1072, 597, 466, 921. 31: 404, 569, 341, 1595, 2354, 2926. 143: 910, 2197, 2295, 2453, 3321, 1445,
3352, 1444, 2344, 2902, 2361. 144: 319, 431, 942, 2349, 2684,
213, 142, 113, 983, 366, 525, 916, 615, 793, 273. 35: 1646,
3805, 613.
658, 403, 737. 145: 657.1, 697, 989, 2833, 2356, 2415.
716, 278, 279, 373, 272, 1073, 982, 469, 105, 220, 986, 794,
40: 920, 28, 984, 539, 915, 530, 981, 1611, 286, 101, 313,146:
880,191,
45, 275, 449, 644, 782, 968, 1512, 2538, 140. 147: 2929,
3800, 2961, 2353, 3827, 421, 1736. 148: 386, 429, 466, 659, 850,
172, 913, 823. 44: 402, 513, 918, 39, 375, 490, 797, 461,
909, 1052, 1070, 1434, 2401, 3365, 849, 2346, 1752, 2905, 2199.
715, 468. 47: 99, 1149, 132, 365, 524, 447, 979, 1716. 60:
881, 146, 749, 914, 1509, 154, 356, 520. 63: 347, 479, 276,149:
529,327, 693, 284, 2360, 3296, 3323, 2977, 3322. 150: 237,
1050, 1087, 451. 65: 218, 164, 237, 824, 917, 448, 111. 915,
57: 124, 636, 2304, 2348, 2402, 2408, 2915, 3320, 3807, 221, 18,
2865, 3354, 594. 151: 1667, 2288, 2957, 3826, 460, 62. 162:
489, 452, 189, 352, 1712, 55, 1618, 228, 169, 465. 60: 397,
764,
519, 1534, 1715, 364, 133, 318, 718, 19, 1086, 3, 586. 62:
27,2299, 2404, 2, 1735, 160, 2964, 258. 163: 60, 1596,
3223,
815, 362, 367, 681, 2358, 329. 164 : 452, 406, 1028,
612, 1049, 357, 822, 89, 301, 1714, 3776, 1610, 891, 801,
4, 60.
66: 50, 323, 800, 1616, 372, 517, 773, 813, 1613, 1001. 2954,
68: 2971, 3817, 724. 155: 186, 757, 1482, 2343, 2517, 2836,
287, 518, 748, 821, 1742, 747, 1713, 59, 1533, 420. 70: 2898,
2277,3119, 3212, 3331, 3621, 2419, 2399, 1603, 1728, 2163, 2912.
1617, 1088, 464, 366, 728, 155, 1532, 469, 234, 112.1, 1615,156: 388, 1051, 1597, 1692, 3372, 3803, 1294, 1767, 2202, 1541,
1619, 744, 207, 10. 74: 231, 158, 42, 772, 1003, 118, 717,
2904. 167: 753, 2196, 2906, 3727, 3895, 3229, 3963. 158: 691,
83, 323.1, 820, 1048, 149, 12, 725. 78: 513, 746, 1102, 262, 833, 2407, 2853, 604, 3937, 3962. 159: 919, 648.2, 2772, 3369,
1468, 1515, 2394, 58, 332, 396, 719, 1365, 726. 80: 348,3741, 3802, 3994, 2039, 1770, 2381. 160: 799, 43, 256, 433,
376, 165, 378, 752, 925, 1738, 2333, 624, 1466, 1469, 531,
497,2393.
498, 545, 733, 945, 963, 1465, 1687, 3801, 3888, 3995, 3998,
2901,623,
2952, 2963, 3997. 161: 593, 2289, 2984, 3956, 389, 807,
81: 130, 758, 727, 1612, 8, 168, 277, 1535, 506, 792. 83:
1252, 1537, 190, 2387, 47, 1536, 1761, 2325, 1632, 798, 117. 1627,
85: 2856, 2962, 859, 4001. 162: 208, 111, 453, 978, 1022,
576, 812, 825, 1366, 1470, 1045, 109, 1328, 468. 87: 222,
1718, 1876, 2953, 3224, 3226, 3996, 2040, 142, 969, 2041, 2297,
2405, 3225. 163: 620, 622, 1602, 1765, 2818, 2972, 361, 631,
417, 669, 1008, 23,88, 1810, 77, 106, 625, 811, 759, 1739, 247,
1253. 89: 226, 1021, 1091, 1741, 462, 476, 1547, 1764, 458,472,
2390, 723, 2894, 1011. 164: 101, 1593, 2958, 2970, 2987, 3809,
134, 1815. 91: 670, 1101, 1740, 743, 1737, 742, 814, 17.4,3818,
68, 5213, 2198, 3228, 3894. 166: 219, 163, 359, 1517, 1563,
122, 290.1, 652, 2391, 1002, 1019. 93: 171, 210, 332.1, 837, 1007,
1724, 2776, 2983, 3819, 2200, 582, 1588, 1889, 762. 166: 424,
1065, 2276, 2392, 1496, 1631, 1544. 96: 383, 1100, 2334, 390,
688, 1542, 1543, 1550, 1641, 1757, 1886, 2201, 2878, 2955, 3362,
918, 418, 34, 35, 446, 1015, 395, 505, 2331, 26. 98: 161,3368,
203, 4000, 662, 2903, 2928, 2907, 3366, 3999. 167: 47, 413,
751, 810, 2326, 107, 1016, 2389, 173, 2329. 99: 643, 1064, 2332,
2859, 3333, 3811, 2406, 848, 2911. 168: 585, 1056, 2778, 2893,
1017, 1044, 791, 938. 100: 1, 72, 455, 2010, 2044, 33,2959, 3717, 3892, 2365, 3960, 1055, 2338, 3334, 3726. 169: 779,
195, 1261, 1418, 1690, 4013, 4333, 37, 2330, 101: 642, 302, 741,
1519, 1572, 2339, 2366, 2854, 2880, 2960, 3958, 2909, 3893, 1430,
1020, 1005, 1006, 1081, 48. 102: 496, 651, 1656, 1746, 2281,3976, 3230. 170: 974, 1658, 661, 773.1, 826, 943, 951, 1693,
1018, 475, 2866. 103: 390, 2284, 2328, 391, 233, 1004, 181, 2881, 3340, 3961, 893, 1029. 171: 285, 1518, 2982, 3358, 3816,
3959, 2719, 3363, 2164, 619. 172: 383, 2, 84, 328, 1572.1,
377, 614, 1099, 121, 85. 105: 128, 530, 870, 135, 937,
1046, 1047, 2283, 1043, 1054. 106: 215, 192, 588, 2240, 2278,
2722, 2779, 2855, 2858, 2965, 3318, 3327, 3369, 3955, 2910, 4007,
1630, 254, 1014, 2943, 568, 1699, 2279, 210, 790. 108: 108,
2831, 2896, 1743, 214. 173: 847, 1230, 1231, 1314, 1559, 2008,
137, 166, 668, 695, 816, 2238, 965, 735, 1042, 2933, 2935. 2925,
110: 3367, 346, 950. 174: 103, 422, 689, 1010, 2303, 2342, 2379,
619, 1822, 183, 284, 522, 2510, 2239, 123, 467, 495, 2112,
2718, 2774, 2834, 3822, 3993, 3357, 3736, 2885. 175: 1610,
2275, 1760, 2944. 111: 2282, 1660, 1655, 1629, 2413, 1694, 988,
1653,
2341, 2468, 3120, 3361, 3725, 3728, 3815, 3821, 3825, 783,
11, 967, 1650, 2280, 103, 382, 159, 100. 114: 714, 1082,3345, 2403. 176: 1597, 1067.1, 2340, 2890, 3728.1, 3806, 76,
1085, 2057, 2241, 2934, 2938, 488, 414, 1637, 999, 242. 115:
3902, 2721, 3121, 3227, 1013, 2908. 177: 235, 244, 797, 2837,
239, 355, 663, 1193, 2942.1, 870, 908, 1080. 116: 37, 67, 110,
3810, 3820, 2720, 3247, 230. 178: 696, 991, 1105, 2773, 2884,
205, 590, 660, 2058, 2937, 587, 998, 926, 2936, 1658, 334. 2968,
117: 3330, 2380. 179: 196, 1229, 1569, 1592, 2883, 5317, 2038,
300, 379, 2059, 2414, 2871, 756, 789, 1640. 118: 233, 798,
2001, 2290, 2956. 180: 209, 508, 1648, 2932, 29, 492,
1714, 274, 563, 667, 307, 711, 1084.1, 1097, 2111, 2940, 4386,
666, 933, 1561, 1697, 2066, 2895, 2986, 3355, 3724, 4210, 4516,
212, 2327, 1652, 2942. 119: 177, 533, 1639, 1700, 2494, 2382,
5052, 5081, 5329. 181: 515, 185, 1341, 2337, 2951, 948, 2030.
895, 1084. 120: 1825, 347; 488, 827, 1733.1, 2452, 2891, 1755,
182: 734, 1413, 1608, 2981, 3326, 3730, 3823, 3054, 621, 1888,
2873, 755, 2825, 2869, 939, 90, 2364. 121: 377, 1041, 1635, 1733,
2841, 1864. 183: 81, 170, 423, 2320, 2838, 3731, 3733, 1431,
2237, 2975, 1654, 1634. 122: 266, 426, 1725, 2974, 1734, 2032, 2031. 184: 400, 796, 921.1, 1622, 2195, 3858, 1442, 3729,
775. 123: 387, 2874, 3048, 1659, 1649, 2345, 2868, 1763. 124:
2924, 3258, 3329. 185: 92, 617, 931, 2888, 3055, 3734, 3824,
562, 927, 1636, 1662, 2827, 712, 713, 512, 2941, 2355. 125: 5637, 2335, 3891, 3339, 3332, 470. 186: 202, 381, 674, 1704.1,
232, 436, 236, 419, 578, 896, 1053, 2824, 2872, 17, 1026. 126:
2317, 1570, 1389, 2302. 187: 1673, 993, 1012, 1417, 1646,
340, 470, 1096, 1701, 266, 1651. 127: 250, 367, 608, 754,1933,
1638,
2809, 3335, 2770, 2889, 3324. 188: 2112, 351, 928, 1331,
1657, 91, 1040. 128: 966, 1083, 1443, 1727, 1762, 1769, 2363, 2777, 4165, 151, 1333, 269. 189: 480, 510, 930, 1390, 1804,
2384, 2870, 745, 227. 129: 1556, 1633, 1702, 973, 2867, 1098, 2799, 3639, 2887, 4116, 6, 156, 2572, 2641, 605, 3245. 190: 116,
1546. 130: 1893, 78, 253, 411, 970, 1212, 2397, 2796, 5350,
348, 1265, 1489, 1642, 2645, 2988, 3576, 3814, 4006, 4012, 3342,
1648, 139, 924. 131: 589, 1028.1, 1520, 2354.1, 1558, 1079, 384,
1571, 3246, 1885, 2160. 191: 371, 2642, 3336, 4407, 4419. 192:
487, 184, 1730. 132: 845, 404, 1691, 2359.1, 2398, 3350, 1307,
385, 558, 1499, 1601, 2316, 2318, 2319, 3127, 3244, 3303, 1568,
176, 3295, 3347, 1147, 2296, 471, 1695, 1732, 2826. 135: 23,
3337. 193: 216, 46, 528, 1805, 4166, 3890, 136, 1647, 246.
194: 1894, 600, 1551, 2567, 2756, 2966, 3356, 3986, 4118,2190. 4346, 5860, 3941, 1483. 244: 1477, 3070, 4091, 2175, 3592, 1179,
196: 932, 1296, 2189, 2192, 2386, 2512, 2861, 2862, 3360, 3371, 2113, 104, 994, 1321, 1414, 1472, 2121, 2126, 2218, 2524, 2541,
3732, 3852, 3916, 3961, 109, 4156, 2191, 3189, 2568, 2569, 2590. 4039, 4326, 4408, 5066, 3701. 246: 941, 1136, 1137, 1949, 2669,
196: 1200.2, 1560, 1772, 2050, 2643, 2851, 3302, 3311, 3758, 2203, 3291, 3767, 4849, 3754, 1318, 1688, 1792, 1873, 2497, 2580, 2740,
3786, 1200.3, 720, 2004, 3304. 197: 806, 1599, 1645, 2724, 3739, 2742, 3783, 5896, 2745. 248: 312, 802, 1811, 2472, 2787, 3590,
4178, 5083, 5977, 1859, 264. 198: 331, 690, 702, 858, 2310, 3760, 3884, 4092, 4098, 4968, 2007, 2244. 250: 805, 901, 1464, 1745,
3950, 4906, 2771, 2840, 3915, 936, 3277, 2496, 2309. 199: 606, 1956, 2829, 3124, 3748, 4828, 4900, 5259, 4095, 4338, 672, 2666,
2029, 2495, 2640, 3319, 3897, 3914, 2589. 200: 361, 1812, 3943. 251: 1322, 1368, 1369, 2217, 3069, 3192, 4283, 5718, 4160,
556, 591, 740, 771, 1515, 2003, 2314, 2614, 2781, 2852, 3299, 3744, 883, 1320, 1479, 2172, 2646, 4856, 4979, 3548. 263: 1178, 1291,
3844, 3861, 3949, 4117, 5212, 4897, 2206, 2204. 201: 370, 3905, 1793, 2849.1, 3081, 3135.1, 3666, 1236, 1135, 2504, 3328, 4339,
3906, 2162, 2846, 491, 548, 971, 1643, 2644, 2900, 3305, 3912, 4827, 2788, 4140, 3199, 4219. 255: 387, 1828, 1502, 2249,
5326, 4115, 2571, 2161. 203: 1148, 570, 1500, 3575, 2205, 2588, 2544.2, 3035, 3220, 3547, 3689, 3793, 3933, 4127, 4363, 3001,
368, 3982, 2383, 382, 608.2, 882, 1857, 2062, 2505, 2570, 2637, 3250. 256: 350, 974, 1173, 1203, 2508, 3005, 3172, 3874, 4048,
2897, 2922, 3653, 3740, 3911, 3983, 3904. 205: 235, 763, 1250, 4978, 1202, 254, 1527, 2118, 3931, 3953, 2245, 3028. 258:
1251, 1681, 1720, 1856, 2713, 3301, 3306, 3788, 3921, 4385, 4412, 1169, 1326, 2099, 2667, 2890, 3455, 3979, 4041, 4282, 4843, 3126,
2174, 2301, 1606, 3735, 2639, 3882, 2159, 3984. 206: 729, 911, 2723, 2425, 3289, 3709, 4049, 4241, 4415, 4973, 5568, 2585, 2247,
1067, 1283, 1803, 2635, 2737, 2768, 2769, 4137, 2763. 207: 892, 3600. 260: 178, 565, 730, 861, 1325, 1367, 1822, 2100, 2116, 3214,
2636, 2767, 3638, 3883, 3918, 3978.1, 4122, 3637, 3881, 3972, 3746, 3791, 3836, 3930, 4491, 4500, 4974, 4857, 5005, 5347, 3002,
2710, 1644, 3341. 208: 150, 561, 809, 1554, 2434, 2775, 3150, 1959. 261: 571, 1201, 4045, 4308, 253, 3004, 3546, 3587, 3593,
3903, 3985, 4365.1, 2311, 3992, 1177, 2687, 4121, 4416, 209: 3833, 3835, 4345, 4490, 4567, 2801, 1247, 4832, 607. 263: 1077,
1009, 1552, 3188, 3276, 3860, 3907, 3975, 4120, 3846. 210: 1317, 1626, 1958, 2474, 2586, 3688, 4380, 4976, 1304, 4044, 4093,
1817, 87, 1233, 2185, 2917, 3346, 3917, 3924, 3977, 3989, 4413, 4975, 3456, 4279. 265: 1129, 2253, 2658, 3076, 3146, 3606,
3759, 1375, 2267, 1347. 211: 828, 2061, 2814, 2848, 3157, 3978, 3980, 4046, 4347, 4351, 4365, 4391, 4590, 3650, 2584, 3651. 266:
4005, 2063, 2706, 3260, 120, 1234, 1089. 212: 211, 1827, 731, 1676, 1171, 1506, 4280, 3100, 3044, 560, 1481, 3077, 3558, 3643,
2261, 2707, 3151, 3235, 3574, 3927, 3928, 3973, 3974, 4155, 3152, 4128, 4106, 4493, 3667, 5166. 268: 1649, 1865, 2677, 3003,
3259, 3470, 2739, 4404. 213: 356, 473, 482, 1176, 2581, 3128, 3139, 3140, 4205, 3981, 309, 2518, 4852. 270: 2114, 2606,
3249, 3268, 4130, 3154, 3149, 3901. 214: 511, 1315, 1858, 1964, 502, 765, 1246, 1970, 2078, 2622, 3773, 4032, 4043, 4064, 4983,
1965, 1966, 2035, 2506, 2711, 3261, 3926, 3987, 4418, 1349, 2633, 4033, 4543, 5018, 1979. 271: 770, 2073, 2367, 3774, 4062,
1249. 215: 2931, 975, 1703, 1887, 2741, 2765, 3316, 3364, 4542, 5142, 1324, 3078, 4757, 4758, 3099. 273: 3671, 4349,
3935, 3936, 3947, 2634. 216: 760, 852, 1768, 2758, 2764, 3129, 2670, 1574, 2251, 2676, 3778, 4042, 5156, 2736, 3747. 275:
3655, 4010, 4129, 4411, 4132, 2350, 2766, 2847, 3469, 3789, 3133, 2587, 3000, 4034, 4184, 4238, 4972, 3248, 1674, 1157, 2424,
2760. 217: 679, 405, 1205, 1316, 1553, 2507, 2716, 2717, 2748, 3652, 4267, 4304, 4296, 1415, 4359, 2423, 3702. 277: 889, 1119,
2759, 2849, 3156, 3263, 3661, 4157, 860, 2632, 3923, 3494. 218: 2098, 4492, 4707, 5003, 5141, 4218, 1158, 1807, 3620, 3792, 4778,
2292, 2575, 2705, 3132, 3834, 3855, 4011, 4366, 4367, 4934, 3265, 3703, 2519, 2731, 3147. 280: 769, 1255, 1581, 2207, 2250, 2616,
1918, 2812, 2819, 3681. 219: 1796, 415, 416, 1175, 1206, 1844, 2729, 2850, 3130, 3507, 4173, 4278, 4327, 4368.2. 281: 871, 4760,
2127, 2165, 2712, 3236, 3922, 3966, 4175, 2709. 220: 381, 800, 3453, 1580, 3412, 3454, 3615, 4163, 4207, 4297, 4544, 4318. 283:
97, 126, 315, 316, 761, 922, 1235, 1449, 1704, 2047, 2269, 2821, 2619, 2678, 3710, 4319, 2651, 4756, 2431, 1259, 1260, 2254, 2596,
3155, 3238, 3676, 3765, 3782, 4254, 4376, 4378, 4480, 5846, 286, 2617, 2697, 3420, 3542, 4533, 5153, 4317. 286: 1397, 2780, 3417,
1870, 2638. 221 : 268, 342, 399, 1204, 2490, 2492, 2714, 2762, 3508, 4268, 4299, 1416, 1258, 897, 1480, 3183, 3290, 4269, 4508,
2949, 4585, 3678, 3968, 2725. 222: 238, 372, 2081, 3134, 3262, 886, 4759, 5167, 3414. 288: 74, 592, 1133, 3006, 4779, 1384,
3267, 3967, 311, 2577, 2784, 4161, 2618, 2715, 673, 2351, 2757. 3543, 3595, 4195, 4761, 5244, 1256, 3413, 3497, 5002. 290: 46,
224: 428, 987, 2216, 2257, 3219, 3763, 3856, 3859, 4176, 5608, 379, 515, 573, 1254, 2072, 2173, 2473, 2647, 3198, 3670, 3771,
1327. 226: 553, 1794, 2045, 2046, 2134, 2813, 3071, 3131, 3257, 4531, 4635, 4784, 4802, 5286, 5490, 5681. 291: 255, 1926,
3753, 4089, 4131, 5815, 2708, 3920, 478, 2668, 2927, 188. 226: 4047, 1245, 4023, 5169, 4532, 4996, 3642, 3692, 4050, 4260, 4845,
2464, 2761, 2930, 3243, 3654, 3677, 3755, 4100, 4171, 4373, 4170, 4513. 294: 4322, 4381, 4997, 230, 1478, 2648, 4158, 4439, 4762,
3679, 3239, 4367.7. 227: 86, 2084, 2294, 4388, 1677, 2255, 5160, 5017. 296: 1154, 3194, 4352, 4324, 3498, 4019, 5110, 4325,
3285, 863, 866. 228: 1498, 2051, 3240, 3680, 3683, 4097, 413S, 4793, 4225, 4017, 3115, 4362, 4777, 4939, 5340, 4507, 1273, 4266,
4172, 3313, 1868, 4177. 229: 2122, 2178, 3286, 3757, 3849, 3908, 4930. 300: 363, 695, 1213, 1985, 2167, 2416, 3040, 3075,
3942, 4139, 2786, 1802, 1376. 230: 451, 344, 345, 555, 603, 3094, 3158, 3197, 3526, 3630, 3696, 4029, 4109, 4473, 4512, 4529,
795, 1092, 1600, 1916, 2042, 2123, 2322, 2579, 3857, 4119, 4147, 4650, 4789, 4838, 4867, 4987. 301: 1817, 3550, 5020, 3016, 1272,
5853, 3660, 3283, 386. 231: 1377, 2082, 2688, 3170, 4002, 1921, 3596, 4262, 4270, 4466, 4967, 3195, 3945, 5260, 2649. 304:
3598, 5859, 3684, 2454, 3756. 232: 125, 1058, 1872, 1917, 2498, 883, 946, 3473, 4323, 3499, 3216, 4020, 4305, 4441, 4447. 306:
3685, 4750, 3787, 3662, 784, 3241, 4581. 233: 1744, 1810, 2293, 4018, 4448, 4794, 3551, 3196, 4708, 3466, 4240, 4846, 1419, 4988.
2864, 3191, 3264, 3663, 3847, 1237, 2503. 234: 1458, 1869, 1871, 310: 896, 4261, 5010, 5400, 1120, 4329, 4505, 1925, 4790, 444,
2043, 3266, 3863, 4180, 4587, 3591, 157. 235: 384, 629, 708, 4458, 4697. 315: 1342, 1895, 1163, 1165, 1166, 1982, 4451,
2011, 2033, 2044, 2048, 2049, 2271, 2501, 2522.1, 3173, 3242, 4916, 4725, 4734, 4726. 317: 66, 1573, 1981, 2462, 5391, 4442,
3269, 3656, 3764, 5200, 3769, 3648, 1216. 236: 3659, 4159, 1297, 1271, 4204, 4917. 320: 1804, 1149, 4212, 4263, 4715, 4791,
2931, 1200, 1795, 2525, 2803, 3125, 3190, 3312, 3657, 3784, 3929, 5816, 2844, 894, 4506, 4724, 88, 5861. 325: 4393, 4687,
4090, 4099, 5021, 3237, 2899, 4367.6, 3037, 3752. 238: 265, 5037, 5072, 4994, 1110, 4243, 5059, 4727, 1679, 4220, 5607,
583, 1298, 1758, 1812, 1957, 2083, 3221, 3284, 2120, 1207, 1791, 251, 1123. 330: 2116, 831, 4431, 5074, 5486, 4792, 4914,
2523, 3682, 2120.1, 1090, 4088, 2671. 240: 368, 519, 1032, 2115, 1678, 808, 1923. 335: 1922, 4915, 5044, 1525, 4203,
1180, 1513, 138, 1919, 1924, 2005, 2064, 2115, 2117, 2119, 5689, 91, 2421. 340: 496, 1624, 1526, 4214, 4242, 4271,
2457, 2804, 3171, 3690, 3885, 4096, 4547, 5033, 5102, 1797, 4460, 5043, 5135, 5262, 4652, 2117, 4425, 4244, 4649, 4455,
1875, 3785. 241: 2125, 2544.1, 2738, 3251, 4368.8, 2052, 1217, 4728, 5168, 5335. 345: 2212, 5038, 4434, 1675, 4672, 4902,
1576, 1955, 2243, 2578, 3174, 3790, 4374, 3098, 4337. 243: 5521. 350: 4515, 5183, 5184, 5747, 4427, 4435, 4436, 898,
1432, 1790, 2124, 2176, 2463, 2522, 2822, 2863, 3036, 3589, 4038, 4285, 4211, 4465, 5520, 5402. 360: 1991, 3042, 3307, 4437, 4622,
4676, 4912, 4913, 5193, 5491, 5746, 5616, 4287, 4892, 5281, 4977,
4012. 1056, 4148. 0.910: 670, 2899, 3961, 4368.8, 908, 2888,
371: 4215, 471, 4514, 5053, 4249, 4620, 6010, 1869, 5379, 3913.1, 4841, 642, 2883, 2777, 3861, 1055, 2340, 4982, 5342, 5605.
5887, 882, 4907, 5173, 5306, 5055. 400: 958, 1798, 2959, 0.915: 429, 1824, 2831, 3786, 3813, 3913, 6166, 891, 2337,
4690, 292, 4286, 5395, 226, 2608, 89, 480, 5494. 421: 3788, 4156, 726, 3369, 2298, 4578, 4972, 1557, 3923, 3924, 4388.
92, 5883, 5274, 716, 4626, 5863, 4722, 1075, 5172, 316, 0.920: 4131, 3854, 3928, 2351, 764, 2339, 2341, 3575, 938, 2299,
5264. 452: 5493, 320, 4637, 4636, 5508, 1749, 170, 223. 3341, 5482. 0.925: 1558, 1644, 2289, 3847, 3927, 4971, 452,
600: 322, 769, 5817, 224, 228, 5695, 227, 678, 271, 937, 1647, 4130, 1643, 2882, 3258, 3926, 3935, 4975. 0.930:
2105. 600: 193, 1879, 490, 487, 753, 752, 881. 2453, 2859, 4976, 4978, 3931, 671, 4843, 965, 2830, 3936, 3735,
707: 272, 832, 495, 749, 696, 700, 703, 2936. 916: 3764, 3789. 0.935: 489, 799, 1519, 2861, 2201, 2810, 3922, 4157,
543, 548, 529, 829, 825, 940, 779, 1268, 2613. 4981, 569, 3260, 3787, 3859, 375, 4371, 3263, 4561. 0.94: 2979,
1230: 499, 3283, 2610, 528, 951, 3284, 2680, 3205, 3790, 3882, 3883, 1010, 3259, 3947, 4999, 763, 1012, 2294, 3858,
3287, 2917, 2926, 3200, 947, 2605, 939, 2924, 762, 978, 2386.1, 3860, 3852, 4560. 0.945: 909, 3857, 997, 2818,
2668, 2677, 3197. 1400: 2499, 3196, 2131, 2671, 589, 623, 3948, 724, 1541, 3244, 3267, 5005. 0.950: 1443, 2199,
2921, 2769, 2918, 1337, 1059, 1870, 1334, 2500. 2841, 3265, 783, 924, 1478, 1444, 3319, 3762, 3865, 3904, 4132,
1670: 2604, 2670, 1858, 341. 3800: 1619, 1724, 4326, 5940. 0.955: 2775, 624, 1445, 2756, 4378, 752, 2335, 3765,
1799, 481, 1805, 1689, 1690.
723, 1555, 2200, 6167. 0.960: 3753, 1554, 307, 2763, 3264, 2914,
1553, 2722, 3121, 3655, 2778, 4089, 2365, 3246, 2840. 0.970:
III. DENSITY
1551, 2721, 3933, 3637, 355, 2762, 4823.1, 1595, 2758, 213, 625,
2766, 3638, 4091.1. 0.976: 929, 1511, 3752, 3856, 4967, 432,
A. Liquids
2767, 3754.2, 5009, 3656, 1026, 2760. 0.980: 1089, 2195, 1067.1,
0.415: 54, 409, 102, 1072, 1073, 406, 1716, 1715, 980, 1713,
2719, 870, 3654, 4344, 2764, 3878, 930, 3661, 3763, 4579. 0.985:
1714. 0.670: 2392, 2394, 915, 916, 2387, 1610, 407, 2389, 917,
4372, 4573, 2203, 3648, 935, 2718, 3662, 3761, 4941, 5000, 5688,
2391, 1534. 0.692: 1613, 2933, 525, 823, 918, 1617, 22, 410,
4342. 0.990: 934, 1482, 4161, 681, 3235.1, 400, 450, 2757, 162,
914, 2939, 824. 0.712: 1619, 409, 414, 822, 1535, 2331, 3354, 815, 3664, 4345, 1090, 1509, 1662, 2163, 3235. 0.995: 3311,
524, 2334, 2936, 1761, 2940, 3995. 0.724: 2873, 425, 1764, 403, 1070, 1510, 3236, 3573, 2204, 3243, 3574, 1, 2058, 4761.
2279, 412, 1086, 4000, 3994, 794.1, 3999, 821, 794, 1760. 0.740:1.000: 4095, 4097.1, 66, 3128, 4543, 5140, 5334, 258, 797, 896,
820, 415, 3351, 4178, 396, 416, 2985, 1741, 3993, 3957, 1101.
3134, 3054, 4490, 4757, 4930, 3237, 773.1, 3747, 4147. 1.010:
0.750: 1615, 1100, 1738, 1737, 979, 1739, 2975, 4412, 3372,
594,
4587.
2743, 3132, 5110, 197, 1560, 590, 2713.1, 620, 2503, 4098,
3780, 4096, 4097, 4279, 652, 928, 2846, 2848, 2302, 2569. 1.020:
0.760: 669, 4586, 479, 2974, 4165, 2241, 2328, 2330, 2413, 1001,
4856, 418, 1099, 1762.1, 3323, 4012, 4411, 2869, 2973. 0.771:
608.1, 795, 2570, 3701, 285, 608.2, 1442, 5371, 2322, 4994, 1328,
2868, 2987, 5018, 3365, 420, 4006, 4849, 5167, 913, 1632, 2419,
1561, 3312, 4038, 4789. 1.026: 2571, 3680, 4090.1, 619, 2567,
4418, 5260, 421, 1612, 2867. 0.781: 422, 208, 423, 168, 3681.1, 3684, 5010, 426, 651, 1022, 3133, 3679, 3703. 1.03:
395, 506, 3320, 1049, 262, 792, 5156. 0.790: 3960, 3297, 5377,104, 1028, 3677, 3125, 3678, 218, 4939, 2161, 496, 2706, 3676,
60, 1003, 3961, 301, 667, 718, 448, 2825, 2284, 3812. 0.800:2568.
790, 1.040: 2255, 2745, 4545, 4970, 440, 2847, 5678, 3285,
1769, 2281, 972, 1603, 2827, 973, 3811, 1639, 3295, 505, 411,
266, 274, 2001, 2159, 720, 3154, 3286, 212, 3069, 4062. 1.050:
2382. 0.805: 719, 880, 1366, 1544, 2283, 2345, 447, 791, 2955,
593, 3152, 3284, 358, 2812, 4350, 511, 4153, 2309, 4348, 2318,
1081, 1084, 1602, 2282. 0.810: 789, 1537, 1084.1, 1630, 2327,2748, 3192, 3872, 4093, 4383, 2189, 3149, 399. 1.061: 2788,
4296, 1029, 3283, 911, 4353, 616, 3135, 3191, 378, 576, 989, 1441,
2898, 2965, 1754, 3895, 3959, 1640, 1730.1, 2320, 2347, 313, 1083,
2396, 2397, 2872. 0.817: 717, 1078, 2403, 2897, 2960, 1005, 3601, 3547, 2813, 176, 1606, 458. 1.071: 2041, 2040, 3548, 3549,
1085.1, 1636, 1699, 2896, 1085, 1726, 1733.1, 2407, 2407.1, 2408,
1430, 2572, 3944, 807, 943, 969.1, 2310, 2590. 1.080: 737, 1570,
2968. 0.820: 1728, 2399, 5169, 2892, 2970, 3827, 2967, 1725, 2039, 3667, 2588, 449, 626, 609, 3546, 968, 621, 2008, 4726, 1572.1.
2400.1, 2409, 2796, 2954, 2962, 3356, 1727, 1734, 3978.1. 0.825:1.090: 3649, 4102, 578, 1092, 1559, 2468, 2725, 420, 665, 2814,
2971, 3978, 4005, 4170, 4172, 4848, 800, 2240, 2963, 2966, 2956,3037, 2589, 1889, 3591, 1357, 1483, 3642, 3036. 1.100: 4723,
3364, 1736, 2400, 3361, 4002. 0.830: 1469, 2797, 3826, 1547,3169.1, 4917, 471, 722, 2038, 154, 170, 1571, 4670, 247, 3688,
1732, 1746, 2929, 4415, 237, 587, 3362, 925, 2410, 3326, 4179,
4368.4, 561, 1307, 2687, 1417. 1.11: 492, 2267, 2071, 657, 233,
4836, 998, 1633, 3355, 3821. 0.835: 1098, 1629, 2239, 810, 811,
969, 4733, 264, 470, 4297.1, 672, 736, 2579, 2269. 1.121: 1568,
3358, 517, 814, 837, 999, 1628, 1000, 2952, 3889, 2865, 3893. 2134, 4064, 4324, 275, 2580, 5164, 520, 2509, 1341, 2669, 2849.1.
0.840: 273, 749, 2412, 3808, 3822, 356, 1466, 3810, 3809, 3815,
1.131: 3170, 805, 2578, 893, 4381, 3171, 46, 48, 383, 3945, 146,
4010, 2928, 1546, 1468, 1470, 272. 0.850: 2343, 1572, 3816, 3253, 3886, 4023. 1.150: 1756, 1388, 2127, 1390, 439, 948,
1063, 711, 993, 2890, 3333, 3334, 446, 1048, 3823, 3824. 0.856:
1917, 994, 2284.1, 3606, 658, 859. 1.160: 2084, 3289, 438,
927, 3894, 3903, 5606, 1096, 2288, 3728.1, 1545, 3727, 5380, 3331,
1253, 453, 2004, 460, 2499, 1252, 1692, 189, 949, 2696. 1.180:
5978. 0.860: 469, 1054, 2834, 3333.1, 3725, 3728, 3730, 3992, 3694, 887, 798, 379, 2618, 5282, 655, 659, 2498, 1042, 3455, 334.
4115, 2686, 3734, 3805, 3969, 4168, 513, 3226, 3228, 3724, 4408,1.200: 1031, 2850, 1347, 1859, 227, 696, 1375, 858, 1041, 1376,
3229.1. 0.863: 1548, 2835, 2912, 3820, 4367, 2909.1, 3223, 2685,279, 632, 710. 1.220: 37, 384, 744, 1040, 2316, 514, 1576, 4442,
3731, 3806, 5853, 2359.1. 0.866: 801, 2112, 2357, 2901.1, 3729,4441, 435, 803, 1314, 1857, 863, 921.1, 1916. 1.252: 190, 1856,
4175, 3225, 3726, 4365.1, 2354.1, 3229, 3740.1, 3330.1, 3807, 515, 742, 67, 359, 2098, 741, 604, 3937, 1230, 442, 1959, 1229.
3899, 3988, 2359. 0.870: 926, 1046, 1653, 4992, 5813, 2901, 748,
1.310: 1575, 465, 192, 1327, 1506, 472, 473, 441, 1251, 1250,
1649, 1652, 1655, 1064, 1695, 2855, 2903, 3891, 798, 2355, 2683,
604.1, 1540, 421, 1588, 158, 28, 1249, 2053. 1.340: 366, 464,
747. 0.875: 2354, 3915, 3230, 4576, 2356, 3987, 533, 2858, 3733,423, 2639, 230, 365, 2637, 422, 2633, 1326, 42, 585, 963, 276,
3817, 1654, 2353, 2684, 2953, 4117. 0.880: 1365, 5003, 1658,558, 582, 366. 1.400: 497, 2491, 2423, 545, 2031, 605, 2030,
3908, 3920, 1015, 1651, 3224, 4366, 1016, 1043, 1659, 3329, 4991.
2492, 2493, 364, 634, 2029, 1697, 2, 159, 96, 635, 220,
0.884: 746, 4144, 4118, 4370, 1020, 3337, 4827, 1496, 2111, 3850,
1397. 1.460: 11, 648, 5350, 1672, 225, 3453, 106, 10, 61,
4828. 0.890: 468, 1017, 1019, 3119, 1044, 3897, 4980, 1047, 3227,
636, 352, 19, 329, 648.3, 1053, 1294, 2119. 1.500: 1578.1,
4376, 5001, 3303, 3918, 5141, 2415, 3917, 397, 1018, 3890, 632,
5362, 637, 43, 1052, 1822, 107, 648.1, 137, 1051, 2454, 648.4,
713, 725, 3974.1. 0.901: 727, 3639, 3740, 3902, 4385, 4835, 5253, 629. 1.526: 141, 633, 467, 136, 1844, 1367, 207, 645, 139,
2538, 5152, 5346, 451, 4842, 4974, 2884, 3328, 4158, 5015, 3324,
630, 12, 756. 1.600: 140, 367, 755, 754, 90, 1601, 521, 232,
58, 2494, 129, 512, 628, 59, 757, 210, 57, 100, 221, 744, 601, 603, 951, 971, 1636, 1763, 1123, 279,
2061, 2062. 1.700: 368, 555, 476, 987, 694, 475, 62, 693, 13,670, 1064, 1996, 1440, 1455. 5.7: 320, 322, 1372,
414, 622, 690. 1.800: 2064, 689, 1949, 688, 1759, 1333, 523,1418, 1614, 2339, 714, 2494, 473.1, 1421, 546,
45, 390, 1597, 60, 38, 1808, 116, 621. 1.901: 163, 2338, 1632, 1098, 1723, 957, 582, 2599. 5.8: 568,
596, 1117, 1685, 1978, 1391, 2048, 529, 574, 2571,
600, 39, 412, 341, 234, 1205, 413, 619, 83, 339, 340, 183, 218,
522. 2.110: 415, 122, 184, 649, 186, 488, 123, 236, 45, 2049, 1163, 541. 5.9: 602, 1118, 1652, 1703, 907,
1071, 565, 2507, 597, 2538, 1736, 1562. 6.0: 401,
522, 370, 378, 76, 919, 4, 427. 2.529: 601, 20, 151, 1815,
63, 142, 345, 64, 101, 5, 127, 18, 235, 128. 3.022: 204, 936, 1050, 1506, 1781, 1227, 540, 2059, 894, 2366,
1442, 1105. 6.1: 594, 1022, 1101, 1402, 1666,
918, 497, 381, 29, 34, 206, 87, 205. 4.49.
1784, 402, 658, 657, 548, 1655, 501, 606, 2483,
1327. 6.2: 553, 614, 1124, 1390, 1617, 863, 539,
B. Solids
1800, 898, 1116, 897, 1055. 6.3: 604, 607, 1100,
1119, 1517, 1570, 1631, 1366, 2580, 1722, 559,
0.760: 846, 5881, 5918, 5967, 5985, 6014, 6080, 2916, 5244, 2266,
1086. 6.4: 335, 605, 667, 934, 935, 995, 1834,
2601, 1502, 936, 4406, 6010. 0.919: 2667, 548, 3016, 1812,
1025, 905, 575, 616, 889, 834, 672, 1051, 1062,
3257, 4805, 1058, 239, 3756, 481, 3302. 1.008: 607, 5343.1, 3901,
2791, 761, 2573, 4322, 1057, 4652, 3307, 760, 2801, 5902, 482, 503, 833, 663, 1121. 6.5: 609, 660, 1102, 1501,
1958, 1629, 3118, 659, 509, 598. 6.6: 611, 617,
1077, 2206, 831. 1.061: 2160, 5847, 5933, 1771, 3140, 289, 571,
2643, 3853, 3550, 502, 2116, 3494, 5244.1. 1.150: 5213.1, 238, 1573, 2827, 1285, 824, 1698, 543, 996, 1143, 1619.
4270, 2166, 3498, 4352, 832, 431, 430, 2623, 5887, 4943, 6.7: 1405, 2007, 2006, 545, 666, 1374, 1620, 1024,
5404, 5284, 4894, 2595. 1.203: 4225, 2626, 259, 5818, 3886.1, 719, 1502. 6.8: 573, 671, 327, 336, 551, 576,
2998, 504, 298, 3867.1, 5428.1, 5, 1896, 2701, 4480, 2308.1, 581, 1776, 2005, 712, 1700, 1306. 6.9: 610, 661,
4226. 1.250: 4467, 4956, 503, 5573, 1705, 2624, 5435, 2032, 1040, 1103, 1681, 1688, 1840, 2834, 557, 612,
5202, 2306, 1287, 1992, 308.1, 1581, 55, 5541, 5028.1, 1990, 1621, 484, 1235. 7.0: 485, 578, 588, 613, 696,
1414. 1.35: 6104, 4739, 5647, 111, 5028, 4656.1, 802, 3697, 1386, 1404, 1854, 599, 2041, 1807, 536, 584. 7.1:
173, 3111, 5704, 2655, 5522. 1.40: 498, 2475, 58, 4622, 1929, 586, 589, 1565, 585, 725, 3188, 587, 334, 590,
947, 134, 2170, 2347, 1398, 6148, 1397, 5659, 2300, 4620, 882, 1171, 1842, 681, 1734, 2828. 7.2: 1233, 1697,
2013, 1349, 3086, 3778. 1.45: 2757, 808, 3178, 1419, 2171,535, 2023, 1847, 615, 2826, 2830, 577, 1247, 1977,
630, 2807, 1231, 2636, 976, 2149, 2693, 1351. 1.47: 893, 1705, 1067, 1066, 910, 325. 7.4: 1128, 1385,
2990, 204, 1464, 1991, 2682.1, 2814, 1172, 135O7 1400, 1393, 1843, 1849, 2062, 2060, 2037, 1057, 1528.
1809, 201, 2855.
5.0: 502, 1328, 1350, 1426, 7.5: 305, 314, 330, 552, 900, 1833, 1041, 700, 904,
1428, 1844, 1994, 289, 1969, 1260, 1375, 2282, 1712,538, 1170, 1464, 324. 7.7: 328, 896, 318, 902,
2202, 1539, 499. 5.10: 311, 1130, 2017, 734, 1334, 2079, 1384, 1848, 1146, 323, 891, 676. 8.0: 525,
994, 2035.1, 3329, 1021, 2030, 2513, 456, 507, 704, 1004, 1070, 1732, 1850, 580, 321, 558, 901,
554, 1258, 1441, 3061, 829. 5.2: 280, 1096, 1337, 821, 560, 822. 8.2: 308, 1695, 528, 1326, 888,
1682, 1711, 1063, 1371, 1590, 1686, 2518, 1990, 890, 1662, 1701, 1550, 888, 1017, 309, 1072, 1684,
1992, 2516, 618, 462. 6.3: 600, 677, 716, 724, 1780. 8.64: 2082, 887, 880, 895, 1137, 1806, 1169,
1154, 1634, 313, 595, 1423, 593, 1049, 1236, 1403, 307, 1663, 881, 675. 9.04: 1139, 527, 892, 2087,
1767, 883, 1457, 862, 608, 745, 864, 473, 1095. 526, 524, 2099, 668, 879, 1152, 1702, 1179, 1855,
6.50: 592, 1630, 1671, 1852, 1542, 1065, 544, 723, 1693. 11.1: 878, 1725, 1724, 1224, 1225, 1689,
956, 1059, 708. 6.6: 306, 306.1, 1304, 1710, 1726, 1690. 16.06.
LIQUID CRYSTALS
H. W. FOOTE
The term "transition temperature" refers in the tables to the
temperature at which the solid and crystalline-liquid phases are in
equilibrium at a pressure of one atmosphere; by "melting point,"
is meant the corresponding temperature at which the crystallineliquid and isotropie liquid phases are in equilibrium. In some
cases, more than one stable liquid crystal phase exists, giving an
additional transition temperature for each additional liquid
crystal phase. These transition temperatures between two liquid
crystal phases are indicated by *. In most cases, they are only
approximate. Melting points which are quite uncertain, usually
due to partial decomposition, have "d." written after the value.
No attempt has been made to estimate the accuracy of values
obtained by a single investigator, as the methods of determination
are the same in nearly every case and the result obviously depends
on the skill of the investigator and the purity of the compounds.
A series of apparently good determinations by different observers
is apt to vary by considerably more than one degree, and it seems
unlikely that any transition temperature or melting point of liquid
crystals is known with an accuracy much better than one degree.
For this reason, the weighted average of a number of different

determinations is usually given to the nearest whole degree.
When the number of determinations is sufficient, the weighted
average deviation, usually to the nearest whole degree, is given also.
The melting points of unstable liquid crystals, in monotropic
systems, are not included in the tables, and transition temperatures, in the ordinary sense, do not exist in this case. Many
observations on monotropic compounds will be found in nearly
all the Halle dissertations and in the publications by Vorlnder,
which are listed at the end of the tables.
For the effect of pressure on the transition temperature and
melting point of liquid crystals, see G. Hulett, 7, 28: 629; 99. For
approximate data on liquid crystals of alkali salts of higher
fatty acids (chiefly) see Vorlnder, 25, 43: 3120; 10. For similar
data regarding compounds which are optically active, see H.
Stoltzenberg, Diss., Halle (1911). For qualitative data regarding
liquid crystals, see E. Wolferts, Diss., Halle (09), R. Wilke, Diss.,
Halle (09); K. Mattenklodt, Diss., Halle (11); and Vorlnder,
25, 40: 1415, 1966; 07.
58, 2494, 129, 512, 628, 59, 757, 210, 57, 100, 221, 744, 601, 603, 951, 971, 1636, 1763, 1123, 279,
2061, 2062. 1.700: 368, 555, 476, 987, 694, 475, 62, 693, 13,670, 1064, 1996, 1440, 1455. 5.7: 320, 322, 1372,
414, 622, 690. 1.800: 2064, 689, 1949, 688, 1759, 1333, 523,1418, 1614, 2339, 714, 2494, 473.1, 1421, 546,
45, 390, 1597, 60, 38, 1808, 116, 621. 1.901: 163, 2338, 1632, 1098, 1723, 957, 582, 2599. 5.8: 568,
596, 1117, 1685, 1978, 1391, 2048, 529, 574, 2571,
600, 39, 412, 341, 234, 1205, 413, 619, 83, 339, 340, 183, 218,
522. 2.110: 415, 122, 184, 649, 186, 488, 123, 236, 45, 2049, 1163, 541. 5.9: 602, 1118, 1652, 1703, 907,
1071, 565, 2507, 597, 2538, 1736, 1562. 6.0: 401,
522, 370, 378, 76, 919, 4, 427. 2.529: 601, 20, 151, 1815,
63, 142, 345, 64, 101, 5, 127, 18, 235, 128. 3.022: 204, 936, 1050, 1506, 1781, 1227, 540, 2059, 894, 2366,
1442, 1105. 6.1: 594, 1022, 1101, 1402, 1666,
918, 497, 381, 29, 34, 206, 87, 205. 4.49.
1784, 402, 658, 657, 548, 1655, 501, 606, 2483,
1327. 6.2: 553, 614, 1124, 1390, 1617, 863, 539,
B. Solids
1800, 898, 1116, 897, 1055. 6.3: 604, 607, 1100,
1119, 1517, 1570, 1631, 1366, 2580, 1722, 559,
0.760: 846, 5881, 5918, 5967, 5985, 6014, 6080, 2916, 5244, 2266,
1086. 6.4: 335, 605, 667, 934, 935, 995, 1834,
2601, 1502, 936, 4406, 6010. 0.919: 2667, 548, 3016, 1812,
1025, 905, 575, 616, 889, 834, 672, 1051, 1062,
3257, 4805, 1058, 239, 3756, 481, 3302. 1.008: 607, 5343.1, 3901,
2791, 761, 2573, 4322, 1057, 4652, 3307, 760, 2801, 5902, 482, 503, 833, 663, 1121. 6.5: 609, 660, 1102, 1501,
1958, 1629, 3118, 659, 509, 598. 6.6: 611, 617,
1077, 2206, 831. 1.061: 2160, 5847, 5933, 1771, 3140, 289, 571,
2643, 3853, 3550, 502, 2116, 3494, 5244.1. 1.150: 5213.1, 238, 1573, 2827, 1285, 824, 1698, 543, 996, 1143, 1619.
4270, 2166, 3498, 4352, 832, 431, 430, 2623, 5887, 4943, 6.7: 1405, 2007, 2006, 545, 666, 1374, 1620, 1024,
5404, 5284, 4894, 2595. 1.203: 4225, 2626, 259, 5818, 3886.1, 719, 1502. 6.8: 573, 671, 327, 336, 551, 576,
2998, 504, 298, 3867.1, 5428.1, 5, 1896, 2701, 4480, 2308.1, 581, 1776, 2005, 712, 1700, 1306. 6.9: 610, 661,
4226. 1.250: 4467, 4956, 503, 5573, 1705, 2624, 5435, 2032, 1040, 1103, 1681, 1688, 1840, 2834, 557, 612,
5202, 2306, 1287, 1992, 308.1, 1581, 55, 5541, 5028.1, 1990, 1621, 484, 1235. 7.0: 485, 578, 588, 613, 696,
1414. 1.35: 6104, 4739, 5647, 111, 5028, 4656.1, 802, 3697, 1386, 1404, 1854, 599, 2041, 1807, 536, 584. 7.1:
173, 3111, 5704, 2655, 5522. 1.40: 498, 2475, 58, 4622, 1929, 586, 589, 1565, 585, 725, 3188, 587, 334, 590,
947, 134, 2170, 2347, 1398, 6148, 1397, 5659, 2300, 4620, 882, 1171, 1842, 681, 1734, 2828. 7.2: 1233, 1697,
2013, 1349, 3086, 3778. 1.45: 2757, 808, 3178, 1419, 2171,535, 2023, 1847, 615, 2826, 2830, 577, 1247, 1977,
630, 2807, 1231, 2636, 976, 2149, 2693, 1351. 1.47: 893, 1705, 1067, 1066, 910, 325. 7.4: 1128, 1385,
2990, 204, 1464, 1991, 2682.1, 2814, 1172, 135O7 1400, 1393, 1843, 1849, 2062, 2060, 2037, 1057, 1528.
1809, 201, 2855.
5.0: 502, 1328, 1350, 1426, 7.5: 305, 314, 330, 552, 900, 1833, 1041, 700, 904,
1428, 1844, 1994, 289, 1969, 1260, 1375, 2282, 1712,538, 1170, 1464, 324. 7.7: 328, 896, 318, 902,
2202, 1539, 499. 5.10: 311, 1130, 2017, 734, 1334, 2079, 1384, 1848, 1146, 323, 891, 676. 8.0: 525,
994, 2035.1, 3329, 1021, 2030, 2513, 456, 507, 704, 1004, 1070, 1732, 1850, 580, 321, 558, 901,
554, 1258, 1441, 3061, 829. 5.2: 280, 1096, 1337, 821, 560, 822. 8.2: 308, 1695, 528, 1326, 888,
1682, 1711, 1063, 1371, 1590, 1686, 2518, 1990, 890, 1662, 1701, 1550, 888, 1017, 309, 1072, 1684,
1992, 2516, 618, 462. 6.3: 600, 677, 716, 724, 1780. 8.64: 2082, 887, 880, 895, 1137, 1806, 1169,
1154, 1634, 313, 595, 1423, 593, 1049, 1236, 1403, 307, 1663, 881, 675. 9.04: 1139, 527, 892, 2087,
1767, 883, 1457, 862, 608, 745, 864, 473, 1095. 526, 524, 2099, 668, 879, 1152, 1702, 1179, 1855,
6.50: 592, 1630, 1671, 1852, 1542, 1065, 544, 723, 1693. 11.1: 878, 1725, 1724, 1224, 1225, 1689,
956, 1059, 708. 6.6: 306, 306.1, 1304, 1710, 1726, 1690. 16.06.
LIQUID CRYSTALS
H. W. FOOTE
The term "transition temperature" refers in the tables to the
temperature at which the solid and crystalline-liquid phases are in
equilibrium at a pressure of one atmosphere; by "melting point,"
is meant the corresponding temperature at which the crystallineliquid and isotropie liquid phases are in equilibrium. In some
cases, more than one stable liquid crystal phase exists, giving an
additional transition temperature for each additional liquid
crystal phase. These transition temperatures between two liquid
crystal phases are indicated by *. In most cases, they are only
approximate. Melting points which are quite uncertain, usually
due to partial decomposition, have "d." written after the value.
No attempt has been made to estimate the accuracy of values
obtained by a single investigator, as the methods of determination
are the same in nearly every case and the result obviously depends
on the skill of the investigator and the purity of the compounds.
A series of apparently good determinations by different observers
is apt to vary by considerably more than one degree, and it seems
unlikely that any transition temperature or melting point of liquid
crystals is known with an accuracy much better than one degree.
For this reason, the weighted average of a number of different

determinations is usually given to the nearest whole degree.
When the number of determinations is sufficient, the weighted
average deviation, usually to the nearest whole degree, is given also.
The melting points of unstable liquid crystals, in monotropic
systems, are not included in the tables, and transition temperatures, in the ordinary sense, do not exist in this case. Many
observations on monotropic compounds will be found in nearly
all the Halle dissertations and in the publications by Vorlnder,
which are listed at the end of the tables.
For the effect of pressure on the transition temperature and
melting point of liquid crystals, see G. Hulett, 7, 28: 629; 99. For
approximate data on liquid crystals of alkali salts of higher
fatty acids (chiefly) see Vorlnder, 25, 43: 3120; 10. For similar
data regarding compounds which are optically active, see H.
Stoltzenberg, Diss., Halle (1911). For qualitative data regarding
liquid crystals, see E. Wolferts, Diss., Halle (09), R. Wilke, Diss.,
Halle (09); K. Mattenklodt, Diss., Halle (11); and Vorlnder,
25, 40: 1415, 1966; 07.
Index formula
CioHioOs
Formula
CH3OC6H4CH :CHCOOH
Name
/7-Methoxycinnamic acid
Trans,
temp.
170 1
M. P.
186 1
Lit.
(7,
11,
30,
33, 34, 42,

43, 45)
C11H12O3
C12H14O3
Ci4Hi0BrNO2
Ci4Hi0ClNO2
Ci4Hi0INO2
Ci4Hi0Os
C14HnNO2
C14H12N2O3
C14H14N2O3
C2H6OC6H4CH rCHCOOH
C2H6OC6H4CCH3 .-CHCOOH
BrC6H4CH :NC6H4COOH
ClC6H4CH :NC6H4COOH
IC6H4CH .-NC6H4COOH
HOC6H4COOC6H4COOH
C 6 H 6 CHrNC 6 H 4 COOH
O2NC6H4CH :NC6H4OCH3
CH3OC6H4NONC6H4OCH3
p-Ethoxycinnamic acid
p-Ethoxy--methylcinnamie acid . . . .
p-Bromobenzal-p-aminobenzoic acid .
p-Chlorobenzal-p-aminobenzoic acid .
p-Iodobenzal-p-aminobenzoic acid . . .
p-(7?-Hydroxybenzoxy)-benzoic acid.
Benzal-p-aminobenzoie acid
p-Nitrobenzalanisidine
p- Azoxyanisol
192
122.5.
272
260
279
258
183
135
116 1
(43)
197
159
274
263
287
266
191
(37)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(45)
(26)
(26)
135 1
(1, 3, 6, 7,
9, 11, 14,
19, 23, 30,
32, 35, 36,
42, 45)
C14H16N3
CH3NHC6H4CH :NNHC6H5
C16H10N2O2
C16H12N2O
C16H12N2O
C16Hi2N2O4
Ci6Hi2O2
Ci6Hi2O6
Ci6Hi3NO2
CNC6H4CH :NC6H4COOH
CNC6H4CH :NC6H4OCH3
CH3OC6H4CH :NC6H4CN
CH3COOC6H4NtNC6H4COOH
C6H6C6H4CHiCHCOOH
CH8OC6H4COOC6H4COOH
CH3C6H4CH :NC6H4COOH
Ci6Hi3NO3
Ci6H14N2O3
C16H16N2O6
C16H17N3
C16H12Oc
CH3OC6H4CH :NC6H4COOH
O2NC6H4CH :NC6H4OC2H5
CH3OC6H4NONC6H4OC2H6
C2H6NHC6H4CH :NNHC6H6
CH3COOC6H4COOC6H4COOH
C16H12O?
CH3OCOOC6H4COOC6H4COOH
C16H14N2O
C16H14N2O
C16H14N2O2
Ci6H14N2O3
C16H16NO2
C16H16NO3
C16H16NO3
C16H16N2O2
C16H16N2O2
C16H16N2O3
C16H16N2O4
C16H18N2O3
CNC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 OC 2 H 6
C2H6OC6H4CH -.NC6H4CN
O 2 NC 6 H 4 CH iCHCH INC6H4CH3
O2NC6H4CH iCHCH INC6H4OCH3
CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4COCH3
CH3COOC6H4CH INC6H4OCH3
CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4OCOCH3
CH3COC6H4N INC6H4OC2H6
CH3OC6H4CH iNN ICHC6H4OCH3
C2H5OC6H4N INC6H4OCOCH3
CH3OC6H4N INC6H4OCOOC2H5
C2H6OC6H4NONC6H4OC2H5
p-Methylaminobenzalphenylhydrazone
P- (p-Cy anobenzalamino)-benzoic acid
p-Cyanobenzalanisidine
Anisal-p-cy ano aniline
p-Acetoxyazobenzoic acid
p-Phenylcinnamic acid
p-(p-Methoxybenzoxy)-benzoic acid.
p-(p-Methylbenzalamino)-b e n z o i e
acid
p-( Anisalamino )-benzoic acid
p-Nitrobenzalphenetidine
p-Anisylazoxyphenetol
p-Ethylaminobenzalphenylhydrazone
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-acetoxybenzoate
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-carbomethoxvoxybenzoate
p-Cyanobenzalphenetidine
p-Ethoxybenzal-p-cyanoaniline
p-Nitrocinnamal-p-toluidine
p-Nitrocinnamalanisidine
Anisal-p-aminoacetophenone
p-Acetoxybenzalanisidine
p- (Anisalamino ) -phenol acetate
p- Acetophenoneazophenetol
Anisaldazine
p-Phenetolazophenol acetate
p- Anisylazocarbethoxyphenol
p- Azoxyphenetol
170
247
115
103
254
221
223
220
197
124
94 1
160
228 d.
218 d.
115
105
130
155
121.5
112
81.5
130
165 3
121
90
137 1
(34)
190
>320
125
113.5
d.
236
272
243
(17)
(17)
(12)
(31)
(2)
(45)
(26)
298 d.
(15,46)
149 1
182
(4, 7, 32)
(34)
(26)
(45)
>250
(45)
d.
132
124
141
160
135
128
108
(17)
(12)
(26)
(26)
(15)
(15)
(15)
(47)
180 1
138
114
167 1
(5, 6, 7, 19)
(46, 47)
(46, 47)
(3,
14,
19,
23, 30, 32,

35, 42, 45)
Ci8Hi7NO3
Ci7H17N2O3
C18H18N2O6
C 2 H 5 NHC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 NHC 2 H 5
CH3OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH iCHCOOH
O 2 NC 6 H 4 CH iCHCH INC6H4OC2H5
CH3COC6H4NiNC6H4OCOOC2H5
CH3COOC6H4N INC6H4COOC2H5
CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CH2CH2COOH
C2H6OC6H4N INC6H4OCOOC2H5
CH3COOC6H4CH ICClC6H4OCOCH3
CH3COOC6H4CH :NN ICHC6H4OCOCH3
CH3OC6H4CHINC6H4CHiCHCOOCH3
CH3OC6H4NINC6H4CHiCHCOOC2H5
C2H5OCOC6H4NONC6H4COOC2H5
C18H18N2O6
C2H6OCOOC6H4N INC6H4OCOOC2H 5 p-Azocarbethoxyphenol
C16H20N2
C17H15NO3
C17H16N2O3
C17H16N2O4
C17H16N2O4
C17H17NO3
Ci7H18N2O4
Ci8Hi6ClO4
Ci8Hi6N2O4
Diethylbenzidine
p- ( Anisalamino )-cinnamic acid
p-Nitrocinnamalphenetidine
p-Acetophenoneazocarbethoxyphenol
Ethyl p-acetoxyazobenzoate
p-(Anisalamino)-hydrocinnamic acid
p-Phenetolazocarbethoxyphenol
p-Dihydroxychlorostilbene diacetate .
Di-(p-acetoxybenzalazine)
115.5
208
134
120
99
136
96
125
185
156
Methyl anisal-p-aminocinnamate . . . .
116, 123*
Ethyl p-anisylazocinnamate
114 0.6
7>-Azoxyethvl benzoate
97
120.5
d.
137
126
102
162
137
138
192
176
143
121 0.5
118
(34)
(15)
(26)
(47)
(31)
(45)
(47)
(11, 29)
(16, 40)
(43, 47)
(46, 47)
(7, 11, 19,27,
40,42, 45)
(15)
Index formula
C18H18N2O7
C18H18O2
C18H20N2O2
C18H20N2O2
C18H20N2O4
C18H22N2O3
C19H16N2O2
C19H18N2O4
C19H19NO2
C19H19NO3
C19H19NO3
C19H19NO3
C19H22N2O3
C20H13N3O2
O20H14Br2N2
O20Xl14Ol2IN 2
C20H14I2N2
C20H14N4O4
C20H16N2O3
C20H17NO
C20H17N3O
C20H18N2O6
C20H20N2O2
C20H20N2O4
C20H20N2O6
C20H21NO3
C20H21NO3
C20H21NO3
C20H24N2O2
C21H14O7
C21H16N2O3
C21H17NO
C21H18N2O3
C21H19NO
C21H19NO
C21H19N3O
C21H21NO6
C21H23NO3
C21H23NO3
Formula
Name
C2H6OCOOC6H4NONC6H4OCOOC2He
CH3OC6H4CH :CHCH :CHC6H4OCH3
C2H6OC6H4CHrNNiCHC6H4OC2H5
CH 3 OC 6 H 4 C(CH 3 )INNiC(CH 3 )C 6 H 4 OCH3
HOC 2 H 4 OC 6 H 4 CHiNNiCHC 6 H 4 OC2H4OH
C3H7OC6H4NONC6H4OC3H7
CNC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH :CHCOOC2H6
p-Azoxycarbethoxyphenol
Di- (p-anisy !butadiene)
Di-(p-ethoxybenzalazine)
Di-(p-methoxyacetophenoneazine). . .
Trans,
temp.
95
225
172
195
Di-(hydroxyethoxybenzalazine)
184
207
(13)
116
122
(4, 40)
131
132
179
152
( 17 )
(47)
118
(46, 47)
Di-(p-n-propoxyazoxybenzene)
Ethyl p-cyanobenzal-p-aminocinnamate
CH3COOC6H4N INC6H4CH iCHCOO- Ethyl p-acetoxyphenylazocinnamate.
CH3C65H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH ICHCOOC2H5 Ethyl p-(p-methylbenzalamino)96, 107*

cinnamate
C2H6OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCCH3p-(p-Ethoxybenzalamino)-a-methylcinnamic acid
180
COOH
CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H4CHiCHEthyl (p-anisalamino)-cinnarnate. . . . 100, 108*,
COOC2H6
117*
C2H5OC6H4CHiNC6H4CHiCHM e t h y l p- (p-ethoxybenzalamino)132
cinnamate
COOCH3
C 2 H 6 OC 6 H 4 NiNC 6 H 4 OCOC 4 H 9
78-83
p-Phenetolazophenol n-valerate
CNC 6 H 4 N INC6H4OCOC6H5
p-Cyanobenzeneazophenol benzoate .
181
BrC6H4N ICHC6H4CH INC6H4Br
p-Phthalal-di-(p-bromoaniline)
208
ClC6H4N ICHC6H4CH INC6H4Cl
p-Phthalal-di-(p-chloroaniline)
176
IC6H4N ICHC6H4CH INC6H4I
262
p-Phthalal-di-(7>-iodoaniline)
O 2 NC 6 H 4 CH INC 6 H 4 N ICHC6H4NO2 ( Di- p-nitrobenzal)-p-pheny lene dia242
mine
CH3OC6H4N INC6H4OCOC6H6
159-163
p-Anisylazophenol benzoate
CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H4C6H6
161
Anisal-p-aminodiphenyl
CH3OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 N INC 6 H 5
151
Anisal-p-aminoazobenzene
CH3OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4CH i- Methyl azoxyeinnamate
221
CHCOOCH3
CH 3 OC 6 H 4 CHICHCHiNNiCHCHi- Di-p-methoxycinnamicaldazine
210
CHC6H4OCH3
C2H5COOC6H4CH :NN ICHC6H4OCO- Di-p-propionylhydroxybenzalazine . .
160
C2H6OCOOC6H4N INC6H4CH iCHCO- Ethyl
p-carbethoxyphenolazocin114
OC2H6
namate
C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOO- Ethyl p- (p-ethoxybenzalamino)-cin- 69, 113,*
152*
namate
CH3OC6H4CH :H4CH :NC6CCH3COO- Ethyl p- (anisalamino)-a-methylcinnamate
90
C2H6OC6H4CH INC6H4CH ICCH3CO- Methyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)-o:methylcinnamate
OCH3
105
C2H5OC6H4CCH3 :NN ICCH3C6H4O- Di-p-ethoxy acetophenoneazine
142
C2H5
HOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4COOH
p-IIydroxybenzoic acid p-(p-hydroxy283
benzoxy ) benzoate
p-Acetophenoneazophenol benzoate. .
211 d.
CH3COC6H4N INC6H4OCOC6H5
C6H6C6H4CHiNC6H4COCH3
p-(p-Phenylbenzalamino)-a e e t o phenone
187.5
p-Phenetolazophenol benzoate
173
C2H5OC6H4N INC6H4H4OCOC6H5
p-(^-Ethoxybenzalamino) diphenyl..
145
C 2 H 5 OC 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 C 6 H 5
C6H5C6H4CHiNC6H4OC2H5
164
p-Phenylbenzal-p-phenetidine
C2H6OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 N :NC6H6
p-(p-Ethoxybenzalamino)-a z o b e n zene
131.5
C2H5OCOOC6H4CH INC6H4CH :CH- E t h y l p-[(p-carbethoxyoxybenzal)80
COOC2H5
amino] cinnamate
CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHw-Butyl anisal-p-aminocinnamate. . . .
58
COOC4H9
95
C2H5OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH ICCH3CO- Ethyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)-aOC2H5
methylcinnamate.
M. P.
Lit.
130
238
195
202
(15)
265
138
(34)
(13, 24, 45)
(16)
(20)
(9,
43,
46,
47)
187
125
226
288
282
268
(43, 47)
315
178
177
182
257
(46)
(47)
(12)
(17)
( 17 )
(12)
(47)
(12, 46)
(15, 39, 46)
(40)
218
(34)
187
(16)
152
159
(47)
(43,
45, 46,
47)
93
(20, 43)
147
163
(20, 43)
d.
(16)
(45)
(47)
193
184
189.5
(2)
(46, 47)
(12)
(2)
199
(2)
151
76
(43)
122 2
(47)
(9, 19, 20,

39, 43, 46)
Index formula
C2IH23NO3
C22HÊU
C22H17NO4
C22H19NO2
C22H20N2
C 22 H 2 ON 2
C22H2oN22
C 22 H 22 N 2 O 2
C22H22N2O4
C22H22N2O6
C22H22Os
C 22 H 24 N 2 O 4
C22H26NO3
C22H25NO3
C22H26NO3
C22H25NO3
C23HiBOs
C25H19NO2
C23H19NO6
C23H21NO4
C23H24O3
C23H27NO3
C23H27NO3
C23H27NO3
C23H27NO3
C24H1SOe
C24H20N2O4
C24H21NO2
C24H22N2O4
C24H24Br2N2O6
C 24 H 24 N 2 O 2
C24H24N2O2
C24H24N2O5
C24H26N2O6
Formula
CH3OC6H4CH :NC6H4CH :CCH3COOC3H7
CNC 6 H 4 NiCHC 6 H 4 CHrNC 6 H 4 CN
C6H6CH INC6H4COOC6H4COOCH3
Name
ft-Propyl p- (anisalamino)-a-methylcinnamate
p-Phthalal-di-(p-cyanoaniline)
Methyl
benzal-p-aminobenzoyl-phydroxybenzoate
Ethyl p- (p-phenylbenzalamino)-benC6H5C6H4CHiNC6H4COOC2H5
zoate
CH3C6H4CH :NC6H4N :CHC6H4CH3 Di-(p-tolual)-p-phenylenediamine' .. .
CH3C6H4N :CHC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH 3 p-Phthalal-di-(p-toluidine)
CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H4NiCHC6H4OCH3 Dianisal-p-phenylenediamine
CNC6H4CIHNC6H4CHiCHCOOC5H11 ad-Amyl p-(p-cyanobenzalamino)cinnamate
C2H5OCOCH -.CHC6H4N -.NC6H4CH i- Ethyl p-azocinnamate
CHCOOC2H5
C2H5OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4Ethyl p-azoxycinnamate
CHiCHCOOC2H6
CH3OC6H4CH IC6H6O ICHC6H4OCH3 Dianisalcyclohexanone
C3H7COOC6H4CH :NN :CHC6H4ODi-p-butyryloxybenzalazine
COC3H7
CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H4CHiCHacf-Amyl anisal-p-aminocinnamate . .
COOC6Hn
CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHiso-Amyl anisal-p-aminocinnamate . .
COOC5Hn
C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOO- n-Butyl p- (p-ethoxybenz alamino )cinnamate
C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CHCOH3COO- n-Propyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)a-methylcinnamate
C3H7
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-(p-acetoxyCH3COOC6H4COOC6H4COObenzoxy)-benzoate
C6H4COOH
C6H6C6H4CHINC6H4CHiCHCOOCH3 Methyl p-(p-phenylbenzalamino)cinnamate
CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4COOC6H4COO- Methyl p- (anisalamino)-benzoyl-phydroxybenzoate
CH3
p-(anisalamino)benzyl-pCH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CH2OC6H4CO- Methyl
hydroxybenzoate
OCH3
C2H6OC6H4CHiC5H4OiCHC6H4OC2H5 Di-(p-ethoxybenzal)-cyclopentanone
C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOO- ad-Amyl p-(p-eihoxybenz alamino )C6H11
cinnamate
C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOO- iso-Amyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)cinnamate
C5H11
C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH :CCH3CO- n-Butyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)a-methylcinnamate
OC4H9
CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H6CHiCCH3COO act- Amyl p- (anisalamino ) -a-methylcinnamate
C2H5OCOOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4- p-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-(p-c&rbethoxyoxybenzoxy) benzoate
COOH
C6H5COOC6H4N INC6H4CH iCHCOO- Ethyl
p-benzoyloxyphenylazocinnamate
Ethyl ^-(p-phenylbenzalamino)-cinC6H6C6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOOC2H5
namate.
Ethyl
p-(anisalamino)-benzoyl-pCH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CONHC6H4aminobenzoate
COOC2H5
C2H6OCOCCH3 ICBrC6H4NONC6H4- Ethyl p-azoxy-a-methyl-/3-bromcinCBnCCH3COOC2H5
namate
C 2 H 5 OC 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 NiCHC 6 H 4 O- Di-(p-ethoxybenzal)-p-phenylenediamine
C2H5OC6H4NiCHC6H4CHiNC6H4O- p-Phthalal-di-(p-phenetidine)
C2H5
C3H6OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4Allyl p-azoxycinnamate
CHiCHCOOC3H6
C2H5OCOCCH3 ICHC6H4NONC6H4- Ethyl p-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate. . .
CHiCCH3COOC2H5
Trans,
temp.
M. P.
50
164
85
209
(20, 43)
174
177
(45)
121.5
194
186
210
128.5
266
238
338
(2)
(46)
95
155
107
230
140 1
249 1
Lit.
(12)
( 17 )
(46)
(17, 38, 46)
(15,43)
(7,
15,
25,
40, 43, 45)
159
146
170
181
(2, 28, 44)
49
90
(43)
52
90
(43)
68, 88*
125
(43)
88
121
(20, 43)
248
d.
(45)
247
(2)
300
(45)
157
189, 194*
68, 114*
165
200
121
(45)
81
137
(43)
55, 65*
82
(20, 43)
62
69
(46)
215
d.
208, 216*
217
(16)
(44)
(43)
(45)
(47)
135
145, 180,*
205,* 210*
212
219
212, 220*
247
(45, 46)
110, 132*
138
(20)
200
197
324
(2)
(17)
124
235
(40)
140
(20, 21)
109, 134*
(2, 39,
46)
43,
Index formula
C 24 H 26 N 2 O 5
C 24 H 26 N 2 O 6
C24H26Os
C 24 H 28 N 2 O 4
C 24 H 28 N 2 O 4
C 24 H 29 NO 3
C 24 H 29 NO 3
C25H18N2O2
C 2 SHi 9 N 3
C25H20O8
C25H21NO4
C 25 H 23 NO 2
C 25 H 28 N 2 O 5
C 26 H 18 Br 2 N 2
C26H18Cl2N2
C26H18Cl2N4O
C26H18I2N2
C26H18N2O4
C26H18N2O5
C26H18N4O6
C26H18O4
C 26 H 20 N 2
C 26 H 20 N 2
C 26 H 22 N 2
C 26 H 22 N 2 O 2
C 26 H 22 N 4 O 2
C26H24N2O4
C26H26NO2
C 26 H 26 N 2 O 5
C 26 H 26 N 2 O 9
C26H30N2O6
C 27 H 27 NO 2
C 27 H 27 NO 2
C 27 H 27 NO 2
C 27 H 27 NO 2
C28H18O4
C28H20N2O4
Formula
C3H7OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4CH:CHCOOC3H7
C3H7OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHrCHCOOC3H7
C2H5OC6H4CH :C6H6O :CHC6H4OC2H5
C4H9COOC6H4CH :NN ICHC6H4OCOC4H9
C4H9COOC6H4CH :NN :CHC6H4OCOC4H9
C2H5OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH :CCH3COOC5H11
C2H5OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH iCCH3COOC5H11
C6H5C6H4N INC6H4OCOC6H5
C6H5C6H4CH INC 6 H 4 N :NC6H6
CH3COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC2H5
C6H6COOC6H4CH .-NC6H4CH :CHCOOC2H5 .
C6H5C6H4CH INC6H4CH iCCH3COOC2H5
C3H7OCOCCH3 ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHiCHCOOC3H7
BrC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N ICHC 6 H 4 Br
ClC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H4C1
ClC6H4N ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 CH :
NC6H4Cl
IC6H4CHiNC6H4C6H4NiCHC6H4I
C6H6COOC6H4N INC6H4OCOC6H6
C6H5COOC6H4NONC6H4OCOC6H6
O2NCoH4CONHC6H4C6H4NHCOC 6 H 4 NO 2
C6H6OCOC6H4C6H4COOC6H6
C6H5CH INC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H5
C6H5C6H4CH :NN ICHC6H4C6H6
CH3C6H4CH INC10H6N ICHC6H4CH3
CH3OC6H4CH INC10H6N :CHC 6 H 4 OCH 3
H2NC6H4CONHC6H4C6H4NHCOC 6 H 4 NH 2
C6H4(CHiNC6H4COOC2H6)2
M. P.
Lit.
tso-Propyl p-azoxy cinnamato
Trans,
temp.
150
184
(40)
n-Propyl p-azoxycinnamate
123
243
(40)
Di- (p-ethoxybenzal)-cy clohexanone. .
146
176
(44)
Di-(p-valerylhydroxy)-benzalazine . .
145
160
(16)
Di-(p-isovalerylhydroxy)-benzalazine
131
156
(16)
100
(20, 43)
90
240
252
(20, 43)
282
(45)
217
(47)
175
128
(20, 43)
Name
ac-Amyl p- (p-ethoxybenzalamino)a-methylcinnamate
86
iso-Amyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)a-methylcinnamate
83
p-Diphenylazophenol benzoate
194
p-(p-Phenylbenzalamino)-azobenzene
207
Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate p-(p-acetoxybenzoxy) benzoate
142
Ethyl
p-(p-benzoxybenzalamino)cinnamate
125
Ethyl p- (p-phenylbenzalamino)-amethylcinnamate
120, 148*
n-Propylp-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate 70, 125*?
Di-(p-bromobenzal)-benzidine
Di-(p-chlorobenzal)-benzidine
p- Azoxybenz aldi- w-chlor aniline
Di-(p-iodobenzal)-benzidine
p-Dibenzoylazophenol :
p-Dibenzoylazoxyphenol
Di-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-benzidine
285
265
174, 181,*
198*
>300
208
192
365
312
318
213
250
280
d.
(12)
(2)
(20)
(12)
(12)
(46)
(12)
(15,39)
(15)
(45)
Diphenyl p, p'-diphenylcarboxylate .
Dibenzalbenzidene
Di-p-phenylbenzalazine
Di-p-tolual-1, 5-naphthylenediamine
Dianisal-lj 5-naphthylenediamine. . .
213
234
245
210
206
245
260
271
230
313
Di-(p-aminobenzoyl)-benzidine
312
d.
(45)
189
230
(17)
167
75
203
115
(43)
(20)
148
235
(40)
111
214
(40)
115, 153*
180
(43)
164, 188*
197
(43)
99, 137*
149
(20, 43, 46)
135
254
290
(20, 21, 43)
Ethyl p-phthalal-di- (^?-aminobenzoate)

w-Bu tyl p-ph enylbenzal-p-aminocinnamate
Allyl p-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate
C6H6C6H4CH .-NC6H4CH :CHOOOC4H9

C3H6OCOCCH3 ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHiCCH3COOC3H5
/?-Azoxycinnamic acid ethyl glycoC2H6OCOCH2OCOCH .-CHC6H4late ester
NONC 6 H 4 CH ICHCOOCH2COOC2H5
n-Butyl p-azoxycinnamate
C4H9OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHiCHCOOC4H9
ad- Amy 1 p- (p-phenylbenz alamino )C 6 H 5 C 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 CH:cinnamate
CHCOOC6H11
tso-Amyl p-(29-phenylbenzalamino)C6H5C6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH :cinnamate
CHCOOC6Hn
n-Butyl p- (p-phenylbenzalamino)-aC6H5C6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH :methyleinnamate
CCH3COC4H9
n-Propyl p- (p-phenylbenz alammo )C6H5C6O4CHiNC6H4CHia-ethvlcinnamate
CC2H5COOC3H7
Di-p-oxytolanedibenzoate . .
C6H5COOC6H4C ICC6H4OCOC6H6
Di-p-benzoxybenzalazine
C6H6COOC6H4CH :NN .'CHC6H4OCOC6H5
119
214
227
(45)
(6, 24)
(2)
(46)
(46)
(41)
(16, 40)
Index formula
Formula
Name
Di-p-hydroxystilbene dibenzoate . . . .
Di-(p-tolual)-benzidene
Dianisalbenzidene
act-A m y 1 p-benzoylazophenol-amethylcinnamate
iso-Amyl p-azoxy cinnamate
C30H28N2O2
C30H28N2O2
C6H5COOC6H4CHiCHC6H4OCOC6H,
(C 6 H 4 NiCHC 6 H 4 CHg) 2
(C 6 H 4 N iCHC6H4OCH3)2
C 6 H 5 COOC 6 H 4 NiNC 6 H 4 CHiCCH 3 COOC5H11
C5H11OCOCH -.CHC6H4NONC6H4CHrCHCOOC5H11
C4H9OCOCCH3ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHrCCH 3 COOC 4 H 9
C4H9OCOCCH3 ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 CHiCCH3COOC4H9
C6H5COCH ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 CH iCHCOC6H5
(C6H4NiCHC6H4OC2Ho)2
(C6H4N :CHCeH8CH,OCH,)a
C30H28N2O4
C 6 H 4 (CH INC6H4CH :CHCOOC2H5) 2
C30H50O2
C2H5COOC27H45
C30H50O3
C3iH52O2
C3iH52O3
C 32 H 24 N 2
C2H5OCOOC27H45
C3H7COOC27H45
C3H7OCOOC27H45
C 6 H 4 (NiCHC 6 H 4 C 6 Ho) 2
C32H24N2O4
C6H5CH ICHCOOC6H4CH :NN :CHC 6 H 4 OCOCHiCHC 6 H 5

CH3COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC2H5
C6H5C6H4CH IC6H6O ICHC 6 H 4 C 6 H 5
C2H5OCH3C6H3CH INC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H3CH3OC2H5
C4H9COOC27H45
C4H9OCOOC27H45
C6H5COOC6H4CH IC5H4O -.CHC6H4O COC6H5
C5H11COOC27H45
C6H5COCH2OCOCHiCHC6H4NONC6H4CH ICHCOOCH2COC6H5
C8H17OCOCH ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 CHiCHCOOC8H17
C6H5COOC27H45
O 28 H 20 O 4
C28H24N2
C 28 H 24 N 2 O 2
C 28 H 28 N 2 O 4
C 28 H 34 N 2 O 5
C28H34N2O5
C 28 H 34 N 2 O 5
C 30 H 22 N 2 O 3
C32H24OiO
C32H26O
C82H32N2O2
C32H54O2
C32H54O3
C33H24O5
C33H56O2
C34H26N2O7
C 34 H 46 N 2 O 5
C34H50O2
tso-B u t y l p - a z o x y-a-methylcinnamate
n-Butyl p-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate .
Trans,
temp.
224
231
258
88
144
86, 110*
60
M. P.
Lit.
285 d.
>300
(4l)
(6,24)
(46)
(20)
120
186
(40)
(20)
125.5
100
(20)
(47)
p-Azoxybenzalacetophenone
213
Di-(p-ethoxybenzal)-benzidine
Di- (P-TTL e t h o x y-o-methylbenzal)benzidine
E t h y l p-phthalal-di- (p-aminocinnamate)
Cholestrol propionate
248
>300
(13)
171
>300
(13)
Cholesterol ethyl carbonate

Cholestrol n-butyrate
Cholestrol n-propyl carbonate
Di- (p-p h e n y l b e n z a l)-p-phenylenediamine
Di-(p-cinnamylhydroxy)-benzalazine
Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate p-[p-(pacetoxybenzoxy)benzoxy]benzoate. .
Di- (p-phenylbenzal)-cyclohexanone. .
Di(-p-ethoxy-o-m e t h y l b e n z a l ) benzidine
Cholestrol valerate
Cholestrol n-butyl carbonate
Di-(p-benzoxybenzal)-c y c l o p e n tanone
Cholestrol capronate
Phenacyl p-azoxycinnamate
n-Octyl p-azoxycinn amate
174, 270*
97+2
310
112 2
83
96.4
99
103.5
107.3
101
284
206
187 d.
236.5
( 17 )
(6, 10, 18.
30)
(8)
(18)
(8)
>300
245
(2)
(16)
d.
237.5
(45)
(2)
167
91.8
78
>300
99.2
90
234
91.2
231
236
100
238
(40)
94
175
(40)
146 1
178.5 0.3
(13)
(18)
(8)
(44)
(18)
(18,
22, 30,
35, 42, 45)
C36H40N2O4
C36H50N2O5
C37H64O2
C38H44N2O4
C40H28N6O6
C 40 H 34 N 4
C42H38N4O2
C50H78N2O5
C52H82N2O5
C55Hg0O3
C14H12ClHgNO
C6H4(CH INC6H4CH :CHCOOC5Hn) 2 act- Amyl p-phthalal-di- (p-aminocinnamate)

133, 195*
C8H17OCOCCH3 ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 - n-Octyl 2?-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate . 41, 62*
CHiCCH3COOC8H17
C9H19COOC27H45
Cholestrol caprinate
82.2
ad- Amyl p-phthalal-di- (p-amino-o;C6H4(CH INC6H4CH ICCH3COOmethylcinnamate)
144, 211*
C5H11)2
Di-(m-nitrobenzal-p-aminobenzoyl)(C6H4NHCOC6H4N ICHC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 2
benzidine
>370
C6H5CH INC 6 H 4 CH 2 NHC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N- Di-p- (benzalaminobenzyl)-benzidine .
217
HCH 2 C 6 H 4 NiCHC 6 H 5
(C 6 H 4 NHCH 2 C 4 H 4 N ICHC6H4OCH3) 2 Di-p- (anisalaminobenzyl)-benzidine .
202 d.
C16H33OCOCH ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 - 7z-Cetyl p-azoxycinnamate
105
CHiCHCOOC16H33
C 16 H 33 OCOCCH 3 ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 - n-Cetyl p-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate .
77
CHiCCH3COOC16H33
C27H45OCOOC27H45
Cholestrol carbonate
177
p-Anisalaminophenylmercury chlorCH3OC6H4CH INC6H4HgCl
ide
274
268
85
90.6
(17)
(20)
(!8)
248
(17)
d.
246 d.
(45)
(46)
d.
141
(40)
84
(20)
235
(8)
d.
(46)
(45)
Index formula
Formula
Ci5H12ClHgN
Name
Trans,
temp.
M. P.
Lit.
255
177
265
180
(46)
236
180
217
209
208
241
184
229
285
269
204
272
C6H5CH :CHCH :NC6H4HgCl
p-Cinnamalaminophenylmercury ch Io
ride
CH3OC6H4CHrNC6H4HgOCOCH3
p-Anisalaminophenylmercury actate
O 2 NC 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 HgC 6 H 4 NrCHC 6 -- M e r c u r y di-(p-nitrobenzalarninophenyl)
H4NO2
C6H5CH :NC6H4HgC6H4N :CHC6H5 Mercury di-(benzalaminophenyl)
Mercury di-(p-tolualaminophenyl) . .
Hg(C6H4N :CHC6H4CH3)2
Hg(C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H4OCH3)2
Mercury di-(anisalaminophenyl)
Hg(C 6 H 4 N :CHCH ICHC6H5)2
Mercury di-(cinnamalaminophenyl) .
Hg(C6H4N ICHC6H4OC2H5)2
Mercury di-(p-ethoxybenzalaminophenyl)
C16H16HgNO3
C26H18HgN4O4
C26H20HgN2
C28H24HgN2
C28H24HgN2O2
C 30 H 24 HgN 2
C30H28HgN2O2
LITERATURE
(1) Auwers, 7, 32: 39; 00. (*) Bertleff, Diss., Halle, 08. ( 3 ) Bogojawlensky
and Winogradow, 7, 60: 433; 07. ( 4 ) Bogojawlensky and Winogradow,
7, 64: 229; 08. ( 5 ) Bose and Conrat, 63, 9: 169; 08. ( 6 ) Bredig and v.
Schukowsky, 25, 37: 3419; 04. (7) Buhner, Diss., Marburg, 06. ( 8 )
Dumer, Diss., Halle, 12. ( 9 ) Dickenschied, Diss., Halle, 08.
(10) Dorn, 63, 11:777; 10. O 1 ) Eichwald, Diss., Marburg, 05. ( 1 Z)FrOhIiCh,
Diss., Halle, 10. ( 13 ) Gatterman, 13, 357: 313; 07. ( 1 4 ) Gatterman
and Ritschke, 25, 23: 1738; 90. O5 ) Hansen, Diss. Halle, 07. O 6 ) Hulme,
Diss., Halle, 07. ( 1 ^) Huth, Diss., Halle, 10. ( 18 ) Jaeger, 64P1 9: 78; 06.
70, 25: 334; 06. O*) Jaeger, 93, 101: 1; 17.
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(20) Kasten, Diss., Halle, 09. () E. Lehmann, Diss., Halle, 10. (22) Lehmann, 7, 4: 462; 89. (23) Lehmann, 8, 40: 401; 90. (24) Lehmann, 8,
2: 649; 00. (25) Lehmann, 8, 19: 22; 06. (26) Meye, Diss., Halle, 08,
(27) Meyer and Dahlem, 13, 326: 331; 03. (28) Mller, 25, 54: 1481; 21.
(29) Munch, Diss., Marburg, 03.
C 3 0 ) Prins, 7, 67: 689; 09. ( 3 I ) Reichardt, Diss., Halle, 09. (32) Rising, 25,
37: 43; 04. (33) v. Romburgh, 64V, 9: 9; 01. ( 3 4 ) Rotarski, 25, 41:
1994; 08. ( 35 ) Schenk, 7, 25: 337; 98. (36) Schenk, 7, 28: 280; 99. (37)
Schroeter, 25, 41: 5; 08. ( 3 ) Stumpf, 63, 11: 780; 10. ( 3 ) Sultze, Diss.,
Halle, 08.
( 4 0 ) Vorlnder, 25, 39: 803; 06. () Vorlnder, 25, 40: 4527; 07. ( 4 *)
Vorlnder, 196, 12: 321; 07. ( 43 )Vorlnder, 25, 41: 2033; 08. (* 4 ) Vorlnder, 25, 54: 2261; 21. ( 4 5 ) Vorlnder, 7, 105. 211; 23. (* 6 ) D. Vorlnder, Chem. Kristallog, der Flssigkeiten, 1924. ( 4 7 ) Wilke, Diss., Halle, 09.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF COMPOUNDS OF CARBON

GEORGE L. KEENAN AND RAYMOND M. HANN
Standard arrangement. For abbreviations, see p. 100. Literature, p. 338
-TABLE
Formula
16 See (T-Table
18 SiC 24 H 24 N 4
Name
| System | Class j Sign |
2V
Silico tetraphenylamide
M.
Bi.
17 40'
Tetra-p-tolylsilicane
p-Toluidine tin chloride
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
77
23 PbC2H2O4
PbC4H6O4-SH2O
Lead formate
Lead acetate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
70 34'
83 55'
PbCi8H26Oi0S2-GH2O
27 TlC2HO4
Lead sulfocamphylate
Thallium acid oxalate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
TlC2HO4-^H2O
M.
Bi.
Tl2C4H4Oe
Tl 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 -^H 2 O
TlC6H2O7N3
Tl2C4H4O6
Thallium
Thallium
Thallium
Thallium
Tri.
R. (?)
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
73 54'
88 22'
Trig.
R.
M.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
+
+
SiC28H28
SnCuH2ON2CIc
Tl2C4H4O6
TlC4H4OrSb-H2O
28 ZnC4H6O4-SH2O
mesotartrate
tartrate
picrate
dZ-tartrate
Thallium tartrate
Thallium antimonyl tartrate
Zinc acetate
ZnC 8 Hi 4 O 4
ZnCa)Hs6O8
ZnC6H8O4Br-SH2O
Zinc butyrate
Zinc methylethylvalerate
Zinc bromomesaconate
M.
?
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
ZnCioH6O6S2.6H2O
ZnC 2 OH 32 N 2 I 4
Zinc naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate

Phenyldimethylethylammonium
zinc
iodide.
Triacetonediamine hydrochloride zinc
chloride
1, 1-Dimethylammonium mercuric iodide
1, 1-Trimethylammonium mercuric iodide
1, 1-Diethylammonium mercuric chloride
Cupric formate
M.
M.
Copper naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate
M.
ZnCH22ON2Cl4.3H2O
30 HgC2HsNIa
HgCsHsNI2
HgC 4 Hi 2 NIs
CuC2H2O4.4H2O
CuCioHeOeSu.eHgQ
Ag Al Aa Au
32551383
B Ba Be Bi Br
547975155
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
1677512959
2E
83 30'
78 17'
74 5'
(red)
106 5'
(red)
69
84 30'
Orientation
Ax. pi. b (010); XAC = 27

in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); ZAC = 19
in obtuse Z/9
Ax. pi. b(010); X[|c
A x - P L b I 1 O l O ) J Z A c = SS 0 IS'
in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
Ax. pi. JLb(OlO)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC - 79 36'
(red) in obtuse LQ
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 84 44'
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 54.75

in acute Z.
Large
71 21'
Bi.
Bi.
58 16'
86 52'
M.
Bi.
36 14'
M.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
Large
Large
Very large
34 54'
118 15'
58 20'
55 6'
Bi.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
676964343
20-25
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
444468531
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
256520752
Lit."
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(37)
(37)
XAC = 14 (G)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO);

in obtuse Z.
Ax. pl.JKOlO); tj a Ac = 74
in acute Z.
Ax. pi. .Lb(OOl); ZAC = 49
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 23 35'

in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. ||(010); r,a/\c = 75
Hf Hg Ho I In
733068626
(**)
(G)
(G)
(16)
(16)
(16)
(G)
(14)
Ir K La Li Lu
3683588172
Index formula
Formula
Ci5H12ClHgN
Name
Trans,
temp.
M. P.
Lit.
255
177
265
180
(46)
236
180
217
209
208
241
184
229
285
269
204
272
C6H5CH :CHCH :NC6H4HgCl
p-Cinnamalaminophenylmercury ch Io
ride
CH3OC6H4CHrNC6H4HgOCOCH3
p-Anisalaminophenylmercury actate
O 2 NC 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 HgC 6 H 4 NrCHC 6 -- M e r c u r y di-(p-nitrobenzalarninophenyl)
H4NO2
C6H5CH :NC6H4HgC6H4N :CHC6H5 Mercury di-(benzalaminophenyl)
Mercury di-(p-tolualaminophenyl) . .
Hg(C6H4N :CHC6H4CH3)2
Hg(C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H4OCH3)2
Mercury di-(anisalaminophenyl)
Hg(C 6 H 4 N :CHCH ICHC6H5)2
Mercury di-(cinnamalaminophenyl) .
Hg(C6H4N ICHC6H4OC2H5)2
Mercury di-(p-ethoxybenzalaminophenyl)
C16H16HgNO3
C26H18HgN4O4
C26H20HgN2
C28H24HgN2
C28H24HgN2O2
C 30 H 24 HgN 2
C30H28HgN2O2
LITERATURE
(1) Auwers, 7, 32: 39; 00. (*) Bertleff, Diss., Halle, 08. ( 3 ) Bogojawlensky
and Winogradow, 7, 60: 433; 07. ( 4 ) Bogojawlensky and Winogradow,
7, 64: 229; 08. ( 5 ) Bose and Conrat, 63, 9: 169; 08. ( 6 ) Bredig and v.
Schukowsky, 25, 37: 3419; 04. (7) Buhner, Diss., Marburg, 06. ( 8 )
Dumer, Diss., Halle, 12. ( 9 ) Dickenschied, Diss., Halle, 08.
(10) Dorn, 63, 11:777; 10. O 1 ) Eichwald, Diss., Marburg, 05. ( 1 Z)FrOhIiCh,
Diss., Halle, 10. ( 13 ) Gatterman, 13, 357: 313; 07. ( 1 4 ) Gatterman
and Ritschke, 25, 23: 1738; 90. O5 ) Hansen, Diss. Halle, 07. O 6 ) Hulme,
Diss., Halle, 07. ( 1 ^) Huth, Diss., Halle, 10. ( 18 ) Jaeger, 64P1 9: 78; 06.
70, 25: 334; 06. O*) Jaeger, 93, 101: 1; 17.
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(20) Kasten, Diss., Halle, 09. () E. Lehmann, Diss., Halle, 10. (22) Lehmann, 7, 4: 462; 89. (23) Lehmann, 8, 40: 401; 90. (24) Lehmann, 8,
2: 649; 00. (25) Lehmann, 8, 19: 22; 06. (26) Meye, Diss., Halle, 08,
(27) Meyer and Dahlem, 13, 326: 331; 03. (28) Mller, 25, 54: 1481; 21.
(29) Munch, Diss., Marburg, 03.
C 3 0 ) Prins, 7, 67: 689; 09. ( 3 I ) Reichardt, Diss., Halle, 09. (32) Rising, 25,
37: 43; 04. (33) v. Romburgh, 64V, 9: 9; 01. ( 3 4 ) Rotarski, 25, 41:
1994; 08. ( 35 ) Schenk, 7, 25: 337; 98. (36) Schenk, 7, 28: 280; 99. (37)
Schroeter, 25, 41: 5; 08. ( 3 ) Stumpf, 63, 11: 780; 10. ( 3 ) Sultze, Diss.,
Halle, 08.
( 4 0 ) Vorlnder, 25, 39: 803; 06. () Vorlnder, 25, 40: 4527; 07. ( 4 *)
Vorlnder, 196, 12: 321; 07. ( 43 )Vorlnder, 25, 41: 2033; 08. (* 4 ) Vorlnder, 25, 54: 2261; 21. ( 4 5 ) Vorlnder, 7, 105. 211; 23. (* 6 ) D. Vorlnder, Chem. Kristallog, der Flssigkeiten, 1924. ( 4 7 ) Wilke, Diss., Halle, 09.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF COMPOUNDS OF CARBON

GEORGE L. KEENAN AND RAYMOND M. HANN
Standard arrangement. For abbreviations, see p. 100. Literature, p. 338
-TABLE
Formula
16 See (T-Table
18 SiC 24 H 24 N 4
Name
| System | Class j Sign |
2V
Silico tetraphenylamide
M.
Bi.
17 40'
Tetra-p-tolylsilicane
p-Toluidine tin chloride
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
77
23 PbC2H2O4
PbC4H6O4-SH2O
Lead formate
Lead acetate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
70 34'
83 55'
PbCi8H26Oi0S2-GH2O
27 TlC2HO4
Lead sulfocamphylate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
TlC2HO4-^H2O
M.
Bi.
Tl2C4H4Oe
Tl 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 -^H 2 O
TlC6H2O7N3
Tl2C4H4O6
Thallium
Thallium
Thallium
Thallium
Tri.
R. (?)
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
73 54'
88 22'
Trig.
R.
M.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
+
+
SiC28H28
SnCuH2ON2CIc
Tl2C4H4O6
TlC4H4OrSb-H2O
28 ZnC4H6O4-SH2O
mesotartrate
tartrate
picrate
dZ-tartrate
Thallium tartrate
Thallium antimonyl tartrate
Zinc acetate
ZnC 8 Hi 4 O 4
ZnCa)Hs6O8
ZnC6H8O4Br-SH2O
Zinc butyrate
Zinc methylethylvalerate
Zinc bromomesaconate
M.
?
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
ZnCioH6O6S2.6H2O
ZnC 2 OH 32 N 2 I 4
Zinc naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate

Phenyldimethylethylammonium
zinc
iodide.
Triacetonediamine hydrochloride zinc
chloride
1, 1-Dimethylammonium mercuric iodide
1, 1-Trimethylammonium mercuric iodide
1, 1-Diethylammonium mercuric chloride
Cupric formate
M.
M.
Copper naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate
M.
ZnCH22ON2Cl4.3H2O
30 HgC2HsNIa
HgCsHsNI2
HgC 4 Hi 2 NIs
CuC2H2O4.4H2O
CuCioHeOeSu.eHgQ
Ag Al Aa Au
32551383
B Ba Be Bi Br
547975155
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
1677512959
2E
83 30'
78 17'
74 5'
(red)
106 5'
(red)
69
84 30'
Orientation
Ax. pi. b (010); XAC = 27

in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
in obtuse Z/9
Ax. pi. b(010); X[|c
A x - P L b I 1 O l O ) J Z A c = SS 0 IS'
in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
Ax. pi. JLb(OlO)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC - 79 36'
(red) in obtuse LQ
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 84 44'
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 54.75

in acute Z.
Large
71 21'
Bi.
Bi.
58 16'
86 52'
M.
Bi.
36 14'
M.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
Large
Large
Very large
34 54'
118 15'
58 20'
55 6'
Bi.
Dy Er Eu F Fe
676964343
20-25
Cl Co Cr Cs Cu
444468531
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
256520752
Lit."
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(37)
(37)
XAC = 14 (G)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO);

in obtuse Z.
Ax. pl.JKOlO); tj a Ac = 74
in acute Z.
Ax. pi. .Lb(OOl); ZAC = 49
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 23 35'

in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. ||(010); r,a/\c = 75
Hf Hg Ho I In
733068626
(**)
(G)
(G)
(16)
(16)
(16)
(G)
(14)
Ir K La Li Lu
3683588172
Formula
32 AgC4H4O8N4
AgC4H4Oi2N6
AuCi4Hi4SCl
AuC6Hi2NCl4
AuC6Hi2O2NCl4.H2O
AuC9Hi6NCl4
K8IrC2O4Cl4-H2O
37 PtC 2 Hi 2 N 2 Cl 6
PtCi0Hi2N2Cl6
PtCi0H28O2N2Cl6
PtCi2Hi6N2Cl6
PtCi2H22N8Cl6
Name
| System j Class | Sign |
2V
|
2E
Ethylene dicyanide silver nitrate
R.
Bi.
42 36.O'
Ethylene dicyanide silver nitrate
R.
Bi.
42 41'
Gold dibenzylsulfine chloride (metaTet.
Un.
stable form)
R.
Bi.
-f
70 40'
Piperidine chloroaurate
M.
Bi.
70
-Aminovaleric acid chloroaurate
(apprx.)
3, 4, 5, 6-Tetramethyl-l, 2-dihydroM.
Bi.
+
91
(apprx. )
pyridine hydrochloride chloroaurate
R.
Bi.
94 40'
Iridium tetrachloro tripotassium oxalate
Methylammonium chloroplatinate
C.
Tri.
Bi.
59 54'
Pyridine chloroplatinate
M.
Bi.
+
25 52'
Choline cbloroplatinate
M.
Bi.
93 13.5'
PtCi 2 H 24 O 4 N 2 Cl 6 ^H 2 O
PtCi 2H28O4N2Cl 6
a-Picoline chloroplatinate.
l-Phenyl-3-imino-5-methyl triazoline
chloroplatinate
Pipecolinic acid chloroplatinate
a-Homobetaine chloroplatinate
M.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
66 56'
PtCi4H20N2Cl6
PtCi4H86N2Cl6
Ethyl pyridine chloride chloroplatinate

Dipropyl carbinol amin chloroplatinate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
PtCi6H82O2N2Cl6
PtCi8H82N2Cl6
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
R.
Bi.
M.
Bi.
PtC22H86N2Cl6
39 RuN6Hi6O8Cl3
MnCi 2 H 4 OuN 6 -SH 2 O
43 FeCi 2 H 4 Oi 4 N 6 -OH 2 O
FeCi6H2IO6
Tropanine chloroplatinate
Tropidine chloromethylate chloroplatinate
Ethyldipropyl ammonium chloroplatinate
Anhydrolupinin chloroplatinate (stable
mod J
Diethyl-p-toluidine chloroplatinate
Ruthnium ammonium chloral hydrate.
Manganse picrate
Ferrous picrate
,
Ferriacetylacetone
R.
M.
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
FeC20Hi4O6S2-OH2O
44 CoC4H604.4H20
Ferrous naphthalene-/3-sulf onate

Cobalt actate
M,
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
CoC6H24NeI8-H2O
CoC6H24N6I8-H2O
CoCi0H6OeS2-OH2O
NiCi0HeOeS2-OH2O
49 UCeHi3O8N
UCdC8Hi2OiO-GH2O
d-Luteo triethylenediamine cobalt iodide

dZ-Luteo triethylenediamine cobalt iodide
Cobalt naphthalene-1, 5-disulf onate . . . .
Nickel naphthalene-1, 5-disulf onate . . . .
Ammonium uranyl actate
Cadmium uranylacetate
R.
R.
M.
M.
Tet.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
UMnC 8 Hi 2 Oi 0 -OH 2 O
(UO2)2CoCi2Hi8Oi2.7HaO
55 Al2Ci2Oi2-ISH2O
YtCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O
YCi 8 Hi 2 Oi 6 N 8 S 8 -TH 2 O
Manganse uranyl actate

Cobalt diuranyl actate
Mellite
Yttrium ethyl sulfate
Yttrium 7n-nitrobenzenesulf onate
R.
R.
Tet.
H.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Un.
Un.
Bi.
58 LaCi2H30O24S6-ISH2O
CeCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O
60 PrCi2H30O24S6-ISH2O
NdCi2H30O24Se-ISH2O
63 SaCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O
EuCi2H30O24S6-ISH2O
GdCi2H30O24Se-ISH2O
67 DyCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O
ErCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O
TmCi2H80O24Se. ISH2O
YbCi2H80O24Se-ISH2O
75 BeC4H8O8N2
Lanthanum ethyl sulfate

Cerium ethyl sulfate
Praseodymium ethyl sulfate
Neodymium ethyl sulfate
Samarium ethyl sulfate
Europium ethyl sulfate.
Gadolinium ethyl sulfate
Dysprosium ethyl sulfate
Erbium ethyl sulfate
Thulium ethyl sulfate
Neoytterbium ethyl sulfate
Ammonium beryllium oxalate
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
M.
Un.
Un.
Un.
Un.
Un.
Un.
Un.
Un.
Un.
Un.
Un.
Bi.
Be2C4Hio09S2.4H20
MgC4H6O4.4H2O
Diethyl beryllium sulfate (basic)

Magnesium acetate
Tet.
M.
Un.
Bi.
MgCeHsO6.2.5H2O
Magnesium dilactate
M.
Bi.
Magnesium df-tartrate
Magnesium naphthalene-1, 5-disulf onate
Calcium oxalate
M.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
CaC2H2O4
CaC8H2O4.2H2O(?)
CaC4H204.2H2O
Calcium formate
Calcium malonate
Calcium f umarate
R.
?
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
-
CaC4H2O4-H2O
Calcium maleate
R.
Bi.
PtCi8H40N2Cl6
PtC20H86N2Cl6
MgC6HsO6-OH2O
MgCi0H6OeSa-OH2O
77 CaC2O4-H2O
Mg Mn Mo N
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61451
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
88 12'
44
72 40'
52 12'
70
63 0 O'
56 20'
Orientation
Ax. pi. c(001 ); XUb
Ax. pi. c(001 ); X II a
61 40'
59 56'
-
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); XAC = 91.5
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
(G)
Ax.pl. (010); BxaJL(OOl)
(32)
(2l)
Ax. pi. nearly JLc-axis

Ax.pl.J_b(010); ZAC = 75 12'
in acute /.
Ax. pi, b(010)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010) ; Z nearly JLc(OOl )

Ax. pL b (010)
Ax. pi, b(010); ZAC = 99 in
obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
Ax. pl.J_b(010); X nearly Ic
COOl)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlOi
Ax. pi. b(010); Z 11 c
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
61 26'
Ax. pi. c(001 ); Z ||a
(G)
38
(apprx. )
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
(G)
Ax. pi. a (100); Z|)b
(G)
(L-B)
(G)
(G)
(G)
15 30' Ax. pi. b(010); X||c

24 48' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
50
Ax. pi. a(100); XJc
(apprx.)
30 43'
| Lit.
(G)
(G)
(G)
48 12' Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 53.5

in acute Z.
Small
Ax. pi. (001); Bxa = b-axis
Small
Ax. pi. (010); Bxa = c-axis
Ax. pi. Il (010); T,a Ac = 72 0.5'
Ax. Pl.||(010);T,aAc - 74
57 54'
(red)
31
103 30'
Ax. pi. a(lOO)

Ax. pi. a(100)
Ax. pi. C(OOl )
(M
(G)
(15)
(15)
(4l)
(41)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
t35)
(34)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC - 85 in (G)

obtuse Z/3
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
27 47'
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 37.5

in obtuse Z
(G)
(34),
56 34'
52 20'
89
26 47'
22 24'
77 36'
tcalc.)
Sb Sc Se Si Sn
1406 9 1822
89 54' Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 48.25 (G>

in acute Z/3
79
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
(apprx.)
102
(17>
Bxa A c = 30 in acute Z0
Ax. pi. Il (010); TjaAc = 73 0.5' ( 4 1 >
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 64.25 (G)
in acute Z/3
41 2'
Ax. pi. b(010); Z ||a
(G)
moderate
(37)
37
(38)
X = a, Y= b, Z = c
(apprx. )
164
(38)
X = c, Y = a, Z = b
(cale.)
SrTaTbTeTh
Ti Tl Tm U V
WYYbZnZr
7852661024
1927 70 49 50
4857712821
Formula
CaC4H4O3-SH2O
CaC4H4O4.3H2O
CaC4H4O6-SH2O
CaC8Hi0O4 .
CaC8HioOio.6H2O
I
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Name
malate
succinate
mesotartrate
crotonate
acid malate
| System | Class | Sign |

R.
Bi.
+
?
Bi.
M.
Bi.
-(?)
(?)
Bi.
R.
Bi.
+
2V
109 6'
(red)
100
(apprx.)
Bi.
Calcium citrate
Calcium nitrotetronate(?)
?
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Tet.
C.
Un.
CaCuCsHi2O8.6H2O
78 SrC2H2O4
SrC2H204.2H20
SrC2H4OeS2-H2O
SrC4Hi0O sS2.2H2O
Dicalcium lead propionate

Tetracalcium butyrate pentalead propionate
Calcium cupric acetate
Strontium formate
Strontium formate
Strontium disulf onate
Strontium ethyl sulfate
Tet.
R.
R.
M.
M.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
SrC8H4Oi0N2. (?)H 2 O
SrC8H8Oi4Sb2
Sr2CuC4H4O8 8H2O
SrCa2Ci8H30Oi2
79 BaC2H2O4
BaC4H4O6-SH2O
BaC4H6O4-H2O
BaCeHi0O4-H2O
BaCi 2 H 22 Oi 4 .(?)H 2 O
BaCieHisO6.4H2O
BaCeH4O6S2. 2H2O
Strontium nitrotetronate
Strontium antimonyl tartrate
Cupric strontium formate
Dicalcium strontium propionate
Barium formate
Barium dl-tartrate
Barium acetate
Barium propionate
Barium d-galactonate
Barium methyluvinate
Barium m-benzenedisulfonate
M.
H.
Tri.
Tet.
R.
M.
Tri.
R.
M.
R.
R.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
BaC6H4O7S2.4H2O
Barium phenol-2, 4-disulf onate
M.
Bi.
BaC2H2N8.3.5H2O
Barium tetrazole
R.
Bi.
BaC8H2O8N2S.3.5H2O
Barium dinitrophenol sulf onate
M.
Bi.
BaCeH8OeN2^HaO
Barium methyloxaminate
M.
Bi.
BaCioHioO4N4. 1 .5H2O
BaCi2H24O8P2.2H2O
BaC26H20O8N2S2
Barium methylpyrazole carbonate

Barium diacetonephosphinate
Barium p-amidobenzophenone-p-sulfonate
Barium cadmium formate
Tri.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
M.
Bi.
Barium copper formate

Dicalcium barium propionate
Monolithium malate
Lithium naphthalene-1, 5-disulf onate . .
Ammonium lithium tartrate
Lithium ammonium dZ-tartrate
R.
C.
M.
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
+
LiTlC4H4O6-H2O
Lithium thallium tartrate
R.
Bi.
Li6Cr2Ci2O24-ISC?) H2O
LiUO2CeH9Oe-SH2O
Lithium chromic oxalate

Lithium uranyl acetate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Lithium aluminium oxalate

Sodium acetate
Tri.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
NaC3H3O4-H2O
NaC4H6O6-H2O
Sodium acid malonate

Sodium d/-tartrate
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
39 20'
51 31'
(red)
NaC4H7O4
NaC6H6O4
Sodium diacetate
Sodium citraconate
C.
M.
Bi.
53 25'
(red)
NaCsH6O4
Sodium acid phthalate
R.
Bi.
NaCi6Hi9O4-S-SH2O
NaCi6H2iO4.3H2O
Sodium santonate
Sodium hydrosantonate
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
NaCeH6O4S^H2O
Sodium p-phenolsulf onate
M.
Bi.
NaC7H606S.2H20
NaCsH9O3S
Na2C2H4O6S2.2H2O
Na2CioHeO6S2.2H2O
Na 2 CH 2 O 4 N 4
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Tri.
R.
M.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Calcium aconitate
Ca8Ci2HioOi4.4H2O
CaC 8 H 4 OioN 2 .(?)H 2 O
Ca2PbCi8H30Oi2
CaPbC62HioeO36.12H2O
BaCdC4H4Os.2H20
Ba2CuC6H6Oi2
BaCa2Ci8H30Oi2
81 LiC4H6O5-SH2O
Li2CioHeOeS2.2H2O
LiC4HsOeN-H2O
LiC4H8OeN-H2O
Li6Al2Ci2O24. 12H2O
82 NaC2H3O2-SH2O
Ag Al As Au
32 55 13 33
B Ba Be Bi Br
54 79 75 15 5
m-sulf obenzoate
p-xylenesulf onate
ethane disulf onate
naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate
diisonitramidomethane
C Ca Cb Cd Ce
1677 51 29 59
Cl Co Cr Ca Cu
4 44 46 85 31
2E
Lit.
Orientation
Ax. pi. b(010); Z|la
Very large
Very large Ax. pi. b(010)
Ca2Ci2H6O12
(37)
(37)
(G, 37)
(37)
Ax. pi. a(100); ZUc
(G)
(37)
(37)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z nearly JLa

(100)
32 26'
+
+
-
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
74 14'
66 59.33'
143 36'
114 8'
Large
75 4'
30 23'
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b

Ax. pi. b(010); X ||c
Ax. pi. X (0 10)
Ax. pi. J_b(010); ZAo- 70 in
acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); XXa(IOO)
72 4'
+
+
+
77 54.33'
93 r
81 36'
Ax.pl. b(010); Z||a

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
(G)
(G)
(6)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(L-B)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(18)
77 37'
88 12'
62 19'
(red)
61 58'
40
(apprx.)
72 13'
40
(apprx.)
56 42'
Dy Er Eu F Fe
67 69 64 3 43
122 44'
67 36'
117
79
100
23
87 6'
81 42'
24 40'
(red)
95 26'
65 14'
62 50'
69 58'
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
a(100); X||b
J_b(001); Z||b
a(100); Z||b
a(100); Z||c
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. Ua(IOO); X Ac = 5 20'

in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); Z]|c
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X A c = 77 in

acute Z(S
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 8 in
obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. _Lb (0 10) (apprx.)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZUc
Ax. pi. U(OlO)
(G)
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z A c = 46

23' in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010)

Ax. pi. X(OlO)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 76.5 in
obtuse Z/3
Ax.pl. c(OOl) (red); Z||b
Ax.pl. b(010); X ||c

Ax. pi. b(010); X A c - 12 in
obtuse Z/8
100 30' Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A c = 44
in acute Z/3
55 21' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
83e 34'
Ax. pi. a(100); Z)Jc
(red)
Ax. pi. b(010)
30
(apprx.)
51 46'
37 24'
(red)
125 47'
86 7'
27 46'
Large
24 0.5'
89 20'
Ga Gd Ge Gl H
25 65 20 75 2
(G)
(G)
(G)
(5)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(4l)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(OOl)
(G)
Ax.pl. a(100); X|[b

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 9 in (G)

obtuse Z/3
XXb(OlO)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(OOl); X Ub
(G)
Ax. pi. (010)
(6)
(4l)
Ax. pi. X(OlO)
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 43.66 (G)
in acute ZjS
Hf Hg Ho I Iu
Ir K La Li Lu
73 30 68 6 26
368368 81 72
Formula
NaC4H5O4N-H2O
Name
Sodium aspartate
| System [ Olass | Sign |

M.
Bi.
2V
2E
31 30'
NaC4H8O6N. H2O
NaC4H s06N.4H20
NaTlC4H4O6.4H2O
Sodium ammonium c#-tartrate

Sodium ammonium tartrate
Sodium thallium tartrate
M.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
NaC5H8O4N
NaCeH6O3NS.2H2O
NaCioH803NS.4H20
Sodium acid glutamate

Sodium suif anilate
Sodium naphthalenesulfonate (stable).. .
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
NaTl3CsH8Oi2
NaCuCisH27O24.9H2O
Na6Fe2Ci2O24-IOH2O
Sodium trithallium tartrate

Sodium cupric triuranyl actate
Sodium ferrie oxalate
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
-
Na3Cr2Ci2Hi2O24N3-TH2O
NaUC6H9O8
NaU 3 MnCi 8 H 27 O 24 -OH 2 O
Sodium ammonium chromic oxalate . . . .

Sodium uranyl actate
Sodium manganse triuranyl actate. . . .
M.
C.
M.
Bi.
Orientation
i
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C - 51 in
acute /.
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
96 30' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
75 49'- Ax. pi. a(100); XJc
76 47'
(red)
Ax.pl. b(010); Z JLy (102)
115 24' Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 3 35'
in acute Z.
75 40'
Ax. pi. c(OOl); Z||b
90 50'
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
46 53' Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 12 in
obtuse Z/3
98 20'
Ax. pi. (010)
Bi.
105 30'
Na3Al2CeHi2Oi2N3-TH2O
Sodium ammonium aluminium oxalate. .
M.
Bi.
134
Na3Al2Ci2Hi2O24N3-TH2O
Na6Al2Ci2O24-IOH2O
Sodium ammonium aluminium oxalate. .

Sodium aluminium oxalate
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
83 30'
Na24Al22C22HsOoOQgN42
NaLiC4H4Oe.2H20
Ammonium sodium aluminium oxalate. .

Sodium lithium dZ-tartrate
Tri.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
138
Potassium oxalate
M.
Bi.
KC2HO4
KC2HO4-H2O
KC4H5O4
KC4H504.2H20
KC4H5O6
KCsHnO 8
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
M.
R.
M.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
K2C4H4O6-JH2O
Potassium tartrate
M.
Bi.
K2C4H4Oe.2H2O
Potassium dZ-tartrate
M.
Bi.
K4CeH2Oi2.2H20
K6Ci2Oi2-OH2O
KCH3O4S
KC6H5O4S
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
tetraoxalate
mellitate
formaldehyde sulfite
phenolsulf onate
R.
R.
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
KC6H504S.2H2O
KC6H5O4S
KC7H7O3S-H2O
K2CH2O6S2
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
phenolsulf onate
phenylsulfate
p-toluenesulf onate
methanedisulf onate
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
-
K2CeH4O6S2-H2O
Potassium m-benzenedisulf onate
M.
Bi.
K2C6H4O7S2-H2O
KCeH4O3SCl
Potassium phnol disulf onate

Potassium p-chlorobenzenesulf onate . . . .
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
K2CioHeOeS2.2H20
KCsH6O3N
KC7H3O6N2
Potassium napthalene-1, 5-disulf onate.. .

Potassium phthalaminate
Potassium 3, 5-dinitrobenzoate
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
KCeH2O7N3
KC5H2N4Oe
KC4H4O7Sb-H2O
K3IrC4OsCl2-H2O
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi,
Bi.
42 34'
76 23'
K 2 PtC 2 OsN 2 -H 2 O
K6Fe2Ci2O24-OH2O
Potassium platino nitrito oxalate

Potassium ferrie oxalate
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
89 40'
80 4'
(red)
K2NiC4O4S4
KCaC8HsOi7Sb2KH2O
Potassium nickel dithioxalate

Calcium antimonyl tartrate potassium
nitrate
Lithium potassium ethanedisulf onate. . .
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
64 1'
M.
Bi.
82
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
R.
Bi.
R.
Bi.
83 K2C2O4-H2O
KLiC2H4O6S2-H2O
KLiC4H4O6-H2O
KNaC4H4Oe.4H2O
KNaCsH8Oa6SbN-H2O
KNaCieHi6O28SbN.2H20
K 3 NaIrC 2 OsCl 2 .2H 2 0
MgMnMoN
76 42 47 11
NaNbNdNiO
82 51 61451
acid oxalate
acid oxalate
acid Buccinate
acid Buccinate
acid tartrate
acid disuccinate
picrate
acid uroxanate
antimonyl tartrate
iridium chloroxalate
Lithium potassium tartrate

Sodium potassium tartrate
Potassium antimonyl tartrate sodium
nitrate
Potassium antimonyl tartrate sodium
nitrate
Potassium sodium iridium chloronitrito
oxalate
Os P Pb Pd
35 12 23 41
Pr Pt Ra Rb
60 37 80 84
Rh Ru S Sa
40 39 8 63
44 20'
59 52'
63 3.5'
65 24'
69 10'
30 O'
Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); XA e - 70.5

in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A C - 76
in obtuse Z/3
Lit.
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(31)
68 57'
(red)
82
40
156
64'
75 40'
113
161 40'
122 50'
62
102 16'
(red)
130 2'
(red)
73 30'
98 18'
69 4'
(apprx.)
87 58'
67 4'
72
96
(apprx. )
65 35'
81 25'
(red)
38 50'
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 7.5 in

obtuse /.
Ax. pi. X(OOl); Bx a X(001)
Ax. pi. b(010); XA e - 34.5
in obtuse Z/S
Ax. pi. b(010); XA e =40 45'
in obtuse Z.
Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); XXc(IOO)
Ax. pi. c(OOl); X]Jb
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
Ax. pi. c(OOl); Z j|a
Ax. pi. c(OOl); X||b
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A C = 44
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
BxaX(001)
Ax.pl. b(010); X ||c
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax.pl. c(OOl); ZUb
(12)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z|[c

Ax. pi. b(010); Z ||c
Ax. pi. a(100); X||b
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z A C = 41
in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X ||a

Z|lb
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax.pl. X ( O l O ) J T 7 0 A c - 78
Ax. pi. b(010); X ||a
Ax. pi. b(010); XA e 65C in
acute Z/3
67 39' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
21 2'
55 25'
33 34'
(G)
(31)
(41)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(21)
72 50' Ax. pi. c(OOl); X||b

Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 13 53'
in obtuse /.
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 1.25
in obtuse Z/3
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(27)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
(6)
117 2'
90 45'
Ax. pi. (010); Bxa X(OOl) 41 in obtuse Z/3

Ax. pi. b(010); X ||a
Ax. pi. b(010); Z ||a
Ax. pi. c(OOl); X ||a
(G)
(G)
(G)
88 37'
Ax. pi. b(010); X(|c
(G)
63 24'
Ax. pi. a (100); Z||b
(G)
SbScSeSiSn
1456 9 1822
SrTaTbTeTh
7852661024
73 58'
69 40'
TiTlTmUV
1927 70 4950
WYYbZnZr
4857712821
Formula
84 Rb2C4H4Oe.2H2O
Name
Rubidium dZ-tartrate
| System | Class | Sign |

M.
Bi.
-
Rb2C4H4Oe-H2O
Rb6Al2Ci2O24-GH2O
RbLiC4H4O6-H2O
Rubidium mesotartrate
Rubidium aluminium oxalate
Lithium rubidium tartrate
Tri.
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Rb3Na3Cr2Ci2O24.7H2O
Rbi4NaioAl8C48O96.23H2Q
Sodium rubidium chromic oxalate

Sodium rubidium aluminium oxalate....
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
2V
56 6'
2E
75 18'
80 22'
57 10'
(red)
56
24 30'
Orientation
| Lit.
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 82 18' (G)
in acute Z.
Ax. pi. 19 with c-axis
(G)
Ax. pi. (010)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); X||a
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); XJ_c(001)
Ax. pi. b(010); X_L(001)
(G)
(G)
(T-TABLE
6X
No.
21
55
58
Formula
System
Class
Sign
2V
Jodoform
Urea
Thiourea
EL
Tt.
R.
! Un.
Bi.
-
64.1 CHsO3As
Methyl arsenate
M.
Bi.
14 24'
70
CH6O4N3
CHi0O6N2S
Urea nitrate
Ammonium methanedisulfonate
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
79 34'
1, 2-Dibromo-l, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane
Hexabromoethane
Hexachloroethane
Diiodofuroxane
Oxalic acid
Oxalic acid
Chloral hydrate
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
161
C2Cl4Br2
C2Br8
C2Cl6
C2O2N2I2
C2H2O4
C2H2O4.2H2O
C2H3O2Cl3
238
C2H6ON
Acetamide (Unst. mod.)
Bi.
238
248
C2H6ON
C2H6O4N.H2O
C 2 H 6 O 2 NCl
C 2 O 4 H 8 N 2 -H 2 O
C 2 Hi 0 N 2 Cl 2
Acetamide (St. mod.)

Ammonium hydrogen oxalate
Glycocoll hydrochloride
Ammonium oxalate
Ethylenediamine hydrochloride
Trig.
R.
R.
R.
M.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
84.1
87
92
147
303
306
CHI3
CH4ON2
CH4N2S
Name
308.1 C3N3Cl3
313.1 C 3 H 2 ON 2 Br 2
Cyanuric trichloride
Dibromocyanacetamide
R,
Bi.
-f
Bi.
Bi.
Un.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Trimethyl ammonium bromide
M.
Bi.
CsHioNI
Trimethyl ammonium iodide
M.
Bi.
C 3 Hi 2 O 3 N 6
C 4 H 3 O 2 NBr 2
Guanidine carbonate
Dibromosuccinimide
Tt.
M.
Un.
Bi.
Nitrotetronic acid
<rans-a-/3-Dibromocrotonic acid
Mesotartaric acid nitrile
M.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
C4H6O2Cl
a-Chlorocrotonic acid
M.
Bi.
592
602
C4H5O2N(St. mod.)
C4H6Br4
Succinimide
Butadiene tetrabromide
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
610
C4H8O2NCl3
C4H6O3N2S
C4H6O3N4
C4H6O4Se
Ammonium trichloroisobutyrate
3-Methylpyrazole-4-sulfonic acid
Allantoin
Selenodiglycolic acid
R.
M.
H.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Tri.
M.
R.
Trig.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
535
4-Chloropyrazole
Dibromopyroracemic acid
Pseudothiohydantoin
Pyrazol-4-sulfonic acid
Malonamide (metast. mod.)
Ammonium fulminurate
/3-Alanine
CaHioNBr
679.1 C4H3O6N.2H2O
C4H4O2Br2
C4H4O2N2
640
C4H6O6-H2O
C4H7O4N
C4H7O6N
697.1 C4H8O2Cl2
C4H8O7NSb-H2O
708
C4H8O3N2-H2O
c?Z-Tartaric acid
dZ-Aspartic acid
Acetamide oxalate
Dichlorobutylene glycol
Ammonium antimonyl tartrate
Asparagine
69 54'70 59'
23 10'
87 45'
79 30'
66 28'
63 38'
+
-
M.
R.
Tt.
Tt.
M.
R.
436
444
C3H3N2Cl
C3H4O3Br2.H2O
C3H4ON2S
C3H4O3N2S
C3H6O2N2
C3H6O3N4
C3H7O2N
2E
68
20 48'
61 44'
81 4'
35
(apprx.)
120
(apprx.)
22 32'
63 50'
110 8'
28
29 52'
100
(apprx.)
34 9'
81 30'
Orientation
Ax. pi. a(001); X||b

Ax. pi. J_b(010); XA c =
53 20' in acute Z.
Ax. pi. b(010); X .Lc(OOl)
Ax.pl. .Lb(OlO); XA c =
39 in obtuse /.
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
Ax. pi. a(100); XIJc
Ax. pi. a(100)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z[fa
Ax. pi. c(001); Z|!b
Ax. pi. J_b(010); X||b
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C =
58 45' in obtuse Z/3
70
(apprx.)
50
(apprx.)
53
(apprx.)
20 50'
56 1'
50
(apprx.)
68 17'
+
53
99
57
(apprx.)
96
92
78 30'
67 10'
81 44'
25
130 46'
1. 86 40'
d. 87 16'
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(37)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

Ax. pi. a(100); X||b
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 6
in acute Z.
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
Ax.pl. J_b(010); ZA c =
34 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100)
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||b
Lit.
Ax. pi. c(001); X||b
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(L-B)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. (010)
(G)
Ax. pi. (010)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 8

in obtuse Z/8
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
Ax.pl. JLb(OlO); ZA c =
35 in obtuse Z/8
Ax. pi. (010); Bxa X(OlO)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z[Ic
Ax. pi. c(001)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||b
Ax. pi. b(010) ; Z A c = 41
in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. Hp(IlO)
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
Ax. pi. a(100); X]|c
Ax. pi. c(001); XHb
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||o
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
( 28 )
(G)
(G)
(G)
(2l)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
System
Class
Sign
709
,,
C4H8O4N2
Tartramide
R.
Bi.
776
778
786
788
C4H9O4N
C4H9O5N
C4H9OeN
C4H9N8O3
C4Hi0N4Sa
Ethylamine dioxalate
Ammonium hydrogen malate
Ammonium hydrogen tartrate
Guanidine lactate
Ethylenediamine thiocyanate
M.
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
C4Hi0O4
C 4 Hi 2 NI
z-Erythrite
Diethyl ammonium iodide
Tet.
R.
Un.
Bi.
C4Hi2O5Nz
Ammonium malate
R.
Bi.
C4Hi2O6N2
Ammonium tartrate
M.
Bi.
Ammonium racemate
Chlorocitraconic acid
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
C6H4O4N2-H2O
Pyrazole dicarboxylic acid...
M.
Bi.
868
877
C5H4O4
C6H5O2N
Aconic acid
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
900
C6HeO4N2
C6H6O4
Urimidosuccinic acid
Itaconicacid
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
C6HyO4Br
Citrabromopyrotartaric acid
M.
Bi.
Urimidosuccinic acid amide

Methyltetronic acid lactone
Methyl hydrogen d-tartrate
M.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
C6H9O2Br
C6H9O2N
Bromohydrotiglic acid
Hydroxypiperidone
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
C6H9O3N
C6H9O4N
C5Hi0O4NCl
C6Hi0O2N2
C6Hi0O4N2
a-Acetylaminopropionic acid
(ia)-Glutaminic acid
d(Z)-Glutamic acid hydrochloride
Dimethylmalonamide
Amylene nitrosate
R.
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
+
M.
Not det.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
R.
Ditet.
M.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Large
35
(apprx.)
52 56'
40 2'
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
45 54'
808
835
Formula
835.1 C4Hi2O6N2
C6H3O3Cl
C6H7O3N3
947.1 C6H8O4
957
C6H8O6-H2O
975.1
977
988.1
994.1
996
Name
2V
47 S4'
79 54'
79 12'
51
2E
43
(apprx.)
89 20'
75 24'
89 20'
52 15'
(apprx.)
47 34'
(red)
39 36'
60 54'
46 24'
(blue)
77
64 46'
75 5'
(blue)
78 14'
97 40'
(red)
76
Ax. pi. b(010)

Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
Ax. pi. c(001); X||b
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
Ax. pi. b ( 0 1 0 ) ; X , / \ c =
64 30' in obtuse Z0
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. (001); Z||a
(G)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z apprx.

J.S (403)
Ax. pi. a(100); XIJb
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
(G)
120 10'
60
(apprx.)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z((c

150
92 33'
62 65'
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C =

18 41' in obtuse Z
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZUc
Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z A C =

62 in acute Z.
Ax. pi. b(010)
79 35'
36 9'
40 27'
70 44'
Lit.
(G)
(L-B)
62 7'
Orientation
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
66 35'
58 27'
103 53'
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z nearly

J_a(100)
Ax. pi. a(100); X|jo
Ax. pi. b(010); XUa
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
Ax. pi. b(OOl); Z||c
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z A C =
7 in obtuse Z/5
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(14)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
1035
C5Hi0O5
1070.2 C5HnO4N
C6Hi2NBr
rf-Lyxose
Methyltetronamide
Piperidine hydrobromide
1075
1093
C6O4N2Br4
CeOCIa
CeOCIs
Piperidine hydrochloride
Pentaerythritol
Trimethyl-bromoethylammonium bromide.
1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrabromodinitrobenzene
j8-Octochlorocyclohexenone
7-Octochlorocyclohexenone
CeHCl6O
Pentachlorophenol (0-mod.)
M.
Bi.
-f-
65 23.5'
CeH2O4N2Br2
R.
Bi.
-f-
56 52'
R.
Bi.
73 5'
Ax.pl. b(010);X J_a(100) (G)
R.
M.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
88 22'
90 13'
1142
1149
CeH2O4N2Br2
CeH2O2NBr3
CeH2O4N2I2
CeH3O4N2Br
1, 3-Dinitro-4, 6-dibromobenzene (St.

mod.)
1, 3-D i n i t r o-4, 6-dibromobenzene
(metast. mod.)
l, 2-Dinitro-4, 5-dibromobenzene
2, 4, 6-Tribromonitrobenzene
1, 3-Dinitro-2, 4-diiodo-benzene
Ax. pi. (010); Z A c =

39 30' in acute Z/8
Ax. pi. b(010); X_Lr(201)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C =
about 93 in obtuse /
Ax.pl. J_b(010); Z A c =
3 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||o
Ax. pi. a(100); X ||c

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z|)c
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
1155
1155.1
1163
1165
CeH3O2NBr2
CeH3O3NBr2
CeH3O4N2Cl
CeH3O4N2Cl
Nitrodibromophenol
a-4-Chloro-l,3-dinitrobenzene (St.mod.)
M.
M.
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
X A C = 29 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. JLb(OlO)
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z Uc
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
1165
CeH3O4N2Cl
a-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene (metast.

mod.)
4, 6-Dichloro-2-nitrophenol
2, 6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol
Tetranitroaniline
R.
Bi.
-f
72 19'
70-73
45 31'
102 46'
(red)
94 15'
Ax. pi. a(100); Z|]b
(G)
M.
Tri.
M. or
Tri.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
M.
Bi.
1120
C6Hi2NCl
C6Hi2O4
C6Hi3NBr2
CeH2O4N2Br2
1174.1 CeH3O3NCl2
CeH3O3NI2
1200
CeH3O8N6
1216
CeH4O2NCl
CeH4O4NSCl
ra-Chloronitrobenzene
p-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride
1243
CeH4O4S2Cl2
m-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride
37 38'
2H=
65 59'
63 26'
51 30'
(red)
62 29'
55 30'
120 (at
least)
91 23'
65
(apprx.)
80 35'
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a

Ax. pi. c(001); X]|a
(G)
(i*)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(37)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||a
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); XA e (G)
33 36'in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); XA e (G)
85 in obtuse Z.
Index
Formula
System
Class
2, 3-Dinitrophenol
2, 6-Dinitrophenol
3, 4-Dinitrophenol
p-Bromoaniline
Nicotinio acid hydrochloride
Picolinic acid hydrochloride
a-fraras-Benzenehexachloride
Name
M.
R.
Tri.
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
C6H6ON2
Picolinamide
M.
Bi.
CeHeO2N2
2-Methylpyrazine-5-carboxylic acid
R.
Bi.
C6H6O4N2S
p-Nitrobenzenesulfamide
M.
Bi.
1412
1414
CeHeO7N4
CeH6O2
Ammonium picrate
o-Dihydroxybenzene
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
1415
1416
C6HeO2
C6HeO2
C6HeO3.2H2O
C6H6O3
C6H7ON
CeH7O3NS
CeH8NBr
C6H8O2Br4
Resorcinol
Hydroquinonol
Phloroglucinol
a-Methyl-/3-hydroxy-7-pyrone OS-mod.).
p-Aminophenol
Phenylsulfohydroxamic acid
Aniline hydrobromide
Tetrabromocaproic acid
R.
Trig.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
CeHsO2N2Cl2
1, 4-Dichloro-l, 4-dinitrosocyclohexane .
M.
Bi.
CeHsO4NCl3.2H2O
R.
Bi.
CeHsN2
Ammonium trichlorodihydroxycyclopentane carboxylate

2, 6-Dimethylpyrazine
M.
Bi.
C6H8O7.H2O
C6H9O3NS
C6HoO3N
CeH9O9N
C6Hi0O4Br2
C6Hi0ClNO3
CeHi0O4
C6Hi0O4
Citric acid
Ammonium benzenesulfonate
Trimorpholine
Acetamide dioxalate
Inosite dibromhydrin
Trimorpholine hydrochloride
Adipi c acid
1, 1-Dimethylsuccinic acid
R.
R.
M.
Tri.
R.
M.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
+
+
CeHi0O5
CeHi0O5
C6Hi0O5
1-Glycosan (1-Glucose anhydride)

dZ-Dilactylic acid
Dilactylic acid
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
CeHioO
Isosaccharine
M.
Bi.
71 45'
65
65
(apprx.)
25 19'
C6HnO7N
Acetamide ditartrate
M.
Bi.
70 30'
C 6 HnO 2 N 3
R.
Bi.
CeHi2O6N2S2-H2O
Pyrrolidine-a, a-dicarboxylic acid diamide

Ammonium phenol-2, 4(?)-disufonate..
M.
Bi.
63 30'
(apprx.)
113 45'
CeHi2O2
C6Hi2O5
cts-0-Dihydroxyhexahydrobenzene
a-Methylxyloside
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
1670
C6Hi2O5
d-Quercitol
M.
Bi.
1672
C 6 Hi 2 O 6 -H 2 O
CeHi2Oe.2H20
C6Hi2Oe.2H2O
/3-Rhamnose
d(J)-Inosite
Dambose ("meso"-inosite)
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
No.
1274
1277
1278
1377
1384
1448
1507
1523
1562
1563
Sign
2V
2E
Orientation
Lit.
C6H4O4N2
C6H4O5N2
CeH4O4N2
C6H6NBr
C6HeO2NCl
C6HeO2NCl
C6HeCIe
73 20'
(red)
35
(apprx.)
59
46 14'
61 58'
(blue)
65 42'
Ammonium hydrogen ethoxysuccinate..
R.
Bi.
1750
2-Propylantipyrine
Cystine hydrochloride
Dulcitol
M.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
1751
C6Hi4O6
d-Mannitol (a-mod.)
R.
Bi.
1751
C6Hi4O6
1752.1 C6Hi4O6-^H2O
d-Mannitol (0-mod.)
Sorbitol
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
1769.1 C6Hi5PS
CeHieN2Br2.H2O
Triethylphosphine sulfide
/3-2, 5-Dimethylpiperazine hydrobromide
H.
R.
Un.
Bi.
+
+
Dimethyl diethyl ammonium iodide....

1-Methyl-l, 3, 3, 5, 5-pentachlorocyclohexan-2, 4, 6-trione
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
100 15'
(white)
81
(apprx.)
86
(apprx.)
108 40'
33 36'
80
Ax. pi. J.(010)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =
Ax. pi. b(010)
35 14'
50 60'
47 30'
41 28'
53 10'
54 55'
58 1'
58 5'
42 30'
47 20'
20
(apprx.)
52 50'
3 16'
151 10'
(red)
100
(apprx.)
71 30'
100
(apprx.)
72
(apprx.)
82
15
(apprx.)
(29)
(G)
(29)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||o
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 70

in acute Z/S
(G)
Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z A C =

6-7
Ax. pi. c(001); X||a
Ax. pi. c(001); X|Ja
Ax. pi. (001); Bx0 =b-axis
Ax. pi. c(001); X||a
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
Ax. pi. a(100)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); ZA c 100 in obtuse Z0
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =
40 30' in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. (100)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =
20 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||a
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
Ax. pi. b(010)
69 20'
67 30'
16 12'
CeHi3ON2
C6Hi4O4S2N2Cl2
CeHi4O6
56
58
(apprx.)
76 6'
63 49'
Small
47 37'
43 29'
35
21 52'
C6Hi3OsN-H2O
CeHi6NI
C7H3O3Cl5
41 16'
16
95 40'
65
26 57.5'
96 22'
73 52'
62 2'
( 3 ?)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
( 30 )
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(*)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
( 2 )
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a

Ax. pi. b(010) (red)
Ax. pi. b (010)
Bxa nearly (001); Ax. pi.
(010)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
Ax. pi. H(OlO); Bxa J.(001) (^)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
(G)
Ax. pi. J_b(010) ; Z A c =
63 15' in obtuse Z
Ax. pi. b(010); X A c =
36 in acute Z/8
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||o
Ax. pi. b(010); X A c = 30
in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = ll
46' in acute Z/8
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z A C =
17 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(L-B)
Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z s(10) (G)
Ax. pi. JJb(OlO); X||b
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); X Ub
(G)
Ax. pi. a (100); X ||b

Ax. pi. b(010); Z nearly
J_c(001)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z]Jc
(G)
(G)
Z||c
Ax. pi. a(100); ZJJc
(G)
(G)
"
ex
System
Class
Sign
2E
Orientation
Lit.
1835
C7H3O8N3
C7H4O3Cl2
C7H4O6N2
2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzoic acid
3, 5-Dichlorosalicylic acid
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
-
84 36'
29 15'
18
(G)
(G)
(")
1837
1839
C7H4O6N2
C7H4O6N2
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
103
80 16'
C7H4O6
Chelidonie acid
M.
Bi.
1843
1881
C7H4O7.3H2O
C7H5O2I
Meconic acid
o-Iodobenzoic acid
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
1903
1909
1977
1979
C7HsO4N^H2O
C7H6OsN
C7H6N2
C7H6Na
Dipicolinic acid
Benzimidazol
Indazole
R.
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
40
(apprx.)
48 55'
70
(apprx. )
99
105 38'
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b

Ax. pi. b(010); Z(Ic
Ax. pi. (010); Bxa nearly
(101)
Ax. pi. (100); Bxa (010)
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c =
48 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); X nearly
Ur(IOl)
Ax. pi. b(010); XjJc
Ax. pi. b(010); Bxa ||caxis
Ax. pi. (001); Bx J_(010)
1985
C7H6O4Na
2, 4-Dinitrotoluene
M.
Bi.
1987
1989
C7H6O4N2
C7H6O4N2
C7H6ON4-H2O
C7H7O2N
2, 6-Dinitrotoluene
3, 5-Dinitrotoluene
c-Phenylhydroxytetrazole
Anthranilic acid
R.
M.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
C7H7O2N
C7H7O2N.H2O
Benzohydroxamic acid
Pyridinebetaine
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
C7H7O4N3
C7H8ONCl
3, 5-Dinitro-p-toluidine
Isobenzaldoxime hydrochloride
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
C7H8O2NCl
Pyridinebetaine hydrochloride
M.
Bi.
C7H8OaN3-H2O
C7H8O2
C7H8O4
Benzenylamidine nitrite
Guaiacol
Hydrochelidonic anhydride
M. (?)
Trig.
R.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
78 55'
120
(apprx.)
C7HgOsBr
C7H9N2C1.2H2O
Bromo-shikimilactone
Benzenylamidine hydrochloride
H.
R.
Un.
Bi.
C7H9O2C1.2H2O
a, a-Dimethyl-7-pyrone hydrochloride..
R.
Bi.
C 7 H 9 ON
C7H9ON.3H2O
C7H9O2N
C7H9O3NS
3-Amino-p-cresol
2, 6-Dimethyl-4-hydroxypyridine
Ammonium benzoate
p-Toluidine-2-sulfonic acid
R.
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
-f
-f
Ammonium o-sulfobenzoate
Toluidine hydrobromide
Dibromotrihydroxy tetrahydrobenzoic
acid
Mono-uriendihydroxy dimethyl succinate
Isohydroxydimethylurea
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
R.
Bi.
M.
Bi.
C7Hi2O4N2S.2H2O
2, 4-Toluylendiamine sulfate
M.
Bi.
C 7 Hi 2 O 4
C7Hi4Os
C7HuO6
C7Hi4O6
C7Hi4O6
C 7 HuO 6 -H 2 O
CsH4O5N3Ch
R.
R.
R.
R,
Tet.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
CsH5OsN
Trimethyl succinic acid

Z-Methylrhamnoside
a-Methyl mannoside
a-Methyl glucoside
0-Methyl glucoside
dZ-a-Methyl galactoside
2, 4, 6-Trichloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid
methyl nitramide
Isatoic acid anhydride
M.
Bi.
CsH5OsN
C8H6NBr
CsH6O3N2Br
CsH6O3Cl4
Phthaloxime
Bromobenzyl cyanide
l-Nitro-3-bromo-4-acetanilide (St. mod.)
Tetrachlorophloroglucinol dimethyl ether
M.
Trig.
M.
R.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
-f-
CsH7O3N2Br
Nitrobromoacetanilide (a-mod.)
M.
Bi.
C8H7ONCl2
Dichloroacetanilide
M.
Bi.
83 35'
CsH7O6N3
2, 3, 6-Trinitro-p-xylene
M.
Bi.
64 32'
1789
2074
2174
2185
2225
2233
Formula
2234.1 C7H9O5NS
C 7 Hi 0 NBr
C7Hi0O5Br2
2260.1 C 7 Hi 0 O 7 N 2
2260.2 C7Hi0OsN4
2372
2373
2452
2536
Name
2V
86 45'
50
(apprx.)
60-70
25 16'
52 3'
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b

Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c =
18 in obtuse Z/8
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c =
32 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); X)Jc
98 4'
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
78 30' (Hg, Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a; Bxa
yellow)
(100)
50 2'
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
Ax. pi. b(010) ; X A c 12 45' in obtuse Z/3
100
(apprx.)
88 8'
35
(apprx.)
90
(apprx.)
44 46'
110 41'
67
87 54'
53 29'
82 37'
76 32'
84 39'
72 15.5'
-f
+
+
+
-
40 9.5'
84 11'
36 11'
46 58'
85 18'
53 5'
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
124 10'
90
(apprx.)
124 10'
(G)
(G)
(G)
(33)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(3)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z Ac =9 (G)

27' in acute Z/8
Ax. pi. Ud(OlO)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); X||a
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); ZjJc
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||b
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z]]c

Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z|]c
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 8
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
Ax. pi. c(001); X||b
Ax. pi. c(001)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||o
(G)
62 34.25' Ax.pl. b ( 0 1 0 ) ; Z A c =
2 15' in acute Z/3
100
(apprx.)
Ax. pi. (100); Bxa (001)
57 8'
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
75
Ax. pi. b(010); Zj|a
Ax. pi. b(010); ZJc
85 45'
42
(apprx.)
90
(apprx.)
(")
(G)
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
69 in
Ax. pi.
a(100); ZlJc
.Lb(OlO); XAC =
acute Z/3
.Lb(OlO)
Ax. pi. J_b(010)

Ax. pi. a(100)
(G)
(G)
( 28 )
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(26)
(L-B)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. (010); Bxa nearly

(2)
(001)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A c = (G)
61 in obtuse Z.&
Ax. pi. b(010); X A c = 28 (G)
in obtuse Z0
System
Class
C8H8ONCl
C8H8ON4
C8H8O3N2
Formula
Methylphenylurea chloride
Methoxyphenyltetrazole
w-Nitroacetanilide
R,
Tri.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
CsH8O4N2
CsH8O3N4
C8H8O5
9-Allyluric acid
Hematinic acid anhydride
M.
R.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
CsH8O7
C8H9N4Cl.H2O
Acetylcitric anhydride
Phenyliminotriazoline hydrochloride
R.
M-.
Bi.
Bi.
C8H9O2SCl
Chloromethyl-p-tolyl sulfone
R.
Bi.
C8H9ON
C8H9O2N
C8H9O4N
Acetanilide
p-Acetaminophenol
Biliverdic acid
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+ '
-
C8H9O4N3
C8Hi0O2NCl
C 8 Hi 0 O 2
C 8 Hi 0 O 3
C 8 Hi 2 NBr
C 8 Hi 2 O 2 NBr
2, 4-Dinitrodimethylaniline
Phenylglycocoll hydrochloride
p-Hydroxyphenylethyl alcohol (Tyrosol)
Dimethylpyrogallol
XyIidine hydrobromide
Tetramethylsuccinic bromoimide
R.
R.
R.
M.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
C8HiSO2NCl
Tetramethylsuccinic chloroimide
R.
Bi.
C8Hi2O2NCl
C 8 Hi 2 NI
Vanillylamine hydrochloride
Ethylaniline hydroiodide
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Tetraacetylhydrazine
Jrans-Hexahydroterephthalic acid
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
C8Hi2O4
Norpinic acid
M.
Bi.
-f
C8Hi2O4
Isopropylisoparaconic acid
M.
Bi.
C8Hi4O6N2
Lysidine d-ditartrate
M.
Bi.
R.
Tt.
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
51 14'
56
94 40'
M.
Bi.
56
94 41'
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
-
45 50'
2O 0 O'
107 30'
(apprx.)
36 29'
39
22
57
(apprx.)
2556
2564
2649
2657
2681
2808.1 C 8 Hi 2 O 4 N 2
C8Hi2O4
C 8 HIeOi 4 N 2 Sb 2 -H 2 O
C8Hi6O4
2915
2916.1 C8Hi6O4
2920
C8Hi6Oe
C 8 Hi 7 N 2 Cl
2945
2946
2948
3060
3103
3111
Name
Sign
2V
2E
27 41'
74 48'
80
(apprx.)
105 8'
+
71 2'
53
(apprx.)
120 10'
110
(apprx.)
88 36'
90
31
(apprx.)
23 30'
18 9'
47 5'
84 30'
53 47'
55 19'
62 15'
(Hg,
yellow)
47 29'
(Hg,
yellow)
70
65
(apprx.)
79 33'
65
(apprx.)
7
(apprx.)
51 12'
80 1'
C8HnN2Cl
Ammonium antimonyl tartrate

Metaldehyde
5is-Methoxyacetol
d, -Ethyl glucoside
4, 4-Dimethyl-5-isopropylpyrazoline hydrochloride
Isobutyraldazine hydrochloride
68 8'
CsHisNBr
C8Hi8NCl
CsHisNI
c?-Coniine hydrobromide
d-Coniine hydrochloride
d-Coniine hydroiodide
C8H20PI
C9HeOBr2
C9H7OBr
C9H7OCl
C9H8O2Br2
Tetraethyl phosphonium iodide

Dibromohydrindone
Phenyl-a-bromoaerolein
Phenyl-tt-chloroacrolein
Phenyldibromopropionic acid
Trig.
R.
R.
R.
M.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
+
+
C9H8O3Cl2
C 9 HsN 2
C9HsO4
Ethyl dichlorosalicylate
3-Aminoquinoline
Acetylsalicylic acid
R.
R.
Tri.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Small
C 9 H 8 Oi 2 N 4
C9H9O4N2Br
C9H9Br3
C9H9O3Cl3
Tt.
M.
Tri.
M.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
42 19'
C9H9ON
Pentaerythritol nitrate
Bromodinitromesitylene
Tribromomesitylene
1, 3, 5-Trimethyl-l, 3, 5-trichlorocyclohexan-2, 4, 6-trione
Hydrocarbostyril
R.
Bi.
C9H9O3N
Benzoylacetohydroxamic acid
M.
Bi.
C9H9O3N
C 9 H 9 ON 3
Hippuric acid
l-Phenyl-3-methylpyrrodiazoline
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
C 9 Hi 0 ON 2
C 9 Hi 0 O 4 N 2
Isonitrosoanilacetone
Dinitromesitylene
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
C9Hi0O4
Dihydrodiacetyllevulinic acid
M.
Bi.
-f
45
88 13'
24 3'
60
(apprx.)
60
(apprx.)
47 10'
65 49'
64
(red)
41 40'
50
(apprx.)
74 45'
Orientation
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
Ax. pi. _i_b-axis
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZjJa
Lit.
(G)
(G)
(G)
,
(G)
(21)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); XUc

Ax.pl. .Lb(OlO); ZA c =
44 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); Z U G
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z|]c

Ax. pi. JLb(OlO); X|[b
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); X A C =
55 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. c(001); X||a
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. J_b(010)

Ax. pi. b(010); X U a
Ax. pi. (100); Bxa (001)
(G)
(G)
(8)
(G)
(G)
(28)
Ax. pi. (010); Bxa (001)
(28)
Ax. pi. a(100); XHC
(23)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b

Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A c = (G)

83 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010) ; X A c = 30 (G)
in obtuse ZjS
(L-B)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c - 21 (G)
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G)
21 in obtuse Z/3
Z UG
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z|jb
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
b(010); X||a
b(010); Z(Ic
a(100); Z||c
b(010)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c

Ax. pi. c(001); X||b
Sections Bxa; elongation
= Z
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(*2)
Ax. pi. b(010)
(19)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
Ax.pl. b(010);XAc =
66 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. c(001)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

Ax. pi. a(100); X||e
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c - 5

in obtuse Z/3
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||b
(G)
(G)
^. 6X
System
Class
Sign
3177
C9H10O4
d(Z)-Phenylglyceric acid
M.
Bi.
19
3178
3179
C9Hi0O4
C9Hi0O4
dZ-Phenylglyceric acid
d(Z)-p-Methoxymandelic acid
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
CgHnOsBrs
Tribromocincolic anhydride
R.
Bi.
C9HnO4Cl
/3-Anhydrocamphoronyl chloride
R.
Bi.
19
76 30'
(apprx.)
75
(apprx.)
75
(apprx.)
C 9 HuON
C 9 HnON
C 9 HnON
C 9 HuO 2 N
C 9 HnO 2 N
o-Acetotoluide
p-Acetotoluide
JV-Methylacetanilide
Methyl p-toluohydroxamic acid
Phenyl-0-aminopropionic acid
R.
M.
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-f
+
C 9 HnO 2 N
C 9 HuO 2 N 3
C 9 HnO 3 NS-H 2 O
R.
H.
R.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
C 9 Hi 2 ON 2
C 9 Hi 2 O 2 N 2 -H 2 O
Nitromesitylene
o/-Methyl-u>-phenyl biuret
Tetrahydroquinoline-5-(ana)-sulf o n i c
acid (St. mod.)
Benzenylaminooxime ethyl ether
Benzenylamidine acetate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
C9Hi2O3N4
1, 3, 7, 9-Tetramethyluric acid
M.
Bi.
C 9 Hi 2 O 2 S
C 9 Hi 2 O 2 S
Ethyl-p-tolyl sulfone
n-Propylphenyl sulfone
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
30 10'
C9Hi2O3.3H2O
Trimethylphloroglucinol
M.
Bi.
C9Hi2Oa
Pyrogallol trimethyl ether
R.
Bi.
C9Hi2O4
Anhydrocamphoronic acid
R.
Bi.
-f
80
(apprx. )
80
(apprx.)
76
(apprx.)
C9Hi2Os
C9Hi3NBrCl
Methanetetraacetic acid
m-Chlorophenyltrimethyl ammonium
bromide
w-Chlorophenyltrimethyl ammonium
chloride
Tetrahydroquinoline sulfate
Nitrodiaminomesitylene
Tet.
R.
Un.
Bi.
R.
Bi.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
m-Nitrophenyltrimethyl
ammonium
nitrate
Tyrosine sulfate
Veratryl amine hydrochloride
Mono-uriendihydroxy diethyl Buccinate.
/8-Oxycamphoronic acid (?)
R.
Bi.
M.
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
N-Methylgranatonine
1-Ecgonine
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
C9Hi6O4N
C9Hi6O2N3SCl.2HaO
C9Hi6O2N3SI.2H2O
o-Aminoethylidene diethyl succinate

Ergothionine hydrochloride
Ergothionine hydroiodide
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
C9Hi6O3
C9Hi7O2N3
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
C9Hi8O7
Ci0H4OCIe
3, 3, 5-Trimethylhexan-ol-olid
A^-Methylpyrrolidine-a, a-d i c a r b o x y
methylamide
Galactite
Hexachloro-a-ketohydronaphthalene
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci0H4OCIe
Hexachloro-/3-ketohydronaphthalene
R.
Bi.
Ci0HoOCl3
Trichloro-tt-ketonaphthalene
M.
Bi.
Ci0H5OCl3
Ci0H6OCIs
a-Trichloro-/3-ketonaphthalene
a-Pentachloro-/3-ketohydronaphthalene .
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
3404
3495
Ci0H6O6N3
Ci0H8Cl4
l, 3, 5-Trinitronaphthalene
Naphthalene tetrachloride
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
3539
Ci0HsO3Na
Ci0H8O3
CioH8OeS2.4H2O
Diisonitrosoisosafrol anhydride
Pinastrinic acid
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
3540
CioH8O6S2.4H2O
M.
Bi.
Ci0H9O2Br
Phenylisobromo butyro lactone
M.
Bi.
3194
3196
3199
3220
3232
3251
Formula
C9Hi3NCIa
C9Hi3O4NS
C 9 Hi 3 O 2 N 3
C9Hi3OsN3
C9Hi3O7NS
C9Hi4O2NCl
C 9 Hi 4 O 7 N 2
C9Hi4O7
C9Hi5ON
3293.1 C 9 Hi 6 O 3 N-H 2 O
3344
Name
2V
58 28'
88 30'
51 41'
2E
87 8'
77 37'
65 32'
110 39'
(apprx.)
83 21'
53 59'
75 19'
84
84 1.5'
80 17'
+
57 16'
69 46'
74 44'
91 6'
(at axis c)
(*<>)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Zj|c
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||o
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a

Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
Ax. pi. _Lb(010); X||b
Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z A C =
54 in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
(G)
(G)
(8-5)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a

(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G)
15 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. J_b(010); ZA c = (G)
9 30' in acute Z.
Z||c
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 9 (G)
in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. b(010); X J_c(001) (G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z|[c
(G)
3 35'
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
( 19 )
(G)
24 59'
Ax. pi. b(010); X|[o
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(100); Z||c
(G)
86
Ax. pi. b(010)
About 60
Ax. pi. b(010); Z|jc
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c =
78 49'
Ax. pi. b(010); ZjJc
70
Ax. pi. J_b(010).
(apprx.)
83 53'
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
79
Ax. pi. c(001); X||b
70
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
(apprx.)
93 14'
Ax. pi. c(001); X||a
110
Ax. pi. b(010)
(apprx.)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); XA c =
108 (?) in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
113 20'
57 6'
Lit.
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
71 2'
40
(apprx. )
43 7'
Orientation
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 47
in acute Z.
Ax. pi. (010)
Ax. pi. b(010)
93 34'
94 14'
84
(apprx.)
62 14'
55 34'
(cale.)
79 0.5'
57 12'
(G)
(23)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. J_b(010); X A c =

66 in acute Z.
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
Ax.pl. .Lb(OlO); XA c =
17 57' (?) in acute Z.
Ax. pi c(001); X||a
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); X Hb

Ax. pi. a(100); Z(Jc
Ax.pl. .L(OlO); nA c =
84 0.5' in acute Z
Ax.pl. J_(010); n/9A c =
72-76 in acute Z0
Ax.pl. J_b(010); ZA c =
8 45' in obtuse Z/3
(G)
(G)
(<i)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(4l)
(G)
Index
No.
3585
3709
3716
3732
3742
3756
3779
Formula
Name
System
Class
Sign
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Dimethylnitroterephthalate
Nitrodiisonitrosoanethol peroxide
Tri.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci0Hi0ON2
CioHioO2N2
#-Phenyl-3-methylpyrazolone
Diisonitrosoanethol anhydride
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci0Hi0O3
Phenylisooxybutyrolactone
M.
Bi.
CioHioO4
2, 4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid
M.
Bi.
CioHiiO 4 N 2 Cl
Ci 0 HnO 4 N 2 Cl .
CioHnON
Ci 0 HnON
Dinitrochlorocymene
2-Chloro-5, 6-dinitrocymene
/3-/S-Dimethyl-a-indolinone
/3-Ethyl-a-indolinone
?
M.?
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
Ci 0 HnO 4 N
Nitrocumic acid
M.
Bi.
Ci 0 Hi 2 O 3 N 2
p-Aminophenaceturic acid
M.
Bi.
102 30'
Ci 0 Hi 2 OaN 2
Ci 0 Hi 2 O 3 N 2
Ci 0 Hi 2 O 3
a-Diisonitrosoanethol
Ethyl N-phenyl allophonate
p-Methoxyhydroatropic acid
M.
30 45'
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
77 58'
Ci0Hi2O4
Ci 0 Hi 2 O 4 S
Ci0Hi2O5
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
89 7'
46 45'
Ci0Hi3Br3
Cantharidin
a-Phenylsulfonebutyric acid
Methyl 4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxybenzoate
Tribromocamphene
R.
Bi.
Ci 0 Hi 3 ON
Ci 0 Hi 3 O 2 N
Ci0Hi3O2N
AT-Ethylacetanilide
Phenacetin
p-Tolyl urethane
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci0Hi3O3N
Vanillyl acetamide
M.
Bi.
CioHi4
M.
Bi.
87 22'
Ci0Hi4O3Br
d-Bromopseudonitrocamphor
R.
Bi.
Ci0Hi4OBr2
Ci 0 Hi 4 OBr 2
Ci0Hi4OCl2
Ci0Hi4O3SCl2
d-a, a'-Dibromocamphor
d-a, /S-Dibromocamphor
d-a, TT-Dichlorocamphor
d-a-Chloro-TT-camphosulfonic chloride...
R.
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
79
(apprx.)
56 5'
77 51'
Ci0Hi4O6N2S2
Ci0Hi4O
Ci0Hi4O3
Ammonium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate

Thymol
d(Z)-Camphoric anhydride
M.
Trig.
R.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
+
-
Ci0Hi4O4
CioHuOe
Tetramethylapionol
Methyl a-anhydrocamphoronate
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci0Hi4Oo
Methyl 0-anhydrocamphoronate
R.
Bi.
Ci 0 Hi 4 O 8
CioHisOBr
Dimethyl diacetylracemate
d--Bromocamphor
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
Ci0Hi5O2N2Br
Ci0Hi5O2N2Br
Ci0Hi5OBr3
Ci0Hi5O3SBr
CioHisOsSCl
a-Bromopernitrosocamphor
/8-Isobromopernitrosocamphor
d(Z)-Dihydrocarvone tribromide
d-7r-Camphoricsulfonyl bromide
d-TT-Camphoricsulfonyl chloride
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
+
+
+
CioHuOyN
Z-Ratanhin sulfate
R.
Bi.
Ci0Hi6NBr
Diethylaniline hydrobromide
M.
Bi.
Pinol dibromi de
p-Tolyltrimethylammonium iodide
dZ-Pinonic acid
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
d-a-Thugene ketonic acid

Isoketocamphoric acid
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
Z-Cineolic acid
dZ-a-Pinoneoxime
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci0H9O3N
Ci0H9O3N
Phthalylethylhydroxylamine
Phthaloxime ethyl ether
Ci0H9O6N
Ci0H9O5N3
Ci0Hi6OBr2
CioHieNI
3867.1 Ci0Hi6O3
Ci0Hi6O3
CioHieOs
3873
CioHieO5.H2O
3886.1 Ci0Hi7O3N
2V
2E
91 17'
70
(apprx.)
95 30'
73 48'
72 56'
46 39'
36 58'
106 20'
(red)
120
70
81 48'
38
(apprx.)
64 25'
63
(apprx.)
80
(apprx.)
Orientation
Lit.
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

Bxa X(OOl)
(G)
(26)
X JLb(OlO)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 38 (G)
in acute Z.
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z||b
(G)
Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); Z A C = (G)
40 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 96 (G)
in obtuse Z/8
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); X||a
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
(37)
(37)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G) 14 11' in acute Z0

Ax. pi. J_b(010); X nearly (G)
lie
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
(G)
(8.5)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 57 (G)
in acute ZjS
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); XXr(IOl) (G)
Ax. pi. c(001); X|jb
(G)
103 27'
62 14'
-
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c

(G)
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 27 (G)
in acute Z/3
110 (115
(24)
cale.)
Ax. pi. b(010); X A c = O0 (G)
54' in obtuse Z0
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
(G)
59 46'
90 38'
62 18'
59
(apprx.)
49 40'
49 13'
62 36'
76
(apprx.)
31 20'
(red)
80 1'
120
(apprx.)
33
(apprx.)
103 29'
99 28'
69 20'
59 45'
35
45
(apprx.)
75
(apprx.)
77 33'
131 21'
20 36'
88 32'
74 14'
80
(apprx.)
25 30'
60-70
Ax. pi. a(100); X||b

Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
Z||c
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. X(OlO)

Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
( 41 )
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z[|c

Ax. pi. a(100); X||b
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||b
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b

Ax. pi. a(100); ZJJc
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||o

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
Ax. pi. (100); Z||c
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001)
(G)
Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); X A C = (G)

70 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 57 (G)
in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z nearly (G)
Xc(OOl)
Ax. pi. b(010); X|]c
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A c = 10 (G)
in acute Z/8
"
6X
3964
3980
Formula
System
Class
Sign
M.
Bi.
?
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
59 18'
M.
Bi.
72 30'
cts-Terpine hydrate
Jrans-Terpine
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
77 27'
Benzenepentacarboxylic acid
9-Phenyluric acid
Phenylbromoparaconic acid
Citraconanil
Trichloromethyl-o-methox y p h e n y 1 carbinol acetic ether
Glutarie aniline
4-Bromoantipyrine
/3-Benzyl malimide
Ethyl o-nitrocinnamate
4-Iodoantipyrine
Ethyldibromocinnamate
R.
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
M.
Ditrig.
R.
R.
Trig.
M.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
CnHi 2 ON 2
CnHi 2 O 2 N 2
CiiHisOsN
CnHi 4 ON 2
CnHuO 2 N 2
Antipyrine
4-Hydroxyantipyrine
Methyl phenaceturate
Cytisine
Ethyl a-phenylhydrazine pyroracemate.
?
M.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
CnHi4O6
Methyl 3, 4, 5-methoxybenzoate
M.
Bi.
CiiHi 6 ON 2 Br.H 2 O
Cytisine hydrobromide
M.
Bi.
CnHi6O6NCl
R.
Bi.
CnHi 6 ON 2 CLH 2 O
Methyl 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-2-aminobenzoate
Cytisine hydrochloride
M.
Bi.
CnHi6O3N
Vanillyl propionamide
R.
Bi.
CnHi6O3N
Pyrocatechol carboxyl diethylamide
M.
Bi.
CnHi 6 OrN
s-Benzylhydroxylamine ditartrate
R.
Bi.
CnHi 6 O 2 N 3
CnHi6O4N31H2O
CnHi 6 ON 2
CnHi6Oe
Nitrosoamylene nitroaniline
Cytisine nitrate
Amylenenitraniline..'
Dimethyl camphoronate.
R.
M.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
+
82 51'
38 49'
88 21'
CnHnON 2 Cl
CnHi 8 NBr
CnHi8O6
Amylene nitranili ne hydrochloride. . ...

Diethyl-p-toluidine hydrobromide
Ethyl camphoronate
M.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-f-
75 41'
69 41.5'
CnHi8O8
CnH 20 ON 2
Triethyl desoxalate
Terpinene nitrolmethylamine
M.
M.,
Bi.
Bi.
CiiHiOsN
,V-Methyl-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine carboxylic acid

Acenaphthylene
p, p'-Dibromodiphenyl
R.
Bi.
82 31'
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Acenaphthene
Diphenyliodonium chloride
Azobenzene
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
70 16'
50-60
(apprx.)
70 26'
Ci 2 Hi 0 ON 2
Ci 2 Hi 0 ON 2
a-Benzoylpyridine oxime
7-Benzoylpyridine oxime
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci2HioO4S4
Ci2Hi0S2
Benzenesulfone trisulfide
Diphenyl disulfide
Tet.
R.
Un.
Bi.
CiHiiOsSBr
Ci2HnO3SCl
Ethyl l, 5-bromonaphthalene sulfonate.

Ethyl l, 5-chloronaphthalene sulfonate..
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
C 12 HnON
cr-Phenylpyridyl carbinol.
R.
Bi.
2-Hydroxy-A', 3-p-menthenone
CioHisOe
Ci0Hi9ON
CioH20ONCl
Ci0H20OeNa-SH2O
tx, a'-Methylisopropyl-a, a'-dihydroxyadipicacid

A, 8-Methymonenyl amide
Lupinine hydrochloride
a-2, 5-Dimethylpiperazine tartrate
Ci0H20NPS
Triethylallylphosphothiourea
Ci0H20O2
Ci0H20O2
CiiHeOio.SHaO
CiiH8N4O3
CnH9O4Br
CuH 9 O 2 N
CiiHiiOsCls
CnHnO 2 N
4043.1 CnHnON 2 Br
CnHnO 3 N
4053
CnHnO 4 N
CnHnON 2
CnHi 2 O 2 Br 2
4058
4086
4184
4185. l
Ci2H8
Ci2H8Br2
4218
Ci 2 Hi 0
4221.1 Ci2Hi0ICl
4225
Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2
4261
Name
CioHisOz
2V
2E
75
60
102 10'
80
(apprx.)
74 15'
57 30'
56 50'
+
-
14 56'
75 11'
90
62-66
86
(apprx.)
54 20'
Orientation
X A c = GS0OMnOOtUSe
43
57 40'
103 21'
116 23'
113 13'
(white)
87
(apprx.)
Ax. pl. b(010); X|[c

Ax. pl. c(001); X||a
Ax. pl. b(010); Z .Lc(OOl)

Ax. pl. b(010)
Ax. pl. a(100); Z||c
Ax.pl. J_b(010); XA c =
47 4' in acute Z/3
Ax. pl. J_b(010)
(28)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(L-B)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pl. c(001); XUa
(G)
Ax. pl. b(010); ZA c = 55

in obtuse ZjS
(G)
100
(98 cale.)
7 56'
Ax. pl. b(010); ZA c => 55
in obtuse Z/8
90
Ax. pl. a(100); Z]Jb
(apprx.)
Ax. pl. b(010); Z HC
Ax. pl. b(010)
Ax. pl. a(100); Z||c
50
Ax. pl. b(010); X||a
(apprx.)
Ax. pl. J_b(010)
Ax. pl. J_b(010)
56
Ax. pl. J_b(010)
(apprx.)
61 59'
Ax. pl. _|_b(010)
93 56'
Ax. pl. b(010); ZA c =
31 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pl. a(100); X||b
(24)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
114 46'
Ax. pl. a(100); Z||b

Ax. pl. .Lb(OlO)
(G)
(G)
115 40'
Large
59 5'
Ax. pl. a(100); Z||b

Ax. pl. b(010)
Ax. pl. J_b(010); ZA c =
62 in acute Z/3
Ax. pl. b(010); Z||a
Ax. pl. b(010); ZA c = 62
in obtuse Z/3
(G)
(G)
(G)
66
28
85
(apprx.)
29 52'
42
(apprx.)
65
Ax. pi. (010)
(G)
72
(apprx.)
(37)
(23)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pl. b(010)

70
(apprx.)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C =24 (G)

in acute Z.
Ax. pi. b(010) ; Z||a
(G)
Ax. pi. _Lb(001); Z A C = (G)
5-6 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
(G)
(8-5)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
(G)
Ax. pi: b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi. JLb(OlO)
(G)
Ax. pl. b(010); XA c = 7C

in acute Z/3
61 36.5'
55 20'
Ax. pi. c(001); Z|(a

Ax. pi. J_b(010)
1 Lit.
(G)
(G)
Ax. pl. b(010); X||c
(G)
(G)
Ax. pl. a(100); Z||b

Ax. pl. b(010)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pl. c(001); Z||a
(G)
System
Class
Sign
Ci 2 HnO 2 NS
Ci2Hi2O3N
Formula
Benzenesulfanilide
Vanillyl w-butyramide
Tei.
Tri.
Un^
Bi.
Ci2Hi2O3N
Vanillyl isobutyramide
R.
Bi.
Ci2Hi2O3
Ci2Hi3O2
Ethyl /3-methylcoumarilate
cts-Dimethylsuccinic acid
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci2Hi3Oa
Ci 2 HuNI
Ci 2 HuNI
Acetotetrahydrocinchoninic acid
Tetrapropyl ammonium iodide
1, 3, 3-Trimethyl-2-methylene indoline
hydriodide
1-P h e n y l-3-methyl-4-dimethylpyrazolone
4-Methylantipyrine
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
M.
Bi.
M.
Bi.
Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate
Dimethyl phenylsuccinate
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
l-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-methoxypyrazole
2-methiodide
Antipyrine pseudomethiodide
Antipyrine pseudoethiodide
M.
Bi.
72
M.
Bi.
75 44'
74 45'
7-Isopropylhydrocarbostyril. .
Ethyl phenaceturate
Vanillyl crotonylamide
2, 5-Dioxyacetophenone diethyl ether.. .
R.
R.
R.
Tri.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci2Hi7O2N3
Ci2Hi8ON2Cl
Nitrosoamylenenitrol-p-toluidine
Amylenenitrol-p-toluidine hydrochloride
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
Ci2Hi8ON2
Amylenenitrol-p-toluidine
M.
Bi.
Dimethylcantharidin
Diethyl 1, 1-diacetosuccinate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-f
Trig.
R.
M.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
4272
Ci 2 HuON 2
Ci2HuON3
4318.1 Ci2Hi4O3
Ci2Hi4O4
Ci2Hi5ON2I
Ci2Hi6ON2I
Ci 2 Hi 5 ON 2 I
Ci 2 Hi 5 ON
4330.1 Ci2Hi5O3N
Ci2Hi5O3N
Ci2Hi6O3
Ci2HisO4
4368.3 Ci2Hi8Oe
Name
2V
23 48'
(red)
74 2'
2E
Very
large
18
(17 48'
cale.)
72 34'
124 4'
(Hg,
yellow)
12 24'
30 1'
57 16'
(red)
86
(apprx.)
10
(apprx.)
77 50'
59 26'
64
(apprx.)
4394
Ci2H22Oii.H2O
Lactose
M.
Bi.
4396
Ci2H22On
Saccharose
M.
Bi.
48 O'
79 T
4397
Ci2H22On.2H2O
Ci 2 H 23 O 6 N^H 2 O
Ci2H24Oi2N6.9H2O
Trehalose
d-Coniine ditartrate
Ammonium mellitate
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
-
50 16'
Ci3H8O3Cl2
Ci3H9N
Phenyl 3, 5-dichlorosalicylate
Acridine
R.
R.
Bi.
CisHioN
Benzenyl-o-phenylenediamine
M.
Bi.
78 56'
43 33'
17
(apprx.)
70 35'
117
(apprx.)
63
Ci3Hi0O2
Ci3H9O2Br
Ci 3 HuO 4 NS
Ci3Hi2O4Br2
R.
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
96 20'
41 4'
M.
Bi.
M.
Bi.
4454
4500
Ci3Hi2ON2
p-Hydroxybenzophenone
Phenyl m-bromobenzoate
p-Aminobenzophenone-p'-sulfonic acid..
Ethyl dibromohydroxydimethylisocoumarilate
Ethyl dichlorohydroxydimethylcoumarilate
p-Hydroxy-p'-methylazobenzene
4509
Ci3Hi2O3N4
Ci3Hi2O3N4
Ci3Hi2O3S
Ci3Hi3O4N
Ci3Hi4Oi
1, 3-Dimethyl-9-phenyluric acid
1, 3-Dimethyl-9-phenylpseudouric acid..
Phenyl p-toluene sulfonate
Acetanilinopyrotartaric anhydride
Ethyl hydroxydimethylisocoumarilate..
R.
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
4530.1 Ci3Hi6ON2
4-Ethylantipyrine
M.
Bi.
4530.2 Ci3Hi6ON2
CisHieOio
l-Phenyl-2-propyl-3-methylpyrazolone..
Glycogallin
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
l-Phenyl-S-methyl-S-ethoxypyrazole^methiodide
M.
Bi.
Ci3Hi2O4CIa
Ci3HnON2I
128 32'
33 35'
52 50'
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c

Ax. pi. (010); Bx0 JL(OOl)
(G)
(2)
X||b
Ax. pi. (100); XJ|b
Ax. pi. c(110); X||b
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010) ; Z A c = 47

in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
(G)
(Gj
(G)
(G)
(L-B)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(24)
(G)
Large
85
Ax. pi. J.c(001)
(apprx.)
167 37' Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z||c
(G)
97 30'
Ax.pl. J_b(010); ZA c = (G)
12 in obtuse Z/8
72 40'
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c - 35 (G)
in acute /.
116
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
Matico camphor
MethyU-bornyl xanthate
Terpinene nitrolethylamine
4434
(24)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ci2H2oO
Ci2H20OS2
Ci 2 H 22 ON 2
33 24'
70 53'
Lit.
(GO"
(24)
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C =

73 in obtuse Z/3
64 51'
+
Orientation
80
(apprx.)
75
(apprx.)
52 30'
(apprx.)
Large
Large
84 19'
86 2'
65
(apprx.)
30
(apprx.)
79 59'
55
(apprx.)
88
(apprx.)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a

Ax. pi. J_b(010); ZA c =
26 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); XA c =
10-11 in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C =
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
Ax. pi. b(010) (red); X||c
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z nearly

J-C(OOl)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
Ax.pl. ||(010); Z = c
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 30
in obtuse Z/3
Ax.pl. J_b(010); ZA c =
30c-35 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C =
57 in obtuse Z.
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(5)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(2l)
(2l)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||b
(G)
Ax. pi. J_b(010); ZJLc(OOl) (G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 40 (G)
in obtuse Z.
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G)
16 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. JLb(OlO); X||b
(G)
^ GX
Formula
Name
System
Class
Sign
2V
2-Methyl-3, 3-diethyl-2, 3-dihydroindol

hydrochloride
Methylethylallyl-p-tolylammonium
iodide
Pentaerythritol tetraacetate
Ethyl <#-bornylxanthate
Dinitrodichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.
M.
Bi.
81 51'
R.
Bi.
Tet.
R.
M.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
1, l-Di(bromophenyl)-2-dichioroethylene
1, l-Di(chlorophenyl)-2-dichloroethylene
1, l-Di(bromophenyl)-2-trichloroethane.
Diphenylacetylene
,
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
+
Ci 4 HiOCl 2
4656.1 Ci 4 Hi 0 O 2 N 2
1, l-Diphenyl-2-dichloroethylene
Phthalylphenylhydrazine (orangeyellow)
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
4672
4681
4688
4705
Ci4Hi0O2
CuHi 0 O 3
Ci 4 Hi 0 O 4
Ci 4 HuBr 3
Ci 4 HnO 3 N
Benzil
Disalicylaldehyde
Benzoyl peroxide
Diphenyltribromoethane
Dibenzohydroxamic acid
Trig.
M.
R.
M.
R.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
4708
Ci 4 Hi 2
Stilbene
M.
Bi.
110
54 35'
(red)
91 33'
Ci 4 Hi 2 N 4
Ci 4 Hi 2 O
1, 5-Diphenyl-3-iminotriazoline
Phenyl p-tolyl ketone
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
35 15'
Ci 4 Hi 3 N
Ci 4 Hi 3 ON
CuHi3ON
Ci4Hi3ON
Ci 4 Hi 3 ON
Ci 4 Hi 3 O 2 N 2
o-Iminodibenzyl
TV-Benzoyl-o-toluidine
AT-Benzoyl-m-toluidine
Ar-Benzoyl-p-toluidine
#-Diphenylacetamide
o-Nitrobenzyl-o-toluidine
M.
R.
M.
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci 4 Hi 3 O 2 N 3
Ci 4 Hi 4 ON 2
w, w'-Diphenylbiuret
Phenyl-o-phenetol
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci 4 Hi 4 O 2
CuHi 4 O 2
Ci 4 Hi 4 O 2
Ci 4 Hi 4 O 2 S 2
Ci4Hi4O4So
Ci 4 HuS
Ci4Hi5NO4Br1HaO
Ci 4 Hi 0 O 4 NCLH 2 O
Ci 4 HieONCl
M.
R.
R.
M.
Tet.
R.
R.
R.
H.
Ci5Hi0O2
Isohydrobenzoin
1, 2-Dihydroxyphenylethane
o, o'-Dimethoxydiphenyl
Tolyl p-toluol thiosulfonate
p-Toluenesulfone trisulfide
Dibenzyl sulfide
Dipyridinebetaine hydrobromide.
Dipyridinebetaine hydrochloride
Diphenylhydroxyethylamine h y d r o chloride
/S-Methyltetramethoxycinnamic acid
Thallin tartrate
Ethyl
tetrahydroquinoline-^V-acetate
methiodide
Phenylcoumarin
.
Ci 5 Hi 2 N 2
3, 5-Diphenylpyrazole
Ci 3 H 2 ONCl
Ci3H20NI
CisH2oO8
Ci3H22OS2
CnH7O4N2Cl5
4650
4748
4749
4750
4752
4783
4787
CnH8Cl2Br2
CuH8Cl4
Ci4H9Cl3Br2
Ci4Hi0
Ci4Hi8O6
Ci 4 Hi 9 O 7 N
CuH 20 O 2 NI
Ci5Hi3OsN
4919
Ci5Hi3O3
Ci5Hi4O3
Ci5Hi5O3N
Ci5Hi5O4NS-H2O
syn-Benzoylbenzohydroxamic m e t h y l
ether
o-Hydroxydibenzoylmethane
Methyl benzilate
Vanillyl benzoyl amide
4936.1 Ci 5 Hi 6 O 6 .H 2 O(?)
Ci5Hi8O2
p-Dimethylaminobenzophenone sulfonic
acid.
2, 6, 2', 5'-Tetrahydroxydiphenylmethyl
ethyl ether
Picrotoxinin
Hyposantonin
4943
Ci5Hi8O3
Ci5Hi6O5
89
(apprx.)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||c
51 16'
58
(apprx.)
34 22'
34 26'
62 12'
42
(red)
30 50'
85
(apprx.)
Ax. pi. b(010)

Ax. pi. b(010); X A C =
Ax. pi. c(001); Z[|a
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
87 33'
38 10'
73 43'
52 2'
49
(red)
68
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Un.
84 59'
-f
+
-
67'38'
87 30'
83 52'
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
-f+
M.
Bi.
M.
Bi.
154
(apprx.)
122 14'
5
19 29'
102 4'
78 14'
65 70'
43 30'
R.
Bi.
M.
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
Tri.
Bi.
Bi.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Santonin
R.
Bi.
Ci5Hi8O3
Santonide
R.
Bi.
Ci5Hi8O3
Parasantonide
R.
Bi.
Ci5Hi8Oe
Ci5Hi9O3N2Cl3
Ci5H20O3
Triethyl trimesate
Butyl chloral antipyrine
Hydrosantonide
H.
Tri.
R.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
7O IO'
79 11'
Lit.
67 1'
(red)
59 25'
(red)
110
93 43'
(red)
(G)
(19)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)

Ax. pi. J_b(010)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b

Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)

60 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); X A C =
36 57' in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
Ax. pi. a(100)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(-S)
Xb(OlO); X A C = (G)
acute Z/3
Xb(OlO)
(G)
(100)
(9)
(010); Bxa Xc(OOl) (20)
Xb(OlO); Z||b
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi.
39 in
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); ZXc(OOl)

Ax. pi. a(100)
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =

30 15' in acute Z/3
Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); Z A C =
44 in acute Z.
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
75
Ax. pi. (010); BxaHe-axis
74 52'
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
85
(89 cale.)
79
Ax. pi. Um(IlO)
(apprx.)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z[|b
46
(apprx.)
41 17'43 33'
55 10'
(red)
Orientation
(G.)
69 58.5'
+
-
R.
2E
Ax. pi. c(001)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||b(?)
(G)
(G)
(22)
(G)
(24)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z|[b
(37)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); XlJc
Ax. pi. a(100); ZHc
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
System
Class
Ci5H2oO4
Ci6H2oO4
Formula
Santonic acid
Metasantoic acid
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci6H20O4
Parasantoic acid
R.
Bi.
880IS'
(red)
Ci5H2IO3N
Ci 5 H 2 IO 2 N 3
Ci0H22O4
a-Isopropylglutaranilic acid
Physostigmine
Hydrosantoic acid
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
77 42'
Ci5H22O5
Photosantonic acid
R.
Bi.
Ci5H23O3N
Vanillyl n-heptoylamide
M.
Bi.
Ci5H24O(?)
Juniperol
Tri. (?)
Bi.
Ci5H25O2N
Ci6H26Cl2
Sesquiterpene nitrate
/-Cadinene dihydrochloride
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
Ci6H26O
Ci6H26O
Ci6H26O6
Cypress camphor.
Cedrol
Triacetone mannite
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
+
Diphenylmaleic anhydride.
2, 3-Diphenyl-3-bromo-A'-crotono lactone.
Diphenylsuccinic anhydride
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
R.
Bi.
Tri.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
5066.1 Ci 6 Hi 4 N 2
Di-p-dicyanobenzylamine
a-B e n z o y 1-0-acetylbenzoylhydroxylamine
1, 5-Diphenyl-3-methyl pyrazole
M.
Bi.
5067.1 Ci6Hi4O
Ci6Hi6Cl3
Benzylidene-p-tolyl ketone
Di-p-tolyltrichloroethane
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-f
Ethyl benzohydroxamic benzoate

artft-Benzoyl benzohydroxamic ethyl
ether
Anisoyl p-toluohydroxamic acid
p-Toluyl anisohydroxamic acid
R.
Tri.
Bi.
Bi.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
Ci6Hi5ON3
Ci6Hi6N2
5082.4 Ci6Hi6O2N2
Ci6Hi6O4N2
Phenyl styryl ketone

Acetophenone methylphenylhydrazone..
Diacetylhydrazobenzene
2-Phenyl-1-allybenzimidazolium sulfate..
R. (?)
M.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci6Hi6O8N4
R.
Bi.
38 36.5'
Ci6Hi9O4N.4H2O
2, 3-Dinitro-p-xylene + 2, 6-dinitro-pxylene
Z-Benzoylecgonine tetrahydrate
R.
Bi.
Ci6H22O3NBr
Ci6H22O3N2
Homatropine hydrobromide
Antipyrine isovalerianate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
45
(apprx.)
69-70
Methyl santoate
R.
Bi.
Ci6H22O4
Ci6H22O4
Methyl metasantoate
Methyl parasantoate
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci6H23O4Br
/3-Bromoacetyltetraethylphloroglucinol...
M.
Bi.
Z-Phenyl-tt'-methylpiperidine d-tartrate .
Guaiol (Champacol)
Ethyl anisohydroxamic benzoate
s^/n-Anisoylbenzohydroxamic ethyl ether
R.
Trig.
M.
M.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
CnHnO4N
CnHi9O3N-H2O
anfi-Benzoylanishydroxamic ethyl ether

Morphine
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
CnH20NBr
a-Benzylphenylallylmethylammonium
bromide
a-Benzylphenylallylmethylarnmonium
chloride
Oxymethylenecamphor phenylpyrazole.
Pseudoephedrine phenylthiourea.......
Ephedrine phenylthiourea
(p-Dianisyl)dimethylmethane
Hyoscine hydrobromide
Cocaine hydrochloride
R.
Bi.
R.
Bi.
M.
R.
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Nc)
4960
4997
5028.1 CieHioOs
Ci6HnO2Br
Ci6Hi2O3
Ci6Hi3N3
Ci6Hi3O4N
Ci6Hi6O3N
Ci6Hi5O3N
Ci6Hi6O4N
Ci6Hi6O4N
5131
5135.1 Ci6H22O4
Ci6H23OeN-H2O
5142.1 Ci6H26O
CnHnO 4 N
CnHnO 4 N
5202
CnH2oNCl
CnH20ON2
CnH2oON2
CnH20ON2S
5213.1 CnH20O2
5226
CnH22O4NBr.3H2O
5228
CnH22O4NCl
Name
Sign
2V
2E
87 40'
68 25'
(red)
117 15'
34 46'
77 4'
69 39'
75 20'
63 49'
5O 0 IO'
61 7'
85 5'
94 55'
18 30'
(apprx.)
113 6'
82 52'
Large
88 45'
56 48'
68
(apprx.)
74 24'
(red)
90
134 12'
(red)
58 25'
(red)
50
(apprx.)
55 42'
71 55'
66 13'
63 7'
125
(apprx.)
30-40
(apprx.)
+
+
+
r
66 25'
89 54.5'
Lit.
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a,(100); X||c
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c

Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
(G)
(G)
(G)
100
(red)
107 25' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(red)
110 (107
cale.)
Ax. pi. nearly Hb(OlO);
X A c = 72 in acute Z.
18 32'
Ax. pi. a(100) (red)
50
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
(apprx.)
61 30' Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
64 45' Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
138 13' Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); Z A C =
Small
Ax. pi. a(100); Z)Ic
55
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
(apprx. )
166 (Li) Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
(apprx.)
Ax. pi. Hc(OOl)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
68 22'
36 4'
Orientation
Ax. pi. a(100)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
100
(apprx.)
26 40'
76 15'
89 43'
101 12'
Large
(> 120)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 7

in obtuse Z/8
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA e = 4
in acute /.
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
Ax. pi. b(010); ZXc(OOl)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 49
in acute Z.
Ax. pi. b(010); Z J_a(100)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
Ax.pl. .Lb(OlO); ZA c =
33 51' in obtuse
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
(G)
(24)
(G)
(G)
( 37 )
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(13)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); X||b

(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); ZA c = 17 (G)
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); XHc
(G)
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)

Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); X A C =
55 30' in acute Z0
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)
Ax. pi. X to elongation
(G)
(39)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
(G)
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(37)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c

Ax. pi. (010)
^6*
Formula
Name
System
Class
Sign
Ethyl d(J)-bromosantonigate
Menthyl-o-nitrobenzoate
2-Keto-6-methyl 4-(p-isopropyl phenyl)1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyrimidine-S-eth'yl
carboxylate.
a-Dipentene nitrolbenzylamine
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
M.
Bi.
d(/)-Pinene nitrolbenzylamine
1, 1, 2-Trimethyl-2-phenylcyclopentane3-ethyl carboxylate.
Menthyl benzoate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
R.
Bi.
Ethyl santoate
R.
Bi.
Ci7H24O4
Ethyl parasantoate
R.
Bi.
CnH 24 Oi 0
Ci8Hi2OiSN3S3Bi.7H2O
Ethyl tetraacetylquinate
Bismuth ra-nitrobenzene sulfonate
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci8Hi2O8N4
7-Benzoylpyridine picrate
M.
Bi.
Ci8HuO7N4
Ci8Hi4O7N4
Ci8Hi6O4
a-Benzylpyridine picrate
7-Benzylpyridine picrate
Diacetyl dihydroxy stilbene
M.
Tri.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci8Hi6O7
Ci8Hi8O
d(Z)-Usnic acid
Diethylanthrone
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci8Hi8O4
Hydrobenzoin diacetate
M.
Bi.
Ci8Hi8O4
Ci8H20
Ci8H20
Isohydrobenzoin diacetate
s^m-Tetramethylanthracene hydride....
Tetramethyl-p-stilbene
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
5317
Ci8H20O2
Ci8H2IO3N
Benzoyl-p-*er<.-amyl phenol
Codeine
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
5317
CisH2iO3N.H2O
Codeine
Bi.
5319
5320
Ci8Hi2O3N
Ci8H2IO3N
Isocodeine
Pseudocodeine
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci8H24O8N2
Ci8H27O3N
Ci8HwO3N
Ci8H29O3N
Tetraethyl-p-diaminopyromellitate
Capsaicin
Hydrocapsaicin
Vanillyl n-decoylamide
M.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
M.
R.
M.
Tri.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
M.
Bi.
Ci 9 HnN 3
Ci9Hi9N2I
Fichtelite (Retene perhydride)

Melezitose
Methyl pulvinate
ms-Phenylacridonium h y d r o s u l f a t e
(green mod.)
ms-Phenylacridonium h y d r o s u l f a t e
(red mod.).
-Triphenylguanidine
Phenyldiallylbenzimidazolium iodide....
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
Ci9Hi9O4N
Ci 9 H 20 N 2
Ci 9 H 20 ON 2
5428.1 Ci 9 H 20 ON 2
Ci9H2iN2C1.2H2O
Bulbocapnine
Cinchene
Phenyldiallylbenzimidazolium hydroxide
Cinchoninone
Cinchonine chloride
R.
R.
M.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Ci 9 H 22 ON 2
Ci9H22ON2.C6He
Ci 9 H 22 ONa
Ci9H22ON2
Cinchonidine
Cinchonidine
a-Cinchonine
-Cinchonine
R.
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
-
Ci9H22O
d-Cinnamalidene camphor
R.
Bi.
Ci9H23ON2Br-H2O
Ci9H23ON2Br. ^C2H6O
Ci 9 H 23 ON 2 Br.!(?)H 2 O
Ci9H23ON2C1.2H2O
Cinchonine hydrobromide
Cinchonine hydrobromide
Cinchonidine hydrobromide
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
Ci9H23ON2CLiC2H6O
Ci 9 H 23 ON 2 LLSCH 4 O
Ci9H23O3N1H2O
Ci9H24O6N2S-SH2O
Cinchonine hydroiodide
Codethyline
Cinchonidine sulfate
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
+
+
CnH23O3Br
CnH23O4N
CnHzSO3N2
CnH 24 ON 2
CnH 24 ON 2
CnH 24 O 2
5244
CnH 24 O 2
5244.1 CnH24O4
5304
5336
5343.1 Ci8H32
Ci8H32Oi6.2H2O
Ci9Hi4O6
Ci9Hi6O4NS
Ci9Hi0O4NS
5414
5424
5441
5442
5442
2V
30 32'
44
(apprx.)
Orientation
Lit.
123 26'
47 24'
2E
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c

Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
(G)
(G)
108 14'
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 18

in acute ZjS
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 50
in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z ||c
(G)
89 9'
65 20'
70
(apprx.)
64 6'
(red)
35 35'
(red)
79 58'
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =
about 93 in obtuse Z/3
65 in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010)
62
.
-
19
28
81 39'
+
60
(apprx.)
85
(apprx.)
80 54'
79-83
24
(apprx.)
58 47'
125
(apprx.)
130
(apprx.)
Ax. pi. J_b(010); X A C =

13 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
Ax. pi. c(001); Z Ha
38 3'
100 56'
60 21'
65 20'
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(25)
(25)
(24)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a-axis

X = a, Y - b, Z = c
Ax. pi. b(010) ; X HC
(G)
(36)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC =

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
Ax.pl. J_b(010); Z A c =
Ax. pi. a(100) ; X ||b
Ax. pi. c(001); Z|jb
Ax. pi. b(010); Z.Lc(OOl)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
Ax. pi. a(100); ZUG
(G)
42
85 40.5'
(G)
( 39 )
23
(cale.)
85
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 12 (G)

in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010) (blue); X||c (G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A c = 90 (G)
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
(G)
(39)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||c

Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z A C =
22 in acute Z/3
Ax. pi. b(010)
85-90
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
13
(apprx.)
100 10 Z = b
(*<>)
Large
(40)
38 2
(*0)
35 52'
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A C = (G)
57 in obtuse Z/3
28
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
(G)
(apprx.)
150
(G)
155
(G)
140
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
(G)
102
Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A C = (G)
35 in obtuse ZjS
147
Ax. pi. b(l 10); ZHC
(G)
147 40' Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b
(39)
About 125
(G)
115 36' Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z A C = (G)
59 in obtuse Z/3
?.. 6X
5477
5561
5567
System
Class
Sign
Ci9H24O5N2Se-SH2O
Formula
Cinchonidine selenate
M.
Bi.
Ci9H28O2
Abietic acid
M.
Bi.
Ci 9 H 2 QOaN
Ci 9 H 3 IO 3 N
Vanillyl undecenoylamide
Vanillyl n-undecoylamide
R.
Tri.
Bi.
Bi.
C 20 Hu
C20Hi6O4
Benzal
fluorene
2, 4-Dihydroxytriphenylacetic acid
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
C 2 OHnOsNS
C 20 HnO 3 NS
C 20 HnO 3 NS
C 20 HnO 3 NS
C20Hi8O6
C 20 Hi 8 O 9
C 20 H 2 iON
a-Naphylamine naphthalene-a-sulfonate
0-Napthylaminenaphthalene-/3-sulfonate
a-Napthylaminenaphthalene-jS-sulfonate
/3-Napthylamine naphthalene-a-sulfonate
Pulvinic acid ethyl alcoholate
Atranoric acid
Benzoyl-/3, 0-diethylmethyliiidoIenine...
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi,
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
C 20 H 2 iO 4 N
C20H23O4N
C 20 H 24 O 2 N 2
C 20 H 22 O 4 N 4
C 20 H 24 O 2 N^C 2 H 6 O
C 20 H 24 O 2 N 2 ^C 6 H 6
C 20 H 24 O 2 N 2
C20H24O2N21C6H6
C 20 H 24 O 2 N 2 -C 6 H 6
C20H26ON2Br1H2O
d(Z)-Bulbocapnine methyl ether

Corydin
Quinidine
Diethyl dihydroxysuccinate 7-osazone..
Quinidine
Quinidine
Quinine
Quinine
Quinine (Unst. mod.)
Bromomethylcinchonine
Tefc.
Tet.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R. (?)
R.
R.
M.
Un.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
C20H26O6N2S.7H2O
C20H26OeN2Se.7H2O
C 2 OH 27 O 2 N 2 Br
R.
R.
R.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
R.
Bi.
40 40'
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
(G)
R.
Bi.
140
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
(G)
R.
Bi.
-f
157
Ax. pi. b(010); Z[|c
(G)
R.
Bi.
126 50'
Ax. pi. b(010); Z|[c
(G)
C 20 H 28 N 4
C20H30O2
C20H30O2
C20H30O4
C20H32O2N2Cl2
Quinine sulfate
Quinine selenate
Cinchonidine hydrobromide methyl alcoholate
Cinchonine hydrobromide methyl alcoholate
Cinchonidine hydrochloride methyl alcoholate
Cinchonine hydrochloride methyl alcoholate
Cinchonine hydroiodide methyl alcoholate
Diethylaniline azyline
d-Pimaric acid
Z-Pimaric acid
Camphorpinacone
d(/)--Limonene nitrosochloride
M.
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+ (?)
C20H33O3N
C20H34O4N
C2IHi8O3
Vanillyl n-dodecoylamide
Methylcapsaicin
Benzil benzilate
M.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
76 36'
110 22'
126 50'
99 34'100 15'
100 (cale.)
C 2 IHi 9 N 2 Br
C 2 IHi 9 N 2 Cl
C 2 iH 20
C 2 IH n O 2 N 2 Br
C 2 IH 22 O 2 N 2
C 2 IH 22 O 3 N 2
Amarine hydrobromide
Amarine hydrochloride
Diphenyl-p-xylylmethane
a-Bromostrychnine
Strychnine
Tribenzylamine nitrate
Trig.
Trig.
M.
R.
M. (?)
R.
C2IH23O5N
Diacetylmorphine
C 2 IH 24 O 7 N 4
C 22 H 20 N 2
C 22 H 22 O 2 N 4
, /S-Triethyl-a-methyleneiridoline picrate
Cinchonine ethobromide
Dichloromaleic-p-tolyl-dipiperidide
Cinchonidine hydroiodide ethiodide
Quinidine methyl alcoholate
Cinchonine hydroiodide ethyl alcoholate
d-Bornyl mthylne ether
p-Cresolphthalein
a, /3-Dibenzoylcinnamenimide
Benzoyl benzohydroxamic anisate (amod.)
Anisoyl benzohydroxamic p-toluate (mod.)
1, 3, 4-Triphenyltetrahydropyrazine
Bisantipyrine
C22H23OiN
Narcotine
C 20 H 27 O 2 N 2 Br
C20H27O2N2Cl
C20H27O2N2Cl
C 20 H 27 O 2 N 2 I
5588
5642
5648
C 2 IH 27 ON 2 Br-H 2 O
C 2 IH 27 ON 3 Cl 2
C 2 IH 28 ON 2 I 2 -H 2 O
C 2 IH 28 O 3 N 2
C 2 IH 29 O 2 N 2 I
C2IH36O2
C22Hi6O3
C 22 HnON
C22Hi7OsN
C 22 Hi 9 OaN
5704
Name
2V
77 18'
114
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
61 45'
+
+
-
74 10'
Un.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
-
57 43'
R.
Bi
M.
Bi.
R.
M.
M.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi:
Bi.
M.
Bi.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
R.
Bi.
2E
149 46'
45 20'
(red)
110
(apprx.)
16 7'
87 50'
44 40'
90
78
19
75 44'
39
82 40'
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 4 (G)
50' in acute Z/3
(24)
(24)
Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G)
104 in obtuse Z/8
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
(37)
Ax. pi. c(001); X||a
(G)
( 39 )
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z|[c
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
Ax. pi. b(101); X||c
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010)
(G)
86 30'
+
+
Lit.
Ax.pl. J_b(010); Z A c =
(G)
59 in obtuse /.
65
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 13 (G)
in acute Z/3
Very large
(24)
110 (106
(24)
cale.)
13
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c
(G)
Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); X A c = (G)
7 in obtuse Z/3
O)
O)
O)
85 5'
O)
61 6'
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b
(G)
Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a
(G)
41 25'
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 30 (G)
in acute Z/3
(G)
(G)
100 10
(<>)
143 28' Ax. pi. a(100); Z Ub
(G)
80 5
(*<>)
85 2
(<>)
(<>)
Large
(<>)
110 10
(<>)
80
Ax. pi. J_b(010)
(G)
(apprx.)
19 15'
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
77 15'
Ax. pi. a(100); XJ|c
(G)
142
(G)
58
-f
+
+
Orientation
156 40'
100 44'
56 24'
66 4'
60 52'
98 4'
50
(apprx.)
Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c

(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A c = 37 (G)
in obtuse Z/3
Ax. pi. a(100); X||c
(G)
No*
Formula
Name
System
Class
Sign
2V
85 5 7
(red)
73 36;
2E
C22H26O4
Benzyl santoate
R.
B L + ~
'
C22H3oON2l2.2H2O
C22H3OO3N2
C22H38O2S3
C23Hi8ONBr
Cinchonidine ethiodide methiodide

Quinidine ethyl alcoholate
Menthyl thioxanthic anhydride
Bromomethyltriphenyl pyrrolone
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
85 0 O'
70 15'
122 55'
C23Hi9O6N
M.
Bi.
-f-
64 32.5'
120 38'
M.
Bi.
-f
78 59'
C23Hi9O5N
C23Hi9O6N
p-Toluyl anisohydroxamic benzoate (amod.)

Anisoyl benzohydroxamic p-toluate (amod.)
Anisoyl p-toluhydroxamic benzoate
Benzoyl p-toluohydroxamic anisate
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
84 55'
68 32'
C23Hi9O6N
C23Hi9OoN
Benzoyl anisohydroxamic p-toluate

Benzoyl anisohydroxamic anisate
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
71 12'
C23H24O2N3-H2O
Mthylne bisantipyrine
M.
Bi.
76 30'
C23H20O5NLH2O
R.
Bi.
C24Hi8
C 24 HnON
M e t h y 1 trimethylcolchidimethinate
methiodide
1, 3, 5-Triphenylbenzene
Ethyltriphenylpyrrolone (0-mod.)
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
72
(apprx.)
9 50'
C25H23ON
C25H40Oi0
C26Hi6O
Propyltriphenylpyrrolone (a-mod.)
Lepranthine
Tetraphenylenepinacoline
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
65 50'
C26H23O5N
C26H32O5N2
d-Benzoylbulbocapnine
Strychnine ethyl carbonate
R.
?
Bi.
Bi.
80
(apprx.)
78 34'
C27H30O4N2
C27H46Br2
C28H20O4
C28H36O6N2-SH2O
Cinchonine phenylglycolate
Cholestene dibromide (St. mod.)
Stilbeneglycol dibenzoate
Brucine valerianate
R.
R.
M.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
+
+
+
C28H46Oa
C28H46O2
Gurjum resin
Cholesteryl formate
Tri.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
C30H26OeN2S2
a-Napthylamine naphthalene-1,
fonate
fonate
a-Napthylamide naphthalene-2,
fonate
fonate
0-Napthylamine naphthalene-1,
fonate (normal salt).
5-disul-
C30H48
C30H48
C32H26O
C32H28
/9-Napthylamine naphthalene-1,
fonate (acid salt)
-Napthylamine naphthalene-1,
fonate
fonate
fonate
d-a-Amyrilene
d-0-Amyrilene
a-Isodypnopinacoline
Tetraphenylethanebenzene
C32H28O2
C32H32Oi2
Orientation
Lit.
. pi. a(100); Z UG
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Zfla
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
78 30'
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
Ax. pi. b(010); Z apprx.
8(101)
C23Hi9OsN
5818
5961
C30Ha6O6N2S2
C30H26O6N2S2
C30H26O6N2S2
C30H26O6N2S2
C30H26O6N2S2
C30H26O6N2S2
C30H26O6N2S2
C30H26O6N2S2
145
16 42'
18 25'
17 20'
135 30'
108 58'
30
(apprx. )
45
85 58'
86
(apprx.)
Ax.pl. b(010);ZAc =
about 60 in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. ||c(001); Z|[a
(G)
X||b
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 33
in obtuse /.
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax.pl. b(010); ZA c =
53 50' in obtuse Z.
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 56
in obtuse Z
Ax. pi. a(100); Z|Jb
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X U G

Ax. pi. b(010); X A c =
63 in obtuse /.
Ax. pi. a(100); Z|[c
Ax. pi. b(010)
Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 50
(apprx.) in obtuse Z
Ax. pi. c(001); X||b
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
b(010); Z||c
a(100); Z||c
b(010); Z)Ib
b(010)
86 6'
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =
21 30'
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(37)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(1J
Bi.
Bi.
Large
(1J
6-disul-
Bi.
Large
O)
7-disul-
Bi.
5-disul-
Bi.
-f
5-disul-
Bi.
6-disul-
Bi.
6-disul7-disul-
6-disul-
M.
O)
(l)
75 5'
(obs.)
77 6'
(cale.)
Large
(1)
Large
(*)
Bi.
-f
70 5'
O)
Bi.
Large
R.
R.
R.
M.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
. -f-f
72 12'
22 21.5'
Dypnopinacone
M.
Bi.
Tetrarin
Tri.
Bi.
6062.1 C34H40OioN2S.7H2O
Morphine sulfate
R.
Bi.
6067
6075
C34H47OnN
C34H50O2
C40H62O7N4Se
C42H38O4N4S.3.5H2O
Aconitine
Cinchonine selenate ethyl alcoholate
Amarine sulfate
R.
Tet.
M.
M.
Bi.
Un.
Bi.
Bi.
-f
60
(apprx.)
26
(apprx.)
33
(apprx.)
69 37'
(red)
56 10'
77 40'
60 57'
C42H46O8N4Se-SH2O
Strychnine selenate
M.
Bi.
-f
14
C42H48O8N4S-SH2O
Strychnine sulfate
M.
Bi.
-f
16 30'
C52H88Qi
Zeorine
H.
Un.
35 26.5'
Bxoplates
(!)
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax. pi.
Ax.pl.
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
c(001); Z||a
c(001); ZJb
a(100); Z||c
b(010)
(G)
Ax. pi. a(100)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); X||a
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a
(G)
(G)
(G)
(G)
Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C =

80 in obtuse Z0
Ax.pl. b ( 0 1 0 ) ; Z A c =
34 in acute /.
Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c =
(G)
(G)
(G)
LITERATURE
(G) Groth, Chemische Krystallographie, 5 vols. 1906-1919. (L-B) LandoltBrnstein-Roth-Scheel, Physikalisch-Chemische Tabellen, 5th Ed., 1923.
(i) Ambler, 45, 12: 1081; 20. (2) Artini, 72, 46: 475; 13. (3) Artini, 22,
261:392; 17. ( 4 ) Beckenkamp, 94, 40: 597; 05. ( 5 ) Beger, 94, 57: 303;
22. (6) Bleicher, 94, 51: 504; 13. ( 7 ) Drugman, 94, 50: 579; 12. (7-5)
Duffour, 6, 30: 169; 13. ( 8 ) Ehrlich and Pistschimuka, 25, 45: 2436; 12.
( 8 - 5 ) Gatewood, l, 47: 411; 25. ( 9 ) Gilta, 27, 31: 250; 22.
(i ) Goldschmidt, 94, 55: 123; 15, (") Gossner, 94, 53: 488; 14. (")
Hartley, Drugman et al, 4, 103: 751; 13. ( 13 ) Heilbron and Wilson, 4,
101: 1489; 12. (U) Hudson and Chernoff, l, 40: 1007; 18. (* 5 ) Jaeger,
64P, 18: 49; 15. O 6 ) Jamieson and Wherry, I , 42: 136; 20. ( 17 ) Jungfleisch, 34, 155: 801; 12. () Keenan, O. ( 19 ) Kraggs, l, 123: 77; 23.
(20) Mieleitner, 94, 55: 51; 19. (2l) Moore and Gatewood, l, 45: 144; 23.
(22) Mller, 4, 107: 874; 15. (23) Nelson, l, 41: 1115; 19. (24) Nelson,
l, 41: 2122; 19. (25) Nelson and Dawson, l, 45: 2180; 23. (26) Orndoff
and Pratt, 11, 47: 95; 12. (27) Robinson and Jones, 4, 101: 64; 12. ( 28 )
Stefl, 94, 54: 343; 14. (29) Steinmetz, 94, 54: 467; 15.
( 30 ) Steinmetz, 94, 55: 375; 16. (3i) Stortenbeker, 70, 32: 226; 13. ( 33 )
Thoma, 07, 33: 403; 12. ( 34 ) Wahl, o, 87A: 371; 13. ( 3S ) Wherry, 128,
8: 321; 18. (36) Wherry, l, 42: 126; 20. (37) Wherry, O. (38) Wherry
and Kann, 128, 12: 291; 22. ( 39 ) Wherry and Yanovsky, 128, 9: 507; 19.
( 4 0 ) Wherry and Yanovsky, 1, 40: 1065; 18. ( 4 M Widmer, 94, 60: 184; 24.
( 4 2) Hayman, Wagner and Holden, 884, 14: 388; 25.
Extensive data are given in Fedorow, "Das Krystallreich. Tabellen zur krystallochemischen Analyse,1' 1920; this is vol. 36 of Mmoires de l'Acadmie des Sciences de Russie (VIII series).
X-RAY DIFFRACTION DATA FROM CRYSTALS AND LIQUIDS

R. W. G. WYCKOFF
Introduction.To find a given substance, consult Table 2V
for all elementary substances, & for all chemical compounds, D for
all alloys which are not definite chemical compounds, TL for all
liquids, and ~$ for solid solutions of salts.
Except for the spacing observations given in Tables & and JL1
there are recorded below only such observations as can be made to
yield dimensions for at least a possible unit cell. The structure
types of some of the simpler unit cells are shown in Figs. 1-11.
The mode of designating these structures and other coordinate
groups giving atomic positions is that described in Wyckoff,
"The Structure of Crystals," Chemical Catalog Co., New York,
1924.
ABBREVIATIONS
2a, 46, 8/, (46, 4c), (46, 4d), (326, 48c), etc. refer to the correspondingly numbered coordinate groups in Wyckoff, Lc. and
Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups
(Washington, 1922).
o, &o, CQ Edge length of unit cell along the a-, 6-, and c-crystallographic axes, respectively.
a
The angle between the three equivalent axes of a
rhombohedral unit; in a triclinic crystal, the angle
between the 6- and c-axes.
B.-c.
Body-centered type of structure. The cubic B.-c.
arrangement (2a) is shown in Fig. 1.
Angle between the a- and c-axes.

C.-p.
The hexagonal close-packed type of atomic arrangement (d) (see Fig. 3).
7
Angle between the a- and 6-axes in a triclinic crystal.
2Ci
Holohedral symmetry class, monoclinic system. 2Ci-w
(C ) as under T.
3Ci
Second sort hexagonal tetartohedral symmetry class,
rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3Ci-w
(C^ ) and 3Ci-w (n) as under T.
4C
Tetartohedral symmetry class, tetragonal system.
4C-W (C") as under T.
6Ci
Paramorphic hemihedral symmetry class, hexagonal
division, hexagonal system. 6Ci-w (C6^ ) as under T.
Dia.
Diamond type (8/.) of atomic arrangement (see Fig. 4).
2D
Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, orthorhombic (rhombic) system. 2D-m (V ), as under T.
2Di
Holohedral symmetry class, orthorhombic system.
2Di-w (V) and 2Di-w (n) as under T.
3D
Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3D-w (D)
and 3D-W (n) as under T.
3Di
4d
4D
4Di
6Di
2e
3e
6e
F.-c.
Oi
P. S.
P. U. C.
S. P.
T
Te
Ti
u, or v
Holohedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division,

hexagonal system. 3Di-w (D3d) and 3Di-w (n)
as under T.
Second sort hemihedral symmetry class, tetragonal
system. 4d-w (Vd ) and 4d-w (n) as under T.
Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4D-w (D 4 ) as under T.
Holohedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4Di-w
(D^ ) and 4Di-m (n) as under T.
Holohedral symmetry class, hexagonal division, hexagonal system. 6Di-w( D6A ) and 6Di-w (n) as under
T.
Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, orthorhombic system. 2e-w (C2v ) as under T.
Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3e-w (C3v )
and 3e-m (n) as under T.
Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, hexagonal
division, hexagonal system. 6e-w (C6v ) and 6e-w
(n) as under T.
Face-centered type of structure. Cubic F.-c. arrangement (46) shown in Fig. 2.
Holohedral symmetry class, cubic system. Oi-w
(OA ) and Oi-w (n) as under T.
Possible structure. Used to designate those atomic
arrangements which may be correct but for which
additional results are needed or desirable.
Possible unit cell. Used to designate those crystals
for which the selected unit cells may be correct but
which require additional experimental or theoretical
treatment.
Sample compressed.
Tetartohedral symmetry class, cubic system. Tm = mth space group having this symmetry ( = T).
T-m (n) = nth atomic arrangement under T-W.
For instance T-3(c) is seen by reference to Wyckoff
(Analytical expression, p. 122), to be arrangement 8a.
Similarly 4D-7 (c) is the coordinate pair OJu;
HOu (ibid., p. 93).
Hemimorphic hemihedral (tetrahedral) symmetry
class, cubic system. Te-w (T d ) and Te-w (n) as
under T.
Paramorphic hemihedral (pyritohedral). symmetry
class, cubic system. Ti-w (Th ) and Ti-m (n) have
meanings analogous to those of similar symbols under
T.
Variable X1 y or z parameter.
LITERATURE
(G) Groth, Chemische Krystallographie, 5 vols. 1906-1919. (L-B) LandoltBrnstein-Roth-Scheel, Physikalisch-Chemische Tabellen, 5th Ed., 1923.
(i) Ambler, 45, 12: 1081; 20. (2) Artini, 72, 46: 475; 13. (3) Artini, 22,
261:392; 17. ( 4 ) Beckenkamp, 94, 40: 597; 05. ( 5 ) Beger, 94, 57: 303;
22. (6) Bleicher, 94, 51: 504; 13. ( 7 ) Drugman, 94, 50: 579; 12. (7-5)
Duffour, 6, 30: 169; 13. ( 8 ) Ehrlich and Pistschimuka, 25, 45: 2436; 12.
( 8 - 5 ) Gatewood, l, 47: 411; 25. ( 9 ) Gilta, 27, 31: 250; 22.
(i ) Goldschmidt, 94, 55: 123; 15, (") Gossner, 94, 53: 488; 14. (")
Hartley, Drugman et al, 4, 103: 751; 13. ( 13 ) Heilbron and Wilson, 4,
101: 1489; 12. (U) Hudson and Chernoff, l, 40: 1007; 18. (* 5 ) Jaeger,
64P, 18: 49; 15. O 6 ) Jamieson and Wherry, I , 42: 136; 20. ( 17 ) Jungfleisch, 34, 155: 801; 12. () Keenan, O. ( 19 ) Kraggs, l, 123: 77; 23.
(20) Mieleitner, 94, 55: 51; 19. (2l) Moore and Gatewood, l, 45: 144; 23.
(22) Mller, 4, 107: 874; 15. (23) Nelson, l, 41: 1115; 19. (24) Nelson,
l, 41: 2122; 19. (25) Nelson and Dawson, l, 45: 2180; 23. (26) Orndoff
and Pratt, 11, 47: 95; 12. (27) Robinson and Jones, 4, 101: 64; 12. ( 28 )
Stefl, 94, 54: 343; 14. (29) Steinmetz, 94, 54: 467; 15.
( 30 ) Steinmetz, 94, 55: 375; 16. (3i) Stortenbeker, 70, 32: 226; 13. ( 33 )
Thoma, 07, 33: 403; 12. ( 34 ) Wahl, o, 87A: 371; 13. ( 3S ) Wherry, 128,
8: 321; 18. (36) Wherry, l, 42: 126; 20. (37) Wherry, O. (38) Wherry
and Kann, 128, 12: 291; 22. ( 39 ) Wherry and Yanovsky, 128, 9: 507; 19.
( 4 0 ) Wherry and Yanovsky, 1, 40: 1065; 18. ( 4 M Widmer, 94, 60: 184; 24.
( 4 2) Hayman, Wagner and Holden, 884, 14: 388; 25.
Extensive data are given in Fedorow, "Das Krystallreich. Tabellen zur krystallochemischen Analyse,1' 1920; this is vol. 36 of Mmoires de l'Acadmie des Sciences de Russie (VIII series).
X-RAY DIFFRACTION DATA FROM CRYSTALS AND LIQUIDS

R. W. G. WYCKOFF
Introduction.To find a given substance, consult Table 2V
for all elementary substances, & for all chemical compounds, D for
all alloys which are not definite chemical compounds, TL for all
liquids, and ~$ for solid solutions of salts.
Except for the spacing observations given in Tables & and JL1
there are recorded below only such observations as can be made to
yield dimensions for at least a possible unit cell. The structure
types of some of the simpler unit cells are shown in Figs. 1-11.
The mode of designating these structures and other coordinate
groups giving atomic positions is that described in Wyckoff,
"The Structure of Crystals," Chemical Catalog Co., New York,
1924.
ABBREVIATIONS
2a, 46, 8/, (46, 4c), (46, 4d), (326, 48c), etc. refer to the correspondingly numbered coordinate groups in Wyckoff, Lc. and
Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups
(Washington, 1922).
o, &o, CQ Edge length of unit cell along the a-, 6-, and c-crystallographic axes, respectively.
a
The angle between the three equivalent axes of a
rhombohedral unit; in a triclinic crystal, the angle
between the 6- and c-axes.
B.-c.
Body-centered type of structure. The cubic B.-c.
arrangement (2a) is shown in Fig. 1.
Angle between the a- and c-axes.

C.-p.
The hexagonal close-packed type of atomic arrangement (d) (see Fig. 3).
7
Angle between the a- and 6-axes in a triclinic crystal.
2Ci
Holohedral symmetry class, monoclinic system. 2Ci-w
(C ) as under T.
3Ci
Second sort hexagonal tetartohedral symmetry class,
rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3Ci-w
(C^ ) and 3Ci-w (n) as under T.
4C
Tetartohedral symmetry class, tetragonal system.
4C-W (C") as under T.
6Ci
Paramorphic hemihedral symmetry class, hexagonal
division, hexagonal system. 6Ci-w (C6^ ) as under T.
Dia.
Diamond type (8/.) of atomic arrangement (see Fig. 4).
2D
Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, orthorhombic (rhombic) system. 2D-m (V ), as under T.
2Di
Holohedral symmetry class, orthorhombic system.
2Di-w (V) and 2Di-w (n) as under T.
3D
Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3D-w (D)
and 3D-W (n) as under T.
3Di
4d
4D
4Di
6Di
2e
3e
6e
F.-c.
Oi
P. S.
P. U. C.
S. P.
T
Te
Ti
u, or v
Holohedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division,

hexagonal system. 3Di-w (D3d) and 3Di-w (n)
as under T.
Second sort hemihedral symmetry class, tetragonal
system. 4d-w (Vd ) and 4d-w (n) as under T.
Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4D-w (D 4 ) as under T.
Holohedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4Di-w
(D^ ) and 4Di-m (n) as under T.
Holohedral symmetry class, hexagonal division, hexagonal system. 6Di-w( D6A ) and 6Di-w (n) as under
T.
Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, orthorhombic system. 2e-w (C2v ) as under T.
Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3e-w (C3v )
and 3e-m (n) as under T.
Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, hexagonal
division, hexagonal system. 6e-w (C6v ) and 6e-w
(n) as under T.
Face-centered type of structure. Cubic F.-c. arrangement (46) shown in Fig. 2.
Holohedral symmetry class, cubic system. Oi-w
(OA ) and Oi-w (n) as under T.
Possible structure. Used to designate those atomic
arrangements which may be correct but for which
additional results are needed or desirable.
Possible unit cell. Used to designate those crystals
for which the selected unit cells may be correct but
which require additional experimental or theoretical
treatment.
Sample compressed.
Tetartohedral symmetry class, cubic system. Tm = mth space group having this symmetry ( = T).
T-m (n) = nth atomic arrangement under T-W.
For instance T-3(c) is seen by reference to Wyckoff
(Analytical expression, p. 122), to be arrangement 8a.
Similarly 4D-7 (c) is the coordinate pair OJu;
HOu (ibid., p. 93).
Hemimorphic hemihedral (tetrahedral) symmetry
class, cubic system. Te-w (T d ) and Te-w (n) as
under T.
Paramorphic hemihedral (pyritohedral). symmetry
class, cubic system. Ti-w (Th ) and Ti-m (n) have
meanings analogous to those of similar symbols under
T.
Variable X1 y or z parameter.
FIG. 1.The unit cube of the body-centered cubic arrangement

(2a). The coordinates of the atomic positions associated with this cell
are 000; KKK-
FIG. 2.The unit cube of the face-centered cubic arrangement (46).

The coordinates of the atomic positions associated with this cell are 000 ;
KKO; KOK; OKK.
FIG. 7.The unit cube of the ZnS-arrangement (46, 4J). The atoms
in position 4d appear as black circles; their coordinates are J^MM
1 3 3
A A A; aA 1A3A; 3ASA H.
FIG. 8.The unit cell of the ZnO-arrangement (ef). The coordinates

of equivalent atomic positions are 000; % K K and 0Ov ; %, K, v -f K-
FIG. 3.The unit cell of the hexagonal close-packed arrangement (J).

The coordinates of the atomic positions associated with this cell are
000; y3 % Y*.
FIG. 9.The unit cell of the CaF2-arrangement (46, Se). The atoms
in positions 8e, shown as black circles, have the coordinates /4/4%;
H3A3A; H1A3A-, 3A3A1A-, 3A3A3A; H1A3A; 3A1A1A; 1A3A1A-
FIG. 4.The unit cube of the diamond cubic arrangement (8/). The
coordinates of the atomic positions associated with this cell are 000;
1 1
A Ao-, 1Ao1A; WA; 1A1A1A; 1A3AH; *AY%; 3A3A1A-
FIG. 5.The unit cube of the NaCl-arrangement (46, 4c). The

atoms in positions 4b are shown as annuii; those in 4c as black circles.
The coordinates of 4c are OKO; KOO; OOK; KKK-
FIG. 6.The unit cube of the CsCl-arrangement (Ia, 16). Atoms

of one sort, in Ia, are shown as annuii; the other kind of atom, in 16,
appears as a black circle.
FIG. 10.The unit cube of the Cu2O-arrangement (2a, 4J). The

atoms in positions 4J are shown as annuii, those in 2a appear as black
circles.
FIG. 11.The unit cell of the hexagonal Mn(OH) 2 arrangement (ft).

The coordinates of the equivalent atomic positions in the unit are 000
and K %w; % Y$u.
2V-T AB LE.ELEMENTS
Chemical Crystal
, ,
,
symbol
system
A
Structure
,
type
C . R - C .(
Space
group
TT-;
Mole,
cules
Calculated
, .,
density
T M.
j
i
Lit. and remarks
4 1 . 6 4 s
(227) (temp. c a . -253)
Ag
C.
R-C.(46)
4.079
(2, 142, 165, 218, 235, 240, 241, 265,

329, 371)
Al
C.
R-C. (46)
4.043
2.692
(84, 127, 128, 141, 197, 206, 216, 241,

329, 366, 361)
As
H.
3Di-5(c)
5.7s
(43, 366) u. = o.22e, probably correct
Au
C.
R-C. (46)
Be
Bi*
C-dia.
Graph.f
Ca
Cd
Ce
H.
H.
C.
H.
C.
H.
C.
H.
C.-p.(d)
3Di-5(c)
Dia. (8/)
6e-4(a, 6)
F.-c.(46)
C.-p.(d)
R-C. (46)
C.-p.(d)
Co
C.
R-C.(46)
Cr
H.
C.
C.-p.(d)
B.-c.(2a)
Cu
C.
R-C.(46)
Fe-a
C.
B.-c.(2a)
3D-5
Unit cell
~ < ?
Size. A
.
a0
I C0
4 3
4.142; 54 T
4.064
6D-4?
2.28s
3D-5 4.72e; 57 16'
Oi-7
3.56
6e-4?
2.46
5.56
6D-4?
2.98
5.12
6D-4?
3.65
3.607
19.4
2
2
8
4
4
2
4
2
6.79
5.63
5.96
3.554
6D-4?
10.49
1.82s
9.86
3.51
2.22
1.53s
8.5e
6.9o
6.7s
(2, 84, 142, 165, 218, 241, 329, 371)
(1^)
(82, us, 139, 140, 142, 166, 193)
(52,59,60,128)
(14, 88, 89, ios, 119, 128, 262, 310)
(134,135)
(134,136,229)
(137)
(137). Existence (?) (224)
8.67
(131, 136) j c/. (224)
2
2
8.6e
7.22
(isi, 136), c/. (224)

(131, 136, 201, 206)
3.603
8.95
( 46 ' 2, 84, 141, 145, 196, 197, 198,

199, 200, 329, 374, 3 7 1 )
2.85s
7.92
(2
2.514
2.87s
4.10s
84
> 122, 128, 131, 168, 196, 250,
253, 254, 255, 256, 362)
Fe-j3
C.
B.-c.(2a)
2.90 at 800
f 3.63 at 1100
2
1
7.5s
, f 7.7o at 1100
No structural inversion, a to (250,
1 7.40 at 1425
253,254,255,256,257)
*e'T
*.-C.(46)
J 3 . 6 8 at 1425
Fe-O
Ga
Ge
Hf
Hg
In
Ir
K
C.
B.-c.(2a)
C.
H.
Tet.?
C.
C.
Dia. (8/)
C.-p.(d)
Two
?
R-C. (46)
B.-c.(2a)
Li
Mg
Mn (a)
Mn (0)
Mn(T)
C.
H.
C.?
C.?
Tet.?
B.-c.(2a)
C.-p.(d)
2.93 at 1425
Symmetry said to be not cubic
Oi-7
5.62
6D-4?
3.32
5.46
different structures have been deduced
4.58
4.86
3.823
5.20 at
-150
3.50
6D-4?
3.22
5.23
8.89
6.289
3.774
3.533
Mo
C.
B.-C.(2a)
3.143
Na
Nb
C.
C.?
B.-c.(2a)
4.30
4.19
2
4
0.954
Ni
C.
R-C.(46)
3.499
9.04
Os
P (black)
H.
H.
C.-p.(d)
2.714
5.96,-6O 0 Io'
2
8
22.8
4.32
2
8
2
4
4
2
2
2
56?
20?
4
7.33
(285)
(14, 138)
(324,379)
( 2 170)
7.4s
(134, 136) p. u. C.
22.8
(134,136,284)
0.917 at -150 ( 162 )- Approximate only
5.3s
11.3
0.534
1.709
7.2i
7.29
7.2i
10.20
(32,33,128)
(36,128,129,196)
(350) p. u. C.
(350) p. u. C.
(350, 368) p. u. C.
(82,136,236,329)
(128)
(366) p. u. C. Impure
(36, 82, 84, 128, 1S1, 136, 168, 206,
260, 299, 329, 360, 361)
(137)
(392) p. s. like As
Pb
C.
R-C.(46)
4.920
11.48
Pd
C.
R-C.(46)
3.859
12.25
(134, 136, 164, 167, 329, 393)
Pt
C.
R-C. (46)
3.913
21.5
(82,134,136,142,329,393)
Rh
Ru
S
Sb
Se
C.
H.
R.
H.
H.
R-C. (46)
C.-p.(d)
4
2
128
2
3
12.2
12.6
2.02
6.73
4.8e
Si
Sn (gray)
(white)
Ta
C.
C.
Tet.
C.
3.820
6D-4?
2.68e
4.272
2D-24
10.61
24.56
3D-5 4.50o;5637'
3D-4 or
4.34
4.95
3D-6
Oi-7
5.42
Oi-7
6.46
4D-19?
5.824
3.165
3.272
8
8
4
2
2.32
5.81
7.3o
17. i
(136,393)
(134,136)
(61, 314) &0 = 12.87
(140, 193) u. = 0.23i
(42, 232, 308, 366)u. = 0.21e.
P. S.
(88, 107, 108, 127, 128, 153, 154)
(29, 30, si), c/. (206)
(29, so, 31, 172, 173, 174, 206, 238)
(25,134,136)
3Di-5(c)
3D-4(a)
(or 3D-6(a))
Dia. (8/)
Dia.(8/)
4Di-19(a)
B.-c.(2a)
(82, 84, 156, 196, 206, 241, 329, 340)
Chemical Crystal
u i system
x
symbol
Te
Th
Ti
Tl
C.
H.
H.?
Tet.(?)
Structure
xtype
Space
group
3D-4(a)
or 3D-6(a)
F.-c.(46)
C.-p.(d)
C.-p.(d)?
3D-4 or
3D-6
U
V
C.
B.-c.(2o)
C.
B.-C.(2a)
Zn
Zr
H.
H.
C.-p.(d)
C.-p.(d)
Unit cell
f
$lze A
o
CQ
4.44
5.90
GDi-4?
6Di-4(?)
5.04
2.92
4.67
3.47
5.52
4.75
5.40
Said to be not cubic
3.04
3.155
6D-4?
6D-4?
2.657
3.23
TT-;
Mole,
cuies
3
Calculated
, ...
density
,
.
Lit. a n d remarks
6.2e
4
2
2
12.o
4.5s
11.7
5.9s
4.94s
5.14
T .L
(42,232,308, 366) u = 0.269. pTs.

(36,137)
(36, 137, 201)
1 ,,- .,.. n
.
..
J (25, 156). Correct unit uncertain
( 25 )
(138)
19.3
2
2
7.04
6.4?
(67,82,84,87,136,374)
(134, 136, 206, 229, 346)

[(137,379)
* u = 0.237. ( 1 4 2 si early editions) give incorrect structures,

t u for 6e-4 (a) = O. u for 6e-4 (b) = T\.
A-TABLE.STANDARD ARRANGEMENT v. p. 96
Chemical symbol
H2O
HCl
11 N2O
NH3
NH4Cl (high)
NH4Cl(IoW)
N2HeCl2
NH4Br (high)
NH4Br(IoW)
NH4I
(NH^2SO4
12 PH4I
(NH4)H2PO4
As2O3
Sb2O3
16 CO2
Crystal
system
E
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
R.
Tt.
Tt.
C.
C.
C.
Structure
type
F.-c.?
(4/)
[4/,T-4(6)]
NaCl-like
CsCl-like
FeSAe (8, 8fc)
NaCl-like
CsCl-like
NaCl-like
Space group
T-4
T-4
Unit cell, size, A

;
oo
j CQ
4 ~ 5 2 7 . 3 2
5.5o; -1680C
5.77
4
4
4
4
1
4
4
1
4
4
2
4
4Di-7(a,c)
2D-16
4D-7
4d-12
5.19(ca.-80)
6.53(250)
3.866
7.89
6.90(250)
4.047
7.24*
5.95
6.34
7.48
(326, 48c)
(,326,48e)
(46,8A)
Oi-7
Oi-7
Ti-6
11.06
11.14
5.62
Ti-6
7.73
4.62
7.55
16
16
4
Calculated
density
0.91s
Lit.
Additional data and remarks
(54,90,114,210, 213) p. u. C. Atomic arrangement

not yet known with certainty.
1.45
(228)
1.51
(233,358)
Uo =g 0.22s, distance 0-N =
1.06A. P.S.
0.81
(33)
u = 0.22
1.27
(20)
1.52s
(20,120,244,280)
1.41
(2)
M N = ca. 0.04. uci = 0.27
1.97
(2<>)
2
2.43s
( 0,120,244)
2.517 (20,120,243)
1.80
()
bo = 10.5e
2.88
(94)
u x = 0.40 0.01
1.80
(342)
Natomsat4d.-12(a);Pat4d-12
(6)
3.86
(41)
Aa = 0.89s, T 0 = 0.21
41
5.57
( )
ugb = 0.88e, V0 = 0.23
1.64
(317,318,358,382) UQ uncertain. Liquid air-temperature
For other carbon compounds belonging here v. the C-Table infra

SiO2 (/3-quartz)
H.
SiO2 (low quartz)
H.
SiO2 (/3-cristobalite)
(NH4J2SiF9
SiC1I
SiC, II
C.
C.
H.
H.
SiC, III
H.
TiO2 (rutile)
TiO2 (anatase)
Ti2O3
TiN
OD^} (C '^
6D-4 & 6D-5
5.01
5.47
2.50
(331,332,359)
4.903
5.39s
2.64s
(21,48,169,227,331) p. U. C. a0-spacing for quartz

very accurately determined.
(8/, 166)
(46,8c,24a)
3D-3 & 3D-5

or
3D-4 & 3D-6
Oi-7?
Oi-5
7.12^290)
8.38
3.09s
3.09s
37.9
15.17
8
4
15
6
2.20
2.00
3.15
3.15
(288,377,380)
(3)
(3)
(347,348)
3.095
10.10
3.16
(39<>)
4.58
5.27
5.37; 56 48'
4.23?
2.98
9.37
2
8
2
4
4.21
4.05
4.67
5.4o?
(83, lis, 241,263)

(242)
(3S1)
(13,306)
4.29?
5.0i?
(is,306)
6.1e
(")
1
1
4
4
3.73
5.3s
7.1
2.2s
(13)
(13)
(13,306)
(")
4
8
6.4
4.85
(13,306)
(241)
6C-6?
Tt.
Tt.
H.
C.
4Di-14(a,/)
4D-14
3Di-6(c, e)
NaCl(46,4c)
3D-6
TiC
C.
NaCl(46,4c)
21 ZrO2
C.
CaF2(46,8e)
Oi-5
5.08
H.
H.
C.
C.
Mn(OH)2(A)
Mn(OH)2(A)
NaCl(46,4c)
(4d, 4e, 12o, 24u)
3D-3
3D-3
3.68
3.79
4.61
9.35
ZrS2
ZrSe2
ZrN
(NHO8ZrF7
ZrC
ZrSiO4
C.
Tt.
NaCl(46,4c)
Oi-4
4.7s
9.20
5.85
6.18
5.87
u = 0.197
u p = 0.205
Complex structure assigned
C at 6C-6(o) if u = O and 6C-6(6), if u = J and |. Si at 6C6(a) if u' = i and 6C-6(6) if u'
= 0.29 and 0.95 P. S.
C at 000; 00*; J | }; | J f . Si
at 0Ow; O, O, u + J; J, }, w +
i;!,*,+1,-.*. P.S.
P.U.C.
The later determination gives
a 0 = 4.40
The later determination gives
a 0 = 4.6o
P.S. Other data (*3) conflict.
2 modifications?
P.S. u = a. 0.25
P.S. u = a. 0.25
P, S.
0.15 < UN < 0.21; 0.42 <u p
< 0.48; 0.23 < H F < 0.28
P.S.
P.U.C.
Chemical symbol
SnO
SnO2
SnI4
Crystal
Structure type
system
T e I 4 D i 7(o, c)?
Tt.
C.
Ti-6(c, d)
(NIh)2SnCIe
23PbO
PbO2
PbF2GS)
PbS
PbSe
PbTe
Pb(NOa)2
ThO2
C.
Tet.
Tet.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
(46,8e, 24a)
4Di-7(a,c)
4Di-14(a,/)
CaF2(4b, 8e)
NaCl(46,4c)
NaCl(4&,4c)
NaCl(4b,4c)
(46,8, Ti-6(24))
CaF2(4&, 8e)
Ga2O3
In2O3
(Ga1In)2O3
Tl2O3
TlCl
TlBr
ZnO
Zn(Br03)2.6H20
a-ZnS (wurtzite)
/5-ZnS (blende)
ZnSe
ZnCO3
29 CdO
CdF2
CdI2
a-CdS
/S-CdS
Hg2Cl2
Hg2Br2
HgI2
Hg2I2
HgS (metacinnabarite)
H.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
H.
C.
H.
C.
C.
H.
C.
C.
H.
H.
C.
Tet.
Tet.
Tet.
Tet.
C.
3Di-6(c,<?)
CsCl(Ia, 16)
CsCl(Ia1Io)
ZnO(e')
(46, Sh, Ti-6(24))
ZnO(e')
ZnS(4&, 4d)
ZnS(4b14d)
3Di-6(a,6,e)
NaCl(46,4c)
CaF2(46,8e)
Mn(OH)2(A)
ZnO(eO
ZnS(46,4d)
4Di-17(e)
4Di-17(e)
4Di-17(e)
ZnS(46, id)
Unit cell, size, A

Calculated
;
M
Lit.
o
| CQ
density
3 ^ 7 7 4 ^ 7 7 2 6 ~ 5 e " ( )
4.72
3.16
2
7.07
(83,241,263)
12.2s
8
4.52
(96,175)
Space group
;
Ti-6
Oi-5
4D-14
Oi-5
Ti-6
Oi-5
3D-6
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-I
Oi-I
6e-4
Ti-6
6e-4
Te-2
Te-2
3D-6
Oi-5
3D-3
6e-4
Te-2
Te-2
10.Os
3.99
4.97
5.93
5.97
6.14
6.34
7.84
5.59
5.28i; 55 35'
10.12
9.76
10.57
3.84
3.97
3.25
10.31
3.84
5.43
5.65
5.62; 48 23'
4.72
5.40
4.24
4.14
5.82
4.47
4.65
4.35e
4.92
5.84
5.01
3.40
4
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
2.39
9.2s
9.40
7.76
7.42
8.1?
8.67
4.54
9.9s
2
16
16
16
1
1
2
4
2
4
4
2
4
4
1
6.62
7.07
10.89
11.10
12.34
11.61
4
2
2
2
2
4
9.54
4.67
3
4
8.!2
6.4s
(iso, 357, ses, 366)

(188J
2
4
4
4
4
6.02
4.1s
4.9s
5.62
7.1e
2
4
4
2
4
2
2
4
7.27
5.56
6.45
5.66
5.67
6.37
6.66
(6i,ii3,i88)
(76,293)
(76,293)
(8,76,293)
(80)
(24) cf. (197)
(76,88,161,277)
(76,264,265)
(76,264,265)
(6,8,265)
(76,264,265)
(287)
(287)
(8)
4
4
1
4
2
3.08
6.28
6.84
6.72
337,
HgS (cinnabar)
CuO
H.
Tri.
Cu2O
CuCl
CuBr
CuI
Cu2Se
Cu2Zn
32 Ag2O
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
AgI
Ag3PO4
Ag3AsO4
(4AgItCuI) miersite
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
H.
C.
C.
C.
C.
(NH4)2PtCl6
PtAs2 (sperrylite)
(NH4)2PdCU
MnO
MnO2
C.
C.
Tet.
C.
Tet.
3D-4 & 3D-6
4.16
3.74
Cu20(2a, 4<J)
ZnS(46,4d)
ZnS(46,4d)
ZnS(4&,4d)
CaF2(46, Se)
Oi-4
Te-2
Te-2
Te-2
Oi-5
Cu20(2a,4d)
NaCl(46,4c)
NaCl(46,4c)
ZnO(eO
ZnS(46,4d)
(2a, 6/,8a)
(2o, 6/,8a)
ZnS(46,4d)
Oi-4
4.28
5.4o
5.7s
6.07
5.75
4.01
4.72
5.54
5.77
4.59
6.49
6.00
6.12
6.3s
(46,8e,24a)
FeS2(46,8)
4Di-l(a,e,j)
NaCl(46,4c)
6e-4
Te-2
Te-4
Te-4
Te-2
Oi-5
Ti-6
4Di-I
9.84
5.94
7.21
4.40
4.44
7.5o
4.26
2.89
365,366)
(292)
(357)
(95)
(157)
(214)
3
Mn(OH)2
H.
Mn(OH)2(A)
3D-3
3.34
MnS
MnS2
C.
C.
NaCl(46,4c)
FeS2(46,8A)
5.21
6.1s
4
4
4.06
Ti-6
MnCOa
43 FeO
Fe2O3
H.
C.
H.
3Di-6(a, 6, e)
NaCl(4o, 4c)
3Di-6(c,e)
3D-6
5.84; 47 45'
4.294
5.42; 55 17'
2
4
2
3.79
5.99
5.2o
(47,270)
(322)
(6i,8i, i8i,2os,3si)
C.
H.
(8/, 16c,326)
6e-4(a, 6)
Oi-7
8
2
5.21
4.90
(so, 121,189,394)
(356,391)
Fe3O4
FeS (troilite)
3D-6
8.37
3.43
4.6s
2.12
5.5o
5.04
5.79
P.U.C.
wgn = 0.129, M1 = 0.25s, z =
0.009, y = 0.001, z = 0.25
u]'= 0.24s and < 0.25
upb[4Di-7(c) ] = 0.24
(92)
(97,soo)
(345,386)
(34)
(61,76,154,340,357)
(357,366)
(3")
(191,245)
(i3,83, ili)
Another determination of O0
(289) varies widely from this.
(ssi)
351
( )
(3S1)
39 mol. % In2Os
(Si)
(85,239,369)
(239,369)
(4,7, si, 61,121,249)
(278)
(9, si, 381)
MS = ca.f
(47,ios, ios, 154)
(80)
(i0)
(86,217)
(S40)
(39)
0.23 < U1 < 0.253
(5i,38i)
MS = ca.f
(381)
w
w
P S
(344)
- Hg = ^- ci = *
M
=
(344)
* p - S Hg =*'"ur
(397)
tt
(344)
= * tti = * R SHg
(iso, isi, I54, 336,
10.2
6.9s
7.44
5.61
2.59
4.01
4.02
5.29
4.54
8.Oe
6.30
5.67
4.78
4.84
7.16
7.71
6.4o
7.68
7.7i
5.23
()
(272)
(104,106)
p. s. suggested
P. S. This suggested structure
resembles NaCl. O0 C0. a =
85 21'; = 86 25'; 7 = 93 35'
Correctness in doubt
A solid solution of AgI and CuI.

Exact composition unknown
0.22 < MCI < 0.24
Composition unknown
u cl= 0.23
Pyrolusite gives the same pattern
as polianite
Dimensions of this unit calculated
from the density p = 3.26.
M0 = ca.0.22
u. = 0400. Size of unit cell
calculated from the best available density, [p = 3.38(162)]
C atoms at (a); M0 = 0.27
= 0.105 0.001: M 0 = 0.292
0.007
U 0 = ca.0.37
If MFC = O, Mg = ca.i If M =
t exactly, the space group is
6D-.4
Mpe
FeS2 (pyrite)
FeS+ Sx
Crystal
system
O
H.
FeS2CeO, 8
6*-4(a,6)
FeSe
FeSe+ Sex
Fe(S, Se)
H.
H.
H.
6e-4(a, 6)
6e-4(a, 6)
6c-4(a, 6)
(NH4)3FeF
C.
(4&, 4c, 8e, 24o)
NH4Fe(S04)2.12H20
C.
(46, 4c, Sk, 8, T.-6

(24))
FesC
R.
FeCO3
H.
FeSi
C.
Chemical symbol
Structure type
A
Space group
)
Unit cell, size, A

;
ao
\ CQ
3 8
3.43
5.68
3.61
3.51
3.54
Oi-5
Ti-6
5.87
5.55
5.91
9.10
FeS2
FeCuS2
Tt.
Tt.
4d-5(c, a, g)t
CoO
CoS
CoAsS
C.
H.
C.
NaCK46,4c)
6e-4(o,6)
FeS2-like(4/)
(Fe, Co)S (synthetic)
H.
3D-6
4
2
2
2
2
4
12.U
'4.52
3Di-6(a,6,e)
6.74
Calculated
Lit.
density
o T O s " ( 4 7 , io4, ioe, 3 5 7 ) M = 0.38s
(356,391)
Artificial and natural pyrrhotitea
containing excess sulfur
(356)
39.4% Fe (weight)
(356)
35.0% Fe (weight)
(356)
49.8% (weight) Fe, 12.0% S,
38.2% Se
1.96
(203)
N atoms at (4c) and (to). 0.187
< MF < 0.217, best around 0.21
1.81 (248)
7.67
(5,6,7,254,261)
5.82; 47 45'
3.86
(47,270)
4.48
6.1e
(207)
2.69
5.23
5.08
5.15
l
2
5.02
4d-5 ?
(207)
(65, us)
5.14
T-4
4.24
3.37
5.65
4
2
4
6.49
5.94
6.07
(***)
(356)
(183,357)
6e-4(a, b)
3.36
5.29
C.
NaCl(46,4c)
4.172
NiS (synthetic)
NiS (millerite)
H.
H.
6e-4(a, o)
3e-5(6, 6)
Ni3S2
NiSe
Ni(N03)2.6NH3
C.?
H.
C.
6e-4(a, 6)
(46, 8A1 Ti-6(24))
NiCl2.6NH3
NiBr2-ONH3
NiI2.6NH3
NiAs
NiAsS (gersdorffite)
NiSb
C.
C.
C.
H.
C.
H.
(46, Se, 24o)

(46, Se, 24o)
(46, 8e, 24a)
6e-4(o,6)
FeS2-like(4/)
6e-4(a, 6)
Oi-5
Oi-5
Oi-5
NiSbS (ullmanite)
(Ni, Fe)S (synthetic)
C.
H.
FeS2-like(4/)
6e-4(a, 6)
T-4
(Ni, Fe)S (synthetic)
H.
6e-4(a, 6)
(Ni, Fe)S (pentlandite)
C.
Cr2O3
MoS2
(NH4)SMoO3Fa
H.
H.
C.
PbMoO4
Ag2MoO4
49 UO2
UO2(NOs)2-OH2O
45 NiO
(356)
6.7s
(74,86,299,351,353,
2
3
5.5s
(356)
(356)
Cementite and cohenite are identical in structure. Atomic arrangement unknown. 60 = 5.07
C atoms at (o); U 0 = 0.27 probably
Probably tetartohedral; atomic
arrangement unknown
P. U. C., structure unknown
Fe atoms at (c). M 0 = Ca. 0.21.
Probably correct structure.
Reflection microscopic results
(161) suggest that this structure
may not be correct
Composition = ca. 50 atomic %
FeS
360)
3e-5
3.42
5.64; 11636'
Ti-6
4.08
3.66
10.96
T-4
1
2
4
1.43
5.11
5.91
3.40s
5.54o
4
2
(357)
(356)
3.40s
5.434
(356)
32
(356)
3Di-6(c,e)
6Di-4(c,/)
(46,4c, 80, 24a)
3D-6
6D-4
Oi-5 ?
5.3s; 54 58'
3.15
9.10
Tet.
C.
C.
R.
(8/, 16c, 326)

CaF2(46, Se)
.
Oi-7
Oi-5
2D-17
3.85
9.26
5.47
13.15
V2O3
VN
VC
CbN
CbC
TaN
H.
C.
C.
C.
C.
H.
3Di-6(c,e)
NaCl(45,4c)
NaCl(46,4c)
NaCU46,4c)
NaCl(46,4c)
ZnO(e')
3D-6
TaC
BsH
C.
H.
NaCl(46,4c)
55 Al2O3
H.
3Di-6(.c, e)
5.43; 53 53'
4.28
4.30
4.41
4.40
3.05
4.5s
4.54
5.12; 55 17'
5.03
1.49
1.84
2.05
(356)
(356)
(275)
4
4
4
2
4
2
10. Oo
3D-6
5.33
10.09
10.4s
11.Oi
3.61
5.68
3.92
Oi-5?
6e-4
5.30
8.7s
(274)
(274)
(274)
(9,356,391)
(357,366)
(356,391)
2
2
4
5.2s
5.00
2.23
(3Si)
(sii)
(203)
11.42
1
8
4
4
6.25
10.89
2.75
(91)
(276)
(i3,ni)
(68,204)
4.94
2
4
4
4
4
2
5.09
5.47
5.2s
8.2s
8. U
16.2
8.69
4
2
13.7
0.589
3.96
12.30
6.02
(351)
(306)
(306)
(306)
<306)
()
MS = ca.J taking M N = O
Possible atomic positions
suggested
P.U.C.
are
N in (8A) = ca.J, y N and ZN =

ca. O, X0 and yQ = co.J.
M N = 0.24
M N = 0.24
Niccolite from Eisleben.
For ^ mineral breithauptite
from Andreasberg OQ = 3 90, CQ
= 5.09
Composition unknown
S = 37.8%, Fe = 33.9%, Ni =
28.3% (weight)
S = 38.4%, Fe = 28.7%, Ni =
32.8% (weight)
(8Z, 24av 32a) with u Fe ( 2 * a ) =
ca. i and MS = ca. J gives fair
agreement. Various
compositions
MB = 0.62i
N atoms at <4c) and (80). F +
O at (24a). 0.194 < w p>o <
0.220
P.U.C.
0.34 < M 0 < 0.40
U atoms probably at 2D-17 (c)
with u = 0.13. 60 = 8.02
P.S. Cf. (307) whicn gives conflicting results
(is.sos)
(349)
B atoms probably at 6D-4 (/)

with u = ca. 0.10. Temperature not stated
(6i,si,isi,205,35i) The -form. AJ = 0.105
0.001 ; MO = 0.303 0.003
Chemical symbol
AlN
(NH4)SAlF8
Crystal
system
L
C.
NH4A1(S04)2.12H20
C.
AlSb
Al2F2(SiO4) topaz
C.
R.
CuAl
Cu3Al
CuAl2
(Fe", Mn'Oa Al2^SiO4)S
(garnet)
NiAl
56 Sc2O8
ScN
(Sc1In)2Os
(AlSc)2Os
Yt2O3
YtPO4
(Yt1Tl)2Os
(Yt1Bi)2Os
La2Os
CeO2
Ce2O8
60 Pr2O3
Pr6Ou
Nd2O3
Sa2Os
Eu2Os
Gd2O3
66Tb2O3
Tb4O7?
Dy2O3
Ho2Os
Er2Os
Tu2Oa
Yb2Os
Lu2O3
(NH4)SHfF7
75 BeO
Be4O(C2HsO2)O
Structure type
Z n O ( e
(46,4c, Se, 24a)
F.-c.?
F.-c.
B.-c.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
Tet.
C.
C.
H.
C.
H.
H.
C.
H.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
H.
C.
CsCl(Io, Ib)?
M.
C.
Mg(OH)2
MgF2
MgS
MgCOs
Mg3Si
Mg2Sn
Mg2Pb
(Mg, Fe")2Si04 olivine
H.
Tet.
C.
H.
C.
C.
C.
R.
'
(46, 4c, 8A, 8A, Ti-6

(24))
ZnS(46,4d)
H.
C.
Tet.
C.
Be4O(C3H6O2)B
MgO
Space group
)
* 4
Oi-5
Ti-6
12.Oo
6.13
4.64
Oi-IO
3.89; 94 36'
3.47
6.05
11.4o
NaCl(46,4c)
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-10
Oi-IO
Oi-5
OiIO
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
(4d, 4e, 12o, 24u)

ZnO(O
Te-2
2D-16
Oi-IO
CaF2(46,8e)
Unit cell, size, A

:
oo
| co
L
48
8.40
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-IO
Oi-4
6e-4
2.82
9.79
4.44
9.90
9.22
10.56
9.60
10.53
10.72
3.94s
5.41
3.880
3.85l
10.98
3.84l
10.85
10.84
10.79
10.70
10.55
10.63
10.58
10.54
10.52
10.39
10.37
9.40
2.70
15.72
8.37
4.88
5.94
6.15i
6.057
5.99e
6.009
4.39
,
M
2
4
Calculated
density
3 ~ 2
2.17
4 O
C203)
1.76
(248,282)
4
4
4.26
(298)
(15S,
4
4
4
8
4.35
A , ..
Lit.
9
(141,197,258)
(") cf. (i)
(I4i,m,258)
(19)
1
16
4
16
16
16
8
16
16
1
4
1
1
?
1
16
16
16
16
?
16
16
16
16
16
16
4
2
8
6.2s
3.89
4.4e
2.98
1.38
(24)
(351)
(306)
(3^)
(351)
(3S1)
(242)
(3S1)
(351)
(351)
(83,iii)
(351)
(351)
(352)
C351)
(3S1)
(3S1)
(3S1)
(351)
(352)
(3S1)
(3S1)
(3S1)
(351)
(3S1)
(351)
(117)
(109,163,333,364)
(56,62)
5.07
4.44
6.4s
7.1s
6.8
7.0?
7.2s
7.2i
7.29
7.62
7.9o
8.2 o
8.35
8.64
8.77
9.3o
9.42
16.Oo
4.2Oa
9.1s
2
4
1.26
3.59
(62)
(86,107,109,110,121,
4.73
3.08
l
2
4
2
4
4
4
4
2.43
3.11
2.84
3.10
1.94
3.54
5.47
2D-5
3.11
4.66
5.08
5.61; 48 12'
6.39
6.78
6,75
4.77
( 3 5 159 )
(328,345,367)
(125)
(16)
C298)
(202,370)
(37)
(28,212)
Oi 7
4.80
8.07
2.62
(8/, 16c, 326)
(24)
(50,189)
NaCK46,4c)
Mn(OH)2CA)
CaF2(46,8c)
NaCl(46,4c)
3D-3
Oi-5
3.37
2.31
3.17
2.60
(79, 86,107, io9}

(158)
(47,76,107, ios)
(79,125)
(326)
NaCl(46,4c)
u = 0.38 0.01
N atoms at (4c) and (8e). 0.194
< MF < 0.200
Topaz from San Luis Potosi,

Mexico; 60 = 8.78
This structure may be incorrect
Probably incorrect
Atomic arrangement unknown
67 atomic % of ferrous iron
More work needed
66.8 mol. % Sc2O3

Composition unknown
P.U.C.
50 weight % Yt2O8
37.4BQoIr0Bi2Oa
P. U. a
P.U.C. "Brown terbium oxide"
Contains 15% (NH4)3ZrF7

ca. |.
A possible atomic arrangement
suggested
P.U.C. 60 = 9.7, = 116 T
MO
132,222,271,287)
Al3Mg4
MgAl2O4
C.
C.
77CaO
Ca(OH)2
CaF2
CaS
CaSO4
C.
H.
C.
C.
R.
CaS2Os-OHaO
Tri.
CaSe
Ca(NOs)2
Ca(F, Cl)Ca4(PO4)S
apatite
CaCO3 (calcite)
C.
C.
H.
H.
CaCO3 (aragonite)
R.
Ca(HCOO>2
CaTiOs
R.
C.?
CaWO4
Tet
Mn(OH)2(A)
4Di-14(a,/)
NaCl(46,4c)
3Di-6(a,6, e)
CaF2(46,8e)
CaF2(46,8e)
3D-3
4D-14
3D-6
Oi-5
Oi-5
2D-17
4.79
3.52
5.46
5.68
6.21
6.00
4.93
6.96
4
1
4
4
4
15
( )
NaCl(46.4c)
(46,8, Ti-6(24))
Ti-6
6C-2
5.91
7.60
9.4i
3D-6 (o, 6, e)
3D-6
6.36; 46 6'
2Di-16(c, e, e, d)?
2D-16
2D-5 ?
3.81
2.47
u p = 0.30
Structure probably CaF2(46, Se)

14 atomic % of ferrous iron.
oo = 10.28
More work needed
U 0 = 0.37. Value of <z0 calculated from the best available
density (p = 3.57)
Anhydrite, not analyzed. 60 =

6.95
Some unreduced measurements
have been recorded for this salt
6.88
4
4
2
4.94
5.72
2.94
(58,286)
10.16
7.68
6.20
8
8
2.03
(323)
(343)
atoms at (a). MO = 0.25. A

wave length standard
A possible atomic arrangement
has been suggested. 6 0 = 7.94
P.U.C.
P.U.C. (?) More work neces-
3.64
5.64
(M)
P. U. O.
()
(24S)
(123)
Composition unknown
(*7,49,179,221,270)
Chemical symbol
CaMg(COs)2 (dolomite)
CaMg(SiOs)2 topside)
Ca(Mg1Fe)(COa)2
78 SrO
SrF2
SrCl2
SrS
SrSe
Sr(NOs)2
BaO
BaF2
BaS
BaSO4
Crystal
Structure
system
K.3Ci-2(a, b, c, J)
M.
H.
3Ci-2(o, 6, c,/)
C.
NaCl(4&,4c)
C.
CaF2(4b,8e)
C.
CaF2(4&,8e;
C.
NaCl(46,4c)
C.
NaCl(4b,4c)
C.
(46, Sh, Ti-6(24))
C.
NaCl(4b,4c)
C.
CaF2(4, 8O
C.
NaCl(4b,4c)
R.
Space group
3C^2
2C-6
3C-2
Oi-5
Oi-5
Ti-6
Oi-5
2D-16
Unit cell, size,
i
a0
\ C0
6.02; 47 7'
9.71
5.24
6.02; 47 T
5.10
5.86
7.00
5.87
6.23
7.81
5.50
6.20
6.35
8.89s
7.17o
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Calculated
.
density
~2M
3.28
Lit.
5.1o
4.12
3.05
3.90
4.55
2.93
6.0s
4.86
4.37
4.432
(61,239,313)
(29M
O 0 = 8.89; = 74 10'
(289)
30 atomic % of ferrous iron
(107,109)
(^)
(341)
P)
(23o,23i,308)
(I9i,245)
(107,109)
(76)
(125)
(l>29326327334, 60 = 5.44s
335)
BaSe
Ba(NO3J2
81Li2O
LiH
LiF
LiCl
LiBr
LiI
Li2S
Li2C2O4
LiCHO2
LiC2H3O2
LiC3H6O2
LiC4H6O2CrOtOnEt6
LiC4H702butyrate
LiC4H7O2 isobutyrate
LiC6H9O2 valerate
LiC6H9O2 isovalerate
LiC6H902trimethylacetate
LiC7Hi3O2 heptylate
LiC8Hi6O2 caprylate
LiC9Hi7O2 nonylate
LiCuHi9O2 undecylenate
LiCiiH2i02 undecylate
LiCi2H23O2 laurate
LiCi8H33O2 oleate
LiCi8H35O2 starate
82 NaF
NaHF2
NaCl
C.
C.
NaCl(4&, 4c)
(4&, 8, Ti-6(24))
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
R?
M?
CaF2(4b,8e)
NaCl(46,4c)
NaCl(4b,4c)
NaCl(4b,4c)
NaCl(46,4c)
NaCl(4b,4c)
CaFi(4b,8e)
R.?
R.?
H.?
H.?
Tet.?
Tet.?
R.?
C.?
Tet.?
H.?
Tet.?
H.?*
Tet.?
Tet.?
H.?
H.?
C.
H.
C.
NaCl(4b, 4c)
3Di-5(a,6,c)?
NaCl(4&,4c)
Ti-6
Oi-5
Oi-5
4
4
4.93
3.23
(23i,308)
(191,245)
4.61
4.10
4.01
5.14
5.49
6.00
5.70
6.58
7.61
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2.01
0.76
2.65
2.06
3.46
4.09
1.64
2.15
1.53
(35)
(34)
(78,88,132,367)
(78,194,219)
(78,194,219)
(78,194,219,294)
(339)
(2S)
(25)
12
16
48
48
24
32
4
36
32
72
48
72
48
24
72
72
4
l
4
1.17
1.08
1.27
1.07
.01
.01
.00
.00
.02
1.05
1.04
0.99
0.94
0.87
0.99
1.04
2.81
2,01
(25)
(2S)
(2S)
(2S)
(2S)
(2S)
(25)
(2S)
(25)
(2S)
(2S)
(2S)
(2S)
(25)
(")
(2S)
e 75 78 209 )
(2")
(44,45,47)
12.80
16.9s
24.8
27.7
19.7s
24.5
11.7o
18.5e
27.4
42.1
36.6
52.6
41.8
28.3
64.6
62.5
4.62
5.17; 39 44'
5.628
6.61
4.87
7.43
9.45
10.7
10.1
9.25
9.4
6.93
9.3
10.9
9.3
9.5
9.2
11.7
9.5
9.8
Approx. atomic positions are said

to be MN, X0 and yQ = ca. },
Z0 = ca. O
& 0 = 7.74. P.U.C.

b 0 =6.03; = 9542'. P.U.C
S. P.
O 0 = IUs. P. U. C., S. P.
b0 = 12.15. P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
& = 8.70. P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P. U. C., S. P.
P.U.C.
NaClO3
C.
(4/, 4/, T-4(12))
T-4
6.56
2.49
NaBr
NaBrO3
C.
C.
NaCl(4&, 4c)
(.4/, 4/, T4(12))
T-4
5.94
6.71
4
4
3.24
3.30
C.
C.
H.
H.
C.
NaCl(4fe, 4c)
CaF2(46,8e)
3Di-5(ar&, e)
3Di-6(a, b, e)
Oi-5
3D-5
3D-6
Ti-7?
6.46
6.53
5.48i;3843'
6.32-48 6'
15.9s
4
4
1
2
24
3.67
1.85
1.83s
2.19
1.38
Na at (a); MF = 0.42. P.S.

O116 of the fundamental wave
length standards
( 143,144,147,148, ^ = ^. 0.06, ucl = ca. 0.41.
149,246,247,266)
Different positions have been
suggested for the O atoms
(75,78,273)
(98,i43,i4S,i49,i63, WNa = ca< 0.09, u r =ca. 0.41.
246, 247)
Different positions have been
suggested for the O atoms
(75,78,273)
(339)
(396)
M = 0.42s
(47,267)
N atoms at (a). U 0 = 0.25
279
( )
2
4
4
2.53
2.35
(22)
(io)
(75,78,132,273)
(40)
4
4
4
1.987
2.76o
3.124
(44,75,78,120)
(44,75,120,273)
(69,70,71,75,78,
NaI
Na2S
NaN3
NaNO3
NaH(C2H3Oa)2
NaCÔ2 v. Table '.
NaCd2
NaSb(AlOs)2
83 KF
KHF2
KCl
KBr
KI
C.
H.
C.
Tet.
C.
C.
C.
6Di-4(aor&, J,/,etc.)
NaCl(46,4c)
4Di-18(a,A)
3D-5
6.62
8.11
6D-4
4D-18
NaCl(46,4c)
NaCl(46,4c)
NaCl(4b,4c)
5.40
5.33
5.67
8.81
6.81
6.28o
6.57s
7.052
Apparently very complicated

wAl<0.10; O positions not know n
u p = 0.14 0.01. The Hatoms
may have arrangement 4D-18
(d)
120, 132, 273, 283,

366)
KI3
M.
K2SO4
KN3
KH2PO4
R.
Tet.
Tet.
KCN
C.
9.36
4Di-18(a, d, h)
NaCl-like
2D-16
4D-18
4d-12
5.73
6.094
7.40
6.55
4
7.42
7.05e
6.96
(69,70,71)
4
4
4
2.70
2.045
2.36
(192,276)
(396)
(342)
1.53
(37,72,73)
P.U.C. 6 0 andc 0 approx. =a 0 ,

and approx. = 90.
O0 = 10.Oi
M = 013s
K atoms at 4d-12(a); P at
4d-12(&)
Chemical symbol
Crystal
Structure type
system
KCNO
KH2C4O4Cl
(H chloromaleate)
KCxHyO2 v. Table <t'.
K2SnCl6
T
R.
Unit cell, size, A

i
oo
| co
Space group
.
0
2D-16(?)
0
7.62
7.03o
10.95
Calculated
Lit.
density
4~
8
2.06s
( 396 )
(398)

Structure similar t o KN 3
O 0 = 15.74
C.
(46, Se, 24a)
Oi-5
9.96
2.74
()
ucl = 0.24s and < 0.25
K2Zn(CN)4
C.
(8/, 16c, 326)
Oi-7
12.54
1.66
(*)
UQ = ca. 0.34, UN = ca. 0.40;
K2Cd(CN)4
C.
(8/, 16c,326)
Oi-7
12.84
1.84
(W)
eUc + N; = 0.37
2.43
(**)
J(c + W N ) = 0.37
3.40
(95)
0.233 < ud < 0.238
3.5
(219,220)
Assigned value, wcl = 0.16, prob-
2.65
(95)
ably incorrect
ucl = 0.23
|(ic + U N ) = 0.37
K2Hg(CN)4
C.
(8/, 16c,326)
Oi-7
12.76
K2PtCl4
Tet.
4Di-l(a,,j)
4Di-I
6.99
K2PtCl6
C.
(46,8e, 24a)
Oi-5
K2PdCl4
Tet
4Di-l(o, e , j )
4Di-I
7.04
Ti-6
11.9s
1.97
^48)
Ti-6
12.Os
1.81
(186,237,248,282)
9.7
4.10
KCr(S04)2.12H20
C.
KA1(S04)2.12H20
C.
KAlSi3O8 (adularia)
M.
2C-3
8.57
7.23
KLiSO4
H.
6C-6?
5.13
8.60
84RbF
RbCl
RbBr
RbI
Rb2SOi
CsF
CsCl
CsBr
C.?
C.
C.
C.
R.
C.
C.
C.
NaCl(46,4c)
CsCl(Ia, 16)
CsCl(Ia, 16)
Oi-I
Oi-I
3.66?
6.57i
6.86s
7.32s
5.95
6.01
4.11o
4.29
CsCl(Ia, 16)
Oi-I
4.562
CsI
C.
CsI3
R.
CsCl2I
CsBr2I
Cs2SO4
Tourmaline
H.
R.
R.
H.
(46, 4c, 8, 8A, Ti-6

(24))
(46, 4c, 8A, 8A, Ti-6
(24))
4.13
CsCl(Ia, 16)?
NaCl(46,4c)
NaCl(46,4c)
NaCl(46,4c)
2D-16
6.82
3D-5(a,fc,c)
3D-5
2D-16
2D-16
3e-l
3e-2
2.39
(330)
2.812
3.369
3.56e
3.66
4.62
3.999
4.45
(78,209,294)
(78,102,273,366)
(74,78,120)
(77,78,120,273)
(192)
(78,209)
(78,85,i20)
(77,78,273)
1?
7.78
11.Ol
5.46; 70 42'
6.57
6.22
16.2a
(314)
10.66
8.20
7.26
60 = 13.01, = 116 7' Composition unknown

P.U.C. An atomic arrangement
is suggested
Structure probably incorrect
b0 = 10.3
4.5U
(69,70,71,75,7*,273)
4.51
(177, 178, 179, 325)
6 0 = 9.95
1
4
4
3.88
4.29
4.30
(268)
(177,178,179,32S)
(i2)
(152)
I probably at (6); ucl = 0.31

& 0 = 9.18
60 = 10.8s
P. U1 c. Composition unknown
R'AlSisOs and R"Al2Si2Os Tri. and M.
(il)
Unreduced powder- and Lauephotographs have been prepared

from various feldspars
C-TABLE.THE C-ARRANGEMENT. See ALSO TABLE (L' infra

Chemical
formula
CH4N2O
CaHaO4
CaH6
Urea
Oxalic acid
Ethane
CaH 6 N 2 O
CaH?NO
tf-Methylurea
Acetaldehyde ammonia
C2H6O6
CsH 8 NaO
C4HaO8
C4HaO4
C4H4NIOa

1, 2-Dimethylurea
Maleic anhydride
Acetylenedicarboxylic acid
Iodosuccinimide
M.
R.
R.
M?
Tet.
5.63
8.18;=
84 50'
6.05
4.53
6.58
7.88
6.29
C4H4O8
C4H4O4
C4H6NOa
C4H4O4
C4HeO4
C4H6Oc
Succinic anhydride
Maleic acid
Succinimide
Fumarie acid
Succinic acid
dZ-Tartaric acid
R.
M.
R.
T.
M.
Tri.
6.95
7.49
7.50
7.56
5.07
14.82
C4H6O6
CsHsN4On
C6Hi2O4
C6H4N2O4
C6H4O2
C6H6
C6H6O2
C6H6O2
d-Tartaric acid
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate....
Pentaerythritol
o-Dinitrobenzene
Quinone
Benzene
;
Resorcinol
Hydroquinol
(CeHioOe)x
Cellulose and starch
XT
Name
Crystal
system
Tet!
R.
H.
R.
H.
Unit cell, size, A

:
:
a0
| O0
| C0
5.63
4.7o
6.46
7.79
6.02
4.46
8.19
Calculated
.
Lit.
density
2 1 . 3 3
(25, 175)
4
1.96
(315)
2
0.70s
(349)
5.64
4.70
4?
6
3.57
10.9
11.4s
9.04
11.9
5.14
5.90
6.62
15.5s
2
2
4
4
4
11.64
10.14
9.60
15.00
8.92
9.74
5.41
7.12
12.75
6.20
5.53
4.99
4
4
8
6
2
4
M.
7.70
6.04
6.20
Tet.
13.2
6.66
Tet.
6.16
8.76
M.
7.95
13.0
7.45
M.
11.4o
6.43
6.85
R.
9.76
7.39
6.85
R.
9.56
10.2s
5.64
M.
13.5s
5.22
8.13
H.
10.9z
7.55
Powder photographs have been obtained
units have been suggested.
(171)
(171, 316)
1.68
1.44
1.70
2.41
1.51
1.46
1.42
2
1.76
4
1.80
2
4
4
1.40
4
1.04
4
4
6
1.39
and possible
(315)
(171)
(25)
(25)
(385)
Remarks
Space group 4d-3
Space group 2Di-15
C atoms probably at 6Di-4(/) with
u = ca. 0.10. Temperature not stated.
Space group 2D-4?
Space group SDi-5?
Space group 2Ci-5. 106 12'

Space group 2e-7?
P. U. C., S. P.
/ S = I I l 0 O ' . P. U. C., S. P.
P. u. C. Space group 4C-2 and
4C-4?
296
( )
P. U. C., c/. ( 25 )
(25,399)
/3 = 117 7'. Space proup 2Ci-5(?)
(296)
P . U . C . Space group 2Di-I?
(399)
a = 90 40', /3 = 88 30', 7 = 89 48'
(296)
/3 = 91 20'. P. U. C., cf. (25)
(17)
a g2 20'; = 122 56'; y = 111
52'. P. U. C.
(16)
/3 = 100 17', cf. (25)
(363)
Space group 4D-7
(25,176,395) Space group 4e-9
(55)
0 = 112 7'. P. U. C.
(25)
/3 = 93 20'. P. U. CM S. P.
(4, 101,378) p. u. C., measurements at -2O0C
(53, 55)
P. U. C., c/. (25)
(53) '
/8=107. P.U.C.
(25)
P. U. C., Latter S. P.
( 12 4, 234)
Chemical
formula
CHi2N4
Crystal
system
C.
Name
CeHwOe
CrHeO2
CiH7NOi
CJIpClNaOe
C7H6O8
C7Hi4Oe
C8H4Ot
C8H8O4
C8HwO4
C9H8Oa
C9Hi0O2
Ci0H8
Ci0H8O
CioHsO
CiaHio
CuHioNa
Ci 2 Hi 2 Na
CiaHaaOii
Ci2Ha4Oa
Ci4H8O2
Ci4Hw
Ci4Hi0
Ci 4 Hi 0 Oa
CuHi*
Ci4Hi4
Ci4Ha8Oa
CieHioNaOa
CieHiaOa
Ci8H84Oa
Ci8HwO2
CisHie
d(Z)-Mannitol
Benzoicacid
Ammonium hydrogen fumarate
Ammonium chlorofumarate...
Salicylic acid
-Methyl glycoside
o-Phthalic anhydride
o-Phthalic acid
Metaldehyde
rons-Cinnamic acid
....
Hydrocinnamic acid
Naphthalene
o-Naphthol
/3-Naphthol
Acenaphthene
Azobenzene
Hydrazobenzene
Saccharose
Laurie acid
Anthraquinone
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Benzil
Stilbene
Dibenzyl
Myristic acid
Indigotin
Palmitic acid
Elaidic acid
Stearic acid
Triphenylmethane
CwHuO
CM)H76Os
Triphenylcarbinol
a, q'-Distearin
Unit cell, size, A

;
r
:
OQ
|
PO |
co
7.02
R.
M.
T.
10.36
5.44
7.00
8.1
5.18
7.44
M.
M.
R.
R.
M.
Tt.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
R.
M.
R.
M.
Tt.?
R.
M.
M.
H.
M.
M.
H?
H.
H.?
Tt.?
H.?
R.
9.30
11.06
10.80
7.74
9.33
10.36
11.6s
12.9o
8.34
13.1
11.70
8.32
12.5o
11.lo
10.6s
28.3
12.Os
8.58
9.56
8.15
9.6
12.7
57.4
20.2
60. o
26.5
62.0
14.52
6.70
11.22
14.60
13.66
7.13
4.10
14.Io
9.20
5.98
4.9
4.28
14.1s
5.28
9.93
8.7o
15.Os
6.02
6.72
8.9
6.1
25.62
M
2
4.5s
21.6
6.56
6.73s
4.93
5.61
5.86
5.10
4.26
6.98
8.68
13.4
17.4
7.26
8.38
9.33
8.Oo
11.4
2.69
11.18
7.55
13.46
12.6
7.4
11.4
12. Is
11. o
10.8
10.7
7.42
2
4
2
2
4
4
4
2
8
4
4
2
4
4
4
2
4
2
24
2
2
2
3
4
2
72
12
72
16
72
4
Calculated
density
1.33e
1.55
Lit.
Remarks
(ioo, 112)
W N = co. 0.12; w c = co. 0.23s. Struc-
ture type (80, 12o) ; space group Te-4

P.U.C.
/8 = 97 5'; P. U. C.
a = 1070I', = 117 58', y -69
16'
(398)
/3 = 108 25', Space group 2C-2(?).
(55)
0 = 91 22'. P . U . C
(25)
P.U.C.
(25)
P. U. C., S. P.
25
( ) c/. (61) = 94 36'. P. U. C., S. P.
("i, 316)
Space group 4C-5?
(25)
0 = 98 36'. P. U. C., S. P.
2
( S)
/ S = 103 36'. P. U. C., S. P.
(53, 57)
/3 = 122 44'. P. U. C., c/. (2)
(53)
P . U . C , - 117 10'
(53)
P.U.C, - 119 48'
(53)
P.U.C.
( 2S )
0 = 116. P . U . C .
(25)
P. U. C., S. P.
(27)
0 = 105 44'. P.U.C.
(25)
P. U. C., S. P. Sec Table C'.
(25)
P. U. C., S. P.
(53, 57)
= 125. P. U. C., cf. ()
(25)
/5 = 92. P. U. C., S. P.
(27)
P.U.C.
(27)
0 = 118 40'. P.U.C.
(27)
/3=119. P . U . C .
(25)
P. U. C., see Table (C'.
(25)
P. U. C., Measurements also on S. P.
(25)
P. U. C., see Table (D'.
( 2 S)
P. U. C., S. P., see Table C'.
(25)
p. u. C., S. P., see Table <'.
(23, 26) c/.
(27)
(55)
(398)
1.58
1.46
1.54
1.60
1,40
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.19
1.23
1.17
1.57
0.86
.40
.25
.18
.41
.25
.18
0.83
1.20
0.88
0.98
0.94
(177,
H.
H.?
16.5
81.5
8.8
10.8
6
| 48
1.23
0.82
C'-TABLE.LONG CHAIN COMPOUNDS
di
Ci7H36
Ci8H3Sa
Ci8H88/?
Ci9H40
C20H42"
C20H42/3
C n H 44
C23H48
C24H60
C27H66
C3iH64
C36H72
24.3
25.9
23.9
26.9
28.0
26.2
29.45
32.2
33.Os
37.1
43.0
47.7 I
Formula
C22H46C?)
C24H60
C 26 H 62
C 26 H 64
C28H68
C29H60
Spacings of broad lines, A

d2
4.25
d,
4.63
4.17
3.93
4.0
3.80
3.84
3.9
3.82
3.77
4.18
4.17
4.14
3.80
3.77
3.74
4.58
4.22
dt
ds
^6
2.54
2.32
2.61
2.52
2.25
3.61
3.01
2.59
2.50
2.12
2.25
3.02
3.01
2.99
2.50
2.51
2.49
2.25
2.25
2.21
3.66
Formula
I
2.05
2.03
axi
~
mum
spacn
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C8H6O2
C4H8O2
C6Hi0O2
C6Hi2O2
C7H14O2
C8Hi6O2
Formic
Acetic
Propionic
Butyric
Valeric
Caproic
Heptoic
Caprylic
Â
Oi
5.19
6.66
6.75
9.65
10.1(?)
14.6
16.4
19.0
C9Hi8O2
Ci0H20O2
Nonylic
Capric
22.9
23.3
Broad line spacing,

?
Lit.
d2
d*
dt
ds
(309)
(309)
4.03
3.43 (309)
4.093.65
3.45 (309)
(309)
4.143.65
3.47 (309)
4.293.753.973.49 (309)
4.143.65
3.48 (309,
4.223.713.973.48 (309)
4.143.73
(354,
354)
309,
Formula
C30H62
C3iH64
C32H66
C34H7O
| Max, spacing
4(TI
41.6*
42.91
42.7
45.3
Specimens for (320) pressed, those for (401) melted on glass

plates only.
* Melted.
Name
d7
| Max, spacing |
3OTe
32.9
34.3
35.6
37.7
39.4
P.U.C.
P. U. C., S. P
3. Aliphatic Acids
a. Monobasic
Arrangement by Classes
1. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (320,401)
"
Maximum I
Formula spacing, A
178)
(27)
(25)
t Pressed.
2. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
C24H42, Octadecylbenzene, di = 49.2 (225)
274)
CnH22O2
C12H24O2
Undecylic
Laurie
25.8
27.0
4.113.68
(185)
(1*4,
C14H28O2
Myristic
32.2
4.123.72
(184,
C16H30O2
C16H32O2
Pentadecylic _ 36.2
Palmitic
34.7
4.003.76
4.083.65
(185)
(4.
C17H34O2
C18H34O2
C18H34O2
C18H34O2
Margaric
Oleic
Isoleic
Elaidic
39.2
4.053.77
36.2(?)
35.9
48.3
4.033.65
(185)
(185)
(185)
(185)
354)
354)
354)
3. Aliphatic Adds.
6. Ketones ( 319 )
a. Monobasic.(Continued)
Maxl
Formula
" Broad line spacing

mum
j^
spacLit.
ing, A
,
,
,
j
'
O
3
O
5
d\
38.7
4.053.62
( 184 >
Name
Ci8H36O2
Stearic
354)
C 22 H 42 O 2
C 22 H 42 O 2
C 22 H 44 O 2
Erucic
Brassidic '
Behenic
C4H6O4
C6H10O4
C7H12O4
C8H14O4
C9H16O4
C10H18O4
Succinic
Adipic
Pimelic
Suberic
Azelaic
Sebacic
46.3
4.223.72
59.9
4.253.72
47.8
4.103.66
6. Dibasic
4?5
7.0
7.6
9.3
9.6
11.4
(185)
(185)
( 184 )
( 354 )
( 354 )
( 354 )
( 354 )
( 354 )
( 354 )
Formula
Ci3H26O
Ci5H30O
Ci7H34O
Ci8H36O
CI8H36O
Ci8H36O
Ci9H38O
CI9H38O
C20H40O
C2iH42O
C22H44O
C23H46O
C24H48O*
C27H54O
C3iH62O
C35H70O
Name
Di-tt-hexyl
Methyl-n-tridecyl
Methyl ri-pentadecyl
Methyl n-hexadecyl
Ethyl n-pentadecyl
Hexyl 7Mindecyl
Methyl
r-heptadecyl
Propyl n-pentadecyl
Ethyl n-heptadecyl
Propyl n-heptadecyl
Hexyl n-pentadecyl
Di-n-undecyl
Hexyl n-heptadecyl
Di-n-tridecyl
Di-n-pentadecyl
Di-n-heptadecyl
Maximum
spacing A
dl
18.7
42.4
47.6
50.0
25.2
25.2
52.9
26.3
27.3
28.9
31.1
31.6
33.6
37.0
41.1
47.2
* A few orders of 30.8 also present.
7. Phenols (225)
4. Salts
^
,
Formula
-T
Name
Maximum ^
, ,.
.
Broad line spacing
spacing
di
PbC12H22O4
PbC16H30O4
PbC20H38O4
PbC24H46O4
PbC28H64O4
PbC32H62O4
PbC36H66O4
Caproate
Caprylate
Caprate
Laurate
Myristate
Palmitate
Oleate
PbC36H66O4 Elaidate
PbC36H70O4 Starate
NaCi2H23O2 Laurate
NaCi4H27O2 Myristate
NaCi6H3IO2 Palmitate
NaC18H33O2 Oleate
20.0
25.4
30.6
35.8
41.2
46.3
37.5;
29.8
50.0
51.3
33.5
38.5
43.5
43.5
T.
(3SS)
( 35 S)
(208)
(208)
(208)
(63)
5. Esters
C18H18N2O5
C18H36O2
C19H38O2
C20H40O2
C24H48O2
C32H64O2
C64H104O6
Methyl palmitate
E t h y l p-azoxybenzoate
Ethyl palmitate
Methyl stearate
Ethyl stearate
Octyl palmitate
Cetyl palmitate
Glycerolmargarate
22.0
4.0713.72
16.2
23.2
di = 19.9 in the
"smectic" state
4.073.67
(225)
24.0
4.073.74
(225)
25.2
4.143.69
(225)
30.4
4.163.72
(225)
40.4
4.053.69
(225)
48.0
46.5
51.3
TABLE D.ALLOYS
(a) Non-ferrous.
(355)
(355)
( 355 )
(355)
( 355 )
( 355 )
(355)
Similar results obtained with K and NH* oleates.
C17H34O2
p-Hexadecyl
p-Octadecyl
Lit.
I d2 I ds I ^ 4 I ds
4.224.88
4.184.9
4.154.9
C22H38O
C 24 H 42 O
(225)
( 3 2 I)
(3SS)
Standard Arrangement. All Compositions in

Atomic %
Pb-Sn.O to 3.6% Sn alloys are F.-c. cubic (like Pb) with a0
decreasing to 4.93iA, taking a0 for Pb as 4.942. 10%
95 % Sn alloys are mixtures of the Pb-like and Sn structures.
95 % 100 % Sn alloys show no measurable distortion in size
or shape of the Sn unit cell (206).
Hg-Sn.The structure varies, as follows, with the atomic %
of Hg: O to 2%, Tet.-Sn structure I; 2% I, with traces of
"Hexagonal" amalgam, (composition unknown) structure II;
5 %, I and II; 6 %, trace of I with II; 6 to 17 %, II; 17 to
33%, II and liquid alloy (229).
Hg-Pb.A 20 % Hg alloy had the F.-c. cubic structure (4&) of
Pb, with a unit cell length 1.6% less than that of Pb (229).
Hg-Zn.Two structures, the hexagonal Zn structure (d), and an
"hexagonal" structure belonging to an amalgam of unknown
composition. The relative intensities of the patterns of these
two phases are as follows ( 229 ):
Atomic % Hg
Zn structure
" Amalgam " structure
O I 10
I 20 I 35
strong medium weak absent
absent medium strong strong
Hg-Cd.An 18 % Hg amalgam gave a pattern substantially the

same as that of Cd; 37 and 50 % Hg amalgams yield a different
pattern (229).
Cu-Si.Though Si has the smaller atomic volume the unit cube
of Cu which has dissolved Si is larger than that of pure Cu.
No data available ( 84 ).
Cu-Sn.Figure 12. Black circles: metal melted in air; open
circles: metal melted in vacuum ( 18 37 2).
Cu-Zn.Figure 13. Unless otherwise stated on the figure these
data are from (19). Cf. (12.199, 258, 375, 371) which gives a
different structure for T-brass.
Ag-Sn.Solution of Sn increases the Ag unit though its atomic
volume is less. No data available ( 84 ).
Ag-Zn.The observed phases are the same as those for Cu-Zn
alloys (371).
Al-Ag.The dissolving of Al in Ag increases the unit cube in

the latter, though Al has a smaller atomic volume. No
numerical data available ( 84 ).
Al-Mn-Cu.Heussler Alloys. Alloy 15.9% Al, 23.9% Mn,
60.3% Cu is said to be F.-c. cubic with a0 = 3.70. Alloys
14.3 % Al, 28.6 % Mn, 57.1 % Cu is said to be a mixture of the
preceding structure with a smaller amount of a B.-c. cubic
phase having a0 == 2.98 (12 297).
Mg-Sn.O to 67 % Mg give the superimposed patterns of Sn and
Mg2Sn; 67 100% Mg yield the superimposed patterns of
Ag-Cu.Broken series of solid solutions. Both components F.-c.
cubic (4b) (370).
Mg2Sn and Mg. No evidence of solid solution (370).
Mg-Pb.O to 67% Mg give the superimposed patterns of Pb
At. % Cu
O
4
<T216-80
96.4 100
and PbMg2; 67-100 % Mg yield the superimposed patterns of
o
4.064.054.03 Superimposed 3.61 3.61 PbMg and Mg. No evidence of solid solution ( 37 O).
2
patterns of
Mg-Al.91.2% Al is F.-c. cubic (46) with a0 = 4.1OeA, taking
Ag and Cu
o for Al as 4.05. 7.3% Al is C.-p. hexagonal (d) with
o = 3.151, c = 5.23, taking a0 for Mg as 3.17 and
Au-Zn.These alloys show all the phases of Cu-Zn alloys and two
C0 = 5.17 (197).
additional (371).
ComposiNo. atoms
Ox
X - C i
x
Struco
C0
tion
Symmetry
,
9
in umt
r rj
A
A
wt.
% Zn
celi
3 8 . 2 5
Cubic
"(la, 16) 3.15e
2
T
50.3
Cubic
9.32?
52.37
fO.5
Hexagonal Mg-like 2.81s 4.45e
2
\78.1
Hexagonal Mg-like 2.8154.382
2
r/
Hexagonal close-packed with Zn-like structure
-r,
Phase
ture
CompoNo.
sition 0
,
Strucao
C0
atoms
, Symmetry
A
A
V
J
wt. % J
ture
A
A in unit
Zn
cell
/3
30.2
Cubic
(Ia, 16) 3.14e
2
f36.9
Cubic
9.26s
52.97
7
\41.1
Cubic
9.22s
51.96
J67.5 Hexagonal Mg-like 2.8094.37?
2
\72.3 Hexagonal Mg-like 2.8094.369

2
17
95.0 Hexagonal Zn-like 2.6744.88?
2
y (AuZn 3 )?
50.2 Cubic
?
7.880
32
7"
may be cubic
Phase
Au-Cu.-Figure 12 ( 145, sei).

Au-Ag.Data conflicting. Probably an unbroken series of solid
solutions, though marked variations from this relation have
been reported. Figure 16 (18 165, 239, 372).
Ir-Os.A single alloy of unknown composition was found to be
C.-p. Hex. (H).
Pd-H.Data conflicting. One result (295, 376) shows that the
Pd unit is swelled by an amount proportional to the quantity
of occluded H ( 7 ^). The other study (i 64 ) shows a discontinuous absorption of H in the sense that some crystals may be
saturated though others in the same material have not begun
to absorb gas. The length, a0, of the edge of the unit cube of
the saturated solution was found to vary between 4.00oA and
4.039 with values usually not less than 4,023.
Pd-Cu and Pd-Au.Figures 20 and 19 (301).
Pd-Ag.-(15) Figure 17 (165).
Mn-Cu.67% Cu is F.-c. cubic, like Cu, and has a0 = 3.6l5A,
taking a0 for Cu as 3.60 (18). 70 % Cu is said to give a0 =
3.70 (200,
384).
Ni-Cu.-Figure 15 (i*. 197, 361, 370).

Cr-Ni.100% to 40% Ni alloys are F.-c. cubic (like Ni) with
values of a0 which change proportionately to the % of Cr
added from 3.52iA (for Ni) to 3.57eA (206).
W-Mo.(67) Said to show an unbroken series of solid solutions.
No numerical data available (l8). No lines (86) have been
found from a 1:1 alloy to indicate the existence of a compound
W-Mo
(239).
Al-Zn.O to 20% Zn alloys are F.-c. cubic (like Al), a0 changing

from 4.043 (for Al) to 4.034. 20 %-95 % Zn alloys show
mixtures of cubic Al and hexagonal Zn structures. 95%
100% Zn alloys are C.-p. hexagonal with no measurable distortion from size or shape of the Zn unit cell (206).
Al-Cu.Figure 14. The data on this figure are from (22, 141,
197,258).
(6) Ferrous Alloys

Fe-C Steels.(1) Austenitic Steels. Structure that of T-Fe, F.-c.
CUbic (46)
(250-259).
Composition, wt. %
(1) 1.25% C, quenched at
75O0C
(2) 1.98% C, quenched at
UOO0C
(3)* 1.34% C, 12.1% Mn,
0.52% Si, 0.1% P
(2) quenched at 75O0C
Remarks
3.601 Contains also martensite.

3.629
Contains also martensite.
3.624
3.606 A mixture of austenite and
martensite.
(4) 1.18% C, 24.3% Ni,

6.05% Mn quenched
from 100O0C
3.64
(5) 0.24% C, 25.2% Ni,
quenched from IQOO 0 C... 3.56
* Density calculations thought to indicate that C is present in interstitial solid
solution in steel No. (3).
(2) Martensite Steels.
Structure that of a-Fe, B.-c. cubic
(2o) (I 9 1 2 2 , 2 5 0 - 2 5 8 ) .
(5) Chilled subsequently in 2.81 Partly martensite a n d

liquid air
partly austenite.
(2)
2.90
Martensite lines very diffuse.
(1)
2.88 Martensite lines very diffuse.
(6) 0.80% C quenched in oil 2.89
Martensite lines very diffrom 75O0C
fuse.
(7) 0.80% C, 0.14% Cr, 2.85i Broad lines, less intense
than from Fe.
0.35 % Mn, 0.19 % Si
(8) 1.31% C, 0.12% Cr, 2.85i Density calculations from
0.24% Mn, 0.17% Si
this steel thought to indicate that C isomorphously replaces Fe unless
martensite is annealed
when it is a mixture of
q-Fe with cementite.
JTe-Si. (207, 252,
Weight % Si
Phases
389).
0-15 17-30 33
40
^ Fe + ^ 0. FeSi +
Fe
FeSi FeSl FeSi2
50
.
FeSl
*
75-100
FeSi2 -f
Si
Fio. 12.The diffraction data on Cu-Au alloys.
Fio. 12a.The diffraction data on Cu-Sn alloys.

FIG. 14.The diffraction data on Cu-Al alloys.
FIQ. 15.The diffraction data on Cu-Ni alloys.
FIG. 13.The diffraction data on brasses.
FIG. 16.The diffraction data on Ag-Au alloys.
FIG. 17.The diffraction data on Ag-Pd alloys.
FIG. 18.The diffraction data on Fe-Ni alloys.
FIG. 19.The diffraction data on Au-Pd alloys.

FIG. 20.The diffraction data on Cu-Pd alloys.
FIG. 2la.The diffraction data on solid solutions oi the alkali halides.

Fe-Mn.These alloys are said to have the following structures.
No numerical data available ( 18).
Atomic % Mn.
0-30
Structure
B.-c. cubic (2a)
30-60
F.-c. cubic (4b)
60-100
Complex Mn
Fe-Co.No numerical data available ( 12 ).

Weight % C o . . .
,
0.
Structure
0-80
85
I
90-98
98-100
^
, . B.-c.(2a) ,,
,.
F.-c. (40)
B.-c. cubic
.,,
F.-c. cubic
.,,
,0 .
with
,,,,
with
(2a)
(46)
F.-c.(4b)
C.-p. hex.
Fe-Ni.The best available data are shown in Fig. 18. The fused
alloys were swaged, drawn and rolled into thin tapes. Spacing
from photographs of these specimens without further treatment are shown as open circles, results after (1) annealing at
900-95O0C followed by slow cooling, black circles; (2) after an
additional heating to 60O0C followed by rapid cooling in the
air, crosses; and (3) after cooling for a time in liquid air
following (1), triangles (12, 168).
Fe-Cr.Interpretation of data uncertain (18).
Fe-W and Fe-Mo.It is said that Fe dissolves a few atomic percents of each of these metals without apparent alteration in the
size of the unit cell. In each case a 1:1 compound is
formed. No numerical data available (18).
FIG. 216.The diffraction data on solid solutions of the alkali halides.

t-TABLE.THE POSITIONS OF X-KAY DIFFRACTION BANDS FROM
LIQUIDS
Angle of Deviation and Wave Length, X, of X-rays Used
Liquid
Angle deg
X, in A
I)
A
I
N2
O2
I 13.0; 18.9 27 11.3; 17.0 12.5; 19.5
0.712
1.54
0.712
0.712
Lit
Liquid
Angle deg
X, in A
..."
Lit
(304)
(303)
H2O
CS2
13.4 29 13.2
0.712 1.54 0.712
( 304 ) (303)
(304)
(304)
HCOOH
24
1.54
(303)
(303)
27
1.54
(303)
A ^^^
Acet
aldehyde
22.7
1.54
(373)
C2H5OH _ 4l82. _
^f^2 * I (CA)J2O
Butyric acid Ethyl acetate v
Angle, deg....
22
20.7; 36.5
20~7
9
X, ini
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
Liquid
(303)
Lit
~~d
^
Angle^deg
X, in A
(373)
~
8.5
0.712
18
1.54
(301)
(302,303)
T.
.,
.Liquid
(303)
(C2H4O)3
C6H5CHO
Par aldehyde Ben z aldehyde
2 3 ~ 3 9 . 3 ; 44.4
1.54
1.54
6 6
Lit
(373)
(373)
(373)
Angle, deg
X, in A
TT
C Hi
Ci4Hi2O2
v^sJtlis -, 9., ,2
T.
,,
Mesitylene Benzyl benzoate
8~1
4.1; 6.2
18.3; 42.7; 65.8
0.712
0.712
1.54
Lit
(301)
(301)
(373.)
3F-TABLE.DATA ON SOLID SOLUTIONS OF SALTS

Alkali Halides.For data on the solutions NHÎ-NH4Br,
NH4I-KI, NH4Br-KBr, RbCl-NH4Cl, NH4Cl-KCl, KCl-RbCl,
KCl-KBr, CsCl-NH4Cl, NH4Br-NH4Cl, RbCl-NH4Cl see Fig.
21 (120). For additional data on KBr-KCl see (387, 388).
AgCl-NaCl (387).Broken series of solid solutions. Quenched
preparations: Both patterns present together.
Composition
mol % AgCl
Annealed
ao
A
^
5.54
5.57
75
50
AgCl-AgBr (402)._Both structures like NaCl (40, 4c).

Unbroken series of solid solutions.
Composition
GO
mol % AgCl
A
O
5^77
20
5.72
40
5.68
50
5.65
60
5.63
80
5.59
100
I
5.54
AgBr-AgI (402).Broken series of solid solutions.
a0
...
Fused and slowly
position
, ,
, M
cooled
mol %
^j
Structure Structure
(40, 4c)
(4b, 4d)
O
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
100
5.76s
5.814
5.842
5.86
5.896
5.912
5.91s
[ 6.0U
5.94e
[ 5.994
5.916
^
, ,
, ,
Fused and quenched
Precipi, , ,
tated
Structure Structure Structure
(46, 4c)
(46, 4d)
(46, 4c)
(6.47)
(6.47)
6.47
5.76s
5.816
5.854
5.87e
5.90s
5.932
5.96
(6.48)
6.48
5.95e
6.48
(5.892)
5.89s
(6.48)
6.48s
6.487
6.49s
6.47
6.472
6.48l
6.493
5.76s
5.806
5.84
5.87s
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Allison, 12, 8: 261; 24. (2) Alsen and Aminoff, 207, 44: 124; 22. (3)
Aminoff, 207, 41: 407; 19. ( 4 ) Aminoff, 94, 56: 495; 21. ( 5 ) Aminoff,
94, 56: 506; 21. ( 6 ) Aminoff, 94, 57: 180; 22. ( 7 ) Aminoff, 94, 57: 204; 22.
( 8 ) Aminoff, 207, 44: 444; 22. ( 9 ) Aminoff, 94, 58: 203; 23.
(i) Aminoff, 94, 60: 262; 24. O 1 ) Aminoff, 94, 56: 510; 21. (12) Andrews,
2, 18: 245; 21. (13)van Arkel, 208, 4: 286; 24. (14) Asahara, 210, 1: 23;
22. 00,1:35; 22. (* 5 ) Astbury, 58, 112: 53; 23. ( 16 ) Astbury, 5.
102A: 506; 23. (") Astbury, 6, 104A: 219; 23. (^) Bain, 33, 28: 21.
576; 23. ( 19 ) Bain, 80, preprint; Feb., 24.
(20) Bartlett and Langmuir, 1, 43: 84; 21. (21) Beckenkamp, 93, 110: 290; 20.
(22) Becker, 95, 15: 303; 23. (23) Becker, 96, 24: 65; 24. (2*) Becker and
Ebert, 96, 16: 165; 23. (25) Becker and Jancke, 7, 99: 242; 21. (2)
Becker and Rose, 96, 17: 351; 23. (27) Becker and Rose, 96, 14: 369; 23.
(28) Berndt, 211, 38: 1;21. (29) Bijl and Kolkmeijer, 176, 15: 1264; 18.
30
( ) Bijl and Kolmeijer, 64P, 21: 405; 19. (31) Bijl and Kolkmeijer, 64P, 21:
494, 501; 19. (32) Bijvoet, 70, 42: 859; 23. (33) Bijvoet and Karssen.
64P, 23: 1365; 21. (34) Bijvoet and Karssen, 64P, 25: 27; 22. (35)
Bijvoet and Karssen, 70, 43: 680; 24. (36) Bohlin, 8, 61: 421; 20. (37)
Bozorth, 1, 44: 317; 22. ( 38 ) Bozorth, 1, 44: 1066; 22. (39) Bozorth,
1, 44: 2232; 22.
(40) Bozorth, 1, 45: 2128; 23. (") Bozorth, 1, 45: 1621; 23. () Bradley,
3, 48: 477; 24. (43) Bradley, 3, 47: 657; 24. (44) Bragg, 5, 89: 248; 13.
(45) Bragg, 5, 89: 246; 13. (46) Bragg, 3, 28: 355; 14. (47) Bragg, O,
89A: 468; 14. ( 48 ) Bragg, 5, 89A : 575; 14. (49) Bragg, 62, 215: 253; 15.
(5) Bragg, 58, 95: 561; 15. 3, 30: 305; 15. (51) Bragg, 3, 39: 647; 20. (52)
Bragg, 67, 33: 304; 21. ( 53 ) Bragg, 67, 34: 35; 21. (54) Bragg, 67, 34:
98; 22. (55) Bragg, 4, 121: 2766; 22. (56) Bragg, 58, 111: 532; 23. ( 5 7)
Bragg, 67, 35: 167; 23. ( 58 ) Bragg, 6, 105A: 16; 24. (59) Bragg and
Bragg, 68, 91: 557; 13.
(60) Bragg and Bragg, 5, 89: 277; 13. ( 61 ) Bragg and Bragg, X-rays and
Crystal Structure, 4th ed., (London, 24}. (62) Bragg and Morgan, 5, 104:
437; 23. ( 3) de Broglie and Friedel, 34, 176: 738; 23. (64) Broome,
63, 24: 124; 23. (65) Burdick and ElUs, 197, 3: 644; 17. I 1 39: 2518; 17.
(66) Burdick and Owen, 1, 40: 1749; 18. (67) Burger, 208, 2: 114; 22.
(68) Clark, 1, 46: 372; 24. (69) Clark and Duane, 2, 20: 85; 22.
(70) Clark and Duane, 48, 7: 455; 23. (") Clark and Duane, 197, 9: 126; 23.
(72) Cooper, 68, 107: 745; 21. ( ? 3) Cooper, 58, 110: 544; 22. (74) Davey,
2, 17: 402; 21. (75) Davey, 2, 18: 102; 21. (76) Davey, 2, 19: 248; 22.
(77) Davey, 2, 19: 538; 22. (78) Davey, 2, 21: 143; 23. (79) Davey, 2,
21: 213; 23.
(80) Davey, 2, 21: 380; 23. ( 81 ) Davey, 2, 21: 716; 23. ( 82 ) Davey, 2, 23:
292; 24. ( 83 ) Davey, 2, 23: 763; 24. (84) Davey, 212, 6: 375; 24. (85)
Davey and Wick, 2, 17: 403; 21. ( 86 ) Davey and Hoffman, 2, 15: 333; 20.
(87) Debye, 63, 18: 483; 17. (88) Debye and Scherrer, 63, 17: 277; 16.
(89) Debye and Scherrer, 63, 18: 291; 17.
(90) Dennision, 2, 17: 20; 21. 135, 122: 54; 21. (*) Dickinson, 1, 42: 85; 20.
(92) Dickinson, 1, 44: 276; 22. (93) Dickinson, 1, 44: 774; 22. (94)
Dickinson, J, 44: 1489; 22. (95) Dickinson, 1, 44: 2404; 22. (96) Dickinson, 1, 45: 958; 23. (97) Dickinson and Friauf, 1, 46: 2457; 24. (98)
Dickinson and Goodhue, 1, 43: 2045; 21. (99) Dickinson and Pauling, 1,
45, 1466; 23.
10
( ) Dickinson and Raymond, 1, 45: 22; 23. ( 101 ) Eastman, 1, 46: 917; 24.
(102) Espig, 811, 38: 53; 21. (*03) Ewald, 8, 44: 257; 14. (104) Ewald,
63, 15: 399; 14. (i5) Ewald, 213, 1914: 325. (i06) Ewald and Friedrich,
8, 44: 1183; 14. (i7) Gerlach, 63, 22: 557; 21. (i 8 ) Gerlach, 63, 23:
114: 22. (109) Gerlach, 96, 9: 184; 22.
(HO) Gerlach and Pauli, 96, 7: 116; 21. ( U i ) Goldschmidt and Thomassen,
214, No. 2: 5; 23. ("*) Gonell and Mark, 7, 107: 181; 23. (H3) Greenwood, 3, 48: 654; 24. (H4) Gross, 189, 1919: 201. (US) Gross and
Gross, 190, 48: 113; 23. (U 6 ) Hadding, 215, 17: No. 6; 20. (U7) Kassel
and Mark, 96, 27: 89; 24. (".) Kassel and Mark, 96, 23: 269; 24. (H)
Kassel and Mark, 96, 25: 317; 24.
(120) Havighurst, Mack and Blake, l, 46: 2368; 24. ("i) Hedvall, 19, 8: No.
11; 22. 93, 120: 327; 22. (2) Heindlhofer, 2, 24: 426; 24. (123)
Hentschel, 150,1923: 609. (124) Herzog, Jancke and Polanyi, 96, 3:
196, 343; 20. (125) Holgersson, 93, 126: 179; 23. (126) Hll, 2, 9: 84; 17.
(127) Hll, 2, 9: 564; 17. (128) HuU, 8t 10: 661; 17. O 2 9) Hll, 197,
3:470; 17.
(130) HuU, 8t 13: 292; 19. (i3i) Hll, 2, 14: 540; 19. (132) Hll, 119, 38:
1171; 19. (133) Hll, 8t 15: 545; 20. (134) HuU, 166, 52: 227; 20. (135)
Hll, 8t 17: 42; 21. (136) Hll, 8, 17: 571; 21. (137) HuU, 2, 18: 88; 21.
(138) Hll, 8t 20: 113; 22. (139) James, 3, 42: 193; 21.
(!4O) James and Tunstall, 3, 40: 233; 20. ( i 4 i ) Jette, Phragmen and Westgren, 47, 31: 193; 24. (142) Kahler, 2, 18: 210; 21. (143) Karssen, 70,
42: 904; 23. () Kiby, 96, 17: 213; 23. (**) Kirchner, 8, 69: 59; 22.
(146) Kolkmeijer, 64P, 25: 125. 64V, 31: 155; 22. (147) Kolkmeijer,
Bijvoet and Karssen, 64P, 23: 644; 21. (148) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and
Karssen, 96, 14: 291; 23. (149) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and Karssen, 96, 20:
82; 23.
(150) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and Karssen, 70, 43: 677; 24. ( 151 ) Kolkmeijer,
Bijvoet and Karssen, 70, 43: 894; 24. ( 1 5 Z) Kulasewski, 811, 38: 81; 21.
( 15 S) Kustner and Remy, 63, 24: 25; 23. ( 154 ) Lehmann, #4, 60: 379; 24.
(i* 5 ) Leonhardt, 189, 1923: 641. 94, 59: 216; 24. ( 156 ) Levi, 69, 1: 137;
24. (i 5 7 ) Levi, 72, 57: 619; 24. ( 1S8 ) Levi, 216, 6: 333; 24. (i59) Levi
and Ferrari, 88, 33: 397; 21.
0) Levi and Ferrari, 88, 33: 516; 24. ( 161 ) Levi and Quilico, 36, 54: 154; 24.
0) McKeehan, 107, 8: 254; 22. (i") McKeehan, 197, 8: 270; 22. (* 4 )
McKeehan, 8, 20: 82; 22. (*) McKeehan, S, 20: 424; 22. ( 166 ) McKeehan, 145, 195: 59; 23. (> 6 7 ) McKeehan, A, 21: 334; 23. O 68) McKeehan,
Jg, 21: 402; 23. (* 69 ) McKeehan, *, 21: 503; 23.
(170) McKeehan, 8t 19: 444; 22. (i") Mark, 85, 57: 1820; 24. ( 172 ) Mark
and Polyani, 96, 18: 75; 23. (1^) Mark and Polyani, 96, 22: 200; 24.
O 7 4 ) Mark, Polyani and Schmid, 218, 11: 256; 23. ( 175 ) Mark and
Weissenberg, 96, 16: 1; 23. ( 176 ) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 17: 301; 23.
O77) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 17: 347; 23. (* 78 ) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 24: 68; 24. ( 1 7 9 ) Mauguin, 84, 176: 1331; 23.
(180) Mauguin, 34, 176: 1483; 23. ( 181 ) Mauguin, 84, 178: 785; 24. ( 182 )
Mauguin, 34, 178: 1913; 24. ( 183 ) Mechling, 811, 38: 37; 21. ( 184 )
Mller, 4, 123: 2043; 23. ( 18S ) Mller and Shearer, 4, 123: 3156; 23.
(18*) Niggli, 63, 19: 225; 18. ( 18 7) Niggli, 94, 56: 213; 22. ( 188 ) Niggli,
94, 57: 253; 22. ( 189 ) Nishikawa, 819, 8: 199; 15.
(190) Nishikawa, 819, 9: 194; 17. ( 191 ) Nishikawa and Hudinuki, 819, 9:
197; 17. ( 1 9 2 ) Ogg and Hopwood, 3, 32: 518; 16. (J 9 3) Ogg, 3, 42: 163;
21. ( 194 ) Ott, 63, 24: 209; 23. ( 195 ) Ott, 96, 22: 201; 24. ( 196 ) Owen
and Preston, 67, 35: 101; 23. ( 197 ) Owen and Preston, 67, 36: 14; 23.
(198) Owen and Preston, 67, 36: 49; 23. ( 199 ) Owen and Preston, 67, 36:
94; 23.
(200) Patterson, 45, 16: 689; 24. ( 2 i) Patterson, 8, 25: 581; 25. ( 2 0 2 ) Pauling, 1, 45: 2777; 23. ( 203 ) Pauling, I1 46: 2738; 24. ( 2 0 4 ) Pauling and
Dickinson, 1, 46: 1615; 24. ( 2 0 5 ) Pauling and Hendricks, 1, 47: 781; 25.
(206) Phebus and Blake, 8, 25: 107; 25. ( 2 <> 7 ) Phragmen, 880, 1923: 121.
(2 8 ) Piper and Grindley, 67, 35: 269; 23. 36: 31; 23. ( 209 ) Posnjak and
Wyckoff, 188, 12: 248; 22.
(2!O) Rinne, 81, 69: 57; 17. ( 211 ) Rinne, Hentschel and Leonhardt, 94, 58:
629; 23. ( 212 ) Rinne, Leonhardt and Hentschel, 94, 59: 548; 24. ( 213 )
St. John, 197, 4: 193; 18. ( 214 ) St. John, 8, 21: 389; 23. ( 215 ) Scacchi,
888, 1: 187; 90. ( 2 1 ) Scacchi, 68, 19: 23; 18. ( 2 * 7 ) Scherrer, 94, 57:
186; 22. ( 218 ) Scherrer, B66: 387. ( 219 ) Scherrer and Stoll, 93, 121:
319; 22.
(220) Scherrer and Stoll, 149, 4: 232; 22. ( 2 2 1 ) Schiebold, 811, 36: 65; 19.
( 2 2 2 ) Schiebold, 94, 56: 430; 21. ( 2 2 3 ) Schneiderhohn, Mikroscopische
Bestimmung von Erzen, p. 196 (Berlin, 22). ( 2 2 4 ) Schumacher and Lucas,
l, 46: 1167; 24. ( 2 2 S ) Shearer, 4, 123: 3152; 23. ( 226 ) Siegbahn and
Dolejsek,00,10:159; 22. ( 2 2 7 ) Simonand von Simson, 00,25:160; 24. ( 228 )
Simon and von Simson, 96, 21: 168; 24. (229) von Simson, 7,109: 183; 24.
(230) Slattery, 8, 20: 84; 22. ("i) Slattery, 8, 21: 213; 23. (232) Slattery,
8, 21: 378; 23. ("3) de Smedt and Keesom, B60: 117; 24. (234) Sponsler,
888, 5: 757; 23. (235) Steinberg, 8, 21: 22; 23. ( 236 ) Stoll, 149, 3: 546;
21. (237) Terada, 819, 7: 292; 14. ("*) van Arkel, 64V, 32: 197; 23.
64P, 27: 97; 24. ( 239 ) van Arkel, 208, 4: 33: 24.
(240) Vegard, S, 31: 83; 16. (241) Vegard, 3, 32: 65; 16. ( 2 4 2 ) Vegard, S,
32: 505; 16. (243) Vegard, 3, 33: 395; 17. ( 2 4 4 ) Vegard, 96, 5: 17; 21.
(245) Vegard, 96, 9: 395; 22. (246) Vegard, 96, 12: 289; 22. (247) Vegard,
96, 18: 379; 23. (248) Vegard, 8, 54: 146; 18. ( 249 ) Weber, 94, 57: 398; 22.
(250) Westgren, 140, 103: 303; 21. (251) Westgren, 880, 105: 401; 21. (252)
Westgren, 884,1923: 223. ( 2 5 3 ) Westgren andLindh, 7, 98:181; 21. (254)
Westgren and Phragmen, 140,105: 241 ; 22. ( 2 5 S) Westgren and Phragmen,
7, 102: 1;22. (256) Westgren and Phragmen, 880, 1923: 449. (257)
Westgren and Phragmen, 140,109: 159; 24. (258) Westgren and Phragmen,
58, 113: 122; 24. (259) Wever, 886, 3: 45; 21.
(260) Wever, 886, 3: 17; 22. (26l) Wever, 886, 4: 67; 22. (262) Wever, 886,
4: 81; 22. (263) Williams, 5, 93: 418; 17. ( 264 ) Wilsey, 3, 42: 262; 21.
(265) Wilsey, 3, 46: 487; 23. (266) Wulff, 94, 57: 190; 22. (267) Wyckoff,
O, (268) Wyckoff, l, 42: 1100; 20. (269) Wyckoff, 8, 16: 149; 20.
(270) Wyckoff, 18, 50: 317; 20. (271) Wyckoff, 18, l : 138; 21. (272) Wyckoff,
18, 2: 239; 21. (273) Wyckoff, 128, 11: 429; 21. (274) Wyckoff, l, 44:
1239; 22. (275) Wyckoff, l, 44: 1260; 22. (276) Wyckoff, l, 44: 1994; 22.
(277) Wyckoff, 18, 3: 184; 22. (278) Wyckoff, 18, 4: 188; 22. (279)
Wyckoff, 18, : 193; 22.
(280) Wyckoff, 18, 4: 469; 22. (") Wyckoff, 18, 5: 15; 23. (282) Wyckoff,
18, 5: 209; 23. 94, 57: 595; 23. ( 28 S) Wyckoff, 18, 6: 277; 23. ( 2 8 4)
Wyckoff, 94, 59: 55; 23. (285) Wyckoff, 188, 14: 121; 24. (286) Wyckoff,
18, 9: 145; 25. 94, 61: 425; 25. (287) Wyckoff, 18, 10: 107; 25. (288)
Wyckoff, 12, 9: 448; 25. (289) Wyckoff and Merwin, 18, 8: 447; 24.
(290) Wyckoff and Merwin, 12, 9: 286; 25. 94, 61: 5; 25. (2 91 ) Wyckoff and
Merwin, 18, 9: 379; 25. (292) Wyckoff and Posnjak, l, 43: 2292; 21.
(293) Wyckoff and Posnjak, l, 44: 30; 22. ( 2 4) Wyckoff and Posnjak,
188, 13: 393; 23. ( 2 9 S) Yamada, 3, 45: 241; 23. (2 9 *) Yardley, 6, 105A:
451; 24. ( 2 9 7 ) Young, 3, 46: 291; 23. ( 298 ) Owen and Preston, 67, 36:
341; 24. ( 299 ) Levi and Tacchini, 86, 55: 28; 25.
(300) Levi, 59, 1: 335; 24. ( 3 Oi) Holgersson and Sedstrom, 8, 75: 143; 24.
(302) Hewlett, 8, 20: 688; 22. ( 303 ) Debye and Scherrer, 188, 16: 16.
(304) Keesom and DeSmedt, 64P, 25:118; 22. (305) Keesom and DeSmedt,
64P, 26: 112; 23. ( 306 ) Becker and Ebert, 96, 81: 268; 25. ( 3 07) Havighurst, Mack and Blake, l, 47: 29; 25. ( 3 <> 8 ) Slattery, 8, 25: 333; 25.
(309) Gibbs, 4, 125: 2622; 24.
( 31 O) Bernal, 5, 106A: 749; 24. (311) Kassel, 94, 61: 92; 25. (3 12 ) Wasastjerna, 138, 2, No. 14: 2; 25. (313) Schiebold, 94, 57: 579; 25. (3**) Mark
and Wigner, 7, 111: 398; 24. (315) Hoffman and Mark, 7, 111: 321; 24.
(3l) Hassel and Mark, 7, 111: 357; 24. (Si7) Keesom and DeSmedt,
64V, 33: 571; 24. (318) Mark and Pohland, 94, 61: 293; 25. ( 319 ) Saville
and Shearer, 4, 127: 591; 25.
(320) Mller and Saville, 4, 127: 599; 25. ( 321 ) Friedel, 84, 180: 269; 25.
(322) Wyckoff and Crittenden, l, 47:2876; 25. ( 323 ) Yardley, 869, 20: 296;
25. ( 3 2 4) Hevesy, 886, 2:1; 25. ( 32 S) Bozorth and Pauling, I, 47:1561; 25.
(32) Rinne, Hentschel and Schiebold, 94, 61: 164; 25. ( 3 27) Pauling and
Emmett, l, 47: 1026; 25. ( 328 ) Buckley and Vernon, S, 49: 945; 25.
( 329 ) Davey 2, 25: 753; 25.
(330) Bradley, 3, 49: 1225; 25. (331) Wyckoff, 166, 62: 496; 25. (332) Gibbs,
5, 107A: 561; 25. (333) Zachariasen, Norsk geologisk tidsskrift, 8: 189: 25.
(334) James and Wood, 315, 69: 24-25. (335) Wyckoff and Merwin, 94,
61: 452; 25. (336) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and Karssen, 64P, 27: 847; 24.
(337) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet, and Karssen, 64V, 33: 327; 24. (338) Mark and
Pohland, 94, 61: 532; 25. (339) Ciaassen, 70, 44: 790; 25.
(340) Kolderup, Ber gens Museums Aarlok, 1924-25. ( 341 ) Mark and Tolksdorf, 96, 33: 681; 25. ( 3 4 2) Hassel, 136, 49: 465; 25. ( 3 43) Levi and Natta,
88, 2: 39; 25. (344) Havighurst, 18, 10: 15; 25. (345) van Arkel, 208t
5: 162; 25. (346) peirce, Anderson, and Van Dyck, 143, 200: 363; 25.
( 347 ) Ott, 818, 13: 76; 25. ( 348 ) Ott, 94, 61: 515; 25. ( 3 4) Mark and
Pohland, 94, 62: 103: 25.
(350) Westgren and Phragmen, 96, 33: 77; 25. ( 3 Si) Goldschmidt, Barth and
Lunde, Skrifter Norske Videnskaps Akademi, No. 7; 25. (352) Goldschmidt,
Ulrich and Barth, Skrifter Norske Videnskaps Akademi, No. 5; 25. (353)
Brentano, 67, 37: 52; 25. (354) Trillat, 34, 180: 1329; 25. (355) Trillat
34, 180; 1838; 25. (356) Alsen, 807, 47: 19; 25. (357) Ramsdell, 328,
10: 281; 25. (358) de Smedt and Keesom, 64V, 33: 888; 24. (359) Bragg,
105, 9: 272; 25.
(360) Clark, Asbury and Wick, I, 47: 2661; 25. (36l) Lange, 8, 76: 476; 25.
(362) Blake, 8, 26: 60; 25. (363) Knaggs, 869, 20: 346; 25. (364) Aminoff,
94, 62: 113; 25. ( 365 ) Buckley and Vernon, 269, 20: 382; 25. ( 3 66)
Olshausen, 4,61:463; 25. (367) Ferrari, 88, 1:664; 25. ( 3 * 8 ) Bradley,
3, 50: 1018; 25. ( 369 ) Lunde, 7, 117: 51; 25.
( 3 7 O) Sacklowski, 8, 77: 241; 25. ( 371 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 3, 50: 311;
25. ( 372 ) Weiss, 5, IOSA: 643; 25. (373) de Smedt, 186, 10: 366; 24.
(374) Davey and Wilson, Proc. Am. Phys. Soc., Nov. 27, 1925. ( 3 7 5 )
Nakamura, 810, 2: 287; 25. ( 376 ) osawa, 159, 14: 43; 25. (377) Wyckoff,
94, 62: 189; 25. (378) Broome, 94, 62: 325; 25. (379) Noethling and
Tolksdorf, 94, 62: 255; 25.
(380) Selyakov, Strutinskii and Krasnikov, 96, 33: 53; 25. (381) Ulrich and
Zachariasen, 94, 62: 260; 25. (382) de Smedt and Keesom, 94, 62: 312; 25.
(383) ott, 94, 62: 201; 25. (384) Patterson, 8, 23: 552; 24. (385) Yardley.
6, 108A: 542; 25. (386) Ferrari, 88, 3411: 186; 25. (387) Broome, 93,
143: 60; 25. (388) Sasahara, 329, 2: 277; 25. (389) Phragmen, 77, 45:
299; 25.
(3 9 O) ott, 818; 13: 644; 25. (391) Jong, 208, 5: 194; 25. ( 3 2) Linck and
Jong, 93, 147: 288; 25. ( 39 S) Goldschmidt, Barth and Lunde, Skrifter
Norske Videnskaps. Akad. Oslo l, Mat. Nat. KL: No. 7; 25. ( 394 >
Wyckoff and Crittenden, l, 47: 2866; 25. (395) Huggins and Hendricks, l, 48: 164; 26. ( 396 ) Hendricks and Pauling, I, 47: 2904; 25.
(397) Havighurst, 12, 10: 556; 25. (398) Yardley, 3, 50: 864; 25.
(3") Yardley, 4, 127: 2207; 25.
(400) Wyckoff, 18, 11: 101; 26. (*oi) Piper, Brown and Dyment, 4, 127:
2194; 20. (402) Wilsey, 148, 200: 739; 25.
SOME NUMERICAL DATA PERTAINING TO DISPERSOIDOLOGY

P. P. VON WEIMARN
From the large and heterogeneous mass of numerical data
recorded in the literature of " Colloids," it seems desirable to
present here only some selected illustrative examples of results of
physical measurements which meet the following requirements:
(1) The composition of the system is definite, reproducible, and
exactly known; (2) all of the essential variables which affect the
system are understood and are accurately controlled or measured;
(3) the system, its behavior, and the resulting quantitative data
are reproducible in the hands of any investigator working under
these same controllable conditions; and (4) the examples selected
shall be illustrative of some general law describing the behavior
of dispersed systems.
As meeting the above conditions, the following examples have
been selected and are presented in graphical form. Concise
explanations are given in connection with the graphs. For a
detailed description, explanation, discussion, and bibliography,
the reader is referred to von Weimarn, Chem. Rev. 2: 217; 25.
THE PRECIPITATION LAWS
Figures 1-9 illustrate the following precipitation laws: With
increasing concentration of the reacting solutions, the average size
of the precipitated crystalline individuals (not their aggregates)
(1) passes through a maximum during, and (2) decreases continually after the completion of, the process of direct crystallization;
(3) for the same absolute concentration of the reacting solutions
(other conditions being equal), with decreasing solubility of a substance (Fig. 4; cf. Fig. 13), the average size of the precipitated
crystals also decreases.
Figures 10-13 show that, if the aggregation of the individual
ultramierocrystals has not proceeded too far, the second law of
precipitation remains valid; and besides they illustrate the law:
(4) With increasing viscosity of the dispersion medium, the average
size of the particles decreases (Fig. 12) ( 3 4) ; cf. (1).
The following general remarks apply to the figures: (1) The
dispersion medium is indicated thus (60 vol. % C2HsOH); (2)
mixing was brought about in all cases by pouring and shaking.
The direction of pouring is indicated by the arrow. (3) In Figs.
1-9, the volumes mixed in each experiment satisfied the relation,
concentration X volume = a constant (approx.), for a given dispersion medium; (4) the time, to, represents the period (ca. 10-15
min) required for the operations of sampling and photo micrographing; (5) all data shown are the averages of at least two
independent experiments.
1. Precipitation of Ag2SO4.Reaction.2AgNO3 + MnSO4 =
Ag2SO4 + Mn(NOs) 2 (Figs. 1-7). In Figs. 4-5, per liter of final
solution, C Ag2SO4 produced by the reaction and S = its

solubility, both in g-equivalents (8).
2. Precipitation of AgC^sOz.Reaction. AgNO3 -f KC2H3O2
= AgC2H3O2 + KNO 3 (Figs. 8-9) (6). These curves show
the effect of time; the periods of time for the four curves are the
same in both figures.
3. Precipitation of Se.Reaction.(a) 5 cc of aniline (an.)
containing m mg of Se are poured into 100 cc of 93.5 wt. % C2H6OH
(ale.) or (Fig. 13) mixtures thereof with an. or (Fig. 12) glycerol
(gl.). t = 20 (Figs. 10-13 a curves) ( 7 ). (6) As in (a) but with
quinoline (q.) instead of aniline and using 90 wt. % C2HsOH
(Figs. 10-13 o curves) (7).
4. Effects of Salts Dissolved in the Dispersion Medium on
the Duration of Life of Dispersoidal Solutions.(a) BaSO4,
Reaction.50 cc (2a + 2x equiv.) BaR2 + 50 cc (2a equiv.)
MnSO4 = 1 equiv. BaSO4 + 1 equiv. MnR2 + x equiv. BaR2.
Dispersion medium, 63 wt. % C2H6OH (Figs. 14-17) (5).
(6) S.Dispersoidal solution of sulfur prepared by the method
of grinding with grape-sugar. Ca. 25 mg S per liter of H2O;
particles ca. 85ju/x (Figs. 18-23). C = millimols salt .per liter.
The dotted horizontal is for C = O. To the right of the dotted
vertical (Fig. 23) the disperse phase begins to dissolve by chemical
action ( 10 );c/. (*).
(c) Al(OH)3.Prepared as in (b) supra. Ca. 55 mg A12O3.3H2O
per liter of H2O; particles ca. 90/*/* (Fig. 24). The dotted horizontal is for C = O. Dissolving begins at points marked with
crosses ( n );qf. (2).
5. Adsorption and Solubility of Salts.Adsorbent used
BaSO4 extra pure; 20 g used per 100 cc of the salt solution. After
shaking the solution with the adsorbent for 10 min, 24 hr. were
allowed for the precipitate to settle. Fifty cc of the upper clear
layer were used for analysis. Because partial dispergation
occurred in the case of BaCl2 in dilute C2H6OH solutions, these
were centrifuged before analysis (Fig. 25) ( 9 ).
LITERATURE
C1 ) Oden, 55, 26:120 ; 20. ( 2 ) Ostwald, 55, 26: 28, 69 ; 20. ( 3 ) von Weimarn,
53, 38: 267, 624; 06. ( 4 ) von Weimarn, 53, 38: 933, 1400; 06. 65, 2: 76;
07. 287, 18: 44; 23. ( 5 ) von Weimarn, Aoki and Kataoka, O. In part
in von Weimarn, 288, 2: 199; 24. ( 6 ) von Weimarn and Hori, O. ( 7 ) von
Weimarn and Morishima, O. In part in von Weimarn 55, 36: 10; 25. ( 8 )
von Weimarn and Otsuka, O. In part in von Weimarn, 55, 33: 234; 23.
( 9 ) von Weimarn, Schochara and Takashige, O. In part in von Weimarn,
65, 33: 242; 23.
C1 ) von Weimarn and Utzino, 55, 36: 265 ; 25. ( J * ) von Weimarn and Utzino,
O.
Cone, of reacting soins., g-equiv. per].
Fig.
Fig- 11
+ BaJ2
D NaCi
Exprimenta/
A Interpolated
A BaCl2
18
X CaCl2
o CeC/3
Fig. 14
Mn SO4-Sa Ix
Fig. 15
Mn SO4
^BaBr2
Fig. 17
Mn SO4
f fia (AfOj)2
SWEETENING AGENTS. RELATIVE SWEETENING POWER

C. F. WALTON, JR.
The relative sweetness of various substances is usually cited
in comparison with sucrose as unity. Since the concentration of
the standard sucrose solution employed by different investigators
has varied from 1 to 10%, and since the degree of sweetness does
not decrease proportionately with dilution, the values reported
in the literature vary accordingly, and are difficult to arrange
accurately in numerical order. The following table, therefore,
indicates only the approximate degree of sweetness, as reported
by different investigators employing a variable procedure.
RELATIVE DEGREE OF SWEETNESS

(Sucrose = 1.0)
Name
Lactose
Dulcitol
Mannitol
Sorbitol
Glycerol
Glycol
Dextrose (d-glueose)
Formula
Ci2H22On
C6Hi4O6
C6HuO6
C6Hi4O6
C3H8O3
C2H6O2
C6Hi2O6
Degree
of sweetness
0.27-0.28
0.41
0.45
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.50-0.60
Lit.
(26)
(26)
(26)
(26)
(26;
(26)
( 10 >
26,
29)
Maltose
Ci2H22On
0.60
(26,
29)
RELATIVE DEGREE OF SWEETNESS.(Continued)

Name
LITERATURE
Degree
of sweet- Lit.
" ness
0.78-0.95 (*<>
26
Formula
Invert sugar (dex- C6Hi2O6 + C6H12O6

trose + lvulose)
29J
Sucrose
Ci2H22Ou
1.00
26,
29)
Lvulose (ariructose) C6Hi2O6

p-Anisylurea
Chloroform
Glucin
p-Methylsaccharin..
Dulcin (p-phenetylurea)
6-Chlorosaccharin...
n-Hexylchloromalonamid
Saccharin (o-benzosulfonimid)
Perillaldehyde <*anti-aldoxime
(peryllartine)
(,
l.03-1.50 (io
26,
29)
CH3OC6H4NHCONH2
CHCl3
Mixture
CH3C6H3COSO2NH
C2H6OC6H4NHCONH2
ClC6H3COSO2NH
Ti-C6H13CCl(CONH2),
18
(*)
40
(3l)
100
(11J
200
( 1 ^)
70-350 (.
26
.
)
100-350 ()
300
(")
C6H4COSO2NH
200-700
C6H8C(CH3)CH2CHNOH
2000

The following list contains certain general references on methods of testing
relative sweetening power, etc.
(i) Auerbach, 218, 10: 710; 22. ( 2 ) Barrai and Rane, 271, 56: 712; 18. (3)
Barrai and Rane, 283, 17: 16; 20. (*) Becker and Herzog, 202, 52: 496;
07. ( 5 ) Boedecker and Rosenbuch, 273, 30: 251; 20. ( 6 ) Braun and
Rawicz, 25, 49: 799; 16. ( 7 ) Cohn, Die Organischen Geschmackstoffe
(Siemanroth, Berlin, 1914). () Cohn, 196, 22: 1; 16. (*) Cohn, 274,
55:735, 763; 14.
1
( O) Deerr, 270, 24: 481; 22. (") Dox and Houston, 1, 46: 1278; 24. O 2 )
Dyson, 276, 11: 572; 24. ( 13 ) Foerster, 282, 28: 400; 11. 0) Frankel,
Arzneimittelsynthese (Springer, Berlin, 1921): 134-53. ( 1S ) Furukawa,
Japanese Patent 35332; 19. ( 16 ) Furukawa, 41, 41: 706, 979; 20. V)
Hermann, 13, 429: 163; 22. 0) Holleman, 70, 40: 446; 21. () Holleman, 70, 42: 839; 23.
(2) Holleman and Choufoer, 64V, 33: 307; 24. (21) Kionka and Stratz, 277,
95: 241; 22. (22) Kodama, 41, 41: 495; 20. (23) Lasarev, 278, 194: 293;
22. (24) Oertley and Myers, 1, 41: 855; 19. (25) Ogilvie, 275, 24: 288;
22. (26) Paul, 279, 43: 137; 22. (27) paul, 280, 26: 610; 22. (28) Pauli,
205, 125: 97; 21. (29) Sale and Skinner, 45, 14: 522; 22.
(3) Speckam, 273, 32: 83; 22. ( 3 I) Sternberg, 281, 38: 272; 05. ( 32 ) Zuntz,
92, 23: 385; 10.
(
26
)
(")
_^_
ODORIFEROUS MATERIALS
H. ZWAARDEMAKER
The unit used for expressing odor is the olfacty, the normal
stimulus threshold for a given odor.
The characteristic grouping giving rise to odor is termed odoriphore (8), also called aromatophore (Klimout, 1897) and osmophore (Rupe, 1900). The principal odoriphores are: <C(:O)OAlkyl, esters; ^-~C(:O)H, aldehydes; ^CO, ketones; Alkyl-OAlkyl, ethers; C = OH, alcohols; <-C(:O)OH, acids; ^-NO2,
nitrites; <CN, nitriles; ^
y,terpenes; <^- <-/) pinenes;
<S-S-, sulfides; < As-As*; arsenides; * As-O-As>; cacodyls;
<Hal., halogens; <f
y>N, pyridine;
/NH, pyrrole.
CLASSIFICATION
LINN, MODIFIED BY ZWAARDEMAKER
Odores aetherei Lorry (Ethereal)

Odores aromatici Linn (Aromatic) :
1. Almond
2. Camphoric
3. Citric
Odores fragantes Linn (Balsam) :
1. Floral
2. Lilylike
3. Vanillin
Odores ambrosiae Linn (Musk)
AUyI
Cacodylic
Odores empyreumatic Haller (Empyreumatic)
Odores hircini Linn (Caprylic)
Odores tetri Linn (Narcotic)
Odores nauseois Linn (Nauseous)
I S
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
Intensity.The intensity of the odor of an odorivector ( 5 )

depends on (1) its volatility from dilute solution, (2) its rate of
diffusion, (3) its absorption by a humid surface and (4) its solubility in liquids. (All odorous substances are soluble in oil (2).)
The significance of an odor as a reflex stimulus depends on physiological, its pleasing or repulsive value on psychological conditions.
VOLATILITY OF ODOR FROM PARAFFINIC SOLUTIONS ( 4 )
Substance
Ethyl sulfide (I)
Scatole (N)
Valeric acid (L)
Guaiacol (K)
Pyridine (M)
Isoamyl acetate (A)
Terpineol (C)
Nitrobenzene (B)
Concn.
percent
1
0.1
1
10
5
25
50
Volatility
10~6 g
per min
0.14
0.18
0.28
0.5
0.93
3.6
7.5
9.2
DIFFUSION IN FREE AIR IN NEIGHBORHOOD OF SOURCE (10)
Eugenol (C)
Camphor (C)
cc per
sec
L 3 E t h y l ether (A)
2.1
Ethylacetone (A)
cc per
sec
4.4
10
Extremesethyl acetate (A) and naphthalene (K). The

anemodispersibility of odors depends on the size of the cloud and
the velocity of the wind.
Spray Electricity.All odorous substances lower the surface

tension of water and therefore produce static electricity by
spraying an aqueous solution of the odorivector against a disc
well insulated with amber and paraffin. The value is expressed
as 10~10 coulomb per cc of a saturated solution.
10~10
, ,
Lit.
coulombs
072
(2)"
0.4
(6)
0.4
(6)
0.9
(6)
1.0
()
1
( 12 )
3.4
(2)
3.5
(2)
3.8
(6)
4.8
(2)
5.1
(2)
6.5
(2)
7.5
(2)
7.9
(2)
9.3
(2)
9.6
(2)
10
(2)
11.6
(6)
12.4 (2)
14.8 (2)
15.2 (2)
Substance
Cumidine(K)
Aniline (K)
Toluidine (K)
Xylidine (K)
Scatole (N)
Trinitroisobutyltoluene (H)
Pseudocumene (K)
Ethyl acetate (A)
Xylene (K)
Aniline (K)
Toluene (K)
Thymol (C)
Benzene (K)
;
Toluidine (K)
Xylidine (K)
Nitrobenzene (B)
Vanillin (G).,
Dimethylaniline (K)
Benzaldehyde (B)
Anisaldehyde (G)
Phenol (K)
Substance
Xylenol ( K )
Ethyl alcohol (A)
Cresol (K)
Camphor (C)
Heliotropin (F)
Vanillin (G)
Heliotropin (F)
Acetone (A)
Guaiacol (K)
Carvacrol (C)
Terpineol (E)
Amyl acetate (A)
Ethyl acetate (A)
Guaiacol (K)
Terpineol (E)
Citral (D)../
Methyl anthranilate (E)
, , Lit.
coulombs
7 ( 2 ) "
17.2 (2)
19.1 (12)
20.3 ()
44
(2)
47
()
52
(12)
60
()
81.1
(2)
82.3 (2)
89.1 (2)
96.4 (2)
122
()
289
()
296
()
360
(12)
602
(12)
'
RELATION BETWEEN SPRAY ELECTBICITY AND CONCENTRATION

OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ( 12 )
CHARGE IN 10"10 COULOMBS PER cc
Degree of saturation
Coumarin
Heliotropin
Vanillin
1
-J
J
-J.
6.5 2 0.5 O
52
22 10
2
72
32 6 | 2
^5-
1.4 1.4
0.5 | O
ADSORPTION OF ODORS BY SURFACES EXPRESSED AS THE DURATION OF THE AFTER EFFECT FOLLOWING AN EXPOSURE TO A
CONTINUOUS STREAM OF ODORIFEROUS AIR FOR 5 MINUTES (U). THE TERM sec DENOTES A FEW SECONDS, m = MINUTE, d =
DAY, h = HOUR, min = SOME MINUTES
Aluminmm
Ethyl disulfide....
Guaiacol
Ionone
Isoamyl acetate...
Muscon
Nitrobenzene
Pyridine
Scatole
Terpineol
Valeric acid
Im
15m
2.5d
0
Id
sec
O
9d
O
3m
Glasg
Gold
Iron
sec
3m
2d
0
4d
sec
2m
3d
sec
O
sec
Im
sec
0
Id
sec
O
1.5h
O
30 m
sec
12 m
.......
0
2d
sec
O
1.5d
O
sec
sec
8m
4d
sec
min
sec
45 m
1Od
sec
O
Destruction of Odors by Ultraviolet Light.The values are

expressed as number of minutes required to reduce the odor in air
from 2 to 1 olfacty by the radiation from a quartz mercury lamp
(7).
Substance
Apiol (C)
Valeric acid (L)
Menthol (C)
Ethyl sulfide (I)
Carvacrol (C)
Bornyl acetate (C)...
Caproic acid (L)
Lead
Nickel
| Time ||
Substance
Time
0.10 Methyl salicylate ( C ) . . . 0.30
0.10 Trimethylamine (J)
0.30
0.15 Methyl nonyl ketone (C) 0.35
0.25 Thymol (C)
0.40
0.25 Borneol (C)
0.45
0.30 Isoamyl acetate (A)
0.45
0.30 Pyridine (M)
0.45
1m
sec
Id
O
12 d
sec
sec
1Od
O
O
sec
5m
2d
sec
4-9 d
sec
sec
3.5d
O
sec
Porcelam
2m
5m
sec
15m
sec
8m
5m
O
5m
O
Substance
|
Safrol (C)
Salicylaldehyde (C)
Scatole (N)
Citral (D)
Indole (N)
Aniline (K)
Methyl anthranilate (E)..
Methyl butyrate (A)
Vanillin (G)
Citronellol (E)
Eucalyptol (C)
Isobutyl alcohol (K)
sver
sec
O
sec
O
2d
sec
O
Id
sec
5m
gted
sec
7m
4d
2m
sec
sec
30 m
2Od
4m
O
Tin
sec
8m
min
O
4d
sec
0.5m
7d
O
2m
^^
sec
25 m
sec
3d
sec
2.5m
14 d
O
O
Time ||
Substance
| Time
0.50 Methylheptenone ( A ) . . . 2.30
0.50 Eugenol (C)
3
0.50 Styrone (F)
3
0.55 Coumarin (G)
3.30
1.0
Ethyl isovalerate (A).... 4
1.40 Cresol (K)
5
1.45 Ethyl butyrate (A)
5
2.0
Terpineol (E)
5
2.0
Chloroform (A)
6
2.30 Ethyl succinate
.. 6
2.30 Anethol (C)
6.30
2.30 Linalyl acetate (D)
7
ODORIMETRY
The olfacty of an odor is the threshold or minimum perceptible concentration expressed in gms per cc which multiplied by
6.06 X 1021/M, where M is the molecular weight, gives molecules
per cc.
The authorities quoted are: Backman (1); Berthelot (2); Fischer
and Peuzoldt (3); Henning (4); Hermanides (5); Huyer (6);
Ohma (7); Passy (8); Tempelaar (9); van Wartenberg (10);
Zwaardemaker (11).
Compound
Name
Formula
Toluidine (K)
C7H9N
Menthol (C)
Aniline (K)
Formic acid
Terpineol (E)
Pyridine (M)
C10H20O
C6H7N
CH2O2
. C10H18O
C6H6N
Scatole (N)
C9H9N
20
21
33
40
47
69
69
72
12
16
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
8
4
8
8
9
9
8
{ **
20
24
32
40
41
42
48
48
52
59
64
77
82
15
18
20
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
4
4
8
2
8
10
8
8
9
8
8
9
8
8
Borneol (C)
Coumarin ( G )
Eucalyptol (C)
Citral (D)
Linalyl acetate (D)
Laurie acid (C)
Pyridine (M)
Pulegon (M)
Eucalyptol (C)
Heliotropine (F)
Carvacrol (C)
Propionic acid
C10H18O
C9H6O2
C10H18O
C10H16O
C12H20O2
C12H24O2
C6H6N
C10H16O
C10H18O
C8H6O3
C10H14O
C3H6O2
20
2
22
25
29
30
31
33
39
40
40
41
C10Hi0O2
C10H16O
C10H12O
C5H10O2
C10H18O
C10H12O2
C9H12
C12H20O2
C8Hi3O
C6H12O2
C3H6O2
C10H14O
C6H12O2
C8H14O4
C8H8O3
C8H10
C7H8O
CnH22O
C4H10O
C6H7N
C10H16O
C6H12O
C10H10O2
C6H6O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C10H16O
C2H4O
C10H20O
C6H10O2
C7H8
C7H14O2
C3H9N
C6H6O
C6H6
C3H6O
C2H4O2
C3H8O
C2H4O2
C7H9N
C9H11N
9
8
9
9
9
8
9
9
7
8
9
8
nr\
C7H14O2
15
( on&\j
Isoamyl acetate (A)
o
y
{^
C10H16O
C8H9NO2
C6H6NO2
C8H6O3
C9H6O2
CHI3
CHBr3
OsO4
C7H16O
C6H10O2
C9H8O
C9H18O2
C4H10O
C10H14O
C10H20O2
C8H6O3
Formula
C10H14
C13H20O
Citral (D)
Methyl anthranilate (E)...
Nitrobenzene (B)
..
Heliotropine (F)
Coumarin (G)
Iodoform
Bromoform
Osmium tetroxide
Oenanthyl alcohol (C)
Valeric acid (D)
Cinnamaldehyde (C)
Nonylic acid (E)
Isobutyl alcohol
Thymol (C)
Capric acid (L)
Heliotropine (F)
Authority
__
C4Hi0S
C7H8O2
Name
oQ
Molecules
per cc =
A - 10*
A
x
Ionone (F)
Guaiacol (K)
Durol (K)
Safrol (C)
Citral (D)
Anethol (C)
Methyl butyrate (A)
Terpineol (E)
Eugenol (C)
Pseudocumene (K)..
Bornyl acetate (C)
Methylheptenone ( A )
Ethyl butyrate ( A ) . . .
Methyl acetate (A)
Carvone (C)
Caproic acid (L)
Ethyl Buccinate (A)
Methyl salicylate (C)
Xylene(K)
Cresol (K)
Methylnonyl ketone (C)...
Ethyl ether (A)
Aniline (K)
Camphor (C)
Amyl alcohol (K)
Safrol (C)
Phenol (K)
Butyl alcohol (K)
Ethyl ether (A)
Fenchone (C)
Acetaldehyde (A)
Citronellol (E)
Valeric acid (L)
Toluene (K)
Ethyl isovalerate (A)
Trimethylamine (J)
Phenol (K)
Benzene (K)
Acetone (A)
Acetic acid (L)
Propyl alcohol (K)
Acetic acid (L)
Toluidine (K)
Xylidine(K)
Ethyl bisulfide (I)
Vanillin (G)
C8H8O3
Trinitroisobutyltoluene (H) CnH13N3O6
Coumarin (G)
C9H6O2
Citral (D)
C10H16O
Valeric acid (L)
C6H10O2
Butyric acid (L)
C4H8O2
Isoamyl alcohol (K)
C6H12O
Vanillin (G)
C8H8O3
Valeric acid (D)
C6H10O2
Heptylic acid (C)
C7H14O2
Compound
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Ethyl alcohol (A)
C2H6O
Formic acid
Methyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol
Apiol (C)
CH2O2
CH4O
CH4O
C12Hi4O4
Molecules
per cc =
A - 10*
A | x
41
8
Authority
1
(^
!j
48
52
57
58
79
85
10
14
1
1
16
22
27
28
39
46
50
6
61
63
64
69
75
77
82
82
92
96
11
12
13
21
22
26
41
42
50
51
71
79
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
7
7
9
9
9
7
1
9
9
9
11
9
8
9
9
1
9
9
4
9
8
8
9
4
8
8
9
9
9
5
1
9
9
9
1
11
8
8
9
6
6
{ Jj|
JJ
26
30
33
73
12
11
11
11
11
12
9
6
8
5
5
L 4^
f 94
J^
84
11
19
17
5
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
13
13
15
9
9
8
9
Aqueous solutions ( 10 ).(Continued)
VALUE OF AN OLFACTY EXPBESSED AS DEGKEE OF SATURATION

OF AlR WITH THE ODORIVECTOR
%
Substance
Eucalyptol
Eugenol
Toluene
Benzene
SatuSubstance
ration
0.058 I Methyl alcohol
0.144 Toluidine
0.158 Ethyl alcohol
0.169 |
Saturation
1.388
1.515
2.5
VALUE OF AN OLFACTY IN CM OF THE ZWAARDEMAKER

OLFACTOMETER
The constants of Zwaardemaker olfactometer are: width of
cylinder, 0.8 cm; length, 10 cm; contents, 50 cc; air contact per
cc of cylinder, 2.5 cm 2 ; velocity of air in the air tube, 100 cc per
sec (exposure, 0.33 sec).
MINIMUM PERCEPTIBLE IN CM OF OLFACTOMETER SCALE
Saturated solutions (9)
Substance
| cm ||
Substance
TerpineolH2O
0.01 Caproic acidH2O
Ethyl propionateH2O. 0.02 Trinitroisobutyltoluene
lononeH20
0.02
H20
CamphorH2O
0.07 GuaiacolH2O
TrimethylamineParaffin
cm
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
Aqueous solutions (10)

a , .
Substance
Pyridine
Ethyl disulfide
Citral
0 , ,
Substance
%~~
Concentra,. T, M
tion Wt.
%
0.05
0.02
0.01
cm
0.1
0.5
0.2
Concentra,.
_
tion TT7x
Wt. %
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.0007
Scatole
Valeric acid
Isoamyl acetate
Guaiacol
cm
OTi
0.5
0.7
1.0
Paraffin solutions (11)
Substance
T^
g"P
-g8 ^
-*
"S^
g^
Substance
S o
jSJ
Borneol
Cadaverine
Scatole
Ethyl sulfde
Pyridine
Valeric acid
Nitrobenzene
, 1.0
0.1
0.1
0.01
1.0
0.01
5.0
g d
3-1
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.06
Citral
Isoamyl acetate.
Guaiacol
lonone
Safrol
Terpineol
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.0004
3.0
2.5
0.09
0.29
0.62
0.62
1.12
1.60
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Allison and Katz, 45, 11: 336; 19. ( 2 ) Backman, 278, 168: 351; 17. (3)
Henning, Der Geruch, 1924. ( 4 ) Hermanides, Thesis, Utrecht, 1907. ( 5 )
Heyninx, Thesis, Brussels, 1919. ( 6 ) Huyer, Thesis, Utrecht, 1917. (7)
Tempelaar, Thesis, Utrecht, 1913. ( 8 ) Zwaardemaker, Physiol. des Geruchs,
1895: 247. ( 9 ) Zwaardemaker, Arch. Anat. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., 1908:
48.
( 10 ) Zwaardemaker, In Abderhalden, Handb. UoL Arbeitsm. 5, pt. 7: 455; 23.
C 11 ) Zwaardemaker, In Tigerstedt, Handb. Physiol. 3, pt. 1: 49; 14. ( 12 )
Zwaardemaker, Arch. Neerl. Physiol., 1 : 347; 17.
RADIOACTIVITY
S. C. LIND, SPECIAL EDITOR

PAGE
International Table of the Radioactive Elements and their
Constants
Physical Properties of Radioactive Elements. GEOBG HEVESY
Artificial Disintegration of the Elements. G. RUDORF
Electron Emission Produced by Radiations from Radioactive
Substances. PIERRE AUGER
Energy of Radioactive Processes. STEFAN MEYER
Chemical Effects of -Particles. S. C. LIND AND D. C.
BARDWELL
Saturation Current. Absorption in Liquids and Solids.
STEFAN MEYER
Radioactive Radiation in Gases. R. D. KLEEMAN
Beta Rays: Absorption and Diffusion in Liquids and Solids.
PIERRE AUGER
,.
Wave Lengths of Gamma Rays. E. VON SCHWEIDLER
Ionizing Radiations from Ordinary Substances. R. B.
MOORE
Distribution of Radioactive Materials in the Atmosphere,
the Hydrosphere and the Lithosphre. HERMAN SCHLUNDT
Ages of Minerals and Rocks Based on Radioactive Changes.
ROGER C. WELLS
362
364
365
365
366
366
367
369
370
371
372
373
381
Aqueous solutions ( 10 ).(Continued)
VALUE OF AN OLFACTY EXPBESSED AS DEGKEE OF SATURATION

OF AlR WITH THE ODORIVECTOR
%
Substance
Eucalyptol
Eugenol
Toluene
Benzene
SatuSubstance
ration
0.058 I Methyl alcohol
0.144 Toluidine
0.158 Ethyl alcohol
0.169 |
Saturation
1.388
1.515
2.5
VALUE OF AN OLFACTY IN CM OF THE ZWAARDEMAKER

OLFACTOMETER
The constants of Zwaardemaker olfactometer are: width of
cylinder, 0.8 cm; length, 10 cm; contents, 50 cc; air contact per
cc of cylinder, 2.5 cm 2 ; velocity of air in the air tube, 100 cc per
sec (exposure, 0.33 sec).
MINIMUM PERCEPTIBLE IN CM OF OLFACTOMETER SCALE
Saturated solutions (9)
Substance
| cm ||
Substance
TerpineolH2O
0.01 Caproic acidH2O
Ethyl propionateH2O. 0.02 Trinitroisobutyltoluene
lononeH20
0.02
H20
CamphorH2O
0.07 GuaiacolH2O
TrimethylamineParaffin
cm
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
Aqueous solutions (10)

a , .
Substance
Pyridine
Ethyl disulfide
Citral
0 , ,
Substance
%~~
Concentra,. T, M
tion Wt.
%
0.05
0.02
0.01
cm
0.1
0.5
0.2
Concentra,.
_
tion TT7x
Wt. %
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.0007
Scatole
Valeric acid
Isoamyl acetate
Guaiacol
cm
OTi
0.5
0.7
1.0
Paraffin solutions (11)
Substance
T^
g"P
-g8 ^
-*
"S^
g^
Substance
S o
jSJ
Borneol
Cadaverine
Scatole
Ethyl sulfde
Pyridine
Valeric acid
Nitrobenzene
, 1.0
0.1
0.1
0.01
1.0
0.01
5.0
g d
3-1
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.06
Citral
Isoamyl acetate.
Guaiacol
lonone
Safrol
Terpineol
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.0004
3.0
2.5
0.09
0.29
0.62
0.62
1.12
1.60
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Allison and Katz, 45, 11: 336; 19. ( 2 ) Backman, 278, 168: 351; 17. (3)
Henning, Der Geruch, 1924. ( 4 ) Hermanides, Thesis, Utrecht, 1907. ( 5 )
Heyninx, Thesis, Brussels, 1919. ( 6 ) Huyer, Thesis, Utrecht, 1917. (7)
Tempelaar, Thesis, Utrecht, 1913. ( 8 ) Zwaardemaker, Physiol. des Geruchs,
1895: 247. ( 9 ) Zwaardemaker, Arch. Anat. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., 1908:
48.
( 10 ) Zwaardemaker, In Abderhalden, Handb. UoL Arbeitsm. 5, pt. 7: 455; 23.
C 11 ) Zwaardemaker, In Tigerstedt, Handb. Physiol. 3, pt. 1: 49; 14. ( 12 )
Zwaardemaker, Arch. Neerl. Physiol., 1 : 347; 17.
RADIOACTIVITY
S. C. LIND, SPECIAL EDITOR

PAGE
International Table of the Radioactive Elements and their
Constants
Physical Properties of Radioactive Elements. GEOBG HEVESY
Artificial Disintegration of the Elements. G. RUDORF
Electron Emission Produced by Radiations from Radioactive
Substances. PIERRE AUGER
Energy of Radioactive Processes. STEFAN MEYER
Chemical Effects of -Particles. S. C. LIND AND D. C.
BARDWELL
Saturation Current. Absorption in Liquids and Solids.
STEFAN MEYER
Radioactive Radiation in Gases. R. D. KLEEMAN
Beta Rays: Absorption and Diffusion in Liquids and Solids.
PIERRE AUGER
,.
Wave Lengths of Gamma Rays. E. VON SCHWEIDLER
Ionizing Radiations from Ordinary Substances. R. B.
MOORE
Distribution of Radioactive Materials in the Atmosphere,
the Hydrosphere and the Lithosphre. HERMAN SCHLUNDT
Ages of Minerals and Rocks Based on Radioactive Changes.
ROGER C. WELLS
362
364
365
365
366
366
367
369
370
371
372
373
381
1923 INTERNATIONAL TABLE

RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS AND THEIR CONSTANTS
X (sec)~l is the radioactive constant of transformation.
dQ . -XQdt,
Q = Q0e-xt,
logitr^ = 0.4343Xt,
in which Q0 is the initial quantity and Q the quantity remaining

after a time t (seconds).
X = T=T -TT represents the fraction of the element transformed,
V^ Qt
reduced to the unit of time.

In the case of a double transformation, the values
brackets [ ] refer to the constants corresponding with the
branches; the constant for both branches not being put
brackets.
The sign (?) indicates that the value has been indirectly
from the range of the a-rays expelled.
between
separate
between
deduced
e = - is the average life of the radioactive atoms.

A
T is the half period, i.e., the time in which the quantity of radioelement is diminished to one half:
XT = -loge 0.5 = 0.69315 and Q = 1.443T
Radiation.The brackets ( ) indicate that the radiation is
relatively feeble.
REMARKS CONCERNING THE NOMENCLATURE
It is desirable that the nomenclature adopted by the international commission should be accepted universally but that now
put forward for the present year is provisional, to serve as a basis
of discussion with the view to the adoption ultimately of a standard
nomenclature.
The most important points are:
1. The three radioactive emanations have been given the names
radon, actinon, and thoron, with the symbols Rn, An, Tn, to
suggest both their origin and their chemical character as members
of the family of the rare gases of which the valency is zero;
2. In the branches which occur at the C members the sign (')
has been used to indicate the products resulting from the emission
of /3-rays (isotopes of polonium) and the sign (") to indicate the
products resulting from the emission of a-rays (isotopes of thallium) ;
3. The ultimate products have been indicated by the letter 12.
EXPLANATION OF THE NOTES
NOTE 1.Uranium 7.The value given for 0 is that obtained
from the equation:
1
226
0 = - = 2440 X 0.97 X 3 X IO6 X 238 = 6.75 X IO9
in which the number 2440 represents the average life of radium in
226
years, the number 0.97 the branching coefficient and 3 X IO6 X ^00
ZOO
is the ratio between the numbers of atoms of uranium and radium

in equilibrium in minerals.
If the actinium series is independent from that of uranium I1
X cannot be calculated by this method.
The value of X obtained by the direct counting of the a-particles
from a compound of uranium is 4.57 X 10~18 from which 0 =
7 X IO9 years and T = 4.8 X IO9 years.
NOTE 2.Uranium Xz is also called brevium.
NOTE 3.Radon replaces the names radium emanation and
niton (the latter of which was proposed by Sir William Ramsay).
NOTE 4.Radium C undergoes a double disintegration: 99.97%
of the atoms emit /3-rays and produce the substance Ra-C' which
gives a-rays, and 0.03 % of the atoms emit a-rays and produce the
substance Ra-C" which gives /3-rays.
ao is the range in cm of the a-rays in air at O0C and a pressure of

760 mm of mercury.
The range at T C. and under p mm of mercury is
_ a0(273 + r)76Q
a
~
273p
V is the velocity of a. or /3-rays relatively to that of light.
To convert to cm per sec multiply by 3 X 1010.
For the a-rays:
V = 0.0342 a^
M/SAI is the absorption coefficient of the /3-rays in aluminium, the
thickness being measured in cm.
M7Al and M7Pb are the absorption coefficients of the 7-rays in
aluminium and lead respectively, the thickness being measured in
cm; the latter is only given for the most penetrating type of 7-rays.
If I 0 is the initial intensity and I the intensity after the rays
have traversed x cm of the absorbent:
I = I0 Q-V*
loglo y 0.4343Mz
If D is the thickness corresponding with the absorption of onehalf of the rays:

M D = 0.693
NOTE 5.Radium D is also called radiolead.
NOTE 6.Radium C" is also called radium C^.
NOTE 7.Uranium Y is the first known member of the actinium
series. It may be derived from Uranium I or Uranium II. In
this case, 3% of the atoms of Uranium produce the actinium
family, and 97% the radium family.
The hypothesis has also been put forward that the actinium
series may be produced independently from a third (hypothetical)
isotope of Uranium for which the name actinouranium has been
proposed.
NOTE 8.Protoactinium is also called eka-tantalum.
NOTE 9.A new radioactive substance named uranium Z, and
isotopie with protoactinium, accompanies uranium in minute
quantity. (25, 54B: 1131; 21). Its period is from 6 to 7 hours.
It emits a -radiation for which DAI varies from: 0.0014 to 0.012.
Its parent is an isotope of thorium, but it cannot yet be placed in
the series.
NOTE 10.Actinon is also called actinium emanation.
NOTE 11.Actinium C. 0.2% of the a-rays emitted by this substance have a range o = 6.10, instead of 5.12. From this it has
been concluded that 0.2% of the atoms undergo a transformation
by the emission of /3-rays as is the case in the radium C and thorium
C branches (8, 27: 690; 14. 28: 818; 14). Confirmatory evidence
appears to be desirable.
NOTE 12.Actinium C" is also called actinium D.
NOTE 13.Thorium. The value given for X is that obtained
from the direct counting of the a-particles emitted by a compound
of thorium. All the other values are less; the smallest being
0.55 of that given in the table and giving 0 = 3.45 X IO10 years
and T = 2.37 X IO10 years (63, 19: 259; 18).
NOTE 14.Thoron is also called thorium emanation.
NOTE 15.Thorium C undergoes a double disintegration: 65%
of the atoms emit /3-rays and produce the substance Th-C' which
gives a-rays, and 35% emit a-rays and produce the substance
Th-C" which gives /3-rays.
NOTE 16.Thorium C. The value a0 = 4.69 is that corresponding with V = 0.0572 which has been directly measured.
NOTE 17.Thorium C" is also called thorium D.
NOTE 18.Potassium and rubidium emit /8-rays but show no
other evidence of radioactivity.
Atomic
T
0=
X (sec)'1
Name
Symbol
t*"
Radiation
O0
M0Al
^7Al
^7Pb
Notes
Wt. No.
SERIES OF URANIUM AND RADIUM

4.67 XHPyrs 6.75X10yrs
4.7 XlO"18 Uranium I
24.6 days
35.5 days
3.26 XlO' 7 Uranium Xi
1.15min
1.65min
0.010
Uranium X 2
2X10yrs
3X10yrs
10-" (?)
Uranium II
13
6.9 X 10* yrs
10 yra
3.2X10~ Ionium
11
1690yrs
2440yrs
1.30X1Q- Radium
3.85 days
5.55 days
2.085X10~ Radon
3.0min
4.32 min
3.85 X 10~3 Radium A
26.8 min
38.7 min
4.30 X 10~* Radium B
19.5min
28.1min
5.92 X 10~<
10- sec
16.5yrs
5.0 days
136 days
10- sec
23.8yre
7.2 days
196 days
10 (?)
Radium C'
1.33 X 10~ Radium D
1.61 X 10~ Radium E
5.90X10~ 8 Radium F
(Polonium)
Radium
(Lead)
[1.8 X IO"7] Radium C _J
8.3 X 10~3 Radium C"
Radium
fi"
(hypothetical)
1.4 min
2.0min
Radium C ~~"|
Ui
U-Xi
U-X2
Un
Io
Ra
Rn
Ra-A
Ra-B
238
234
234
234
230
226
222
218
214
92
90
91
92
90
88
86
84
82
U
Th
Pa
U
Th
Ra
Rn
Po
Pb
(y)
a
a
a(+y)
a
a
(7)
Ra-C
214
83
Bi
Ra-C'
Ra-D
Ra-E
Ra-F
(Po)
Ra '
Pb
Ra-C
Ra-C"
Ra fi"
214 84
210 82
210 83
210 84
Po
Pb
Bi
Po
99.97%/S
and 7
a
(/3and 7 )
a (y)
206 82
Pb
214 83
210 81
210 82
Bi
Tl
Pb
0.03%
2.37
2.75
2.85
3.13
3.94
4.50
6.57
0.0456
0.0479
0.0485
a0.0500;/S0.52;0.65
0.0540
0.0565
0.36; 0.41; 0.63; 0.70;
0.74
0.786; 0.862; 0.949;
0.957
0.0641
0.33; 0.39
3.58
1
463
14.4
24; 0.7; 0.14
312
354; 16; 0.27
0.72
3
13.1; 80
230; 40; 0.51
13.2;53
0.115
5500
43.3
45; 0.99
0.0523
0.50
4
5
585
?
6
SERIES OF ACTINIUM
1.04 days
1.2 X 10* yrs
20yre
19.5 days
1.5 days
1.7XlO 4 JTS
28.8yrs
28. !days
11.4 days
16.4 days
3.9 sec
5.6 sec
2.0 X IO- sec 2.9XlO- 3 SCC
36.1 min
52.1min
2.15 min
3.10min
4.71min
6.83min
7.8X10~
1.9XlQ-^
1.1X10~
4.11X10-'
Uranium ?
Uranium Y
Protoactinium
Actinium
Radioactinium
7.06X10~ 7 Actinium X
0.178
Actinon
345
Actinium A
3.2X10-* Actinium B
3
5.37 X IO" Actinium C
2.44X10~3 Actinium C"
Actinium "
(hypothetical)
U-Y
Pa
Ac
Rd-Ac
?
?
?
?
?
92
90
91
89
90
U
Th
Pa
Ac
Th
Ac-X
An
Ac-A
Ac-B
Ac-C
Ac-C"
Ac "
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
88
86
84
82
83
81
82
Ra
Rn
Po
Pb
Bi
Tl
Pb
a
a 03)
a
a
a
08 and 7 )
a
/8and 7
7
About 300
3.314
0.0510
4.36 a 0.0559; 0.38; 0.43;

0.49; 0.53; 0.60; 0.67;
O 73
4.17
0.0550
5.40
0.0600
6.16
0.0627
5.12
8,9
About 170
25; 0.19
10
Very large
120; 31; 0.45
28.5
0.198
11
0.0589
1.2tol.8
12
SERIES OF THORIUM
l.SlXlOiOyrs 1.89XlO 1 OjT 8
6.7 yrs
9.67yrs
6.2hrs
8.9hrs
2.02 JTS
3.64 days
54 sec
0.14sec
10.6hrs
60min
11
IO" sec
2.91 yrs
5.25 days
78 sec
0.20sec
15.3hrs
87min
10-" sec
1.68XlO-" Thorium
3.28 X 10- Mesothorium l
3.12X10-5 Mesothorium 2
Th
Ms-ThI
Ms-Th2
232 90
228 88
228 89
Th
Ra
Ac
/3and 7
1.09X10-8 Radiothorium
2.20X10~ Thorium X
0.0128
Thoron
5.0
Thorium A
5
1.82 X 10~ Thorium B
1.92XlO-* Thorium C ~~1
Rd-Th
Th-X
Tn
Th-A
Th-B
Th-C
228
224
220
216
212
212
90
88
86
84
82
83
Th
Ra
Rn
Po
Pb
Bi
a 03)
a
a
a
&ndy
65%
3.67
4.08
4.74
5.40
Thorium C'
Thorium '
(Lead)
Thorium C _J
Th-C'
Th '
Pb*8
Th-C
212 84
208 82
Po
Pb
8.16
212
83
Bi
Thorium C"
Thorium "
(Lead)
Th-C"
Th "
Pb2<
208 81
208 82
Tl
Pb
K
Rb
39.1 19
85.5 37
K
Rb
1.25 X 10~
IO11 (?)
[6.7X10-6]
3.1 min
4.5 min
3.70X10~ 3
Potassium
Rubidium
2.58
0.0469
0.37; 0.39; 0.43; 0.50; 20.2to38.5 26;0.116
0.57; 0.60; 0.66 and
>0.70
a 0.0527; 0.47; 0.51
0.0546
0.574
0.0600
0.63; 0.72
110
160; 32; 0.36
(C + C") 0.29; 0.36;
14.4
0.93 to 0.95
0.0688
35% f 4.55 i
I ?4.69 i
/Sand 7
13
0.62
14
15
0.0572
(See Th-C)
16
21.6
22 to 38
308 to 347
0.096
0.46
17
\
/
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RADIOELEMENTS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS

(Except Ra, Th, U and Rn)
GEORG HEVESY
1. Atomic Weights.Io (mixture of Io + Th), 231.51 (2).
RaO ( = U-Pb), 206.04 (2). ThO (= Th-Pb), 207.97.
2. Molecular Weights.An (= Ac-Em), 220-232 (4). Tn
(= Th-Em), 201-210 ( 4 ). Rate of effusion method.
3. Density (5).RaO, 11.273 g cm-3 at 19.940C.
4. Melting Point (26).RaO', differs from Pb<0.05.
6. Boiling Point (32).Ra-FH2, 370C.
6. Solubility.S = solubility mol I"1, of = 7^-- An (14),
^H2O
of = 2 at 18. Tn (15), a.' = 1 at 18. Rn ( 1 ^). S = 1.7989
(isb) in H2O at 25. S [RaQ'(NO,) J - S[Pb(NO3)2]<10-4.
RELATIVE SOLUBILITY OF AN IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS AT 18
.d
M
m
*
13
*
a r ei1
u
o
I 0.9
0.95|l.ll
*
o
*
o
11. Coefficient of Diffusion.
(6, 7 , 8 , 9)
Tn, in
A, cm 2 sec-1
T
Ion
1.6 I 1.7 I 1.7
I
M
1.8|l.9|2.1
7. Rate of Solution.
PERCENT DISSOLVED FROM SURFACE AT 18
By H 2 SO 4 Jn 15 sec ( 17 )
H2SO4, equiv. per liter =
| 10~3 |
Ra-B from glass
80
Ra-C from glass
28
By HNO 3 in 60 sec (18)
HNO3, equiv. per liter = | O IQ"5 10~4
Th-B from quartz
60 61
60
Th-C from quartz
37 38
35
10~2 | IQ"1 | 1
80
97
88
60
88
99
10~3 | IQ"2 IQ"1 | 1
80
81
83 84
61
72
77 87
PERCENT RA-B AND RA-C DISSOLVED FROM GLASS SURFACE ( 17 )

By H2O in 5 min
t
I
Ra-B I Ra-C [|
t
\ Ra-B | Ra-C
0
0.29
0.19
42
0.78
0.67
17
0.47
0.35
T(T
0.97
0.91
By H2SO4 in 15 sec
t
I
Ra-B I Ra-C ||
t
| Ra-B | Ra-C
0
0.74
0.52
42
0.895
0.71
17
0.80
0.60
70
0.96
0.81
8. Adsorption.Ratio of molai cone, in gas at equilibrium to
moles adsorbed per liter of charcoal at 18, An (*9) 0.05, Tn (20)
0.02. Percent of initial amount present (per 50 cc of solution)
adsorbed by l g of adsorbent (21). (a) By BaSO4, from 0.1
N HCl, Th-B 81, Th-C 32; from 0.1 N KOH, Th-B 20, Th-C 64;
from 0.1 N NH3, Th-B 100, Th-C 86. (6) By Cr2O3, from 0.1 JV
HCl, Th-B 2.5, Th-C 69. (c) By AgBr, from 0.1 N HBr, Th-B
81, Th-C 34. (d) By BaSO4, from 1 JV HCl, Ra 80. (e) By
Cr2O3, from 1 TV HCl, Ra O. (/) By AgCl, from 1 N HCl, Ra O.
9. Vapor Pressure.p700o for RaO' is 2% greater than for Pb
22
( ).
10. Temperature of Volatilization.Depends on nature of surface and chemical state of the radioactive element, v. (23, 24, 25).
(7,8)
(7)
(7)
Air
|
A
0.085-0.103
0.084
( 6 7' 9 )
(7)
10
(&) THE CATIONS IN WATER ( ) AT 18
T T"V++ Ra-E
T~ Ti+ "U" Ra-F
T T-I+"*" Ac
A + ++
UX -t-i. Io U Ra-D
Ion
*
o
(7) I (8)
A, cm- day"1.. I 0.4 |0.33| 0.65
JTl
M
* Q
(a) IN GASES AT 76 CM AND 15

I
Air
H2
CQ2 | SO2 | A
0.098-0.1230.3300.4120.0750.0620.107
An, in
A, Cm 2 SeC- 1
A, cm"2 day"1
AcX
++
0.69
Rd _ Th
0.33
| 0.45
ThX
++
| 0.66
| 0.76
Th-B
++
0.67
0.46
Th-C+++
0.5
Th-CCl3 in Y12 N NH3, A = 0.37. Ra-FCl2 in > N NH3,

A = 0.19.
(c) IN METALS. A IN CM-2 DAY-I
t
Th-B
Ra-D
Ra-F
Ra-F
Ra-B
Ra-B
Ra-B
in Pb
in Pb
in Pb
in Au
+ Ra-C in Ag
in Au
in Pt
343
280
280
470
470
470
470
2.2 (") "~

<10~4 (!2)
< 10~4 ()
ca. 10~9 (13)
3.8 X 10~7 ()
8.2 X 10~7
3.4 X 10~7
In re diffusion of Th-B in single crystals, in lead foils and in

thallium foils v. (35).
12. Refractive Index (27).ng f or cryst. RaU'(NO3)2 =
1.7814.
13. X-ray Spectra.All lines of the L series and the Ma and
M lines of RaO' differ by less than 5 X 10~12 cm from the same
lines for Pb (28).
14. Relative Ionic Mobilities (10).In capillary tubes by comparison against Ra (A = 57.3 mhos).
Cation
I Ra I Ra-C| Ra-D Ra-E| Ra-F|AcX|ThX[ Th-B| Th-G
A
|57.3|54.5| 61.9 |61.9 68.8 |56. l|58.0| 55.4 54.0
16. Emf.Ra' / N RaO'(NO,)i // N Pb(NO 3 ) 2 / Pb. <0.1
millivolt (31).
16. Deposition Voltage.From Ko N HNO3 containing 10~8
mole Ra-F, cathodic deposition occurs on Au electrodes at EHQ
0.35 volt, anodic at Eng = 1.05 volt (30).
LITERATURE AND REMARKS
(For the key to periodicals see end of volume)
( 1 J Hnigschmid, 9, 22: 21; 16. This mixture contained about 30% Io and
70 % Th and was probably contaminated with some Th not present in the
pure pitchblende (cf. Soddy and Hitchins, 3, 47: 1148; 24. Meyer and
Ulrich, 75, 132: 279; 23). ( 2 ) Lowest value found. Higher values probably due to presence of lead. Richards and Lembert, 1, 36: 1329; 14.
93, 88: 429; 14. Hnigschmid and Horowitz, 75, 123: 2407; 14. 9, 2m
319; 14. Curie, 34, 148: 1676; 14. 198, 34: 586; 23. Richards, Ann.
Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 1918: 205. Richards and Putzeys, 1, 45: 2954; 23.
( 3 ) Highest value found. Lower values probably due to presence of lead
and Ra. Hnigschmid, 9, 25: 91; 19. Soddy, 4, 105: 1402; 14. 68,
94: 615; 15. 98: 469; 17. 99: 244; 17. ( 4 ) Leslie, 4, 24: 637; 12. 34,
14. Horowitz and Paneth, 75, 129:1819; 14. In re adsorption UX cf. Ebler
163: 328; 11. Marsden and Wood, 4, 26: 948; 13. ( 5 ) Richards and
and Rhyn, 25: 54: 2896; 21. A. C. Brown, 4, 121: 1738; 22. Freundlich
Wadsworth, I1 38: 221, 1658; 16. Cf. Soddy, 58, 107: 41; 21. Egerton
and Wreschner, 7, 106: 366; 23. Adsorption of Ra-B, Ra-C, Th-B and
and Lee, a, 103: 487; 23. ( 6 ) Rutherford, "Radioactivity," Cambridge,
Th-C. Hevesy, 76, 127: 1787; 18. Cranston and Burnett, 4, 119: 2036;
1913, p. 387. ( 7 ) Russ, 4, 17: 540; 09. ( 8 ) B. Bruhat, 199, 6: 67; 09.
21. 121: 2890; 22. Paneth and Vorwerk, 7, 101: 445; 22. Fajans and
Cf. Debierne, 199, 4: 213; 07. McLennan, 2, 30: 660; 10. Eckmann,
Frankenberg, 7, 105: 255; 23. Absorption of Ra-F, Paneth, 55, 13: 1, 288;
200, 9: 177; 12. Thomsen, 201, 15: 377; 09. Hevesy, 200, 10: 198; 13.
13. Lachs and Werthenstein, 63, 23: 318; 22. Escher, 34, 177: 3, 172;
( 9 ) Leslie, 84, 153: 328; 11. Rutherford, I.e.
23. ( 22 ) Egerton, 5,103: 469; 23. (23) Russell, 4, 24: 134; 12. cf. Schr( 10 ) Hevesy, 63, 14: 49, 1202; 13. 4, 26: 586; 14. Paneth, 75, 122: 1636;
1X
der, 4, 24: 125; 12. ( 24 ) St. Loria, 63, 17: 6; 16. ( 25 ) Wood, 5, 91:
13. The radiolments probably present in colloidal state. ( ) Grh
543; 15. Cf. Barrt and Wood, 67, 26: 248; 14. Wood, 4, 28: 808; 14.
and Hevesy, 8, 63: 85; 20. Diffusion rate of a mixture of Th-B and Pb
In re volatilization of Tn cf. Fleck, 4, 29: 337; 15 and St. Loria, 75, 129:
in lead. Th-B used as indicator. ( 12 ) Grh and Hevesy, 8, 65: 216; 21.
829; 15. Volatilization of RaFH2 and of the hydrides of Ra-B, Th-B
Diffusion rate of a mixture of Ra-D and Pb in lead. ( 13 ) Wertenstein
and Th-C, Paneth, 25, 51: 1704; 18. 53: 1693; 20. 9, 26: 452; 20. ( 26 )
and Dobrowolska, 51, 4: 324; 23. Diffusion rate of active deposit (prob14
15
Richards and Hall, 1, 42: 1550; 20. cf. Lembert, 9, 26: 59; 20. ( 27 )
ably of oxides). ( ) Hevesy, 68, 12: 1214; 11. 50, 16: 429; 12. ( )
Richards and Schumb, 1, 40: 1403; 18. For Pb(NOa) 2 , nJJ = 1.7815.
Klaus, 63, 6: 820; 05. Boyle, Macdonald Phys. Build. Bull., No. 1: 52;
( 28 ) Siegbahn and Stenstrom, 63, 18: 547; 17. Cf. Duane and Shimizu,
10. a of short-lived An and Tn determined by making assumptions only
197,5: 198; 19. Cooksey and Cooksey, 2, 16: 327; 20. In re slight differpartly justified, a of An and Tn probably practically identical with that
ence in the wave length of optical spectrum of ordinary Pb and mixtures of
of Rn. ( 16 ) Richards and Schumb, 1, 40: 1403; 18. The Ra' used conRaQ and ordinary Pb, cf. Aronberg, 197, 3: 710; 17. 21, 47: 96; 18.
tained some common lead, its atomic weight being 206.34. The solubility
Harkins and Aronberg, 1, 42: 1328; 20. Merton, 6, 99: 87; 21. 100:
of common lead (at. wt. 207.19) was found by the same authors to be
17
84; 21. ( 29 ) Hevesy, 4, 25: 410; 13. 63, 14: 49; 13.
1.7993. Cf. Fajans and Lembert, 98, 95: 297; 16. ( ) Ramstedt, 147,
( 30 ) Hevesy and Paneth, 75, 123: 161 ; 14. Meitner, 63, 12: 1094; 11. Hevesy,
II: No. 31; 13. Cf. Arrhenius, 199, 7: 228; 10. Godlewski, 199, 10:
4, 23: 628; 12. Wertensteinowa, 256, 10: No. 6, 771; 17. On the deposi250; 13. Schrder, 4, 24: 131; 12. Hevesy, 9, 19: 291; 13. O 8 ) Hevesy
tion of Th-B and Ra-E, Paneth and Hevesy, 75,122: 1037; 13. (31 ) Hevesy
and Rona, 7, 89: 294; 15. In re Ra-F, cf. Paneth and Hevesy, 75, 123:
and Paneth, 75, 124: 381; 15. ( 32 ) Paneth, O. ( 33 ) Fajans and Lembert,
1050; 13. () Hevesy, 63, 12: 9; 12. 50, 18: 429; 12.
33, 95: 297; 16. ( 3 4 ) Richards and Schumb, I.e. ( 35 J Hevesy and Obruts( 20 ) Boyle, 4, 17: 389; 09. Ra-B and Th-B between Pb amalgam and
heva, 68, 115: 674; 25.
Hg(NOa) 2 ;cf.Z. Klemensievicz, 34,158:1889; 14. (21) Paneth,68-, 15:924;
ARTIFICIAL DISINTEGRATION OF THE ELEMENTS

G. RUDORF
RANGE OF EMITTED HYDROGEN NUCLEI ( 2 > 3, 5)
Disintegration by the splitting off of positively charged hydrogen

nuclei by the action of rapidly moving a-particles.
(a) Disintegration obtained with B, N, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si,
T^,
,
Element
P, S, Cl, A, K (1. 2, 3, 5).
B
N
F
Na
Al
P
Mg, Si, S, Cl, A, K
Ne
(6) No disintegration obtained with H, He, Li, C, O, Ni, Cu,
Zn, Sc, Kr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Sn, X, Au, U (2, 3, 5).
(c) Doubtful, Be (*> 5).
Forward range in
Backward range in
cms
58
40
65
58
90
65
18-30
16
cms
38
18
48
36
67
49
LITERATURE
(1J Rutherford, 3, 37: 581; 19. 5, 97: 374; 20. ( 2 ) Rutherford and Chadwick, 3, 42: 809; 21. ( 3 ) Rutherford and Chadwick, 3, 44: 417; 22; also
Rutherford, 4, 121: 400; 22. ( 4 ) Kirsch and Petterson, 75, 132: 299; 24.
The values for B, F, Na, P are possibly somewhat in error ( 3 ) but are certainly
greater than 40 ( 2 ).
3, 47: 500; 24. ( 5 ) Rutherford and Chadwick, 67, 36: 417: 24.
ELECTRON EMISSION PRODUCED BY RADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

PIERRE AUGER
RELATIVE IONIZATION OF GASES BY Po -RAYS HAVING A 3.8 CM
RANGE( 1 J
Gas
I Air
I Q2
1 1.12 I 0.97 I 1.23 I
N2
I CO2 I Illuminating gas
0.38
RELATIVE MOLECULAR IONIZATION OF GASES BY AND 7 RAYS ( 2 )

Gas
I
I7
Gas
I
Iy
Gas
I
Iy
I Air I H2 I Q2 |NH 3 |N 2 O| CO2| C 2 N 2 | SO2] CS 2 [C 5 H 1 I

l 0.161.170.891.551.60 1.86 2.253.62 4.55
1
.161.16 .90|l 551.58 1.71 |2.27|3.66 4.53
I C6H6 I CH3OH [CH8Br|CHCl3] CH3I | CCl4 [C2H4O
3.95
3.94
1.69
1.75
3.73
3.81
4.94 5.11
4.93 5.37
6.28 2.12
6.33 2.17
I C2H6Cl I C2H5Br [ C2H5I | (C2H5) 2Q | Ni(CQ)4
3.24
3.19
4.41
4.63
P. atm.
N1
4.39
4.29
5.90
6.47
5.98
RESIDUAL IONIZATION AS DEPENDENT ON THE PBESSUBE

lonization from the walls (a secondary radiation) in air confined
for 10 days. NI = number of ions per cm 3 per sec (3).
I O I 10 I 20 I 27 I 40 I 46 I 50 I 60
.. .[ O I 17 I 30 I 38 I 46 I 50 I 50 I 50
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS (-RAYS) LIBERATED BY -RAYS

I = thickness of metal traversed. NE electrons emitted per
incident particle ( 4 ).
IQS
C- c
NE
- ) I n Al
I n Ag
I n A~
81 I 162 I 243 I 324 I 410 I 492 I 570 28.5 591 12.3 | 1223
|ll.9|l4.2J15.0 17.2|l7.8|l8.9J19.4|8.12 13.76 9.82|l8.16
PAIRS OF IONS PRODUCED BY -RAYS

If RQ cms is the range of the a-particle in air, it will produce n
pairs of ions, n = noo^, where no = 6.233 X IO4. Direct
measurement for Ra-C' gives n = 2.20 X IO5 ( 5 ).
ENERGY
Energy of electrons (Sec. /3-rays) emitted by metals subjected to
the action of 7-rays from Ra(C + E). Three groups of rays ( 6 ).
Metal
I Pb I Pt I W I U | Ba
Atomic number
| 82 | 78
74 | 92 | 56
Energy of the secondary 1.49 1.58
1.66
1.22
rays. Volts X 10~5.
2.03 2.12 2.20 1.74 2.53
___
2.60
2.69 2.76 2.31
SECONDARY /S-BAY VELOCITIES

Pb subjected to the action of 7-rays from Ra-B has been found
to emit the following secondary -rays:
Metal
MA, cm-1.
M., cm"1.
Ag | Al
69
14
207 52.5
Au | Cu | Fe | Ni | Pb
118
35
41
52 118
345 105 165 165 345,
RH = g/^02) = 3610, 3250, 2990, 2735, 2225, 2130, 2000,

1935, 1825, 1750, 1620, 1560, 1400, 1240, 1150, 1010, 950, 820,
800 (8).
ABSORPTION
Absorption of the secondary -rays emitted by metals when
subjected to the radiation from Ra(B + C). MA for the hard rays,
fjLg for the soft rays. Absorbing screen, Al ( 7 ).
LITERATURE
C 1 ) F. Hess and M. Horngate, 75, 129: 7; 20. ( 2 ) Klemann, 5, 79: 220; 07.
( 3 ) K. Melvina Downey, 2, 20: 186; 22. ( 4 ) H. Becker, 8, 75: 3, 217; 24.
( 5 ) H. Fonovitz-Smereker, 75, 131: 355; 22. ( 6 ) Ellis, 5, 99: 261; 21.
( 7 ) A. Enderle, 76, 131: 9; 22. ( 8 ) Rutherford, Robinson and Rowlinson,
3, 28: 281; 16.
ENERGY OF RADIOACTIVE PROCESSES

STEFAN MEYER
HEAT PRODUCTION OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
Joules per hour per gram of the radioactive element and the
decay products . in equilibrium therewith. (1 Joule = 0.239o
g-cal.)
Rutherci T
T>
Meyer
& TT / O2N
ford &
J
Substance
Rays
.
Hess(v ) ^ , .
J
Hess /A
(4)
' Robinson
'
(7)
Ra
a. and recoil
105.5
Rn
a and recoil
105. o
Ra-A
a and recoil
573
467.7
119.7
Ra-B + Ra-C
a and recoil
127.6
and , 7
211.3
Total
573
573
565
Substance
Th
U
Pitchblende (ca. 64% U)
Heat
10.0 X 10~5
4.2 X IO-4
27.2 X IQ"5
Lit.
(5)
(6)
(6)
Ellis and Wooster (i) have determined the -y-heat effect of

Ra-B to be 3.6; Ra-C, 32.2; total, 36 joules/h. Calculations of
the heat effect of -a and y-rays have been made by Meitner (3)
and Thibaud (8).
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Ellis and Wooster, 201, Feb. 2, 1925. ( 2 ) Hess, 75, 121: 1419; 12. ( 3 )
Meitner, 218, 12: 1146; 24. ( 4 ) Meyer and Hess, 75, 121: 603; 12. ()
Pegram and Webb, 2, 27: 18; 08. 199, 5: 271; 08. ( 6 ) Poole, 3, 19: 314;
10. 21: 58; 11. 23: 183; 12. (7) Rutherford and Robinson, 75, 121:
1491; 12. 3, 25: 312; 13. ( 8 ) Thibaud, 34, 180: 1166; 25.
CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF -PARTICLES

S. C. LIND AND D. C. BARDWELL
M is the total number of molecules reacting (on the left hand
of the equation, first column); N is the total number of ion pairs
produced in the reactants by -particles.
f*e\'.v
f -OTToTffXLeeXio.
3
V = volume in cm of, and D = diameter in cm of, the reaction

sphere.
F = average intensity of ionization (*). G specific molecular
ionization (air = 1).
H (a -f R)/a where a and R are -ray and recoil atom effects
resp. (2).
= w
[E e
e xt 3
( xO' O ft)+ ^ ~^ - ~ ^ ( )
where E0 = initial radon (in curies), P = pressure (mm Hg),
X = decay constant of radon (in reciprocal days) and t time
(in days).
Where the quantity of gas in the reaction vessel at atmospheric
pressure exceeds the air equivalent of a bulb 2.5 cm in diameter, the ionization is calculated by equations developed by W.
Mund (17); slightly modified:1
1
The modified equation is derived by correcting the integration of Mund's

function <f>(r) = J* (r x)%x*dx (equation 5, p. 340). In the large bulbs
used by Mund no error was introduced by employing his equation since 2R>r.
I = AT0 (l-e-xt)/c[~rH + ^ r'K + \ r"% - -|= 13rW + r'% + r"5/*

L
Z(JIL [
- 3 (r - 2B)* - (r' - 2A)H - (r" - 2B)MJ + ^JJ, -
u"-->*|(T)'+aBr)'}]
/ = Number of ions produced by the three sets of -particles in

the time t.
N2 = Number of atoms of radon present initially (t = O) (1 curie
= 1.772 X IO16 atoms Rn)
R = Radius of reaction bulb in cms.
X = Decay constant of radon (as above)
k = 6.67 X IO4 ^^ = ionization constant per -particle as a
function of the range (5); i = kr% or kr'*0 or kr"%
for Rn, Ra-A, and Ra-C, resp. (air at 760 mm and
O0C)
r, r', r" = ranges of -particles from Rn, Ra-A, and Ra-C, resp.
Wourtzel's (13) M/N values are recalculated by the
Mund equation
The values adopted for the number of -particles per sec per g
of radium, and the total ions from one -particle of Ra-C in its completed path in air are respectively, for column (a) 3.72 X IO10 (4)
and 2.37 X IO6 (), and for (6) 3.40 X IO10 (6 7; and 2.20 X 10*
(8). Other combinations of these numbers give intermediate
values of M/N.
Reaction
7
T 'i
,. ,
I = liquid, g = gas, s = solid
2H20 + O20-2H2OZ
Dry or moist; at 250C to -750C
M
T?
*"
i
5730705
T.
Lilt.
(STTo)
N2f7 and CS
I 7.8
J
18 1.01
25 1.0
108 2.0
220 2.92
315 3.15
18 3.40
I 95 2.80
220 2.38
-190 3.?
\ 95 % to paracyanogen s
2NH80->N20 and 3H2?
H2S0->H2? + Ss
H2Ss-^H2? + Ss
f ~78
18
I 22()0
PlST
-1-A
7
N 2 Os-J^
l N 2 f i r JH*
+ NO^7
2 74
'
2 21
'
295
76
H2? + C12?-2HC1?
400.0
2HCi^+Ci*
H2? + Br20->2HBr0
2HBrZ->H2^ + Br2^
KI in acid soln.-free 1
^r
xHCN-^^CN)^ + 5% N2?
CN
P N
N /, 4- O - !
%-^( )^
1
C
2 2 ^ + 02^-> { 37% _ c02f/ + N2f7 |
1
01
^
124
T.
To
(Hf
70
7.2
Q re (10)
no^
8.5
C2N2^ + f 67% C2N2-^(HCN),s l

n
no\
U
H2g-> [33% C 2 N 2 -^(C 2 N 2 ) x s T '
'0
'
^ ; v
C2H4^->H2gr + hydrocarbons 0, Z, and s
5.0
5.9
(l )
C2H2^->(C2H2)xS + 2% H2^
19.5 23.0 (i<>)
C2H2<7-^(C2H2)xs + l + % H 2 0 r
20.5 24.2
(19)
C2H2J7 + H20-(C2H2)*s (11% H 2 reacted)
I 19.6 | 23.1 | (IQ)
Catalytic Effect of Inert Gases (io 20, 21)
The M/N values in the table below give the total number of
molecules of reactants disappearing for each ion pair of both
M O2H2
catalyst and reactants. Example: -
= 18.7, means
N(C 2 H 2 + N2)
that 18.7 molecules of C 2 H 2 polymerize to (C2H2)^s for each ion

pair whether formed in the reactant or in the catalyst. With the
increasing ratio of catalyst to reactant, a decrease in the M/N
is indicatedprobably attributable to exhaustion effects. Values
by the (a) method only are given.
Catalysts
Pure XT
,T
.
~^
TT
N2
H Ne
A vXe CO2
H2
9.2
(12)
gas
C2H2
19.5 18.7 20.119.6 18.2 18.5 17.4 19.6
1.19 (l)
to
to
to
to
1.2
(i)
17.8 17.0 16.3 15 O
2.35 (13)
C2N2
7.2 7.2
7.2
reacts
3.44
(13)
HCN
10.8 10.0
10.0
3.80 O 3 )
2H2 + O2
5.13 5.0
reacts
4.00
(13)
2CO + O 2 . . . . 5.7
3.9
none
3.30 ()
2.80
(13)
LITERATURE
4.?
()
3 23
'
2 61
'
34g
4700
(13
)
(13)
(13)
(U)
{?;2 4 ;:s <;:>

,
^
j
^r
(11)
(11)
2H2Og->2H20 + O20
<0.01 3.01
(")
2H2Os-2H20 + O2J7
0.05 0.06 (U)
CO20-1% disappearance of gas, no
decomposition products
5 X 10~3 6 X 10~3 ()
C00-+CO20 + CnO1nS + Cs
1.85 2.18 ()
2COgr + O20-2CO2<7 at room temperature
5.7
6.7
(i)
2CO0 + O20->2CO2s at liquid air temp. > 3.1
> 3.7
> (l 8 )
COg + H20-Kiarbohydrate s
3.13
3.7
(i 8 )
CO20 + H20-carbohydrate s + H2OZ
1.44 1.70 (i*)
CO20 + CH40-x;arbohydrate s + H2O/ 0.76
0.90
( 1 O)
CH40->H20 + hydrocarbons g,l and s.. 2.0
2.4
(i O)
C2H60-H20 + hydrocarbons gr,Z and s. 1.7
2.0
(i )
C3H8or-H20 + hydrocarbons ^Z and s. 1.5
1.8
O )
C4HiOgT + H20 +hydrocarbons g,l and s 1.4
1.6 (1)
CH4? + 202<7-+C020 + H2OZ
4.4
5.2
(io)
CH4? + 2020r + [lmol% (CA)2Se]-+
CO 2 ^+ H2OZ
5.7
6.7
(io)
2C8H0 + 7Otf->COtf + H2OZ
6.8
8.0
(")
v(CN)
y 2 ^-JSf'^
.
i
Reaction
Z = liquid, g = gas, s = solid
63
86
II 0l '05
OR20/-+2H
07-,9H/i
4 -0
02
2H
g
2flr +
0.54 0.64 (16)

2.6
3.1 (16)
0.76 0.90 (")
Reactants
(i) Lind and Bardwell, 1, 45: 2585; 23. (2) Lind and Bardwell, 1, 46: 2003;
24. ( 3 ) Lind, 60, 16: 592; 12. (*) Hess and Lawson, 75, 127: 405; 18.
( s ) Geiger, a, 82A: 486; 09. () Rutherford and Geiger, 5, 81A: 141; 08.
( 7 ) Geiger and Werner, 96, 21: 187; 24. ( 8 ) Fonovits-Smereker, 75, 131:
355; 23. () Lind, 1, 41: 531; 19.
(io) Lind and Bardwell, O. ( 1 M Duane and Scheuer, 199, 10: 33; 13. ( 1 ^)
Lind, Bardwell and Perry, O. ( 1 3 ) Wourtzel, 199, 289: 332; 19. ( 1 4 )
Bodenstein and Taylor, 1, 37: 24; 15. ( 1 5 ) Cameron and Ramsey, 4, 93:
965; 08. ( 1 6 ) Lind, 199, 8: 289; 11. (17) Mund, 327, 44: 336, 25. (i)
Lind and Bardwell, l, 47: 2675 ; 25. O9 ) Mund and Koch, 28, 34: 241 ; 25.
(20) Lind and Bardwell, 166, 62: 442; 25. (21) Ibid., 166, 62: 593; 25.
SATURATION CURRENT. ABSORPTION IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

STEFAN MEYER
SATURATION CURRENT AND NUMBER OF IONS FOR
a-RADIATORS
The saturation current is I3 = Zke where Z = number of -particles per sec per unit mass, k = number of ion-pairs per a-particle
and e = 4.774 X IQ-10 es.
Number of Ions, k
Based on the values of U-C' and the following alternative Z
values for 1 g of Ra: (a) ZRa = 3.72 X IO10 (! 2*); (b) ZRa =
3.45 X IO10 (12).
k = A X 10* ( 9 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 8 , 4 5 , 4 7 )
Element
Ui
Un
Io
Ra
Rn
Ra-A
Ra-C
Ra-C'
Po
Pa
Rd-Ac
AcX
A
A
j - Element
(a)
I (fr)
()
I
(b)
1.16 1.25 An
1.95
2.10
1.27 1.37 Ac-A.
2.12
2.28
1.31 1.41 Ac-C
1.88 2.03
1.36 1.47 Ac-C'
(2.09?) (2.25?)
1.55 1.67 Th
1.23
1.32
1.77 1.83 Rd-Th
1.53
1.64
(1.47?) (1.58?) Th-X
1.61
1.73
2.20*
2.37* Tn
1.78
1.92
1.50 1.62 Th-A
1.92
2.07
1.44 1.55 Th-C
1.71
1.85
1.69 1.82 T h - C ' . . . . . 2.54 2.73
I 1.61
1.74
* Basic values.
The value of Zu - Zu1 + Ujj may be obtained from #Ra

and the basic equilibrium ratio ZRa/Zu = 3.4 X 10~7.
The value of ZTH may be calculated from the decay constant of
Th. For the following assumed values of the half-life, Ty11
of Th we find for Z Tn : 1-25 X IO10 yrs, 4.5 X IO3 a sec"1; 1.65 X
IO10, 3.4 a sec"1; and 2.2 X 1010, 2.6 a see-1.
Saturation Current
1. (In Electrostatic Units) (2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 20, 26, 31, 32, 34, 43)
Ra Rn Ra-A 9âQ,%
3 '*
* I8 =
1.47 0.790.820.94 1.0s
1.3s
0.91
4.32 2.3s 2.42 2.75 3.02
3.9l
2.6e
â
J8 X 10- =
2. On the basis of a branching ratio of 3% for the Ac family

in equilibrium with l g Ra (1,2,10,15, 16, 17, 23, 30,33,38,41).
Element =
Pa Rd-Ac Ac-X
/, x IQ"4 =
7.9s| 9.Oo J8.86
An
99 7 /
Ac-A ' ~
|l0.7| 11.7 [ 10.4
3. l g U in ores [i.e. U.+ 97% (Io->Ra-G) + 3% (Pa->Ac-D)]

is equivalent to /, = 7.30; l g (U3O8-^Ra-G) to 7. = 6.2; and 1
g average ore with 50% UsO8 to /s = 3.1.
4. 1 curie Rn is equivalent to /s = 2.75 X IO6 and 1 curie
Rn + J^(Ra-A + Ra-C7) to Is = 6.22 X IO6.
5. In equilibrium with l g Th and based on the following alternative Z values for 1 g Th: (a), Zrh = 4.5 X IO3 a sec"1 and (b),
ZTh = 3.4 X IO3 a sec"1.
Element
Th Rd-Th
Th-X Tn Th-A ^J
^t
(a) 0.264 0.329
0.34e 0.382 0.41s 0.129 0.35s
(V) 0.2Oo 0.24s
0.26l 0.2890.3120.097 0.26s
I9 =
RANGE OF a-PARTTCLES IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

All values in microns, fj, = 10~4 cm
A. IN LIQUIDS
From Po (35)
Distances cms| 0-1 | 1-2 | 2-3 |

Al
1.90 1.71 1.65
Ag
3.805 3.28 3.10
Au
6.10 4.84 4.44
3-4 [ 4-5 |
1.64 1.63
3.01 2.93
4.25 4.06
5-6 | 6-7
1.62 1.62
2.86 2.81
3.96 3.91
INITIAL VELOCITIES OF RECOIL ATOMS

u = AX 107 cm sec""1
Io
Milligrams per cm 2 of foil equivalent to 1 cm air lying between

the distances given, measured from end of range. 150C and 1
atm. (29).
Element
p -
gg
U1 U n
STOPPING POWER EQUIVALENTS OF AIR AND METALS

AT DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PATH OF AN a-RAY
| From Ra-C7 ( 3 ? 48)
From
Ui
Un
Io
Ra
Rn
Ra-A
Ra-C
Ra-C'
Po
Pa
Rd-Ac
Ac-X
To
[ A = ||
xi
2 7 3 9
Io
2.54
Ra
2.62
Rn
2.72
Ra-A
2.96
Ra-B
3.16
Ra-C"
2.99
Ra-D
3.66
Ra-G
3.08
Ac
2.74
Ac-X
3.02
An
3.01 |
From |
To
|
A n
Ac-A
Ac-A
Ac-B
Ac-C Ac-C"
Ac-C'
Ac-D
Th
Ms-Thi
Rd-Th
Th-X
Th-X
Tn
Tn
Th-A
Th-A
Th-B
Th-C
Th-C"
Th-C'
Th-D
|
A=
3.36
3.58
3.44
3.61
2.40
2.86
2.99
3.20
3.39
3.26
3.97
RANGES (PENETRATION) OF RECOIL ATOMS

Ra-A to Ra-B, 0.14 mm in air; 0.83 mm in H 2 ; ca. 20/zju in Ag
(52).
Rn to Ra-ARa-C, ca. 10/xM in Cu and Ni ( 1 ^, 40).

Th-C to Th-C", at 15 and 1 atm., 0.55s mm in H2; 0.129 mm
in air (24).
Th-C to Th-D, 15 1 atm., 0.96s mm in H2; 0.224 mm in air
( 24 ).
THE McCOY NUMBER
The McCoy number is the ratio of the total a radiation to the
uni-directional radiation per cm 2 from a UsOg surface of a-saturated thickness. McCoy (27, 28) found 793 with I8 = 1.74 X 10~3
es per Cm 2 U 3 O 8 and St. Meyer and Paneth -(34) found 790
with I8 = 1.73 X 10~3. These numbers are smaller than the
theoretical.
LITERATURE
Il
^
.a i
w
fB i . *
C 1 ) Antonoff, 3, 26: 1058; 13. 199, 10: 406; 13. ( 2 ) Boltwood, 12, 25: 269;
08. ( 3 ) Boltwood and Johnstone, 8, 40: 50; 20. ( 4 ) Brssler, 75, 129:
C
47; 20. ( 5 ) I. Curie, 34, 176: 1462; 23. () Flamm and Mache, 76, 121:
W
227; 12. (7) Flamm and Mache, 7, 122: 535, 1539; 13. ( 8 ) Fonovits, 75,
128: 761; 19. ( 9 ) Fonovits-Smereker, 75, 131: 355; 22.
.Ri6Q
43.037.1 36.7 36.3 34.3 33.0 32.027.9 7.05 70. "63.9 60.0 59.5
(10) Fussier, 2, 9: 142; 17. (") Geiger, 6, 83: 486; 09. 85: 505; 10. ( 12 )
B. IN SOLIDS
Geiger and Werner, 96, 21: 187; 24. 88, 5: 12; 24. ( 13 ) Girard, 199, 10:
195; 13. O*) Godlewski, 75, 125: 137; 16. (i*) Guy and Russell, 4,
From Ra-C' ( 49 50 5 M
123: 2618; 23. ( i 6 ) Hahn and Meitner, 63, 20: 529; 19. 218, 7: 611.
Solid
|| Li
Mg I AI I Ca I Fe I Ni [ C u | Zn
25, 52: 1812; 19. (17) Hahn and Meitner, 25, 54: 69; 21. 96, 8: 202; 22.
fliso
H 129.1 57.8 I 40.6 | 78.8 | 18.7 | 18.4 | 18.3 22.8
(i 8 ) Henderson, 8, 42: 538; 21. O 9 ) Hess and Lawson, 75, 127: 405, 461,
535, 599; 18. 96, 24: 402; 24. S, 48: 200; 24.
Solid
Ag I Cd I Sn | Pt | Au | Tl
Pb
(20) Hornyak, 75, 130: 135; 21. (*i) Ikeuti, 3, 32: 129; 16. ( 2 2 ) Kinoshita
fliso
I 19.2 I 24.2 I 29.4 | 12.81 14.0 | 23.3 | 24.1
and Ikeuti, 3, 29: 420; 15. ( 23 ) Kirsch, 75, 129: 309 ; 20. ( 2 * ) Kolhrster,
96,
2: 257; 20. ( 2 5 ) Kovarik, 2, 23: 559; 24. ( 2 6 ) Maracineanu, 34,
C. IN PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES
177: 682; 23. ( 2 ?) McCoy, *, 20: 381; 05. 24: 124; 07. 3, 11: 177; 06.
( 28 ) McCoy and Ashman, 12, 26: 521; 08. 199, 5: 362; 08. ( 2 9 ) Marsden
Source
Ra-A |
Ra-C7
| Th-C |
Po
and Richardson, 3, 25: 184; 13.
( 30 ) Meyer, 75, 129: 483; 20. ( 3 M Meyer and Hess, 75, 120: 1187; 11. ( 3 2 )
Type of plate Ilford ^^
Hford
Sigurd
Meyer and Hess, 75, 121: 603; 12. ( 3 3 ) Meyer and Hess, 75, 128: 909; 19.
( 3 ^) Meyer and Paneth, 75, 121: 1403; 12. ( 3 5 ) Michl, 75, 123: 1955,
Ai6
34.8 50.0 50.7
54
48.2 27.7
23~
1965; 14. ( 36 ) Muhlestein, 149, 4: 38; 22. ( 3 ?) Philipp, 96, 17: 23; 23.
Lit
(21)
(36)
(21)
(21)
(22)
(36) (35)
( 38 ) Piccard and Kessler, 149, 5: 491; 23. ( 3 9 ) Richter, 75, 128: 539; 19.
( 4 0 ) Rie, 75, 130: 283; 21. ( 4 M Rona, 25, 55: 294; 22. (* 2 ) Russell and
53
D. PLEOCHROITIC HALOES v. ( )
Widdowson, 3, 46: 915; 23. ( 43 ) Rutherford, "Radioactive Substances,"
Liquid
p. 523; 13. ( 44 ) Rutherford, "Radioactivity," p. 156; 04. ( 45 ) Rutherford, 3, 10: 193; 05. (*) Sahni, S, 29: 836; 15. (*?) Taylor, S, 23: 670;
12. (48) Traubenberg and Philipp, 96, 5: 404; 21. () Traubenberg,
96, 5: 396; 21.
(SO) Traubenberg, 68, 21: 588; 20. ( 51 ) Traubenberg, 96, 2: 268; 20. ( 5 2 )
Wertenstein, Thesis Pans, 13. ( 53 ) Duane, 241, 61: 286; 22. Gudden,
818, 12: 940; 24. Dis*. Gttingen, 19. P^, 56: 422; 21. 96, 26: 110; 24.
Hirschi, 94, 12: 939; 24. 242, 64: 65; 19. 65: 209; 20. Hovermann,
Diss. Gttingen, 12. 190, Beil., 34: 321; 12. JoIy, Congr. intern. Rad.
Bruxelles (1910) 1: 370; 11. "Halley Lecture," Oxford, Clarendon Press;

24. 08, 99: 456, 476, 17. 109: 517, 578, 711; 22. 114: 160; 24. 94,
12: 693; 24. 3, 13: 381; 07. 19: 327; 10. 5, 102: 682; 23. JoIy and
Fletcher, S, 19: 630; 10. JoIy and Poole, 68, 104: 92; 19. JoIy and Rutherford, 3, 25: 644; 13. Mennell, 58, 82: 68; 09. Mgge, 188, 11: 1;23.
10: 78; 19. 11: 110; 22. 189, 71; 65, 113, 142; 09. 69: 397; 07. Rudge,
58, 88: 167; 11. Rutherford, S, 19: 192; 10. Rayleigh, 58, 108: 279; 21.
Schmidhuber, Mt. Oberrhein, geol. Ver. N.F., 5: 35; 15. Weber, 189, 75:
388; 23.
RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS IN GASES

R. D. KLEEMAN
I. RANGE AND VELOCITY OF -RAYS IN GASES AT 1
ATMOSPHERE
T
At 2 and 1 atm., Rt = RO ô i
RANGE IN AIR AT 0 AND 1 ATM. (l 3)
From
I U1 | Un Io | Ra Rn [Ra-A
l2.53l|2.9103.028|3.212|3.907|4.476
R0, cms
'
From
R 0 ,cms
Ra-C'
Ra-CS* Ra-C'2*
I 6.608 I
8.8
| 10.6
T> TP
p~*'
Pa
Rd-Ac
| 3.721 |3.482| 4.432

24
II. NATURE OF PATH

The path of an a-particle may undergo sudden bends ( 4 26 29).
The table gives the number of bends (whose angles lie between the
limits Oi 62) for path-lengths (between bends) within the limits
Ii 12) for 281 Ra-F a-rays in air containing 75% A. The unit
of I is H26 cm. 0 and 1 atm. (3).
Qi-Oz =
^
7
* Two new -rays from Ra-C' by the scintillation method ( ).
From
I Th-X | Tn |Th-A) Th-Cj Th-C7

I 4.127 |4.799|5.387|4.538| 8.168
From
R0, cms
MEASURED RANGES IN OTHER GASES

[I
Gas
Ruo
From Ra-C'
|
From Po
Air | Q2 | H 2 | He |
Air | O2 | H 2
6.93 to
6.26 30.93 32.54
3.76 to
3.43
16.8
6.97
Lit
3.95
(12,15,
17, 27)
(27)
(27)
(27)
(9,12,14,
16, 18, 19,
(21,
27)
(21,
27)
20, 21, 22
23, 27)
I]
From Po
Gas
Ri6Q
H He I N 2 I CH4
CO | CO2 | NO | SQ2 JCH3Br
|| 17.62 I 3.82 | 4.18 | 3.70
2.49 [ 3.41 j 2.08 | 1.86
Lit
(27)
(21)
I (21)
I (21)
(21)
I (21)
3-7
11
20
22
7-15
21
17
16
15-30
12
(21) |
(21)
For range of recoil atoms, see p. 368.
Distribution of Ranges.This follows a probability law. Thus

the most probable range for a Ra-F ( = Po) a-ray is 3.85 cm at
15 and 1 atm.; 90% lie between 3.75 and 3.95, and 60% between
3.8 and 3.9 (8). For long range particles from Th-C, Ac-C, and
Ra-F, v. (2). I. Curie ( 8 - 5 ) found for a very narrow beam for Po,
the range A7^J = 3.87 cm, as against the much greater value of
H. Geiger, R7^ = 3.925 cm.
Velocity of a-particles.The velocity, U1 of any a-ray may be
computed from the relation u3 = aR where a is a constant and R
the length of the remaining path ("). Taking u = 1.922 X IO9
cm sec"1 ( 25 ) as the initial velocity of the a-particles from Ra-C',
at 0 and 1 atmosphere in air, this becomes u = 1.024e X 1O9A^
where R is the range.
Example: A0 for Th-C; in air is 8.168 cm (Table 1, supra).
Hence u = 1.024e X IO9 X \/&08 = 2.064 cm sec"1, th initial
velocity.
The following values of u X IO"9 at 0 and 1 atm. have been
directly measured: Ra-A, 1.690 (28); Ra-C', 1.922 (25); po, 1.593
(7); Th-C, 1.714 (30); Th-C', 2.060 (30). S. Rosenblum (22.5)
determined directly the ratio of the initial velocities of the aparticles from Th-CTh-C' = 1.209.
For velocity of recoil atoms see p. 368.
13
20
61 - 02 = I 10-200 I 20-300 1300-180j

30-100
IAc-X I An |Ac-A|Ac-C| Th [Rd-Th

|4.141|5.487|6.24l|5.224|2.749| 3.810
R0, cms
I 20-30 I 30-4Q | 40-50 i 50-60 | 60-700 | 70-8Q0 | 8Q-9Q0 | 9Q-180
"
The ionization along the path of a particle varies inversely as

the square of the velocity of the particle (28.5). The table gives
the number, AT1, of ions produced by a ray per first cm of path
(13.5). e = 4.774 x 10~10 es.
Source
U
76
Coefficients of absorption, X, of rays in air and COz at 1 atm.
and 22 ("-S).
N1
| Ac-C" | Th-C" | Ra-B | Ra-C | Ra-E

1 132 I 132 I 130 I 105 | 67
Substance
Ai^Xincm-1
Air, X in (g/cm2)-1
CO2, X in cm'1
CQ2, X in (g/cm2)-1
Substance
| Ra-E | Ac-C" | Th-C" | U-X2

0.01520.0091 0.0068 0.0065
12.70
7.60
5.68
5.43
0.0297 .0.0175 0.0129 0.0114
16.31 9.62 __7.08
6.26
U-Xi
Ra-D
very
Th-B Ac-B
soft
Air, X in cm"1
0.12
0.097
0.64 0.090 (K3
Air, X in (g/cm 2 )- 1 .... 100
81
535
75
260
CO27XmCm-1
0.23
0.183
1.69 0.142
CO2, X in (g/cm2)-1. . . 126
101
930
78
_
Coefficient of absorption X in cm"1 of y rays from Ra-C' in air at 1 atm. and
22 is 0.447 X 10-* ( 17 * 5 ).
0.951 Ra-C'
.934Ra-A
.930
.24
.22Ra-F
.201
.1757
1.330
.989Ra-C'
.982Ra-A
.99Ra-F
.586
1.064Ra-C'
1.057 Ra-A
1.08Ra-F
1.804
1.00
. 77 Ra-F
1.82Ra-F
1.46
1.11Ra-F
N2
Ne
O2
O2
Xe
Air
H2O
SO2
N2O
N2O
Method
Gas
!Method
Gas
CO
3
1
2
1
3
3
1
CO
CO2
.985 Ra-C'
.976 Ra-A
1.02Ra-F
1.505Ra-C'
1.488Ra-A
1.52Ra-F
0.860 Ra-C'
.880 Ra-A
.91 Ra-F
4.00
2.18
3.16
2.03
2.04 Ra-F
2.58
1.118Ra-C'
1.121Ra-A
1.122 Rn + Ra
1.349Ra-C'
1.369Ra-A
1.379Rn
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
CO2
CH4
- CH4
CCl4
CS2
CHCl3
CH3Br
CH3Br
CH3I
C2H2
C2H4
Gas
1.405Ra
2.371Ra-C'
2.385Ra-A
3.12
1.514Ra-C'
1.526Ra-A
C2H6Cl
C2H5I
C2H6
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
Gas
C2H6O
C 4 Hi 0 O
C5H12
C6H6
2.00
3.437Ra-C'
3.471 Ra-A
3.544Ra-C'
3.595Ra-A
3.33
1
1
1
1_
LITERATURE
2
1
2
1
Method]
= ^^f for the same temperature and pressure (6).

RAT
1. lonization method ( 5 ). 2. Track-condensation method using
Ra-F (21). 3. Scintillation method, a-rays of #15 6.15 cm C 1 ).
A
H2
H2
He
He
Kr
N2
Method!
IV. STOPPING POWER OF GASES
7->

(M Bates, 5, 106: 622; 24. ( 2 ) Bates and Rogers, 5, 105: 97; 24. ( 3 ) Blackett, 5, 102: 294; 22. ( 4 ) Blackett, 5, 103: 62; 23. ( 5 ) Bragg, 3, 10: 617;
06. 3, 13: 333; 07. Studies in Radioactivity, p. 65, (Macmillan, London).
(6) Bragg and Kleeman, 3, 10: 318; 05. ( 7 ) Curie, 34, 175: 220; 22.
(*) Curie, 34, 176: 434; 23. 61, 4: 170; 23. ( 8 * 5 ) Curie, 250, No. 212;
25. ( 9 ) Dawson, 75, 124: 509; 15.
( 10 ) Geiger, 5, 82: 486; 09. O 1 ) Geiger, 5, 83: 505; 10. ( 1 2 ) Geiger, 96, 8:
45; 21. ( 13 ) Geiger, 96, 8: 45; 21. ( 13 - 5 ) Geiger and Kovarik, 3, 22:
604; 11. ( 14 ) Geiger and Nuttall, 3, 22: 613; 11. ( 15 ) Geiger and Nuttall,
3, 24: 647; 12. ( 16 ) Hahn, 63, 7: 412, 456, 557; 06. St 11. 793; 12: 82,
244; 06. ( 1 ^) Henderson, 3, 42: 538; 21. (17.5) Hess, 63, 12: 1000; 11.
( 18 ) Kovarik, 199, 11! 69; 14. 2, 3: 148; 14. ( 18 - 5 ) Kovarik, 2, 6: 419;
15. ( 19 ) Kucera and Masek, 63, 7: 337, 630, 650; 06.
( 2 0 ) Levin, 63, 7: 519; 06. ( 21 ) Van der Merwe, 3, 45: 379; 23. ( 2 2 ) Meyer,
Hess and Paneth, 75, 123: 1459; 14. ( 2 2 - 5 ) Rosenblum, 34, 180: 1332;
25. ( 2 3 ) Rothesteiner, 75, 125: 1257; 16. ( 2 4 ) Rutherford and Chadwick, 3, 48: 509; 24. ( 2S ) Rutherford and Robinson, 3, 28: 552; 14. ( 2 6 )
Shimizu, 5, 99: 425, 432; 21. ( 2 ^) Taylor, 3, 26: 402; 14. ( 28 ) Tunstall
and Mackower, 3, 29: 259; 15. (28.5) Wilson, 5, 85: 240; 11. (*) Wilson,
6, 87: 277; 12.
30
( ) Wood, 3, 30: 702; 15.
ABSORPTION AND DIFFUSION OF 0-RAYS IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

PIERRE AUGER
Absorption Coefficients.If J0 be the initial intensity, and Ix
the intensity after screen thickness x is traversed, Ix /0e~xM
where //, the absorption coefficient, varies slightly with the thickness traversed, d = density.
ABSORPTION BY AL
Source
g, cm"1
Lit
Source
M,
cm"
| Ra-D | Th-A Ra-E | Ac-C | Th-D| Ra-C

1 130 I 111.0 I 43.3 | 28.5 | 16.3 | 13.5
I
(12)
Ra B
very
"
Rb Ra U-X1U-X2
soft
Soft I Hard
I 5500 I 91 I 13 I 347 | 312 | 500 j 15
I (13)
Lit
(6)
I (10)
(9)
I (5)
RANGE IN ALUMINUM OF /S-RAYS OF VARIOUS VELOCITIES (LINEAR

EXTRAPOLATION) (l 5 )
RH
Range in cm
I 1380 I 1930 | 2535 | 3170 | 3790 | 4400*

| 0.018 j 0.064 0.124 I 0.189 | 0.279 0.360
RH
Range in cm
I 5026 I 6230 | 7490 | 8590 |ll"370

| 0.440 | 0.580 | 0.785 0.925 | 1.36
Velocity Decrease.R = Radius of curvature of the /3-ray in a

magnetic field of N units and field force H gauss. ARH is the
change in RH due to a screen of 0.01 g cm"2 and is proportional to
the velocity.
A/? J-f
According to Bohr, us = a
constant,
K.
14
u = the velocity of the particle, and c that of light ( ).
(5)
DECREASE
OF VELOCITY FOR /S-RAYS FROM RA-B AND RA-U
ABSORPTION OF /S-RAYS FROM U-X (U)

RH
\ ARH I K I ARH \ K \ ARH \ K
Screen material. || Ag | Al | C | Ca| Cd| Fe | Ir | Mg | Ni | Pb" No screen
Mica screen
Sn screen
| Au screen
/iMcm 2 g- 1
||7.3l|4.13.75|6.3|7.4|6.6l|9.5 4.0 |6.35J9.75
392
138.1
34.8
89.2
22.8
Screen material 11 Rh | S | Sb | Sn| Ta| Zn| NH4Cl] CaSO2 SrSO4
/a, cm2 g-i... || 7.0|4.527.74|7.68.9|6.4| 5.2 | 4.95 | 6.50
Screen material || BaCl21 BaSO4J NaCl | KF | KCl | KBr | KI
n,/d, cm2 g"1
J l 8.07 I 7.7 | 4.68 | 4.8 | 4.88| 6.1 | 7.8
7
n/d
ABSORPTION OF /S-RAYS OF RA-E ( )

Screen
| C | Al | Cu [ Mo | Ag | Sn
I 15.8 I 16.9 I 19.2 | 21.0 | 21.7 j 22.1
If N is the atomic number of the screening element, IJL/d = 15 + 0.142 N.
1660
1925
2235
2960
3260
4840
5255
5880
6160
7060
34.7
33.1
36.2
43.5
41
39.9
42.2
38
36.7
35.4
101.4
78
72.6
66.7
59.2
47.3
49.3
43.1
41
38.4
2
3 8
Dispersion of /3-rays ( ).
67.4
56.8
23.4
24.1
37.6
37.8
32.2
31.7
32.5
28.6
30.2
27.8
32.2
27.3
32.6
29
LITERATURE
O) von Boeyer, 63, 23: 485; 12.. ( 2 ) Bothe, 96, 6: 368; 23. ( 3 ) Crowther
and Schonland, o, 100: 526; 22. ( 4 ) Danysz, 61, 3: 949; 13. ( 5 ) Fajans
and Gohring, 63, 14: 877j 13. ( 6 ) Fajans and Makower, S, 23: 292; 12.
( 7 ) Fournier, 34, 180: 284; 25. ( 8 ) Geiger and Bothe, 96, 6: 205; 21. ( 9 )
Hahn and Meitner, 63, 10: 741; 09.
( 10 ) Hahn and Rothenback, 63, 20: 197; 19. ( 1 M Jungenfeld, 63, 14: 507; 13.
C 1 2 ) Kovarik, 3, 20: 849; 10. ( 13 ) Meitner, 63, 16: 272; 15. ( 1 4 ) Rawlinson, S, 30: 627; 15. ( 1S ) Varder, 3, 29: 725; 15. ( 16 ) Wilson, 5, 34:
141; 10.
WAVE LENGTHS OF y-RAYS

E* VON SCHWEIDLER
GENERAL RELATIONS
A wave length of X milli-Angstroms (10~3 A = 10~n cm = 1
.X-unit), corresponds to:
A Frequency O) = 2.9986 X 1O21A see"1
An Energy (E = hv} = 1.9653
'K)-6A ergs
X, in 1Q-3
1O7A volts
A Potential (p = ~\ = 1.2344
which the -rays originate. Sometimes it is assumed that the

/3-rays are primary and produce secondary 7-rays of energy
Ey = E. The energy of the /3-rays is obtained from their
magnetic deflections.
66
Lit
The equivalent electron velocity as a fraction of the velocity of

light,
00
X. in 1Q-3 A
~ .J ~ (rrepy
hv = = E = Pe = C 2 m 0 F
Lit
LVI - 2
- ll
X, in 1Q-3
J'
X, in IQ- 3 A. .|l365m|l349m|l315 s 1286 s|l266 s|l219 s|ll96m

y, deg. min.. .|14 O0'|l3 52'|l3 31'|13 14'|13 00' 12 31'|l2 16'
X, in 10- 3 A. . 1175 g 1141m 1100 s 1074 s 1055 s 1029m 1006m
<p, deg. min.. . 12 03' 11 42' 11 17' 11 00/ 10 48' 10 32' 10 18'
3
(6) Hard Radiations from Ra-B + Ra-C, Sec. 1. Radiations

from Ms-Th and its products, Sec. 2.
X, in IQ" T7!
</,, deg. min... "
Remarks
M*
O*
53^
^
^m
428 (393) (324) 296

262
242
229
196
4 22e 4 OQ7 3 18' 3 PO' 2 40' 2 28' 2 20' 2 OQ'
Probably 2nd
K-series
J specorder
trum to 196
and 159
X, in IQ- A
<p, in deg. min
Remarks
169 g 159 g 137

116
99 g
1 43' 1 37' 1 24' I0Il' I0OQ'
K-line
71
43'
72
66
41'
37.5'
Using calcite ( 18 )
Ra-C? | Ra-B?
48
37
28
27.5'
2l'
W
Using calcite C 1 *)
(22)
42.Om
(29)
(22)
(26)
168 g | 145 g | 62 s | 52 m
to RdTh
to ThB
(M*
WAVE LENGTHS CALCULATED FROM THE ENERGY OF
/3-RAYS
Primary 7-rays of energy Ey produce in the disintegrating atom
itself, or in other atoms, secondary /3-rays of energy E = Ey-A1
where A is the work of removal and depends upon the level from
(26)
(26,29)
35.6 35.2 g + <
_lP
209? 52.1?
(22)
9^
(26)
(26)
32.0
30.2
29.0
(16)
(22)
(29)
(26)
45.4 37.5
(26)
(16)
(16)
24.9 24.3 21.2 20.6
20.4
20.3 16.2? 10.93 g
(I)
(29)"
(26)
(29)
(29)
' t
X. in 1Q-3
Lit
(29)
(22)
~^~)
(29)
7.00s 6.94 g 5.56? g
(29)
(29)
(29)
269
(29)
(13)
171
59.7 53.0 37.1
37.0
29.7 26.9 g
(22)
(22)
(22)
(22)
(22)
(29)
^"
&
X, in 1Q-3.. ..
147
Lit
(13)
PH
24.5
X. in 1Q-3
Lit
* (16)
21.3
~!**)
52.9g
52
(29)
(13)
41.6 41.3 s
(16)
(29)
U
13.6g 13.5g 12.8m +^
(29)
(29)
(29)
45.2s
(29)
4.84
4.71
(34)
(34)
EFFECTIVE WAVE LENGTHS CALCULATED FROM

ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING
The ordinary or "apparent" absorption coefficient, /*' = n + <r,
where M is the "true" or "fluorescent" absorption coefficient, and
a the coefficient of scattering. For dependence on wave length v.
Glocker (8); Compton ( 1 Z); Wingrdh (23); Warburton and
Richtmyer (24); Jauncy (28); and Allen (30).
7-RAYS FROM
3
~
^
H
I
51.9 51.3 m
42.6
10.Q s 9.93 g
X, in 10- A.. 982 g 953m 917s 853m 838m 809m 793m

y, deg. min.. . 10 03' 9 45' 9 23' 8 43' 8 34' 8 16' 8 06'
58
33'
155
(26)
48.Os
(26)
DETERMINED WITH CRYSTAL

X, in 1Q-8 A
GRATINGS
Lit
<p = angle of reflexion, d = grating space = 2.814 A for rock
salt = 3.028 A for calcite. X = 2d sin <p. Intensity indicated
thus, s = small, m = moderate, g = great, vg = very great.
X, in 1Q-3
(a) Soft Radiations from Ra-B. Using rock salt ( 2 > 3). Corre- Lit
sponding to L-series of elements of atomic Nos. 82 and 83, according to Swinne ( 5 ) and Wagner (6).
X, i n l Q - a . . .
<p, deg. min77.
Remarks
174
(26)
49.8? 44.4? 28.9?
Lit
LENGTHS
230
(26)
tf i
$ee p. 17 for values of basic constants.

WAVE
tf
(14,28)
RA-C
Xeff., J n I Q - A
Cale, from
<63 | <60 | 120-60 | 80-30

| Abs. | Abs. | Scat. | Abs.
Lit
I
3
(7)
(9)
I (12) I (l5bf
Xeff., J n I Q - A
Cale, from
I 30-25 I 21 [ 24 [ 8 | 19
11T
| Scat. | Abs. | Abs. | Scat. | Scat.
Lit
I (*2b) I (31) I
(33)
(32a,32b)
LITERATURE
(l) Shaw, 3, 26: 190; 13. ( 2 ) Rutherford and Andrade, 58, 92: 267; 13. ( 3 )
Rutherford and Andrade, 3, 27: 854; 14. (*) Rutherford and Andrade,
3, 28: 263; 14. ( 5 ) Swinne, 63, 17: 481; 16. ( 6 ) Wagner, 63, 18: 405, 432,
461, 468; 17. ( 7 ) Rutherford, 3, 34: 153; 17. () Glocker, 63, 19: 66; 18.
249, 25: 421; 19. ( 9 ) Kohlrausch, 63, 19: 345; 18.
(ioa) Treitel, Diss. Heidelberg; 20. ( l o b ) Prelinger, 75, 130: 279; 21. C 11 )
Ellis, 5, 99: 261; 21. ( 12 ) Compton, 2, 13: 296; 19. 3, 41: 749; 770, 21.
( 13 ) Meitner, 96, 9: 131, 145; 22. ( 14 ) Meitner, 818, 10: 381; 22. ( 15 )
Smekal, 96, 10: 275; 22. ( 16 ) Ellis, 5, 101: 1; 22. 201, 21: 121; 22. 96,
10: 303; 22. ( 1 ^) Meitner, 96, 11: 35; 22. ( 18 ) Kovarik, 2, 19: 433; 22.
( 19 ) Madgwick, 248, 6: 136; 21.
(*) Meitner, 96, 17: 54; 23. ( 2 1 ) Hahn and Meitner, 96, 17: 157; 23. ( 2 2 )
de Broglie and Cabrera, 34, 174: 939; 22. 34, 176: 295; 23. ( 2 3 ) Wmgardh, 96, 20: 315; 23. ( 2 4 ) Warburton and Richtmyer, 2, 22: 539; 23.
&, 23: 291; 24. ( 2 S ) Jauncy, 2, 22: 233; 23. ( 2 6 ) Ellis and Skinner, 6,
105: 60, 165, 185; 24. ( 2 ?) Smekal, 96, 25: 265; 24. (2**) Hahn and
Meitner, 96, 26: 161; 24. ( 2 s b ) Meitner, 96, 26: 169; 24. ( 29 ) Thibaud,
34, 178: 1706; 24. 34, 179: 165, 815, 1052, 1322; 24. 34, 180: 138; 25.
250, 209: 8; 24.
(30) Allen, 2, 23: 291; 24. ( 31 ) Owen, Fleming and Fage, 67, 36: 355; 24.
(32a) Ahmad, 5, 105: 507; 24. ( 32b ) Ahmad and Stoner, 5, 106: 8; 24.
( 33 ) Gray, 68, 115: 13, 86; 25. (3*i Black, 08, 115: 226; 25.
RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS FROM ORDINARY METALS

R. B. MOORE
/3-rays only are emitted spontaneously, the emission being an
atomic property independent of the temperature.
construction of sensitive instruments for radioactive measurements.

Ca, Ba, Sr, C, Cl, Br, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ag, Zn. W, Ta,
La, Se, As, Sn. Au, Sb, Al and Hg are inactive ( 10 ).
ACTIVITY OF K IN ARBITBARY UNITS ( 4 )
3. NOTES
1. POTASSIUM AND RUBIDIUM
Salt
%K
Activity
K/'Act
I K2SO4[ KI I KBr | KCl

KF | KClO31 KNO 3
44.91 23.58 32.87 52.48 67.32 28.91 28.69
37.8 21
27.8 42.2 54.0 25.5 30.6
118 |112 [118 |124
123
110
126
ABSORPTION OF THE /^-RADIATION (6)

X = absorption coefficient cm"1, d = density of absorbent
\/d for /3-rays from K
\/d for /3-rays from Rb
ByK 2 SO 4
11.32 ByRb 2 SO 4
96.7
By Sn (90% of the rays). . 14
By paper (90% of the
By Sn (10 % of the rays).. 90
rays)
162
rays)
. 950
ABSORPTION OF /S-RAYS FROM RB BY PAPER (5)
W = wt. paper/cm2. I0, intensity of the initial radiation; Ip,
that of the emergent radiation.
W. . . .1 0|0.001530.0030510.004580.00764|0.01070.0153|0.0198
IP/IP.. 10.725 0.545 0.422 0.260 0.159 |0.087 0.034
2. CAESIUM, SODIUM, LEAD, IRON AND ZINC
Cs and Na are not radioactive ( 8 9 10). Ordinary Pb shows a
slight, very old Pb only a trace of activity. On account of their
exceptionally small activity Fe and Zn are recommended for
O. Hahn and M. Rothenbach (3) compared Rb salts of various

ages but no difference in activity was detected. The Rb rays
were found to be more penetrating than the /3-rays of UXi, but
not so penetrating as those of Ra. The ratio of the intensity of
the Rb rays to those of UXi is 1:15. The half-life of rubidium is
calculated to be IO11 years and that of potassium 3 to 7 times
greater. The absorption coefficient in Al of K is from 39.6 to
55.4 as foil thickness increases from 0.0135 to 0.0405 cm. Rb
decreases from 593 to 522 as foil increases from 0.0017 to 0.0051 cm.
According to Bergwitz (1) the velocity of the Rb rays is 1.85 X
10~10 cm-sec"1
Ringer ( 7 ) states that pure K and Rb give off homogeneous
/3-rays, the K rays having 10 times the penetrating power of the
Rb rays. Harkins and Guy ( 10 ) give this figure as from 10 to
15 and state that the radiation from Rb is slightly heterogeneous.
Geiger ( 2 ) found that the saturation current from RbCl is the
same at room temperature and at liquid-air temperatures.
LITERATURE
O) Bergwitz, 63, 14: 655; 13. ( 2 ) Geiger, 75, 132: 69; 23. ( 3 ) Hahn and
Rothenbach, 68, 20: 194; 19. ( 4 ) Henriot, 34, 151: 1751; 10. ( 5 ) Henriot,
34, 152: 1384; 11. ( 6 ) Henriot, Thesis, Paris, 1912. (?) Ringer, Onder
PhysioL Scheikunde 1: 24; 21. ( 8 ) Ringer, Arch. Neerland. physiol. 7:
431 ; 22. (9) Zwaardemaker, 6Jf, 26: 575; 23. (* ) Harkins and Guy, 197,
10: 11; 25.
DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THE HYDROSPHERE AND THE LITHOSPHERE
HERMAN SCHLUNDT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Atmosphere
The Hydrosphere
Springs and well waters and gases
The Lithosphre
Minerals
Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks, Earthy Materials, Coals, Salt
Oceanic Oozes, etc
Rocks from Tunnels
Spring Deposits
Meteorites
Natural Gases
372
373
RADON IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Method A: Rn absorbed in charcoal.
Method B: Rn condensed with liquid air.
Method C: Rn directly determined in large ionization chamber.
Method D: Rn computed from active deposit on negatively
charged wire.
377
377
379
379
379
379
380
380
380
Place
Montreal, Can
Montreal, Can
Cambridge, Eng
Micro-micro
Curies (10~12
Curies) Rn
per cubic
meter
24-127,
Mean, 80
Mean, 60
35-350,
Mean, 105
Mgth
e
, "
Number of
dterminations
A
A
A
Lit.
(2J
50 during
1907-8
60 during
6 mos
(22)
(93)
3, 28: 263; 14. ( 5 ) Swinne, 63, 17: 481; 16. ( 6 ) Wagner, 63, 18: 405, 432,
461, 468; 17. ( 7 ) Rutherford, 3, 34: 153; 17. () Glocker, 63, 19: 66; 18.
249, 25: 421; 19. ( 9 ) Kohlrausch, 63, 19: 345; 18.
(ioa) Treitel, Diss. Heidelberg; 20. ( l o b ) Prelinger, 75, 130: 279; 21. C 11 )
Ellis, 5, 99: 261; 21. ( 12 ) Compton, 2, 13: 296; 19. 3, 41: 749; 770, 21.
( 13 ) Meitner, 96, 9: 131, 145; 22. ( 14 ) Meitner, 818, 10: 381; 22. ( 15 )
Smekal, 96, 10: 275; 22. ( 16 ) Ellis, 5, 101: 1; 22. 201, 21: 121; 22. 96,
10: 303; 22. ( 1 ^) Meitner, 96, 11: 35; 22. ( 18 ) Kovarik, 2, 19: 433; 22.
( 19 ) Madgwick, 248, 6: 136; 21.
(*) Meitner, 96, 17: 54; 23. ( 2 1 ) Hahn and Meitner, 96, 17: 157; 23. ( 2 2 )
de Broglie and Cabrera, 34, 174: 939; 22. 34, 176: 295; 23. ( 2 3 ) Wmgardh, 96, 20: 315; 23. ( 2 4 ) Warburton and Richtmyer, 2, 22: 539; 23.
&, 23: 291; 24. ( 2 S ) Jauncy, 2, 22: 233; 23. ( 2 6 ) Ellis and Skinner, 6,
105: 60, 165, 185; 24. ( 2 ?) Smekal, 96, 25: 265; 24. (2**) Hahn and
Meitner, 96, 26: 161; 24. ( 2 s b ) Meitner, 96, 26: 169; 24. ( 29 ) Thibaud,
34, 178: 1706; 24. 34, 179: 165, 815, 1052, 1322; 24. 34, 180: 138; 25.
250, 209: 8; 24.
(30) Allen, 2, 23: 291; 24. ( 31 ) Owen, Fleming and Fage, 67, 36: 355; 24.
(32a) Ahmad, 5, 105: 507; 24. ( 32b ) Ahmad and Stoner, 5, 106: 8; 24.
( 33 ) Gray, 68, 115: 13, 86; 25. (3*i Black, 08, 115: 226; 25.
RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS FROM ORDINARY METALS

R. B. MOORE
/3-rays only are emitted spontaneously, the emission being an
atomic property independent of the temperature.
construction of sensitive instruments for radioactive measurements.

Ca, Ba, Sr, C, Cl, Br, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ag, Zn. W, Ta,
La, Se, As, Sn. Au, Sb, Al and Hg are inactive ( 10 ).
ACTIVITY OF K IN ARBITBARY UNITS ( 4 )
3. NOTES
1. POTASSIUM AND RUBIDIUM
Salt
%K
Activity
K/'Act
I K2SO4[ KI I KBr | KCl

KF | KClO31 KNO 3
44.91 23.58 32.87 52.48 67.32 28.91 28.69
37.8 21
27.8 42.2 54.0 25.5 30.6
118 |112 [118 |124
123
110
126
ABSORPTION OF THE /^-RADIATION (6)

X = absorption coefficient cm"1, d = density of absorbent
\/d for /3-rays from K
\/d for /3-rays from Rb
ByK 2 SO 4
11.32 ByRb 2 SO 4
96.7
By Sn (90% of the rays). . 14
By Sn (10 % of the rays).. 90
rays)
162
rays)
. 950
ABSORPTION OF /S-RAYS FROM RB BY PAPER (5)
W = wt. paper/cm2. I0, intensity of the initial radiation; Ip,
that of the emergent radiation.
W. . . .1 0|0.001530.0030510.004580.00764|0.01070.0153|0.0198
IP/IP.. 10.725 0.545 0.422 0.260 0.159 |0.087 0.034
2. CAESIUM, SODIUM, LEAD, IRON AND ZINC
Cs and Na are not radioactive ( 8 9 10). Ordinary Pb shows a
slight, very old Pb only a trace of activity. On account of their
exceptionally small activity Fe and Zn are recommended for
O. Hahn and M. Rothenbach (3) compared Rb salts of various

ages but no difference in activity was detected. The Rb rays
were found to be more penetrating than the /3-rays of UXi, but
not so penetrating as those of Ra. The ratio of the intensity of
the Rb rays to those of UXi is 1:15. The half-life of rubidium is
calculated to be IO11 years and that of potassium 3 to 7 times
greater. The absorption coefficient in Al of K is from 39.6 to
55.4 as foil thickness increases from 0.0135 to 0.0405 cm. Rb
decreases from 593 to 522 as foil increases from 0.0017 to 0.0051 cm.
According to Bergwitz (1) the velocity of the Rb rays is 1.85 X
10~10 cm-sec"1
Ringer ( 7 ) states that pure K and Rb give off homogeneous
/3-rays, the K rays having 10 times the penetrating power of the
Rb rays. Harkins and Guy ( 10 ) give this figure as from 10 to
15 and state that the radiation from Rb is slightly heterogeneous.
Geiger ( 2 ) found that the saturation current from RbCl is the
same at room temperature and at liquid-air temperatures.
LITERATURE
O) Bergwitz, 63, 14: 655; 13. ( 2 ) Geiger, 75, 132: 69; 23. ( 3 ) Hahn and
Rothenbach, 68, 20: 194; 19. ( 4 ) Henriot, 34, 151: 1751; 10. ( 5 ) Henriot,
34, 152: 1384; 11. ( 6 ) Henriot, Thesis, Paris, 1912. (?) Ringer, Onder
PhysioL Scheikunde 1: 24; 21. ( 8 ) Ringer, Arch. Neerland. physiol. 7:
431 ; 22. (9) Zwaardemaker, 6Jf, 26: 575; 23. (* ) Harkins and Guy, 197,
10: 11; 25.
DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THE HYDROSPHERE AND THE LITHOSPHERE
HERMAN SCHLUNDT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Atmosphere
The Hydrosphere
Springs and well waters and gases
The Lithosphre
Minerals
Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks, Earthy Materials, Coals, Salt
Oceanic Oozes, etc
Rocks from Tunnels
Spring Deposits
Meteorites
Natural Gases
372
373
RADON IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Method A: Rn absorbed in charcoal.
Method B: Rn condensed with liquid air.
Method C: Rn directly determined in large ionization chamber.
Method D: Rn computed from active deposit on negatively
charged wire.
377
377
379
379
379
379
380
380
380
Place
Montreal, Can
Montreal, Can
Cambridge, Eng
Micro-micro
Curies (10~12
Curies) Rn
per cubic
meter
24-127,
Mean, 80
Mean, 60
35-350,
Mean, 105
Mgth
e
, "
Number of
dterminations
A
A
A
Lit.
(2J
50 during
1907-8
60 during
6 mos
(22)
(93)
Place
Chicago, U. S. A
Manila, P. 1
Micro-micro
Curies (10^12 ,
e
Curies) Rn
,
,.
od
per cubic
meter
45-200,
JB
Mean, 100
71
A
Freiburg, Switzerland 54-305,

Mean, 131
Innsbruck, Austria... 40-1110,
Mean, 433
Seeham, Austria
188
Tokyo, Japan
5
Pacific Ocean
1.3
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Southern Ocean S. of
lat. 50
All accessible ocean
areas
High seas
Number of
dtermina,.
tions
6
Source
Lit.
OT
30 during 1 (136)
year
A or B
( 78 )
C
49
C
D
D
(137)
1.7
1.3
...
...
( 116 )
( 4 ^)
Mean of 169, (66)
1915-21
Mean of 79 ( 66 )
Mean of 37 (66)
0.3
...
Mean of 48
1.2
2.6
...
...
Mean of 333 (66)

Mean of ca. ( 66 )
400*
(66)
* Includes some made relatively near large bodies of land.
RADIOACTIVITY OF SPRING AND WELL WATERS AND

SPRING GASES
m/iCl"1 = Millimierocuries (10~9 Curies) per liter
Ra, MMgI"1 = Dissolved radium, micro-micro-grams (10~12 g) per
liter
NORTH AMERICA
fc
mMC
wWater
~; *?. Lit.
Gas MMgI"1
CANADA
Quebec
Maskinonge
Radnor Forges
St. Benoit
St. Leon (Lupien)
St. Hyacinthe (Philudor)....
St. Severe
Varennes
Ontario
Borthwick, near Ottawa
Sulfur Spring, Caledonia Spr.
Duncan Spring, Caledonia
Spr
Duncan Spring, Caledonia
Spr
Gas Spring, Caledonia Spr. .
Gas Spring, Caledonia Spr. .
White Sulfur Spring, Carsbad
Magic Spring
Soda Spring
Russell Lithia, Bourget
Alberta (Banff)
Upper Hot Spring
Kidney Spring
Cave Spring
Basin Spring
Auto Road Spring
8
10
11
8
8
8
9
0.079 0.250 0.5

0.345
0.3
0.028
0.0
0.1480.46
0.8
0.106
46
0.087
2.8
0.224 0.81
9.2
11
8
0.140
0.073
(99)
(99)
(99)
(99)
(99)
(99)
(99)
8.4 (99)
5.6 (99)
15.0 (23)
0.0530.204
5.6
(99)
9
8
8
0.42 18.0
0.090 0.306 8.4
0.62 15
(23)
(99)
(23)
9
9
9
10
0.09
0.087
0.081 0.23
0.056
0.8
25
1.1
5.9
(99)
(99)
(99)
(99)
46
39
30
35
19
0.221
0.392
0.470 3.34
0.232 2.37
0.640
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.5
23.5
(99)
(99)
(99)
(99)
(99)
tC
, m**C1 *
Ra,
Water Gas MMgI"1
British Columbia
Fairmont Springs
3.5
Sinclair.
4.0
UNITED STATES
Arlington, R. I.
Graphite Mine Spr
8.78
Williamstown, Mass.
Wampanoag
22 0.22
Sherman Spring
0.04
Saratoga Spr., N. Y.
Emperor
10 0.07
10 0.142
Hathorn No. 1
Geyser
10 0.039
Pump Well No. 4
12 0.231
Crystal Rock
10 0.88
Indiana
Meanof27sprs
cold 0.75
French Lick
Pluto Spring
13 0.54
Bowles Spring
10 1.78
Illinois
Dixon Spr. No. 2
2.93
Creai Spr. No. 3
0.84
Well, Joliet
0.39
Mt. Vernon Spring
0.18
Yellowstone Nat. Pk.
Mammoth Hot Spr.,
Hot River
51 1.44
Main Spring
71 none
Apollinaris Spr
9 1.08
Nymph Spring, Tower Falls.
0.23
Upper Geyser Basin, Bench
86 0.22
Spring
Fish Cone, West Thumb....
Lower Geyser Basin, Firehole
Lake
85 0.28
Missouri
Sweet Springs
0.81
0.15
Rollins Spring, Columbia....
Hot Springs, Ark.
Imperial Spring
61 9.03
Palace Spring
61 0.12
Avenue Spring
62 0.89
Twin Spring
62 2.22
Arsenic Spring
54 0.49
Horseshoe Spring
60 0.18
Liver Spring
8 0.59
Kidney Spring
13 3.63
Madison, Wisconsin
Merrill Springs
0.49
Manitou, Colo.
15 3.38
Shoshone Spring
15 1.25
Manitou Soda
15 0.268
Manitou Soda
Shoshone
1.66
Iron Soda Spring
15 0.24
Iron Soda Spring
15 1.53
Navajo Spring
1.37
Navajo Spring
22 1.21
Steamboat Springs, Colo.
15 0.18
Soda
15 1.36
Soda
* Ra in 10~12 g per g of residue.
100
tr.
Lit
(i i )
(U)
( 79 )
7.3
0.221
0.213
0.034
0.678
0.847
(")
(118)
68
42
21
9
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(")
()
(5)
(5)
O 15 )
(U 5 )
(U 5 )
O 15 )
2.5* (104)
none 3.8* (i4)
(i 4 )
6.5
(i 4)
124
41.8
(104)
(i 04)
294
(104)
(103)
(i 3 )
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
()
(9)
(loi)
12.7
1.62
15.52
1.15
1.07
3.4
3.3
(102)
(102)
(54)
(54)
(54)
(102)
(102)
(54)
1.42
6.03
(102)
(54)
SO^
kc
w?Tr
"?.
Water | Gas MMgI
UNITED STATES.(Cont'd)
Steamboat Springs, Colo.
(Cont'd)
Bath House
40 0.08
40
Bath House
Iron
24 0.99
Iron
24 0.91
C r a d d o c k , Glenwood
Springs, Colo
2.21
Virginia
Mean of 11 springs
0.21
Ohio
Mean of 9 springs
cold 0.34
Bloomington, Ind.
Hottle Spring*
0.806
Lit
Source
<C
Bernhardsbrunnen, Karlsbad
Mhlbrunnen, Karlsbad
Schlossbrunnen, Karlsbad
0.54
0.79
3.71
'3.5O
61
39
30
(102)
Hospitalquelle, Karlsbad
(54)
(102) . Sprudel,* Karlsbad
(54) Eisenquelle, Karlsbad
(54)
(12)
( 89 )
( 90 )
5^
Water | Gas
0.65
1.14
12.9
38.6
7.1
20.6
3.61
0.96
0.16
0.36
15.7
19.5
0.27
l. 75
3.56
0.71
l. 87
4.47
l .28
3.58
2.03
9.0
12
71
8
Ferdinandsbrunnen, Marienbad
Kreuzbrunnen, Marienbad
Marienquelle, Marienbad
Waldquelle, Marienbad
Augenquelle, Teplitz Schnau
Riesenquelle, Dux
Urquelle, Dux
10
8
7
22
46
* 55 X 10~12 Ra per liter.
* Mean of 37 tests during 9 months.
EUROPE
Source
/0C
AUSTRIA
Tauern Tunnel
Bckstein Valley
Near Vienna
Johannesbad
Haupt Quelle, Vslau
Tyrol
Magenquelle, Froy
Eisenquelle, Froy
Badequelle, Steinhof
Herrenbadquelle, Fischau
Gastein
Grabenbckerquelle
Elizabethstollen, Hauptquelle..
Nordquelle
Rudolfsstollen
Franz Josephstollen
Reissacherstollen
Teichquelle, Tanbach
Melaniequelle, Radegund
Annenquelle, Mariatrost
Johannesbrunnen, Semmering....
^
1-1
Gas Water
3.81*
3.2Of
30
23
1.86
0.29
6
8
9
19
17.6
4.5
0.8
0.23
36
47
44
47
41
36
55.5
53.3
9.0
21.3
34.6
84
21.3
5.3
0.36
l .27
Lit.
(62)
( 62 )
6.8
1.07
(63)
(63)
0.80
(2)
(2)
(2)
(63)
(60, 6l)
(6l)
(61)
(6l)
(6O 1 Gi)
(6l)
()
( 132 )
( 132 )
(3)
* Mean of 101 springs; highest 23.7.

t Mean of 3 springs.
mMC1-!
Source
BELGIUM
Delcor Spa
Marie-Henriette Spa
Prince de Conde I. Spa
Tounelet, Spa
La Fraineuse Spa
Claire-Fagne Spa
Salmon E. suprieure Spa
Source
CZECHO-SLOVAKIA (20, si, 63, 139)
Loimannsquelle, Franzenbad
Salzquelle, Franzenbad
Mine water, St. Joachimsthal 60 m
depth
375 m depth
500 m depth
Gas
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.67
2.43
2.1
3.31
J0C
11
11
6
14
.
I Water
1.74
2.58
Lit.
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
^1-1
r
Water | Gas
0.39
0.05
13.5
75.9
163.8
0.27
448.0
Source
ENGLAND
Nine Wells, Cambridge
Well, Dale's Brewery, Cambridge.. .
King's Well, Bath
Cross Spring, Bath
Hetling Spring, Bath
Hospital Natural Baths, Buxton
Gentlemen's Natural Baths, Buxton.
Source
FRANCE
Choussy, La Bourboule
Choussy, La Bourboule
de la Grange, Beaucens
Chaude, Audinac.
Rivire, Chaudeau
Dames, Plombires
Lambinet, Plombires
Savonneuse, No. 2, Plombires
Vauquelin, Plombires
Chaudes-Fontaines, Reherry
Celestins, Vichy
Chomel, Vichy
Boussange, Vichy
Hpital, Vichy
Condanny, Usson
Plaies, Usson
d'Alun, Aix-les-Bains
Le Lymbe, Bourbon-Lancy
Pavilion, Coutreville
Bordeu (Grande Source), Luchon...
Main Spring (Saline and H2S), Uriage-les-Bains
Gasseng, Columbires-sur Orb
Cabanel, Columbires-sur Orb
Crmieu, Columbires-sur Orb
Viguerie, Ax
Savonneuse, Bains-les-Bains
Vielle, Eaux-Bonnes
La Chaldette
Romaine, Maizires
Souveraine, Vals-les-Bains
Dominique, Vals-les-Bains
1
,
Water | Gas
0.130
0.196
1.73
1.19
1.70
0.83
1.10
*C
44
44
42
34
43
33.65
7.70
^
Lit.
( 94 )
(9*)
(")
(88)
(88)
(64)
( 64 )
^1, *
Lit.
Gas I Water
22.9 141.5
20.5 161.4
3.03 10.36
0.14
0.59
6.51 39.5
10.76
15.96
7.47 35.1
4.83 86.4
4.1
19.8
0.653 4.1
0.653 4.1
0.103 0.60
0.022 0.14
0.563 34.5
0.663 1.9
4.1 25.8
1.5
14.6
0.51
16.1 134.8
0.113
6.69
2.22
1.49
16.8
25.6
3.7
93.7
10.8
1.047 5.08
8.80
(52)
(S3)
(52)
(52)
(* 2 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
(12)
(12)
(52)
(52)
(52)
(52)
(68)
(65)
(16)
(16)
(16)
()
(8)
(18)
(18)
(12)
(72)
( 72 )
( ? 2)
( 7 2)
( ? 2)
(6)
(6)
~
Source
T m AtCl-1
J0C
^
.
Gas I Water
0.34
2.49
41.5
38 15.7 115.9
37
2.7
27
3.5
74
l. 04 17.7
21 15.35 35.2
34 11.5
50.2
21
0.54
2.2
0.74
3.86
l .57
0.44
|
Caroline, Mont-Dor
Lepape, Bagneres-de-Luchon
Providence, Vernet-les-Bains
Sant, Vernet-les-Bains
Pastural, Les Escalades
Bassin Carr, Thus-les-Bains
Saint-Victor, Royat
Hamel, Sail-les-Bains
Rouge, Saint-Nectair
Grande Source, Bagnoles-de-l'Orne.
Chaude fontaine, Antoigny
Saint-Ursin, Lignires
Fontaine Minerale, St. Michel
!
Source
GERMANY
Schwarzwald Region
Antoniusquelle, Antogast
Buttquelle, Baden-Baden
Murquelle, Baden-Baden
Kirchenquelle, Baden-Baden
Hauptquelle, Badweiler
Gemeindequelle, Badweiler.......
Badquelle, Griesbach
Sofienquelle, Petersthal
Wenzelquelle, Rippoldsau
Warme Quelle, Wildbad
Kalte Quelle, Wildbad
Well, Heidelberg
Wrttemberg
Gppinger, Sauerbrunnen
Gppinger, Staufenbrunnen
Kursaal, Kanstatt
Karlsquelle, Mergentheim
Hirchquelle, Feinach
Wildbad
Hessen and Adjoining Regions
Sprudel XII, Bad Nauheim
Karlsbrunnen, Bad Nauheim
Bad Homburg, Elizabethbrunnen.
Luisenbrunnen
Wilhelmsbrunnen, Bad Soden
Solbrunnen, Bad Soden
Inselquelle, Kreuznach
Theodorshalle, Kreuznach
Hauptbrunnen, Mnster am Stein.
Kochbrunnen, Wiesbaden
Adlerquelle, Wiesbaden.
Schtz'enhofquelle, Wiesbaden
Racoczy, Kissingen
Maxquelle, Kissingen
Maxquelle, Drkheim a.d. Haardt
Lit.
( 57 )
(53)
(53)
(53)
(53)
( 53 )
( 53 )
(S3)
(53)
( 56 )
(56)
( 56 )
( 56 )
/0C
I muC\~l I
Water
Lit.
cold
24
59
56
28
23
cold
cold
cold
36
cold
27
6.6
51.3
9.8
1.35
3.1
4.2
10.6
1.76
0.86
l. 35
0.08
2.15*
( 20 )
(20)
( 20 ) .
(20)
(20)
(20)
(20)
( 33 )
( 33 )
(20)
(20)
(7)
1.27
0.57
0.22
0.98
0.42
0.76
( 50 )
( 50 )
(50)
( 5 O)
(50)
( 5 O)
5. 8f
9.6f
1.46f
0.84J
6.62f
1.561
7.42 j
3.06 f
8.5f
0.43 i
2.23t
0.29
l. 04 f
l .58f
0.69
( 105 )
( 105 )
( 105 )
( 105 )
(l 5 )
(los)
(l5)
C1 5 )
( 105 )
( 3 ^)
( 39 )
( 3 ^)
( 41 )
( 41 )
(?)
33
15
11
11
14
16
13
7
31
68
64
50
20
* 1620 X 10~12 g Ra per liter of water.

t Values obtained by multiplying Mache units by 3.64 X 10~10.
J Values obtained by multiplying Mache units by 4.1 X IO"1".
Source
Bavaria
Alexanderbad
Ebermanstadt and env
^ ,
Water
No. of samples Lit.

*
2 spr., 6 wells, ( 3 ^)
1 reservoir
0.43 ' 18 spr., 2 w. ( 3 )
Source
Epprechstein and env
,
water
1.17
Fichtelgebirge, Neubau
Leinleiterthal
Leupoldsdorf and env
1.55
0.36
25.0
Schwarzenfeld and env

Weisenthau
Wolsenberg and env
Wundsiedel and env
0.64
1.32
4.87
7.7
No. of samples
_
2 spr., 7 w., 2
reservoirs
5 spr., 8 w.
21 spr., 5 w.
6 spr., 2 w., 5
reservoirs
3 spr., 6 w.
15 spr., 6 w.
17 springs
13 spr., 6 w.,
1 reservoir
Saxony
Wettingquelle, Brambach
(38)
(38)
(38)
( 38 )
( 38 )
(38)
(38)
(38)
(31 )
(59)
( 59 )
( 97 )
826.2
650 to 754
Trinkquelle, Oberschlema
688 to 920
Marx Semler Stollen, Ober- 288 to 330
schlema.
at 1O0C
Himmelfahrtstollen, Georgenthal
24.1
Olga Brunnen, Schneeberg
13.1
Rockelmann Quelle, Schwarzenberg
12.3
(97)
( 97 )
(97)
niAtCl-1
Z0C
Source
Lit.
Lit.
Water Gas
HUNGARY
Budapest
Rakocsy, St. Lucasbad
Composite, 17 spr. Lucasbad
Trinkquelle, Kaiserbad
Grosse Quelle, Ritzenbad
Kerekmalom Quelle
Arpadquelle
42
60
43
20
23
ITALY
Sorgente Montirone, Abano near Padua...
Upper Sulfur Therm, Aqui Pimont
Fiuggi, Anticoli
Surgonne Grotta, Battaglia near Padua...
Acidola, Castellamare
Domenico Tricarico, Bagnoli near Naples.
Purgativo, Agnano near Naples
Stabilimento, Porto d'Ischia
Manzi I, Cassamicciola, Ischia
Old Roman Spring, Lacco Ameno, Ischia. .
Fonte di Castello, Santa
fiora
Fonte della Casella, Casteldelpiano
Acqua dei Bagnoli, Acidoso
Polla di Sotto, Bagnore
Sambuco, Montagna
Baleno Carcaiole, Uliveto
7.40
3.35 9.08
0.31
3.16
0.11
0.0460.624
C
87
72
74
13
52
90
65
85
57
12
12
14
20
8
Pozzo delle Saline, Salsomaggiore

Bagni di Casciana
7.73
Parlanti, Monsummano
31
(13*)
(12)
(* 34 )
( 134 )
( 3 2)
( 3 2)
^1"1
Water
Lit.
2.05*
0.28*
8.02*
3.34*
9.27*
0.79*
0.79*
1.93*
0.57
152.5*
3.Ol
1.85
3.29
1.52
2.08
1.09
Gas = 8.6
4.41
0.0
Gas = 1.8
0.064
( 20 )
(20)
(20)
( 20 )
(20)
( 20 )
( 20 )
( 20 )
( 20 )
( 20 )
(77)
(77)
(77)
(77)
( 77 )
(75)
10
* Values obtained by multiplying Mache units by 4.1 X 10~ .
(76)
( 77 )
( 92 )
NORWAY ( 86 )
Nasodden
Sandsvar
Jellum, near Modum
Tandberg estate, Simoa Valley
PORTUGAL (81)
Sabroso, Sabroso (Vidago)
Fonte Romana, Fonte Romana
Da Bica, Ferez
Das Lamas, Cucos
RUMANIA ( 58 )
Orsova
Hercules, Baile Herculane
Regina Maria, Baile Herculane
RUSSIA (68)
Essentuky No. 6, Caucasus
Batalinsky, Caucasus
SPAIN (15)
Rivas, Gerona
Bui tre, Seirra de Fuensante, Murcia
Garganton y Pianoion, Sierra de Guadarrama.
La Raja, Mazarron, Murcia
El Tubo, Mazarron, Murcia
Posa de Levante, Mazarron, Murcia
Medica Catalan, Mazarron, Murcia
SWEDEN (i il)
Slottskallan, Upsala
Bourbrum, Upsala
Birjerjarlsg No. 120, Stockholm
Gamia (spring), Porla
Sofia (spring), Helsingborg
Villastaden (drilled well), Lidingon
Norrb, L. (well), Bodens fastning
Stockh 1. (well), Vinterviken
Hermelinsgruf (well), Malmberget
Kalmar, 1. (spring), Sodra Vi
Sanatorie parken (spring), Mosseberg
-p w^ ;
17.9
12.9
31.2
67.4
3.29
2.05
8.20
10.4
46
60
i c
^Rock
formation
ofs source
0.33
0.05
12.5
0.46
0.48
0.36
0.68
Source
1.8
1.55
14.6
1.77
3.00
17.06
70.6
67.2
2.75
14. l
0.90
mjuCl"1
110
10
53
20
14
6
20
12
42
16
5
37
42
15
2.40
0.70
13.24
5.66
10.2
6.11
2.99
9.31
0.78
1.18
2.09
2.91
1.11
15.46
SWITZERLAND
St. Placidus Spring, Disentis
Val Lunpegnia, Disentis
*C
^r?"'
Water
4.66
3.75
51
5
36
7
25
8
T ,
Water
Lit
(127)
( 117 )
^1 '
Lit.
Water
0.12
(127)
(H 7 )
4.51
0.57
(117)
0.29
(l l 7 )
0.42
O 17 )
0.46
("*)
1.24
(117)
0.26
(U 7 )
0.24
(8)
0.26
(80)
0.37
(80)
0.15 | ( 8 <>)
ASIA
~
Source
No.
,
samples
SWEDEN.( Continued)
Boulders, mo rainai deposits
Diabase
Granite (Archean)
Granite (gneissic)
Granulite
Gray gneiss with granite intrusives
Gneiss (granitic)
Iron-bearing gneiss
Limestone
Peat
Quartz porphyry
Sandstone
Slate
Syenite and granuli tic syenite
Leuk
Waadt, Lavey
Paracelsusquelle, Engadine, St. Moritz.
Stollenquelle, Pfafers-Ragaz
Sotsassquelle, Schuls
Carolaquelle, Tarast
Kurhaus, Acquarossa
Thomas, Val Sinestra
Les Trois Pigeons, Valangin
Come Girard, Locle
Vioulou, Pturage, Locle
Eplatures
| PC Im/id"1, Water
Source
INDIA (122)
Kaira District, Bombay
Hot Spring
Cold Spring
* Emanation content changes with season and even on same day.

r.
I 0C
0.19*
0.22
3.5
0.6
7
6
6
7
10
8
5
10
3
6
7
Source
67
33.0 to 62.1
| 28 |
33.9
~I
J0C
JAPAN (42)
Kami-no-yu, Tamatsukuri
64
Kami-no-yu, Misasa
71
Kabu-yu, Misasa
45
Kaminoyu, Dogo
47
Tama-no-i, Dogo
cold
Hirano, Tansan-sen
26
Gosho-no-yu, Kinosaki
60
Ko-no-yu, Kinosaki
57
Furosen, Beppu
58
Kamigawara No. 1, Masutomi
22
Kuridaira No. 1, Masutomi
16
Yunosawa-Onsen, Innai-Yunosawa.. 41
72
Takinoyu, Noboribetsu
Yojo-Kwan-no-yu No. 1, Togo
50
Jizo-no-yu, Kusatsu
57
Akakura-Onsen, Akakura
62
Ji-no-yu, Isobe
9
Arima-Onsen, Arima
52
Maruyama-Kosen, Arima
19
Zui-hoji-Onsen, Arima
31
Arif uku-Onsen, Arifuku
43
Kizu-no-yu, Asama
44
O-yu, O-yu
57
Kami-no-yu, Oyu
58
Shimo-jyaya-no-yu, Sekigane
44
Soto-no-yu, Katsura
29
Yuatsumi-no-yu, Atsumi
Awazu-Onsen, Awazu
54
Kami-no-moto-yu, Bobata
14
Goshiki-Onsen No. 2, Goshiki
39
Tsubataya-uchi-yu, Shibu
48
Hie-no-yu, Kaminoyana
62
Shiotsu-no-Tsubo, Katayamazu
79
Gosho-no-yu A, Kinosaki
63
Koyabara-Onsen, Koyabara
38
Murasugi-Kosen No. 1
26
Osakaya-no-yu, Musashi
45
Shirataki-no-yu, Nakabusa
60
Tsuru-no-yu, Mikko-Yumoto
62
Shin-yu, Unzen
38
m/iCl-1
.
Water | Gas
1.08
51.69
3.72
1.45
0.39
0.07
3.06
0.94
0.07
301.2
214.7
0.43
0.074
1.12
0.057
0.43
1.55
0.92
3.01
13.8
0.80
0.51
1.13
0.4
10.95
0.31
0.40
0.35
4.35
0.80
0.11
0.86
0.47
2.67
1.37
18.04
1.17
0.59
0.85
0.85
10.18
22.82
8.5
0.21
550.6
0.065
0.74
trace
5.5
8.79
2.95
11.8
Source
Ogawa-Onsen No. 2
Omaki-Onsen, Omaka
Taki-no-yu, Onogawa
Umeka-no-yu, Owani
Shigaku-Onsen, Shigaku
Ena-Kosen, Takayama
Takarazuka-Tansan-sui, Takarazuka
Tochiomata-no-yu, Tochiomata
Wakazaki-no-yu No. 1, Wakura
Yamanaka-Onsen, Yamanaka
Yamashiro-Onsen
Tottori-Onsen, Yoshikata
Kasuga-Onsen, Teramadu
Kabu-yu, Yudani
Sento, Yukiku
Kabu-yu, Yummra
Sagi-no-yu, Yunogo
Taki-no-yu, Yunokawa
Shinyu, Yunotsu
Source
"71
tC
49
49
70
62
47
10
19
39
93
45
69
48
29
32
67
91
38
50
4
m/iCl-1
,
Water | Gas
1.01
0.48
2.37
4.21
0.43
0.64
102.2
1.20
0.72
9.40
2.52
33.9
0.62
0.25
1.19
0.22
0.88
1.54
8.65
0.23
3.34
0.31
0.31
1.95
0.74
8.23
1.8
0.49
tC
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Sibul Springs, Bulacan
Pansol Springs, Laguna
Bambangan Spr., Laguna
Adukpung Spr., Kiangan
Artesian Well, Batangas
Sinaba Spring, Laguna
Mairut Salt Spr., Bontoc
Salinas Salt Spring, Nueva Vizcaya
100
31
^^
Water
Lit.
1.28
(135)
none (135)
0.15
(135)
1.33
(*7)
2.11 (135)
1.3
(37)
none
(37)
0.095 (37)
AFRICA
Source
ALGERIA ( 85 )
Bains de la Reine, near Oran
Louise, A Hammam Bou Hadjar
Hotel de Vichy, A Bou Hanifia
d'Alma T'zoumoulal
TC
^"l
Water
50
44
55
17
13.1
22.4
1.3
5.3
THE LITHOSPHERE
Uranium and Thorium Radioactive Minerals
The numbers following the name of the mineral represent weight
percent of U, resp. Th. The qualitative chemical composition
is indicated in parentheses ( ), the locality in brackets [ ],
R = "rare earths;" aq. = "hydrous."
A. Aeschynite: U 0.3, Th 0-20 (RNbTiOx). Auerlite: Th 61
(ThSiPOx). Autunite: U 50 (UCaPOxaq.).
B. Becquerelite : U 70 (U03aq.) [BeIg. Congo] (i"). Blomstrandite: U 22 (TaNbUOx).
C. Calciothorite : Th 53 (RCaSiOxaq.). Carnotite: U 53
(KUVOxaq.). Chalcolite: (See Torbernite). Cleveite: U 60;
Th 4 (UThYOx). Curite: U 73 (UPbOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo! (106).
D. Dewindtite: U 50 (PbUPOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo](i<>8).
Dumontite: U 56 (PbUPOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] (in).
E. Ebigite: Flutherite (See Uranothallite). Eliasite: also Pittinite (See Gummite). Eramanite: Th 9 (FeCaThBSiOx). Euxenite: (Polycrase) U 5-15 (RNbTaOxaq.).
F. Fergusonite : (Bragite, Tyrite, Yttrotantalite) U 1-7, Th 2-5
(RNbTaOx). Freyalite: Th 24 (RThSiOxaq.). Fritzscheite:
(UMnVOxaq.).
G. Gadolinite: Th < 1 (ROx.SiOy). Gummite: (Eliastite, Pittinite) U 60 (UPbCaSiOxaq.).
H. Hatchettolite : U 13 (UCaNbTaOx). Hokutolite: (PbBaSO4)

[Japan] (42).
J. Johannite: U 56 (CuUSO4.aq.).
K. Kasolite: U 40 (PbUSiOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] (107). Kochelite: (See Fergusonite).
L. Liebigite: U 31 (UCaCO3aq.).
M. Mackintoshite : U 20; Th 42 (RUThSiOxaq.). Medjidite:
(A variety of Uranopilite). Mendeleeffite: U 20 (UNbTiOx)
[Transbaikalia] (-129). Microlite: U 1.6 (CaTaOx). Monazite:
Th 7-20 (RPOx).
N. Nagite: U 2.5; Th 45 (ZrRSiOx) [Japan] (42). Nivenite:
(See Uraninite). Nohlite: (See Samarskite).
O. Orangite : U 1-10; Th 65 (A variety of Thorite).
P. Parsonite: U 32 (PbUPOx) [BeIg. Congo] ("2). Phosphuranylite: U 60 (UO2PO4aq.). Pilbarite: (PbUThSiOxaq.).
Plumboniobate: U 12 (PbUYNbOx). Pitchblende: (See Uraninite).
Polycrase: (See Euxenite). Priorit: (See Blomstrandite). Pyrochlore: Th 0-6 (RCaNbOx).
R. Randite : (See Voglite). Rowlandite: U 0.4 (YSiOx). Rutherfordine: U 65 (UO2CO3). Rutherfordite: (A variety of Fergusonite).
S. Samarskite: U 1-3 (RUNbTaOx). Schoepite: (UO2CO3)
[BeIg. Congo]. Schrockingerite: (A variety of Voglite). Sipylite:
U 3 (ErNbOx). Soddite: U 71 (USiOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] ("O).
Stasite: U 50 (PbOPOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] (109). Skaldowskite:
U 55 (MgUSiOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] (H3).
T. Thorogummite : U 18; Th 36 (UThPbSiOx). Thorianiie:
U 12; Th 65 (RThUOx). Tritomite: Th 5-8 (Th, Ce, Ca, Ta, B,
F, SiOx). Torbernite: U 50 (UCaPOxaq.). Trgerite: U 53
(UAsOxaq.). Tscheffkinite: Th 1-17 (RFeSiTiOx). Thysonite:
U 65 (U(OH)xSO4).
U. Uraninite: (Pitchblende) U 65-80; Th 1-8 (UO2RUPbOx).
Uranochalcite: (A variety of Uranopolite). Uraconite: (A variety
of Uranopolite). Uranocircite: U 47 (BaUPOxaq.). Uranophane:
U 55 (UCaSiOxaq.). Uranopolite: U 64 (UO2CaSO4aq.). Uranosphaerite: U 42 (UO2BiOUOxaq.). Uranospite: U 49 (UCaAsOxaq.). Uranothallite: U 32 (CaUCO3aq.). Uranothorite:
U 8; Th 52 (ThSiOx).
V. Voglianite: (A variety of Uranopolite). Voglite: U 34
(CaCuUC03aq.).
W. Walpurgite: U 16 (BiUAsOxaq.).
X. Xenotime: U 3; Th 0-2 (YPO4).
Y. Yttrocrasite : U 2; Th 0-8 (YTiOx). Yitrotantalite: U 0.5-2
(YNbTaOx).
Z. Zuenerite: U 50 (CuUAsOxaq.).
RADIOACTIVITY OF ROCKS
Ra unit = 10~12 g Ra (element) per g. Th unit = 10~6 g Th
(element) per g
IGNEOUS ROCKS
_
Name and locality
Acidic Intrusives
Charnockite
Mysore State, India
Granite
Mysore State, India
Dutch East Indies
Eisenach, Germany
Germany
France(l) Holland(2)
St. Francois Co., Mo., U. S. A
Ireland
Leinster, Ireland
Th mean =
specimens
mean
Lit.
0.09 (121)
11
5
1
7
3
1
10
28
28
1.03 (121)
4.9
(13)
3.5
( 67 )
9.8
(13)
8.8
(13)
1.5
(ioo)
2.0
(46)
1.7
(28)
7.0
p_
Name and locality
speciLit.
mean,
mens
Antartic region
2
0.4
(29)
Th mean =
2
2.6
South Sea Islands
2
1.76 (26)
Sumatra(l) Bohemia(l)
2
26.1
(35)
Loetschberg Tunnel, Switz
7
2.3
( 83 )
Various localities
63
2.7
(48)
1
1.63 ( 62 )
11
2.56 (123)
Th mean=
86
20.5
(82)
Monzonite
Bella Monte, Tyrol, Austria
1
3.5
(i 3)
Pegmatite
Mysore State, India
2
4.17 (I)
Porphyry
1
2.8 (26)
Campbell Is., New Zealand
Various localities
10
2.8
()
Quartz
Germany
3
16.0
(13)
Sumatra
1
1.3
( 13 )
Syenite
Borneo and Molucca Island
13
1.58 ( 13 )
Mount Royal, Canada
1
1.1
(25)
Vosges, France
1
13.2
(36)
Norway
3
2.46 (123)
Various localities
8
8.3
( 13 )
23
3.9
(48)
Tinguaite
Mount Royal, Canada
2
3.65 (25)
Tinguaite porphyry
Germany
2
8.2
(13)
Basic Intrusives
Diabase
Borneo
Diabases and dolerites
New Zealand
Diabase and gabbro
Germany
Diorite
Borneo and Sumatra
Various localities
Dolerite
Isle of Canna, Scotland
New Zealand
Dunite
Loch Scavaig, Scotland
Essexite
Mount Royal, Canada
Gabbro
New Zealand
Gabbro and Norite
Greenstone
Garrick Du, St. Ives, Eng
Hypersthenite
Peridotite
Isle of Rum, Scotland
Porphyry
New Zealand
2
8
1
0.85
1.0
0.43
(13)
(48)
(26)
2.8
(13)
4
8
0.78
1.6
(13)
( 48 )
1
2
0.57 (123)
0.66 (26)
0.31 (123)
0.26
(25)
2
5
0.34
1.3
(26)
(48)
1
1
0.52 (123)
0.06 ( 1 Zi)
0.63
(3)
0.99
(26)
Name and locality

Acid Extrusives
Ash
Krakatoa near Sumatra
Th mean =
Kenyte
Antartic region
Th mean =
Lavas
Various localities
Th mean =
Liparite
Phonolite
Kirchberg, Germany
Pitchstone
Auckland Island, New Zealand
Dutch East Indies
Isle of Eigg, Scotland
Meissen, Germany
Rhyolite
Yellowstone Park, U. S. A
Trachite
Mt. Erebus, Antartic region
Th mean =
Continental Europe
New Zealand
Transandine Tunnel
Th mean =
Various localities
Tuff..
Transandine Tunnel
Th mean =
Basic Extrusives
Anamesite
Germany
Andsite
Borneo and Molucca Is
Basalt
Deccans and Antartic
Mt. Erebus, Antartic region
Th mean =
Hebrides (mainly)
New Zealand
Various localities
No.
specimens
Ra
mean
Lit.
9.0
(82)
4
4
2.29
12.0
(29)
18
15
2
3.4
24.0
4.7
(43)
0.9
(13)
1
2
1
1
1.9
0.6
1.53
3.0
(26)
(13)
(123)
(i 3 )
2.21 (104)
(13)
3
3
2
3
7
7
18
2
12
10
2.16
13.0
3.4
2.11
0.58
4.4
3.0
2.9
0.92
5.87
(29)
1.8
( i3 )
13
1.58
(13)
(13)
(26)
(27)
(48)
(46)
(27)
14
1
1
11
2
6
2.0
( 48 )
2.13 (29)
14.5
0.5
(48)
1.21 (26)
0.47 (123,
6
4
2.2
(46)
0.35 (126)
125)
Lava
Antartic region
Th mean =
Vesuvius (1631-1906)
7
7
7
0.58
4.7
12.6
(29)
53.4
(82)
2.9
(67)
1
3
1.9
8.7
(i 3 )
(67)
(43,
46)
Th mean =
Limburgite
Germany
Melaphyre
Oberstem, Germany
Tepharite
Trap
Mysore State, India
43 | 0.21
(*2i)
METAMOBPHIC ROCKS
Ra
Name and locality
Amphibolite India
Mysore State
Gneiss
. Freiburg, Ger
Various localities
No
No
speci- Mean speci- Mean
mens
mens
Lit.
0.82
("i)
1
14
2.9
2.1
(67)
(48,
14
8.7
82)
Gneiss (granitic)
Tauern Tunnel
Gneiss (porphyritic)
Tauern Tunnel
Quart zite
Various localities
Villnos Gulch, Austria....
Schist
Lustre, Simplon Tunnel.. .
St. Gothard Tunnel
Schist (chlorite)
Mysore St., India
Schist (hornblende)
Mysore St., India
From mines, Mysore St.,
India
Slate
England
European
Germany
Tauern Tunnel
Slate (mica)
From well boring, Beachville, Can
11
3.41
17.7
(62)
4.34
41.0
(62)
1
33
1
54.7
6
1
3.4
1
33
45
3.4 ( )
5.79 (i 33)
10.4
11.6
0.27
( 45 )
(47)
(!21)
13
11
0.19
( I)
17
0.25
( 12 I)
1.17
2
3
1.3
2.53
( 12 4)
(45)
(13)
(62)
1.6
10
13.5
24.3
(25)
2.9
(104)
1.3
(13)
1
2
0.16
1.04
(24)
(124)
8
1
8
1.66
0.50
(13)
(25)
(45)
6.3
Name and locality
....
2
3
2
1.17
0.79
11
1
1
0.166
0.97
0.04
11
1
1
2.15
8.8
2.0
0.49
1
6
2
1
7
3
2
30
N^
~
speci^
mean
mens
Name and locality

Blue mud
1240 fa. E. coast N. Amer
Calcareous mud
2225 fa. E. of Society Islands
Globergina ooze
1990 fa. Middle S. Atlantic
1825 fa. Pacific W. of South America
570 fa. W. coast Ireland
2042 fa. Central Pacific
Radiolarian ooze
Central Pacific
Red clay
2740 fa. N. Atlantic, coast of Africa
2350 fa. Central Pacific
"Salt Lime" (gypsum from evap. sea water)
Sea Salt
From evap. water of high seas
Lit.
3.1
(13S)
22.2
(13S)
2
1
2
2
6.5
7.4
6.3
7.6
( 1 SS)
( 1 SS)
( 1 SS)
( 1 SS)
43.9
(13S)
17.6
47.4
0.016
0.07
none
(13S)
(13S)
(13)
(124)
(40)
4
3
1
1
15
SOILS
No.
.
-tv-a
J-n
specimean mean
mens
i - l i - ,
Clay
Montreal, Canada
England
England(l), Germany(1)
Coal
Alabama, U. S. A
Lens, France
Frankenholz
Coal ash
Alabama coals
Lens, France
Frankenholz
Flint
Terling, Essex, Eng
Grauwacke
Wipperfurth, Germany
Limestone
Beachville, Ont., Can
Montreal, Canada
Deccan, India
England
Germany(2), Ireland(1)
New Zealand
Various localities
Limestone (olithic)
Yellowstone Park, U. S. A
Marble and limestone
Various localities
Sand (Saxicava)
Montreal, Canada
Sandstone
From 850 ft. borehole, Baarlo,
Limburg, Holland
Beachville, Canada
Various localities
_.
A
Lit.
OCEANIC DEPOSITS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
UT
N
Ra
Th
specimean mean
mens
v,
Name andj ilocality
Th
0.37
Lit.
(24)
(124)
10.2 (45)
3.3
0.3
30.
15.
(55)
(74)
(74)
(55)
(74)
(74)
(124)
24.
1.02
0.91
0.25
1.13
T .,
(45)
(25)
(25)
(124)
(124)
2.3 (44)
(26)
0.4 (44)
Gravelfine siftings
Terling, Essex, Eng
Surface loams
7 localities in E. and S. parts of U. S
Th mean =
Subsoils of above
0.65 (124)
7
5
7
1.97
4.5
1.52
Highest value for surface soils, 2.88; Lowest, 0.93

Highest value for subsoil, 3.8; Lowest 0.93
Loess, Heidelberg, 10.4 X 10~6 g Th per g
Mark, Ireland, 1.4 X 10~6 g Th per g
(69)
(69)
(69)
(69)
(69)
()
()
ROCKS FROM TUNNELS

Unitg
-r
i andj section
' j.' of j.tunneli
Rock
The St. Gothard (47)
Granites and gneiss
Finsteraarhorn Massif
Altered sediments
Unsernmulde
Tessinmulde
Schists, etc.
St. Gothard Massif
The Tauern, Austria (62)
Granitic gneiss.
Porphyritic granitic gneiss
-~
12
No. of speci- 10~

10~6
mens
g Ra g Th
per g per g
20
6.7
21.5
18
18
3.8
2.7
13.4
4.8
33
3.4
11.6
Ra 10, Th 7 3.41
Ra 13, Th 9 4.34
17.7
41.0
02
ROCKS FROM TUNNELS.(Continued)

-r, ,
, A.
.,
,
Rock and section
of tunnel
Slate
The Loetschberg, Bernese Oberland,
Switzerland^)
Anhydrite
Aplete
Granite
Limestone
Quartz porphyry
Quartz sandstone
Schists
Feldspathic
Hornblende
Lustre
Mica
Quartz
Talc
(Unclassified)
The Transandine, Argentine-Chile
Units
No. of speci- 10~12 10~6
_
^1
mens
g Ra g Th
per g per g
Ra 3, Th 3
2.53 24.3
2
2
7
16
1
1
3.4
2.5
2.3
1.5
2.5
4.3
3
2
2
2
12
16
16
2.7
3.1
3.4
2.1
2.4
1.5
2.5
Country, name of spring,

, . ,.
^ &'
location
Andsites
Ra 2, Th 1
n7,Q
Mean Ratio, Th-Ra = 7 X IO6

Feldspathic Tuff
Trachytes
Tuff
u. i y
^~~A
o. o
2
7
Ra 8, Th 7
1.24
0.58
0.90
3.0
4.4
6.94
SPRING DEPOSITS
CC
Country name of spring,
location
Austria
Elizabethstollen, Gastein.
Rudolphstollen, Gastein. .
Vilnos Gulch
England
Hot Springs, Bath
France
Chomel, Vichy
Hpital, Vichy
Carnot, Santenay
Neris
Luxeuil
Germany
Badochquelle
Ems, Hessen-Nassau
Johanngeorgenstadt, Saxony.
Italy
Fiuggi
Russia
Borzhom Spring
United States
Hatborn No. 1, Saratoga
Springs, N. Y
"
oJ g^ g
Geyser, Saratoga Springs,

N. Y
Pump Well No. 4, Saratoga
Springs, N. Y
Palace Spring, Hot Springs,
Arkansas
Avenue
Spring,
Hot
Springs, Arkansas
Horseshoe Spring, Hot
Springs, Arkansas
Various springs,
Hot
Springs, Arkansas
Main Springs, Mammoth
Hot Springs, Yellowstone
Hot River, Mammoth Hot
Springs, Yellowstone.. . .
Bench Springs, Upper
Geyser Basin, Yellowstone
Fish Cone, West Thumb,
Yellowstone
Fire Hole Lake, Lower
Geyser Basin, Yellowstone
Doughty Springs, Delta
Co., Colorado..
[
^^
l 250
Ferruginous
l 700
Black
l 1500
l 950 5100 Black
l 6601100 Manganous
(124)
( 52 )
(52)
(52)
(52)
(52)
l
4
Surface scum ( 67 )
4 0.63 35
(133)
3 681 89 Mainly hy- ( 4 )
d ro mo rp h i t e ;
Range of Ra
content, 101300
l
5
Tufa
2 13.9 147
2 13.9 147
1
769
r-
Lit.
17
(71)
63
( 7 I)
1 1724
(99)
140
(")
1 2.3
11
175
8.8
(")
(")
Travertine
(104)
1 8 . 1
(i 4 )
1 0.95
(104)
1 0.19
(104)
6.7
(104)
2 1654
(ioo)
METEORITES
l 29203970 Reissacherite ( 6 2)
1 447,4988
( 6 2)
300
4
7537.7 A sinter
(13.3)
381
-^
,
Remarks
* Unit, 10-i2g Ra per g.

t U nit, 10-6g Th per g.
o o ^
*|^gl
JUL S _,_
g* g Ij
03"gg &"g
& tf^ H^
(27)
"
S
Q.S
(*)
(U)
(14)
(71)
Class and locality
Ra in
10~~12
g per
Remarks
Lit.
g
Stony
Dhurmsala, India
Coahuila, Coahuila, Mex
0.53
7.69
Toluca, Xiquepelco, Mex
0.21
Normal hexahydrite
Medium octahedrite
(123)
( 87 )
(87)
Iron
Augusta Co., Va., U. S. A . . . . 0.0022
(125)
none 2 specimens
(123)
Stone
0.75 Mean of 16
( 87 )
Various localities
Range 2.17-0.073
Iron
Various localities
0.69
Mean of 2
(7)
none Mean of 3
(87)
NATURAL GASES
XT
Source and Locality
No.
samples
Canada
Medicine Hat, Alberta
Suffield-Brooks Calgary
3
6
Mulimicroc .
(^-g
ît.
Curies) Ra
per liter
0.064
0.064
(97)
(97)
Source and Locality
MiUimicroXT
No.
c .
sam- /in-9
ples
3 British Columbia wells

Brant, Anondoga, Ontario
Tilbury, Ontario
England
Marsh gas, environs of Cambridge.. .
France
Alsace
Germany
Nuengamme, Hamburg
Hungary
Well No. 14, Bazna
Japan
Well No. 22, Takiya
Rumania
Well No. 103, Campina
|
10
ît.
Curies) Ra
per liter
0.47
(7)
0.42
( 97 )
0.016 ( 97 )
0.3
( 95 )
7.1
.(17)
0.24
( 17 )
0.043
(* 7 )
0.035 (42)
[ (*?)
LITERATURE
(M Ashman, 12, 26: 119; 08. ( 2 ) Bamberger, 75, 116: 1473; 07. ( 3 ) Bamberger, 75, 117: 1055; 08. ( 4 ) Bamberger and Weissenberger, 75, 123:
2065; 14. ( 5 ) Barnard (Schlundt), 266, 16: 228; 13. ( 6 ) de Beaujeu,
84, 153: 944; 11. ( 7 ) Becker, 93, 131: 209; 23. ( 8 ) Besson, 34, 147: 848;
08. ( 9 ) Bolt wood, 12, 20: 128; 05.
(10) Borne, 200, 2: 77, 142; 05. ( 1 M Boyle and Mclntosh, 69, 7: 163; 13.
( 12 ) Brochet, 34, 150: 145, 291; 10. ( 13 ) Bchner, 200, 10: 516; 23.
( 14 ) Burkser, 53, 47: 21; 14. ( 1 S ) del Castillo and de Rada, 132, 11:
236; 12. ( 16 ) Curie and Laborde, 34, 142: 1462; 06. ( 1 7 ) Czako, 93,
82: 249; 13. ( 18 ) Danne and Crmi eu, 34, 153: 870; 11. ( 19 ) Dole, U. S.
Geol. Survey, Mineral Resources, 2: 393; 13.
(2) Engler and Sieveking, 93, 53: 1 ; 07. ( 21 ) Eve, 3, 14: 724; 07. ( 2 2 ) Eve,
3, 16: 622; 08. ( 23 ) Eve, 69, 4: 55; 10. ( 2 4 ) Eve and Mclntosh, 3, 14:
231; 07. ( 2 5 ) Eve and Mclntosh, 69, 4: 69; 10. ( 2 6 ) Farr and Florance,
S, 18: 812; 09. ( 2 7 ) Fletcher, 3, 20: 36; 10. ( 28 ) Fletcher, 3, 21: 102;
11. ( 2 9 ) Fletcher, 3, 21: 770; 11.
30
( ) Fletcher, 3, 23: 279; 12. ( 3 M Fresnius and Czapski, 136, 35: 722; 11.
( 32 ) Frohner, 144, 30: 387; 12. ( 33 ) Frommel, 93, 53: 1; 07. ( 34 ) Gerard
and Chauvin, 34, 157: 302; 13. ( 3S ) Gockel, "Die Radioaktivitt von
Boden und Quellen" (1914). ( 36 ) Gockel, 200, 7: 487; 10. ( 3 7 ) Heise,
267, 12: 293; 17. ( 38 ) Henrich, 63, 8: 112; 07. ( 39 ) Henrich, 92, 33:
5, 13, 20; 20.
( 4 0 ) Hewlett, 868, 22: 173; 17. ( 4 1 ) Ishizu, "The Mineral Springs of Japan"
(1915). 269, 16: 362; 13. ( 4 2 ) Jentzsch, 63, 8: 887; 07. ( 4 3 ) JoIy, 3,
18: 577; 09. ( 44 ) JoIy, 3, 20: 125; 10. ( 4 5 ) JoIy, 3, 20: 353; 10. ()
JoIy, 3, 22: 134; 11. ( 4 7 ) JoIy, 3, 23: 201; 12. ( 4 8 ) JoIy, S, 24: 694; 12.
( 49 ) Kinoshita, Nishikawa and Ono, 3, 22: 821; 11.
( 50 ) Koch, 63, 7: 806; 06. ( 51 ) Kolhorster, 26, 14: 356; 12. ( 5 2 ) Laborde
and Lepape, 34, 155: 1202; 12. ( 53 ) Lepape, 34, 176: 1702; 23. ( 54 )
Lester, 12, 46: 621; 18. ( 5S ) Lloyd and Cunningham, 11, 50: 47; 13.
< 5 6 ) Loisel, 34, 173: 921; 21. 175: 890; 22. ( 57 ) Loisel and Castelnau,
34, 173: 1390; 21. ( 58 ) Loisel and Michailesco, 34, 175: 1054; 22. ( 5 )
Ludwig, 63, 25: 180; 24.
( 6 0 ) Mache, 75, 113: 1329; 04. (') Mache, 75, 132: 207; 24. ( 6 2 ) Mache
and Bamberger, 75, 123: 325; 14. ( 6 3 ) Mache and St. Meyer, 75, 114:
355; 05. ( 4 ) Makower, 135, 105: 135; 12. ( 6S ) Massol, 34, 155: 373;
12. ( 66 ) Mauchly, 268, 29: 187; 24. ( 67 ) Meyer, 190, 1: 184; 16. 270,
20: 1; 14. ( 6 8 ) Mezernitskii, 53, 43: 244; 11. ( 69 ) Moore, 45, 6: 370; 14.
( 7 0 ) Moore and Kithil, 29, No. 70: 13. ( 71 ) Moore and Whittemore, 46,
6: 552; 14. ( 7 2 ) Moureu, 271, 16: 65; 11. ( 7 3 ) Moureu and Lepape,
34, 148: 834; 09. ( 7 4 ) Moureu and Lepape, 34, 158: 598; 14. ( 7 S ) Nasini,
Marino, Ageno and Porlezza, 36, 43: 321; 13. ( 7 6 ) Nasini and Porlezza,
24, 76: 725; 17. ( 7 7 ) Nasini, Porlezza and Sborgi, 24, 73: 1572; 14. ( 78 )
Olujic, 200, 15: 158; 18. ( 7 9 ) Perkins, 166, 42: 806; 15.
(80) Perret and Jacquerod, 149, 45: 277, 336, 418; 18. ( 81 ) Pinto, C. A.
Cong. Int. Radiol. and Elect., 1: 79; 11. ( 82 ) Poole, 3, 29: 483; 15. ( 83 )
Poole, 3, 40: 466; 20. ( 8 4 ) Porlezza and Norzi, 22, 20: 935; 11. ( 85 )
Pouget and Chouchak, 34, 177: 1112, 1319; 23. ( 8 6 ) Poulsson, 137, No.
8; 14. ( 8 7 ) Quirke and Finkelstein, 12, 44: 237; 17. ( 8 8 ) Ramsay,
135, 105: 134; 12. ( 8 9 ) Ramsay, 12, 40: 309; 15.
( 9 0 ) Ramsay, 3, 30: 815; 25. ( 9 1 ) Sahlbom, 19, 6: 1; 16. ( 9 2 ) Salvadori,
816, 13: 151; 23. ( 93 ) Satterly, 3, 20: 1; 10. ( 9 4 ) Satterly, 201, 15:
540; 10. ( 9 5 ) Satterly, 801, 16: 356; 11. ( 9 6 ) Satterly and Elworthy,
Dept. of Mines, Canada, Bull. 16 (1917). ( 9 7 ) Satterly and McLennan,
69, 12: 153; 18. ( 98 ) Schiffner, Weidig and Friedrich, "Radioactiven
Wsser in Sachsen1' (1912). (") Schlundt, 78, 12: 247; 07. 135, 98:
199; 07.
( 1 0 ( >) Schlundt, 78, 26: 163; 14. ( 101 ) Schlundt, 272, 16: 1245; 09. (ioz)
Schlundt, 60, 18: 662; 14. ( 103 ) Schlundt and Moore, 50, 9: 320; 05.
( 104 ) Schlundt and Moore, 166, No. 395; 09. ( 1 0 5 ) Schmidt and Kurz,
63, 7: 209; 06. ( 1 0 6 ) Schoep, 34, 173: 1186; 21. ( 1 0 7 ) Schoep, 34, 173:
1476; 21. ( 108 ) Schoep, 34, 174: 623; 22. ( 1 0 9 ) Schoep, 34, 174: 875; 22.
( 110 ) Schoep, 34, 174: 1066; 22. ( 11 M Schoep, 34, 174: 1240; 22. (H2)
Schoep, 34, 176: 171; 23. (113) Schoep, 34, 179: 413; 24. 0 1 4 ) Schoep,
34, 179: 693; 24. ( 115 ) Scholl, U. of 111. BuL, Water Survey Series, 14:
114; 17. ( 116 ) Schweidler, 75, 129: 919; 20. ( 117 ) Schwietzer, 149,
27: 256; 09. 30: 46; 10. ( 118 ) Shrader, 8, 3: 339; 14. ( 119 ) Sjogren
and Sahlbom, 19, 3: 1; 08.
( 12( M Skinner and Sale, 46, 14: 949; 22. ( 1 2 1 ) Smeeth and Watson, 3, 35:
206; 18. ( 1 2 2 ) Steichen, 3, 31: 401; 16. ( 1 2 3 ) Strutt, 5, 77A; 472; 06.
( 1 2 4 ) Strutt, 5, 78A: 150; 06. ( 125 ) Strutt, 5, 8OA: 572; 08. ( 126 )
Strutt, 5, 84A: 377; 10. ( 1 2 7 ) de Sury, 149, 24: 101; 07. ( 1 2 8 ) Szilard,
34, 154: 982; 12. ( 1 2 9 ) Versadsky, 84, 176: 993; 23.
(130) Wade, 1, 29: 941; 07. ( 131 ) Watson and Pal, 3, 28: 44; 14. O 3 2 )
Wellik, 75, 117: 1191; 08. ( 133 ) Weissenberger, 189, 1914: 481. ( 134 )
Weszelszky, 144, 30: 345; 12. ( 13S ) Wright and Heise, 867, 12: 145; 17.
(136) Wright and Smith, 2, 5: 459; 15. ( 1 3 7 ) Zlatarovic, 76, 129: 59; 20.
( 138 ) JoIy, 3, 16: 190; 18. ( 139 ) Behounek, 51, 6: 48; 25.
AGES OF MINERALS AND ROCKS BASED ON RADIOACTIVE CHANGES

ROGER C. WELLS
There are a number of ways of estimating the ages of minerals by
combining chemical and radioactive data, all based on the assumption that the law of each radioactive change is expressed by its
constant, X , over the periods and for the quantities of each element
involved. The two principal methods employ the ratios of helium
to uranium and thorium and of lead to uranium and thorium.
The helium ratio is admitted to give minimum values on account
of the loss of helium with lapse of time; and the lead ratio involves
the assumption, or actual proof by means of an atomic weight
determination, that the lead is wholly of radioactive origin.
Associated rocks are generally assumed to be as old or older than
the minerals found in them. Attempts have also been made to
calculate the ages of rocks from determinations on bulk samples
(Russell).
For the two methods mentioned the fundamental changes and
data are:
11(238.17) ->Pbu(206.06) + 8He(4.00)

Th(232.15) -> PbTh(208.00) + 6He(4.00)
One gram of uranium in equilibrium with its products gives
9.4 X IO4 alpha particles per sec ( 1 ^) or 1.96 X 10~n gram He and
1.26 X IO'10 gram Pbu per year.
One gram of thorium in equilibrium with its products gives
2.7 X IO4 alpha particles per sec, or 5.5 X 10~12 gram He and
4.8 X 10~u gram Pbih per year.
The ages of minerals may be calculated from the analytical data
and the preceding information by simple proportion in the case of
helium (equation 1) and also in the case of lead with sufficient
accuracy for most purposes (equation 2), but if the percentage of
lead is relatively large the theoretical relation is given by equation
3, where U, Th, Pb = percentage U, Th, Pb in the mineral.
(1) Age = U I Q 28Th
X 91
million vears
and younger than uranium minerals from the same geologic

horizon(19). Low lead ratios have little significance on account
of the ease with which certain minerals abstract lead from circulating natural waters. The atomic weight of the lead should be
determined whenever possible in order to make certain that the
lead is of radioactive origin. In general, only primary minerals are
million years
Thorium minerals with Th/U greater than 3 are secondary j suitable for age determinations.
AGES OF MINERALS FROM HELIUM RATIOS BY EQUATION (1)
(The values in parenthesis are calculated from the lead ratios for comparison)
~
\
I~ TT '.
He
U
T h g e
I
Mineral
Geologic horizon
,,
_.
A. -n
-ncms/g
Percent Percent million years
Pliocene
1.7 X 10~6
0.021
O
0.07
Phosphatic shark's teeth, Florida
Phosphatic shark's teeth, Felixtowe, Eng
Pliocene
1.6 X 10~6
0.013
O
0.11
Phosphatic nodules, Felixtowe, Eng
Pliocene
1.0 X 10~6
0.0041
O
0.22
Carnotite, Montrose Co., Colo
Post Tertiary
O. Ol
2.53
O
3.6
Zircon, Campbell L, New Zealand
Tertiary
8.1 X 10~5
0.029
0.07
1.5
Pitchblende, Joachimsthal
0.107
62.4
O
1.6
1.65 X 10~6 0.00015 0.00017
7.6
Sphaerosiderite, Germany
Oligocene
Zircon, Mayen, Eifel
Tertiary
1.14 X 10~4 0.0108
0.00073
9.4
Hematite, Co. Antrim/Ireland
Eocene
1.21 X 10~5 0.00022 0.00073
26
Zircon, Auvergne
Tertiary
2.12 X 10~4 0.031
O
6.2
Upper Cretaceous
3.0 X 10~5
0.0091
O
3.0
Phosphatic nodules, Cambridge, Eng
Phosphatic nodules, Bedfordshire
Lower Cretaceous
2.1 X 10~5
0.0049
O
3.9
Zircon, Cheyenne Canon, Colo
Paleozoic
0.0193
0.109
0.10
128
Above Carboniferous
1.6 X 10~4
0.0011
O
130
Hematite, Cumberland, Eng
Carboniferous
1.5 X 10~4
0.00087 0.00043
140
Limonite, Forest of Dean
Sipilite, Little Frier Mt., Va
Carboniferous (?)
0.59
2.42
4.33
147
Euxenite, Arendal, Norway
Pre-Cambrian
0.73
2.41
2.39
210(1240)
Samarskite, Mitchell Co., N. C
Carboniferous (?)
1.5
8.73
1.28
160
Silurian
1.5 X 10~4
0.0028
O
49
Phosphatic nodules, Baia, England
Phosphatic limestone, Chirbury, Shropshire,
Eng
Silurian
5.6 X 10~5
0.0067
O
76
Uraninite, Katanga
Pre-Silurian
8.88
77.76
O
104(665)
Zircon, Brevig, Norway
Post-Devonian
0.0099
0.113
0.288
46
9.8 X 10~6
0.00037 0.0013
120
Hematite, Caen
Devonian
Zircon, Green River, N. C
Paleozoic
0.0255
0.11
0.264
126
Zircon, Ural Mts
Paleozoic
0.030
0.0538
0.408
160
0.15
72.62
18(58)
Uraninite, Colo
Tertiary
Uraninite, N. C
Post-Cambrian
2.96
77.0
2.44
34(380)
Thorianite, Sab. Province, Ceylon
Pegmatite in Charnokite
1.5
9.87
63.54
50(460)
Series
9.3
20.6
57.55
230(400)
Thorianite, Galle Province, Ceylon
Pegmatite in Pre-Cambrian
Uraninite, Annerod
Pre-Cambrian (?)
9.4
66.2
5.27
120(890)
Uraninite, Portland, Conn..
Devonian (?)
'
19.2
72.0
8.79
230(290)
Uraninite, Branchville, Conn
Silurian (?)
21.0
74.3
5.72
250(400)
Microlite, Amelia Court House, Va
Carboniferous (?)
0.05
1.60
O
280
Cuprouranite, Cornwall
Devonian
0.10
50.9
O
1.8
Orangite, Brevig, Norway
Middle Devonian
0.11
0.85
42.6
7.9(22)
Zircon, Ural Mts
Paleozoic
0.030
0.053
0.409
160
8.9
11.0
67.7
270(500)
Thorianite, Ceylon
Balangoda series
Zircon, Kimberly
,
Paleozoic
0.032
0.091
0.012
310
8.3 X 10~6
0.084
O
9.0
Phosphatic nodules, Loch Broom
Pre-Cambrian
Gadolinite, Ytterby
Pre-Cambrian (?)
2.43
2.50
7.56
480
Aeschynite, Ural Mts
0.98
2.12
7.19
210
Cyrtolite, Llano Co., Texas
Pre-Cambrian (?)
1.15
3.11
4.44
240
Uraninite, S. Dak
Pre-Cambrian (?)
4.35
66.90
1.89
59(540)
Zircon, Ceylon
Ancient
0.0283
0.086
0.010
290
Zircon (?), Renfrew Co., Ontario
Archaean
0.0114
0.0155
0.0008
660
Aeschynite, Hitteroe, Norway
1.09
7.98
1.11
1200
T.
Lit.
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(4)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(ll)
()
(5)
(23)
(l *)
(")
(")
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(*)
(23)
(23)
(23)
'
AGES OP MINERALS FROM LEAD RATIOS BY EQUATION (3)

Mineral
Carnotite, Montrose Co., Colo
Johannite, Colo
Brannerite, Idaho
Uraninite, Gilpin Co., Colo
Thorite, Ceylon
Hatchettolite, Hybla, Ont
Polycrase, Brazil
Allanite, Blueberry Mtn., Mass
Freyalite, Brevig, Norway
Tritomite, Brevig, Norway
Thorite, Brevig, Norway
Homolite, Brevig, Norway'
Mosandrite, Brevig, Norway
Eudidymite, Brevig, Norway
Eucolite, Brevig, Norway
Pyrochlore, Brevig, Norway
Aegerine, Brevig, Norway
Biotite, Brevig, Norway
Uraninite, Spruce Pine, N. C
Thorianite, Galle Province, Ceylon
Betafite, Madagascar
Thorianite, Sa. Province, Ceylon
Uraninite, Branchville, Conn
Uraninite, Katanga
Polycrase, Slttakra, Sweden
Uraninite, nnerod, Norway
Uraninite, Elvestad
Annerdite
Mackintoshite, Llano Co., Tex
Yttrocrasite, Llano Co., Tex
Uraninite, Llano Co., Tex
Uraninite, Llano Co., Tex
Yttrialite, Llano Co., Tex
Yttrialite, Llano Co., Tex
Fergusonite, Ytterby, Sweden
Gadolinite, Ytterby, Sweden
Zircon, Ceylon
Uraninite, Villeneuve, Quebec
Uraninite, Parry Sound, Ontario
Uraninite, Arendal, Norway
Uraninite, Black Hills, S. Dak
Geologic
horizon
&
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Young mineral in pegmatite in Pre-Cambrian
Pre-Cambrian (?)
Pre-Devonian
Young mineral in pegmatite
Post-Devonian (Lawson)
Middle Devonian
Middle Devonian
Middle Devonian
Middle Devonian
Middle Devonian
Middle Devonian
Middle Devonian
Middle Devonian
Middle Devonian
Post-Cambrian (?)
Pegmatite, uncertain
Silurian (?)
Pre-Silurian
Pre-Cambrian (Moss district)
Pre-Cambrian (?)
Pre-Cambrian (?)
Pre-Cambrian
Pre-Cambrian
Pre-Cambrian
Pre-Cambrian
Middle Pre-Cambrian
Middle Pre-Cambrian
Pre-Cambrian
Middle Pre-Cambrian
Middle Pre-Cambrian
Pre-Cambrian
(Arendal
district)
Pre-Cambrian
Th
*
Percent
0.12
^ge
million
years
29
123
29
69
280
(12)
(18)
(9)
(U)
C11)
0.03
0.84
18.3
270
600
310
(24)
(8)
(l 7 )
Pb
^
*
Percent
U
n
PercentA
0.17
0.76
0.18
0.65
2.86
45.6
47.2
46.97
72.60
72.00
4.1
0.11
8.79
0.50
0.59
0.036
13.72
5.49
0.11
0.46
4.59
2.01
0.0028
0.0026
0.0196
0.0810
0.0760
0.0570
0.0542
0.0121
0.0024
0.0007
0.0012
0.4279
0.0055
0.0085
0.0093
0.0015
0.0370
0.0069
3.90
2.41
0.35
2.09
4.03
6.51
0.85
8.39
0.0526
0.0631
0.4072
0.7200
0.7000
1.2437
1.1825
0.2442
0.0432
0.0090
0.0170
10.1040
0.1460
0.1941
0.1855
0.0253
0.9310
0.1602
77. Ol
24.13
22.58
9.87
73.OO
77.76
8.45
66.21
9.35
65.82
7.46
0.11
970
(U)
2.22
15.25
2.08
0.14
990
(2)
3.47
0.45
9.43
9.35
0.74
0.79
0.18
0.36
0.092
10.46
10.83
10.16
19.75
2.28
56.45
55.18
1.45
0.69
1.06
2.41
0.56
64.74
69.19
61.27
39.83
7.69
6.65
5.88
9.53
10.55
2.02
3.38
1.18
1.07
6.5
15.3
0.01
6.41
2.83
3.65
0.02
1. OO
0.04
0.06
730
640
1130
1150
1040
1190
1200
1100
1150
1110
1090
1150
(l)
(l)
(!)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(*)
(l)
(14)
(U)
(6)
(l l )
15.24
66.90
1.89
0.03
1540
(4)
Th/U
6.330 120.3
5.150 81.6
29.20
71.7
49.43
08.6
47.25
67.5
49.44
39.7
45.03
38.1
2.900 11.9
0.287
6.64
0.036
7. OO
0.040
2.35
14.20
1.41
0.114
0.78
0.082
0.42
0.075
0.40
0.007
0.28
0.141
0.15
0.017
0.11
2.44
0.03
55.95
2.32
0.98
0.04
63.54
6.45
6.09
0.81
O
3.08
0.36
5.28
0.08
8.8
9.9
13.3
32.0
31.4
22.1
22.8
69.1
112
230
280
210
220
280
330
400
280
310
380
400
120
460
400
620
650
890
Lit.
(19)
(l9)
(l 9 )
(l 9)
(l 9 )
(l 9 )
(19)
(l 9 )
(19)
C 19 )
O9)
(*9)
(l 9)
(l 9 )
C19)
(l9)
(l 9 )
(*9)
(l l)
(l 9 )
(l 6 )
(5, 19)
(U)
(4)
(2)
(U)
LITERATURE
(i) Barrell, 336, 28: 745; 17. ( 2 ) Blomstrand, in Dana's Mineralogy, p.
741. ( 3 ) Boltwood, 12, 23: 77; 07. ( 4 ) C. W. Davis, U. S. Bureau of
Mines, O. ( 5 ) Dunstan and Blake, 5, 76A: 253; 05. (6) Ellsworth, 12, 9:
127; 25. (7) Geiger and Rutherford, 3, 20: 691; 10. ( 8 ) Hess and Henderson, 143, 200: 235; 25. () Hess and Wells, 143, 189: 225; 20. ( 1 O)
Hidden and Mackintosh, 12, 38: 481; 89.
(U) Hillebrand, 12, 42: 390; 91. 156, No. 78; 91. O 2 ) Hillebrand and
Ransome, 12, 10: 120; 00. O 3 ) Holmes, 5, 85A: 248; 11. ( 14 ) Holmes
and Lawson, 3, 28: 823; 14. O 5 ) Kovarik and McKeehan, 337, No. 51;
25. ( 16 ) Lacroix, Mineralogie, V: 93. ( 1 7 ) Lane, Trans. Lake Superior
Mining InsL, Aug., 1925. (i g ) Larsen and Brown, 328, 2: 75; 17. (l9)
Lawson, 75, 126: 721; 17. ( 2 0 ) Russell, Introduction to the Chemistry of
Radioactive Substances, Murray, London, 1922.
( 2 1 ) Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations, Putnam's
Sons, New York, 1913. ( 2 2 ) Soddy and Hyman, 4, 105: 1402; 14. ( 2 3 )
Strutt, 5A, 76: 88; 05. 80: 572; 08. 81: 272; 08. 82; 166; 09. 83: 96,
298; 09. 84: 377; 10. ( 2 4 ) Walker, Univ. Toronto Studies, No. 16;
23. ( 2 5 ) Wells, Bibliography on the relation of radioactivity to geological
problems. National Research Council, 1924.
SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STARS AND NEBULAE

ALFRED H. JOY
CONTENTS.(A) Classification of stellar and nebular spectra;
(B) Stellar temperatures, masses, and densities; (C) Stellar diameters. (Data pertaining to the solar spectra will be found with
other spectroscopic data; consult index.)
Class I
Typical object
Oa
B. D. +35 4013
Ob B. D. +35 4001
Oc
C. D. M. -41 10972
A. CLASSIFICATION OF STELLAR AND NEBULAR

SPECTRA
05
B. D. +4 1302
The system1 is that developed at Harvard College Observatory,

as used by Miss Cannon in the Henry Draper Catalogue. Except
where the exact nature of the spectral changes is not fully understood, decimal sub-classes, representing progressive steps toward
the succeeding class, are used. In denoting objects by their
catalogue numbers, the following abbreviations are used: B. D. =
Bonn Durchmusterung; C. D. M. = Cordoba Durchmusterung;
I. C. = Dreyer's Index Catalogue of nebulae and clusters; N. G. C.
= New General Catalogue by Dreyer. The number, or numbers,
following the abbreviation is the catalogue designation of the
object.
Class P includes practically all the gaseous nebulae. Its unique
characteristic is the appearance of lines from an unknown origin
(nebulium). In addition there are many lines of H, He, C, He+,
C 4-, and N-K All lines are bright and usually sharp. (The
order of the Harvard ( 2 ) subdivisions should probably be reversed
to indicate decreasing intensity of radiation.)
06
07
B. D. +44 3639
9 Sagittae
08
09
XOrionis
10 Lacertae
Class
Pa
Pb
Pc
Pd
Pe
Pf
Spectral criteria
Typical object|
I. C. 418
X5007 and X4959 faint, X3869 not seen
Orion nebula X5007 and X4959 stronger
I. C. 4997
X4363 conspicuous
N. G. C. 6826 X5007 and X4959 strong
N. G. C. 7662 X4686 present
I N. G. C. 40 X4686 strong
Wright (ll) has divided these spectra into three classes: Class
I, having X4686 present, Class II, with X4686 absent but X3869
present, and Class III with both X4686 and X3869 absent.
Class O is distinguished by the presence of the Pickering series
of ionized helium, upon a strong continuous spectrum with maximum intensity far in the violet. The elements present are H,
He, He+, C+, N+, Mg+, O+, CHI, Nili, Siili, OHI, SiIV.
Broad emission bands occur in the earlier subdivisions. Few
absorption lines are found in sub-classes Oa, Ob, Oc, which make
up the group known as Wolf-Ray et stars. (The Harvard subclasses Od, Oe, and Oe5 which have absorption lines and in some
cases narrow emission lines as well, are included in the subclasses
O5 to O9 as suggested by H. H. Plaskett (7), the basis of classification being the absorption lines.)
1
Adopted by International Astronomical Union. It defines a temperature
scale which is linear within the present errors of measurement.
Spectral criteria
Band X4648 stronger than X4686
X4686 stronger than X4648
Bands narrower. X4686 twice
X4638
Pickering series very strong. H
lines weak, X4634 and X4640
(NIII) present
Neutral helium appears
X4471 (He), 1.4 X X4541. X4089
(SiIV), 0.8 X X4097 (NIIL)
X4481 (Mg+) appears
H stronger, He weak.
X4471,
2.7 X X4541.
X4089, 1.4 X
X4097
Class B is characterized by the presence of helium, which has

its maximum intensity in B2. The principal elements are those
of class O, with the addition, in the later sub-classes, of lines of
the ionized atom of several of the metals, such as Sr, Ba, and
Fe. The H and K lines of calcium are found in increasing strength
in this class. The hydrogen lines increase through the sub-classes,
reaching a strong maximum at Ao of the following class.
Class I Typical object |
Spectral criteria
BO f Orionis
Pickering series weak, X4649 (Oil),
X4116 (SiIV), and X4089 (SiIV) maximum intensity
Bl
Canis MaJoris He more prominent than O and Si.
B2
T Orionis
X4116 not seen. X4089 and X4649 faint
B3 77 Aurigae
Strongest lines are helium
B5 q Tauri
X4128 and X4131 (SiII) stronger than
X4121 (He). X4481, 0.7 X X4471
B8
Orionis
X4481 equal to X4471
B9 X Aquilae
H strong. He weak. Several prominent enhanced metallic lines
Classes A, F, G, K and M, which contain the largest numbers
of the stars, show a gradual increase in the number and intensity
of the lines of neutral metallic elements of the lower atomic weights,
and a decrease in the intensity of lines due to ionized elements.
Compounds produce bands in the later classes. The sun's
spectrum is Go, and is intermediate between that of the white
and the red stars.
Spectral criteria
Ao a Lyrae
H maximum strength. Very few other
lines except X4481 (Mg+)
A5 p Sagittarii
K (Ca+) stronger than Ho. X4290
well marked. X4481 weaker
Fo <r Bootis
K 3.0 X Ho and equal to H + He
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Barrell, 336, 28: 745; 17. ( 2 ) Blomstrand, in Dana's Mineralogy, p.
741.
( 3 ) Boltwood, 12, 23: 77; 07. ( 4 ) C. W. Davis, U. S. Bureau of
Mines, O. (5) Dunstan and Blake, 5, 76A: 253; 05. () Ellsworth, 12, 9:
127; 25. (7) Geigerand Rutherford, S, 20: 691; 10. ( 8 ) Hess and Henderson, 143, 200: 235; 25. (9) Hess and Wells, 143, 189: 225; 20. ( 1 O)
Hidden and Mackintosh, 12, 38: 481; 89.
(U) Hillebrand, 12, 42: 390; 91. 156, No. 78; 91. (") Hillebrand and
Ransome, 12, 10: 120; 00. O 3 ) Holmes, 5, 85A: 248; 11. O 4 ) Holmes
and Lawson, 3, 28: 823; 14. (i g ) Kovarik and McKeehan, 337, No. 51;
25. ( 16 ) Lacroix, Mineralogie, V: 93. ( 17 ) Lane, Trans. Lake Superior
Mining Inst., Aug., 1925. (i) Larsen and Brown, 328, 2: 75; 17. (l 9 )
Lawson, 75, 126: 721; 17. ( 2 <>) Russell, Introduction to the Chemistry of
Radioactive Substances, Murray, London, 1922.
( 2 1 ) Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations, Putnam's
Sons, New York, 1913. (22) Soddy and Hyman, 4, 105: 1402; 14. ( 2 3 )
Strutt, 5A, 76: 88; 05. 80: 572; 08. 81: 272; 08. 82; 166; 09. 83: 96,
298; 09. 84: 377; 10. ( 2 4 ) Walker, Univ. Toronto Studies, No. 16;
23. ( 2 5 ) Wells, Bibliography on the relation of radioactivity to geological
problems. National Research Council, 1924.
SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STARS AND NEBULAE

ALFRED H. JOY
CONTENTS.(A) Classification of stellar and nebular spectra;
(B) Stellar temperatures, masses, and densities; (C) Stellar diameters. (Data pertaining to the solar spectra will be found with
other spectroscopic data; consult index.)
Class
Typical object
Oa
B. D. +35 4013
Ob B. D. +35 4001
Oc
C. D. M. -41 10972
A. CLASSIFICATION OF STELLAR AND NEBULAR

SPECTRA
05
B. D. +4 1302
The system1 is that developed at Harvard College Observatory,

as used by Miss Cannon in the Henry Draper Catalogue. Except
where the exact nature of the spectral changes is not fully understood, decimal sub-classes, representing progressive steps toward
the succeeding class, are used. In denoting objects by their
catalogue numbers, the following abbreviations are used: B. D. =
Bonn Durchmusterung; C. D. M. = Cordoba Durchmusterung;
I. C. = Dreyer's Index Catalogue of nebulae and clusters; N. G. C.
= New General Catalogue by Dreyer. The number, or numbers,
following the abbreviation is the catalogue designation of the
object.
Class P includes practically all the gaseous nebulae. Its unique
characteristic is the appearance of lines from an unknown origin
(nebulium). In addition there are many lines of H, He, C, He+,
C+, and N-K All lines are bright and usually sharp. (The
order of the Harvard ( 2 ) subdivisions should probably be reversed
to indicate decreasing intensity of radiation.)
06
07
B. D. +44 3639
9 Sagittae
08
09
XOrionis
10 Lacertae
Class
Pa
Pb
Pc
Pd
Pe
Pf
Typical object]
Spectral criteria
I. C. 418
X5007 and X4959 faint, X3869 not seen
Orion nebula X5007 and X4959 stronger
I. C. 4997
X4363 conspicuous
N. G. C. 6826 X5007 and X4959 strong
N. G. C. 7662 X4686 present
I N. G. C. 40 X4686 strong
Wright (ll) has divided these spectra into three classes: Class
I, having X4686 present, Class II, with X4686 absent but X3869
present, and Class III with both X4686 and X3869 absent.
Class O is distinguished by the presence of the Pickering series
of ionized helium, upon a strong continuous spectrum with maximum intensity far in the violet. The elements present are H,
He, He+, C+, N+, Mg+, O+, CHI, Nili, Siili, OHI, SiIV.
Broad emission bands occur in the earlier subdivisions. Few
absorption lines are found in sub-classes Oa, Ob, Oc, which make
up the group known as Wolf-Rayet stars. (The Harvard subclasses Od, Oe, and Oe5 which have absorption lines and in some
cases narrow emission lines as well, are included in the subclasses
O5 to O9 as suggested by H. H. Plaskett (7), the basis of classification being the absorption lines.)
1
Adopted by International Astronomical Union. It defines a temperature
scale which is linear within the present errors of measurement.
Spectral criteria
Band X4648 stronger than X4686
X4686 stronger than X4648
Bands narrower. X4686 twice
X4638
Pickering series very strong. H
lines weak, X4634 and X4640
(NIII) present
Neutral helium appears
X4471 (He), 1.4 X X4541. X4089
(SiIV), 0.8 X X4097 (NIII)
X4481 (Mg+) appears
H stronger, He weak.
X4471,
2.7 X X4541.
X4089, 1.4 X
X4097
Class B is characterized by the presence of helium, which has

its maximum intensity in B2. The principal elements are those
of class O, with the addition, in the later sub-classes, of lines of
the ionized atom of several of the metals, such as Sr, Ba, and
Fe. The H and K lines of calcium are found in increasing strength
in this class. The hydrogen lines increase through the sub-classes,
reaching a strong maximum at Ao of the following class.
Spectral criteria
BO T Orionis
Pickering series weak, X4649 (Oil),
X4116 (SiIV), and X4089 (SiIV) maximum intensity
Bl
Canis MaJoris He more prominent than O and Si.
B2
T Orionis
X4116 not seen. X4089 and X4649 faint
B3 77 Aurigae
Strongest lines are helium
B5 q Tauri
X4128 and X4131 (SiII) stronger than
X4121 (He). X4481, 0.7 X X4471
B8
Orionis
X4481 equal to X4471
B9 X Aquilae
H strong. He weak. Several prominent enhanced metallic lines
Classes A1 F1 G, K and M, which contain the largest numbers
of the stars, show a gradual increase in the number and intensity
of the lines of neutral metallic elements of the lower atomic weights,
and a decrease in the intensity of lines due to ionized elements.
Compounds produce bands in the later classes. The sun's
spectrum is Go, and is intermediate between that of the white
and the red stars.
Spectral criteria
Ao a Lyrae
H maximum strength. Very few other
lines except X4481 (Mg+)
A5 p Sagittarii
K (Ca+) stronger than HS. X4290
well marked. X4481 weaker
Fo (T Bootis
K 3.0 X Hd and equal to H + H

Spectral criteria
F5
ct Canis Minoris Fraunhofer band G first seen. Numerous solar lines
Go
a Aurigae
Solar type. H not conspicuous. G
band well defined, H5 = X4226.
G5
rj Piscium
HT fainter than X4325
Ko
a Bootis
G band conspicuous, X4226 strong.
Hydrogen weaker
K5
a Tauri
X4226 very wide. X4254 and X4274
(Cr) strong. Titanium bands very
faint
Mo Andrmedae Titanium bands well marked
M5 a Herculis
Titanium bands very stong. Metallic
lines fewer
Class R and N stars show the carbon bands in increasing
strength. The more advanced stars of class N have very little
light in the violet or blue portions of the spectrum. They are the
reddest stars known. Typical stars: Class R, B. D. -10 5057;
Class N, 19 Piscium.
Class S spectra resemble those of class K5 except for the presence
of bands of zirconium, and other peculiarities in the region near
X4650. The line X4554 of Ba + is conspicuous.
Class Q stars are the novae. Near maximum of outburst their
spectra are characterized by numerous wide emission bands of
hydrogen and helium, and by absorption lines of ionized elements,
especially titanium and iron. As the star decreases in light, both
absorption and emission lines of N and O become more prominent.
In the later stages, bright nebular bands appear; these are ultimately superseded by the bright bands of the Wolf-Rayet spectrum.
B. STELLAR TEMPERATURES, MASSES, AND DENSITIES
Giant stars are characterized by large mass, low density, and
great total luminosity. Dwarf stars have smaller mass, higher
density, and less total luminosity. Both are found in all classes,
but the greatest contrasts between the two are found in the cooler
stars of classes K and M. The continuous spectrum of dwarfs has
its maximum shifted towards the violet, as compared with that of
giants of the same spectral class, indicating that their absolute
temperature is about 15% higher than that of the giants. Even
with small dispersion, pronounced differences between giants
and dwarfs may be noticed in the distribution of intensity in their
line spectra. These differences probably arise from differences in
the density gradients; they show a correlation with the absolute
magnitude and mass of the stars. The low densities of giants
favor the enhancement of those lines (absorption) which are
produced under conditions of high excitation, such as the spark
lines of the metals; the high density of dwarfs favor those produced by low excitation, such as the resonance lines of neutral
atoms. The lines X4077, X4215 (ionized Sr) are much strengthened
in giants, and weakened in dwarfs; the reverse is true of X4226
(Ca), X4454 (Ca), X4607 (Sr).
STELLAB TEMPEBATUBES, MASSES AND DENSITIES

Units: Temperature, 100O0C abs.; Mass, Mass of Sun; Density,
g/cm3.
Effective temperature
(giants*)
Mean
mass ()
Class
.g
H-
.M-
e,
t-
23
20
fi
co
fi
co
.3
JJ
.$
^ P n O o Q f ^ O Q
Oa
O5
Bo
B3
B8
Ao
A5
Fo
F5
Go
G5
Ko
K5
M o
M5
N
Mean density
()
23
13
18
16
14
11
8 12
9
7.5
9
6
7.2 6
5.8 6.5 6
7
4.5
3.7 4
3
3.5 3.5
3
3
5
2.5 2.95
4
2J3
50 ( 6 )
10
9
0.22
7.3
0.24
10
7.06.0 0.16
0.36
5 . 6 4 . 0 0.071
0.40
7.5 4.32.5 0.025
0.40
3.21.5 0.0078
0.39
6
2.61.0 0.0025
0.68
2.80.760.00087
1.2
4.5 3.00.680.00018
1.3
3.9 2.60.620.000026 1.4
3
2.00.590.00000965.4
30
19
16
* Temperatures of dwarfs are 10 % to 20 % higher than giants of same class

(indirect methods).
t Abbot C 1 ). By radiometer.
Potsdam observations. Wilsing et al. ( 10 ).
Coblentz ( 3 ). By thermocouple.
IJ Saha (8). Calculated from initial appearance of certain spectral lines under
pressure of 0.1 atmosphere. (See note U".)
if Fowler and Milne ( 4 ). Calculated from maximum intensity of certain
spectral lines under pressure of 1.31 X 10~4 atmospheres, assuming 10 000
corresponds to maximum of Balmer lines of H. These temperatures, and
those of Saha, are for the reversing layer; true effective temperature is somewhat higher.
STELLAR DIAMETERS
Unit: Linear Diameter, IO6 km.
cix
Star
Tauri
aOrionis
a Bootis
aScorpii
Class
K5
M2
Ko
Ml
-r, n
Diameter
Parallax ~
Angular * Linear
0.055"
0.022"
60
0.019
0.044
347
0.088
0.022
37
0.017
0.040
353
* Measured by means of interferometer ( 5 ).
LITERATURE
O) Abbot, 81, 60: 105; 24. ( 2 ) Cannon, Harvard College Obs. Annals, 76:
3
19; 16. ( ) Coblentz, SlA, 17: 725; 22. (*) Fowler and Milne, Monthly
Notices, R. A. S., 83: 403; 23. ( 5 ) Michelson and Pease, 21, 53: 249; 21.
Pease, Pubi. Ast. Soc. Pacific, 33: 171, 204; 21. 34: 346; 22. () J. S.
Plaskett, PuU. Domin. Astrop. Obs., 2: 298; 24. ( 7 ) H. H. Plaskett, Ibid.,
1: 366; 22. (8) Saha, o, 99: 151; 21. ( 9 ) Scares, 21, 55: 202; 22.
(10) Wilsing, Scheiner and Miinch, Pubi. Astrop. Obs. Potsdam, 24: 21; 19.
( U ) Wright, Pubi. Lick Obs., 13: 262; 18.
DISTRIBUTION OF STARS
FREDERICK H. SEARES
Restriction.No account is here taken of globular star clusters nor
of stars included in spiral nebulae, many of which contain objects
whose essentially stellar character can no longer be doubted.
Apparent Distribution and Number.Statistically considered,
the stars are distributed over the face of the sky with a high degree
of regularity, their numbers gradually increasing as the Milky
Way is approached from either side. The Milky Way defines

what is very nearly a plane of symmetry, and for a first approximation, systematic difference between the two hemispheres,
progressive changes in galactic longitude, and all Jocal irregularities can be ignored. The resulting mean distribution, as found
by Scares and van Rhijn, is shown in Table 1.
To apparent magnitude (see p. 39) m 13.5 the results depend

on data covering a large portion of the sky. From m = 13.5 to
18.5 they are derived from counts of stars on photographs of the
139 Selected Areas of Kapteyn between the North Pole and
declination 15. For still higher values of ra, the values of
log Nm are extrapolated, but the uncertainty consequent to the
extrapolation itself is probably small. Excepting in low galactic
latitudes, there is little or no systematic uncertainty arising from
the particular choice of fields used for the counts. To m = 16
the magnitude scale is the mean of several closely accordant
determinations made at different observatories, and is probably
accurate within a few hundredths of a magnitude. Below this
limit the scale depends wholly upon observations made at the
Mount Wilson Observatory. Although this part of the scale has
not been confirmed by independent measures made elsewhere, it
has been established by methods successfully used for the brighter

stars.
The indicated total, to the twenty-first photographic magnitude,
of all stars in the sky is 890 000 000, and to the twentieth visual
magnitude, 1 000 000 000. Barring losses of light by absorption,
scattering etc., the increase in log Nm for a uniform distribution of
stars throughout space would be 0.6 per unit of magnitude. The
observed increase nowhere attains this value; the stars thin out
with increasing distance from the sun, and at great distances they
thin out more rapidly than near the sun; these changes are most
pronounced in the direction of the poles of the Milky Way. If
the law of decreasing space density indicated by the stars accessible
to observation holds for those beyond present telescopic reach,
the total number of luminous stars in the galactic system must
be of the order of 3 X IO10.
TABLE 1.LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS (Nm) OF STARS, OF MAGNITUDES LESS THAN m, PER SQUARE DEGREE IN DIFFERENT GALACTIC
LATITUDES (!)
Units: Last column; m = visual magnitude; average JVm = 1, if w =8. Other columns; m = international photographic magnitude (2); Nm= 1, if m = 8, Lat, = O. Galactic pole: R. A. 12M1>20S, Dec. +27 21' (1875) (Gould).
Log 10 Nm at latitude
VYI
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
10
2.19 2.17 2.12

2.42 2.40 2.35
2.65 2.63 2.58
2.88 2.86 2.80
.ll .08 .03
.33 .31 .26
.56'.53 T.48
.78 .76 .70
0.00 .98 1.92
0.23 0.20 0.14
0.45 0.42 0.36
0.67 0.64 0.57
0.89 0.85 0.79
1.10 1.07 1.00
1.3fe 1.28 1.21
1.53 1.49 1.42
1.74 1.70 1.63
1.96 1.91 1.83
2.16 2.12 2.04
2.37 2.32 2.24
2.57 2.52 2.43
2.77 2.72 2.63
2.96 2.91 2.82
3.15 3.10 3.01
3.33 3.28.3.19
3.51 3.46 3.37
3.68 3.64 3.54
3.85 3.81 3.71
4.01 3.97 3.87
4.16 4.12 4.03
4.32 4.28 4.18
4.46 4.42 4.32
4.60 4.56 4.46
4.74 4.69 4.59
4.87 4.82 4.72
| Logio (average Nm) between latitudes

0
15 20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
^0
2.05
2.28
2.51
2.74
2.97
1.19
.42
.64
1.86
0.08
0.29
0.50
0.72
0.93
1.14
1.34
1.54
1.75
1.95
2.14
2.34
2.52
2.71
2.89
3.07
3.24
3.41
3.57
3.73
3.88
4.02
4.16
4.29
4.42
4.54
3.93
2.16
2.39
2.62
2.84
1.07
.29
1.52
1.74
.95
0.17
0.38
0.59
0.80
1.01
1.21
1.41
1.61
1.80
1.99
2.17
2.34
2.51
2.68
2.84
2.99
3.14
3.28
3.42
3.55
3.67
3.79
3.90
4.01
4.11
3.87
2.10
2.33
2.56
2.79
1..Ol
.24
1.46
1.68
.90
0.12
0.33
0.54
0.75
0.96
1.16
1.36
1.55
1.74
1.92
2.10
2.27
2.44
2.60
2.75
2.90
3.04
3.17
3.30
3.42
3.54
3.65
3.75
3.85
3.94
3.82
2.05
2.28
2.51
2.74
2.97
T.19
1.41
1.64
.85
0.07
0.28
0.50
0.70
0.91
1.11
1.30
1.49
1.68
1.86
2.03
2.20
2.36
2.52
2.67
2.81
2.95
3.08
3.20
3.32
3.43
3.53
3.63
3.72
3.81
3.78
2.01
2.24
2.47
2.70
2.92
.15
1.37
1.59
.81
0.03
0.24
0.45
0.66
0.86
1.06
1.25
1.44
1.62
1.80
1.97
2.14
2.30
2.45
2.60
2.74
2.87
3.00
3.12
3.23
3.34
3.44
3.53
3.62
3.70
3.74
3.97
2.20
2.43
2.65
2.88
.10
1.32
1.54
.76
1.98
0.19
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.99
1.18
1.36
1.54
1.71
1.88
2.04
2.19
2.34
2.48
2.61
2.74
2.86
2.98
3.08
3.19
3.29
3.38
3.46
3.54
3.71
3.94
2.17
2.40
2.62
2.85
.07
1.29
1.51
.73
1.94
0.15
0.35
0.55
0.74
0.92
1.11
1.28
1.46
1.62
1.78
1.94
2.09
2.24
2.37
2.50
2.63
2.75
2.86
2.97
3.08
3.17
3.26
3.34
3.42
3.69
3.92
2.15
2.38
2.60
2.83
.05
1.27
"l.48
.69
1.90
0.11
0.30
0.50
0.69
0.87
1.05
1.23
1.39
1.56
1.72
1.87
2.01
2.15
2.29
2.42
2.54
2.66
2.77
2.88
2.98
3.07
3.16
3.25
3.33
3.67
3.90
2.13
2.36
2.58
2.80
.02
1.24
1.46
.67
1.88
0.08
0.28
0.47
0.65
0.84
1.01
1.18
1.35
1.51
1.67
1.82
1.96
2.10
2.23
2.36
2.48
2.60
2.71
2.82
2.92
3.01
3.10
3.18
3.26
3.66
3.88
2.12
2.34
2.57
2.79
.01
1.23
1.44
.65
1.86
0.06
0.26
0.45
0.64
0.82
1.00
1.17
1.33
1.49
1.65
1.80
1.94
2.08
2.21
2.34
2.46
2.57
2.68
2.79
2.89
2.98
3.07
3.15
3.22
2.12
2.35
2.58
2.80
1.03
1.26
.48
1.70
1.92
0.14
0.36
0.58
0.79
1.00
1.22
1.43
1.63
1.84
2.04
2.24
2.44
2.63
2.82
3.01
3.19
3.37
3.54
3.70
3.86
4.02
4.17
4.31
4.45
4.58
4.71
3.99
2.22
2.45
2.68
2.90
,1.13
.35
1.57
1.79
0.01
0.22
0.44
0.65
0.86
1.06
1.27
1.47
1.67
1.87
2.06
2.24
2.43
2.60
2.77
2.94
3.10
3.26
3.41
3.56
3.70
3.84
3.97
4.09
4.21
4.33
Distribution of Intrinsic Brightness.The range in intrinsic

brightness among stars is enormousat least twenty magnitudes,
corresponding to an intensity ratio of 100 000 000 to 1. A
knowledge of the frequencies of different luminosities among.the
stars in a given volume of space is essential (unless questionable
assumptions are to be introduced) for the calculation of the space
distribution of the stars. It is, however, difficult to obtain, and,
90
40
OS
2.11
2.34
2.57
2.80
1.03
.25
1.47
1.69
.91
0.13
0.34
0.55
0.76
0.96
1.17
1.36
1.56
1.75
1.93
2.11
2.29
2.45
2.62
2.77
2.92
3.07
3.20
3.34
3.46
3.59
3.70
3.81
3.91
4.01
3V73|704
3.96
2.17
2.19
2.40
2.41
2.63
2.64
2.85
2.86
1.08
.09
.30
1.31
1.52
1.53
1.74
.74
.96
1.96
0.18
0.16
0.39
0.37
0.60
0.57
0.81
0.76
1.02
0.95
1.22
1.14
1.42
1.32
1.62
1.50
1.82
1.67
2.01
1.83
2.20
1.99
2.38
2.14
2.56
2.29
2.73
2.43
2.90
2.56
3.07
2.69
3.23
2.81
3.39
2.93
3.54
3.04
3.68
3.14
3.82
3.24
3.96
3.33
4.09
3.42
4.21
3.50
4.33
^0
^0
Un
g() 0 (y)
2.11
2.35
2.60
2.83
.07
1.31
.54
.77
0.00
0.23
0.45
0.68
0.90
1.11
1.32
1.53
1.74
1.94
2.14
2.34
2.52
2.71
2.89
3.07
3.24
3.40
3.56
3.71
3.86
4.00
4.13
4.26
4.38
at present, the frequencies are but imperfectly known. By

assuming that the mean parallaxes of stars of apparent magnitude
m and proper motion /* can be represented by a linear function of
m and log /* supposed to be valid for all magnitudes and proper
motions, Kapteyn and van Rhijn derived for the distribution of
the absolute magnitudes a Gaussian error curve whose ordinates
are given in the second column of Table 2. Scares ( 4 ) has shown
that their adopted mean parallax formula does not represent the
distances of the stars of large motion and faint apparent magnitude,
all of which are of low luminosity. A revision of the parallax
formula, still only provisionally determined, and a recalculation
of the luminosity function from about 500 stars of large proper
motion leads to the frequencies in the third column of Table 2.
TABLE 2.APPROXIMATE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION
0(Af) = number of stars, absolute magnitude M1 per cubic parsec
in the neighborhood of the sun. Unit of distance for M is 10
parsecs. 1 parsec = 3.26 light years = 30.8 X 1012km.
M
-4.64
-3.64
-2.64
-1.64
-0.64
+0.36
1.36
2.36
3.36
4.36
5.36
6.36
7.36
8.36
9.36
10.36
11.36
12.36
13.36
14.36
10 + Logio <f>(M)
Kapteyn
...
a
4
/*\
Seares (^
)
v. ^"
Rmjn (3)
2.61
3.42
4.17
4.85
5.46
5.58
6.00
6.16
6.47
6.66
6.88
7.05
7.21
7.34
7.47
7.58
7.67
7.74
7.80
7.84
7.85
7.87
7.84
7.86
7.76
7.88
7.61
7.92
7.39
8.06
7.10
8.11
6.75
8.11
6.3
8.13
Diff.
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.17
0.13
0.11
0.07
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.12
0.31
0.67
1.01
1.36
1.8
For the stars of low luminosity, the departure of Seares' curve

from the error curve, shown by the differences in the fourth
column, is important and must be accepted as real, although
quantitatively the results are still very uncertain. The possibility
of a maximum within the range of absolute magnitude considered
is not excluded, but any such maximum must be well below the
Kapteyn-van Rhijn limit, M = 7.7. Since the frequencies of
stars of very low luminosity are still unknown, it is impossible
at present to express the luminosity function as a true frequency
function.
Space Distribution of Stars.The space distribution is defined by
a density function, preferably in a form expressing the total
number of stars per unit volume at different distances from the
sun. At present, however, we must be content with so expressing
the number of stars which are brighter than some limit of absolute
magnitude.
Analytically, the problem is to determine the density function,
A(p), from the integral equation
TABLE 3.AVEBAGE NUMBER OF STARS, BRIGHTER THAN ABSOLUTE

MAGNITUDE M1 PER CUBIC PARSEC AT DISTANCE p FROM SUN (4)
Unit of p is 1 parsec; of distance for M1 10 parsecs.
3.26 light years = 30.8 X IO12 km.
7^^\j^
Log i op ^-^^
OUT
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
1 parsec =
7.86 8.86 9.8610.8611.8612.8613.8614.86

0.0280.0350.0420.0500.0600.0730.0870.098
.026 .033 .040 .048 .058 .069 .078
.024 .030 .035 .041
.023 .028 .033
.022
.020
.017
.014
!
.011
.008
.004
(Values based upon 0(Af) for stars near the sun, and on the assumption that
the relative frequencies of M are the same at all distances.)
Average densities for the whole sky give a very imperfect picture
of the real distribution in space, as the latter varies greatly with
galactic latitude. Broadly speaking, the surfaces of equal space
density are concentric, and approximately similar, ellipsoids of
revolution, similarly situated, with axes in the ratio of about 5
to 1. See Table 4.
TABLE 4.RADII OF EQUIDENSITY ELLIPSOIDS(6)
A(p) = number of stars per cubic parsec at distance p from sun.
(Values require revision for recent star counts (Table 1) and for
error in luminosity function (cf. Table 2)).
Unit of radius = 1 parsec. I parsec = 3.26 light years =
30.8 X IO12 km. Latitude is galactic.
A(P)
1.00
0.63
0.40
0.25
0.16
0.100
0.063
0.040
90
O
118
198
296
413
553
717
902
Latitude
I
0
O
602
1010
1510
2106
2820
3656
4600
'
Size of the Galactic System.At present we have no certain

indication as to the distance of the most remote stars belonging to
the galactic system; but if ordinary blue stars of absolute magnitude zero occur among the faintest objects listed in Table 1, the
diameter of the system cannot be less than a million light years.
Such objects are not to be expected in high galactic latitudes,
where the stars of very faint apparent magnitude are almost
certainly all dwarfs; but their occurrence in the Milky Way is by
no means excluded. We have, indeed, strong, though not con^-/o"*W^)p^
clusive, evidence of the existence in the Milky Way of stars of zero
where the left hand member can be found from the data in Table absolute magnitude among those of the sixteenth apparent magni1; co is a constant, p = distance from sun. Since <j>(M), for M >8, tude. The corresponding diameter of the system is a hundred
is still very uncertain, the general solution cannot be found at thousand light years. This value may be accepted with some
present. Values of the density for the neighborhood of the sun assurance as a lower limit for the size of the system in the plane
(Table 3) can, however, be calculated incidentally in deriving the of the Milky Way, exclusive of such objects as globular star
data in Table 2. Results in the second column of Table 3 (M = clusters and spiral nebulae, whose relation to the general stellar
7.86) are in good agreement with similar results by Kapteyn arid system about us is not yet clearly defined.
van Rhijn; the other tabular values indicate what is to be expected
Position of the Sun.The symmetrical distribution of stars
for lower limiting values of M. The uncertainty of the luminosity adopted in Table 1 tacitly assumes the sun to be at the center of
function for M > 8 scarcely justifies the effort required to complete the system. This is not actually the case, as is shown by systemthe table.
atic deviations from the adopted mean distribution. Shapley's (5)
value for the distance of the sun from the galactic plane is about
60 parsecs, to the north, which is certainly of the right order of
magnitude. The sun's distance from the center is much less
certain, and different estimates range from a few hundred to
many thousand parsecs, according to the underlying assumptions
and the method of attack. The question is much complicated
by the fact that the sun lies within a local cluster whose members
form a considerable fraction of the stars of the brighter apparent
magnitudes, and a final answer must await the detailed discussion

of the distribution of faint stars in galactic longitude.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Scares and van Rhijn, 197, 11: 358; 25; a more detailed account appears in
!Bl, 62: 320; 25. ( 2 ) Trans. Internat. Astronomical Union, 1:69; 2Q. (Standard magnitudes of stars.) ( 3 ) Kapteyn and van Rhijn, 21, 52: 23; 20. ( 4 )
Scares, 21, 59: 310; 24. ( 5 ) Shapley, 2I1 49: 333, 19. ( 6 ) Kapteyn, 81,
55: 302; 22.
DISTRIBUTION OF NEBULAE
FREDERICK H. SEARES
The term nebula is applied to objects of such diversity of form,
size, distance, and physical characteristics that any study of their
distribution presupposes a consideration of the question of
classification. The following general classification by Hubble
provides for two mutually exclusive divisions, characterized by
position in the sky as well as by physical peculiarities, and five
sub-classes representing physical differences.
A GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEBULAE
I. Galactic nebulae, characterized by (1) tendency to concentrate about the Milky Way, (2) conspicuous association with
individual stars from which they probably derive their
luminosity, (3) early-type spectra, either emission or absorption, depending upon the spectral type of the associated stars,
and (4) smooth and cloudy or wispy texture. They include
(a) Planetaries, distinguished by symmetrical distribution of
nebulosity about central stars, sharply defined edges,
and emission spectra.
(&) Diffuse nebulae, clouds in low galactic latitudes, usually
associated with early-type stars. This type ranges from
luminous to dark and from semi-transparent to opaque.
Subdivided into predominantly luminous, predominantly obscure, and conspicuously mixed.
u. Non-galactic nebulae, characterized by (1) tendency to avoid
the Milky Way, (2) no conspicuous association with stars,
(3) late-type absorption spectra, and (4) usually a rotational
symmetry about dominating non-stellar nuclei. They
include
(a) Elliptical nebulae, amorphous objects whose forms can be
represented as successive stages of an original globular
mass flattening underthe influence of increasing rotation.
(6) Spirals of two kinds, logarithmic and barred, which, once
formed, appear to develop along parallel lines, the arms
unwinding and the granulation of the material becoming
more and more conspicuous.
(c) Irregular nebulae, including a few non-galactic objects having no dominating nuclei and, significantly, showing no
rotational symmetry.
Physically, the planetaries and diffuse nebulae, Ia and Ib, are
distinct and apparently without genetic relationship, except that
the planetaries, which, in some cases at least, seem to be late
stages in the development of novae, may represent the catastrophic consequences of the penetration of a star within a nebulous
cloud of the diffuse sub-class. The spirals lib, on the other hand,
are apparently an evolutionary development from elliptical
nebulae, Ua, although it does not follow that all elliptical nebulae
will necessarily become spirals. The few irregular nebulae, Uc,
present features that might be expected in the case of spirals in
the absence of or through the neutralization of dominating dynamical characteristics.
The distribution of the various classes of nebulae is not in
general easily shown in tabular form. The following summary
for each of the important sub-classes includes, however, references
to diagrams which exhibit the main features of the distribution.
Ia. Planetary Nebulae.In the whole sky only about 150 of

these objects are known, many of which are so small as to be
recognizable only from their gaseous emission spectra. The
smallest objects are closely associated with the Milky Way, and
show a marked concentration in the Aquila-Sagittarius region.
With increasing size the mean galactic latitude increases, and the
largest known objects, to the extent of a dozen or so, are scattered over the sky with some approach to uniformity ( 3 6 ll).
This suggests that the linear distances of planetaries from the
galactic plane are relatively small and that their angular diameters are correlated with their distances from the sun. Very
small nebulae thus appear in low galactic latitudes because their
distances from the sun are many times their distances from the
galactic plane.
The actual distances of planetary nebulae are still very uncertain. Van Maanen ( 15 ) has measured the parallaxes of about
20 of these objects and finds distances ranging from 50 to a few
hundred parsecs; but, as he points out, these values are in conflict with the fact that the radial velocities average about 30
km/sec, while the proper motions are apparently small, of the
order of the parallaxes themselves.
Ib. Diffuse Nebulae.The distant star clouds of the Milky
Way define the galactic circle. A secondary galaxy, inclined
some 12 to the galactic circle proper, is outlined by the bright
helium stars of the much-flattened local cluster immediately surrounding the sun, most of whose members are within 500 parsecs
(14). The diffuse nebulae outside the Magellanic Clouds, some
hundreds in all,1 are closely associated with the primary and
secondary galactic circles (7). Since the mean galactic latitude
of those following the primary galaxy is only about 2, and since
the space within the two circles is not well filled, the inference
is that these nebulae are directly connected either with the Milky
Way star clouds or with the local cluster, and that few are to be
found in the intervening regions. We thus have a group of diffuse
nebulae whose members are within a few hundred parsecs of the
sun; the others, forming a widely scattered group associated with
the Milky Way, are at distances probably to be counted in thousands of parsecs (10). Both groups include both luminous and
dark nebulae; the luminous members of the two groups present
somewhat different physical characteristics, most marked in
their spectra, which may be either emission, or predominantly
continuous or absorption in type. The continuous and absorption
spectra occur mostly among the nearer objects connected with the
local cluster. The luminous diffuse nebulae are conspicuously
associated with stars of high temperature from which they derive
their luminosity, either by excitation or reflection.
II. Non-galactic Nebulae.The members of this class, consisting chiefly of the related sub-classes, elliptical nebulae (Ila)
and spirals (lib), are far more numerous than the galactic nebulae.
On the whole, the elliptical nebulae out number the spirals many
times; but if only bright objects are considered, the spirals are th
more numerous. The distribution in galactic latitude is shown iji
1
Less than 200 luminous ones known; no complete list published (v. 7 8 ^
Most complete list of dark nebulae (182 small objects) is given by Barnard ( 1 J*
Table 1, which gives to limiting magnitude 18.6 on the international photographic scale the average number per square degree
at various latitudes in each hemisphere. The data are compiled
from Fath 's list ( 4 ), based on Mount Wilson photographs (exposure
time 1 hour with 60-inch reflector) of the 139 Selected Areas
between the North Pole and declination 15. That part of the
northern galactic hemisphere within which nebulae are frequent
is wholly covered. About one-half the southern hemisphere is
included, but not the south pole itself. Fath's counts have been
corrected for losses caused by poor definition in the corners of the
negatives (13).
TABLE 1.NON-GALACTIC NEBULAE: NUMBER PEB SQUARE
DEGREE( 4 )
Average number; international photographic magnitude ^18.6;

cf. Table 2 .
Hemisphere
Galactic latitude
;
JN
j
fe
_
_
_
15
25
35
45
55
65
74
83
0.8
2.5
13.2
10.3
12.2
22.2
31
(68)
0.4
5.4
8.2
5.8
7.0
11.9
Fath's list includes all classes of nebulae, but the galactic nebulae
are relatively so infrequent that it is practically one of non-galactic
nebulae alone. These objects begin to appear at about 20
latitude and increase rapidly in the interval 20 to 35. From 40
to 70 the numbers increase slowly. The concentration near the
north galactic pole is very pronounced. Below latitude 70 the
i numbers in the southern hemisphere average about three-fourths
those of the northern. The assumption of a similar ratio for the
regions 70 to 90 leads to integrated totals of 170 000 and 128 000
for the northern and southern hemispheres, a round total of 300 000
for the whole sky (limiting phot. mag. for stars 18.6).
The summary in Table 2 emphasizes the dependence of the
distribution on galactic latitude. The uncertainty in the average
number per square degree in the region 70-90 is considerable,
and since the number of nebulae in this region is large (29% or
50 000 in the northern hemisphere), the total given for the whole
sky is in doubt by many thousand. Curtis ( 2 ) has estimated the
total (to an undetermined limiting magnitude) to be over 700 000.
The difference in the estimates may arise from a difference in
magnitude limits or from the fact that the fields counted by
Curtis are not certainly representative of the sky as a whole.
TABLE 2.DISTRIBUTION OF NON-GALACTIC NEBULAE

Lat. = interval in galactic latitude. Sky = % area of sky.
Neb. = % number of nebulae. N = northern, S = southern
hemisphere.
~"-
<*
NCb
'
0-30
50
7
15
30-70
44
64
56
70-90
6
29
I
29
The distribution of non-galactic nebulae is not, however, simply
one of galactic latitude. Data collected by Hardcastle and Hinks
( 5 ) and by Reynolds ( 12 ) show marked irregularities in longitude,
which seem to depend on the angular diameters of the nebulae.
Thus objects with diameters > 10' are almost all in the hemisphere
including galactic longitudes 50 to 230. For diameters 5' to
10' the northern galactic hemisphere shows high frequencies in
longitude 110 and 260-270, which become even more marked
for diameters 2' to 5'. For still smaller nebulae, the distribution
is again different. Fath's counts, including mostly very small
and faint nebulae, show a band of high frequency crossing the
northern galactic hemisphere approximately in longitudes 50
and 220, with other irregularities suggesting a very complicated
distribution.
Nothing is known directly of the distances of elliptical nebulae,
but their relationship with the spirals is so intimate that the
distances of the two sub-classes must be regarded as of the same
order. Van Maanen's measures ( 16 ) of internal motion in spirals
suggest distances of the order of 3000 to 30 000 light years. The
application of Shapley's period-luminosity relation by Hubble
( 9 ) to numerous typical Cepheid variables discovered by him in the
spirals Messier 31 (the Andromeda nebula) and Messier 33 leads
to distances of about a million light years for these two objects.
The applicability of the period-luminosity relation is assumed, but
several lines of corroborative evidence strongly support the
larger value of the distance. It is probable, however, that the
zero point of the period-luminosity relation requires revision by an
amount which would reduce these distances by about 40%.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Barnard, 21, 49: 1; 19 (also consult index of other volumes). ( 2 ) Curtis,
PMO/. Lick Obs. 13: 15; 18. ( 3 ) Curtis, Ibid., 13: 60; 18. ( 4 ) Fath, Astronom. Jour. 28: 75; 14. ( 5 ) Hardcastle and Hinks, Monthly Notices, R. A. S.
74: 699; 14. ( 6 ) Hinks, Ibid., 71: 694; 11. (7) Hubble, 21, 56: 162; 22.
( 8 ) Hubble, 21, 56: 400; 22. ( 9 ) Hubble, Pop. Astronomy 33: 252; 25.
Observatory 48: 139; 25.
( 10 ) Lundmark, Pubi. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 34: 40; 22. (U) Ferrine, 81, 46:
177; 17. ( 1 2 ) Reynolds, Monthly Notices, R. A. S. 81: 129; 20. 83: 147;
23. 84: 76; 23. ( 13 ) Scares, 21, 62: 168; 25. ( 1 4 ) Shapley, 21, 49: 311;
19. ( 15 ) van Maanen, Mt. Wilson Contribs. Nos. 237 (1922), 270 (1923),
280 (1925). ( 1 6 ) van Maanen, 21, 57: 274; 23.
MOTIONS OF THE STARS AND NEBULAE

GUSTAF STRMBERG
The proper motion of a star is defined as the angular motion, per
year, referred to a certain fundamental system of apparently
bright stars distributed uniformly over the sky. The radial
motion is determined by the Doppler shift for spectral lines of
known wave-length. If the distance to a star is known, the three
velocity-components of its space-velocity can be determined.
Proper motions and radial velocities are in general referred to the
sun as origin, by correction for the periodic changes due to the
earth's motion. The proper motions are in general very small;
for the majority of the stars they are below O.!"per year. The
largest proper motion is that of Barnard's star R. A. 17h
53.0m, Dec. + 4 28', (1900.0), which moves 10.27" per year.

The radial velocities are mostly below 40 km/sec, the largest
being that of the variable star V X Herculis, which approaches
the sun with a velocity of 390 km/sec. The spiral nebulae have
even higher velocities, the highest being 1800 km/sec, recession,
(N. G. C. 584).
SOLAR MOTION
The sun's motion relative to the stars can be determined either
from proper motions, from radial velocities, or from space-velocities. The point in the sky towards which the sun is moving is
called the sun's apex.
TABLE 1.SOLAR APEX AND THE SUN'S VELOCITY

(Referred to apparently bright stars. Unit: velocity, km/sec)
R. A. 1900
T)
1900
18h 03m +34.3

18 11 +31.6
17 56 +32.3
17 54 +25.3
18
2 +28.6
18
4 +29.2
18 11 +36.9
18 43 +29.5
18 40 +32
V 1
*~
Clt
y
19.5
19.8
21.5
18.8
31.7
29
Method
Proper Motions P. G. C.*

Proper Motions m<6.0f
Proper Motions P. G. C.
Rad. VeI. Lick Obs.
Rad. VeI. B to M
Rad. VeI. Fto M
Space VeI. Giants
Space VeL Dwarfs
Space VeL of nearby stars
^0'
of
stars
5413
4041
5943
1193
1596
1405
800
415
I 83
Lit.
(2)
(5)
()
(3)
(6)
(9)
(10)
(i<>)
(7)
* Preliminary General Catalogue by L. Boss, Washington, 1910.

t Stars brighter than the 6th magnitude (apparent).
Although the agreement between the different determinations

is fairly good, a detailed study shows that the sun's motion can
not be regarded as a constant vector. The A stars and giant stars
in general give a small velocity for the sun; and dwarf stars, a
much higher velocity.
AVERAGE PECULIAR MOTIONS OF THE STARS
After
residual
average
spectral
stars.
the effect of the sun's motion has been removed, the

or "peculiar" velocities show certain regularities. The
peculiar velocities are different for stars of different
types, and vary also with the intrinsic brightness of the
TABLE 2.AVERAGE RESIDUAL RADIAL VELOCITIES (6) OF STARS

OF DIFFERENT SPECTRAL CLASSES (Sp) AND ABSOLUTE
MAGNITUDES (M)
Sp
05 to 09
B
A
F
G
G
I
Unit of O = 1 km/sec
M* I 6 I Lit. [I Sp I M* I B I
-3 20.7 (")
K
+1 18.4
-1
6.5
(3)
K
+6 27.0
+1 11.0 O 1 )
M
+1 21.6
+2 15.8
(i)
M
+9 29.6
+1 18.0
O)
Met
O 40.1
+5 26.3 I (i) I Pt
28.6 |
Lit.
O)
O)
(1)
(U)
(")
Q*)
* The apparent magnitude as observed from a distance of 10 parsecs.

t Contains M stars with bright hydrogen-lines; all are variable stars of long
period.
Bright-line nebulae.
PREFERENTIAL MOTION
The peculiar velocities of the stars are not distributed at random. In general the stars show a tendency to move parallel to
the galactic plane. To describe the distribution of the peculiar
velocities, a distribution-function is adopted, which gives the
relative numbers of stars moving in different directions and with
different velocities. The simplest distribution-function is the
spherical distribution-law,
where x, y, and z are the velocity-components referred to the

"centroid" of the group. N is the number of stars in the group,
and o- is the dispersion or the square-root of the mean of the
squares of the velocity-components. The number of stars of
velocity-components between x %dxy y %dyj z %dz is then
given by ~F(xyz) dxdydz. In a spherical distribution, the frequency of a velocity is independent of its direction and only
dependent upon its size. Spherical velocity-distributions occur
for several classes of stars, but in general the distribution in
velocity-space is either flattened (B stars) or elongated (A,

F, and dwarf stars). Two functions have been used to describe
the elongated distribution. Kapteyn and Eddington have
used a sum of two spherical functions and have regarded the
stars as belonging to two intermingled systems, "two stream
hypothesis." Schwarzschild has introduced the ellipsoidal distribution defined by the distribution-function
with three principal dispersions a, 6, and c, which define the

three axes of the "velocity-ellipsoid." The velocity-components
X7 y, and z are here projected on the principal axes of this
ellipsoid. The major axis of the velocity-ellipsoid corresponds
to the line joining the two centers in the two stream theory. The
direction of this fundamental axis, which is common in the two
theories, is about R. A. 6h 6m, Dec. + 9, (true vertex). The
dwarf stars give a somewhat higher declination for the true vertex.
In the analysis of proper motions, the two stream theory gives
two vertices, which correspond to the directions of motion of the
two streams relative to the sun. The coordinates of these vertices
are R. A. 6h 14m, Dec. -13 (first stream) and R. A. 19h 16m,
Dec. 60 (second stream).
Analyzing stellar motions on the basis of the two stream theory,
we find a number of stars which cannot be regarded as belonging to
either of the two streams. The B stars and stars of spectral
class M, for instance, have a group-motion intermediate between
the two streams. For this reason Halm has introduced a third
stream (O stream). But these streams taken together can be
fairly well represented by an ellipsoidal distribution using a
smaller number of parameters.
Charlier ( 4 ) has introduced a generalization of the ellipsoidal
theory which makes it possible to take into account deviations
from a strictly ellipsoidal distribution, but it is only when these
deviations are small that this generalization is practicable.
MOVING CLUSTERS OR GROUPS
Several stars move nearly parallel to one another, the best
known example being 5 of the 7 bright stars in the constellation
Ursa Major. Another moving group or cluster is the Hyades in
the constellation Taurus (Taurus Group). The proper motions
of the stars belonging to such a group converge towards a point in
the sky, the "convergent point," whose position in the sky gives
the direction of motion of the group relative to the sun. The convergent point for 17 stars belonging to the Ursa Major Group is
R. A. 20h 30m, Dec. -40; for the Taurus Group (39 stars) R. A.
6h 7m, Dec. + 7. A number of other moving groups are known.
THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF COSMIC VELOCITIES
When the sun's motion is referred to different clases of objects
it has been found that this motion is not a constant vector but
varies greatly, from about 12 km/sec for the A stars and the
Cepheids of long period up to 300 km/sec for the fast moving
objects, the globular clusters and the spiral nebulae. A general
relationship between group-motion and dispersion exists, which,
according to Strmberg (11 ), holds for all classes of objects, but with
a small deviation for the B star system. This variation in groupmotion produces an asymmetry in the velocity distribution, in
such a way that all fast moving objects move, relative to the sun,
towards the same hemisphere. This asymmetry defines an axis
along which the group-motion increases with increasing internal
velocity-dispersion. The direction of this axis is R. A. 8h 39m,
Dec. 57, and the motion of objects with small velocity-dispersion relative to those of high velocity-dispersion is about 300
km/sec in the opposite direction. The group-motion of objects
with high velocity-dispersion is approximately the same as that

of the globular clusters and spiral nebulae.
The general distribution of cosmic velocities can be approximately represented by a product of two symmetrical distributions
Si and 82. The first of these is a sum of concentric and co-axial
ellipsoidal distributions, the velocity of the sun relative to the
center of the distribution Si being 14.8 km/sec in the direction
R. A. 17h 43m, Dec. +22. The sun's motion relative to the
second distribution, S2, is 300 km/sec in the direction R. A. 20h
28m, Dec. +56. The first distribution can be regarded as the
velocity-distribution in our local system of stars, the second as a
velocity-restriction in a universal world-frame of enormous dimensions. Other interpretations, however, may be possible.
LITERATURE
(M Adams, Strmberg and Joy, 81, 54: 9; 21. ( 2 ) Boss, 326, 26: 111; 10.
( 3 ) Campbell, Lick Obs. Bull. No. 196; 11. ( 4 ) Charlier, Lund Observatorium, Meddelanden, II: No. 13; 15. ( 5 ) Charlier and Wicksell, Ibid.,
H: No. 12: 45; 15. ( 6 ) Gyllenberg, Ibid., II: No. 13; 15. (7) Luyten,
Annals Harvard College Obs. 85: No. 5; 23. ( 8 ) Raymond, 326, SO: 191; 17.
( 9 ) Strmberg, 21, 47: 7; 18.
( 10 ) Strmberg, 21, 56: 265; 22. ( 1 M Strmberg, 21, 61: 363; 25.
TIME
EQUATION OF TIME*
CHRONOLOGICAL ERAS
Gregorian Calendar
Era
Year
Begins, 1925 A, D.
Byzantine*!
Diocletian^
^ MT
Grecian*^
7434
1642
oooT
2237
Hegira
Japanese
Jewish
Julian calendar
Julian period
Mohammedan
NabonassarH
RomeH
Seleucidaelf
1344J
2585 f
5686J
1925
6638
13441
2674
267811
2237
September 14
September 11
\/September
~ \ , , 14
( October 14 A
July 21
January 1
September 18
January 14
January 14
July 21
May 12
January 14
(See Grecian)
(A = mean apparent)
Unit of A is minute. Time is Greenwich mean noon
Date
* In present-day usage of Syrians, begins in September or October depending

upon the sect. In ancient usage of Damascus and Arabia Petraea, began with
vernal equinox.
t The 14th year of period Taisho.
Begins at sunset.
Julian day number of January 1, 1925 (Gregorian) is 2 424 152.
Il Since foundation of Rome, according to Varr.
Tf Based upon Julian calendar.
TIME
Interval
Year:
Tropical!
Sidereal
Anomalistic
Month :
Synodicalf
Tropical
Sidereal
Day:
Sidereal
* Mean solar days.
Days*
365.2422
365.2564
365.2596
29.530 59
27.321 58
27.321 66
0.997 2696
f Ordinary.
I 1
6
11
16
21
26
31
II 5
10
15
20
25
III 2
7
12
17
22
27
IV 1
6
11
16
21
26
V l
6
Date
+3.4
VIl
5.8
16
7.8
21
9.7
26
11.3
31
12.6
VI 5
13.6
10
14.1
15
14.4
20
14.3
25
14.0
30
13.3
VII 5
12.4
10
11.4
15
10.0
20
8.7
25
7.2
30
5.7 VIII 4
4.2
9
2.7
14
1.2
19
+ 0.0
24
- 1.2
29
- 2.2
IX 3
- 2.9
8
- 3.4
13
Date
-3.8
-3.8
-3.7
-3.3
-2.6
-1.8
-1.0
0.0
+1.1
2.2
3.2
4.2
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.3
6.3
6.0
5.4
4.7
3.7
2.5
+1.1
-0.4
-2.1
-3.8
1X18
23
28
X 3
8
13
18
23
28
XI 2
7
12
17
22
27
XII 2
7
12
17
22
27
31
-5.6
- 7.3
- 9.0
-10.7
-12.2
-13.5
-14.6
-15.5
-16.1
-16.3
-16.3
-15.9
-15.1
-14.0
-12.5
-10.7
- 8.8
- 6.5
- 4.1
- 1.6
+ 0.9
+ 2.8
* A is the amount by which mean time exceeds apparent time when it is

noon at Greenwich; it is the excess of the right ascension of the actual sun over
that of the mean sun at that instant. It varies continuously with the time,
and does not exactly repeat its values in successive years ; those given are average values for Greenwich mean noon of an ordinary year, and will seldom differ
from the actual values for that time by as much as 0.2 min., except in January
and December, when the difference may amount to 0.3 min. In leap years, all
dates in the table after February must be reduced by one day.
SOLAR SYSTEM
ORBITAL DATA; SOLAR SYSTEM (1925)
Units: Distance, IO6 km; period, tropical year
Planet
$
C
0
c?
U
O
ty
Distance*
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Eccentricity
57^90.2056
108.1
0.0068
149.5
0.01674
227.8
0.0933
778
0.0484
1426
0.0558
2869
0.0471
4496
0.00855 |
Inclinationf
7 O' 12.0"
32338.0
1 5 1 0.6
1 1826.4
22928.7
O 46 22.1
1 46 36.7 |
Mean longitude
TTTT
1
^ M ,.
NodeJ
I
Perihelion
47 2 6 ' 3 2 . 1 " 7 6 17' 18.9"
76 0 1 6 . 7
1303056.8
10139 2.3
485845.0
3344042.2
994126.3
13 6 5 1 . 4
113 O 5.7
913442.0
73 36 57.7
169 26 56.8
130 57 13.3
43 58 27.9
Sidereal
oiaereai
period
0.24085
0.61521
1.00004
1.88089
11.862
29.458
84.015
164.788
* Mean distance.
t Angle between plane of orbit and plane of ecliptic.
Ascending node.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBERS OF SOLAR SYSTEM

Units: Linear diameter, 1000 km; density, g/cm3; time, mean solar
^
Diameter
Linear
| Angular*
4.84
10.90"
12.19
I / O . 80
12.76
6.78
17.88
142.7
46.86
120.8
19.52
49.7
3.76
53.0
2.52
1391
3159.26
I
3.48
31 5.16U
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus...
Neptune
Sun H
Moon
Massf X 10
Mass sun
0.1670
2.451
3.036J
0.3233
954.8
285.6
43.7
50.8
1001341
0.037**
Sidereal
rotation
Dengit
sT
5.1
5.52
3.9
1.4
0.7
1.3+
1.3
1.4
3.3
23 hr 56.07 min
24 37.4
9.8hr
10.2 hr
Number
satellites
O
l
O
7
9
4
1
25.3 da
27.32 da
* At distance = difference mean distance sun to object and mean distance sun to Earth; nearly at distance of nearest approach to Earth,
t Includes satellite (or planetary) system, if any.
J Mass of Earth alone = 2.999 X 10~ mass of sun.
Equatorial diameter. Polar diameter: Earth = 12.71; Jupiter = 133.2, 43.74"; Saturn = 108.1, 17.46". Diameter of sphere of volume = Earth, is
12.74.
Il At mean distance of Earth, gravitational acceleration due to Sun is k2 = 2.9592 X 10~* (mean distance) per day 2 = 0.5926 cm per sec2. For solar
spectrum etc., see index.
Tf At mean distance from Earth. Apparent diameter varies, with distance, from 29.5' to 33.5'.
** Moon alone. Mass Moon = 0.01227 mass Earth.
SOLAR DATA
Constant of notation
9.21"
Constant
of
aberration
20.47"
[Paris conference values
Inclination of equator to ecliptic, about.... 7
Solar parallax
8.80"
Longitude of ascending node of equator.... 74.5
From parallax measurements
8.806"
Period of rotation, about
28 da*
From velocity of light
8.781
Sun spot period, about
11 yr
From mass of Earth
8.762
From motion of Moon
8.773
TERRESTRIAL AND LUNAR DATAJ
Equatorial horizontal parallax of Moon*
57' 2.70" (Brown)
Mean distance Earth to Moon
384 403 km
General precession (retro1 32.1"
grade)
50.2564" + 0.000222"(* - 1900) per yr Inclination of Moon's equator to ecliptic
Obliquity of the ecliptic
23 27' 8.26" - 0.4684"(* - 1900) Inclination of Moon's orbit to ecliptic, about 5
Eccentricity of Moon's orbit (average)
0.055
* From observations of sun spots near latitude 45; spots near equator rotate
Revolution of Moon's nodes (retrograde)
18.6 yr
in about 24 da; those near lat. 80, in 30 da.
t For geodetic and geophysical data, see p. 393.
* Mean of greatest and least values; actual values vary from 53' to 61' ca.
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

W. J. HUMPHREYS
TABLE 1.COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR AT SEA-LEVEL ( 4 > 5)
v volume of the gas in volume V of dry air
Gas
IQWF
N 2 C^ A
78032099 94
CO2
3
H 2 * Ne He K r X ( T
1 0.1230.04 0.0050.0006
* Values found by analysis vary; the one here given is that accepted by Hann
and the Recueil de Constantes Physiques.
TABLE 2.COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE AT VARIOUS LEVELS

Computed from data of Table 1 on the assumptions: (I) at
surface, H2O vapor supplies 1.2% of the total number of gas
molecules, (2) absolute humidity decreases rapidly to a negligible
amount at about 10 km, (3) temperature = U 0 C at sea-level,
decreases normally (60C per km) to 550C at 11 km, remains
constant above 11 km, (4) relative proportions of the gases, water
vapor excepted, remains constant up to 11 km, (5) above 11 km,
distribution is in accordance with their molecular weights ( 3 ).
The amount of H2 is in doubt (see note Table 1), especially above
11 km; it may become oxidized to H2O before reaching the upper
atmosphere.
v = volume of the gas contained in volume V of atmosphere.
Unit of height = 1 km = 0.621 mi.; of pressure = 1 mm of Hg
~~
Height
140
130
120
110
100
90
Total
lOQv/V
N 2 I O2
0.01
0.04
0.19
0.67 0.02
2.95 0.11
9.78 0.49
H2O I A
0.02
0.05
0.10
CQ2
H2 I
99.15
99.00
98.74
98.10
95.58
88.28
He
0.84
0.96
1.07
1.19
1.31
1.35
pressure
0.0040
0.0046
0.0052
0.0059
0.0067
0.0081
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
15
11
5
O
Total
1000/7
Height
N2
Q 2 I H2Q A
32.18 1.85 0.17
61.83 4.72 0.20 0.03
81.22 7.69 0.15 0.03
86.7810.17 0.10 0.12
86.4212.61 0.06 0.22
84.2615.18 0.03 0.35
81.2418.10 0.02 0.59
79.5219.66 0.01 0.77
78.0220.99 0.01 0.94
77.8920.95 0.18 0.94
77.0820.75 1.20 0.93
CO2
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
presH,
He
sure
64.70 1.10
0.0123
32.61 0.61
0.0274
10.68 0.23
0.0935
2.76 0.07
0.403
0.67 0.02 1.84
0.16 0.01 8.63
0.04
40.99
0.02
89.66
0.01
168.00
0.01 405.
0.01 760.
TABLE 3.MASSES OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ITS CONSTITUENTS

Based upon Table 1, the assumptions of Table 2, and the assumption that the average atmospheric pressure at the surface of the
earth = 73.7 cm and at base of stratosphere = 14.5 cm (* 2 ).
Area of earth is taken as 51 X IO17 cm2.
Total mass M = m X 10* kg; 1000 kg = 1.102 tons (of 2000 Ib.)
Gas All I N 2 I O2 I A JH 2 O CO2 | H 2 | Ne | Kr | He Xe
m
511 387 116 624 133 217 129 471 64 63 116
n
16 16 16 14 14
13 12 11 11 11 10
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Hann, Lehrbuch der Meteorologie (3rd ed.). ( 2 ) Humphreys, Monthly
Weather Review, 49: 341; 21. ( 3 ) Humphreys, Physics of the Air, p. 69; 20.
(4) Ramsay, 6, 80: 599; 08. (5) Various authorities.
MISCELLANEOUS GEODETIC DATA

W. D. LAMBERT
With certain exceptions which are especially noted, those of the
following data which depend upon the dimensions of the earth
have been calculated strictly in accordance with the INTERNATIONAL ELLIPSOID OF REFERENCE, adopted by the Section
of Geodesy of the International Geodetic and Geophysical
Union, meeting at Madrid, October 6 and 7, 1924. This ellipsoid
is based upon the results obtained by J. F. Hayford (Supplementary Investigation in 1909 of the Figure of the Earth and Isostasy,
Washington, 1910), but is not absolutely identical with Hayford's
ellipsoid. (For some of the other spheroids that are used for
geographical purposes, see Special Publication #100, U. S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey. Recent attempts have been made to show
that the actual figure of the earth can be represented more closely
by an ellipsoid of three unequal axes, than by one of revolution,
systematic departures from the latter being of the order of 100 to
200 meters in elevation and depression.)
If the positions of the two ends of a line are determined geodetically for any assumed spheroid of reference, the uncertainty in the
length of the line as measured along the earth depends almost
entirely upon the errors in the survey; for geodetic surveys of the
highest class, the uncertainty is a little less than one in 100 000
and for an ordinary fair survey it is about four times as great.
The proportional error in the straight-line distance is greater,
mainly because the geoid does not coincide with the ellipsoid;
these additional errors are not serious for a short line, but for two
points almost diametrically opposite may amount to 100 or 200
meters.
If the end points are determined astronomically, the principal

error in the computed length is due to the difference in the deflection
of the plumb-line at the two points; unless the measured line is
short, the average uncertainty so introduced is of the order of 200
meters, but may be much more, especially in rugged country.
Latitude.The latitude of a place is defined as the angle which
some line of reference makes with the equatorial plane. Four
lines of reference, defining four distinct kinds of latitude, are used.
Three of these lines pass through the place considered; viz., (I)
The plumb-line, defining the astronomical latitude, (2) the normal
to the spheroid of reference, defining the geographical latitude,
and (3) the line to the center of the earth, defining the geocentric
latitude. The fourth line of reference passes through the center
of the earth and that point which is upon the circumscribed
sphere (radius = equatorial radius of the spheroid) and at the
same distance from the axis of rotation as is the point on the
spheroid representing the place considered; this defines the parametric, or reduced, latitude.
Gravity.1If the earth's sea-level surface were accurately represented by the International Ellipsoid of Reference, and if no
attracting matter projected above this surface, then the variation
of gravity at sea-level (y0) would be represented by the equations
-Yo = 7.(I + 0.005 288 sinV - 0.000 006 sin2 2<f>)
= 74o(l - 0.002 637 cos 2 is the geographic latitude, and TC, 745 are the values of J0
at the equator and at latitude 45, respectively. These equations
differ slightly from that used in computing the table on p. 396;
the latter corresponds to an ellipticity of 1/297.4.
TABLE 1.FORM AND SIZE OF THE EARTH
Based upon International Ellipsoid of Reference; accepted
constants, from which the others are computed, are a = 6 378 388
meters, ellipticity [ = (a b) /a] = 1/297. The indicated uncertainties are estimates, by Lambert, based upon a consideration of
systematic errors as well as of internal discordances.
a = semi-major axis
5 = semi-minor axis
Radius of sphere of same area
Radius of sphere of same volume
Length of equatorial quadrant
Length of meridonal quadrant
= 6
= 6
= 6
= 6
=10
= 10
378 388(60)m
356 911.946 m
371 227.7 m
371 221.3 m
019 148.4 m
002 288.3 m
/ - ellipticity = (^-~)
= 0.003 367 0034
j = reciprocal of ellipticity
= 297.0(0.4)
e2 = (eccentricity)2 = /2 0 - I^ = 2 ~ '. . =0.006 722 6700

Area of the ellipsoid
Land area
Ocean area
Volume of the ellipsoid
Mass of the ellipsoid* (d = 5.527 g/cm*, p. 395)
Principal moments of inertia (A B < C) t :
A% = Bl
C%
C- A
=
=
=
=
=
510 100 934 km2

148 847 000 kmS
361 254 000 km2
1 083 319.78 X 106 km
5.988 X IO24 kg
= 0.332 35 #a*
= 0.33344.Ea2
= 0.001 0921 Ea*
(^)-(SoOa)1
- -32774
* For discussion of variation of density with depth below surface, see Adams
and Williamson, Smithsonian Annual Report, 1923, p. 241.
t E = mass of earth.
t Computed values vary but little with any admissible assumption regarding
the constitution of the interior of the earth. Values are based upon computations of De Sitter (64V, 27: 233; 24); ellipticity taken as 1/296.92.
Deduced from precession of equinoxes; involves no hypothesis regarding
constitution of interior of earth.
TABLE 2.DISTANCES UPON SURFACE OF THE INTERNATIONAL

ELLIPSOID OF REFERENCE
M = length of meridian from equator to geographic latitude <?;
Sm length of meridian from latitude () to (<? + iA<p) ;
Sp = length of arc of parallel for 1 of longitude at latitude <p.
These may be computed by means of the equations: M = a?
b sin 2<f> + c sin 4 b sin AV cos 2 d cos 6^>; SP = a cos +
c cos 5<f>; where the coefficients and their logarithms have the
following values:
Unit of length = 1 meter; of angle = 1
M*
"""
a
b
c
^d
Value
111 136.537
16 107.035
16.976
0.022
log IQ
5.045 856 86
4.207 015 6
1..229 84
2.348
Sm*
Value
111 136.537
32 214.069
33.952
0.045
logio
5.045 856 86
4.508 045 6
1..53O 87
2.649
a
b
c
d
Sm* for Ay = 1
I
Sp*
Value
logio
Value
|
logio
111 136.537 5.045 856 86 111 417.657 5.046 954 02
562.213 2.749 901
93.904 1.972 686
1.185 0.073 7
0.119 .074 6
0.002 3.37
* Owing to uncertainty regarding the actual size of the earth, actual distances
upon the earth at sea-level may differ from these computed distances by about
2 in 100 000 near the equator or the poles, by somewhat less in middle latitudes.
TABLE 3.EXCESS OF GEOGRAPHIC LATITUDE (<p) OVER GEOCENTRIC (<?') AND PARAMETRIC (B) LATITUDES
 b sin 4^? -j- c sin &<?
= a sin 2<f>' + b sin 4^>' + c sin 6<p'
 + c' sin 6^>
= a! sin 20 + b' sin 40 -f c' sin 60
where the coefficients and their logarithms have the following
values :
Unit of coefficients = 1"
I Value I
logio
||
| Value |
logio
~~a695.66352.842 3 9 9 2 ^ 3 4 7 . 8 3 2 7 2 . 5 4 1 3704
6
1.1731 0.069 34
6'
0.2933 1.467 29
c I 0.0026 I 3.421
c'
0.0003 4.52
TABLE 4.MISCELLANEOUS TERRESTRIAL DATA
Angular velocity of rotation
72.921 X 10~6 radians/sec*
Rotational energy
2.160 X IO36 ergs
Rotational energy lost by tidal friction
1.1 X IO19 ergs/secf
Work required to dissipate the
material of the earth to infinity.. 2.46 X IO39 ergs
Mean elevation of land above sealevel
825m
Mean depth of the oceans
3681 m
Mean effective viscosity is not
known, but perhaps between
IO20 and IO25 poisesf
* Mean solar second.
t Jeffreys, 62, 221A: 239; 20; The Earth, Its Origin, History and\ Physical
Constitution, 205-237,; 24. Heiskanen, 175, ISA: 1; 21.
J Schweydar, Verffentl. des Preuss. Geodt. Inst., No. 79; 19; Jeffreys, Monthly
Notices, Roy. Ast. Soc., 75: 648; 15. 76: 84; 16. 77: 449; 17; also The Earth,
us Origin, History, and Physical Constitution, 222; 1924.
Rigidity (M). From the yielding of the solid portions (revealed

by observations with horizontal pendulums), and on assumption
of incompressibility, Schweydar (Zentralbureau Int. Erdmes.,
Neue Folge No. 38, 1921) deduces /* = 30.8 (1 - 0.90r2/2) X IO11
dynes/cm2, and mean effective rigidity = 17.6 X IO11 dynes/cm2
(r = distance from center, a mean radius). To allow for
compressibility, these values must be increased by about 20%
(Lambert, preliminary, unpublished computations) ; even then the
value computed for the outer shell of half-radius thickness is much
less than that deduced from earthquake data. (See Adams and
Williamson, Smithsonian Annual Report, 1923.) The discrepancy
may arise from Schweydar's assumption of high rigidity in the
central portions, which may possibly behave as a fluid. (See
Knott, 68, 39: 157; 19; Sieberg, Geologische, physikalische und
angewandte Erdbebenkunde, 364; 23.)
GRAVITY DATA
CLARENCE H. SWICK
This section includes : (A) The value of the gravitation constant;
(B) the absolute determination upon which the tabulated values
of the acceleration of gravity1 rest; (C) values of the acceleration
of gravity (g) at numerous stations well distributed over the
surface of the earth, together with a table giving the values of g
at sea-level and at various latitudes; and (D) means for computing
the variation in g with the distance of the station above, or below,
either the surface of the earth or sea-level. In preparing the data,
valuable assistance was received from several colleagues. In
particular should be mentioned Mr. W. D. Lambert's assistance
with section D, and Miss Sarah Beall's and Mr. H. S. Rappleye's
assistance with section C.
A. GRAVITATION CONSTANT
The best determinations of the gravitation constant (G) 2 are
considered to be those by C. V. Boys (7) and by K. Braun ( 8 ).
Each used an improved form of the Cavendish apparatus; and
they obtained almost identical results, the final values of the two
determinations being the same to the fourth significant figure.
They found
G = 6.658 X 10~8 cm 3 g~l sec"2
which requires that the mean density of earth = 5.527 g/cm3.
B. BASIS OF REFERENCE
The observed values of gravity in Tables 1 and 2 are relative
determinations in the Potsdam system, that is, they are based on
1
Throughout this section the term acceleration of gravity, or, briefly, gravity, is
used, in its commonly accepted sense, to denote the resultant acceleration arising from the gravitational attraction and the rotation of the earth. It is this
resultant which is denoted by g.
2
The force (/) of gravitational attraction between two masses (m, mi) separated by the distance r is / = G
the value of 981.274 cm/sec2 for the pendulum room of the

Geodetic Institut in Potsdam, Germany. This value for Potsdam
is the result of a large number of careful absolute determinations
extending over a series of years. The degree of uncertainty in such
absolute determinations is well illustrated by the fact that a
similar series of absolute determinations at Vienna, Austria, gave a
value 0.016 cm/sec2 greater than the one above when referred
to Potsdam by relative determinations.
All determinations of gravity should be based on the Potsdam
system by means of relative determinations with some station
already accurately based on that system. A table of 20 base
stations on the Potsdam system is given in Comptes Rendus
VAssociation Geodesiqv Internationale for 1909, 111:25. Most of
these stations are included in Table 1.
C. ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT SELECTED STATIONS
The stations included in Table 1 are grouped (1) in the order
America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceanic; (2) generally, alphabetically according to countries (United States of
America, first); (3) in each subdivision, the stations are arranged
alphabetically. Numerals in parentheses, following the name of a
subdivision or station refer to the bibliography, and indicate the
source from which the data were obtained. If the effect of
topography and of isostatic compensation has been computed
on the uniform basis of compensation extending to a depth of 113.7
km, the amount of this computed effect is given in the column TC.
This effect is the amount by which the actual value of the acceleration would exceed that obtained from Table 2, after correction for
elevation by means of equation (1), if there were complete isostatic
compensation and if the local distribution of matter were not
anomalous.
TABLE 1.ACCELERATION (g) OF GRAVITY, POTSDAM SYSTEM

(The effect of topography and of isostatic compensation = TC)
Units: Elevation (h), meters: g, cm/sec2; TC, cm/sec2
Station
Latitude | Longitude |
\ TC
AMERICA
United States ( 5 6 )
Albany, N. Y. (Public
School No. 24)
Apalachicola, F l a .
(Weather Bureau)..
Asheville, N. C. (Postoffice)
Atlanta, Ga. (State
Capitol)
Austin, Tex. (University)
Baltimore, Md. (Johns
Hopkins University)
Bismarck, N. Dak.
(Will School)
Boise, Idaho (High
School)
Calais,
Me. (High
School)
Cambridge, M a s s .
(Harvard College
Observatory)
Charleston, W. Va.
(High School)
Charleston, S. C. (S. C.
Military Academy).
Charlofrtesville, V a .
(University of Virginia)
Chicago, 111. (Univ. of
Chicago)
Cincinnati, Ohio (Cinc i n n a t i Observatory)
Cleveland, Ohio (Adelbert College)
Colorado S p r i n g s ,
Colo. (Colorado College)
Denver, Colo. (University of Denver)..
Dover, Del. (Wilmington C o n f e r e n c e
Academy)
El Paso, Tex. (High
School)
Galveston, Tex. (Ball
High School)
Georgetown, T e x .
(South w e s t e r n
University)
Goldfield, Nev. (High
School)
Hartford, Conn. (Jarvis Laboratory of
Trinity College)
Hinsdale, Mont. (Public School)
Hoboken, N. J. (Stevens Institute of
Technology)
Indianapolis, I n d .
(Postoffice)
Ithaca, N. Y. (Cornell
University)
Kansas City, Mo.
(Franklin School)...
Key West, FIa. (Postoffice)
Lancaster, N. H. (High
School)
Las Vegas, N. Mex.
(Normal School)....
Little Rock, A r k .
(Postoffice)
42 39. l'
73 46. l'
61
980.344-0.006
29 43.5
84 58.8
979.322+0.015
35 35.9
82 33.3
670
979.603+0.026
33 45.0
84 23.3
324
979.524+0.014
30 17.2
97 44.2
189
979.283-0.001
39 17.8
76 37.3
30
980.097+0.006
46 48.5
100 47.0
516
980.625-0.005
43 37.2
116 12.3
821
980.212-0.042
45 11.2
67 16.9
38
980.631+0.010
42 22.8
71
7.8
14
980.398+0.010
38 20.9
81 37.7
184
979.936-0.010
32 47.2
79 56.0
979.546+0.016
38
2.0
78 30.3
166
979.938+0.002
41 47.4
87 36.1
182
980.278+0.007
39
8.3
84 25.3
245
980.004+0.002
41 30.4
81 36.6
210
980.241
0.000
38 50.7
104 49.0
1841
979.490-0.007
39 40.6
104 56.9
1638
979.609-0.015
9.7
75 32.0
12
980.099+0.013
31 46.3
106 29.0
1146
979.124+0.001
29 18.2
94 47.5
979.272+0.007
30 38.0
97 40.1
231
979.298+0.002
37 42.2
117 14.5
1716
979.456+0.027
39
41 44.8
48 23.8
72 41.8
107
5.3
37
980.336+0.008
661
980.739-0.017
11
980.269+0.008
40 44
74
39 45.9
86
8.8
217
980.090+0.003
42 27.1
76 29.0
247
980.300 +0.005
39
5.8
94 35.4
278
979.990-0.001
24' 33.6
81 48.4
978.970+0.035
44 29.5
71 34.3
261
980.486+0.007
35 35.8
105 12.1
1960
979.204+0.017
34 45.0
92 16.4
89
979.721+0.001
Station
I Latitude
Madison, Wis. (University of Wisconsin). 43 4.6'
Minneapolis, M i n n .
(University of Minnesota)
44 58.7
M ount H a m i l t o n ,
Calif. (Lick Observatory)
37 20.4
New Orleans, La. (City
Hall)
29 57.0
New York, N. Y.
(Columbia University)
40 48.5
Norris Geyser Basin,
Wyo. (Yellowstone
Park)
44 44.2
Pembina, N. Dak.
(Public School)
48 58.1
P h i l a d e l p h i a , Pa.
( U n i v e r s i t y of
Pennsylvania)
39 57.1
Pierre, S. Dak. (High
School)
44 21.9
Pittsburgh, Pa. (Second Ward School).. 40 27.4
Point Isabel, Tex
26 4.7
Portland, Oreg. (Custom House)
45 31.4
P o t s d a m , N. Y.
(Clarkson School of
Technology)
44 40.1
Pri n e c t o n , N. J.
(Princeton University)
40 21.0
Richmond, Va. (Postoffice)
37 32.2
St. Louis, Mo. (Washington University).. 38 38.0
Salt Lake City, Utah
(Temple Block)
40 46.1
San Francisco, Calif.
(Davidson Observatory)
.'... 37 47.5
Sandpoint, I d a h o
(Farmington Central School)
48 16.4
Seattle, Wash. (Washington State University)
47 39.6
Springfield, 111. (Edwards P u b l i c
School)
39 47.7
State College, Pa.
(Chemistry Physics
Building)
40 47.9
Terre Haute,
Ind.
(Rose Polytechnic
Institute)
39 28.7
Washington, D. C.
(U. S. C. and G. S.,
base station)
38 53.2
Washington, D. C.
(Bureau of Standards)
38 56.3
Wilmington, N. C.
(Court House)
34 14.2
Worcester, M a s s .
(Worcester P o l y technic Institute).. . 42 16.5
Yavapai, Ariz. (Yavapai Point)
36 3.9
Alaska ( 4 )
Fort Egbert, Eagle
City
64 47.4
Percy Islands, Southeast Alaska
54 55.8
Longitude |
| TC
89 24.0'
270
980.365+0.003
93 13.9
256
980.597-0.005
121 38.6
1282
979.660+0.120
4.2
979.324+0.013
73 57.7
38
980.267+0.011
110 42.0
2276
979.950+0.031
97 14.9
243
980.917-0.009
75 11.7
16
980.196+0.009
100 20.8
454
980.427-0.013
80 0.6
97 12.4
235
8
980.118 0.000
979.076+0.015
122 40.7
980.646-0.016
74 58.8
130
980.571-0.004
74 39.5
64
980.178+0.013
77 26.1
30
979.960+0.010
90 12.2
154
980.001+0.001
111 53.8
1322
979.803-0.041
122 25.7
114
979.965+0.045
116 33.3
637
980.680-0.044
122 18.3
58
980.733-0.020
89 39.5
183
980.089+0.005
77 51.8
358
980.124+0.010
87 23.8
151
980.072+0.001
90
77
0.5
14
980.112+0.004
77
4.0
103
980.095+0.012
77 56.6
979.663+0.023
71 48.5
170
980.324+0.018
7.1
2179
979.192+0.034
141 12.4
269
982.183-0.042
J981.524 -0.013
112
131 35.3
Station
Point Young, Southeast Alaska
Quiet Harbor, Southeast Alaska
St. Michael
St. Paul Island
Canada ( 20 21 2 2 )
Arctic Red River, N.
W. Ter
Banff, Alta
Calgary, Alta
Charlottetown, P. E. I.
Chipewyan, Alta
Good Hope, N. W.
Ter
Halifax, N. S
Kenora, Ont
Kingston, Ont. (City
Hall)
Liard River, B. C
Moose Jaw, Sask
Norman, N. W. Ter...
Ottawa, Ont. (Domini o n Observatory,
base station)
Peace River, Alta
Port Arthur, Ont.
(Masonic Building).
Providence, N. W.
Ter
Resolution, N. W. Ter.
Revelstoke, B. C
St. Jrme (Chateau
Larose)
St. John, N. B. (Meteorological Observatory)
Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.
(City Hall)
Simpson, N. W. Ter...
Sydney, N. S
Vancouver, B. C
Winnipeg, Man
Woodstock, N. B.
(Armoury)
Woodstock, O n t .
(Market)
Central a n d S o u t h
America ( 2 )
Bahia Bianca, Argentina
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Bahia, Brazil
Panama, Canal Zone. .
Valdivia, Chile
Valparaiso, Chile
Callao, Peru
Acajutla, Salvador
Montevideo, Uruguay.
Kanada see Canada.
Latitude
| Longitude
58 11.5'
13433.4'
981.757-0.054
56 14.1
63 28.5
57 7.3
132 39.6
162 2.4
170 16.6
4
l
10
981.624-0.034
982.192-0.004
981.726+0.041
67
51
51
46
58
26.6
10.9
2.7
13.9
42.7
133 44.2
115 34.5
114 3.8
63 7.5
111 8.8
41
1376
1044
8
229
982.434-0.026
980.753-0.012
980.823-0.022
980.733+0.013
981.723-0.012
66 15.3
44 40.8
49 46.0
128 38.2
63 33.8
94 30.0
59
9
330
982.340-0.029
980.574+0.008
980.974+0.018
44
59
50
64
76
123
105
125
28.8
47.5
31.8
34.2
79
160
541
87
980.530+0.008
981.790-0.059
980.943+0.003
982.214-0.036
45 23.6
56 14.1
75 43.0
117 17.2
83
324
980.618 0.000
981.482-0.038
48 26.0
89 13.0
189
980.820-0.014
61 21.2
61 10.1
50 59.8
117 39.2
113 40.5
118 11.8
156
152
453
981.955-0.018
981.942-0.009
980.903-0.080
14.6
58.7
23.4
54.0
\ g
TC
45 46.6
74
0.0
107
980.681+0.006
45 16.0
66
5.0
33
980.663+0.016
46
61
46
49
49
30.4
51.6
8.4
16.8
54.4
84 19.2
121 20.8
60 11.8
123 6.8
97 8.0
186
132
12
6
231
980.680-0.005
982.004-0.023
980.731+0.014
980.949-0.046
980.990+0.002
46
9.0
67 34.5
56
980.699+0.008
43
8.6
80 47.0
299
980.352-0.002
38 47.1S.
62 15.9
980.061
34
12
8
39
33
12
13
34
58
38
79
73
71
77
89
56
22.2
31.0
31.9
28.3
38.5
15.8
50.4
12.9
2
4
6
10
60
1
12
4
979.669
978.331
978.243
979.920
979.609
978.375
978.303
979.772
47 0.3
47 8
46 37
47 19.8
46 45
11
9
14
15
12
30.5
59
28
22
58
E. 1372
E. 838
E. 417
E. 445
E. 617
980.353
980.454
980.614
980.657
980.555
46
48
47
48
48
10
16
14
16
17
27.4
21.5
46.7
21.5
0.5
E. 2760
E. 183
E. 352
E. 183
E. 146
980.045
980.860
980.750
980.860
980.904
E.
102
981.112
12 59.3 E.
13 0.4 E.
537
822
980.921
980.906
36.5 S.
58.5 S.
54.9
53.4 S.
1.8 S.
4.1S.
34.7
54.5 S.
EUROPE
Allemagne, see Germany.
Angleterre, see Great
Britain.
Austria ( 2 6 )
Brenner
Dalaas
Grafenstein
Mixnitz
Ober-Drauburg
Stilfserjoch
(Stelvio
Pass)
Vienna (base stati on)..
Waidhofen
Wien (base station)...
Wolfsthal
Belgium ( 2 )
Brussels
Czechoslovakia ( 2 )
Bohrnerwald
Cebon
31.8
12.7
57.7
12.7
8.3
50 51.0
49 40.1
50 0.9
4 22
0.152
Station
I Latitude
Karlowitz
49 21.9'
Mount Hora...
49 10.3
Rosenau
48 39.1
Denmark ( 2 )
Copenhagen (Sternwarte, base station) 55 41.2
Frederikshavn
57 27.1
Magleby
54 47.3
Peders Kirke
55 1.6
Trige
56 15.2
Vinding
55 40.3
Deutschland, see Germany.
England, see G r e a t
Britain.
Espagna, see Spain.
Finland ( 2 )
Helsingfors (Observatory)
60 9.7
Uleaborg
65 1.2
Viborg (Viipurin)
60 42.9
2
Fiume ( )
45 20.0
France ( 2 3)
Arcachon
44 39.6
Aurillac, Lyceum
44 56.8
Bayonne
43 29.7
Bordeaux (Observatoire)
44 50.1
Coutras
45 2.5
Jonzac
45 26.7
Langen
44 32.7
Lihons.,
49 50.0
Lyon
45 41.0
Marseille (Observatoire)
43 17.9
Metz
49 7.0
M e u d o n (Observatoire)
48 48.3
Mont Blanc (Observatoire)
45 50
Mont-Louis
42 31.0
Nice (Observatoire)... 43 42.8
Paris (Observatoire,
base station)
48 50.2
Port-Vendres
42 50.9
Rosendal-les-Dunk... 51 2.9
Soulac
45 31.0
Strasbourg (base station)
48 35.0
Valence
44 56
Germany ( 2 6 )
Alter Bruch
50 45.7
Bremen
53 5.0
Brocken
51 48.0
Coburg
50 16.0
Gttingen ( S t e r n warte)
51 32.0
Grimmen
54 6.9
Hamburg (Seewarte).. 53 32.8
Helgoland
... 54 10.8
Immenstaad
47 40.0
Jena
50 55.6
Karlsruhe
49 0.7
Kiel (Sternwarte)
54 20.5
Kirchhain
51 38.3
Kolberg
54 11.3
Knigsberg ( S t e r n warte)
54 42.8
Leipzig
51 20.1
Ldenhausen
52 4.3
Munich
48 8.7
Mnster
51 57.9
Neumnster
54 4.4
Potsdam ( G e o d e t i c
Institute, base station)
52 22.9
Scharfenstein
51 50.0
Schneekoppe
50 44.2
Sehlsgrund
52 52.8
Stuttgart
48 46.9
Waldsee
47 55
| Longitude |
h
1818.7'E. 510
15 42.4 E. 710
20 32 E. 281
g
\
980.890
980.845
980.871
12
10
10
14
10
9
34.7 E.
32.2 E.
43.0 E.
58.8 E.
9.5 E.
34.5 E.
14
15
14
42
91
78
981.559
981.740
981.502
981.533
981.618
981.575
24
25
28
14
57.3 E.
29.1 E.
43.7 E.
25.8 E.
29
9
12
10
981.912
982.262
981.928
980.630
1 10.4
2 26.6 E.
1 28.0
24
640
3
980.586
980.483
980.475
O
O
O
O
2
4
31.4
7.9
26.0
15.3
45 E.
47 E.
72
13
35
25
106
286
980.572
980.591
980.647
980.561
981.038
980.629
5 23 E.
6 10.7 E.
61
175
980.482
980.957
2 13.9 E.
130(7)980.919
6 52
2 7
7 18
E. 4807
E. 1620
E. 367
979.401
979.996
980.471
2 20.3 E.
3 6 E.
2 24 E.
1 7.4
61
25
20
8
980.943
980.456
981.170
980.655
7 46.1E.
4 53 E.
137
125
980.904
980.562
E. 917
E.
O
E. 1140
E. 290
15
8
10
10
44.6
49.2
37
58
9
13
9
7
9
11
8
10
13
15
57 E.
2.7 E.
58.3 E.
53.1E.
22.1E.
35.2 E.
24.7 E.
9 E.
33.5 E.
35.8 E.
162
11
24
51
403
154
114
41
98
8
981.176
981.434
981.375
981.410
980.709
981.123
980.967
981.464
981.235
981.453
20
12
9
Il
7
10
29.8
23.5
0.0
36.6
37.9
O
22
115
205
525
62
25
981.477
981.180
981.242
980.733
981.233
981.427
13
10
15
15
9
9
4.1E.
87
36.0 E. 623
44.6 E. 1605
48.0 E. 109
10.5 E. 247
45.3 E. 590
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.
TC
980.930+0.060
981.341
981.015+0.088
981.015
981.274
981.130+0.041
980.776+0.110
981.278
980.901
980.706
Station
I Latitude | Longitude |
Great Britain ( 2 )
Edinburgh, Scotland
(Observatory)
5557.4'
3 9.4'
Glasgow, S c o t l a n d
(University)
55 51.5
4 14.0
Greenwich, England
(Observatory)
51 28.6
O 0.0
Kew, England (Observatory)
51 28.1
O 19
Plymouth, England... 50 22.2
4 8.4
Holland, see Netherlands
2
Hungary ( )
Budapest
47 29.5
19 3.6 E.
Kis-Komarom
46 32.9
17 10.7 E.
Italy (2, 6)
Alba
44 42.0
8 2.3 E.
Arona
45 45.8
8 34.1E.
Bologna (Universit).. 44 29.8
11 21.3 E.
Brenner (see Austria)
Catania, Sicily
37 30.2
15 4.7 E.
Castellammare di
Stabia
40 41.6
14 28.7 E.
Domo d'Ossola....... 46 7.0
8 18.4 E.
Florence
43 46.8
11 15.2 E.
Genoa (Institute Idrografico)
44 25.1
8 55.3 E.
Livorno (Leghorn).... 43 32.0
10 18.5 E.
Milan (Osservatorio).. 45 28.0
9 11.5 E.
Padua (Osservatorio,
base station)
45 24.0
11 52.3 E.
Palermo, Sicily
38 6.9
13 22.0 E.
PoIa
44 51.8
13 50.7 E.
Pracchia
44 3.0
10 54.3 E.
Romagnano
45 38.1
8 23.8 E..
Rome
41 53.5
12 29.7 E.
San Remo
43 49.1
7 46.5 E.
Stilfserjoch, see Austria
Stromboli, Lipari Is.. . 38 48.2
15 14. I E .
Turin
45 4.1
7 41.8 E.
Jugoslavia, see Y u g o slavia
Netherlands (24)
Amsterdam (Universit)
52 21.9
4 54.7 E.
Bergen op Z o o m
(Cathdrale)
51 29.7
4 17.3 E.
Breda (Acadmie Militaire)
51 35.5
4 46.5 E.
De BiIt ( I n s t i t u t
Mtorologique,
base station)
52 6.2
5 10.7 E.
Delft (Institut Godsique)
52 0.6
4 22.1E.
Gronigen (Universit). 53 13.2
6 34.0 E.
Hollander (Sanatorium Hellendoorn)... 52 24.2
6 25.OE.
Leeuwarden (Friesche
Levensverzekering). 53 12.3
5 48.3 E.
Leiden (Observatoire). 52 9.4
4 29.1E.
Maastricht (Htel de
Ville)
50 51.2
5 41.6 E.
Middelburg ( t a t s
Prov.)
51 30.0
3 36.8 E.
Oldenzaal (glise PIechelmi)
52 18.8
6 55.8 E.
Schoorl (cole primaire)
52 42.1
4 41.6 E.
Sittard (Ambachtsschool)
50 59.8
5 51.6 E.
Sleen
52 46.5
6 48.1E.
Terschelling ( c o l e
Navale)
53 21.6
5 12.9 E.
Ubagsberg
50 51.0
5 57.2 E.
Utrecht (Observatoire) 52 5.2
5 7.8 E.
Weert (glise catholique)
51 15.3
5 42.5 E.
Winschoten
53 8.7
7 2.4 E.
104
981.584
61
981.605
48
981.184
5
43
981.144
981.148
TC
108
115
980.852
980.745
169
210
51
980.444
980.629
980.450
43
980.065
4
276
48
980.321
980.598
980.510
93
6
141
980.573
980.534-0.018
980.569
19
20
28
627
266
49
23
980.658
980.069
980.626
980.378
980.620
980.367-0.012
980.505
48
233
980.212
980.549
981.288
10
981.212
981.213
981.267
2
5
981.264
981.348
11
981.296
1
2
981.348
981.273
49
981.140
981.215
47
981.282
981.312
48
16
981.148
981.318
6
191
5
981.376
981.108
981.263
33
O
981.161
981.346
||
Station
| Latitude | Longitude |
Norway (2, 6)
Bergen (Sternwarte).. 60 23.9'
5 18.3'E.
Christiansund
63 6.6
7 44.2 E.
Dambaas
62 4.6
9 8.3 E.
Fioro
61 35.8
5 2.4 E.
Langenaes
69 1.2
15 8.7 E.
Laredal
61 6.3
7 27.9 E.
Mehavn
71 1.3
27 47 E.
OsIa ( C h r i s t i a n i a )
(Sternwarte, base
station)
59 54.7
10 43.5 E.
Ox
58 4.3
8 3.5 E.
Rorvik
64 51.9
11 14.3 E.
Sand
59 29.1
6 15.7 E.
Sannesjen
66 1.3
12 38.8 E.
Sorvaagen
67 53.6
13 2 E.
Stavanger
58 58
5 44.3 E.
Triset
59 25.8
8 10.8 E.
sterreich, see Austria.
Olanda, see Netherlands.
Paesi Bassi, see Netherlands.
Pays-Bas, see Netherlands.
Poland (2)
Bedzin
50 19.3
19 8.7 E.
Krakow (Sternwarte). 50 3.9
19 57.6 E.
LwOw (Lemberg)
49 50.2
24 0.0 E.
Tuchla
48 55.2
23 29 E.
Portugal (18)
Camposancos
41 53.2
8 49.0
Lisbon
38 42.5
9 11.3
Oporto
41 8.2
8 36.1
Praia da Rocha
37 7.0
8 32.7
2
Rumania ( )
Bocsa
46 56.9
22 42 E.
Bucharest (Bucuresti). 44 24.6
26 6.8 E.
Elesd
47 2.5
22 22 E.
Maros-Ludas (Ludos). 46 28.1
24 6 E.
Russia and Siberia ( 2 >
ll
)
Alexandropol
Archangel
Astrakhan
Byelgorod
Dagarskoje (L a k e
Baikal), Siberia
Erivan
Gorjatschinskoi, Siberia
Irkutsk, Siberia (Meteorological Observatory)
Kazan (Observatory).
Kingisepp
.
Leningrad, see St.
Petersburg.
Lenkoran
Listvinichnoe, Siberia.
Moscow (Observatory)
Novgorod
Odessa....
Pulkova (base station)
St. Petersburg (Leningrad)
Schaitanskij
Simbirsk
Staraya Russa.
Tartu (Dorpat, Yuriev), (Observatory)
Tiflis (Physical Observatory)
Tver
Verevye
Volkhovo.....'
Vyshniy Volochok
Vologda
Schweden, see Sweden
Schweiz, see Switzerland
Scotland, see Great Britain
40
64
46
50
47.0
34
21.0
36.1
\ TC
38
20
643
10
8
7
10
981.922
982.175
981.892
982.071
982.640
981.942
982.688
28
10
10
14
12
19
11
115
981.927
981.763
982.313
981.853
982.351
982.622 +0.0
981.845
981.795
256
205
314
540
981.058
981.054
980.911
980.789
9
75
94
17
980.383
980.088
980.290
980.005
379
83
225
281
980.711
980.553
980.794
980.715
43 49.7 E. 1519
40 31.OE.
5
48 2.7 E. -21
36 35.9 E. 203
979.785
982.278
980.774
981.038
55 42.2
40 10.7
109 54 E.
44 32.8 E.
465
990
981.32
979.880
52 59.4
108 18.OE.
470
981.178
52 16.5
55 47.4
59 22.5
104 16.5 E.
49 7.3 E.
28 35.7 E.
470
70
16
981.096
981.572
981.858
38
51
55
58
46
59
45.6
51.0
45.3
31.4
26.4
46.3
48
104
37
31
30
30
51.5 E. -20
52.5 E. 465
34.3 E. 139
17.3 E.
48
46.4 E.
43
19.7 E.
71
980.092
981.051
981.562
981.780
980.769
981.899
59
56
54
57
56.5
54.8
19.0
59.4
30
59
48
31
17.7
57.0
24.2
22
E.
E.
E.
E.
3
310
181
23
981.929
981.641
981.469
981.747
58 22.8
26 43.2 E.
50
981.793
41
56
58
59
57
59
44
35
32
31
34
39
412
136
113
21
164
118
980.176
981.607
981.794
981.826
981.695
981.837
43.1
51.2
40.8
4.2
35.1
13
47.8 E.
50.9 E.
42.0 E.
46.2 E.
33.1E.
53.0 E.
Station
I Latitude | Longitude |
h
Spain ( i )
Alcazar de San Juan.. 39 24.0'
3 12.o'
648
Andjar
38 3.0
4 3.0
207
Aranda de Duero
41 40.0
3 40.0
801
Arbas
43 0.9
5 45.0
1329
Badajoz
38 53.0
6 58.0
188
Barcelona
41 25.0
2 7.0 E. 407
Baza
37 30.0
2 45.0
858
Cortegana
37 54.0
6 47.0
765
Daroca
41 7.0
1 25.0
770
Lrida.
41 37.0
O 38.0 E. 165
Llans
42 22.0
3 9.0 E.
6
Malaga
36 43.0
4 25.2
61
Plasencia
40 2.0
6 3.0
369
Puigcerd
42 25.0
1 54.7 E. 1190
Roncai
42 49.0
O 59.6
675
Salamanca
40 58.0
5 39.0
805
Salou
41 4.0
1 9.OE.
2
San Fernando
36 28.0
6 12.3
44
Santander
43 29.1
3 49.0
10
Seville
37 23.0
5 59.0
11
Tarila
36 0.0
5 37.0
29
Toledo
. 39 51.0
4 1.0
520
Torrejn
38 0.1
O 39.1
2
Valencia
39 29.0
O 23.0
6
Valladolid
41 39.0
4 43.0
690
Virer
43 39.0
7 35.0
12
\ TC
979.933
979.943
980.086
980.132
980.050
980.240
979.669
979.895
980.038
980.260
980.431
979.918
980.073
980.055
980.228
980.057
980.268
979.843
980.503
979.965
979.748
980.015
980.032
980.127
980.111
980.553
Suede, see Sweden.

Suisse, see Switzerland.
Svzia, see Sweden.
Svizzera, see Switzerland.
Sweden ( 2 )
Haparanda
65 49.7
Hernosand
62 37.8
Lund (Sternwarte)
55 41.9
Stockholm ( S t e r n warte, base station). 59 20.6
Upsala (Sternwarte)... 59 51.5
Switzerland ( 2 3 )
Basel (base station).. . 47 33.6
Bern (Landestopographie)
46 56.5
Bironico
46 7.4
Brusio
46 15.3
Burgdorf ( T e c h n i kums)
47 3.5
Chanrion (Klubhtte) 45 56.3
Eggishorn ( H o t e l
Jungfrau)
46 25.2
Frauenfeld (Kantonsschule)
47 33.3
Fribourg (Universitt) 46 47.6
Gornergrat
45 59.0
Grand St. Bernard.... 45 52.1
Geneva (Sternwarte).. 46 12.0
Gsteig
(Hotel
Sanetsch)
46 23.2
Landquart ( S c h u l haus)
46 57.8
Lausanne (Ecole de
Chimie et de Physique)
46 31.5
Les Verrires
46 54.3
Lungern (Schulhaus).. 46 47.1
Luzern ( K a n t o n s schule)
47 3.0
Neuchatel ( S t e r n warte)
47 0.1
Rivera
46 7.4
St. Maurice (Hotel du
Simplon)
46 13.0
Simplonhospiz
46 14.9
Sion (Collge)
46 14.1
Stilfserjoch, see Austria.
Truns (Schulhaus).... 46 44.6
Zermatt
46 1.5
Zernez (Schloss)
46 42.0
Zrich
47 22.7
Tcheco-Slovaquie, see Czechoslovakia.
24 9.6 E.
17 57.0 E.
13 11.3 E.
4
25
32
982.337
982.082
981.564
18 3.5 E.
17 37.6 E.
45
20
981.843
981.910
7 34.8 E.
277
980.788
7 26.8 E.
8 55.7 E.
10 7.7 E.
522
473
721
980.622
980.580
980.429
7 37.2 E. 558
7 22.9 E. 2435
980.633
980.107+0.113
6.8 E. 2187
980.169+0.086
8 54.2 E. 431
7 9.4 E. 633
7 46.8 E. 3016
7 10.4 E. 2473
6 9.2 E. 402
980.703
980.584
979.992+0.165
980.072+0.131
980.592
7 56.2 E. 1185
980.396-0.001
9 32.6 E.
520
980.523
6 38.2 E.
6 28.8 E.
8 9.6 E.
531
928
714
980.599
980.573
980.515
8 18.2 E.
434
980.626
6 57.3 E.
8 55.7 E.
487
473
980.653-0.026
980.580
7 0.2 E. 422
8 1.9 E. 1998
7 21.5 E. 514
980.512-0.130
980.202+0.076
980.480-0.082
8 59.4 E. 859
7 45.0 E. 1603
10 5.8 E. 1473
8 33.1E. 463
980.432
980.250-0.007
980.308
980.676]
||
Station
I Latitude j Longitude
h
Ungarn, see Hungary.
Ungheria, see Hungary.
Yugoslavia (2)
Marburg (Maribor)... 46 34'
15 39' E. 270
Ragusa (Dubrovnik).. 42 38.6
18 6 E.
47
Serajevo
43 48.2
18 19.7 E. 511
TC
980.708
980.394
980.382
ASIA
Giappone, see Japan.
China (2)
Hankow
Hongkong
Port Arthur
Shasi
Weihaiwei.. .
Zikawei, Observatory.
India (6> 9)
Agra
Allahabad
Badnur
Chtra
Colaba
Cuttack
Dehra Dun
Dolhpur
Gesupur
Jacobabad
Jalpaiguri
Jubbulpore
Kalianpur
Madras
Majhauli
Mian Mir
Moghal Sarai
Montgomery
Mussoorie (Camel's
Back)
Muzaffarpur
Quetta
Raipur
Rajpur
Sandakphu Peak
Yercaud
Japan (2,6)
Aomori
Chofu
Fukushima
Fukuyama
Bachinone
Hamada
Hamamatsu
Himeji
Kamakura
Kofu
Kurume
Kyoto
Matsue
Matsuyama
Mizusawa
Nagasaki
Nagoya
Nikko
Okazaki
.
Shizuoka
Tokyo (base station)..
Tsukuba
Uwajima
.
Wakayama
Yamada
Yamagata
Siam (2, 3, 6)
Bankok
Siberia, (see Russia, p.
398).
Turkestan ( 2 6)
Derbent, Bokhara
KaIa Khum, Bokhara.
Samarkand
Sultan-Bend
Tashkent
Chardzhui (International Latitude Station)
30
22
38
30
37
31
35.5
18.2
47.9
18.1
30.0
11.6
114
114
121
112
122
121
17.5 E.
10.5 E.
22.3 E.
14.8 E.
11.0 E.
25.8 E.
27
25
21
24
18
20
30
26
28
28
26
23
24
13
26
31
25
30
10.3
25.9
54.2
12.7
53.8
29.1
19.5
42.0
33.0
16.6
31.3
8.9
7.2
4.1
17.8
31.6
17.0
39.8
78
81
77
88
72
85
78
77
77
68
88
79
77
80
83
74
83
73
1.1 E.
55 E.
54.2 E.
23.4 E.
48.8 E.
52.0 E.
3.2 E.
54.8 E.
42.0 E.
27.1E.
44.2 E.
59 E.
39.3 E.
14.9 E.
58 E.
22.5 E.
6 E.
6.3 E.
30
26
30
21
30
27
11
27.6
7.1
12.2
13.9
24.2
6.1
46.9
78 4.5
85 25
67 0.7
81 41
78 5.8
88 0.2
78 12.5
40
34
37
34
40
34
34
34
35
35
33
35
35
33
39
32
35
36
34
34
35
36
33
34
34
38
49
O
45
30
31
54
42.9
50.1
19.2
39
19.3
1.6
30
50
8.1
44.7
10.4
44
57.4
58.4
42.6
13.4
13
14.2
29.6
15
13 43.9
38
38
39
37
41
12.0
27.3
39.1
7.5
19.5
39
6.2
140
131
140
133
141
132
137
134
139
138
130
135
133
132
141
129
136
139
137
138
139
140
132
135
136
140
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.
45 E.
O E .
27 E.
22.5 E.
30 E.
6 E.
43 E.
42 E.
34 E.
35 E.
31.6 E.
47.1E.
3 E.
45 E.
8 E.
52.3 E.
53 E.
38 E.
10 E.
23 E.
46.0 E.
5.8 E.
34.5 E.
11.0 E.
42.8 E.
16 E.
100 29.4 E.
67
70
66
62
69
3.2 E.
46.5 E.
58.7 E.
28.0 E.
17.7 E.
63 36.1E.
73(7)979.369
33
978.771
1
980.128
122(?) 979.303
1
979.993
4
979.437
163
88
641
20
10
28
682
176
211
56
82
447
537
6
67
216
78
170
2110
55
1682
304
1012
3586
1369
1
6
67
3
21
3
31
16(?)
13
270
11
55
23
19
61
30
14
649
25
23
18
870
2
3
4
153
7
1012
1345
719
272
478
192
979.058-0.018
978.945 -0.021
978.609+0.018
978.880-0.019
978.633 0.000
978.661 0.000
979.065-0.080
979.001-0.015
979.127-0.025
979.188-0.024
978.924-0.093
978.721-0.002
978.779+0.011
978.281+0.040
978.930-0.037
979.385-0.033
978.921-0.024
979.323-0.019
978.795+0.032
978.936 -0.038
978.853+0.024
978.614+0.001
979.004-0.066
978.192+0.141
977.910+0.116
980.325
979.691
980.022
979.711
980.359 + .049
979.768
979.750
979.754
979.779
979.719
979.618
979.727
979.812
979.607
980.159
979.594
979.756
979.780
979.764
979.753
979.801
979.781
979.597
979.704
979.727
980.027
978.278
979.672
979.462-0.086
979.883
979.798
980.086
980.014
Station
I Latitude
| Longitude
AFRICA
Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( 10 )
Abu Hamed
Aswan
Atbara
Helwan
Khartum
Luxor
Minia
Wadi Haifa
Red Sea (2)
Aden
Harmil Island, Dahlak Archipelago Eritrea
St. John Island (Zebirget)
Mersa Dhiba
Sherm Sheikh (Sinai).
Suez
Sudan, see Egypt.
Miscellaneous ( 2 3 )
Algiers (Observatory).
Bizerta, Tunisia
Biskra, Algeria
Cape Town, U. S. Af.
(Observatory)
Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika Ter
Domjo Ndorobbo
Freetown, Sierre Leone
E. Uasso Nyiro, Kenya
Johannesburg, U. S.
Af. (Observatory)..
Kampo, Cameroons,
Fr. Equat. Af
Laghwat, Algeria
Langenburg, U. S. Af.
Libreville, Gabon, Fr.
Equat. Af
Loanda, Angola, Portuguese W. Af
Loureno M a r q u e s ,
Mozambique, Portuguese E. Af. (Observatory)
Lderitz Bay, Southwest Af
Monrovia, Liberia
Mozambique, Portuguese E. Af
Ouled Rhamoun, Algeria
Pangani, Tanganyika
Ter
Rio del Key, Nigeria. .
Tangier, Morocco
AUSTRALIA (2,3, i 9 )
| TC
||
Station
Perth
Sydney
i Latitude | Longitude \
h
31 57. l'S. 1 1 5 5 0 . 5 ' E . 5 8
33 51.7 S. 151 12.7 E.
43
g
\ TC
979.378
979.680
OCEANIC
19 32.0'
24 5.1
17 41.9
29 51.5
15 36.6
25 43.1
28 5.8
21 55.8
33 19.9'E.
32 53.1E.
33 58.9 E.
31 20.4 E.
32 32.9 E.
32 39.3 E.
30 45.5 E.
31 19.9 E.
339
97
354
104
383
82
42
126
978.538
978.879
978.421
979.295
978.308
978.982
979.155
978.728
12 47.3
44 59.3 E.
978.327
16 28.8
40
8.7 E.
978.465
23
25
27
29
36
34
34
32
12.OE.
44.3 E.
16.9 E.
33.4 E.
6
2
2
3
979.026
979.007
979.174
979.307
3 3 E.
9 52.5 E.
5 43 E.
213
7
137
979.905
979.975
979.617
18 28.7 E.
11
979.657
39 18.OE.
7
35 13.2 E. 1715
13 14.3
65
36 8.2 E. 676
978.117
977.549
978.200
977.737
26 10.9 S.
28
978.553
2 21.2
33 47.7
9 35.8 S.
9 49.6 E.
2 53 E.
34 8.6 E.
35.8
20.2
51.1
56.0
36 44.8
37 16.4
34 50.9
33 56.1S.
6
3
8
l
49.OS.
08.8 S.
29.4
53.1S.
O 22.3
8 48.6 S.
26
4.5 E. 1805
3
978.040
755
979.356
477 . 977.907
9 27.2 E.
977.999
13 14. I E .
978.212
2.5 S.
32 19.8 E.
55
979.068
26 38.8 S.
6 19.0
15 9.7 E.
10 48.8
2
41
979.103
978.165
15
38 25
E.
978.451
6 41
E.
687
979.709
2.1S.
36 10.8
5 25.8 S.
4 43.5
35 46.5
Brisbane ( O b s e r v a tory)
27 28.OS.
Hobart, T a s m a n i a
(Observatory)
42 53.6 S.
Melbourne (Observatory)
37 49.9 S.
38 58.8 E.
8 38.3 E.
5 48.6
153
7
2
63
978.039
978.087
979.737
1.6 E.
40
979.148
147 22.0 E.
58
980.441
144 58.5 E.
26
979.987
Atlantic Ocean a n d
Mediterranean Sea
(2, 3, 6 ,18)
Bastia, Corsica
Bridgetown, Barbados.
Catania, Sicily
Fornells, Balearic Islands
Ibiza, Balearic Islands.
Jamestown, St. Helena
Karajak G l a c i e r ,
Greenland
Kingston, Jamaica....
Las Palmas, Canary
Islands
Palermo, Sicily
Palma de Mallorca,
Balearic Islands
Ponta Delgada, Azores
Reykjavik, Iceland....
St. George, Bermuda..
Santa Cruz de la
Palma, Canary Islands
Stromboli, Lipari Islands
Whales Point, Spitsbergen
Valetta, Malta
Indian Ocean, see Pacific
Ocean.
Mediterranean Sea, see
Atlantic Ocean.
Pacific a n d I n d i a n
Oceans ( 2 3 6 )
Auckland, New Zealand
Batavia, Java (Observatory)
Hobart, T a s m a n i a
(Observatory)
Honolulu, Territory of
Hawaii (Observatory)
Kudat, British North
Borneo
Makassar, Celebes....
Manila, Philippines...
Marau-Sound, Solomon Islands
Mauna Kea, Hawaiian
Islands
Numea, New Caledonia
Singapore, S t r a i t s
Settlements
Port Vila, Sandwich
Island, New Hebrides
Winter Q u a r t e r s ,
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Land
42 41.2
13 4.3
37 30.2
40 3.4
38 54.3
15 55 S.
9 27 E.
59 36.5
15 4.7 E.
20
2
43
980.519
978.340
980.065
4 7.9 E.
l 26.1E.
5 43.7
7
3
10
980.283
980.146
978.712+0.177
70 26.9
17 57.7
50 19.8
76 47.3
20
2
982.534
978.591
28
38
15 26.0
13 22.0 E.
8
20
979.385
980.069
7.0
6.9
39 34.5
37 43.8
64 8.5
32 21
2 39.1 E. ' 23
25 40.8
4
22 0.3
39
64 40
2
980.179
980.143
982.273
979.806+0.218
28 41.0
17 46.0
12
979.459
38 48.2
15 14. I E .
48
980.212
77 30.4
35 53.8
20 58.8 E.
14 31.3 E.
458(7)982.899
62
979.887
36 50.9 S.
174 46.2 E.
979.962
6 11.0 S.
106 49.8 E.
978.178
42 53.6 S.
147 22.OE.
58
980.441
21 18.1
157 51.8
978.946+0.162
6 53.0
5 7.3 S.
14 34.7
116 50.7 E.
119 24.5 E.
120 38.6 E.
2
2
3
978.149
978.138
978.360
978.349
9 49.1S.
160 48.5 E.
19 49.2
155 28.8
22 16.6 S.
166 27.8 E.
978.877
103 50.3 E.
21
978.082
168 19.OE.
978.637
89 38.1E.
982.388
1 16.5
17 45.OS.
66
2.2 S.
3981
978.069+0.469
TABLE 2.ACCELERATION OF GBAVITY AT SEA-LEVEL (^0)

2
00 = 978.039 (1 + 0.005294 sin )*; Bowie (6). <p = latitude. Unit of ^0 is cm/sec2. Basis: Potsdam system
v
go
cm/sec2
go
cm/sec2
go
cm/sec2
go
cm/sec2
go
cm/sec2
go
cm/sec2
go
cm/sec2
go
go
cm/seco
cm/seco
O 0 OO' 978.039 1O0OO' 978.194 2O 0 OO' 978.642 3O 0 OO' 979.328 4O 0 OO' 980.172 5O0OO' 981.071 6O 0 OO' 981.917 7O 0 OO' 982.608 8O 0 OO' 983.060
10
.039
10
.199
10
.652
10
.341
10
.186
10
.086
10
.930
10
.618
10
.065
20
.039
20
.205
20
.661
20
.354
20
.201
20
.100
20
.943
20
.628
20
.070
30
.039
30
.210
30
.671
30
.368
30
.216
30
.115
30
.956
30
.637
30
.075
40
.040
40
.215
40
.681
40
.381
40
.231
40
.130
40
.969
40
.647
40
.080
50
.040
50
.221
50
.691
50
.394
50
.246
50
.145
50
.982
50
.656
50
.085
1 OO 978.041 11 OO 978.227 21 OO 978.701 31 OO 979.407 41 OO 980.261 51 OO 981.160 61 OO 981.995 71 OO 982.665 81 OO 983.089
10
.041
10
.232
10
.711
10
.420
10
.276
10
.174
10 982.008
10
.675
10
.094
20
.042
20
.238
20
.721
20
.434
20
.291
20
.189
20
.020
20
.684
20
.099
30
.043
30
.244
30
.731
30
.447
30
.306
30
.204
30
.033
30
.693
30
.103
40
.043
40
.250
40
.742
40
.460
40
.321
40
.218
40
.046
40
.702
40
.107
50
.044
50
.256
50
.752
50
.474
50
.336
50
.233
50
.058
50
.711
50
.112
10
.046
10
.268
10
.773
10
.501
10
.365
10
.262
10
.083
10
.729
10
.120
20
.048
20
.274
20
.783
20
.515
20
.380
20
.277
20
.096
20
.738
20
.124
30
.049
30
.280
30
.794
30
.528
30
.395
30
.292
30
.108
30
.746
30
.128
40
.050
40
.287
40
.804
40
.542
40
.410
40
.306
40
.121
40
.755
40
.132
50
.052
50
.293
50
.815
50
.555
50
.425
50
.321
50
.133
50
.764
50
.136
10
.055
10
.306
10
.837
10
.583
10
.455
IO
.350
10
.157
10
.780
10
.143
20
.056
20
.313
20
.848
20
.597
20
.471
20
.364
20
.169
20
.789
20
.147
30
.058
30
.320
30
.859
30
.611
30
.486
30
.379
30
.182
30
.797
30
.150
40
.060
40
.327
40
.870
40
.624
40
.501
40
.393
40
.194
40
.805
40
.153
50
.062
50
.334
50
.881
50
.638
50
.516
50
.407
50
.206
50
.813
50
.157
10
.066
10
.348
10
.903
10
.666
10
.546
10
.436
10
.229
10
.829
10
.163
20
.068
20
.355
20
.914
20
.680
20
.561
20
.450
20
.241
20
.837
20
.166
30
.071
30
.362
30
.926
30
.694
30
.576
30
.465
30
.253
30
.845
30
.169
40
.073
40
.369
40
.937
40
.708
40
.591
40
.479
40
.265
40
.853
40
.172
50
,076
50
.377
50
.948
50
.722
50
.606
50
.493
50
.276
50
.861
50
.175
10
.081
10
.392
10
.971
10
.751
10
.636
10
.521
10
.300
10
.876
10
.180
20
.083
20
.399
20
.983
20
.765
20
.651
20
.536
20
.311
20
.883
20
.182
30
.086
30
.407
30
.994
30
.779
30
.666
30
.550
30
.322
30
.891
30
.185
40
.089
40
.415
40 979.006
40
.793
40
.681
40
.564
40
.334
40
.898
40
.187
50
.092
50
.423
50
.018
50
.807
50
.696
50
.578
50
.345
50
.905
50
.189
10
.098
10
.438
10
.042
10
.836
10
.726
10
.606
10
.368
10
.919
10
.193
20
.102
20
.446
20
.054
20
.850
20
.741
20
.620
20
.379
20
.926
20
.195
30
.105
30
.455
30
.065
30
.865
30
.757
30
.634
30
.390
30
.933
30
.197
40
.108
40
.463
40
.077
40
.879
40
.772
40
.648
40
.401
40
.940
40
.199
50
.112
50
.471
50
.090
50
.894
50
.787
50
.661
50
.412
50
.947
50
.201
10
.119
10
.488
10
.114
10
.922
10
.817
10
.689
10
.434
10
.960
10
.204
20
.123
20
.496
20
.126
20
.937
20
.832
20
.703
20
.444
20
.967
20
.205
30
.127
30
.505
30
.138
30
.951
30
.847
30
.716
30
.455
30
.973
30
.207
40
.131
40
.514
40
.151
40
.966
40
.862
40
.730
40
.466
40
.979
40
.208
50
.135
50
.522
50
.163
50
.981
50
.877
50
.744
50
.476
50
.986
50
.209
10
.143
10
.540
10
.188
10 980.010
10
.907
10
.771
10
.497
10
.998
10
.211
20
.147
20
.549
20
.200
20
.024
20
.922
20
.784
20
.508
20 983.004
20
.212
30
.152
30
.558
30
.213
30
.039
30
.937
30
.798
30
.518
30
.010
30
.213
40
.156
40
.567
40
.226
40
.054
40
.952
40
.811
40
.528
40
.016
40
.214
50
.160
50
.576
50
.238
50
.068
50
.967
50
.825
50
.539
50
.022
50
.215
10
.170
10
.594
10
.264
10
.098
10
.996
10
.851
10
.559
10
.033
10
.216
20
.174
20
.604
20
.277
20
.113
20 981.011
20
.865
20
.569
20
.038
20
.216
30
.179
30
.613
30
.290
30
.127
30
.026
30
.878
30
.579
30
.044
30
.216
40
.184
40
.623
40
.302
40
.142
40
.041
40
.891
40
.589
40
.049
40
.217
50
.189
50
.632
50
.315
50
.157
50
.056
50
.904
50
.598
50
.055
50
.217
90 OO 983.217
* This formula differs slightly (not over one in 100 000) from that proposed by Helmert ( 1 4 ) and quite extensively used. A table similar to this, but based
on Helmert's formula is given by Albrecht (M.
D. VARIATION OF GRAVITY WITH ELEVATION AND

DEPTH
Elevation; Free Air Method.If there were no matter projecting
above the geoid and the geoid were a smooth ellipsoid of revolution,
then the value (gu) of the acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2) at a
height H meters above the surface would be related (is, 16) to
that (00) at the surface, as indicated by equation (1), in which )# + 0.000 072
Gw)1 (l)
This is known as the free air correction. For most purposes it is

sufficient to use the approximate formula (2).
(2)
ga = g0 - 0.000 3086 H
If 0o is taken from Table 2, the value of gH obtained for any
station by the use of equation (1) will agree fairly well with the
true acceleration, if the surrounding topography is not too rugged.
In a fairly flat country, the difference will be considerably less
than 0.1 cm/sec2, except in very rare cases; and even in a mountainous country, the difference will ordinarily be less than 0.2
cm/sec2. For stations below sea-level, but not below the surface
of the earth, the same formulae apply; but for such stations, H is
negative.
More Exact Methods.In mountainous country, the computed
value will be practically as close to the true value as in flat country
if an additional term is added to the right hand side of equation
(1), to take account of the elevation of the place above or below
the general level of the topography within a radius of, say, approximately 160 km. For every 10 m the place in question is above
the general level, this term amounts to 0.001 cm/sec2, and for
every 10 m below the general level, it amounts to 0.001 cm/sec2.
In computing the height of a coast station above the general level,
the water must be considered replaced by an equal mass of rock,
of average surface density, resting on the bottom of the ocean.
If it is desired to obtain a somewhat better value for the computed gravity at a place, the correction term just mentioned must
be replaced by a correction for topography and isostatic compensation, computed by the method of John F. Hayford (12).
A somewhat larger error should be expected in the computed
values of gravity on oceanic islands than on the continents. The
rocks forming these islands are evidently somewhat heavier than
normal in many cases, or the ocean is over-compensated, and the
observed values of gravity are therefore usually larger than the
computed values. In such cases, an error of 0.3 cm/sec2, or
possibly even 0.4 cm/sec2 in computed values may be expected.
Depth.As the density of the crust is less than two-thirds the
mean density of the earth, the acceleration of gravity increases
as we advance into the crust. The mean rate of increase is
0.000 0851 cm/sec2 per meter of depth. The actual rate at any
place depends upon the density of the crustal material in that
locality, and is approximately given by the formula ( 1 3 1 7 )
Qd = 0o + (0.000 3086 - 0.000 0837P)d
(B)
where gd = acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2) at the depth of dm,
and p = density (g/cm3).
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Albrecht, Formeln u. Hfstafeln f. geog. Ortsbestimmungen, 296; 08. ( 2 )
Borrass, C. R. 16th Con/. Gen. Assoc. Geodesique Internat. 3: 09. ( 3 ) Borrass, C. R. 17th Con/. Gen. Assoc. Geodesique Internat. 2: 261; 12. (<)
Bowie, 217, No. 12: 12. () Bowie, 2171 No. 99: 15. (6) Bowie, 171
No. 40: 17. (7) Boys, 68, 186: 1; 95. ( 8 ) Braun, 888, 64: 187; 96. ()
Couchman, Survey of India, Prof. Paper, No. 15: 15.
( 10 ) Curry, Survey Dept. of Egypt, Paper No. 18: 13. ( l l ) Gigitsky and
Yachontow, Bull. Astronomic Inst., No. 5: 28; 24. (12 ) Hayford and Bowie,
817, No. 10: 12. (i*) Helmert, Hhere Geodsie, 2: 46, 492; 84. (**)
Helmert, 76, 336; 01. (* 5 ) Helmrt, 76, 651; 03. (^ 6 ) Helmert, Encyklop.
math. Wiss, 6 (IB): 97; 10. (") Ibid., p. 160. () Huelin, Trat. d.
VEntens. Pesanteur en Espagne, 24. ( 19 ) Love, 251, 35: 90; 22.
(20) McDiarmid, Pubi. Dominion Observatory, 2: 201; 15. (**) Ibid., 3: 357;
18. (22) Miller, Jour. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, 17: 10, 197; 23. (23)
Niethammer, Astronomischgeodatische Arbeit, in d. Schweiz; Schweizerischen
geodat. Komm. 12, 13, 15, 16; 1910, 1911, 1916, 1921. ( 2 4 ) Vening Meinesz,
Obs. Pendule dans Pays-Bas; Pubi. Com. Geod. Nerlandaise, 23.
AERODYNAMICS
L. J. BRIGGS AND H. L. DRYDEN
Problems in aerodynamics cannot be idealized with the same
readiness as problems in mechanics. The side of a building may
not be regarded as a thin, flat plate for the purpose of computing
the force of the wind, and data for a cylinder of a particular
length cannot be directly applied for computing the wind force on
a cylinder of some other length. Nearby objects exert an influence
which cannot be neglected.
Results obtained for a particular object can be applied strictly
only to geometrically similar (definition 6) objects in similar
surroundings. Many of the apparent discrepancies among the
results of different experimenters are to be attributed to departures
from geometrical similarity of the models, to the effects of the
supports or other nearby objects, and to differences in the fine
structure (turbulence) of the approximately steady air streams,
rather than to errors in measuring the force or wind speed. It is
not possible to discuss these matters in detail here, and there is
no complete discussion available for reference.
SYMBOLS
A
Ar
C
Cop
Cd
Ci
Some specified area

Aspect ratio
A coefficient
Coefficient of center of
pressure
Coefficient of drag
Coefficient of lift
CM
CN
Cp
Cpo
CQ
CQO
CT
Ct
C. P.
c
D
F
Fd
F/
FI
FN
FT
Moment coefficient (see

paragraph on air foils)
Coefficient of force normal to the plane of
reference
Coefficient of power
(input)
Ft
Fx
L
M
out-put
Coefficient of torque
load (output)
Coefficient of force parallel to the plane
of reference
Coefficient of thrust
Center of pressure
Length of chord of airfoil
Diameter
.Resultant wind force
Drag = Component of
F parallel to wind
Frictional force
Lift = Component of F
normal to wind and
to W
Component of F normal
to the plane of reference
Component of F parallel
Thrust of propeller
Any component of F
Some linear dimension
Moment of F about forward (leading) edge
N. A.
National Advisory ComC. A.
mittee for Aeronautics, U. S. A.
n
Number of revolutions
per second
Po
Power developed (output)
Pi
Power input to propeller
P. R.
Pitch ratio
p
Pressure at a point on a
surface
Pt
Static pressure of the air
Q
Torque
Qo
Torque load (output)
q
Dynamic pressure, a
indicated by Pitot
tube (Fig. 1)
qo
pV2/2( = g if there is no
compression of the air)
R
Reynold's number
S
That dimension of the
plane of
reference
which is at right angles
to the wind = Span
T
Temperature
t
Thickness
V
Air speed relative to
point considered
Vi
Indicated air speed
W
Width = That dimension of plane of ref-
D. VARIATION OF GRAVITY WITH ELEVATION AND

DEPTH
Elevation; Free Air Method.If there were no matter projecting
above the geoid and the geoid were a smooth ellipsoid of revolution,
then the value (gu) of the acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2) at a
height H meters above the surface would be related (is, 16) to
that (00) at the surface, as indicated by equation (1), in which )# + 0.000 072
(M)'
This is known as the free air correction. For most purposes it is
sufficient to use the approximate formula (2).
(2)
ga = g0 - 0.000 3086 H
If 0o is taken from Table 2, the value of gH obtained for any
station by the use of equation (1) will agree fairly well with the
true acceleration, if the surrounding topography is not too rugged.
In a fairly flat country, the difference will be considerably less
than 0.1 cm/sec2, except in very rare cases; and even in a mountainous country, the difference will ordinarily be less than 0.2
cm/sec2. For stations below sea-level, but not below the surface
of the earth, the same formulae apply; but for such stations, H is
negative.
More Exact Methods.In mountainous country, the computed
value will be practically as close to the true value as in flat country
if an additional term is added to the right hand side of equation
(1), to take account of the elevation of the place above or below
the general level of the topography within a radius of, say, approximately 160 km. For every 10 m the place in question is above
the general level, this term amounts to 0.001 cm/sec2, and for
every 10 m below the general level, it amounts to 0.001 cm/sec2.
In computing the height of a coast station above the general level,
the water must be considered replaced by an equal mass of rock,
of average surface density, resting on the bottom of the ocean.
If it is desired to obtain a somewhat better value for the computed gravity at a place, the correction term just mentioned must
be replaced by a correction for topography and isostatic compensation, computed by the method of John F. Hayford (12).
A somewhat larger error should be expected in the computed
values of gravity on oceanic islands than on the continents. The
rocks forming these islands are evidently somewhat heavier than
normal in many cases, or the ocean is over-compensated, and the
observed values of gravity are therefore usually larger than the
computed values. In such cases, an error of 0.3 cm/sec2, or
possibly even 0.4 cm/sec2 in computed values may be expected.
Depth.As the density of the crust is less than two-thirds the
mean density of the earth, the acceleration of gravity increases
as we advance into the crust. The mean rate of increase is
0.000 0851 cm/sec2 per meter of depth. The actual rate at any
place depends upon the density of the crustal material in that
locality, and is approximately given by the formula ( 1 3 1 7 )
Qd = 0o + (0.000 3086 - 0.000 0837P)d
(B)
where gd = acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2) at the depth of dm,
and p = density (g/cm3).
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Albrecht, Formeln u. Hfstafeln f. geog. Ortsbestimmungen, 296; 08. ( 2 )
Borrass, C. R. 16th Con/. Gen. Assoc. Geodesique Internat. 3: 09. ( 3 ) Borrass, C. R. 17th Con/. Gen. Assoc. Geodesique Internat. 2: 261; 12. (<)
Bowie, 217, No. 12: 12. () Bowie, 2171 No. 99: 15. (6) Bowie, 171
No. 40: 17. (7) Boys, 68, 186: 1; 95. ( 8 ) Braun, 888, 64: 187; 96. ()
Couchman, Survey of India, Prof. Paper, No. 15: 15.
( 10 ) Curry, Survey Dept. of Egypt, Paper No. 18: 13. ( l l ) Gigitsky and
Yachontow, Bull. Astronomic Inst., No. 5: 28; 24. (12 ) Hayford and Bowie,
817, No. 10: 12. (i*) Helmert, Hhere Geodsie, 2: 46, 492; 84. (**)
Helmert, 76, 336; 01. (* 5 ) Helmrt, 76, 651; 03. (^ 6 ) Helmert, Encyklop.
math. Wiss, 6 (IB): 97; 10. (") Ibid., p. 160. () Huelin, Trat. d.
VEntens. Pesanteur en Espagne, 24. ( 19 ) Love, 251, 35: 90; 22.
(20) McDiarmid, Pubi. Dominion Observatory, 2: 201; 15. (**) Ibid., 3: 357;
18. (22) Miller, Jour. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, 17: 10, 197; 23. (23)
Niethammer, Astronomischgeodatische Arbeit, in d. Schweiz; Schweizerischen
geodat. Komm. 12, 13, 15, 16; 1910, 1911, 1916, 1921. ( 2 4 ) Vening Meinesz,
Obs. Pendule dans Pays-Bas; Pubi. Com. Geod. Nerlandaise, 23.
AERODYNAMICS
L. J. BRIGGS AND H. L. DRYDEN
Problems in aerodynamics cannot be idealized with the same
readiness as problems in mechanics. The side of a building may
not be regarded as a thin, flat plate for the purpose of computing
the force of the wind, and data for a cylinder of a particular
length cannot be directly applied for computing the wind force on
a cylinder of some other length. Nearby objects exert an influence
which cannot be neglected.
Results obtained for a particular object can be applied strictly
only to geometrically similar (definition 6) objects in similar
surroundings. Many of the apparent discrepancies among the
results of different experimenters are to be attributed to departures
from geometrical similarity of the models, to the effects of the
supports or other nearby objects, and to differences in the fine
structure (turbulence) of the approximately steady air streams,
rather than to errors in measuring the force or wind speed. It is
not possible to discuss these matters in detail here, and there is
no complete discussion available for reference.
SYMBOLS
A
Ar
C
Cop
Cd
Ci
Some specified area

Aspect ratio
A coefficient
Coefficient of center of
pressure
Coefficient of drag
Coefficient of lift
CM
CN
Cp
Cpo
CQ
CQO
CT
Ct
C. P.
c
D
F
Fd
F/
FI
FN
FT
Moment coefficient (see

paragraph on air foils)
Coefficient of force normal to the plane of
reference
(input)
Ft
Fx
L
M
out-put
load (output)
Coefficient of force parallel to the plane
of reference
Coefficient of thrust
Center of pressure
Length of chord of airfoil
Diameter
.Resultant wind force
Drag = Component of
F parallel to wind
Frictional force
Lift = Component of F
normal to wind and
to W
Component of F normal
Component of F parallel
Thrust of propeller
Any component of F
Some linear dimension
Moment of F about forward (leading) edge
N. A.
National Advisory ComC. A.
mittee for Aeronautics, U. S. A.
n
Number of revolutions
per second
Po
Power developed (output)
Pi
Power input to propeller
P. R.
Pitch ratio
p
Pressure at a point on a
surface
Pt
Static pressure of the air
Q
Torque
Qo
Torque load (output)
q
Dynamic pressure, a
indicated by Pitot
tube (Fig. 1)
qo
pV2/2( = g if there is no
compression of the air)
R
Reynold's number
S
That dimension of the
plane of
reference
which is at right angles
to the wind = Span
T
Temperature
t
Thickness
V
Air speed relative to
point considered
Vi
Indicated air speed
W
Width = That dimension of plane of ref-
xc
TJ
QA
enee which is normal

to S; i.e., makes least
angle with wind
Distance in the plane of
reference, from the
leading edge, or its
projection to C. P.
Efficiency
Angle of attack
/i
p
po
<f>
Viscosity
Density of air when undisturbed by bodies
movingrelatively to it.
Conventionally chosen
"standard" value of p
A definite but unspecified mathematical
function
DEFINITIONS
1. Angle of Attack (GA) is the angle which the direction of
the wind makes with the plane of reference; it is positive if the
wind strikes what is the under side of this plane when the body is
in its usual position.
2. Aspect ratio (Ar) = S/W.
3. Center of pressure (C. P.) of a body is that point, in the
plane of reference, about which the resultant moment of the
pressures is zero.
4. Chord (c). See paragraph on airfoils.
5. Coefficient of center of pressure (C cp).
Ccp = xc/W] for airfoil, Ccp = xc/c.
are so far removed from the one considered that they produce no
effect upon Fx.
Reduction of Observations.To obtain true air speed from speed
recorded by cup anemometer, use Table 1. Aerodynamic data are
usually reduced to a standard air density (p0). For , this reduction
can be effected by replacing the true air speed (V) by the indicated
air speed (Vi) (definition 7), and in most cases the same procedure
is amply sufficient for C. Example: If V = 100 ft./sec in air at
3O0C and 754 mm of mercury, VfVi = 1.030 (Fig. 2); hence Vi =
97.1 ft./sec and C 0 = 11.20 lb./ft. 2 (Table 2). Owing to isentropic
compression of air at this speed, the actual dynamic pressure (q) is
11.20/0.998 (Table 3) = 11.22 lb./ft. 2 = 54.78 kg/m2.
As a basis for the calibration of altimeters, and for use in the
comparison of the performances of aircraft, it is assumed that (1)
below a certain altitude (Zi), the rate of decrease (a) of the temperature (T) with the altitude is a constant; (2) above Z, a = O;
(3) at Z = O, pressure =po, temperature = T0. The temperature at Zi = Ti'} the mean temperature below Z is Tm. All
temperatures are reckoned from absolute zero. Then, if Z <Z;,
Tm - aZ/loge(To/T); if Z>Z,, Tm = Z/(* loge ^ + *^r~}>
and for any value of Z, Z = K ^ loglo (-\
\ P/
lo
FIG. 1. Standard Pitot-static tubes.

6. Geometrically similar systems. If two bodies together with
their surroundings, are so related geometrically that one system
corresponds exactly with a uniformly magnified image of the other,
the two systems are said to be geometrically similar.
7. Indicated air speed (Vi) is defined by the relation q =
pV2/2 = poVi2/2, where p 0 is the "standard" air density.
8. Mean temperature (T m) of atmospheric air column below Z
is that temperature for which the pressure at height Z in an
isothermal column of air, pressure at bottom = 760 mm of mercury, would be that actually observed in the atmosphere at Z.
9. Pitch ratio (P. R.)x at any point of the blade of a propeller
or of a wind-mill distant x from the axis of revolution is (P. R.)x =
2-n-x/D tan Qx, where D is the diameter of propeller or mill wheel,
Bx angle which face of blade makes with plane of revolution.
If (P. R.)x is independent of x, propeller has a constant pitch ratio;
if Qx is independent of x, it has a constant blade angle.
10. Reynold's number (R) = VLp/ju, where L is some specified
linear dimension. The choice of L depends upon the form of the
object, and the problem. R is dimensionless.
CONSTANTS ASSUMED
Standard air density is PO = 1.2255kg/m3(= 0.002377 slug/ft.3),
which is essentially that of dry air, with normal CO 2 content,
at 150C and one atmosphere.
Ai/p = 1.427 X 10-5m2/sec ( = 1.535 X 10~4 ft.2/sec).
For geometrically similar systems Fx = qL2<f>(R) = CAq ( 43 ),
where </> is independent of the actual size of the system, and q is
the value of the dynamic pressure at some specified point. C is a
function only of R and of the geometrical form of the system; its
value is the same in every self-consistent system of units, and is
independent of the actual size of the system. The data in the
following tables and graphs apply when all surrounding bodies
The values of these constants define what is called the " standard" atmosphere. There is not entire agreement regarding the
values which best represent the average atmospheric condition ( 28 ). Those adopted by the governmental aeronautic
organizations of the U. S. A. and by many of those of Europe are
T0 = 2880C, Ti = 2180C, p0 = 760 mm of mercury, a =
6.500 X 10-3C/m (= 1.9812 X 10~3C/ft.), Zi = 10769 m ( =
35332 ft.), K = 19413.3 m (= 63691.8 ft.). These differ slightly
from those adopted by the International Commission for Aerial
Navigation (see p. 72).
TABLE 1.ROBINSON CUP ANEMOMETER*
True air speed = V] recorded speed = Vr. If unit is 1 mi./hr t
logt V = 0.079 + 0.9012 logio Vr.
Unit is 1 mi./hr = 1.467 ft./sec = 0.4470 m/sec
Vr \
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Il
Vr
1.20
2.24
3.23
4.18
5.12
6.03
6.93
7.81
8.69
9.55
10.4
11.3
12.1
12.9
13.8
14.6
15.4
16.2
17.0
17.8
18.6
19.4
20.2
21.0
21.8 I
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
22.6
23.4
24.2
24.9
25.7
26.5
27.3
28.0
28.8
29.5
30.3
31.1
31.8
32.6
33.3
34.1
34.8
35.6
36.3
37.1
37.8
38.5
39.3
40.0
40.7
Il
Vr
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
41.5
42.2
42.9
43.7
44.4
45.1
45.9
46.6
47.3
48.0
48.7
49.5
50.2
50.9
51.6
52.3
53.0
53.8
54.5
55.2
55.9
56.6
57.3
58.0
58.7
||
Vr
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
59.4
60.1
60.8
61.5
62.2
62.9
63.6
64.3
65.0
65.7
66.4
67.1
67.8
68.5
69.2
69.9
70.6
71.3
72.0
72.7
73.4
74.0
74.7
75.4
76.1
* U. S. Weather Bureau type; diameter of cups = 4 in.; centers of cups are

6.72 in. from axis; Vr = 3 times linear speed of centers of cups (3 82 83).
TABLE 2.DYNAMIC PRESSURE (q = q0) FOR INDICATED AIR SPEED Vi

Air compression is negligible, and q = qQ = poVi2/2 if Vi <30 m/sec ( = 100 ft./sec); for greater speeds, q exceeds g0, see Table 3.
Metric units are m, kg, sec. English units are ft., Ib., sec. 1 Ib./ft. 2 = 4.882 kg/m 2 ; 1 ft./sec = 0.3048 m/sec.
Metric
gO
0.063
0.250
0.562
1.00
1.56
2.25
3.06
4.00
5.06
6.25
7.56
9.00
10.56
12.25
14.06
16.00
18.06
20.25
22.56
25.00
27.56
30.25
33.06
36.00
39.06
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
English
Metric
CO
CO
0.00119
0.00476
0.01070
0.0190
0.0297
0.0428
0.0583
0.0761
0.0963
0.1189
0.1438
0.1712
0.2009
0.2330
0.2675
0.3044
0.3436
0.3852
0.4292
0.4756
0.5243
0.5755
0.6290
0.6849
0.7431
English
*
42.25
45.56
49.00
52.56
56.25
60.06
64.00
68.06
72.25
76.56
I 81.00
85.56
90.25
95.06
100.0
105.1
110.3
115.6
121.0
126.6
132.2
138.1
144.0
150.1
156.3
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
English
CO
Ft
0.8038
0.8668
0.9322
0.9999
1.070
1.143
1.218
1.295
1.374
1.457
1.541
1.628
1.717
1.808
1.902
1.999
2.097
2.198
2.302
2.408
2.516
2.627
2.739
2.855
2.973
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
I ,
qo
Jl
3.093
3.215
3.340
3.467
3.597
3.729
3.863
4.000
4.139
4.280
4.424
4.571
4.719
4.870
5.024
5.179
5.337
5.498
5.661
5.826
5.994
6.164
6.336
6.511
6.688
Fj
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
go
6.868
7.050
7.234
7.421
7.610
7.801
7.995
8.191
8.390
8.591
8.794
9.000
9.208
9.418
9.631
9.846
10.06
10.28
10.51
10.73
10.96
11.18
11.42
11.65
11.89
[I
Vj
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Q0
12.13
12.37
12.61
12.86
13.11
13.36
13.61
13.87
14.13
14.39
14.65
14.91
15.18
15.45
15.72
16.00
16.28
16.56
16.84
17.12
17.41
17.70
17.99
18.28
18.58
Vj
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
go
18.88
19.18
19.48
19.79
20.09
20.40
20.72
21.03
21.35
21.67
21.99
22.32
22.64
22.97
23.30
23.64
23.97
24.31
24.66
25.00
25.34
25.69
26.04
26.40
26.75
FIG. 3.Air force: flat plates normal to wind.
FIG. 2.Ratio of true air speed (F) to indicated air speed (Fi).
TABLE 4.WIND PRESSURE ON STRUCTURES

Reference plane (see below) is normal to wind. FX = CNAq;
A = area of projection of object upon reference plane
Unit of FN/A = 1 Ib./ft. 2 = 4.88 kg/m 2
TABLE 3.CORRECTION FOR ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION ( 63 )

Metric (M) unit of F = 1 m/sec; English (E) = 100 ft./sec
F
E
1
2
3
4
5
M
30
61
91
122
152
pv*/2q u
I = q0/q \\
0.998
0.992
0.982
0.969
0.951
E
6
7
8
9
10
F
\
Pv
M
183
213
244
274
305
/2q
\ = q0/q
0.931
0.907
0.881
0.852
0.822
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Object
Long flat plate
Square flat plate
Rectangular prism (1:1:5) (75)
Long cylinder
Short cylinder
CN I FN/A*
2
30
1.1
16
i Q
24
0.8
12
0.7
10
* For F = 76 mi. per hr ( = 34m /per sec) true speed = 100 mi. per hr recorded
by Robinson anemometer.
Wind Pressure on Structures.One must consider (1) maximum

wind speed to which the structure will be subjected, (2) the value
of the coefficient CN, and (3) the effective exposed area. The first
and the third depend upon local conditions; in the third, shielding
effects are very important. The value of CN should be determined
from observations upon a model of the actual structure, as experiments upon flat plates are of little value for this purpose. Opinions
differ regarding whether, in gusty winds, the maximum value of
FN is determined by the average or by the maximum value of F
(20, 52). Approximate values of CN for certain typical cases are
given in Table 4, where reference plane for flat plate is surface of
plate; for prism, its largest face; for cylinder, the plane through
axis and normal to that which contains axis and direction of wind.
Object (1) is comparable to such structures as wireless masts and
long narrow bridge girders; (2) to thin square signboards; (3) to tall
buildings; (4) to chimneys; (5) to cylindrical water tanks.
TABLE 5.SURFACE FRICTION (Ff) ON THIN FLAT PLATES
(Standard density and viscosity)
Ff (= ffdA) = 0.0375 AqR-0^=F0AKnK9 (5,61) where
A = total area (both sides) exposed to air stream, F0 is a factor
depending upon the density and viscosity of the air and upon the
units employed, and Kw and Kv are numerical factors determined, respectively, by the width (W) of the plate in the direction of the stream, and by the speed (V). F0 is independent of
the ratio S/W, provided 0.5 < (S/W) < 2; if S/W = 30, F0 is
10% less than the value given in the table. For effect of roughness (it is great), and for variation of / from point to point
gee (22, 24, 32, 53, 54, 55, 62).
English units
Metric units
Fo = 0.0420 Ib./ft.2
F0 = 0.0311 kg/m 2
2
Unit of Ff = 1 Ib.; of A = 1 ft. ; Unit of Ff = 1 kg; of A = 1 m2;
of V = 1 ft./sec
of V 1 m/sec
Kw
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
20
30
40
50
100
1.413
1.273
1.198
1.147
1.110
1.080
1.055
1.034
1.016
1.000
0.986
0.973
0.961
0.951
0.941
0.901
0.848
0.812
0.786
0.708
Kv
10 0.014
20 0.051
30 0.108
40 0.184
50
0.277
60
0.389
70 0.517
80
0.662
90
0.823
100 1.000
110 1.193
120 1.401
130 1.625
140 1.864
150 2.117
160
2.386
170
2.669
180 2.967
190
3.279
200
3.605
Kw
Kv
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15.
20
30
40
50
100
1.000
0.901
0.848
0.812
0.786
0.764
0.747
0.732
0.719
0.708
0.698
0.689
0.681
0.673
0.666
0.638
0.600
0.575
0.556
0.501
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
1.000
3.605
7.633
13.00
19.64
27.52
36.60
46.85
58.26
70.80
84.45
99.19
115.0
131.9
149.9
168.9
188.9
210.0
232.1
255.2
Fio. 5.Pressure distribution: thin circular disc normal to wind.
FIQ. 6.Coefficients: square, inclined plates.

notation, v. Fig. 7.)
(See Table 6; for
FIQ. 7.Coefficients: inclined, rectangular plates, Ar =* 3.

Table 6.)
(See
FIG. 8.Coefficients: inclined rectangular plates, Ar = 6.

Table 6; for notation, TJ. Fig. 7.)
(See
FIG. 9.Air force: spheres.

TABLE 6.EXPERIMENTAL DATA; FIGURES 6, 7, 8
Unit of S and W = 1 cm; of t = 1 mm; of TD = 1 m; of R* =
1000
Fig. 6
I . I x
S
25 30.5
W
25 30.5
t
3 3.18
TD* 1.5 oo
R' 210 382
Fig. 7
+ | o
12
12
1.7
2.0
55
12
12
45
15
3
1.2 1.5
42 126
x
7.6
2.5
0.25
0.6
10
Fig. 8
36
90
12
15
1.7 3
2.0 1.5
55 126
x I + I o
30.5 72 30.5
5.08 12 5.08
1.17 1.7 1.29
1.37 2.0 1.37
64 55
64
* TD = tunnel diameter.
t R is dimensionless.
The flow about a sphere is extremely sensitive to slight changes

in the method of support, and to the condition of turbulence of the
air stream. Changes in C are associated with changes in the locus
of the points at which the smooth flow leaves the surface, forming
a highly turbulent region to the rear. The location of this locus
is determined solely by the irregularities.in the air stream, as there
are no sharp edges or other geometrical feature which might
serve to fix it.
Airfoils.Aerodynamical characteristics are specified in the
same manner as are those of plates. An airfoil's area and angle
of attack are conventionally defined with reference to some
specified plane. The area of the airfoil is defined as that of its
normal projection upon this plane of reference. The length (c) of
the projection upon this plane of any fore-and-aft section of the

airfoil is called the chord of that section; it is the unit in terms of
which all dimensions of that section are expressed. The form of
the section is specified by the rectangular coordinates of points
upon its boundary; the choice of axes is immaterial, although
usually one axis is in the plane of reference. The aspect ratio
(Ar) of the airfoil is defined as the ratio of length of span (S) to
length of the chord. In addition to the coefficients considered for
plates, the moment coefficient CM = MKqAc)1 and the lift-drag
ratio (Fi/Fd) are also of importance.
Data are usually given for Ar = 6. If Ar>3, then for a given
Ci, 0A = e'A + Ci/wAr radians, and Cd = C'd + Ch/irAr; tfA and
C'd are values of BA and Cd when Ar = oo ; Ci/irAr and C2i/TrAr are
called the induced angle of attack and the induced coefficient of
drag, respectively (25, 26, 42, 72).
For airfoils, Ci increases slightly, and Cd decreases very appreciably, as R is increased; Ccp remains unchanged. The difference
between the values of the coefficients for airfoils of the size used on
aircraft and those for models of the size generally employed in
laboratory tests, depends upon the form of the airfoil; for a thin,
low cambered section (RAF 15), it is small; for a highly cambered
section, it is large.
For the effects produced by placing one airfoil near another, as
in a biplane combination see (26, 27,36, 42, 74).
For a complete airplane, the drag introduced by the body, and
the moment of tail lift, both vary appreciably with the size of the
airplane ( 6 67 73).
FIG. 11.Air force: non-rotating circular cylinders.
FIG. 13.Air force: rotating circular cylinders (Magnus effect).
FIG. 14.Direction of air force: rotating circular cylinders (Magnus

effect).
FIG. 15.Pressure distribution: airfoil (30).
FIQ. 16.Air force on long struts (> 6< 78, 79).
FIG. 17.Air force on strut 4Z: inclined ( 85 ), see

also (4).
TABLE 7.CHAKACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS

Ar = 6; model 36 in. by 6 in.; V = 40 mi./hr; R(= pVc/n} =
181 000; tunnel diameter = 7.5 ft. (57). OA is measured from
reference plane AB (see Figs. 22, 23, 24) ; x and y are rectangular coordinates of points on surface of airfoil (yu, yi refer to upper and
lower surface, respectively); x is measured in plane AB. Unit of
x and of y is 1% of chord. For additional data for these and
other sections see (*2 13,14, 34, 37, 68, 69, 70, 73, so, 81).
x
Form
I yu I
yi
I
Aerodynamical characteristics
\ 0A I Ci I Cd I F1JFa \ xc/c \ CM
0.00
1.25
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
15.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
0.30 +0.30
1.90 -0.35
2.85-0.70 -4 -0.18
3.95-1.05 -2 -0.04
4.65-1.15 -1 +0.03
5.05-1.20 0
0.14
5.55-0.85
1
0.24
5.78-0.55 2
0.32
5.80-0.10 4
0.46
5.60-0.03 6
0.61
5.23 -0.24
8
0.76
4.65 -0.50
10
0.89
4.05-0.65 12
1.00
3.30-0.65 14
1.02
2.30 -0.30
1.68 0.00
0.65 +0.34
0.00
1.25
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
15.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
0.00 0.00
2.02 -1.65
2.71 -2.45
3.67 -3.46
4.47-4.10 -4 -0.26 0.014 4.95-4.57-2 -0.10 0.012 -8.8
5.37-5.27 0 +0.04 0.013 +3.1
5.69-5.58 2
0.18 0.015 12.4
5.69 -5.69
4
0.33 0.020 17.2
5.32-5.27 6
0.50 0.028 17.5
4.68-4.52 8
0.65 0.040 16.2
3.72-3.56 10
0.78 0.054 14.6
2.61 -2.39 12
0.88 0.076 11.6
1.60-1.44 14
0.73 0.170 4.3
0.69-0.74 16
0.70 0.239 2.9
0.37 -0.43
0.16 -0.16
0.00 3.61 3.61

1.25 6.74 1.35
2.50 7.98 0.80
5.00 9.86 0.35
7.5011.32 0.18
10.0012.40 0.09
15.0013.83 0.00
20.0014.77 0.07
30.0015.36 0.21
40.0014.88 0.37
50.0013.47 0.54
60.0011.59 0.54
70.00 9.27 0.54
80.00 6.57 0.49
90.00 3.61 0.27
95.00 1.99 0.16
100.00 0.36 0.00|
-8 -0.07
-6 +0.08
-4
0.22
-2
0.37
0
0.51
2
0.66
4
0.81
6
0.96
8
1.10
10
1.23
12
1.33
14
1.42
16
1.43
18
1.42
20 1.41
FIG. 22.
0.025 -7.3
0.014 -2.8
0.013 +2.6
0.013 10.7
0,013 18.8
0.016 20.0
0.023 20.0
0.033 18.4
0.047 16.2
0.061 14.7
0.083 12.1
0.124
8.2
FI
G0.071
0.031
0.024
0.026
0.031
0.039
0.051
0.067
0.084
0.104
0.125
0.148
0.182
0.213
-
0.966
0.479
0.407
0.367
0.321
0.302
0.297
0.288
0.281
0.298
0.029
0.067
0.098
0.117
0.148
0.185
0.228
0.260
0.286
0.313
TABLE 8.FORM OF STRUTS; U. S. NAVY 3, BRITISH 4Z

(See Fig. 16 ) (These struts give as small a Cd as any)
Unit = axial length of section
2
"
x
U.S.N. ._
4Z
3
0
0
0
0.025 0.092
0.050 0.132 0.122
0.075 0.159
0.100 0.180 0.182
0.125 0.197
0.150 0.210
0.175 0.220
0.200 0.229| 0.240
2y
U.S.N. ._
4Z
3
0.250 0.240
0.300 0.247 0.250
0.350 0.250
0.400 0.250 0.246
0.450 0.250
0.500 0.240 0.234
0.550 0.230
0.600 0.215 0.212
0.650 0.20l|
x
2 y
U.S.N. ._
4Z
3
0.700 0.184 0.182
0.750 0.164
0.800 0.142 0.142
0.850 0.116
0.900 0.085 0.094
0.950 0.049
1.000 0.000 0.000
x
'
FIG. 18.Durand's .F2AiSiPi propeller family. Pitch ratio constant.

(Members differ only in pitch ratio.)
-.
0.197 0.008
0.224 0.040
0.229 0.076
0.241 0.121
0.242 0.159
0.244 0.193
0.246 0.220
0.234 0.181
0.382 0.293
24
-0.9
+2.6
9.4
14.3
16.4
16.9
15.9
14.3
13.0
11.8
10.6
9.6
7.9
6.7
-
1.410
0.684
0.507
0.436
0.396
0.369
0.348
0.337
0.323
0.307
0.312
0.315
0.327
0.109
0.150
0.188
0.222
0.261
0.300
0.336
0.374
0.403
0.416
0.454
0.466
0.486
FIG. 19.Characteristics of Durand propellers at a fixed point ( 8 10 ).

Elongated stream-line solids of revolution have a small resultant
drag, which varies greatly with turbulence of air stream, position
of neighboring bodies, and slight changes in form. The area
entering into the expression F = CAq, is generally taken either as
the area of maximum section normal to the length, or as (volume)^.
C varies with the Reynold's number. When A (volume)^,
the minimum value of C for large values of A, and for bodies which
are 4 to 5 diameters long, is of the order of 0.014. When A =
sectional area, the minimum value of C is of the order 0.03, and is
obtained with bodies shorter than 4 diameters. Their equilibrium
when parallel to the air stream is unstable; adding fins gives
stability and greatly increases their drag ( 23 35 39).
Propellers.Propellers are usually divided into families in which

pitch-ratio and diameter are the only variables. Blade thickness
and outline are usually determined largely by structural considerations; if the average thickness and width of blade are fixed, other
variations have small effect upon attainable efficiency ( 8 9 1 5
19, 65, 66, 71, 76, 77).
The characteristics of a propeller working at a fixed point may

be expressed by two dimensionless coefficients, Ct and CP, defined
by the equations Ft = CWD4 and Pi = CPPn*D*. For most
propellers, there is, between Ct and CP, a functional relation which
is nearly independent of the design, provided large blade angles
are not used (33). In Fig. 19, the curve indicates the most
favorable results; marked departures from the curve occur mainly
with propellers of high pitch ratio, or of constant blade angle.
LITERATURE
(i) Allen, 3, 50: 323, 519; 00. (2) Bacon and Reid, 297, No. 185. ( 3 ) Bradfield, 299, No. 712. (4) Cowley, et. al., 300, No. 256. ( 5 ) Diehl, 298,
No. 102. (6) Diehl, 297, No. 111. ( 7 ) Dines, 5, 48: 233; 90. () Durand
and Lesley, 297, No. 30. ( 9 ) Ibid., No. 141.
(10) Durand, et. al, 298, No. 4, appx. (") Dryden, 31, No. 394; 20. ( 1 Z)
Eiffel, Resistance de l'air et l'aviation (Paris, Dunod et Pinat), 2nd d., p.
42. O 3 ) Ibid., p. 150. ( 14 ) Ibid., p. 231. ( 15 ) Eiffel, Nouvelle recherches
sur la rsistance de l'air et l'aviation (Paris, Duond et Pinat), p. 87. ( 16 )
Eiffel, Travaux Laboratorie arodynamique Eiffel, 191518, p. 60. ( 17 ) Ibid.,
p. 85. ( 18 ) Fage, 300, No. 106. ( 19 ) Fage, Airscrews in Theory and
Experiment (London, Constable and Co.), 1920.
(20) Fleming, Wind Pressure on Structures, 1915. (21) Fppl, 301, 4: 51;10.
(22) Froude, 133, 1872: 118. 1874:249. (23) Fuhrmann, SOI, 5: 65; 11.
(24) Gibbons, 297, No. 6, pt. 1. (25) Glauert, 299, No. 723. (2) Ibid.,
No. 889. (27) Jbid., No. 901. (2) Gregg, 297, No. 147. (29) Hunsaker,
302, 62: 4: 77; 16.
( 30 ) Jones and Paterson, SOO, No. 73. ( 31 ) Lafay, Rev. mcanique, 30: 417;
12. (32) Lanchester, 300, No. 149. ( 33 ) Margoulis, Les hlicoptres.
(34) Morse, U. S. Air Service, Inf. Circ. No. 478. ( 3S ) Munk, 297, No.
184. ( 36 ) Ibid., No. 151. (37) Norton and Bacon, 297, No. 152. f 3 8 )
Pannell, 300, No. 190. ( 39 ) Pannell and Jones, SOO, No. 190.
FIG. 21.Characteristics of two blade windmill (17).
Fio. 20.Characteristics of advancing Durand FtAiSiPi propeller

family ().
The characteristics of propellers at various forward speeds (F)
and speeds of rotation may be expressed by curves showing the
relationships between three parameters. In Fig. 20, the parameters used are Ct, CP, and s or 77, defined by the equation Ft =
CtPVW2, Pi = CPpn*D5, s = V/Dn; 17 = Cts*/CP, and D =
diameter of the propeller. Useful range of Ct is 0.05 to 0.25; of
CP is 0.04 to 0.16. Data given are for propellers of two blades;
increasing the number of blades, displaces the curves upwards and
to the right.
Wind mills.Quite different principles control the designing of
wind mills which derive power from natural winds, and of those
(such as the small wind mills used on airplanes for driving fuel
pumps, etc.) which derive their power from the motion of a power
driven craft. In the former, the controlling factor is the cost per
unit of power developed; in the latter, it is the power consumed
per unit of power, or torque load, developed.
(40) Powell, 300, No. 416. (41) Ibid., No. 599. (42) Prandtl, 297, No. 116.
( 4 3 ) Rayleigh, 300, No. 39. (44) Reid, 298, No. 209. (45) R6If, 300, No.
102. (46) ReIf and Powell, 300, No. 307. (47) Riabouchinski, 303, 4:
43, 56; 12. (4) Ibid., 4: 113; 12. (4) Ibid., 6: 73; 14.
(50) Riabouchinski, 298, No. 44. ( 51 ) Stanton, 153, 156: 78; 03. ( 5 2) Ibid.,
216: 34; 22. (53) Stanton, 115, 117: 718; 24. ( 5 4) Stanton and Marshall,
300, No. 631. (55) Taylor, 300, No. 191. (56) Ibid., No. 604. ( 5 7)
Warner, E. P., O. (58) Weiselsberger, Z. Flugtechnik
Motorluflschiffahrt,
5: 140; 14. (5) Ibid., 6: 127; 15.
(60) Wieselsberger, 63, 23: 219; 22. (61) Wieselsberger, 304, 1: 120; 21.
(62) Zahm, S, 8: 58; 04. (3) Zahm and Smith, 297, No. 81. (64) Zahm,
et. al., 297, No. 137. (65) Zahm, et. al., 300, Nos. 61, 62, 63, 64, 82, 123,
155, 259, 264, 265, 305, 316, 328, 331, 371, 382, 385, 390, 393, 401, 402,
408, 421, 427, 429, 433, 442, 444, 458, 460, 475, 640, 565, 572, 577, 586,
591, 594, 639. (**) Zahm, et. al., 299, Nos. 699, 765, 829, 830, 869, 870,
871, 881, 882, 884, 885, 887, 892. (67) ibid., No. 900. (68) Zahm, et. al,
297, No. 93. (69) Ibid., No. 124.
(70) Zahm, et. al., 297, No. 182. (7l) Ibid., Nos. 14, 64, 83, 109, 168. 175,
177, 183, 186, 196, 207. (72) Zahm, 304, 1: 37; 21. (73) ibid., l: 71; 21.
(74) ibid., 2: 9, 10, 11; 23. (75) ibid., 2: 33; 23. (76) Zahm, 303, 2: 3;
09. (77) ibid., 4: 80; 12. (78) Zahm, Tech. Ber. Flugzeugmeister ei, l,
No. 4: 119; 17. ( 7 ) Ibid., 2, No. 1: 15; 18.
( 8 0 ) Zahm, Tech. Ber. Flugzeugmeisterei, l, No. 5: 148; 17. ( 81 ) Ibid., l, No.
6: 204; 17. (82) Zahm, Anemometri/ (3rd ed.) U. S. Weather Bureau,
Inst. Div., Circ. D. (83) Zahm, 305, 37: 288; 97. (84) u. S. Bureau of
Standards, O. ( 8S ) The National Physical Laboratory, O.
LITERATURE REFERENCES
RFRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES
In all literature references cited in International Critical Tables

the name of the journal or publication is indicated by means of a
Key Number corresponding to the list given below. The numbers
which follow this key number in a literature citation are, in the
order named: (1) the volume, (2) the page, and (3) the last two
figures of the year. Thus, 647, 31: 253; 22, indicates Verslag
Koninklijke Akademie van Wettenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol.
31, page 253, 1922. Series numbers are not given. Key Numbers
referring to books and other non-serial publications are preceded
by the letter J3, and the volume number is given in Roman
numerals. Thus, BlO, IV: 191; 18 indicates Doelter, Handbuch
der Mineralchemie, page 191 of Vol. 4 of the 1918 edition. The
Key Number O is used to indicate "private communication from."
Le nom du journal ou de la publication de toutes les rfrences

bibliographiques cites dans les Tables critiques internationales
est indiqu au moyen d'un nombre-cl correspondant la liste
donne ci-dessous. Les nombres qui suivent ce nombre-cl dans
un renvoi bibliographique indiquent dans l'ordre suivant: (1) le
volume, (2) la page, et (3) les deux derniers chiffres de Tanne.
Ainsi 64F, 31: 253; 22, indique Verslag Koninklijke Akademie
van Wettenschappen te Amsterdam, vol. 31, page 253, 1922.
Les numros des sries ne sont pas donns. Les nombres-cls se
rapportant des livres ou des publications non priodiques sont
prcds de la lettre B et le numro du volume est donn en
chiffres romains. Ainsi, BlO, IV: 191; 18 indique Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 du volume 4 de l'dition de
1918. Le nombre-cl O est employ pour indiquer " communication prive de."
DAS LITERATURVERZEICHNIS
INDICAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE
In allen Literaturstellen, die in I. C. T. verzeichnet sind, ist der

Name der Zeitschrift oder der Publikation mit Hilfe einer Schlsselnummer, entsprechend der unten folgenden Liste, angegeben.
Die Zahlen, welche diesen Schlsselnummern bei einem Literaturzitat folgen, bedeuten der Reihe nach: (1) der Band, (2) die
Seite und (3), die letzten zwei Zahlen des Jahrganges. So bedeutet
z. B. 647, 31: 253; 22, Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Band 31, Seite 253, 1922. SerienNummern werden nicht angegeben. Der Schlsselzahl wird ein
B vorausgesetzt, wenn sie Bcher, oder eine andre nicht periodische
Verffentlichung bezeichnet. Die Bandnummer wird durch
rmische Ziffern angegeben. Es bedeutet z. B. also BlO, IV:
191; 18, Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Seite 191, des 4.
Bandes, der Auflage des Jahres 1918. Die Schlsselzahl Null
wird gebraucht, um anzuzeigen, dass es eine 'private Mitteilung' ist.
In tutte le indicazioni bibliografiche che si incontrano nele

"Tabelle Critiche Internazionali" il nome del giornale o della pubblicazione espresso con un numero chiave riportato nell'elenco dato
pi oltre. I numeri che, nella citazione, vengono dopo il numero
chiave sono disposti con l'ordine seguente: (1) il volume, (2) la
pagina, e (3) le ultime due cifre del millesimo. Cosi 64V1 31:
253; 22, indica la Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wettenschappen te Amsterdam, Voi. 31, pagina 253, 1922. I numeri di
serie non vengono dati. Quando un numero chiave preceduto
dalla lettera B si riferisce a libri o ad altre pubblicazioni non
periodiche, e il numero del volume viene allora scritto in cifre
romane. Cosi BlO, IV: 191; 18 indica Doelter, Handbuch der
Mineralchemie, pagine 191 del IV0 volume dell'edizione 1918.
Il numero chiave O indica " Comunicazione privata da . . . "
KEY TO THE PERIODICALS

Data regarding the libraries which receive many of these periodicals may be found through the following sources:
United States and Canada: "Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, 1926" (Chemical Abstracts, Ohio State Univ.,
Columbus, Ohio); "Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the
United States and Canada, 1925" (H. W. Wilson & Co., New
York City); "A Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals in Canadian
Libraries, 1924" (McGiIl Univ., Montreal, Canada).
Great Britain: " A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published
in the Years 1900-1921 " (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1925).
Holland: "Chemisch Jaarboekje tevens Jaarboekje der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, vol. 3." (Amsterdam, D. B.
Centen, 1920.)
1. Journal of the American Chemical Society.
2. Physical Review.
3. London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science.
4. Journal of the Chemical Society, London.
5. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
6. Annales de chimie et de physique. See also Nos. 14 and 16.
7. Zeitschrift fr physikalische Chemie, Stchiometrie und
Verwandtschaftslehre.
8. Annalen der Physik. [Journal der Physik, 1790-1794. Neues
Journal der Physik, 1795-1796. Annalen der Physik, 17991819; Annalen der Physik und der physikalische Chemie,
1819-1824 (Gilbert). Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
1824-1899 (Poggendorff, Wiedemann). Annalen der Physik,
1900(Drude, Wien and Planck).]
9. Zeitschrift fr Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische
Chemie.
11. American Chemical Journal. Combined with No. 1 in 1914.
12. American Journal of Science.
13. Annalen der Chemie, Justus Liebig's.
14. Annales de chimie.
16. Annales de physique.
18. Archives Nerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles.
Series III A. Sciences exactes.
19. Arkiv for Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi.
21. Astrophysical Journal.
22. Atti della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali.)
24. Atti del reale istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti.
25. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft.
26. Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft. See also
No. 96.
27. Bulletin de la socit chimique de France.
28. Bulle-tin de la socit chimique de Belgique.
29. Bureau of Mines, Bulletins.
31. Bureau of Standards, Scientific Papers.
31A. Bureau of Standards, Bulletin.
32. Bureau of Standards, Technologic Papers.
33. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering.
34. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sances de l'acadmie des
sciences, de l'institut de France.
36. Gazetta chimica italiana.
38. Journal of the American Ceramic Society.
41. Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan (Nippon Kwagaku

Kwai Shi).
42. Journal de chimie physique.
45. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.
47. Journal of the Institute of Metals, London.
48. Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of
Scientific Instruments.
50. Journal of Physical Chemistry.
51. Journal de physique et le radium See also No. 199.
53. Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society.
54. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.
55. Kolloid-Zeitschrift. (Formerly Zeitschrift fr Chemie und
Industrie der Kolloide.)
57. Monatshefte fr Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften.
58. Nature, London.
59. Nuovo Cimento.
62. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.
63. Physikalische Zeitschrift.
64P. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam.
64V. Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te
Amsterdam.
65. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
67. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London.
68. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
69. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada.
70. Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas.
72. Rendiconti reale istituto Lombardo de scienze e lettere.
75. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien,
mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse.
76. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
77. Stahl und Eisen.
78. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society.
80. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and
Metallurgical Engineers.
83. Transactions of the Faraday Society.
88. Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin.
See also No. 96.
89. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der physikalisch-technischen Reichsanstalt.
91. Zeitschrift fr analytische Chemie.
92. Zeitschrift fr angewandte Chemie.
93. Zeitschrift fr anorganische und allgemeine Chemie.
94. Zeitschrift fr Krystallographie. (Name changed in 1921
from Zeitschrift fr Kristallographie und Mineralogie.)
95. Zeitschrift fr Metallkunde.
96. Zeitschrift fr Physik. (Verhandlungen der physikalischen
Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1882-1898; Verhandlungen der
deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1899-1902; Berichte
der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1903-1919; Zeitschrift fr Physik, 1920.)
98. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure.
101. Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift.
105. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology.
112. Dinglers polytechnisches Journal.
115. Engineering.
119. Proceedings of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
128.
132.
133.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
143.
144.
147.
149.
152.
153.
156.
159.
166.
168.
173.
175.
176.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
205.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences.

Anales de la sociedad espanola de fsica y qumica.
British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports.
Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. (Name
changed in 1921 from Chemical News and Journal of Physical
Science.)
Chemiker Zeitung.
Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser.
Societas scientiarum fennica. Commentationes physicomathematicae.
Ferrum.
Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London.
Journal of Biological Chemistry.
Journal of the Franklin Institute.
Mathematikai s Termszettudomanyi Ertesit, Budapest.
Meddelanden frn K. Vetenskapakademiens Nobelinstitut.
Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. (Bibliothque
brittanique, 1796-1815; Bibliothque universelle des sciences,
belles-lettres et arts, 1816-1835; Bibliothque universelle de
Genve, 1836-1845; Supplment la bibliothque universelle
de Genve. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles,
1846-1847; Bibliothque universelle de Genve. Archives
des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1848-1857; Bibliothque
universelle, revue suisse et trangre. Archives des sciences
physiques et naturelles, 1858-1861; Bibliothque universelle
et revue suisse. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1862-1877; Bibliothque universelle. Archives des
sciences physiques et naturelles, 1878.)
Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications.
Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin.
Science Reports of the Thoku Imperial University.
Science.
Communications from the Physical Laboratory of the University of Leiden.
Analyst, London.
Annales academiae scientiarum fennicae.
Chemisch Weekblad, Amsterdam.
Bulletin de la classe des sciences, acadmie royale de Belgique.
Metall und Erz, Zeitschrift fr Metalhuttenwesen und Erzbergbau, einschl. Aufbereitung.
Nachrichten von der kniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gttingen. Geschftliche Mitteilungen; mathematisch-physikalische Klasse.
Centralblatt fr Mineralogie, Geologie und Palontologie.
Neues Jahrbuch fr Mineralogie, Geologie und Palontologie.
Sammlung chemischer und chemisch-technischer Vortrge.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Revue gnrale des sciences pures et appliques.
Le Radium. (Merged into No. 51 in 1920.)
Jahrbuch der Radioaktivitt und Elektronik.
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie,
Biochemische Zeitschrift.
Geologiska Freningens i Stockholm Frhandlingar.
Physica, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde.
Japanese Journal of Chemistry.
Scientific Papers, Institute of Physical-Chemical Research,
Tokyo.
Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physischen Klasse der
schsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig.
Transactions of the American Society for Steel Treating.
Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der
Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Mnchen.
214. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernis Selskab, Skrifter naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeling.

215. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift.
216. Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata. (Annali di
chimica applicata, 1914; continued as Giornale di chimica
applicata; combined with Giornale di chimica industriale,
March, 1920, to form Giornale di chimica industriale ed
applicata.)
217. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Special Publications.
218. Naturwissenschaften.
219. Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan.
220. Jern-Kontorets Annaler, Stockholm.
221. Berichte ber die Verhandlungen der schsischen Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Mathematisch-physische
Klasse.
222. Giornale di mineralogia, cristallografia e petrografia. .
223. Journal of General Physiology.
224. Kosmos, Stockholm.
226. Mitteilungen aus dem Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fr Eisenforschung zu Dsseldorf.
227. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine.
228. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften
zu Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse.
229. Journal of Bacteriology.
230. Biochemical Journal.
231. U. S. Public Health Service, Public Health Reports.
232. Soil Science.
233. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad.
234. Journal of the South African Chemical Institute. (Name
changed in 1922 from Journal of the South African Association of Analytical Chemists.)
235. Comptes-rendus des travaux du laboratoire Carlsberg.
236. Ergebnisse der Physiologie.
237. Fortschritte der Chemie, Physik und physikalischen Chemie.
238. Travaux et mmoires du bureau international des poids et
mesures.
239. Nouveaux mmoires de l'acadmie royale des sciences, des
lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, Brussels.
240. Bibliothque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts.
(Continued as No. 149.)
241. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.
242. Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Zrich.
243. Zeitschrift fr Instrumentenkunde.
244. Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers.
245. Zeitschrift fr das gesamte Schiess- und Sprengstoffwesen.
246. Ice and Refrigeration.
247. Chemist-Analyst.
248. Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical
Society.
249. Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rntgenstrahlen.
250. Bulletin de la socit franaise de physique.
251. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne.
252. Chemische Umschau auf dem Gebiete der Fette, OeIe,
Wachse und Harze. (Before 1916 Chemische Revue ber
die Fett- und Harz Industrie.)
253. Lubrication.
254. Zeitschrift fr Beleuchtungswesen, Heisungs- und Lftungstechnik.
255. Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. (Continued as No. 329.)
256. Comptes rendus de la socit scientifique, Warsaw.
266. Indianapolis Medical Journal.
267. Philippine Journal of Science.
268. Terrestrial Magnetism.
269. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical

Society.
270. Berichte der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg, im
Breisgau.
271. Revue scientifique.
272. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and
Letters.
273. Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft.
274. Pharmazeutische Zentralhalle fr Deutschland.
275. International Sugar Journal.
276. Chemical Age, London.
277. Archiv fr experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie.
278. Archiv fr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der
Tiere. (Pflger.)
279. Zeitschrift fr Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel sowie der Gebrauchsgegenstande.
280. Umschau.
281. Zeitschrift fr Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane.
282. Wochenschrift fr Brauerei.
283. Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique.
284. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association.
285. Journal of Mathematics and Physics.
286. Chemical Reviews, Baltimore.
287. Kolloidchemische Beihefte.
288. Revue gnrale des colloides.
297. National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Technical
Reports.
298. National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Technical
Notes.
299. British Aeronautical Research Committee. Reports and
Memoirs.
300. British Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Reports and
Memoirs.
301. Jahrbuch der Motorluftschiff-Studiengesellschaft.
302. Smithsonian Institution Publications. Miscellaneous Collection.
303. Bulletin de l'institut arodynamique de Koutchino,
Petrograd.
304. Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt zu Gttingen. Ergebnisse.
305. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

315. Memorial des poudres. (Formerly Memorial des poudres et
salptres.)
326. Astronomical Journal.
327. Annales de la socit scientifique de Bruxelles.
328. American Mineralogist.
329. Mining and Metallurgy.
330. Psychological Monographs.
331. Archives of Psychology.
332. Philosophische Studien.
333. Psychological Review.
334. Journal of Experimental Psychology.
335. American Journal of Pscyhology.
336. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America.
337. Bulletin of the National Research Council.
B60. Fourth International Congress of Refrigeration Reports.

Papers presented by the President. Leiden, Ij do, 1924.
B61. Ullmann, Enzyklopdie der technischen Chemie. Berlin,
Urban, 1914-1923.
B62. Henning, Die Grundlagen, Methoden und Ergebnisse der
Temperaturmessung. Braunschweig, 1915.
B63. Holborn, Scheel and Henning, Wrmetabellen. Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1919.
B64. Ostwald and Luther, Hand- und Hilfsbuch zur Ausfhrung
physikochemischer Messungen. 3rd ed. Leipzig, Akad.
Verslagsges. m. b. H, 1922.
B65. Sthler, Handbuch der Arbeitsmethoden in der anorganische
Chemie. 5 volumes. Berlin and Leipzig, de Gruyter & Co.,
1920.
B66. Zsigmondy, Kolloidchemie; ein Lehrbuch. 4th ed. Leipzig,
Spamer, 1922.
B69. Helmholtz, Physiological Optics, translated from the 3rd
German edition by Southall. Optical Society of America,
1924.
B70. Parson, An Introduction to the Study of Color Vision.
Cambridge Univ. Press, 1915.
IMPORTANT NOTICE
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CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL
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uary 1924.
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Table of Contents
Volume II
Strength and Related Properties of Woods
North American Woods
Woods of the Philippine Islands
Canadian Woods
Woods Native to the British Empire
Danish Woods
Woods of the Dutch East-Indian Archipelago
Woods of Japan and Eastern Asia
The Woods of Mexico, Central and South America and the West Indies
Index of Common Names
Density Arrangement
Artificial Lumbers
Building Stones
Conversion Factors
Compressive Strength
Shearing Strength
Transverse Strength
Tensile Strength
Resistance to Abrasion
Impact Hardness
Elasticity
Bulk Density
Porosity
Compressibility
Thermal Expansion
Specific Heat
Thermal Diffusivity
Clays
List of Clays and their Index Numbers
Effect of Firing on Transverse Strength of Clay
Linear Fire Shrinkage and Porosites of Diaspore and Gibbsite Clays
Water Ratios to Clay Volume and Weight
Fusion Points in Cones
Thermal Reactions in Clay with Temperatures at Which Reactions have been Noted
Heat Absorbed and Evolved by Clay During Firing and Cooling
Bentonite
Coagulating Effects of Reagents upon Bentonite
1
2
4
4
16
34
35
36
39
42
46
46
47
47
47
48
49
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
54
55
55
55
56
57
57
61
61
61
61
63
63
63
Effect of Dilution, Coagulation and Precipitation

Properties of Some Clay-Like Minerals of the Bentonite Type
Heavy Clay Products and Sand-Lime Brick
1. Clay Brick: Specifications and Properties
2. Sand-Lime Brick
3. Hollow Building Tile
4. Stoneware
5. Sanitary Bodies
6. Floor and Wall Tile
7. Drain Tile
8. Sewer Pipe
9. Terra Cotta Bodies
10. Crushing Strength of Masonry with Different Mortars
Porcelain and Whiteware
I. Electrical Porcelain
II. Laboratory Porcelains and Whitewares
Refractory Materials
Abrasive Materials
Properties of Glass
Table 1. Glass Compositions
Mechanical Properties of Glass
Thermal Properties of Glass
Optical Properties
Chemical Durability of Glasses
Effect of Composition
Multi-Oxide Glasses. Apparatus Glass
Optical Glasses
Vitreous Enamels for Metals
Compositions
Specific Gravity
Strength
Hardness
Thermal Expansion of Vitreous Enamels
Heat Transfer by Enameled Metals
Thermal Emissivity of White Vitreous Enameled Surfaces
Reflectivity of Sheet Steel Enamels
Acid Resistance of Vitreous Enamels
Structural Cements, Limes and Plasters
Hydraulic Cements
Portland Cement
63
64
64
64
64
65
65
65
65
65
65
66
66
66
67
73
82
86
87
88
92
97
101
101
107
107
109
113
114
114
115
115
115
115
115
116
116
117
117
117
117
Gypsum
Lime Mortar and Masonry
Magnesia Cements and Concretes
Bulk Density
122
123
124
124
Ultimate Tensile Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Cements Made with Specially Calcined
Dolomites
Elastic Properties
Wearing Resistance
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion
Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of Cement Mortars
Heat Evolved During Mixing and Setting of Magnesium Oxychloride Cements
Electrical Resistance of Cement Mortars
Setting Time of Commercial Magnesites in Various Mixes
Dental Cements
1. Typical Chemical Compositions. Weight %
2. Crushing Strength
3. Setting Time
Solid Fuels
Classification
Percentage Composition of U.S. Coals
Calorific Value
Sulfur Content
Ash Fusibility
Density
Porosity
Specific Heat
Spontaneous Combustion, Weathering and Deterioration
Coking Behavior
Ignition Temperatures
Combustibility of Coke
Petroleums, Petroleum Products and Commercial Oils of Mineral Origin
Composition and Density of Crude Petroleums
Proximate Composition
Specific Gravity and Thermal Expansion
Compressibility
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tensions
Penetrativity
Melting Points
Solubility of Paraffin
124
124
128
128
128
128
128
128
129
129
129
129
130
130
132
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
136
136
137
139
144
146
146
146
146
146
148
149
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

Dew Point
Flash Point
Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity
Specific Heat
Calorific Values
Refractive Index
Optical Activity
Coefficient of Light Absorption
Iodine and Bromine Numbers
Sulfuric Acid Absorption for Gasolene
Gum Test
Composition and Property Tables
Terminology and Specifications of Petroleum Products of Commerce
Flash Points of Saturated Vapors of Combustible Liquids
Quantitative Effects of Some Compounds upon Detonation in Internal Combustion Engines
Lubricants and Lubrication
Journal Bearing Friction
Lubricating Value of Oils under Conditions of Heavy Loads and Temperatures up to 100
Typical Analyses and Properties of Gaseous Fuels
Asphalts and Mineral Waxes
Nomenclature
Characteristics
Thermal Properties
Bituminous Materials
Explosions and Gaseous Explosives
Ignition Temperature
Electrical Ignition
Limits of Inflammability
Propagation of Flame
Detonation
Explosions in Closed Vessels
Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes
Introduction
1. Index of Common Names
2. Scientific Names and Common Properties
3. Composition Table
4. Polenske Values
5. Compressibility
6. Viscosity
7. Viscosity under Pressure
149
149
150
151
151
152
152
153
153
154
154
154
154
160
161
162
164
164
165
166
168
168
168
168
170
172
172
175
176
182
184
187
196
196
198
201
206
208
208
209
209
8. Melting Points
9. Boiling Point of Oils
10. Thermal Expansion
11. Specific Heat
12. Heat of Combustion
13. Flash Points of Oils and Fats
14. Electrical Conductivity
15. Dielectric Constant
16. Refractive Index and Butyrorefractometer Reading
17. Optical Rotation of Oils
18. Density
19. Melting Point
20. Congelation Temperature
21. Acetyl Value
22. Iodine Value
23. Saponification Value
24. Hehner Value
25. Reichert-Meissl Value
26. Unsaponifiable Matter
27. Melting and Solidification Points of Fatty Acids
Hydrogenated Oils
Adhesives and Gelatins
Introduction
1. Adhesives
2. Gelatins
Textile Fibers
Botanical Classification of Important Vegetable Fibers
Microscopical Characteristics of Important Vegetable Fibers
Cotton
Silk
Rayons of Artificial Silks
Wool
Cordage Fibers
Minor Hair Fibers
Fur Fibers
Comparative Breaking Strengths
Specific Gravity
Specific Heat
Hygroscopic Moisture
Effect of Humidity
210
210
210
210
210
211
211
211
212
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
215
215
215
215
216
217
217
218
221
231
231
232
233
234
234
235
235
235
236
236
237
237
237
237
Regain
Heat Conductivity
Fireproofing
Tannins and Vegetable Tanning Materials
Classification
Source and Tannin Content of Vegetable Tanning Materials
Leather
Type
Composition, % at 50% Relative Humidity
Tensile Strength, Stretch and Stitch Tear
Area Change with Relative Humidity
Water Content at Different Relative Humidities
Ventilating Properties
Resilience
Rubber, Gutta Percha and Balata
Abbreviations
Latex
Chemical Composition of Raw Rubber
Physical Properties of Raw Rubber
Various Types of Hevea
Factors in the Preparation of Hevea Rubber
Non-Hevea Rubber
Vulcanized Rubber
Physical Properties
Milling
Softeners
Accelerators of Vulcanization
Compounding Ingredients
Aging
Hard Rubber
Gutta-Percha and Balata
Factitious Plastics
A. Nitrocellulose (Pyroxylim) Plastics
B. Phenol Resins and Their Products
238
238
239
239
239
243
250
250
251
251
252
252
253
254
254
254
255
258
259
262
263
264
264
266
276
277
278
286
290
292
294
296
296
298
C. Comparison of Properties of Hard Rubber, Vulcanized Fiber, Laminated and Molded Phenolic
Insulating Materials
Commercial Carbons for Electrical Uses
Industrial Electrical Insulators
Insulating Oils
Insulating Solids
Table 1. Index and Description of Materials
299
303
304
305
307
308
Table 2. Electrical Properties

Thermal Insulating Materials for Moderate and Low Temperatures
Thermal Insulating Materials for High Temperature
Raw Materials of the Paint and Varnish Industry
310
312
316
317
Average Bulking Values and Specific Gravities of the More Common Dry Pigments Used in the
Paint Industry
Average Constants of Oils Used in Paint and Varnish Industry
Toxicology of Gases and Vapors
Effective Concentrations and Properties
Prevention and Emergency Treatment of Gas Poisoning
Air Conditioning
A. Hygroscopic Properties of Industrial Materials
B. Spaces Occupied by Human Beings
Density and Specific Gravity
Heat Capacity (Specific Heat)
Viscosity
Sieves and Screens
Introduction
Table 1. Series of Woven Sieves
Table 2. Tolerances for U.S. Standard Sieves
Table 3. Pharmaceutical Sieves
Table 4. Bolting Cloth
Table 5. Woven Sieves for Special Purposes (Metric Designation)
Table 6. Woven Wire Sieves for Special Purposes (Inch Designation)
Table 7. Gages for Broken Stone, Slag, Etc.
Saccharimetry, the Properties of Commercial Sugars and Their Solutions
Introduction
317
317
318
318
321
321
321
325
327
327
328
328
329
329
330
331
331
332
332
333
333
334
334
C12H22O11 Sucrose
336
C12H22O11 Lactose
345
C12H22O11 Maltose
346
C6H12O6 Dextrose
347
C6H12O6 Levulose
Invert Sugar
349
350
C6H12O6 Mannose
350
C6H12O6 Galactose
351
C5H10O5 Arabinose
351
C5H10O5 Xylose
352
C18H32O16 + 5H2O, Raffinose (Melitriose, Gossypose)

Systems Containing More Than One Sugar
352
352
Rotations and Melting Points of Pure Sugars and Sugar Derivatives

X-Ray Diffraction DataMiscellaneous Natural and Industrial Materials
Properties of Metals and Alloys
Introduction
Finding Index of Alloys
Tables of Alloy Classes
Meanings of Symbols Denoting Treatments
Abbreviations and Symbols Denoting Variables Defining a System and Their Units
Meanings of Symbols Denoting Properties
Introduction
Aluminium Alloys
Lead Alloys and Tin Alloys
Other Non-Ferrous Alloys (Including Cu-Fe)
Ferrous Alloys
Density of the Metallic Elements
Hg, Density of Liquid Mercury
Latent Heat and Phase Changes of Pure Metals and Alloys
Thermal Expansion Including Volume Change on Fusion, Solidification and Tempering
Coefficients of Expansion of Pure Metals
Coefficients of Expansion of Solid Alloys
Coefficients of Expansion of Liquid Alloys and Amalgams
Volume Change on Fusion and Solidification, Mold Shrinkage
Changes in Volume Due toTempering
Mechanical Properties of Iron, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti, and Titanium and Uranium Steels
Ni and Its Alloys with C, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn
Mechanical and Elastic Properties
Thermal Properties
353
356
358
358
370
388
392
396
396
400
400
400
413
419
449
456
457
458
459
459
463
474
474
477
478
479
480
482
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cast Iron and of Steels Containing C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, NiCr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V, and V
Introduction
Table 1. Chemical Analyses
Table 2. Carbon Steels
Table 3. Mechanical Properties of Cast Iron
Table 4. Cr Steels
Table 5. Cr-V Steels
Table 6. Cu Steels
Table 7. Nickel Chromium Steels
Table 8. Ni-Cu Steels
Table 9. Nickel Vanadium Steels
Table 10. Vanadium Steels
483
483
484
487
497
506
509
509
510
513
513
514

Table 13. Thermal Properties
Mn-, Si-, and Mn-Si-Steels; Fe-Si-Alloys; and Effect of Mn and Si on Cast Iron
Table 1. Tensile, Hardness, and Impact Tests on Rolled or Forged Mn-Steels
Table 2. Effect of Cooling Medium on Properties of Forged Mn-Steel
Table 3. Effect of Liquid Air Temperature on Forged Mn-Steel
Table 4. Compression Tests on Forged Mn-Steels
Table 5. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Cast Mn-Steel
Table 6. Transverse Tests on Cast Mn-Steel
Table 7. Tensile Properties of Fe-Si-Alloys
Table 8. Specific Gravity of Fe-Si-Alloys
Table 9. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Rolled and Forged Si-Steels
Table 10. Effect of Liquid Air Temperature on Forged Si-Steel
Table 11. Compression Tests on Forged Si-Steel
Table 12. Properties of Cast Si-Steel
Table 13. Properties of Forged Si-Mn-Steel
Table 14. Effect of Mn Content on Tensile Strength and Elongation of Malleable Cast Iron
Table 15. Effect of Si Content on General Mechanical Properties of Malleable Cast Iron
Table 16. Effect of Mn on Properties of Cast Iron
Table 17. Effect of Mn Content on Hardness of Cast Iron
Table 18. Effect of Si Content on Properties of Cast Iron
Table 19. Effect of Casting Temperature and Annealing on Cast Irons of Different Si Content
Steels Containing Al, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta, or Zr
Table 1. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Al-Steels
Table 2. Compression Tests on Al-Steels
Table 3. Specific Gravity of Al-Steels
Table 4. Mechanical Properties of As-Steels
Table 5. Mechanical Properties of B- and Ni-B-Steels
Table 6. Hardness of B-Steels
Table 7. Mechanical Properties of Ce- and Ni-Ce-Steels
Table 8. Properties of Sb-Steels
Table 9. Specific Gravity of Fe-Sb-Alloys
Table 10. Mechanical Properties of Ta-Steels
Table 11. Properties of Zr- and Ni-Zr-Steels
Properties of Aluminum and Its Alloys with Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, and Zn Containing More
Than 50% Al
Table 1. Tensile Properties
Table 2. Compression Tests
Table 3. Shear and Torsion Tests
Table 4. Hardness
515
516
518
519
520
522
522
522
522
522
523
523
523
524
524
524
525
525
525
526
527
527
528
528
529
529
529
529
530
531
531
531
531
531
532
532
533
538
538
539
Table 5. Impact Hardness

Table 6. Impact Strength
Table 9. Mold Shrinkage
Properties of Alloys of Aluminium with Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ni-Cu, Si, and Si-Cu
Thermal Properties
Properties of Magnesium and of Its Alloys with More Than 50% Magnesium
Zinc and Its Alloys Containing More Than 50% Zn
Table 2. Elastic Properties of Zn
Table 3. Compressibility of Zn Alloys
Table 4. Specific Gravity of Zn Alloys
Cadmium and Its Alloys with Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cu, Hg, Mg, Pb, Sn, Tl, and Zn
Mechanical Properties of Copper and Its Alloys with Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb, and Si
Tensile (Compressive) and Elastic Properties
Hardness of Cu and Its Alloys with Ag, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P and Si
Specific Gravity of Copper and Its Alloys with Fe, Mn, P and O
Properties of Brasses and of Pb, Sb, Sn and Their Alloys
Properties of Commercial Copper, Ordinary, Phosphor, and Zinc Bronzes and Copper-Base
Bearing Alloys
Cu, Commercial Copper
Cu-Sn, Bronze
Cu-Sn-P, Phosphor Bronze
Mechanical Properties of Copper-Base Bearing Alloys as Cast (Car Journal Bearings)
Cu-Pb-Sn, Mechanical Properties of Bearing Bronzes
Wear and Frictional Properties of Copper-Base Bearing Alloys
Laboratory Tests on the Carpenter Machine
Cu-Sn-Zn, Zinc Bronze
Effect of Casting Temperature and Heat Treatment of Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn 2
Cu-Sn-Zn-As, Effect of Adding As to Admiralty Gun Metal
Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-As, Effect of Adding Pb to Arsenical Admiralty Gun Metal
Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb, Effect of Adding Lead to Zinc Bronzes
Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, of Adding Sb to Admiralty Gun Metal
Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, Effect of Adding Sb to 86:9:5 Red Bronze
Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, Effect of Adding Pb to 86:9:5 Red Bronze
Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-Sb, Effect of Adding Sb to Leaded 86:9:5 Red Bronze
Impact Strength
Specific Gravity
Elastic Properties
539
540
540
541
542
542
542
543
544
545
545
546
548
548
548
552
552
554
554
555
558
558
559
560
561
562
562
562
563
565
566
566
566
568
568
569
569
570
570
571
Mold Shrinkage
Properties of Aluminum Bronzes
Cu-Al
Cu-Al-Fe
Cu-Al-Mn
Cu-Al-Ni
Cu-Al-P
Cu-Al-Si
Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Their Alloys
Table 3. Effect of Temperature on Elastic Properties
Table 4. Compressibility of Ag-Au
Table 5. Specific Volume of Alloys
Table 7. Surface Tension of Amalgams in Saturated Water Vapor at ca. 18C
Table 8. Annealing and Quenching Temperatures
Graphite
572
572
572
573
578
579
581
583
583
584
584
588
588
589
589
589
591
591
592
Mechanical Properties of As, B, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Ge, In, K, La, Mo, Na, Pr, Ta, Th, and W and
Their Alloys, and of Alloys Containing Ba, Ga, Li, Mn, Rb, Si, Sr, Ti, and V
Table 1. Tensile Properties of Ca, Co, Mo, Ta, Th and W
Table 2. Hardness of As, B, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Ge, In, K, La, Mo, Na, and Pr
Table 3. Properties of Co-Cr and Stellite
Table 4. Hardness of Alloys
Table 5. Extrusion Pressure of In-Pb and K-Rb
Table 6. Elastic Properties of Ta and W
Fatigue of Metals and Alloys
Table 1. Composition of Alloy
Table 2. Endurance Limits under Reversed Direct Stresses
Table 3. Endurance Limits under Reversed Bending Stresses (Rotating Beam Machines)
Table 4. Endurance Limits under Reversed Plane Bending Stresses (Upton-Lewis Machine)
Table 5. Endurance Limits under Reversed Torsional Stresses
Table 6. Endurance Limits under Cycles of Direct Stress with Various Mean Stresses
Table 7. Endurance Limits under Cycles of Torsional Stresses with Various Mean Stresses
Table 8. Endurance Limits at Various Temperatures, Reversed Direct Stresses
592
592
592
593
593
593
594
594
595
595
599
601
605
606
607
607
608
Table 9. Endurance Limits at Various Temperatures, Reversed Bending Stresses (Rotating

Beam Machines)
Special Property-Table
608
610
611
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
1. Proportional Limit.Stress at which the deformation ceases

to be proportional to the load as determined by strainometer
(extensometer for tension, compressometer for compression, and
deflectometer for transverse tests, value being read from plotted
results).
2. Elastic Limit.In tensile and compressive tests: The stress
at which the initial permanent elongation or shortening of the
gage length occurs, as shown by an instrument of high precision
(determined from set readings with extensometer or compressometer). In transverse tests: The extreme fiber stress at which the
initial appreciable permanent deflection occurs as determined with
defleeto meter.
Tests are rarely made to determine the elastic limit, since such
tests involve repeated application and release of load, and require
considerable time. For practical purposes the elastic limit may be
regarded as equal to the proportional limit.
3. Yield Point.Stress at which marked increase in deformation
of specimen occurs without increase in load as determined usually
by drop of beam or with dividers for tensile, compressive, or
transverse tests.
4. Tensile, Compressive, or Shearing Strength (Ultimate).
Maximum stress to which the test specimen is subjected by slowly
increased load until rupture, divided by the original cross-sectional
area of the test specimen.
5. Modulus of Rupture.Maximum stress in the extreme fiber
of a specimen tested to rupture, as computed by the empirical
application of the flexural formula to stresses above the transverse
proportional limit. For simple rectangular test piece with concentrated center load, it equals
1. Limite de proportionnalite.C'est Ia tension pour laquelle Ia

deformation cesse d'etre proportionnelle a Ia charge, cette tension
etant determinee a Taide d'un appareil approprie": extensometre
pour Ia traction, compresso met re pour Ia compression, et de*flectometre pour les essais de flexion, Ia valeur de cette tension 6tant
deduite d'une courbe tracee par points.
2. Limite d'elasticite.Pour les essais de traction et de compression: c'est Ia plus petite tension pour laquelle Ia deformation
permanente de Ia longueur entre reperes devient appreciable au
moyen d'un instrument de haute precision (cette tension etant
determinee au moyen des lectures effectue*es a 1'aide de T extensometre ou du compressometre). Pour les essais de flexion: c'est
Ia plus petite tension de Ia fibre extreme, pour laquelle Ia de*formation permanente devient appreciable au moyen du deflectomtre.
Comme Ia determination de Ia limite d'elasticite implique une
succession de mises en charge et de decharges de 1'eprouvette, et
demande un temps considerable, ces essais sont rarement effectues.
Dans Ia pratique on peut considerer Ia limite d'elasticite comme
etant egale a Ia limite de proportionnalite.
3. Limite d'etirage.C'est Ia tension pour laquelle se produit
une augmentation importante de Ia deformation de 1'eprouvette
sans augmentation de Ia charge, cette determination etant faite
ordinairement par Ia chute de !'aiguille ou au compas pour les
essais de traction, compression et flexion. (Limite e*lastique
apparente.)
4. Resistance a Ia traction, a Ia compression; Resistance au
cisaillement.C'est !'effort maximum auquel 1'eprouvette est
soumise, par !'augmentation lente et progressive de Ia charge,
jusqu'a rupture, divise par Ia section transversale initiale de
1'eprouvette.
5. Module de rupture.C'est Ia tension maximum de Ia fibre
extreme d'une eprouvette essayee jusqu'a rupture, ainsi qu'elle
est calculee par !'application empirique de Ia for mule de flexion,
a une tension superieure a Ia limite de proportionnalite de Ia
flexion. Pour une eprouvette simple de section rectangulaire,
avec une charge concentree au milieu de Ia portee, elle est egale a:
1,5 X charge X portee/section X hauteur de Ia piece
1.5 X load X span

area X depth
6. Torsional Strength (or Modulus of Rupture in Torsion).
Maximum stress in the extreme fiber of a specimen tested to rupture
as computed by the empirical application of the torsional formula
to stresses above the torsional proportional limit. For a round
specimen it is
__ 5.1 X twisting moment
~~
diameter3
In ductile materials the stress at rupture may be considered uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area and the above
formula assumes the form
~ _ 3.82 X twisting moment
~~
diameter3
7. Elongation.The percentage of elongation is found by
dividing 100 X the increase of length after rupture by the original
gage length. The percentage of elongation depends on the
gage length. The elongation indicates the ductility of the
material.
8. Reduction of Area.The percentage of reduction is found as
the ratio of 100 X the difference between the original and broken
area of cross section to the original area. Reduction of area indicates generally the ductility of material.
9. Poisson's Ratio.The ratio of lateral contraction per unit of
diameter to longitudinal extension per unit of length of a bar under
terminal tension within the elastic limit of material.
6. Resistance a Ia torsion (ou module de rupture a Ia torsion).

C'est Ia tension maximum de Ia fibre extreme d'une eprouvette
essayee jusqu'a rupture, ainsi qu'elle est calculee par !'application
empirique de Ia formule de torsion a une tension superieure a Ia
limite de proportionnalite de Ia torsion. Pour une eprouvette de
section circulaire, elle est egale a:
S = 5,1 X moment de torsion/diametre3
Pour les matieres ductiles, Ia tension lors de Ia rupture peut
etre considered comme etant repartie uniformement dans Ia
section transversale et Ia formule ci-dessus prend Ia forme:
S =3,82 X moment de torsion/diametre3
7. Allongement.Le pourcentage d'allorigement est obtenu en
multipliant par 100 Ie rapport de !'augmentation de Ia longueur
apres rupture a Ia longueur initiale entre reperes. Le pourcentage d'allongement depend de Ia longueur entre reperes.
L'allongement donne une mesure de Ia ductilite de Ia matiere.
8. Striction.Le pourcentage de striction est Ie rapport multiplie par 100 de Ia difference entre Ia section initiale et Ia section
de rupture a Ia section initiale. La striction donne generalement
une mesure de Ia ductilite de Ia matiere.
9. Coefficient de Poisson.C'est Ie rapport de Ia contraction
transversale (par unite de diametre) a Ia dilatation longitudinale
DEFINITIONEN
DEFINIZIONI
1. Proportionalitats-Grenze.Spannung, bei der die Formanderung aufhort proportional zur Belastung zu verlaufen; sie
wird bestimmt durch ein Formanderungsmessinstrument (Dehnungsmesser flir Zug, Zusammendriickungsmesser flir Druck und
Durchbiegungsmesser flir Biegeversuche, der Punkt wird aus dem
Diagramm ermittelt).
2. Elastizita'ts-Grenze.Bei Zug- und Druckversuchen: Diejenige Spannung bei der die erste bleibende Dehnung oder Verklirzung der Messlange eintritt, bestimmt durch ein Messinstrument
von hoher Prazision (bestimmt aus den Restablesungen am
Dehnungs- oder Zusammendrlickungsmesser). Bei Biegeversuchen: Die Spannung der ausseren Faser bei der die erste
bemerkbar bleibende Durchbiegung eintritt, bestimmt mit dem
Durchbiegungsmesser.
Versuche zur Bestimmung der Elastizitats-Grenze werden
selten ausgeflihrt, da solche Versuche wiederholte Belastung und
Entlastung erforderlich machen und betrachtliche Zeit beanspruchen. Fur praktische Zwecke kann die Elastizitats-Grenze
als gleichbedeutend mit der Proportionalitats-Grenze angesehen
werden.
3. Streck-Grenze.Spannung, bei der ein deutliches Anwachsen der Formanderung der Probe eintritt, ohne dass die Belastung
steigt, gewohnlich bestimmt durch Absinken des Lastanzeigers
oder an den Formanderungsmasstaben fur Zug-, Druck- oder
Biegeversuch.
4. Zug-, Druck- oder Scherfestigkeit (Hochstlast).Grosste
Spannung, der die Probe unterworfen ist, bei langsamer Steigerung der Belastung bis zum Bruch, dividiert durch den ursprunglichen Probenquerschnitt.
5. Biegespannung (oder Bruchmodul).Grosste Spannung in
der ausseren Faser einer bis zum Bruch gepriiften Probe in der
Annahme, dass die empirische Biegeformel flir Spannungen
oberhalb der Proportionalitats-Grenze angewendet werden kann.
Flir Proben mit einfachem rechteckigen Querschnitt und zentrischer Belastung gilt
1,5 X Last X Stlitzweite/Querschnitt X Hohe
6. Torsions-Festigkeit (oder Bruchmodul fur Torsion).
Grosste Spannung in der ausseren Faser der Probe beim Bruch,
unter der Annahme, dass die Torsionsformel auch flir Spannungen oberhalb der Proportionalitatsgrenze gilt. Flir eine
zylindrische Probe ist diese Torsions-Festigkeit
S = 5,1 X Drehmoment/Durchmesser3
Bei sehr formanderungsfahigen Materialien kann diese Bruchspannung als gleichmassig liber den ganzen Querschnitt verteilt
angesehen werden, und die obige Formel geht liber in die Formel:
S = 3,82 X Drehmoment/Durchmesser3
7. Bruchdehnung.Die prozentuale Dehnung wird gefunden,
indem man die Langenzunahme nach dem Bruch durch die
ursprlingliche Messlange dividiert und mit 100 multipliziert. Die
Bruchdehnung hangt von der Messlange ab. Die Bruchdehnung
ist ein Masstab flir die Formanderungsfahigkeit des Materials.
8. Querschnittsverminderung.Die' prozentuale Querschnittsverminderung wird gefunden als das Verhaltnis des Unterschiedes zwischen ursprlinglichem und Bruchquerschnitt zu
dem ursprlinglichem Querschnitt multipliziert mit 100. Die
Querschnittsverminderung zeigt allgemein die Formanderungsfahigkeit des Materials an.
9. Poisson'sche Konstante.Das Verhaltnis der Querkontraktion eines Stabes bezogen auf die Einheit des Durchmessers
zur Langsdehnung, bezogen auf die Einheit der Lange eines
1. Limite di proporzionalita.IC quel valore della forza applicata dopo il quale Ie deformazioni cessano di essere proporzionali
alia forza stessa. Le deformazioni sono misurate da apposito
apparato (estensometro per Ie prove di trazione, compressometro
per Ie prove di compressione, e defletto metro o flessimetro per Ie
prove alia flessione). I valori vengono desunti da grafici.
2. Limite elastico.Nelle prove di trazione e compressione. 6
quel valore della forza al quale corrisponde Tinizio dell'allungamento o del raccorciamento permanente. La deformazione permanente e messa in evidenza da un istrumento di alta precisione,
e determinata mediante una serie di letture alPestensometro o
compressometro.
Nelle prove di flessione. Quel valore della forza che si ha nella
fibra estrema quando si manifesta una deflessione permanente
apprezzabile determinata con il flessimetro.
Le prove per determinare il limite di elasticita si eseguono raramente, perche richiedono ripetute applicazioni ed annullamenti
della forza applicata, e quindi molto tempo. Per scopi pratici, si
puo considerare il limite di elasticita come coincidente con il valore
del limite di proporzionalita.
3. Punto di snervamento.E quel valore della forza in corrispondenza del quale si ha un aumento marcato nella deformazione
del provino senza che il carico aumenti. Esso viene determinato
osservando il momento in cui Vapparato registratore della forza
applicata al provino cade rapidamente, oppure a mezzo di misurazione sul provino calibrate alle prove di trazione, compressione e
flessione.
4. Carico di rottura alia trazione, compressione e taglio.E
il valore massimo dello sforzo al quale il provino soggetto alia
rottura, quando Io sforzo viene accresciuto lentamente. Questo
valore viene riferito all'area della sezione trasversale primitiva del
provino.
5. Modulo di rottura.Massimo sforzo che si verifica nelle fibre
maggiormente sollecitate di un provino che venga provato a flessione fino a rottura. Esso e calcolato con Tapplicazione empirica
della formula di sollecitazione per flessione, anche quando Io sforzo
supera il limite di proporzionalita per sollecitazione della flessione
stessa. Per pezzi di forma rettangolare semplice con carico concentrate nel centro, e eguale a:
1,5 X carico X distanza tra gli appoggi
area X spessore
6. Sforzo di torsione (oppure modulo di rottura alia torsione).
Massimo sforzo che si verifica nelle fibre piu sollecitate di un provino provato fino alia rottura, calcolato applicando empiricamente
(anche al di sopra del limite di proporzionalita per torsione) Ia
formula che da Ia sollecitazione per torsione. Per un provino a
sezione rotonda, Ia formula e:
_ 5,1 X momento torcente
diametro3
Nei material! duttili Io sforzo di rottura puo essere considerate
uniformemente distribuito sull'area della sezione trasversale, e Ia
formula (2) diventa:
_ 3,82 X momento torcente
diametro3
7. Allungamento.L'allungamento percentuale e calcolato
dividendo Taumento di lunghezza dopo rottura per Ia lunghezza
originale calibrata. L/allungamento percentuale dipende dalla
lunghezza calibrata, cioe dalla lunghezza alia quale e riferito
Tallungamento stesso. Questo allungamento indica Ia duttilita dei
materiali,
10. Modulus of Elasticity ((a) in Tension or (6) in Compression).Ratio of stress within the proportional limit to the corresponding strain as determined with a precise extensometer.
Accurate determinations of the modulus of elasticity are made with
a gage length at least 8 in. (203.2 mm) in length.
11. Modulus of Elasticity in Shear.Ratio of stress within the
proportional limit to the corresponding angular strain (in radians).
The following theoretical relation exists between the modulus of
elasticity in shear and the modulus of elasticity:
where G is the modulus of elasticity in shear, E modulus of elasticity, and X Poisson's ratio.
It is difficult to make a direct experimental determination of G on
account of the presence of other stresses. It is usually determined
by the torsion of a round bar.
12. Brinell Hardness Number.Ratio of load, on a sphere used
to indent the material to be tested, to the area of the spherical
indentation produced. The standard sphere used is a 10 mm
diameter hardened steel ball. The loads are (a) 3000 kg (6615
Ib.) and (6) 500 kg (1102 Ib.), and the time of application of load
is 30 sec. Values shown in the tables are based on spherical
areas computed from measurements of the diameters of the spherical indentations, by the following formula:
P being load in kg, h being depth of indentation, D being diameter

of ball and d being diameter of indentation, all lengths being
expressed in millimeters. Brinell hardness values have a certain
relation to tensile strength, and hardness determinations may be
used to determine tensile strengths approximately by employing
the proper conversion factor for the material under consideration.
13. Shore Scleroscope Hardness.Height of rebound of a
diamond-pointed hammer falling on the object from a fixed, stated
height through a tube under the acceleration due to its own weight.
On very soft materials a "magnifier" hammer is used in place of
the commonly used "universal" hammer, and values may be converted to the corresponding "universal" value by multiplying the
reading by %.
14. Erichsen Value.The test is conducted by supporting the
sheet on a circular ring and deforming it at the center of the ring
by a spherical-pointed tool. The depth of impression (or cup),
in millimeters, required to obtain fracture is the Erichsen value.
15. Bend Test.(a) Angle through which the material can be
bent without fracture; or (6) the number of bendings around a
predetermined diameter; or (c) a minimum diameter around which
the test piece can be bent through a stated angle.
16. Impact Resistance.(Bibliography on Impact Testing,
Whittemore, Proc. A. S. T. M., 1922.) Indicates the shockresisting qualities of material. Is of particular value in ascertaining the influence of heat treatment. Impact value depends on the
form of the specimen and type of apparatus, both of which must be
stated.
(par unite de longueur) d'une barre soumise a une tension infe"rieure a Ia limite d'elasticite de Ia matiere.
10. Module d'elasticite (a) de traction, (b) de compression.
C'est Ie rapport de Ia tension (celle-ci etant inferieure a Ia limite
de proportionnalite) a Ia dilatation correspondante, cette determination etant faite au moyen d'un extensometre de precision.
Les determinations precises du module d'elasticity se font sur une
longueur entre reperes d'au moins 203,2 mm.
11. Module d'elasticite de glissement.C'est Ie rapport de Ia
tension (celle-ci etant inferieure a Ia limite de proportionnalite) au
glissement correspondant (en radians). Il existe entre Ie module
d'elasticite de glissement et Ie module d'elasticite Ia relation
theorique suivante:
ou G est Ie module d'elasticite de glissement, E Ie module d'elasticite et A Ie coefficient de Poisson.

Il est difficile de faire une determination expe*rimentale directe
de G par Ie fait de Ia presence d'autres tensions. G est ordinairement determine par Ia torsion d'une barre de section circulaire.
12. Nombre de durete Brinell.C'est Ie rapport de Ia charge
appliquee sur une bille qui pen etre dans Ia matiere a essayer, a Ia
surface de 1'empreinte spherique produite. La bille type utilisee
est une sphere en acier trempe de 10 mm de diametre. Les charges
sont de (a) 3000 kg et (6) 500 kg et Ia duree d'application de Ia
charge est de 30 secondes. Les valeurs donnees dans les tables
sont basees sur les surfaces des calottes spheriques calculees d'apres
les diametres mesures des empreintes spheriques produites, par Ia
formule suivante:
P est Ia charge en kg, h Ia profondeur de 1'empreinte, D Ie diametre

de Ia bille et d Ie diametre de 1'empreinte, toutes les longueurs
&tant exprime*es en millimetres.
Il y a une certaine relation entre les nombres de durete* Brinell
et Ia resistance de rupture, et des determinations de durete peuvent
etre employees pour determiner approximativement Ia resistance
de rupture en employ ant Ie facteur de conversion relatif a Ia
matiere consideree.
13. Durete au scleroscope de Shore.C'est Ia hauteur de
rebondissement d'un petit marteau a pointe de diamant tombant
sous 1'effet de son propre poids sur !'object d'une hauteur fixe
d^finie, en se de*plac.ant dans un tube. Lorsqu'il s'agit de matieres
tres tendres, on utilise un marteau amplificateur a Ia place du
marteau "universel" generalement employe, et les valeurs peuvent
etre converties en valeurs "universelles" correspondantes en
multipliant Ia lecture par %.
14. Nombre d'Erichsen.On effectue 1'essai en supportant Ia
tole sur une bague circulaire et en Ia deformant au centre de Ia
bague par un outil a pointe spherique. Le nombre d'Erichsen est
Ia profondeur de 1'empreinte exprimee en millimetres, necessaire
pour produire Ia rupture.
15. Essai de pliage.(a) C'est Tangle sous lequel Ia matiere
peut etre pliee sans rupture; ou (6) Ie nombre de pliages successifs
autour d'une barre de diametre predetermine; ou (c) Ie diametre
minimum du cylindre autour duquel l'e*prouvette peut 6tre pliee
sous un angle defini.
16. Resistance au choc.(Bibliographic concernant Pessai de
choc, Whittemore, Proc. A. S. T. M., 1922.) ElIe donne une
mesure des qualites de resistance de Ia matiere au choc. ElIe est
d'une importance particuliere pour se rendre compte de !'influence
d'un traitement thermique. Les valeurs obtenues aux essais de
choc dependent de Ia forme de 1'eprouvette et du type d'appareil
employe; ces deux elements doivent tre definis.
Stabes bei bestimmten Zugspannungen innerhalb der Elastizitatsgrenze des betreffenden Materials.
10. Elastizitats-Modul (a) fur Zug oder (6) fur Druck.Das
Verhaltnis der Spannung innerhalb der Proportionalitatsgrenze
zur entsprechenden Formanderung, ermittelt durch einen prazisen Dehnungsmesser. Genaue Bestimmungen Elastizitatsmoduls werden ausgefiihrt mit einer Mindestmesslange von
203,2 mm.
11. Elastizitats-Modul bei Scherbeanspruchung.Verhaltnis
der Spannung innerhalb der Proportionalitatsgrenze zu der entsprechenden Winkelanderung (in radians). Die folgende theoretische Beziehung besteht zwischen dem Elastizitatsmodul bei Scherbeanspruchung und den Elastizitatsmodul bei Zugbeanspruchung
G = E/2 (1 + X ) , worin G der Elastizitatsmodul fiir Scherbeanspruchung, E der Elastizitatsmodul fiir Zugbeanspruchung und A
die Poisson'sche Konstante ist. Es ist schwer, den Gleitmodul
G direkt experimentell zu bestimmen wegen des Vorhandenseins
von Nebenspannungen. Gewohnlich wird er bestimmt durch
einen Drehversuch mit einem Rundstab.
12. Brinell Hartezahl.Das Verhaltnis der Last, mit der eine
Kugel in das zu priifende Material eingedrtickt wird, zur Flache
des erzeugten Kugeleindruckes. Die gebrauchliche Normalkugel
ist eine gehartete Stahlkugel von 10 mm Durchmesser. Die
Kugelbelastungen sind (a) 3000 kg (6615 engl. Pfund) und (b)
500 kg (1102 engl. Pfund). Die Zeitdauer der Belastung betragt
30 Sekunden. Die in den Tabellen angegebenen Werte ftir die
Hartezahl werden aus Messungen der Durchmesser der erzeugten
Kugeleindriicke unter Verwendung folgender Formel gewonnen:
Darin bedeuten P die Kugelbelastung in kg, h die Eindrucktiefe

in mm, D den Kugeldurchmesser in mm und d den Durchmesser des
Eindrucks in mm. Die Brinell-Hartezahlen haben eine gewisse
Beziehung zur Zugfestigkeit, Hartebestimmungen konnen deshalb
angewandt werden, um angenahert die Zerreissfestigkeiten zu
bestimmen, unter Anwendung eigenen Koeffizienten eines ftir
jedes Material.
13. Shore Skleroskope-Harte.Die Hohe des Rtickpralls eines
mit Diamantspitze versehenen Fallhammers, der aus einer bestimmten f estgelegten Hohe durch eine Rohre unter Beschleunigung
durch sein Eigengewicht auf die Probe fallt. Bei sehr weichen
Materialien wird ein Spezialhammer angewandt an Stelle des
gewohnlich benutzten "Universalhammers;" die mit diesem
Spezialhammer erzielten Werte konnen auf den Universalhammer
bezogen werden durch Multiplikation der Ablesungen mit %.
14. Erichsen-Wert.Der Versuch wird ausgeftihrt, indem ein
Blech am Rande kreisformig eingespannt und in der Mitte durch
einen kugelformigen Stempel eingedrtickt wird. Die Tiefe des
Eindrucks (oder der Beule) in mm, die erforderlich ist um Bruch
hervorzurufen, ist der Erichsen-Wert.
16. Biegeprobe.(a) Winkel, um den das Material gebogen
werden kann ohne zu brechen; oder (6) die Zahl der Biegungen um
einen bestimmten Durchmesser: oder (c) der kleinste Durchmesser,
um den die Probe um einen bestimmten Winkel gebogen werden
kann.
16. Schlag- oder Stossfestigkeit.(Bibliography on Impact
Testing, Whittemore; Proc. A. S. T. M., 1922.) Gibt die Eigenschaften eines Materials an, Stossbeanspruchungen zu widerstehen
und ist von besonderem Wert zur Feststellung des Einflusses von
Warmebehandlung. Der gefundene Schlagfestigkeitswert hangt
von der Form der Probe und der Art des Apparates ab, beides muss
also festgelegt werden.
17. Widerstand gegen Ermudung.Widerstand eines Materials
gegen wiederholte, zwischen zwei bestimmten Spannungsgrenzen
8. Riduzione di area.Percentuale di riduzione di area calcolata

come rapporto della differenza tra 1'area del provino prima e
dopo Ia rottura (nel punto dove e avvenuta Ia rottura) e Tarea
originale. La riduzione di area indica generalmente Ia duttilita
dei materiali.
9. Rapporto di Poisson.Il rapporto della contrazione laterale
per unita di diametro e P allungamento longitudinale, riferito alia
unita di allungamento di una barra sottoposta, nei suoi estremi, a
sollecitazioni di tensione entro i limiti di elasticita del materiale.
10. Modulo di elasticity (a) alia trazione, (b) alia compressione.Il rapporto del valore dello sforzo entro i limiti di proporzionalita e Ie corrispondenti deformazioni determinate con un
estensometro molto precise. Determinazioni accurate del modulo
di elasticita sono fatte sopra una lunghezza calibrata del provino
di almeno mm 203,2.
11. Modulo di elasticita al taglio.Rapporto del valore dello
sforzo entro i limiti proporzionali corrispondenti alle deformazioni
angolari espresse in radianti. La relazione teorica che esiste tra
il modulo di elasticita al taglio e il modulo di elasticita e:
dove G e il modulo di elasticita al taglio, E quello di allungamento
e X il rapporto di Poisson.
E molto difficile eseguire un esperimento per misurare direttamente il valore di G, a causa della presenza di altri sforzi. Generalmente viene determinate eseguendo una prova di torsione sopra
una barra rotonda.
12. Numero di durezza Brinell.Rapporto tra il carico applicato sopra una sfera che penetra nel materiale sottoposto alia prova
e Parea della impronta prodotta.
La sfera tipo e del diametro di mm 10 ed e di acciaio temprato.
I carichi applicati sono: (a) kg 3000: (b) kg 500. Il tempo di
applicazione del carico e di 30 secondi.
I valori riportati nelle tabelle si riferiscono alia misura delParea
fatta in base al diametro delPimpronta sf erica.
dove P & il carico in kg, h Ia profondita delPimpronta, D il diametro

della sfera adoperata e d il diametro della impronta. La durezza
Brinell ha una cert a relazione col carico di trazione, e Ie deter minazioni della durezza possono servire a determinare appunto i
carichi di trazione, in via approssimativa, mediante un fattore di
conversione caratteristico per il materiale in esame.
13. Durezza allo scleroscopio di Shore.Altezza del rimbalzo di
un martello munito di una punta di diamante che cade sulPoggetto
da una altezza nota e determinata, percorrendo un tubo sotto
Paccelerazione dovuta al proprio peso. Per materiali molto
teneri si usa un martello " moltiplicatore" invece del martello
comune chiamato "universale," ed i valori possono essere convertiti in corrispondenti valori del martello universale moltiplicando Ia lettura per %.
14. Valori di Erichsen.La prova si fa appoggiando il foglio di
lamiera contro un anello e deformandolo nel centro a mezzo di un
utensile pure sferico. La profondita delPimpressione in mm, che
si ha per ottenere Ia frattura, e il valore di Erichsen.
15. Prove di piegamento.(a) Angolo di cui il materiale puo
essere piegato senza fratturarsi, oppure: (b) numero di piegature
attorno ad un predeterminato diametro, oppure: (c) diametro
minimo attorno al quale il provino pu6 essere piegato percorrendo
un determinato angolo.
16. Resistenza all'urto.(Bibliography on Impact Testing,
Whittemore, Proc. A. S. T. M., 1922.) Indica Ia resistenza del
materiale alPurto, ed ha particolare valore per accertare !'influenza
dei trattamenti termici. Il valore all'urto dipende dalla forma del
provino e dal tipo della macchina, ed entrambi questi elementi
devono essere specificati.
17. Fatigue Resistance.Resistance of material to a load varying continuously and cyclically between two fixed stress values.
Numerical values of Fatigue Resistance for the case of zero
mean stress (Reversed Stresses) may be given as follows:
17a. Fatigue Strength.The numerical values of upper and
lower limits of stress cycle which cause failure after a definite
number of repetitions.
17b. Endurance Limit.The value of the upper (or lower) limit
of stress cycle which is just insufficient to cause failure after a
stated number of repetitions have been endured.
17c. True Endurance Limit.The limiting value of the endurance limit, i.e., the upper limit of a cycle of stress which can be
applied an indefinitely great number of times without causing
failure. The true endurance limit can never, of course, be determined experimentally. For many materials, however, it is found
that if values of fatigue strength are plotted against the number of cycles ./V to fracture (logarithmically or semi-logarithmically) the resulting curve tends to become parallel to the N
axis, affording strong evidence of the existence of a "true endurance limit."
Numerical values of fatigue resistance for cycles of stress
whose mean stress is not zero may be given by stating the upper
and lower limits of the stress cycles corresponding to 17a above,
or by stating the value of the mean stress and the range (or semirange) of the cycle. Consequently, corresponding to the above
we shall have:
17d. Fatigue Strength Range.
17e. Endurance Range.
17f. True Endurance Range.
18. Ductility.The ductility is the elongation of the test specimen measured after rupture on a distance distributed symmetrically on both sides of the place of rupture, and should be specified
in % of the original length of the distance.
19. Acetyl Value.Defined as g KOH (56.1) to neutralize the
acetic acid from 1000 g acetylated oil ( 1 J 2 * 7 ). It gives hydroxyacids + alcohols + oxidized fatty acids + unknown acids +
mono- and di-glycerides + rancidity ( 7 ).
20. Iodine Value.Per cent !2 or its equivalent of other halogen
absorbed ( 3 6 1 2 13). Heat of bromination is proportional to
I-value for most non-oxidized oils and fats ( 4 > 8).
21. Saponification Value.Mg KOH for complete saponification
of 1 g of the oil, fat or wax. The corresponding mean equivalent
weight of the substance is the "saponification equivalent." (5)
gives a method for cold saponification.
22. Hehner Value.Per cent insoluble fatty acids + unsaponifiables.
23. Polenske Value.Proportion of insoluble volatile fatty
acids (in terms of cm3 of 0.17V KOH per 5 g of fat) obtained by
Polenske's method of distillation ( 10 ).
24. Acid Value.Mg KOH required to neutralize the free fatty
acids in 1 g of oil or fat. The free fatty acids are also often
expressed as a percentage of the principal fatty acid in the fat.
Except in the case of the waxes, this value is not a constant, but
varies with the degree of hydrolysis of the fat.
25. Reichert-Meissl Value.Soluble volatile fatty acids in
terms of 0.1N KOH per 5 g fat, under Meissl's test conditions
(. ".U).
LITERATURE
(1) Benedikt and Ulzer, 57, 8: 41; 87. ( 2 ) Griin, Oel-Fett Industrie, 1: 339,
364; 19. (3) Hanus, 279, 4: 913; 01. ( 4 ) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 20:
146; 95. ( 5 ) Henriques, 92, 8: 721; 95. 9: 221; 96. ( 6 ) Hiibl, 112, 253:
281; 84. (7) Lewkowitch, 173, 24: 319; 99. ( 8 ) Harden, 45, 8: 121; 16.
( 9 ) Meissl, 112, 233: 229; 79.
(10) Polenske, 279, 7: 273; 04. (") Reichert, 91, 18: 68; 79. (") Waller,
136, 19: 1831; 95. (13) Wijs, 25, 31: 750; 98. ( 1 ^) Wollner, 173, 12: 203;
87. 352, 16: 609; 87.
17. Resistance a Ia fatigue.Resistance des mate*riaux soumis

a une sollicitation variant d'une fagon continue et periodique entre
deux valeurs fixes.
Les valeurs numeriques de Ia resistance a Ia fatigue pour Ie cas
d'un effort moyen nul (efforts alternatifs) peuvent tre donne*es
comme suit:
17a. Resistance a Ia fatigue.Ce sont les valeurs numeriques
des limites superieures et inferieures du cycle de tension qui
produisent Ia rupture apres un nombre defini de repetitions de
!'effort.
17b. Limite d'endurance.C'est Ia valeur de Ia limite supe*rieure
(ou inferieure) du cycle de tension qui est juste insuffisante pour
produire Ia rupture apres un nombre defini de repetitions de
!'effort.
17c. Limite d*endurance vraie.C'est Ia valeur limite de Ia
limite d'endurance, c'est-a-dire Ia limite superieure d'un cycle de
tension, qui peut etre applique un nombre indefini de fois sans
produire Ia rupture. La limite d'endurance vraie ne peut naturellement jamais etre de*terminee experimentalement.
Cependant, pour plusieurs materiaux, on a constate que si 1'on
represente graphiquement les valeurs de Ia resistance a Ia fatigue
en fonction du nombre de cycles N jusqu'a rupture (logarithmiquement ou semi-logarithmiquement), Ia courbe qui en resulte
tend a devenir parallele a 1'axe des N9 mettant ainsi bien en
evidence !'existence d'une "limite d'endurance vraie."
Les valeurs numeriques de Ia resistance a Ia fatigue pour des
cycles de tension dont Ia valeur moyenne n'est pas zero, peuvent
etre obtenues en fixant Ia limite superieure et Ia limite inferieure
des cycles de tension correspondant a 17a ci-dessus, ou en fixant
Ia valeur de Ia tension moyenne et !'amplitude (ou demi amplitude)
du cycle. Par consequent, correspondant a ce que nous avons
ci-dessus, nous aurons:
17d. Amplitude de Ia resistance a Ia fatigue.
17e. Amplitude d'endurance.
17f. Amplitude d'endurance vraie.
18. Ductilite.La ductilite est 1'allongement d'une eprouvette
essayee, mesure apres rupture sur une distance repartie symetriquement de part et d'autre de Ia section de rupture. ElIe doit etre
exprimee en % de Ia longueur initiale entre reperes.
19. Indice d'acetyle.Il est defini par Ie nombre de g de KOH
(56,1) necessaires pour neutraliser 1'acide acetique de 1000 g
d'huile acetylee ( 1 J 2 * 7). Il donne les hydroxyacides + alcools +
les acides gras oxydes + acides inconnus + mono et diglycerides
+ rancidite.
20. Indice d'iode.Pourcentage de !2 ou son Equivalent d'un
autre halogene absorbe ( 3 6 > 1 2 > 13). La chaleur de bromuration
est proportionnelle d, 1'indice d'iode pour Ia plupart des huiles et
graisses non oxydees ( 4 8).
21. Indice de saponification.Mg KOH pour Ia saponification
complete de 1 g d'huile, graisse ou cire. Le poids equivalent
moyen correspondant a Ia substance est "!' equivalent de saponification." ( 5 ) donne une methode pour Ia saponification a froid.
22. Indice de Hehner.Pourcent d'acides gras insolubles +
insaponifiables.
23. Indice de Polenske.Proportion d'acides gras volatils
insolubles (exprimes en cm3 de Q,1N KOH pour 5 g de graisse)
obtenue par Ia methode de distillation de Polenske (10).
24. Indice d'acide.Mg KOH necessaires pour neutraliser les
acides libres contenus dans 1 g d'huile ou de graisse. On exprime
aussi souvent les acides gras libres en pourcent des acides gras
principaux contenus dans Ia graisse. Excepte dans Ie cas des
cires, cette valeur n'est pas une constante, mais elle varie avec
Ie degre d'hydrolyse de Ia graisse.
25. Indice de Reichert-Meissl.Acides gras volatils, solubles
exprimes en O.IN KOH pour 5 g de graisse, suivant les conditions
de 1'essai de Meissl ( 9 > 11 J 14 ).
schwingenden Beanspruchungen. Zahlenmassige Werte fiir den

Ermiidungswiderstand konnen ftir den Fall, dass der Spannungsmittelwert Null 1st (vollkommene Umkehrung der Spannung nach
Richtung und Grosse) folgendermassen ausgedriickt werden:
17a. Ermudungsfestigkeit.Die zahlenmassigen Werte der
oberen und unteren Grenzen des Spannungswechsels, welche nach
einer bestimmten Anzahl von Wiederholungen Bruch hervorrufen.
17b. Dauerbruchgrenze.Der Wert der oberen (od. unteren)
Grenze des Spannungswechsels, welcher gerade noch nicht ausreicht, um den Bruch nach einer bestimmten Zahl von der Probe
erlittener Lastwechsel hervorzurufen.
17c. Wahre Dauerbruchgrenze.Der Grenzwert der Ermiidungsgrenze, d.h., die obere Grenze eines Spannungswechsels,
welcher unbegrenzt haufigohne Bruch zu verursachenangewandt werden kann. Die wahre Dauerbruchgrenze kann selbstverstandlich niemals experimentell bestimmt werden. Sie ist jedoch
fiir viele Materialien festgestellt, sobald man die Werte der
Ermudungsfestigkeit in Abhangigkeit von der Zahl der Spannungswechsel N, die zum Bruch fiihren, logarithmisch (oder fiir die eine
Achse logarithmisch) aufgetragen, darstellt, die sich ergebende
Kurve parallel zur ?7-Achse zu verlaufen strebt und damit einen
sicheren Anhalt fur das Vorhandensein einer "wahren Dauerbruchgrenze" bietet. Zahlenmassige Werte des Widerstandes
gegen Ermudung fiir Lastwechselfolgen, deren Spannungsmittelwerte nicht Null sind, konnen wiedergegeben werden durch
Angabe der oberen und unteren Grenzen des Spannungswechsels,
entsprechend 17a oder durch Angabe des Spannungsmittelwertes
und der ganzen (oder halben) Amplitude. Entsprechend obigem,
kann man demnach setzen:
17d. Ermudungsfestigkeit fiir bestimmte Spannungswechsel.
17e. Dauerbruchfestigkeit fur bestimmte Spannungswechsel.
17f. Wahre Dauerbruchfestigkeit fiir bestimmte Spannungswechsel.
18. FormanderungsfahigkeitDie
Formanderungsfahigkeit
ist die Verlangerung des Probestabes, gemessen nach dem Bruch
auf eine Lange, die symmetrisch zu beiden Seiten der Bruchstelle
verteilt ist. Sie ist in Prozenten der urspriinglichen Messlange
anzugeben.
19. Acetyl-Zahl.Gibt die Gramme KOH (56,1) an, die fiir die
Neutralisation der Essigsaure in 1000 g des acetylierten Oles
notwendig sind ( 1 I 2 ? 7 ) . Damit sind bestimmt: Oxysauren +
Alkohole + oxydierte Fettsauren + unbekannte Sauren + Mono
und Diglyceride -f Ranzigkeit ( 7 ).
20. Jod-Zahl.1st durch Prozente Jod bestimmt( Equivalent
den anderen absorbierbaren Halogenen) ( 3 > 6 > 12 13). Die Bromierungs-Warme ist proportional der Jod-Zahl bei den meisten
nicht oxydierten Fetten ( 4 8).
21. Verseifungs-Zahl.Gibt die mg KOH an die fiir die
vollstandige Verseifung von 1 g Fett, Ol, Wachs notwendig sind.
Das entsprechende mittlere Aquivalent-Gewicht der Substanz
ist das "Verseifungs-Aquivalent." ( 5 ) gibt eine Methode fiir die
Verseifung in der KaIte.
22. Hehner'sche-Zahl.1st Prozente unlosliche Fettsauren +
Un verseif bares.
23. Polenske-Zahl.Gibt die Anzahl cm3 0.1N KOH an die
notig sind, um die fliichtigen unloslichen Fettsauren fiir 5 g Fett zu
neutralisieren, die entsprechend der Destillationsmethode nach
Polenske (10) erhalten werden.
24. Saure-Zahl.1st die Anzahl mg KOH die fiir die Neutralisation der freien Fettsauren von 1 g Ol oder Fett notwendig sind.
Die freien Fettsauren werden ofters in Prozenten der Hauptfettsaure im Fett angegeben. Mit Ausnahme bei den Wachsarten
ist diese Zahl nicht konstant und andert sich mit dem Grade der
Hydrolyse des Fettes.
25. Reichert-MeissPsche-Zahl.Losliche fluchtige Fettsauren
ausgedriickt in cm3 O.liV KOH fiir 5 g Fett, bestimmt nach dem
Vorgange von Meissl ( 9 1 1 J 1 4 ).
17. Resistenza alia fatica.Resistenza del materiale sottoposto

a sforzi variant! in modo continue e ciclico tra due valori fissi.
Valori numerici della resistenza alia fatica nel caso di uno sforzo
medio eguale a zero (sforzi invertiti) possono essere indicati nella
maniera seguente:
17a. Resistenza alia fatica.I valori numerici dei limiti superiore ed inferiore delle sollecitazioni cicliche che producono rottura
dopo un numero definite dei ripetizioni.
17b. Limite di durata.Valore superiore (o inferiore) della
massima sollecitazione ciclica insufficiente a produrre Ia rottura
dopo essere stata applicata un determinate numero di volte.
17c. Limite vero (o pratico) di durata.Valore limite del limite
di durata, cioe valore superiore della massima sollecitazione ciclica
che pud essere applicata un gran numero di volte senza produrre
rottura. Naturalmente, il vero limite di durata non puo mai
essere determinato sperimentalmente. Tuttavia, per molti
materiali si e trovato che, se si riportano in un diagramma i valori
della sollecitazione in funzione del numero di cicli N che producono
Ia frattura (logaritmicamente o semilogaritmicamente) Ia curva
risultante tende a divenire parallela alFasse N mostrando all'
evidenza che esiste un "vero limite di durata."
Valori numerici di resistenza alia fatica per sollecitazioni
cicliche nelle quali i valori medi delle sollecitazioni sono diversi a
zero possono essere dati stabilendo i lirniti superiore ed inferiore
dei cicli delle sollecitazioni corrispondenti a 17, oppure stabilendo
il valore della sollecitazione media e Tintervallo (o semintervallo)
del ciclo. Di conseguenza, d'accordo con quanto sopra si avra:
17d. Ampiezza delle oscillazioni tra i valori delle sollecitazioni
cicliche alia fatica.
17e. Ampiezza od oscillazioni di durata.
17f. Ampiezza od oscillazioni pratiche di durata.
18. Duttilita.La duttilita e Fallungamento del provino, e viene
misurata dopo Ia rottura sopra una lunghezza distribuita simmetricamente da entrambe Ie parti del punto di rottura. Essa e
specificata in percento della lunghezza originale primitiva.
19. Numero di acetile.Indica i grammi di KOH (56,1)
necessari per neutralizzare Facido acetico in 1000 g di olio acetilato
(1J 2 > 7). Esso e in relazione: con gli ossiacidi + gli alcooli + gli
acidi grassi ossidati + acidi sconosciuti H- mono e digliceridi,
+ Ia rancidita ( 7 ).
20. Numero di iodio.Percento di I2 (o suo equivalente di
altri alogeni) fissato ( 3 6 > 1 2 > 1 3 ). Il calore di bromurazione e
proporzionale al numero di iodio per Ia maggior parte degli olii e
grassi non ossidati ( 4 > 8).
21. Numero di saponificazione.Mg di KOH necessari per Ia
completa saponificazione di 1 g di olio, grasso o cera. Il corrispondente peso equivalente medio della sostanza e "Fequivalente di
saponificazione." ( 5 ) da un metodo di saponificazione a freddo.
22. Numero di Hehner.Percento di acidi grassi isolubili -fsostanze insaponificabili.
23. Numero di Polenske.Quantita di acidi grassi volatili
insolubili (riferito in cm3 di KOH O. IAT per 5 g di grasso) ottenuta
col metodo di distillazione di Polenske (10).
24. Numero di acidita.Mg di KOH richiesti per neutralizzare
gli acidi grassi liberi di 1 g di olio o grasso. Gli acidi grassi liberi
sono spesso riferiti come percentuale delFacido principale contenuto nel grasso. AlFinfuori del caso delle cere questo numero
non e una costante, ma varia col grado di idrolisi del grasso.
25. Numero di Reichert-Meissl.Acidi grassi volatili solubili,
espressi in cm3 di KOH O. IN per 5 g di grasso, ottenuti nelle
condizioni di procedimento Meissl ( 9 > 11 J 14 ),
INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES

STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF WOODS
CONTENTS
North America.
Philippines.
Canada.
British Empire.
Denmark.
Dutch East Indies.
Japan and Eastern Asia.
Tropical America.
MATIRES
Amrique du Nord.
Iles des Philippines.
Canada.
L'Empire Brittanique.
Danemark.
Indes Nerlandaises.
Japon et l'Asie Orientale.
L'Amrique Tropicale.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Nord Amerika.
Philippinen.
Canada.
Grossbritanien.
Dnemark.
Niederlndisch Indien.
Japan und stliches Asien.
Amerika der Tropen.
INDICE
PAGE
America Settentrionale
Filippine
Canada
Impero Brittanico
Danimarca
Indie Orientali Ollandesi. .
Giappone ed Asie Orientale
America Tropicale
2
4
4
16
34
35
36
39
COLUMN HEADINGS
ENTTES DES COLONNES
KOPFTITEL
TITOLI DELLE COLONNE
Index number.
Botanical name.
Family; genus and species.
Common name.
Place of growth of material
tested.
Seasoning condition.
Bulk density of wood substance ; oven-dry weight divided by volume in condition stated.
Nombre index.
Nom botanique.
Famille; genres et espces.
Nom commun.
Lieu o a pouss le matriel
soumis aux essais.
Condition de schage l'air.
Densit apparente du bois;
poids du bois sch au four
divis par le volume dans
la condition spcifie.
Numeri indice.
Nome botanico.
Famiglia; genere e specie.
Nome comune.
Luogo di origine del materiale
esaminato.
Condizione di stagionatura.
Densit della sostanza legnosa:
peso dopo seccata al forno
diviso per il volume nella
condizione stabilita.
Bulk density of piece; weight

of sample divided by its
v o l u m e in condition
stated.
Oven-dry.
Green.
Air-dry.
Moisture content.
Shrinkage from green to ovendry condition.
Densit apparente de la pice;

poids de l'prouvette divis
par son volume dans la
condition spcifie.
Sch au four.
Vert.
Sch l'air.
Teneur en humidit.
Retrait partir du bois vert
lorsque sch au four.
Index Nummer.
Botanischer Name.
Familie; Genus und Art.
Gebruchlicher Name.
Ort an dem das untersuchte
Material gewachsen ist.
Trocknungsbedingungen.
Raumgewicht
des
Holzes;
Gewicht nach der Ofentrocknung dividiert durch
das Volumen im angegebenem Zustand.
Raumgewicht des Stckes:
Gewicht der Probe dividiert
durch das Volumen im
angegebenem Zustand.
Ofen trocken.
Frisch (grn).
Luft trocken.
Feuchtigkeitsgehalt.
Schwinden vom frischen bis zum
Ofen trockenem Zustand.
Static and impact bending;

compression parallel or
perpendicular to grain.
Essai de flexion statique et au

choc; compression parallle
et perpendiculaire ia fibre.
Fiber stress at elastic limit.
Tension de la fibre Ia limite

lastique.
Module de rupture.
Module d'lasticit.
Travail jusqu' la limite lastique.
Travail jusqu' charge maximum.
Travail total.
Hauteur de chute occasionnant une rupture complte.
Rsistance
maximum
l'crasement.
Cisaillement tension perpendiculaire la fibre; duret;
clivage.
Modulus of rupture.
Modulus of elasticity.
Work to elastic limit.
Work to maximum load.
Total work.
Height of drop causing
complete failure.
Maximum crushing strength.
Shear; tension perpendicular to
grain; hardness; cleavage.
Statische
und
dynamische
Biegefestigkeit; Druck parallel oder senkrecht zur
Faser.
Faserspannung an der Elastizittsgrenze.
Bruchfestigkeit.
Elastizittsmodulus.
Arbeit bis zur Elastizittsgrenze.
Arbeit bis zur Hchstlast.
Densit del pezzo: peso del

campione diviso per il suo
volume nella condizione
stabilita.
Seccato al forno.
Verde.
Seccato all'aria.
Contenuto di umidit.
Contrazione dallo stato verde a
quello di essiccamento nel
forno.
Incurvamento alla flessione statica e all'urto; compressione
parallela o perpendicolare
alla vena del legno.
Trazione della fibra al limite
di elasticit.
Modulo di rottura.
Modulo di elasticit.
Lavoro fino al limite di elasticit.
Lavoro fino al carico massimo.
Gesamtarbeit.
Fallhhe die zum. vollkommenem Bruch fhrt.
Schlagfestigkeit.
Lavoro totale.
Altezza del peso causante
completa rottura.
Massima forza schiacciante.
Scherung; Druck senkrecht zur

Faser; Hrte; Spaltbarkeit.
Taglio ; tensione perpendicolare alla vena; durezza;

fendimento.
I. NORTH AMERUNITED STATES FOREST

The following data on certain woods of North America are
based on an extensive series of tests of small specimens free of
defects. All the tests were conducted under a uniform procedure,
so that the results are strictly comparable. Analysis of the test
figures has made it possible to establish definite density-strength
relations, which are represented by the equations given in the first
section of the table (Table 1). These equations are all of the
parabolic type, the degree being determined to the nearest quarterunit. By substituting the appropriate specific gravity for a given
species (columns 8 and 9) in the equation for any property, the
value of the corresponding property may be obtained.
In most species, however, there is a very considerable departure
of average test results from the general equation values, although
very few species, thus far investigated, are either wholly above or
wholly below normal, all properties considered. Since the deviation of a property from the normal value as determined by the
equation often indicates the special fitness or unfitness of the
species for a particular use, it becomes necessary to supplement
the equations with departure factors, for the properties of each
species. Such factors, expressed as percentages and listed in
order below the respective equations, make up the second part
of Table 1. By multiplying the value, F, computed by the equation, by the proper correction factor, the actual average value for
the property and species in question may be determined.
Example: To find the modulus of rupture of air-dried shagbark
hickory. The finding list shows this to be No. 62, Hicoria ovata.
From the equation of column 15 we find F = 18.1 Dj'25. For
No. 62 we find (column 9) Dd = 0.724 and (column 15) correction
factor = 119%, whence
F = 1.19 X 18.1 X (0.724)1-25 = 14.4 kg/mm2 = 14.4 X 1422 =
20 500 lb./in.2
The test methods that were used conform to Tentative Standard D143-24T of the American Society for Testing Materials,
as set forth in Proc. A. S. T. M. 939; 24. (General description
in U. S. Dept. Agr., Bull. No. 556.) The principal data relating
to the procedure for each kind of test are summarized as follows:
Shrinkage in Volume.Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 15.24 cm
(2 X 2 X 6 in.). Volume determined when green (unseasoned)
and after oven-drying to constant weight at 10O0C. Specimens
thoroughly air-seasoned prior to drying in oven.
Shrinkage, Radial and Tangential.Specimen 2.54 X 10.16 X
2.54 cm (1 X 4 X 1 in.). Width measured when green (unseasoned) and after oven-drying to constant weight at 10O0C. Specimens thoroughly air-seasoned prior to drying in oven.
Static Bending.Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 76.20 cm (2 X 2 X
30 in.). Center loading, 71.12 cm (28 in.) span. Load applied
by testing machine head moving 0.254 cm (0.10 in.) per min.
Total work is defined as that obtained by continuing the test until
either a 15.24 cm (6 in.) deflection is reached or the load falls to
90.7 kg (200 Ib.) or less.
Impact Bending.Specimen and span, as above. 22.7 kg
(50 Ib.) hammer dropped first from 2.54 cm (1 in.) height, next
from 5.08 cm (2 in.) height, etc., up to 25.4 cm (10 in.), then
from height increments of 5.08 cm (2 in.) until failure.
Compression Parallel to Grain.Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X
20.32 cm ( 2 X 2 X 8 in.). End load, testing machine head
moving 0.061 cm (0.024 in.) per min.
Les donnes indiques ici, relatives certains bois de l'Amrique

du Nord, sont bases sur une srie d'expriences faites sur de
petites prouvettes exemptes de dfauts. Tous les essais ayant
t effectus suivant une procdure uniforme, les rsultats sont
donc strictement comparables. L'analyse des chiffres obtenus aux
essais a permis d'tablir des relations dfinies entre la densit et la
rsistance, qui sont reprsentes par les quations inscrites dans la
premire section de la table (Table 1). Ces quations sont toutes
du type parabolique, le degr tant dtermin au quart d'unit
le plus proche. En substituant le poids spcifique appropri
pour une espce donne (colonnes 8 et 9) dans l'quation relative
une proprit donne, on peut obtenir la valeur correspondante
de la proprit.
Cependant pour la plupart des espces il y a un cart considrable entre les rsultats moyens des essais et les valeurs dduites de
l'quation gnrale; pour autant que les expriences effectues
l'ont dmontr, il n'y a qu'un petit nombre d'espces qui sont, ou
en entier au-dessus ou en entier au-dessous de la normale pour
toutes les proprits considres. Comme l'cart d'une proprit
de la valeur normale, ainsi qu'elle est dtermine par l'quation,
indique souvent la convenance spciale de l'espce pour un usage
particulier, ou sa non-convenance, il est ncessaire de complter
les quations par des facteurs de correction pour les proprits de
chaque espce. Ces facteurs, exprims en pourcentage et inscrits
dans l'ordre au-dessous des quations respectives, constituent
la deuxime partie de la Table 1. En multipliant la valeur F
calcule au moyen de l'quation par le facteur de correction
convenable, on peut dterminer la valeur moyenne de la proprit
de l'espce en question.
Exemple: Soit dterminer le module de rupture du "shagbark
hickory" sch l'air. La liste de recherches montre qu'il s'agit
du No. 62 Hicoria ovata. De l'quation de la colonne 15 on trouve
F = 18,1 D1/6. On trouve pour le No. 62 (colonne 9)
Dd = 0,724 et (colonne 15) le facteur de correction = 119%, d'o
F = 1,19 X 18,1 X (0,724P-2* = 14,4 kg/mm2 = 14,4 X 1422 =
20 500 Ib./in.2
Les mthodes d'essais qui ont t utilises sont conformes
l'examen type D143-24T de la socit amricaine pour l'essai des
matriaux, ainsi qu'elles sont dcrites dans Proc. A. S. T. M. 939:
24 (cf. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 556). Les donnes principales
relatives la procdure pour chaque sorte d'essai sont rassembles
ci-dessous :
Retrait en volume.Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm (2 X
2 X 6 pouces). Le volume est dtermin lorsque le bois est vert,
puis, aprs schage poids constant au four 10O0C. Avant le
schage au four, les prouvettes sont compltement sches l'air.
Retrait radial et tangentiel.Eprouvette 2,54 X 10,16 X 2,54
cm (1 X 4 X 1 pouce). La largeur est mesure sur le bois vert et
aprs schage poids constant, au four 10O0C. Avant le
schage au four, les prouvettes sont compltement sches l'air.
Essai de flexion statique.Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 76,20 cm
(2 X 2 X 30 pouces) ; charge centrale; porte 71,12 cm (28 pouces).
La charge est applique par une machine essai dont la pice
mobile se dplace de 0,254 cm (0,10 pouces) la minute. Le
travail total est dfini par celui qu'on obtient en continuant l'essai
jusqu' ce qu'une flche de 15,25 cm soit obtenue, ou que la charge
tombe 90,7 kg (200 Ib.) ou moins.
ICAN WOODS
PRODUCTS LABORATORY
Die hier angegebenen Werte bestimmter nordamerikanischer
Hlzer ergeben sich aus einer ausgedehnten Serie von Prfungen
an einer kleinen Zahl von fehlerfreien Arten. Alle Prfungen
sind bei einheitlichem Vorgange ausgefhrt worden, so, dass sie
direkt vergleichbar sind. Die Analysen der Zahlenwerte der
Prfungsergebnisse machten es mglich gewisse Beziehungen
zwischen Dichte und Festigkeit aufzustellen, die durch Gleichungen im ersten Abschnitt der Tafel l wiedergegeben sind. Diese
Gleichungen sind alle vom parabolischen Typus, der Exponent in
der Gleichung ist auf die nchste Viertel-Einheit bestimmt.
Durch Einsetzung des entsprechenden spezifischen Gewichtes fr
eine bestimmte Art (Reihe 8 und 9) in die Gleichung fr ihrgend
eine Eigenschaft, erhlt man den Wert fr die entsprechende
Eigenschaft.
Bei vielen Arten jedoch ist eine bemerkenswerte Abweichung des
durchschnittlichen Wertes des Prfungsergebnisses von dem
Werte, der sich aus der allgemeinen Gleichung ergibt, vorhanden.
Es gibt indessen nur sehr wenige Arten, so weit untersucht, deren
bercksichtigten Eigenschaften zur Gnze entweder ber oder
unter dem normalen Werten liegen. Da die Abweichung einer
Eigenschaft, von dem durch die Gleichung erhaltenen Wert,
hufig die besondere Eignung oder Nichteignung einer Art fr
eine besondere Verwendung anzeigt, wird es notwendig, fr die
Eigenschaft jeder einzelnen Art die Gleichung durch einen Abweichungsfaktor zu ergnzen. Solche Faktoren, in Prozenten ausgedrckt, befinden sich geordnet unter den entsprechenden Gleichungen und machen den zweiten Teil der Tafel l aus. Durch
Multiplikation des Wertes F, der nach der Gleichung gefunden ist,
mit dem eigenen Korrektionsfaktor, erhlt man richtige Mittelwerte fr die Eigenschaft des fraglichen Musters.
Beispiel: Es ist die Bruchfestigkeit von lufttrockenem Hykorynussbaum zu finden. Die Nachschlagsliste zeigt, dass dies No. 62
Hicoria ovata ist. Aus der Gleichung der Reihe 15 findet man
F = 18,1 D*'26. Fr No. 62 findet man (Reihe 9) Dd = 0,724
und (Reihe 15) den Korrektionsfaktor = 119%, mithin
I valori qui riportati per certi legni delPAmerica del Nord

sono il risultato di una estesa serie di prove eseguite sopra un
piccolo numero di specie senza difetti. Tutti i saggi sono stati
condotti con lo stesso metodo, per modo che i risultati sono
strettamente confrontabili. L'esame dei valori numerici ha permesso di stabilire alcune relazioni fra densit e resistenza, le
quali sono rappresentate dalle equazioni riprodotte nella prima
parte della tabella (Tabella 1). Queste equazioni sono tutte
di tipo parabolico, e il grado determinato con l'approssimazione
del quarto dell'unit.
Introducendo nell'equazione per una data propriet il peso
specifico di una determinata specie (colonne 8 e 9) si ottiene il
valore della propriet corrispondente.
In molte specie la media dei risultati dei saggi scarta notevolmente dai valori che si ottengono dall'equazione generale; solo in
poche per, tutti i valori sono sempre al di sopra e sempre al di
sotto dei normali.
Siccome lo scarto di una propriet dal valore risultante dall'
equazione sta spesso ad indicare se una specie adatta o no ad
uno speciale impiego, necessario completare le equazioni con dei
fattori di correzione per le propriet di ogni specie. Questi fattori,
espressi in percento, sono riportati sotto le equazioni corrispondenti
e costituiscono la seconda parte della Tabella 1. Moltiplicando
il valore F dato dall'equazione per il rispettivo fattore di correzione,
si ottengono valori medi esatti per la propriet del campione
in questione.
Esempio: Si debba trovare la resistenza alla rottura dello
"shagbark hickory" seccato all'aria. Dall'elenco di riferimento si
ricava che si tratta del No. 62, Hicoria ovata. Dall'equazione
della colonna 15 si ha F = 18,1 T)^-25. Per il No. 62 si trova
Dd = 0,724 (colonna 9) e come fattore di correzione 119 % (colonna
15), per modo che si ha
F = 1,19 X 18,1 X (0,72^1'26 = 14,4 kg/mm 2

Die angewandten Prfungsmethoden entsprechen der Standard
Prfung D143-24T der American Society for Testing Materials,
wie es in Proc. A. S. T. M. 939; 24 (cf. U. S. Dep. Agr. Bull. 556)
mitgeteilt wird. Die hauptschlichsten Angaben, die den Vorgang bei jeder besonderen Prfung bezeichnen, sind zusammengestellt, die folgenden:
Volumabnahme (Schwindung).Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24
cm. Das Volumen wurde in unausgetrocknetem Zustande und
dann nach der Trocknung im Ofen bei 10O0C, bis zum konstantem
Gewicht bestimmt. Die Proben waren vor der Ofentrocknung
vollstndig lufttrocken.
Volumabnahme, tangential und radial.Muster 2,54 X 10,16 X
2,54 cm. Die Masse sind im ungetrocknetem Zustande abgenommen und dann nach der Ofentrocknung bei 10O0C, bis zum
konstantem Gewicht bestimmt. Die Proben waren vor der Ofentrocknung vollstndig lufttrocken.
Statischer Biegeversuch.Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 76,20 cm,
Mittelbelastung, 71,12 cm Spannweite, Belastung durch eine
Festigkeitsmaschine, derart, dass die Durchbiegung 0,254 cm
in der Minute betrgt. Die gesammt Arbeit ist diejenige, die bei
I metodi di prova adoperati corrispondono alle norme D143-24T

della American Society for Testing Materials, quali si trovano
indicate nei Proc. A. S. T. M. 939; 24 (v. U. S. Dep. Agr. BuLL
556). Le indicazioni principali riferentisi a ogni specie di saggio
sono le seguenti:
Contrazione di volume,Dimensioni della provetta 5,08 X
5,08 X 15,24 cm. Il volume viene determinato su legno non
stagionato e su legno seccato in forno a 10O0C fino a costanza di
peso. I provini vengono seccati completamente all'aria prima
che nel forno.
Diminuzione di volume, tangenziale e radiale.Dimensioni
della provetta 2,54 X 10,16 X 2,54 cm. La larghezza viene
misurata su legno non stagionato e su legno seccato in forno a
10O0C fino a costanza di peso. Le provette vengono seccate
completamente all'aria prima che nel forno.
Flessione statica.Dimensioni della provetta 5,08 X 5,08 X
76,20 cm. Carico centrale, distanza tra gli appoggi 71,12 cm.
Il carico viene applicato con una macchina di prova in modo che la
freccia di incurvamento cresca con la velocit di 0,254 cm al
minuto. Il lavoro totale quello che si ottiene prolungando il
saggio finch o si raggiunge una freccia di 15,24 cm o il carico si
abbassa a 90,7 kg o meno.
F = 1,19 X 18,1 X (0,724)!>25 = 14,4 kg/mm 2
Compression Perpendicular to Grain.Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X

15.24 cm ( 2 X 2 X 6 in.). Load applied to side through a steel
plate 5.08 cm (2 in.) wide laid across center of piece and at right
angles to its length, Yz of surface being thus directly subjected to
compression; testing machine head moving 0.061 cm (0.024 in.)
per min.
Shear Parallel to Grain.Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 6.35 cm
(2 X 2 X 2.5 in.). Undercut at one end to permit shear over
area 5.08 X 5.08 cm (2 X 2 in.); testing machine head moving
0.038 cm (0.015 in.) per min.
Tension Perpendicular to Grain.Specimen as above. Transverse recess bored at each end to permit gripping for tension
over 5.08 X 2.54 cm ( 2 X 1 in.) area; testing machine head
moving 0.635 cm (0.25 in.) per min.
Hardness.Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 15.24 cm (2 X 2 X 6 in.).
Load required to embed a steel ball having a maximum cross-sectional area of 1 cm2 to % its diam.; testing machine head moving
0.635 cm (0.25 in.) per minute.
Cleavage Parallel to Grain.Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 9.525 cm
(2 X 2 X 3% in.). Transverse recess bored at one end to permit
gripping for cleavage of specimen over 5.08 cm (2 in.) width and
along a 7.62 cm (3 in.) length; testing machine head moving
0.635 cm (0.25 in.) per min.
Multiply
Kg per mm 2
Kg-mm per mm 3
Meters
Kg
Kg per mm of width
CONVERSION FACTORS
I
By
J
To obtain
1422
Ib. per in.2
1422
in.-lb. per in.3
39.37
in.
2.205 Ib.
56
Ib. per in. of width
Essai de flexion par choc.Eprouvette et porte comme ci-dessus. Un marteau de 22,7 kg (50 Ib.) tombe premirement d'une
hauteur de 2,54 cm (1 pouce), ensuite de 5,08 cm (2 pouces)
de haut, etc., jusqu' 25,4 cm (10 pouces), ensuite par augmentations successives de hauteur de 5,08 cm (2 pouces) jusqu' rupture.
Compression parallle la fibre.Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X
20,32 cm ( 2 X 2 X 8 pouces). Charge finale, machine essai
dont la pice mobile se dplace de 0,061 cm par minute.
Compression perpendiculaire la fibre.Eprouvette 5,08 X
5,08 X 15,24 cm ( 2 X 2 X 6 pouces). Charge applique sur le
ct par l'intermdiaire d'une plaque d'acier de 5,08 cm de largeur
dispose au milieu de la pice et normalement sa longueur, de
faon que Yz de la surface soit soumis la compression ; machine
essai dont la pice mobile se dplace de 0,061 cm (0,024 pouce)
par minute.
Cisaillement parallle la fibre.Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X
6,35 cm (2 X 2 X 2}^ pouce). Ecrne une extrmit pour
permettre le cisaillement sur une surface de 5,08 X 5,08 cm (2 X 2
pouces) ; machine essai dont la pice mobile se dplace de 0,038
cm (0,015 pouce) par minute.
Traction perpendiculaire la fibre.Eprouvette comme ci-dessus. Niche transversale dcoupe chaque extrmit de faon
permettre la traction sur une surface de 5,08 X 2,54 cm ( 2 X 1
pouce). Machine essai dont la pice mobile se dplace de 0,635
Duret.Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm (2 X 2 X 6
pouces). Charge ncessaire pour enfoncer une bille d'acier ayant
une section maximum de 1 cm^ de la moiti de son diamtre.
Machine essai dont la pice mobile se dplace de 0,635 cm
(0,25 pouce) par minute.
Clivage parallle la fibre.Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 9,525
cm (2 X 2 X 3% pouces). Niche transversale dcoupe
une extrmit de faon permettre le clivage de l'prouvette
sur une largeur de 5,08 cm (2 pouces) et le long de 7,62 cm (3
pouces) ; machine essai dont la pice mobile se dplace de 0,635
WOODS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
BOIS DES ILES PHILIPPINES
THE BUREAU OF FORESTRY AND THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE OF THE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
BUREAU DE SYLVICULTURE ET BUREAU DE SCIENCE DES ILES

PHILIPPINES
Introduction
Introduction
Density and strength values for five woods of commerce have

been determined. The testing methods used and manner of
displaying the results are identical with those used by the U. S.
Forest Products Laboratory and the results have therefore been
incorporated at the end of Table 1 below.
Les valeurs de densit et de rsistance ont t dtermines pour

cinq bois du commerce. Les mthodes d'essais utilises, et la
faon de disposer les rsultats sont identiques celles utilises
par le U. S. Forest Products Laboratory (voir ci-dessus); c'est
pourquoi les rsultats ont t incorpors la fin de la Table 1.
CANADIAN WOODS
BOIS CANADIENS
A number of the species listed in Table 1 below have also been

tested by the Canadian Forest Products Laboratory, using samples
obtained from trees grown in Canada. As far as can be definitely
determined, these woods are substantially the same in properties
as like species grown in the United States.
Un certain nombre d'espces mentionnes au bas de la Table 1

ont aussi t essayes par le ''Laboratoire des Produits Forestiers
Canadiens" qui employa des chantillons provenant d'arbres
ayant pouss au Canada. Pour autant qu'on peut le dterminer
d'une faon dfinie, ces bois sont les mmes, au point de vue de
leurs proprits, que ceux des mmes espces croissant aux
tats-Unis.
fortgesetzter Prfung entweder eine 15,24 cm Durchbiegung

erreicht, oder das Gewicht fllt auf 90,7 kg oder weniger.
Schlagbiegeversuch.Muster und Grosse wie oben. Ein 22,7
kg Hammer fllt zuerst von 2,54 cm dann von 5,08 cm u. s. w.
Hhe herunter, bis 25,4 cm, von hier an, in Hhenzunahmen um
5,08 cm bis zum Bruch.
Druckversuch parallel zur Faserrichtung.Muster 5,08 X
5,08 X 20,32 cm. Endlast, Festigkeitsmaschine derart, dass
Zusammendrckung in der Minute 0,061 cm betrgt.
Druck senkrecht zur FaserrichtungMuster 5,08 X 5,08 X
15,24 cm. Das Gewicht an die Seite drckt auf eine Stahlplatte
von 5,08 cm Weite, die um die Mitte des Stckes in rechten
Winkeln zu seiner Lnge angelegt ist, wodurch Y% der Oberflche
dem Drucke ausgesetzt wird, derart, dass die Zusammendrckung
0,061 cm in der Minute betrgt.
Scherversuch, parallel zur Faserrichtung.Muster 5,08 X
5,08 X 6,35 cm. An einem Ende unterschnitten, um eine Scherung ber eine Flche von 5,08 X 5,08 cm zu gestatten; Scherung
0,038 cm in der Minute.
Zugversuch senkrecht zur Faserrichtung.Muster so wie oben.
Kreuzweise an jedem Ende gebohrt um die Zugkraft auf eine
Flche von 5,08 X 2,54 cm wirken zu lassen. Zug der Maschine
0,635 cm in der Minute.
Hrte.Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm. Das notwendige
Gewicht um eine Stahlkugel von einem maximalen Querschnitt
von l cm bis zur Hlfte seines Durchmessers einzudrcken.
Bewegung der Maschine 0,635 cm in der Minute.
Spaltung parallel zur Faserrichtung.Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X
9,525 cm. Kreuzweise an einem Ende gebohrt fr die Fassung des
Musters zur Spaltung ber eine Weite von 5,08 cm und 7,62 cm
der Lnge nach. Spaltung 0,635 cm in der Minute.
HLZER DER PHILIPPINEN
Flessione per urto.Dimensioni come sopra. Un martello di

22,7 kg cade prima di una altezza, di 2,54 cm, poi di 5,08 era
ecc. fino a 25,4 cm; da 25,4 in poi l'aumento di altezza di 5,08 cm
fino a rottura.
Compressione parallela alla fibra.Dimensioni della provetta,
5,08 X 5,08 X 20,32 cm. Carico finale, spostamento della
macchina 0,061 cm al minuto.
Compressione perpendicolare alla fibra.Dimensioni della provetta 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm. Il carico applicato lateralmente
a mezzo di una piastra di acciaio di 5,08 cm di larghezza, e questa
disposta nel mezzo del pezzo ad angolo retto rispetto alla lunghezza, per modo che J^ della superficie viene sottoposta a
pressione. Lo spostamento della macchina deve essere di 0,061
cm al minuto.
Taglio nel senso della fibra.Dimensioni della provetta
5,08 X 5,08 X 6,35 cm. Adattato ad una estremit in maniera da
permettere il taglio sopra un'area di 5,08 X 5,08 cm. Spostamento della macchina 0,038 cm al minuto.
Trazione perpendicolare al senso della fibra.Dimensioni come
sopra. Forato in croce ad ogni estremit per fare agire lo sforzo sopra una superficie di 5,08 X 2,54 cm. Spostamento della
macchina 0,635 cm al minuto.
Durezza.Dimensioni della provetta, 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm.
Carico necessario per far penetrare fino a met spessore una sfera
di acciaio avente una sezione massima di 1 cm.2 Spostamento
della macchina 0,635 cm al minuto.
Sfaldatura parallela alla fibra.Dimensioni delle provette
5,08 X 5,08 X 9,525. Forato a croce ad una estremit per
sollecitare la provetta allo scorrimento per una larghezza di
5,08 cm e una lunghezza di 7,62 cm. Spostamento della macchina
0,635 cm al minuto.
LEGNI DELLE FILIPPINE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Einleitung
Dichte und Festigkeit von fnf Hlzern des Handels sind
bestimmt worden. Die angewendeten Prfungsmethoden und der
Vorgang bei der Darstellung der Ergebnisse sind dieselben, welche
von U. S. Forest Products Laboratory angewandt werden und
schon oben verzeichnet sind. Es sind daher die Ergebnisse am
Ende der Tafel l (unten) angegeben.
Introduzione
Sono state determinate densit e tenacit di cinque legni del
commercio. I metodi di saggio adoperati e la rappresentazione dei
risultati sono gli stessi impiegati dalP U. S. Forest Products Laboratory (v. sopra). I risultati sono stati perci incorporati nella
Tabella 1 e riportati in fondo.
CANADISCHE HLZER
LEGNI DEL CANADA
Eine Anzahl der in der Liste Tabelle l unten vorhandenen Arten

sind ebenso vom Canadian Forest Products Laboratory untersucht
worden, indem Proben von in Canada gewachsenen Bumen,
verwendet wurden. Soweit man ein abschliessendes Urteil
abgeben kann, sind diese Hlzer im wesentlichen von gleicher
Eigenschaft wie diejenigen, die in den Vereinigten Staaten gewachsen sind.
Un certo numero delle specie elencate nella Tabella 1 in basso

stato esaminato dal Canadian Forest Products Laboratory, il quale
ha eseguito i saggi su campioni di alberi cresciuti nel Canada.
Questi legni hanno dimostrato di possedere propriet eguali a
quelle delle stesse specie crescente negli Stati Uniti.
TABLE 1.STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERSeasoning condition
Density based on
weight when oven-dry
and volume
When green (D0)
Moisture content
Place of growth of
material tested*
Common name
When oven-dry D0
Family
When air-dry (Dd)
Index
No.
Botanical name
I
Genus and species
% of
oven
dryweight
g/cm3
I. Equations expressing strength, properI
10
Green
Green to oven-dry
...,
Air-dry
II. Values as determined by testsstrength and shrink1
Aceraceae
Acer macrophyllum
Maple, bigleaf
Washington
Acer nigrum
Maple, black
Indiana
Acer pennsylvanicum
Maple, striped
Vermont
Acer rubrum
Maple, red
Wisconsin, Pennsylvania,
New Hampshire
Acer saccharinum
Maple, silver
Wisconsin
Acer saccharum
Maple, sugar
Rhus hirta
Sumach, staghorn
Rhus metopium
Poisonwood
Florida
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex opaca
Holly
Tennessee
Betulaceae
Alnus rubra
Alder, red
Washington
II
Betula alaskana
Birch, Alaska
Alaska
12
Betula lenta
Birch, sweet
Anacardiaceae
8
9
10
Ind., Pa., Vt., Wis.

. Wisconsin
13
Betula lutea
Birch, yellow
Pennsylvania
New Hampshire
Wis., Pa.
14
Betula papyri/era
Birch, paper
Wis., N. H.
15
Betula populifolia
Birch, gray
New Hampshire
16
Carpinus caroliniana
Beech, blue
Massachusetts
17
Ostrya mrginiana
Hornbeam
Wisconsin
18
Burseraceae
Bursera simaruba
Gumbo, limbo
Florida
19
Caprifoliaceae
Sambucus glauca
Elderberry, blue
Oregon
20
Combretaceae
Conocarpus erecta
Buttonwood, Florida
Florida
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
*A11 material tested was grown in the United States. The State or States, in which grown are listed in column 5.
0.513
0.440
0.483
0.620
0.520
0.568
0.438
0.464
0.546
0.488
0.538
0.506
0.439
0.470
0.676
0.568
0.630
0.449
0.473
0.553
0.511
0.606
0.503
0.434
0.368
0.594
0.488
0.714
0.601
0.533
0.569
0.407
0.654
0.668
0.550
0.600
0.484
0.552
0.448
0.717
0.575
0.762
0.632
0.320
0.305
0.570
0.464
0.851
0.694
0.617
0.552
0.506
0.694
0.708
0.307
0.518
0.709
72
12
65
12
35
12
63.
12
66
12
57
12
45
12
71
12
82
12
98
12
58
53
12
68
12
65
12
63
12
48
12
52
12
99
12
124
12
47
12
kg/
mm 2
kg/
mm 2
kg/mm 2
kg/
mm 2
kg/
mm 2
Tangential
Cleavage
Radial
Tangential
Radial
Hardness: load
to embed a steel
ball of 1 sq. cm
maximum cross
section to onehalf its diameter
End
Tangential
Tension
perpendicular to
grain
Radial
Tangential
Shear
Radial
Modulus of elasticity
Maximum crushing
strength
kgmm/
mm 3
Fiber stress at elastic

limit

complete failure

limit
Total work
Work to maximum load
Work to elastic limit
Modulus of rupture
kg-mm/
mm 3
kg/mm 2
Compression
parallel to grain
%of
dimension
when green
Impact bending
22.7 kg hammer
Static bending

limit
Tangential
Radial
In volume
Shrinkage from
green to ovendry condition
Compression perpendicular to
grain
TIES OF CERTAIN NORTH AMERICAN WOODS
kg/
mm of
width
kg
ties and shrinkage in terms of density
114
135
106
115
94
96
87
98
85
61
98
80
70
98
92
70
79
64
126
105
114
74
74
82
61
86
46
65
62
128
86
85
87
110
102
105
100
136
153
115
211
122
245
85
106
95
123
66
81
42
69
46
51
78
93
49
67
100
76
84
22.5D,2-oo
19.3D02 oo
F=
F=
157OD/
1530Dy2-2&
170OD02-25
1.62D02OO
1.27D02oo
1.85Ar1-28
1.73D012S
2.11D02-25
2050Di o
144
131
123
102
68
64
110
106
98
112
103
91
36
135
131
119
150
91
111
99
102
109
107
105
43
133
122
110
121
73
115
133
102
111
109
100
49
67
53
96
94
104
97
84
113
118
107
109
92
102
123
148
102
48
128
85
136
140
33
108
107
141
156
74
108
95
119
117
85
109
100
125
125
80
105
99
128
130
67
136
90
122
92
92
80
80
94
116
93
102
82
78
58
112
80
102
67
59
98
74
106
65
76
116
63
32
48
73
125
77
59
102
66
187
204
144
210
170
113
166
169
151
140
172
104
75
77
44
51
90
98
82
94
86
94
96
90
95
105
94
110
95
101
117
102
74
69
115
82
116
73
142
85
116
95
78
100
105
107
87
105
85
98
81
95
75
100
95
108
98
111
96
106
119
94
74
71
119
89
77
79
149
98
112
96
93
103
110
116
90
106
84
90
64
72
71
66
83
76
87
103
111
111
114
79
66
22.9Dd2-oo
1730Dd225
3.26Dd2-25
20. 4Dd2 oo
140
83
110
120
F=
120
127
116
135
1690Dd2 M F =
111
114
106
125
F=
97
110
95
108
97
121
136
72
95
89
99
90
73
F=
843450T
120 115 125 158
112 101 128 140
115 110 109 105
95
104
104 100 100 106
101 101 147 135
2380Dd1 o F =
4354129
101 120 147
118 136 109
65 128 128
86
113
126 119 105
107 160 120
F =
83
137
103
115
84
84
85
78
85
52
79
70
93
88
87
77
93
223
123 145
97 103
108 118
123 130
108
101 107
119 128
F=
74
71
136
130
77
8
104
107
97
106
97
85
107
F=
148
93
110
102
113
97
87
88
92
109
F=
116
101
108
117
103
F=
71
72
129
115
103
2180Dd2-25
88
82
117
115
101
F=
39
F=
43
1.60Dd2 oo
85
F=
76
1.31Dd2'00
78
F=
84
108
105
102
36
35
F=
107
99
95
93
34
2.40Dd1-25
84
137
104
117
33
F=
79
84
106
121
I 32
F=
80
103
104
119
I 31
2.22Dd*25
F=
09
103
93
97
99
97
100
99
I 30
F=
F=
T3
122
104
90
79
I 28 I 29
F=
F=
85
107
132
112
134
108
97
99
F=
96
88
103
95
101
106
490
98
99
95
95
83
141
75
88 102
103 101
108 108
I 27
F=
F=
4.73D/-00
25 I 26
8.58Dd1-00
F=
Z.GQDgiM
24 I
6.15Dd109
F = 2.
9OD01
75
23 I
2.40Ddi-7s
F=
0.00745D015O
I 22 I
F= 0.0112Dd150
207OD01 oo
2380Dd1 0 F =
16.7D012S
21.9Dd125 F =
F=
0.0724D2oo
F=
F = 0.0228Dd175 F =
I 20 I 21
F = 0.00389Dd15O
F= 0.0511Dd2OO
0.025ODyI"
0.00172D015O
F=
166OD01 oo
F=
1969Dd1 oo
I
18 I 19
16 I 17 I
F=
12.4D0125
18.1Dd12S F =
F=
11.74Dd1-25
F=
': S = 16.3Dffi o :
; s = 9. lo/y -oo i
: S = 26.5/V-00 :
15
F=
13 I 14
7.17D0i-25
11 I 12
age values expressed in percentage of equation values

"99
92
99
101
102
109
101
89
102
103
75
100
99
92
99
85
89
86
121
98
116
129
129
122
98
118
87
115
148
100
126
143
109
124
127
105
128
125
111
144
92
106
82
72
126
105
118
79
86
75
9605
99 104 108
90 101 108
101 105 102
99 115 104
80 109 103
92 107 120
111 112 109
442
91
87
77 112
103 104
97 130
62 135
78 113
129 115
76
68
117
106
67
117
97
128
85
98
101
101
80
123
71
71
77
75
127
130
90
92
90
108
108
90
102
67
91
87
81
129
119
98
91
87
115
104
76
91
34
86
75
70
134
120
117
86
111
99
102
92
167
153
59
83
83
130
133
72
131
95
100
114
123
97
50
59
101
89
129
125
113
112
90
109
95
204
119
27
31
127
64
101
74
136
88
103
94
118
72
89
49
76
62
36
78
89
84
88
86
79
70
62
100
111
103
120
89
102
76
89
77
74
86
87
82
81
97
83
66
60
116
118.
119
122
102
103
38
80
73
55
77
86
77
86
82
71
73
79
83
95
81
120
55
83
64
73
58
24
84
95
110
92
94
80
71
51
107
117
133
141
162
139
159
110
141
213
83
80
79
72
95
98
33
34
116
76
128
123
180
157
182
162
177
217
96
85
42
45
156
33
143
94
92
73
128
108
66
95
98
84
93
105
103
89
106
63
74
78
83
119
120
92
92
107
93
112
73
87
62
79
69
66
84
94
73
85
97
82
88
90
123
92
83
70
102
94
96
58
60
135
143
96
127
106
106
98
83
96
33
88
62
48
73
70
56
95
109
81
118
62
76
58
76
58
63
61
95
85
95
69
74
139
177
98
73
86
76
68
|
143
136
59
62
'
l
21
2
Cornaceae
Cornus
florida
4
Dogwood (flowering)
22
Cornus nuttallii
Dogwood, Pacific
23
Nyssa aquatica
Gum, tupelo
24
Nyssa syhatica
Gum, black
25
Ebenaceae
Diospyros virginiana
Persimmon
26
Ericacae
Arbutus menziesii
Madrona
27
Kalmia lati/olia
Laurel, mountain
28
Oxydendrum arboreum
Sourwood
29
Rhododendron maximum
Rhododendron, great
Castanea dentata
Chestnut
31
Castanopsis chrysophylla
Chinquapin, golden
32
F agus grandi folia
Beech
33
Quer eus alba
Oak, white
34
Quercus bicolor
Oak, swamp white
35
Quercus borealis
Oak, red
36
Quercus calif arnica
Oak, California black
37
Quercus chrysolepis
Oak, canyon live
30
Fagaceae
38
Quercus coccinea
Oak, scarlet
39
Quercus gambelii
Oak, Gambel
40
Quercus garryana
Oak, Oregon white
41
Quercus laurifolia
Oak, laurel
42
Quercus macrocarpa
Oak, bur
43
Quercus montana
Oak, chestnut
44
Quercus nigra
Oak, water
45
Quercus rubra pagodaefolia
Oak, swamp red
46
Quercus palustris
Oak, pin
47
Quercus phellos
Oak, willow
48
Quercus prinus
Oak, swamp chestnut
49
Quercus rubra
Oak, southern red
50
Quercus stellata
Oak, post
51
Quercus velutina
Oak, black
52
Quercus virginiana
Oak, live
Hamamelis virginiana
Witch-hazel
Liquidambar styraciflua
Gum, red
53
Hamamelidaceae
54
55
Hippocastanaceae
Aesculus octandra
Buckeye, yellow
56
Juglandaceae
Hicoria alba
Hickory, mockernut
57
Hicoria aquatica
Hickory, water
58
Hicoria cordiformis
Hickory, bitternut
59
Hicoria glabra
Hickory, pignut
60
Hicoria laciniosa
Hickory, bigleaf shagbark
61
Hicoria myristicae formis
'Hickory, nutmeg
6
I
7
I 8
Green
0.796 0.638
Air-dry
Oregon
Green
0.701 0.578
Air-dry
Louisiana, Missouri
Green
0.524 0.455
Air-dry
Tennessee
Green
0.552 0.462
Air-dry
Missouri
Green
0.776 0.639
Air-dry
Oregon, California
Green
0.694 0.575
Air-dry
Tennessee
Green
0.744 0.616
Air-dry
Tennessee
Green
0.593 0.504
Air-dry
Tennessee
Green
0.601 0.501
Air-dry
Tennessee, Maryland
Green
0.454 0.396
Air-dry
Oregon
Green
0.483 0.417
Air-dry
Ind., Pa.
Green
0.655 0.544
Air-dry
La., Ark., Ind.
Green
0.710 0.595
Air-dry
Indiana
Green
0.792 0.637
Air-dry
La., Ark., Ind., Tenn., N. H. Green
0.657 0.564
Air-dry
Oregon, California
Green
0.578 0.510
Air-dry
California
Green
0.838 0.702
Air-dry
Massachusetts
Green
0.709 0.603
Air-dry
Arizona
Green
0.701 0.617
Air-dry
Oregon
Green
0.748 O 644
Air-dry
Louisiana
Green
0.703 0.564
Air-dry
Wisconsin
Green
0.671 0.583
Air-dry
Tennessee
Green
0.674 0.573
Air-dry
Louisiana
Green
0-.685 0.556
Air-dry
Louisiana
.
Green
0.708 0.607
Air-dry
Massachusetts
Green
0.677 0.577
Air-dry
Louisiana
Green
0.688 0.556
Air-dry
Louisiana
Green
0.756 0.595
Air-dry
Louisiana
Green
0.624 0.521
Air-dry
Arkansas, Louisiana
Green
0.738 0.596
Air-dry
Arkansas, Wisconsin
Green
0.669 0.564
Air-dry
Florida
Green
0.977 0.810
Air-dry
Tennessee
Green
0.714 0.558
Air-dry
Missouri
Green
0.530 0.441
Air-dry
Tennessee
Green
0.383 0.326
Air-dry
Pa., Miss.
Green
0.642
Air-dry
Mississippi
Green
0.606
Air-dry
Ohio
Green
0.604
Air-dry
W. Va., Miss., Ohio, Pa.
Green
0.661
Air-dry
Ohio, Miss.
Green
0.622
Air-dry
Mississippi
Green
0.556
Air-dry
Tennessee
0.735
0.644
0.496
0.507
0.748
0.653
0.684
0.550
0.576
0.433
0.459
0.624
0.683
0.720
0.628
0.571
0.778
0.735
0.724
0.632
0.644
0.658
0.633
0.680
0.696
0.674
0.588
0.675
0.610
0.888
0.614
0.487
0.363
0.725
0.621
0.663
0.754
0.692
0.605
10
62
12
52
12
97
12
55
12
59
12
69
12
62
12
69
12
99
12
122
12
134
12
62
12
68
12
74
12
80
12
106
12
62
12
65
61
12
72
12
84
12
70
12
72
12
81
12
78
12
75
94
12
76
12
90
12
69
12
78
12
50
12
70
12
81
12
141
12
60
12
80
12
66
12
54
12
61
12
74
12
11 I 12 I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I .17
117 122 109
82
87
.78 90
82
87
75
94
112 121 101
81
92
80
86
78
71
82
74
103 103 103 110 111
97 132
107
91
91 132
113 105 103 103 105
95 120
104
88
84 133
108 129 104
96
99
91 109
98 101
98 103
114 104 127
91
85
65 135
76
70
68
87
88 100
87 104
88
64 172
84
71
64 114
113 137 107 101 102 110
94
107
96 100 112
122 137 106 107
92
74 160
82
88
70
99
109
94 103
95 101
99
97
106
97 102 119
119 121 109 123 118 103 165
130 113
98 194
112
96 119
94
99
96 101
93 102
96 100
100
98
93
88
90
89
97
79
95
93
73
104
95 102
92
98 106
85
91 103 102
86
90
78
89
81
96 101
71
91
99 103
85
90
78
80
77
81
61 116
75
69
63 100
87 125 124
96
93
81 119
78
70
75
87
86
84
98
83 111 103
71
76
73
71
78
71
85
127
76
103
82
83
93
110
106
103
111
82
102
102
94
109
95
81
101
128
98
106
123
109
95
118
96
102
102
100
101
95
88
105
68
89
71
128
130
138
138
117
147
105
135
105
127
102
120
107
116
136
124
18 I 19 I 20 I 21 I 22 I 23 I 24 I 25 I 26
130 127
52
44
65 111
84
103
99
71
66
77
79
89
124 113
81
89
77 129
75
93
91
72 107
58
76
45
76
77
99
91
92
94 101 105 100 104 115 110 102
73
63
97
91 107
82 101 101
88
87
87 108
99 121 102 100
98
71
62
85 111
96 126
74
80
92
77
80
78
89
94
83
78
90
97
81
81
87
86
95
84
64
98 105
81
82
56
85
75 100
91
77
86
74
30
37
56
68
52
49
74
90
66
81
73
79
61 100
65
103
61
52
75
66
84
83
73
92
79 106 106 108 110 102
95 128
96 100 117 101 135 114
95
95 168
114 125
69
76
103
99
93
65
52
95
100 106 106 107 108 104
98
92
84
87
93 100
95 104
89 100 104
93
123 113 110 102 121 126
87 107 125
114 125
93
89
98 122
98 103
93
102
90
94
91
98 103
89
89
82
97 106 103
98 109
85
84
91
93
81
80
86
90
85
90
95
88
73
89
76
88
92
84
76
72
89
82
89
89
98 109
89
96 103 101
80
105 130 107 101 115
92
88
96
88
101 107
91 101
84 106
78
91
95
101 126 101
97 106 103
80
89
96
80
62
79
77
87
84
70
81
57
53
40
57
61
57
44
67
84
63
75
66
73
86
62
76 109
99
76
46
43
58
66
51
60
94
99
77
102 119
94 111
80 115
90 100
93
27 | 28 | 29 | 30
95 104 106
85
103
100
97 105 114
99
90
96
117 119 132 147
117 114 122 172
114 107 120 134
118
93 100
97
102
97 106
82
106
92 104
98
91 111 110 124
95
83 107
110 120 119
94
106 105 109 140
92 109
89
85
140 114 117
111
103 107
93 148
111
99
90 123
117 115 122 149
87
97 109
80
97 105 116
78 106 106 127
89
90
98
99
67
98 106
56
87
86
93 104
66
85
99
66
92
99
96 118
78 100
98
92
136 104 103 123
113
92
92 107
108
98 108
86
87
95
99 106
108 106 102
99
31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36~
104 115 112
103 119 114
102 105 101
95
81
90
123 108 101
98
71
95
165 127 120 123 117 160
134 125 111 119 102 136
128 120 110 104 130 136
92 121 104
96
93 120
99
91 101 104
82
88
116 106 120 122
99
81
103 104
98
92 112 108
106 107 102 105
87
112 114 112
106 115 112
133 107 101
99 131 136
76 110
98
96 112
95
127 124 116
109
90
123
96
86
81
94
88
76
58
96
76
97
81
102
103
72
105
87
94
99
102
89
94
70
102
108
97
105
101
116
104
117
98
95
111
106
106
96
84
101
104
96
103
102
96
42
110
91
116
58
96
95
70
76
72
98
77
114
93
106
76
135
99
77
92
96
95
87
96
90
96
112
122
102
115
96
102
97
112
118
133
96
65
91
114
92
66
93
93
102
110
109
94
89
99
95
98
102
74
102
98
94
94
111
116
94
92
113
118
97
101
86
84
105
121
121
114
106
89
76
106
94
95
57
47
78
60
90
82
69
67
90
92
112
94
118
109
77
61
49
76
60
92
88
80
69
91
88
105
106
114
114
94
33
33
52
54
104
95
64
57
101
86
113
114
125
121
97
104
68
120
69
84
74
82
85
85
102
113
82
115
102
67
74
47
83
53
86
82
77
65
70
72
87
148
99
112
103
72
30
76
49
75
112
87
61
66
66
99
106
98
93
122
62
66
75
57
88
84
82
82
101
101
102
106
96
124
100
46
86
66
63
109
107
70
69
105
113
123
115
128
119
114
83
52
87
55
76
69
98
98
98
92
86
101
76
136
90
16
39
92
52
93
93
99
64
81
89
95
103
113
102
110
89
89
90
71
93
70
93
74
91
87
107
61
101
102
101
119
105
110
107
108
109
111
100
94
101
97
99
85
99
91
87
90
92
88
88
84
87
84
95
99
88
83
97
112
107
114
111
105
108
112
113
126
109
112
111
112
108
113
107
122
98
98
96
94
93
91
77
80
88
96
82
79
84
85
110
109
127
116
102
110
109
117
98
97
106
108
91
98
98
101
87
84
89
56
101
59
117
74
120
83
143
48
127
126
114
142
91
112
110
103
112
110
107
93
102
92
113
74
105
80
69
87
89
74
70
74
77
81
94
100
50
72
152
155
111
123
108
109
160
123
127
136
135
116
183
154
192
138
181
188
67
110
96
60
56
54
65
118
88
103
38
72
176
81
80
83
99
86
96
87
92
97
84
94
79
108
101
93
108
113
99
87
94
87
88
88
82
77
83
66
84
65
90
78
103
83
96
108
84
109
83
143
86
84
98
86
80
70
94
96
95
102
71
43
97
85
74
97
73
80
57
90
66
94
88
97
72
106
92
86
81
172
174
139
149
199
215
191
201
220
195
182
116
135
111
116
110
98
108
116
117
119
109
100
100
98
111
93
114
94
108
88
100
87
126
158
105
129
123
99
121
121
119
112
96
167
142
118
127
140
143
161
127
208
175
132
101
100
95
100
115
124
128
119
116
108
116
112
170
147
154
127
135
153
139
33
74
65
92
85
75
62
96
83
109
70
118
109
101
101
136
84
123
71
58
82
76
84
92
84
78
91
86
100
89
113
107
94
80
84
88
89
86
86
87
80
91
88
99
82
90
83
95
98
93
96
103
102
114
116
112
113
108
103
93
97
106
95
28
56
52
91
113
50
58
91
97
108
147
114
118
86
118
87
93
89
165
71
88
86
92
147
131
111
99
104
124
81
109
106
92
80
87
87
96
89
96
82
105
86
110
92
94
86
102
83
124
114
121
99
96
139
120
95
90
102
88
99
88
110
101
117
108
104
119
109
102
96
113
106
94
88
96
84
87
92
104
95
111
102
99
112
110
137
116
113
131
05
103
94
61
97
68
114
80
104
76
80
89
99
124
113
116
89
115
99
140
102
100
82
96
75
89
73
103
94
111
88
94
95
98
96
86
103
81
99
72
104
80
91
68
105
82
104
78
93
110
84
114
97
107
92
109
97
94
80
112
93
115
95
116
112
70
104
87
104
89
109
99
88
76
109
84
108
94
101
81
60
79
34
94
72
106
48
86
47
110
82
99
65
115
85
115
108
103
85
110
89
47
121
105
123
99
114
93
106
135
138
115
107
93
122
129
148
136
202
127
169
153
181
103
68
95
65
106
71
100
68
97
87
72
85
101
120
107
101
119
98
108
79
106
82
107
96
108
95
114
102
91
88
106
128
96
95
107
93
106
100
102
79
111
92
104
82
110
93
86
96
107
123
97
92
101
93
113
92
69
98
67
107
64
140
103
68
58
119
120
92
79
75
77
108
97
129
108
84
65
130
99
110
105
103
87
113
102
136
122
104
130
113
107
96
105
82
114
88
122
104
100
87
97
104
81
110
73
108
78
110
95
134
109
110
76
124
85
47
99
70
93
65
122
87
65
45
110
123
104
76
80
96
104
90
126
101
77
62
137
114
132
122
150
150
155
168
1
62
Hicoria ovata
j_
4
Hickory, shagbark
63
Hicoria pecan
Hickory, pecan
64
Juglans cinerea
Butternut
65
Juglans nigra
Walnut, black
66
Juglans rupestris
Walnut, Mexican
Sassafras sassafras
Sassafras
Umbellularia californica
Myrtle, Oregon
Gleditsia triacanthos
Locust, honey
Robinia pseudacacia
Locust, black
Liriodendron tulipifera
Poplar, yellow
72
Magnolia acuminata
Magnolia, cucumber
73
Magnolia fraseri
Magnolia, Eraser's
74
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia, evergreen
Toxylon pomiferum
Orange, osage
Ficus aurea
Fig, golden
Eucalyptus globulus
Gum, blue
Eugenia garberi
Stopper, Garber's
67
Lauraceae
68
69
Leguminosae
70
71
75
Magnoliaceae
Moraceae
76
77
Myrtaceae
78
79
Fraxinus americana
Ash, white
80
Oleaceae
Fraxinus biltmoreana
Ash, Biltmore white
81
82
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ian- Ash, green

ceolata
Fraxinus nigra
Ash, black
83
Fraxinus oregona
Ash, Oregon
84
Fraxinus profunda
Ash, pumpkin
85
Fraxinus quadrangulata
Ash, blue
86
Palmaceae
Sabal palmetto
Palmetto, cabbage
87
Pinaceae
Abies amabilis
Fir, silver
88
Abies balsamea
Fir, balsam
89
Abies concolor
Fir, white
90
Abies grandis
Fir, lowland white
91
Abies lasiocarpa
Fir, alpine
92
Abies magnifica
Fir, red
93
Abies nobilis
Fir, noble
94
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
Cedar, Port Orford
95
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Cedar, Alaska
96
Chamaecyparis thyoides
Cedar, southern white
97
Juniperus pachyphloea
Juniper, alligator
98
Juniperus mrginiana
Cedar, eastern red
99
Larix laricina
Tamarack
100
Larix occidentalis
Larch, western
101
Libocedrus decurrens
Cedar, incense
5
Miss., Ohio, W. Va., Pa.
6
I 7
I 8
1 9
I 10
Green
0.637
60
Air-dry
0.724
12
Missouri
Green
0.694 0.601
63
Air-dry
0.666
12
Wisconsin, Tennessee
Green
0.404 0.359
104
Air-dry
0.383
12
Kentucky
Green
0.562 0.513
81
Air-dry
0.552
12
Arizona
Green
0.613 0.532
67
Air-dry
0.570
12
Tennessee
Green
0.473 0.424
67
Air-dry
0.451
12
Oregon
Green
0.589 0.512
71
Air-dry
0.556
12
Indiana, Missouri
Green
0.666 0.596
63
Air-dry
0.636
12
Tennessee
Green
0.708 0.659
41
Air-dry
0.694
12
Tennessee, Kentucky
Green
0.427 0.376
64
Air-dry
0.401
12
Tennessee
Green
0.516 0.440
80
Air-dry
0.480
12
Tennessee
Green
0.477 0.400
89
Air-dry
0.446
12
Louisiana
Green
0.530 0.460
117
Air-dry
0.502
12
Indiana
Green
0.838 0.761
31
Air-dry
Florida
Green
0.438
88
Air-dry
0.444
12
California
Green
0.796 0.625
79
Air-dry
0.750
12
Florida
Green
0.918 0.831
40
Air-dry
0.877
12
Ark., N. Y., W. Va.
Green
0.638 0.542
42
Air-dry
0.593
12
Tennessee
Green
0.584 0.507
42
Air-dry
0.550
12
Louisiana, Missouri
Green
0.610 0.526
48
Air-dry
0.566
12
Wisconsin, Michigan
Green
0.526 0.457
84
Air-dry
0.493
12
Oregon
Green
0.575 0.497
48
Air-dry
0.550
12
Missouri
Green
0.551 0.485
51
Air-dry
0.520
12
Kentucky
Green
0.603 0.532
39
Air-dry
0.568
12
Florida
Green
0.453 0.372
133
Air-dry
0.387
12
Washington
Green
0.415 0.351
66
Air-dry
0.385
12
Wisconsin
Green
0.414 0.335
117
Air-dry
0.366
12
California, New Mexico
Green
0.397 0.348
115
Air-dry
0.371
12
Montana, Oregon
Green
0.419 0.370
94
Air-dry
0.398
12
Colorado
Green
0.321 0.306
47
Air-dry
0.327
12
California
Green
0.421 0.372
108
Air-dry
0.388
12
Oregon
Green
0.403 0.351
36
Air-dry
0.375
12
Oregon
Green
0.440 0.399
43
Air-dry
0.416
12
Oregon
Green
0.439 0.399
40
Air-dry
0.422
12
New Hampshire, North Car- Green
0.352 0.310
35
olina
Air-dry
0.323
12
Arizona
Green
0.545 0.477
40
Air-dry
0.511
12
Vermont
Green
0.492 0.442
35
Air-dry
0.471
12
Wisconsin
Green
0.558 0.491
52
Air-dry
0.528
12
Montana, Washington
Green
0.587 0.482
58
Air-dry
0.520
12
Oregon, California
Green
0.365 0.346
108
Air-dry
0.368
12
11 I 12 I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23
99 121 101 101 110 104 103 146 181 106
96 119 143
97 119 107
91 140 206
93
98
92 124
85 89
91
96 104
96 104 100 117
97
98 100 113
92
89
93
99
86
98
93
95
97
95
107 100 103 101 109 114 100 137 146 110 114 109 124
116 105 110 128 137 189 120 119 126 135
83 111
85 120 123 117 129 132 123 115 117 115 104
126 121 109 173
92
93 111 102 129 101
76 92
53
73
99
73
78 108 159
91
78 110 122
102 113
94 114
93
58
72
80
65
57
91 103
90 102
99
91 119
90 122 104
94 121 145
102
96
89 120 110 181
92
86 110 138
88 60
96
87
86
59 138 153 160
80
64 105 261
69
65
61
83
68
50
72
68
81
89
68 78
67 104 110
92 125
88
94
94
97
95 102
95 103
93 101
92 129
88
86
94 109
56 73
64 144 131 119 182
90 100 129 122 138
80
122 119 106 148 108 149 107 109 105 114
123 118 114 112 103 122 111
85
61 122 117 132
88
116 113 134 106 105
81 137 134 139 105
116 130 122 115 117 150
93 118 108 108 129
94 111
125 123 135 112 138 127 121 133 111 134
123 122 115 103 109 126
89 115
99 113 122 107 100
114 109 113 119 128 113 124 124 123 116
101 129
88
93 101 101
88 167 167
98 103
97 184
98 105 101 100 131
79 103
96 112 101
44
106 109
74 156 172 170
92
67 126 169
135
133
150
60
83
67
90
94
81
93
91
83
89
96
83
126
119
104
100
91
100
93
84
80
83
81
75
150
141
172
121
93
120
102
100
123
108
94
120
111
89
142
119
112
113
134
141
143
95
128
106
74
53
77
102
100
102
61
63
46
66
78
65
105
82
92
103
95
102
83
103
100
253
86
64
134
100
96
89
111
112
126
118
115
109
67
106
99
89
108
89
122
99
64
59
127
123
114
111
140
133
121
112
101
137
138
136
131
136
121
138
109
117
106
116
89
75
92
57
100
107
112
104
144
125
93
77
114
93
107
72
117
117
123
109
119
113
90
120
103
105
106
98
119
110
73
60
118
122
108
105
120
124
118
115
110
106
116
137
121
134
110
133
110
115
116
108
94
60
110
86
99
101
105
103
132
109
57
65
135
114
99
82
113
107
111
104
112
105
96
116
96
88
91
88
98
88
55
51
151
142
122
122
125
133
147
147
119
98
121
143
152
151
151
148
102
107
103
103
40
45
62
66
107
111
118
116
103
102
130
64
138
96
107
113
115
121
149
139
123
117
56
85
108
96
132
94
155
115
82
72
120
110
111
106
168
140
105
92
95
194
173
138
122
129
107
135
126
139
121
117
209
138
152
57
100
105
123
117
192
140
79
88
89
63
83
42
118
122
106
103
102
113
134
160
116
127
93
78
125
120
64
73
105
155
90
91
90
118
89
119
98
65
105
151
105
152
104
132
134
124
127
90
137
64
175
100
70
67
72
78
114
95
76
77
93
57
67
67
118
118
102
121
99
96
124
186
112
111
77
67
137
147
96
125
101
160
67
128
89
84
104
207
76
68
89
124
168
148
198
144
104
136
71
69
166
120
88
77
109
64
73
107
95
102
36
111
108
117
113
107
108
81
91
90
91
91
100
103
120
72
65
121
121
113
88
132
118
117
123
97
89
125
124
133
122
121
130
114
114
108
100
72
42
81
69
79
89
98
109
116
108
131
107
81
44
101
100
111
106
95
104
78
109
103
103
84
91
88
108
48
58
146
120
118
104
135
129
129
128
109
110
130
136
138
148
135
146
113
100
102
103
49
44
81
56
87
91
115
121
126
107
89
87
13
30
123
120
129
126
122
112
76
91
81
82
103
115
119
135
112
76
100
128
110
76
133
114
108
120
88
75
117
114
132
105
111
116
118
132
118
101
111
43
87
87
72
88
103
118
111
111
80
72
67
14
100
103
86
121
94
89
113
131
115
98
97
77
113
120
73
90
115
133
95
124
120
114
110
150
62
113
107
126
105
139
93
137
118
135
121
102
67
40
126
88
85
75
75
105
96
103
| 24 | 25 | 26 | 27
102 107
93
96
106
98
96
99
83 101
85 100
86 120
103 100 102
91
115 112 107 109
133 124 117
90
124 116 110 108
84
105
99
108
95
70 106
84
89
67 140
73
88
55 121
77
86
54 116
105 110
84 152
100 100
80 139
181 153 100 122
125 121 157 112
100
95 138 100
100 111 157 101
119 106 129
87
115 111 137
81
107
97 113
87
104 102 131
85
91
87
97 110
80
91 120 110
99 113
60 139
148
134
90
67
120
114
133
119
128
103
60
101
105
87
111
84
126
111
58
25
128
131
118
127
120
101
137
137
105
123
127
153
128
160
114
143
103
104
96
112
117
107
128
151
151
151
89
82
124
112
110
87
111
104
116
114
118
103
75
101
105
92
103
92
117
102
69
47
112
120
106
105
105
119
120
115
100
102
112
112
115
123
116
129
107
112
114
117
116
66
120
102
105
111
117
118
135
119
| 28 | 29 | 30
119
92
100
94
108 112
97
114 105
103 110 168
119 125 134
111 108 106
84
94 152
118
109
113
119
128
125
132
116
93
103
102
97
102
94
104
122
101
98
117
124
121
121
101
130
105
109
115
112
102
105
111
105
161
165
132
142
123
84
94
72
136
138
114
126
136
163
126
143
| 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36
86
109
157
150
105
72
107
103
109
105
115
84
125
122
112
109
120
105
116
123
115
117
116
100
95
131
146
113
123
103
86
103
128
151
128
110
72
125
121
153
133
130
126
81
57
169
174
106
161
138
173
151
143
113
82
122
123
124
108
113
75
93
93
101
106
122
108
121
126
91
110
108
132
124
140
126
113
99
92
95
98
97
113
104
126
130
126
101
98
132
133
121
110
123
108
88
95
93
98
118
102
121
127
94
157
127
109
113
118
80
72
55
121
134
114
107
137
133
115
165
131
119
166
110
116
94
85
57
146
155
116
99
139
141
159
122
106
114
105
101
67
118
82
108
77
74
83
104
113
116
115
123
107
121
90
105
111
116
117
118
124
126
82
110
114
116
113
109
109
86
116
112
123
108
112
124
120
91
98
97
104
103
109
96
96
86
103
104
121
87
97
92
110
92
102
121
121
121
142
124
101
100
103
105
107
112
103
115
96
149
102
116
90
105
92
105
97
93
119
113
132
140
114
124
53
67
69
82
125
120
138
126
119
94
78
100
94
101
99
99
100
78
103
115
87
78
66
84
72
33
74
150
140
129
128
119
118
170
152
99
103
167
169
159
144
91
98
105
122
45
53
111
114
107
103
111
99
98
72
124
87
105
102
135
128
128
127
84
101
105
130
168
170
275
149
58
32
102
93
82
80
134
121
106
110
148
155
137
154
119
129
94
122
109
107
141
140
181
168
182
133
80
91
97
100
167
152
99
57
92
119
103
87
68
89
69
61
121
130
120
119
116
130
94
130
115
119
123
133
139
122
111
112
107
98
105
115
88
105
109
120
112
110
128
129
119
149
110
128
117
124
156
142
119
130
138
184
100
78
107
102
95
100
92
88
85
133
112
105
103
100
101
100
133
96
75
111
97
106
92
102
127
125
112
106
103
103
96
98
86
120
97
128
75
116
95
93
93
79
110
99
101
89
109
145
124
98
110
104
104
102
105
93
115
104
125
82
81
76
115
91
87
47
104
86
72
53
121
91
81
69
113
105
83
78
60
108
87
98
97
98
124
119
98
76
50
117
74
95
86
108
82
87
93
93
95
127
93
78
87
87
94
120
94
82
177
54
79
47
54
126
95
104
49
62
48
56
107
99
15
111
122
118
130
109
124
92
119
110
116
120
131
126
129
83
53
103
113
91
105
109
142
105
112
108
120
96
190
94
133
99
111
110
102
152
139
136
123
128
101
53
59
65
99
167
168
56
68
68
93
124
118
108
123
119
117
114
116
147
139
102
130
131
155
100
105
108
87
109
107
101
112
84
120
111
100
126
114
111
116
102
99
102
99
124
94
118
93
98
140
127
111
111
98
94
72
56
98
79
120
93
89
62
113
106
123
109
110
81
57
113
73
115
106
104
101
56
80
73
64
71
59
55
123
73
115
52
61
57
45
107
l
i
102
3
Picea engelmanni
103
Picea glauca
104
Picea mariana
105
Picea rubra
106
Picea sitchensis
107
Pinus banksiana
108
Pinus caribaea
109
Pinus clausa
UO
Pinus contorta
Ul
Pinus echinata
112
Pinus edulis
113
Pinus
114
Pinus jeffreyi
115
Pinus lambertiana
116
Pinus monticala
117
Pinus palustris
118
Pinus ponderosa
119
Pinus pungens
120
Pinus resinosa
121
Pinus rigida
122
Pinus rigida serotina
123
Pinus strobus
124
Pinus taeda
125
Pseudotsuga taxifolia
126
127
Sequoia sempermrens
128
Taxodium disiichum
129
Thuja occidentalis
130
Thuja plicata
131
Tsuga canadensis
132
Tsuga heterophylla
133
Tsuga mertensiana
flexilis
134
Platanaceae
Platanus occidentalis
135
Polygonaceae
Coccolobis laurifolia
136
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnidium ferreum
137
Rhamnus purshiana
138
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophora mangle
139
Rosaceae
Amelanchier canadensis
140
Crataegus tomentosa
141
Prunus pennsyhanica
4
Spruce, Engelmann
\_
Colorado
9
I 7
I 8
I 9
I 10
Green
0.347 0.312
100
Air-dry
0.332
12
Spruce, white
Wis., N. H.
Green
0.431 0.366
50
Air-dry
0.391
12
Spruce, black
New Hampshire
Green
0.428 0.376
38
Air-dry
0.402
12
Spruce, red
Tennessee, New Hampshire Green
0.413 0.379
43
Air-dry
0.406
12
Spruce, Sitka
Wash., Oregon
Green
0.397 0.355
44
Air-dry
0.384
12
Pine, jack
Wisconsin
Green
0.461 0.394
105
Air-dry
0.428
12
Pine, slash
Florida
Green
0.756 0.638
40
Air-dry
0.682
12
Pine, sand
Florida
Green
0.506 0.451
36
Air-dry
0.481
12
Pine, lodgepole
Wyo., Mont., Colo.
Green
0.434 0.380
65
Air-dry
0.410
12
Pine, shortleaf
Ark., La.
Green
0.584 0.494
64
Air-dry
0.542
12
Pinon
Arizona
Green
0.567 0.502
63
Air-dry
0.530
12
Pine, limber
New Mexico
Green
0.420 0.374
68
Air-dry
0.401
12
Pine, Jeffrey
California
Green
0.425 0.371
101
Air-dry
0.402
12
Pine, sugar
California
Green
0.378 0.348
137
Air-dry
0.360
12
Pine, western white
Montana, Idaho
Green
0.418 0.363
54
Air-dry
0.385
12
Pine, longleaf
La., Miss., FIa.
Green
0.038 0.551
47
Air-dry
0.592
12
Pine, western yellow
Colo., Wash., Ariz., CaI., Green
0.420 0.379
91
Mont.
Air-dry
0.402
12
Pine, mountain
Tennessee
Green
0.549 0.494
75
Air-dry
0.523
12
Pine, red
Wisconsin
Green
0.507 0.440
54
Air-dry
0.479
12
Pine, pitch
Tennessee
Green
0.542 0.470
85
Air-dry
0.505
12
Pine, pond
Florida
Green
0.580 0.501
56
Air-dry
0.539
12
Pine, eastern white
Wis., Minn., N. H.
Green
0.373 0.344
68
Air-dry
0.362
12
Pine, loblolly
Florida
Green
0.593 0.504
72
Air-dry
0.550
12
Douglas fir (coast type)
Lewis Co., Chehalis Co., Green
0.512 0.448
36
Clark Co., Wash.; Lane Co., Air-dry
0.482
12
Clatsop Co., Wash. Co.,
Ore.; Humboldt Co., CaI.
Douglas fir (mountain type) Johnson Co., Wyo.; Missoula Green
0.446 0.405
39
Co., Mont.
Air-dry
0.426
12
Redwood
California
Green
0.436 0.410
113
Air-dry
0.427
12
Cypress, southern
Louisiana, Missouri
Green
0.482 0.425
91
Air-dry
0.458
12
Cedar, northern white
Wisconsin
Green
0.315 0.293
55
Air-dry
0.310
12
Cedar, western red
Montana, Washington
Green
0.344 0.310
39
Air-dry
0.330
12
Hemlock, eastern
Wis., Tenn., N. H.
Green
0.431 0.375
110
Air-dry
0.398
12
Hemlock, western
Washington, Oregon
Green
0.432 0.377
77
Air-dry
0.406
12
Hemlock, mountain
Montana
Green
0.480 0.418
70
Air-dry
0.450
12
Sycamore
Indiana, Tennessee
Green
0.539 0.456
83
Air-dry
0.494
12
Plum, pigeon
Florida
Green
0.851 0.771
*
52
Air-dry
0.786
12
Ironwood, black
Florida
Green
1.077 1.045
32
Air-dry
1.147
12
Cascara
Oregon
Green
0.548 0.496
61
Air-dry
0.516
12
Mangrove
Florida
Green
1.063 0.886
39
Air-dry
0.964
12
Serviceberry
Tennessee
Green
0.791 0.656
*
48
Air-dry
0.747
12
Haw, pear
Wisconsin
Green
0.623
63
Air-dry
0.680
12
Cherry, wild red
Tennessee
Green
0.425 0.361
46
Air-dry
0.394
12
11 I 12 I 13 ) 14 I 15 I 16
125 121 129 103 101 113
133 122 121
153 112 122 114 110 118
116 114 130
113 121 110
96 103 120
107 125 135
117 109 126 112 110 132
125 122 134
121 134 128 117 113 147
129 124 142
100 94 102
93
98
99
89
91 103
75 100
79
97
96 104
94
99 110
83 95
99 109 115
96
101 114 106
114 128 108
99 104 120
124 112 117
95 113 101 106 109 124
111 111 126
74 100
63
60
64
55
75
68
77
83 71
84 128 101
90
125 112 104
100 130 110 106
97 112
138 116 110
86 91
98 123 107 114
122 112 118
123 124 125 116 104 136
123 123 140
84 106
83 110 104 125
116 116 124
95 112 102 101
95 108
118 112 112
83 76
84 106 103 109
108 104 106
98 115 100 102 101 133
140 122 134
94 112
96
91
97 101
90
96
97
84 111
87 105 100 108
110
99 116
90 74 107 114 107 125
128 123 126
94 120
90 107 101 120
115 106 125
99 122 107 127 117 146
123 116 143
98
97
94
58
73
63
93
100
87
90
78
98
99
89
100
98
88
108
117
132
127
97
116
104
117
121
101
77
63
62
42
65
47
58
71
57
67
67
107
112
100.
133
85
175
I 17 I
102
138
120
117
80
94
102
121
102
117
92
82
113
101
128
101
86
142
94
102
70
89
193
158
109
180
140
129
106
115
100
112
104
133
111
114
83
153
96
93
88
106
110
135
102
116
116
110
18 I
106
119
99
116
115
159
106
125
106
150
84
73
52
67
108
107
86
102
84
87
72
43
81
103
75
100
96
101
83
146
64
83
78
101
78
84
68
112
89
88
71
78
95
124
75
76
78
96
110 111 123 103

93
109 108 117 105
89
163 137 120 255
99
136 121 114 171 103
119 109 118 136
83
114 109 112 126
98
117 111
93 158 136
126 109
93 182 114
137 128 131 152 109
122 119 126 126 130
129 124 122 143
97
116 106 108 131
99
116 116 136 105
95
120 111 127 121
97
101 101
95 118 120
102 104
90 127 114
85
97
99
80
83
93
95 103
89
92
68
77
71
71
51
61
67
59
69
51
93
88
89 101
33
38
61
93
17
18
78
86
54 122 128
84
78
68 108
74
110 100 110 113
50
88
89 110
73
58
93
92 105
84
94
97
96
90 101
97
68
78
65
74 146
75
94
67
84 143
100 102 122
89 103
111 108 115 116 132
19 I 20
62 105
96 112
110
99
114 100
139
97
183 134
93 101
98 116
141 130
179 126
127 105
75 104
66
96
59
94
104 111
105
99
82 100
94
94
140 113
86 105
88
81
60
61 102
78 114
108 103
85 125
116
87 123
139 114
138 126
98
95
89
95
92
95
97
98
110 103
86 104
139
87
98 126
139
98
95 108
98
93
62
93
93 106
116 108
99
93
94
89
90 112
137 103
I 21
108
116
110
113
130
122
111
119
130
137
94
106
98
114
89
102
111
100
123
124
63
77
97
109
103
123
113
118
121
137
115
111
92
103
108
105
110
125
92
99
103
104
117
116
108
106
131
129
117
113
125
103
107
88
103
98
128
114
110
113
115
116
109
119
99
81
93
128
122
122
115
109
105
90
98
128
126
113
106
127
114
97
104
99
97
91
113
109
132
96
110
78
121
100
86
107
112
125
104
117
124
140
100
70
94
87
122
89
87
98
100
113
99
116
115
100
112
97
122
145
154
92
96
56
74
46
88
75
100
82
75
79
72
109
67
28
97
157
92
87
99
108
104
72
96
285
129
155
41
56
36
115
104
72
82
112
66
92
108
98
104
110
110
91
102
115
171
96
116
76
106
100
113
107
79
91
122
117
102
92
131
176
90
71
71
40
64
36
209
50
96
90
121
109
97
126
194
[ 22 I 23 I 24
101
94 105
111 107 115
83 101 107
89 111 115
72 114
81
151 118 138
92
80 128
115 129 139
136 130 113
121 138 122
127 134 108
107 164
98
70 101
80
71 112
144
88 108
103
72
96
92
96 105
92 100 128
108 117 139
92 113 127
110
62
61
48
39
108
88
99
127
96
108 104 104
129 141 123
120
96 127
130 111 145
113
98 124
118 132 145
79
85 132
82
86 135
102
94 104
98
88 120
103
87 114
107
95
90
70 103 106
126
95 139
100
95
85
137
98
84
84
97 113
81
88 129
104
95 116
106 116 122
82
93 108
76
83 124
100
87 145
86 114 163
117
125
137
130
91
100
152
153
126
115
115
147
117
98
100
87
103
77
103
j 25
95
109
101
108
102
110
104
119
108
112
97
107
110
119
113
119
102
110
114
119
76
101
96
111
95
116
108
108
108
121
118
124
93
109
106
110
104
124
96
99
108
119
108
111
108
122
129
129
I 26 I 27
109 133
103 156
87
87
138
89
150
53
144 116
126 102
135
95
164 106
114 132
91 103
124
115
65
96
87
103 112
148 116
131
92
113 124
131
78
132 100
122
75
143
109
97
123
104 110
100 137
101 126
124 126
150
96
162 101
117
76
114
99
103 106
102 125
97
91
118 115
128
76
136
94
86
93
96
94
95
86
117 102
135 106
127 119
102
86
110 101
162 104
144 103
110 126
118 116
158
126
125 121
114 112
100
88
105
98
136 125
128 131
124 113
115 117
115 159
118 112
102
98
111
97
95
90
91
99
95 141
73
83
107
72
71
93
98
68
99
64
108 108
92
91
92
79
98
64
74
83
89 102
99
99
115
123
135
149
114
113
153
115
147
150
140
144
103
102
95
134
88
92
90
110
105
48
109
132
108
77
68
76
95
83
88
94
I 28 I 29 I 30 [ 31 I 32 I 33 I 34 I 35 I 36
100 100
93
95
99 113 113
121 118
108
89 105 158 138
97
92
76
69
66
78
66
90
81
95
92 119 103 107
95 119 100 104
93
84
36
35 104 103
92
77
64
102
95
87
114 112 106
99
68
102 100
58
85
99
89
93
83
90
100 103 107
97 101
96 102
83
90
109 106
76
89 118 100 103
89
92
122 118 122 142 133 109 110 102 117
91
94
98
83
85
89 106
88
96 105 103
95 111 104
88
94
83
70
54
43
51
60
60
51
43
98
82
65
49
60
68
76
41
125 118 102
80
75
83
85
95
84
82
73
52 104 104 100
85
93
88
80
69
77
84
88 101
81
87
79 102
68
84
93
98
96
79
92
77
67
65
64
77
83
76
73
96
84
80
50
67
81
86
82
55
86
85
93
85
65
81
83
68
99
66
81
96
96
102
96
94
92
73
86
82
99 108
81
74
73
56
85
94
88 148 120
94
94
90
92
80
91
95
93
99
120 116 121 109 102 100 106 129 126
102
97 111 108
91
94 100 128 127
125 110 126 129 111 104 101 120 123
90
87
96
96
81
88
90 106
98
105
85 101
82
79
86
86
87
88
96
82
50
44
56
66
67
57
50
99
82
59
50
68
79
78
61
47
91
90
99
97
72
82
81
99
99
113 111 120 124
91
94
93 110 112
96
86
75
56
62
72
70
76
65
87
78
66
80
73
62
58
92
78
51
46
60
65
62
77
63
112
88
95 111
74
77
85
82
68
100
92
93
66
67
76
78
89
81
99
97
84 104
68
80
77
92
82
95
80
55
54
58
71
70
66
60
104
85
67
55
67
85
76
74
64
99
97
98 100
90
97 102 105 102
100
90 109 113 103 105 106 105 102
92
76
58
52
51
61
63
66
60
109
77
64
47
64
75
70
68
53
103
97
59
59
82
84
85
67
69
93
81
64
66
84
92
95
64
72
108
101
104
103
97
86
116
114
127
107
119
97
107
99
106
94
98
96
73
120
121
73
93
80
69
95
90
90
101
104
84
104
91
89
78
108
121
118
105
110
98
108
99
100
99
110
116
90
93
63
98
109
91
92
87
73
96
99
105
108
85
78
75
94
64
156
122
122
82
82
54
86
72
93
61
133
120
51
98
89
49
57
72
61
118
124
99
87
84
50
96
70
106
98
158
157
84
92
105
124
125
82
80
137
131
161
163
122
130
128
133
110
136
109
94
83
89
112
99
97
76
79
106
115
105
108
113
105
106
104
97
100
104
97
87
81
90
116
100
91
80
79
105
126
107
113
108
98
115
113
96
105
104
105
94
103
93
73
88
76
90
64
157
126
133
87
101
65
98
91
95
68
119
103
57
78
72
68
69
76
67
129
132
103
99
87
62
103
104
99
71
150
160
57
89
88
120
71
108
123
91
80
95
96
105
98
111
113
100
127
81
79
93
90
98
101
112
110
90
40
17
89
51
117
89
87
79
114
101
108
101
87
86
94
100
116
128
68
75
84
115
120
113
127
1
142
3
Prunus serotino,
Cherry, black
Pennsylvania
Pyrus malus
Applewood or wild apple
Virginia
Populus balsamifera
Poplar, balsam
Vermont
145
Populus deltodes
Cottonwood, eastern
Missouri
146
Populus grandidentata
Aspen, large tooth
Wisconsin, Vermont
147
Populus tremuloides
Aspen
Wisconsin, New Mexico
148
Populus trichocarpa
Cottonwood, black
Washington
149
Salix lasiandra
Willow, western black
Oregon
150
Salix nigra
Willow, black
Wisconsin, Missouri
143
144
Salicaceae
151
Sapindaceae
Exothea paniculata
Inkwood
Florida
152
Sapotaceae
Dipholis salicifolia
Bustic
Florida
Sideroxylon mastichodendron
Mastic
Florida
153
154
Simaroubaceae
Simarouba glauca
Paradise-tree
Florida
155
Styracaceae
Mohrodendron carolinum
Silverbell-tree
Tennessee
156
Taxaceae
Taxus brevi folia
Yew, Pacific
Washington
157
Tiliaceae
T ili a glabra
Bass wood
Wisconsin, Pennsylvania
158
Ulmaceae
Celtis laevigata
Sugarberry
Missouri
159
Celtis occidentalis
Hackberry
Indiana, Wisconsin
160
Ulmus americana
Elm, American
161
Ulmus fulva
Elm, slippery
Wisconsin, Pennsylvania,
New Hampshire
Indiana, Wisconsin
162
Ulmus racemosa
Elm, rock
Wisconsin
Avicennia nitida
Blackwood
Florida
163
Verbenaceae
6
I
7
I
8.
I
9
I
10
Green
0.534 0.471
55
Air-dry
0.506
12
Green
0.745 0.606
47
Air-dry
0.668
12
Green
0.331 0.301
121
Air-dry
0.316
12
Green
0.433 0.372
111
Air-dry
0.408
12
Green
0.412 0.348
99
Air-dry
0.386
12
Green
0.401 0.351
94
Air-dry
0.380
12
Green
0.368 0.315
132
Air-dry
0.348
12
Green
0.473 0.394
105
Air-dry
0.441
12
Green
0.408 0.338
139
Air-dry
0.372
12
Green
0.917 0.731
56
Air-dry
0.800
12
Green
0.861
44
Air-dry
0.885
12
Green
1.034 0.886
39
Air-dry
0.932
12
Green
0.359 0.332
81
Air-dry
0.345
12
Green
0.475 0.418
70
Air-dry
0.453
12
Green
0.673 0.601
44
Air-dry
0.626
12
Green
0.398 0.325
103
Air-dry
0.368
12
Green
0.545 0.473
62
Air-dry
0.515
12
Green
0.558 0.486
65
Air-dry
0.531
12
Green
0.554 0.458
89
Air-dry
0.507
12
Green
0.568 0.485
85
Air-dry
0.528
12
Green
0.658 0.574
49
Air-dry
0.634
12
Green
0.963 0.830
42
Air-dry
0.830
12
TABLE IA.STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF

I. Equations expressing strength properties
(
12
| 13
F = 12.08ZV 25
II. Values as determined by testsstrength values

170
171
172
173
174
Dipterocarpaceae
Sterculiaceae
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
Pentacme contorta
Shorea negrosensis
Shorea polysperma
Tarrietia javanica
Apitong
White Lauan
Red Lauan
Tangile
Lumbayau
P.I.
P.I.
P.I.
P.I.
P.I.
d
d
d
d
d
0.687
0.485
0.523
0.538
0.571
97
112
89
102
95
11 I 12 I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 21 I 22 I 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36
92 86
92 104 116 117 101 135 136 109 106 117 108 118 112 112
81 112 115 120 130 110 111 101 122 130
128 114 105 166 115
77 103 110
95 101 142 118 110
87 115 132 107 105 146 110 128 125
96
109 102 102
66
78
73
65 106
78
60
65
60
69
62
73
98
88 120 120 117 122
86 100
97 112 108
66
82
68
76 146
95
84
66
91
91
54
75 115
71
92
84
81
112 117 112 102
100
93 102 112
80
97
91 116 108 126 129
75
85 103
78
89
95
96 100 105 111 110 132 129
98 111 115
94 132 104 104 115 100 113 105
99 104 111 103 113 162 150 112 102 123 160 170
142 115 151
96 102 115
89 116 124 103 117
96 103
90
90 118
75
87
96 149 139
95
93
94 133 139
108 104 121 103 110 187
71
99
57
99
99 102 101
80
82
94 147 184
93
89
86 125 149
127 103 139 106 114 136
88 100 105 116 123 113 102 104 106 124
91 103 112 133 120 115 115 118 136 131
110 116 131
97 126 119 120 119 127 126 116 114 123 104 105 113 132 120 112
96
94 117 126
124 109 116 114 107 103 135 112 100 107 100 123 123
89
90 106
79
95
96 101
84
79
93
93
99
88
115 112 112 122 130 122
97 108
93 122
98
94 114
90
89
90 113
68
97
85
80 116 123
148 124 165 118 116 144 102 106 122 121 129 116 132 107 102 124
92
97 103 129 138 100 100 100 133 156
120 123 129 113 131 127 118 121 115 145 120 106 113
89 119 113 115 144 124 102 101 147 150
131 81 141
97 102 110
97 154 155 103 115
96 147
87
88 117
91 104 113 112 111 107 122 117 121 111
95
93 107
89 119 168 100
98 104 137
90
88 112
89
99 102 130 136 115 106 107 119 127
153 81 142
67
83
70
75 204 156
83
77
95 208
54
66
65
82
92
98 180 183 107 118 123 163 181
82
84
70 116 137 103
86
77 106 114
63
78
66
99 112 115 162 157 108 111 110 148 193
97 100
91 104
90
89 124
78 116
95
88 102
76
84
91
93 108 101 102
71
72
85
86
82
63
71
77
85
59
47
48
45
62
86
78
91
85
98
108 100
96
57
68
84
91
51
63
83
92
90
79
58
89 100
50 76
52
80
68
76
88
28
26
88
82
98
56 101
98
70 118
71
81
60
67
59
72
63
46
47
43
43
68
28
21
11
49
72
34
28
45
61
64
71
36
61
34
42
51
46
54
30
38
98 73
96
74
78
89
85
35
21
90
87
95
44
71
81 103 106 121 100 150 123 112
82
89 130 101
88
78
88
79
62
43
66
93
48
47
75
72
84
96
72
71 140 129 139 109 101
113 100 112 102 109 118
94 113 103 113 113 114 109
95 100 102 102 110 108 126 130 106
99
97 133 140
94
90 104
90
84
88 117 109 124 102
88
95 110
89
97
98 114 110 111
93
97 118 142
61 73
55 120 108
69 218 138 174 104
88 124
81 106 115
54 109 123 118
61
60 113 112
99
63
54
101 107
78 133 131 101
70
72
69
74
81 108
59 135 120 132
47 123 139 108
43
42
184 220 176 107 114 134
93 105
95 105 111 102 104 100 101 136
89
96 100 122 131
96
92
89 118 121
125 118 142 120 130 109 110 120 107
98 111 108 145
96 112 118
94 147 104 104 105 139 150
101 116
95
79
94
73
98 125 138
88
86
91 107
78
88
64 105 105 105 158 130 121 119 113 145 140
88
90
80 113 110 128
86
79
95 120
90
93
69 124
90
92 138
122 120 109 113 119
107 109 111
70
90
83
70 144 150
81
78
86 148
80
81
66
83 103 104 135 123 102 104 102 129 120
79
95
81
83 120 141
98
83 116 137
79
86
64 100 107 112
89 107
97
96 101
91 101
120 100 127 101 108 103 108 130 130
95 102
91 130
78
94 102
85 103 107 145 132 105 105 106 142 126
107 109
95 130 132 154 103
90 121 134
93
90
83
88 113 108 137 115 109 101 105 122 109
111 111 113
97 112 108
99 152 182
95
96
94 145 111 101
93
87 113 102 151 118 102
99
98 146 128
104 114 101 115 160 211 111
98 126 147 101 101
94
93 115 110 111
73
99
95
97 109
96
93 92
86
89 107
88
93 146 136
98 100
94 124
92
97
75
88 111 106 212 128
92
93
95 161 112
85 103
87
91 130 154
95
92
99 131
86
93
94
94 103 106
90
95
89 100
97
77
99
71
83
71
68
80
79
63
48
55
84
85
84
50
81
88
74
95
72
64
58
38
64
74
78
36
33
65
80 89 49 76 135
|
|
82
77
|
|
CERTAIN WOODS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

of air-dry wood in terms of density
/P = 2.17Do 1 - 33
F = 2.17Do1-33
F = 1466Do2 25
F = 1365Do2-26
F = 1365Do225
| -28 | 29 [ 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36
F = 2.71D 0 2-25
I 27
/? = 8.37D 0 ioo
19 I 20 I 21 I 22 I 23 I 24 I 25 I 26
F = 7.38D0i-25
18 j
F = 0.00416Dtf2
F = 2750D1 o
F = 20. 9OD0 1-2 s
15 I 16 I 17 I
103
116
106
96
92
109
102
99
96
84
84
113
92
109
108
99
110
108
98
95
99
110
108
98
95
87
135
95
108
104
89
135
96
106
111
89
135
96
106
111
expressed in percentage of equation values

95
112
85
107
101
102
109
85
103
103
98
!
i
i
I
!
For other Philippine woods, see Bulletins
107
90 Nos. 4 and 14, Bureau of Forestry, Philip114 pine Islands 1907 and 1916.
108
I
!
I.
WOODS NATIVE TO
PHILIP
STRENGTH AND
For Canada, v. p. 4; for
Botanical name
Local name
Place of growth
Bulk density
Genus and species
Green
Air-dry
Family
Seasoning condition
Index
No.
g/cm3
1
200
201
202
203
2
Aceraceae
Anacardiaceae
3
Acer pseudo-platanus, Linn.
Campnosperma sp.
Euroschinus falcatus, Hook., f.
Harpephyllum caffrum, Bernh.
Alphonsea ventricosa, H., f. and Th.

Dy era costulata, Hook., f.
Rauwolfia natalensis, Sond.
Ilex capensis, Sond. and Harv.
Cussonia sp.
Panax pinnatum, A. Rich.
Betula spp.
Bombax insigne, Wall.
Coelostegia griffithii, Benth.
Cullenia excelsa, Wight.
4
Sycamore
Terentang
Port Macquarie beech
Kaffir plum, Zuurbesje, um-Gwenya,
Mategibe
Am, Mango, Thayet
Rengas
Red Cape beech, Rode Melkhout, umKomiso
Taaibosch, in-Tlokoebomve, Manzimane
Chooi
Jelutong
Quinine tree, um-Hlambamasi
Water tree, Wittehout, um-Duma
Cabbage wood, um-Senge
Mutati
Birch
Didu, Saitu, Semul
Punggai
Karayani, Kabodda, Wild Durian
Cor dia platythyrsa, Baker.

Canarium australianum, F. Muell.
Canarium bengalense, Roxb.
Canarium mauritianum, Bl.
Santiriopsis klaineana, Pierre
Casuarina cunninghamii, Miq.
Pooli
Turpentine pine
Neribi
Colophane
Odonomokuku, incense tree
River oak
204
205
206
Mangi/ er a ndica, Linn.

Melanorrhoea ? sp.
Protorhus longifolia, Engl,
207
Rhus lucida, Linn.
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
Anonaceae
Apocynaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Araliaceae
Betulaceae
Bombaceae
Boraginaceae
Burseraceae
Casuarinaceae
224
225
Casuarina decussata, Benth.

Casuarina equi setifolia, Forst.
226
227
228
229
230
Casuarina fraseriana, Miq.

Casuarina glauca, Sieb.
Casuarina torulosa, Ait.
Cathastrum capense, Turcz.
Elaeodendron croceum, DC.
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
Celastraceae
Combretaceae
Elaeodendron velutinum, Harv.

Pleurostylia wightii, Wight and Arn.
Pterocelastrus rostratus, WaIp.
Pterocelastrus variabilis, Sond.
Anogeissus acuminata, Wall.
Anogeissus lati folia, Wall.
5
British Isles
Fed. Malay States
Australia
S. Africa
India
Fed. Malay States
S. Africa
6
Air-dry
Air-dry
Green
0.697
W. Africa
Australia
India
Mauritius
W. Africa
New South Wales,
Queensland
Karri Shea-oak
W. Australia
Beefwood, Ru, Chouk, Kabwi
India, Fed. Malay
States, Queensland
Shea oak
W. Australia
Swamp oak
Australia
Forest oak
Australia
Hard pear, coffee pear, um-Ngqangqa S. Africa
Saffraanhout, saffronwood, um-Bom- S. Africa
vana
um-Nqai, um-Ngayi
S. Africa
Panaka, Pairi, Chiru-piyari
Ceylon
White pear wood
S. Africa .
Candlewood, Kersehout, Itwyina
S. Africa
Yon, Chakwa, Panchi
India
Baku, Dhaura
India
Combretum kraussii, Hchst.
Bush willow, Rodeblad, um-Dubu- S. Africa

weklati
Terminalia bialata, Wall.
Indian silver greywood, white Chug- India
lam, Lein, Chugalam
Terminalia myriocarpa, Huerck. and Hollock, Panisaj, Sungloch, Shila
India
Muell. Arg.
Terminalia paniculata, Roth
Kindal, Kirijul
India
Terminalia procera, Roxb.
Indian almond tree, Badam, Tare
India
* Tension parallel to grain.

t Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.
0.348
0.433
0.691
0.674
0.680J
S. Africa
India
Fed. Malay States
S. Africa
S. Africa
S. Africa
E. Africa
British Isles
India
Fed. Malay States
India
1.120
0.785
0.369
0.53Ot
O. 610J
0.460J
0.360
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
Green
Oven-dry
0.497
0.537
0.492
0.396J
0.644J
0.625*
0.813
0.702
0.769t
Green
Green
0.702
0.785
Green
Green
0.723
0.852
0.744
0.930
1.028t
0.90Oj
0.894
0.960J
0.879
0.686J
1 . 063
Green
Green
0.739
0.793
0.850
0.769
0.834
0.898
0.593
THE BRITISH EMPIRE

HARRIS
g/cm 3
9
0.570
%
ovenkg/mm 2
dry
I 10 I 11 I
12
2.23
7.03
16
2.25
4.18
3.54
4.57
8.40
45
17
...
Shear
Tension
perpendic. ,
ular to
grain
,, ,
Hardness
Tangential
Radial
End
Tangential
Radial
Tangential
Lit.
Radial
Compression perpendicular to
grain,fiberstress at elastic limit
Maximum crushing
strength
Fiber stress at elastic limit

complete failure
Compression parallei to grain
Impact bending
22.68 kg hammer
kgkg/
cm/ cm
kg/ mm 2
kg/mm 2
kg/mm 2
kg
mm2
cm3
I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I
21
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30
872
3.89
788
881
10230.115
4.82
|
31
(5)
(21)
(61)
(12,49)
kg-cm/cm 3
kg/mm 2
6.96
9.61
6.40
1037
1476
10850.054
4.41
(31, 43)
(21)
(12)
6.79
11.21
12530.197
9.78
(12)
10.20
4.38
4.91
5.11
2.86
3.38
9.78
4.61
8.73
5.89
9.34
7.54
6.14
3.92
10.90
4.25
10.13
1234
717
7260.054
7490.036
5480.049
5.79
1470
743
1476
10020.089
12850.143
8130.176
747
407
1272
812
1178
2.60
2.67
2.17
2.34
4.75
19
55
8
,.
4.50
3.16
11
0.53-0.786
0.55^
UC bendmg
Modulus of rupture
Moisture content
Oven-dry
Bulk
density
RELATED PROPERTIES
Tropical America, v. p. 39
4.75
3.93
5.73
5.03
5.66
2.77
6.19
4.54
4.13
2.67
2.25
6.62
2.84
8.5111070.375 69 2.18
14.0217470.612 74 3.76
2.72
5.28
4.22
3.95
5.69
2.25
(io, 43)
(21)
(!2)
(12)
(12)
0.387
(22)
(5)
0.650
(io, 43)
(21)
11730.4750.5200.5730.3160.418 333 306 284 ( 3 )
13060.6920.6540.5340.3550.612 465 415 488 (38)
( 14 )
0.783
I
(24)
1.026
(io, 43)
0.988
(")
0.494
(57)
(61)
1.083
46
20
3.54
5.62
6.34
11.02
661
1589
2.81
6.68
33
43
7.80
11.46
953
1668
1654
7610.091
9860.175
6.11
5.54
4.98
1432
3.52
5.55
8.43
14.52
11.38
6.41
9.93
5.16
5.32
3.74
3.61
5.63
4.47
10.82
9.11
10.93
7.96
9.24
8.51
13750.116
10370.152
9990.078
9210.080
13460.134
11380.103
7.24
4.36
4.77
4.87
4.62
3.83
(12)
0.524
(54)
|
(48)
1.039
(55)
13770.9310.9101.3000.4990.689 823 757 714 (41)
11990.9670.9971.1110.4470.607 845 812 810 (31,34,41,
3.82
7.96
10380.084
5.13
1477
5.88
35
35
14.1019500.572 1123.08
12.7314670.613 1442.16
0.752
1.58
I
1.041
0.816
1.047
|
0.916
8.62*
6.33*
11.95*
11.59*
(20)
(10,21,37) ,
(20)
(20)
(2,58,59)
(12)
(55)
42)
11.52
11.60
7.43
10.18
1098
(12)
3.84
1.43
I
0.755
(io, 43)
(9)
4.62
6.52
1.032
(9)
(io, 43)
242
243
3
Terminalia superba, Engl. and Diels.
Terminalia tomentosa, W. and A.
4
Afara, Affram
Indian laurel wood, Taukkyan, Sain
5
W. Africa
India
Brachylaena discolor, DC.
um-Pahla, Vaalbosch, Mapata
S. Africa
Brachylaena hutchinsii, Hutch.
Muhugu
E. Africa
Abies pedinata, DC.
European silver fir
British Isles t
247
248
249
Abies pindrow, Spach.

Agathis alba
Agathis australis, Steud.
W. Himalayan silver fir, Paludr, Badar India

Fed. Malay States
Damar Minyak
New Zealand
Kauri pine
250
251
252
Agathis robusta, F. M. Bailey

Araucaria bidwillii, Hook.
Araucaria cunning hamii, Sweet.
Queensland kauri, Dundathu pine

Bunya pine
Moreton Bay pine, hoop pine
253
254
255
A.throtaxis selaginoides, D. Don.

Callitris arborea, Schrad.
Callitris calcarata, R. Br.
256
257
258
Callitris rhomboidea, R. Br.

Callitris robusta, R. Br.
Callitris tasmanica, R. T. B.
259
Cedrus deodara, Loud.
Queensland
Queensland
New South Wales, S.
Queensland
King William pine
Tasmania
Clanwilliam cedar
S. Africa
New South Wales,
Black cypress pine
Queensland
Illawara Mountain pine, cypress pine Indiai
W. Australia
White cypress
Victoria, N. S. W.,
Oyster Bay pine
Tasmania
Deodar, Himalayan cedar
India
260
261
262
Cryptomeria japonica, D. Don.

Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartw.
Cupressus torulosa, D. Dori.
Japanese cedar
Monterey cypress
Himalayan cypress
Indiaf
Indiaf
India
263
264
Dacrydium colensoi, Hook.

Dacrydium cupressinum, Soland.
Westland pine, silver pine

Rimu, red pine
New Zealand
New Zealand
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
Dacrydium franklinii, Hook.

Juniperus procera, Hchst.
Larix europaea, DC.
Libocedrus doniana, Endl.
Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, A. Rich.
Picea excelsa, Link.
Picea morinda, Link.
Huon pine
East African juniper
Larch
Kawaka, Wawaku
Celery-top pine
Norway spruce
W. Himalayan spruce, Rai
Tasmania
E. Africa
British Islesf
New Zealand
Tasmania
British Islesf
India
white wood
red wood
India
India
244
Compositae
6
I 7 I
Air-dry
Green
0.707
Air-dry
Oven-dry
0.763
8
0.440
0.752
0.816
245
246
Coniferae (or
pinaceae)
Bhotan pine, blue pine, Kail, Piuni

Long-needled pine, Chir
Green
Air-dry
Air-dry
0.385
0.497
0 . 438
Air-dry
Air-dry
0.433
0.468
0.470
0.369J
0.618
0.753
Green
Green
Air-dry
Oven-dry
Green
Green
Green
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
Pseudotsuga douglasii, Carr.

Sequoia sempervirens, Endl.
Curtisia faginea, Ait.
Ackama muelleri, Benth.
Ceratopetalum apetalum, D. Don.
Douglas fir
Redwood
Assagai, um-Gxina
Corkwood
Coachwood
British Islesf
Australia!
S. Africa
Australia
Australia
293
Cunonia capensis, Linn.
Red alder, Rode Els, um-Nqwaskube
S. Africa
294
Platylophus trifoliatus, Don.
White alder, Witte Els
S. Africa
Cornaceae
Cunoniaceae
0.536
0.548
0 . 402
0.436
0.405
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Air-dry
288
289
290
291
292
281
282
283
284
285
286
0.431
0.547
0.451
Air-dry
287
280
0.329
0 . 433
0.419
0.637
0.609
British Isles t
S. Africat
Air-dry
British Meat
British Isles
heavy timber
Air-dry
light timber
Air-dry
Kahikatea, white pine
New Zealand
Podocarpus dacrydioides, A. Rich.
Brown pine
New South Wales,
Podocarpus elata, R. Br.
S. Queensland
Outeniqua or bastard yellowwood, S. Africa
Podocarpus elongata, L'Her
Geelhout, um-Koba
New Zealand
Miro, black pine
Podocarpus ferrugineus, Don.
Musengera, Podo
E. Africa
Air-dry
Podocarpus gracilior, PiIg.
E. Africa
Air-dry
Podo
Podocarpus milanjianus, Rendle
Welimada, Thitmin
India
Podocarpus neriifolia, Don.
Matai, black pine
Air-dry
New Zealand
Podocarpus spicata, R. Br.
Podocarpus thunbergii, Hook. var. fal- Upright or real yellow wood, um- S. Africa
Sunti
cata, Sim.
Totara
New Zealand
Green
Podocarpus tatara, Don.
278
279
0.468
Air-dry
Air-dry
274
275
276
277
Cluster pine, maritime pine

Stone pine
Weymouth pine, white pine
Dantzic fir, Scots pine
0.516
0.657
0.673
Pinus excelsa, Wall.

Pinus longifolia, Roxb.
pinaster, Soland.
pinea, Linn.
strobus, Linn.
sylvestris, Linn.
0.849
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
272
273
Pinus
Pinus
Pinus
Pinus
0.812
0.541
0.505
0.565
0.436J
0.817
0.450
0.481
0.597
0.658
0.513
0.574
O. 673 J
0.715
0.626
0.407
Air-dry
0.465$
0.940
0.641J
0.608
0.657
0.721
0.527
0.575
I
f Not a native of this country.
Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.
0.772
I 10
10
'54
13
9
io)
11 i
12
4 . 4 3 5.60
4.85
7.94
6.5Q
10.81
8.51 12.92
I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I
8940.1200.222
11680.114
12.4616150.552
13400.179
18.1124420.745
15380.264
16.7022300.707
5 04
12920 108
'
0.37-0.52
16
18
15
11 10
'
3.66
3.86
4.64
4.85
6.02
8.12
6.60
10700.079
1343
9370.159
21
3.93
3.93
5.82
6.77
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 I 26 I 27 | 28 I
8520.7720.8161.073
13950.8230.7520.9740.3690.443 658
15751.21 1.13 1.195 0.608 0.632 1000
17151.32 1.1461.20 0.7800.8711162
29 | 30 |
31
(is)
699 667 ( si, 38)
930 974
960 946
8 29
4.22
4.78
6.22 1224
28
13
19 I 20 (
3.08
992.74
1223.42
1273.60
(8> 12)
4.99
6.82
4.24
7.7712800.266
482.82
3.30
(22)
(23)
(5)
0.415
0.661
4.29
16820.3230.5370.4960.1790.169 284 184 204 (38)

(2l)
12.73*
(i, 3, 4, 19,
5.50
5.27
( 61 )
(6)
(6,9,58,59)
28, 51)
4.96
9.79
6.32
12
15
3.32
652
1440
3.95
5.81
2.85
581
6170.099
844
3.87
31
3.39
4.60
6.32
6.07
6480.103
749
1252
7.27 8510.358
581.89
2.75
45
3.62
4.61
7.17
2.12
2.52
2.57
4.70
3.82
4.86
6.09
7.41
9.25
4.01
4.35
4.13
6.43
6.85
7.85
9480.079
10220.171
11910.238
4950.052
6470.057
5790.065
7460.170
1006
1273
8.5110090.398
512.13
3.05
4.58
360.77
431.17
531.89
562.09
3.12
4.31
6.28
1.60
2.27
2.22
3.34
5.48
4.33
6.96
3.38
11.25
6.07
7.33
7.42
4670.111
1700
6640.141
1177
1371
3.81
6.17
4.32
7.21
3.23
4.77
3.25
5.53
4.02 6.90
2.81
7.17
2.70
7.35
4.71 10.23
10200.081
11140.096
693
10470.057
11750.077
971
6690.061
1202
24
40
35
10
17
14
914
5.26 6180.251
7.28 8860.348
6.29 8110.276
9.3411930.413
1.05
10.15*
(61)
(ss, 56)
( 61 )
0.356
990.7030.7210.6710.1260.369 481 386 377 (38)

( 61 )
(61)
9930.4670.5690.7140.1650.249
10670.6180.7490.8610.2490.225
14400.9170.6320.5440.1790.246
4570.3060.5310.5170.1860.260
6680.4290.5340.6960.1510.295
7840.4670.5480.6680.1370.341
7850.6850.7310.8720.2110.559
12.87*
10.07*
329
447
540
163
340
334
438
252
304
390
170
265
231
263
265 (31,38)
340
406
147 (38)
288 (38)
227 (38)
293 (38)
(4, 28)
(i, 3, 4, 19,
28)
3.14
15
0.45-0.75
4.80
3.80
0.30-0.52
4.42
15
14
14
78
lo
0.41-0.59
0.42 -0.55
0.51-0.76
0.375-0.50
n rnn
5.22
3.68
2.19
JnT
0.500
IU j
5.22
13
15
12
A *rn
O. DO(J
?n \
^J
45
6.73
4
-76
10.97 1821
8.30 1329
5.42 889
5.83
896
6
' 08
8370.113
9.62
6.12
5.91
9.29
9.98
7590.202
'13
1110
11190.235
8540.149
831
4.85
6.43
(3)
(22)
(5)
(3)
(si)
(5, 61)
0.309
4.70
8.2613310.285
9.0115500.297
532.14
662.21
8.1312050.309
9.3216620.301
612.13
612.18
3.15
3.24
4.40
2.86
3.57
4.94
3.49
6.25
14470.4690.6840.7100.2740.249
15120.4770.8850.8050.2780.310
0.802
1136 0.531 0.601|0.618 0.222 0.228
15750.4850.7520.7730.2140.172
0.771
0.579
7.10
5.23
3.19
5.62*
|
9.46*
3.76
0.427
4.08
4.01
5.62
3.52
j
0.372
0.507
1.097
|
4.24
3.12
5.09
4.38
7.47
6.52
11.07
10.34
7.42
1300
1120
14860.212
1550
1109
4.66
5.35
8.50
12380.129
4.71
3.50
4.91
5270.130
4.20
0.703
(S, 25)
(5,25)
(3,4,19,28)
(61)
(8,12,55)
>4.92*
0.413
3.03
326 202 220 (38,39)

336 252 268 (38,39)
(31,38)
261 252 318(31,38)
377 295 322 (31,38)
(5,55,56)
(55,56)
(5)
(3)
(22)
(22)
(io, 43)
(3,4,13,28)
(8,12,55)
10.20*
(i, 3, 4, 19,
28)
0.45-0.55
7.47
0.750
0.605
60
10]
OI
130 I
1Oj
O
5.17
6.04
941
0.939
I
1.365
I
0.771
0.458
I
9.03*
(5)
(61)
(12, ss)
(61)
(59)
(8,55)
(8,55)
295
296
296.5 Dilleniaceae
297 Dipterocarpaceae
298
299
300
301
3
Weinmannia lachnocarpa, F. Muell.
Mararie
Kamahi
Ottengali, Thabyu, Chalta
Sanai
Chengal, Penak
Damar Hitan
Chengal, Penak
Kanyin
Weinmannia racemosa, Linn., f.

Dillenia indica, Linn.
Anisoptera sp.
Balanocarpus maximus, King.
Balanocarpus penangianus, King.
Balanocarpus sp.
Dipterocarpus alatus, Roxb.
302
303
Dipterocarpus pilosus, Roxb.

Dipterocarpus sp.
Hollong
Keruing, Kruin
304
Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Roxb.
In, Sooahn
305
Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn. F.
Gurjan
307
308
Dryobalanops sp.
Hopea odorata, Roxb.
Kapur
Camphor-wood
Keladan
Thingan, Rinda
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
Hopea sp.
Shorea acuminata, Dyer
Shorea assamica, Dyer
Shorea barbata, Brandis
Shorea contorta, Vidal
Shorea curtisii, Dyer
Shorea, Hopea and Isoptera spp.
Shorea leprosula, Miq.
Shorea macroptera, Dyer
Shorea obtusa, Wall.
Shorea parmfolia, Dyer
Shorea robusta, Gaertn., f.
M era wan
Meranti Rambai Daun
Makai
Rasak
White Lauan
Seriah
Salangan batu, Yacal
Meranti Bunga
Melantai
Thitya
Meranti Sarang Punai
SaI, Skher
321
322
Meranti Kepong
Damar Laut Daun Besar
Damar Laut Daun Kechil
Merani Kait Kait
Seraya Batu
White Seriah, cedar
Valica affinis, Thw.
Mandora
Diospyros kurzii, Hiern.
Andaman marble-wood, Thitkya,
Pecha-da
Diospyros melanida, Poir.
Ebne marbr
Diospyros pentamera, Woods and F. Grey plum
306
323
324
325
326
Dryobalanops aromatica, Gaertn.
Shorea sericea, Dyer

Shorea sp.
Ebenaceae
<
5
New South Wales,
Queensland
New Zealand
India
Fed. Malay States
Fed. Malay States
Fed. Malay States
Fed. Malay States
India
Green
India
Fed. Malay States, Air-dry
Borneo
India
Green
0.726
Air-dry
India
Green
0.655
Air-dry
Oven-dry
Fed. Malay States 1
Air-dry
Borneo
J
Fed. Malay States
Green
0.601
India
Fed. Malay
Fed. Malay
India
Fed. Malay
Australia
Fed. Malay
Borneo
Fed. Malay
Fed. Malay
India
Fed. Malay
India
Fed. Malay
Fed. Malay
Fed. Malay
Fed. Malay
Fed. Malay
Borneo
Ceylon
India
Green
Green
States
Air-dry
States
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
States
States
States
States
States
States
States
States
Air-dry
Green
Green
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Mauritius
New South Wales,
Muell.
Queensland
Kayu Arang
327
Diospyros sp.
Fed. Malay States
Air-dry
Euclea natalensis, A. DC.
i-Dungamuzi
328
S. Africa
Royena lucida, Linn.
329
Black-bark, Zwartbast, um-Tenattena S. Africa
Aristotelia racemosa, Hook., f.
Moko
330 Elaeocarpaceae
New Zealand
Elaeocarpus dentatus, Vahl.
Hinau
331
New Zealand
Elaeocarpus grandis, F. Muell.
332
Blue fig
Australia
Sloanea woollsii, F. Muell.
Mellow Carrabeen
333
Australia
Eucryphia bilUardieri, Spach.
334 Eucryphiaceae
Leatherwood
Tasmania
Baccaurea sapida, Muell. Arg.
335 Euphorbiaceae
Latecku, Lutio, Kanazo
India
Beyeria viscosa, Miq.
Pinkwood
336
Australia
Bischofia javanica, Bl.
337
Uriana, Taykth, Aukkyu, Boa- India
ungza, red cedar
Bridelia
micrantha,
Baill.
338
um-Hlahlamakwaba, Mazerie
S. Africa
Hemicyclia
australasica,
Muell.
Arg.
Yellow
tulip wood
339
Queensland, N e w
South Wales
Ricinodendron africanus, Muell. Arg. Ochwen
340
W. Africa
Castanea saliva, Mill.
341 Fagaceae
Sweet chestnut
British Isles t
Air-dry
342
Castanopsis hystrix, A. DC.
Chestnut, Dalne, Hingori, Sirikishu
India
Berangan
Castanopsis sp.
343
Fed. Malay States
Green
344
Fagus cunninghamii, Hook.
Tasmanian myrtle, red myrtle
Australia
Green
345
Fagus fusca, Hook., f.
Red beech, black birch, Towai
New Zealand
346
Fagus menziesii, Hook., f.
Silver beech, red birch, Towai
New Zealand
347
Fagus moorei, F. Muell.
Negro head, white beech
New South Wales
Fagus syhatica, Linn.
Beech
348
British Isles
Air-dry
349
Quercus lamellosa, Sm.
Hill oak, BUk.
India
350
Quercus pedunculata, Ebrh.
Oak
British Isles
Air-dry
Quercus robur, Linn.
351
Oak
British Isles
Air-dry
352
Quercus sessiliflora, Salisb.
Oak
British Isles
$ Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.
8
0.802
0.512
Air-dry
Air-dry
Green
0 . 589
Air-dry
Green
0 . 574
Air-dry
Oven-dry
States
States
0.705
0 . 489
0.785
0.609
0 . 604
0.689
0 . 665
0.689
0.785
0.608
0.447
0.577
0.817
0.513
0.513
0 . 689
0 . 483
0.454
0.961
0 . 436
0.714
0.772
0 . 374
0 . 837
0.920
0.513
0 . 777
O. 48 1-0. 64 Ij
0.957
0.978
0.768
0.705
0.798
0.890
0.770
0.593
0.562J
0.665J
0.577J
0.785J
0.673
0.704J
0.721
0.590
0.865
0.789J
0.737J
0.569
0.656
0.577J
0.593
0.860
0.945
0 . 744
0.785
I 10
I 11 I
71
2.68
19
17
24
17
73
17
3.44
7.81
4.28
6.75
3.76
4.25
7.81
11.49
4.29
17
50
12
13.30
I 13 I
1892
5.38
8.34
6.46
11.49
7.76
9.93
6.61
8.79
9.61
8450.0500.725
1036
1012
1723
1192
1455
10390.077
10.7014820.443
13330.077
13.0415530.629
13460.252
7.41
14 J 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I
66
8.15
9.79
7.75
10.97
13.83
12330.110
13810.105
14200.095
15740.117
17750.288
19
21
5.03
3.94
10.04
8.64
11.50
1680
1399
1465
10.28
6.62
8.30
13.73
6.25
7.58
8.66
6.85
6.77
15.64
5.83
9.92
1623
1005
1102
2005
663
1234
1425
1203
1244
1776
1033
13730.128
10.65
5.28
13.32
12.88
7.53
9.21
7.20
9.64
7.80
13500.136
1005
1920
1860
1417
1167
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
31
(61)
2.04
2.39
5.17
741.71
762.86
4.22
3.18
4.57
6.62
4.16
3.42
0.5240.8600.9560.3630.497 406 336 365 (29)

1.014
(io, 43)
( 21 )
(21)
(21)
(21)
11220.5340.6710.7520.5060.745 402 413 392 (3i, 38)
12070.6180.8851.0440.4320.594 503 447 438
15010.7840.8890.9040.6390.714 680 537 501
0.787
(34,43)
( 9 > 21 )
14.1318860.604 1022.58
2.49
13.1218960.507 812.73
2.62
6.68
3.96
4.77
4.12
5.44
8.75
14220.8580.8400.9460.4150.671
15230.6330.9701.1250.5660.756
15970.6680.6220.7420.5200.622
16720.8330.8160.9460.8860.618
16240.9560.9320.8860.6250.724
1237
4.91
5.07
4.88
5.69
9.47
21
644
733
463
633
664
644 (31,38,46)
710
458 (38)
583
646
(9>21;
(2M
(10. 3 <> 3I.
3.89
5.87
660
715
481
596
703
1.48
43)
20
20
5.68
3.38
18
5.92
19
28
18
21
3.84
19
56
3.30
5.56
28
17
17
17
31
16
5.55
2.85
6.02
6.33
4.10
5.17
3.83
3.97
4.49
.
5.22
8,54
13.4417920.569 1013.53
4.65
(21)
(21)
0.934
(io, 43)
(21)
(61)
(21)
(9> 3 7 )
(21)
(21)
1.873
(9,31,43)
(21)
14320.9840.9140.9720.4800.678 625 679 692 ( 31 36 3 >
40, 43)
5.46
16
22
28
0.61-0.75
0.436
1.49
4.43
1.068
(63)
(61)
1.466
(21)
(12)
(12)
(3)
(3)
(59)
(61)
(2)
( 1( >)
(3)
(io, 43)
11.02
8.98
6.57
6.17
6.33
8.11
9.08
14.10
7.51
9.86
6.02
1596
14880.081
6680.068
4520.131
9750.129
1184
1342
1668
925
8670.164
598
3.16
5.25
8.82
9760.060
1237
5.05
3.81
2.90
6.29
7.70
7.42
6.94
6.40
8.08
7.73
8.15
10.34
8.94
8.30
10.37
6.85
1046
925
908
1073
13270.104
1054
914
1157
1389
1225
3.78
5.17
4.05
12
0.60-0.813
3.59
4.12
6.30
5.38
4.69
2.86
3.14
4.76
3.69
3.78
1533
805'
(21)
(9 2 1 )
5.55
9.75
3.87
4.98
1007
1502
1.307
3.78
5.06
0.44-0.60
13160.107
1270
5.76
(54)
(io, 43)
4.84
4.24
5.58
1087
4.62
12.46*
0.786
4.42
4.07
4.20
4.20
5.22
5.09
5.18
6.05
6.22
(12)
(2,61)
1274
0.687
|
1.274
|
0.876
0.63
0.63
0.736
|
1.69
6.27*
5.60*
5.60*
14.40*
7.73*
|
7.38*
7.03-13.35*
j
( 5 7)
(5)
(io, 43)
(21)
(Si, 61)
(3, is, 28)
(3,13,28)
(2, is, 59)
(! 5 )
(io, si, 43)
(20)
(i, 5, 25)
( 12 )
2
Flacourtiaceae
362
363
364
365
366
Calophyllum sp.
Calophyllum spectabile, Willd.
Garcinia conrauana, Engl.
Kayea assamica, King and Prain
Mesua ferrea, Linn.
4
Zuurbesjes, um-Kokolo
Wild peach, Spekhout, Mpataselo
Red pear, Rode Peer
Thorn pear, Wolvedoorn
Wild mulberry, Wilde Moerbe, XaIebo
Walukina
Gurukina
Alexandrian laurel, Tharapi, Sultana
champa, Puna
Bintangor
Dakar talada, Pantaga, LaI chuni
Orugbo
Sia Nahor
Penaga (F. M. S.), Nageshwa, Gangaw
367
368
Hamamelidaceae
Bucklandia populnea, R. Br.

Parrotia jacquemontiana, Dene.
Pipli, Dinghah, Singliang

Peshora, Shtar
India
India
Icacinaceae
Apodytes dimidiata, E. Mey.
White pear, Witte Peer, um-Dakane
S. Africa
Lauraceae
Villaresia moorei, F. Muell.

Beuschmiedia obtusifolia, Benth.
New South Wales maple

Pomatum wood, She beech
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
369
370
371
Guttiferae
372
373
3
Dovyalis zizyphoides, E. Mey.
Kiggelaria africana, Linn.
Scolopia ecklonii, Arn.
Scolopia zeyheri, Arn.
Trimeria alnifolia, Harv.
Calophyllum bracteatum, Thw.

Calophyllum calaba, Linn.
Calophyllum inophyllum, Linn.
Beilschmiedia tarairi, Benth. and H., f. Taraire

Beuschmiedia tawa, Benth. and H., f. Tawa
5
S.
S.
S.
S.
S.
Ceylon
Ceylon
India
Fed. Malay States
India
W. Africa
India
India
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Black sassafras
376
Endiandra discolor, Benth.
Murrogun
377
378
382
383
384
Endiandra pubens, Meissn.

Eusideroxylon zwageri, Teijsm. and Borneo ironwood, Billian
Binn.
Billian
Mangi, Mangeao, Tangeao
Litsea calicaris, Kirk.
She beech, Bally Gum
Litsea reticulata, Meissn.
Litsea reticulata, Meissn. and Litsea Bally gum
ferruginea, Bl.
Medang
Litsea sp.
Medang Tandok
Litsea ? sp.
Lalie, Leddil, Kaula, Seiknangyi
Machilus odoratissima, Ness.
385
Ocotea bullata, E. Mey.
Black stinkwood, stinkhout
S. Africa
386
Ocotea usambarensis
Muzaiti, camphor
E. Africa
387
388
389
390
391
Persea semicarpi folia

Acacia acuminata, Benth.
Acacia arabica, Willd.
Acacia horrida, Willd.
Acacia melanoxylon, R. Br.
Ranai
Jam wood
Babul, Kikar
Doornboom, thorn tree, um-Nga
Blackwood
Acacia natalitia, E. Mey.

Adenanthera pavonina, Linn.
Afrormosia laxiflora, Harms.
Afzelia africana, Sm.
Afzelia spp.
u-Munga
Recheda, Yiv, redwood
Ainyesan
Aligna
Merabau
Ipil
Ceylon
W. Australia
Green
India
S. Africa
E. Australia, Tasmania
S. Africa
India
W. Africa
W. Africa
Oven-dry
Fed. Malay States \
Green
Borneo
/
392
393
394
395
396
397
Albizzia fastigiata, Oliver
Flat crown, Nebelele, um-HIandhloti
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
Albizzia lebbek, Benth.

Albizzia odoratissima, Benth.
Albizzia procera, Benth.
Bauhinia variegata, Linn.
Berlinia acuminata, Soland.
Brachystegia spicaeformis, Benth.
Cassia siamea, Lam.
Castanospermum australe, A. Cunn.
Sirio, Siris, Kkko, walnut

Suriya Mara, Thitmagyi
Thitpyu, Sit, White Siris
Kachnar, Bwchin, Bwegyin
Ekpagoy
Okwein
Johor
Black bean
406
407
Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Harms.

Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb.
408
409
Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb.

Detarium senegalense, J. F. Gmel.
0.529
0.617
0.716
0.745
0.897
0.721J
Australia
New South Wales,
Queensland
New Zealand
New Zealand
Green
Air-dry
Australia
New South
Queensland
New South
Queensland
Queensland
Borneo
0.519
0.705
0.673
Cinnamomum oliveri, F. M. Bailey

Cryptocarya patentinervis, F. Muell.
Leguminosae
0.870
0.650J
0.840
1 . OOO
O. 790J
374
375
379
380
381
. I
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
0 . 694
f 0.636
I
0.670
0.689
0.737
0.888
0 . 533
0.555
Wales,
0.513
0.657
Wales,
0.753J
Fed. Malay States

New Zealand
Australia
Australia
Fed. Malay States
Fed. Malay States
India
0.721
Green
Air-dry
0 . 938
0.621
O. 433 J
0.484
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
0.601
0.721
0.641
1 0.659
I
Green
Air-dry
S. Africa
India
Ceylon
India
India
W. Africa
W. Africa
Air-dry
Fed. Malay States
Air-dry
New South Wales,
Queensland
African greenheart, Okan
W. Africa
East Indian rosewood, blackwood, India
KaIa Shishm
Sissoo, Shishm
India
Ogwega
W. Africa

0.960
0.758
0.547
0.558
1.015
0.935
0.865
0.790J
0.675
0.700
0.898J
0.802J
0.718
[ 0.415
j
0.444
0.753J
0.914
0.737
0.705
0.891
0.645
0 . 849
0.837J
0.934
0.882
0.770J
1.091 t
I 10 I 11 I
2.93
2.93
3.52
3.52
3.52
3.54
3.43
18
41
16
0.690
33
50)
10
OJ
12
5.37
5.55
7.00
8.95
8.35
6.34
6.14
6.57
4.32
3.79
4.61
8.98
7.21
<19.67
5.01
8.90
8.44
16.07
1490
855
1307
13180.106
2025
4.28
5.20
4.77
9.99
7.20
6.62
973
7520.051
4.00
2.72
4.23
9.36
11190.092
5.57
4.83
5.04
3.94
4.36
23
14
9.39
5.52
17
20
16
0.800
80]
10
OJ
83
13
25
3.30
5.62
8.06
0.460
70]
10 I
OJ
7.53
9.29
1113
1363
11.39
1372
9.03
13.81
1303
1676
11.49
6.33
9.54
5.44
6.43
2.22
2.90
(54)
(54)
(io, 43)
()
1.030
(io, 43)
>0.317
7.02*
(1M
1520 1.026 1.06l|l. 100 0.496 0.513 801 760 785 ( 3 8 )
1.883
(io, 21, 31,
I
)
0.905
(io, 43)
(*0)
0.996
(8,12,55)
(3)
0.6040.6990.860
(3,4,29)
0.8211.0101.1040.3000.739 526 386 376 ( 3 , 4 , 2 9 )
10.13*
( 61 )
( 61 )
3.04
3.69
(2,61)
( 61 )
(9 3 7 )
'
7.94
(21)
(3)
(61)
(6)
3.66-4.29
3.41
12540.292
i
3.79
7.41
6.87
2.18
6.82
6.23
0.237
0.666
1.232
( 61 )
( 61 )
17.33
2398
6.97
9010.188
5.77
925
6.937.84 ,
6.46 1406
11.02
1623
5.89
886
5930.053
1314
1284
15160.1880.765
1628
7.02
10
18
9960.137
11550.0760.654
11400.0940.499
5.99
10.13
7.14
12.66
11.51
2.34
9
21
5.69
6.16
7.71
7220.174
1655
1262
6980.048
1138
4.81
9.98
15.1021350.599 1072.66
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
31
"
(")
(U)
(12)
()
()
1670
910
2.46
5.56
7.42
10.75
11.13
5.78
7.80
2.42
0.639
21
3.65
4.10
3.98
5.03
5.08
11570.060
10370.059
745
11.98
5.34
63
15
I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I
6180.086
7120.074
8490.084
9060.076
9090.076
6.44
3.38
4.71
4.10
<11.83
4.27
5.45
4.77
9610.232
3.71
7.13
4.68
6.75
6.35
4.77
9.29
10.27
12.63
3.84
6.11
12.13
10.84
8.87
1157
12200.224
1456
370
981
16720.1450.785
1392
1188
8.98
13.64
1277
1247
5.12
7.61
9.96
11.36
1146
1458
7.49
6.23
4.47
6.73
6.58
7.45
2.90
3.78
6.58
4.28
1260
(21)
(21)
(io, 43)
0.907
I
0.918
I
0.429
0.485
0.650
0.830
8.44*
1.453
11.03*
(8,12,55)
( 12 )
(io, 43)
(57)
()
( 21 37 )
1.499
0.648
15501.2081.3261.589
1.012
I
1.433
0.902
1.733
0.981
0.543
16731.0621.1360.973
994
1.742
I
1.017
0.785
(22)
(23)
(54)
(20)
(3M
(12)
(51,58,59)
12
> 50
)
(io, 43, 48)
(54)
()
(io, 43)
(57)
(15)
(2M
(2, 59)
(8,
57
6.58*
(57)
(9, si)
(31,43)
(57)
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
3
Dialium platysepalum, R. T. B.
Erythrina caffra, Thunb.
Hardwickia binata, Roxb.
Koompassia parvifolia, Prain
Milletia caff r a, Meissn.
Pericopsis mooniana, Thw.
Piptadenia africana, Hook., f.
417
Pterocarpus indiens, Willd.
418
419
420
421
422
423
Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Kurz.

Pterocarpus marsupium, Roxb.
Pterocarpus santalinus, Linn., f.
Pterolobium sp.
Sindora sp.
Sophora tetraptera, J. Mill.,
grandiflora, Hook., f.
Virgilia capensis, Lam.
Xylia dolabriformis, Benth.
424
425
4
5
Kran ji
Fed. Malay States
Kafirboom, um-Sinsi
S. Africa
Anjan, Acha, Yepa
India
Tualang
Fed. Malay States
Kaffir ironwood, um-Zimbiti
S. Africa
Nedun, Hedun
Ceylon
Ekhimi, Agboin, West African green- W. Africa
heart
Padauk
India
Burma Padauk
Bijasl, Vengai
Red Sanders, Lai Chandanum
Agba
Sepetir
var. Kohwai
6
Green
Air-dry
7 I
0.785
8 .
0 . 240
1.313J
0.657
1.150
1.135
Air-dry
Oven-dry
Air-dry
India
India
India
W. Africa
Fed. Malay States
New Zealand
0.685
0.865
0.881
1.202J
0.463
0 . 508
0.884
Air-dry
Air-dry
441
Chickrassia tabularis, A. Juss.
442
443
444
445
Chloroxylon swietenia, DC.

Dysoxylon fraserianum, Benth.
Dysoxylon muelleri, Benth.
Dysoxylon spectabile, Hook., f.
Keur, vetch-leaved Virgilia

Ironwood of Burma and Arracan,
Pyinkado, Jambu
Pagar Anak
Saliehout, Gwangi, sagewood
Wild elder, Vlier, um-Quaqu
Cape Teak, Kajatenhout, um-Hamalala
Pyinma, Ajhar, Jarul, Taman
Pyinma, Pabda
Nana, Benteak
Indian Prima Vera, Dhauri, Lendia,
Sida
Bungor
Burmese Leza wood
Sapu, Champaca, saga
Magnolia, Bara champ, Gok
um-Lolwa
Tulip tree, Portia tree, Suriya
Red cedar, Toon, Tuni, Poma, Thitkado
Chikrassi, Arrodah, Yinma, Chittapong wood
Satinwood, Buruta, Mutirai
Rosewood
Red bean
Kohe Kohe
446
Ekebergia capensis, Sparrm.
Dog plum, Essehout, Cape ash
S. Africa
447
448
449
Ekebergia meyeri, Presi.

Entandrophragma candollei, Harms.
Guarea sp.
S. Africa
W. Africa
W. Africa
0.540
0.674J
0.814
450
451
452
453
Guarea thompsoni, Spr. and Hutch.

Khaya ivorensis, A. Chev.
Khaya senegalensis, A. Juss.
Melia azedarachj Linn.
W. Africa
W. Africa
W. Africa
Ceylon
0.774
0.668
0.513
0.758
454
M elio, dubia, Ca v.
Ceylon
0.327
455
Pseudocedrela sp.
Essehout
Ikpwapobo
Scented mahogany, cedar, OboboNufwa
Obobo-Nikwi, cedar
Mahogany, Ogwango
Dry-zone mahogany, Ogwango
Margosa, Nym tree, Persian lilac,
bastard cedar, Thamaga
Lucumidella, Ceylon mahogany or
cedar, Malai
Apopo
426
427
428
429
Linaceae
Loganiaceae
Ixonanthes icosandra, Jack.

Buddleia salvifolia, Lam.
Nuxia floribunda, Benth.
Strychnos atherstonei} Harv.
430
431
432
433
Lythraceae
Lag er str o ernia flos-reginae, Retz.

Lagerstroemia hypoleuca, Kurz.
Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Wall.
Lagerstroemia parvi flora, Roxb.
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
M agnoliaceae
Malvaceae
Meliaceae
456
457
458
Lagerstroemia sp.
Lagerstroemia tomentosa, Presi.
Michelia champaca, Linn.
Michelia excelsa, Bl.
Hibiscus tiliaceus, Linn.
Thespesia populnea, Soland.
Cedrela toona, Roxb.
Pteroxylon utile, Eckl. and Zeyh.

Monimiaceae
Moraceae
Doryphora sassafras, Endl.

Artocarpus chaplasha, Roxb.
S. Africa
India
0.708
0.96U
Fed. Malay States

S. Africa
S. Africa
S. Africa
Air-dry
0 . 697
0.810
0.706
0.780
India
India
India
India
Air-dry
0 . 566
0.64U
0.850J
0.849
Fed. Malay States

India
Ceylon
India
S. Africa
India
Australia and India
Air-dry
0.513
0.802
0.638
O. 529 t
0.760
0.806
0.479
Air-dry
India
0.785
Ceylon
Australia
Australia
New Zealand
1.031
0.726
0.723
0.678
f 0.490
I
W. Africa
0.519
f 0.956
I
Sneezewood, Nieshout, Mweri, um- S. Africa

Tati
Sassafras
Australia
Kaita-da, Chaplash, Chram, Taung- India
peinn
Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk.
Aini, Ayani
India
460
461
462
463
464
Artocarpus
Artocarpus
Artocarpus
Artocarpus
Artocarpus
Jak, Kanthai, Peinn, Pilla

Dahu, Myauklot, Wonta
Del, Bedi-del
Perian
Keladang
Ceylon
India
Ceylon
Fed. Malay States
Fed. Malay States
Iroko, Odum
Wild fig, um-Tombi
Pulut Pulut
Tempinis
W. Africa
S. Africa
Fed. Malay States
Fed. Malay States
0.991
0.593
0.545
Green
459
0.517
0.516
I
Air-dry
465
466
467
468
integrifolia, Linn., f.
lakoocha, Roxb.
nobilis, Thw.
rigida. Bl.
sp.
Chlorophora excelsa, Benth. and Hook.

V'icus natalensis, Hchst.
Ficus sp.
I Sloetia sideroxylon, Teijsm. and Binn.

Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
0.695
0.641
0-. 770
0.304
0 . 601
.0.545
0.410
0.336
0.872
0.250
0 I 11 I
23
7.73
10
1.17
4.36
8.09
7.13
6.61
12
13.07
1.93
11.92
8.51
11.83
11.28
11.77
17
8.12
8.96
18
0.665
I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 | 19 | 20 |
2088
2400.032
1507
1560
17140.198
15320.180
15080.1510.556
4.68
1537
21
1.29
8.45
10.30
6.16
6.75
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 1
31
( 21 )
.
( ")
(31,43)
(21)
( 12 )
1.044
(54)
15301.47 1.3771.712
(is, 57)
5.21
0.956
( 10 >
10.16*
10
17
16
11
19
10.99
8.73
9.85
8.63
6.77
10.51
879
1253
1271
9960.1930.668
1054
9620.168
6.00
8.95
10.13
10400.193
1280
4.47
6.10
5.77
3.60
7.21
2.64
11.65
7.67
10.42
7.08
1673
6700.107
11540.251
8060.045
4.95
5.16
5.21
0.728
7.37
11.87
6.92
7.26
11.46
12710.243
903
1251
6.10
4.72
3.81
6.03
1.402
1.117
0.834
1.790
8.35
10.10
5.49
7.13
6.71
8.20
6.98
1132
1147
7920.072
812
6980.053
7130.127
950
5.96
2.47
3.95
4.21
4.43
5.48
1.388
0.530
0.700
1
0.652
1.028
6.07
3.90
4.96
4.72
3.30
2.34
4.16
12
8.78
<14.02
10.00
3.17
4.20
20
> 31,
37,43)
1.647
|
2.620
9570.6980.7580.993
(43,47)
(31)
(io, si, 43)
(15)
(2l)
(3)
0.954
1.386
(55)
(31,43)
( 2 I)
O2)
(55)
(i 2 )
792 645 640 (31,35,53)
(io, 43)
(9, 31, 43)
(9,31,43)
( 2 I)
(9 4 4 )
(43,54)
(io, 43)
(12)
(54)
(6, 31, 43,
59)
7.77
5.71
0.520
6.99
873
9.68
8.37
4.07
5.94
11010.159
1333
1086
10140.119
5.31
5.06
4.88
5.28
7800.066
3.88
5.74
4.44
5.13
10430.059
693
754
3.78
3.02
2.68
4.90
<12.38
2.30
4.40
4.09
8.07
945
1079
867
7800.110
4.27
4.56
2.87
4.71
4.66
70]
10 y 3.05
OJ
3.05
2.33
3.08
3.06
2.08
4.02
5200.047
2.14
1.93
4.33
647
3.01
25
975
720
1.338
1.434
1.596
(31,43,54)
(i9, ss, 59)
(59)
(3)
10.99*
(, 12)
0.629
0.638
I
0.618
>0.351
0.533
0.932
I
0.336
I
>0.410
( 12 )
(57)
(57)
(57)
(U)
(57)
(54)
>4.24*
(54)
(57)
10 \ 9.09
1.000
(31, 43)
13.41
14340.318
9.70
0.771
(*> i 2 48,
0.906
(61)
(io, 43)
55)
OJ
8.33
5.97
1382
693
10450.127
80
4.82
7.52
13
6.19
4.13
9.37
4.81
10.76
6.54
4.88
10.27
11.32
10.54
3.75
5.20
16.32
4.87
10.1714400.411
762.99
4.14
583.74
5.81
5.36
7.18
4.61
945 0.580 0.724 0.614 0.358 0.394 481 440 470 ( 3 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 ,

62)
15
61
14
14
17
14
4.77
2.78
5.62
6.40
7.07
2.46
2.65
8.91
1265
11.47
7000.126
1303
9970.112
773
1582
1652
12270.2160.773
5280.064
787
2030
5.28
5.75
2.76
0.8650.9490.875
0.473
1.374
0.869
617 390 528

(31,43,54)
(io, 43)
(54)
(21)
(21)
1203 1.043 0.976 0.833 0.536 0.651 639 508 544 (li, is, 18)
(12)
(21)
(21)
1
469
Myristicaceae
3
Myristica irya, Gaertn.
4
Black Chuglam, Maloh
470
Myrsinaceae
Myrsine melanophlaeos, R. Br.
Cape beech, Beukenhout, Magona
S. Africa
471
472
Myrtaceae
Myrsine urvillei, A. DC.

Angophora intermedia, DC.
Mapau
Narrow-leaved apple
473
Angophora lanceolata, Cav.
Smooth-barked apple
474
Angophora subvelutina, F. Muell.
Rough-barked apple
475
Backhousia myrtifolia, Hook.
Grey myrtle
476
477
478
Eucalyptus accedens, Fitzg.

Eucalyptus acervula, Hook., f.
Eucalyptus acmenioides, Schau.
Powder bark
Red gum
White mahogany
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
H. G. S.
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
486
Eucalyptus calophylla, R. Br.
Marri, red gum
487
campanulata, R. T. B. and
Stringybark
488
489
490
491
Eucalyptus
H. G. S.
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
New Zealand
New South Wales,
Queensland
New South Wales,
Queensland
New South Wales,
Queensland
New South Wales,
Queensland
Australia
Tasmania
New South Wales, Green
Queensland
Tasmania
New South Wales
New South Wales,
Victoria
New South Wales
New South Wales
Queensland, Victoria
New South Wales,
Victoria
W. Australia
Green
Air-dry
Australia
capitellata, Sm.
citriodora, Hook., f.
consideniana, J. H. M.
cornuta, Labili.
Brown stringybark
Citron-scented gum
White ash
Yate gum
Australia
Queensland
New South Wales
W. Australia
492
Eucalyptus corymbosa, Sm.
Bloodwood
Australia
1.015
0.970
493
494
Eucalyptus corynocalyx, F. Muell.

Eucalyptus crebra, F. Muell.
Sugar gum
Narrow-leaved ironbark
S. Australia
Australia
1.115$
1.120
495
Eucalyptus delegatensis, R. T. B.
496
Eucalyptus
497
498
499
500
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
M.
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
501
502
503
504
amygdalina, Labili.
andrewsi, J. H. M.
australiana, R. T. B. and
Black peppermint
New England peppermint
Narrow-leaved peppermint
beyeri, R. T. B.
bicolor, A. Cunn.
botryoides, Sm.
bridgesiana, R. T. B.
Narrow-leaved ironbark
Flooded box
Bangalay, mahogany
Apple, woolly-butt
Blue gum
505
Eucalyptus gomphocephala, DC.
Tuart
506
Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F. Muell.
Mountain gum, grey gum
507
508
Eucalyptus hemilampra, F. Muell.

Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F. Muell.
509
510
Eucalyptus intermedia, R. T. B.
Eucalyptus jacksonii, J. H. M.
511
512
513
514
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
515
Eucalyptus longifolia, Lk. and Ott.
laevopinea, R. T. B.
largiflorens, F. Muell.
leucoxylon, F. Muell.
longicornis, F. Muell.
[ 0.663
I
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Victoria, Tasmania Air-dry
Indiaf
S. W. Australia
Green
Air-dry
New South Wales,

Victoria, S. Australia
Mahogany
New South Wales
Grey box, white box, brush box, gum- Australia
Green
top box
Air-dry
Green
Bloodwood
New South Wales
Red Tingle Tingle, stringybark
S. W. Australia
Green
Air-dry
Silvertop stringybark
Australia
Red box
Australia
Blue gum
S. Australia
Morrell
W. Australia
Green .
Air-dry
Woollybutt, peppermint
Victoria

8
0.833
0.743
0.991J
0.929J
0.962
0.769
1.042
1.026
0.757
0.930J
0.849
0.792J
1.146
1.021
1.013
0.906
0.659
0.801
0.833
0.994
0.930J
0.930
Southern Mountain ash, Tasman- New South Wales,

ian oak
Victoria, Tasmania
diversicolor, F. Muell.
Karri
W. Australia
Green
Air-dry
dives, Schau.
Peppermint, messmate
Australia
drepanophylla, F. Muell.
Messmate, ironbark
Australia
eugenioides, Sieb.
White stringybark
E. Australia
Green
fastigata, H. D. and J. H. Stringybark
New South Wales,
Victoria
fergusoni, R. T. B.
Bloodwood ironbark
New South Wales
fletcheri, R. T. B.
River box
New South Wales,
Victoria
fraxinoides, H. D. and White ash
New South Wales
Eucalyptus
J. H. M.
Eucalyptus globulus, Labili.
India
0.959
0.657
0.749
0.829
1.157 J
1.077 I
0 . 739
0.898
1.162J
1.066J
0.722
0.676
0.806
0.784
0.787
0.874
0.972
0.915J
1.058
0.754
0 . 884
1.009
1.1 70
0.887
0.802J
1.245J
1.163
0.900
0.915
0.769
0.780
I 10
80]
10 I
OJ
( 11 I
12
11.68
4.32
4.66
8.47
44
75
12
32
12
I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I
1341
21
6.52
7.07
10890.103
4.34
9.75
11.74
8250.154
1585
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
31
1.318
(io, 43)
I
'
.
0.794
(8, 12, ss)
(3)
(61)
9.53
1339
(61)
6.91
1128
(61)
15.28
2120
(61)
10.20 1518
(20)
8.46
10.21
2132
15500.167
7.18
6.83
10.02
1960
1017
1446
12.22
8.85
10.93
6.12
1562
1114
1468
945
6.28
6.32 7.98 1265

8.86 11.67 1820
9.38 1455
12.17
8.69
12.48
8.93 11.74
11.95 15.12
9.81
1713
0.9711.041
7.39*
6.41
1557
1.100
13.79*
4.01
4.99
982
875
1.160
1.613
11.54*
12.25*
873
1389
0.506
0.808
9.56*
14.20*
4.66
6.53
1588
1189
1637
1617
1969
1408
4.69
8.16
6.97
7.24
12.25
1144
1620
4.18 718
6.95 1536
9.55
1523
999
1336
1354
0.879
1.178
1.373
I
1.526
1.540
13.85*
17.02*
13.88*
I
7.61*
12.97*
(2)
(2,6,24,60)
(2)
C2)
(2,59)
(2)
(2,24,59)
(2,59)
(2)
(2,20)
(2)
(2)
(2,24)
(2)
(2, 20)
(2, 6, 7, 24,
52 S9
, )
(59)
2 24
( > 58,
59)
54
12
6.04 8.09 1230

9.53 12.16 1885
11.30
9.67 1245
39
12
30
12
40
10.68
6.28
10.39
8.16
8.61
8.61*
(27)
(24)
(2)
C2)
13.26
1782
(2)
7.93
12.79
8.47
11.99
14830.082
22420.163
1652
2355
6.54 8.30 1146

11.18 12.58 1800
10.92 1402
12
30
1.0231.164
(2,7,20)
2174
931
12.4517030.508 1042.27
16.2426040.602 1353.79
11.50 1608
8.79 1406
11.38
12.97
11.92
8.51
12.78
7.13
9.96
11.71
10.97
11.88
11.51
1898
19190.248
1679
1311
2063
914
1146
1705
1512
1687
16700.207
3.59
5.83
3.99
6.24
1524
9.25*
13.18*
11.04*
I
15.94
8.40
43
12
5.70
0.633
0.738
14600.172
1987
4.60
8.00
6.22
10.54
7.16
3.87 926
7.17 1425
4.84
11.22
12.42
52
13
42
12
70
(2)
22660.5910.8751.0020.4220.661 601 569 542 ( 38 )

23900.8260.9981.5320.6720.864 756 692 535
1231
0.728
15.07*
(2,7,20,55,
1793
0.946
18.14*
56,59)
I
I
4.91 1261
7.49 1332
5.11 1072
0.682
0.925
1.314
9.35*
11.60*
9.49*
4.50
1300
I
0.591
I
9.77*
I
6.33
6.36
1673
1794
4.36
7.21
5.57
6.59
5.52
7.81
5.80
(2,59,60)
(2)
0.759
1.1321.315
0.661
0.914
819
1322
1287
1413
1652
1.273
1.476
0.858
0.844
1.0871.172
11.53*
14.78*
I
8.21*
11.03*
I
10.57*
14.57*
11.38*
12.65*
14.92*
(2, 7, 20)
(2,59)
(2)
(2, 20, 24,
59
)
()
(2)
(20)
(2)
(59)
(7,58,59)
(20)
C2
58
59
3
Eucalyptus loxophleba, Benth.
York gum
517
518
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, F. Muell.

Eucalyptus maculata, Hook., f.
Red stringybark
Spotted gum
E. Australia
New South
Queensland
519
Eucalyptus marginata, Sm.
Jarrah, West Australian mahogany
W. Australia
520
521
Eucalyptus media, Link.

Eucalyptus microcorys, F. Muell.
Blackbutt
Tallowwood
Australia
New South
Queensland
522
523
524
525
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
526
Eucalyptus obliqua, L'Hr
527
528
529
Grey ironbark
Eucalyptus paniculata, Sm.
Eucalyptus paniculata, Sm. and Euca- Ironbark
lyptus crebra, F. Muell.
Eucalyptus patens, Benth.
Blackbutt
530
531
532
533
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eur.n,lyptij.s
Eucalyptus
534
535
Eucalyptus piperita, Sm.

Eucalyptus planchoniana, F. Muell.
Sydney peppermint
Tallow-wood
536
537
Eucalyptus platyphylla, F. Muell.

Eucalyptus polyanthemos, Schau.
Poplar gum
Red box
538
Grey gum
539
Eucalyptus propinqua, H. D. and J.

H. M.
Eucalyptus punctata, D. C.
Grey gum
540
541
Eucalyptus raveretiana, F. Muell.

Eucalyptus redunca, Schau.
Thozet's box, iron gum tree

Wandoo, white gum
542
Eucalyptus regnans, F. Muell.
Giant gum, swamp gum
543
Eucalyptus resinifera, Sm.
Red mahogany, forest mahogany
544
545
Eucalyptus robusta, Sm.

Eucalyptus rostrata, Schi.
Swamp mahogany
Murray red gum
546
Eucalyptus saligna, Sm.
Blue flooded gum, Sydney blue gum
547
548
Eucalyptus saligna, Sm. var. pallidi- Flooded gum

valvis, R. T. B. and H. G. S.
Salmon gum
Eucalyptus salmonophloia, F. Muell.
549
Eucalyptus siderophloia, Benth.
Broad-leaved ironbark, red ironbark
550
551
sieberiana, F. Muell.
squamosa, H. D. and J.
Mountain ash
Ironwood, scaly-barked red gum
552
553
554
555
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
H. M.
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
stuartiana, F. Muell.
tereticornis, Sm.
terminalis, F. Muell.
tesselaris, F. Muell.
Messmate, apple of Victoria

Forest red gum
Pale bloodwood
Carbeen, Moreton Bay ash
556
Eucalyptus viminalis, Labili.
557
Eucalyptus virgata, Sieb.
microtheca, F. Muell.
muelleriana, A. W. Howitt
nanglei, R. T. B.
nitens, J. H. M.
patentinervis, R. T. B.
pellita, F. Muell.
phellandra
pilularis, Sm.
Coolibah
Yellow stringybark
Pink ironbark
Scrub box, silvertop gum
Stringybark
Mahogany
Mahogany
Messmate
Blackbutt
6
Green
Air-dry
5
W. Australia
516
Wales, Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Wales, Green
Air-dry
W. Australia
Air-dry
Victoria
Australia
New South Wales,
Victoria
Australia, Tasmania Green
Air-dry
Australia
Green
Queensland
Air-dry
W. Australia
Green
Air-dry
New South Wales
Queensland
Australia
F. Australia
Green
E. Australia
New South Wales,
Queensland
Australia
New South Wales,
Victoria
Queensland
Air-dry
Queensland
Queensland
W. Australia
Green
Air-dry
Victoria, Tasmania
Green
Air-dry
Queensland
Air-dry
E. Australia
E. Australia
Green
Air-dry
Queensland
Air-dry
New South Wales
W. Australia
Green
Air-dry
New South Wales,

Queensland
Australia
Green
New South Wales
I 7 I
0.949
0.958
0.877$
0.726
0.715?
0.727
0.787
0.929$
0.834
0.830?
1.271
1.170$
1.106$
1.127$
0.605
0.601?
0 . 905
0.915
0.915
0.687
0.772
1.058$
0.994$
0.738$
0.755
0.918$
0.977$
1.111$
1.086$
0.742
0.730?
0.867
1.133$
0.989
1.015
0.594
0.587?
0.812
0.802?
0.913$
0.712
0.701?
0.681
0.672?
0.802$
0.897
0.944
1.161$
0.771
1 . 090$
558
559
Ribbony gum, manna gum

J Mountain ash
\ Ironbark
Eucalyptus wilkinsoniana, R. T. B.
Small-leaved stringy-bark
Eugenia brachyandra, J. H. M. and Red apple
Victoria
E. Australia
Australia
S. Australia, N. S. W.
Victoria, Tasmania
Australia
Australia
Tasmania J
New South Wales
Australia
0.882$
0.593$
560
561
E. B.
Eugenia coolminiana, C. Moore
Eugenia cordata, Laws
New South Wales

S. Africa
0.738$
0.700$
Coolamon
Waterbesje, um-Doni, Mutwa

1 . 208$
1.082$
1.158$
1.142$
0.974$
0.877$
I 10 I 11 I
30
12
7.03
7.73
61
6.82
12
8.59
10.19
9.80
8.71
I 13 I 14 I 15 J 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I
1054
1265
1373
1442
21
5.38
6.96
6.23
4.08
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
861
833
1598
1167
0.802
0.900
1.498
0.647
8.02*
9.14*
|
10.95*
31
(20)
(2,59)
(2,6,20,24,
52, 58, 59,
60)
12
50
12
48
10.54
5.83
7.24
8.24
7.59
11.32
7.45
10.54
12.83
9.14
1968
1019
1462
14270.272
1374
5.52
4.39
6.36
1863
939
1050
4.22
0.668
0.661
0.738
I
0.633
13.57*
9.42*
10.90*
|
9.84*
(2,20)
(3)
(2,6,20,24,
52, 58, 59,
60)
12
13
72
12
24
40
12
61
12
10.68
8.40
492
10.97
8.75
13.00
5.62
7.73
33
12.02
10.06
11.23
13.72
9.99
6.61
11.74
12.48
10.26
13.64
7.38
9.98
10.04
7.13
9.86
11.08
1793
11810.3130.512
5.42
5.62
6.98
5.75
0.746
1185 4.071.9052.341
0.577
11.60*
9.47*
10.54*
I
12.75*
I
9.42*
0.984
1.289|l.376
0.787
0.984
0.626
0.795
14.62*
8.86*
10.54*
13.07*
9.31*
11.04*
1912
5.54
1195
2548
18670.213
1530
2390
1160
1406
1403
1004
1100
16340.198
3.27
5.59
6.62
5.45
7.80
3.58
5.94
6.06
1090
1673
1645
876
927
1498
1.0521.157
11.35*
170016701930 (2, 16, 20)

(27)
(2)
(27)
(2,3,20,27,
51,59)
(2,6,59,60)
(20)
(20)
(2)
(2)
( 61 )
(2,6,7,24,
52, 58, 59,
60)
64
12
33
6.54
10.48
28
12
70
12
52
8.26
9.60
4.29
9.00
7.86
9.80
1653
14.12
1912
11.16
1182
11.39
1943
4.62
1258
1.365
13.63*
(2)
(24)
5.99
1648
1.259
15.76*
8.02
11.24
11.22
1237
1968
16250.190
4.96
5.91
6.32
1054
1371
1504
0.619
0.731
1.1811.257
8.65*
12.23*
10.42*
8.36
9.84
11.32
6.15
10.19
9.28
869
1300
1539
1265
2320
1371
5.85
7.63
2.95
5.06
4.31
1188
1231
0.809
0.921
0.492
0.738
0.647
10.09*
11.32*
10.54*
13.63*
10.90*
I
12
10.19
40
12
67
3.58
6.75
6.89
12
25
12
10.90
8.86
10.54
11.60
9.18
4.78
7.31
8.22
1897
1388
521
990
1301
(2,58)
6.01
5.02
2.64
3.80
4.39
6.01
1207
1090
11.39
1877
1850
12.92
1822
11.60
14.13
12.18
1477
1758
1649
5.69
7.52
5.83
910
1054
1170
12.24
4.47
16520.177
641
5.67
6.09
0.689
1.100
0.710
1.027
0.619
14.34*
10.82*
4.98*
6.29*
10.87*
0.773
13.29*
(58,59)
(6,20)
(2,60)
(24)
(20)
(2, 20)
(2,6,20,24,
49, 58,
60)
(2,58,59)
(2,20,59)
(2, 20, 24,
58, 59,
(2)
0.851
1.336
1.112
11.88*
13.50*
10.33*
(20)
1234
0.5460.586
9.80*
1286
1.433
10.72*
60)
(2, 24, 52,

59)
34
2.18
5.72
722
10.44
1292
10.62
10.03
1134
1028
8.30
8.76
1262
1481
13.58
8.04
1793
1193
8.26
5.58
1307
8690.032
(2, 60)
(2)
(24)
(2,24,59)
(24)
(24)
3.92
5.32
875
1268
0.936
1.483
9.32*
12.24*
(2,27,59)
(2, 58, 59)
(2)
(61)
3.79
(2)
(12)
1 I
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
3
Eugenia cotinifolia, Jacq.
Eugenia jambolana, Lam.
Eugenia maire, A. Cunn.
Eugenia maire, A. Cunn. var. ?
Eugenia ridleyi, King.
Eugenia sp.
Leptospermum ericoides, A. Rich.
Melaleuca maideni, R. T. B.
Melaleuca styphelioides, Sm.
4
Clou
Jaman, black plum, Thabye
Maire
Black Maire
Kelat
Pomme
Manuka, tea tree
Bellbowrie tea tree
Prickly-leaved tea tree
571
572
573
574
Metrosideros robusta, A. Cunn.

Planchonia andamanica, King.
Rhodamnia argentea, Benth.
Syncarpia laurifolia, Ten.
Northern Rata
Red Bambwe
Silver myrtle
Turpentine
575
Tristania conferta, R. Br.
Brush box
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
Tristania laurina, R. Br.

Tristania suaveolens, Sm.
Lophira procera, A. Chev.
Scorodocarpus bornensis, Becc.
Strombosia javanica, Bl.
Fraxinus excelsior, Linn.
Noronhia broomeana, Home
Notelaea ligustrina, Vent.
Water gum
Swamp mahogany
Ironwood, Kaku, Ekki
Kuli m
Dedali
Ash
Sandal
Silkwood
I
6
5
Mauritius
India
New Zealand
New Zealand
Fed. Malay States
Air-dry
Mauritius
New Zealand
Queensland
New South Wales,
Queensland
New Zealand
India
New South Wales
New South Wales
Green
N. Australia,
South Wales
Air-dry
New Green
Ochnaceae
Olacaceae
Oleaceae
584
Olea foveolata, E. Mey.
585
Olea hochstetteri, Baker
586
Olea laurifolia,
587
588
Olea verrucosa, Link.

Olinia cymosa, Thunb.
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
Oliniaceae
Lam.
Black ironwood, Regte Z warte Ijzerhout, Igqwanxe

Wild olive, Olyvenhout, um-Ngquma
Mountain hard pear, red berry, Satyobe
Tal, Tan, The Toddy, Palmyra palm
Palmae
Borassus flabellifer, Linn.
Pinaceae, v. Coniferae,
Pittosporaceae
Bursaria spinosa, Cav.
Native box
Bursaria spinosa, Cav. var. ?
Prickly box
Pittosporum tenuifolium, Gaertn.
Birch, Mapau
Banksia integri folia, Linn.
Proteaceae
White honeysuckle
Banksia serrata, Linn.
Red honeysuckle
Banksia verticillata, R. Br.
River Banksia
Embothrium wickhami, Hill and F. Satin silky oak
Muell.
Grevillea hilliana, F. Muell.
Red silky oak
598
599
600
601
Grevillea robusta, A. Cunn.

Knightia excelsa, R. Br.
Orites excelsa, R. Br.
Stenocarpus salignus, R. Br.
Silky oak
Honeysuckle, Rewa Rewa
Silky oak
Beef wood
602
603
Stenocarpus sinuatus, Endl.

Xylomelum occidentale, R. Br.
Fire-tree
Native pear
604
605
Rhamnaceae
0.8l7t
0 . 672
0.672
0 . 738
Rhizophoraceae
Rosaceae
616
617
618
Red ash
F. B one- wood
0.730?
0.962t
0.905t
0.930
0.737
0 . 593
0.8913;
1 . 043
1.01Ot
Air-dry
0 . 825
f 0.802
I
S. Africa
S. Africa
S. Africa
0.897
1.122t
0.890
India
0.802
Australia
Australia
New Zealand
Australia
Australia
W. Australia
Australia
0.871
0.922t
0.965
0.577
0.802
0.501
0.529
Green
New South Wales,

Queensland
Australia
New Zealand
Australia
New South Wales,
Queensland
Australia
W. Australia
Green
Queensland
New South
Queensland
0.473
0.994
0.641
0.785
0.593t
0.817
0.628
Wales,
0.738
0.658
(12% M. C.)
0.737
0.849
0.806
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
Alphitonia excelsa, Reiss.

Emmenosperma
alphitonioides,
Muell.
Air-dry
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
8
0.978
0.769
0.79Ot
1.159t
0.689
0.547t
0.943
0.754
1.074 J
1.045
Air-dry
E. Australia
New South Wales
W. Africa
Fed. Malay States
Fed. Malay States
British Isles
Mauritius
New South Wales,
Victoria, Tasmania
Bastard ironwood, Ijzerhout, Maro- S. Africa
chani
Musharagi
E. Africa
Rubiaceae
Rhamnus zeyheri, Sond.
Red ivory, um-Nini, Niere
S. Africa
Zizyphus jujuba, Lam.

Anisophyllea laurina, R. Br.
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Lam.
Bruguiera rheedii, Bl.
Car allia calycina, Benth.
Car allia integerrima, DC.
Weihea africana, Benth.
Leucosidea sericea, Eckl. and Zeyh.
Parinarium sp.
Jujube tree, Hauthai, Ber, Bogri

Monkey apple
Bakau Minyak
Black or red mangrove
Ubberiya
Dawata, Kierpa, Maniawga, Andi
Musaizi
Oudehout, Dwa-dwa, um-Chicki
Muntelor
India
W. Africa
Fed. Malay States
Australia
Ceylon
Ceylon
E. Africa
S. Africa
Fed. Malay States
Pygeum africanum, Hook., f.
Bitter almond, red stinkwood, Dumi- S. Africa

zul, Mueri
Haldu, Hnaw, Bansa
India
Loustau
Mauritius
Adina cordi folia, Hook., f.

Antirrhoea verticillata, DC.

0.925
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
Green
Air-dry
O. 784 t
0.708
0.937
0.865t
0.9091:
O. 749 t
0.685
0. 610J
0 . 729
f 0.796
I
0.845
0.721
0.614t
I 10
16
I 11 I
5.38
5.36
9^77
5.64
3.95
5.82
4.71
74
12
65
12
17
16
40
0.55-0.78
0.940
14
" 50]
10 I
OJ
5.83
9.70
6.47
10.33
0.970
60 ]
10
O]
15
20
10.41
7.91
1416
1195
1743
9.56
7.54
1458
827
19190.2502.355
1336
1336
1287
1300
10990.184
21
7.05
6.21
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
1.381
3.97
0.695
3.85
1.378
I
0.548
3.98
1652
1143
11.04
9.79
5.38
3.48
5.20
984
1364
31
(31,43)
(3,28)
(3)
(2M
(63)
(3)
( 61 )
(61)
8.43*
0.766
0.633
11.74*
9.04*
0.843
11.74*
(3)
()
( 61 )
(2,6,20,24,
58, 59,
(2, 20, 24,

6
5.96
7.35
5.86
6.26
16130.109
1921 1.701 1.640 1.863 0.861 1.324 1952 1727 1727 O 1 i )

(21)
( 21 )
(5)
0.324
(63)
(3)
O2)
7.08
7.46
0.682
1 .
0.769
I
1.258
0.958
(22)
6.66
11.45
14600.183
7.16
4.45
3.92
10.07
8.18
11160.100
7440.111
6.47
5.70
11.12
1490
8.36
9.56
12.02
12.30
5.67
9.54
7.24
8.01
9720.152
10180.223
10450.212
752
1168
807
831
13.52
1963
(2,61)
10.44
8.15
1208
9490.134
( 61 )
(3)
7.24
12.40
1003
1554
(61)
(61)
11.43
908
5.39
594
5.12
4.57
10.74
1222
15.38
1723
4.69
9.86
4.11
6.97
7.03
1.64
4.08
5.56
5.48
9.26
14.23
9.38
7.09
7.82
14.20
4.15
9.13
10.74
2.99
7.48
5.53
7.75
8.84
3230.046
1518
1630
7860.065
990
11591
( 12, 48,
5S
)
(12)
(8,12,55)
(31,43)
0.773
5.62*
(3)
(3)
(3)
(61)
(61)
(20)
(61)
(61)
0.647
4.92*
(20)
(61)
(2,61)
12520.098
6720.140
11750.2150.668
2390
1620
11220.079
8860.085
60)
(61)
(224)
6.47
11
0.870
11880.139
5.46
4.03
3.76
32
17
50 i
10 i
OJ
9.92
8.26
12.15
7.33
16.08
8.41
7.83
11.53
10.18
13.15
4.71
43
I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I
1549
839
8610.199
13270.413
1976
756
11640.165
899
1367
9.73
4.57
3.94
3.76
6.44
5.67
5.06
6.33
6.33
100
12
16.77
7.59
9.09
15.90
11.57
6.64
12.10
6.99
11.26
9.56
3.73
4.37
4.49
(12)
0.713
12791.2720.7971.356
(54)
(17)
(2M
(61)
(54)
(45,54)
(22)
(12)
.
(21)
5.40
5.31
6.40
3.56
0.750
1.001
0.745
5.32
0.984
(8,12,22)
7.34
4.63
1.048
(31,43)
(63)
1
619
620
621
622
Rutaceae
3
Mitragyna macrophylla, Hiern.
Plectronia mundtii, Poepp.
Sarcocephalus esculentus, Afzel.
Acronychia baueri, Schott.
623
Calodendron capense, Thunb.
624
625
626
Clausena inaequalis, Benth.

Flindersia acuminata
Flindersia australis, R. Br.
627
Flindersia bennettiana, F. Muell.
628
629
630
Flindersia chatawaiana, F. M. Bailey

Flindersia ifflaiana, F. Muell.
Flindersia oxleyana, F. Muell.
631
Murraya exotica. Linn.
4
Subaha, Ya-ya, Abura
Rock alder, Klip Esse, Sandulane
Opepe, Kusiaba
Brush ash
W. Africa
S. Africa
W. Africa
New South
Queensland
Wild chestnut, Kastanjehout, Moeh- S. Africa
akalela, um-Baba
S. Africa
um-Nukambiba
Australia
Putt's pine
New South
Colonial teak, crow's ash
Queensland
New South
She-teak
Queensland
Queensland
Queensland maple
Cairn's hickory, Queensland hickory Queensland
New South
Long jack
Queensland
India
Satinwood, Marchula
Wales, Green
Wales,
0.689$
0.928$
0.737$
641
Harpullia pendula, Planch.
642
643
Hippobromus alata, Eckl. and Zeyh.

Ratonia tenax, Benth.
644
645
646
647
Sapotaceae
Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn.

Bassia sp.
Dichopsis petiolaris, Thw.
Dichopsis sp.
648
649
650
651
Imbricaria maxima, Poir.

Mimusops caffra, E. Mey.
Mimusops elengi, Linn.
Mimusops littoralis, Kurz.
652
653
654
655
656
Mimusops obovata, Sond.

Mimusops sp.
Payena utilis, Ridi.
Sideroxylon grandiflorum, A. DC.
Sideroxylon inerme, Linn.
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
Saxifragaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Sonneratiaceae
Sterculiaceae
Symplocaceae
Tiliaceae
Ulmaceae
Anopterus glandulosus, Labili.

Carpodetus serratus, Forst.
Halleria lucida, Linn.
Duabanga sonner atioides, Ham.
Sonneratia sp.
Commersonia echinata, Forst.
Dombeya mastersii, Hook.
Heritiera fomes, Buch.
Heritiera littoralis, Dryand.
Pterospermum suberifolium, Lam.
Sterculia tragacantha, Lindi.
Tarrietia trifoliolata, F. Muell.
Tarrietia utilis, Hiern.
Triplochiton johnsoni, C. H. Wright
Symplocos grandiflora, Wall.
Berria ammontila, Roxb.
Echinocarpus australis, Benth.
Entelea arborescens, R. Br.
Grewia occidentalis, Linn.
Aphananthe philippinensis, Planch.
Celtis rhamnifolia, Prest.
0.994J
f 0.715
I
I
S. Africa
Knobthorn, Knopjsedoorn, um-Nun- S. Africa

gumabele
Poplar
British Isles
British Isles
Willow
Titoki
New Zealand
S. Africa
in-Quala
W. Africa
Ukpe-Nikwi
New South Wales,
Carrot-wood, Tuckeroo
Queensland
New South Wales,
Native tamarind
Queensland
New South Wales,
Tulip wood
Queensland
S. Africa
Paardepis, Ulwatile, u-Qume
Brush teak
New South Wales,
Queensland
India
Soapnut, Ritha
Belian
Fed. Malay States
Ceylon
Tawenna
Mai-aug
Fed. Malay States
Nyatoh
Fed. Malay States
Mauritius
Natte
S. Africa
Red milkwood, Chole, um-Tunzi
India
Bukal, Mulsari, Kaya
Andaman bullet-wood, D o g a l a , India
Mowha, Katpali
Red milkwood, um-Tunzi, Amasetole S. Africa
Baku
W. Africa
Belian, Betis
Fed. Malay States
Tambalacoque
Mauritius
White milkwood, Witte Melkhout, S. Africa
um-Qwashu
Native laurel
Australia
White Mapau
New Zealand
um-Binza
S. Africa
Kokan, Lampatia
India
Perepat
Fed. Malay States
Kurrajong
Australia
Mukao
E. Africa
India
Sundri, Pinlkanazo, Mawld
Looking-glass tree, Chomuntri, Sun- Ceylon
dri, Pinlkanazo
Vuinauku, Vincol
Ceylon
Okoko
W. Africa
Stavewood
Australia
Attabini, Niankuma
W. Africa
Owawa, Obeche, Arere
W. Africa
Bumroti, Moat soom
India
Halmilla, Petwun, Trincomalee wood Ceylon
Maiden's blush
Australia
Corkwood
New Zealand
Kruisbesje, um-Nqabaza
S. Africa
Native elm, Australian: hickory
Queensland, N e w
South Wales
Diploglottis cunning hamii, Hook., f.
0.747
0.850$
Xanthoxylum thunbergii, DC.
640
8
0.503
0.830$
0.806$
0.849}
Wales,
633
Sapindaceae
0.800J
0.577$
White ironwood, Maroogoo, um-Zani
Populus spp.
Solix caprea, Linn.
Alectryon excelsum, Gaertn.
Allophyllus zeylanicus, Linn.
Blighia sp.
Cupania anacardioides, A. Rich.
0.620$
Toddalia lanceolata, Lam.
Salicaceae
Wales,
632
634
635
636
637
638
639
6
Air-dry
Kamdeboo, stinkhout, um-Vumvu, S. Africa

Witgalboom
* Tension parallel to grain

0.787
0.940
Air-dry
0.490$
0.916$
0.750$
1.148$
0.833$
0.641$
0.930$
0.990$
0.738$
1 . 026$
0 . 904
0.739$
0.612
0 . 569
0.848$
0.850$
0.961$
1 . 058$
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
0.910$
0 . 623
1 . 002
O. 883$
0.990$
Air-dry
Air-dry
Air-dry
Green
0.750$
0.822$
0.910$
0.461
0 . 657
0.465$
0.527
1.074$
1.209$
Air-dry
0.648$
0.822$
0.838
0.497
Air-dry
Air-dry
Oven-dry
0.801$
0.513$
0.189$
0.730$
0.737$
f 0.636
j
0.699
I 10 I 11 I
12
5.45
3.16
12
7.21
7.53
11.34
13.88
I 13 I 14 I 15 ) 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I
10670.1450.618
3.4ll
9080.057
1345
1649
21
3.92
5.89
5.72
3.52
7.53
8550.091
4.30
4.34
7.89
8.84
8.10
10440.101
1268
11450.136
5.84
25
5.34
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
31
9190.6280.7171.0540.4060.812 553 390 376 ( 1S )
I
(12)
>0.547
5.42*
(U)
(61)
(!2)
1113
0.9921.043
14.42*
(12)
(61)
(2,6,52,58,
59, 60)
14.82
1888
(2,61)
10.19
11.42
13.33
1466
1550
1645
10.80
1228
7.51
10 \ 5.48
OJ
3.66
11.58
12300.148
6.49
(8, 12, 48)
8.03
11390.071
5.05
(12)
2.10
7.73
4.00
3.24
5.87
5.16
5.83
12.56
9.61
9.14
12.96
928
832
11130.173
11460.127
1273
1684
(5)
(19)
(3)
(!2)
(57)
(61)
(61)
(24)
(2,61)
2.162
(io, 43)
40]
0.820
0.48
4.45
19
15
17
13
17
11
25
1363
(2,61)
12.87
1711
(2,61)
10050.112
1163
8.38
12.99
5.67
9.53
8.66
11.52
6.70
992
1780
12530.048
1687
1434
1360
8810.078
16.35
8.53
1697
1008
2.58
5.99
9.97
7.03
2.82
8.62
8.72
16.80
14.82
8.06
8440.044
9870.1910.677
2475
1756
9730.046
4.20
4.05
3.91
7.09
8.98
9.38
5.97
9.29
6.72
5.42
12.60
10.18
5760.177
8100.127
11450.071
4.57
10
5.65
6.15
0.430
60 ]
10 [
0.730
OJ
8.32
6.37
2.075
5.44
0-762
6.28
5.51
0.878
|
7.89
5.42
2.095
1.101
3.44
4.62
4.17
6.55
4.41
6.00
5.26
4.92
<20.48
4.62
1131
11610.144
12000.082
(io, 43)
(21)
(54)
(21J
(2I)
(63)
(12)
(io, 43)
(io, 43)
(12, 48)
10081.1821.2051.0840.7360.717 692 592 634 (i)
|
(21)
1.019
(63)
(12)
1.003
1343
843
6.69
6770.074
1389
7.47
9.84-11.82
5.52
7.58
9320.1720.569
1069
4.22
515
6.21
10.87
12300.168
6.68
870
6.58
1.62
2000.013
3.52
8.56
10010.068
9.78
1284
4.04
(12)
(61)
3.08
3.23
18
12
9
0.831
9.79
8.31
6.45
5.69
3.41
3.30
5.02
4.96
3.40
5.71
5.06
0.408
|
0.937
I
>0.342
0.647
(3)
(3)
(12)
( 33 )
(21)
( 61 )
(22)
(31, 43)
(54)
3.05
(54)
4.44
(57)
7.38-13.28
(6,24)
3.52
3.88
9050.7390.8800.8850.5760.646 383 365 401 ( i )
4.85
(19)
2.72
0.849
(io)
5.42
0.584
(43,54)
(61)
(3>
6.03
(12)
(61)
5.54
(8, 12)
1
I
2
678
679
680
681
Umbelliferae
682
683
684
685
686
687
Urticaceae
Verbenaceae
4
3
I
Chaetachme aristata, Planch.
um-Kovoti
Trema guineensis, Priemer
Pigeon wood, um-Bengele
Ulmus spp.
Elm
Heteromorpha arborescens, Cham, and um-Bangandhlala
Schl.
Ban kotkora, Lipic
Villebrunea integrifolia, Gaud.
Grey mangrove
Avicennia officinalis, Linn.
um-Qwaqwana
Clerodendron glabrum, E. Mey.
Yamane, Gamhar
Gmelina arborea, Roxb.
White beech
Gmelna leichhardtii, F. Muell.
Teak, Ska, Sj, Sgun
Tectona grandis, Linn., f.
5
S. Africa
S.Africa
British Isles
S.Africa
Air-dry
0.870$
India
Australia
S. Africa
India
Australia
India
0.849
0.690
0.577
0.7871
Green
0.581
Air-dry
Oven-dry
688
Milla, Nemili-adagu, Maila
Vitex altissima, Linn.
8
0.78Ot
0.450 J
0.582
India
0.977t
J Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.
LITERATURE
C1 ) Australia, Minister for Lands and Agriculture, Notes re Timbers of Western
Australia suitable for Railways, Engineering Works and Constructional
Purposes Generally, Perth, 1906. ( 2 ) Baker, Hardwoods of Australia and
their Economics, Sydney, Gullick, Gov't printer, 1919. ( 3 ) BaIfour,
Results of a Series of Experiments on the Strength of New Zealand and Other
Colonial Woods. Published in Reports on the Durability of New Zealand
Timber in Constructive Works, etc. Wellington, Gov't Printer, 1875.
( 4 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry in New
Zealand. ( 5 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry
in the United Kingdom. ( 6 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London,
1920, Forestry in Queensland. (?) Campbell, 251, 16: 6; 80. ( 8 ) Eckbo
and Scott, 889, 8: 9; 25. ( 9 ) Empire Timber Exhibition. Catalogue of
Exhibits, prepared by the Dep't of Overseas Trade, London, 1920.
( 1 O) Everett, 390, No. 6; 06. ( u ) Foster, Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants,
Guildford, 1914. ( 12 ) Fourcade, Report on the Natal Forests, Pietermaritzburg, 1889. ( 13 ) Imperial Forestry Conference, Ottawa, Forests and
Forestry in New Zealand, Wellington, Skinner, Gov't Printer, 1923. ( 14 )
Imperial Institute, 257, 17: 277; 19. ( 15 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 21:
444; 23. ( 16 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 22: 280; 24. (^) Imperial Institute, 257, 23: 8; 25. ( 18 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 24: 000; 26. ( 19 )
Jenkins, Report on Materials of Construction used in Aircraft and Aircraft
Engines. Aeronautical Research Committee, London, 1920.
( 20 ) Julius, Western Australian Timber Tests 1906 (and Supplement), 4th ed.,
abridged, Perth, 1918. ( 21 ) Kent, Report on the Results of Mechanical
Tests carried out on some Malayan Timbers. Federated Malay States,
Gov't Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1920. ( 2 2 ) Kenya, Colony and Protectorate
of, Report of Forest Department, Nairobi, 1923. ( 2 3 ) Kenya, Colony and
Protectorate of, Report of Forest Department, Nairobi, 1924. ( 2 4 ) Mac-
Mahon, Merchantable Timbers of Queensland, Brisbane, Vaughan, Gov't

Printer, 1905. ( 2 5 ) Molesworth, Pocket Book of Useful Formulae and
Memoranda for Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineers, 28th ed., London,
Spon, 1924. ( 2 6 ) New South Wales, Report of the Forestry Commission,
Sydney, 1919-20. ( 27 ) New South Wales, Report of the Forestry Commission,
Sydney, 1917-18. ( 28 ) New Zealand State Forest Service, Circular No. 1,
Wellington, 1922. ( 29 ) New Zealand State Forest Service, Current Tests
of Timber Strengths. Published by Branch of Forest Products, 1925.
( 30 ) Rodger, 390, No. 49; 22. ( 31 ) Rogers, Manual of Forest Engineering
for India, I. Calcutta, 1900. ( 32 ) Pearson, 390, No. 14; 13. ( 33 ) Pearson, 390, No. 36; 17. (3*) Pearson, 390, No. 39; 19. ( 3S ) Pearson, 390,
No. 40; 20. ( 36 ) Pearson, 260, 7: Part 6; 19. ( 37 ) Schneider, Bureau of
Forestry, P. L, Bulletin No. 14. Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1916. ( 38 )
Seaman, 260, 10: Part 7; 24. ( 39 ) Seaman, 391, 48: 34; 22.
(40) Seaman, 391, 50: 459; 24. ( 41 ) Seaman, 391, 51: 151; 25. ( 4 2 ) Seaman
and Kamesam, 391, 50: 298; 24. ( 43 ) Troup, Indian Woods and Their Uses,
Indian Forest Memoirs, Economic Products Series, Vol. I, No. 1, Calcutta,
Sup't of Gov't printing, 1909. ( 4 4 ) Troup, 392, No. 10; 09. ( 4 S ) Troup,
392, No. 11; 09. ( 4 6 ) Troup, 392, No. 13; 09. ( 4 ?) Troup, 392, No.
14; 09. ( 4 8 ) Unwin, 257, 1: 73; 95. ( 49 ) Unwin, 257, 1: 118; 95.
(50) Unwin, 257, 1: 201; 95. ( 51 ) Unwin, 857, I: 242; 95. ( 52 ) Unwin, 857,
1: 287; 95. (*3) Unwin, 257, 2: 444; 96. ( 54 ) Unwin, 257, 5: 124; 99.
(55) Unwin, 257, 6: 40; 00. (56) Unwin, 257, 6? 208; 00. (57) Unwin
and Dalby, 257, 6: 144; 08. ( 58 ) Warren, Strength and Elasticity of New
South Wales Timbers of Commercial Value. Sydney, Potter, Gov't Printer,
1887. ( 59 ) Warren, Australian Timbers, Sydney, Potter, Gov't Printer,
1892.
60
( ) Warren, Strength, Elasticity and Other Properties of New South Wales
Hardwood Timbers. Sydney, Gullick, Gov't Printer, 1911. ( 61 ) Welch,
New South Wales Technological Museum, Bulletin No. 6, Sydney, 1923.
(62) Wilson, 390, No. 60; 25. ( 6 3 ) Dalby, 257, 8: 11; 10.
DANISH WOODS
E. SUENSON
For testing methods, see the original literature
Local name
%of
oven-dry
690
691
Abies pedinata
Picea abies L. *
Êdelgran
R0dgran
692
Pinus laricio v. Austriaca,

Endl.
Pinus montana, Mili.
Pseudotsuga Douglasia, Carr.
Quercus robur, L.f
0sterrigsk Fyr
693
694
695
Bjgergfyr
Douglasie
Eg
g/cm 3
0.440
0.430
0.474
0.506
15
18
15
14.2
0.487-0.564
0.490
0.740
12.4
15
17
* Tensile strength, 4.30-7.80 kg/mm1* with 33-49 % moisture content (M.

\ Quercus pedunculata, Ehrh. = Quercus sessiliflora, Sm.
Modulus of
elasticity
Genus and species
Moisture
content
Bulk
density,
air-dry
Modulus of
rupture
Index
No.
Fiber stress at
elastic limit
Static bending
kg/mm 2
Wt.
3.23
4.06
3.94
5.57
8.53
880
910
Compression
Parallel
Perpento grain dicular to
grain
Fiber
Maximum
crushing
strength
strength
at elastic
limit
kg/mm 2
kg/mm 2
3.60
O.oo
2.95
Lit.
(2)
(3)
(1,2)
2.93
(2)
2.97-5.56
3.24
4.20
(2)
(2)
(3)
0.58
LITERATURE
O) Hornemann, Tidsskrift for Skovbrug 11: 294; 89. (2) Meldahl, Tidsskrift
for Skovvsen SB: 1; 93. ( 3 ) Suenson, Tree og Plantestoffer, Copenhagen,
1922.
1
I
2
678
679
680
681
Umbelliferae
682
683
684
685
686
687
Urticaceae
Verbenaceae
4
3
I
Chaetachme aristata, Planch.
um-Kovoti
Trema guineensis, Priemer
Pigeon wood, um-Bengele
Ulmus spp.
Elm
Heteromorpha arborescens, Cham, and um-Bangandhlala
Schl.
Ban kotkora, Lipic
Villebrunea integrifolia, Gaud.
Grey mangrove
Avicennia officinalis, Linn.
um-Qwaqwana
Clerodendron glabrum, E. Mey.
Yamane, Gamhar
Gmelina arborea, Roxb.
White beech
Gmelna leichhardtii, F. Muell.
Teak, Ska, Sj, Sgun
Tectona grandis, Linn., f.
5
S. Africa
S.Africa
British Isles
S.Africa
Air-dry
0.870$
India
Australia
S. Africa
India
Australia
India
0.849
0.690
0.577
0.7871
Green
0.581
Air-dry
Oven-dry
688
Milla, Nemili-adagu, Maila
Vitex altissima, Linn.
8
0.78Ot
0.450 J
0.582
India
0.977t
J Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.
LITERATURE
C1 ) Australia, Minister for Lands and Agriculture, Notes re Timbers of Western
Australia suitable for Railways, Engineering Works and Constructional
Purposes Generally, Perth, 1906. ( 2 ) Baker, Hardwoods of Australia and
their Economics, Sydney, Gullick, Gov't printer, 1919. ( 3 ) BaIfour,
Results of a Series of Experiments on the Strength of New Zealand and Other
Colonial Woods. Published in Reports on the Durability of New Zealand
Timber in Constructive Works, etc. Wellington, Gov't Printer, 1875.
( 4 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry in New
Zealand. ( 5 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry
in the United Kingdom. ( 6 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London,
1920, Forestry in Queensland. (?) Campbell, 251, 16: 6; 80. ( 8 ) Eckbo
and Scott, 889, 8: 9; 25. ( 9 ) Empire Timber Exhibition. Catalogue of
Exhibits, prepared by the Dep't of Overseas Trade, London, 1920.
( 1 O) Everett, 390, No. 6; 06. ( u ) Foster, Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants,
Guildford, 1914. ( 12 ) Fourcade, Report on the Natal Forests, Pietermaritzburg, 1889. ( 13 ) Imperial Forestry Conference, Ottawa, Forests and
Forestry in New Zealand, Wellington, Skinner, Gov't Printer, 1923. ( 14 )
Imperial Institute, 257, 17: 277; 19. ( 15 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 21:
444; 23. ( 16 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 22: 280; 24. (^) Imperial Institute, 257, 23: 8; 25. ( 18 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 24: 000; 26. ( 19 )
Jenkins, Report on Materials of Construction used in Aircraft and Aircraft
Engines. Aeronautical Research Committee, London, 1920.
( 20 ) Julius, Western Australian Timber Tests 1906 (and Supplement), 4th ed.,
abridged, Perth, 1918. ( 21 ) Kent, Report on the Results of Mechanical
Tests carried out on some Malayan Timbers. Federated Malay States,
Gov't Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1920. ( 2 2 ) Kenya, Colony and Protectorate
of, Report of Forest Department, Nairobi, 1923. ( 2 3 ) Kenya, Colony and
Protectorate of, Report of Forest Department, Nairobi, 1924. ( 2 4 ) Mac-
Mahon, Merchantable Timbers of Queensland, Brisbane, Vaughan, Gov't

Printer, 1905. ( 2 5 ) Molesworth, Pocket Book of Useful Formulae and
Memoranda for Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineers, 28th ed., London,
Spon, 1924. ( 2 6 ) New South Wales, Report of the Forestry Commission,
Sydney, 1919-20. ( 27 ) New South Wales, Report of the Forestry Commission,
Sydney, 1917-18. ( 28 ) New Zealand State Forest Service, Circular No. 1,
Wellington, 1922. ( 29 ) New Zealand State Forest Service, Current Tests
of Timber Strengths. Published by Branch of Forest Products, 1925.
( 30 ) Rodger, 390, No. 49; 22. ( 31 ) Rogers, Manual of Forest Engineering
for India, I. Calcutta, 1900. ( 32 ) Pearson, 390, No. 14; 13. ( 33 ) Pearson, 390, No. 36; 17. (3*) Pearson, 390, No. 39; 19. ( 3S ) Pearson, 390,
No. 40; 20. ( 36 ) Pearson, 260, 7: Part 6; 19. ( 37 ) Schneider, Bureau of
Forestry, P. L, Bulletin No. 14. Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1916. ( 38 )
Seaman, 260, 10: Part 7; 24. ( 39 ) Seaman, 391, 48: 34; 22.
(40) Seaman, 391, 50: 459; 24. ( 41 ) Seaman, 391, 51: 151; 25. ( 4 2 ) Seaman
and Kamesam, 391, 50: 298; 24. ( 43 ) Troup, Indian Woods and Their Uses,
Indian Forest Memoirs, Economic Products Series, Vol. I, No. 1, Calcutta,
Sup't of Gov't printing, 1909. ( 4 4 ) Troup, 392, No. 10; 09. ( 4 S ) Troup,
392, No. 11; 09. ( 4 6 ) Troup, 392, No. 13; 09. ( 4 ?) Troup, 392, No.
14; 09. ( 4 8 ) Unwin, 257, 1: 73; 95. ( 49 ) Unwin, 257, 1: 118; 95.
(50) Unwin, 257, 1: 201; 95. ( 51 ) Unwin, 857, I: 242; 95. ( 52 ) Unwin, 857,
1: 287; 95. (*3) Unwin, 257, 2: 444; 96. ( 54 ) Unwin, 257, 5: 124; 99.
(55) Unwin, 257, 6: 40; 00. (56) Unwin, 257, 6? 208; 00. (57) Unwin
and Dalby, 257, 6: 144; 08. ( 58 ) Warren, Strength and Elasticity of New
South Wales Timbers of Commercial Value. Sydney, Potter, Gov't Printer,
1887. ( 59 ) Warren, Australian Timbers, Sydney, Potter, Gov't Printer,
1892.
60
( ) Warren, Strength, Elasticity and Other Properties of New South Wales
Hardwood Timbers. Sydney, Gullick, Gov't Printer, 1911. ( 61 ) Welch,
New South Wales Technological Museum, Bulletin No. 6, Sydney, 1923.
(62) Wilson, 390, No. 60; 25. ( 6 3 ) Dalby, 257, 8: 11; 10.
DANISH WOODS
E. SUENSON
For testing methods, see the original literature
Local name
%of
oven-dry
690
691
Abies pedinata
Picea abies L. *
Êdelgran
R0dgran
692
Pinus laricio v. Austriaca,

Endl.
Pinus montana, Mili.
Pseudotsuga Douglasia, Carr.
Quercus robur, L.f
0sterrigsk Fyr
693
694
695
Bjgergfyr
Douglasie
Eg
g/cm 3
0.440
0.430
0.474
0.506
15
18
15
14.2
0.487-0.564
0.490
0.740
12.4
15
17
* Tensile strength, 4.30-7.80 kg/mm1* with 33-49 % moisture content (M.

\ Quercus pedunculata, Ehrh. = Quercus sessiliflora, Sm.
Modulus of
elasticity
Genus and species
Moisture
content
Bulk
density,
air-dry
Modulus of
rupture
Index
No.
Fiber stress at
elastic limit
Static bending
kg/mm 2
Wt.
3.23
4.06
3.94
5.57
8.53
880
910
Compression
Parallel
Perpento grain dicular to
grain
Fiber
Maximum
crushing
strength
strength
at elastic
limit
kg/mm 2
kg/mm 2
3.60
O.oo
2.95
Lit.
(2)
(3)
(1,2)
2.93
(2)
2.97-5.56
3.24
4.20
(2)
(2)
(3)
0.58
LITERATURE
O) Hornemann, Tidsskrift for Skovbrug 11: 294; 89. (2) Meldahl, Tidsskrift
for Skovvsen SB: 1; 93. ( 3 ) Suenson, Tree og Plantestoffer, Copenhagen,
1922.
I 10
0.570-0.794
I 11 I
2.11
1.88
4.86
3.05
12
5.58
4.65
9.97
5.97
I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I
8260.032
7390.030
1470
8880.060
21
4.29
3.81
7.10
3.81
583
1194
5210.058
1044
1006
10930.116
3.19
11950.176
12430.209
11360.161
56
4.73
5.40
9.27
6.23
7.45
5.39
7.63
12
9
6.09
6.74
5.74
9.04
10.19
10.38
2.34
11.1514340.487
842.75
12.7516050.564
12.7417810.512
653.37
743.64
| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
9.50*
31
(12)
(12)
(i, s, 25)
(12)
0.855
3.86
4.03
4.68
3.88
(io)
(6i)
(12)
0.851
(9 31)
960
1.211
6.28*
(59, 61)
12910.7340.7210.8280.3990.508 405 450 449 (io, 31, sa,
5.37
5.86
4.91
13170.9690.9390.9200.3910.502 456 467 485

12421.1240.8841.0300.5900.734 474 477 535
0.706
(54)
38, 43)
0.599
WOODS OF THE DUTCH EAST-INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO

THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BUITENZORG, JAVA
The values recorded below were determined in the Forest
Research Institute in accordance with the standard testing methods of the "IV Kongress des Internationalen Verbandes fr die
Materialprfungen, Brssels, September 1906/' except in the
following minor points :
1. The rate of strain increase in the bending and compression
tests was 50 instead of 20 kg/cm 2 per minute.
2. The test piece shown in the figure was used in the shear
tests.
The values given are the average for 4 to 10 specimens from two
or more trees of different localities, except in the case of Swietenia
mahogani Jack, and Tectona grandis L., cultivated in Java, for
which 30 to 40 tests were made. All specimens tested were airdried to the average moisture content shown.
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
1
Anacardiaceae
2
Buchanania arborescens, Bl.
Gluta Renghas, L.
Apocynaceae
Alstonia scholaris, R. Br.
Casuarinaceae
Casuarina equiseti folia, Forst.
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus sp.
Dryobalanops camphora, Colebr.
Dryobalanops oblongifolia, Dyer.
Dryobalanops oiocarpa, v. Sl.
Hopea Mengerawan, Miq.
Hopea sp.
Shorea Balangeran, Burck.
Shorea sp.
Vatica sp.
%
g/em 3 ovendry
4
5
3
0.48
16
Popohan
0.64
14
Rengas
0.31
15
Pulaj
0.71
19
Chemara
15
Lagan, Kruing 0.68
0.68
15
Kapur
0.66
16
Petanang
Sintok
0.50
14
Merawan
0.57
14
0.72
17
Bankirai
Belangiran
0.73
17
Banio
0.47
17
Damar merah 0.31
15
Simantok
0.78
16
0.79
16
Resak, Giani
kg-mm/mm3
kg/mm2
6 I 7 I 8
9
10
11 I 12 I 13 I 14 I 15
3.20 6.83 9000.0006 0.005931.743.47 9300.670.78
3.70 6.041260 .00027 .003333.304.7411900.870.92
1.72 3.46 530 .00033 .002071.162.21 5500.380.55
5.70 9.551440 .00127 .006333.165.41
4.99 8.791450 .00096 .005453.475.68
1.020.98
6.4911.101585 .00147 .008144.316.1819600.921.17
5.67 9.711520 .00137 .008173.444.8815500.861.09
2.55 4.661097 .00047 .004472.073.76
0.690.70
6.35 8.001495 .00186 .009743.065.0414000.680.87
7.8811.691624 .00220 .007734.216.6217950.991.15
5.00 9.951212 .00113 .010533.165.0915230,740.75
2.69 4.611030 .00040 .005071.533.83
0.540.44
2.85 4.25 897 .00053 .001731.422.96
6.1711.121565 .00153 .010933.805.79
1.081.35
6.4210.601300 .00173 .007603.756.1015851.151.24
~
ness
End
Tangential
Shear
Radial
Modulus of rupture
kg/mm2
Maximum crushing strength
Compression
parallel to
.
gram
Static bending
Local name
Botanical name
Genus and species
Moisture content, air-dry
Family
Shearing test.
Bulk density,
air-dry,
Index
1 0
^'
Fig.l
kg/cm2
16
431
514
192
763
575
575
545
316
583
686
521
286
166
630
871
713
714
715
1
Flacourtiaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Lauraceae
716
Leffuminosae
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
Meliaceae
Moraceae
Olacaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Sapindaceae
Sterculiaceae
Taxaceae
Theaceae
Tiliaceae
Ulmaceae
Verbenaceae
2
Homalium tomentosum, Bth.
Altingia excelsa, Nor.
Eusideroxylon Zwogeri, T. et B.
Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb.
Intsa amboinensis, Thouars.

Swietenia macrophylla, King.
Swietenia mahogani, Jack.
Toona Sureni, Merr.
Artocarpus elastica, Reinw.
Scorodocarpus borneensis, Becc.
Combretocarpus Motleyi, Hook. f.
Schiccher oleosa, Merr.
Pterospermum javanicum, Jungh.
Podocarpus imbricata, Bl.
Schima Noronhae, Reinw.
Actinophora fragrans, R. Br.
Celtis Wightii, Planch.
Tectona grandis, Lin. f.
Vitex pubescens, Vahl.
3
I
Dlingsem
Rasamala
Ijzerhout,
Onglenbelian
Sono kling,
Java-palissander
Merbau, Ipil
Mahogany
Mahogany
Suren
Bendo
Kulim
Mrapat
Kesambi
Bajur
Aruh, Djamudjuh ki chemara
Puspah, Serii
Walikukun
Pendjalinan
Djati, teak
Laban
4
0.81
0.75
0.85
5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
16 5.9012.501410 .00140 .014673.476.3215601.031.41
18 5.66 9.761365 .00130 .007303.205.7215350.911.13
15 7.8813.891522 .00227 .011474.037.4616501.011.44
16
1122
546
1120
0. 75
14
5.35 13.27 1387
.00120 .01567 3.15 6.36 1508 1.22 1.16
953
0.80
0.54
0.54
0.38
0.35
0.81
0.67
0.88
0.44
0.45
14
15
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
8.3714.541840
4.57 6.73 817
4.66 7.10 890
3.46 5.47 860
3.06 4.47 810
6.3312.481552
3.86 6.951237
6.1111.561680
4.45 7.55 920
3.80 5.89 647
.00233
.00147
.00147
.00077
.00067
.00137
.00073
.00133
.00120
.00133
.012023.788.19
.004332.554.27 8530.920.87
.004932.204.04 9250.830.98
.003402.053.44 7900.680.80
.003411.522.92 7350.470.48
.010603.496.6717320.861.27
.005072.054.8210601.000.81
.008933.075.9114901.151.79
.008332.633.6810950.560.74
.004331.653.14
963
530
435
323
260
887
475
1428
382
355
0.60
0.85
0.72
0.59
0.70
16
18
16
14
16
5.8110.001488
6.8314.521520
4.2011.601420
5.75 8.901410
7.4712.721510
.00133
.00172
.00070
.00193
.00207
.010563.345.4916440.811.05
.019744.267.1019301.241.56
.021512.344.9615901.131.31
.010003.004.9013160.820.97
.010404.696.8416601.071.15
505
1220
775
396
795
WOODS OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA

HOMI SHIROSAWA
The values recorded below are based on tests made in the Central
Forest Experiment Station (Ringyo-Shikenjo), Meguro, Tokyo,
Japan.
The equations expressing the relation between the density and
the stress were derived from the bulk density of air-dried specimens (moisture content, 16 %) and the green and oven-dry densities,
given in the column "bulk density/' are based on the volume in the
air-dry condition (moisture content, 16%).
The testing methods employed were those described above under
"Woods of North America," with the following exceptions:
Static Bending.Specimen 6 X 6 X 48 cm, 42 cm span mainly
(85% of all specimens); 0.1 cm per min.
Compression Parallel to Grain.Specimen 6 X 6 X 6 cm
mainly (83 % of all specimens) ; 0.1 cm per min.
Compression Perpendicular to Grain.Specimen 6 X 6 X 6
cm mainly (85% of all specimens); 0.1 cm per min.
Shear Parallel to Grain.Shear over a 9 X 4 cm area; 0.1
cm per min.
Tension Parallel to Grain.Tension over a 2.25 cm area; 0.1
cm per min.
Hardness.Specimen 6 X 6 X 6 cm. Depth of indentation
when the steel cylinder with 3 cm diameter hemispherical end is
forced into the specimen with the load of 2000 kg against radial
and tangential surfaces, and with 4000 kg against end surface.
Den unten angegebenen Werten liegen Prfungen zu Grunde,

welche im Central Forest Experiment Station (Ringyo-Shikenjo)
Meguro, Tokyo, Japan, gemacht worden sind.
Die Gleichungen, welche die Beziehung zwischen Dichte und
Druck enthalten sind aus der durchschnittlichen Dichte des
lufttrockenen Materials abgeleitet. (Feuchtigkeitsgehalt 16 %) und
die Dichten des frischen und ofentrockenen Materials, die in der
Kolonne "bulk density" stehen, grnden sich auf den lufttrockenen
Zustand (Feuchtigkeitsgehalt 16%).
Die angewendeten Prfungsmethoden waren die gleichen,
welche unter "Woods of North America" angegeben sind. Mit
Ausnahme :
Statischer Biegeversuch.Muster 6 X 6 X 48 cm durchschnittliche Spannweite 42 cm (85% aller Muster); 0,1 cm in der Min.
Les valeurs mentionnes ci-dessous sont bases sur des essais

effectus la Central Forest Experiment Station (Ringyo Shikenjo) Meguro, Tokio, Japon.
Les quations exprimant la relation entre la densit et la tension
ont t dduites de la densit apparente d'prouvettes sches
l'air (teneur en humidit, 16%), et les densits du bois vert et du
bois sch au four, donnes dans la colonne ''bulk density" sont
bases sur le volume de Tprouvette sche Fair (teneur en
humidit, 16%).
Les mthodes d'essais employes sont celles dj dcrites dans
"Bois de l'Amrique du Nord" l'exception des suivantes:
Essai de flexion statique.Eprouvette 6 X 6 X 48 cm, porte
principalement 42 cm (85% de toutes les prouvettes) ; 0,1 cm
par minute.
Compression parallle lafibre.Eprouvette6 X 6 X 6 cm principalement (83 % de toutes les prouvettes) ; 0,1 cm par minute.
Compression perpendiculaire lafibre.Eprouvette6 X 6 X 6
cm principalement (85% de toutes les prouvettes); 0,1 cm par
minute.
Cisaillement parallle Ia fibre.Cisaillement sur une surface
de 9 X 4 cm; 0,1 cm par minute.
Traction parallle la fibre.Traction sur une surface de 2,25
cm2; 0,1 cm par minute.
Duret.Eprouvette 6 X 6 X 6 cm. Profondeur de l'empreinte produite par un cylindre d'acier termin par un hmisphre de 3 cm de diamtre forc dans l'prouvette avec une charge
de 2000 kgs contre la surface radiale et tangentielle, et de 4000
kgs contre la surface terminale.
I valori qui sotto riportati sono stati dedotti da prove eseguite
nella Central Forest Experiment Station (Ringyo-Shikenjo),
Meguro, Tokyo, Giappone.
Le equazioni che esprimono la relazione fra la densit e la
pressione sono derivate dalla densit (volumetrica) del materiale
asciugato all'aria (con 16 per cento d'acqua) : le densit del materiale greggio e quello asciugato alla stufa, i quali si trovano nella
colonna "bulk density," sono fondate sul volume del materiale
asciugato all'aria (il tenuto d'acqua essendo 16 per cento).
I metodi impiegati per i saggi sono gli stessi riportati nel capitolo
"Legni dell'America del Nord" fatta eccezione per quanto segue:
Flessione statica.Provetta 6 X 6 X 48 cm, distanza media
tra gli appoggi 42 cm (85 % di tutti i campioni); 0,1 cm al minuto.
Druck parallel zur Faserrichtung.Muster 6 X 6 X 6 cm

hauptschlich (83% aller Muster); 0,1 cm in der Min.
Druck senkrecht zur Faserrichtung.Muster 6 X 6 X 6 cm
hauptschlich (85% aller Muster); 0,1 cm in der Min.
Scherversuch parallel zur Faserrichtung.Scherung ber
9 X 4 cm, 0,1 cm in der Min.
Zug parallel zur Faserrichtung.Zug ber eine Flche von 2,25
cm2, 0,1 cm in der Min.
Hrte.Muster 6 X 6 X 6 cm. Eindruckstiefe eines Stahlzylinders mit halbkugelfrmigem Ende (Durchmesser 3 cm) beobachtet, bei Belastung mit 2000 kg gegen die radiale und tangentiale
Oberflche und mit 4000 kg gegen die Endflche.
Compressione parallela alla fibra.Provetta 6 X 6 X 6 cm

per la massima parte (83 % di tutti i campioni) ; 0,1 cm al minuto.
Compressione perpendicolare alla fibra.Provetta 6 X 6 X 6 cm
per la massima parte (85 % di tutti i campioni) ; 0,1 cm al minuto.
Taglio nel senso della fibra.Taglio sopra 9 X 4 cm; 0,1 cm
al minuto.
Trazione nel senso della fibra.Trazione sopra una superficie di
cm2 2,25; 0,1 cm al minuto.
Durezza.Provetta 6 X 6 X 6 cm. Profondit di impronta di
un cilindro di acciaio con estremit emisferica (diametro 3 cm)
osservata caricando con 2000 kg contro la superficie radiale e tangenziale e con 4000 contro la superficie terminale.
kg/mm 2
kgmm/
mm 3
kg/mm 2
i Tangential
Radial
End
Tension parallel to grain
Hardness
Shear parallel to grain
Compression parallel to grain

maximum crushing strength
Modulus of rupture
Moisture content green, % '
Oven-dry
g/cm3
.
Static bending
Bulk density
Air-dry
Local name
Green
Family
Botanical name
:
Genus and species
Compression perpendicular to grain
STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERTIES

Index
No.
cm
I. Equations expressing strength in terms of density

9
Actual value
given below
Actual value
given below
Actual value
given below
F = 8.64 Da1
1 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 ! 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 J 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 I
F = 1.34 Da1
F = 2.31 Da2
F = 7.00 Da1
F = 0.0053 Z)2
F = 1350 Da1
F = 10.10 Da1-20
F = 6.50 i)*1-20
II. Values as determined by testsstrength values.expressed in percentage of equation values

751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
Aceraceae
Anacardiaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Araliaceae
Betulaceae
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
Buxaceae
Cornaceae
Ebenaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fagaceae
Acer japonicum, Thunb.

Acer palmatum, Thunb.
Acer pictum, Thunb. var. typicum, Koidz.
Acer runerve, S. and Z.
Rhus vernicifera, DC.
Ilex crenata, Thunb.
Ilex macropoda, Miq.
Kalopanax ricinifolius, Miq.
Alnus firma, S. and Z. var. Sieboldiana, Winkel.
Alnus incarta, Willd. var. sibirica, Spach.
Alnus japonica, S. and Z.
Betula car pini folia, S. and Z.
BetulaErmanni, Cham, and Schi.
var. japonica, Koidz.
Betula japonica, Sieb.
Betula Maximowicziana, Regel.
Betula Schmidtii, Regel.
Betula ulmifolia, S. and Z.
Carpinus cordata, Bl.
Carpinus japonica, Bl.
Ostrya italica Scop. var. virginiana, Winkel.
Buxus japonica, Muell. Arg.
Cornus contorversa, Hemsl.
Diospyros lotus, L.
Bischoffia javanica, Bl.
Castanea sativa, Mill.
Castanopsis taiwaniana, Hay.
Fagus Sieboldi, Endl.
Pasania cuspidata, Oerst.
Hauchihakaede
Kaede
Itayakaede
0.720.60
0.960.700.60 60
0.860.670.57 54
98 88
85145
83 90
87
83
100
105 71
0.15-0.180.12-0.27
1161360.54
0.36
0.36
98 991.08
0.18
Urihadakaede
Urushi
Inutsuge
Aohada
Harigiri
Yashabushi
0.880.590.51 73
0.880.510.44100
1.04 0.72 0.63 65
0.660.57
0.830.540.47 75
0.640.55
84 96
118105
74
106
105105
72 54
Yamahannoki
0.750.500.40 88
72 55
90
993.00
Hannoki
Midzume
Makamba
0.690.500.42 60
95 77
0.770.66
83 85 81
K Ol 0.63 0.55 84
127132
101
87
107
87 963.00
108 84
107
Shirakamba
Saihadakamba
Onoorekamba
Yogusominebari
Sawashiba
Kumashide
Asada
0.700.60
75 84 77 123
0.680.58
118 72
0.860.75
120146
0.910.700.60 52110107155 116
0.93 0.71 0.57 63
110114
1.000.720.58 72
133 93
0.700.60
89 90
88
1011101.05
96
0.06
122
1251080.03
10990
970.03
100
111
0.09
104
137129
10979110 770.06
Tsuge
Midzuki
Mamegaki
Akagi
Kuri
Kurikashi
Buna
Shii
1.010.750.65 55
124 70
0.900.600.50 80
88 65
0.600.50
99 71
0.750.65
70 75 88 47
0.980.600.52 89
81 81
0.770.66
98 90 111 63
1.080.660.57 90128108128 100
1.2810.620.54137104103 91 108
91
98
85
57
9190
74
117
94
87
1171082.10
136
1270.09
81
75
108
0.12
9199101 841.08
76
91
0.45
98
0.42
0.36-0.42
0.90
0.90
0.36
0.18-0.42
0.21
0.06
0.12
0.03
99 840.90
0.12-0.15
810.840.15-0.18
97127
96 893.000.42-0.570.12-0.80
1001100.30
92107
0.54
0.33
0.30
0.39-0.48
1
I
2
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790 Ginkgoaceae
791 Hamamelidaceae
792 Hippocastanaceae
793 Juglandaceae
794
795
796 Lauraceae
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
Leguminosa*
804
805
806
807
Magnoliaceae
808
809
Myricaceae
Oleaceae
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
Moraceae
Pinaceae
817
818
819
821
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
3
Pasania glabra, Oerst.
Quercus acuta, Thunb.
Quercus amygdalifolia, Skan.
Quercus crispula, Bl.
Quercus gilva, BI.
Quercus glandulifera, Bl.
Quercus glauca, Thunb.
Quercus myrsinaefolia, Bl.
Quercus phyllireoides, A. Gr.
Quercus serrata, Thunb.
Quercus stenophylla, Makino.
Ginkgo biloba, L.
Distylium racemosum, S. and Z.
Aesculus turbinata, Bl.
Juglans mandschurica, Maxim.
Juglans Sieboldiana, Maxim.
Pterocarya rhoifolia, S. and Z.
Actinodaphne lancifolia, Meisn.
Cinnamomum camphora, Ness.
Cinnamomum pedunculatum,
Ness.
Machilus Thunbergii, S. and Z.
Acacia, confusa, Merril.
Albizzia Julibrissin, Durraz.
Gleditschia horrida, Makino.
Maackia amurensis, Rupr. and
Maxim.
Magnolia hypoleuca, S. and Z.
Magnolia Kobus, DC.
Ficus retusa, L. var. nitida, Miq.
Morus alba, L. var. stylosa,
Bureau
Myrica rubra, S. and Z.
Fraxinus Bungeana, DC. var.
pubinerms, Wg.
Fraxinus longicuspis. S. and Z.
Fraxinus mandschurica, Rupr.
Fraxinus Spaethiana, Lingelsh.
Abies firma, S. and Z.
Abies sachalinensis, Mast.
A bies Veitchii, Lindi.
Chamaecyparis formosensis, Matsum.
Chamaecy paris obtusaiorm. formosana, Hayata.
Chamaecyparis obtusa, S. and Z.
4
Shiribukagashi
Akagashi
Amigashi
hnara
Ichiigashi
Konara
Arakashi
Shirakashi
Ubamegashi
Kunugi
Urajirogashi
Ich
Isunoki
Tochinoki
Manshgurumi
Onigurumi
Sawagurumi
Kagonoki
Kusu
Yabunikkei
I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I
0.690.60
106 88
1.150.850.73 58103 92 94
1.160.93
91 74102
.020.730.63 62 71 75 91
.050.800.68 54122108 89
.110.750.65 71 90 89 97
.170.820.70 67
102117
. 11 0.85 0.72 54 95 96 70
.240.850.74 68
0.84.
70 68
1.080.830.70 54139126134
0.840.440.38111
104 92
1.310.960.83 58
115118
0.700.600.50 40113113
0.480.42
117110143
0.90 0.54 0.47 92 107 100 132
0.560.400.35 60
126 69
1.03 0.71 0.63 64
77 83
0.970.550.45116
71 95
0.890.550.46 94
70 81
Tabu
Sshiju
Nemunoki
Saikachi
Inuenju
1.010.690.55
0.960.77
0.860.550.47
1.03 0.74 0.64
0.980.750.63
84 76
60
83
61
56
74107 105
67 69 41
86 74
9587
107 95
107106 831140.06
0.42
60
89
159
0.30
92
0.09 0.09-0.150.09-0.12
78 791061120.06
0.12
Hnoki
Kobushi
Gajumaru
Yamaguwa
0.860.510.44
0.750.600.50
0.900.580.50
0.980.670.58
84
50
80
69
98116
86 80
61 52
100 85
921101131133.00
107
91 950.06
83
102
1160.06
Yamamomo
Toneriko
1.080.670.58 86
1.020.710.60 70
96 93
149103
113
103
Aotago
Yachidamo
Shioji
Momi
Todomatsu
Shirabe
Benihi
0.700.61
110 86
0.940.620.54 74
92115
0.900.660.56 61125137117 67
0.970.480.42131106105139 126
0.820.410.35134 95 96106 118
0.730.400.33121 88100 93 118
0.370.32
98 97106 65
Taiwanhinoki
Hinoki
Chamaecyparis pisifera, S. and Sawara

Z.
Cryptomeria japonica, Don.
Sugi
820
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
Rosaceae
Rutaceae
Salicaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Simarubaceae
Larix dahurica var. Principis

Rupprechtii, Rehd. and Wilson.
Larix leptolepis, Gord.
Libocedrus macrolepis, Ben th.
Picea ajanensis, Fisch.
Picea Glehnii, Mast.
Picea Hondoensis, Mayr.
Pinus densiflora, S. and Z.
Pinus koraiensis, S. and Z.
Pinus Thumbergii, Pari.
Pseudotsuga japonica, Shirasawa.
Sciadopitys verticillata, S. and Z.
Taiwania cryptomeriodes, Hay.
Thuja japonica, Maxim.
Thujopsis dolabrata, S. and Z.
Tsuga Sieboldii, Carr.
Micromeles alnifolia, Koidz.
Photinia villosa, DC.
Prunus donarium, Sieb.
subsp. elegans, Koidz.
var. glabra, Koidz.
Prunus Grayana, Maxim.
Prunus spinulosa, S. and Z.
Phellodendron amurense, Rupr.
Populus balsamifera, L.
Populus tremula, L. var. villosa,
Wesm.
Paulownia tomentosa, Bail.
Picrasma quassioides, Benn.
0.480.41
100119131
12
82
50
89
88
97
77
78
88
105
97
68
0.98 0.46 0.40 145 132 125 115 134

* 0.430.37
99 94146
0.800.350.30167
102121
13 [ 14
120
80
75
98
85
95
88
89
) 15 | 16 | 17 |
18
0.950.580.50 90101 97 99
0.69
69 74 76
0.710.420.37 92108103 96
0.470.41
153141134
0.430.38
100106112
0.950.520.46 98137135110
0.910.510.45102 60 70 65
0.97 0.53 0.47 106
100 110
0.940.500.43119
103127
0.500.45
95122
0.470.40
101105121
0.610.370.32 91
95 86
0.970.500.44120113109132
1.02 O. 53 0.45 117 124 120 127
0.800.600.50 60
84 77
1.16 0.90 0.80 46
95 71
1.050.670.58 81
91 97
Uwamizuzakura
Rinboku
Kihada
Deronoki
Yamanarashi
0.790.620.52 52
1.030.750.65 59
101 92
0.640.480.42 52
104125
0.830.380.33152
88114
0.700.480.40 75111111 97
Kiri
Nigaki
0.560.310.27107
0.700.580.50 40
119 96
96139
101
53
117
137
153
101
101
43
115
121
71
19
961070.03
0.06
0.03-0.05
75102
0.42
0.36
85 770.06
0.12
94 980.090.15-0.210.12-0.15
871190.06
0.09
0.09
100 910.030.06-0.180.06-0.09
115 840.030.03-0.060.03-0.05
147
891100.03
971130.03
104 71
1.38-1.501.20-1.38
103 840.03
113111
95
103
100
92
92
128
113 125 111 136 1.02 0.33-0.85 0.33-0.66
911041071383.00
77
109
0.02
0.06
106 99 75 66
0.96
0.60
86
103 903.00
0.84
0.72
0.27
0.24
0.12
0.06
98 810.12
98111
0.06-0.09
0.06
100
100
108 89105119
0.82
0.48
116
1001080.06
105 98 101 122 3.00 0.63-1.44 0.30-1.17
125106111 983.00
124 97124 943.00
1.44-1.80
103
94
98
113
123 106 110 93 3.00

116 88
109
98 703.00
1.08
3.00
0.890.400.34162125129111 118 141111102 813.00

t 0.360.3l
121131 75 131 107
Chosenkaramatsu
0.670.56
82 80 81
99
68121
Karamatsu
Shnanboku
Ezomatsu
Akaezomatsu
Thi
Akamatsu
Chsenmatsu
Kuromatsu
Togasawara
Kyamaki
Taiwansugi
Nezuko
Hiba
Tsuga
Adzukinashi
Ushikoroshi
Yamazakura
0.90-1.14
109 861151040.15
0.42
76
1121061161263.00
3.00
153 961041543.00
3.00
1191011031103.00
1.14
3.00
95 79 97 923.00
1.14
66
69 563.001.14-1.20
125
96 71 3. OO 0.42-1.65
1.20
131
116 813.00
3.00
87
108 933.00
105
115
112 743.00
3.00
115 87 89 793.00
3.00
1.44
137 94 128 104 3.000.30-0.54 0.21-0.42
97
97 740.06
720.06
0.03
0.03
73 961021160.24
0.12
0.09-0.12
117
92
991170.120.06-0.090.06-0.09
1131221021313.000.72-0.780.18-0.42
85106 94 823.00
1181201311473.00
107
110 863.00
941161171110.41
3.00
0.48
1
I
2
I
3
846 Styracaceae
Styrax japonica, S. and Z.
847
Taxaceae
Podocarpus Nageia, R. Br.
848
Taxus cuspidata, S. and Z.
849
Torreya nucifera, S. and Z.
850 Tiliaceae
Tuia japonica, Engler.
851
Trochodendraceae Cercidiphyllum japonicum, S.
and Z.
852
Euptelaea polyandra, S. and Z.
853
Ulmaceae
Aphananthe aspera, Planch.
854
Celtis sinensis, Pers.
855
Ulmus campestris, Sm. var.
laevis, Planch.
856
Ulmus campestris, Sm. var.
major, Planch.
857
Ulmus montana, Sm. var. ladniata, Trautv.
858
Ulmus parvifolia, Jacq.
859
Zelkowa acuminata, Planch.
form. Keaki.
4
Egonoki
Nagi
Ichii
Kaya
Shinanoki
Katsura
I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 I 13 1 14 I 15 I 16 j 17 I
0.970.600.52 87
114141
105
1041510.06
0.880.550.47 82
97157
127
117 560.12
0.900.580.50 80
128 73
147138108 670.12
1.030.560.48115
107 96
118118 92111
0.510.45
86122
113
981133.00
0.580.450.38 53 71 75 88 90
89
103 800.09
Fusazakura
Mukuenoki
Enoki
Harunire
0.930.640.51
1.020.680.58
0.940.600.52
0.940.620.54
82
76
81
74
95 95
93107
77 74
81 97
94
100
79
70
Niganire
0.900.600.50 50
65 62
60
Ohinire
0.900.570.50 80
105 149
101
Akinire
Keaki
0.940.610.53 77
87 71
1.060.700.60 77112142127
71
18
19
0.33
0.60
0.27
0.90
1.20
0.78
1.02
83 870.570.18-0.270.12-0.18
1161250.45
89 971.26
86131
0.42
0.36
84 54
108
73
94
1171271091220.06
0.12
0.12
* Kiso-district in Honshu,
t Obi-district in Kysh.
THE WOODS OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES
SAMUEL J. RECORD
With the exception of the bulk density values recorded below, the available published data on mechanical properties of woods
native to these countries are of doubtful reliability.
BULK DENSITY OF THOROUGHLY AIR-DRY SAMPLES
Values determined in the laboratory of the Yale School of Forestry
Index
,,
No.
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
T?
-i
Family
Acanthaceae
Amygdalaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anonaceae
Apocynaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Araliaceae
Betulaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bombacaceae
Boraginaceae
Burseraceae
n
Genus andj species
Bravaisia floribunda, DC.
Licania hypoleuca, Benth.
Moquilea tomentosa, Benth.
Anacardium rhinocarpus, DC.
Astronium balansae, Engl.
Astronium fraxinifolium, Schott.
Loxopterygium sagotii, Hook, f.
Tapirira guianensis, Aubl.
Schinopsis lorentzii, Engl.
Oxandra lanceolata, (Sw.) Baill.
.
Aspidosperma polyneuron, Muell. Arg.
Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco, Schl.
Aspidosperma tomentosum, Mart.
Aspidosperma vargasii, C. DC.
Ilex sp.
Didymopanax morototoni, (Aubl.) D. and P.
Alnus sp.
Crescentia cujete, L.
Jacaranda copaia, (Aubl.) D. Don
Tabebuia donnell-smithii, Rose
Tecoma, spp.
Tecoma pentaphyUa, Juss.
Tecoma peroba, Record
Bombacopsis spp.
Bombax spp.
Cavanillesia platani/olia, H. B. K.
Ceiba pentandra, (L.) Gaertn.
Chorisia speciosa, St. Hu.
Ochromaspp.
Quararibea sp.
Auxemma gardneriana, Miers
Cardia gerascanthoides, H. B. K.
Cordia gerascanthus, L.
C ordia goeldiana, Huber
Patagonula americana, L.
Bursera gummifera, (L.) Sargent
r<
Common name
Sancho-arana
Chozo
Oity
Espav
Uruiiday
Gonalo Alves
Hoobooballi
Duka
Quebracho Colorado
Yaya, lancewood
Peroba rosa
Quebracho bianco
Guatambu
Amarillo
Kakatara-balli
Yagrume
Jaul
Cujete
Fotui
Prima vera
Lapacho, guayacan
Roble
Ip peroba
Saqui-saqui
Imbirussu
Bongo
Ceibo
Samoh
Balsa
Veroity
Po branco
BoscoteLaurel
Frei-jo
Guayab
West Indian birch
Place, of. growth

, , , ,of
material tested
Colombia
Guatemala
Brazil
Panama
Argentina
Brazil
British Guiana
British Guiana
Argentina
Cuba
Brazil
Argentina
Brazil
Venezuela
British Guiana
Tropical America
Costa Rica
Tropical America
British Guiana
Mexico
.
Tropical America
Tropical America
Brazil
Venezuela
Brazil
Panama
Tropical America
Argentina
Tropical America
Brazil
Brazil
Mexico
Central America
Brazil
Argentina
West Indies
Dd
/ ,
g/cm3
0.53
.1.03
0.98
0.54
1.00-1.30
0.85-1. OO
0.60-0.70
0.54
1.15-1.35
0.98
0.70
0.90-1.00
0.77
0.90-0.95
0.80
0.45
0.47
0.60
0.40-0.47
0.45-0.50
0.95-1.25
0.60-0.68
0.70-0.83
0.41-0.59
0.24-0.40
0.10
0.40-0.45
0.35-0.45
0.12-0.20
0.72
0.70
0.97
0.61
0.60
0.85-0.90
0.35-0.40
Index
AT
No.
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
i
I
-ri M
FamilyJ
Canellaceae
Celastraceae
/ - I T Genus and species
Canella winterana, Gaertn.

Goupia glabra, Aubl.
Maytenus obtusifolia, Mart.
Combretaceae
Terminalia sp.
Terminalia januarensisj DC.
Cunoniaceae
Weinmannia trichosperma, Cav.
Dilleniaceae
Curatella americana, L.
Eucryphiaceae Eucryphia cordifolia, Cav.
Euphorbiaceae Gymnanthes lucida, Sw.
Hieronymia alchorneoides, Fr. Allem.
Hippomane mancinella, L.
Hura crepitane, L.
Flacourtiaceae Casearia praecox, Gris.
Homalium sp.
Guttiferae
Calophyllum calaba, Jacq.
Mammea americana, L.
Platonici insignis, Mart.
Symphonia globuli/era, L. f.
Humiriaceae
Humiria floribunda, Mart.
Juglandaceae
Juglans australis, Gris.
Lauraceae
Aniba panurensis, Mez
Nectandra sp.
Nectandra sp.
Nectandra sp.
Nectandra rodioei, Schomb.
Per sea lingue, Nes
Phoebe ambigens, Blake
Phoebe porphyria, (Gris.) Mez
Silvia navalium, Fr. Allem.
Lecythidaceae
Cariniana legalis, (Mart.) Kuntze
Cariniana pyriformis, Miers
Chytroma jarana, Huber
Eschweiler a corrugata, Miers
Lecythis oliarla, L.
Leguminosae
Andira vermifuga, Mart.
Apuleia praecox, Mart.
Bowdichia sp.
Bry a ebenus, DC.
Caesalpinia echinata, Lam.
Caesalpinia granadillo, Pittier
Caesalpinia melanocarpa, Gris.
Centrolobium spp.
Copaifera officinalis, (L.) Willd.
Dalbergiasp.
Dalbergia nigra, Fr. Allem.
Dalbergia retusa, Hemsl.
Dialium divaricatum, Vahl.
Dicorynia paraensis, Benth.
Dimorphandra mora, B. and H.
Diplotropis sp.
Dipteryx odorata, Willd.
Enterolobium cyclocarpum, (Jacq.) Gris.
Eperua falcata, Aubl.
Erythrina crista-galli, L.
Eysenhardtia polystachia, (Ort.) Sarg.
Gleditschia amorphoides, (Gris.) Taub.
Haematoxylon campechianum, L.
Holocalyx balansae, Mich.
Hymenaea courbaril, L.
Lysiloma sabicu, Benth.
Melanoxylon brauna, Schott.
Myrocarpus frondosus, Fr. Allem.
Myroxylon toluiferum, H. B. K.
^
Common name
Place o f growth o f
Dd
, . , , , ,
,
material tested
g/cm3
Canela
West Indies
1.10
Cupiba
Brazil
0.82-0.88
Carne d'anta
Brazil
0.82
Naranjo
Guatemala
0.65-0.75
Araa
Brazil
0.77
Tenio
Chile
0.59
Chaparro
Tropical America
0.77
Ulmo
Chile
0.63
Ait
Cuba
1.00-1.20
Urucurana
Brazil
0.72
Manzanillo
West Indies
0.68
Javillo, possum wood
Tropical America 0.36-0.44
Zapatero, W. Ind. boxwood
Venezuela
0.80-0.90
Angelino
Venezuela
0.75-0.85
Santa Maria
Central America
0.68-0.74
Mamey
West Indies
0.90
Pacouri
French Guiana
0.86
Waikey, chewstick
British Honduras 0.65-0.70
Bastard bullet wood
British Guiana
0.85-0.92
Nogal
Argentina
0.56
Bois de rose
French Guiana
0.60-0.68
Determa
British Guiana
0.65-0.70
Embuia
Brazil
0.70-0.76
Waibaima
British Guiana
*1.15
Greenheart
British Guiana
1.06-1.23
Lingue
Chile
0.55
Guambo
Honduras
0.50
Laurel negro
Argentina
0.50-0.80
Tapinhoan
Brazil
0.86-1.00
Jequitib
Brazil
0.50-0.70
Albarco, Colombian mahogany Colombia
0.65-0.70
Jaran
Brazil
0.98
Manbarklak
Dutch Guiana
1.21
Sapucaia
Brazil
0.95
Angelim amargoso
Brazil
0.65
Ibera-per
Argentina
0.80-0.95
Sucupira
Brazil
1.00
Granadillo
Cuba
1.20
Po brasil, Fernambuco wood
Brazil
0.98-1.24
Ebano, coffee wood, partridge
Venezuela
1.10-1.20
Guayacan negro
Argentina
1.10-1.30
Ararib*
Brazil
0.65-0.90
Copaiba
Colombia
0.70
Honduras rosewood
British Honduras 0.93-1.08
Jacaranda, Brazilian rosewood Brazil
0.85
Cocobolo
Central America
0.99-1.22
Jutahy peba
Brazil
0.90
Anglique
French Guiana
0.75-0.90
Mora
British Guiana
0.97-1.00
Zwarte kabbes
Dutch Guiana
1.15
Tonca bean
British Guiana.
1.20
Guanacaste
Central America
0.35-0.60
Wallaba
British Guiana
0.90
Ceibo
Argentina
0.25
Palo dulce
Mexico
0.87
Espina corona
Argentina
0.86-0.95
Logwood
British Honduras
1. OO
Alecrin
Argentina
1. OO
Courbaril, algarroba, locust
Sabicu
Cuba
0.77
Brana
Brazil
1.00
Cabreuva
Brazil
0.87-0.97
Oleo vermelho
Brazil
1.00
Index
._
No.
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
T?
M
Family
r*Genus and
j species
Peltogyne paniculata, Benth.

Peltophorum adnatum, Gris.
Peltophorum vogelianum, Benth.
Piptadenia sp.
Piptadenia rigida, Benth.
Pithecolobium arbor eum, (L.) Urb.
Pithecolobium racemiflorum, Ducke
Pithecolobium vinhatico, Record
Plathymenia reticulata, Benth.
Platycyamus regnellii, Benth.
Platymiscium polystachyum, Benth.
Pterogyne nitens, TuL
Swartzia tomentosa, DC.
Sweetia panamensis, Benth.
Tipuana speciosa, Benth.
Torresia cearensis, Fr. Allem.
Vouacapoua americana, Aubl.
Zollernia paraensis, Huber
Magnoliaceae
Drimys winteri, Forst.
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia, H. B. K.
Malvaceae
Hibiscus elalus, Sw.
Melastomaceae Mouriria pseudo-geminata, Pittier
Meliaceae
Cabralea spp.
C arapa guianensis, Aubl.
Cedreia spp.
Guarea trichilioides, L.
Swietenia spp.
Trichilia alta, Blake.
Monimiaceae
Laureila aromatica, Juss.
Moraceae
Bagassa guianensis, Aubl.
Brosimopsis diandre, Blake
Brosimum columbianum, Blake
Brosimum paraense, Huber
Cecropia adenopus, Mart.
Chlorophora tinctoria, Gaud.
Clarisia racemosa, R. and P.
Perebea sp.
Piratinera guianensis, Aubl.
Myristicaceae
Virola bicuhyba, Warb.
Virola sebi/era, Aubl.
Myrsinaceae
Rapanea laetevirens, Mez.
Olacaceae
Minquartia guianensis, Aubl.
Phytolaccaceae Gallesia scorododendron, Gasar.
Pinaceae
Araucaria brasiliana, Lamb.
Polygonaceae
Coccoloba uvifera, L.
Ruprechtia sp.
Proteaceae
Roupala brasiliensis, Kl.
Rubiaceae
Calderonia Salvadorensis, Standl.
Calycophyllum candidissimum, (Vahl.) DC.
Calycophyllum multiflorum, Gris.
Genipa americana, L.
Sickingia sp.
Rutaceae
Amyris balsamifera, L.
Balfourodendron riedelianum, Engl.
Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Engl.
Euxylophora paraensis, Huber
Zanthoxylum flavum, Vahl.
Salicaceae
Salix humboldtiana, Willd.
Sapotaceae
Achras zapota, L.
Labourdonnaisia albescens, Benth.
Lucuma procera, Mart.
Mimusops sp.
Mimusops globosa, Gaertn.
/->Common name
Purpleheart
Sabic moruro
Caria
fistola
Curupay
Angico
Moruro
Bois serpent
Vinhatico de espinho
Vinhatico castanho
Pereira
Roble Colorado
Ibiraro
Wamara
Billy Webb
Tipa
Umburana
Acapu
P o santo
Canelo
Nance
Majagua
Pauji
Cancharana
Crab wood
Cedro, cedar
Muskwood
Caoba, mahogany
Pimenteira
Laurel
Ta ta j uba
Leiteira
Guayamero
Satin
Ambay
Mora, fustic
Oitiica
Kapiteinhout
Letterhout, letterwood
Bicuiba
Yayamadou
Canelon
Acaricuara
Po d'alho
Pinheiro do Parana
Uvero
Viraru
Po concha
Brasil
Dagame, salamo, degame
Palo bianco
Jagua
Arariba
Amyris
Guatambu
Guarantn
Po amarello
West Indian satinwood
Sauce Colorado
Nispero
Almique
Mucuri
Massaranduba
Bullet wood
Place of .growth of
Dd
material tested
g/cm 3
British Guiana
1. OO
Cuba
1.02
Argentina
0.75-1.04
Argentina
1.03
Argentina
0.95
Cuba
0.74
French Guiana
1.15
Brazil
0.60
Brazil
0.56-0.65
Brazil
0.75
Venezuela
1. OO
Argentina
0.76-1.09
British Guiana
1.05-1.28
British Honduras
1.00
Argentina
0.65
Brazil
0.60
Brazil
0.87-0.92
Brazil
1.30-1.33
Chile
0.50
Mex., Centr. Amer.
0.70
Cuba
0.65
Venezuela
0.82
Argentina
0.65
British Guiana
0.60-0.75
Jamaica
0.50-0.55
Brazil
0.72
Chile
0.53
Brazil
0.80
Brazil
0.75
Colombia
0.81
French Guiana
0.98-1.05
Argentina
0.44
Brazil
0.50-0.60
Dutch Guiana
0.68
Dutch Guiana
1.20-1.35
Brazil
0.63-0.72
French Guiana
0.60
Argentina
0.55
Brazil
0.98
Brazil
0.58
Brazil
0.50-0.60
Argentina
0.66-0.76
Brazil
0.80-1.00
Salvador
0.60
W. L, Centr. Amer.
0.80
Argentina
0.92-1.03
Brazil
0.88
Venezuela
0.99-1.10
Argentina
0.75
Brazil
0.97-1.10
Brazil
0.81
West Indies
0.90
Argentina
0.44
Central America
1.09
Cuba
0.97
Brazil
0.90
Brazil
0.85-1.10
British Guiana
0.90-1.25
Index
XT
No.
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
T^-I
Family
/-
i
Genus and species
Pradosia latescens, (Veil.) Radlk.
Sideroxylon mastichodendron, Jacq.
Quassia amara, L.
Simaruba amara, Aubl.
Sterculia sp.
Caryocar villosum, Pers.
Guazuma ulmifolia, Lam.
Luehea divaricata, Mart.
Celtis tala, Gill.
Phyllostylon brasiliensis, Cap.
Avicennia nitida, Jacq.
Petitia domingensis, Jacq.
Vitex longeracemosa, Pittier
Qualea rosea, Aubl.
Vochysia guatemalensis, J. D. Smith
Bulnesia arborea, Engl.
Guaiacum officinale, L.
Simarubaceae
Sterculiaceae
Theaceae
Tiliaceae
Ulmaceae
Verbenaceae
Vochysiaceae
Zygophyllaceae
^
Common name
Place of growth of
. . ,, , ,
material tested
Buranhem
Brazil
Jocuma
Cuba
Quassia
Surinam
Marup
Brazil
Inibir quiaba
Brazil
Piqui
Brazil
Guacima
Tropical America
Aoita-cavallo
Brazil
TaIa
Argentina
Baitoa, San Domingan boxwood Dominican Repub.
Mangle prieto
Tropical America
Capa
West Indies
Jocote de mico
Guatemala
Cdre gris
French Guiana
San Juan
Guatemala
Vera
Venezuela
Guayacan, ligmim-vitae
West Indies
Dd
, ,
g/cm.6
0.94
0.95-1.101
0.50
0.40-0.50'
0.25
0.81
0.55
0.60
0.60-0.85
0.95
0.95-1.10
0.95
0.70
0.65
0.42
1.10-1.25
1.10-1.40
INDEX OF COMMON NAMES

The numbers in the following index refer to the Index Numbers in the preceding tables
Abura, 619
Acapu, 975
Acaricuara, 1000
Acha, 412
Aoita-cavallo, 1029
Adzukinashi, 836
Êdelgran, 690
Afara, 242
Affram, 242
Agba, 421
Agboin, 416
Aini, 459
Ainyesan, 394
Ait, 904
Aj bar, 430
Akaezomatsu, 825
Akagashi, 780
Akagi, 774
Akamatsu, 827
Akinire, 858
Albarco, 926
Alder, red, 10, 293
Alder, rock, 620
Alder, white, 294
Alecrin, 953
Algarroba, 954
Aligna, 395
Almique, 1018
Almond, bitter, 616
Almond tree, Indian, 241
Am, 204
Amarillo, 873
Amasetole, 652
Ambay, 992
Amigashi, 781
Amyris, 1011
Andi, 612
Angelina amargoso, 930
Angelino, 909
Anglique, 943
Angico, 963
Anjan, 412
Aohada, 757
Aotago, 810
Apitong, 170
Apopo, 455
Apple, 485
Apple, monkey, 608
Apple, narrow-leaved, 472
Apple, red, 559
Apple, rough-barked, 474
Apple, smooth-barked, 473
Apple of Victoria, 552

Apple, wild, 143
Applewood, 143
Araa, 900
Arakashi, 785
Ararib, 937, 1010
Arere, 670
Arrodah, 441
Aruh, 726
Asada, 770
Ash, 581
Ash, Biltmore white, 80
Ash, black, 82
Ash, blue, 85
Ash, brush, 622
Ash, Cape, 446
Ash, crow's, 626
Ash, green, 81
Ash, Moreton Bay, 555
Ash, mountain, 550, 557
Ash, mountain, southern, 495
Ash, Oregon, 83
Ash, pumpkin, 84
Ash, red, 604
Ash, white, 79, 490, 503
Aspen, 147
Aspen, largetooth, 146
Assagai, 290
Attabini, 669
Aukkyu, 337
Ayani, 459
um-Baba, 623
Babul, 389
Badam, 241
Badar, 247
Baitoa, 1031
Bajur, 725
Bakau Minyak, 609
Baku, 236
Baku, 653
Balsa, 888
Bambwe, red, 572
Bangalay, 484
um-Bangandhlala, 681
Banio, 711
Bankirai, 709
Ban kotkora, 682
Banksia, river, 595
Bansa, 617
Bara champ, 437
Basswood, 157
Bean, black, 405
Bean, red, 444

Bean, Tonca, 946
Bedi-del, 462
Beech, 32, 348
Beech, blue, 16
Beech, Cape, 470
Beech, Port Macquarie, 202
Beech, red, 345
Beech, red Cape, 206
Beech, silver, 346
Beech, white, 347, 686
Beefwood, 225, 601
Belangiran, 710
Belian, 645, 654
Bendo, 721
um-Bengele, 679
Benihi, 816
Benteak, 432
Ber, 607
Berangan, 343
Berry, red, 588
Betis, 654
Beukenhout, 470
Bicuiba, 997
Bijasl, 419
Billian, 378
Billy Webb, 972
Bintangor, 362
um-Binza, 659
Birch, 214, 592
Birch, Alaska, 11
Birch, black, 345
Birch, gray, 15
Birch, paper, 14
Birch, red, 346
Birch, sweet, 12
Birch, West Indian, 895
Birch, yellow, 13
Bjaergfyr, 693
Black-bark, 329
Blackbutt, 520, 529, 533
Blackwood, 163, 391, 407
Bloodwood, 492, 509
Bloodwood, pale, 554
Boaungza, 337
Bogri, 607
Bois de rose, 916
Bois serpent, 965
um-Bomvana, 230
Bonewood, 605
Bongo, 885
Bosco te, 891
Box, brush, 508, 575

Box, flooded, 483
Box, grey, 508
Box, gum-top, 508
Box, native (Australia), 590
Box, prickly, 591
Box, red, 512, 537
Box, river, 502
Box, scrub, 525
Box, Thozet's, 540
Box, white, 508
Boxwood, San Domingan, 1031
Boxwood, West Indian, 908
Brasil, 1006
Brauna, 956
Buckeye, yellow, 55
Buk, 349
Bukal, 650
Bullet-wood, 1021
Bullet-wood, Andaman, 651
Bullet-wood, bastard, 914
Bumroti, 671
Buna, 777
Bungor, 434
Buranhem, 1022
Buruta, 442
Bustic, 152
Butternut, 64
Buttonwood, Florida, 20
Bwchin, 401
Bwegyin, 401
Cabbage-wood, 212
Cabreuva, 957
Camphor, 386
Camphor-wood, 306
Cana fistola, 961
Cancharana, 981
Candlewood, 234
Canela, 896
Canelo, 977
Canelon, 999
Caoba, 985
Capa, 1033
Carbeen, 555
Carne d'anta, 898
Carrabeen, mellow, 333
Carrot-wood, 639
Cascara, 137
Cedar, 266, 322, 449, 450, 983
Cedar, Alaska, 95
Cedar, bastard, 453
Cedar, Ceylon, 454
Cedar, Clanwilliam, 254

Cedar, Himalayan, 259
Cedar, incense, 101
Cedar, Japanese, 260
Cedar, Port Orford, 94
Cedar, red, 337, 440
Cedar, red, eastern, 98
Cedar, red, western, 130
Cedar, white, northern, 129
Cedar, white, southern, 96
Cdre gris, 1035
Cedro, 983
Ceibo, 886, 949
Chakwa, 235
Chalta, 296.5
Champaca, 436
Chaparro, 902
Chaplash, 458
Chemara, 703
Chengal, 298, 300
Cherry, black, 142
Cherry, wild red, 141
Chestnut, 30, 342
Chestnut, sweet, 341
Chestnut, wild, 623
Chewstick, 913
um-Cnicki, 614
Chikrassi, 441
Chinquapin, golden, 31
Chir, 273
Chiru-piyari, 232
Chittapong-wood, 441
Chole, 649
Chomuntri, 665
Chooi, 208
Chosenkaramatsu, 821
Chosenmatsu, 828
Chouk, 225
Chozo, 861
Chram, 458
Chugalam, 238
Chuglam, black, 469
Chuglam, white, 238
Clou, 562
Coach wood, 292
Cocobolo, 941
Coffeewood, 935
Colophane, 221
Coolamon, 560
Coolibah, 522
Copaiba, 938
Corkwood, 291, 674
Cottonwood, black, 148
Cottonwood, eastern, 145
Courbaril, 954
Crabwood, 982
Cujete, 877
Cupiuba, 897
Curupay, 962
Cypress, Himalayan, 262
Cypress, Monterey, 261
Cypress, southern, 128
Cypress, white, 257
Dagarne, 1007
Dahu, 461
um-Dakane, 369
Dakar talada, 363
Dalne, 342
Damar Hitan, 299
Damar Laut Daun Besar, 322
Damar Laut Daun Kechil, 322
Damar merah, 711
Damar Minyak, 248
Dawata, 612
Dedali, 580
Degame, 1007
Del, 462
Deodar, 259
Deronoki, 842
Determa, 917
Dhaura, 236
Dhauri, 433
Didu, 215
Dinghah, 367
Djamudjuh ki chemara, 726
Djati, 730
Dlingsem, 713
Dogala, 651
Dogwood (flowering), 21
Dogwood, Pacific, 22
um-Doni, 561
Doornboom, 390
Douglasie, 694
um-Dubu-weklati, 237
Duka, 867
urn-Duma, 211
Dumizulu, 616
i-Dungamuzi, 328
Durian, wild, 217
Dwa-dwa, 614
Ebano, 935
Ebne marbre, 325
Eg, 695
Egonoki, 846
Ekhimi, 416
Ekki, 578
Ekpagoy, 402
Elder, wild, 428
Elderberry, blue, 19
Elm, 680
Elm, American, 160
Elm, native (Australia), 676
Elm, rock, 162
Elm, slippery, 161
Embuia, 918
Enoki, 854
Espav, 863
Espina, corona, 951
Essehout, 446, 447
Ezomatsu, 824
Fig, blue, 332
Fig, golden, 76
Fig, wild, 466
Fir, Alpine, 91
Fir, balsam, 88
Fir, Dantzic, 277
Fir, Douglas, 288
Fir, Douglas (coast type), 125
Fir, Douglas (mountain type), 126
Fir, noble, 93
Fir, red, 92
Fir, silver, 87
Fir, silver, European, 246
Fir, silver, West Himalayan, 247
Fir, white, 89
Fir, white, lowland, 90
Fire-tree, 602
Flat crown, 397
Fotui, 878
Frei-jo, 893
Fusazakura, 852
Fustic, 993
Gajumaru, 806
Gamhar, 685
Gangaw, 366
Geelhout, 280
Giam, 712
Gok, 437
Gonalo Alves, 865
Granadillo, 933
Greenheart, 920
Greenheart, African, 406
Greenheart, West African, 416
Greywood, Indian silver, 238
Guacima, 1028
Guanacaste, 947
Guarantan, 1013
Guatambu, 872, 1012
Guayabi, 894
Guayacan, 880, 1038
Guayacan negro, 936
Guayamero, 990
Gum, bally, 380, 381
Gum, black, 24
Gum, blue, 77, 504, 513

Gum, blue flooded, 546
Gum, blue, Sydney, 546
Gum, citron-scented, 489
Gum, flooded,*547
Gum, giant, 542
Gum, grey, 506, 538, 539
Gum, iron, 540
Gum, manna, 556
Gum, mountain, 506
Gum, poplar, 536
Gum, red, 54, 477, 486
Gum, red, forest, 553
Gum, red, Murray, 545
Gum, red, scaly-barked, 551
Gum, ribbony, 556
Gum, salmon, 548
Gum, silvertop, 525
Gum, spotted, 518
Gum, sugar, 493
Gum, swamp, 542
Gum, tupelo, 23
Gum, water, 576
Gum, white, 541
Gum, Yate, 491
Gum, York, 516
Gumbo limbo, 18
Gurjan, 305
Gurukina, 360
Gwambo, 922
Gwangi, 427
um-Gwenya, 203
um-Gxima, 290
Hackberry, 159
Haldu, 617
Halmilla, 672
um-Hamalala, 429
Hannoki, 761
Harigiri, 758
Harunire, 855
Hauchihakaede, 751
Hauthai, 607
Haw, pear, 140
Hazel, witch, 53
Hedun, 415
Hemlock, eastern, 131
Hemlock, mountain, 133
Hemlock, western, 132
Hiba, 834
Hickory, Australian, 676
Hickory, bitternut, 58
Hickory, Cairn's, 629
Hickory, mockernut, 56
Hickory, nutmeg, 61
Hickory, pecan, 63
Hickory, pignut, 59
Hickory, Queensland, 629
Hickory, shagbark, 62
Hickory, shagbark, bigleaf, GO
Hickory, water, 57
Hinau, 331
Hingori, 342
Hinoki, 818
um-Hlahlamakwaba, 338
um-Hlambamasi, 210
um-Hlandhloti, 397
Hnaw, 617
Hollock, 239
Hollong, 302
Holly, 9
Honeysuckle, 599
Honeysuckle, red, 594
Honeysuckle, white, 593
Hnoki, 804
Hoobooballi, 866
Hornbeam, 17
Iber-per, 931
Ibirro, 970
Ichii, 848
Ichiigashi, 783
Ich, 790
Igqwanxe, 586
Ijzerhout, 584, 715

Ikpwabobo, 448
Inibir quiaba, 1026
Imbirussu, 884
In, 304
Incense tree, 222
Inkwood, 151
Inuenju, 803
Inutsuge, 756
Ipe peroba, 882
Ipil, 396, 717
Iroko, 465
Ironbark, 498, 528, 557
Ironbark, bloodwood, 501
Ironbark, broad-leaved, 549
Ironbark, grey, 527
Ironbark, narrow-leaved, 482, 494
Ironbark, pink, 524
Ironbark, red, 549
Ironwood, 551, 578
Ironwood, bastard, 584
Ironwood, black, 136, 586
Ironwood, Borneo, 378
Ironwood, of Burma and Arracan,
425
Ironwood, Kaffir, 414
Ironwood, white, 632
Isunoki, 791
Itayakaede, 753
Itwyina, 234
Ivory, red, 606
Jacaranda, 940
Jagua, 1009
Jak, 460
Jaman, 563
Jambu, 425
Jam wood, 388
Jaran, 927
Jarrah, 519
Jarul, 430
Jaul, 876
Java-palissander, 716
Javillo, 907
Jelutong, 209
Jequitib, 925
Jocote de mico, 1033
Jocuma, 1023
Johor, 404
Jujube tree, 607
Juniper, alligator, 97
Juniper, East African, 266
Jutahy peba, 942
Kabodda, 217
Kabwi, 225
Kachnar, 401
Kaede, 752
Kaffirboom, 411
Kagonoki, 796
Kahikatea, 278
Kail, 272
Kaita-da, 458
Kajatenhout, 429
Kakatara-balli, 874
Kaku, 578
KaIa Shishn, 407
Kamahi, 296
Kamdeboo, 677
Kanazo, 335
Kanthal, 460
Kanyin, 301
Kapiteinhout, 995
Kapur, 306, 705
Karamatsu, 822
Karayani, 217
Karri, 496
Kastanjehout, 623
Katpali, 651
Katsura, 851
Kaula, 384
Kauri, Queensland, 250
Kawaka, 268
Kaya, 650, 849
Kayu Arang, 327

Keaki, 859
Keladan, 307
Keladang, 464
Kelat, 566
Kersehout, 234
Keruing, 303
Kesambi, 724
Keur, 424
Kierpa, 612
Kihada, 841
Kikar, 389
Kindal, 240
Kiri, 844
Kirijul, 240
Klip Esse, 620
Knobthorn, 633
Knopjsedoorn, 633
um-Koba, 280
Kobushi, 805
Kobe Kobe, 445
Kohwai, 423
Kokan, 660
Kkko, 398
um-Kokolo, 354
um-Komiso, 206
Konara, 784
um-Kovoti, 678
Koyamaki, 831
Kranji, 410
Kruin, 303
Kruing, 704
Kruisbesje, 675
Kulim, 579, 722
Kumasbide, 769
Kunugi, 788
Kuri, 775
Kurikashi, 776
Kuromatsu, 829
Kurrajong, 662
Kusiaba, 621
Kusu, 797
Laban, 731
Lagan, 704
LaI Chandanum, 420
LaI chuni, 363
Lalie, 384
Lampatia, 660
Lancewood, 869
Lapacho, 880
Larch, 267
Larch, western, 100
Latecku, 335
Lauan, red, 172
Lauan, white, 171, 313
Laurel, 892, 987
Laurel, Alexandrian, 361
Laurel, mountain, 27
Laurel, native (Australia), 657
Laurel negro, 923
Laurel-wood, Indian, 243
Leatherwood, 334
Leddil, 384
Lein, 238
Leiteira, 989
Lendia, 433
Letterhout, 996
Letterwood, 996
Leza-wood, Burmese, 435
Lignum-vitae, 1038
Lilac, Persian, 453
Lingue, 921
Lipic, 682
Locust, 954
Locust, black, 70
Locust, honey, 69
Logwood, 952
um-Lolwa, 438
Long Jack, 630
Looking-glass tree, 665
Loustau, 618
Lucumidella, 454
Lumbayau, 174
Lutio, 335
Madrona, 26
Magnolia, 437
Magnolia, cucumber, /2
Magnolia, evergreen, 74
Magona, 470
Mahogany, 451, 484, 507, 530, 531,
718, 719, 985
Mahogany, Ceylon, 454
Mahogany, Colombian, 926
Mahogany, dry-zone, 452
Mahogany, forest, 543
Mahogany, red, 543
Mahogany, scented, 449
Mahogany, swamp, 544, 577
Mahogany, West Australian, 519
Mahogany, white, 478
Mai-aug, 647
Maiden's blush, 673
Maila, 688
Maire, 564
Maire, black, 565
Majagua, 979
Makai, 311
Makamba, 763
Malai, 454
Maloh, 469
Mamegaki, 773
Mamey, 911
Manbarklak, 928
Mandora, 323
Mangeao, 379
Mangi, 379
Mangle prieto, 1032
Mango, 204
Mangrove, 138
Mangrove, black, 610
Mangrove, grey, 683
Mangrove, red, 610
Maniawga, 612
Manshugurumi, 793
Manuka, 568
Manzanillo, 906
Manzimane, 207
Mapata, 244
Mapau, 471, 592
Mapau, white, 658
Maple, black, 2
Maple, bigleaf, 1
Maple, New South Wales, 370
Maple, Queensland, 628
Maple, red, 4
Maple, silver, 5
Maple, striped, 3
Maple, sugar, 6
Mararie, 295
Marble-wood, Andaman, 324
Marchula, 631
Margosa, 453
Marochani, 584
Maroogoo, 632
Marri, 486
Marup, 1025
Massaranduba, 1020
Mastic, 153
Matai, 285
Mategibe, 203
Mawld, 664
Mazerie, 338
Medang, 382
Medang Tandok, 383
Melantai, 317
Merabau, 396
Merani Kait Kait, 322
Meranti Bunga, 316
Meranti Kepong, 321
Meranti Rambai Daun, 310
Meranti Sarang Funai, 319
Merawan, 309, 708
Merbau, 717
Messmate, 497, 498, 532, 552
Midzuki, 772
Midzume, 762
Milkwood, red, 649, 652
Milkwood, white, 656
Milla, 688
Miro, 281
Moat soom, 671
Moehakalela, 623
Moko, 330
Momi, 813
Mora, 944, 993
Morrell, 514
Moruro, 964
Mowha, 651
Mpataselo, 355
Mrapat, 723
Mucuri, 1019
Mueri, 616
Muhugu, 245
Mukao, 663
Mukuenoki, 853
Mulberry, wild, 358
Mulsari, 650
u-Munga, 392
Muntelon, 615
Murrogun, 376
Musaizi, 613
Musengera, 282
Musharagi, 585
Muskwood, 984
Mutati, 213
Mutirai, 442
Mutwa, 561
Muzaiti, 386
Mweri, 456
Myauklot, 461
Myrtle, grey, 475
Myrtle, Oregon, 68
Myrtle, red, 344
Myrtle, silver, 573
Myrtle, Tasmanian, 344
Nageshwa, 366
Nagi, 847
Nana, 432
Nance, 978
Naranjo, 899
Natte, 648
Nebelele, 397
Nedun, 415
Negro head, 347
Nemili-adagu, 688
Nemunoki, 801
Neribi, 220
Nezuko, 833
um-Nga, 390
um-Ngayi, 231
um-Ngqangqa, 229
um-Ngquma, 587
Niankuma, 669
Niere, 606
Nieshout, 456
Nigaki, 845
Niganire, 856
uni-Nini, 606
Nispero, 1017
Nogal, 915
um-Nqabaza, 675
um-Nqai, 231
um-Nqwaskube, 293
um-Nukambiba, 624
um-Nungumabele, 633
Nyatoh, 647
Nym tree, 453
Oak, 350, 351, 352
Oak, black, 51
Oak, bur, 42
Oak, California black, 36
Oak, chestnut, 43
Oak, forest, 228
Oak, Gambel's, 39
Oak, hill, 349
Oak, Karri Shea, 224
Oak, laurel, 41
Oak, live, 52
Oak, live, canyon, 37
Oak, Oregon white, 40
Oak, pin, 46
Oak, post, 50
Oak, red, 35
Oak, red, silky, 597
Oak, river, 223
Oak, satin silky, 596
Oak, scarlet, 38
Oak, shea, 226
Oak, silky, 598, 600
Oak, southern red, 49
Oak, swamp, 227
Oak, swamp chestnut, 48
Oak, swamp red, 45
Oak, swamp white, 34
Oak, Tasmanian, 495
Oak, water, 44
Oak, white, 33
Oak, willow, 47
Obeche, 670
Obobo-Nikwe, 450
Obobo-Nufwa, 449
Ochwen, 340
Odonomokuku, 222
Odum, 465
Ogwango, 451, 452
Ogwega, 409
Ohinire, 857
Ohnara, 782
Oitiica, 994
Oity, 862
Okan, 406
Okoko, 667
Okwein, 403
Oleo vermelho, 958
Olive, wild, 587
Olyvenhout, 587
Onglen belian, 715
Onigurumi, 794
Onoorekamba, 766
Opepe, 621
Orange, osage, 75
Orugbo, 364
0sterrigsk Fyr, 692
Ottenga, 296.5
Oudehout, 614
Outeniqua, 280
Owawa, 670
Paardepis, 642
Pabda, 431
Pacouri, 912
Padauk, 417
Padauk, Burma, 418
Pagar Anak, 426
um-Pahla, 244
Pairi, 232
Palm, Palmyra, 589
Palmetto, cabbage, 86
Palo bianco, 1008
Palo dulce, 950
Paludar, 247
Panaka, 232
Panchi, 235
Panisaj, 239
Pantaga, 363
Po d'alho, 1001
Po amarello, 1014
Po branco, 890
Po brasil, 934
Po Concha, 1005
Po santo, 976
Paradise-tree, 154
Partridge, 935
Pauji, 980
Peach, wild, 355
Pear, coffee, 229
Pear, hard, 229
Pear, mountain hard, 588
Pear, native (W. Australia), 603
Pear, red, 356

Pear, thorn, 357
Pear, white, 369
Pearwood, white, 233
Pecan, 63
Pecha-da, 324
Peinn, 460
Penaga (F. M. S.), 366
Penak, 298, 300
Pendjalinan, 729
Peppermint, 497, 515
Peppermint, black, 479
Peppermint, narrow-leaved, 481
Peppermint, New England, 480
Peppermint, Sydney, 534
Pereira, 968
Perepat, 661
Perian, 463
Pernambuco wood, 934
Peroba rosa, 870
Persimmon, 25
Peshora, 368
Petanang, 706
Petwun, 672
Pigeon-wood, 679
Pilla, 460
Pimenteira, 986
Pine, Bhotan, 272
Pine, black, 281, 285
Pine, blue, 272
Pine, brown, 279
Pine, Bunya, 251
Pine, celery-top, 269
Pine, cluster, 274
Pine, cypress, 256
Pine, cypress, black, 255
Pine, Dundathu, 250
Pine, hoop, 252
Pine, Huon, 265
Pine, Illawara Mountain, 256
Pine, jack, 107
Pine, Jeffery, 114
Pine, kauri, 249
Pine, King William, 253
Pine, limber, 113
Pine, loblolly, 124
Pine, lodgepole, 110
Pine, longleaf, 117
Pine, long-needled, 273
Pine, maritime, 274
Pine, Moreton Bay, 252
Pine, mountain, 119
Pine, Oyster Bay, 258
Pine, pitch, 121
Pine, pond, 122
Pine, Putt's, 625
Pine, red, 120, 264
Pine, sand, 109
Pine, Scots, 277
Pine, shortleaf, 111
Pine, silver, 263
Pine, slash, 108
Pine, stone, 275
Pine, sugar, 115
Pine, turpentine, 219
Pine, Westland, 263
Pine, Weymouth, 276
Pine, white, 278
Pine, white, eastern, 123
Pine, white, western, 116
Pine, yellow, western, 118
Pinheiro de Parana, 1002
Pinkwood, 336
Pinlkanazo, 664, 665
Pinon, 112
Pipli, 367
Piqui, 1027
Piuni, 272
Plum, black, 563
Plum, dog, 446
Plum, grey, 326
Plum, Kaffir, 203
Plum, pigeon, 135

Podo, 282, 283
Poisonwood, 8
Poma, 440
Pomatum-wood, 371
Pomme, 567
Pooli, 218
Poplar, 634
Poplar, balsam, 144
Poplar, yellow, 71
Popohan, 700
Portia-tree, 439
Possum wood, 907
Powder bark, 476
Prima vera, 879
Prima vera, Indian, 433
Pulaj, 702
Pulut Pulut, 467
Puna, 361
Punggai, 216
Purpleheart, 959
Puspah, 727
Pyinkado, 425
Pyinma, 430, 431
in-Quala, 637
um-Quaqu, 428
Quassia, 1024
Quebracho bianco, 871
Quebracho Colorado, 868
Quinine tree, 210
u-Qume, 642
um-Qwaqwana, 684
um-Qwashu, 656
Rai, 271
Ranai, 387
Rasak, 312
Rasamala, 714
Rata, northern, 571
Recheda, 393
Redwood, 127, 289, 393
Regte Z warte Ijzerhout, 586
Rengas, 205, 701
Resak, 712
Rewa Rewa, 599
Rhododendron, great, 29
Rimu, 264
Rinboku, 840
Rinda, 308
Ritha, 644
Roble, 881
Roble Colorado, 969
Rodeblad, 237
Rode EIs, 293
Rode Melkhout, 206
Rode Peer, 356
R0dgran, 691
Rosewood, 443
Rosewood, Brazilian, 940
Rosewood, East Indian, 407
Rosewood, Honduras, 939
Ru, 225
Sabic, 955
Sabic moruro, 960
Saffraanhout, 230
Saffronwood, 230
Sagewood, 427
Saga, 436
Sgun, 687
Saihadakamba, 765
Saikachi, 802
Sain, 243
Saitu, 215
Sj, 687
Ska, 687
Skher, 320
Sal, 320
Salamo, 1007
Salangan Batu, 315
Saliehout, 427
Samoh, 887
Sanai, 297
Sancho-arafia, 860
Sandal, 582
Sanders, red, 420
Sandulane, 620
San Juan, 1036
Santa Maria, 910
Sapu, 436
Sapucaia, 929
Saqui-saqui, 883
Sassafras, 67, 457
Sassafras, black, 374
Satin, 991
Satinwood, 442, 631
Satinwood, West Indian, 1015
Satyobe, 588
Sauce Colorado, 1016
Sawagurumi, 795
Sawara, 819
Sawashiba, 768
Seiknangyi, 384
Semul, 215
um-Senge, 212
Sepetir, 422
Seraya Batu, 322
Seriah, 314
Seriah, white, 322
Seni, 727
Serviceberry, 139
She beech, 371, 380
She teak, 627
Shii, 778
Shila, 239
Shinanoki, 850
Shioji, 812
Shirabe, 815
Shirakamba, 764
Shirakashi, 786
Shiribukagashi, 779
Shishm, 408
Shnanboku, 823
Shtar, 368
Sia Nahor, 365
Sida, 433
Silkwood, 583
Silverbell-tree, 155
Simantok, 711
Singliang, 367
um-Sinsi, 411
Sintok, 707
Sirikishu, 342
Sirio, 398
Siris, 398
Siris, white, 400
Sissoo, 408
Sit, 400
Sneezewood, 456
Soapnut, 644
Sono kling, 716
Sooahn, 304
Sshiju, 800
Sourwood, 28
Spekhout, 355
Spruce, black, 104
Spruce, Engelmann, 102
Spruce, Norway, 270
Spruce, red, 105
Spruce, Sitka, 106
Spruce, West Himalayan, 271
Spruce, white, 103
Stavewood, 668
Stinkhout, 385, 677
Stinkwood, black, 385
Stinkwood, red, 616
Stopper, Garber's, 78
Stringybark, 487, 500, 510, 526
Stringybark, brown, 488
Stringybark, red, 517
Stringybark, silvertop, 511
Stringybark, small-leaved, 558
Stringybark, white, 499
Stringybark, yellow, 523
Subaha, 619
Sucupira, 932
Sugarberry, 158
Sugi, 820
Sultana champa, 361
Sumach, staghorn, 7
Sundri, 664, 665
Sungloch, 239
um-Sunti, 286
Suren, 720
Suriya, 439
Suriya Mara, 399
Sycamore, 134, 200
Taaibosch, 207
Tabu, 799
Taiwanhinoki, 817
Taiwansugi, 832
Tal, 589
TaIa, 1030
Tallowwood, 521, 535
Taman, 430
Tamarack, 99
Tamarind, native (Australia),
640
Tambalacoque, 655
Tan, 589
Tangeao, 379
Tangile, 173
Tapinhoan, 924
Taraire, 372
Tare, 241
Tatajuba, 988
um-Tati, 456
Taukkyan, 243
Taungpeinn, 458
Tawa, 373
Tawenna, 646
Taykth, 337
Tea tree, 568
Tea tree, Bellbowrie, 569
Tea tree, prickly-leaved, 570
Teak, 687, 730
Teak, brush, 643
Teak, Cape, 429
Teak, colonial, 626
Tempinis, 468
um-Tenattena, 329
Tenio, 901
Terentang, 201
Thabye, 563
Thabyu, 296.5
Thamaga, 453
Tharapi, 361
Thayet, 204
The Toddy, 589
Thingan, 308
Thitkado, 440
Thitkya, 324
Thitmagyi, 399
Thitmin, 284
Thitpyu, 400
Thitya, 318
Thorn tree, 390
Tingle tingle, red, 510
Tipa, 973
Titoki, 636
n-Tlokoebomve, 207
Tochinoki, 792
Todomatsu, 814
Togasawara, 830
Thi, 826
um-Tombi, 466
Toneriko, 809
Toon, 440
Totara, 287
Towai, 345, 346
Trincomalee wood, 672
Tsuga, 835
Tsuge, 771
Tualang, 413
Tuart, 505
Tuckeroo, 639
Tulip tree, 439
Tulip wood, 641
DENSITY ARRANGEMENT
In the arrangement below, the lightest and heaviest woods
are listed in the order (descending) of their bulk-densities in
the air-dried condition. The bold-face numbers represent intervals
on the density scale. The other numbers are the index numbers
of the woods arranged in descending order of their densities.
Bulk density = weight of air-dry piece divided by its bulk volume.
ARRANGEMENT PAR DENSIT
Dans l'arrangement ci-dessous les bois les plus lgers et les plus
lourds sont indiqus dans Tordre (descendant) de leur densit
apparente dans les conditions de schage Pair. Les nombres en
caractres gras reprsentent les intervalles de l'chelle des densits.
Les autres nombres sont les nombres index des bois disposs dans
l'ordre descendant de leurs densits. Densit apparente = poids
de la pice sche Fair divis par son volume apparent.
ANORDNUNG DER DICHTE
In der Anordnung unten sind die leichtesten und schwersten
Hlzer in absteigender Reihe ihrer Dichten im Luft trockenem
Zustande angegeben. Die hervorgehobenen Zahlen bezeichnen
die Intervalle an der Dichteskala. Die anderen Zahlen sind die
Indexnummern der angegebenen Hlzer in absteigender Reihe
ihrer Dichten. Raumgewicht = Gewicht des Luft trockenen
Stckes dividiert durch sein Volumen.
ORDINE SECONDO LE DENSIT
Nell'elenco che segue, i legni pi leggeri e i pi pesanti sono
indicati nell'ordine decrescente delle loro densit nello stato
di essiccamento all'aria. I numeri marcati in nero rappresentano

gli intervalli nella scala delle densit. Gli altri numeri sono
i numeri indice dei legni disposti in ordine decrescente delle loro
densit. Densit apparente == peso del pezzo seccato all'aria
diviso per il suo volume.
1.40: 1038, 996, 868, 976, 412, 936, 864, 136, 971, 522. 1.25:
1037, 1021, 880, 512, 934, 920, 941, 928, 665, 552, 420. 1.20:
946, 935, 933, 904, 523, 513, 501, 549, 731, 565, 554, 497. 1.15:
965, 945, 919, 414, 638, 482, 555, 415, 540, 525, 587. 1.12: 494,
207, 493, 536, 524, 1032, 1023, 1020, 1013, 1011, 1003, 896, 409.
1.09: 1017, 970, 551, 537, 553, 939, 138, 498, 664, 570. 1.066:
502, 234, 651, 530, 507, 991, 954, 571, 153, 583, 475. 1.04: 961,
442, 1008, 962, 861, 228, 644, 477, 483. 1.02: 960, 541, 491, 387,
484, 584, 509, 654. 1.00: 1005, 972, 969, 959, 958, 956, 953, 952,
944, 932, 924, 871, 865, 357.
0.41: 883, 814, 466, 88, 55, 123, 272, 115, 271. 0.40: 1025,
886, 878, 820, 815, 785, 218, 148, 154, 247. 0.38: 842, 720, 321,
102, 983, 833, 816, 130, 253, 209, 91, 96. 0.36: 907, 820, 213,
144, 947, 895, 887, 819, 721, 201, 129. 0.344: 18, 467, 454, 844,
711, 702, 463. 0.25: 1026, 949, 884. 0.189: 674. 0.12: 888.
0.10:885.
ARTIFICIAL LUMBERS
The data given below are intended to illustrate the order of
magnitude of some of the properties found for samples of certain
artificial materials manufactured in board form for special uses.
Since the properties of such materials vary with the method of
manufacture, and as such methods are constantly being improved,
the actual characteristics of the manufactured product at a given
time can be obtained only from the manufacturer.
Common or
trade name
Composition and
structure
Strength
kg/cm 2
Bulkdensity, Tr. = transverse
g/crn a Ten. = tensile
Cr. = crushing
cf.. p. 312 (4)
Welimad, 284
Wilde Moerbe, 358
Willow, 635
Willow, black, 150
Willow, black, western, 149
Willow, bush, 237
Witch-hazel, 53
Witgalboom, 677
Witte Els, 294
Wittehout, 211
Witte Melkhout, 656
Witte Peer, 369
Wolvedoorn, 357
Wonta, 461
Woolly-butt, 485, 515
Xalebo, 358
Yabunikkei, 798
Yacal, 315
Yachidamo, 811
Yagrume, 875
Yamaguwa, 807
Yamahannoki, 760
Yamamomo, 808
Yamanarashi, 843
Yamane, 685
Yamazakura, 838
Yashabushi, 759
Yaya, 619, 869
Yayamadou, 998
Yellowwood, bastard, 280
Yellowwood, real, 286
Yellowwood, upright, 286
Yepa, 412
Yew, Pacific, 156
Yinma, 441
Yiv, 393
Yogusominebari, 767
Yon, 235
um-Zani, 632
Zapatero, 908
um-Zimbiti, 414
Zuurbesje, 203
Zuurbesjes, 354
Zwartbast, 329
Zwarte kabbes, 945
Approximate thermal
conductivity k
10-0A g-cal cm- 2
sec'1 (0C, cm-1)"1
Tulip wood, yellow, 339

Tuni, 440
um-Tunzi, 649, 652
Turpentine, 574
Ubamegashi, 787
Ubberiya, 611
Ukpe-Nikwi, 638
Ulmo, 903
Ulwatile, 642
Umbrella, Frazer's, 73
Umburana, 974
Urajirogashi, 789
Uriana, 337
Urihadakaede, 754
Urucurana, 905
Urunday, 864
Urushi, 755
Ushikoroshi, 837
Uvero, 1003
Uwamizuzakura, 839
Vaalbosch, 244
Vengai, 419
Vera, 1037
Veroity, 889
Vincol, 666
Vinhatico castanho, 967
Vinhatico de espinho, 966
Virarti, 1004
Virgilia, vetch-leaved, 424
Vlier, 428
Vuinauku, 666
um-Vumvu, 677
Waibaima, 919
Waikey, 913
Walikukun, 728
Wallaba, 948
Walnut, 398
Walnut, black, 65
Walnut, Mexican, 66
Walukina, 359
Wamara, 971
Wandoo, 541
Waterbesje, 561
Water tree, 211
Wawaku, 268
A
A s b e s t o s mill
board
Asbestos + binder
Asbestos wood . . . Asbestos + cement
1.0
2.0
1050 Cr. ( 3 )
246 Tr.
Asphalt roofing . . Felt saturated with

0.9
asphalt
Celotex*
Felted b a g a s s e 0.19 to 2.25 Tr.
26. 2 Ten. (2)
0.24
fibers
Cork board
Cork, no binder
0.13
Cork board
Cork + bituminous 0.25
binder
Pressed wood pulp 0.19
Insulite
1.62 Tr.
11.7 Ten. (2)
Lith board
Mineral wool, vege- 0.2
table fi b e r s +
binder
Sheet rock or Gypsum + w o o d
2.04 Tr.
plaster b o a r d shavings
12.3 Ten. ( 2 )
Wall
b o a r d Gypsum
(gypsum)
Stiff paper
0.7
13 Ten. (1 )
Wall board
11.9 Ten. ( 5 )
Vegetable fibers -fThermolathf
wa t e r p r o o f i n g
1.14 Tr.
binder
* Water absorptivity on 48 hr immersion = 10 vol. %.
t Water absorptivity on 48 hr immersion = 41 vol. %.
29
93
24
10
10
12
10
13
80
17
13 ( 5 )
LITERATURE
O) Bird and Son, O. ( 2 ) Celotex Company, Celotex. ( 3 ) Johns-Manville
Co., Asbestos Wood. (*) Van Dusen, 885, 26: 625; 20. ( 5 ) Waldorf Paper
Products Co., O.
BUILDING STONES
D. W. KESSLER
MATIRES
CONTENTS
Compressive strength.
Shearing strength.
Rsistance la compression.
Rsistance au cisaillement.
Druckfestigkeit.
Schubfestigkeit.
Transverse strength.
Tensile strength.
Resistance to abrasion.
Impact hardness.
Elasticity.
Bulk density.
Porosity.
Compressibility.
Thermal expansion.
Specific heat.
Thermal conductivity.
Thermal diffusivity.
Rsistance la flexion.
Rsistance la traction.
Duret au frottement.
Duret au choc.
lasticit.
Densit apparente.
Porosit.
Co mpressibilit.
Dilatation thermique.
Chaleur spcifique.
Conductibilit thermique.
Diffusivit thermique.
Biegefestigkeit.
Zugfestigkeit.
Abnutzbarkeit.
Schlaghrte.
Elastizitt.
Raumgewicht.
Porositt.
Kompressibilitt.
Wrmeausdehnung.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
Temperaturleitfhigkeit.
CONVERSION FACTORS
1 kg cm"
= 14.22 Ib. in.-2 = 1.024 ton* ft.~ 2
1 dyne cm~2 = 1.020 X 10~5 kg cm~2 = 1.450 X 10~5 Ib. in.~2
= 1.044 X IO"6 ton* ft.~ 2
1 kg-1 cm2 = 1.020 X IO 6 dyne'1 cm2 = 0.0703 Ib.-1 in.2
= 1.033 atmr1
l g cm-3
= 1000 kg m~3 = 62.4 Ib. ft."3 = 0.843 ton* yd.~ 3
2
1 joule cm- sec"1 (0C, cm"1)-1 =0.239 g-cal cm~2 sec"1
(0C, cm-1)-1
4
= 9.48 X 10~ BTU ft.- 2 sec-1
(0F, in.-1)-1
per deg C = 0.556 per deg F.
2
* 1 ton = 2000 Ib.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
kg cm-2 X 10~3
Example; For basalt from Limburg, 3200 kg per sq. cm ( 4 ).
Basalt, Av. Range2.0 to 3.5
Near Linz a. R
Limburg, Nassau
Ortenberg, Hesse
Lauterbach, Hesse
4~7
3.2
2.7
2.0
(6)
(4)
(4)
(4)
Rothweil, Baden
3.4
Aschaffenburg, L. Franconia
3.0
Porphyry, Av. Range2.0 to 3.0
( 12 )
(4)
Quartz, Beutengrund, Silesia

Quartz, Reinsdorf, Silesia
Alpirsbach, Black Forest
3.2
2.2
2.0
( 12 )
(12)
(4)
3.2
2.9
2.0
1.1
( )
(4)
( 45 )
( 21 )
2.9
2 .0
(4)
(4)
Phonolite
Felsite
Rohrschweger, Alsace
Kerzheim, Alsace
PAGE
Resistenza alla pressione. .

Resistenza alla cesoiamenta
Resistenza alla pressione. .
Resistenza alla trazione.. .
Resistenza alla usura
Durezza alla scossa
Elasticit
..
Densit apparente
Porosit
Compressibilit
Dilatazione termica
Calore specifico
Conduttivit t e r m i c a . . . . .
Diffusibilit termica
Diabase
Ochenkopf, Bavaria
Hasselfelde, Harz Mts
Taylors Falls, Minn
2.7
2.1
1.8
(4)
()
(*3)
2.6
2.4
2.0
1.1
(4)
(4)
(21)
( 23 )
2.5
(4i)
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.1
1.0
(13)
( 34 )
(13)
(13)
O3)
(i 3 )
(i 3 )
(4)
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.4
0.8
(21)
( 38 )
(21)
(15)
(16)
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
( 41 )
( 32 )
( 46 )
( 41 )
( 4 I)
( 21 )
( 20 )
( 41 i
Diorite, Av. Range1.0 to 2.5

Freiburg, Baden
Aschaffenburg, L. Franconia..
Boulder Canyon, Ariz
Quartz mica, Monson, Mass
Aplite
Hingham, Mass
j
Syenite, Av. Range1.0 to 2.0
Fine grained, East St. Cloud, Minn

Porphyry, Pulaski Co., Ark
Red, Beaver Bay, Minn
Gray quartzose, East St. Cloud, Minn
Coarse, Watab, Minn
Fine grained, Sauk Rapids, Minn
Cape Ann, Mass
Weinheim, Baden
Serpentine, Av. Range0.9 to 2.0
Hollysprings, Ga
Auburn, Calif
Roxbury, Vt
Einseidel, Bohemia
Zoblitz, Saxony
Granite, Av. Range1.0 to 2.8
Quartzite, Av. Range1.0 to 2.0

Kugelberg, Alsace
Sierk near Metz
Pipestone, Minn
White Haven, Pa
INDICE
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Quartz-monzonite, Westerly, R. I
Muscovite, Stone Mountain, Ga
Hornblende, Mosquito Mt., Maine
Gneiss, Branford, Conn
Biotite, Milford, Mass
Biotite gneiss, Port Deposit, Md
Riebeckite-aegirite, Quincy, Mass
Hornblende, Rockport, Maine
47
48
49
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
54
55
55
55
Granite.(Continued)
Coarse biotite, Stony Creek, Conn
Gneiss, Monson, Mass
Biotite, Aberdeen, Scotland
(13)
( 41 )
(13)
1.1
1.1
0.8
Gabbro
Rice Pt., Duluth, Minn
Randauthal, Hanover
J L 9 ( 3 J
1.0
(4)
Lava
Niedermendig, Rhine
Fremont Co., Colo
1.9
0.7
(6)
( 18 )
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
(21)
( 13 )
( 21 )
(21)
(21)
( 21 )
O5)
(21)
( 21 )
(21)
(2l)
(i3)
(21)
(21)
(21)
Marble, Av. Range0.8 to 1.5

Hematitic dolomite, Swanton, Vt
Coarse dolomite, Pleasantville, N. Y
Carbonaceous, Isle LaMotte, Vt
Dolomite, South Dover, N. Y
Dolomite, Lee, Mass
Pink fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn
Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy
Saccharoidal calcite, Plattsburg, N. Y
Magnesian, Gouverneur, N. Y
Dolomite, Beaverdam, Md
Graphitic dolomite, Florence, Vt
Carbonaceous, Glens Falls, N. Y
Coarse calcite, Ball Ground, Ga
Saccharoidal calcite, Rutland, Vt
Actinolitic calcite, South Dorset, Vt
Dolomite, Av. Range0.8 to 1.6
Compact, Lemont, 111
Compact, Red Wing, Minn
Arenaceous, Kasota, Minn
Bituminous, Marblehead, Ohio
Pitted, Jefferson City, Mo
Vesicular, Stone City, Iowa
Tl)
1.6
0.9
.8
8
.4
(3)
( 13 )
( 21 )
(2l)
(21)
(3)
Essexite
Mt. Johnson, Quebec....
1.8
(l)
1.5
(*3)
1.5 | (13)
Granodiorite
Rocklin, Calif
Labradorite
Beaver Bay, Minn
Sandstone, Av. Range0.5 to 1.5

Quartzitic, Potsdam, N. Y
Argillaceous, Warsaw, N. Y
Calcareous, Horst, Schleswig-Holstein
Calcareous, Craigleith, Scotland
Triassic, Hummelstown, Pa
Triassic, Bellville, N. J
Triassic, Portland, Conn
Triassic, East Long Meadow, Mass
Calcareous, Dorchester, N. B
Feldspathic, Vitzenberg, Thuringia
Calcareous, Warrensburg, Mo
Feldspathic, Aquia Creek, Va
Ferruginous, Chitwood, Ore
1.5
1.4
1.2
0.9
.8
8
7
.7
.7
.6
.4
4
.4
(21)
( 4 I)
(i2)
(3)
( 2 I)
(13)
( 2 I)
(21)
(13)
(i2)
(8)
(21)
( 4 I)
1.4
1.4
1.4
(13)
( 36 )
( 36 )
Limestone, Av. Range0.4 to 1.4

Argillaceous, St. Paul, Minn
Compact, Lias, France
Jurassic, Chatillon, France
Limestone.(Continued)
Aluminous, Minneapolis, Minn
Compact, earthy, Cassville, Mo
Fine-grained oolite, Marshalltown, Iowa
Vesicular, Mantorville, Minn
Magnesian, Andalusia, 111
Oolitic, Bedford, Ind
Jurassic, Isle of Portland
Oolitic, Caen, Normandy
Oolitic, Bath, England
1.2
0.9
.9
.7
.4
4
.3
.25
.09
( i3 )
(21 )
(3)
(i3)
( 3S )
(21)
(33)
( 13 )
(29)
Ts
1.2
()
( 12 )
1.0
| (21)
0.8 |
0.7 | (U)
0.7
0.6
Conglomerate
Wilkesbarre, Pa
Knigssee, Thuringia
Breccia (Volcanic)
Tufa
Lilliwaup, Wash
( 3 I)
Slate
PenArgyl, Pa
Trachyte
Kln, Rhine
(6)
Steatite
Arrington, V a . . .
(21)
Tuff
Oregon
Grafenberg, Bavaria
C L 2 ( 2 )
0.1
(4)
SHEARING STRENGTH
The shearing values given in this table were determined by three types of apparatus, one of which appears to give results which are too low, due to the fact that
bending stresses are produced. The values determined by authority No. 41
are probably low for this reason.
kg cm"-2
Marble, Av. Range100 to 300
450
Dolomitic, Lee, Mass.
320
Impure calcite, Carthage, Mo
310
Graphitic calcite, Albertson, Vt
260
250
Karstmarmor, Nabresina, Istria
110
Dolomitic, Tuckahoe, N. Y
105
Siliceous, Neubeuern, Bavaria
100
90
Fine-grained, Laas, Tyrol
60
(21)
(21)
(21)
(21)
(21)
(l 5 )
( 4 I)
(4)
(l 5 )
(15)
Serpentine
Weisen, Tyrol
Hollysprings, Ga
Einsiedel, Bohemia
340
320
180
(is)
(21)
(ls)
300
200
180
170
170
160
140
140
130
90
(21)
(i g )
()
( 4 I)
( 22 )
(41)
(ls)
(4)
(4)
(i g )
Granite, Av. Range150 to 300

Biotite, Millbridge, Maine
Hornblende, Rockport, Mass
Hornblende, Cape Ann, Mass
Muscovite-biotite, Troy, N. H
Fine-grained biotite, Schwarzwasser, Poland. .
Fine-grained biotite, Mauthausen, Austria... .
Biotite, Hauzenberg, Bavaria
Biotite, Baveno, Italy
Steatite
Arlington, Va
Limestone, Av. Range75 to 125

|
280 | (21)
Slate
250
150
( 21 )
(27)
2O
200
170
150
150
150
30
(2^
( 21 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 41 )
( 21 )
(4)
190
40
30
20
21
( )
(4)
(4)
(4)
780
340
310
160
90
(S)
( 2 *)
( 2 I)
( 15 )
(38)
330 |
( 2 *)
300
250
190
180
170
170
170
150
150
130
110
80
( 21 )
( 21 )
( 15 )
( 21 )
( 2 *)
(15)
( 15 )
( 2 *)
( 21 )
( 21 )
( 21 )
( 21 )
230
180
170
140
110
80
(4)
( 1S )
( 22 )
(18)
(15)
(4)
Calcareous mica, Pen Argyl, Pa

Siliceous mica, Monson, Maine
Earthy dolomite, Quincy, 111
Aluminous dolomite, Mantorville, Minn
Gray oolitic, Bedford, Ind
Buff oolitic, Bedford, Ind
Flinty, Buffalo, N. Y
Oolitic, Rockwood, Ala
Pure white oolitic, Kehlheim, Bavaria
Sandstone, Av. Range50 to 150
Triassic, East Longmeadow, Mass
Fine-grained variegated, Murgtal, Baden
Argillaceous, Hochberg, Bavaria
Glauconitic, Ihrlerstein, Bavaria
TRANSVEKSE STRENGTH
Modulus of Rupture
kg cm~2
Serpentine, Av. Range100 to 350
Weisen, Tyrol
Hollysprings, Ga
Roxbury, Vt
Einsiedel, Bohemia
Auburn, Calif
Quartzite
White Haven, Pa
150
140
100
90
80
70
(2l)
( 21 )
( 4 *)
(4)
( 21 )
(4)
250
| (U)
160
90
90
90
90
60
50
50
40
30
30
20
( 21 )
( 2 *)
( 21 )
( 2 *)
( 15 )
(l5)
( 21 )
(4)
( 15 )
( 2 *)
( 2 ^)
(4)
O
100
100
60
( 2 ^)
(l 5)
(21)
(*5)
90
80
50
30
30
20
( 21 )
( 21 )
( 21 )
(io)
( 2 ^)
( 21 )
40
40
40
40
(4)
(4)
( 15 )
(is)
40
20
20
20
10
10
10
( 21 )
(8)
(4)
(21)
(4)
(4)
(4)
40 |
(* 5)
TENSILE STRENGTH
kg cm~2
Slate
Pen Argyl, Pa
|

Pink fossiliferous, Plattsburg, N. Y
Karst mar mor, Nabresina, 1st ria
Fine-grained, Laas, Tyrol.
Coarse gr. calcite, Ball Ground, Ga
Dolomite, Parsberg, Bavaria
Dolomite, S. Dover, N. Y
Saccharoidal calcite, W. Rutland, Vt
Dolomite, Rehburg, Franconia
Serpentine
Roxbury, Vt
Einsiedel, Bohemia
Hollysprings, Ga
Weisen, Tyrol

Fine-grained calcite, Laas, Tyrol
Graphitic, Albertson, Vt
Karstmarmor, Nabresina, Istria
Fossiliferous, Plattsburg, N. Y
Dolomitic, Beaverdam, Md.
Dolomitic, Lee, Mass
Coarse calcite, Ball Ground, Ga
Saccharoidal calcite, West Rutland, Vt
Fine-grained biotite, Mauthausen, Austria....
Fine-grained biotite, Schwarzwasser, Poland. .
Hornblende, Cape Ann, Mass
Biotite, Millbridge, Maine
Biotite, Gefrees, Franconia
Compact earthy, Cassville, Mo

Compact earthy, Phnix, Mo
Arenaceous dolomite, Kasota, Minn
Aluminous dolomite, Mantorville, Minn
6
130
80
80
50
( 21 )
( 21 )
( 21 )
( 21 )
( 2 *)
'. .

Gneissoid, St. Gothard Tunnel
Biotite, Hausenberg, Bavaria
Fine-grained, Schwarzwasser, Poland
Feldspathic, McDermott, Ohio
Asphaltic, Liberal, Mo
Fine-grained variegated, Murgtal, Baden
Triassic, E. Longmeadow, Mass
Variegated, Kronach, Bavaria
Argillaceous, Hochberg, Bavaria
Glauconitic, Ihrlerstein Bavaria
Trachyte
Spitzberg, Bohemia

Flagstone, Lacyville, Pa
Triassic, Hummelstown, Pa
Berea grit, Amherst, Ohio

Flinty, Buffalo, N. Y
Pure white oolitic, Kehlheim, Bavaria
Muschelkalk, Randersacker, Bavaria
RESISTANCE TO ABRASION ("HARDNESS") (19)

The hardness values were determined by subjecting cylindrical specimens
2.5 cm in diameter to the abrasive action of crushed and graded quartz which
is fed upon a revolving steel disc. The coefficient of hardness equals 20 (}i)w,
where w is the weight of specimen worn away by 1000 revolutions of the disc.
Khyolite, Av. Range18 to 20

Adams Co., Pa
Milton, Calif
Boise, Idaho
Syenite
<20
< 20
15
Basalt, Av. Range17 to 19

Nephelite, Austin, Texas
Olivine, Cliffs, Wash
19
18
Diabase, Av. Range17 to 19

Upper Nyack, N. Y
Ansonia, Conn
19
18
Quartzite, Av. Range16 to 19

Roanoke, Va
Greenbank, Del
19
18
Gabbro, Av. Range16 to 18
St. Peters, Pa
York Haven, Pa
19
18
Trachyte
Colorado Springs, Colo
19
Chert
Chockie, OkIa
Provo, Utah
19
17
Amphibolite
Wilmington, Del
| 19
Biotite, Vinai Haven, Maine

Biotite, Barre, Vt
Hornblende, Beverly, Mass
Aplitic, Richmond, Va
Biotite, Mt. Airy, N. C
Quartz monzonite, Milford, N. H
19
19
19
18
18
18
9~~
18
12
9
Diorite, Av. Range16 to 19

Bakersfield, Calif
Granite Falls, Wash
Glen Mills, Pa
9~
18
17
Gneiss, Av. Range16 to 19

Hornblende, Middle Valley, N. J
Sericite, Atlanta, Ga
Biotite, Hanover, N. H
Diorite, Derwood, Md
Pyroxene; Little Falls, N. Y
19
18
18
18
17
Schist, Av. Range15 to 18

Quartz hornblende, Havre de Grace, Md
Quartzite, Haverhill, N. H
Muscovite, Charlottesville, Va
19
18
18
17
Andsite
Elbe, Wash
18
17

Argillaceous, Culpeper, Va
Ferruginous, Manassas, Va
Calcareous, Huntington, W. Va
Argillaceous, Salford, Pa
Chloritic, Warren, R. I
Ferruginous, Shreveport, La
Feldspathic, Parkersburg, W. Va
Bituminous, Provo, Utah
Ferruginous, Marshall, Texas
18
18
16
16
15
14
12
6
3

Rockville, Md
Blue Mountain, Pa
Newark, Calif
18~~
15
12

Siliceous, Coyote, Calif
Carbonaceous, Petersburg, lnd
Fossiliferous, East Smithfield, Pa
Dolomitic, Huntington, W. Va
Crystalline, New Decatur, Ala
Dolomite, Joliet, 111
Travertine, Damascus, Va
Argillaceous, Pontoosuc, 111
Bituminous, Ravia, OkIa
17
17
16
15
15
14
12
9
3

Hematitic dolomite, Burlington, Vt
Dolomitic, Port Kennedy, Pa
Graphitic calcite, Regal, N. C
Calcite, Ball Ground, Ga
Siliceous, Texas, Md
17
15
14
11
8
Tuff
Andsite, Petaluma, Calif
Slate, Av. Range12 to 18

Clay, Berks Co., Pa
Siliceous, Montgomery Co., Pa
Calcareous, Waynesboro, Va
Heber Springs, Ark
Vera Cruz, Pa
Charlottesville, Va
| 18
Steatite
New London, N. C
4
19
IMPACT HARDNESS ("TOUGHNESS") ( )

The toughness values were determined by subjecting cylindrical specimens
2.5 cm high by 2.5 cm diameter to the impact produced by the fall of a 2 kg
hammer upon a steel plunger, the lower end of which is spherical and rests on
the test piece. The weight is first dropped from a height of 1 cm which is increased 1 cm for each blow until the specimen breaks. The toughness is recorded
as the height of the last hammer fall.

Clay, Berks Co., Pa
Indurated, Green Lane, Pa
Micaceous, Green Lane, Pa
Heber Springs, Ark
Siliceous, Montgomery Co., Pa
Calcareous, Waynesboro, Va
Feldspathic, Little Rock, Ark
Ferruginous, Berks Co., Pa
Argillaceous, Culpeper, Va
Chloritic, Warren, R. 1
Calcareous, Monroe, N. Y
Argillaceous, Hughesville, Pa
56
40
17
16
11
10
47
37
35
24
24
19
13
Sandstone.(Continued)
Calcareous, Harrisburg, Pa
Ferruginous, Shreveport, La
Conglomerate, Sullivan Co., Pa
Calcareous, Huntington, W. Va
Feldspathic, Parkersburg, W. Va
Argillaceous, Salford, Pa
Bituminous, Provo, Utah
Ferruginous, Marshall, Texas

13
8
8
7
6
6
6
3
Rhyolite, Av. Range5 to 25

Adams Co., Pa
Milton, Calif
Boise, Idaho
42
20
6
Diorite, Av. Range8 to 25
Bakersfield, Calif
Granite Falls, Wash
Glen Mills, Pa
36
17
12
Schist, Av. Range8 to 25

Chlorite epidote, Haw Hiver, N. C
Quartz hornblende, Havre de Grace, Md
Quartzite, Haverhill, N. H
Muscovite, Charlottes ville, Va
Biotite, Leo minster, Mass
34
19
10
10
7
6
Diabase, Av. Range5 to 30

Ansonia, Conn
Upper Nyack, N. Y
32
23

Hornblende, Beverly, Mass
Coarse biotite, Vinai Haven, Maine
Biotite, Barre, Vt
Quartz monzonite, Milford, N. H
Aplitic, Richmond, Va
Biotite, Mt. Airy, N. C
31
12
9
8
8
7
7
Quartzite, Av. Range5 to 25

Greenbank, Del
Courtland, Minn
Rockville, Pa
Roanoke, Va
30
22
20
14
Dolomite, Springfield, Mo
Carbonaceous, Petersburg, Ind
Dolomitic, Washington, Pa
Fossiliferous, East Smithfield, Pa
Siliceous, Coyote, Calif
Dolomitic, Huntington, W. Va
Dolomite, Joliet, 111
Crystalline, New Decatur, Ala
Cherty, Akron, N. Y
Bituminous, Ravia, OkIa
Shell, Fort Myers, FIa
Argillaceous, Pontoosuc, 111
Trachyte
21
20
14
10
8
8
8
7
7
6
6
4
4
Colorado Springs, Colo
21
Tuff
Basalt, Rio Piedras, Porto Rico
20
5
Amphibolite
Wilmington, Del
| 18
Hematitic dolomite, Burlington, Vt

Dolomitic, Port Kennedy, Pa
Graphitic calcite, Regal, N. C
Siliceous, Texas, Md
Calcite, Ball Ground, Ga
Rockville, Md
Blue Mountain, Pa
Newark, Calif
St. Peters, Pa
York Haven, Pa
V7~
15
Syenite, Av. Range10 to 15

Vera Cruz, Pa
Spartanburg, S. C
Charlottesville, Va
16
10
10
Andsite
Augite, Elbe, Wash
Gneiss, Av. Range5 to 15

26
18
10
8
8
7
6
Chert
Chockie, OkIa
Provo, Utah
9
Steatite
27
24
18
14
Hornblende, Middle Valley, N. J

Pyroxene, Little Falls, N. Y
Plagioclase, Clinton Co., N. Y
Chlorite, East Providence, R. 1
Diorite, Derwood, Md
Biotite, Hanover, N. H
17
11
6
Gabbro, Av. Range8 to 22
Basalt, Av. Range5 to 30

Hoquiam, Wash
Nephelite, Austin, Texas
Olivine, Cliffs, Wash
Lind, Wash
18
5
4
3
2
25~~
6
New London, N. C
ELASTICITY
Young's Modulus
(Dynes cm~ 2 ) X 10~n
Example: For oolitic Bedford limestone, 180,000,000,000
dyne per sq. cm (10).
Schist
Chlorite, Chichibu, Japan
12
(24)
Schalstein, Rickuchyu, Japan
11
Fossilif erous, Montreal, Canada
6.4
Impure calcite, Carthage, Mo
5.4
4.0
3.8
Aluminous, Mantorville, Minn
3.0
(24)
(1)
(21)
(21)
(21)
( 21 )
Sandstone
Oolitic, Russelville, Ala.

2.9
1.8
(21)
( 10 )
Gabbro
New Glasgow, Quebec
| 11
(1)
(2)
(i)
( 21 )
(21)
(l)
Feldspathic, Cleveland, Ohio

Bluestone, McDermott, Ohio
10
7.2
7.0
6.3
6.2
5.5
(l)

Pink fossiliferous, Plattsburg, N. Y
5.2
5.0
(l)
(21)
9.5 |
(*)
Diabase
Sudbury, Ontario
|
Siliceous, Granville, N. Y
Sandy, Rickuchyu, Japan
Calcareous, Pen Argyl, Pa
Clay, Tanba, Japan
T
8.2
6.2
3.2
(21)
(24)
(U)
(24)
Anorthosite
New Glasgow, Quebec
8.2
Mt. Johnson, Quebec
6.7 |
(l)
6.6
5.8
3.3
(24)
(21)
(21)
Syenite (Nephelite)
Montreal, Canada
6.3 |
(l)
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.7
3.9
(l)
(l)
( 41 )
(l)
(i)
(5)
(l)
(i )

Biotite, Peterhead, Scotland
Biotite, Lake Lilly, N. B
Light gray hornblende, Rockport, Mass
Quartz monzonite, Westerly, R. 1
Riebeckite aegirite, Quincy, Mass
Biotite musco vite, Sanstead, Canada
Steatite
Arlington, Va
3.9 | (21)
Dolomite
Yellow, Anston, Yorkshire
Siliceous, Mansfield, Nottingham
3.4
2.3
(5)
(5)
2.5
1.9
(24)
(24)
2.1
1.8
1.3
1.1
0.67
0.20
(24)
(24)
(24)
(24)
(24)
(24)
Rhyolite
Izu, Japan
Kozuke, Japan
...
Tuff
Rhyolite, Iyo, Japan

Rhyolite, Mikawa, Japan
Andsite, Echizen, Japan
Rhyolite, Iwashiro, Japan
Izu, Japan
Rhyolite, Tochigi, Japan
(^)
(12)
(19)
Basalt, Nephelite
Austin, Texas
Debus, Bohemia
Lind, Wash
Gabbro
York Haven, Pa
Rice Pt., Duluth, Minn
3704(19)
2.79
(9)
Gneiss, Av. Range2.7 to 2.95

Hornblende, Port Deposit, Md
Diorite, Amherst Co., Va
Pyroxene, Little Falls, N. Y
Chlorite, E. Providence, R. 1
Sericite, Havre de Grace, Md
Biotite, Ansonia, Conn
Chloritic sericite, Potomac, Md
3.04
2.94
2.90
2 .80
2.69
2.69
2 .69
(19)
(19)
(19)
(19)
(19)
(19)
(19)
3.00
2.46
2.14
(19)
(21)
(19)
Breccia
Basalt, Culpeper, Va
Volcanic, Boulder Canyon, Ariz
Rhyolite, Silver Cliff, Calif
Serpentine (Peridotite)
Kuzi, Japan
Roxbury, Vt
Hollysprings, Ga
3.19
3 .06
2.94
g cm~3
(*)
Essexite
(l )
( 21 )
(21)
BULK DENSITY

Belgian black, Dinant, Belgium
Fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn
1.6
1.6
1.3
Diabase
Taylors Falls, Minn
3 .00 [ (13)
Schist, Av. Range2.7 to 2.95

Chlorite, Chichibo, Japan
Talc, Prov. Awa, Japan
Chlorite epidote, Haw River, N. C
Hornblende, Port Deposit, Md
Biotite, Atlanta, Ga
Sericite, Leo minster, Mass
Quartzite, San Pedro, Calif
2 .97
2 .94
2.80
2.73
2.72
2.69
2 .64
(24)
(40)
(l 9)
(19)
(19)
(9)
(19)
2 .97
2.85
(21)
(19)
2.86
2.86
2.86
2.83
2.76
2.74
2.72
2.71
2.71
2.70
2.21
(28)
(21)
(21)
(21)
(21)
(21)
(21)
(21)
(21)
(13)
(2)
Steatite
Arrington, Va
New London, N. C
Marble, Av. Range2.7 to 2.85
Coarse-grained dolomite, Texas, Md
Small crystal dolomite, South Dover, N. Y . . .
Magnesian, Gouverneur, N. Y
Coarse-grained calcite, Marblehill, Ga
Carbonaceous, Glens Falls, N. Y
Red and white, Cerfontaine, Belgium
SerpentineAv. Range2.7 to 2.8
Hollysprings, Ga
Peridotite, Kuzi, Japan
Roxbury, Vt
Rockville, Md
Auburn, Calif
2.84
2.82
2.80
2.69
2.54
(21)
(24)
(21)
(19)
(38)
Limestone, Av. Range2.3 to 2.7

Dolomite, Springfield, Mass
Compact dolomite, Red Wing, Minn
Argillaceous, Clarksburg, W. Va
Argillaceous, St. Paul, Minn
Aluminous, Minneapolis, Minn
Vesicular, Mantorville, Minn
Siliceous, Petersburg, Ind
Lithographic, Solenhof en, Bavaria
Pitted dolomite, Jefferson City, Mo
Compact, hard, Lias, France
Bituminous, Marblehead, Ohio
Magnesian, impure, Andalusia, 111
Gray oolitic, Bedford, Ind
Oolitic, Caen, Normandy
2.80
2.75
2.75
2.71
2.71
2.69
2.66
2.65
2.64
2.60
2.57
2.55
2.40
2.40
2.34
2 .32
2.28
1.90
(i 9 )
(9)
(i 9 )
(9)
(9)
(19)
(21)
(21)
( 19 )
(7)
( 21 )
(8)
( 36 )
(13)
( 35 )
(21)
(21)
( 13 )
2 .80
2.76
2.64
2 .44
(U)
(U)
(24)
(24)
Slate, Av. Range2.7 to 2.8

Calcareous, Pen Argyl, Pa
Siliceous, Granville, N. Y
Sandy, Rikuchyu, Japan..
Clay, Mikawa, Japan
|
2 .77 | (21)
2.75 | (26)
Anorthosite
Au Sable Forks, N. Y
Quartzite
Pipestone, Minn
White Haven, Pa
E. Sioux Falls, S. D
2.73
2.67
2.64
(45)
(21)
(21)
Syenite, Av. Range2.6 to 2.7

Coarse light-colored, Watab, Minn
Fine-grained gray, Sauk Rapids, Minn
Fine-grained gray, East St. Cloud, Minn
Porphyry, Pulaski Co., Ark
Fine-grained red, Beaver Bay, Minn
Red, East St. Cloud, Minn
Gray quartzose, East St. Cloud, Minn
2.73
2.71
2.70
2 .69
2.65
2.63
2.63
(9)
(9)
(9)
(34)
(9)
(9)
(9)
2.72
2.70
2.68
2.65
2.65
2.65
2.63
2 .60
( 13 )
(i 3 )
(21 )
(i3)
(21)
(i 3 )
(21)
(* 3 )
2.69 |
( 19 )
2.69 |
(9)
2TeO
2.68
2.52
2.52
O9)
(9)
(9)
(i 9 )
Granite, Av. Range2.66 to 2.7

Coarse biotite, Vinai Haven, Maine
Riebeckite-aegirite, Quincy, Mass
Biotite gneiss, Port Deposit, Md
Anorthosite, Au Sable Forks, N. Y
Coarse biotite, Vinai Haven, Maine.
Coarse biotite, Stony Creek, Conn
Hornblende, Bay of Fundy, N. B
Chert
Provo, Utah
|
Felsite
Beaver Bay, Minn

Sandstone, Av. Range2.2 to 2.6
Chloritic, Warren, R. 1
Feldspathic, Portsmouth, R. 1
Brown Potsdam, Fond du Lac, Wis
2.50
2.26
2.26
2.21
2.17
(i 9 )
O3)
(i 3 )
(8)
(21)
2.69
2.46
2.10
O9)
(24)
(24)
2.63
2.33
2.29
2.19
1.84
1.37
(i 9 )
(24)
O9)
(25)
O9)
(24)
Rhyolite
Dunbarton, Calif
Kozuke, Japan
Izu, Japan
Tuff
Rhyolite, Lake Shore, Calif
Rhyolite, Iyo, Japan
Basalt, Holcomb, Wash
Rhyolite, Douglas Co., Colo
Rhyolite, Tochigi, Japan
Andsite
Echizen, Japan
Diorite
Sandstone.(Continued)
Argillaceous, Logan, Ohio
Triassic, Belleville, N. J
Brownstone, Edinburgh, Scotland
2.42 | (24)
POROSITY
Per cent of pore space
Diabase
0.2
0.5
1.2
(2)
( 12 )
( 12 )
Granite, Av. Range0.5 to 1.5%

Biotite, Peterhead, Scotland
0~3
Biotite, Lysekil, Sweden
0.8
Biotite, Karlskrana, Sweden
1.0
Biotite, Malm, Sweden
1.3
Hornblende, Pontresina, Switzerland
2.6
(2)
(12)
( 12 )
(12)
( 39 )
Hohenberg, Bavaria
Hohenberg, Bavaria, green
Wiesbaden, Germany
Basalt
0.4 j (12)
0.5 | (12)
Lichtenau, Westphalia, blue

Debus, Bohemia
Marble, Av. Range0.5 to 1.0%

0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
Dolomitic, Beaverdam, Md
0.6
0.7
Black, Dinant, Belgium
0.7
Fossiliferous, Meadow, Tenn
0.8
0.8
Red and white, Cerfontaine, Belgium
0.9
Breccia, Besazio, Switzerland
1.5
Magnesian, Ollon, Switzerland
1.8
(21)
(21)
(21 )
( 21 )
(21)
(21)
(2)
(21)
(2)
(2)
( 39 )
( 39 )
Limestone, Av. Range3.0 to 15%

Glauconitic, Schseln, Switzerland
1.0
Compact, earthy, Cassville, Mo
2.0
Oolitic, St. Ursanne, Switzerland
4.8
Pitted dolomite, Jefferson City, Mo
8.3
Compact fossiliferous, Derbyshire
8.4
Oolitic, Bowling Green, Ky
16.0
16.0
Schaumkalk, La Coudre, Switzerland
17.0
Bath oolite, Monks Park, Somerset
20.0
( 39 )
(21)
( 39 )
()
(2)
(21)
(21)
( 39 )
(2)
Porphyry
Quartz, Beutengrund, Silesia
( 12 )
1.4 |
Quartzite
White, E. Sioux Falls, S. Dak
Red, White Haven, Pa
Pink, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, England
TTo
1.6
2.9
(")
(21)
(2)
Sandstone, Av. Range5 to 20%

Calcareous, Beckenried, Switzerland
1.9
Graywacke, Huttensteinach, S. Coburg-Qotha.
3.7
Flagstone, Lacyville, Pa
5.6
6.7
Yellow grit, Leeds, England
12.0
Calcareous, Hummelstown, Pa
13.0
Brownstone, Pprtland, Conn
13.0
Calcareous, Mansfield, Nottingham
15.0
17.0
17.0
19 .0
Berea grit, Amherst, Ohio
20.0
Coarse grit, Glenmont, Ohio
22.0
Gneiss
Two mica, Cresciano, Switzerland
Biotite, Castaneda, Switzerland
Muscovite, Osogna, Switzerland
( 39 )
( 12 )
( 21 )
( 21 )
(2)
( 21 )
( 21 )
(2)
(8)
( 21 )
( 21 )
( 21 )
( 21 )
2.5
3.7
4.4
( 39 )
(39)
( 39 )
3.0
[ ( 12 )
Quartz, MeIs, Switzerland
3.7
( 39 )
Diorite
Quartz, Pontresina, Switzerland
4.3
( 39 )
Serpentine
Peridotite, Hospenthal, Switzerland
6.0
( 39 )
Tuff
Calcareous, Oberdorf, Switzerland
17.0
(39)
Gabbro
Randauthal, Hanover
Breccia
COMPRESSIBILITY
- 1 ^k 8 -IXlOExample: For granite, the compressibility at a pressure of 2 000
kg cm-2 is 0.000 0021 or 0.000 21% per kg.
I
., f at 2 000 kg per sq. cm
Granite \ at 10 000 kg per sq. cm
T at 2 000 kg per sq. cm
t
I at 10 000 kg per sq. cm
f a t 2 000 kg per sq. cm
Marble \ at 10 000 kg per sq. cm
Limestone O to 12 000 kg per sq. cm
T-,u
u- (
/ a t 75C
Lithographic
2~I
(44)
! g
(44 )
1.8 (44)
1.5 (44)
1.4 (44)
iA (44)
IA
x 3
a t 3()OC
f a t 2 000 kg per sq. cm

Diabase I at 10 000 kg per sq- cm
(7)
(7)
1.2 ( 4 4 )
(44)
2
THERMAL EXPANSION
i|,deg-'CX10Example: For Bedford limestone between 25 and 100, 0.000 009
or 0.000 9% per 0C.
Limestone
Semi-crystalline,
Semi-crystalline,
Semi-crystalline,
Oolitic, Bedford,
Oolitic, Bedford,
(^T
Somersetshire, England 20 to 100 22
(2)
(2)
Ind
25 to 100 9 (37)
Ind
100 to 200 17 (37)
200
Dense fossiliferous, Derbyshire, England
20
Dense fossiliferous, Derbyshire, England 100
Derbyshire, England
200
Mt. Vernon, Ky
O
Dense fossiliferous, Mt. Vernon, Ky
100
20
100
Oolitic, Bath, England.
200
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
300
100
200
300
100
200
100
200
300
22 (37)
9
(2)
16
(2)
21
(2)
8.3 ( 4 I)
8.8 (41)
4.2 (2)
9.6 (2)
19
(2)
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
200
100
200
300
100
200
16 (37)
25 (37)
29 (37)
14 (37)
23 (37)
25 (37)
10 (37)
22 (37)
27 (37)
9.2 (2)
19
(2)
19
(2)
8.8 (2)
18
(2)
24
(2)
8.1 (41)
13 (41)
4.9 (2)
10
(2)
14
(2)
3.6 (41)
19 (41)
Marble
Blue calcite, Rutland, Vt
.
White magnesian calcite, Pittsford, Vt.. .
White magnesian calcite, Pittsford, Vt...
White magnesian calcite, Pittsford, Vt.. .
Gray fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn
Fine-grained, Couillet, Belgium
Dense black, Dinant, Belgium
Coarse calcite, Marble Hill, Ga
Coarse calcite, Marble Hill, Ga
25
100
200
25
100
200
25
100
200
20
100
200
20
100
200
O
100
20
100
200
O
100
Quartzite
20 to 100 16
100 to 200 20
200 to 300 20
(2)~
(2)
(2)
Sandstone
Calcareous, Nottingham, England
Triassic, Kibbe, Mass
Triassic, Kibbe, Mass
Triassic, Seneca Creek, Md
20
100
200
20
100
200
O
100
O
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
200
100
12
(2)
16
(2)
19
(2)
10
(2)
15
(2)
19
(2)
10 (41)
14 (41)
5
(41)
Slate
Mica slate, Hydeville, Vt
Mica slate, Monson, Maine
Mica slate, Monson, Maine
O to 100 12
(i 4)
O to 100 9.4 (41)
100 to 200 9.7 (41)
Granite

Quartz monzonite, Westerly, R, 1
Gneissoid, Branford, Conn
Gneissoid, Branford, Conn
20
100
200
O
100
O
100
O
100
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
100
200
300
100
200
100
200
100
200
9 (42)
14 ( 4 2 )
20 ( 4 2 )
7.6 (41)
13 (41)
7.2 (41 )
17
( 4 I)
6.1 ( 4 I)
12 (41)
Diabase
Conglomerate
20 to 100 6.3 (42)
100 to 200 9 (42)
200 to 300 12 (42)
SPECIFIC HEAT
The heat capacity of building stones, irrespective of type,
varies within the rather narrow limits of 0.7-0.95 joule per g or
0.18-0.23 cal, per g or BTU per Ib. for the dry stone. An occasional higher value, such as 0.28 cal per g for a serpentine from
Cornwall, Eng., has been reported ( 17 > 4 O).
Porphyry, Prov. Orni, Japan

Biotite, Prov. Yamashiro, Japan
( 4 <>)
( 17 )
( 40 )
023 |
( 4 Q)
021 |
( 40 )
Diorite
Prov. Tanba, Japan
.020
I 0.054
|
.031
( O)
( 4 Q)
(4o)~
Porphyrite
018
016
012
(40)
( 4 <>)
( 4 Q)
017
014
007
007
( 40 )
( 40 )
( 40 )
( 40 )
.015
( 4 Q)
.014
( 4 Q)
013
006
( 40 )
( 40 )
Hornblende, Prov. Orni, Japan

Augite, Prov. Kai, Japan
Prov. Higo, Japan
Tuff
Schist
033
027f
018
009
Marble, Av. Range0.02 to 0.03 (See also infra)

Black, Golzines, Belgium
032
Dense fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn
032
Saccharoidal, Japan
030
Fine-grained yellow, Monte Arenti, Italy
028
Breccia, Seravezza, Italy
028
028
Yellow marble, Estremoz, Portugal
028
Red marble, Devonshire, England
023
Onyx, Mexico
023
Green marble, Ireland
023
021
Vermont
.021
Liparite, Prov. Bitchu, Japan

Liparite, Prov. Harima, Japan
Prov. Yamato, Japan
Breccia, Prov. Yamato, Japan
Prov. Etchu, Japan
( <>)
( 48 )
( 40 )
( 40 )
Rhyolite
( )
( 30 )
(47)
( 30 )
( 30 )
( 3 O)
( 30 )
(* 7 )
( 3 <>)
O7)
( 30 )
( 3 Q)
Serpentine
Prov. Hitachi, Japan
Red, Cornwall, England
030
020
( 40 )
(* 7 )
Gabbro
Hornblende, Prov. Chikuzen, Japan
Hornblende, Prov. Awadi, Japan
J33
018
( 40 )
( 40 )
Sandstone, Av. Range0.025 to 0.03 (See also p.r315)

Hard grit, Linton, England
029*
(i 7 )
Hard grit, Linton, England
026f
( 17 )
Flagstone, Loch Rannoch
027
( 17 )
Flagstone, Loch Rannoch
021
( 17 )
Feldspathic, Bristol, England
027
( 17 )
* Stone wet.
t Stone dry.
024
023
022
Amphibolite
034 [ ( 4 )

Granite, Simplon Tunnel
Epidote, Prov. Awa, Japan
Piedmontite, Prov. Awa, Japan
( 4 S)
(48)
Granite
Prov, Yamashiro, Japan
Gneiss
Osogna, Turin
0.025
020
Gneiss
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Joules cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)
Room temperatures
Quartzite
Variegated, Prov. Bungo, Japan
Prov. Hizen, Japan
Nagelflue, St. Gallen

Calumet & Hecla Mine, Mich
Perpendicular to cleavage.
Parallel to cleavage.
Limestone, Av. Range0.02 to 0.025 (See also p. 315)

Dolomite, Mansfield, Nottingham
029
( 17 )
Magnesian, South Shields, England
024
O7)
Oolitic, Musashi, Japan
022
( 4 O)
Oolite, Caen, Normandy
020
( 17 )
Dolomite, Prov. Buzen, Japan
018
( 40 )
Gritty, Boniss Island
015
( 40 )
Coral, Boniss Island
009
( 40 )
Basalt (See also p. 315)

Prov. Tanba, Japan
Andsite
Olivine pyroxene, Prov. Idzu, Japan
Pyroxene, Prov. Satsuma, Japan
Travertine
Campagna Romana
( 48 )
008 |
( 48 )
.008
(4OT"
.011
Lava
Mt. Vesuvius
Shale
I
Marble
Alabama white marble of density 2.7 g cm~3, and sp. ht. 0.213
cal g-YC gave ( 49 ), 50-10O0C, 0.0257: 100-20O0C, 0.0206.
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY ( 4 ^)
cm2 sec"1
Quartzite
Variegated, Prov. Bungo, Japan
Red, Prov. Bungo, Japan
0.031
.023
Schist
Piedmontite, Prov. Awa, Japan
Epidote, Prov. Awa, Japan
. 027
.014
. 008
Sandstone
Compact, Prov. Kawachi, Japan
Feldspathic, Prov. Awa, Japan
.014
.012
Granite
Basalt

Porphyritic, Prov. Orni, Japan
Hornblende, Prov. Mikawa, Japan
Two mica, Prov. Mikawa, Japan
0.013
.012
.009
006
Gneiss
Granite, Prov. Yamashiro, Japan
Serpentine
Peridotite, Prov. Hitachi, Japan
.013
.012
Limestone
Oolitic, Prov. Musashi, Japan
Marble (See also infra}
.011
. 008
.007
. 005
White calcite, Prov. Mino, Japan

White, Alabama (*)
.011
0106
Tuff
Pumiceous, Prov. Ugo, Japan
. 009
. 005
004
Gabbro
|
. 008
R hy olite
Prov. Etchu, Japan
Andsite
Olivine, Prov. Idzu, Japan
Shale
.013
Diorite
. . . | O .'007
. 006
.005
.004
LITERATURE
|
Prov. Tanba, Japan.
Prov. Tanba, Japan
.008

O) Adams and Coker, 152, No. 46; 06. ( 2 ) Baldwin-Wiseman and-Griffith,
153, 179: 290; 09. ( 3 ) Bain, 154, 8: 370; 98. ( 4 ) Bauschinger, 1618, 18841889. ( 5 ) Beare, 153, 107: 341; 91. ( 6 ) Bohme, 161, 10: 188; 92. (?)
Bridgman, 12, 7: 81; 24. ( 8 ) Buckley and Buehler, 155, 2; 04. ( 9 )
Dodge, 163,1: 196; 72-82.
0) Button, U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. O 1 ) Fuller, Tests of physical and
electrical properties of slate, Lehigh Univ., 1921. ( 12 ) Gary, 161, 1895-8.
O 3 ) Gillmore, Compressive strength, etc., of various kinds of building stones,
1874. O 4 ) Hallock, 156, No. 78: 109; 91. 0 s ) Hanisch, B26: 79; 18.
(16) Hermann, B27; 14. O?) Herschel, Lebour and Dunn, 133; 1874-9.
O 8 ) Howard, B33: 111; 03. O 9 ) Hubbard and Jackson, 157', No. 370:
13; 16.
( 2 0 ) Johnson, B28. ( 21 ) Kessler, 32, No. 123: 35; 19. ( 2 2 ) Mass. Inst. Tech.,
B33: 121; 03. ( 23 ) Merrill, B29: 498. ( 2 4 ) Nagaoka, 3, 50: 53; 00.
( 2 5 ) Nettleton, 164; 86; cf. B29: 498. (26) Newland, 158, No. 181; 16.
( 2 7 ) Norton, B33: 114; 03. ( 28 ) Page, 30th. Congress, U. S., Doc. No.
23. ( 2 9 ) Parliamentary Comm. Gt. Brit., in BSO: 481.
( 3 0 ) Pierce and Willson, 60, 34: 1; 98. ( 31 ) Purdue Univ., B33: 194; 03. ( 32 )
Reilly, B33: 89; 03. ( 33 ) Rennie, B28. ( 34 ) Rensselaer Polytechnic
Inst., B33: 67; 03. ( 3S ) Rock Island Arsenal, 156, 17: 544; 06. ( 3 6 )
Rondelt, in B28. ( 37 ) Souder and Hindert, 31, No. 352: 415; 19. ( 3 8 )
Stone, B33: 78; 03. ( 39 ) Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission, BSl.
(4) Tadakora, 159, 10: 339; 21. ( 41 ) Watertown Arsenal, B32: 385; 94.
(42) Wheeler, 69, 4: 19; 10. ( 4 3 ) Williams, 160, 1890: 130. ( 4 4 ) Williamson, 143, 193: 491; 22. ( 45 ) Winchell, 163, 1: 142; 72. ( 4 ) Woolson,
The quarry industry in 1903, p. 109 (U. S. Geol. Sur.). ( 4 7 ) Yamagawa,
J. Coll. Sci., Imp. Univ. Japan, 2: 263; 89. ( 4 8 ) Schulz, 308, 9: 345; 24.
( 4 9 ) Carman and Nelson, 86, No. 122: 29; 21.
CLAYS
H. RIES
CONTENTS
Density.
Porosity.
Tensile strength.
Modulus of rupture.
Drying shrinkage.
Firing shrinkage.
Water of plasticity.
Fusion points.
Thermal reactions.
Specific heat.
Dehydration behavior.
MATIRES
Densit.
Porosit.
Module de rupture.
Retrait la dessication.
Retrait la cuisson.
Eau de plasticit.
Points de fusion.
Ractions thermiques.
Chaleur spcifique.
Conduite la dhydratation.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Dichte.
Porositt.
Zugfestigkeit.
Biegefestigkeit.
Bruchmodulus.
Trockenschwindung.
Brennschwindung.
Anmachwasser.
Schmelzpunkte.
Thermische Reaktionen.
Spezifische Wrme.
Verhalten bei der Entwsserung.
Refractive index.
Properties of Bentonite clays.
Indice de rfraction.
Proprits des argiles de Bentonite.
Brechungsindex.
Eigenschaften der Bentonite
Tone.
INDICE
Densit.
Porosit.
Resistenza alla trazione.
Resistenza alla flessione.
Modulo di rottura.
Contrazione per essiccamento.
Contrazione al fuoco.
Acqua di plasticit.
Punti di fusione.
Reazioni termiche.
Calore specifico.
Comportamento alla disidratazione.
Indice di rifrazione.
Propriet delle argille Bentonite.
Granite
Basalt

Porphyritic, Prov. Orni, Japan
Hornblende, Prov. Mikawa, Japan
Two mica, Prov. Mikawa, Japan
0.013
.012
.009
006
Gneiss
Granite, Prov. Yamashiro, Japan
Serpentine
Peridotite, Prov. Hitachi, Japan
.013
.012
Limestone
Oolitic, Prov. Musashi, Japan
Marble (See also infra}
.011
. 008
.007
. 005
White calcite, Prov. Mino, Japan

White, Alabama (*)
.011
0106
Tuff
Pumiceous, Prov. Ugo, Japan
. 009
. 005
004
Gabbro
|
. 008
R hy olite
Prov. Etchu, Japan
Andsite
Olivine, Prov. Idzu, Japan
Shale
.013
Diorite
. . . | O .'007
. 006
.005
.004
LITERATURE
|
Prov. Tanba, Japan.
Prov. Tanba, Japan
.008

O) Adams and Coker, 152, No. 46; 06. ( 2 ) Baldwin-Wiseman and-Griffith,
153, 179: 290; 09. ( 3 ) Bain, 154, 8: 370; 98. ( 4 ) Bauschinger, 1618, 18841889. ( 5 ) Beare, 153, 107: 341; 91. ( 6 ) Bohme, 161, 10: 188; 92. (?)
Bridgman, 12, 7: 81; 24. ( 8 ) Buckley and Buehler, 155, 2; 04. ( 9 )
Dodge, 163,1: 196; 72-82.
0) Button, U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. O 1 ) Fuller, Tests of physical and
electrical properties of slate, Lehigh Univ., 1921. ( 12 ) Gary, 161, 1895-8.
O 3 ) Gillmore, Compressive strength, etc., of various kinds of building stones,
1874. O 4 ) Hallock, 156, No. 78: 109; 91. 0 s ) Hanisch, B26: 79; 18.
(16) Hermann, B27; 14. O?) Herschel, Lebour and Dunn, 133; 1874-9.
O 8 ) Howard, B33: 111; 03. O 9 ) Hubbard and Jackson, 157', No. 370:
13; 16.
( 2 0 ) Johnson, B28. ( 21 ) Kessler, 32, No. 123: 35; 19. ( 2 2 ) Mass. Inst. Tech.,
B33: 121; 03. ( 23 ) Merrill, B29: 498. ( 2 4 ) Nagaoka, 3, 50: 53; 00.
( 2 5 ) Nettleton, 164; 86; cf. B29: 498. (26) Newland, 158, No. 181; 16.
( 2 7 ) Norton, B33: 114; 03. ( 28 ) Page, 30th. Congress, U. S., Doc. No.
23. ( 2 9 ) Parliamentary Comm. Gt. Brit., in BSO: 481.
( 3 0 ) Pierce and Willson, 60, 34: 1; 98. ( 31 ) Purdue Univ., B33: 194; 03. ( 32 )
Reilly, B33: 89; 03. ( 33 ) Rennie, B28. ( 34 ) Rensselaer Polytechnic
Inst., B33: 67; 03. ( 3S ) Rock Island Arsenal, 156, 17: 544; 06. ( 3 6 )
Rondelt, in B28. ( 37 ) Souder and Hindert, 31, No. 352: 415; 19. ( 3 8 )
Stone, B33: 78; 03. ( 39 ) Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission, BSl.
(4) Tadakora, 159, 10: 339; 21. ( 41 ) Watertown Arsenal, B32: 385; 94.
(42) Wheeler, 69, 4: 19; 10. ( 4 3 ) Williams, 160, 1890: 130. ( 4 4 ) Williamson, 143, 193: 491; 22. ( 45 ) Winchell, 163, 1: 142; 72. ( 4 ) Woolson,
The quarry industry in 1903, p. 109 (U. S. Geol. Sur.). ( 4 7 ) Yamagawa,
J. Coll. Sci., Imp. Univ. Japan, 2: 263; 89. ( 4 8 ) Schulz, 308, 9: 345; 24.
( 4 9 ) Carman and Nelson, 86, No. 122: 29; 21.
CLAYS
H. RIES
CONTENTS
Density.
Porosity.
Tensile strength.
Modulus of rupture.
Drying shrinkage.
Firing shrinkage.
Water of plasticity.
Fusion points.
Thermal reactions.
Specific heat.
Dehydration behavior.
MATIRES
Densit.
Porosit.
Module de rupture.
Retrait la dessication.
Retrait la cuisson.
Eau de plasticit.
Points de fusion.
Ractions thermiques.
Chaleur spcifique.
Conduite la dhydratation.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Dichte.
Porositt.
Zugfestigkeit.
Biegefestigkeit.
Bruchmodulus.
Trockenschwindung.
Brennschwindung.
Anmachwasser.
Schmelzpunkte.
Thermische Reaktionen.
Spezifische Wrme.
Verhalten bei der Entwsserung.
Refractive index.
Properties of Bentonite clays.
Proprits des argiles de Bentonite.
Brechungsindex.
Eigenschaften der Bentonite
Tone.
INDICE
Densit.
Porosit.
Resistenza alla trazione.
Resistenza alla flessione.
Modulo di rottura.
Contrazione per essiccamento.
Contrazione al fuoco.
Acqua di plasticit.
Punti di fusione.
Reazioni termiche.
Calore specifico.
Comportamento alla disidratazione.
Indice di rifrazione.
Propriet delle argille Bentonite.
LIST OF CLAYS AND THEIR INDEX NUMBERS

For properties, v. Figs. 1, 2, 3
Index
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
-o
18
in
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
,
,
Type ofr clay
Index
N^
Allophane
Atlas
American ball clay
Dorset ball clay
English blue ball clay
English white ball clay
Tennessee ball clay
. ,.
,
...
,
Ayrshire bauxitic clay
Bentonite
Refractory bond clay
Brazil, Ind., clay
Brick clay
Common brick clay
Face brick clay
Paving brick clay
Plastic clay for No. 1
fire brick, Md.
Plastic clay for No. 2
firebrick, Md.
-r,
i
i
Bunzlau clay
ri
n china
i/- clay
i
Cornwall
English china clay
Crucible clay
Czechoslovakia clay
Diaspore clay
English fire clay
Farnley fire clay
Grossalmerode fire clay
Halle Saxony fire clay
Kittanning No. 2
fire
Lischwitz
fire
Lothian
fire
Maryland
fire
Meissen
fire
Ohio
fire
Ohio plastic
fire
Vallendarfire
Flint clay for No. 1 fire
brick, Ky.
brick, Md.
brick, Md. .
brick, Md. and Ky.
rr.
r i
Type of clay
Clay
Laclede Christy raw flint

clay
41 Maryland flint clay
Ohio flint clay
42
g^..^ clay
43
^
Gibbsite
,,.
~,
, ,
45 Glass pot clay
, , . ^
-,
46
Glenboig fire clay
47
Hallfax cla
^
48 Halloysite
49 Helmstadt clay
50
Kaolinite
51 Kaolin
52 Albsheim kaolin
53 Amberg kaolin
Australian kaolin
54
nocat
ji . J2 Cone
55
Cmde kaolin
56
57
-^
i T
Eger kaolin
.
.
Geisenheim kaolin
Georgia kaolin
Halle kaolin
North Carolina kaolin
St. Yrieix kaolin
Texas kaolin
Washed kaolin
White sedimentary kaolin
Zettlitz kaolin
Lower Kittanning clay
Lower Mercer clay
Sagger clay
Sewer pipe clay
Aluminous shale
Galesburg, 111. shale
Illinois shale
Ohio shale
Stoneware clay
Cleveland surface clay
Georgia surface clay
Ohio surface clay
Tionesta clay
Veiten clay
Plastic fire clay
Flint clay
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
New Brighton, Beaver

County, Pa.
New Brighton, Beaver
County, Pa.
F i r e b r i c k , Lawrence
County, Ohio.
Nelsonville, H o c k i n g
County, Ohio.
Lower Mercer clay: White
C o t t a g e , Muskingum
County, Ohio.
Mogadore, S u m m i t
County, Ohio.
Semi-flint clay: Scioto Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio.
TR
IW
fR
IW
390
468
179
315
46
72
20
66
67
83
30
71
38
53
20
37
/R
IW
219
320
32
86
34
87
27
75
JR
JW
384
532
28
79
23
48
23
57
lb /in 2
' Cone
Cone
8
31
58
33
52
51
72
35
62
10
19
34
15
47
30
62
20
50
rR
lW
fR
IW
fR
IW
fR
IW
194
191
195
321
325
499
247
350
6
29
49
26
51
41
104
16
47
JR
JW
132
251
30
57
32
73
17
47
fR
lW
TR
IW
143
259
94
270
20
46
16
37
23
48
21
74
22
34
20
27
40
* R indicates run of mine, ground to pass a 20 mesh sieve.

clay passing a 150 mesh sieve.
W indicates washed
The Specific Gravity of Clays heated

4-6 hours at Temperatures indicated
EFFECT OF FIRING ON TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF CLAY ( 10 )

Modulus of rupture
Fired clay, hundred
Clay
* Pffcat
lb./in.*
ii . _!2 Cone Cone Cone
Tionesta clay: Ellis, Muskingum County, Ohio.
Tionesta clay: Crooksville,
Perry County, Ohio.
Lower Kittanning clay (unweathered) : R o s e v i l l e ,
Muskingum County, Ohio.
Lower Kittanning clay: Toronto, Jefferson Co.,
Ohio.
Modulus of rupture
Fired clay, hundred
FIG. 4.
Loss in Weight of Clays

fired at temps, indicated 4-6hrs.
Lit. l
Fire Shrinkage (linear) of Diaspore and

Gibbsite Clays (fired to temps indicated)
Porosities of Diaspore and Gibbsite Clays

(fired to temps, indicated)
Bulk Specific Gravity of Clays (fired to temps, indicated)*
True Specific Gravity of Clays (fired to temps, indicated) Determined with Pycnometer
Water of Plasticity
DryingShrink3ge(VoQ
110
Drying Shrinkage (Linear)

110
FIG. 1.
Tensile Strength
liodry
Modulus of
Rupture H0dry
Porosity of Clays (open pores) fired to temperatures indicated
Porosity (Continued)
FIG. 2.
Linear Fire Shrinkage
Linear Fire Shrinkage
Volume Fire Shrinkage
Volume Fire Shrinkage
FIG. 3.
LINEAE FIRE SHRINKAGE AND POROSITIES OF DIASPORE AND

GIBBSITE CLAYS ( 3 )
B. T. = burning temperature. S = shrinkage. Por. = Porosity
B. T., 0C I
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
% S I % Por. II B.
0-13
39-54
1-13
40-53
2-18
40-60
2-27
37-55
4-38
38-51
T., 0C
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
% S | % Por.
5-40
36-50
9-42
34-48
9-44
32-49
12-55
16-48
17-55
9-46
Changes in Properties of a Kaolin

on Heating
Lit 2
FUSION POINT IN CONES

Clay
Kaolin, washed
White sedimentary, Ga. and S. C
Ball clays
Crucible clays
Refractory bond clays
Glass pot clays
Stoneware clays
Plastic fire clays, various localities
Md., bond in No. 2 fire brick
Flint clays, Md
Md., No. 2 fire brick
Ohio
Sagger clays
Face brick clays
Common brick clays
I Seger cone
33 -35
34 -35
30 -35
30 28 -33
21^-32
18 -32
27 -35
31 -32
32-35
28-31
31 -32i
27 -28
17 -30|
1 -10
FIG. 5.
FIG. 6.Heating curves of clays O).
WATER RATIOS TO CLAY VOLUME AND WEIGHT
% shrink- % pore
Ratio of
% water
age water water in
pore
in terms
terms
water to
in terms
Clay
true clay
true clay true clay
shrinkvolume
volume
volume
age water
0.64-1.10
Ball clays
0.56-1.36 69.5-132.5 37.2-84.8 40.5-55.1
Crucible clays
15.5
Refractory bond clay
0.65-1.54 53.4-132.5 26.8-77.4 26.6-59.4
Glass pot clays
Plastic fire clay, Md.
No. 1 fire brick. . . . 1.09-2.08
No. 2 fire brick. . . . 1.13-4.15
0.61-1.16 75-90.6 37.1-55.6 34.0-45.0
Stoneware clay
THERMAL REACTIONS IN CLAY WITH TEMPERATURES AT WHICH

REACTIONS HAVE BEEN NOTED ( 2 ), c/. ( 7 )
^1
Cla
Kaolin
Ayrshire bauxitic clay
Dorset ball clay
Farnley fire clay
Atlas clay
Aluminous shale
Halifax clay after experimental
electro-osmosis
Endothermic.
Exothermic.
110
90
80
90
500
530
500
510
490
510
950
950
920
910
930
920
90
520
915
Rate of loss in weight of N.Car Kaolin

Lit I "
FIG. 9.
Loss in Weight of Clay when Confined over HsSO4Of
different Concentrations at 25 for 3 months
Lit6
FIG. 7.Heating curves of air-dried clays ( 4 ).
FIG. 10.
Dehydration Curves of Kaolinite and China Clay

at atmospheric pressure and in vacuum
Lit 5
No. I Kaolinite atlatmos

No.2 Kaolinite in vacuum
No.3 China Clay atlatmos.
No.4 China Clay in vacuum
FIG. 8.Heating curves of various clays (8).
FIG. 11.
HEAT ABSORBED AND EVOLVED BY CLAY DURING FIRING AND COOLING, G-CAL/G ( 7 )
For the first two clays the values given are the average results of two independent experiments and the deviations from this average are
indicated
Clay type
N. C. kaolin
A-I English china
Tenn. ball No. 5
Laclede-Christy raw
Average
flint
Specific
Heat absorbed per g per deg. Heat evolved per
Dehydration period
heat of
on heating the air-dried (110) deg. on cooling the
Loss on clay over the temperature resulting quantity of the fired
Period
PresPressure
clay
ignition,
of max.
ranges given
fired clay
sure
falls to
cal/g
pressure,
%
3 mm,
rises,
25- 420- 90025- 1200- 900- 1200- 120020 mm,
deg.
deg.
420 900 1200 1200 900 700 700
700
deg.
14.0
0.49 0.69
0.23
0.50
0.23 0.28 0.24
0.28 25-460] 460-570 570-780
0.07 0.05 0.01 0.035 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.05
12.5
0.42 0.95 0.075
0.55
0.17 0.31 0.20
0.23 25-480480-540 540-760
0.01 0.07 0.004 0.07
13.8
0.47 0.53
0.51
0.51
0.20 0.33 0.25
0.29 25-470470-550 550-830
13 .0
0.47 0.68 0.24
0.50 0.17 0.37 0.25
0.29 25-470 470-630 630-850
0.46
0.51
0.19 0.32 0.24
0.27
COAGULATING EFFECTS OF REAGENTS UPON BENTONITE

Water suspensions
X,
The relation between the index of refraction of
Bentomtes and their adsorption and refractoriness
Lit.n
FIG. 12.
BENTONITE (iz), cf. ( 9 )

1. Source of samples tested: 1. Quilchena, British Columbia; 2.
Camrose, Alberta; 3. Rosedale, Alberta; 4. Newcastle, Wyo.;
5. Medicine Bow, Wyo.
Sample No
Sp. gr. (pycnometer)
Softening point, cone
Refractive index
Water absorption, g per g . . .
Loss on ignition, %
Air drying
At 45O0C
AtSOO 0 C
At 55O0C
At 60O0C
At 70O0C
% remaining on 200 mesh
sieve
% passing 200 mesh which
settles out of water in
24hr
% in suspension in water
after 24 hr
1
2 | 3
4 | 5
2.44 2.73 2.72 2.77 2.78
15
14
11
10
1.547
1.558 1.557
1.53 4.15 4.71 4.93 4.95
Sample No.
^\
Reagent
N HCl
^JVNaCl.....
IJV NH4C1
JJV BaCh
JJV CaCl2
JN AlCIa
ATHNO 3
'IJVKNO 3
IJVNH 4 NO 3
JJV Ba (NOa) 2
IJVAl(NOa) 3
N H2SO4
IJVNa 2 SO 4
|JV (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
JV Al 2 rSO 4 ) 3
Satd. CaSO4
Satd. Ca(OH) 2
JJV NaOH
1
||
3
||
' 4
10 g in 500 cc H2Q
2 g in 500 cc H2Q
Re- PrecipiRe- PrecipiRe- Precipiagent,
tate,
agent,
agent,
tate,
tate,
^\
3.43*
0.77
2.18
0.95
1.58
3.16
CC
IJV (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3
IJV NaaCOs
COa
IJVNa 2 C 2 O 4
CC
225
275
250
200
200
215
275
225
220
200
215
175
435
260
-200
285
20
225
40
210
No coagulation
14
300
up to 100 cc
No coagulation
No coagulation
No coagulation No coagulation
up to 40 cc
up to 50 cc
g
g
0.3
150
0.5
225
CC
4
18
19
14
10
4
4
10
19
4
4
5
18
30
12
35
36
28
CC
175
215
475
185
180
225
225
375
485
200
225
125
180
275
175
230
185
380
No coagulation
up to 50 cc
20
215
25
230
No coagulation
30
300
g
0.3
200
3.67
EFFECT OF DILUTION, COAGULATION AND PRECIPITATION
Ten g of sample No. 3 agitated in 350 cc of water and diluted to
volume given
3.49
1.21
76.72 10.10 13.14 29.75 11.59

21.10 88.32 83.70 69.30 87.20
* Capability of swelling completely destroyed.
CC
4
200
10
17
200
19
14
225
19
4
165
9
7
175
5
2
200
3
4
195
3
11
200
15
12
200
19
5
200
3
3
220
2
3
175
3
13
200
19
11
230
19
5
175
4
No coagulation up to 50 cc
No coagulation up to 50 cc
No coagulation
14
up to 50 cc
NH4OH (0.9 sp. gr.)... No coagulation up to 100 cc
CaO
4.64 3.70 4.28

4.04*
3.94 3.60*
4.17*
2.53 2.09
1.50 1.14
CC
Volume in /
liters /Days
~5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
1
SsT
86.5
85.4
83.3
% in suspension after, days

[ 4
|
6
| 10 | 120
87T3
8773
6L7
74.1
63.4
56.7
33.6
71.3
58.3
48.5
60.1
55.0
42.6
34.4
29.6
27.6
25 1
PROPERTIES OF SOME CLAY-LIKE MINERALS OF THE BENTONITE TYPEf 11 )

Index of
refraction
nD
Source
Sanders, Ariz
Daggett, CaI
Creede, Colo., No. 1
Lovelock, Nev
Newcastle, Wyo
Wyoming
Belle Fourche, S. D
Enid, Miss
Camden, Ark
Grossalmerode clay, Germany
Las Vegas, Nev
Glass pot clay
Houston, Tex
Enid, Miss
New York
1.48
1.495-1.505
1.505
1.505-1.525
1.5175
1.5175-1.5375
1.525-1.535
1.545
1.5475
1.5575
1.56
1.56
1.5615
1.563
1.563
1.57
% water
lost at
UO0C
after air
drying
16.6
14.87
14.93
10.82
7.26
9.25
8.79
1.83
4.64
2.19
1.34
1.68
3.02
0.27
3.25
4.55
Softening
point,
cone
% water
of plasticity in
terms dry
Wt.
3
8
12
12
9
4
12
12
14
27
27
30
29
34
30
1
71.83
69.52
48.07
78.10
114.61
99.21
108.07
37.30
46.16
37.30
22.07
69.08
94.21
59.00
77.26
161.39
162.73
195.81
30.16
73.25
41.94
24.21
B
B
A
C
B, E
B, D
B, E
C
C
C
C
36.08
41.94
29.75
40.97
32.13
47.38
C
C
* A = cracks, B = cracks badly, C = does not crack, D = warps, E = becomes very hard on drying,
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Brown and Montgomery, 32, No. 21; 13. ( 2 ) Houldsworth and Cobb, 82,
22: 111; 23. ( 3 ) Howe and Ferguson, 38, 6: 496; 23. ( 4 ) Mellor, 82,
% vol.
shrinkage
Drying
in terms behavior*
dry vol.
Color
after
firingf
Bf
Bf
Bf
Bf
Bf
Br
Bf
Bf
Bf
W
W
W
W
W
W
Bf
f Bf = buff; Br = brown; W = white.
16: 73; 17. ( 5 ) Mellor and Holdcroft, 82, 11: 169; 12. ( 6 ) Mellor,
Sinclair and Devereux, 82, 21: 104; 22. (?) Navias, 38, 6: 1268; 23.
( 8 ) Rieke, 100, 44: 638; 11. ( 9 ) Ross and Shannon, 38, 9: 77; 26.
( 10 ) Schurecht, 30, No. 233; 20. ( 11 J Schurecht and Donda, 38, 6: 940; 23.
( 1 2 ) Spence, Canada, Mines Branch, Rep. No. 626; 24.
HEAVY CLAY PRODUCTS

H. G. SCHURECHT
CONTENTS
Clay-brick : Specifications and
properties.
Sand-lime brick.
Hollow tile.
Stoneware.
Sanitary ware.
Floor and wall tile.
MATIRES
Conditions pour la fourniture et
proprits des briques d'argile.
Brique de sable calcaire.
Tuile creuse.
Grs-crames.
Produits sanitaires.
Briques de planchers et de murs.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Prfungsvorschriften und Eigenschaften der Tonziegel.
Kalk-Sand Ziegel.
Hohlziegel.
Steingutgeschirr.
Sanittsgeschirr.
Boden und Wandziegel.
Drain tile.
Sewer pipe.
Terra cotta.
Brick masonry.
Tuile de drainage.
Tuyau d'gout.
Terre cuite.
Maonnerie de briques.
Ziegel fr Kanalbau.
Abzugschluche.
Terrakotta.
Ziegelmauerwerk.
INDICE
PAGE
Mattoni laterizi: Norme e
propriet
64
Mattone silico-calcare
64
Tegole cave
65
Grs ceramico
65
Prodotti sanitari
65
Piastrelle per pavimentazione
65
Tegole da drenaggio
65
Tubi di fognatura
65
Terracotta
66
Armatura di mattoni
66
1. CLAY BRICK: SPECIFICATIONS AND PROPERTIES
2. SAND-LIME BRICK
True specific gravity, 2.4-2.6 ( 7 ).

Specific heat, 20-10O0C, 0.20-0.25 cal g"1 deg.^C (i)
ComCrossbreaking
Water
Bulk
absorp- pressive strength, modudensity,
strength, lus of rupture,
tion,
g /cm3
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
%
Vitrified brick . . . . 2 . 0 - 2 . 2
<5
281 to 351
56 to 84
Hard brick
1.9-2.1
5-12 175 to 281
28 to 56
Medium brick*... 1.8-2.0 12-20 105 to 176
21 to 28
Soft brick
1.7-1.9
>20
56 to 105
14 to 21
Paving brick f . . . . 1.7-2.2 0.9-8.0 227 to 592
84 to 178
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SAND-LIME BRICK WALLS ( 9 )

Walls 1.83 m long and 2.74 m high
* Thermal conductivity = 1.6 kg-cal m~ 2 hr"1 ( 0 C, m"1)"1 ( 7 ), see also p.

314).
t Rattler loss, 22-26 % C 1 ).
Wall
No.
2
3
4
5
6
Thickness,
cm
21.3
33.5
21.1
33.2
21.3
32.7
^^
Compressive strength,
kg/cm2
Lime
Lime
Cement-lime
Cement-lime
Cement
Cement
First crack
Failure
sTs
14.1
34.0
38.7
50.4
48.1
22.2
20.4
47.8
39.7
67.5
59.8
PROPERTIES OF SOME CLAY-LIKE MINERALS OF THE BENTONITE TYPEf 11 )

Index of
refraction
nD
Source
Sanders, Ariz
Daggett, CaI
Lovelock, Nev
Newcastle, Wyo
Wyoming
Belle Fourche, S. D
Enid, Miss
Camden, Ark
Grossalmerode clay, Germany
Las Vegas, Nev
Glass pot clay
Houston, Tex
Enid, Miss
New York
1.48
1.495-1.505
1.505
1.505-1.525
1.5175
1.5175-1.5375
1.525-1.535
1.545
1.5475
1.5575
1.56
1.56
1.5615
1.563
1.563
1.57
% water
lost at
UO0C
after air
drying
16.6
14.87
14.93
10.82
7.26
9.25
8.79
1.83
4.64
2.19
1.34
1.68
3.02
0.27
3.25
4.55
Softening
point,
cone
% water
of plasticity in
terms dry
Wt.
3
8
12
12
9
4
12
12
14
27
27
30
29
34
30
1
71.83
69.52
48.07
78.10
114.61
99.21
108.07
37.30
46.16
37.30
22.07
69.08
94.21
59.00
77.26
161.39
162.73
195.81
30.16
73.25
41.94
24.21
B
B
A
C
B, E
B, D
B, E
C
C
C
C
36.08
41.94
29.75
40.97
32.13
47.38
C
C
* A = cracks, B = cracks badly, C = does not crack, D = warps, E = becomes very hard on drying,
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Brown and Montgomery, 32, No. 21; 13. ( 2 ) Houldsworth and Cobb, 82,
22: 111; 23. ( 3 ) Howe and Ferguson, 38, 6: 496; 23. ( 4 ) Mellor, 82,
% vol.
shrinkage
Drying
in terms behavior*
dry vol.
Color
after
firingf
Bf
Bf
Bf
Bf
Bf
Br
Bf
Bf
Bf
W
W
W
W
W
W
Bf
f Bf = buff; Br = brown; W = white.
16: 73; 17. ( 5 ) Mellor and Holdcroft, 82, 11: 169; 12. ( 6 ) Mellor,
Sinclair and Devereux, 82, 21: 104; 22. (?) Navias, 38, 6: 1268; 23.
( 8 ) Rieke, 100, 44: 638; 11. ( 9 ) Ross and Shannon, 38, 9: 77; 26.
( 10 ) Schurecht, 30, No. 233; 20. ( 11 J Schurecht and Donda, 38, 6: 940; 23.
( 1 2 ) Spence, Canada, Mines Branch, Rep. No. 626; 24.
HEAVY CLAY PRODUCTS

H. G. SCHURECHT
CONTENTS
Clay-brick : Specifications and
properties.
Sand-lime brick.
Hollow tile.
Stoneware.
Sanitary ware.
Floor and wall tile.
MATIRES
Conditions pour la fourniture et
proprits des briques d'argile.
Brique de sable calcaire.
Tuile creuse.
Grs-crames.
Produits sanitaires.
Briques de planchers et de murs.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Prfungsvorschriften und Eigenschaften der Tonziegel.
Kalk-Sand Ziegel.
Hohlziegel.
Steingutgeschirr.
Sanittsgeschirr.
Boden und Wandziegel.
Drain tile.
Sewer pipe.
Terra cotta.
Brick masonry.
Tuile de drainage.
Tuyau d'gout.
Terre cuite.
Maonnerie de briques.
Ziegel fr Kanalbau.
Abzugschluche.
Terrakotta.
Ziegelmauerwerk.
INDICE
PAGE
Mattoni laterizi: Norme e
propriet
64
Mattone silico-calcare
64
Tegole cave
65
Grs ceramico
65
Prodotti sanitari
65
Piastrelle per pavimentazione
65
Tegole da drenaggio
65
Tubi di fognatura
65
Terracotta
66
Armatura di mattoni
66
1. CLAY BRICK: SPECIFICATIONS AND PROPERTIES
2. SAND-LIME BRICK
True specific gravity, 2.4-2.6 ( 7 ).

Specific heat, 20-10O0C, 0.20-0.25 cal g"1 deg.^C (i)
ComCrossbreaking
Water
Bulk
absorp- pressive strength, modudensity,
strength, lus of rupture,
tion,
g /cm3
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
%
Vitrified brick . . . . 2 . 0 - 2 . 2
<5
281 to 351
56 to 84
Hard brick
1.9-2.1
5-12 175 to 281
28 to 56
Medium brick*... 1.8-2.0 12-20 105 to 176
21 to 28
Soft brick
1.7-1.9
>20
56 to 105
14 to 21
Paving brick f . . . . 1.7-2.2 0.9-8.0 227 to 592
84 to 178
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SAND-LIME BRICK WALLS ( 9 )

Walls 1.83 m long and 2.74 m high
* Thermal conductivity = 1.6 kg-cal m~ 2 hr"1 ( 0 C, m"1)"1 ( 7 ), see also p.

314).
t Rattler loss, 22-26 % C 1 ).
Wall
No.
2
3
4
5
6
Thickness,
cm
21.3
33.5
21.1
33.2
21.3
32.7
^^
kg/cm2
Lime
Lime
Cement-lime
Cement-lime
Cement
Cement
First crack
Failure
sTs
14.1
34.0
38.7
50.4
48.1
22.2
20.4
47.8
39.7
67.5
59.8
SAND-LIME BKICK ( 2 )
Dry brick
Compressive 2strength,
kg/cm
American
method
| Effect of wetting.
Crossbreaking
strength,
modulus
German
of
method rupture,2
kg/cm
Compressive
strength
% change in |
Cross breaking
strength
Effect of freezing.
Compressive
strength
% change in
Crossbreaking
strength
Absorption
Effect of fire. % change in

"
Compressive
strength
Crossbreaking
strength
Dry
Wet
122-706 I 66-185| 14r-S3 \ + 17 to -55 | +25 to -75 | +38 to -55 | -22 to -46 | +3.8 | +53 to -100 | -42 [ -72 to -95
PER CENT WATER ABSORPTION OF SAND-LIME BRICK ( 10 )
~
Tota|
g
1 hr
24 hr
(boiling
&
5hr)
Maximum
10.6
12.0
17.7
A Minimum
4.2
8.2
10.6
6.8
9.7
13.3
Average of 1000
Maximum
7.9
15.3
18.0
B Minimum
4.8
11.3
12.8
Average of 54
6.1
13.2
15.6
6.9
11.9
18.3
Maximum
C Minimum
5.1
10.8
15.9
6.0
11.3
16.9
Average of 6
Maximum
10.5
14.2
20.6
D Minimum
5.4
11.1
15.6
Average of 56
7.1
12.2
17.3
Maximum
14.4
15.4
22.0
E Minimum
5.8
13.2
18.2
Average of 50
8.1
14.1
20.0
Maximum
16.3
16.7
23.5
F Minimum
8.0
13.6
18.8
Average of 51
12.2
14.9
20.7
Maximum
18.0
18.4
23.8
G Minimum
13.1
15.9
21.9
Average of 8
16.1
16.9
22.8
Maximum
22.4
23.0
31.2
H Minimum
8.2
16.8
18.3
I Average of 100
16.8
19.5
25.2
6. SANITARY BODIES (4)

Water ab- Crossbreaking strength,
sorption, %
modulus of rupture
16 to 18
70 to 92 kg/cm 2
2 to 3
184 to 230 kg/cm 2
Fire clay ware

Vitreous ware
6. FLOOR AND WALL TILE (6)

Water Absorption.Vitreous, O to 2%. Semi-vitreous, 2 to
IO %. Plain unglazed, 10 %.
7. DRAIN TILE
A. S. T. M. Specifications (*).
Types.A, Extra quality, H2O absorption, 11%; B, Standard,
H2O absorption, 13%; C, Farm, H2O absorption, 14%. For
compressive strength, see Fig. 1.
8. SEWER PIPE
A. S. T. M. specifications for vitrified salt-glazed sewer pipe (*).
H2O absorption, 8 %. For crushing strength, see Fig. 1.
Fig. I
3. HOLLOW BUILDING TILE (2)

Compressive strength, kg/cm2
Softening
Gross area includ- Net area excludtemperaing voids
ing voids
ture, 0C
End I Edge | Side | End Edge | Side
6922- 49- 16284- 162- 1100-1390
373
185
97 798
315 414
Water absorption,
%
7.5 to
26
Dielectric constant
Heat conductivity,
kg-cal m~ 2 hr"1
(0C, m-i)-i
Softening cone
Specific heat, 2010O0C, g-cal g-i

per 0C
Linear coef. of expansion, per 0C
Hardness, scleroscope
Resistance to abrasion,
sand blast tests,
g/cm2
Resistance to shock,
pendulum impact test,
cm kg/cm 2
Ball compression
strength, kg
Young's modulus of
elasticity
Crossbreaking strength,
modulus of rupture,
kg/cm 2
Tensile strength,
kg/ cm2
kg/cm2
Water absorption, %
Bulk density, g/cm3
Type
True specific gravity
4. STONEWARE (7)
Common . 2.44-2.65 2.06-2.37 0.03-5.1 3248-58331 63-116 234-416 4189- 6850 476-1044 1.26-1.90 3.0-9.9 39-62 4.1 X IQ-" 0.185-0.19117-29 0.95-1.35
to
4.9 X 10-e
Chemical. 2.45-2.532.28-2.320.13-1.80 5816 163-178416-9805087-15130792-980 1.70-2.402.4-3.955-644.9X10-6
17-301.00-1.255.17
to
6
I
5.7 X 10~
I
9. TERRA COTTA BODIES (5)

Water absorption, 10 to 19 %. Crossbreaking strength, modulus
of rupture, 105 to 180 kg/cm2. Linear coefficient of expansion,
17 to 10O0C, (3.7 to 6.0) X IO"6 per 0C.
10. CRUSHING STRENGTH OF MASONRY WITH DIFFERENT MORTARS (8)
Brick employed: 23 X 11 X 5.5 cm (nine different types).
a, Cement mortar, 1:3. 6, Lime mortar, c, Mortar mixtures.
a-fb(lrl).
Strength of one meter cubes of masonry in kilograms
a
1929
1908
1852
1772
1722
1713
1715
1709
1709
b
1959
1940
1885
1812
1780
1771
1770
1767
1765
C 1 ) American Society for Testing Materials, Specifications. ( 2 ) Emley,

32, No. 85: 35; 17. (3) Foster, 38, 7: 189; 24. (4) Fuller, Bureau of
Standards, O. ( 5 ) Fuller and Merrit, Bureau of Standards, O. ( 6 ) Pence,
81, 17: 484; 15. ( 7 ) Singer, Keramik (Braunschweig, Vie weg und Sohn).
470; 23. ( 8 ) Svenson, 314, 36: 341; 12. (9) Whittemore and Stang, 32,
No. 276: 65; 25.
( 10 ) Johnson, Bureau of Standards, O. ( J 1 ) Kreuger, 314, 40: 597; 16.
c
1977
1955
1903
1851
1829
1823
1824
1821
1819
Fig-2
According to Kreuger (ll) the compressive strength of a

brick pier is ca. 0.22 X the compressive strength of the brick used
in its construction. The corresponding relation to the compressive
strength of the mortar used is shown in Fig. 2.
LITERATURE
PORCELAIN AND WHITEWARE

I. Electrical porcelain. II.
Laboratory porcelain and white
ware. Owing to the overlapping of these two classes a certain amount of duplication
occurs in the tables but for the
complete data both sections
should be consulted.
I. Porcelaines
lectriques.
II. Porcelaines et faences de
laboratoire. Etant donn le
chevauchement de ces deux
classes, il y a un certain nombre
de rptitions dans les tables;
pour avoir des donnes compltes, les deux sections doivent
tre consultes.
I. Elektro-Porzellan. II.
Laboratoriums Porzellane und
Steingut. Da beide Gattungen
in engerrer Beziehung stehen,
ist eine gewisse Wiederholung
in den Tafeln vorhanden.
Doch sollen fr vollstndige
Daten beide Abschnitte herangezogen werden.
I. Porcellane elettriche. II.

Porcellane di laboratorio e grs
ceramico. Per la stretta relazione tra le due categorie, vi
qualche ripetizione nelle tabelle.
Per avere dati completi bisogna
per consultare entrambi i
capitoli.
CONTENTS
Classification.
Composition.
Ptrographie character.
Density, porosity and compressibility.
Strength.
Elastic properties.
Fixed impact and bending
shock.
Toughness and hardness.
Rattler test.
Softening point.
Thermal expansion.
Specific heat.
Resistance to thermal shock.
MATIRES
Classification.
Composition.
Description ptrographique.
Densit, porosit et compressibilit.
Rsistance mcanique.
Proprits lastiques.
Rsistance au choc et essai de
flexion au choc.
Duret.
Essais de fragilit.
Point de ramollissement.
Chaleur spcifique.
Rsistance au choc thermique.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Einteilung.
Zusammensetzung.
Petrographisches.
Dichte, Porositt und Kompressibilitt.
Festigkeit.
Elastische Eigenschaften.
Schlagbiegefestigkeit.
Electrical resistance.
Dielectric properties.
Flash-over voltage.
Rsistivit lectrique.
Proprits dilectriques.
Tension de crachement super-
Electrolysis.
Velocity of sound.
Electrolyse.
Vitesse du son.
INDICE
Classificazione
Composizione
Caratteri petrografie! .
Densit, porosit e
compressibilit
Resistenza meccanica .
Propriet elastiche
Resistenza alla flessione
per urto unico
Durezza
Saggi di fragilit
Punto di rammollimento
Dilatazione termica . . .
Calore specifico
Conduttivit termica. .
Resistenza a sbalzi bruschi di temperatura .
Resistenza elettrica....
Propriet dielettriche..
Tensione di scintillamento
Elettrolisi
Velocit del suono
Hrte.
Trommelprobe.
Erweichungspunkt.
Wrmeausdehnung.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
Widerstandsfhigkeit
gegen
schroffen Temperaturwechsel.
Elektrischer Widerstand.
Dielektrische Eigenschaften.
berschlagsspannung.
ficiel.
Elektrolyse.
Schallgeschwindigkeit.
P AGE
67, 73
67, 73
68, 74
68, 75
68, 76
69, 76
69, 77
70, 77
70, 77
70, 78
70, 78
79
79
70, 80
71, 80
72, 80
72
72
72, 81
9. TERRA COTTA BODIES (5)

Water absorption, 10 to 19 %. Crossbreaking strength, modulus
of rupture, 105 to 180 kg/cm2. Linear coefficient of expansion,
17 to 10O0C, (3.7 to 6.0) X IO"6 per 0C.
10. CRUSHING STRENGTH OF MASONRY WITH DIFFERENT MORTARS (8)
Brick employed: 23 X 11 X 5.5 cm (nine different types).
a, Cement mortar, 1:3. 6, Lime mortar, c, Mortar mixtures.
a-fb(lrl).
Strength of one meter cubes of masonry in kilograms
a
1929
1908
1852
1772
1722
1713
1715
1709
1709
b
1959
1940
1885
1812
1780
1771
1770
1767
1765
C 1 ) American Society for Testing Materials, Specifications. ( 2 ) Emley,

32, No. 85: 35; 17. (3) Foster, 38, 7: 189; 24. (4) Fuller, Bureau of
Standards, O. ( 5 ) Fuller and Merrit, Bureau of Standards, O. ( 6 ) Pence,
81, 17: 484; 15. ( 7 ) Singer, Keramik (Braunschweig, Vie weg und Sohn).
470; 23. ( 8 ) Svenson, 314, 36: 341; 12. (9) Whittemore and Stang, 32,
No. 276: 65; 25.
( 10 ) Johnson, Bureau of Standards, O. ( J 1 ) Kreuger, 314, 40: 597; 16.
c
1977
1955
1903
1851
1829
1823
1824
1821
1819
Fig-2
According to Kreuger (ll) the compressive strength of a

brick pier is ca. 0.22 X the compressive strength of the brick used
in its construction. The corresponding relation to the compressive
strength of the mortar used is shown in Fig. 2.
LITERATURE
PORCELAIN AND WHITEWARE

I. Electrical porcelain. II.
Laboratory porcelain and white
ware. Owing to the overlapping of these two classes a certain amount of duplication
occurs in the tables but for the
complete data both sections
should be consulted.
I. Porcelaines
lectriques.
II. Porcelaines et faences de
laboratoire. Etant donn le
chevauchement de ces deux
classes, il y a un certain nombre
de rptitions dans les tables;
pour avoir des donnes compltes, les deux sections doivent
tre consultes.
I. Elektro-Porzellan. II.
Laboratoriums Porzellane und
Steingut. Da beide Gattungen
in engerrer Beziehung stehen,
ist eine gewisse Wiederholung
in den Tafeln vorhanden.
Doch sollen fr vollstndige
Daten beide Abschnitte herangezogen werden.
I. Porcellane elettriche. II.

Porcellane di laboratorio e grs
ceramico. Per la stretta relazione tra le due categorie, vi
qualche ripetizione nelle tabelle.
Per avere dati completi bisogna
per consultare entrambi i
capitoli.
CONTENTS
Classification.
Composition.
Ptrographie character.
Density, porosity and compressibility.
Strength.
Elastic properties.
Fixed impact and bending
shock.
Toughness and hardness.
Rattler test.
Softening point.
Thermal expansion.
Specific heat.
Resistance to thermal shock.
MATIRES
Classification.
Composition.
Description ptrographique.
Densit, porosit et compressibilit.
Rsistance mcanique.
Proprits lastiques.
Rsistance au choc et essai de
flexion au choc.
Duret.
Essais de fragilit.
Point de ramollissement.
Chaleur spcifique.
Rsistance au choc thermique.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Einteilung.
Zusammensetzung.
Petrographisches.
Dichte, Porositt und Kompressibilitt.
Festigkeit.
Schlagbiegefestigkeit.
Flash-over voltage.
Tension de crachement super-
Electrolysis.
Velocity of sound.
Electrolyse.
Vitesse du son.
INDICE
Classificazione
Composizione
Caratteri petrografie! .
Densit, porosit e
compressibilit
Resistenza meccanica .
Propriet elastiche
Resistenza alla flessione
per urto unico
Durezza
Saggi di fragilit
Punto di rammollimento
Dilatazione termica . . .
Calore specifico
Conduttivit termica. .
Resistenza a sbalzi bruschi di temperatura .
Resistenza elettrica....
Propriet dielettriche..
Tensione di scintillamento
Elettrolisi
Velocit del suono
Hrte.
Trommelprobe.
Erweichungspunkt.
Wrmeausdehnung.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
Widerstandsfhigkeit
gegen
schroffen Temperaturwechsel.
berschlagsspannung.
ficiel.
Elektrolyse.
Schallgeschwindigkeit.
P AGE
67, 73
67, 73
68, 74
68, 75
68, 76
69, 76
69, 77
70, 77
70, 77
70, 78
70, 78
79
79
70, 80
71, 80
72, 80
72
72
72, 81
I. ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN
FRANK H. RiDDLE1
Classification of Porcelains Based on Their Use
I. Normal porcelains.
(A) Low tension porcelain, porosity, 1 %.
Dry or wet process used under 5000 volts. Flint, clay,
feldspar porcelain.
(B) High tension porcelain, porosity, O %.
Wet process used above 5000 volts. Flint, clay, feldspar
porcelains.
II. Special porcelains.
(C) Spark plug core porcelains, porosity, 0%.
Usually free from free quartz which has objectionable
expansion and alkalis which have an injurious effect
upon the insulation at increased temperatures.
(D) Heating element porcelains, porosity, 1 %.
Usually containing over 50 % magnesia compounds.
(E) Thermocouple porcelains for protection.
High in alumina and free from free quartz.
Practically nothing is available in the literature regarding low
tension porcelain or heating element porcelain.
Fig. I
The actual compositions of some of the bodies whose properties

are listed in the following pages are shown below, together with the
reference numbers by which they are identified in the tables.
Calcines,
wt.
BODY COMPOSITIONS
% (Chamotte, Aufbereitungsstoffe,
digrassanti)
I Cone I MgCO3 | Kaolin | Flint | Al2O3 | Boric acid

2
14.40
44.30 41.30
13
18.20
56.00 25.80
18
70.20
27.80
2.0
18
55.80
44.20
23.85
76.15
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Compositions
Areas of commercial wares/22)
Rg.3
Application of local heating (22)
Fig.4
Body No's !6-19
Rg.2
Materiali
Triaxia-l showing area of

maximum value (22J
Relative dielectric strength

(H)
Bodies, wt. % (Matires cramiques, Keramische Massen, Paste

ceramiche)
Ref. No.
Clay
Flint
Feldspar
Chemical Composition of Fired Body and Batch Composition of
Raw Body
Typical compositions of the possible range of raw bodies are
shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4. These figures can be used only as a
general guide, since they do not portray the effects of the different
varieties of clay, feldspar and flint, or the methods of grinding, etc.
1
Grateful acknowledgments are due to Dr. Joseph A. Jeffery for the privilege
of carrying out considerable research work in the research laboratories of the
Champion Porcelain Company; to Messrs. H. F. Royal, E. K. Bibb, Walter
Schmidt, and to Miss Chenoweth and other members of the staff for valuable
aid in the assembling and classification of data; and to Messrs. L. E. Barringer
and F. W. Peek, Jr., of the General Electric Company, for much valuable
information.
Ref. No.
Clay
Sillimanite
Flint
Feldspar
Al2O3
Whiting
Calcine
| l |
35
40
25
2|
35
30
35
3|
45
30
25
4|
45
20
35
5|
50
25
25
6|
50
15
35
7| 8 |
5555
1022.5
35 22.5
9 | 10 | 11
55 55 65
15 5 10
30 40 25
|15|1617|18|19|20| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25
4035156542 * 22
30.2 40 50.050.0
30.0
1520451524
32.5 2.5
4545402034
16.0 16.0
18
12.6
1.5 1.5
6OD 57C (^
Cone
I 10 to 14 |l8| 32 | 30 |
* Natural sillimanite (andalusite) with clay bond.
[ 4OO
17 | 11 j 11
Ref. No.
Clay
Calcined clay
Flint
Sillimanite
Feldspar
Whiting
Calcine
I 26 I 27 I 28 I 29 |3Q3l| 32 [33|
50.050.050.050.0455055.060
20.0 8.535.0 5.0
18.5
272615.010
30.0
30.0
10.0 10.0 13.5 13.5 28 2428.5 30
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1.5
34 | 35
50
45
35
30
8
12E
2OA
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Range
%*
Clay
50
Feldspar. . . 25
Flint
25
50
16
34
46
26
28
46
21
33
50
20
30
50
20
30
50
20
30
40-55
25-30
15-25
Ref. No.
Standard
%t
50
30
20
* For satisfactory bodies ( 20 ).

t A standard composition ( 20 ).
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Ref. No.
SiO2
Al2O3
TiO2
Pe2O3..
CaO..
MgO
K20
Na20
Ignition loss-.
1
I 2
I 3
I 4
I 5
I 6
I 7
I 24* I 25* I 26* I 27* I 28* I 29*
74.08 70.81 69.23 65.96 66.78 63.51 61.08 72.51 52.10 64.59 49.81 55.93 50.38
15.63 17.47 18.50 20.34 19.95 21.79 23.22 22.60 42.24 30.86 45.05 38.40 44.10
0.40
0.40
0.56
0.56
0.64
0.64
0.72
0.16
0.12
0.15
0.24
0.19
0.23
0.48
0.50
0.59
0.61
0.64
0.66
0.71
0.14
0.59
0.53
0.64
0.66
0.63
0.25
0.32
0.27
0.34
0.28
0.35
0.36
1.05
1.10
1.07
1.11
1.13
1.13
0.22
0.25
0.26
0.29
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.18
0.26
0.22
0.28
0.28
0.27
2.72
3.67
2.79
3.74
2.83
3.78
3.82
1.98
2.18
1.58
1.67
2.07
1.98
1.39
1.75
1.57
1.93
1.66
2.02
2.11
1.08
1.31
1.05
1.20
1.34
1.28
4.83
4.83
6.24
6.24
6.94
6.94
7.65
* Fired body.
2. Special spark plug and vitrified pyrometer porcelains ( 48 )
Ptrographie Character of Insulator Porcelains

A comparative ptrographie study of a number of insulator
porcelains of American, French and German manufacture leads to
the following conclusion.
A good porcelain insulator made from clay, feldspar and flint
should consist largely of a glassy matrix with embedded crystals of
quartz and mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2) evenly distributed throughout.
The quartz should not exceed 20 to 25 %, preferably less, and the
fragments should have rounded edges and corners, as indicating
partial solution by the feldspar glassy matrix. The average grain
size of the quartz should not exceed 0.03 to 0.04 mm diameter, and
the particles should be evenly distributed. No clay or partially
decomposed clay particles should be present. The crystals of
mullite should be abundant, well-formed, evenly distributed, and
should not exceed ca. 0.01 mm length by 0.002 mm thickness.
Owing to the very close resemblance between mullite and sillimanite crystals, the following crystallographic characterization is
given ( 9 > 70).
Crystal system
^. .
Prism angle, 110 A110.
Cleavage
Optic orientation
T3 r A . . ,. / 7 . .
Refractive indices <l o : . .
Mullite
3Al2O3.2SiO2
Orthorhombic
89 13'
|| 010
C = T and a = a
1.654
- ACt
1 . o4z
Sillimanite
Al2O3-SiO2
Orthorhombic
88 15'
|| 010
0 = 7 and a = a
1.677
i *KT
1.057
+45, -50
+25, -30
Axial angle, 2V
BULK DENSITY, SPECIFIC GKAVITY AND POROSITY

1. Typical electrical porcelains for high-tension work
Specific
gravity
2.3-2.5
2.46
2.45
2.45
Bulk
density,
g/cm 3
2.317
2.233
2.276
2.24-2.35
OpenTotal
pore
porosporosity, %
ity, %
1.80
0.19
5.8
8.9
7.3
0.01
2.46
2.25
7.7
Type
Hermsdorf
Berlin hard
DTS sill. Z54
DTS sill. Z55
Ingenerai
Elee, average of 8
Elee. Ref. No. 15
Lit.
(53)
(53)
(53)
(4)
(63)
(43)
2.77
I 2.54
0.00 I 8.4
3.03
2.83
0.00
2.89
2.72
0.00
I "Sul." spark plug

6012, Ref. No. 20
6.8 Artificial mullite, Ref.
No. 21
5.7 Artificial mullite, Ref.
No. 22
Coefficient of Cubical Compressibility

106dF
y ,p 1.4 to 1.8 per atm. The lower figure is for highly
siliceous, and the latter for highly feldspathic, porcelains ( 56 ).
TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4)
kg/cm'
843.6
684
519
514
421.8
360
320
261
240
178
163
140-260
130-200
122
98
Type
_
Sill, (mullite)
Sill, (mullite)
Insulator
Sill, (mullite)
Insulator average of 7f
Hermsdorf 103.
Berlin hard
Rosenthal H
Various
DTS sill. Z54
DTS sill. Z55
Various
Hermsdorf
Marquardt
Insulator
0
J?88,,
section*
0.864 cm2
0.864 cm2
3.226 cm2
6.45 cm2
0.864 cm2
3.14 cm2
3.14 cm2
7 X 2 cm
7} X 2 cm
0.314 cm2
7J X 2 cm
7i X 2 cm
Lit.
(38)
(39)
(20)
(39)
(12)
(53)
(53)
(56)
(15)
(53)
(53)
(42)
7J X 2 cm (53)
7j X 2 cm (45)
* The area of the cross section of the test piece is important, see Fig. 5.
t Batch weights and chemical compositions of these bodies are shown under
Rf. Nos. 1-7.
ILLUSTRATING THE INFLUENCE OF THE GLAZE

All pieces made of the same body and all burned together ( 40 );
see also especially ( 21>1 )
kg/cm2
Type
I
623 |
I No glaze |
720 |
642 |
305
Best glaze | Good glaze | Crazed glaze
Compare the tensile and crushing strengths of American and

German bodies. The German bodies have a greater crushing
strength, the American bodies a greater tensile strength.
CRUSHING STRENGTH BETWEEN SPHERES* (53)
MODULUS OF RUPTURE*
kg/cm 2
590
580
595-469
Type
|
Insulator
DTS sill. Z55..
Average of 7
elee.t
Lit. || kg/cm2 |
Type
| Lit.
(45)
500
(49)
(53)
490 Hermsdorf
(46)
(38)
416
DTS sill. Z54.. (53)
560-420
(l*)
540
Insulator H . . . (46)
246
kg
I
982
I
792
|
748 ~"
I DTS sill. Z55 | DTS sill. Z54 | Marquardt
Type
* The Gary press ( 43 ) used for this test holds a piece 1 cm thick and 10
cm wide between steel balls 31.7 mm in diameter, through which the pressure ia
applied. Results calculated to correspond to a disc 1 mm thick.
Marquardt... . (53)
* Extruded cyl. pieces 120 mm long, and 16 mm diam., burned hanging in

vertical position and sawed to length. Supported on steel knife edges 10 cm
apart and loaded centrally, 1 kg per sec.
t For compositions see Rf. Nos. 1-7, inclusive. For effect of glaze see ( 2 1 < 1 ).
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (DEF. 10)

The unit is 1000 kg/mm 2
Modulus
10.6
10.2
8.9
8.7
8.4*
8.3
Relation between
strength and diameter
of the test piece (39V
Fig.5
Type
Remarks
|
Bending
Tensile (v. Fig. 1)
Bending
Tensile
Bending
Bending average
of 72
"G. E."
"G. E."
Marquardt
O. S. Univ
Rosenthal
Berlin hard
8.0-7.0
7.8
7.8
7.1-5.4
7.0
7.0-5.0
6.5
5.1
8.9
Hermsdorf
Rosenthal
Insulator
Hermsdorf 104
Average
Hermsdorf 1915
DTS sill. Z55
DTS sill. Z54
Westinghouse
6.3
5.2
Hermsdorf 1921
Westinghouse
End support
Bending 12.7 mm
rod
End support
Bending 19 mm
rod
Lit.
(i<>)
(10)
(53)
(1)
(56)
( 5 ^)
(53)
(53)
(53)
(* 9 )
(4)
(42)
(53)
(53)
(2 O)
(56)
(20)
* With varying loads this value varied from 8.4 to 17.9 with the same test
pieces and under uniform conditions. Tests made by Steger's method ( 59 ).
The modulus is dependent more upon the conditions of manufacture than
upon chemical composition. It is substantially the same for tension and compression. For G. E. porcelain Boyd ( 10 ) found the following relations: D =
0.133L for compression; D = 0.133L for bending; D = 0.143L for tension;
where D = deformation in O.OOOOlths. and L = load in kg-cm~2.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN SHEAR (DEF. 11)
CRUSHING STRENGTH
Unit is 1000 kg/cm 2
Strength |
Type
o T s * D T S sill
>5.6*
Hermsdorf
>5.0*
Rosenthal H
4.8-4.2 Hermsdorf
4.5
Insulator
4.2
Berlin hard
4.0
Sill, average of 7
4.Of
Insulator
2.51
Insulator average of 3
1.6-1.8J
1.0
Marquardt
4.2-3.1 Elee, various
Remarks
| Lit.
(53)"
(53)
2.11cm 2
(46)
16 X 16 mm
(56)
(45)
2.5 cm cubes (42)
4.90cm 2
(39)
(56)
2.54 cm diam. (38)
6 X 3cm
(*)
(53)
CyI. 3.14 cm2 [ (44)
* The higher values are probably due to the use of cylindrical test pieces
instead of square ones. In 1920 the German committee appointed to arrange
standard tests decided on a test piece 16 X 16 mm diameter. According to
Demuth ( 1S ) test pieces smaller than 50 X 50 mm are too small and the high
results obtained are misleading.
t For compositions see Rf. Nos. 4, 5 and 7.
The higher value is for glazed, the lower for unglazed.
For compositions see Rf. Nos. 8-11.
kg/cm 2
600-480
500
500
Type
Hermsdorf
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
oratory
celain
| Lit. || kg/cm 2
103 (53)
481
H
(46)
430
lab- (46)
323
por-
Type
| Lit.
Insulator 101G (46)
Seger 6833*
(46)
DTS sill. Z54 (53)
* Square test piece.
FIXED IMPACT AND BENDING SHOCK (DEF. 16)*

cm-kg-wt.
cm25
2.4
1.61
1.38
1.23
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.08
_
- ,
7"!T~
Rosenthal _porcelains Lit.
Spec. 6412
Spec. 6048
Spec. 6048
Laboratory
Seger 6833
Insulator H
Insulator G
Hard 6292
* Pendulum-hammer method.
cm-kg-wt. blow (53).
(56)
(*5)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
cm-kg-wt. I
_
Type
cm2
I
1.9
Hermsdorf
1.8
DTS sill. Z54
1.7
DTS sill. Z55
~
i
~~ ~ TJ ~
Cone 15 |Spar Kaolin |Quartz
1.43
34
43
18
1.29
26
46
28
1.23
25
50
25
T.
Lit.
(53)
C")
(53)
~~
Lit.
(61)
()
(")
16 X 16 X 120 mm bar, 100 mm span, 10
SOFTENING POINT
SUCCESSIVE INCREASING IMPACT SHOCKS*

cm-kg-wt.
cm3
146
117
105
98
69
10
Z
~ ! T ^
Rosenthal porcelain
7-1
Lit.
_____
(56)
( 56 )
(56)
(56)
(56)
( 53 )
Stoneware 6412
Laboratory
Insulator H
Insulator G
Seger 6833
Marquardt
* Marten's method consists in letting a weight drop from successively increasing heights upon a disc-shaped test piece until rupture occurs. The effect is
measured in cm-kg-wt. per unit volume of the test piece. Result independent
of size of test piece.
RESISTANCE TO ABRASION
Gary sand blast test, 2 min at 3 atm
m
Type
_
Loss in
.
cm3
2^4
3.3
10.3
2.5
3.9
1.7
Insulator G
Rosenthal (Selb.) H
Marquardt 1
DTS sill. Z54
DTS sill. Z55
Seger hard 6412
Fig.6
Body Nos. I-7
(**)
(46)
(U)
(53)
(53)
( 46 )
Rattler Tests (38J
30 min
STE
5.2
8.8
14.5
9.6
12.2
14.2
3 hr
10.6
14.4
21.6
27.4
23.6
29.6
33.6
Type
Ref. No. 15
Ref. No. 16
f Ref. No. 17
Kaw
{Ref. No. 18
Ref. No. 19
American
French
Typical insulator
German
" Sill, "spark plug
Lit.
( 48 )
( 48 )
( 48 )
(**)
(*)
( 48 )
( 48 )
Softening point varies with size and shape of test piece, time of
heating, etc.
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION
T.
Lit.
TOUGHNESS AND HARDNESS BY THE "RATTLER" TEST*

Per cent loss of weight by rattler test ( 38 ).
15 min
2?2
3.2
4.4
8.0
5.1
7.8
10.2
Cone
20
18
15 down
31
20 down
26
27
31 tipped
32 down
Type
1, Fig. 6
2, Fig.6
3, Fig.6
4, Fig. 6
5, Fig.6
6, Fig. 6
7, Fig. 6
* The 15 min test is an indication of the toughness or resistance to chipping.

The 3 hr test is an indication of hardness after edges and corners are gone.
Ratio: Marquardt to DTS sill. Z54, is 2.6, time not stated ( 53 ).
With a constant clay content the higher spar and lower flint
body is invariably weaker. Increase in clay and decrease in flint
decreases strength. The compositions of the bodies are plotted
on the triaxial diagram, Fig. 6. Note the relation between loss
in wt. and body composition.
Tests were carried out under the following conditions: 13 test
pieces 2.25 X 2.25 X 5.0 cm with square edges. Tested in
porcelain jar mills 24.75 cm diam. X 33 cm long inside rotating
at 40 r.p.m. Besides the test pieces there were 61 pebbles weighing 10 kg. The test pieces were removed and weighed at the
time specified.
1O AZ
Ty e
-UT
4.25
4.00
5.42\
5.35/
3.79
3.79
3.80
6.66
4.36
4.85
5.2
2.7
3.9
3.3
3.36
Hermsdorf
G. E
. . . ,
.,_..
T
L ck msulat0r ( 9)
High tension
Rosenthal
Seger 6833.
Elee. 1 EL.
Elee, l EL
Elee. 2 EL
Marquardt
i;
Sm. sp , rtp ,u gi Ee t .No.23
3.81
5.3
3.5
5.5
3.5
3.3
3.7
6.17
5.27
3.43]
3.78
4.01
4.16
4.40
3.63
3.95
4.18
4.36
4.62J
2.37
3.07
3.69
4.00
4.21
4.51
4.84
Fired to Cone 26 (Al2O3-SiO2)
Ref. No. 24.

Ref. No. 25
Ref. No. 26
Ref. No. 27
Ref. No. 28
Ref. No. 29
High tension
High tension
Al2O3-SiO2 vitrified at cone 32
3Al2O3.2SiO2 vitrified at cone 32
Average of five refractory porcelains
I Range,
T~
Llt
(53)
(2)
/ 20-101 (65)
\ 1^243 (65)
16
(55)
20-100 (56)
20-100 (53)
20-500 (")
20-400
400-600 (")
(53)
25-200 (37)
200-400 (37)
25-400 (37)
30-200 (6)
J
30-400
25-400
25-400
25-400
25-400
25-400
25-400
?
?
119.0
230.5
317.7
392.7
512.7
117.0
216.5
304.3
383.3
492.5
114.2
234.7
357.2
482.6
601.7
724.1
844.2
(6)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(20)
(20)
(68)
Resistance to Thermal Shock

The recorded data are not comparable owing to lack of standard
methods v. (8, 54, 66, 29). The relative heat shock strengths of a
series of electrical porcelains covering the whole range of com-
positions is shown in Fig. 4 (22). Substitution of ZrOz for SiC>2

improves the resistance to thermal shock ( 60 69). "Sillimanite"
(mullite) porcelains have a greater resistance than ordinary kinds.
VOLUME RESISTIVITY
Sp. resist.
Megohm-cm
0.068-1.098
0.007
0.100-0.0034
129 X IO6
0.385 X IO6
19
9
3.5
1.5
0.8
613-900
727
727-1292
20
189
300
350
400
500
600
Fi.9
Type
Lit.
(33)
(17)
<?
g1
Temp., C
Decrease of insulation
resistance with increase
of temperature^)
(33)
(16)
(16)
Stand. G. E.
plastic
Variation of D.C.resistance with voltage.

Tube 7/i6in.diam.,5/32in.wali.(3o\
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Rg.ll
Thermal Expansion of
Bodies 34,40 and42(35]
S3
RgJO
Resistance measured at 5000 volts D.C. "

5
Tube 7/16'n inside
4 diam. /62in.walh
()
Fie.8
Some experimenters compare porcelains by finding the temperature at which the resistance is equal to one megohm-cm. They
have termed this temperature the "effective temperature," TE]
see also Figs. 8, 9 and 10.
0
TE, C I
Composition
370
Ref. No. 30
358
Ref. No. 31
390
Ref. No. 32
400
Ref. No. 33
590
Ref. No. 34
610
Ref. No. 35
690
I Ref. No. 23
Cone
14
14
12
10
15
16
16
Lit.
(52)
(52)
(52)
()
(6)
(6)
(6)
2|
Variation of dielec. strength with thickness, (si)

60 eye les. Sine wave. IO kv/puncture
Shape of test piece and electrodes
not similar for all tests.
I Re. 131
SURFACE RESISTIVITY
Varies enormously with humidity of the atmosphere and with
the nature of the surface film. For variation of the resistivity of a
clean surface with atmospheric humidity, see Fig. 11.
Variation of dielec.strength with thickness (si)

60 cycles, sine wave,time= lmin.
Voltage constant.
IOcm. electrodes in oil.
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
VELOCITY OF SOUND
6.15 for a G. E. wet process porcelain at IO5 cycles, 250C and

60% relative humidity ( 2 ); see further p. 80.
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
1. Shape of the electrodes not given. Voltage increased 1 kv/2
sec, starting at 20 kv under oil
Volts F
per
mm
10 000
9 000
A of above
16 000
17 200
12 500
18 100
20 300
27400
18 300
28 700
m
Type
J
^
Hermsdorf
Hermsdorf
Royal Berlin
Ref. No. 36
Ref. No. 37
Ref. No. 38
Ref. No. 39
Ref. No. 40
Ref. No. 41
Ref. No. 42
T>
i
Remarks
T-J.
Lit.
Velocity
, , J
Type
km/sec
_
5.63
Insulator H
5.34
Seger 6833
Velocity
^
T.x
, , J
Type
Lit.
km/sec
(46)
o\05Hermsdorf hard (46)"
(*6) 4.9-5.2 Ingenerai
(56)
Lit.
Velocity of transmission, or vibration of sound, varies with the

modulus of elasticity. Porcelains having the highest velocity are
the best. Velocity increases with increasing clay content.
5 mm thick test porcelain (* 9 )

10 mm thick test porcelain (i 9)
At 2750C
(19)
2J mm thick
(42)
]
(^ 1 )
(*)
( 61 )
[ 5 mm discs. Cone 15
(i)
(61)
( 61 )
J
( 61 )
i '
\fe G.E.Standard wet process porce lain [2,26)

y
No.l-Electrodes 1/2 in. diam.
-240 \
Round edges. I kv. per sec.
?0_A '
< r
\ V
4
-160
R6.I4
T .,
[Fijlsl
\
- 1_L PIQ. -\V*
Average puncture values.

Shomburg hard porcelainYsiV
"120E
- fe
\l
1
-8o>
V*
5-
%
*&
Io
-Vc*
NR,
V
Y
^3y
^*
\|
-w
%c-*iqo
^--;
2CQ^3pO . 4QO . SCO
Dielectric strength of porcelain vs.time(3o)
Re.15
~16
.g v .
i X. V
S -1?
2. 250C under oil, 12.7 mm electrodes with rounded edges, voltage

increased 1 kv per sec
9 100 Ref. No. 16
T~ '.
~K
" (3)"
T
9 400 Ref. No. 17
~* piece 5 mm. to B
9 14 1
10 600 Ref. No. 18
'
^; 6 Cycle ^0- (3)
8400 Ref. No. 19
J Wave Vltage
(3)_
31
According to Peek ( ) the puncture tests on solid insulators
vary greatly between different samples of the same material, shape
and area of the electrodes, time of application of voltage, etc.;
see Figs. 12-16.
DIELECTRIC LOSSES
For variation of dielectric losses and power factor with frequency, see ( 25 ).
FLASH-OVER VOLTAGE
Effect of humidity, Fig. 18.
Effect of length of test piece, Fig. 17.
ELECTROLYSIS OF HOT PORCELAIN
Above 300 porcelain behaves as an electrolytic conductor, the
alkali metals migrating toward the cathode. For experimental
details, results and conclusions, v. Haber (23).
I Fi A 1-7!
|rig./ I
Smooth porcelain cylinder in air "

. 3.5 cm. diam.
x 5 ocm
- "
N^
o 10.0 CJTl. i,
g .^^^
. "
* ^^X^^^
^-a
* ^^?^^_
Ak/c/w^ C 5^
jF
/i
î
Ji
[Lop
^t
Px
L\
I \x
In8
R
V
"I4\
5t
g,
7,
g,
^,
Electrodes:-Parallel flat
plates with rounded edges."
Relative humidity=60%(50\
&
v
A
,
/,/
/|2
/,3 /,4 QO"
Variation of flash-over
voltage gradient with change.
in relative humidity, for dirferent height smooth por- _
ce lain rods in ain (soj
^^^^
\ jRJiS^^
^X1Q
%M//B/<///y-+^^^>
^1Q ^1O 4P
6,0
6,0
7,O Ô
LITERATURE
( 1 J Austin, 129, 30: 2303; 11. ( 2 ) Barringer, General Electric Co., Schenectady, O. ( 3 ) Bibb, Jeffery DeWitt Insulator Co., Rnover, West
Virginia, O. ( 4 ) Bleininger, 33, 16: 589; 17. (5) Bleininger, 109, 1919:
101. ( 6 ) Bleininger and Riddle, 38, 2: 564; 19. ( 7 ) Boudouard, 106,
1920: 681. () Boudouard, 102, 24: 79; 21. 103, 29: 496; 21. ( 9 ) Bowen,
Grieg and Zies, 128, 14: 183; 24.
( 10 ) Boyd, 122, 38: 222; 16. ( J 1 ) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (12) Champion Porcelain Co., Detroit, O. (^) Curie, 6, 17: 385; 89. (") Curtis,
31, No. 234; 14. (15) Demuth, 10I1 41: 892; 20. O 6 ) Dietrich, 63, 11:
187; 10. ( 17 ) Doelter, BlO. ( 18 ) Foussereau, 6, 5: 241; 85. (19) Friese,
B12.
( 2 0 ) E. H. Fritz, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, O. ( 2 1 J Gary, 100, 56: 429; 23. ( 21 - 1 ) Gerold, 103, 33: 188; 25.
(22) Gilchrist and Klinefelter, B6. (23) Haber, 93, 57: 154; 08. (24)
Harker, 3, 10: 430; 05. (25) Haworth, 5, 81: 221; 08. (26) Henderson
and Weimer, 81, 13: 469; 11. ( 2 7 ) Henning, 8, 22: 631; 07. ( 28 ) Honaman and Fonseca, 109, 1919: 91. ( 2 9 ) Meyer, 101, 40: 278; 19.
(30) p. W. Peek, Jr., General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass., O. ( 3 *) Peek,
B7. ( 32 ) Peek, 107, 76: 1061; 20. ( 33 ) Pirani and Siemens, 9, 15: 969;
09. (34) Purdy, 81, 13: 550; 11. ( 3S ) Purdy, 81, 15: 499; 13. ( 38 )
Purdy and Potts, 81, 13: 431; 11. (") Riddle, 38, 2: 804; 19. ( 38 ) Riddle,
Champion Porcelain Co., Detroit, O. ( 39 ) Riddle and Laird, 38, 5: 385; 22.
(*) Riddle and Laird, 38, 5: 500; 22. (41) Rieke, 103, 22: 143; 14. (42)
Rieke, 92, 28: 374; 15. (43) Rieke and Gary, B5. (44) Rosenthal, 100,
48: 445; 15. (45) Rosenthal and Singer, 101, 41: 705; 20. (46) Rosenthai and Singer, 103, 29: 81, 93; 21. (47) Roth, 100, 55: 533; 23. ( 48 )
Royal, Champion Porcelain Co., Detroit, O. ( 49 ) Rziha and Seidener, B8.
( 5 0 ) Schwaiger, 101, 43: 875; 22. ( 5 I) J. F. Scheid, H. Schomberg and Sons,
Margarethenhtte, Saxony, Germany, O. ( 52 ) Silsbee and Honaman,
109, 1919: 79. (53) Singer, O and B4. ( 54 ) Singer, 92, 31: 221, 227, 229;
18. ( 5S ) Singer, 112, 9: 96; 20. ( 56 ) Singer and Rosenthal, 104, 1: 3; 20.
105, 5: 175; 21. 100, 54: 250; 21. (57) Starke, 8, 60: 629; 97. ( 5 8 )
Steger, 184, 2: 51; 14. (59) Steger, 103, 27: 113; 19.
(60) Twells and Lin, 38, 4: 195; 21. (6l) Urban, 103, 32: 217; 24. (2)
Wagner, 125, 3: 67; 14. (63) Washburn and Bunting, 38, 5: 527; 22. (64)
Waters, 32, No. 105; 17. (65) Watts, 81, 11: 84; 09. (66) Watts, 81,
11: 179; 09. (67) Spencer, National Lamp Works, NeIa Park, Cleveland,
O. (68) MacGee, U. S. Bureau of Mines, O. (69) Geller and Woods, 38,
4: 842; 21. (70) Grieg, 12, 11: 1; 26.
II. LABORATORY PORCELAINS AND WHITEWARES

JAMES A. AUDLEYJ
A Classification of Porcelains and Whitewares Based on Their
Composition and Properties
I. Body vitrified Little or no porosity.
(A) Porcelain. More or less translucent.
1. Hard porcelain.
Body and glaze fired up together to a comparatively
high temperature, with or without a previous low
fire biscuiting. Glaze composition approximating
that of the body, but with lime and often zinc
oxide added.
2. Soft porcelain.
(a) Seger porcelain,
(o) Frit porcelain.
(c) Bone porcelain.
(d) Belleek.
(e) Parian (biscuit or figure porcelain).
(B) Stoneware. Not translucent.
II. Body not completely vitrified, porous.
(C) General whiteware (earthenware).
This includes a variety of wares which pass under different
trade names (semi-porcelain, white granite, etc.), but
almost imperceptibly grade into one another, and into
porcelain at one extreme.
Examples illustrating composition are given further on.
Wall tiles and floor tiles may be of porcelain, stoneware, or
earthenware. They are made chiefly by the dry press process.
i Acknowledgments are due to Dr. J. W. Mellor for the free use of his library,
which is rich in scientific and technical literature, and for occasional assistance
kindly rendered in tracing important references.
Electrical porcelain possesses properties which give it a distinct

value for certain technical purposes, so that it is impracticable to
draw any hard and fast lines between it and some other porcelains.
For electrical porcelains proper, v. p. 67.
Chemical Composition of Fired Body and Batch Composition of
Raw Body
For composition limits assigned to the various types of porcelain
and whiteware, v. the standard works such as those of Seger, Kerl,
Bourry, Granger*, etc., and special works such as ( 82 > "> Ud)The actual compositions of some of the bodies whose properties
are listed in the following pages are appended hereto, together with
the reference numbers by which they are identified in the subsequent pages.
BODY COMPOSITION, WT. %
Ref. No.
I 6 |7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18
55 60 60 60 55 55 55 55 50 50 50 50 50
22.5252015302520153530252015
22.5|15|20 25 15 20 25 30|15 20 25 30 35
Ref. No.
|19|20|2l|22|23|24|25|26|27| 28 |29|30[31
45 45 45 45 40 40 40 55 55 55 55 55 65
35302520353025403022.5 15 525
. 20 25 30 35 25 30|35 5 15 22.5 30 40 10
Kaolin
Quartz
Feldspar
Kaolin
Quartz
Feldspar
Ref. No. I 32 I 33 34* |

Kaolin
65
65
25
Quartz
..17.5 10
45
17.525
30
Feldspar
CaCQ3
* Seger porcelain,
35f | 36f | 37 |
30
35 43,4
12
11 29.5
60
54 25.6
1.5
f Figure porcelain.
38 |
40.5
25.1
29.2
5.2 |
39
52.OJ
42.0
6.0
% Sornzig kaolin.
Ref. No.
I 40 I 41 I 42 I 43 I 44 I 45 I 46 I 47 I 48 I 49
China clay... . 30 30 30 30 30 30 15
30 30
Ball clay
25 25 25 25 15 35 40 20 25 25
Flint
30 20 10
30 10
15
20
Feldspar
15 25 35 45 25 25 45 30 35 10
Red clay
35
Zirconia
10
Steatite
15
Ref. No.
Clay
Quartz
Feldspar
I 50 I 51 I 52 I 53 I 54 I 55 I 56
60 65 70 65 70 75 70
20 15 10 20 15 10 20
20 20 20 15 15 15 10
57 | 58
75~~80~
15 10
10 10
Kef. No.
Clay
Flint
Feldspar
I 59
60
20
20
Ref. No.
Clay
Flint
Feldspar.
I 69 I 70 I 71 I 72 I 73 I 74 I 75 I 76 I 77 [Js
60 55 50 45 40 60 55 50 45 40
20 25 30 35 40 15 20 25 30 35
20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25
Ref. No.
Clay
Flint
Feldspar
I 60 I
55
22.5
22.5
61
50
25
25
I 62 I
45
27.5
27.5
63 I 64 I 65 I 66 I 67 I 68
40 60 55 50 45 4(T
30 25 30 35 40 45
30 15 15 15 15 15
I 79 I 80 I 811 82 I 83 I 84 I 85 |,86 | 87 | 88\~89

60 55 50 45 40 35 65 40 45 50~55
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 25 20 15 10
30 30 30 30 30| 30| 25 35 35| 35 35
Ref.No. |90|9l| 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 |98| 99 | I"

Clay.... 40 50 40 40
40
40 40
40
5050
50
Flint.... 20 10 31.20 22.85 13.50 42.90 38.60 34.25 14 28.70 23.30
Feldspar 40 40 28.80 37.15 46.50 15.20 19.20 23. OO 36 19.10 24. OO
Whiting
1.80 2.26| 2.75
2.28 2.70
BODY COMPOSITION, WT.

Ref. No.
Clay, raw
Clay, calcined
Flint
Feldspar
Whiting
%.(Continued]
BODIES, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.(Continued)
I 101 I 102 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25
18.513.5 9.5 5.0
13.510
5
10 15 19 23.528.510 13.518.523.5
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
I 110 ]
50
30
8.5
10
1.5
Ref. No.
Clay, raw
Clay, calcined
Flint
Feldspar
Whiting
Ref. No.
Clay
Feldspar
Flint
Whiting
Alumina
111 I 112 I
50
50
30
30
5
13.5 18.5
1.5
1.5
113 | 114 | 115

50
50
50
35
32.5 34
13.5 16
16
1.5
1.5 |
I 116 117 | 118 119 120 | 121 | 122 j 123 | 124

71.577.080.185 80 80 75 75 75
15.612.5 9.513.518.513.523.518.510
2.4
5
5 13.5
1.41.451.43 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
9.19.058.97
|
|
Ref. No. I 101 I 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 [ 107 | 108 109
SiO2
64.5962.9061.6160.1058.5262.0760.9059.2757.64
Al 2 O 3 ... . 30.8631.7632.5333.3634.2533.1533.8034.7035.63
TiO2
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
Fe 2 O 3 .... 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.64
CaO
1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.09 1.11 1.15 1.14
MgO
0.22 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25
K20
1.58 2.08 2.47 2.92 3.40 1.61 1.97 2.45 2.96
N a 2 O . . . . 1.05| 1.25 1.35 1.52| 1.68| 1.12 1.23 1.41 1.57
Ref. No.
SiO2
Al2O3
TiO2
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
K20
Na20
Ig. loss
I 110 I 111 I 112 I 113 | 115 | 133 | 134

135
59.5658.3656.8055.9372.5172.49 71.40 75.64
35.4336.0837.0038.4022.6022.03 27.58 22.63
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.16
0.63 0.65 0.62 0.66 0.44 3.66 0.75 0.68
1.10 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.05 Trace 0.35 0.68
0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.18 0.24 0.06 0.06
1.67 2.05 2.53 2.07 1.98
\
1.17 1.29 1.46 1.34 1.08
]*'** J ' b l
0.10 0.22
Ref. No.
I 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 129 | 130 | 131 | 132

Ref. No.
70 70 70 80 75 70 50 50~
SiO2
23.519 15 10 13.510 16 16
Al2O3
5
9 . 5 1 3 . 5 8 . 5 1 0 18.532.534
Fe2O3
1.5 1.5| 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
CaO
Ref. No. I 136 | 137 | 138 | 139 | 140 | 141 [ 142 K 2 O . . .
Na2Q
Kaolin
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
Ball clay
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Ref. No.
Flint
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
SiO2
Feldspar
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
Al2O3
Whiting
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
O
Fe2O3
Dolomite
O
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
CaO
MgO
Ref. No.
143 | 144 | 145
K
20
Kaolin
48
46
46
Ig. loss
Quartz
18
28
33
Clay
Feldspar
Flint
Whiting
Feldspar
34
Ref. No.
Clay substance
Quartz sand
Feldspar
Chalk
1.7
5.6
160 | 161 |
72.4 60.5
16.6 25.2
0.7
1.5
1.9
1.5
0.6
1.7
2.2
6.7
9.3
162 |
62.7
19.1
0.8
6.0
0.5
0.5
10.9
163 | 164
68.9 67.0
20.8 20.2
0.9
0.8
0.9
2.5
0.5
0.5
1.2
1.2
6.8
7.8
* Svres hard porcelain, new body, soft porcelain and stoneware, respectively,
according to Coupeau ( 2 0 21 ). f Limoges porcelain according to Vogt ( 2 0 > 21 ).
Berlin porcelain, general chemical composition according to Rieke ( 103 ).
| 165
AT
I 166 | 167
24* 23* 25f
33 32 50
38 37 20
5 5 5
3
Clay
Kaolin
Quartz
Feldspar
Chalk
t Fat clay.
| 168 |
22} 24J
45 48
22 23
5
10
J Meissen clay.
169 | 170 | 1711

23J
46 35 35 25
23 60 60 45
5 5 53 0
3
Quartz sand calcined twice at
BODIES, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Ref. No.
SiO 2 ...
Al2O3
TiO2
Fe2O3
CaO.
MgO
K20
Na2O
21
I 159 |
74.6
17.1
0.8
0.4
I 158 | 159 | 160 | 161 | 162 | 163 | 164

DISTRIBUTION OF REFERENCE NUMBERS (COMPOSITIONS) AMONG
50
41 40 62 48~51.5 50 55
22.5 54 52 33 42 43.5 42 40
22.5 5 5 5
5
5
5
Ref. I
~
R e Z ~
Refi
~
XT
Lit.
AT
Lit.
Lit.
I
3
10
3
No.
No.
No.
Ref. No.
* Lean clay,
cone 15.
26
151 I 152 | 153 [ 154 | 155 [ 156 | 157

68.4 70.0069.5267.6576.4571.2775.02
27.7 26.2126.5627.7418.9025.2423.40
0.82 0.75 0.76 0.73 1.01 0.71 0.15
0.3 0.54 0.51 0.63 0.93 0.72 0.61
1.37 1.45 1.34 1.38 0.97 1.74
1.03 0.88 0.87 0.97 1.35 0.81 0.89
(20
1)
36
1721-|5 173
|, 2174
7-25
15
(is, 19,
37-39
103, 105,
129, 158,
40-49
50-58
(33)
(144)
(72)
i59)
59-84
(106)
(56, 57)
16
(106,114)
26-33
(112)
34
(158, 159)
(105, 1 2 9 ,
101-115
(93)
116-132 (127)
133
134? 135
(134)
(90)
(74, 77, 136-142 (94)

85)
143-145 (138)
85-91 ]
151-157
(25, 26)
52,69 [
73-79 [
158
159-164
(, 19)
(42)
81
165
(58)
1* I 2*
3* I 4* I 5f
| 6
158,159)
92-100
(76)
166-171
(88,89)
(105, 129)
172,173 (101,102)
60.75 69.37 74.52 79.32 70.7 67.5 35
}
26.6
[32
23.6.1 2.70 18.42 23.4 0.4 Ptrographie Character of Laboratory Porcelains and Whiteware
J
0.8
The ptrographie character of a ceramic body made from clay,
.
4.15 1.22 16.10 0.36
0.4 feldspar, and flint varies according to the proportions of the
0.08 0.08 0.61
0.3 component materials and also with the method of preparation
1 / 2 . 5 8 3.45
1.82
3 . 3 (involving physical conditions) and conditions of firing. In
) d - U Z \ 2.42 2.63 0.32 4 ' 8 0.7
porcelains wide variations occur in the relative amounts of glassy
matrix, undissolved quartz (or cristobalite), undecomposed or

undissolved clay, and mullite (3Al2O3^SiO2). The mullite was
for a long time regarded as sillimanite (Al2O3-SiO2), discrimination
being difficult owing to the close resemblance, v. p. 68.
A good porcelain of the kind indicated should consist largely
of a feldspathic glassy matrix with embedded crystals of quartz and
mullite distributed evenly, but no visible particles of clay. The
quartz should not exceed 20, or at most 25 % and the average size
of its particles should not exceed 0.03 to 0.04 mm diameter, all
edges and corners being rounded off through partial solution in the
matrix. The crystals of mullite should be numerous and well
formed, and should not exceed ca. 0.01 mm in length and 0.002
mm in thickness. Porcelains answering to this description can
be produced only at a comparatively high firing temperature.
With lower temperatures smaller proportions of glassy matrix and
mullite crystals are produced, the proportions diminishing gradually until the crystals cease to be formed and the amount of glassy
matrix becomes relatively insignificant, and the product is no
longer porcelain but simply white earthenware.
For the microscopic characters of thin sections of porcelains and
Whitewares, see (56, 57, 67, 68, 69, 79, 90, 91, 92, 108, 150, 158,
159).
BULK DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND POROSITY

Specific
gravity
2.3 -2.51
2.60-2.64f
2.46
2.46
2.30-2.40
Bulk
density
2.15-2.02
% open pore
porosity*
2.32
4.4
1.45-1.55
2.27-2.38
2.42-2.49
2.49
2.24
2.38
2.44
2.26
2.28
2.36
2.47-2.53
4.1-7.9
2.27-2.41
2.35-2.39
1.96-2.12
2.03-2.40
1.98-2.10
2.13-2.33
2.18-2.35
2.32
2.23
2.28
2.53
2.45
2.45
1.33-1.65
2.48-2.54
% total
porosity
3 -10
0.00- 1.76
0.010- 0.034
0.05-9.7
0.02 - 0.86
6.4-11.6
0.0-9.8
7.4 -10.2
2.7 - 6 . 0
0.0
0.13
1.80
0.19
17.1-21.6
2.15-2.20
8.5
8.9
7.7
11.8-15.2
_
Bay eux hard porcelain at red to white heat
Hard porcelain
Idem., baked at ca. 95O0C
Berlin technical porcelain
Berlin hard porcelain
Hermsdorf porcelain
Hermsdorf porcelain, baked
8 commercial porcelains
Meissen porcelain
Svres porcelain
Chinese porcelain
Laboratory porcelain (Rosenthal)
Seger porcelain (Rosenthal)
Rosenthal porcelain
Japanese porcelain
19 trial porcelains, fired at cone 12
6 American commercial porcelains, cone 12
10 trial porcelains, cone 10
26 trial porcelains, cone 10
3 American hotel chinas
4 American hotel semi-porcelains
14 American hotel wares
8 American household wares (semi-vitreous)
4 English hotel wares
3 French and German hotel wares
Fine stoneware 538
Fine stoneware DTS sill. 54
Fine stoneware, DTS sill. 55
6 earthenware bodies, cone 4a
4 stonewares
(11S)
(2 9)
(29, 103)
( 103 )
(l 19, 121 )
(32)
( 32 )
(108, us, 119)
( 123 )
O23)
( 12 S)
( 123 )
(!23)
(123)
( 134 )
(<>)
( 157 )
(144)
(77)
(128)
(!28)
(125)
( 12 S)
(125)
(125)
(l 19)
(l l 9)
(l 19)
(42)
(121)
* For direct determination of pore volume, v. ( 142 ). Different absorption methods ( 14 ).

t For effects of firing temperatures and fineness of grinding, v, ( 4 2 > 62 63 > 80 84 > 9 4 > i 5 ).
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND BULK DENSITY (13)

Specific
gravity
2.628
2.884
2.789
2.564
2.482 *
2.482
2.567
2.610
2.505
2.569
2.531
Bulk
density
2.363
2.354
2.363
2.433
2.226
2.455
2.556
2.436
2.508
2.314
Palissy faience
Nevers faience
Rouen faience
Creil fine faience
Creil fine faience
English fine faience
Flemish stoneware
Japanese stoneware
English stoneware
Hard porcelain from Saxony
Bayeux hard porcelain
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND BULK DENSITY (13).(Continued)

Specific
gravity
2.556
2.527
2.470
2.500
2.525
2.525
2.477
Bulk
density
2.1331
2.259f
2.334
2.290
2.384
1.873
2.143
,
Svres hard porcelain (1798)
Svres hard porcelain (1788)
Limoges hard porcelain
Chinese hard porcelain
English soft porcelain
Svres soft porcelain
Tournay soft porcelain
* After firing with Svres hard porcelain. Specific gravities of other bodies
are given in the same table.
t Pores very visible.
COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL COMPRESSIBILITY

See p. 68. Cf. (29,32, 123).
MODULUS OF RUPTURE (DEF. 5)

kg/cm 2 I
Type
|
Lit.
774-943 Berlin technical porcelain
(107, 108, 119)
588-777 7 commercial porcelains, other than (107, ls, 119)
Berlin
420-560 Hermsdorf porcelain
(32, 113, 123)
> 690 Hermsdorf porcelain
(l * 9 )
(35)
930
A special Hermsdorf porcelain
( 35 )
590
Rosenthal insulator G porcelain
(113,119,123)
540
Rosenthal insulator H porcelain
(l 13, 119, 12 3)
640
Rosenthal table porcelain
(113,119,123)
410
Rosenthal laboratory porcelain
(113,119,123)
520
Trial porcelain 6292 (copied from (113,119,123)
American insulator porcelain)
106-185 6 trial earthenwares, cone 8-9, Ref.
(42)
No. 159-164*
233
Faience body 135
(i")
416
("9)
580
(")
980
Special trial stoneware 6412
(113, 119, 123)
Extruded cylindrical rods 16 mm diameter are fired hanging
vertically, and sawn to 120 mm lengths. Loaded centrally,
between steel knife edge supports, 1 kg/sec.
* Values for firings at cones Ola and 4a are also given in this paper.
TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4)

kg/cm 2
Type
1000-2000 Hard porcelain

280-363 Berlin technical porcelain
Cross section, * cm 2
2.5 -2.9
7 commercial hard porcelains 2.8 -3.9

(other than Berlin)
Hermsdorf porcelain
>360
3.14
ca. 261 Rosenthal insulator porcelain H
Chinese porcelain
500
106-887 American porcelain
258-396 19 trial porcelains, cone 15,
Ref. No. 7-25
3.50-3.63
180-240 Soft porcelain, cone 8-9
2.76-3.40
184-283 Soft porcelain, cone 8-9
ca. 3.2
84-191 t 10 trial porcelains fired to
vitrification, cone 7-10, Ref.
No. 40-49
108-185 6 trial earthenwares fired at
cone 8, Ref. No. 166-171J
6 trial earthenwares fired at
44-80
cone 8-9, Ref. No. 159164J
Special hard earthenware 237
118
Faience body 135
67
178
163
161-265
Lit.
(29)
(107, 108,
121)
(107, 108,
119)
(119)
(35)
(113,123)
(119)
(119)
(106)
(33)
(33)
(144)
(88, 89)
(42)
(119)
(119)
(119)
(119)
* The area of the cross section of the test piece is important. On comparing
the tensile and crushing strengths of German and American porcelains, it may be
noted that, in general, the former have greater crushing strength and the latter
greater tensile strength.
t The respective values in order of the composition Ref. No. 40-49 are 125.8,
126.5, 126.5, 109.7, 123, 83.7, 92.1, 126.5, 191.2, and 141.3.
Values for firings at cones Ola and 4a are also given in this paper. For other
measurements of tensile strengths of trial bodies, v. ( 14S ). For influence of
glaze, v. p. 68.
CRUSHING STRENGTH
Unit = 1000 kg./cm 2
Strength |
Type
Remarks
4-5
Hard porcelain
4.2
ca. 4.2
Lit.
(14, 15, 113,
119)
(112, 123)
(103)
Hard porcelain
Berlin technical por- 2.5 cm cubes,
celain
determined by
Rosenthal
(32, 119, 123)
5.6.
Hermsdorf porcelain
(32, 113)
Hermsdorf porcelain
4.8
4.5 -5.5 Hermsdorf porcelain 16 mm diam., (35)
16 mm long
(119)
2.8 -4.6 American porcelain
(119)
Porcelain 152
7.43
2.7 -4.2 8 trial porcelains, cone 2 cm d i a m . (112)
16, Ref. No. 26-33* c y l i n d e r s
(with 3. 14 cm2
cross section)
(94)
2.7 -4.0 7 trial porcelains, cone
11
2.8 -4.5 6 American commer- Cylinders ca. (157)
cial porcelains, cone 3.1 cm when
just formed
11
(88, 89)
0.04-0.08 6 trial earthenwares,
cone 8f, Ref. No.
166-171
(119)
Fine stoneware, DTS
5.8
sill. 55
The higher values (5 and over) are probably due to the use of
cylindrical instead of square test pieces. In 1920 the German
Committee specified test pieces 16 mm diameter and 16 mm long.
* Highest value given by body with 55 % Zettlitz kaolin and 22.5 % each of
quartz sand and feldspar. Only a little inferior were the values for bodies having
15 % feldspar and 30 % quartz, and 30 % feldspar and 15 % quartz, respectively.
t Value for firings at cones Ola and 4a are also given in this paper.
CRUSHING STRENGTH BETWEEN SPHERES*

kg
I
Type
|
Lit.
118-152
( 1 ^ 7 , 108 > 119)
76-137
7 commercial hard porcelains ( 107 > 108 > 119)
(other than Berlin)
50-94
19 trial porcelains fired at cone
( 106 )
15, Ref. No. 7 to 25
96 (90 - 99) Trial soft porcelain
(33)
526
Faience body 135
(119)
792
(119)
982
(119)
* Gary press, v. p. 69 ( 3 4 107 > 108). The last three values are those of the
breaking loadas are some of the others given in ( 1 1 9 ) and elsewhereand
are about 10 times as large as they should be. Unfortunately, the details are not
available.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (DEF. 10)

The unit is 1000 kg/mm 2
Modulus I
Type
| Remarks
5.4-7.1 Hermsdorf porcelain
Lit.
(29 32 >
123)
7-8
Hermsdorf porcelain
8.2-8.4 Berlin technical porcelain
7.1
6.7
5.0
2.5
3.7
Svres hard porcelain

Svres new porcelain
Svres soft porcelain
Svres stoneware
Fine faience
Bending. Av.
of 72 tests
Fired at 1370
Fired at 1270
Fired at 1100
Fired at 1270
Fired at 1270
( 119 )
( 35 )
( 1 0 7 > 121 >
!23, 131)
( 6 2, 63)
(62, 63)
(62, 63)
(62,63)
(62, 63)
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (UEF. 10).(Continued)

Type
Modulus
I
Lit.
Remarks
(123)
8.4 Rosenthal insulator porce- Bending
lain G and H
(119)
7.8 Rosenthal insulator porce- Bending
lain G and H
(123)
9.1 Rosenthal table porcelain Bending
(119)
8.1 Rosenthal table porcelain Bending
(123)
8.6 Rosenthal trial porcelain Bending
6292
(123)
Rosenthal trial stoneware Bending
14.9
6412
(119)
8.9 Rosenthal laboratory porcelain
(119)
6.8 Rosenthal Seger porcelain
6833
(119)
6.5 Chinese porcelain
(119)
2.4 Faience body 135
(119)
5.1 Fine stoneware DTS sill.
54
(119)
6.5 Fine stoneware DTS sill.
55
(119)
151 Trial stoneware 6412
The value of the modulus changes (usually inversely) with the
load. It depends less upon chemical composition than upon
conditions of manufacture. It is substantially the same for tension
and compression.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN SHEAB (DEF. 11)
kg/cm
430
Type
|
Lit.
Trial Seger porcelain Body 6833 (Rosenthai)*
.
("3)
481
Rosenthal insulator Body G
(lis, 119)
500
Rosenthal insulator Body H
(i 13, 119)
500
Rosen thai laboratory porcelain
( 113 > 119)
( 119 )
226
Fine stoneware 238
(ll9)
323
(119)
169
Faience Body 135
( 119 )
232
C119)
246
Special body 240
( 119 )
FIXED IMPACT AND BENDING SHOCK (DEF. 16).(Continued)

cm-kg/cm2 |
Type
|
Lit.
1.23-1.8 8 trial porcelains, Ref. No. 15
(138)
considered the best
1.68-1.92 Soft porcelain, cone 8-9
(33)
1.6
Faience body 135
(U 9 )
2.0
Hard earthenware 236
(l l 9 )
1.5
Hard earthenware 237
(* * 9 )
1.7
Earthenware 240
(U 9 )
1.7
Fine stoneware 238
(l 1 9 )
1.8
(l i 9 )
1.7
(1 9 )
1.3-1.9
Stonewares Z58, Z59, Z60, Z61
(i")
* In ( 123 ) this value is given as 1.38, but the 1.61 occurs twice in ( 113 ).
See also ( 125 ) for a different impact test.

SUCCESSIVE INCREASING IMPACT SHOCKS
Marten's method
112 cm X kg/cm 3 for a table porcelain (113); see also p. 70
RESISTANCE TO ABRASION*
Gary sand blast test, 2 min at 3 atm
Type
Loss in cm 3 1
Lit.
Stoneware 6412 (Rosenthal)
T/7
(U 3 , 123)
Faience body 135
7.2
(U 9 )
5.8
(119)
5.9
(119)
Fine stoneware 238
2.4
(119)
* In ( 123 , p. 57) Singer quotes from ( 3 2 ) results for hardness obtained by Linck
with the use of the sclerometer, and the corresponding values according to the
hardness scale of Mohs, as follows:
* Square cross section.
FIXED IMPACT AND BENDING SHOCK (DEF. 16)

Pendulum-hammer method ( 3 4 108 119)
cm-kg/cm2 |
Type
2.0
Lit.
(107-, ios, 119,
1.75-1.95 7 commercial porcelains (other than

Berlin)
1.9
Hermsdorf porcelain
0.90
Rosenthal insulator porcelain G
0.95
Rosenthal insulator porcelain H
1.36
Rosenthal table porcelain
1.23
0.08
Rosenthal trial hard porcelain 6292
(copied from American insulator
porcelain body)
1.0
Rosenthal Seger porcelain 6833
2.4
Rosenthal trial porcelain 6412
1.61*
Rosenthal trial porcelain 6048
1.76-1.95 19 trial porcelains fired at cone 15,
Rf. Nos. 7-25
(107, ios, 119)
121)
( 119 )
(35 )
( 113 > 119, * 2 3)
(l 13, 119, 12 3)
( 113 > 119 > *23)
( 113 > 119 > 123)
(^ 3 , ^ 9 , 123)
(11S, 119, ^ 3 )
(113, 119, 123)
(l l 3 > i 2 3 )
( 106 )
Sclerometer
number
10-12
22-25
550-650
950-1000
350-^400
Easy baked porcelain

Hard baked porcelain
Porcelain fired to maturity, unglazed
Surface layer of glaze
Glaze below the surface
TOUGHNESS AND HARDNESS

% loss of
weight by
Type
Lit.
rattler test
15 min |60 min|Ref. No. |
1.93
4.62
92
(76)
0.68
1.95
93
(76)
1.57
4.33
94
(76)
0.30
0.88
95
(76)
0.58
1.97
96
(76)
1.17
3.31
97
(76)
1.73
3.46
98
(76)
1.95
3.70
99
(76)
1.96
4.95 100
(76)
5.36
13.94
59
(77)
6.10
15.36
60
(77)
5.18
14.73
61
(77)
4.77
9.32
64
(77)
1.06
5.54
65
(77)
4.03
7.43
69
(77)
% loss of weight by
rattler test
Type
(9*)
15 min 30 min 180 min , T *

I
No.
4.67
6.38 11.25
136
4.09
5.60 11.40
137
4.47
5.98 12.80
138
2.95
4.60 I 9.42 | 139
Number in
Mohs scale
2
2.5
7
8
6.3
BY THE RATTLER TEST

% loss of
weight by
Type
Lit.
rattler test
||l5 min|60 min[Ref. No. |
4.42
8.21
70
(77)
2.33
5.09
71
(77)
2.30
4.39
72
(77)
1.96
4.12
73
(77)
5.66 10.23
74
(77)
5.19
8.22
75
(77)
2.51
5.45
76
(77)
2.82
5.65
77
(77)
5.02
8.51
79
(77)
4.33
8.02
80
(77j
3.38
6.34
81
(77)
2.71
4.80
82
(77)
2.19
4.78
83
(77)
1.98
4.17
84
(77)
% loss of weight by
rattler test
Type
(9*)
15 min 30 min 180 min
,T
No.
4T
141
142
3.66
3.60
3.05
5.20
5.15
4.12
10.70
9.80
10.30
The 15 min test serves to indicate the toughness or resistance to

chipping.
The 180 min test indicates hardness after edges and corners have
been removed.
These rattler tests were made in a ball mill 9% in. diameter and
13 in. long inside, making 40 revolutions per minute. The charge
consisted of 61 nearly equal pebbles, weighing 22% Ib. For each
test 13 specimens of porcelain were used, which were weighed at
the proper time intervals. For a standard test it is suggested that
10 kg of pebbles might be used along with 12 specimens. The
above results of tests are comparable, as the same conditions were
maintained throughout.
Further data relating to the rattler test with trial bodies will
be found in (53, 65, 128, i45).
SOFTENING POINT AND CONE MELTING POINT
I
Type and remarks
|
Lit.
Normal
("j
Special
( 12 2)
Rosenthal porcelain melts
( 119 , 12 O, 123)
Japanese table porcelain, Ref. No.
( 134 /
133
1690
Porcelain, Ref. No. 134 melts
( 90 )
1670
Porcelain, Ref. No. 135 melts
( 90 )
Berlin porcelain
900-1000 Appreciable softening begins
(i3, 123)
ca. 1680 Melting takes place
( 1 OS, H9, 123)
co. 950
Berlin glaze softens
( 1 0 3 > 123)
Cone
25
Berlin porcelain begins to deform
(72)
25
Ref. No. 58 begins to deform
72 )
0
C
1500
1700
1710
1390
Softening point varies with size and shape of test piece and also
with time of heating, etc.
In spite of the softening of Berlin porcelain, perceptible far below
100O0C according to Rieke ( 103 > 123 ), porcelain tubes, crucibles,
etc., if suitably protected and not too severely loaded, can be safely
used at temperatures up to 1400 or even higher. For Rosenthal
porcelain it is claimed that when very strongly heated it can be
worked like glass to make laboratory apparatus, see ( 12 ).
Rosen thai (112) heated one side of thick rods of different hard
porcelains in an electric arc-light. He found that bodies rich in
feldspar immediately split off in numerous small pieces, bodies rich
in quartz and clay substance cracked off more slowly and in larger
pieces, whilst specially resistant bodies merely melted at the heated
places.
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION
^~
3
Type
3
Range C
-
Lit.
9
, 101, 102,
103, 1 1 9 )
3.53
3.55
3.56
^1.
, . ,
, .
Berlin technical porcelain, un-
23-400
gazed.
23-600
23-700
101
102
103
101
102
( >
( 2 9 101 >
103
C
119^
102
)
>
103)
1.77
f -191 to 16
C49
101
102
103, 1 2 3 )
3.36
49
16-250
16-500
49
101
102
103, 123)
3.64
101
102
103, 1 2 3 ^
3.77
4.34
Berlin porcelain
16-750
16-1000
49
( )
(49
101
102
103^ 1 1 9 , 1 2 3 )
3.16
3.50
3.60
4.09
ca. 4.4
3.76 J
0-250
0-500
0-750
0-1000
>1000
0-625
50
( )
(50)
(50)
(50)
(52)
(Si)
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL, EXPANSION.(Continued)

j^__
j
-j^j-
Range 0C
Type
ca. 1.79
2.94
3.08
2.99 I _, ..
. .
3.12 ( er in Prcelam
( *-191 to 16
14-56
14-100
J
0-100
\
3.8
Lit.
(H7, n s j
C 1 1 7 118 )
O 1 ?, u s )
(i 4 1S is 17)
(ioo)
(119,121)
Various up to ( 1 1 9 )
{
1000*
Hermsdorf porcelain
(H)
Seger porcelain 6833
20-100
(123)
20-100
(123)
Rosenthal elee, porcelain
0-100
C1 * 9 )
Meissen porcelain
0-99 '
(101,102,123,
3.03-4.31
4.25
3.80
3.52
3.60-4.79
2.69
153)
5.4
5.3
5.3
6.8
2.82-3.81
2.522
0-1106
0-1298
0-1457
0-1524
0-83
O
(US)*
(20,21,115)
(20,21,115)
(20,21,115)
(14, is, 20, 21)
C101 102 123>
135, 1 3 6 )
2.819
'
3.166 I _
..
3.265 f Baveux porcelain
20
(135,136)
40
^
(101> 1 0 2 > 123>
(135>
13
6)
135, 1 3 6 )
3.414
60
C135
3.711
80
("S, 1 3 6 )
136
4.008
100
(ioi> i i23
4.305
120
C101
135, 1 3 6 )
102
>
123
135, 1 3 6 )
3.53-4.07J
100-600
Ref. No. 16, fired at:

100O0C
UOO0C
125O0C
Cone 15
Conci
Fired more than once
Svres new porcelain fired at:
7.76
5.71
5.21
3.97
3.74
3.72-3.60
(i, 2, 3, H9)
C 1 1 )
(110)
( 1 1 O)
( 1 1 O)
(11O)
(110)
5.23
1270
(20,21,25,26)
5.01
1370
(20,21,25,26)
1500
(20,21,25,26)
2.99
Svres hard porcelain:

5.1
6 O
I l
FiredatlOOO
5.5
3.9
i:S
4.7
:;
S0MWÎiOO.
5.5
6.5
8.5
6.4
New,firedat 1000
New,firedat 1270 (normal).
6.9
4.5
1:1
( 2 O, 21)
(20. 21 j
(^,
0-800
0-200
(20,2i)
(20> 21)
n I:"!
0-800
(20,2i)
0-200
0-400
0-600
0-200
(20,21)
(20 21)
(20 21)
(20,21)
-- <::;;;>
( 2 0 > 21)
( 2 O, 21)
0-800
( 2 O, 21)
0-200
( 2 O, 21)
[-;;>
Svres stoneware:
4.5
1:1
Ii
Firedatl27o(.)
4.8
6.0
6.8
9.0
8.3
7.7
Fired at 1370
[^'Jj
0-800
0-200
,*-.* T,
4.9
0-200
0-400
ÔO
% ?::"!
0-800
0-200
( 2 O, 21)
(20,21)
0-800
0-200
0-400
0-600
(20 2 1 )
( 2 O 21)
(20 2 1 )
(2Q 21)
j^jj <:::;;
I
r
j
[
* Deville and Troost made more than 200 experiments in all.
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION. (Continued)

1O6A/
IAt
7.2
3.8
]
4.2
4.5
4.5
J
5.0
6.0
7.8
6.3
8.1
7.2
6.8
6.4
7.0
1
8.2
I
9.8
[
9.3
J
2.9
3.4
3.1
3.2
2.9
3.3
3.5
3.2
4.1
3.7
Range 0C
Type
Fired at 1370
Limoges porcelain fired at 1370
Fine faience (Choisy) fired at
1200
Body of composition, AhOa.2SiO2, t fired at 1250.
0-800
0-200
0-400
0-600
0-800
0-200
0-400
0-600
0-800
0-300
0-500
0-700
0-900
0-300
0-500
0-700
0-900
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION.(Continued)

1
-j^-
Lit.
(20,21)
3.3
3.4
4.7
3.7
6.1
6.2
4.7
5.4
7.1
5.7
4.9
4.3-4.9
(20,21)
(20, 21)
(20,21)
(20,21)
(20,21)
(20,21)
(20, 21)
(20, 21)
(22)
(22)
(22)
(22)
[
Body of composition, AhOs.- I
I
1OSiO2, t fired at 1250.
(
Ref. No. 116
Ref. No. 117
Ref. No. 118
Ref. No. 119
Room temRef. No. 120
> perature to
Ref. No. 121
200
Ref. No. 122
Ref. No. 123
Ref. No. 124
Ref. No. 125
ca. 10.3
12.2
10.8
(22)
(22)
(22)
(22)
6
Type
J
Range 0C
"
Lit.
'
Ref. No. 126

]
(127)
Ref. No. 127
(127)
Ref. No. 128
Room tern- f 1 2 ? )
Ref. No. 129
[ perature to ( 1 2 7 )
Ref. No. 130
200
(127)
Ref. No. 131
. ( 1 2 7)
Ref. No. 132
J
( 1 2 ?)
Special hard earthenware 236..
(119 )
Special hard earthenware 237. .
(ll9)
Fine stoneware 238
(119)
Fine stoneware DTS sill. 55 ...
( 119, 121 )
4 stonewares (58-61)
( 119 )
Earthenwares fired at cone 9
Ref. No. 172, 173
22-150
(ioi, 102)
Ref. No. 172
220-340
(loi, 102)
Ref. No. 173
220-340
(ioi, 102)
For other values for Berlin porcelain, v. ( l l 9 , p. 428). For expansion coefficients of bodies with calcined clay replaced by sillimanite (mullite) or other
special component, v. p. 70, and also C 93 127 ).
t Chantepie records results obtained with these two bodies fired at 1370,
and also at 1000 in the case of the former; also with bodies obtained by admixture of considerable percentages of iron oxide, feldspar, or chalk respectively
with the former, and of lime or magnesia respectively with the latter. Coefficients for the range 200-400 are also given in ( 127 ). Other thermal expansion
coefficients, mainly of trial bodies, will be found in ( 8 4 85 146 149 ). For
coefficients of thermal expansion of glazes, v. ( 2 0 2 1 > 2S 26 > 109 ).
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
HEAT CAPACITY (SPECIFIC HEAT)

g-cal/gC
0.258
0.256
0.254
0.202
0.221
0.212
0.229
I Range |
Type
| Cone |
Lit.
|| g-cal/gC
Range [
Type
| Cone [
Lit.
15-912 Porcelain
( 40 )
0.212
20-200 Marquardt body
15
( 13 <>)
15-958 Porcelain
( 40 )
0.229
15
( 1 SO)
15-1075 Porcelain
( 40 )
0.190
Porcelain, Japanese table
(134)*
20-210 Porcelain, Berlin technical
15
(103, 130)
0.17
Porcelain, hard
(32)
20-400 Porcelain, Berlin technical
15
(103, 130)
0.25
Porcelain, Rosenthal
(123,130)|
09
( 1 SO)
0.2
Porcelain, Hermsdorf
( 11 S)
09
( 1 30)
0.185-0.187 17-100 Stonewares
(1^1)
* A "brown porcelain" (Japanese) used for making bottles with specific heat reported as 0.171, is evidently a stoneware,
t According to Dolazalek, the heat capacity per cm3 is 0.575, the specific gravity being 2.3,
AVEKAGE SPECIFIC HEAT IN MEAN CALORIES BETWEEN 2O0C AND

^"~~~~~
-^L____
Berlin porcelain, green*

Berlin porcelain,
fired
Berlin porcelain, glaze, green ..
Berlin porcelain, glaze, fired...
Earthenware, greenf
Earthenware,
fired
100
200
300
400
500
0.185
0.189
0.170
0.179
0.181
0.186
0.187
0.195
0.174
0.181
0.183
0.192
0.197
0.203
0.183
0.189
0.192
0.203
0.213
0.212
0.193
0.197
0.201
0.212
0.228
0.222
0.208
0.199
0.215
0.223
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Lit.
0.232
0.245
0.264
0.287
0.304
0.337
0.202
0.204
0.211
0.218
0.230
0.245
0.234
0.275
0.286
0.296
0.307
0.324
( 1 ^, 1 ^)
( 18 > 19)
(i 8, i)
( 18 > )
( 1 ^, 1 ^)
( 1 S, 1 ^ )
*For composition, see Ref. No. 6, fired at cone 16 (146O0C).

t For composition, see Ref. No. 158, fired at cone 9.
1
Joule cm"2 1sec"
(C, cm" )"1
1
c a0 l cm"2 1sec"
( C, cm" )-1
0.0104
0.0185
0.0080
ca. 0.00837
0.00837-0.0167
0.0163 -0.0197
0.00248 (95)
0.00442
0.0019 (15-20)
ca. 0.002
0.002 -0.004
0.0039-0.0047
(165-1055)
0.0029-0.0053
(70-1000)
0.0027
0.0029
0.0025
00121-0.0222
0.0113
0.0121
0.0105
BTUeo
ft."2 sec"1
(0F, in."1)"1
r r . i i
Type and remarks
0.00200
0.00356
0.00153
ca. 0.00161
0.00161-0.00322
0.00314-0.00379
Porcelain
Japanese table porcelain
Rosenthal porcelain
Hermsdorf porcelain
Porcelain
Svres porcelain
0.00234-0.00427
Stoneware
0.00218
0.00234
0.00202
Fine stoneware (DTS sill.)

Stoneware 58
Stoneware 59, 60, 61
T^
Lit.
(64, 119)
(l19, 134)
(123)
(32)
(29, 103)
(155,156)
'(155,156)
(121)
(121)
(121)
RESISTANCE TO THERMAL SHOCK

No standard methods of testing have been adopted, and the
recorded data therefore are not comparable; see (io, 11, 72, 74,
103, 120, 1 3 7 , 143, 147, 148, 1 5 4 ) .
Temp.,
0
SPECIFIC RESISTIVITY (
Unit: IO12 ohm-cm
Temp..
0
C
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

Berlin porcelain (124)
144
575
600
625
650
675
700
l_dR
Temp.,
0
Rt dt
-16.00
- 9.80
- 6.20
- 4.60
- 3.70
- 2.80
725
750
775
800
825
850
-2.00
-1.60
-1.00
-0.70
-0.50
-0.40
Temp.,
0
J^dR
dt
fa
875
900
925
950
975
1000
-0.35
-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.16
-0.12
Ref. No. 40
41 I 42 I 43
44 | 45 | 46'
47 | 48 | 49
165
129
109
66
85
109
53
109
109
355
80
62
52
31
40
52
25
52
52
173
39
30
25
15
20
25
13
25
25
86
19
15
13
8
10
13
6
13
11
42
9.5
6.3
4.8
3.8
4.2
5.4
2.1
6.3
4.2
21
4.8
2.7
1.9
1.7
1.9
2.4
0.9
3.2
1.8
10
EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF POWDERED
2.0
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.4
1.3
0.8
3.8
1.0
9.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.3
1.9
PORCELAIN (47)
0.44 0.21 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.07 0.25 0.13 0.84
Glazed porcelain
|
Unglazed porcelain
0.11 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.18
0.029 0.013 0.011 0.01 0.008 0.011 0.005 0.017 0.008 0.044
Resistance of
Resistance of
0.0083 0.0039 O. G032 0.0031 0.0033 0.0036 0.0014 0.0056 0.0024 0.0136
Moisture, % a cube of 1 cm Moisture, % a cube of 1 cm
0.00289.00140.00110.00110.001 0.00120.00050.002 0.00080.0043
edge, kilo-ohm
edge, kilo-ohm
O. OOIOJO. 0006 0.0004|0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0002 0.0008 0.0003 0.0016
0 7 4 3 1 2 1 700
Unit: IO9 ohm-cm
1.58
12 160
220 0.43 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.09 0.31 0.13 0.66
1.90
5 953
240 0.20 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.29
3.34
2 382
260 0.08 0.051 0.037 0.035 0.035 0.041 0.021 0.073 0.033 0.14
280 0.046 0.029 0.021 0.018 0.021 0.023 0.012 0.041 0.02 0.078
5.48
563.2
300 0.026 0.016 0.013 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.007 0.033 0.013 0.050
8.08
320.7
10.9
150.0
VOLUME RESISTIVITY
15.3
39.40
12
Specific resist. = A X IO ohm-cm
19.0
19.32
Te
P
0c -'
'
T~dR
'Rt dt
50
100
150
200
210
ca. 1000
727
20
51
97.5
160.5
189
400
600
800
1000
1100
400
600
800
1000
1100
22
30
2.1
20.5
50.4
59.1
81.9
(A)
2150
16.1
0.416
0.134
0.00651
0.033
0.017
129
281
40
1.72
0.385
20
3.125
1.818
1.000
0.769
20
5.556
2.500
1.064
0.787
300
220/
141
35.5
2.64
1.08
0.15
Type
Porcelain
Porcelain
Porcelain
Porcelain
Porcelain
Porcelain
Berlin porcelain
Coburg porcelain
Coburg porcelain
Coburg porcelain
Coburg porcelain
Coburg porcelain
Berlin porcelain, glazed
Meissen porcelain, glazed

Chemical porcelain, unglazed
Hermsdorf
Hermsdorf
Hermsdorf
Hermsdorf
Hermsdorf
porcelain
porcelain
porcelain
porcelain
porcelain
7 4 4 521
1.54
3 292
6.12
1 241
9.39
673.8
14.1
278.3
19.2
40.30
23.8
13.78
27.3
3.822
Lit.
(31)
(31)
(31)
(31)
(31)
( 75 )
(78,ios)
(27,28)*
(27, 28)
(27,28)
(27, 28)
(27,28)
(36)
(36)
(36)
(36)
(36)
f (36)
(36)
(36)
(36)
(36)
(24)
(24)
(43,44)"
(43,44)
(43,44)
(43, 44)
(43, 44)
For results of resistivity tests on a typical porcelain body (fired

up to 140O0C) at temperatures ranging from 860-1315, v.
(55).
* Dietrich found no essential difference between glazed and unglazed porcelain.
SURFACE RESISTIVITY
This varies enormously with humidity of the atmosphere and
with the nature of the surface of the film, see (29, H9).
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
Dielectric
Type
Remarks
constant
Berlin hard porcelain Ref. No. 6 for com5.73
position, sp. gr.,
2.38
Berlin Seger porce- Ref. No. 34, fired at
6.61
lain
cone 9, sp. gr., 2.40
6.84
Berlin figure porce- Ref. No. 35, sp. gr.,
lain
2.41
Hermsdorf porcelain
5-6
Hard porcelain
5.8
Ref. No. 16, same
value whether potash feldspar or
soda feldspar used
4.38
Baked porcelain*
"Doit tre un peu
fort"
8.95
Hermsdorf porcelain
at 2O0C
5.17
Fine stoneware, DTS
. sill. 55
Lit.
(129, 103,
119)
(103, 129)
(103, 129)
(29, 32)
(119)
(37, 114)
(23)
(43, 44)
(119)
* The value is low probably because the test piece was "une plaque de porcelaine dgourdie" or product of the low biscuit firing, and therefore would be very
porous.
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
1. Shape of the electrodes not specified (except in ( 112 )). Voltage
increased 0.5 kv per sec, starting at 20 kv under oil (138)
Volts
per
mm
13 200
13 800
14 000
13 200
12 400
12 800
13 200
12 400
Type
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Lit.
Remarks
26 Test pieces, 10 cm in diam. and (112)

27 about 2.5 mm thick, with
28 rounded edges, under oil. Fired
29 at cone 16
30
31
32
33
2. Electrodes cup-shaped. Voltage increased 250 volts per sec,

starting at 50% of the estimated puncture voltage ( 144 )
11
13
22
32
14
27
23
16
18
15
150?
300
650
300
300
750
000
300
400
600
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Test cups 65 and 69 mm diam. at bottom

and top respectively and 65 mm in
height. Minimum thickness 3 mm
(middle of bottom). Firing temp,
resp. cones 10+, 10, 9, 8, 9+, 9, 8, 7,
9, 7. The figures in each case represent the peak value of the puncture
pressure, which was found to be 1.46
X RMS value of puncture pressure
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND OF DIFFERENT FIRING TEMPERATURES

Volts
Temp.
per
mm
11 380 24
375 274
17 700 25
16 600 100
7 200 200
790 300
17 450 25
16 550 100
6 560 200
920 300
16 800 25
16 250 100
7 750 200
1 840 300
17 600 25
16 400 100
6 950 200 *
1 310 300
13 550
13 470
14 660
12 850
13
14
14
13
560
820
100
860
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND OF DIFFERENT FIRING TEMPERATURES. (Continued)

Volts
per
mm
25 400
18 000
5 030
1 620
1 020
1 040
520
Temp.
Type
Remarks
14
104
150
213 [ Ref. No. 42
248
310*
325* J
/
Test pieces were the cups
<
^ described above
Lit.
1(144)
* After prolonged application of pressure. Two curves are given ( 30 ) showing

the current-time effects of the application of a potential of 584 volts (from a
storage battery) to porcelain test-pieces heated to 530. For other tests of
dielectric strength of various trial bodies refer to ( 6 71 145 ).
VELOCITY OF SOUND
Velocity
Type
km/sec
5.93 Rosenthal laboratory porcelain
6.68 Rosenthal special
t r i a l porcelain
6048
5.05 Eermsdorf hard
porcelain
Lit.
(113,
(113,
123)
123)
Velocity
Type
km/sec
4.9-5.2 Porcelain in general
3.6
Bad porcelain
Lit.
(32,
113,
123)
(32,
113,
123)
(29,
113)
The velocity of transmission of sound vibrations depends on the modulus of

elasticity of the material. Hence the tone given by porcelain when struck is a
function of the velocity of sound, and from such tones may be obtained indications of the quality of the porcelain.
TRANSLUGENCY OF PORCELAIN
For methods and results, v. ( 65 , 74 , 77, 8 *, 133, 151).
LITERATURE
Type
Lit.
Remarks
Composition 49 % mixed Tested in elee, furnace

clays, 16 % flint, 35 % feldspar. Fired at cone 9 (all
American materials)
(48)
Ref. No. 88
Test pieces were small

cups (jiggered) 5 \ in.
I Fired at cone high, 3 in. diam., 0.15
I 11 or 12
in. thick. At 325 all I
four bodies became
Ref. No. 74
conductors, though still
offering high resistance
Ref. No. 86
(152)
Ref. No. 76
Fired quickly to cone
10; cooled slowly
13; cooled to cone 02 in.
one hour; then slowly
Composition 59 % mixed
clays, 18 % flint, 23 % < Fired quickly to cone
10; then slowly to cone
feldspar
12; quickly to cone 17;
cooled slowly
10; then slowly to cone
13 and fired 20 hr;
cooled quickly to cone
2 and then slowly
Fired
like the foregoing
Composition as above but
with soda-feldspar instead \ Other bodies of different
compositions gave simof potash-feldspar
ilar results
1(86)
I (86)
J

C 1 ) Bedford, 67, 17: 148; 99. (2) Bedford, 133, 1899: 245. (3) Bedford,
3, 49: 90; 00. ( 4 ) Bleininger and Kinnison, 81, 17: 130; 15. ( 5 ) Bleininger and McDanel, 38, 3: 134; 20. ( 6 ) Bleininger and Stull, 81, 12: 628;
10. ( 7 ) Bleininger and Teetor, 81, 15: 328; 13. () Boudouard, 106. 7:
691; 20. ( 9 ) Boudouard, 378, 6: 583; 21.
( 1 0 ) Boudouard, 102, 24: 79; 21. (U) Boudouard, 103, 29: 496; 21. C 1 2)
Bowen and Greig, 38, 7: 238; 24. ( 13 ) Brongniart, Traits des Arts Cramiques, (Paris, Bechet) 1844. (U) Chappuis, 3, 50: 433; 00. (* 5 ) Chappuis, 67, 17: 355; 01. ( 16 ) Chappuis, 67, 18: 89; 01. (*7) Chappuis and
Harker, 238, 12: 1902. (18) Cohn, 104, 4: 55; 23. ( 19 ) Cohn, 38, 7: 359,
475, 548; 24.
(20) Coupeau, 420, 1898: 1274. ( 21 ) Coupeau, B7o, 455, 494; 06. (22)
Chantepie, 420, 1900: 39. B75, 514; 06. (23) Curie, 6, 17: 385; 89.
(24) Curtis, 31, No. 234: 14.' (25) Damoiir, 420, 1879: 191. (26) Damour,
B75, 393; 06. (27) Dietrich, Diss. Gttingen, 1909. (28) Dietrich, 63,
11: 187; 10. ( 2 9 ) Doelter, BlO.
(30) Earhart, 419, 16: 81; 16. (31) Foussereau, 6, 5: 241; 85. (32) Friese,
B12. (33) Funk, 104, 3: 270; 22. (34) Gary, 100, 56: 429; 23. (35)
Gerold, 103, 32: 225; 24. (36) Goodwin and Mailey, 2, 23: 22; 06. ( 3 7 )
Grneisen and Giebe', 88, 14: 921; 12. (38) Haber, 93, 57: 154; 08. (39)
Haber, 100, 41: 225; 08.
(40) Harker, 3, 10: 430; 05. (41) Harkort, 81, 15: 368; 13. (42) Harkort
and Scherbius, 100, 52: 297, 309, 321; 19. (43) Haworth, Diss., Zurich,
1906. (44) Haworth, 5, 81: 221; 08. (45) Hecht, 420, 1898: 1321. (46)
Hecht, B75, 503, 505; 06. (47) Hecht and Ashley, 81, 13: 259; 11. (48)
Henderson and Weimer, 81, 13: 469; 11. (49) Henning, 8, 22: 631; 07.
(5) Holborn and Day, 8, 2: 505; 00. ( 51 ) Holborn and Grneisen, 5, 6: 136;
01. (52) Holborn and Wien, 8, 47: 107; 92. (83) Hope, 81, 11: 494; 09.
( 5 4 ) Howat, 81, 18: 268; 16. ( 5 S ) Kinnison, 81, 17: 421; 15. ( 5 6) Klein,
32, No. 80: 16. (57) Klein, 81, 18: 377; 16. (58) Kohl, 104, 3: 303; 22.
(59) Kohl, 104, 4: 137; 24.
(6) Le Chatelier, 420, 1895: 181. () Le Chatelier, B75, 388; 06. (62)
Le Chatelier, 420, 1898: 1317. (63) Le Chatelier, B75, 497; 06. (64)
Lees and Chorlton, 3, 41: 495; 96. (65) Lin, 38, 2: 622; 19. (66) Lunelund, 60, 55A: No. 13; 13. (*) Mellor, 82, 5: 75; 06. (68) Mellor, 54,
26: 375; 07. (69) Mellor, 418, 32: 833; 07.
(70) Mellor, 82, 14: 176; 15. (71) Minneman, 81, 13: 704; 11. (72) Montgomery and Babcock, 81, 18: 88; 16. (73) Mller, 124, 1: 219; 13. (74)
Murray, 81, 13: 585; 11. (75) Nernst and Reynolds, 188, 1900: 328.
(76) Ogden, 81, 7: 370; 05. (77) Ogden, 81, 13: 395; 11. (78) Pirani
and Siemens, 9, 15: 969; 09. (79) Plenske, 100, 41: 256, 271, 287, 301, 326; (120) Singer, 92, Sl: 221, 227, 229; 18. (i) Singer, 104, 4: 49; 23. 4:
08.
164; 24. (122) Singer, 112, 335: 96; 20. (123) Singer and Rosenthal,
( ) Potts and Knollman, SJ, 15: 285; 13. ( 81 ) Priest, Sl, 17: 150; 15. ( 8 2 )
104, l, No. 3: 47; 20. (124) Somerville, 2, 31: 261; 10. () Sortwell, 38,
Purdy, 81, 13: 86; 11. (*3) Purdy, 81, 13: 550; 11. ( 84 ) Purdy, 81,
5: 276; 22. () Sortwell, 82, No. 196: 21. (7) Souder and Hidnert,
15: 499; 13. ( 8S ) Purdy and Potts, 81, 13: 431; 11. (86) Radcliffe, 81,
31, No. 352: 19. (l 2 8 ) Staley and Hromatko, 38, 2: 227; 19. (l 2 9 ) Starke,
8
88
14: 575; 12. ( ?) Rebuffat, 420, 1906: 222. ( ) Regout, KId1 No. 17;
8, 60: 629; 97.
(130) Steger, 124, 2: 51; 14. (131) Steger, 103, 27: 113; 19. (i 32 ) Steger,
21. (89) Regout, 103, 30: 131; 22.
103, 27: 313; 19. (i 3 3 ) Steger, 104, 2: 9; 21. 3: 50; 22. (134) Tadokoro,
(90) Reichau, 82, 23: 145; 24. (91) Reichau, SS1 24: 279; 24. (92) Reichau,
103, 32: 531; 24. (93) Riddle, 38, 2: 804; 19. (94) Riddle, 38, 2: 812; 19.
159, 10: 339; 21. (i35) Tutton, 3, 3: 631; 02. (136) Tutton, 67, 18: 182;
02. (137) Twells and Lin, 38, 4: 195; 21. (138) Urban, 103, 32: 217; 24.
( 9 S ) Riddle and Laird, 88, 5: 385; 22. (96) Riddle and Laird, 38, 5: 500;
22. (97) Riddle and Laird, 66, 21: 1050; 21. (98) Riddle and McDanel,
(139) Urban, 103, 32: 229; 24.
38, 1: 606; 18. (99) Rieke, B74.
(140) Walker, 81, 18: 444; 16. (Ki) Ward, 81, 17: 431; 15. ("2) Washburn
1 2
(ioo) Rieke, 100, 45: 225; 12. (ioi) Rieke, 103, 22: 143, 155; 14. ( O )
and Bunting, 38, 5: 527; 22. (143) Waters, 32, No. 105: 17. (l* 4 ) WatRieke, 124, 2: 125; 14. (103) Rieke, 92, 28: 374; 15. (i4) Rieke, 103,
kin, 82, 23: 185; 24. (145) Watts, 81, 4: 86; 02. 9: 600; 07. (146)
25: 259, 263, 267; 17. (i5) Rieke, 100, 51: 95, 135; 18. ( 106 ) Rieke,
Watts, 81, 11: 84; 09. (147) Watts, 81, 10: 265; 08. (l* 8 ) Watts, 81,
104, 3: 187; 22. (107) Rieke, 92, 37: 190; 24. (ios) Rieke and Gary,
11: 179; 09. (149) Watts, 81, 13: 406; 11.
104, 3: 5; 22. (ios) Rieke and Steger, 100, 47: 457, 577; 14.
(150) Watts, 81, U: 185; 09. (isi) Weelans and Ashley, 81, 13: 102; 11.
1
(UO) Rieke and Steger, 100, 48: 297; 15. ( U) Rieke and Steger, 103, 27:
(152) Weimer and Dun, 81, 14: 280; 12. (153) Weinhold, 8, 149: 186; 73.
193, 203; 19. (H2) Rosenthal, 100, 48: 445; 15. (H 3 ) Rosenthal and
(154) White, 82, 21: 320; 22. (5) Wologdine, 420, 1909: 879. (156)
114
15
Singer, ZOS, 29: 81, 93; 21. ( ) Roth, 100, 55: 533; 23. (i ) Sainte
Wologdine and Queneau, 33, 7: 383, 433; 09. ( 157 ) Wright and Sewell,
Claire-Deville and Troost, 34, 59 : 162 ; 64. ( 11 ) Scheel, 89, 4: 35 ; 04. ( i i 7 )
38, 2: 282; 19. (l 5 8 ) Zoellner, 100, 41: 471, 533; 08. (159) Zoellner,
Scheel, &4St 28: 106; 08. (H 8 ) Scheel, 96, 5: 167; 21. (i19) Singer, B4.
Diss., Berlin, 1908.
80
REFRACTORY MATERIALS
GORDON B. WILKES
CONTENTS
Typical compositions.
Specific gravity.
Porosity.
Crushing strength.
Fusion temperature.
Temperature of failure under
load.
Thermal expansion.
Specific heat.
Electrical resistivity.
MATIEBES
Compositions typiques.
Poids spcifique.
Porosit.
Point de fusion.
Temprature de flchissement
sous la charge.
Chaleur spcifique.
TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS, % BY WEIGHT
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Typische Zusammensetzungen.
Spezifisches Gewicht.
Porositt.
Druckfestigkeit.
Schmelzpunkt.
Temperatur der Erweichung
unter Belastung.
Wrmeausdehnung.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
INDICE
pAGE
Composizioni tipiche
82
Peso specifico
82
Porosit
82
Resistenza alla compressione 83
Punto di fusione
83
Temperatura di rammollimento sotto carico
83
Dilatazione termica
83
Calore specifico
85
Conduttivit termica
85
Resistenza elettrica
86
BULK DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY.(Continued)
| Al2Q3 | CaO |Fe2Q3] MgO | SiO2 |

Others
| Lit.
Materials
Alundum
92-99
(72)
3
Bauxite brick. . . 65-95
3-8
5-13 TiO2, 1-7
( ^)
Carborundum
brick
0-5
0-1
0-5 SiC, 90-100
(28,34)
Chrome brick.. . 14-20 Trace 14-19 11-17 3-10 Cr2O3, 36-46 (34)
Fire clay brick... 15-450-0.7 0-6 0-0.740-75 Alkalies, 0-2
(13,34,36,
84)
Silica, fused
\ Bulk density g/cm 3 |

( 2.22 (transparent)
\2.07 (translucent) J
Quartz, SiO2
Tridymite, SiO2
Cristobalite, SiO2. . .
Silica, amorphous...
Silica brick
1.50-1.88
True sp. gr. )
Lit.
^ 41
'
2.646-2.656 (48,14)
2.31-2.32 (48)
2.32-2.41
(48, 14)
2.04-2.21 (48)
2.05-2.75
(70, 34, is, 42,
(
29, 53, 86, 84)
Magnesi te brick.
Silica brick
0-4
0-2
0-6
0-6
0-10 80-94 0-11 TiO2, 0-2.8

(34,47,54)
0-2 0-0.8 90-98 Alkalies, 0-0.6 (24,35,40,
49,53,70,
86)
Zirconia brick...
ZrO 2 , 75-95
(74, 34, 28,

8)
BULK DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

3
I Bulk density g/cm |

Alumina, Al 2 O 3
Alundum
Bauxite brick
Carborundum, SiC..
SiC brick
Chrome brick
Fire clay brick
Magnesium o x i d e
(MgO).
Magnesite brick
2.6
2.05-2.60
2.8-3.2
1.7-2.1
2.0-2.8
True sp. gr. |

( 3.93-4.Ol
\ 03.03 + 0.01
3.02-4.00
3.15-3.25
3.12-3.20
3.90-4.00
2.1-2.8
/3.2
\/S3.67-3.69
3.1-3.6
Zirconia, ZrO2
Zirconia brick
Carbon
Graphite
Lit.
(2, 68)
(48,34)
(34, l i )
( 80 )
(25, so)
(80,34)
(34, 84, is, 25)
(si, ss)
(so, 55, 34, is,
54)
5.48-5.90
4.55-5.00
1.7-2.0
2.17-2.32
(48, 66 ? 74, 8)
(58,74)
(48)
(48,18)
POROSITY
Material
Bauxite brick
Carborundum brick
Fire clay brick
Magnesite brick
Silica brick
Zirconia brick
| Porosity, % |
46-50
17-34
20-30
24-40
18-43
19
Lit.
( 3 8 ) ~
(25)
(37, 84)
( 4 2)
(70, 38, 42)
(58 74)
and Siemens, 9, 15: 969; 09. (79) Plenske, 100, 41: 256, 271, 287, 301, 326; (120) Singer, 92, Sl: 221, 227, 229; 18. (i) Singer, 104, 4: 49; 23. 4:
08.
164; 24. (122) Singer, 112, 335: 96; 20. (123) Singer and Rosenthal,
( ) Potts and Knollman, SJ, 15: 285; 13. ( 81 ) Priest, Sl, 17: 150; 15. ( 8 2 )
104, l, No. 3: 47; 20. (124) Somerville, 2, 31: 261; 10. () Sortwell, 38,
Purdy, 81, 13: 86; 11. (*3) Purdy, 81, 13: 550; 11. ( 84 ) Purdy, 81,
5: 276; 22. () Sortwell, 82, No. 196: 21. (7) Souder and Hidnert,
15: 499; 13. ( 8S ) Purdy and Potts, 81, 13: 431; 11. (86) Radcliffe, 81,
31, No. 352: 19. (l 2 8 ) Staley and Hromatko, 38, 2: 227; 19. (l 2 9 ) Starke,
8
88
14: 575; 12. ( ?) Rebuffat, 420, 1906: 222. ( ) Regout, KId1 No. 17;
8, 60: 629; 97.
(130) Steger, 124, 2: 51; 14. (131) Steger, 103, 27: 113; 19. (i 32 ) Steger,
21. (89) Regout, 103, 30: 131; 22.
103, 27: 313; 19. (i 3 3 ) Steger, 104, 2: 9; 21. 3: 50; 22. (134) Tadokoro,
(90) Reichau, 82, 23: 145; 24. (91) Reichau, SS1 24: 279; 24. (92) Reichau,
103, 32: 531; 24. (93) Riddle, 38, 2: 804; 19. (94) Riddle, 38, 2: 812; 19.
159, 10: 339; 21. (i35) Tutton, 3, 3: 631; 02. (136) Tutton, 67, 18: 182;
02. (137) Twells and Lin, 38, 4: 195; 21. (138) Urban, 103, 32: 217; 24.
( 9 S ) Riddle and Laird, 88, 5: 385; 22. (96) Riddle and Laird, 38, 5: 500;
22. (97) Riddle and Laird, 66, 21: 1050; 21. (98) Riddle and McDanel,
(139) Urban, 103, 32: 229; 24.
38, 1: 606; 18. (99) Rieke, B74.
(140) Walker, 81, 18: 444; 16. (Ki) Ward, 81, 17: 431; 15. ("2) Washburn
1 2
(ioo) Rieke, 100, 45: 225; 12. (ioi) Rieke, 103, 22: 143, 155; 14. ( O )
and Bunting, 38, 5: 527; 22. (143) Waters, 32, No. 105: 17. (l* 4 ) WatRieke, 124, 2: 125; 14. (103) Rieke, 92, 28: 374; 15. (i4) Rieke, 103,
kin, 82, 23: 185; 24. (145) Watts, 81, 4: 86; 02. 9: 600; 07. (146)
25: 259, 263, 267; 17. (i5) Rieke, 100, 51: 95, 135; 18. ( 106 ) Rieke,
Watts, 81, 11: 84; 09. (147) Watts, 81, 10: 265; 08. (l* 8 ) Watts, 81,
104, 3: 187; 22. (107) Rieke, 92, 37: 190; 24. (ios) Rieke and Gary,
11: 179; 09. (149) Watts, 81, 13: 406; 11.
104, 3: 5; 22. (ios) Rieke and Steger, 100, 47: 457, 577; 14.
(150) Watts, 81, U: 185; 09. (isi) Weelans and Ashley, 81, 13: 102; 11.
1
(UO) Rieke and Steger, 100, 48: 297; 15. ( U) Rieke and Steger, 103, 27:
(152) Weimer and Dun, 81, 14: 280; 12. (153) Weinhold, 8, 149: 186; 73.
193, 203; 19. (H2) Rosenthal, 100, 48: 445; 15. (H 3 ) Rosenthal and
(154) White, 82, 21: 320; 22. (5) Wologdine, 420, 1909: 879. (156)
114
15
Singer, ZOS, 29: 81, 93; 21. ( ) Roth, 100, 55: 533; 23. (i ) Sainte
Wologdine and Queneau, 33, 7: 383, 433; 09. ( 157 ) Wright and Sewell,
Claire-Deville and Troost, 34, 59 : 162 ; 64. ( 11 ) Scheel, 89, 4: 35 ; 04. ( i i 7 )
38, 2: 282; 19. (l 5 8 ) Zoellner, 100, 41: 471, 533; 08. (159) Zoellner,
Scheel, &4St 28: 106; 08. (H 8 ) Scheel, 96, 5: 167; 21. (i19) Singer, B4.
Diss., Berlin, 1908.
80
REFRACTORY MATERIALS
GORDON B. WILKES
CONTENTS
Typical compositions.
Specific gravity.
Porosity.
Crushing strength.
Fusion temperature.
Temperature of failure under
load.
Thermal expansion.
Specific heat.
Electrical resistivity.
MATIEBES
Compositions typiques.
Poids spcifique.
Porosit.
Point de fusion.
Temprature de flchissement
sous la charge.
Chaleur spcifique.
TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS, % BY WEIGHT
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Typische Zusammensetzungen.
Porositt.
Druckfestigkeit.
Schmelzpunkt.
Temperatur der Erweichung
unter Belastung.
Wrmeausdehnung.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
INDICE
pAGE
Composizioni tipiche
82
Peso specifico
82
Porosit
82
Resistenza alla compressione 83
Punto di fusione
83
Temperatura di rammollimento sotto carico
83
Dilatazione termica
83
Calore specifico
85
Conduttivit termica
85
86
BULK DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY.(Continued)
| Al2Q3 | CaO |Fe2Q3] MgO | SiO2 |

Others
| Lit.
Materials
Alundum
92-99
(72)
3
Bauxite brick. . . 65-95
3-8
5-13 TiO2, 1-7
( ^)
Carborundum
brick
0-5
0-1
0-5 SiC, 90-100
(28,34)
Chrome brick.. . 14-20 Trace 14-19 11-17 3-10 Cr2O3, 36-46 (34)
Fire clay brick... 15-450-0.7 0-6 0-0.740-75 Alkalies, 0-2
(13,34,36,
84)
Silica, fused
\ Bulk density g/cm 3 |

( 2.22 (transparent)
\2.07 (translucent) J
Quartz, SiO2
Tridymite, SiO2
Cristobalite, SiO2. . .
Silica, amorphous...
Silica brick
1.50-1.88
True sp. gr. )
Lit.
^ 41
'
2.646-2.656 (48,14)
2.31-2.32 (48)
2.32-2.41
(48, 14)
2.04-2.21 (48)
2.05-2.75
(70, 34, is, 42,
(
29, 53, 86, 84)
Magnesi te brick.
Silica brick
0-4
0-2
0-6
0-6
0-10 80-94 0-11 TiO2, 0-2.8

(34,47,54)
0-2 0-0.8 90-98 Alkalies, 0-0.6 (24,35,40,
49,53,70,
86)
Zirconia brick...
ZrO 2 , 75-95
(74, 34, 28,

8)
BULK DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

3
I Bulk density g/cm |

Alumina, Al 2 O 3
Alundum
Bauxite brick
Carborundum, SiC..
SiC brick
Chrome brick
Fire clay brick
Magnesium o x i d e
(MgO).
Magnesite brick
2.6
2.05-2.60
2.8-3.2
1.7-2.1
2.0-2.8
True sp. gr. |

( 3.93-4.Ol
\ 03.03 + 0.01
3.02-4.00
3.15-3.25
3.12-3.20
3.90-4.00
2.1-2.8
/3.2
\/S3.67-3.69
3.1-3.6
Zirconia, ZrO2
Zirconia brick
Carbon
Graphite
Lit.
(2, 68)
(48,34)
(34, l i )
( 80 )
(25, so)
(80,34)
(34, 84, is, 25)
(si, ss)
(so, 55, 34, is,
54)
5.48-5.90
4.55-5.00
1.7-2.0
2.17-2.32
(48, 66 ? 74, 8)
(58,74)
(48)
(48,18)
POROSITY
Material
Bauxite brick
Carborundum brick
Fire clay brick
Magnesite brick
Silica brick
Zirconia brick
| Porosity, % |
46-50
17-34
20-30
24-40
18-43
19
Lit.
( 3 8 ) ~
(25)
(37, 84)
( 4 2)
(70, 38, 42)
(58 74)
CRUSHING STRENGTH, MEGADYNE CM"2

1 megadyne cm~2 = 14.5 Ib. in."2 = 1020 g cm"2
0
Bauxite brick*
Carborundum*
u ,*
Chrome brick*
*ire clay bncK
FUSION TEMPERATURE.(Continued)
0
2O C I 80O C I 100O C 1130O CI 15ooC I

Lit!
390-650 260-350670-700 54-93
15
(*j
4
407
417
574
147
69
( )
J 442
442
417
211
74
(*)
{ ^
n
g g
i g
(51)
/ 191-1090 123-544 103-740 113-726 20-64 \ ( si, 84,
. . . . | 70_300 60_300 70-250 20-120 0-20/ **)
- ^ U - I *
Magnesite
bnck* .. (/
A/T
441
Silica (fused)*
Silica brick..
UQ_600
2500
150-200
Zirconia*
388
201
186
152
82
29
64
g 5
M 51 54
j\ (.
. ")
(4)
(4
1020 765
164
98
90-170 70-160 60-110 20-80
270
338
88
51
54
57, 29, 70)

4
9.8
( )
* Values given by Bodin, probably high for standard brick. Test specimens
were 2 cm cube.
FUSION TEMPERATURE
0
Alumina, Al2O3
Alundum
Bauxite clay
Lit.
( 8 > 48 )
( 7 9 > 72)
( 8 4 > 35)
2010-2050
1750-2000
1750-2000
Lit.
Bauxite brick
Carborundum...
Chromium oxide, Cr2O3
Chrome brick
Fire clay brick
1565^-1785
2200-2240 d
1990
1850-2050
1500-1750
( 44 > 45)
(2, 8, 21, 72)
( 44 )
( 44 > 54 > 45 > 48 )
( 44 > 34, 40, 39,
Magnesium oxide, MgO

Sintered magnesia
Magnesite brick
Silica, SiO2
Silica brick
2800
2200-2600
2150-2165
1700-1710
1685-1800
(8)
( 84 > 10)
(54, 12, 44)
(i 44 > 48 )
(29, 19, 38, 48, 12,
45, 84)
40, 44, 45)
Mullite ("sillimanite"), (Al2O3),(SiOo)2

1816
Spinel, MgO.Al2O3
2135
Zirconia, ZrO2
2500-2950
Zirconia brick
2000-2600
(15)
(68)
(t 71, 1, 83)
(8, 71, 1, 74)
TEMPERATURE OF FAILURE UNDER LOAD

Load = 34.5 X IO5 dyne Cm"2 = 50 Ib. in.-2 = 3520 g cm-2
,, , . ,
Material
Temp. 0C
Remarks
Lit.
Alundum
, .,
brick
1550+
No failure
Bauxite
, . ,.
brick
350
Softens
Carbo,
rundum
1650+
No failure
(7)
(69,7)
(52,25)
^1
Chrome
Fire
Magnesite
0.,.
,
, .,
Silica
clay
brick
1400-1450 1250-1500* 1410-1555 1600-1650
Shears
Softens
Shears
Shears
(7,35)
(84,3,19,
(7)
Zirconia
, .,
brick
5O
Softens
(7,25,19)
(7)
35)
*Load = 25 Ib. in." 2 .
MEAN LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION BETWEEN Z0C AND 250C
k =^
/^f = A X 10625 I Zb
,
__
VaratOn
Alumina, Al2O3
Alundum....
Bauxite brick
^ ,
j
o-n
Carborundum, SiC
SiC brick
Chrome brick
Fire clay brick
Mag. oxide, MgO
Magnesite brick
IQO0C
I
7.2-8.0 between 90O C and 250C
7.1-8.5
4.4
/ 4.38(800-70O0C) \ a K0
. . { 298^800O0J } 6.58
50O0C
IQOO0C
150O0C
5.2
6.0(1300-25 C)
5.2
8 . 1 + 3.0
{ ^gS C)
7.5 3.0
5.3
. or
4.35
5.8
9.0
6.7+3.0
5.3
(79)
(79, 72)
( 84 )
()
1.1
5.9 3.0
11 4
^ '
11.5+ 1.0 1 1 . 7 + 2 . 0 .12.4 + 1.5
Lit>
(84)
( 4 S, 78)
(84,78,63,55)
13.5 + 1.0
( 23> 84)
(78, 54, 64, so,
8.6 + 1
(78, 29, 77, 55,
65, 48)
ailica brick
36+3(200-25 0 C)
28 3
22+5
13+2
53, 70, 84, 48)
Zirconia (fused), ZrO2

Carbon
Graphite
8.4
1.5-5.5
7.8(40-250C)
For mean coefficient between any two temperatures, am ~
<2
^l 2
(8)
(84, 48)
(48)
where atl and a,2 may be taken from a graph.
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION DURING HEATING

The data given in Figs. 1-4 and in the table below record the
% changes in length undergone by 1 X 1 X 9 in. test bars when
heated in a gas fired muffle furnace with neutral atmosphere at the
rate of 10O0C per hour. Specimens marked "brick" are commercial products. For compositions of these and methods of
preparing all specimens, v. the original (88).
1Q7A?
XT
No.
_
Type
M. P.,* Fired
^00
oc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Silica brick
Kaolin
Kaolin
Kaolin
Kaolin
Fire clay brick (Mo.)...
Fire clay brick (Pa.)....
Fire clay brick (Colo.)..
Fire clay brick (Md.)...
SiC brick
Zircon white
Zircon brown
.
ZrO2
Mullite
Magnesite
Magnesite brick
Chrome brick
Mg-spinel
Lime
Fused Al2O3
Infusorial-earth brick.. .
IAt
Qo to
tJ
oc
ts
17001740
1740
1740
1740
1720
1680
1700
1610
>2000
>2000
1935
>2000
1850
> 2000
>20GO
>2000
>2000
1630
1300
1430
1500
1620
1650
1590
1675
1785
1680
1690
1740
1650
83
47
68
53
43
54
51
54
45
43
64
42
59
53
142
147
104
76
138
77
74
1550
1050
1380
1580
1610
1300
1250
1220
1100
>1700
1510
1550
1600.
>1700
> 1700
1440
1540
1600
>1700
1580
1050
* Reducing atm.
t Beginning of shrinkage or expansion.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 3.
FiG. 1.
Figure 5 shows a comparison of the expansion of German and

American silica brick. Curves 1, 2 and 3 are for American silica
brick (measurements reported by the National Bureau of Standards); Curves I, II and III, for German silica brick (measurements
by Endell and Steger, Glastech. Ber., 4; May, 1926).
MEAN SPECIFIC HEAT BETWEEN t AND 250C

Joule per gram per 0C
1 joule g"1 per 0C = 0.239 g-cal g"1 per 0C = 0.239 BTU Ib.-1 per 0F
IQO0C
I
Alumina, Al2O3
Alundum
SiC brick
Chrome brick
Fire clay brick
50O0C
IQOO0C
150O0C
Lit.
0.837
0.778
0.838+0.13
0.71
0.83 + 0.04
1.00
1.09
1.15
(84)
(79)
(79, 33, 18)
(78)
(78, 5, 85, 18,
0.84
0.93 + 0.04
0.78+0.17
0.92
1.08 + 0.04
1.25 + 0.04
0.98+0.02
0.93+0.04
1.09+0.02
1.05+0.04
1.17+0.02
1.16+0.04
1 . 2 1 + 0 . 0 2 (84, 48, 54)

1.24 + 0.04 (32, 76, 84, 78,
Silica brick
0.84 + 0.06
0.95 + 0.06
1.10 + 0.06
1.24 + 0.06
Zirconium oxide
Carbon....
Graphite
0.46+0.02
0.516
0.55
2.0 at 200O0C
2.2 at 200O0C
31)
Mag. oxide, MgO

Magnesite brick
18)
( 5 > 32, 76, 84,

61, 78, 18)
0.66
1.3
1.23
FIG. 4.
0.75
(3,8)
(16)
(*6, 46)
1.71
FIG. 5.
MEAN COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BETWEEN t AND 250C

Joule cm-2, sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1
1 joule cm-2 sec~l (0C, cm-1)-1 = 0.239 g-cal cm"2 sec'1 (0C, cm-1)-1 = 0.193 BTU ft."2 sec"1 (0F, in.-1)-1
I
Alundum
Bauxite brick
SiC bonded brick
Chrome brick
Fire clay
IQO0C
I
5QO0C
0
0.035 between 125O C and 65O0C
0.0046
IQOO0C
15OQ0C
Lit.
(62, 67)
0.0064
()
0.08-0.10
(i. 86, 79)
0.024
(86)
0.0065 + 0.0015 0.0089 + 0.0015 0.0117 + 0.0015 0.0143 + 0.0020 ( 18 > 22, 17, 84,
25, 31, 86)
Magnesite bonded brick, elee, sintered.. 0.041
+ 0.009
0.048
0.044 + 0.015
(84)
(18, 22, 17, 84,
0.047 + O 020
86)
Silica brick
0.0080+0.00100.0096+0.00100.0121+0.0010
Carbon
Graphite
0.38 at 36O0C
1.41 at 39O0C
For mean coefficient between any two temperatures, km =
0.45
1.38
0.55
1.19
0.58
1.15
(18, 22, 17, 84,

16
)
(30)
(30)
kt(t! -25) -ktMt -25)

;
where ktlL and ktl> may be taken from a graph.
ii LZ
*
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
Megohm-cm3
250C ~
Alundum
Diaspore
Bauxite brick
Carborundum
Carborundum refrax brick
Carborundum 95 % SiC bonded
Chrome brick
137
133
107 X HT6
107 X 10~3
127
48.1
Fire clay brick
137
Magnesite brick
137
5 X 112
125
Silica (fused)
Silica brick
Zirconia brick
134
Zirconia
Carbon
Graphite
IQOQ C I
1.8 X IO6
12QO C
193 ooo
6 loo
1.3
2.5
4 16o
29 5oo
63
45o
4 16o
48o ooo
23oo
708 ooo
193 ooo
loo ooo
12 ooo
4 X IO4 at 7270C
3oo ooo
62 ooo
36o ooo
17 2oo
3.7
4.1
4 72o
197 ooo
171
420
10 800
6 600
1313oo
V
46 X IO"10 3.7 X 10~3
85 X IQ"11 7.95 X IQ"4
1 2so
1 2so
77io
12 X IO7
3.7 X 10~3
7.9 X 10~4
Ohm-cm3
140O0C
2 2oo
0.65
1.74
1 43s
10 100
85
320
1 42o
18o ooo
69o
22 4oo
40 ooo
4oo
16 500
125 ooo
2 400
3oo
96s
3.7 X 10~3
7.9 X 10~4
150O0C
2 5oo
1 loo
1.62
745
8 59o
41
89o
80 ooo
28o
2 5oo
3 Ooo
**'
()
(28)
(27)
(80)
(27)
(27)
(27)
(27)
(75)
(27)
( 84 )
(75)
(27)
( 84 )
(60)
8 42o
63 ooo
71o
(27)
(8*)
(73)
(56)
(1)
412
(27)
(8)
3.6 X 10~3 at 200O0C (30)
7.9 X IQ"4 at 200O0C (30)
For review of recent literature v. ( 89 ).

LITERATURE
(M Arnold, 136, 42: 413; 18. (2) Barrt, 67, 32: 361; 19. (3) Bleininger
and Brown, 33, 23: 629; 20. ( 4 ) Bodin, 102, 25: 177; 20. (5) Bradshaw
and Emery, 82, 19: 84; 19. ( 6 ) Brown and Townshend, Thesis, Mass.
Inst. Tech., 1914. ( 7 ) Brown, Mellor and Emory, quoted by Howe, 33,
23: 1215; 20. (*) Harden and Rich, 29, No. 186; 21. (9) Holbrook and
Fraser, 29, No. 234; 25.
(i) Anon., 876, 8: 419; 23. ( l l ) Crawford, J. L., O. (12) Dana and Foote,
33, 23: 23, 63; 20. (is) Davidson, 135, 116: 75; 17. (**) Day, Sosman
and Hostetter, 12, 37: 1; 14. ( 1 S) Demasure, Bull. fed. Ind. Chim. BeIg.
3: 182; 24. (i) Dewar, 25, 5: 814; 72. (") Dougill, Hodsman and Conn,
04, 36: 465; 15. (i*) Dudley, 78, 27: 285; 15. ( 19 ) Endell, 77, 41: 6; 20.
(20) Fitzgerald, 33, 10: 129; 12. ( 2 I) Gillett, 50, 15: 213; 11. (22) Goerens
and Gillis, 139, 12: 17; 15. ( 23 ) Goodwin and Mailey, 78, 9: 89; 06. (24)
Graham, 307, 102: 639; 18. (25) Hartmann and Westmont, 78, 46: 485;
24. (26) Hartmann and Kobler, 78, 37: 707; 20. (27) Hartmann, Sullivan and Allen, 78, 37: 292; 20. (2*) Hartmann and Sullivan, 78, 38: 279;
20. (29) Havard, Refractories and Furnaces (McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc., 1912).
(30) Hering, 119, 29: 485; 10. (31) Hersey and Butzler, 313, No. 2564; 24.
(32) Heyn, 312, 32: 185; 14. (33) Howe, 33, 23: 1215; 20. (34) j&^.,
23: 232; 20. (35) Howe, Refractories for Electric Furnaces (Elee. Fur.
Assoc., Niagara Falls, 1920). (36) Howe, 38, 6: 471; 23. (37) Howe, 45,
11: 1145; 19. (38) Howe and Ferguson, 38, 4: 37; 21. (3 9) Howe and
Shepherd, 38, 4: 207; 21.
(40) Howe, Phelps and Ferguson, 38, 6: 590; 23. (41) Hougen, 33, 30: 737;
24. (42) Houldsworth and Cobb, 38, 6: 658; 23. (43) Quoted by Hougen,
33, 30: 740; 24. (44) Kanolt, 32, No. 10; 12. (45) Kanolt, 78, 22: 93; 12.
(46) Kopp, 12, Suppl. Ill, 1: 289; 64. (47) Kowalke and Hougen, 307,
102: 639; 18. (48) Quoted from B3. (49) Lange, 77, 32: 1731; 12.
(50) Le Chatelier, quoted by McDowell and Howe, (5*). ( 51 ) Le Chatelier
and Bogitch, 34, 164: 761; 17. ( 52 ) Linbarger, Carborundum Co., O.
(53) McDowell, 80, 57: 3; 17. (54) McDowell and Howe, 38, 3: 185; 20.
(55) Mellor, 82, 15: 93; 15. (56) Nernst and Reynolds, 188, 1900: 328.
(57) Nesbit and Bell, 45, 11: 1149; 19. (58) Meyer, 33, 12: 791; 14. (59)
Nilson and Petterson, 25, 13: 1459; 80.
(60) Northrup, 78, 27: 233; 13. (6i) Norton, C. L., O. ( 62 ) Boeck, 81, 14:
470; 12. (63) Norton F. H., 38, 8: 29; 25. (64) Phelps, Mellon Inst., O.
(65) Pierce, Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., O. (66) Podszus, 92, 30:
17; 17. (67) Randolph, 120, 16: 120; 13. (68) Rankin and Merwin, 1,
38: 568; 16. (69) Rochow, 45, 11: 1148; 19.
(70) Ross, 32, No. 116; 19. (71) Ruff and Lauschke, 100, 36: 70; 16. (72)
Saunders, 78, 19: 333; 11. (73) Seaver, 80, 53: 125; 16. (74) Sheppard,
38, 6: 294; 23. (75) Stansfield, MacLeod and McMahon, 78, 22: 89; 12.
(76) Steger, 124, 2: 203; 14. (77) Stockman, Thesis, Mass. Inst, Tech.,
1902. (78) Tadokoro.^S, 10: 339; 21. (79) Norton Co., Trade Cat. andO.
(80) Carborundum Co., Trade Cat. ( 81 ) Vitrefrax Co., Trade Cat. (82)
Tucker and Sampen, 1, 28: 953; 06. ( 83 ) Washburn and Libman, 38,
3: 634; 20. (84) Wilkes, G. B., O. ( 85 ) Wilson, Holdcroft and Mellor,
82, 12: 279; 12. (86) Wologdine and Queneau, 33, 7: 383; 09. (87) Dupuy,
108, 25: 308; 22. (88) Norton, 38, 8: 799; 25. (9) Ferguson, 884, 10:
131; 26.
ABRASIVE MATERIALS
M. L. HARTMANN
COMMON AND TRADE NAMES
IND. No.
1. Aluminium oxide (fused, impure) ("aloxite," "alundum,"
"lionite," "borolon," "alumo"). Al2O3
2. Corundum. Al2O3
3. Diatomaceous earth (infusorial earth, kieselguhr, fossil flour,
fossil meal, tripolite, diatomite, polerschiefer, desmid earth,
moler, white peat, tellurine, randanite, ceyssatite, bergmehl,
radiolarian earth). SiO2
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Emery.
Flint. SiO2
Garnet (almandite, rhodolite).
Glass (alkali lime).
Pumice (pumicite, santorini, santorine earth).
Silicon carbide (" carborundum," "crystolon," "carbolon.")
SiC
For diamond, iron oxides, iron alloys and quartz, see other sections of I. C. T.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
Megohm-cm3
250C ~
Alundum
Diaspore
Bauxite brick
Carborundum
Carborundum refrax brick
Chrome brick
137
133
107 X HT6
107 X 10~3
127
48.1
Fire clay brick
137
Magnesite brick
137
5 X 112
125
Silica (fused)
Silica brick
Zirconia brick
134
Zirconia
Carbon
Graphite
IQOQ C I
1.8 X IO6
12QO C
193 ooo
6 loo
1.3
2.5
4 16o
29 5oo
63
45o
4 16o
48o ooo
23oo
708 ooo
193 ooo
loo ooo
12 ooo
4 X IO4 at 7270C
3oo ooo
62 ooo
36o ooo
17 2oo
3.7
4.1
4 72o
197 ooo
171
420
10 800
6 600
1313oo
V
46 X IO"10 3.7 X 10~3
85 X IQ"11 7.95 X IQ"4
1 2so
1 2so
77io
12 X IO7
3.7 X 10~3
7.9 X 10~4
Ohm-cm3
140O0C
2 2oo
0.65
1.74
1 43s
10 100
85
320
1 42o
18o ooo
69o
22 4oo
40 ooo
4oo
16 500
125 ooo
2 400
3oo
96s
3.7 X 10~3
7.9 X 10~4
150O0C
2 5oo
1 loo
1.62
745
8 59o
41
89o
80 ooo
28o
2 5oo
3 Ooo
**'
()
(28)
(27)
(80)
(27)
(27)
(27)
(27)
(75)
(27)
( 84 )
(75)
(27)
( 84 )
(60)
8 42o
63 ooo
71o
(27)
(8*)
(73)
(56)
(1)
412
(27)
(8)
3.6 X 10~3 at 200O0C (30)
7.9 X IQ"4 at 200O0C (30)
For review of recent literature v. ( 89 ).

LITERATURE
(M Arnold, 136, 42: 413; 18. (2) Barrt, 67, 32: 361; 19. (3) Bleininger
and Brown, 33, 23: 629; 20. ( 4 ) Bodin, 102, 25: 177; 20. (5) Bradshaw
and Emery, 82, 19: 84; 19. ( 6 ) Brown and Townshend, Thesis, Mass.
Inst. Tech., 1914. ( 7 ) Brown, Mellor and Emory, quoted by Howe, 33,
23: 1215; 20. (*) Harden and Rich, 29, No. 186; 21. (9) Holbrook and
Fraser, 29, No. 234; 25.
(i) Anon., 876, 8: 419; 23. ( l l ) Crawford, J. L., O. (12) Dana and Foote,
33, 23: 23, 63; 20. (is) Davidson, 135, 116: 75; 17. (**) Day, Sosman
and Hostetter, 12, 37: 1; 14. ( 1 S) Demasure, Bull. fed. Ind. Chim. BeIg.
3: 182; 24. (i) Dewar, 25, 5: 814; 72. (") Dougill, Hodsman and Conn,
04, 36: 465; 15. (i*) Dudley, 78, 27: 285; 15. ( 19 ) Endell, 77, 41: 6; 20.
(20) Fitzgerald, 33, 10: 129; 12. ( 2 I) Gillett, 50, 15: 213; 11. (22) Goerens
and Gillis, 139, 12: 17; 15. ( 23 ) Goodwin and Mailey, 78, 9: 89; 06. (24)
Graham, 307, 102: 639; 18. (25) Hartmann and Westmont, 78, 46: 485;
24. (26) Hartmann and Kobler, 78, 37: 707; 20. (27) Hartmann, Sullivan and Allen, 78, 37: 292; 20. (2*) Hartmann and Sullivan, 78, 38: 279;
20. (29) Havard, Refractories and Furnaces (McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc., 1912).
(30) Hering, 119, 29: 485; 10. (31) Hersey and Butzler, 313, No. 2564; 24.
(32) Heyn, 312, 32: 185; 14. (33) Howe, 33, 23: 1215; 20. (34) j&^.,
23: 232; 20. (35) Howe, Refractories for Electric Furnaces (Elee. Fur.
Assoc., Niagara Falls, 1920). (36) Howe, 38, 6: 471; 23. (37) Howe, 45,
11: 1145; 19. (38) Howe and Ferguson, 38, 4: 37; 21. (3 9) Howe and
Shepherd, 38, 4: 207; 21.
(40) Howe, Phelps and Ferguson, 38, 6: 590; 23. (41) Hougen, 33, 30: 737;
24. (42) Houldsworth and Cobb, 38, 6: 658; 23. (43) Quoted by Hougen,
33, 30: 740; 24. (44) Kanolt, 32, No. 10; 12. (45) Kanolt, 78, 22: 93; 12.
(46) Kopp, 12, Suppl. Ill, 1: 289; 64. (47) Kowalke and Hougen, 307,
102: 639; 18. (48) Quoted from B3. (49) Lange, 77, 32: 1731; 12.
(50) Le Chatelier, quoted by McDowell and Howe, (5*). ( 51 ) Le Chatelier
and Bogitch, 34, 164: 761; 17. ( 52 ) Linbarger, Carborundum Co., O.
(53) McDowell, 80, 57: 3; 17. (54) McDowell and Howe, 38, 3: 185; 20.
(55) Mellor, 82, 15: 93; 15. (56) Nernst and Reynolds, 188, 1900: 328.
(57) Nesbit and Bell, 45, 11: 1149; 19. (58) Meyer, 33, 12: 791; 14. (59)
Nilson and Petterson, 25, 13: 1459; 80.
(60) Northrup, 78, 27: 233; 13. (6i) Norton, C. L., O. ( 62 ) Boeck, 81, 14:
470; 12. (63) Norton F. H., 38, 8: 29; 25. (64) Phelps, Mellon Inst., O.
(65) Pierce, Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., O. (66) Podszus, 92, 30:
17; 17. (67) Randolph, 120, 16: 120; 13. (68) Rankin and Merwin, 1,
38: 568; 16. (69) Rochow, 45, 11: 1148; 19.
(70) Ross, 32, No. 116; 19. (71) Ruff and Lauschke, 100, 36: 70; 16. (72)
Saunders, 78, 19: 333; 11. (73) Seaver, 80, 53: 125; 16. (74) Sheppard,
38, 6: 294; 23. (75) Stansfield, MacLeod and McMahon, 78, 22: 89; 12.
(76) Steger, 124, 2: 203; 14. (77) Stockman, Thesis, Mass. Inst, Tech.,
1902. (78) Tadokoro.^S, 10: 339; 21. (79) Norton Co., Trade Cat. andO.
(80) Carborundum Co., Trade Cat. ( 81 ) Vitrefrax Co., Trade Cat. (82)
Tucker and Sampen, 1, 28: 953; 06. ( 83 ) Washburn and Libman, 38,
3: 634; 20. (84) Wilkes, G. B., O. ( 85 ) Wilson, Holdcroft and Mellor,
82, 12: 279; 12. (86) Wologdine and Queneau, 33, 7: 383; 09. (87) Dupuy,
108, 25: 308; 22. (88) Norton, 38, 8: 799; 25. (9) Ferguson, 884, 10:
131; 26.
ABRASIVE MATERIALS
M. L. HARTMANN
COMMON AND TRADE NAMES
IND. No.
1. Aluminium oxide (fused, impure) ("aloxite," "alundum,"
"lionite," "borolon," "alumo"). Al2O3
2. Corundum. Al2O3
3. Diatomaceous earth (infusorial earth, kieselguhr, fossil flour,
fossil meal, tripolite, diatomite, polerschiefer, desmid earth,
moler, white peat, tellurine, randanite, ceyssatite, bergmehl,
radiolarian earth). SiO2
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Emery.
Flint. SiO2
Garnet (almandite, rhodolite).
Glass (alkali lime).
Pumice (pumicite, santorini, santorine earth).
Silicon carbide (" carborundum," "crystolon," "carbolon.")
SiC
For diamond, iron oxides, iron alloys and quartz, see other sections of I. C. T.
Ind.
No.
Hardness
Mobs'scale
Density
g/cm3
9+
3.93-4.00
(25)
(3,25)
Thermal
expansion
IO6 dl
0_
Tdtper C
8.7 (25-90O0C)
Thermal conductivity
k = IO"6 X A g-cal
cm" 2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1
A
~
(2)
7.7 (0-158O0C)
( 17 )
3.95-4.10
dF
Compressibility ^p (P in atm.) = 3.8 X 10~ 7 for No. 2 (12);
2.2 X 10~7 for No. 9 (100-500 atm.) (24).

Specific heat in g-cal/g = 0.1976 (8-980C) for No. 2 (23);
0.212-0.236 (133-4050C) for No. 7 (*); 0.186 (31-980C) for No.
9 (20) ? c/. (13, 27).
6.76
(19)
(1, 4, 10, 11, 21) (1, 4, 10, 21)
LITERATURE
3
1-1.5
(io)
2.1-2.2
(io)
7-9
3.75-4.35
(10)
227 (20O0C) ( 1 0 )
315 (80O0C)
(4)
2.61-2.63
17.4 (15-100O0C)
(4,10)
(26)
(7)
6.5-7
( 1 O),
cf. (L 16 )
3.4-4.3
( 10 ),
cf. (i, 16)
2.4-2.6
8.01-11.88
(14)
2.5
(10)
(10)
9-10
(9, 22)
3.17-3.21
1080-2270
(15)
(18)
4.74 (100-90O0C)
43000 (135O0C)
(3, 5)
(2) .
4.3 (0-170O0C)
()

(i) Barlow, 386, No. 50; 15. ( 2 ) Boeck, 81, 14: 470; 12. ( 3 ) Carborundum
Company, Niagara Falls, New York, O. ( 4 ) Dana, System of Mineralogy,
6th ed., New York, Wiley, 1892. ( 5 ) Fitzgerald, 143, 143: 81; 97. ( 6 )
Hartmann and Westmont, 38, 8: 259; 25. ( 7 ) Houldsworth and Cobb, in
Searle, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and Other Ceramic Materials,
p. 579. London, Benn, 1924. ( 8 ) Iitaka, 159, 8: 99; 19. ( 9 ) Kunz,
78, 12: 40; 07.
(i) Ladoo, Non-Metallic Minerals, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc., 1925. (H)Larsen, 156, No. 679; 21. ( 1 2 ) Madelung and Fuchs, 5,66:
293; 21. ( 13 ) Magnus, 8, 70: 303; 23. ( 1 4 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 524; 25.
( 15 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 529; 25. ( 1 6 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 911; 25. ( 17 )
Norton, 38, 8: 799; 25. ( 1 8 ) Paalhorn, in B71, VI: 531; 25. ( 1 9 ) Pfaff, 8,
107: 148; 59.
( 2 0 ) Potter, 78, 12: 191; 07. ( 2 M Pratt, 156, No. 269; 06. ( 2 2 ) Pratt, 387,
15: 98; 06. ( 2 3 ) Regnault, 6, 1: 129; 41. ( 2 4 ) Richards, Stull, Brink and
Bonnet, 152, No. 76; 07. ( 2 5 ) Saunders, 78, 19: 333; 11. ( 2 6 ) Washburn and Navias, 38, 5: 565; 22. ( 2 7 ) Weigel, 188, 1915; 264, 320.
(6)
(34 % porosity)
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
GEORGE W. MOREY
CONTENTS
Composition of commercial and
experimental glasses.
Silica glass v. vol. III.
Mechanical properties.
Density.
Viscosity.
Surface tension.
Strength.
Elastic properties.
Thermal properties.
Melting point diagrams.
Annealing temperatures and
other arbitrary thermal
constants.
Coefficient of thermal expansion.
Specific heats.
Electrical properties.
Magnetic susceptibility.
Electrical resistivity and conductivity.
MATIRES
Compositions des verres du
commerce et des verres d'expriences.
Verre de silice, v. vol. III.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Zusammensetzung
gewhnlicher und e x p e r i m e n t i e r
Glser.
Quarzglass siehe Bd. III.
Proprits mcaniques.
Densit.
Viscosit.
Tension de surface.
Rsistance.
Proprits lastiques.
Proprits thermiques.
Diagrammes des points de
fusion.
Tempratures de recuit et
autres constantes thermiques arbitraires.
Coefficient de dilatation thermique.
Chaleurs spcifiques.
Proprits lectriques.
Susceptibilit magntique.
Rsistivit et conductibilit
lectriques.
Mechanische Eigenschaften.
Dichte.
Viskositt.
Oberflchenspannung.
Festigkeit.
Verhalten bei der Erwrmung.
Schmelzpunkt Diagrame.
Abkhlung und andere gelegentliche thermische Konstanten.
Thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrme Leitfhigkeit.
Elektrische Eigenschaften.
Magnetische Suszeptibilitt.
Elektrischer Widerstand und
elektrische Leitfhigkeit.
INDICE
PAGB
Composizione di vetri commerciali e sperimentali.. 88
Vetro di silice; consultare il
Tomo III.
Propriet meccaniche
Densit
Viscosit
Tensione superficiale....
Resistenza
:
Propriet elastiche
Propriet termiche
Diagrammi dei punti di
fusione
Temperatura del ricuocere ed altri costanti
termici arbitrarii
Coefficiente della dilatazione termica
Calori specifici
Conduttivit termica. . .
Propriet elettriche
Suscettibilit magnetica.
Propriet dielettriche...
Resistenza e conduttibilit elettrica
92
92
94
96
97
97
97
97
99
100
101
101
101
101
101
101
Ind.
No.
Hardness
Mobs'scale
Density
g/cm3
9+
3.93-4.00
(25)
(3,25)
Thermal
expansion
IO6 dl
0_
Tdtper C
8.7 (25-90O0C)
Thermal conductivity
k = IO"6 X A g-cal
cm" 2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1
A
~
(2)
7.7 (0-158O0C)
( 17 )
3.95-4.10
dF
Compressibility ^p (P in atm.) = 3.8 X 10~ 7 for No. 2 (12);
2.2 X 10~7 for No. 9 (100-500 atm.) (24).

Specific heat in g-cal/g = 0.1976 (8-980C) for No. 2 (23);
0.212-0.236 (133-4050C) for No. 7 (*); 0.186 (31-980C) for No.
9 (20) ? c/. (13, 27).
6.76
(19)
(1, 4, 10, 11, 21) (1, 4, 10, 21)
LITERATURE
3
1-1.5
(io)
2.1-2.2
(io)
7-9
3.75-4.35
(10)
227 (20O0C) ( 1 0 )
315 (80O0C)
(4)
2.61-2.63
17.4 (15-100O0C)
(4,10)
(26)
(7)
6.5-7
( 1 O),
cf. (L 16 )
3.4-4.3
( 10 ),
cf. (i, 16)
2.4-2.6
8.01-11.88
(14)
2.5
(10)
(10)
9-10
(9, 22)
3.17-3.21
1080-2270
(15)
(18)
4.74 (100-90O0C)
43000 (135O0C)
(3, 5)
(2) .
4.3 (0-170O0C)
()

(i) Barlow, 386, No. 50; 15. ( 2 ) Boeck, 81, 14: 470; 12. ( 3 ) Carborundum
Company, Niagara Falls, New York, O. ( 4 ) Dana, System of Mineralogy,
6th ed., New York, Wiley, 1892. ( 5 ) Fitzgerald, 143, 143: 81; 97. ( 6 )
Hartmann and Westmont, 38, 8: 259; 25. ( 7 ) Houldsworth and Cobb, in
Searle, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and Other Ceramic Materials,
p. 579. London, Benn, 1924. ( 8 ) Iitaka, 159, 8: 99; 19. ( 9 ) Kunz,
78, 12: 40; 07.
(i) Ladoo, Non-Metallic Minerals, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc., 1925. (H)Larsen, 156, No. 679; 21. ( 1 2 ) Madelung and Fuchs, 5,66:
293; 21. ( 13 ) Magnus, 8, 70: 303; 23. ( 1 4 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 524; 25.
( 15 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 529; 25. ( 1 6 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 911; 25. ( 17 )
Norton, 38, 8: 799; 25. ( 1 8 ) Paalhorn, in B71, VI: 531; 25. ( 1 9 ) Pfaff, 8,
107: 148; 59.
( 2 0 ) Potter, 78, 12: 191; 07. ( 2 M Pratt, 156, No. 269; 06. ( 2 2 ) Pratt, 387,
15: 98; 06. ( 2 3 ) Regnault, 6, 1: 129; 41. ( 2 4 ) Richards, Stull, Brink and
Bonnet, 152, No. 76; 07. ( 2 5 ) Saunders, 78, 19: 333; 11. ( 2 6 ) Washburn and Navias, 38, 5: 565; 22. ( 2 7 ) Weigel, 188, 1915; 264, 320.
(6)
(34 % porosity)
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
GEORGE W. MOREY
CONTENTS
Composition of commercial and
experimental glasses.
Silica glass v. vol. III.
Density.
Viscosity.
Surface tension.
Strength.
Elastic properties.
Thermal properties.
Melting point diagrams.
Annealing temperatures and
other arbitrary thermal
constants.
Coefficient of thermal expansion.
Specific heats.
Magnetic susceptibility.
Electrical resistivity and conductivity.
MATIRES
Compositions des verres du
commerce et des verres d'expriences.
Verre de silice, v. vol. III.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Zusammensetzung
gewhnlicher und e x p e r i m e n t i e r
Glser.
Quarzglass siehe Bd. III.
Proprits mcaniques.
Densit.
Viscosit.
Tension de surface.
Rsistance.
Proprits lastiques.
Diagrammes des points de
fusion.
Tempratures de recuit et
autres constantes thermiques arbitraires.
Coefficient de dilatation thermique.
Chaleurs spcifiques.
Susceptibilit magntique.
Rsistivit et conductibilit
lectriques.
Dichte.
Viskositt.
Oberflchenspannung.
Festigkeit.
Verhalten bei der Erwrmung.
Schmelzpunkt Diagrame.
Abkhlung und andere gelegentliche thermische Konstanten.
Thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrme Leitfhigkeit.
Magnetische Suszeptibilitt.
Elektrischer Widerstand und
elektrische Leitfhigkeit.
INDICE
PAGB
Composizione di vetri commerciali e sperimentali.. 88
Vetro di silice; consultare il
Tomo III.
Propriet meccaniche
Densit
Viscosit
Tensione superficiale....
Resistenza
:
Propriet elastiche
Propriet termiche
Diagrammi dei punti di
fusione
Temperatura del ricuocere ed altri costanti
termici arbitrarii
Coefficiente della dilatazione termica
Calori specifici
Conduttivit termica. . .
Propriet elettriche
Suscettibilit magnetica.
Propriet dielettriche...
Resistenza e conduttibilit elettrica
92
92
94
96
97
97
97
97
99
100
101
101
101
101
101
101
CONTENTS.(Continued)
MATIRES.(Suite)
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS.(Fortsetzung)
Optical properties.
Refractive index and dispersion.
Effect of temperature on
index.
Effect of pressure and strain
on index.
Proprits optiques.
Indice de rfraction et dispersion.
Action de la temprature sur
l'indice.
Action de la pression et de la
tension sur l'indice.
Optische Eigenschaften.
Brechungsindex und Dispersion.
Einfluss der Temperatur auf
den Brechungsindex.
Druck und Spannungs-Einfluss auf den Brechungsindex.
Transmission und Absorption.
Propriet ottiche.
Indice di refrazione e la
dispersione
Effetto della temperatura
sul indice
Effetto di compressione
e tensione sul indice. .
INDICE. ^(Azione)
PAGE
Transmission and absorption.
Transmission et absorption.
101
104
105
106
Trasmissione ed assorbimento
106
The "Index Nos." of Table 1

are identification numbers by
means of which the glasses are
identified in the property tables
which follow.
Les nombres index de la Table

1 sont des nombres d'identification au moyen desquels les
verres sont identifis dans les
tables des proprits qui font
suite.
Die Indexnummern der Tafel

l sind Erkennungszahlen mit
Hilfe deren die Glaser in den
folgenden
Eigenschaftstafeln
identifiziert sind.
I numeri indici della Tabella

1 sono numeri di identificazione
a mezzo dei quali si possono
individuare i diversi vetri nelle
tabelle delle propriet.
TABLE 1.GLASS COMPOSITIONS

With the exception of those
glasses whose index numbers.are
in italics, all the compositions
listed below are calculated from
the ingredients melted to produce the glass type (so-called
" batch" compositions). The
glasses actually measured will
therefore differ from the compositions given by unknown
amounts; a difference in optical
properties between the types of
Table 1 and like numbered
glasses in subsequent tables
indicates such uncontrolled
variations. The analyses of
similar types shown in Table 1
give an idea of the magnitude
of the difference to be expected.
In the tables which follow, this
uncertainty as to the actual
glass composition is usually
greater than that introduced by
errors in measurement.
The numbers under " Glass
.Types" in Table 1 represent
(nD - 1) 103/10i>; in which v =
TABLE 1.COMPOSITIONS DES

VERRES
A l'exception des verres dont
les nombres index sont en
italique, toutes les compositions
indiques ci-dessous sont calcules partir des substances de
dpart entrant dans la fabrication du verre type. La composition relle des verres dont on
donne les mesures peut donc
diffrer des compositions indiques par un montant inconnu;
une diffrence dans les proprits optiques entre les types
de la Table 1 et les verres de
mme numro dans les tables
subsquentes met en vidence
ces variations incontrles. Les
analyses de types similaires
indiques dans la Table 1
donnent une ide de l'ordre de
grandeur de la diffrence
laquelle on peut s'attendre.
Dans les tables qui suivent,
cette incertitude en ce qui concerne la composition relle du
verre est ordinairement plus
grande que celle introduite par
des erreurs dans les mesures.
Les nombres dans " Verres
types" dans la Table 1 reprsentent (nD l)103/10i>; dans
TAFEL
TABELLA 1.COMPOSIZIONE DEI

VETRI
Fatta eccezione per i vetri
con numero indice scritto in
corsivo, per tutti gli altri le
composizioni riportate sono
quelle che si calcolano dalle
quantit dei componenti messe
a fondere assieme.
Le composizioni effettive
differiscono perci da quelle
indicate di una quantit sconosciuta; ed eventuali differenze
nelle propriet ottiche dei vetri
della Tabella 1 e di quelli delle
tabelle successive contradistinti da uno stesso numero
stanno a dimostrare appunto
queste incontrollatibili variazioni. Le analisi di tipi simili
di vetri riportate nella Tabella
1, danno una idea della grandezza delle differenze che possono aversi. La incertezza intorno alla composizione effettiva
del vetro , in genere, maggiore
di quella che pu essere dovuta
ad errori di misura.
I numeri sotto la dicitura
"Glass Types" nella Tabella 1
rappresentano (nG l)103/10u;
n
~l. Glasses 1-114 are
nF - nc
arranged in the order of increasing TID; glasses 115-133, in order
of decreasing SiO 2 content;
glasses 134-146 in order of
decreasing nD.
^ . Les verlaquelle
v=
H
nnF - nc
res I 114 sont disposs dans
l'ordre de n& accroissant; les
verres 115 133 dans l'ordre
de la teneur dcroissante en
SiO2; les verres 134 146 dans
l'ordre de UD dcroissant.
1.GLAS-ZUSAMMENSETZUNGEN
Mit Ausnahme bei jenen
Glsern deren Indexnummern
kursiv geschrieben sind, ist ihre
folgende Zusammensetzung aus
den Bestandteilen berechnet,
die zur Erschmelzung des Glases
verwendet worden sind (Glassatz). Die wirkliche Zusammensetzung des Glases wird deshalb
von der angegebenen in unbekanntem Ausmasse abweichen.
Ein Unterschied in den optischen Eigenschaften der Glastypen in der Tafel l und denen
in den folgenden Tabellen,
welche hnlich bezeichnet sind,
zeigt solche unkontrollierbare
Vernderungen. Die Analyse
hnlicher Glassorten, welche in
der Tabelle l verzeichnet sind,
geben eine Vorstellung von der
Grosse der Abweichungen die zu
erwarten sind. In den folgenden Tabellen ist die Unsicherheit bezglich der wirklichen
Glaszusammensetzung gewhnlich grosser, als sie durch Messfehler verursacht werden kann.
Die Zahlen unter " Glass
Types" in der Tafel l bedeuten
(nD - I)IO 3 / 1Ou wobei v =
n
v-1 i
Die Glser 1-114
nF nc st>
reihen sich nach aufsteigenden
raD-Werten, Glserl 15-133 nach
absteigendem SiO2-Gehalt und
Glser 134-146 nach absteigenden no- Werten.
dove v = n -W
I vetri da 1
F
0
a 114 sono disposti in ordine
accrescente di WD; i vetri da 115
a 133 in ordine decrescente del
contenuto di SiO2; i vetri da
134 a 146 in ordine decrescente
di WD.
Ind-
Type
Name
Lit.
SiOa
B3O3 Na2C)J K2O CaO BaO ZnO PbO MgO Al2O3 Fe2O3 Mn2O3 Sb2O3 As2O6 As2O3 Cl
( 12 ) 80.75 12.00 4.10 0.10 0.30
475/636 Pyrex laboratory
2.20
0.40
SO3 H2O
Table No.
2, 5, Ua, 116
lie, 12a, 17a

la Pyrex radio
2
479/702 Chance,fluorcrown*
3
496/644 Schott, borosilicate crown
2, Uc
9
7423 ( ) 54.8 18.7 20.3

O802
() 71.
14 10
0.3
0.2
Ua, Uc, 13c
5.0
2, 4, 5, 7, 9,
Uc
4
O2259
(55)69.5914 8
3.0
8.0 0.01
0.4
5
498/653 Chance, borosilicate crown
3484 ( 9 ) 59.5 21.5 14.4 0.3 2.3
1.9
0.1
6
500/647 Schott, borosilicate thermometer
59m ( 6 6 ) 72
12
11.0
5.0
Ga Same, analysis
(*3) 72.8610.43 9.82 0.10 0.35
0.20 6.24 Tr.
Tr.
68
7
506/602 Schott, crown
O714
( ) 74.6 9.0 11.0 5.0
0.1
0.3
8
508/604 Schott, Jena gerate
( 48 ) 64.7 10.9 7.5 0.37 0.63
10.9 0.21 4.2 0.25 0.01 0.14
9
9
O646 ( ) 69.6 6.7
20.5 2.9
0.3
0.1
10
4990 ( 9 ) 71.1 2.7 18.8 6.8
0.3
0.2
11
510/
Schott, silicate crown
O2161
( 3 5 ) 69.15 1.0 6.6 15.0
11.0
0.05
0.3
12
O144
( 6 8 ) 7 0 . 4 7.4 5.3 14.5 2.0
0.1
0.2
10,13
2, 7, Lib
2,4
7,126
13
13
10
2,4,5,7,10,
120, 14, 17,

176
ISa Same, E. T. Allen, analyst
13
14
15
513/573 Schott, zinc silicate crown
16
515/579 Chance, zinc crown
17
516/640 Schott, borosilicate crown, analysis
18
19
20
21
22
23
516/638
516/620
516/608
516/536
517/609
517/602
Chance, borosilicate crown

Borosilicate crown
Chance, hard crown
Schott, borosilicate crown
Schott, borosilicate crown
Schott, silicate crown
( 3 ) 72.15 5.88 5.1613.85 2.04 O O

Tr. 0.07 0.04 0.01 O 0.20
O374
( 68 ) 68.1 3.5 5.0 16.0
7.0
O627
( 6 8 ) 68.2 10.0 10.0 9.5
2.0
O709
(66) 70.6 17.0
12.0
0.4
1066 ( 9 ) 69.7 11.0 1.7 0.4 16.5
0.3
0.4
O3832 (3) 69.58 9.91 8.44 8.37 0.07 2.54 O O
0.07 0.04 0.01
lie
6493 ( 9 )
67.1 7.2
16.2 2.0 7.2
(i) 67
12 9 8
4
1203 ( 9 ) 69.5
19.0 11.1
O608
( 6 8 ) 53.5 20.0 6.5
O40
() 69.0 2.5 4.0 16.0 8.0
O60
( 6 6 ) 6 4 . 6 2.7 5.0 15.0 10.2 2.0
0.080.060.120.08
0.4
7
0.2
2,15
2,4,110
13
O
0.22 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 6 5 , 7, 9, Ua
0.3
0.1
13
6, 16
0.3
0.2
20.0
0.1
0.1
0.4
13
0.4
2
2, 4, 7, lie
2,4,7,126,15,
17a
24
517/589 Schott, silicate crown
O203
Composition unknown, but probably differs but little from 23 and 25
5, 7, 14
25
517/558 Schott, light barium crown...
O1092
(53) 65.4 2.5 5.6 15.0
9.6 2.0
0.1
0.4
14, 17c
26
518/609 Bureau of Standards, light crown
( 4 8 ) 68.6 3.5 12.0 5.0 9.7 1.0
0.2
7
27
518/605 Chance, hard crown
605 ( 9 ) 69.6
18.4 11.5
0.3
0.2
13
28
518/599 Bureau of Standards, light crown
( 4 8 ) 67.0 3.5 12.0 5.0
10.6 1.5
0.4
7
29
519/603 Chance, hard crown
9322 ( 9 ) 72.0
6.1 10.1 11.4
0.3
0.2
13
30
520/618 Bureau of Standards, borosilicate crown....
( 4 S ) 66.5 7.8 9.8 5.9
7.8 2.0
0.2
7
31
520/520 Schott, high dispersion crown
0381(1151) ( 5 3 ) 6 8 . 7 15.7
2.0 13.3
0.1
0.2
Ua, 14, 17c
32
0381(1250) (* 8 ) 66.8 16.0
3.8 11.6 1.5 0.1
0.2
14
33
0381(1168) ( 6 8 ) 6 8 . 2 16.5
2.0 13.1
0.2
5, 7, lie
34
522/522 E. Posnjak, analyst
O381
(67) 67.40
15.15 0.14 0.39
3.8510.71
1.72 0.02 0.04 0.14
0.15
35
522/596 Schott, ordinary silicate crown
O1282
(35) 62.5 2.0 5.0 15.0 11.0 3
1.0
0.1
0.4
10
36
523/590 Ordinary crown
(!) 73.1 14.0 1.0 12.0
6,16
37
524/522 Chance, telescope
flint
4277 ( 9 ) 52.4 18.3 2.3 4.3 0.3
1.9
20.4 0.1
Ua, 13
38
522/511 Schott, telescope
flint
O2001
Of unknown composition, but probably differs but little from preceding
lie, 14, 176
39
527/546 Schott, telescope crown
O2388
Of unknown composition
14, 17a
40
529/516 Chance, extra light
flint
7863 ( 9 ) 66.8 9.2 3.9 0.4 5.2 7.1 0.3
7.0 0.1
13
41
537/512 Schott, borosilicateflint0152(1809) (30) 35.4 34.3 7.4
18.7 0.5 3.7
Ua, 16
42
540/598 Schott, light barium
flint
O227
( 68 ) 59.5 3.0 3.0 10.0 19.2 5.0
0.3
14
42a 541/596 Same, analysis
( 3 ) 59.13 3.04 3.16 9.70 0.1319.25 5.00 O 0.11 0.02 O
0.34
43
541/594 Chance, light barium crown
3463 ( 9 ) 57.1 1.8 13.7 0.3 26.9
0.2
0.1
13
44
541/469 Schott, light
flint
O726 62.6 4.5 8.5
24.1
0.3
126
45
545/503 Schott, light borosilicate
flint
O658
(66) 32.75 31 1 3
25.0
7 0.06
0.25
4, 7, 10, 15, 16
46
547/458 Chance, light
flint
458 ( 9 ) 59.7
12.6 0.3
26.9
0.3
"
0.1
13
47
549/461 Schott, extra light
flint
O378
( 68 ) 59.3 5.0 8.0
27.5
0.2
5,7
48
549/455 Chance, light
flint
1018 ( 9 ) 60.6
13.9 0.3 2.5
22.5 0.3
0.1
13
49
552/514 Chance, light barium
flint
1078 ( 9 ) 56.4
12.0 0.3 15.1 4.1 11.1
0.2
0.7
13
50
552/517 Chance, light barium
flint
5062 ( 9 ) 55.9
13.3 0.3 14.8 4.1 10.7 0.2
0.7
13
51
552/510 Bureau of Standards, barium
flint
( 4 8 ) 58.8 1.7 1.7 8.3 14.3 2.5 12.7
7
52
553/530 Schott, barium
flint
O846
( 6 8 ) 5 6 . 2 1.5 11.0 15.0 9.0 7.0
0.3
10. 126, 17o
* Contains also 7.5 % F.
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S - T 9 (99)
9 - 8 S - ZS 8 - 0 9 - 6 S'8
8 - 6f (G)
O-ST O'fT
9-6 9-T
9 - T 9 (99)
f'Z 8-0 6-6
8 - S9 (G)
g-0 T - T T
6 - 99 (G)
sjajgip îq^qoad nq 'uoitsoduioo uMOU5{un jo
| 9-f | 8-0 | O'STJ
|
| Z'Z9| (G)
IO 8O28V 9O28V 8O^S 8 O ZU HI 8 O 29 ^ 8O2IV O3H O0UI OUZ O^3 OÔ O2S O 2 ^N O29
OIS
SOTO
6T6O
8UO
T98
80TO
99OT
SfZS
ZfIf
8TTO
99OS
9908
TZOSO
8ZS^
60STO
6SOTO
99STO
SSTSO
89Z6
SZfZ
99f
8Z9O
9ZSO
ZOf
SSZO
"
S^BU ^Bfusoj '3 'ara^g 8gg/6f9 00;
V3W a>H!8 Aâq 'oqog

nip aBoms Arempjo'oqog
nig BAreq'oqog
WU asuap 'aouiqo
mn aw>ins Arempjo'oqog
WU rampa^
UMOJO uinum} asuap'aomnjo
WU a8 uap'aouuqo
uijj asuap'aoutqQ
S^BUB'uaflV \L 'H' araB S
mg adonis-JBuipJo'oqog
UMOJO ranuBq asuap'aouBqo
UMOJO mnutq asuap'aou^qo
BIS^BUB 'araeg
'"UMOJO B&req saiABaq Vwoqog
UMOJO ranuBq aeuap'aouBqQ
SIS^BUB'auiBg
UMOJO BÂiBq saiABaq'noqog

UMOJO uintreq asuaQ
WW umuBg
WB umuBq 'noqog
UMOJO uinueq asuap 'ôqog
UMOJO mnu^q asuap'aou^qo
;uiy ^qSq'spj^pu^g jo n^jng
UMOJO ranuBq ranipaui'aouBqQ
ÛTU uinutq ^qSi 1 'aou^qQ
S^BUB '^fusoj -3 'aui^g
ÛTU tunti^q ^qSq'ôqog
mu q8n 4spjBpuBg jo iwsajng
uin q3n Arempjo'oqog
U ^qSR'aou^qo
SIS^BUB auiBg
UMOJO ranuBq qn'oqog
^ U B ^3H 'ôqog
^ U B .SH 'aou^qo
UAVOJO uinu^q qSq'oqog
UMOJO uinuBq q3r[
UMOJO ranuBq ranipara 'aouBqo
WB H3H
-UAVOJO uinutjq 'spj^pu^g jo neajng
B^BUB ua n v -X '3 '^Bg
UMOJO ranuBq q3ii'oqog
UMOJO umuBq q3ji'oqog
WU uinuBq q3q 'ôqog
SIS^BUB'auiBg
fSTO
ZTOT
8fTO
S006
TTSO
TTSO
ZS9O
f9TO
S09O
69ff
8f9O
999
8998
89fO
886Z
UJU qSq'ôqog
^nin uinuBq q3n'oqog
nm ranuBq q3 n 'aouBqQ
urg uinrjBq qSrt'ôqog
uiu uinu^q qq'aou^qQ
uig qSq'aouuqo
WB umuBq qSij 'oqog
uig uinij^q ^qSi 1 'aou^qp
8TU13
"in
TfS/9f9
^g/289
I68/Z29
T98/S9
I98/I&9
OZ8/9T9
x99/9T9
OZS/ST9
69S/ST9
698/H9
698/8T9
899/8T9
869/8T9
899/609
S69/3I9
069/ST9
899/OT9
OO
66
86
Z6
96
96
f6
86
S6
J0
T6
06
68
88
Z8
98
98
U9/OT9
f8
OZ9/809 88
Off/909
S8
88f /f09
T8
909/T69
08
XT9/889 6Z
gof/989 8Z
X99/f89 ZZ
99f/889
9Z
89f/889 ^
69f/889
6T/89
m/ig9
80f/6Z9
889/089
ifo/ezs
8Of/9Z9
fXf/9Z9
XZ9/fZ9
OZ9AZ9
/,Z9AZ9
OSf/8Z9
Z99/8Z9
fZ9/8Z9
9Z9/8ZS
089/8Z9
f09/SZ9
9Z
fZ
8Z
SZ
J^
TZ
OZ
69
89
Z9
99
99
f9
fid
89
S9
T9
r>09
Q8f/TZ9
089/899
099/999
Z6f/899
Off/899
6Sf/899
SS/X99
T9f/899
8d
^X
09
69
89
Z9
99
99
f9
89
.pul
Ind
Type
Name
I Lit.
SiO2
flint
337 ( 9 ) 40.6
flint
O102
(53)40.0
B 2 OaNa 2 O K2O CaO BaO ZnO PbO MgOAl 2 O 3 Fe 2 OaIMn 2 O 3 Sb 2 O 3 As 2 O 5 As 2 O 3 Cl

7.5 0.2
0.5 6.5
51.5 0.2
52.6
0.1
SO 3 H 2 O
Table No.
101
102
647/337 Chance, extra dense

650/322 Schott, heavy silicate
103
104
105
106
107
108
655/330
668/356
680/317
717/295
717/295
751/276
109
110
111
112
113
114
116
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
188a
&3
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
755/275 Schott, heavy silicate

flint
O165
( 68 ) 28.4
2.5
69
0.1
7,9,15
756/270 Extra dense
flint
O) 28
3
69
6, 16
778/265 Schott, very heavy silicate flint O198
(8)27.3
1.5
71
0.1
5, 7, Uc
8
890/226 Schott, very heavy silicate flint S163
( ) 22.0
78.0
14, 15, 17c
905/217 Schott, heaviest silicate
flint
S208
(66) 20
80
2, Ua
963/197 Schott, heaviest silicate
flint
S57
(68) 18
82
7, 14, 15, 16
Kavalier combustion tube
(?) 79.57
0.6611.60 7.80
0.11 0.32 0.04
111
Experimental glass #7
165
(66)73.8
10.5 7.0 5.0
3.5 0.2
2,4
( 6 6 ) 7 0 . 2 12.0 10.3
3.0 4.5
2,4
( 3 4 ) 6 9 . 5 2.0 7.0 16.0
2.5 2.5
0.4
2,4
34
( ) 68.2 10
10
9.5
2.0
0.2
4
1419
(34)67.9
16.8
5.8 8.1 1.0 0.1
0.3
2,4
4
(* ) 67.7 8.0 10.0
9.0
5
0.3
4
Normal thermometer
16m
(66) 67.3 2
14
7
7
2.5
0.2
2, 4, 7, 126
43
Same, analysis
( ) 66.58 0.9114.80 Tr.
7.18
6.24
0.17 3.84 Tr. 0.28
Jena combustion, analysis
(7) 66.90 7.22 1.25 2.40 7.94 7.27 0.61 6.38 0.22
111
172
( 3 4 ) 6 4 . 4 12 8
11
4.5
0.1
2
290
(66) 58.7
33 8
0.3
2,4
111
164
(34) 55.0 14
14
17
2
(66)54.8
28
17
0.2
2,4
121m
(34) 51.3 14
25 5
4.5
0.2
2
( 6 6 ) 4 4 . 2 0.5 8
47
0.1
0.2
2,4
(66) 34.5 10.2
42
7.8
5
0.5
4
(6) 70.0
16.8
4.5 6.6 1.5 0.1
0.5
126
VS1419 (6) 67.9
16.8
5.8 8.1
1.0 0.1
0.3
126
O1722 (6) 69.64
17.0
5.0 5.3 2.6
0.06 0.4
126
507/614 Schott, light borate crown
S205
(68)
69.1 8.0
4.7
18.0
0.2
2,4,7,14,15,
135
510/600 Schott, borate crown
136
137
138
139
140
519/609
523/614
573/469
658/489
666/392
141
142
143
144
516/703 Schott, light phosphate crown

522/697 Schott, light phosphate crown
558/670 Schott, phosphate crown
562/646 Schott, medium phosphate crown
145
146

0.09
13
5, 7, 9, lie,
0.3
14, 17c
Heavy
flint
C 1 ) 42
3 3
52
Chance, very dense barium
flint
4675 ( 9 ) 36.6
4.9 0.2 13.6 4.7 39.2 0.2
Schott, heavy silicate
flint
O192
() 38.0
5.0
56.8
0.04
Chance, very dense
flint
4141 ( 9 ) 35.1
2.8 0.1
61.8 0.1
flint
O41
(68) 33.7
4
62.0
flint
O500
() 29.3
3
67.5
6,16
0.6
0.2
Uc, 13
10, 16, 17a
13
0.2
0.3
5, 7, Ua, 16
2, 4, 14, 16,
0.2
17c
16
Schott, borate crown

Schott
Schott, borate
flint
Schott, zinc borate
Schott, borate
flint
S204
VS458
S185
VS428
S665
S120
O225
S219
S206
S179
S40
S95
(68)
63.8
(68)
64.0
(68)
71.8
(68)
56.0
(68) 41
(68)
42.8
P2Q5
(68) 70.5 3.0
(66) 69.5 3.0
( 6 6 ) 5 9 . 5 3.0
( 5 3 ) 57
3.0
( 5 1 ) 59.5
(66) 56.0
3.0
3.0
8.0
3.5
3.5
3.0
18.0
30
22.4
12.0
32.0
59
52
12.0
12.0
28.0
37
0.2
5.8
28
38
0.2
2
0.5
1.5
1.5
5.0
1.5
2
7
2, 7, 14
4.0 10.0
4.0 10.0
1.5
Li2Q
7,116
6.0
5.0
8.0
14, 17c
1.5
1.5 3.0
1.5
2,7,9,15
2
2,4,7,15
14, 17c
Di 2 Q 3
15,7
2
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS

Density
The density of glass is dependent not only on its composition but
also on its thermal history; variation in the latter factor may cause
differences of 0.002. Figures 1-5 give the density-composition
relations for a number of annealed experimental glasses. The
density of four series of glasses of the general formula 100 SiO2 20
or 40 Na2O (or 20 or 40 K 2 O) zCaO can be represented by the
equation d = mz + b, in which x weight % CaO. Values of
m, b and the range of x are: For 20 Na 2 O: 0.0124, 2.368, 3.7 - 23.7
%; for 40 Na 2 O: 0.0092, 2.475, 3.2 - 21 %; for 20 K 2 O: 0.0097,
2.386, 3 - 2 2 %; for 40 K 2 O: 0.0089, 2.464. 2.7 - 18.6 % ( 45 ).
The density of multicomponent commercial and experimental
glasses is given in Table 2 and of optical glasses in Table 13.
FIG. 3.Density of some alkali-lead oxide 46

glasses of the approximate
composition shown ( ).
FIG. 1.Density of the ternary Na2U-CaO-SiO2

glasses. Composition
in weight % ( 41 ).
FIG. 4.Density of some alkali-barium oxide47glasses of the approximate composition shown ( ).
FIG. 2.Density of some glasses obtained from Na2O.3SiO2 by

substitution of CaO, MgO, AhOa19 or20 TiU2
for Na2U. Exact compositions are given in the originals ( 24 5S ).
FIG. 5.Density of some Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 glasses.

Exact compositions are given in the original ( 2S ).
TABLE 2.PROPERTIES OF SOME MULTICOMPONENT GLASSES

Serial Ind.
No.
No.
1
la
2
Type
1 Pyrex laboratory
la Pyrex radio
3 496/644
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
6
7
12
14
15
21
22
23
60
62
63
84
100
108
113
116
117
118
119
120
122
124
125
126
127
128
129
30
31
32
33
134
137
139
140
34
35
36
37
141
142
143
146
Thermometer, 59m
506/602
511/640
513/637
513/573
516/536
517/609
517/602
571/430
573/580
573/576
610/574
645/341
751/276
905/217
165HI
Thermometer, 16m
Borate glasses
507/614
523/614
653/508
666/392
Phosphate glasses
516/700
522/697
558/670
567/656
ComTensile
pressive
Thermal expansion
strength
Density
strength
IO6 AZ
3
g/cm
I At
Unit = 1 kilo-megabarye; 1 megabarye
= 14.50 lb./in.2 = 1.020 kg/cm 2
2.25' (12) 611(12)
3.2 (19-35O0X")
3.0
2.370(66) 715(65) 0.197(59) 0.68(66) 12.4(66)
Young's Poisson's
modulus
ratio
2.370(66)
2.5 (68)
2.47(68)
2.47(68)
2.572(66)
2.6 (68)
2.49(68)
2.580(66)
3.21(68)
3.21(68)
3.532(66)
3.879(66)
4.731(66)
5.944(66)
2.479(66)
2.378(66)
711(65)
644(65)
731(65)
781(65)
637(65)
0.20(12)
0.204(65)
5.90 (0-100)(34)
0.221(59)
0.210(59)
0.213(59)
0.226(59) 0.83(66)
0.219(59)
704(65)
647(65) 0.231(59) 0.66(66)
598(65) 0.222(59)
727(65)
783(65)
535(65)
537(65)
499(65)
717(65)
704(65)
621(65)
782(65)
2.629(66) 651(65)
2.585(66) 732(65)
2.424(66)
2.518(66) 589(65)
2.480(66)
2.668(66) 573(65)
2.848(66) 709(65)
3.578(66) 528(65)
Specific
heat
g-cal/g
0.252(59)
0.271(59)
0.224(59)
0.239(59)
0.261(59)
7.97 (17.5-94.7)(51)
9.6(66)
8.83 (18.7-90.5)(34)
9.0(66) 9.63 (17-95.5)(5i)
7.93 (12.9-97.6)(5i)
7.90 (18.9-93.1)(Si)
0.73(66) 8.3(66)
0.53(66) 8.3(66)
0.52(66) 6.6(66)
0.35(66) 5.9(66) 9.33 (24.5-84)(51)
0.82(66) n.i(66)
0.80(66) 9.7(66)
0.140(65)
0.196(65)
0.221(59)
0.66(66)
9.7(66)
0.228(59)
8.03 (14.6-92.2)(34)
0.253(59) 0.77(66)
6.7(66)
0.261(59) 0.81(66)
7.2(66)
0.60(66)
7.6(66)
0.209(65)
0.189(65)
0.204(65)
4.57 (12.69-89.8)(34) 0.162(65)
2.243(66) 461(65) 0.274(59) 0.57(66)

2.238(66)
0.273(59)
3.527(66) 801(65) 0.319(59)
3.691(66)
8.0(66) 6.71 (14.4-94.4)(5i)
2.588(66)
2.588(66) 664(65) 0.235(59)
3.070(66) 620(65) 0.253(59)
3.238(66)
0.272(59)
9.30 (17.7-92.7)(5i)
7.0(66)
7.4(66) 8.70 (20.3-92.2)(51)
0.55(66)
0.75(66)
3.33 (10.35-92.9)(51)
0.218(65)
0.232(65)
0.166(65)
0.136(65)
0.190(65)
0.159(65)
0.146(65)
Viscosity
For definition of viscosity see vol. 1, p. 42. The variation
of viscosity with composition and with temperature in the ternary
system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 is shown in Figs. 6-12; the effect of replacement of CaO by MgO or by Al2O3, in Figs. 13 and 14 respt.
and the temperature-viscosity curves of a number of exprimenta
glasses are shown in Fig. 15 and of optical glasses in Fig. 16.
FIG. 8.Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO612 at 1100.

broken line is the liquidus curve at 1100 ( ).
The
FIG. 6.Log isokoms (lines of constant viscosity) in the system

Na2O-CaO-SiO2, at 900. Viscosity in log poises; composition in
weight
%. The broken line is the liquidus curve at 900. Cf. Fig. 20
( 61 ).
FIG. 9.Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 61

at 1200.
FIG. 7.Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 61

at 1000.
The
The
FIG. 12.Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 at 1500 (i).
FIG. 10.Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 at 1300.

The mixtures at this temperature
are all above the liquidus surface,
except a few high in SiO2 ( 61 ).
FIG. 11.Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 at 1400 (i).
FIG. 13.Effect on viscosity of replacing

CaO by MgO in the mixture 1.2Na2O 0.8
CaO 6SiO2, at different temperatures.
Viscosity in poises O 4 - 1 ).
FIG. 14.Effect on
viscosity of replacing
CaO by Al2O3 in the
mixture 1.1Na2O 0.9
CaO 6SiO2, at different
temperatures f 1 4 - 1 ).
FIG. 17.Surface tension of Na2O-CaO-SiO2 mixtures at 1206 ( 6 ^).
FIG. 15.Variation of log viscosity, in poises, with

temperature, of a
number of experimental glasses ( 14 ).
FIG. 18.Surface tension of NazO-CaO-SiOs mixtures at 1454 ( 61 ).
FIG. 16.Variation of viscosity with temperature

in number of
optical glasses ( 61>1 ).
Surface Tension
The variation of surface tension with composition in the ternary
Na2O-CaO-SiC>2 glasses at constant temperature is shown in Figs.
17 and 18; the variation with temperature in Fig. 19.
FIG. 19.Variation of surface tension with temperature ( 61 ).
Strength
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
The strength of glass is so greatly influenced by its thermal

history (33) and the condition of its surface (38) that the values
given are of uncertain significance and should be used only with
an ample factor of safety.
Values of tensile and compressive strength of a number of
glasses are given in Table 2. The strength of glass fibers as a
function of thickness is given by Griffith ( 33 ). The following summarizes the data for tubes, determined on a glass of unknown
composition.
Melting Point Diagrams

The melting point diagrams showing the compositions of the
crystalline solid phases which may exist in equilibrium with liquid
and the relation between equilibrium temperature and composition
of that liquid are not known for most of the glass-forming systems.
Figures 20 and 21 give these for the ternary system Na2O SiO2CaO SiO2-SiO2 and the binary system PbO-SiO2.
TABLE 3.BURSTING STRENGTH OF GLASS TUBES ( 44 )

Maximum fiber stress, Tn, calculated from the formula
jl"
/_PJLl\
Tm = 4 5Pm + 71 (R-]2 - i J- 1 (unit = IO6 barye)
NV* /
Range of radii, R, mm
Shape of tubes
External,
R
Internal,
R'
Thick walled..
9-18
3-6
Capillary
5-7
0.24-1.0
Thin walled.. 3.8-7.8 3.4-7.3
N um _ Range Of
ber
bursting
tubes pressures,
tested
Pm
9
16
17
Max.
fiber
stress,
Tm
var.**
from
mean,
%
470
902
628
14
27
20
230-380
420-1200
54-377
Elastic Properties
Young's modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, cr, for a number of
commercial and experimental glasses are given in Table 2; the
rigidity and bulk moduli, C and K, are related to these through
the equation C = E/2(1 + a] and K = E/3(1 - 2a). The variation of E, in kilo-megabaryes, with weight % of CaO is given by the
equation E = 13.9?/ +565.6, in the range 0-11% CaO (1O*).
The variation of Young's modulus with temperature is shown in
Table 4.
FIG. 20.Melting point diagram of the system

Na2O-CaO-SiO2.
Composition in weight % ( 39 ).
TABLE 4.THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ELASTICITY ( 66 )

EL = E2Q [1 a(t 20)0]; range, room temp, to max . (unit: IO9
barye)
lnd. No.
^p8es
J20
logio
logio/3
U.
3 4 9 6 / 6 4 4 7 5 2 9 . 0 1 8 0 . 4 2 8 4 8 2
7
506/602
655
4.618
O
448
12
511/640
740
4.352
O
475
15
513/573
684
5.912
0.065
409
22
517/609
709
4.369
O
433
23
517/602
654
_4.575
O
394
45
545/503
549
1^.452
0.706
383
60
571/430
609
0.973
0.499
374
63
573/575
744
J.923
0.165
427
100
645/341
540
24.492
0.945
340
108
751/276
539
8.634
0.401
357
116
738
5.543
0.082
460
117
721
5.114
O
482
118
4.616
O
434
119
817
_J.248
O
447
120
652
15.401
0.717
433
121
741
11.092
0.553
407
122
730
6.435
0.232
426
125
604
5.696
0.113
455
127
577
_4.193
O
417
129
532
13.897
0.643
413
130
798
5.33C
0.094
486
134
507/614
492
4.449
O
281
143
558/670
631
6.230
0.255
412
FIG. 21.-Melting point diagram of the system PbO-SiO 2 C 11 ).
TABLE 5.THERMAL CONSTANTS OF REPRESENTATIVE GLASSES

Glasses are undercooled
liquids, and hence have no
melting points. Following are
some of the empirical definitions
that have been proposed for
characterizing glasses as to
their thermal behavior, and
the corresponding temperatures for some representative
glasses, (a) Annealing temperature ( 6 2 ): the temperature at
which the ratio of final to initial
strain is a minimum, when heating and cooling are carried out
in a prescribed manner; v. also
Table 6 and Figs. 22, 23 and 24.
(b) Deformation temperature
( 62 ) : the lowest temperature at
which, after 6 hr, one observes
a deformation of the polished
faces of a 20 mm cube embedded
in kieselguhr with a diagonal
vertical, (c) Cohesion temperature ( 69 ): the lowest temperature at which 2 plane polished
pieces, 2 mm thick, 10 mm
diameter, will coalesce in 30
min. (d) Softening temperature, for pyrex ( 12 ): the
temperature at which a rod 9
in. long and 0.6 mm diameter
lengthens under its own weight
at the rate of 1 mm per min
when heated in an electric furnace throughout its upper 9.5
cm of length. For the rest of
the glasses ( 69 ), the constant
to in the empirical 3-constant
equation (t0 f) (S + S0) = C,
expressing the relation between
the stress, S (measured by birefringence), produced by quickly
cooling a cm cube from the
temperature t. (e) Flow temperature ( 63 ): the temperature
at which a 25 mm cube embedded in kieselguhr with diagonal
vertical flows until the corner
cannot be detected, in the given
time.
TABLE 5.CONSTANTES THERMIQUES DES VERRES REPRSENTATIFS
Les verres sont des liquides

surfondus, et par consquent ne
possdent pas de point de
fusion. Dans ce qui suit, on
trouvera quelques-unes des
dfinitions empiriques qui ont
t proposes pour caractriser
les verres en se basant sur la
faon dont ils se comportent au
point de vue thermique, et les
tempratures correspondantes
pour quelques verres reprsentatifs, (a) Temprature de recuit ( 62 ) : c'est la temprature
laquelle le rapport de la tension
finale la tension initiale devient minimum, lorsque la conduite du chauffage et du
refroidissement est effectue
d'une manire prescrite; voir
aussi Table 6. (b) Temprature de dformation ( 6 2 ): c'est
la temprature la plus basse
laquelle on observe, aprs six
heures, une dformation des
faces polies d'un cube de 20
mm de ct, dispos dans du
kieselguhr avec une diagonale
verticale, (c) Temprature de
cohsion ( 69 ) : c'est la temprature la plus basse laquelle deux
pices polies planes de 2 mm
d'paisseur et de 10 mm de
diamtre s'accoleront en trente
minutes, (d) Temprature de
ramollissement; pour le Pyrex
( 12 ) : c'est la temprature laquelle une baguette de 23 cm de
long, et de 0,6 mm de diamtre
s'allonge sous son propre poids
raison de 1 mm par min, la
baguette tant chauffe dans
un four lectrique sur une longueur de 9,5 cm. Pour le reste
des verres ( 69 ), la constante t0
dans l'quation empirique 3
constantesOo -t)(S + S0) = C,
exprimant la relation entre la
tension, S (mesure par birfringence), produite par un
refroidissement rapide d'un
cube de 1 cm de ct de la
temprature t. (e) Temprature
d'coulement (63) : c'est la
temprature laquelle un cube
de 25 mm de ct, dispos dans
du kieselguhr, avec une diagonale verticale, s'coule d'une
faon telle que le coin ne peut
plus tre dcel dans un temps
donn.
TAFEL 5.-THERMISCHE KONSTANTEN TYPISCHER GLASSORTEN

Glser sind unterkhlte Flssigkeiten und haben deshalb
keinen Schmelzpunkt. Im folgenden sind einige empirische
Definitionen angegeben, welche
zur Charakterisierung des thermischen Verhaltens von Glsern
herangezogen werden. Auf die
entsprechende Temperatur so
bezogen, ist das thermische Verhalten einiger typischer Glassorten ebenfalls angegeben,
(a) Khltemperatur ( 62 ): Die
Temperatur bei welcher das
Verhltnis der Endspannung
zur Anfangsspannung ein Minimum ist, wenn Erwrmung und
Khlung in vorgeschriebener
Weise erfolgt. Siehe Tafel 6 und
Fig. 22, 23 und 24. (o)
Deformations-Temperatur ( 62 ):
Die tiefste Temperatur bei
welcher nach 6 Stunden eine
Deformation der polierten
Flchen eines 20 mm Wrfels
bemerkt wird, welcher in Kieselgur eingebettet ist (mit vertikaler Diagonale), (c) KohsionsTemperatur ( 69 ): Die tiefste
Temperatur bei welcher zwei
plan geschliffene Flchen, 2 mm
dick, 10 mm Durchmesser in 30
Minuten zusammenschmelzen.
(d)
Erweichungs-Temperatur
fr Pyrex-Glas ( 12 ): Die Temperatur bei welcher ein Stab von
23 cm Lnge und 0,6 mm Durchmesser, bei der Erhitzung der
ersten obern 9,5 cm seiner
Lnge, im elektrischen Ofen,
unter dem eigenen Gewicht eine
minutliche Verlngerung um l
mm erfhrt. Fr den Rest der
Glser ( 69 ) ist I0 die Konstante
der empirischen Gleichung (drei
Konstanten) (I0 - t) (S + S0) =
C, welche die Beziehung zum
Druck S herstellt, der durch
eine rasche Khlung von der
Temperatur t herunter in einem
l cm Wrfel erzeugt wird
(Druckmessung
nach
der
Doppelbrechung), (e) FlussTemperatur ( 63 ). Ist die Temperatur bei welcher ein 25 mm
Wrfel in Kieselgur eingebettet
(diagonal, vertikal) zerfliesst,
so, dass in der gegebenen Zeit
die Ecken nicht mehr erkannt
werden knnen.
TABELLA 5.COSTANTI TERMICHE DI VETRI

TIPICI
I vetri sono liquidi sopraraffreddati e non hanno perci
punto di fusione.
Qui sono indicate alcune delle
propriet proposte per caratterizzare i vetri dal punto di vista
del loro comportamento termico, e sono riportate le temperature corrispondenti per
alcuni vetri tipici, (ci) Temperatura di (ricottura) ( 6 2 ): la
temperatura alla quale minimo
il rapporto fra tensione finale e
iniziale, quando riscaldamento e
raffreddamento vengono eseguiti in una maniera prescritta.
Vedi pure Tabella 6, e Fig. 22,
23 e 24. (6) Temperatura di
deformazione ( 6 2 ): la temperatura pi bassa alla quale, dopo
sei ore, si osserva deformazione
delle facce pulimentate di un
cubo di 20 mm immerso nella
farina fossile con una diagonale
in posizione verticale, (c)
Temperatura di adesione ( 69 ):
la temperatura pi bassa alla
quale aderiscono in 30 minuti
due pezzi pulimentati a superficie piana di 2 mm di spessore
e 10 di diametro, (d) Temperatura di rammollimento. Per
il Pyrex ( 12 ) la temperatura
alla quale una bacchetta di
23 cm di lunghezza e 0,6 mm
di diametro si distende sotto il
proprio peso alla velocit di 1
mm per minuto quando sia
scaldata in un forno elettrico
lungo i 9,5 cm superiori di
lunghezza; per gli altri vetri
( 69 ) la costante t0 nella
equazione empirica a 3 costanti (t0 - t) (S + S0) = C, esprimente la relazione tra sforzo,
S (misurato dalla birifrangenza),
prodotto raffreddando rapidamente un cubo di un centimetro
dalla temperatura t. (e) Temperatura di scorrimento ( 63 ):
la temperatura alla quale un
cubo di 25 mm immerso in
farina fossile con una diagonale
disposta verticalmente, scorre
fino a non potersi pi distinguere
il vertice nel tempo indicato.
Ind. No.
CoAnneal- Deform- hesion

ing (a) ation (6)
(c)
1
3
12
17
24
47
57
63
70
71
80
87
90
91
98
100
107
111
Flow temperatures (e]
Softening (d)
30 min
2 hr | 6 hr
815(12)
570(62) 603(69) 648(69)
850(63) 815(63) 755(63)
495(62) 605(62) 583(69) 565(69) 810(63) 795(63) 780(63)
585
565
410
390
590
645
650
645
460
585
430
555
505
632
632
484
632
694
694
686
486
547
493
465
457
647
498(40) 740
640
639
499
642
681
735
681
490
595
491
473
469
725
685
910
885
860
845
845
870
840
730
780
660
805
830
835
815
695
730
645
785
795
820
800
680
685
630
FIG. 23.Annealing temperatures of glasses derived from Na 2 O 3SiO2, by substitution of CaO, MgO, Al
2 O 3 or TiO2 for Na2O. Exact
compositions are given in the original ( 1 5 17 21, ss).
FIG. 22.'Annealing temperature of Na2O-SiO2 glasses ( 14 ).

Annealing Temperature
Figures 22, 23 and 24 show the relation between annealing
temperature and composition of a number of experimental glasses;
in these, the annealing temperature is that at which strain disappears rapidly. Table 6 gives the annealing constants of a
number of optical glasses.
TABLE 6.ANNEALING TEMPERATURES
Values of M\ and M2 in equation logio A = MiQ M2, in
which O = temp., 0C, and M i and M2 are experimental constants,
from which may be calculated the annealing constant A. The
annealing temperature is defined as that temperature at which the
strain will decrease from 50 to 2.5/z/x in 2 min, calculated from
the formula At = I/An 1/An0 in which t = time in min, An =
birefringence in up.
Ind.No.
Type
M1
M,
ff%
19
36
65
67
82
83
95
103
110
516/620
523/590
573/420
574/570
606/440
608/570
616/370
655/330
756/270
0.030
0.029
0.033
0.032
0.028
0.038
0.038
0.037
0.033
18.68
17.35
15.92
20.10
16.28
24.95
18.34
17.51
15.03
599
573
461
606
556
638
464
454
434
FIG. 24.Annealing temperatures and thermal expansions of glasses

derived from 1.2Na2O 0.8CaO 6SiO2 by substitution of CaO by MgO;
and from 1.1Na2O 0.9CaO 6SiO2 by substitution of CaO by Al2O3
(21 25).
Coefficient of Expansion
The linear coefficient of expansion, a = 106AZ/ZA, of multicomponent commercial and experimental glasses is given in Tables 2
and 7 and for a systematic series of experimental glasses in Figs.
24-28.
TABLE 7.COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION
(V. also Table 2) I = I0 (1 + ICT6^)
^
~~13
17
23
24
26
28
30
33
45
47
51
54
61
64
OL Range, 0C
Lit.
^'
9.12
18-97
(34)71
7.79
(69)
74
9.20 37 (mean) (34)
10.04 93 (mean) (34)
75
10.61 151 (mean) (34) 78
11.11 212 (mean) (34)
9.00
10.2
55.5
10.4
54.8
9.00
39.3
9.03
5.23
8.14
8.8
33.1
7.02
8.8
34.7
8.23
7.0
2.92
22-451
494-512
23-420
495-511
Lit.
(69)"
(48)
(48)
(69)
(48)
(48)
(69)
80
5.87
(48)
(48)
(48)
(48)
(48)
(48)
87
91
98
102
107
109
6.48
7.88
8.76
8.75
8.33
8.03
20-94
(69)
(5I)
(69)
(69)
(69)
(34)
(34) m
(34) 114
(69) 134
8.18
9.34
6.74
18-99
14-94
(69)
(5*)
(34)
22-494
519-550
(48)
(48)
136
138
5.60
5.37
(69) 141
9.30
10-93
23-499
569-610
(34) 145
8.71
(48) 122
*
(48) |
|
22-426
502-522
24-422
494-507
22-498
539-562
16-94
7-92
7.74
9.00
9.0
64.9
OL Range, 0C
(69)
11-99
0-100
0-100
(34)
(34)
18-93
(34)
21-100
( 5 ^)
-253 to
(2)
+100
|
FIG. 27.Thermal expansion of glasses derived from

Na2O 3SiO2 by
substitution of PbO for Na 2 O ( 4 2 ).
*Z = Z o J l + 10 [716.8 (TVlOO) + 48.33 (7/100) * + 9.02 (T/100 )* + 10.9

(TfIQQY] |.
FIG. 25.Thermal expansion of Na2O-SiOa glasses ( 2 ^).
FIG. 26.Thermal expansion of glasses derived from Na2O 3SiO2 bysubstitution of CaO, MgO, Al2Os
or TiO2 for Na 2 O. Exact compositions are given in the original ( 16 18> 23 > 5S ).
FIG. 28.Thermal expansion of Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 glasses ( 28 ).
SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heats of commercial and experimental glasses are
given in Table 2; Table 8 gives the specific heats of mineral glasses.
TABLE 8.MEAN SPECIFIC HEATS OF SILICATE GLASSES
g cali5/g per 0C; v. also Table 2
These determinations are the most accurate in the literature
and the compositions are well established ( 64 ).
Glass
10-10O010-30O010-500| O-700| 0-900| 0-1100
Anorthite, An
I
CaO Al2O3 2SiO2.. 0.1881 0.2152 0.2306 0.2406
Andesine, Abi An 1 .. 0.19320.2211
0.24840.2615
Albite, Ab
Na2O Al2O3 6SiO2. 0.1977 0.2238 0.2410
0.2640
Micro cline
K2O - Al2O3 6SiO2.. 0.1919 0.2163 0.2321 0.2431 0.25150.2598
Wollastonite
CaO-SiO 2
0.18520.20780.22080.2355
Diopside
CaO MgO 2SiO2.. 0.1938 0.2189 0.2333 0.2439
Magnesium
metasilicate
MgO SiO2
0.2040 0.2302 0.2474 0.2598
TABLE 9.THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (29)
_ AT
~
"
g-cal cm~2 sec"1 ( 0 C, cm-1)-1
Ind. No. Glass type
^0 | _ 7go | Q0
^{
(6) Dielectric strength. Unit: IO3 volts cm"1

T -,
Ind. AT
No.
15
Glass
,
type
Pyrex
513/573
70
136
576/408
519/609
Thickness
xtested,
^ j mm
6.35
0.41
1.42
2.28
0.41
1.49
~
D* &
..
Lit.
34
429
220
179
1000
240
252
1.60
(2)
(i 3)
(13)
(13)
(i 3)
(i 3)
(13)
(e) Energy adsorption in dielectric

Ind. No. I Type
| PF, % \\ Ind. No.|
Pyrex lab.
0.52
58
la
Pyrex radio 0.18
63
PA min
70
(Near 2) 464/656
6.14
84
3
501/659
11.46
91
17
516/640
6.80
96
22
519/604
7.85
102
33
526/513
22.6
104
38
529/518
2.94
111
Type
570/560
573/575
577/414
611/572
613/369
620/363
649/338
657/363
778/265
| PA min
2.81
2.68
1.82
1.90
1.54
1.39
1.40
1.48
2.60
TABLE 12.ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY

3
17
91
102
109
141
496/644
516/640
613/369
649/338
754/275
516/692
1.181
1.195
0.865
0.851
0.807
0.877
2.532
2.796
2.825
1.900
1.867
1.698
1.796
3.243
1.812
2.007
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
TABLE 10.MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ( 35 )
Magnetic susceptibility, K, in units of IO6 cgs, as function of
magnetic field-strength, H, in gausses
Ind.
No.
H = H =
H=
4
11
12
35
45
1350
1800 2200
-0.90-0.90 -0.90
-0.85-0.865-0.885
-0.93 -0.93 -0.93
-0.59-0.60 -0.607
-0.78-0.78 -0.78
Ind.
H = H =
1350 1800
52 -0.93-0.93
72 -0.91-0.92
75
-0.38
87 -0.95-0.95
105 -1.01-1.01
H=
| 2200
-0.93
-0.93
-0.395
-0.95
-1.01
TABLE 11.DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES

The factors which measure the value of a dielectric are: (a)
dielectric constant, e', (b) dielectric strength, measured by the
sparking voltage, and varying with the thickness of material tested;
and, (c) the energy taken up by the dielectric, measured either by
the phase angle, PA, between displacement current and charging
current, or by the power factor, PF, the cosine of the phase angle.
(a) Dielectric constant, e
Ind.
Glass
Ind.
Glass
T .,
T.,
XT
Lit.
Lit.
XT
No.
type
No.
type
Pyrex 4.83* (12) ~~8

604/438 7.71 (54.1)
(Near 2) 464/657 5.81 (54.1)
84
610/574 8.20 (54.1)
17
516/640 6.2
(13)
90
614/564 7.6
(13)
31
520/520 6.92 (54.1)
91
613/369 7.47 (54.1)
37
523/513 4.8
() j
96
620/362 6.8
(13)
41
537/512 6.7
() I 107
717/295 8.5
(* 3 )
60
569/426 6.5
() j (Near 917/ 16.2 (54.1)
113)
* (50 000 cycles. )
(a) Resistivity
Ind. No. 1, Pyrex: Surface resistivity (12): IO14 ohm at 34%
humidity, 5 X 10s ohm at 84% humidity. Volume resistivity
(12): IO14 ohm-cm.
(b) Conductivity, AC.' Unit: IO12 ohm"1 cm"1
Ind. No.
12
23
44
52
70
85
96
3
132
133
100 I 125 |
0.012 0.0703
0.0132 0.0672
0.005420.0418
0.0190 0.0416
0.0025 0.015
0.002560.0134
0.002330.00994
132
462
103
456
542
302
150 |
0.334
0.425
0.221
0.0968
O.0684
0.0406
0.039
2 650
1 692
1 400
175, |
1.59
2.32
1.57
0.5076
0.668
0.106
0.116
8 700
5 854
4 740
200 | Lit.
6.90
(6)
(6)
7.69
(6)
2.38
(6)
2.544
(6)
0.374
(6)
0.393
(6)
26 300 (6)
17 800 (6)
(6)
Unit: IO 7 ohm"1 cm"1

Ind. No.
6
8
122
t I K Il t I
u t
\\t\
250 129 402 4008 502 13 000 602 50 000

2506.77 400415.8 489 2 100
2502.5 409 90.8 500
345 600 1 178
(5)
(S)
(S)
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
The relations between composition and optical properties in
several systematic series are shown in Figs. 29-36. The properties
of typical optical glasses are shown in Table 13, which, together
with the compositions, was furnished by Chance Bros, and Co.,
Ltd. Table 14 gives the index for the infra-red and ultra-violet;
Table 15, the effect of temperature on index; Table 16, the effect
of pressure and strain; and Table 17, the absorption of light by
various glasses.
TABLE 13.DISPERSIONS OF TYPICAL OPTICAL GLASSES ( )

Mean
Ind.
No.
nD
dis-
persion
nF -nc
1.47850.00682
1.4980 .00763
1.5087 .00793
18
1.5160 .00809
10
1.5100 .00821
79
1.5881 .00962
20
1.5155 .00848
27
1.5175 .00856
29
1.5186 .00860
89
1.6130 .01025
43
1.5407 .00910
86
1.6118 .01037
16
1.5149 .00890
66
1.5744 .00995
90
1.6134 .01090
94
1.6150 .01097
77
1.5837 .01041
58
1.5661 .01029
37
1.5237 .01003
50
1.5515 .01067
40
1.5290 .01026
49
1.5523 .01075
76
1.5833 ,01251
53
1.5534 .01201
46
1.5472 .01196
48
1.5491 .01206
56
1.5677 .01291
55
1.5632 .01312
69
1.5746 .01388
72
1.5787 .01420
93
1.6125 .01655
92
1.6134 .01662
97
1.6214 .01722
104
1.6683 .01876
101
1.6469 .01917
106
1.7167 .02430
/
D - l \1
I
\nF-nC/
Partial dispersions and

relative partial
dispersions
D-C
I F-D
Sp. gr.
G'-F
70.2 0.002020.004800.00363
.296
.704
.532
65.3 .00227 .00536 .00425
.298
.702
.557
64.1 .00237 .00556 .00445
.299
.701 .561
63.8 .00242 .00567 .00454
.299
.701 .561
62.1 .00246 .00575 .00462
.299
.701
.562
61.1 .00287 .00675 .00541
.298
.702
.563
60.8 .00250 .00598 .00482
.295
.705
.568
60.5 .00254 .00602 .00484
.297
.703
.565
60.3 .00254 .00606 .00489
.295
.705
.569
59.8 .00302 .00723 .00582
.294
.706
.568
59.4 .00268 .00642 .00517
. 295
.705
.568
59.0 .00305 .00732 .00590
.294
.706
.569
57.9 .00265 .00625 .00506
.298
.702
.569
57.7 .00292 .00703 .00567
.293
.707
.570
56.3 .00319 .00771 .00626
.292
.708
.575
56.1 .00323 .00776 .00630
.292
.708
.575
56.1 .00304 .00737 .00596
.292
.708
.573
55.0 .00301 .00728 .00591
.293
.707
.574
52.2 .00295 .00708 .00577
. 294
.706
.575
51.7 .00310 .00757 .00619
.291
.709
.581
51.6 .00300 .00726 .00593
.292
.708
.578
51.4 .00313 .00762 .00624
.291
.709
.581
46.6*
.00362 .00889 .00738
.289
.711 .590
46.1 .00347 .00854 .00711
.289
.711 .592
45.8 .00348 .00848 .00707
.291
.709
.591
45.5 .00348 .00858 .00714
.289
.711 .592
44.0 .00371 .00920 .00763
.288
.712 .591
42.9 .00375 .00937 .00781
.286
.714 .595
41.4 .00396 .00992 .00830
.285
.715 .598
40.8 .00406 .01014 .00851
.286
.714 .599
37.0 .00471 .00184 .01003
.285
.715 .606
36.9 .00473 .01189 .01008
.285
.715
.606
36.1 .00491 .01231 .01047
.285
.715 .608
35.G
.00533 .01343 .01147
.284
.716 .611
33.7 .00541 .01376 .01170
.282
.718 .610
29.5 .00686 .01744 .01511
I .282
The order is that of decreasing v.
.718 .622
2.47
2.40
2.46
2.54
2.50
3.31
2.48
2.49
2.49
3.58
2.90
3756
2.62
FIG. 29.Refractive index of Na2O-CaO-SiO2 glasses ( 41 ).
3.23
3.58
3.58
3.29
3.14
2.67
2.99
2.56
3.06
3.30
2.96
2.93
2.95
3.08
3.07
3.18
3.26
3.54
3.55
3.63
3.98
3.87
4.47
FIG. 30.Refractive index and y-value of K2O-CaO-SiO2 glasses of

the approximate composition shown ( 45 ).
FIG. 31.Refractive index and 7-value of Na2O-BaO-SiO

2 glasses of
the approximate composition shown ( 4 6 ).
FIG. 34.Refractive index and 7-value of K2O-PbO-SiO2 glasses of
the approximate composition shown ( 47 ).
FIG. 32.Refractive index and 7-value of K2O-BaO-SiO

2 glasses
of the approximate composition shown ( 4 6 ).
FIG. 35.Refractive index and 7-value of glasses derived from
Na 2 O 3SiO2 by substitution of Al2O103 or
TiO2 for Na2O. Exact
compositions are given in the original ( > 55).
FIG. 33.Refractive index and 7-value of Na2O-PbO-SiO

2 glasses
of the approximate composition shown ( 47 ).
FIG. 36.Refractive index and 7-value of Na2O-B2Os-SiO

2 glasses.
Exact compositions are given in the original ( 28 >
TABLE 14.REFRACTIVE INDICES FOR VARIOUS WAVE LENGTHS

Wa VP
Source
K 0 (A )
Ha(C)
Cdi
Na(D)
Cd2
Tl
Cd3
Cd4
H - 8 (F).....
Cd5
Cd6
Cd7
H7(G1)
Cd8
Cd9
Cd
Cd10
Cdn
Cd
Cd12
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cdia
Cdi4
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
K 0 (A 1 )
H0(C)
Cdi
Na(I)
Cd2
Tl
Cd3
Cd4
H0(F)
,
length
134(60)| 135(53)1 12(60)
Index number (from Table 1) and Lit.

24(60) I 25(60) | 31(53)
32(55) I 38(60) I 39(60)
42(60)
54(60) 144(53)| 57(60)
2200
1.4943
2000
1.4845
1.4967 1.4973
1.5390
1800
1.4884
1.4988 1.4999
1.5424
1600
1.4919
1.5008 1.5024
1.5452
1400
1.4950
1.5027 1.5048
1.5476
1200
1.4979
1.5048 1.5069
1.5497
1000
1.5009
1.5071 1.5096
1.5522
800
1.5044
1.5103 1.5131
1.5555
768
1.50426
1.511431.513681.51410
1.55651
656.3 1.50486 1.50742 1.50883 1.51436 1.51446 1.51712 1.51742 1.51932 1.52441 1.53755 1.55771 1.55957 1.56014
643.9 1.50525
1.50917 1.51482
1.51979 1.52490 1.53797 1.55821 1.55821 1.56068
589.0 1.50734 1.51007 1.51124 1.51693 1.51698 1.52002 1.52046 1.52231 1.52704 1.54025 1.56075 1.56207 1.56343
537.91.50976
1.513621.51957
1.525361.529611.542971.56375
1.56671
534.9
1.51287
1.519711.523271.52363
1.56476
533.81.51004
1.513861.51982
1.525681.529891.543211.56407
1.56689
508.6 1.51154 1.51447 1.51534 1.52143 1.52132 1.52525 1.52567 1.52754 1.53146 1.54489 1.56596 1.56643 1.56914
486.1
1.51610 1.51690
1.52299 1.52715 1.52752 1.52954 1.53303
1.56794 1.57148
479.9 1.51362 1.51662 1.51732 1.52361 1.52354 1.52782 1.52824 1.53007 1.53362 1.54714 1.56844 1.56847 1.57193
467.8 1.51461 1.51769 1.51828 1.52466 1.52451 1.52903 1.52946 1.53129 1.53464 1.54825 1.56968 1.56949 1.57333
441.61.51704
1.520661.52725
1.534361.537211.550931.57268
1.57667
434.0 1,517751.520921.52136
1.527781.533121.533411.53521 1.53790
1.572731.57764
398.8 1.52210
1.52546 1.53261
1.54075 1.54245 1.55646 1.57896
1.58375
361.2 1.52852 1.53195 1.53156 1.53943 1.53897 1.54664 1.54726 1.54897 1.549111.56354 1.58704 1.58330 1.59300
353.61.53010
1.54111
1.550711.56525
1.59526
346.7 1.53157 1.53509 1.53445 1.54272 1.54215 1.55068 1.55132 1.55300 1.55225 1.56689 1.59093 1.58632 1.59754
340.4 1.53307 1.53660 1.53586 1.54432 1.54369 1.55262 1.55330 1.55504 1.55379 1.56852 1.59279 1.58776 1.59978
334.51.53490
1.557461.555641.570461.59452
1.60248
328.4 1.53721
1.53982 1.54879
1.56043 1.55804 1.57296 1.59796
1.60593
326.41.53811
1.56157
1.60748
326.1
1.54046
1.547551.557701.55838
1.59138
323.61.53896
1.56004
1.60033
1.60900
322.1 1.53932
1.54168
1.563111.560861.575111.60081
1.61015
321.0
1.54204
320.21.53982
1.542381.55089
1.561751.57593
1.61189
318.51.54079
1.55175
1.565181.561931.578301.60263
315.7
1.544751.55414
1.56675
1.60475
313.3
1.54444 1.54536 1.55450 1.55159 1.56307 1.56381
1.56343 1.57870
308.1
1.54625 1.54839 1.55875 1.55343 1.56558 1.56632
1.56661 1.58293
306.5
1.567141.56714
298.0
1.55005
1.557231.570931.57176
288.0
1.55437
1.56161
283.7
1.55648
1.56372
276.3
1.56027
1.56759
2400
1.5440
1.6131
1.8286
2200
1.5463
1.6150
1.7082 1.8310
2000
1.5515 1.5487
1.6171
1.7104 1.8316
1800
1.5541 1.5512
1.6193
1.7127 1.8364
1600
1.5565 1.5535
1.6217
1.7151 1.8396
1400
1.5588 1.5559
1.6246
1.7180 1.8433
1200
1.5611 1.5585
1.6277
1.7215 1.8481
1000
1.5637 1.5615
1.6315
1.7264 1.8541
800
1.5673 1.5659 .
1.6373
1.7339 1.8650
768 1.567311.56782 1.56669
1.57508
1.60277
1.63820
1.73530 1.86702
656.3 1.57073 1.57120 1.57119 1.57568 1.57934 1.58848 1.60644 1.61574 1.62285 1.64440 1.65326 1.74368 1.87893
643.9
1.57619
1.58896
1.616561.62356
1.65435
589.0 1.57363 1.57422 1.57524 1.57893 1.58282 1.591441.60956 1.62073 1.62750 1.64985 1.65762 1.75130 1.88995
537.9
1.58211
1.59433
1.625781.63226
1.66146
534.9 1.57687 1.57746 1.57973
1.58689
1.61292
1.65601
1.75995 1.90262
533.8
1.58244
1.59463
1.626301.63274
1.66185
508.6 1.57883 1.57938 1.58247 1.58444 1.58941 1.59644 1.61504 1.62952 1.63577 1.65979 1.66423 1.76539
486.1 1.58079 1.58126 1.58515 1.58646 1.59178 1.59825 1.61706
1.66367 1.66670 1.77091 1.91890
Source
^ av ^
length
MM
Cd5
Cd6
Cd7
H7(G1)
Cd8
Cd9
Cd
Cdio
Cdn
Cd
Cdi2
Cd...
Cd
Cd
Cd...
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cdis
Cdi4
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Index number (from Table 1) and Lit.

68(55)
68(53) I 70(54) | 71(60) | 75(55) | 80(60)
TABLE 15.EFFECT OF CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE ON THE ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF GLASS

d
84(55) I 96(60) I 98(60) |1Q2(53)[139(60)1 108(53)1 112(53)
479.9 1.58132 1.58188 1.58594 1.58715 1.59257 1.59878 1.61770 1.63396 1.63992 1.66482 1.66742^.77256
467.8 1.58253 1.58306 1.58772 1.58848 1.59419 1.59996 1.618911.63615 1.64196 1.63725 1.66904 1.77609
441.6
1.59174
1.60285
1.641621.64704
1.67292
434.0 1.58651 1.5S7O 1.59355 1.59268 1.59920 1.60367 1.623201.64319
1.675611.674361.78800 1.94493
398.8
1.59852
1.60870
1.653331.65792
1.68104
361.2 1.59951 1.60022 1.61388 1.60726 1.61691 1.61622 1.63683 1.66933 1.67269 1.70536 1.69146 1.83263
353.6
1.60937
1.61800
1.67346
1.69400
346.7 1.60326 1.60399 1.62008 1.61148 1.62228 1.61978 1.64077 1.67753 1.68018 1.71485 1.69648 1.84731
340.4 1.60510 1.60583 1.62320 1.61356 1.62492 1.62148 1.642711.68160 1.68390 1.71968 1.69892 1.85487
334.5
1.61559
1.62356
1.686851.68838
1.70135
328.4
1.61922
1.62622
1.692651.69454
1.70408
326.4
1.62069
1.69356
1.70562
326.11.609731.610451.63134
1.63166
1.64754
1.73245
323.6
1.62159
322.1
321.0
Index number 108(54)
320.2
1.62256
318.5
1.62311
Wave
^
Wave
^
315.7
1.62462
length /A
length w
313.31.614461.615251.640241.626781.63908
1.65254 4.12
1.6688
1.216 1.7208
308.11.616641.617441.64453
1.64258
3.83
1.6758
936
1.7276
306.5
3.56
1.6821
769.93
1.735000
298.01.621221.622131.65397
3.24
1.6885
656.33
1.743488
288.01.626421.62742
2.98
1.6934
589.32
1.751094
283.71.628931.62997
2.71
1.6980
534.96
1.759751
276.3
2.40
1.7029
486.16
1.770658
2.02
1.7086
434.09
1.787782
1.625
1.7144
404.44
1.801758
* N
14
23
45
60
Type
513/637
517/602
545/503
571/430
61
572/504
63
573/576
84
610/574
Change in refractive index, 105An/A

Ai = 50
"
C
I D I F
I G' I LiT
52.8 +0.119+0.137+0.178+0.213 (51)
59.3 -0.129-0.105-0.060-0.010 (Si)
59.2 +0.267+0.299+0.356+0.410 (Si)
58.0 +0.226+0.250+0.307+0.360 (52)
149.6 +0.324 +0.362 +0.456 +0.548
251.5 +0.509 +0.568 +0.666 +0.768
351.5 +0.577+0.639+0.751+0.870
436.5 -1.861 -1.720 -1.504 -1.329
56.5 +0.014+0.045+0.107+0.150 (52)
157.1
0.094 0.111 0.179 0.246
0.144 0.167 0.249 0.355
261.5
0.217 0.249 0.350 0.461
357.0
61.2 0.024 0.035 0.092 0.099 (52)
154.0
0.096 0.113 0.152 0.186
257.0
0.156 0.174 0.223 0.258
358.0
0.221 0.247 0.297 0.340
55.9 0.394 0.410 0.504 0.528 (52)
0.419 0.444 0.543 0.517
148.0
251.0
0.455 0.489 0.603 0.629
356.5
0.509! 0.555 0.648 0.682j
Mean
+
temp
TABLE 15.EFFECT OF CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE ON THE ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF GLASS.(Continued)

_ .
,
Change in refractive index. 1O5An/Ai
d
ean
Type f
A/ = 50
N
temp
"
C
I D
I F
I G' I Lit"
91 613/369 55.1 0.244 0.281 0.389 0.503 (51)
109 755/275 57.7 0.703 0.778 1.058 1.294 (52)
126.0
0.916 1.051 1.302 1.668
176.5
0.960 1.092 1.430 1.714
231.0
1.127 1.237 1.632 1.993
280.5
1.277 1.396 1.790 2.140
325.0
1.382 1.544 1.960 2.405
1.758 1.904 2.263 2.893
379.0
112 890/226 60.5 1.119 1.278 1.752 2.161 (52)
125.5
1.275 1.442 1.959 2.477
177.5
1.379 1.594 2.098 2.617
250.5
1.577 1.783 2.396 2.992
330.0
1.808 2.027 2.753
114 963/197 62.6 1.218 1.472 2.110 2.800 (52)
156.2
1.579 1.809 2.536
233.0
1.928 2.251 3.212
281.0
1.591 1.911 2.918
134 507/604 60
-0.066-0.074-0.033-0.003 (Si)
141 516/703 58.1 -0.202-0.190-0.168-0.142 (Si)
145 562/665 60.3 -0.314 -0.305 -0.246 -0.237l ( 51 )
TABLE 16.EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON OPTICAL PROPERTIES

The birefringence produced by a thrust F is measured in terms
of the difference in index for white light of the two rays : ny nz =
BF, in which B = 4w/
7ya\\ V
)> *n which A = rigidity, V
V/
optical coefficients. The effect of uniform pressure, P',
^j1
ft
pt
/2??
calculated from the equation
= -gr (1 2<r) f +
and ->
V
can be
o\
-J,
in
which # and o- are Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Unit

of F = 10~13 barye.
^0
Type
19
36
41
45
60
65
67
82
83
95
96
100
103
105
107
108
110
114
134
516/620
523/590
537/512
545/503
571/430
573/420
574/570
606/440
608/570
616/370
621/361
645/341
655/330
680/317
717/295
751/276
756/270
963/197
507/614
-2.79
-2.52
-2.66
-3.70
-2.87
-3.13
-2.75
-3.03
-2.10
-3.06
-2.77
-2.56
-2.61
-2.17
-1.70
-1.30
-1.19
+1.88
-4.23
p/v
q/v
0.289
0.306
0.182
0.213
0.335
0.264
0.354
0.319
0.427
0.274
0.466
0.166
Lit.
(j
(*)
(30)
(so)
(5O)
(l)
C1)
C1)
(*)
C1)
(30)
(so)
(*)
(30)
(30)
( 5 O)
C1)
( 50 )
( 5 Q)
TABLE 176.FACTOR (1-A)

Absorption for 1 cm path for the visible spectrum ( 49 )
Ind. T
Wave length in pp
ype
No.
357 I 388
415
442 | 500 | 640
12 510/640 4.7
2.5
1.2
0 / 7 0 . 5
23 518/602 3.4
2.5
1.8
1.4
0.5
0.3
38 523/513 49
30
12
3.6
0.7
0.7
59 568/530 9
6
2.7
1.6
75 583/464 18
8.6
2.5
2.1
0.9
0.5
84 611/572 35
9.8
5.2
3.4
2.5
1.6
96 620/362 28
9.6
4.1
0.0
0.0
100 649/338 41
28
6_9
0.9
0.5
TABLE 17c.ABSORPTION CONSTANT, k, (I = Ioe~kd) FOR THEI
INFRA-RED SPECTRAL RANGE ( 53 )
Ind.
Wave length in p
No.
0.7 0.95 l . l | l . 4 1.7 2.0 2 . 3 J 2 . 5 2.7 2.9 sTl
25 0.010.040.050.010.010.090.200.340.510.73 1.24
31 0.02
0.010.010.020.060.110.230.290.791.15
68 0.02
0.03
0.050.070.110.170.340.751.31
70 0.00
0.01
0.020.050.080.180,250.621.09
102 0.00
0.02
0.010.020.020.030.110.410.69
108 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.010.080.300.63
112 0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.060.250.51
135 0.000.010.060.100.160.210.370.851.25 1.73
144
0.020.050.100.180.400.710.141.69
LITERATURE
(M Adams and Williamson, 143, 190: 597, 835; 20. ( 2 ) van Agt and Onnes,
64V, 34: 618; 25. (3) Allen and Zies, 38, 1: 739; 18. (4) Ambronn, 8r.
58: 139; 19. 63, 19: 401; 18. (5) Baumeister, Diss., Rostock, 1912. ()
Bolle, Diss., Berlin, 1900. ( 7 ) Branson, 64, 34: 471; 15. ( 8 ) Cauwood,
TABLE 17a.TRANSMISSION FACTOR
English and Turner, 105, 1: 153; 17. ( 9 ) Chance Bros, and Co. Ltd.,
A = I/IQ (v. vol. I, p. 34); ultraviolet region; wave length, X, in
Smethwick, Birmingham, England, O.
( 1 0 ) Clarke and Turner, 105, 5: 119; 21. O 0 - 1 ) Clarke and Turner, 105, 3:
AI/Z; In. = Index number of glass
260; 19. C 1 1 ) Cooper, Shaw and Loomis, 11, 42: 461; 09. C 1 2 ) Corning
Glass thickness, 1 mm ( 3 6 )
Glass Co., Corning, N. Y., O. (") Eckert, 200, 20: 93; 23. (U) English,
C
\~
In"!
105, 8: 265; 24. (*4.i) English, 105, 9: 83; 25. (is) English, Hodkins,
^T^\^
12
23
39
52
71
81
84
98
99
105
Muirhead and Turner, 105, 4: 387; 20. ( 1 6 ) English and Turner, 105, 3:
125; 19. C 1 6 - 1 ) English and Turner, 105, 3: 238; 19. ( 1 7 ) English and
384
0.995 0.986 0.989 0.983 0.985 0.947
Turner, 105, 3: 278; 19. ( 18 ) English and Turner, 105, 4: 115; 20. ( 1 9 )
361
0.9950.9950.994
.984 .962 .958 .952 .959 83
English and Turner, 105, 4: 126; 20.
347
.988 .991 .9830.988 .959 .925 .88
.92
.89
.64
(20) English and Turner, 105, 4: 153; 20. (21) English and Turner, 105, 5:
330
.957 .974 .938 .959 .89
.75
.76
.71
.74
.33
115; 21. (22) English and Turner, 105, 5: 121; 21. (23) English and
309
.78
.70
.69
.65
Turner, 105, 5: 183; 21. (24) English and Turner, 105, 5: 277; 21. (25),
36
^
Glass thickness, 10 mm ( )
English and Turner, 105, 5: 357; 21. (26) English and Turner, 105, 6:
228; 22. (27 ) English and Turner, 105, 7: 73; 23. (28) English and Turner,,
434
0.969
105, 7: 155; 23. (29) Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11.
425
0.9930.9820.9700.978 .9610.9630.9650.9520.9610.905
(30) Filon, 201, 12: 313; 04. (31) Gray, Gray and Bobbie, 5, 36: 488; 84. (32),
415
.982
.968 .973 .965
Griffith, 62, 221: 162; 20. (33) Harris, 5, 106: 718; 24. (34) Hovestadt406
.964
.974
Everett, Jena Glass (New York, Macmillan), 1902. (**) Knigsberger, 8, 661
396
.986 .981 .980 .987 .971 .931 .941 .917 .944 .76
698; 96. ( 36 ) Krss, 243, 23 : 197, 229; 03. (37) Lecrenier, 28, 33 : 119; 24..
384
.972 .975 .955 .968 .948 .865 .894 .84
.86
.58
C 3 ) Littleton, 2, 22: 510; 23. ( 3 ) Morey and Bowen, 105, 9: 226; 25.
361
.950 .9>9 .942 .952 .849 .68
.65
.61
.66
.16
(40) Morey, Bowen and Kracek, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C.
347
.88
.91
.85
.88
.66
.46
.28
.41
.30
.01
O. (41) Morey and Merwin, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C.r
330
.65
.77
.53
.66
.32
.06
.07
.03
.05 O
O. (42) Mori, 379, 368: 176; 23. (43) National Physical Laboratory, Eng309
.08
.03 O
.02
.01 O
O
O
O
O
land, 54, 34: 210; 15. (44) Onnes and Braak, 64V, 16: 890; 08. 64P, 11:
Glass thickness, 100 mm ( 3 6 )
30:08. (45) Peddle, 105, 4: 20, 46, 59; 20. (46) Peddle, 105, 4: 299, 310
"
480
0.95 0.97 0.93 0.96
0.94
0.94 0.94 0.89
330; 20. (47) Peddle, 105, 5: 201, 212, 220; 21. (48) Peters and Cragoe.
468
0.94 0.93 0.91 0.94
0.86
0.87 0.95 0.83
31, No. 393; 20. (49) Pflger, 8, 11: 561; 03.
448
0.93 0.92 0.81 0.89
0.79
0.79 0.83 0.63
(50) Pockels, 8, 7: 745; 02. ( S i ) Pulfrich, 8, 45: 609; 92. (52) Reed, 8, 65:
434
0.73
5
425
0.94 0.83 0.74 0.80 0.67 0.68 0.70 0.61 0.67 0.67 707; 98. ( 3) Rubens, 8, 45:5 5238; 92. (54) Rubens, 8, 53: 267; 94. (54.i)
Rubens,
76,
1916: 1280. ( ) Sheen and Turner, 105, 8: 187; 24. (56)
415
0.84
0.72 0.76 0.70
Simon, 8, 53: 542; 94. (57) stott, 105, 9: 207; 25. (58) stott, Irvine and
406
0.70
0.77
Turner, 5, 108: 154; 25. (59) Straubel, 8, 68: 369; 99.
396
0.87 0.82 0.82 0.88 0.74 0.49 0.54 0.42 0.56 0.06
Jena, 1901. ( 6 1 ) Washburn, Shelton and Libman, 869
384
0.75 0.78 0.63 0.72 0.59 0.23 0.33 0.18 0.22 O (60) Trommsdorf, Diss.,
6 1
No.
140;
24.
(
^
)
Washburn and Shelton, 2, 15: 149; 20. ( 6 2 ) Weidert
361
0.60 0.60 0.55 0.61 0.19 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.01
and
Berndt,
97,
1:
51;
20. ( 6 3 ) Weidert and Berndt, 97, 1: 121; 20. ( 6 4 )
347
0.92 0.38 0.19 0.29 0.02 0 0 0 0
65
White,
12,
47:
1;
19
(
) Winkelmann, 8, 49: 401; 93. ( 6 6 ) Winkelmann
0
330
0.01 0.07 O
0.02 O
12
and
Schott,
8,
51:
697;
94.
(67) Wright, Manufacture of Optical Glass,
Ind. No. 1, pyrex, 1 mm thick ( )
Ordnance Dept. Document No. 2037; 21. (68) Zschimmer in BlO, I:
X 3 9 6 3 8 4 3 6 1 3 4 7 3 3 0 3 0 9 i 2 8 0
869; 12. (69) Zschimmer, 124, 2: 129; 14.
A
1.00
0.97
0.93
0.85
0.70
0.50 I 0.05
(70) Zschimmer and Schulz, 8, 42: 345; 13.
CHEMICAL DURABILITY OF GLASSES

W. E. S. TURNER
* No adsorption of NaOH.
t Adsorbed KOH difficult to remove by washing.
Remarks: Ba(OH)2, 6 mo. at 18, small crystals of Ba silicate

formed. H3PO4 at 400, extensive corrosion with formation of
silicyl phosphate. Dilute adds in general, and cone. H2SOe,
TABLE 2.CAO SiO2 WOLLASTONITE

Milligrams oxides extracted from 2 g by acids ( 17 > 30
0><^ 'S
-We^ . 0 ^
mg CaO
& ^
mgSiO 2
S
27?
Acetic
0.010
0.000
( U A T 2
HCl
HCl
0.017 0.11
0.004 0.040
T l
^g
J^
^0
33
>
38
).
2N
5T
HCl HCl
0.70 0.76
0.26 0.020
3- (or 4-) Oxide Glasses

TABLE 3
Grams H2SO4 equivalent to the alkali extracted by water at 80
acting for 1 hr on glass powder, size <160 mesh/in. ( 38 >
41, 42, 43)
1. Molecular composition: IQOSiO2 + 4OR2O + xRO
x \
5
10
15
20
30
40
18.4 28.330.2 31.6

31.2
9.0 27.615.3 9.3
. 19.0
4.3 20.4 4.42 4.2
18.2
3.7
8.6 3.26 3.4 23.0 6.6
2.3
5.1 2.08 1.68 19.0 3.2
1.06 2.2 1.05 1.04 8.9 1.50
37.7
4.54
4.44
4.25
1.85
1.08
2ONa2O +
2OK2O H- xPhO
Hours at 18
Hours at 100
Days at 18
Reagent, time and temperature

| Loss mg
H2O, 18-100
Many
0.0
10% NH 3
2
0.8
0.4
10% NaOH
2
30% NaOH
2
0.0*
30% KOH
,....
4
1.2f
2.VNaOH
3 |
48
12
2ATNa 2 CO 3
3
2N KOH
3
31
2ATNaOH
3 \
33
8
2NNa 2 CO 3
3
2AT KOH
3
( 64
2ATNaOH
3
r
A NaOH
14 |
2
NNaOH...
14
1.8
0.6
AT Na 2 CO 3
14
Satd. Ba(OH) 2
. . . . . 14
O
O
Satd. Na?SO4
14 |
O
NH 3 PO 4
14
O
10% NH 3
14
O
25% NH 3
60
25% NH3, Fresh flask. Up to 60 with 4 renewals of
reagent during experiment, 6 hrs
2.6
18-100, no action. Aqueous mthylne blue, congo red, and

rhodamine; ethereal iodoeosin; and alcoholic aniline blue; all
slightly adsorbed but removable by hot solvents.
4OK2O + zBaO
TABLE 1.FUSED-QUARTZ GLASS

Milligrams loss in wt. sustained in each test by a 76 cm 3 quartz
flask, with 89 cm 2 surface exposed, when subjected in succession
to the following reagents under the conditions shown ( 35 ); c/.( 53 ).
INTRODUZIONE
I risultati ottenuti nelle misure di resistenza chimica dei
vetri, sono riproducibili con
una approssimazione del 510 %
soltanto. In una serie di vetri
di composizione simile, i valori
riferentisi ai vetri pi resistenti
sono riproducibili con l'approssimazione del 5%, e quelli
riguardanti i vetri meno resistenti con una approssimazione del 10 %.
4ONa2O H- zBaO
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION
EINLEITUNG
Die Messungsergebnisse ber
die Dauerhaftigkeit der Glser
lassen sich nur mit einer Genauigkeit von 5 bis 10 % angeben. In einer Reihe von Glsern hnlicher Zusammensetzung knnen die Ergebnisse
mit dauerhafteren Glsern auf
5%, mit weniger dauerhaften
bis gegen 10% Genauigkeit
angegeben werden.
2ONa2O H2OK2O + zPbO
INTRODUCTION
Les rsultats ne peuvent tre
reproduits, dans les mesures de
durabilit des verres, qu'avec
une prcision de 5 10 % seulement. Dans les sries de verres de composition similaire,
les rsultats concernant les
verres les plus durables peuvent
tre reproduits avec une prcision de 5%; ceux relatifs aux
verres les moins durables, jusqu' environ 10 %.
4OK2O + xPbO
INTRODUCTION
In the measurement of the
durability of glasses, results
may be duplicated with an
.accuracy of 5 to 10 % only. In
a series of glasses of similar
composition, the results with the
more durable glasses may be
reproduced with an accuracy
of 5%; the less durable, up to
,about 10 %.
4ONa 2 O + zPbO
Verres pour appareille.

Verre d'optique.
INDICE
p AG
Influenza della composizione
107
Vetro per apparecchi... 109
Vetro ottico
113
2ONa2O +
2OK2O + zCaO
Apparatus glass.
Optical glass.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Einfluss der Zusammensetzung.
Apparatenglser.
Optische Glser.
4OK2O + zCaO
MATIRES
Effet de composition.
4ONa2O + ^CaO
CONTENTS
!Effect of composition.
34.0 34.0
31.2 21.6
27.8 7.6
24.6 6.2
17.4 3.8
9.5 2.8
2OK2O + zBaO
1ONa2O +
1OK2O + zPbO
1.99
9.6
0.940.69 3.7
0.660.51 1.61
0.400.37 0.60
0.260.1400.26
0.240.0910.15
3.32
1.15
0.68
0.37
0.16
0.12
1.20
1.07
0.87
0.55
0.50
10.4
2.01
1.76
1.08
0.74
0.64
2.44
1.50
1.21
1.03
0.87
0.68
K2O +CaO
Na2O + CaO
1.25K2O + 0.75CaO
1.25Na2O + 0.75CaO
1.5K2O + 0.5CaO
1.5Na2O + 0.5CaO
1.75K2O + 0.25CaO
4.412.61.07 8.840.180.830.060.140.020.03
11.322.61.6015.820.040.340.030.030.020.02
15.7 35.2 2.67 24.66 0.22 1.17 0.09|0.17 0.04 0.05
TABLE 5
Grams of oxides extracted at 100 in 5 hr by the
action of 60 cm 3 H2O on powdered glass,
4000 particles per cm 3 (21, 22, 58),
Molecular composition: ^SiO2 + yÔ + ^RO + IuR 2 O 3
Composition. Wt. %
Grams oxide extracted
SiO2
Na2O
73.7
69.6
70.0
68.0
66.7
69.6
67.5
62.2
22.5
22.0
17.7
14.8
11.8
19.3
16.2
9.6
RO
A 2
1 ^+
Je 2 (J 3
4.0
3.5
2.7
1.7
1.9
3.8
2.4
2.9
5.1
9.9 O
15.7 &
19.6
7.6]
14.2 [ ^
25.ej
SiO2
4.25
1.84
0.061
0.024
0.0134
2.74
0.236
0.026
Na2O
RO
1.47
0.7160.0191
0.098 trace
0.035 trace
0.018 trace
0.97 0.0515
0.168 trace
0.109 trace
Total
5.80
2.60
0.159
0.058
0.031
3.82
0.415
0.134
TABLE 6
Per cent Na 2 O extracted by boiling water in 1 hr acting on
powdered glass, 20-30 mesh (I. M. M. sieves, v. p. 329) (11I *2, 44,
47, 48, 49).
Molecular composition: 10OSiO2 + (33.3 - x)Na2O + zRO

(R2O3 or RO 2 )
\
RaOb
\,
X
CaO MgO Al 2 O 3
^x.
__
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
TiO2
ZrO2
ZnO BaO
4.4
1.8
0.38
0.19
7.18
1.57
0.30
8.20
2.35
1.00
1.39
0.76
0.59
0.24
1.54
0.27
0.13
17.60
5.50
1.90
Al2O3
TiO2
79
0.03
(TT
0.045
0.03
0.02
0.012
0.010
0.008
ZrO2
ZnO
BaO
780.68
0.12
0.22
0.06
0.12
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.04
TABLE 7
Per cent loss in weight in 1 hr in boiling 20.24 % HCl, 2N NaOH
and 2N Na2CO3 acting on powdered glass 20-30 mesh (I. M. M.
sieves) ( 12 ).
Molecular composition: IQOSiO2 + (33.3 re)Na2O + xHO
I x I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 12 I 14 I 16 I 18 I 20
CaO
8.2 4.2 2.6 1.7 1.2 1.0 1.0
MgO
1.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1
Al2O3
0.9 0.4 0.2 0.2
TiO2
2.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
ZrO2
1.8 0.6 0.4
ZnO
1.8 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
BaO
9.6 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
Na2CO3 NaOH
R20
SiO2
Total
2K2O
2Na2O
Oxide
extracted
Comp.
\6SiO2 +
1.75Na2O + 0.25CaO
TABLE 4
Grams oxide extracted by water at 100 acting for 5 hr on 100 g
glass powder, containing 7300 to 7624 particles per cm3 ( 30 > 32 ).
Molecular composition: 6SiO2 + (2 - ^)R 2 O + #RO
\ R*0b
Xx^
CaO MgO
x
\^
STO
(Too~29
10
0.25 0.13
12
0.10 0.07
14
0.05 0.048
16
0.04 0.028
18
0.02 0.020
20
HCl
2ONa2O -f zBaO
5.4
1.44
0.96
0.60
0.36
0.30
2OK2O + zPbO
1ONa2O +
1OK2O + zCa
3.03
1.34
0.66
0.40
0.34
0.25
TABLE 6.(Continued)
1ONa2O +
1OK2O + xPbO
5
10
15
20
30
40
2OK2O + zCaO
2ONa2O + zCaO
2ONa2O + zPbO
TABLE 3.(Continued)
2. Molecular composition : 10OSiO2 + 2OR2O + x~RO
CaO
MgO
Al2O3
TiO2
ZrO2
ZnO
BaO
2.6
3.1
2.8
6.0
1.3 0.8
3.7 3.2
5.6 3.8
CaO
MgO
Al2O3
TiO2 11.3
ZrO2
2.0
ZnO 11.2
BaO 38.0
2.3 2.1 2.0

2.8 2.5 2.7
2.5 2.5 2.6
3.6
0.7
2.8 2.4 2.2
3.0 2.5 2.3
6.8 2.8
4,1
1.0 0.6
2.4 1.6
0.9 0.6
2.5 0.5
7.0 4.9
2.4
3.2
0.4
1.1
1.7 1.5 1.2

2.1 2.1 2.1
3.2 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3

2.1 1.9 1.7
2.2 1.9 1.7
2.0 1.9 1.5 1.3

2.5 2.1 2.0 1.9
0.4
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

4.0 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.2
TABLE 8
Grams H2SO4 equivalent to alkali extracted by water at 80
acting for 1 hr on 100 g glass powdered to pass 160 mesh sieve.
1. Composition: (70 - x) % SiO2 + x% RQ + y% Ô ( 39 > 42 )
12.5Na2O
1ONa2O
x
RO 25Na2O 25K2O
+
2ONa2O 2OK2O
+
12.5K.O
IQK2O
5 CaO
5.32
4.50
PbO 34.2
17.5
BaO 34.5
21.1
28.2
10 CaO
1.64
0.75
0.67
PbO
9.23 11.4
11.5
BaO 28.8
18.6
22.9
13.3
9.64
7.40
15 CaO
1.98
1.00
1.12
0.60
0.49
PbO 23.1
17.7
9.81
6.65
3.92
BaO 22.6
15.8
10.4
7.11
4.87
20 CaO
0.72
0.51
0.40
PbO
7.89
7.78
3.52
BaO
8.93
3.47
2.99
25 CaO
PbO
BaO 14.0
12.7
TABLE 8.(Continued)
TABLE 8.(Continued)
30
40
50
I
x
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
RO
CaO
PbO
BaO
CaO
PbO
BaO
CaO
PbO
BaO
CaO
PbO
BaO
CaO
PbO
BaO
CaO
PbO
BaO
CaO
PbO
BaO
CaO
PbO
BaO
I
7.5Na2O
15Na2O 15K2O
+
7.5K2O
OAl 0.240
0^22
2.91
1.696
2.68 1.371
1.28
0.57 0.277
2.54 1.610
2.09 0.998
2.12
1.66
1.40
1.37
1.40
1ONa2O 1OK2O
5Na2O
+
5K2O
0.29
0.173
0.156
.45
.68
.208
.575
.337
.848
.798
.30
.69
.163
.563
.24
.157
.536
.845
2. Composition: y% SiO2 + z% PbO + (a - x) % Na2O + x%

K2O (19> 4Q)
y \f
20
20
10
10
60
50
60
50
20
30
30
40
0.0 2.5
7.5
10
14
15 17.5 20
7.9
4~9
3J5 1.682.083.8 7.8
4.8
3.6
2.31 1.501.633.004.5
0.430.320.19 0.1220.1360.28
0.300.210.1230.0690.1280.175
TABLE 9
Per cent Na2O extracted by boiling H2O and % loss in weight
by action of boiling 20.24% HCl, 2N NaOH and 2N Na2CO3
soins, resp. Time 1 hr. 20-30 mesh powder. The final glasses
contained 0.08-0.2% CaO and 0.05-0.14% Fe2O3 ( 12 > 49 > 50 ).
(90 - x) %SiO2 +x (80 - x)% SiO2 + x% Batch/--"
%B2O3 + 10 % Na2O B2O3 + 20% Na2O
^^
12.5Na2O
1ONa2O
RO 25Na2O 25K2O
+
2ONa2O 2OK2O
+
12.5K2O
IQK2O
CaO
PbO
4.88
4.61
3.17
BaO
2.99
1.77
1.45
CaO
PbO
4.05
6.65
2.79
BaO
CaO
PbO
4.61
9.16
3.92
BaO
Analytical %
SiO2
79.8
74.2
71.6
68.3
64.7
61.3
50.0
35.2
32.2
74.9
70.8
67.2
62.0
57.9
52.1
46.3
41.3
B2O3 Na 2 O I Al2O3
19.5 0.69
4.5 19.8 0.93
8.3 18.8 1.00
11.4 19.0 1.09
14.5 20.0 0.71
18.8 18.9 0.74
28.8 20.4 0.78
40.0 23.7 0.84
43.7 23.1 0.82
12.5
18.7
21.8
25.8
31.3
36.2
42.3
46.1
11.3
9.8
10.1
11.2
9.6
10.3
10.4
11.5
0.92
0.79
0.88
0.84
0.98
0.89
0.80
0.80
%
%
Na2O
by
H 2 O HCl
2.11 1.40
0.16 0.33
0.06 0.31
0.04 0.30
0.07 1.02
0.14 7.36
2.25 39.4
11.6 38.9
14.7 39.1
loss in wt. by
NaOH I Na2CO3
2.92
6.35
3.16
2.73
3.10
2.64
3.46
3.16
4.54
3.70
5.65
3.84
17.2
17.1
69.7
45.6
94.6
56.1
0.004 0.09 3.11

0.07 0.67 4.73
0.36 2.73 7.01
0.89 32.7 22.1
2.42 41.0 62.1
5.50 49.0
7.46 49.3
1.40
3.10
4.29
15.2
38.6
54.3
64.4
72.8
MULTI-OXIDE GLASSES. APPARATUS GLASS

In the tables of durability data for these glasses, the glasses
are identified by means of the Index Numbers (I. N.) gi.ven in
Table 10. Additional literature (* 6 10 14, is, 20, 23, 24, 25, 31,
32, 34, 35, 36, 54, 55, 57).
TABLE 10.COMPOSITION IN MOLECULES PER 100 MOLECULES SiO2

I. N. I
C/l
C/2
C/3
C/4
C/5
C/6
C/7
C/8
C/9
C/10
C/ll
C/12
C/13
C/14
C/15
C/16
C/17
C/18
C/19
C/20
Origin
| B 2 O 3 I As 2 O 5 1 Sb 2 O 3 1 Al 2 O 3 ^-Fe 2 O 3 I
14.37
4.09
2.84
0.23
0.46
0.30
0.23
0.39
0.23
0.30
2.55
2.18
2.42
0.15
1.05
0.32
2.74
2.03
0.39
1.44
Ol
CaO
10.31
14.68
13.28
13.95
11.37
10.84
10.77
10.68
8.82
16.99
7.87
16.14
9.83
11.19
8.57
11.48
21.92
BaO 2.91
| MgQ|
ZnO
5.07
7.65
| PbO | Na2O K 2 O |
14.79
13.06
9.70 4.87
8.47 5.49
8.07 5.15
10.54 5.85
6.3210.03
12.48 3.53
12.67 3.80
20.09
19.62 0.54
1.2211.31
17.12 1.57
11.77 8.35
19.26 6.20
14.09
14.13
17.77 4.84
7.20 9.87
0.85 16.78 0.64
16.87 0.89 8.87
MnO | Lit!
0.06
(")
0.35
()
()
()
0.22
()
()
()
(i)
()
(18)"
0.48
(i)
0.11
()
()
tr.
(18)
0.29
(18)
(18)
0.46
()
()
(15)
0.02
(is)
TABLE 10.COMPOSITION IN MOLECULES PER 100 MOLECULES SiO2.(Continued)

I. N. I
Origin
C/21
C/22
C/23
C/24
C/25
C/26 Jena 1914
C/27 Jena 1914
| B 2 O 3 1 As 2 O 5 1 Sb 2 O 3 1 Al2Q3^-Fe2Q31
2.39
0.47
0.75
2.54
3.04
13.3
5.7
14.55
3.99
Al2O3 Fe2O3
C/28 Jena 1920
5.33
6.8
C/29 British 1916*
2.6
8.3
C/30 British 1916*
9.4
5.6
0.05
C/31 Duroglass 1916*
5.9
5.9
0.04
C/32 Moncrieff 1916*
9.0
5.8
0.07
C/33 Wood Bros. 1916*
10.1
9.0
0.06
C/34 Poulenc Frres 1916... 4.9
0.85 0.07
C/35 French 1916
0.75 0.05
C/36 Swedish 1916
2.5
0.9
0.08
C/37 Italian 1916
2.0
0.3
0.07
C/38 U. S. A. Nonsol 1917.. 9.5
0.13 2.25 0.11
C/39 U. S. A. Insolo 1917... 4.95
0.3
0.8
0.18
C/40 U. S. A. Fry 1917
10.0 0.07
2.5
0.11
C/41 U. S. A. Pyrex 1917... 12.6 0.23
1.45 0.07
C/42 U. S. A. Insol 1917.... 2.9
0.2
0.57 0.12
C/43 Macbeth-Evans 1919.. 9.03 0.02 0.11
1.30 0.18
C/44 Greiner & Friedrich
Resistance "R"
4.8
0.47 2.75 0.08
C/45 Kln-Ehrenfeld
5.45 0.82 0.4
2.25 0.12
C/46 Kavalier 1917
tr.
0.18 0.05
C/47 German (unmarked)...
0.21 0.07
C/48 Hungarian (Zsolna)....
0.23 0.07
C/49 Japanese 1917
1.9
0.07
C/50 Murano 1922
13.63
5.61
C/51 Murano 1923 No. 1.... 10.28
4.71
C/52 Murano 1923 No. 2.... 10.99
3.62
C/53 Murano 1923 No. 3.... 11.81
2.94
CaQ
10.12
11.52
14.34
11.69
10.62
0.13
0.89
1.28
12.40
0.64
7.00
0.80
9.6
8.9
11.8
7.8
10.9
1.25
2.6
4.15
0.3
5.0
0.96
0.33
2.85
12.4
8.95
12.6
5.3
1.62
8.57
3.30
| MgQ|
ZnO
| PbO | Na2O
17.13
15.35
14.47
17.66
24.18
11.00
11.95
"
0.29
13.5
12.86
BaO 2.33
0.20
tr.
0.8
0.3
0.5
tr.
1.1
0.3
tr.
7.5
13.45
5.55
0.5
10.05
5.47
7.4
5.9
0.3
0.57
tr.
0.22
10.3
4.0
9.7
7.9
3.2
8.05
4.05
3.85
8.95
5.50
9.15
10.9
11.17
K2O | MnO |
6.11 0.45
4.63
7.91
6.78
2.20
tr.
tr.
6.3 0.47
20.204.00
17.40 0.33
16.80 2.50
14.6 1.0
15.0 1.6
9.0 5.5
23.6 0.6
20.3 1.2
17.2 3.0
17.0 0.28
15.5 0.64
14.1 1.25
4.6 0.5
14.3 2.9
14.65 0.27
17.05
10.8
9.35
14.3
9.0
22.6
8.79
5.16
5.21
5.56
1.35
1.7
6.65
4.75
6.4
1.2
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
Lit.
(^)
(14)
(4)
(26,27)
(26,27)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(26,27)
(26,27)
(26, 27)
(26, 27)
* Most of the glasses of these makes have been modified and improved since 1916.
TABLE 11.ACTION OF WATER ON FLASKS

The values given are thousandths mg alkali extracted and mg
loss in weight, each for 100 cm 2 surface. The autoclave data at
190 and at 183 respectively are not comparable with one another.
I. N.
(17, 28)
8 da
20
C/l
C/2
C/3
C/4
C/5
C/6
C/7
C/8
C/46
Autoclave
mg
loss
3 hr 4 h r
80
190
2.7 23.7
6.3
28.4
28.2 17.2
26.8
56
51.3
45
50
I 24.6
(7) I
Alkali
extracted
10~3 mg
2.5
2.1
10.7
8.9
13.1
14.0
14.5
14.9
12.5
I. N.
(17, 28)
C /9
C/10
C/ll
C/12
C/13
C/14
C/15
C/16
C/48
Alkali
extracted
10~3 mg
8 da
20
3 hr
80
17.8
16.6
27.0
66
65
98
Autoclave
mg
loss
4hr
190
67.0
34.0
63.0
37.0
32.0
77.0
74.0
13.6 I
217
654 126
356
29.3
m
TABLE 11.ACTION OF WATER ON FLASKS.(Continued)

Alkali extracted
10~3 mg
I. N.
4
( )
8 da
3 hr
20
80
C/26
C/29
C/30
C/31
C/32
C/33
C/34
C/35
C/36
C/37
1.6
3.7
3.1
2.6
2.3
2.5
3.3
25.7
12.3
21.7
1.9
7.0
5.6
6.2
4.7
4.9
6.3
43.2
24.7
35.4
Milligrams loss in weight

Auto3 hr steam
^ nr
clave
Treatments
evap.
3hr
100
1st I 2nd I 3rd
183
0.30
0.15
0.05
0.6
26.0
0.30
0.10
0.08
0.9
22.0
0.28
0.15
nil
0.6
23.7
0.25
0.12
0.08
1.05
26.8
0.22
0.04
nil
0.45
20.7
0.25
nil
nil
0.67
18.5
0.24
0.40
0.16
0.52
20.5
4.00
2.23
2.12
8.6
221o
2.13
1.85
1.24
2.1
875.0
2.30
1.75
1.43
4.7
104o
TABLE 11.ACTION OP WATER ON FLASKS.(Continued)
TABLE 14
Action of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 solutions for 3 hr at 100 and of
mg loss in weight
mg loss in weight
water and NaOH for 50 days at room temperature. Loss in wt.,
I. N. 2 hr evap. Autoclave I. N. 2 hr evap. Autoclave
mg/100 cm 2 (14).
100
3 hr 183
100 3 hr 183
I- K-/ Na 2 CQ 3 g/1 K2CQ3 g/1
NaOH g/1
H2Of
C/38 I
0.8
31.5 C/44 1.05
55.4
/
13.21 132
172
10*|lOt|lOO*|lOOt a \ b
C/39
1.05 139
C/45 1.0
48.5
C/22 46.4 75.8
48.1 3.9 4.6 5.2 5.7 6.6 6.0
C/40
0.95
48.7 C/46 2.6
614
C/23 49.5 83.3
52.8 4.5 5.1 6.3 6.2 16.5 12.6
C/41
0.67
10.0 C/47
0.4
318s
21.2 5.1 6.4 6.0 6.7 23 22.5
C/24 26.3 45.2
C/42
1.0
79.6
C/48
C/25 24.8 41.2
20.0 5.5 5.0 6.6
C/43
0.3
4 6 . 2 C/49 5.4
Lit.
* Successive treatments of same flask.

t I*e., alkali extracted by water in 50 days from (a) new flasks, (6) flasks
pretreated with the 100 g/1 NaOH for 100 days.
(7, 24, 29)
TABLE 12.ACTION OF ACIDS ON FLASKS

Mean loss in wt. (mg per 100 cm 2 surface) from 3 successive
treatments with each reagent. Reagents: A, HCl vapor for 3 hr
(4). B, 20.24% HCl evap. for 1.5 hr (4, 7). c, 2AT H2SO4 for 6
hr at 100 ( 17 ). D, coned. H2SO4 heated to fuming for 4 hr (51).
E, 1.2 sp. gr. HNO3 evap. for 1.5 hr (28, 29, 51). (Cf. Tables 15,
16, 18, and 20.)
^"^^ 'c/
R
^-^
A
B
c
D
E
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36 37
TABLE 15.THE EFFECT OF BORIC OXIDE

Mg loss in wt. by 500 cm3 flasks. Reagent: (1), N HCl boiling for; A, 0.5 hr; B, 2 hr; c, 0.1AT HCl autoclave 3 hr. (2), 0.01N
NaOH boiling for: D, 0.5 hr, E, 2 hr, F, O.IN NaOH autoclave 3
hrat
_ 120 (25,
_ 26).
,
_
_
_
N^
I* N.\
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
TABLE 13.ACTION OF ALKALIES ON FLASKS

Loss in wt., mg/100 cm 2 surface.
Reagents: A, 2AT NaOH for 3 hr at 100 (17). B, O.L/V NaOH
for 3 hr at 100 (17). c, 2N NH4OH evap. for 65-70 min (").
D, 2N Na2CO3, 3 hr at 100 (^). E, 2N (NH4) 2S 3 hr at 100
(4, 7, 50). p> Na2HPO4 3 hr at 100 (28, 29, so).
From No. 26 onwards in the case of the sodium hydroxide,
ammonia and sodium carbonate tests the values quoted are the
mean of three successive treatments.
\ I N.
\C/ i
2
3 4
6
7 8
9 10 11 15 16
R X
A 67.3 39.735.4J37.539.8J37.738.5142.4146.531.346.058.0
D 23.5 17.6
|59.576.9179.273.o|79.4|23.040.745.051.0
_
.
_
_
.
.
i
\Tc/ 26 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37
R
A
129.292.297.479.894.6104 78.6157 114 121
B
21.420.020.718.020.6 17.515.3 45.6 30.2 37.1
c
3.2 4.5 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 7.2 4.9 5.6
D
30.730.127.724.726.0 27.736.0200
87.8121
E
1.0
1.2 1.1
F, 0.5AT
2.8 2.0
7.3
F, 0.25N
1.6 1.2 5.3
^T"
O^
^->^C/ 38
R
^-^J
A
B
D
\v
I.N. X
C/41
C/51
C/52
C/53
0.302.02.06.019.5229
0.342.62.34.310.5 94
0.332.52.24.510.7108
|o.3l|2.0 2.06.0|19.1 200
1.591.010.520.360.63 2.600.370.710.390.73
* Murano 1923, white badge.
10.6 5.0 3.2 2.4 2.7 11.1 1.7 2.7 1.9 1.8
TABLE 16
1.2 0.8 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.9 1.9 1.3
1.0
0.2
1.0
Per cent loss in weight in 1 hr by boiling water, 20.24 % HCl,
1.0 1.8 1.6
and 2N NaOH, respectively, acting on 20-30 mesh powdered
I i.o II.Q |i.i |o.5 |i.i I 0.5 |o.9 [1.4 |o.7 [0.2
C/27
3.210.0 81
C/280.352.02.14.511.0123
* 0.332.52.24.510.7108
C/500.5o|3.l|2.5|2.5| 9.0 81
glass (46,
^""^\Jc/
R
^-^
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
95.798.093.6118 79.882.379.181.0 96.4 91.2

17.721.418.8 30.715.518.621.813.7 28.1 32.8
129.248.536.0 51.1 32.3 29.1 26.0|25.3 141 132
52).
Wt.
% composition: (75.8 - ^)SiO2 + ^B2O3 + 8.6CaO -f

6.9Na2O + 7.9K2O + 0.66R2O3
\
s\
O
0.5
1.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10
H2O
HCl NaOH
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.062
0.068
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.060
0.090
0.300
\
H2O
HCl NaOH
^ \
1.50 12.5 0.085
1.45
2.32
1.45 15.0 0.105
7.40
2.70
1.45 20.0 0.170 29.8
3.95
1.46 25.0 0.485 47.2 5.65
1.55 30.0 1.150 54.80 8.00
1.75 35.0 2.175 59 4 13.5
2.00
40.0
62.6
25.5
TABLE 17.ACTION OF NEUTRAL SALT SOLUTIONS

mg/100 cm 2 loss in wt. in 3 hr at 100
5% NH
Na2SO. 178./1 ()
;trnt; (r*88*6
I.N.C/|22|23 24 I 25 [ 26 [ 29 30*|31*| 32 33 |34* 36 [ 37
mg I] 1. 8|3.11. 6|2. 3||0.25|0.28|0.28|0.23|0.40JO. 28JO. 16[0.29JO. 39
* No loss on 3rd treatment.
TABLE 18.THE INFLUENCE OF REAGENT CONCENTRATION

mg/100 cm 2 loss in wt. (l*> 15)
. ,G1"
6 hr at
I index No. |
Reagent [Equiv./l |C/8 | 14 | 15 || Reagent
H2SO4
0.001 0.21.11.7
HCl
0.1
0.11.01.5
0.21.21.7
0.21.0
. GLu
index No.
Equiv./l |C/8 | 14 115
0.001
1.5
O' 1
0.20.91.6
1
0.31.11.9
2
0.3
1.8
4
1.7
- 3 - 9 1 - 7 C2H1O2
0.10.20.5 Acetic
0.10.10.2
acid
0.1
j
5
6 hr at 100
5
10
25
(Sp. gr. = 1.84)
100
7^0~8^
0.20.81.7
0.1
1.4
TABLE 18.THE INFLUENCE OF REAGENT CONCENTRATION.

(Continued)
mg/100 cm2 loss in wt. ( 1 4 > 15)
. f*
6 hr at 100
. ,G1*
index No.
index No.
Reagent |Equiv./l | C/8| 14 | 15 || Reagent |Equiv./l|C/16| 19 | 20
6 hr at 100
!L2
TABLE 21.THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE
KOH g/l g 14 140 210 280 420 490 Data for 6SiO2 +
mgloss, 3 ^
(2 - Z)R2O +
hr 100 17.5 28.0 28.3 27.2 23.6 24.6 zCaO in same
O
paper ( 14 )
\
~ K
X,
I. N. N^
C/22
C/23
C/24
C/25
O H g/1
140 I 490
3 hr at 100
2L720.8*
23.3
21.1*
26.9
21.6
28.5
24.1*
NH 4 QH g/1 ( o r w t . %)
4.3 I 43 | 10% | 25%
[ 50 days at room temperature
3~~5
0.9
3.6
3.5
3.2
1.0
3.4
3.5
3.6
1.0
3.2
3.5
4.1
0.9
* Mean of 2 determinations.
No. of
treatments
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
4. After 12 mo in
air of room
5. After 12 mo in
outdoor air
4 followed by 3
36
63
19
14
14
1 1
8
3. After 42 da in
moist CO2 at
30
1 min
1 day
2 days
3 days
5 days
7 days
10 days
2. After 42 da in
H 2 O vapor at
30U
1. In original
condition
Time of treatment
TABLE 19.INFLUENCE OF REPEATED ACTION AND TIME

Continued action of H2O at 20 on glass No. C/21 ( 16 )
mmg ( = 10~6 g) Na2O per 100 cm 2 dissolved from glass
65
62
59
10
7
6
48
50
17
15
12
9
8
66
45
18
15
12
8
8
109
13
6
7
6
17
14
9
8
TABLE 20
mg/100 cm 2 loss in wt. by successive treatments (8)
3 hr at 100
2 hr evap.
1.5 hr evap. I
H2O at 100
20.24 % HCl \2N NaOH| 2N Na 2 CO 3
35 I |31 33|35 32 33 35
C/31 33 I 35 I I 26 I 31
0.6 1.2 12.2 7.02.1 3.7568 8616025.726.2 85
0.7 1.65 8.7 9.12.9 2.2575 9714321.726.1121
0.75 1.8 5.6 8.82.4 1.5 68 9712420.030.1135
0.9 1.7 5.2 9.02.1 1.3583 8613122.627.0135
0.2 0.08 2.4 8.82.0 0.9 7511113222.828.3157
0.3 0.3 2 . 3 1 0 . 2 2 . 2 1.0578 9912024.829.8137
1.05 1.5 3.4 8.52.0 1.3 77 9713022.625.3130
0.9 1.4 2.6 9.62.2 1.1 7411713723.227.3181
0.15 0.9 2.8 9 . 9 2 . 3 1.2 6711012122.625.7154
0.08 0.8 4.4 10.92.2 1.3 7510015321.827.7163
10.42.2 1.2
21.924.5138
8.82.0 0.9
21.825.2145
11.01.750.7
21.627.3133
2.250.6
20.323.5149
2.0 0.9
20.423.7141
Amount extracted per 100 cm2 surface

Alkali extracted ( 14 )
|| mg matter extracted ( 9 )
^ TT0
Na2CO3,
K2CO3,
H2O for 24 hr 250 cm 3
^yl2U
132 g/1
172 g/1
flask
C/ I 10~6 g
22
6.3 63 4.4
23
16.5210 4.6
24
23 337 2.2
25
40 607 2.0
IQ"3 g
75.8 2.0
83.3 2.1
45.2 0.8
41.2 0.9
Index No.
3 hr 100
H2SQ4
T^
50 days room
temp.
l.Q
1.2 0.31.4
1.3
3 hr 100
11 01 5
- - ~^T~
0.41.21.5
0.2
50 days room
temp.
5
10
16.5
HC
1 hr 80
0.21.21.7
0.20.71.8
No. of treatments. . 1 16| 17 18 I 19 I 20| 21 I 22| 23 I 241 25

Index No. C/31.... 2.12.1 1.351.751.81.752.71.8 1.8,2.0
Index No. C/35.... 1.11.050.3 0.150.30.3 0.9 0.450.6JO.45
3 days room
temp.
07
1
20.24% HCl evaporating for 1.5 hr
Index No.
HNO3
TABLE 20.(Continued)
mg/100 cm2 loss in wt. by successive treatments ( 8 )
48.1
52.8
21.2
20.0
C/ I 80 I 90 I 95 | 100
33
1.4 2.4 5.0
32
1.0 2.0 4.0
47
1.0 2.4 5.4
38 4.8 7.514.2 55.4
mg loss in wt. of 500 cm3 flasks by 20.24 % HCl for 12 hr (9)

I. N. C/
26
31
33
90
6.2
1.6
5.4
95
7.8
2.1
7.2
99.9
9.8
2.7
9.3
102
10.8
3.4
10.4
| 104.8
13.2
4.6
|
12.9
mg loss in wt. of 500 cm 3 flasks in 3 hr ( 5 )

Index
By 2N NaOH
No.
C/
40 60 80 90 100
~3
33
36
Index
1.7 4.118.931.7 74.2

1.5 4.319.236.5 88.9
24.145.5154
No.
C/
By 2N Na 2 CO 3
=
40 60 80 90 100
32
33
48
2.610.216.832.9
3.210.618.134.8
2.1 5.925.949.2115
TABLE 22.INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION, TIME AND TEMPERATURE

mg/100 cm 2 loss in wt. by action of commercially pure NaOH
(C. P. NaOH somewhat less corrosive) ( 14 )
NaOH
g/1
1
10
10
100
100
450
Z '.
lime
*3 hours
50 days
*3 hours
50 days
*3 hours
50 days
*3 hours
I Temp.
0
C
100
18
100
18
100
18
100
Index No. C/
;
I 23
24 I
18.3
3.9
4.5
5.1
27.6 32.8 35.2
5.2
6.3
6.1
54.0 58.3 60.6
1.8
1.7
2.0
46.6 52.5 52.7
22
25
5.5
34.5
6.6
62.9
3.7
52.8
* Not clearly stated in text, but assumed from reference from earlier page.
OPTICAL GLASSES
TABLE 23
Hundredths-milligrams of iodoeosin per 100 cm 2 surface ( 2 >
O/l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Fluor crown
1.4942
Borosil. crown
1.5108
Borosil. crown
1.5135
Borosil. crown
1.5171
Hard crown
1.5173
Soft crown
1.5225
Light Ba crown... . 1.5408
Medium Ba crown. 1.5736
Dense Ba crown.... 1.6129
Dense Ba crown.... 1.6111
Dense Ba crown
1.6052
Telescope flint 1.5177
Light Ba flint 1.5655
Light Ba flint 1.5804
Light Ba
flint
1.5282
Ba
flint
1.6051
Extra light flint 1.5516
Light
flint
1.5741
Light
flint
1.5677
Dense
flint
1.6174
Dense
flint
1.6229
Extra dense flint... 1.6521
Borosil. crown
1.5089
Hard crown
1.5186
Zinc crown
1.5160
Light Ba crown
1.5040
Medium Ba crown.. 1.5724
Dense Ba crown
1.6087
Dense Ba crown
1.6118
Dense Ba crown
1.6129
Light Ba
flint
1.5515
Dense Ba flint 1.6256
Dense Ba flint 1.6683
Extra light flint.... 1.5280
Light
flint
1.5789
Dense
flint
1.6039
Dense
flint
1.6221
Extra dense flint... 1.6475
Densest extra large
flint
1.7072
Fluor crown
1.4933
Borosil. crown
1.5100
Silicate crown
1.5144
Ordinary sii. crown. 1.5175
Soft sii. crown
1.5151
Light Ba
flint
1.5646
Ordinary light flint. 1.5800
Heavy
flint
1.6190
3
2
11
7
8 3
17 8
16 7
19 69
14 5
8
3
21 8
19 6
15 3
10 6
10 3
14 8
10
2
16 2
12 8
8
4
11
6
24
6
21
2
26 1
12 8
19 9
11 5
22
3
11 4
24
9
13 6
14 5
12 2
18
2
19 2
1 1 6
17 2
19
6
20
4
20
2
14 1
4
2
17 8
28 20
20 30
41 58
15 5
14 7
23
2
23
10
18
17
8
33
16
12
22
21
19
11
13
16
11
19
14
10
12
20
1920
4
17
34
23
48
16
16
19
150
94
115
71
65
137
55
130
164
56
108
106
95
86
85
69
107
102
104
80
h1
h*
h1
h2
h2
h*
h1
h1
h*
h2
h1
h2
hi
h2
hi
hi
h2
hi
h2
h2
hi
hi
h2
h2
hi
hi
hi
h2
h2
h1
hi
hi
hi
h2
hi
h2
hi
hi
2
2
3
2
4
8
3
4
4
3
4
5
4
5
4
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
hi
hi 2
h2 3
h3 4
h4
hs 5
hi 3
h2 3
hi 2
2
3
3
2
6
26
2
4
3
3
2
2
4
3
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
3
4
4
3
9
23
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
17
3
4
18
2 atm.
at 18
Heated 4 hr 150
Steamed 1 hr at
Fresh
7 da in moist air
2 atm.
108
106
112
181
|| Polished surfaces
Grade
at 18
nji
Fractured under
the soin.
Steamed 1 hr at
Type
Fresh
7 da in moist air
Glass index No,
Fractured surfaces
45
63
65
72
155
108
94
84
47
45
122
37
126
140
55
99
100
89
85
80
1 58
25 24
2
2
2
3
2
2
87
86
81
71
TABLE 24.DURABILITY BY AUTOCLAVE TREATMENT

Dimming test (appearance after weathering polished surface
in air saturated with water vapor at 80 for 30 hr) and moisture
retained by powdered glass. Grading by apparent effect of autoclave treatment: Grade 1 = least apparent effect. Grade 5 =
greatest apparent effect. Dimming test: Three grades, 1, 2, 3.
Symbols 1 + and 2 = rather worse than 1 and rather better than
2resp. ( 2 > 13 > 45 ).
Glass
ind.
No.
0/1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
Water for 4 hr at 4 atm.

IodoGrade
Loss
Grade
eosin
by dimin wt.
by
ming
value of
appearmg/100
water
test
2
cm
ance
extract
127
182
5
16.6
25.8
3
2
14.8
43.8
1
10.9
41.3
1
16.9
38.6
1
21875
5
321.7
38.0
3
1
10.5
31.4
3
1+
14.0
31.0
1
1 +
11.5
19.7
4
29.8
30.8
4
8.6
21.9
4
29.2
20.9
4
1+
8.5
18.9
4
25.8
30.0
2
6.1
11.5
3
2.7
15.5
2
3.7
10.4
2
3.2
8.5
1
1
4.7
4.2
2
1+
3.2
3.4
2
4.8
6.3
2
27.2
73.2
2
17.3
61.7
2
13.7
31.7
4
18.8
48.0
4
11.0
31.7
3
8.4
24.9
3
9.2
20.7
3
9.0
28.9
1
5.3
18.5
2
2.6
3.5
3
2.8
4.3
3
3.5
19.6
4
2.4
7.7
1
3.8
6.1
2
2.7
2.7
1
4.0
5.2
2
1.3
1.6
1
513
545
5
21.6
63.6
3
18.2
68.5
4
12.9
63.4
4
10.9
25.8
4
3.3
9.4
3
4.5
9.1
3
mg H2O retained
per 100 g glass
powder, 90-100
mesh
Dried Heated
in vacuo to 12O0C
33
135
230
9
26
2 6
27
87
151
0
7
7
13
71
28
53
36
12
17
43
28
27
16
LITERATURE
(1) Baillie and Wilson, 54, 41: 45T; 22. (2) von Bichowsky, 38, 3: 296; 20.
( 3 ) Cauwood, Clarke, Muirhead and Turner, 105, 3: 228; 19. (*) Cauwood,
English and Turner, 105, 1: 153; 17. (5) Cauwood and Turner, Jf05, 1:
144; 17. ( 6 ) Cauwood and Turner, 105, 2: 32; 18. (?) Cauwood and
Turner, 105, 2: 219* 18. (8) Cauwood and Turner, 105, 2: 235; 18. ()
Cauwood and Turner, 105, 2: 260; 18.
( 10 ) Committee Report, Journal of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain
and Ireland, 3: 202; 20. (U) Dimbleby, Muirhead and Turner, 105, B : 101 ;
22., (12) Dimbleby and Turner, O. ( 13 ) Elsdon, Roberts and Jones,
105, 3: 52; 19. (U) Foerster, 25, 25: 2494; 92. (15) Foerster, 91, 33:
299; 94. (*6) Foerster, 91, 33: 322; 94. (") Foerster, 91, 33: 381; 94.
( 18 ) Foerster, 243, 13: 457; 93 0) Hodkin and Turner, 105, 4: 120;
20.
(20) Kato, 379, 367; 138; 23. (21) Keppeler, Beitrge zur Metallurgie, Gold- (40) Peddle, 105, 5: 195; 21. (41) Peddle, 105, 5: 95, 209, 218, 226, 247; 21
schmidt-Festschrift (Dresden), 40; 21. (22) Keppeler, 105, 8: 256; 24.
(42) Peddle, 105, 5: 247, 264; 21. (43) Peddle, 85, 23: 103; 21. ( 4 4 )
(23) Kohlrausch, 25, 24: 3560; 91. ( 2 4 ) Kohlrausch, 25, 26: 2998; 93.
Rand, 81, 17: 236; 15. (45) Haigh, Report R. 11, British Scientific Instru(25) Mauri, 216, 5: 495; 23. (26) Mauri, 216, 6: 429; 24. (27) Mauri,
ment Research Association, 1921. (46) Schaller, 92, 22: 2369; 09. (47)
816, 7: 452; 25. (28) Migliacci, 816, 15: 87; 25. (2) Muirhead and
Sheen and Turner, 88, 8: 187; 24. (4) Turner, 88, 3: 379; 20. ( 49 )
Turner, 105, 3: 129; 19.
Turner, 356, 71: 401; 23.
(30) Mylius and Foerster, 85, 22: 1092; 89. ( 21 ) Mylius and Foerster, 25,
(50) Turner, 38, 7: 313; 24. (Si) Turner and Wilson, 105, 6: 17; 22. (2)
25: 97; 92. (32) Mylius and Foerster, 91, 31: 241; 92. (33) Mylius and
Turner and Winks, O. (S) Vilbrandt, 45, 17: 835; 25. (54) Walker, 1,
Foerster, 843, 9: 117; 89. (34) Mylius and Foerster, 843, 11: 311; 91.
27: 865; 05. ( 5 S ) Walker and Smither, 45, 9: 1090; 17. (56) Weber,
92, 4: 662; 91. (57) Weber and Sauer, 25, 25: 70, 1814; 92. (5) Williams
(35) Mylius and Meusser, 843, 44: 221; 05. (36) Nicolardot, 34, 163:
and Cox, 81, 18: 315; 16.
355; 16. (37) Nicolardot, 378, 9: 233, 469; 23. (38) Peddle, 106, 4: 14,
36, 55, 67, 93, 307, 317, 327, 351; 20. (3) Peddle, 105, 4: 97, 352; 20.
VITREOUS ENAMELS FOR METALS

RALPH R. DANIELSON AND H. G. WOLFRAM
MATIRES
Compositions.
Densit.
Rsistance mcanique.
Duret.
Transmission de la chaleur.
Puissance rayonne.
Pouvoir rflecteur.
Rsistance aux acides.
INDICE
Composizione
Densit
Resistenza meccanica
Durezza
Dilatazione termica
Trasmissione di calore
Potere irradiante
Potere riflettente
Resistenza agli acidi
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Zusammensetzung.
Dichte.
Festigkeit.
Hrte.
Wrmeausdehnung.
Wrmebertragung.
Ausstrahlungs ver mgen.
Reflektions vermgen.
S urewiderstandsf higkeit.
P2O5
0-0.2
0.20
0.68-1.14
1.3 -1.8
1.80
0.64-0.77
O
O
0-0.34
O
O
0-0.43
2. WEIGHT PER CENT
A
A
B
B
Lit.
CaF2
Cryolite
KNO 3
K2CO3
NaNO 3
Na2CO3
H3BO3
Borax
Feldspar
Component
Jewelry enamels.
Single coat gray ware enamels.
Dry process white cover enamels for cast iron.
Single coat white enamel. Wet process for cast iron.
White cover enamels. Wet process for cast iron.
White cover enamels for sheet iron and steel.
Ground coats for sheet iron and steel.
j Quartz
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Enamel ^
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
14.4
19.2 9.9
23.2
J (30)
31.2 1.2
1.72.42.1 2.9
(8)
50.230.5
3.13.1
3.74.2 (i)
10.040.030.5
6.55.5
1.5 (6)
Lit.
CaF2
Cryolite
KNO 3
BaCO3
NaNO 3
Na2CO3
H3BO3
Borax
Feldspar
Quartz
Lit.
Co2O3
Ni2O3
CaCO3
Sb2O3
O
0.075
0-0.13
9.8
(26)
9.42.7 (24)
3.2
(9)
4.34.7 (9)
12.05.0 (6)
17.0
(6)
6.0 (6)
3.5 (19)
6.0 (6)
33.419.517.9
2.4
12.818.925.6
36.031.8
5.53.7
10.232.320.8
3.35.3
17.031.027.0
3.53.5
22.031.021.0
3.53.5
20.527.030.0
9.85.0
21.026.034.6
7.44.0 2.2
29.0'22.030.O
5.04.6
As2O3
0.05-0.15
F
0.6-0.86
C
D
D
E
F
F
G
G
G
SnO2
Sb2O3
2 . 6 4 . 4 (26)
2.62.6
4.4
ZnO
O
0.16
0.12-0.15
As2O3
33.118.7
Pb3O4
\Component
1 ype ^^v^
Jewelry (28)
Cast Fe (3)
CastFe(i5;
Al2O3
ZnO
O
O
0.10 0.05
0-0.19 0-0.2
Bone ash
KNaO
0.16
0.06-0.11
Component
0.3 -0.6
0.54
0.70-0.74
\CmPentPbO
Type ^-^
Jewelry (28)
0.4-0.7
Cast Fe (3)
0.15
Cast Fe (15)
O
^Q
Component
Enamel
Jewelry (28)
Cast Fe (3)
Cast Fe (15)
^0
Enamel
^^ComponentJ
pAGB
114
115
115
115
115
115
116
116
117
2. WEIGHT PER CENT.(Continued)

!
COMPOSITIONS
1. MOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS
MnO2
CONTENTS
Compositions.
Density.
Strength.
Hardness.
Thermal expansion.
Heat transfer.
Emissivity.
Reflectivity.
Acid resistance.
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
F
F
G
G
G
33.3
53.8
3.1
4.5
14.6 9.1 7.9

10.2 6.8
30.6
18.2
14.0 5.1
4.7
(30)
(8)
2.1
(1)
1.5
(6)
(26)
(26)
(24)
1.6
(9)
(9)
1.0
(6)
2.0
(6)
1.2
0,5
(6)
0.260,260.26 (19)
2.0 1.0 0.4
(6)
(20) Kato, 379, 367; 138; 23. (21) Keppeler, Beitrge zur Metallurgie, Gold- (40) Peddle, 105, 5: 195; 21. (41) Peddle, 105, 5: 95, 209, 218, 226, 247; 21
schmidt-Festschrift (Dresden), 40; 21. (22) Keppeler, 105, 8: 256; 24.
(42) Peddle, 105, 5: 247, 264; 21. (43) Peddle, 85, 23: 103; 21. ( 4 4 )
(23) Kohlrausch, 25, 24: 3560; 91. ( 2 4 ) Kohlrausch, 25, 26: 2998; 93.
Rand, 81, 17: 236; 15. (45) Haigh, Report R. 11, British Scientific Instru(25) Mauri, 216, 5: 495; 23. (26) Mauri, 216, 6: 429; 24. (27) Mauri,
ment Research Association, 1921. (46) Schaller, 92, 22: 2369; 09. (47)
816, 7: 452; 25. (28) Migliacci, 816, 15: 87; 25. (2) Muirhead and
Sheen and Turner, 88, 8: 187; 24. (4) Turner, 88, 3: 379; 20. ( 49 )
Turner, 105, 3: 129; 19.
Turner, 356, 71: 401; 23.
(30) Mylius and Foerster, 85, 22: 1092; 89. ( 21 ) Mylius and Foerster, 25,
(50) Turner, 38, 7: 313; 24. (Si) Turner and Wilson, 105, 6: 17; 22. (2)
25: 97; 92. (32) Mylius and Foerster, 91, 31: 241; 92. (33) Mylius and
Turner and Winks, O. (S) Vilbrandt, 45, 17: 835; 25. (54) Walker, 1,
Foerster, 843, 9: 117; 89. (34) Mylius and Foerster, 843, 11: 311; 91.
27: 865; 05. ( 5 S ) Walker and Smither, 45, 9: 1090; 17. (56) Weber,
92, 4: 662; 91. (57) Weber and Sauer, 25, 25: 70, 1814; 92. (5) Williams
(35) Mylius and Meusser, 843, 44: 221; 05. (36) Nicolardot, 34, 163:
and Cox, 81, 18: 315; 16.
355; 16. (37) Nicolardot, 378, 9: 233, 469; 23. (38) Peddle, 106, 4: 14,
36, 55, 67, 93, 307, 317, 327, 351; 20. (3) Peddle, 105, 4: 97, 352; 20.
VITREOUS ENAMELS FOR METALS

RALPH R. DANIELSON AND H. G. WOLFRAM
MATIRES
Compositions.
Densit.
Rsistance mcanique.
Duret.
Transmission de la chaleur.
Puissance rayonne.
Pouvoir rflecteur.
Rsistance aux acides.
INDICE
Composizione
Densit
Durezza
Dilatazione termica
Trasmissione di calore
Potere irradiante
Potere riflettente
Resistenza agli acidi
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Zusammensetzung.
Dichte.
Festigkeit.
Hrte.
Wrmeausdehnung.
Wrmebertragung.
Ausstrahlungs ver mgen.
Reflektions vermgen.
S urewiderstandsf higkeit.
P2O5
0-0.2
0.20
0.68-1.14
1.3 -1.8
1.80
0.64-0.77
O
O
0-0.34
O
O
0-0.43
2. WEIGHT PER CENT
A
A
B
B
Lit.
CaF2
Cryolite
KNO 3
K2CO3
NaNO 3
Na2CO3
H3BO3
Borax
Feldspar
Component
Jewelry enamels.
Single coat gray ware enamels.
Dry process white cover enamels for cast iron.
Single coat white enamel. Wet process for cast iron.
White cover enamels. Wet process for cast iron.
White cover enamels for sheet iron and steel.
Ground coats for sheet iron and steel.
j Quartz
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Enamel ^
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
14.4
19.2 9.9
23.2
J (30)
31.2 1.2
1.72.42.1 2.9
(8)
50.230.5
3.13.1
3.74.2 (i)
10.040.030.5
6.55.5
1.5 (6)
Lit.
CaF2
Cryolite
KNO 3
BaCO3
NaNO 3
Na2CO3
H3BO3
Borax
Feldspar
Quartz
Lit.
Co2O3
Ni2O3
CaCO3
Sb2O3
O
0.075
0-0.13
9.8
(26)
9.42.7 (24)
3.2
(9)
4.34.7 (9)
12.05.0 (6)
17.0
(6)
6.0 (6)
3.5 (19)
6.0 (6)
33.419.517.9
2.4
12.818.925.6
36.031.8
5.53.7
10.232.320.8
3.35.3
17.031.027.0
3.53.5
22.031.021.0
3.53.5
20.527.030.0
9.85.0
21.026.034.6
7.44.0 2.2
29.0'22.030.O
5.04.6
As2O3
0.05-0.15
F
0.6-0.86
C
D
D
E
F
F
G
G
G
SnO2
Sb2O3
2 . 6 4 . 4 (26)
2.62.6
4.4
ZnO
O
0.16
0.12-0.15
As2O3
33.118.7
Pb3O4
\Component
1 ype ^^v^
Jewelry (28)
Cast Fe (3)
CastFe(i5;
Al2O3
ZnO
O
O
0.10 0.05
0-0.19 0-0.2
Bone ash
KNaO
0.16
0.06-0.11
Component
0.3 -0.6
0.54
0.70-0.74
\CmPentPbO
Type ^-^
Jewelry (28)
0.4-0.7
Cast Fe (3)
0.15
Cast Fe (15)
O
^Q
Component
Enamel
Jewelry (28)
Cast Fe (3)
Cast Fe (15)
^0
Enamel
^^ComponentJ
pAGB
114
115
115
115
115
115
116
116
117
2. WEIGHT PER CENT.(Continued)

!
COMPOSITIONS
1. MOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS
MnO2
CONTENTS
Compositions.
Density.
Strength.
Hardness.
Thermal expansion.
Heat transfer.
Emissivity.
Reflectivity.
Acid resistance.
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
F
F
G
G
G
33.3
53.8
3.1
4.5
14.6 9.1 7.9

10.2 6.8
30.6
18.2
14.0 5.1
4.7
(30)
(8)
2.1
(1)
1.5
(6)
(26)
(26)
(24)
1.6
(9)
(9)
1.0
(6)
2.0
(6)
1.2
0,5
(6)
0.260,260.26 (19)
2.0 1.0 0.4
(6)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Ground coat for sheet steel 2.54. White cover enamel for
sheet steel 2.66. High lead-tin oxide enamel for cast iron 2.93.
Leadless antimony enamel for cast iron 3.32. High lead oxide
enamel for jewelry 3.79 (31).
STRENGTH
Ultimate Compressive Strength (Def. 4)
Commercial ground coat for sheet steel, 95 500 Ib./in.2. Commercial white cover for sheet steel, 91 740 Ib./in.2. Cylindrical
test pieces ^ in. diam. X 1 in. long ( n ).
Cross Bending Strength
See (12, 20).
Impact Resistance
See ("t 17, 29).
HARDNESS
See (2).
THERMAL EXPANSION OF VITREOUS ENAMELS
The determinations made by Mayer and Havas were over the

range 0-10O0C while those made by Danielson and Souder were
carried to the softening points of the enamels, i.e., about 450 to
50O0C. It will be noted that the coefficient rapidly increases
with increase in temperature as shown by Fig. 1 ( 10 ).
The results of these various studies indicate that the factors
given by Mayer and Havas place the oxides in approximately their
correct order as regards their relative effect on the expansivity of
enamels and may thus serve as a valuable guide in the technical
control of enamel mixtures.
FeO
CuO
Cryolite
Cr2O3
CoO
CeO2
CaF2
CaO
BeO
B2O3
BaO
As2O5
Al2O3
AlF3
The coefficient of cubical expansion, ~TF~JT> can be approximately calculated from the wt. % composition of the melted
enamel and the moduli given below.
MODULI
0.1*
8.5* 1.35t
ZnO
ZrO2
TiO2
ThO2
SnO2
SiO2
Sb2O5
PbO
NiO2
Na2O
NaF
MnO
MgO
K2O
5.0*
4.4 5.0*2.03.00.1* 4 . 7 4 . 9 f 2 . 5 4 . 2 4 . 4 5 . 1 7.4 2 . 2 4 . 0
10*
0.8*
2.2 7. 4 1 3 f 4 . 0 4 . 23. 60. 1 5 f 2 . 0 6 . 3 4 . 1 2 . i l . 8
* Values from Winkleman and Schott ( 32 ).

t Values from English and Turner ( 13 ).
All others from Mayer and Havas ( 18 ).
The calculation is illustrated in the following example and

in the table of Expansion of Enamels.
Composition
Wt.
Moduli
Silica
25.30 X 0.8 - 20.2
Alumina
7.20 X 5 . 0 = 36.0
Potassium oxide
6.60 X 8.5 = 56.1
Sodium oxide
8.94 X 10.0 = 89.4
Boric oxide
12.77 X 0 . 1 = 1.3
Barium oxide
6.21 X 3 . 0 = 18.6
Zinc oxide
14.00 X 1.8= 25.2
Calcium oxide
1.68 X 5 . 0 = 8.4
Calcium
fluoride
7.30 X 2.5 = 18.3
Antimony oxide
10.00 X 3 . 6 = 36.0
100.00
309.5
The cale, cubical coefficient of expansion for this enamel is
therefore 309.5 X 10~7 per 0C.
Danielson and Souder ( 10 ) have shown, however, that values so
calculated are only approximate. The following are typical:
Types of enamel
Single coat gray ware . .

Ground coat for sheet
steel
Coeff. of linear expansion X IO6.

Observed values
20 0to
20 to I 20 to
20 to
20O C
40O0C I 45O0C
50O0C
9.8
11.6
9.4
10.3
13.4
11.5
106
Al
I A
Calculated
values
11.0
FIG. 1.Expansion of some typical gray ware enamels and enameling

steel.
From the observations of the various investigators it may

generally be assumed that the average coefficients of expansion
of commercial enamels and enameling metals will be within the
following limits :
""
"
!
T(TdV
Tvpe of enamel
,. .
_
;
V di
Ground coat for sheet steel
260 to 320
White cover enamel for sheet steel
320 to 400
White enamel for cast iron
.
290 to 330
White enamel for jewelry
300 to 300
Cast iron
310
Sheet iron and steel
.
381 to 438
For table of expansion of various enamels v. p. 116.
HEAT TRANSFER BY ENAMELED METALS
Observations on a large number of commercial steel enameled
units led to the following over-all coefficients of heat transfer
under the conditions named ( 22 ).
Operating conditions
Steam, to cold water
Hot water, to cold water
Steam, to boiling water
Steam, to thick fruit product
Hot water, to cold water or brine
Hot oil, to cold oil
Hot oil, to boiling water
Steam, to water in tubular heaters
Condensing sfceam to water in tubular condenser
jacket
Over-all coefficient joule

1 0
m-2 hr- ( C)
1674 to 2929
1464
2929
669
837 to 2510
271 to 586
628 to 837
2092 to 3347
2929
Velocities of liquids over heating surfaces as affected by agitation, differences in mobility, and specific heat were involved in
the above experiments.
FIG. 2.Opacifiers for enamels. No. 1. Tin oxide, 7 %. No. 7.

Sodium antimonate, 11 %. No. 6. Sodium antimonate, 9 %. No. 5.
Sodium antimonate, 7 %. No. 15A. Feldspar calcined, 9 %. No.
16A. Zinc aluminate calcined, 9 %. No. 8. Zinc aluminate calcined,
7 %. No. IQB. Zinc aluminate, 9 %. No. IQD. Zinc aluminate,
9%.
Type of enamel. ..
SiO2
B2O3
Ground coat
51.00
64.86
54.69
15.79
9.46
12.47
Cover
55.91
51.00
51.40
48.08
6.96
6.80
8.31
8.98
Cover, wicn
various oxides
The data on enameled cast-iron units are more limited. Overall coefficients of heat transfer are given ranging from 1088 to
1464.
The thickness of the enamel coating rather than the thickness of the metal, seems to be the determining factor in the overall coefficient.
THERMAL EMISSIVITY OF WHITE VITREOUS
ENAMELED SURFACES
Very nearly the same as that of white-lead paint ( 4 ).
REFLECTIVITY OF SHEET STEEL ENAMELS
A typical white tin oxide enamel for sheet steel has an average reflectivity of 69%, relative to magnesium carbonate ( 7 ).
The same frit with other opacifying agents replacing tin oxide
has reflectivities varying between 48 and 66% as shown in Figs.
2 and 3 (7).
See ( 2 7 ) for the effect of fineness of grinding on the opacity of
enamels.
FIG. 3.Opacifers for enamels. No. 1. Tin oxide, 7%. No. 4.

Zirconium oxide, 7 %. No. 14. Zirconium oxide, 9 %. No. 10.
Zirconium product, 7 %. No. 13. Commercial substitute, 7 %.
No. 26. Zirconium silicate B, 9 %. No. 25. Zirconium silicate B,
7 %. No. 25A. Zirconium silicate B calcined, 7 %. No. 12. Zirconium silicate A, 7 %. No. 20. Zirconium silicate A, 11 %. No. 27.
Zirconium silicate B, 11 %.
EXPANSION OF ENAMELS OF VARIOUS COMPOSITIONS ( 18 )

Percentage composition of enamels
Cryolite
._
__ _
CaF2
CoO
MnO
Al2O3
CaO
A1F3
NaF
5.44
3.67
4.68
3.95
6.29
3.87
6.38
6.03
9.62
5.77
9.75
0.25
0.21
0.31
0.71
0.51
0.45
1.73
2.14
_
K2O
Na2O
7.86
6.45
8.83
1.51
1.01
1.26
2.60
1.71
2.54
14.84
12.12
14.77
10.30
8.85
11.58
9.36
0.54
1.77
1.30
0.54
1.73
2.28
0.97
1.67
12.85
13.39
14.66
15.24
IQ6 dF
V dt
Obs. I Cale.
28.8
27.6
24.5
23.7
28.9
27.9
32.7
35.8
34.6
37.2
M 81
82
3 87
5 91
1>7Q
x 96
1Q 10
Q 53
1>70
12 6Q
31 g
31 g
53 76
Q 6Q
3 80
5 80
1>6
3 85
g 9Q
Q 52
1>6
12 36
3Q g
31
32.1
36.1
33.8
37.5
TiO2
54.81
53.76
6.82
6.69
3.87
3.80
5.91
5.80
1.70
1.66
54.81
53.76
6.82
6.69
3.87
3.80
5.91
5.80
1.70
1.66
33.92
5.01
1.96
3.85
10.10 0.53
9.90 0.52
1.70
1.66
12.60 32.7 32.2

12.36 31.1 32.4
ZrOj
Dry process
^,j
-^
1.96
3.85
10.10
9.90
0.53
0.52
1.70
1.66
12.60
12.36
31.2
30.1
31.8
31.6
0.22
0.41
0.75
6.51
30.1
30.7
ACID RESISTANCE OF VITREOUS ENAMELS

See ( 20 > 16 > 2 1 > 5 23 14 > n > 29) for sheet steel enamels and ( 25 )
for cast iron enamels.
LITERATURE
(l) Arnold, 38, 5: 86; 22. (2) Blumenthal, 38, 4: 900; 21. (3) Brown, 81,
14: 470; 12. (*) Coblentz and Hughes, 82, No. 254; 24. (5) Collins, 45,
11: 757; 19. ( 6 ) Danielson, 38, 3: 961; 20. (7) Danielson and Frehafer,
38, 6: 634; 23. () Danielson and Reinecker, 38, 4: 827; 21. ( 9 ) Danielson and Reinecker, 82, No. 246; 23.
(io) Danielson and Souder, 38, 4: 631; 21. (U) Danielson and Sweely, 38,
6: 1011; 23. (12) Danielson and Lindemann, 38, 8: 795; 25. (13) English
and Turner, 105, 4: 115; 20. 5: 121; 21. 5: 183; 21. (U) Frost, 38, 1:
422; 18. (15) Kraze, 100, 49: 33; 14. (16) Landrum, 81, 13: 494; 11.
(17) Landrum, 81, 14: 489; 12. () Mayer and Havas, 100, 44: 188, 207,
220; 11. (19) Menzel, 103, 22: 423; 14.
(20) Orton, 81, 11: 320; 09. (21) Poste, 81, 17: 137; 15. 18: 762; 16. 38,
2: 32; 19. 3: 560; 20. (22) poste, 45, 16: 469; 24. (23) Shaw, 81, 12:
463; 10. ( 2 4 ) Shaw, Notes submitted to Data Committee, American Ceramic
Society. (25) Staley, 38, 4: 703; 21. (26) Staley, 32, No. 142: 85; 19.
(27) Sweely, 38, 5: 855; 22. (28) Sweely, 38, 4: 350; 21. (29) Wolfram,
38, 7: 1 ; 24.
(30) Wolfram and Harrison, 38, 7: 857; 24. (31) U. S. Bureau of Standards,
O. (32) Winkelmann and Schott, 8, 51: 735; 94.
STRUCTURAL CEMENTS, LIMES AND PLASTERS

P. H. BATES AND W. E. EMLEY
Designation
(package to show
this designation)
1/3 kg
3/5 kg
6/10 kg
10/15 kg
15/20 kg
20/25 kg
Minimum tensile strength

kg cm~2
|
Ib. in.~2
7 da | 28 da | 7 da | 28 da
3
T 2 4 2 . 6
3
5
42.6
71.0
6
10
85.0
142.0
10
15
142.0
213.0
15
20
213.0
284.0
20
25
284.0
355.0
SiO2
Al 2 O 3 ....
Fe 2 O 3 ....
CaO
MgO
SO3
Na20
K20
Tg. loss...
22.2525.0220.7522.6620.3723.4019.0319.8220.80
6.63 6.08 7.79 5.58 3.64 6.97 8.75 7.62 6.94
2.26 .49 2.40 4.51 8.97 2.68 4.75 2.10 3.84
63.8462.8960.4862.2261.4260.8762.8162.0464.12
2.41 1.11 3.28
.62 .82 1.13 1.33 3.90 1.02
1.07 1.75 1.76 1.05 1.19 1.41 1.37 1.43 1.30
21
.16 .17 1.54
.07 .24
32
.80 .19 .24
.16 .26
1.14 2.03 2.76 2.86 2.07 2.78 1.56 2.72 1.26
In the following table are given the analyses of some other

cements :
Natural cements (l )
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na20
K20
SO3
Ig. loss
White (10)
Hydraulic cements have the property of hardening under water

and are usually made by burning argillaceous limestones or mixtures of argillaceous and calcareous materials. They include:
Portland, rosendale, natural, grappier, Eisenportland, Erzportland, Hochofen, trass, tufa, pozzuolana, etc., and hydraulic limes.
The definition and classification of cements is largely a matter
of usage, which varies from nation to nation. In the U. S. there
is a well-recognized standard for portland cement alone (A. S.
T. M., C9-21).
A very infrequently used standard for natural cement differentiates this from portland cement only by its not requiring grinding before calcination, and giving different numerical values for
the other properties (A. S. T. M., C10-09).
Rosendale, grappier, and hydraulic limes are natural cements
in that the raw material is not ground before calcination. The
other classes of cement mentioned above are mixtures of portland cement with various amounts of different slags of natural or
of artificial origin. Their use is not very extensive and in general
is confined to a few countries.
In France one standard covers the several varieties of hydraulic
limes and cements (3).
"Hydraulic limes and cements will be called quick-, medium-,
slow-, or extremely slow-setting according as their time of initial
set is less than 5 min, 5 to 30 min, 30 min to 6 hr or more than 6
hr respectively.
"Until the time when compression test results can be generalized, the classification by strength shall be made as follows according to minimum strength in tension at 7 and 28 days."
The chemical composition of all cements, even of the same

class, varies widely. The following table, taken from the file
of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, gives the composition of some
portland cements of the U. S., wt. % :
%) (10)
P. H. BATES
INDICE
pAGE
Conglutinanti idraulici.... 117
Cemento Portland
117
Solfato di calcio
122
Calci e muratura
123
Slag (CaS, 2.7
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Hydraulische Bindemitteln.
Portland-Ziment.
Gips.
Kalkmrtel und Mauerwerk.
Erzportland (10)
MATIRES
Liants hydraulique.
Ciment Portland.
Sulfate de chaux.
Mortier de chaux et maonnerie.
Hydraulic
lime (3)
CONTENTS
Hydraulic cements.
Portland cement.
Gypsum.
Lime mortar and masonry.
20.85 24.07 23.81 22.89

20.37 30.19 22.66
6.04 11.69 8.01 )
{ 3.64 11.08
8.61
1.40
.35 4 . 1 8 J
i 8.97 1.64
.55
34.83 47.08 32.00 64.85
61.42 46.16 62.46
22.25 1.51 18.45 1.47
.82 2.17 1.10
14
.25
.26
1.54
.29
.40
1.60
.91
.44
.24
.64
.53
2.11
.10 2.53
.61
1.19 1.10
1.64
11.12 1.79 8.26 8.03
2.07 4.00 2.06
PORTLAND CEMENT
P. H. BATES
In view of the relatively very small amounts of cements used
other than portland, and especially in view of the lack of any
critical data on these other types of cements, this section will deal
only with portland cements and products made therefrom.
Portland cement is a heterogeneous mixture of several compounds of silica, alumina and lime (being mostly 3CaO-SiO2,
ACID RESISTANCE OF VITREOUS ENAMELS

See ( 20 > 16 > 2 1 > 5 23 14 > n > 29) for sheet steel enamels and ( 25 )
for cast iron enamels.
LITERATURE
(l) Arnold, 38, 5: 86; 22. (2) Blumenthal, 38, 4: 900; 21. (3) Brown, 81,
14: 470; 12. (*) Coblentz and Hughes, 82, No. 254; 24. (5) Collins, 45,
11: 757; 19. ( 6 ) Danielson, 38, 3: 961; 20. (7) Danielson and Frehafer,
38, 6: 634; 23. () Danielson and Reinecker, 38, 4: 827; 21. ( 9 ) Danielson and Reinecker, 82, No. 246; 23.
(io) Danielson and Souder, 38, 4: 631; 21. (U) Danielson and Sweely, 38,
6: 1011; 23. (12) Danielson and Lindemann, 38, 8: 795; 25. (13) English
and Turner, 105, 4: 115; 20. 5: 121; 21. 5: 183; 21. (U) Frost, 38, 1:
422; 18. (15) Kraze, 100, 49: 33; 14. (16) Landrum, 81, 13: 494; 11.
(17) Landrum, 81, 14: 489; 12. () Mayer and Havas, 100, 44: 188, 207,
220; 11. (19) Menzel, 103, 22: 423; 14.
(20) Orton, 81, 11: 320; 09. (21) Poste, 81, 17: 137; 15. 18: 762; 16. 38,
2: 32; 19. 3: 560; 20. (22) poste, 45, 16: 469; 24. (23) Shaw, 81, 12:
463; 10. ( 2 4 ) Shaw, Notes submitted to Data Committee, American Ceramic
Society. (25) Staley, 38, 4: 703; 21. (26) Staley, 32, No. 142: 85; 19.
(27) Sweely, 38, 5: 855; 22. (28) Sweely, 38, 4: 350; 21. (29) Wolfram,
38, 7: 1 ; 24.
(30) Wolfram and Harrison, 38, 7: 857; 24. (31) U. S. Bureau of Standards,
O. (32) Winkelmann and Schott, 8, 51: 735; 94.
STRUCTURAL CEMENTS, LIMES AND PLASTERS

P. H. BATES AND W. E. EMLEY
Designation
(package to show
this designation)
1/3 kg
3/5 kg
6/10 kg
10/15 kg
15/20 kg
20/25 kg
Minimum tensile strength

kg cm~2
|
Ib. in.~2
7 da | 28 da | 7 da | 28 da
3
T 2 4 2 . 6
3
5
42.6
71.0
6
10
85.0
142.0
10
15
142.0
213.0
15
20
213.0
284.0
20
25
284.0
355.0
SiO2
Al 2 O 3 ....
Fe 2 O 3 ....
CaO
MgO
SO3
Na20
K20
Tg. loss...
22.2525.0220.7522.6620.3723.4019.0319.8220.80
6.63 6.08 7.79 5.58 3.64 6.97 8.75 7.62 6.94
2.26 .49 2.40 4.51 8.97 2.68 4.75 2.10 3.84
63.8462.8960.4862.2261.4260.8762.8162.0464.12
2.41 1.11 3.28
.62 .82 1.13 1.33 3.90 1.02
1.07 1.75 1.76 1.05 1.19 1.41 1.37 1.43 1.30
21
.16 .17 1.54
.07 .24
32
.80 .19 .24
.16 .26
1.14 2.03 2.76 2.86 2.07 2.78 1.56 2.72 1.26
In the following table are given the analyses of some other

cements :
Natural cements (l )
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na20
K20
SO3
Ig. loss
White (10)
Hydraulic cements have the property of hardening under water

and are usually made by burning argillaceous limestones or mixtures of argillaceous and calcareous materials. They include:
Portland, rosendale, natural, grappier, Eisenportland, Erzportland, Hochofen, trass, tufa, pozzuolana, etc., and hydraulic limes.
The definition and classification of cements is largely a matter
of usage, which varies from nation to nation. In the U. S. there
is a well-recognized standard for portland cement alone (A. S.
T. M., C9-21).
A very infrequently used standard for natural cement differentiates this from portland cement only by its not requiring grinding before calcination, and giving different numerical values for
the other properties (A. S. T. M., C10-09).
Rosendale, grappier, and hydraulic limes are natural cements
in that the raw material is not ground before calcination. The
other classes of cement mentioned above are mixtures of portland cement with various amounts of different slags of natural or
of artificial origin. Their use is not very extensive and in general
is confined to a few countries.
In France one standard covers the several varieties of hydraulic
limes and cements (3).
"Hydraulic limes and cements will be called quick-, medium-,
slow-, or extremely slow-setting according as their time of initial
set is less than 5 min, 5 to 30 min, 30 min to 6 hr or more than 6
hr respectively.
"Until the time when compression test results can be generalized, the classification by strength shall be made as follows according to minimum strength in tension at 7 and 28 days."
The chemical composition of all cements, even of the same

class, varies widely. The following table, taken from the file
of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, gives the composition of some
portland cements of the U. S., wt. % :
%) (10)
P. H. BATES
INDICE
pAGE
Conglutinanti idraulici.... 117
Cemento Portland
117
Solfato di calcio
122
Calci e muratura
123
Slag (CaS, 2.7
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Hydraulische Bindemitteln.
Portland-Ziment.
Gips.
Kalkmrtel und Mauerwerk.
Erzportland (10)
MATIRES
Liants hydraulique.
Ciment Portland.
Sulfate de chaux.
Mortier de chaux et maonnerie.
Hydraulic
lime (3)
CONTENTS
Hydraulic cements.
Portland cement.
Gypsum.
Lime mortar and masonry.
20.85 24.07 23.81 22.89

20.37 30.19 22.66
6.04 11.69 8.01 )
{ 3.64 11.08
8.61
1.40
.35 4 . 1 8 J
i 8.97 1.64
.55
34.83 47.08 32.00 64.85
61.42 46.16 62.46
22.25 1.51 18.45 1.47
.82 2.17 1.10
14
.25
.26
1.54
.29
.40
1.60
.91
.44
.24
.64
.53
2.11
.10 2.53
.61
1.19 1.10
1.64
11.12 1.79 8.26 8.03
2.07 4.00 2.06
PORTLAND CEMENT
P. H. BATES
In view of the relatively very small amounts of cements used
other than portland, and especially in view of the lack of any
critical data on these other types of cements, this section will deal
only with portland cements and products made therefrom.
Portland cement is a heterogeneous mixture of several compounds of silica, alumina and lime (being mostly 3CaO-SiO2,
2CaO.SiO2, 3CaO.AÔ2, glass and uncombined lime), produced

by heating to incipient fusion finely ground mixtures of limestone, marl, or other calcareous compounds with certain argillaceous materials as clay, shale, slag, etc. The cement contains, in
addition to the above, compounds or solid solutions of iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, etc. The compounds
present do not occur in fixed or definite quantities and as a consequence the properties of portland cement vary widely. Furthermore, as it is not stable towards water, moisture, or carbon
dioxide in the presence of moisture, its properties are constantly
changing (2).
[where V0 = absolute volume of cement in unit volume of

mortar,
V8 = abs. vol. of sand in unit vol. of mortar,
and VA = abs. vol. of large aggregate in unit vol. of mortar]
be graphed against the compressive strength (Def. 4) of any concrete made of any aggregate of the same consistency, aged under
the same condition and for the same period, the points so obtained
will lie close to a straight line passing through the origin.
According to Abrams (1) the compressive strength, 'S1 is
expressed by the equation S = A/BX
where x = the
vol. ratio in the mixture, and A and B

cement
are constants depending upon the quality of cement, age of concrete, curing conditions, etc.
FIG. 1.Effect of size of aggregate on modulus of elasticity. Compression tests of 6 by 12-in. cylinders. Sand and pebble aggregate.
Relative consistency 1.10. Each value is the average of 24 tests from
6 times of mixing.
On mixing portland cement with water certain hydration

reactions take place. The character and degree of these reactions
depend upon the amount of water used and the presence of dissolved salts. The character and the degree of the reaction determine also the physical properties of the resulting material.
In view of the lack of the use of cement in the neat form (cement
and water without the presence of any aggregate, either fine or
coarse) no data will be presented referring to the properties when
so used. All data will refer to concretelarge particles bonded
with cement, or mortar;fine particles, all passing the % mch
sieve, bonded with cejnent.
Strength of Concrete
The following equations have been suggested for calculating
the compressive strength (Def. 4;. Feret (22) states that if
values of the expression
FIG. 2.Effect of amount of cement on modulus of elasticity.

Compression tests of 6 by 12-in. cylinders. Sand and pebble aggregate; graded 0-1^ in. Relative consistency 1.10. Each value is the
average of 24 tests from 6 times of mixing.
Talbot (40) finds S = 32 000 (y^rgY*'* lb./in.2,

where C = vol. of cement in unit vol. mixture
and V = voids (air and water) in unit vol. mixture, when
the "basic water" content is used. The "basic water" content
is the amount of water per unit volume of the mortar that gives
the minimum voids. The relation between strength and relative
water content is not a straight line function. The strength of
the concrete having a water content of 1.5 times that of the basic
content would be reduced about one-third.
Modulus of Elasticity
m
Walker (42) gives E = CS

where E = modulus of elasticity,
C and m = constants depending upon the conditions of test,
and S = the compressive strength.
"Four different measures of modulus of elasticity of concrete
are in more or less common use, as follows:
Ei the initial tangent modulus;
Et = tangent modulus at some load;
E8 = secant modulus at some load;
Ed = load modulus between two loads.
The initial tangent modulus for usual concrete mixtures may be
represented by the equation Ei = 33 000 S%. For the tangent
modulus at 25% of the compressive strength the equation
becomes Et = 66 000 S**."
on cooling was 75% of the maximum length obtained during

heating.
Z
"
Temperature range
72- 36O0F
72- 75O0F
72-1190F
72-1600F
1O3AZ
~T/\)
4.5 to
5.0 to
4.0 to
3.5 to
6.0
6.0
5.0
4.2
SPECIFIC HEAT ( 34 )
Temperature
range
72- 3120F
72- 3720F
72-1172F
72-1472F
g-cal g"1 deg.-1C

1:2:5 stone
1:2:4 stone | 1:2:4 cinder
0.156
0.154
.192
.190
0.180
.201
.210
.206
.219
.214
.218
FIG. 3.Effect of consistency of concrete on modulus of elasticity.

Compression tests of 6 by 12-in. cylinders. Each value is the average
of 15 tests from 3 sizes of sand and pebble aggregate.
Figures 1-4 illustrate the effect of the several variables mentioned above on the initial tangent modulus. In these graphs
certain of the terms used have the same significance as indicated
in the tables under ''Strengths."
Poisson's Ratio (Def. 9)
Recorded values range from 0.08 to 0.18 (27, 39, so).
Bulk Density
Varies from 0.68 to 0.90, according to grading and size of particles and is not affected by aging or slight changes in mixing
temperature.
Thermal Expansion
Norton (34) found the following values for a "1:2:5 stone
concrete/' The concrete was permanently deformed by the heat
treatment and did not return to its original length. The length
FIG. 4.Effect of age of concrete on modulus of elasticity. Compression tests of 6 by 12-in. cylinders. Mix 1:5 by volume. Each
value is the average of 30 to 35 tests from 6 or 7 consistencies.
1 g-cal cm-2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1 = 1.24 BTU ft.~ 2 sec'1 (0F,
in.'1)-1
Upper temp.,
^C
35
50
50
200
400
500
1000
1100
* Not tamped.
Norton ( 34 )
Mix
stone 1-2-5*
stone 1-2-4*
cinder 1-2-4
stone 1-2-4
stone 1-2-4
stone 1-2-4
stone 1-2-4
stone 1-2-4
^.
g-cal unit
0.00216
0.00113
0.00081
0.0021
0.0022
0.0023
0.0027
0.0029
5O0C to 10O0C 10O0C to 20O0C 20O0C to 30O0C

12O0F to 2120F 2120F to 39O0F 39O0F to 57O0F
Mixture
by volumes
Cement:
aggregate
"Neat"
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-7
1-9
Cement:
sand :
gravel
g _ ca l
cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)-1
^
0.00140
0.00326
0.00335
0.00413
0.00327
0.00400
0.00574
1-1.2-1.1
1-1.9-1.7
1-2.4-2.3
1-3.1-3.0
1-4.3-4.0
1-5.6-5.1
^
0.00163
0.00344
0.00379
0.00352
0.00323
0.00384
0.00352
^
0.00140
0.00318
0.00318
0.00328
0.00334
Carman and
Nelson (U)
VARIATION WITH RELATIVE WATER CONTENT

Mixture
1:2
1:3
1:4
1:5
1:7
1:9
Relative
water content, %
5O0C to
10O0C
100
110
120
100
110
120
100
110
120
100
110
120
110
120
0.00365
0.00300
0.00347
0.00343
0.00353
0.00415
0.00410
0.00381
0.00273
0.00402
110
120
0.00573
k
10O0C to
20O0C
20O0C to
30O0C
0.00322
0.00332
0.00317
0.00365
0.00391
0.00345
0.00357
0.00373
0.00316
0.00353
0.00380
0.00305
0.00387
O.00300
0.00320
CF.00310
0.00340
0.00310
0.00322
Mixture
1:2
1:3
1:4
Mixture
0.00335
331
398
365
376
337
1:5
1:7
110
1:9
110
Resistance to Weathering and Chemical Action

Mortars and concretes are attacked by acid. If dense and
carbonated on the exterior they offer great resistance to weather
and other chemical agents.
TESTS OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Used in obtaining the data given in Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5.
The cement used in all tests consisted of a mixture of equal parts
of four brands purchased in Chicago and gave satisfactory soundness tests (over boiling water).
Tests were made in accordance with the Standard Specifications
and Tests for Portland Cement, A. S. T. M.
Miscellaneous tests
Fineness. Residue
on No. 200 Tyler
Sieve %
0.00359
0.00273
Relative
water
content
%
120
Time Rate of Change of Volume

These data have been obtained by linear measurements alone,
and are as usual faulty, owing to lack of data that would accurately
delimit the concrete under investigation. The change is among
other variables a function of the size of specimen, amount of
water used, and the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere.
The values given indicate a contraction ranging from 0.018 to
0.08% for "reinforced concrete'' ( 33 ).
0.00380
0.00270
Carman and
Nelson (U)
EFFECT OF AGE (ll)

Relative
Age
water
days
content
%
110
28
120
UO
28
120
110
28
120
Setting Time
In the U. S., the standards of the Govt. and Amer. Eng. Stands.
Com. require an initial set in not less than 1 hour, and a final
set within 10 hours, as determined by a purely empirical test. In
other countries cements may be made to meet various specification
requirements as to setting (cf. p. 117). No method of measuring
the set of mortars or concretes has been developed.
18.8
17.6
Time of setting
Normal
Vicat needle"
j Glmore needle
consistency T . . ,n
. . ,--
wt. %
Initial || Final | TInitial || Final
hr I min || hr | min | hr | min || hr | min
24.0
23.0
Age
days
10.5 235 365 425 380 405

10.3 280 430 410 385 355
28
120
28
120
28
120
0.00330
297
380
380
340
387
DIFFTTSIVITY OF CONCRETE, 100-200C

Relative water content, 110%
"Neat"
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-7
1-9
TS3
2.26
2.28
2.29
2.29
2.23
2.16
20 5
OO 6
45
30
9
8
40
30
Specific
,
,
heat cal
_l ^-1
__.. . .
Dmusivity
_,
cm-0 sec 1
0.00147
0.00344
0.00379
0.00352
0.00323
0.00384
0.00352
0.278
0.216
0.218
0.218
0.217
0.227
0.223
0.00289
0.00705
0.00762
0.00705
0.00650
0.00758
0.00732
1670 2570 3520 4250 3840

1720 2870 3710 4150 4370
TABLE 2.EFFECT OF CURING CONDITION OF CONCRETE

Mix, 1:4 by volume. Relative consistency of concrete, 1.10;
water-ratio, 0.82. Age at test, 28 days.
Aggregate: sand from Janesville, Wis., and pebbles from Elgin,
111.; graded up to 1 J in. Each value is the average of 5 tests made
on different days.
Ref.
No.*
Thermal Diffusivity (ll)
8
8
Mixing Tensile strength (Def. 4) of I I Compressive strength (Def. 4) 2 X 4

water
briquets. Ib./in.2
||
in. cylinders, Ib./in.2
%
7 da |28 da| 3 mo|6 mo [ 1 yr || 7 da | 28 da j 3 mo | 6 mo | 1 yr"
Days storage
-~
.,
Density
_,
g cm 3
40
.45
Mortar strength tests

1:3 Standard Sand Mortar.
For additional data, see p. 122.
AT- j.
Mixture
3
3
7,8
42
43
44
45
46
47
Damp
burlap
Dry
air
28
26
21
14
7
4
O
O
2
7
14
21
24
28
Modulus of
rupture of
beams, Ib. /in. 2
55Of
510
450
485
470
410
370
Compressive
Modulus
strength of of rupture
6 X 12 in. % comcylinders, pression
Ib. /in.
258Of
21.3
2630
19.4
2850
15.8
2920
16.6
3020
15.6
2330
17.6
2340
15.8
Average 465
* See Table 1 for Rf. Nos.
t Average of 25 beam tests and 115 cylinder tests.
2670
17.5
TABLE 1.SIEVE ANALYSIS AND UNIT WEIGHT OF AGGREGATES

Used in obtaining the data given in Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Square mesh wire cloth sieves, Tyler Series (v. p. 329), were used in making sieve analyses.
the width of the preceding one.
36
37
38
39
40
1-28,41
29
30
T^- j
Kind
[ Janesville sand
I
I
31
32
33
34
35
r^~f^
59o4
54
55
56
57
58
Fineness
Unit
modulus
weight,
Wt. % retained on each sieve
of aggrelb./ft. 3
gate*
50 I 30 I 16
8 I 4 I f I I I H
78 20
O
1.95
108
80 28 11
O
2.17
111
82 35 19
9
2
O
2.45
113
90 63 54 49 45
O
4.00
123
93 75 69 64 61 39
O
5.00
128
95 80 76 74 71 52 18 O
5.65
130
84 43 30 20 14 8
3 0
3.00
118
88 57 46 41 35 25
9 0
4.00
127
^ ^ 33 11 O
4.50
131
9Q
64
56
Sieve analysis
Aggregate
Ref.
No.
Each sieve has a clear opening twice
f
I
f
.
i j in
Ui1
I
T
Janesville
sand and Elgm pebbles....
Size
^^^^
^^
AT
100
^^ No.
0-No. 16
97
Q-No. 8
98
0-No. 4
98
0-0.375 in.
99
0-0.75 in.
99
0-1.5
in.
99
0-1.5 in.
98
0-1.5
in.
99
^5 m
99
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
[0-1.5
in.
in.
in.
in.
99
99
100
100
92
93
96
97
71
75
86
89
65
70
83
86
61
66
80
85
57
62
78
84
41
45
58
63
14
15
19
21
O
O
O
O
5.00
5.25
6.00
6.25
132
133
127
124
i Janesville sand and Elgin pebbles
0-1.5
in.
99
95
80
76
74
71
52
18
5.65
130
Janesville sand and crushed slag

Janesville sand and crushed limestone....
Janesville sand and crushed granite
Washed Elgin sand and Elgin pebbles....
Unwashed Elgin sand and Elgin pebbles..
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
99
99
99
99
100
95
95
95
95
98
80
80
80
86
91
76
76
76
80
86
74
74
74
72
81
71
71
71
67
73
52
52
52
49
50
18
18
18
17
18
O
O
O
O
O
5.65
5.65
5.65
5.65
5.97
118
129
121
127
130
I
J
* Sum of per cents in sieve analysis, divided by 100.
TABLE 3.EFFECT OF QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND MIXING WATER

Aggregate: sand from Janesville, Wis., and pebbles from Elgin, 111.; graded up to IJ^ in. Fineness modulus, 5.65. Age at test, 28
da. Specimens tested damp. Each value for modulus of rupture is the average of 10 tests, and for compressive strength 20 tests,
made on 10 different days.
Ref. No.
Mix by
volume
Cement
vol. % of
concrete
Relative
consistency
Waterratio of
concrete
Modulus of rupture of beams, Ib. /in.2 Compressive

strength of Modulus of
(7 in. deep, 10 in. wide, 38 in. long)
6 X 12 in. rupture, %
cylinders,
compression
Bottom*
Top*
Aver.
Ib. /in.2
Effect of quantity of cement

^~2
3, 4
5, 6
7, 8
9, 10
11,12
13,14
15, 16
TTe
1:5
1:4.5
1:4
1:3.5
1:3
1:2.5
1:2
Q ~ A O O
19.0
1.10
20.7
1.10
23.0
1.10
25.4
1.10
28.7
1.10
33.0
1.10
38.7
1.10
T3
0.92
0.87
0.82
0.76
0.71
0.64
0.59
430
500
480
560
590
600
590
660
420
490
510
540
540
590
590
620
425
495
495
55Of
565
595
590
640
820
2140
2130
258Of
2980
3480
4110
4390
23.4
23.1
23.2
21.3
19.0
17.1
14.3
14.6
Average
550
540
545
2950
19.5
Effect of quantity of mixing water

17, 18
19,20
21,22
23,24
7, 8
25,26
27,28
T4
1:4
1:4
1:4
1:4
1:4
1:4
23.8
23.5
23.4
23.2
23.0
22.5
22.3
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.25
1.50
0.68
0.72
0.75
0.78
0.82
0.92
1.08
590
580
580
570
560
460
400
560
600
560
550
540
540
500
575
590
570
560
55Of
500
450
3760
3280
3100
2720
258Of
1920
1300
UTs
18.0
18.4
20.6
21.3
26.0
34.6
Average . . . .
535
550
540
2660
22.0
* Part of concrete beam (as molded) which was exposed to tensile stress during loading,
t Average of 25 beam tests and 115 cylinder tests.
TABLE 4.EFFECT OF SIZE AND GRADING OF AGGREGATE

Aggregates: sand from Janesville, Wis., and pebbles from Elgin, 111. Aggregates of different size were obtained by separating
sand and pebbles into various sizes and recombining as shown by sieve analyses in Table 2. Different gradings of aggregates were
produced by mixing sand (O to No. 4) and pebbles (No. 4 to IJ^ in.) in different proportions.
Mix, 1: 5 volume. Relative consistency, 1.10. Specimens tested damp. Each value is the average of 5 tests made on different days.
Aggregate
Ref. No.
36
37
38
39
40
41
c,.
Size
(PU)
0-8
0-4
0-0.375
0-0.75
0-1.5
Fineness
AT j i
Modulus
Waterratio of
concrete
T5
2.17
2.45
4.00
5.00
5.65
1.29
1.25
1.20
0.98
0.87
0.82
Average...
29
30
31
32
33
41
34
35
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
0-1.5
3.00
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.25
5.65
6.00
6.25
m
0.98
0.93
0.87
0.85
0.82
0.78
0.77
Average...
Modulus of rupture of
beams, Ib. /in.2
7 da
28 da
3 mo
1 yr
Compressive strength 6 X
12 in. cylinder, Ib. /in. 2
7 da
Effect of size of aggregate

95 6 0 2 5 5
340
270
95 195
320
370
360
125 250
370
425
430
290 455
595
640 1040
365 560
730
775 1290
420 550*
810
880 1410
230 360
510
570
800
Effect of grading of aggregate
les 255
450
620
230 390
505
570 950
285 485
610
645 1090
325 505
660
710 1160
365 555
735
820 1320
420 550*
810
880 1410
405 600
735
825 1300
285 590
730
865 1140
320
490
650
720
1 yr
Modulus of rupture
% compression
28 da
3 mo
7 da
28 da 3 mo
620
850
1010
2110
2650
2580*
I90635^2257s
1470 1860 26.4 23.0
1620 2100 29,4 24.8
2930 4490 27.9 21.6
3650 4890 28.3 21.2
3590 5000 29.8 21.3
1 yr
27521.2
21.8 19.9
22.8 20.2
20.3 14.3
20.0 15.9
22.6 17.6
1640 2410 3320
29.5 22.9
21.5 18.2
29
2000
2190
2410
2940
2580*
2250
1990
26.6
24.2
26.2
28.0
27.7
29.8
31.2
33.8
25.0 19.3
19.8 17.7
22.2 16.9
18.4 15.8
19.3 15.4
22.6 17.6
22.2 18.8
25.7 21.2:
1640
2550
2750
3580
3810
3590
3310
2840
2330
3230
3830
4510
5340
5000
4400
4080
1120 2210 3010 4090
9~8
19.5
22.2
21.0
18.9
21.3
26.7
29.6
28.4 22.4 21.9 17.8
* Average of 25 beam tests and 115 cylinder tests.
TABLE 5.EFFECT OF KIND OF AGGREGATE

Mix, 1:4 by volume. Relative consistency, 1.10; water-ratio, 0.82.
Aggregate: sand, O to No. 4; and coarse aggregate, No. 4 to IJ^ in.; all of same grading. Specimens tested damp.
days. Each value is the average of 5 tests made on different days.
Ref
'
7, 8
54
55
56
57
58
T^. , ,
Kind of aggregate
&& &
Sand
I
Coarse
Janesville
Elgin pebbles
Janesville
Slag
Janesville
Limestone
Janesville
Granite
Elgin washed
Elgin pebbles
Elgin unwashed... Elgin pebbles
Average
Modulus of rupture
,
,.
beams, Ib./in.2
7 da | 28 da | 3 mo
420 550*
810
450 585
765
440 595
790
375 540
665
405 595
425 610
420
580
760
of
Age at test, 28
1 yr
880
760
830
725
Compressive strength 6 by
Modulus of rupture
,. , , ,.
~
.
10.
12 in. cylinder, Ib./in.2
% compression
7 da | 28 da | 3 mo | 1 yr | 7 da | 28 da 3 mo 1 yr
1410 2580* 3590 5000 29.8 21.3 22.6 17.6
1240 2300 3150 4530 36.3 25.4 24.3 16. g
1320 2350 3280 3970 33.4 25.3 24.1 20. 9>
1010 1980 2960 3760 37.1 27.3 22.4 19.31490 2640
27.2 22.5
1340 2520
31.7 24.2
800
1300
2390
3240
4320
32.6
24.3
23.4
18.8
* Average of 25 beam tests and 115 cylinder tests.
GYPSUM
(Plaster-of-Paris)
W. E. EMLEY
Raw Materials and Calcination.Commercial gypsum should
contain < 64.5% CaSO4.2H2O (A. S. T. M., C22-23T; C23-22).
On calcination below 1630C, CaSO4.2H2O (gypsum) = CaSO4-M
H2O + IKH2O. Gentle calcination above 1630C, CaSO4-^H2O
= CaSO4 (soluble anhydrite) + KH2O. At higher temperatures
CaSO4 (soluble anhydrite) = CaSO4 (natural anhydrite (insol.))
(29, 44). For dissociation pressures, consult this item in the index
of I. C. T. Commercial calcination and product v. (8> 21, 38).
Properties.The properties of products made from calcined
gypsum are dependent upon the nature of the calcined gypsum
(purity, method of calcination; and fineness), upon the quantity
of water used in placing it, and upon the kind and amount of
other materials (accelerators, retarders, lime, clay, sand) added

to it. These facts must be constantly borne in mind when interpreting the figures given below.
Setting Time.A normal figure is 6 min for no impression by
Vicat needle (24) (A. S. T. M., C26-33). Doubling the amount
of water will give 29 min (24). Fine grinding after calcination
may lower to 3 min (49). The setting reaction is not complete
when the Vicat needle indicates that the material is set. Evolution of heat continues and the temp, continues to rise for many
min (18). If the calcined gypsum is of such a nature that a
max. temp, rise of 140C is attained in 53 min this time can be
decreased to 21 min (by 2% sodium chloride) or increased to more
than 240 min (by 2% calcium acetate) ( 43 ).
The commercial accelerator generally recommended is finely
ground raw or set gypsum. The accelerating effect of this material
is so powerful that especial care must be taken to clean alFvessels
and tools before mixing a fresh batch of material. 0.5 to 0.6%

The ratio compressive strength/tensile strength = ca. 4.62 ( 21 ).
Thermal Conductivity and Fire Resistance.( 2S ). (See also
of this material will decrease the time of set of gypsum plaster
48
about 1 hr ( ). Other soluble sulfates, such as are generally p. 315.)
Heat of Dehydration.See I. C. T. Section on Thermochemistry.
found in our water supplies, have similar effects.
Porosity, Solubility and Weather Resistance.Calcined gypsum
Commercial retarder is a mixture made by cooking together
soda, lime, and slaughter house refuse; 0.2% of this material will will not harden under water. When hardened in air and immersed
retard the time of set 2.5 to 3 hr ( 43 ). Carpenters' glue has a in running water, castings made of calcined gypsum will eventually
disintegrate. Calcined gypsum should not be used in situations
similar effect and is more readily obtainable.
Expansion on Setting.Calcined gypsum will normally expand where it will be exposed to the weather unless special precautions
when it sets. Heavily retarded material may contract due to are taken.
These characteristics are usually attributed to the fact that
settling out of the solid. Calcined gypsum retarded to set in 2
hr and mixed with 35% water expanded 0.15% in length while gypsum is "quite soluble," but it is now believed that they are
setting. Increasing the water to 47% increased the expansion to dependent more upon porosity than solubility.
The solubility of gypsum in pure water varies from 0.18% at
0.30%. Addition of sand seemed to have little effect.
After the gypsum has set and dried, wetting will cause expan- O0C to a maximum of 0.21% at 4O0C, but it is much more soluble
sion, drying, contraction. The magnitude of the movement in water containing certain common salts ( 23 ). Taking the
is about 0.04% for the pure material. Addition of sand reduces weight of set gypsum at 77 Ib./ft.3 ( 32 ) and the specific gravity
this expansion, the reduction being proportional to the amount of the solid material at 2.35, the pores must occupy 47.5% of
of sand, so that a specimen made of one part calcined gypsum to a the total volume. (This figure may vary within wide limits,
little more than two parts of sand shows practically no movement, depending upon the fineness of the calcined gypsum and the
and leaner mixtures actually contract instead of expanding on quantity of mixing water used.) Owing to the crystalline nature
of the material, these pores are comparatively large and afford
being wetted ( 35 ).
Strength.Calcined gypsum, if pure, properly calcined, of such passages for circulation of water, thereby rendering material assistfineness that it will all react, mixed with as little water as possible ance in the solution of the gypsum.
to bring it to a pouring consistency, molded in the form of a
It has been found that if calcined gypsum is heavily retarded
cylinder 2 in. diameter by 4 in. high, not retarded to such an extent so that it can be trowelled frequently while setting, the dense
that much water can evaporate prior to setting, and stored in a surface thus produced is quite effective in improving the weather
cool place until dry, will develop a compressive strength of at resistance of the finished product ( 46 ).
least 1000 lb./in.2 (A. S. T. M. C23-22); av. 1665, max. 2285 (21).
LIME MORTAR AND MASONRY
Naturally occurring impurities or added materials (except
W. E. EMLEY
accelerators) will decrease the strength. The average figure for
the compressive strength of a mixture of one part calcined gypsum
Commercial
limes
and
mortars are made by mixing properly
to two parts sand by weight may be taken at 415 lb./in.2 ( 21 ); calcined limestone with water, or water and sand. Their properfor a 1:3 mixture the figure is 335. Lime and clay reduce the ties depend on many variables, lack of control of which render most
strength at early ages, but this is gradually recovered ( 36 ). Port- of the published quantitative data valueless. For the available
land cement reduces the strength in proportion to the cement qualitative information, reference should be made to the literature
added until the mixture reaches a minimum at 20% gypsum 80% cited.
cement, the strength of which is little more than half that of calRaw Materials
cined gypsum (35).
Nature of Raw Materials, Commercial Definitions and SpecificaIncreased fineness up to 80% through a No. 100 U. S. Stand.
tions (i 2 ).(A. S. T. M. C51-22T; C5-22T).
sieve (v. p. 329), by making the calcined gypsum more reactive,
Density.v. p. 53.
causes increased strength. This size is 50% stronger than material
Porosity.Limestone usually less than 1 vol. % (v. p. 53).
only 40% of which passes a No. 100 sieve. Further increase
Dissociation Pressure and Rate of Dissociation.The dissociation
in fineness is accompanied by a decrease in strength because
pressure reaches 1 atm at 8980C for CaCO3 and 756.50C for
more water is required to bring the mixture to a workable
MgCO3. For further data, v. " Dissociation pressure " in the index
consistency C 45 ).
of I. C. T. Commercial calcination is ca. 6 hr at ca. 140O0C (i 15 ).
The above figures are based on the max. consistency thickness
Other Properties.See the pure materials in the various tables of
which will allow pouring. Thicker consistencies will give greater
I. C. T. See also p. 47.
9
strength, clear to the limit of workability of the mixture ( ).
Thinner consistencies will give lower strengths to zero, for calHydrated Lime and Lime Putty
cined gypsum will not harden under water.
Manufacture.When CaO is properly mixed with an excess
While there is a tendency for accelerators to increase the strength of water sufficient to keep the temp, below 10O0C "lime putty" is
of calcined gypsum and for retarders to reduce it, the action of obtained. With less excess, the resultant product is dry "hydrated
neither is marked unless retarder is present in sufficient amount lime/' With still less water, the temperature may rise above
to delay the set until the water required for setting has evapo- 3750C and an "oxyhydrate" is obtained (17 26).
rated. Two per cent calcium acetate, for example, will retard
"Plasticity." ( 2 <> *$> 2 ^* 2 ).
calcined gypsum so far as to destroy completely its strength ( 43 ).
Lime Mortars
Castings made of calcined gypsum are strongest when completely dry. Moisture, or more particularly percolating water,
Decrease in Volume on "Setting."From 9% for non-plastic to
seems to dissolve the bond between the crystals, resulting in per- 27% for plastic lime putty ( 28 ). This contraction is in practice
manent loss of strength or eventual disintegration. On account reduced to ca. 5 % by admixture of 80-90 % of sand (5> 40).
of the comparatively high dissociation pressure of gypsum at
Setting Time.No agreement as to definition of term. The
ordinary temperatures (100 mm Hg at 620C) ( 41 ), it is dangerous following laboratory test has been proposed ( 37 ):
to resort to artificial drying. The strength reaches very nearly
Setting shall be assumed to be attained when an electrical
its maximum as soon as the casting is dry, so that the age of a . resistance of 30 000 ohms is reached between two 5 mm brass
test specimen is of little importance (A. S. T. M. C26-23).
plugs imbedded 8 mm in the plaster with their centers 10 cm apart.
Under this definition, neat lime putty will set in 40-50 hr, and
this may be reduced 5-10 hr by admixture of sand (37).
Rate of Carbonation.As ordinarily mixed and placed, lime
mortar will carbonate from the surface inwards at ca. % in- per
month ( 16 ). This is subject to change, within narrow limits, by
variations of the factors enumerated above. A 2-in. cube exposed
on 5 sides will carbonate completely in ca. 8 months; an 8-in.
mortar joint exposed on one side will require more than 5 years.
Soundness.(20, 31, 47).
Strength.For purposes of intercomparison only, the following
figures may be quoted as the strength of a mortar made of high
calcium hydrate with three parts by weight of run-of-mine Ottawa
sand and enough water to bring the mixture to "Standard"
consistency ( 19 ) on the plunger viscometer, the mortar being
molded in the form of 2-in. cubes for compression, the usual type
of briquette for tension, and 12 X 1 X 1 in. bars for transverse
and shear, and the specimens stored in the laboratory, with 5 sides
exposed, for 90 days: Compressive, 403; Tensile, 69; Shearing,
82; Transverse, 146 Ib./in.2
Expansion fter Setting.No published data. Humidity and
thermal coefficients at room temperature approximately equal to
those of concrete. Thermal coefficient much greater at higher
temperatures ( 9 ).
Strength of Masonry ( 7 > 13).Common brick masonry (1 to
4 pt. by vol. lime mortar) should withstand a compression of 125
lb./in.2 (i*). See also p. 66.
Thermal Conductivity and Fire Resistance.(25).

LITERATURE
C 1 ) Abrams, 309, No. 1; 22. (2) Ibid., No. 6; 24. (3) Ancienne Soc. J. and
A. Pavin de LaFarge, Sales Circ. (*) Anon, 66, 23 II: 432; 23. ( 5 ) Anon.,
Nat. Lime Assoc., Bull. No. 305A. (6) Bleininger and Emley, 81, 13: 618;
11. (7) Bragg, 32, No. Ill; 18. () Bur. Standards, CtVc. No. 108; 21.
(9) Ibid., No. 151; 24.
(10) Bur. Standards, O. (") Carman and Nelson, 86, No. 122: 29; 21. (12)
Clarke, 156, No. 695: 557; 20. ( 1 3 ) Cleare, Proc. Sand Lime Brick Assoc.,
1920: 57. ( 14 ) Dept. of Commerce, Report of building code committee, 1925.
(15) Emley, 82, No. 16: 84; 13. O 6 ) Emley, 81, 16: 117; 14. (i7) Emley,
310, 1914: 254. (i) Emley, 81, 19: 573; 17. (i) Emley, 32, No. 169;
20.
(20) Emley and Berger, 38, 6: 1007; 23. (21) Emley and Faxon, 38, 3: 984;
20. (22) Feret, 311, 6, No. 3: 63; 23. (23) Gale and Schaller, 156, No.
580: 302; 14. (24) Householder, 38, 1: 578; 18. (25) Hull, 32, No. 130;
19. (26) Hursh, 81, 14: 792; 12. (27) Johnson, 66, 24 II: 1024; 24. (28)
Johnson, O. ( 2 9 ) Larsen, 66, 23 I: 236; 23.
(30) Lazell, Hydrated Lime, p. 39; 15. (31) Lazell, 310, 1905: 135. (32)
Marani in Kidder-Nolan Architects' Handbook, 1918. (33) Matsumoto,
86, No. 126: 5; 21. (34) Norton, 122, 35: 1012; 13. (35) Porter, 66,
23 I: 244; 23. (36) Porter, Rock Products, 1924: 47. (37) Stockett, O.
(38) Stone, 30, No. 155; 17. (39) Talbot, 86, No. 20; 08.
(40) Talbot and Richart, 86, No. 137; 23. () van't Hoff, 7, 45: 257; 03.
(42) Walker, 309, No. 5; 23. (43) Welch, 38, 6: 1197; 23. (44) Welch,
45, 16: 238; 24. (45) Welch and Emley, 38, 4: 301; 21. (46) Welch, O.
(47) White, 310, 1916: 109. (48) Wilder, Iowa Geol. Sur., 18: 371; 18.
(49) Winterbottom, S. Australia Chem. Dept., Bull. No. 7; 17.
(50) Withey, Univ. Wisconsin, Bull. No. 466; 11.
MAGNESIA CEMENTS AND CONCRETES

LEROY C. STEWART
CONTENTS
Bulk density.
Strength.
Elastic properties.
Hardness.
Resistance to wear.
Coefficient of friction.
Thermal expansion.
Specific heat.
Heat of mixing and setting.
MATIRES
Densit apparente.
Rsistance mcanique.
Proprits lastiques.
Duret.
Coefficient de frottement.
Chaleur spcifique.
Chaleur de mlange et de prise.
Setting time.
Dure de solidification.
BULK DENSITY (7)

Grams per cm3: Stucco, 3.0 to 3.4. Flooring, 1.55 to 1.8.
Special mixes with wood flour, cork dust, etc., 1.0 to 2.0.
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4) AND MODULUS
OF RUPTURE (DEF. 5) OF CEMENTS MADE WITH
SPECIALLY CALCINED DOLOMITES
Wt. %: Calcined dolomite 31, ground flint 12.5, Ottowa sand
56.5. 1.179 sp. gr. MgCl 2 soin., kg/cm 2 (22).
Dolomite
A
B
Tensile strength
1 day | 3 days [ 7 days
3276
18.1
30.2
34.4
Modulus of rupture*
Not sprayed | Wet | Recovered
112.2
57
68.0
133.0
69.6
102.6
* Bars sprayed 24 hr at 14, 16 and 18 days' age. "Wet" bars broken at

19 days' age and " Recovered" at 21 days' age. " Not Sprayed" bars broken at
20 days' age.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Raumgewicht.
Festigkeit
Hrte.
Abnutzbarkeit.
Reibungskoefficient.
Wrmeausdehnung.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit .
Mischungs- und Abbindungswrme.
Abbindungsdauer.
INDICE
PAGE
Peso specifico apparente. . 124
124
Propriet elastiche
124
Durezza
126
128
Coefficiente d'attrito
128
Dilatazione termica
128
Calore specifico
128
Conduttivit termica
128
Calore di mescolamento e
di presa
128
128
Tempo di presa
128
ELASTIC PROPERTIES
Elastic limit (Def. 2), modulus of elasticity (Def. 1Oa) and
ultimate compressive strength (Def. 4) of cement mortar and
concrete.
1.23 sp. gr. MgCl2 soin. used. Aged 80-85 days. Unit kg/
cm 2 (1).
Magnesite-sand, ,
,
rock by wt.
1- 4-0
1- 6-0
1- 8-0
1-10-0
1- 2-4
1- 3-6
. ..
Elas. lim.
253
150
127
53-114
234
234
__ . .
Mod. elas.
194
192
146
96
269
194
000
000
000
400
000
OOP
_,
Compr. str.
*
319
240
185
143
359
305
Under this definition, neat lime putty will set in 40-50 hr, and
this may be reduced 5-10 hr by admixture of sand (37).
Rate of Carbonation.As ordinarily mixed and placed, lime
mortar will carbonate from the surface inwards at ca. % in- per
month ( 16 ). This is subject to change, within narrow limits, by
variations of the factors enumerated above. A 2-in. cube exposed
on 5 sides will carbonate completely in ca. 8 months; an 8-in.
mortar joint exposed on one side will require more than 5 years.
Soundness.(20, 31, 47).
Strength.For purposes of intercomparison only, the following
figures may be quoted as the strength of a mortar made of high
calcium hydrate with three parts by weight of run-of-mine Ottawa
sand and enough water to bring the mixture to "Standard"
consistency ( 19 ) on the plunger viscometer, the mortar being
molded in the form of 2-in. cubes for compression, the usual type
of briquette for tension, and 12 X 1 X 1 in. bars for transverse
and shear, and the specimens stored in the laboratory, with 5 sides
exposed, for 90 days: Compressive, 403; Tensile, 69; Shearing,
82; Transverse, 146 Ib./in.2
Expansion fter Setting.No published data. Humidity and
thermal coefficients at room temperature approximately equal to
those of concrete. Thermal coefficient much greater at higher
temperatures ( 9 ).
Strength of Masonry ( 7 > 13).Common brick masonry (1 to
4 pt. by vol. lime mortar) should withstand a compression of 125
lb./in.2 (i*). See also p. 66.
Thermal Conductivity and Fire Resistance.(25).

LITERATURE
C 1 ) Abrams, 309, No. 1; 22. (2) Ibid., No. 6; 24. (3) Ancienne Soc. J. and
A. Pavin de LaFarge, Sales Circ. (*) Anon, 66, 23 II: 432; 23. ( 5 ) Anon.,
Nat. Lime Assoc., Bull. No. 305A. (6) Bleininger and Emley, 81, 13: 618;
11. (7) Bragg, 32, No. Ill; 18. () Bur. Standards, CtVc. No. 108; 21.
(9) Ibid., No. 151; 24.
(10) Bur. Standards, O. (") Carman and Nelson, 86, No. 122: 29; 21. (12)
Clarke, 156, No. 695: 557; 20. ( 1 3 ) Cleare, Proc. Sand Lime Brick Assoc.,
1920: 57. ( 14 ) Dept. of Commerce, Report of building code committee, 1925.
(15) Emley, 82, No. 16: 84; 13. O 6 ) Emley, 81, 16: 117; 14. (i7) Emley,
310, 1914: 254. (i) Emley, 81, 19: 573; 17. (i) Emley, 32, No. 169;
20.
(20) Emley and Berger, 38, 6: 1007; 23. (21) Emley and Faxon, 38, 3: 984;
20. (22) Feret, 311, 6, No. 3: 63; 23. (23) Gale and Schaller, 156, No.
580: 302; 14. (24) Householder, 38, 1: 578; 18. (25) Hull, 32, No. 130;
19. (26) Hursh, 81, 14: 792; 12. (27) Johnson, 66, 24 II: 1024; 24. (28)
Johnson, O. ( 2 9 ) Larsen, 66, 23 I: 236; 23.
(30) Lazell, Hydrated Lime, p. 39; 15. (31) Lazell, 310, 1905: 135. (32)
Marani in Kidder-Nolan Architects' Handbook, 1918. (33) Matsumoto,
86, No. 126: 5; 21. (34) Norton, 122, 35: 1012; 13. (35) Porter, 66,
23 I: 244; 23. (36) Porter, Rock Products, 1924: 47. (37) Stockett, O.
(38) Stone, 30, No. 155; 17. (39) Talbot, 86, No. 20; 08.
(40) Talbot and Richart, 86, No. 137; 23. () van't Hoff, 7, 45: 257; 03.
(42) Walker, 309, No. 5; 23. (43) Welch, 38, 6: 1197; 23. (44) Welch,
45, 16: 238; 24. (45) Welch and Emley, 38, 4: 301; 21. (46) Welch, O.
(47) White, 310, 1916: 109. (48) Wilder, Iowa Geol. Sur., 18: 371; 18.
(49) Winterbottom, S. Australia Chem. Dept., Bull. No. 7; 17.
(50) Withey, Univ. Wisconsin, Bull. No. 466; 11.
MAGNESIA CEMENTS AND CONCRETES

LEROY C. STEWART
CONTENTS
Bulk density.
Strength.
Elastic properties.
Hardness.
Resistance to wear.
Coefficient of friction.
Thermal expansion.
Specific heat.
Heat of mixing and setting.
MATIRES
Densit apparente.
Rsistance mcanique.
Proprits lastiques.
Duret.
Coefficient de frottement.
Chaleur spcifique.
Chaleur de mlange et de prise.
Setting time.
Dure de solidification.
BULK DENSITY (7)

Grams per cm3: Stucco, 3.0 to 3.4. Flooring, 1.55 to 1.8.
Special mixes with wood flour, cork dust, etc., 1.0 to 2.0.
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4) AND MODULUS
OF RUPTURE (DEF. 5) OF CEMENTS MADE WITH
SPECIALLY CALCINED DOLOMITES
Wt. %: Calcined dolomite 31, ground flint 12.5, Ottowa sand
56.5. 1.179 sp. gr. MgCl 2 soin., kg/cm 2 (22).
Dolomite
A
B
Tensile strength
1 day | 3 days [ 7 days
3276
18.1
30.2
34.4
Modulus of rupture*
Not sprayed | Wet | Recovered
112.2
57
68.0
133.0
69.6
102.6
* Bars sprayed 24 hr at 14, 16 and 18 days' age. "Wet" bars broken at

19 days' age and " Recovered" at 21 days' age. " Not Sprayed" bars broken at
20 days' age.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Raumgewicht.
Festigkeit
Hrte.
Abnutzbarkeit.
Reibungskoefficient.
Wrmeausdehnung.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit .
Mischungs- und Abbindungswrme.
Abbindungsdauer.
INDICE
PAGE
Peso specifico apparente. . 124
124
Propriet elastiche
124
Durezza
126
128
Coefficiente d'attrito
128
Dilatazione termica
128
Calore specifico
128
Conduttivit termica
128
Calore di mescolamento e
di presa
128
128
Tempo di presa
128
ELASTIC PROPERTIES
Elastic limit (Def. 2), modulus of elasticity (Def. 1Oa) and
ultimate compressive strength (Def. 4) of cement mortar and
concrete.
1.23 sp. gr. MgCl2 soin. used. Aged 80-85 days. Unit kg/
cm 2 (1).
Magnesite-sand, ,
,
rock by wt.
1- 4-0
1- 6-0
1- 8-0
1-10-0
1- 2-4
1- 3-6
. ..
Elas. lim.
253
150
127
53-114
234
234
__ . .
Mod. elas.
194
192
146
96
269
194
000
000
000
400
000
OOP
_,
Compr. str.
*
319
240
185
143
359
305
FIG. 1.Ultimate compressive strength

(Def. 4) of magnesium oxychloride flooring
mixtures as affected by size and burning temperature of magnesite ore ( 3 ).
FIG. 2.Ultimate compressive strength

(Def. 4) of magnesium oxychloride mortar
mixtures as affected by size
and burning temperature of magnesite ore ( 3 ).
Graphs in Figs. 1 and 2 represent averages of three compositions, using MgCl2 solution (sp. gr.
1.184) and Washington magnesite. Coarse ore passed 3.35 mm sieve, retained on 2.00 mm; medium
passed 2.00 mm, retained on 0.585 mm; fine passed 0.249 mm opening.
FIG. 9.Effect of active lime in
magnesite on magnesium
oxychloride cement ( 21 ).
FIG. 3.Modulus of rupture (Def. 5) of magnesium oxychloride

flooring mixture as affected by source, size and burning temperature
of magnesite ore ( 4 ).
Sizes of magnesite: 1, passing 2.54 cm, retained on 1.27 cm screen;
2, passing 1.27 cm, retained on 0.64 cm screen; 3, passing 0.64 cm,
retained on 0.32 cm screen. Mix: 45 % MgO, 10 % wood flour, 5 %
asbestos, 20 % silex, 5 % silocel, 5 % clay, 10 % pigment (all by weight) ;
MgCl2 soin., sp. gr. 1.179.
FIG. 5 (Insert).Strength of magnesium oxychloride cements ( 7 ).

Average for 12 commercial magnesi tes.
FIG. 6.Effect of magnesium chloride solution strength on tensile
strength of oxychloride cements O 1 ).
FIG. 4.Modulus of rupture (Def. 5) of magnesium oxychloride

stucco mixture 4as affected by source, size and burning temperature of
magnesite ore ( ).
Sizes as in Fig. 3. Mix: 10 % MgO, 20 % silex, 67 % mortar sand,
3 % asbestos (all by weight); MgCl2 soin., sp. gr. 1.179.
FIG. 7.Tensile strength of oxychloride-silex-sand mixtures (8).
FIG. 8.Water resistance of oxychloride-silex-sand

mixtures.
lus of rupture ( 10 ).
Modu-
FIG. 10.Effect of variation in

amount of magnesium chloride solution
on strength and elasticity of magnesium
oxychloride flooring ( 19 ).
Modulus of elasticity = Pl*/4:dbh3,
where P = load applied at center, I =
length of bar between supports, d =
deflection of supports at center, b = width
of bar and h = thickness of bar.
FIG. 12.Effect of variation

in amount of magnesium chloride solution on Brinell hardness of magnesium oxy chloride
flooring ( 19 ).
FIG. 11.Effect of variation in density of magnesium chloride solution on

strength and elasticity of magnesium
oxy chloride solution (is).
FIG. 13.Effect of variation in

density of magnesium chloride solution on Brinell hardness of 19magnesium oxy chloride flooring ( ).
FIG. 14.Tensile strength of high magnesite oxychloride mixtures

as
affected by density of magnesium chloride solution ( 7 ).
FIG. 15.Tensile and compressive strengths

of an
hydraulic magnesian cement ( 24 ).
FIG. 16.Volume change in magnesium oxychloride cements ( 7 ).
FIG. 17.Effect of wood flour on strength of magnesium oxychloride

cement mixture ( 7 ).
FIG. 18 (Insert).Effect of % of magnesite on wearing resistance
of magnesium oxychloride flooring (12).
FIG. 19.Permanency of magnesium oxychloride

cement
exterior weathering ( 7 ).
under
FIG. 23.Effect of magnesium chloride solution9 strength on setting

time of oxychloride cement ( ).
FIG. 20.Transverse strength and elasticity of7magnesium oxychloride

cement at various ages ( ).
FIG. 21.Effect of temperature on setting time of magnesium oxychloride cements ( 9 ).

FIG. 22 (Insert).Effect of magnesite proportion on setting time of
magnesium oxychloride cements ( 9 ).
FIG. 24.Effect of consistency on setting9 time of magnesium oxychloride cements ( ).
FIG. 25.Effect of kind and amount of asbestos on covering

capacity
and absorption of magnesium oxychloride stucco ( 7 ).
COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION OF COMMERCIAL MAGNESIUM

OXYCHLORIDE FLOORING ( 7 )
Coefficient
of friction
0.35-0.50
0.45-0.70
0.25-0.50
Flooring on
flooring
Leather on
flooring
Wood (parallel to grain) on
flooring
Wear, resist
Flour
Cork
Granulated
Flour
Calif,
redwood
Sawdust
Flour
Flour
Oak
Sawdust
Sawdust
Flour
White Hard
pine maple
Sawdust
Medium fiber
Short fiber
Asbestos
Long fiber
Fiber
Hard yellow pine sawdust
WEARING RESISTANCE
Effect of fiber variation on wearing resistance of magnesium
oxychloride flooring ( 12 ).
Wt. %: Magnesite 46, silex 27, talc 9, fiber 9, pigment 9; 1.179
sp. gr. MgCl2 soin. Wearing resistance of hard maple taken as
100 (12).
I 611 55| 47| 50| 42] 40| 311 45| 411 43| 38| 56| 50| 43
FIG. 26.Effect of kind and amount of asbestos on7 water resistance of

magnesium oxychloride stucco ( ).
COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION
Sp gr
Dry ingredients by weight
' '
MgCl2
solution
1.23
. 1.23
1 magnesite : 4 sand
1 magnesite : 6 sand
54 magnesite : 32 sawdust : 14
asbestos
1 magnesite : 2 silex : 5 sand. .
SPECIFIC
HEAT EVOLVED DURING MIXING AND SETTING OF

MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENTS (?)
150 to 250 g-cal per gram of commercially calcined magnesite.
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF CEMENT MORTARS
1.23 sp. gr. MgCl2 solution. R for various ages in megohm-cm (* )
Magnesite-sand by wt.|
2 days
| 2 mo. dry | 2 mo. wet
1 ^ 4 0 . 0 2 5 2 0 . 0 0 1 2
1-6
0.032
138
O.QOl
1.20
1.179
IO6 I
~j~ ^
AC
Lit.
12.60
11 A
13-93
13-93
(i)
(i)
22.7
15.1
Room (19)
4-51 (*)
HEAT AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF

CEMENT MORTARS 1 )
By wt. mag.- Sp. gr. MgCl2
k, cal cm-2
1 Op
Cp1 Ca g U
sand
soin.
SeC-H0CCm-1)-1
1-4
1.23
0.19
O.C042
1-6
1.23
0.20
0.0045
(See also p. 314.)
FIG. 27.Effect of humidity on setting 9time of magnesium oxychloride

cements ( ).
SETTING TIME OF COMMERCIAL MAGNESITES IN VARIOUS MIXES (9)
Sp. gr. MgCl2 soin. 1.179. Normal temperature, humidity and
consistency. Stucco test mix by weight, 1:2:5 magnesite, silex
and sand. Flooring test mix by weight, 5:3:1:1:1 magnesite, silex,
talc, wood flour and pigment. Time of set determined with Gilmore needles.
For fourteen different samples of commercial magnesites, the
initial set for neat mix varies from 0.5-6.25 hr, the final set from
1.5-16 hr; for stucco test mix, the initial sefc from 1-7.5 hr, final set,
2.75-11.5 hr; for flooring test mix, initial set, 1.5-8 hr, final set,
3-15 hr, depending on the nature of the magnesite.
SETTING TIME OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT MIXTURES
Effect of source, size and burning temperature of magnesite ore
( 4 ). Flooring mix: Wt. %: MgO 45, wood flour 10, asbestos 5,
silex 20, silocel 5, clay 5, pigment 10. Stucco mix: Wt. %:
MgO 10, silex 20, mortar sand 67, asbestos 3. 1.179 sp. gr.
MgCl2 soin. Gilmore needles.
Flooring mix
|
Stucco mix
Initial I Final | Initial | Final
Source
| Si^*"
Hr | Min | Hr | Min | Hr | Min | Hr | Min
Washington
1
900 3
45 8+
2
05 . 6
55
Washington
2+3
800 1
20 3
50
2
OO 3
40
Greece
1
900 1
15 3
OO 1
25
3
15
Greece
2
800
- O
50
2
25
Porterville, Calif....
1 1100 1
35 3
50
2
45
3
40
1
900 O
30 2
30
O
55
2 OO
2
800 1
15 2
50
O
55
1
50
Porterville, Calif
3
750 3
1 5 5
45
4
OO 6
05
Livermore, Calif....
1
900 2
15 4
OO 2
30
4
30
Livermore, Calif....
2
850 1
10 2
2.0
1
50
3
20
Livermore, Calif
3
800 1
15 2
25
1 | 15
2 OO
* Sizes of Magnesite: 1passing 2.54 cm, retained on 1.27 cm screen; 2passing 1.27 cm, retained on 0.64 cm screen; 3passing 0.64 cm, retained on 0.32
cm screen.
J0C
LITERATURE
(l) Alvarez, Univ. Calif., Pub. in Eng., 1, No. 3: 21; 15. (2) Andre, 34, 94:
444; 82. (3) Bates and Young, 38, 4: 570; 21. (4) Bates, Young and
Rapp, 32, No. 239; 23. (5) Bender, 25, 3: 932; 71. 13, 159: 341; 71. ()
Davis, 135, 25: 258; 72. (7) Dow Chemical Co., O. ( 8 ) Dow Chem. Co.,
MgCh Service Bull, No. 1; 22. () Ibid., No. 2; 22.
(10) Dow Chem. Co., MgCh Service Bull, No. 4; 22. (U) Ibid., No. 5; 21.
(12) ibid., No. 6; 21. (13) Hof, 136, 33: 693; 09. (U) Kallauner, 136,
33: 871; 09. 37: 1045, 1275; 13. (15) Krause, 13, 165: 38; 73. (l)
Krieger, i 30, 34: 246; 10. 37: 1274; 13. (i?) Lahrman, 314, 35: 265; 11.
( 18 ) Olin and Peterson, S3, 31: 266; 24. ( 1 ^) Roark, Univ. Wisconsin,
Eng. Expt. Sta., Bull. 879; 17.
(20) Robinson and Waggaman, 50, 13: 673; 09. ( 21 ) Seaton, Hill and Stewart, 33, 25: 270; 21. (22) Shaw and BoIe, 38, 6: 311; 22. (23) gorel, 34,
65: 102; 67. ( 24 ) Vournazos, 34, 172: 1578; 21. (25) Webber, 64, 10:
111; 91.
DENTAL CEMENTS
W. B. HOLMES
1. TYPICAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS. WEIGHT %
ZINC OXIDE CEMENTS
Powder
.
Liquids
ZnO
70-100 Sp. gr
1.55-1.85
Bi2O3
O- 6 P2O5
33
-50
MgO
O- 9 H20
45
-67
Fe2O3
O- 2 Al2O3
4 -6
*A12O3
O- 7 Na 2 O..
O -3
*Si02
O- 8
*PO4
O- 2
SILICEOUS CEMENTS
Powder
Liquids
SiO2
25-45 Sp. gr
1.50- 1.80
Al2O3
27-40 P2O5
35 -45
CaO
4-13 H20
44 -70
Na20
0-8 Al2O3
4 -6
*BeO....
0-16 Z n O
0 - 8
PO4
4-24
F
0-10
COPPER CEMENTS
Powder
Liquids
ZnO
0-90 Sp. gr
1.50- 1.70
CuO
0-90 P2O5
33 -45
Cu20
0-30 H20
44 -65
Cu2I2
0 - 5 Al2O3
4 -6
Co2O3
O- 8 " ZnO
O
-4
Fe2O3
0-20 FeO
O
-4
CuSiO3
0-1 NiO
O -1
Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2
0-5 C u O
0 - 1
2. Influence of Mixing Temperature.See Curve A, Fig. 1.

3. Rate of Hardening of a "Synthetic Porcelain" Cement at
870C as Measured by Its Crushing Strength.See Fig. 2, which
gives the crushing strength in % of maximum strength, during
the first hour.
Fig-2
[RJ71
*MgO.
2. CRUSHING STRENGTH(I)
1. Limits for Commercial Cements.Cement mixed at 2O0C and
then incubated at 370C in oil. For the saliva tests the cylinders
are incubated in oil for 15 min, then washed with petroleum ether
and the incubation continued in saliva. Pressure applied to a
cylinder ( 5 X 5 mm) at the rate of 453.6 kg/min.
\.
Incubation:
(1) In oil for
^x^
15 min I 1 day | 7 days | 28 days
Type and\v
No. of sani- ^s.
Crushing strength. Unit = 100 kg
pies tested
^\
SiI. (7)
1.5-2.8 3.3-5.6 4.1-6.3 4.0-6.5
ZnO (18)
0.4-3.5 0.9-4.8 0.7-5.6 1.0-5.6
Cu (15)
0.5-2.9 0.5-4.4 0.4-5.4 0.7-5.4
v.
Incubation :
(2) In saliva for
^^\^^
1 day I 7 days | 28 days
Type and^^\^
No. of samples^\^^
tested
^^\
SiI. (7)
1.0-5.6
1.1-5.9
1.2-6.6
ZnO(IS)
0.9-4.4
1.1-4.9
1.0-4.4
Cu (15)
0.8-4.4
1.2-4.5
0.0-4.3
3. SETTING TIME(I)
Time from mixing to failure of Gilmore needle to indent in 5
sec application. Seven siliceous cements, 5-12 min; 18 ZnO
cements, 9-78 min; 15 Cu cements, 8-25 min; t = 2O0C. For
influence of mixing temperature see Fig. 1, Curve I, a siliceous
cement and Curves II and III, ZnO cements.
Heat of Setting
No calorimetrie data available.
ting v. (2).
For temperature rise on set-
LITERATURE
(!) Poetschke, 45, 8: 302; 16. (2) Poetschke, 45, 15: 339; 23.
LITERATURE
(l) Alvarez, Univ. Calif., Pub. in Eng., 1, No. 3: 21; 15. (2) Andre, 34, 94:
444; 82. (3) Bates and Young, 38, 4: 570; 21. (4) Bates, Young and
Rapp, 32, No. 239; 23. (5) Bender, 25, 3: 932; 71. 13, 159: 341; 71. ()
Davis, 135, 25: 258; 72. (7) Dow Chemical Co., O. ( 8 ) Dow Chem. Co.,
MgCh Service Bull, No. 1; 22. () Ibid., No. 2; 22.
(10) Dow Chem. Co., MgCh Service Bull, No. 4; 22. (U) Ibid., No. 5; 21.
(12) ibid., No. 6; 21. (13) Hof, 136, 33: 693; 09. (U) Kallauner, 136,
33: 871; 09. 37: 1045, 1275; 13. (15) Krause, 13, 165: 38; 73. (l)
Krieger, i 30, 34: 246; 10. 37: 1274; 13. (i?) Lahrman, 314, 35: 265; 11.
( 18 ) Olin and Peterson, S3, 31: 266; 24. ( 1 ^) Roark, Univ. Wisconsin,
Eng. Expt. Sta., Bull. 879; 17.
(20) Robinson and Waggaman, 50, 13: 673; 09. ( 21 ) Seaton, Hill and Stewart, 33, 25: 270; 21. (22) Shaw and BoIe, 38, 6: 311; 22. (23) gorel, 34,
65: 102; 67. ( 24 ) Vournazos, 34, 172: 1578; 21. (25) Webber, 64, 10:
111; 91.
DENTAL CEMENTS
W. B. HOLMES
1. TYPICAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS. WEIGHT %
ZINC OXIDE CEMENTS
Powder
.
Liquids
ZnO
70-100 Sp. gr
1.55-1.85
Bi2O3
O- 6 P2O5
33
-50
MgO
O- 9 H20
45
-67
Fe2O3
O- 2 Al2O3
4 -6
*A12O3
O- 7 Na 2 O..
O -3
*Si02
O- 8
*PO4
O- 2
SILICEOUS CEMENTS
Powder
Liquids
SiO2
25-45 Sp. gr
1.50- 1.80
Al2O3
27-40 P2O5
35 -45
CaO
4-13 H20
44 -70
Na20
0-8 Al2O3
4 -6
*BeO....
0-16 Z n O
0 - 8
PO4
4-24
F
0-10
COPPER CEMENTS
Powder
Liquids
ZnO
0-90 Sp. gr
1.50- 1.70
CuO
0-90 P2O5
33 -45
Cu20
0-30 H20
44 -65
Cu2I2
0 - 5 Al2O3
4 -6
Co2O3
O- 8 " ZnO
O
-4
Fe2O3
0-20 FeO
O
-4
CuSiO3
0-1 NiO
O -1
Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2
0-5 C u O
0 - 1
2. Influence of Mixing Temperature.See Curve A, Fig. 1.

3. Rate of Hardening of a "Synthetic Porcelain" Cement at
870C as Measured by Its Crushing Strength.See Fig. 2, which
gives the crushing strength in % of maximum strength, during
the first hour.
Fig-2
[RJ71
*MgO.
2. CRUSHING STRENGTH(I)
1. Limits for Commercial Cements.Cement mixed at 2O0C and
then incubated at 370C in oil. For the saliva tests the cylinders
are incubated in oil for 15 min, then washed with petroleum ether
and the incubation continued in saliva. Pressure applied to a
cylinder ( 5 X 5 mm) at the rate of 453.6 kg/min.
\.
Incubation:
(1) In oil for
^x^
15 min I 1 day | 7 days | 28 days
Type and\v
No. of sani- ^s.
pies tested
^\
SiI. (7)
1.5-2.8 3.3-5.6 4.1-6.3 4.0-6.5
ZnO (18)
0.4-3.5 0.9-4.8 0.7-5.6 1.0-5.6
Cu (15)
0.5-2.9 0.5-4.4 0.4-5.4 0.7-5.4
v.
Incubation :
(2) In saliva for
^^\^^
1 day I 7 days | 28 days
Type and^^\^
No. of samples^\^^
tested
^^\
SiI. (7)
1.0-5.6
1.1-5.9
1.2-6.6
ZnO(IS)
0.9-4.4
1.1-4.9
1.0-4.4
Cu (15)
0.8-4.4
1.2-4.5
0.0-4.3
3. SETTING TIME(I)
Time from mixing to failure of Gilmore needle to indent in 5
sec application. Seven siliceous cements, 5-12 min; 18 ZnO
cements, 9-78 min; 15 Cu cements, 8-25 min; t = 2O0C. For
influence of mixing temperature see Fig. 1, Curve I, a siliceous
cement and Curves II and III, ZnO cements.
Heat of Setting
No calorimetrie data available.
ting v. (2).
For temperature rise on set-
LITERATURE
(!) Poetschke, 45, 8: 302; 16. (2) Poetschke, 45, 15: 339; 23.
SOLID FUELS
S. W. PARR
CONTENTS
Classification and nomenclature.
Composition and calorific value
of coals, coke and charcoal.
MATIRES
Classification et nomenclature.
Composition et pouvoir calorifique des houilles, du coke et
du charbon de bois.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Klassifikation und Nomenklatur.
Zusammensetzung und Kalorimeterwerte von Kohle, Koks
und Holzkohle.
Calorific value.
Sulfur content.
Ash fusibility.
Pouvoir calorifique.
Teneur en soufre.
Fusibilit des cendres.
Density.
Porosity.
Specific heat.
Spontaneous c o m b u s t i o n ,
weathering and deterioration.
Densit.
Porosit.
Chaleur spcifique.
Combustion spontane, effritement et dtrioration.
Coking behavior of coal.
Pouvoir cokfiant de la houille.
Kalorimeterwerte.
Schwefelgehalt.
Sintern (Schmelzbarkeit) der
Asche.
Dichte.
Porositt.
Spezifische Wrme.
Selbstentzndung,
Verwitterung und Verschlechterung
der Kohle.
Verkokbarkeit der Kohle,
Ignition temperatures.
Combustibility of coke.
Tempratures d'inflammation.
Combustibilit du coke.
Entzndungstemperatur.
Brennbarkeit der Kohle.
INDICE
PAGE
Classificazione e nomenclatura
130
Composizione e potere calorifico dei carboni fossili,
del coke e del carbone di
legno
131
Potere calorifico
135
Contenuto in zolfo
135
Fusibilit delle ceneri
135
Densit
Porosit
Calore specifico
Combustione spontanea,
disgregazione all'aria e
deterioramento
Comportamento del carbone fossile nella cokificazione
Temperature di accensione
Combustibilit del coke . . .
1. CLASSIFICATION
For the purpose of displaying typical values of their properties
and compositions, solid fuels will be assigned to classes on the basis
of two characteristics which will be called unit-heat-value (UHV)
and unit-volatile-matter (UVM)1 respectively, and which are
defined by the following equations ( 1 7 > 21).
XTTTTT
H 5000$ T.f_TT ...
H 2778o
,,
,.,
UHV =
^
BTU/lb. =
p
g-cal/g, (1)N
where H is the total calorific value of the fuel (BTU/lb., g-cal/g,
respectively); and
^FM = 10o( y - (0 -S +0 -^)%,
(2)
where V = the volatile matter per unit mass of fuel.

In both equations the factor, F = 1 - (W + 1.08A + 0.55),
where W1 A and S are, respectively, the water, ash and sulfur
content of the unit mass of fuel as determined by chemical analysis.
The numerical factors in equations (1) and (2) are such that
the quantities UHV and UVM represent, respectively, the heating
value and the volatile matter per unit mass of fuel-substance
contained in the solid fuel; see also ( 17 > 21).
By means of these two characteristics, every solid fuel can be
represented as a point on a plane and the location of this point with
respect to the areas which have been selected for delimiting the
various classes of solid fuels, identifies the class to which the
fuel belongs and its relative location in that class. This is illustrated by the diagram in Fig. 1. The circles represent the loci
of certain selected samples, representative of each class, and
whose compositions are shown in Table A. The crosses represent
the loci of a series of coals corresponding to the composition
averages of Tables 2-10.
Another method for classifying coals, based upon limits for
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen plus nitrogen, and volatile matter has
been proposed by Seyler ( 2 7 > 2 8 > 2 9 > 30). The classes which he
proposes are, however, in close agreement with those defined in
Fig. 1 [cf. ( 24 )] and a comparison of the proposed nomenclatures is
shown in the following table. All proposed nomenclatures are
provisional, since no agreement has as yet been reached.
FIG. 1.Classification of solid fuels.
135
135
135
135
135
135
136
TABLE A.PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF TYPE SAMPLES OF SOLID FUELS

Ultimate
Proximate
Airg- BTU/
dry cal/
Vola- Fixed H20
Ib
Ash S H C N
O loss
g
tiles
Schuylkill Co., Pa.
3.2784.28 3,33 9.120.602.7181.350.79 2.10 2.6741713351
Sullivan Co., Pa.
8.5978.08 3.1610.170.673.1279.491.10 2.29 2.6743113376
McDowell Co., W. Va. 18.6872.04 2.80 6.480.704.2681.751.35 2.66 0.0792314261
Mingo Co., W. Va.
34.3756.85 2.44 6.340.954.9677.901.54 5.87 1.0772113898
Williamson Co., 111.
32.9248.30 9.94 8.841.284.2466.181.46 8.06 4.4650811714
Moffat Co., Colo.
30.4144.3618.94 6.290.643.6057.470.8212.23 6.15401 9722
El Paso Co., Colo.
24.4427.2734.4013.890.142.6435.940.6612.33 26.43364 6055
Fond du Lac Co., 13.37 5.7076.94 3.990.171.0210.870.68 6.33 73.81044 1 879
Wis.
Air-dry
61.8726.5011.36 0.27
5.3544.130.0838.83
4 2 4 2 7635
Johnson Co., Ky.
50.6436.70 2.2010.460.996.3372.011.17 6.84 1.3763813748
Type
State and county
Anthracite
Semi-anthracite
Bituminous A
BituminousB
BituminousC
Bituminous D
Lignite
Peat
Wood
Cannel
UHV
BTU
UVM
15410
15610
15820
15340
14590
13080
11930
10 100
2.66
8.79
19.89
38.20
39.71
40.19
46.20
69.58
8650 70.05
15920 57.55
TABLE B,PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL WORLD COALS

Country and location
H2O
England, Durham, Horden

England, Leicester, Nailstone
England, Yorkshire, Dearne Valley
Scotland, Ayrshire, Caprington
Scotland, Edinburgh, Newbattle
Scotland, Lanark, Coalburn
Wales, Cardiff
Wales, Neath
Wales, Port Talbot
Germany, Westphalia, Ruhr
Germany, Saar
Germany, Saxony
Germany, Saxony, brown coal
Bulgaria, Boronschtitza
Japan, Joban
Japan, Chihuko
S. Africa, Middleburg
S. Africa, Natal
Australia, New South Wales
Australia, New Zealand
Canada, Alberta, Crows Nest
Canada, New Brunswick, Minto
Canada, Nova Scotia, Sidney Field
1.50
13.22
8.44
6.86
9.87
7.50
1.04
1.83
2.41
0.30
0.80
2.60
1.73
8.17
14.42
0.72
12.24
4.21
2.57
1.28
1.89
0.70
2.10
1.20
3.70
Volatiles
34.68
30.99
37. Ol
36.65
31.32
31.56
17.17
7.47
11.65
6.00
12.40
29.20
33.16
35.93
44.63
36.05
40.61
42.92
29.16
23.70
41.35.
16.68
23.10
31.70
35.00
2
3
4
Anthracite
Semi-anthracite
Bituminous A
Bituminous B
Bituminous C
Bituminous D
Lignite
3.80
5.27
2. OO
4.14
3.43
4.04
5.26
3.88
15.45
6.10
7.30
4.00
7.57
2.15
7.10
5.30
11.04
7.33
10.59
7.96
6.25
4.95
16.20
13.30
7.02
0.87
1.25
1.36
0.79
0.36
0.22
0.86
0.79
1.01
0.90
1.40
0.80
0.94
0.76
1.17
3.01
1.02
0.68
0.42
1.24
1.01
0.30
0.50
6.60
2.79
BTU/
Ib.
13330
13170
13 397
12422
12915
13690
14479
14574
13124
14080
13940
13760
13896
12728
8872
12690
9759
12965
12 392
13720
12760
14915
12400
13020
13150
gcal/g
7420
7320
7 440
6905
7200
7610
8045
8090
7310
7822
7745
7644
7720
7071
4929
7050
5423
7205
6 885
7622
7090
8286
6888
7240
7306
UHV
BTU
14140
16290
15 020
14010
14930
15540
15540
15520
16260
15100
15300
14810
15450
14230
11400
13650
12900
14780
14 425
15271
14000
15890
15420
15690
14910
UVM
36.20
38.05
40.90
40.80
63.40
35.25
17.68
7.32
12.48
5.90
12.42
30.80
35.90
39.80
56.50
37.50
52.20
48.10
32.45
25.01
41.50
17.20
26.95
37.90
37.40
TABLE 1.CLASSIFICATION OF COALS.(Continued)
Name
Parr
Common
Seyler
Anthracite
Semi-anthracite
Semi-bituminous or
low volatile
Bituminous (eastern
field)
Bituminous (mid-continental field)
Lignite, black, or subbituminous
Lignite, brown
Anthracite
Carbonaceous
Me t a- b i t u m i n o u s
(short flame)
O r t h o -bituminous
(true bituminous)
Para-bituminous (long
flame)
Lignitous
Lignitous
Table No.
Table No
1
2
3
Type
Ash
Type No.
Type No.
TABLE 1.CLASSIFICATION OF COALS
Fixed
C
59.15
50.52
51.19
51.56
55.02
56.68
76.53
86.82
70.49
87.60
79.50
64.20
57.54
53.75
33.85
56.43
36.11
45.71
57.68
67.06
50.51
77.67
58.60
53.80
54.20
Type
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Peat
Wood
Cannel
Coke
Semi-coke
Briquettes
Pulverized
10
11
Parr
Name
Common
Seyler
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF U. S. COALS

TABLE 2.TYPE 1, ANTHRACITE
_
- F i x e d
I " [
A ,
State, county, and seam
H2O
Vol.*
~
Ash
S
C
Colo., Gunnison
2.70
3.32 88.15
5.83 0.80
Colo., Gunnison
4.86
6.96 81.87 6.31 0.81
N. Mex., Santa Fe
5.70 2.18 86.13 5.93 0.69
N. Mex., Santa Fe
7.55 7.25 75.88
9.32 0.76
Pa., Schuylkill
2.76 2.48 82.07 12.69 0.54
Pa., Schuylkill
2.80 1.16 88.21 7.83 0.89
Pa., Schuylkill
2.30 1.54 82.77 13.39 1.05
Pa., Schuylkill
. . . . 3.33 3.27 84.28
9.12 0.60
Pa., Luzerne
1.31 5.68 85.87
7.14 0.42
Pa., Luzerne
2.19 5.67 86.24
5.90 0.57
Pa., Lackawanna
3.43 6.79 78.25 11.53 0.46
Utah, Washington, No. 6
8.21 4.41 58.02 29.36 2.28
Wash., Lewis, Primrose
7.40 4.80 52.00 35.80 0.74
Wash., Whatcom, Puget
4.40 7.40 76.00. 12.23 0.96
Average
4.21 4.49 78.98
BTU/
Ib.
14 099
13468
13286
12101
12577
13298
12523
13351
13777
13828
12 782
8908
8200
12590
g^
,,
cal/g
7 840
7475
7375
6725
6970
7380
6955
7415
7645
7680
7 097
4948
4555
6998
UHV
T^TT
Brii
15 510
15300
15130
14720
15075
15010
15080
15410
15150
15120
15 200
14920
15530
15360
77T71 ,
2.79
6.98
1.63
7.55
1.51
0.24
0.08
2.66
5.44
5.77
6.75
2.05
1.20
7.37
12.31 0.82 12485
6935
15170
3.86
UVM
* Vol. =* volatile matter.
TABLE 3.TYPE 2, SEMI-ANTHRACITE

T~
~
"
Ark., Pope, Hartshorne
CoL, Gunnison, Crested Butte
Pa., Sullivan
Pa., Sullivan
Pa., Sullivan
Pa., Sullivan
Utah, Washington, No. 4
Va., Montgomery, large
Wash., Lewis, Primrose
Average
"
ITI
H2O
~
Fixed
Vol.
^
2707Ts
1.94
9.22
3.38 8.47
3.47 9.28
3.40 9.34
3.16 8.59
7.02 10.30
2.5
12.40
3.60
8.40
"
S
9?3
8.50
11.50
11.15
11.68
10.17
22.07
17.60
28.40
1.74
0.85
0.63
0.78
0.81
0.67
4.06
0.51
0.66
BTU/ I
,, '
g ^ U H V
*
BTIJ
TTjr,,
UVM
13 702
13740
13156
13216
13120
13376
10408
12360
10050
7 620
7640
7305
7345
7292
7430
5787
6860
5578
15 690
9.65
15485
9.28
15660
8.71
15685
9.60
15630
9.67
15610
8.58
15290 10.35
15770 13.81
15330
9.00
14.48 1.19 12570
6980
15580
I Bf,U/
I ID.
1.23 13 840
1.04 14087
2.01 13707
1.03 13840
1.52 14177
0.69 14 060
0.74 14175
1.55 14076
0.59 14620
0.64 14751
0.81 14809
0.49 14812
*~
cal/g
7 688
7822
7618
7690
7875
7 820
8045
7825
8128
8190
8235
8240
LHV
JD 1U
15 510
15730
15770
15740
15690
15 700
15920
15850
15830
15790
15920
15840
2.58 18.90 72.06 I 6.45 1.02 14246
7915
15795 19.87
g
"
cal/g
7405
8 155
7980
7875
7748
7 555
3.39
78.82
80.34
76.65
76.10
75.58
78.08
60.61
67.50
59.60
""77i
Ash
9.53 72.58
9.83
TABLE 4.TYPE 3, BITUMINOUS A

Ark., Sebastian, Hartshorne
Md., Allegheny, Pittsburgh
Md., Garrett, Freeport
OkIa., Haskell, Hartshorne
Pa., Cambria, Lower Freeport
Pa., Clearfield, Lower Kittanning
Pa., Somerset, Pittsburgh
Pa., Huntington, Fulton
Va., Tazewell, Pocahontas No. 3
W. Va., Fayette, Sewell
W. Va., McDowell, Pocahontas No. 4
W. Va., McDowell, Pocahontas No. 3
Average
H2O
ITr
2.43
2.39
2.37
2.87
3.20
3.04
1.65
2.85
3.58
2.87
2.03
fd
o
16.91 73.03
19.02 71.19
16.41 71.82
19.26 69.54
21.44 69.23
21.00 69.30
19.59 70.33
17.48 72.26
21.25 71.43
21.07 72.75
14.91 78.39
18.51 75.54
Vol.
Fl
Ash
8.36
7.36
9.38
8.83
6.46
6.50
7.04
8.61
4.47
2.60
3.83
3.92
uyM
17.70
20.12
17.23
20.72
22.74
22.60
21.10
18.31
22.40
22.20
14.33
19.29
TABLE 5.TYPE 4, BITUMINOUS B

Ala., St. Clair, Harkness
Ala., Tuscaloosa, Jagger
Ala., Jefferson, Pratt
Ky., Letcher, Elkhorn
Ky., Harlan, Harlan
Ky., Whitley, Jellico
H2O
2.28
1.60
1.05
..2.91
2.80
5.02
Vol. êd
O
33.07 54.63
24.98 68.55
31.70 62.15
36.33 57.53
37.00 55.90
36.08 54.47
Ash
10.02
4.87
6.15
3.23
4.30
4.43
S
1.76
0.51
1.38
0.53
1.10
0.92
'TIJ/
nx
13333
14 697
14377
14170
13950
13 608
LHV
BTU
15410
15 800
15610
15160
15120
15 110
uyM
36.77
26.28
33.45
38.44
39.42
39.40
TABLE 5.TYPE 4, BITUMINOUS B.(Continued]

I T T I
j
^
"
Ohio, Jefferson, Lower Freeport

Ohio, Tuscarawas, Lower Kittanning
Ohio, Belmont, Meigs Creek
Ohio, Guernsey, Pittsburgh
Pa,, Washington, Washington
Pa., Westmoreland, Pittsburgh
Pa., Cambria, Upper Freeport
Pa., Jefferson, Lower Freeport
Va., Russell, Upper Banner
Va., Wise, Imboden
W. Va., Marion, Pittsburgh
W. Va., Randolph, Lower Kittanning
W. Va., Kanawha, Coalburg
W. Va., Kanawha, No. 2 gas
ITT county,
I andj seam
^
State,
^n
Fixed
Vol. ^
/T
Ash
a
S
BTU/
^
&UHV
^,
BTU
r.T...
t/Of
sToO 37.98 51.08

7 7 4 3 7 0 9 1 3 286 7 377 15 140 41.78
4.49 40.55 47.43
7.53 2.93 12 958 7 200 14 960
45.25
4.34 38.95 45.50 11.21 3.65 12402 6895 14990
49.85
4.36 41.14 45.76
8.74 4.85 12 710 7 058 14 910
46.05
4.45 33.53 49.51 12.51 3.04 12 242 6 800 15 060
39.00
2.73 30.34 57.80
9.13 1.33 13 613 7 556 15 610
33.47
2.73 26.04 65.05
6.18 1.39 14269 7925 15800
27.82
1.86 34.63 53.23 10.28 2.91 13151 7300 15220
38.00
2.07 35.90 57.70
5.33 0.57 14335 7952 155,90
38.40
2.16 33.10 58.27
6.47 0.68 13994 7756 15410
35.70
1.75 36.77 55.14 6.34 0.90 14107 7845 15490
39.50
1.45 28.97 59.48 10.10 0.98 13718 7 620 15 700
31.84
3.44 35.20 53.08
8.28 0.70 13304 7396 15220
39.50
2.66 33.30 59.60
4.44 1.14 14368 7975 15590
35.38
Average
"
^
H2O
2.85 34.27 55.59

TABLE 6.TYPE 5, BITUMINOUS
I
^
7H O ~ Vol.
i
I Fixed
^,
111., Vermilion, No. 7

111., Williamson, No. 6
111., Saline, No. 5
111., Sangamon, No. 5
111., Bureau, No. 2
111., Mercer, No. 1
Ind., Sullivan, No. 6
Ind., Vigo, Minshall
Iowa, Lucas
Iowa, Marion
Ky., Webster, No. 12
Ky., Hopkins, No. 14
Ky., Union, No. 9
Kans., Cherokee, Cherokee
Kans., Osage, Osage
Mo., Henry, Jordan
OkIa., Pittsburg, Lower Hartshorne
OkIa., Okmulgee, Henryetta
7.35 I 1.71
C
TT
I
Ash
S
13630
7580
BTU/
~g^.
15330
UHV
TU
37.40
TTV,.
UVM
13.16 37.95 39.02

9.85 4.33 11 110 6 175 4~76
46.60
9.44 32.99 48.95
8.62 0.93 11858 6594 14470 39.10
5.56 34.41 51.31 8.72 2.87 12643 7038 14990
39.04
13.09 36.51 41.14 9.26 3.77 10935 6075 14360
45.70
16.27 38.35 38.00
7.38 2.93 10883 6045 14480
49.25
15.58 39.17 35.80
9.45 4.69 10 673 5 927 14 570
50.98
14.86 31.65 46.14 7.35 2.16 11 324 6 300 14 620
39.78
13.10 36.83 41.73 8.34 2.60 11484 6378 14860
49.20
15.39 30.49 41.49 12.63 3.19 10242 5690 14560
40.70
14.21 33.17 37.40 15.22 4.66 10019 5573 14640
45.00
5.58 35.04 51.32 8.06 1.59 12755 7095 14950
39.68
8.85 35.29 47.51 8.35- 2.79 11921 6625 14595 41.51
4.37 36.27 47.67 11.69 3.58 12325 6852 14985 41.80
5.11 32.60 53.39
8.90 4.34 12926 7185 15320
36.40
5.10 36.85 48.10 9.95 5.02 10930 6070 14970
47.58
10.10 34.83 41.76 13.31 4.32 11158 6200 14950
43.78
4.33 35.51 54.04
6.12 0.84 13 574 7 548 15 260
39.15
8.87 34.82 47.68
8.63 1.62 12096 6720 14880 41.45
Average
10.16 35.15
45.13 9.54 3.12 11603
6460
14720
42.55
TABLE 7.TYPE 6, BITUMINOUS D

TT~
"
~
Colo., Boulder
Colo., El Paso
Colo., Moffat
Colo., Weld
Mont., Choutou
Mont., Musselshell, Homestead
Mont., Park, Maxey
N. Mex., McKinley
N. Mex., San Juan
Utah, Summit
Wash., King, No. 1
Wash., Lewis
Wash., Thurston
Wyo., Carbon
Wyo., Hot Springs, Gebo
Wyo., Sheridan
Wyo., Sweetwater
Average
T
H2O
...
~
Fixed
TT
I BTU/ I gUHV I T7^,f
Vol.
~
Ash
S
'
*
-DTTT
UVM
^j
ID.
caJ/g
DiU
19.14 33.44 42.07
5.35 0.27 10 017 5 570 13 380
43.90
19.23 32.34 41.41 7.02 0.45 9306 5170 12780
43.43
22.10 31.61 41.95 4.34 0.72 9 2 9 7 5165 12710
42.50
22.20 39.23 33.12 5.45 0.33 9578 5320 13310
53.90
16.83 27.89 43.78 11.50 1.19 9563 5315 13575
37.69
18.14 27.22 50.49
4.15 0.88 10 420 5 795 13 540
33.20
16.33 30.12 40.05 13.50 0.41 9 2 4 7 5130 13400 40.51
13.50 37.75 42.51 6.24 0.36 11140 6195 13990
46.65
19.01 32.43 43.15 5.41 0.92 10193 5670 13575
42.30
17.08 36.94 41.24
4.74 1.53 10179 5663 13140
46.72
16:45 34.63 36.38 12.54 0.38 9 581 5 335 13 690
47.96
20.50 33.50 33.70 12.31 1.28 8690 4820 13170
48.80
21.00 33.10 36.70
9.20 0.42 8910 4950 12910
46.78
13.62 34.55 43.14 8.69 1.44 10339 5745 13480
43.60
17.87 31.26 43.48
7.39 0.66 10 062 5594 13780 41.75
22.57 32.53 40.36
4.55 0.30 9218 5123 12710
44.34
15.71 33.50 48.40
2.39 0.93 11144 6185 13670
40.55
18.31 33.06
41.29
7.34 0.73 9818
5450
13330
43.80
TABLE 8.TYPE 7, LIGNITE

I~
"
"
j
Ark., Ouachita, Lignite

Colo., Adams
Colo., Elbert, Laramie
Colo., El Paso
N. D., Adams, Haynes
N. D., Billings
N. D., Bowman
N. D., Morton
N. D., Stark
N. D., Ward
N. D., Williams
Tex., Milam
Tex., Wood
Average
^
H2O
39.50
35.00
33.10
34.40
32.65
43.51
34.80
38.52
42.06
36.93
42.91
35.30
33.71
^Ti t i x e d TT I I
Vol.
i^
Ash
S
O
25.35 2 . 5 7 1 2 . 5 8 73
27.39 30.23
7.38 0.31
25.60 25.60 15.66 0.44
24.44 27.27 13.89 0.14
30.57 2^.49
8.29 1.53
25.23 24.87
6.39 1.04
31.09 25.98
8.13 0.66
27.60 26.60
7.28 1.31
24.55 2^.73
7.66 1.13
24.92 2[7.72 10.43 0.22
26.81 2k.98
5.30 0.71
26.22 2^.58
8.90 0.76
29.25 ^9.76
7.28 0.53
37.11
26.85
2|6.87
9.17
BTU/ I g^
,,
Ib.
cal/g
5 877 3 262
6982 3880
6150 3420
6055 3362
7357 4080
5814 3230
6916 3840
6703 3722
6158 3420
6010 3340
6232 3460
6898 3830
7348 4 0 7 5
0.72
*7#F
77I,
-D^TT 7 7 TUVM
r>lU
12 550
51.75
12230
46.90
12300
48.60
11930
46.20
12640
50.80
11700
49.40
12270
53.80
12530
50.15
12440
47.80
11610
46.40
12160
49.30
12540
46.15
12600
50.70
6500
3640
12300
49.20
x d 7 7 O
~
Ash
S
BTU/
, '
g^
*,
UHV
RTU
7274?63
4.54
1.28
18.05
4.85
!5.72
0.41
J6.32
3.18
:3.98
1.57
2.73
0.38
4.72
1.20
9.29
4.76
12.44
3.75
16.75
5.91
i4.17
6.38
4.66
8.20
85
1382
2309
1886
1661
1294
819
1444
3024
4104
2187
1256
1498
284
769
1282
1047
924
719
455
802
1670
2278
1216
697
832
10 900
9900
10695
10820
10520
10680
9350
10710
10825
9950
9820
9780
9930
82.68
67.40
61.80
67.20
59.80
67.00
68.80
64.90
66.66
69.77
69.61
67.40
68.30
0.19
1798
999
10370
66.80
TABLE 9.TYPE 8, PEAT

~~~
"
~
Conn., Fairfield
Conn., New London
FIa., Duval
FIa., Lake
FIa., Putnam
Me., Aroostook
Me., Knox
Me., Washington
Mich., Kalamazoo
N. Y., Oswego
Wis., Dane
Wis., Langlade
Wis., Marmette
Average
ITT
H2O
~
Vol.
90.31
85.66
73.10
82.12
80.78
86.18
90.82
85.22
66.91
54.66
71.33
80.24
76.36
3?79
8.52
14.00
11.75
9.72
8.27
6.07
8.86
19.04
29.15
16.01
9.21
10.78
78.74
11.93 | 5.74
7
0.10.
1.06
0.05
0.40
0.10
0.02
0.07
0.09
0.17
0.12
0.13
0.16
3.57
77T7 ,,
UVM
TABLE 10.TYPE 10, CANNEL COAL

I~"
"
7
I ~
H2O
Ind., Perry
Ky., Johnson, Cannel
Ky., Johnson, Lesley Cannel
Tenn., Campbell. Blue Gem
Tex., Webb, Cannel
Wash., Lewis, Cannel No. 3
W. Va., Boone, Chilton
W. Va., Boone, Cedar Grove
Average
~
Vol.
Fixed
p
TT
Ash
O
S
BTU/
~g-UHV
,,
RTTT
rrT7 ,,
1.47
2.36
1.7
1.50
3.98
7.88
0.52
0.43
49.08
48.40
50.7
45.10
48.87
61.57
50.92
56.99
23.10
10.49
9.3
19.30
12.24
15.44
12.74
8.68
1.50
1.20
1.02
1.16
1.96
0.29
1.10
1.85
10 850
13770
14250
12340
12227
11920
13830
15000
6 030
7645
7915
6855
6790
6630
7680
8335
14 810
16010
16190
15930
14830
15810
16200
16720
64.0
54.9
56.5
55.8
57.65
79.26
57.95
62.30
2.48
51.45
^6.35
28.75
$8.2
^4.10
34.91
15.11
35.82
^3.9O
1
^2.14
13.91
1.26
13023
7230
15820
60.85
UVM
TABLE 11.ANALYSIS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIE^ OF COKE AND WOOD CHARCOAL

^
Jones and Laughlin
Continental No. 1
Leisenring No. 1
Wilkenson
Wood charcoal
H2O
VoL
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
3.2
1.5
0.9
0.5
0.5
20.0
Fi
*fd Ash
C
85.9 12.4
88.1 10.9
88.0 11.4
80.3 19.0
72.8
4.0
U
T
Oi.6
0|.7
O.4
01.4
31.7
C
84.9
86.3
85.9
78.9
78.7
N
TO
1.3
1.1
1.4
0.4
O
072
0.0
0.4
0.0
13.1
I S
(M)
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.1
B
/ % ~
/"
Ib.
porosity
ft. 3
12 400
48.2
31
12810
50.3
29
12510
46.5
30.5
11690
54.1
27
12920
63.2
17
CALORIFIC VALUE
The values characteristic of the different classes of solid fuels
are evident from Fig. 1. The calorific value of a solid fuel of
the fossil fuel type may be computed (1 to 2%) by means of
the Du Long formula, H = 80800 + 34 500 H - ^J + 2250/S,
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION, WEATHERING AND

DETERIORATION
Absorption of oxygen by powdered bituminous coal: Fig. 2 O 8 ).
Effect of storage on calorific power: Fig. 3 ( 20 ).
COKING BEHAVIOR
See (G, 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 7 ) .
g-cal, where C = total carbon, (u -g J = combustible hydrogen,

and S = sulfur; cf. (34).
It may also be computed from equation (1) since the value of
UHV is constant for a given mine or region and needs to be determined only once. For standard calorimetrie methods, v. (5).
SULFUR CONTENT
For methods of differentiating between organic and inorganic S,
v. (23). Distribution of the different forms, v. (19> 39, 40).
ASH FUSIBILITY
Methods ( 14 > 26). Results for 2000 coals (26). Fusibility of
coal ash by states and seams ( 41 ). Bibliography ( 7 ); see also
(81 25). Values range from 1040 to 170O0C.
FIG. 3.(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.')
FIG. 2. (Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.)

DENSITY
True density, g/cm3; anthracite, 1.4-1.8; bituminous, 1.2-1.5;
lignite, 1.1-1.4 (15). Coke, 1.45-2.0(35).
BULK DENSITY IN BIN OR PILE, 10 TO 15% ( 9 )
Anthracite
Size
Buckwheat
Pea
Chestnut
Range
Egg
Furnace
lb./ft. 3
55
54
56
56
56
54
kg/m 3
888
870
891
899
891
866
Bituminous
Screenings
Lump
Sub-bituminous
Lump
51-52
48
820-830
774
45-46
720-737
Additional literature: (3, n, 12, 42).

POROSITY
Methods (3). Coalno data. Coke29-59% (3); v. Table
11.
SPECIFIC HEAT
0.26 to 0.37 g-cal/g (22).
FIG. 4.(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.)

IGNITION TEMPERATURES
The ignition temperature of a mass of coal is the temperature
at which oxidation within the mass proceeds autogenously under
the conditions of the experiment. Curves showing typical progress
of heating within and without a 10 g sample of bituminous coal are
shown in Figs. 4 and 5 ( 38 ). The following table ( 36 ) gives the
ignition temperatures of various types of coal, using dry oxygen
and 60 mesh "as-received" coal.
Type No.
| CQ2 evolved at, 0C | Ignition temp., 0C
5
73
53
5
70
152
5
74
169
5
75
147
5
70
153
5
65
157
5
70
157
5
81
152
5
75
159
5
80
149
4
70
170
5
1
4
4
4
4
75
70
75
75
78
85
171
242
171
194
213
185
COMBUSTIBILITY OF COKE
A combustibility test is designed to show "the speed at which the
carbon molecules in the coke combine with oxygen under given
conditions " and is especially important in determining the value of
a blast furnace coke. For method and results, v. (31).
LITERATURE
(i) A. S. T. MM 66, 22 I: 815; 22. (2) A. S. T. M., 66, 22 I: 822; 22. (3)
A. S. T. M., 66, 23 I: 766; 23. (4) A. S. T. M., 393, 994; 1924. (5) A. S.
T. M., 393, 1007; 1924. ( 6 ) Dunn, 04, 32: 397; 13. (?) Fieldner, Hall
and Field, 29, No, 129; 18. ( 8 ) Fieldner, Selvig and Parker, 45, 14: 695;
22. (9) Flagg, 32, No. 184; 18.
(1) Foxwell, 394, 3: 122; 24. (U) Hachita, 395, 83: 670; 07. (1-2) Hailstone, 396, 151: 566; 20. (I 3 ) Layng and Hathorne, 45, 17: 165; 25. (14)
Leasing, 394, 2: 152, 186; 23. ( 15 ) Marks, Mechanical Engineers1 Handbook, p. 455 (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1916. ( 1 6 )
Meurice, 394, 2: 305; 23. (") parr, 45, 14: 919; 22. (i) parr, 45, 17:
120; 25. ( 19 ) Parr, Univ. of Illinois, Univ. Studies, 1, No. 7: 33; 04.
(20) parr and Milner, 45, 17: 115; 25. (21) Parr and Wheeler, 86, No. 37:
09. (22) Porter and Taylor, 45, 5: 289; 13. (23) Powell and Parr, 86,
No. Ill; 19. (24) Ralston, 30, No. 93; 15. (25) ROSe, 33, 25: 141; 21.
( 2 6 ) Selvig and Fieldner, 29, No. 209; 22. (27) Seyler, 394, 2: 272; 23.
(28) Seyler, 394, 3: 15; 24. (29) Seyler, 394, 3: 41; 24.
( 3 0 ) Seyler, 394, 3: 79; 24. (31) Sherman and Blizard, U. S. Bureau of Mines,
O. ( 3 2) Sinkinson, 4, 117: 839; 20. (33) Sinnatt and Grounds, 54, 39:
83; 20. (34) Somermeier, Coal; Its Composition, Analysis, Utilization and
Valuation, p. 10 (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.), 1912.
( 35 i Sperr, 80, 64: 640; 20. (36) Staley, Univ. of Illinois, O. (37) Weighell,
396, 156: 885; 21. (3) Wheeler, 394, 3: 366; 24. ( 39 ) Yancey and Fraser,
86y No. 125; 21.
(40) Yancey and Parr, 45, 16: 501; 24. (41) Coal Catalog, 1926: 1078. ( 4 2 )
Ibid., 1926: 1116.
FIG. 5.(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.}
PETROLEUMS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND COMMERCIAL OILS OF MINERAL

ORIGIN
E. H. LESLIE AND J. C. GENIESSE
With acknowledgments to E. B. Badger and Sons Company of Boston for valued clerical assistance
CONTENTS
Chemical composition and specific gravity of crude petroleums.
Proximate composition of crude
petroleums.
Density and thermal expansion.
MATIRES
Composition chimique et poids
spcifique des ptroles bruts.
Compressibility.
Viscosity.
Surface tension and interfacial
tension.
Penetrativity.
Melting and freezing points.
Compressibilit.
Viscosit.
Tension superficielle.
Solubility of paraffin.
Vapor pressure and boiling
point.
Dew point.
Flash point.
Thermal conductivity and diffusivity.
Specific heat.
Latent heat of fusion and of
vaporization.
Heat of combustion (calorific
power).
Refractive index.
Produits de fractionnement des

ptroles bruts.
Densit et dilatation thermique.
Pouvoir pntrant.
Points de fusion et de conglation.
Solubilit de la paraffine.
Tension de vapeur et point
d'bullition.
Point de rose.
Point d'inflammabilit.
Conductivit et diffusivit thermique.
Chaleur spcifique.
Chaleur de fusion et de vaporisation.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Die
chemische Zusammensetzung und das spezifische
Gewicht des Erdls.
Chemisch technische Zusammensetzung des Erdls.
Dichte und Wrmeausdehnung.
Kompressibilitt.
Viskositt.
Oberflchen und Grenzflchenspannung.
Eindringungsfhigkeit.
Schmelz- und
Erstarrungspunkt.
Lslichkeit der Paraffine.
Dampfdruck und Siedepunkt.
Kondensationspunkt.
Flammpunkt.
Temperatur- und Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
Spezifische Wrme.
Schmelz- und Verdampfungswrme.
Verbrennungswrme
(Heizwert).
Brechungs Index.
INDICE
pAGE
Composizione chimica e
peso specifico del petrolio
grezzo
137
Prodotti di frazionamento
dei petroli grezzi
139
Densit e dilatazione termica
144
Compressibilit
146
Viscosit.
146
Tensione superficiale
146
Potere penetrante
146
Punti di fusione e di con148
gelamento
Solubilit della paraffina. . 149
Tensione di vapore e punto
di ebollizione
149
Punto di condensazione.. . 149
Punto di infiammabilit... 150
Conducibilit e diffusibilit termica
151
Calore specifico
151
Calore di fusione e di
vaporizzazione
151
Calore di combustione (potere calorifico)
152
Indice di rifrazione
152
COMBUSTIBILITY OF COKE
A combustibility test is designed to show "the speed at which the
carbon molecules in the coke combine with oxygen under given
conditions " and is especially important in determining the value of
a blast furnace coke. For method and results, v. (31).
LITERATURE
(i) A. S. T. MM 66, 22 I: 815; 22. (2) A. S. T. M., 66, 22 I: 822; 22. (3)
A. S. T. M., 66, 23 I: 766; 23. (4) A. S. T. M., 393, 994; 1924. (5) A. S.
T. M., 393, 1007; 1924. ( 6 ) Dunn, 04, 32: 397; 13. (?) Fieldner, Hall
and Field, 29, No, 129; 18. ( 8 ) Fieldner, Selvig and Parker, 45, 14: 695;
22. (9) Flagg, 32, No. 184; 18.
(1) Foxwell, 394, 3: 122; 24. (U) Hachita, 395, 83: 670; 07. (1-2) Hailstone, 396, 151: 566; 20. (I 3 ) Layng and Hathorne, 45, 17: 165; 25. (14)
Leasing, 394, 2: 152, 186; 23. ( 15 ) Marks, Mechanical Engineers1 Handbook, p. 455 (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1916. ( 1 6 )
Meurice, 394, 2: 305; 23. (") parr, 45, 14: 919; 22. (i) parr, 45, 17:
120; 25. ( 19 ) Parr, Univ. of Illinois, Univ. Studies, 1, No. 7: 33; 04.
(20) parr and Milner, 45, 17: 115; 25. (21) Parr and Wheeler, 86, No. 37:
09. (22) Porter and Taylor, 45, 5: 289; 13. (23) Powell and Parr, 86,
No. Ill; 19. (24) Ralston, 30, No. 93; 15. (25) ROSe, 33, 25: 141; 21.
( 2 6 ) Selvig and Fieldner, 29, No. 209; 22. (27) Seyler, 394, 2: 272; 23.
(28) Seyler, 394, 3: 15; 24. (29) Seyler, 394, 3: 41; 24.
( 3 0 ) Seyler, 394, 3: 79; 24. (31) Sherman and Blizard, U. S. Bureau of Mines,
O. ( 3 2) Sinkinson, 4, 117: 839; 20. (33) Sinnatt and Grounds, 54, 39:
83; 20. (34) Somermeier, Coal; Its Composition, Analysis, Utilization and
Valuation, p. 10 (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.), 1912.
( 35 i Sperr, 80, 64: 640; 20. (36) Staley, Univ. of Illinois, O. (37) Weighell,
396, 156: 885; 21. (3) Wheeler, 394, 3: 366; 24. ( 39 ) Yancey and Fraser,
86y No. 125; 21.
(40) Yancey and Parr, 45, 16: 501; 24. (41) Coal Catalog, 1926: 1078. ( 4 2 )
Ibid., 1926: 1116.
FIG. 5.(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.}
PETROLEUMS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND COMMERCIAL OILS OF MINERAL

ORIGIN
With acknowledgments to E. B. Badger and Sons Company of Boston for valued clerical assistance
CONTENTS
Chemical composition and specific gravity of crude petroleums.
Proximate composition of crude
petroleums.
Density and thermal expansion.
MATIRES
Composition chimique et poids
spcifique des ptroles bruts.
Compressibility.
Viscosity.
Surface tension and interfacial
tension.
Penetrativity.
Melting and freezing points.
Compressibilit.
Viscosit.
Tension superficielle.
Solubility of paraffin.
Vapor pressure and boiling
point.
Dew point.
Flash point.
Thermal conductivity and diffusivity.
Specific heat.
Latent heat of fusion and of
vaporization.
Heat of combustion (calorific
power).
Refractive index.
Produits de fractionnement des

ptroles bruts.
Densit et dilatation thermique.
Pouvoir pntrant.
Points de fusion et de conglation.
Solubilit de la paraffine.
Tension de vapeur et point
d'bullition.
Point de rose.
Conductivit et diffusivit thermique.
Chaleur spcifique.
Chaleur de fusion et de vaporisation.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Die
chemische Zusammensetzung und das spezifische
Gewicht des Erdls.
Chemisch technische Zusammensetzung des Erdls.
Dichte und Wrmeausdehnung.
Kompressibilitt.
Viskositt.
Oberflchen und Grenzflchenspannung.
Eindringungsfhigkeit.
Schmelz- und
Erstarrungspunkt.
Lslichkeit der Paraffine.
Dampfdruck und Siedepunkt.
Kondensationspunkt.
Flammpunkt.
Temperatur- und Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
Spezifische Wrme.
Schmelz- und Verdampfungswrme.
Verbrennungswrme
(Heizwert).
Brechungs Index.
INDICE
pAGE
Composizione chimica e
peso specifico del petrolio
grezzo
137
Prodotti di frazionamento
dei petroli grezzi
139
Densit e dilatazione termica
144
Compressibilit
146
Viscosit.
146
Tensione superficiale
146
Potere penetrante
146
Punti di fusione e di con148
gelamento
Solubilit della paraffina. . 149
Tensione di vapore e punto
di ebollizione
149
Punto di condensazione.. . 149
Punto di infiammabilit... 150
Conducibilit e diffusibilit termica
151
Calore specifico
151
Calore di fusione e di
vaporizzazione
151
Calore di combustione (potere calorifico)
152
Indice di rifrazione
152
Iodine and bromine numbers

(olefines,. unsaturation).
Sulfuric acid absorption for
gasolene (olefines, unsaturation).
Gum test.
Composition and properties of
individual oils.
Pouvoir rotatoire optique.

Coefficient d'absorption oclu
lumire.
Indices de brome et d'iode (olfines, non-saturation).
Absorption par l'acide sulfurique pour les gazolines
(olfines, non-saturation).
Essai de goudron.
Composition et proprits des
huiles particulires.
Terminology and specifications

of petroleum products of
commerce.
Noms et proprits caractristiques des huiles minrales de

commerce.
Optical rotation.
Coefficient of light absorption.
Optische Rotation.
Lichtabsorptionskoeffizient.
Jod- und Bromzahl (ungesttigte Kohlenwasserstoffe).
Schwefelsure Absorption des
Gasolines (Benzin) (ungesttigte Kohlenwasserstoffe).
Teerzahl, Harzzahl.
Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften an einzelnen verschiedenen len.
Terminologie und Prfungsvorschriften der Erdlprodukte
des Handels.
CANADA
Low boiling constituents are of the CnKzn+* series up to Ci 0 .
The C n H 2n series starts at Cn and includes both straight-chain
olefins and saturated naphthenes. The series poorer in hydrogen
occur in the high boiling fractions. More aromatics present than
in Pennsylvania or Ohio oils. Sulfur as thiophanes, CnH2nS
(121, 127, 135, 136, 172).
"
Sp. gr.
atrC
Source
Bothwell
Cherryvale
%
C
%
H
%
N
0.857 084.313.4
85.413.1
%
O
%~
S
2.3
|
~
'
Llt
(53.1)
|0.37 (53.1)
Great Manitoulin Is... 0.828 083.114.3

2.6
( 5 S.i)
Humboldt
85.612.4
0.37 (53.1)
Humboldt
85.311.8
0.15 (53.1)
Oil Springs
0.844 83.613.40.18
0.6 (53.1)
Petrolia
0.8622083.913.40.16
1.01 (53.1)
Petrolia
0.870
84.513.5
2.0
(53.1)
Petrolia (169 m)
0.844 082.713.5
3.8
(53.1)
Sbouree
0^
Sp
UNITED STATES
r at
-g ec
% % % p % g % ^-ZiT"
California.Proportion of distillates below 2250C small to moderate and composed of mthylnes similar in B. P. and sp. gr. to
those in Russian oil, except for the compounds CnH 22 , Ci 2 H 24
and Ci3H26. Proportion of aromatics large. Members of the
C n H 2n+2 series absent (133). Organic bases mainly mixture of
alkylated quinolines with small side chains (139). Oxygen
usually as naphthenic acids with some phenolic compounds.
Sulfur as CnH2nS.
Adams Canyon.. 0.921
Bardsdale
0.892
Coalinga*
0.951
Kern River
0.967
McKittrick
McKittrick
0960
Midway
0.958
Puentef
0.892
Summerland
0.985
30
Tie
20 84.2 12.2 1.25
15 86.4 11.7 1.14
15 86.4 11.3 0.74
86.1 11.5
15 86,5 11.4 0.58
15 86.6 11.6 0.74
20 85.0 12.0 1.20
86.3 11.7 1.25
0.90
1.5
0.60
0.89
0.87
0.74
0.82
0.80
0.84
("3)
("3)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(3)
(53.1)
(53.1)
("3)
(12)
153
153
154
154
154
154
Terminologia e propriet
degli oli minerali del
commercio
160
California.( Continued)
COMPOSITION AND DENSITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUMS

North America
Potere rotatorio ottico....

Coefficiente di assorbimento ottico
Numeri di iodio e di bromo
(idrocarburi non saturi).
Assorbimento della gasolina con acido solforico
(idrocarburi non saturi).
Saggi per il catrame
Composizione e propriet
dei singoli oli
Sp. gr. at
%
%
Source
tC
C
H
0.971 15 85.6 11.4
Sunset
Torrey
0.884 20 86.0 12.5
86.9 11.8
Ventura
Ventura County 0.912
84.0 12.7
San Joaquin Valley
0.961 15.586.3 11.4
Fresno region . . . 0.842 20 86.2 13.1
% % %
N
O
S
0.84
1.09 (53.1)
1.15
0.5
("3)
1.11
(113)
1.7 1.2 0.4
(is.l)
0.81
0.82 (?)
0.21 (53.1)
* Contains hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene and 7 hydrocarbons of the

C n H 2n series (123).
t Contains naphthenes CyHu, CsHie, CioH 2 o, CnH 22 . Paraffins above
M. P. 95 absent. A considerable proportion of aromatics in distillate. Large
proportion of naphthene in 221-222 distillate.
Kansas.Mixture of paraffin- and naphthene-base crude ( 172 ).

Chanute
Humbolt
Neodesha
Towanda
84.7 14.6 0.45

0.61 (165)
85.612.4
0.37 (H3)
84.0 13.1 0.81 0.040.88 (165)
84.2 13.0 0.45
1.9 (165)
0.912
Ohio.Paraffin-base predominates in the east. Heptylene and

many alkyl sulfides have been isolated (129> 137).
Baltimore
0.824
Findlay
0.836
Heilstone Oil Co. 0.830
Liberty (Wood).. 0.843
L i b e r t y (Hancock)
0.828
L i b e r t y (Hancock)
0.835
Lima
0.851
Lima
Mahone*
0.904
Mecca
Montgomery . . . 0.827
Ohio
0.887
Ohio (Wood).... 0.819
Portage
0.815
St. Mary's
0.829
T r e n t o n Limestonef
20 84.2
84.6
20 85.8
20 85.1
0.08
0.11
0.023
0.056
0.61 (53.1)
0.72 ("3)
0.63 (53.1)
0.76 (53.1)
20 34.2 13.4 0.35
0.68 (53.1)
20 84.0 13.1
20 85.0 13.1
85.0 13.8
86.4 13.3
86.3 13.1
20 83.9 13.2
0.71
0.81
0.60
0.01
O
20
20
20
84.2
84.3
84.4
84.7
14.6
13.6
13.8
13.3
0.047
0.024
O
0.23
0.054
(53.1)
(53.1)
(113)
(8)
(53.1)
0.37 (53.1)
13.1
2.7
(53.1)
13.5 0.21
0.56 (53.1)
13.4 0.13
0.68 (53.1)
13.5 0.068
0.61 (3.1)
85.5 13.9
* Does not contain CnH2n or C w H 2n +2 series. The CnH2n-2 series from Cn

to Cis present in small amounts. Main constituents CIeH28, Ci7H3o and CiaHa.
No nitrogen and only 0.01 % sulfur.
t Similar to Pennsylvania but larger proportion of aromatics. 0.2 to 0.5 %
nitrogen. The x = O, -2 and -4 series (CnH2n+3,) present and 13 hydrocarbons isolated (129, 120.1 ).
UNITED STATES.(Continued)
Sp
Source
b0urce
FRANCE. (Continued)
at
" &
%
%
% %
%
tC
C
H
N
O
S
Oklahoma.Mixed paraffin- and asphaltic-base oils.
Field not given
85.7 13.1 0.30
|0.40
Healdton
85.0 12.9
JO. 76
Oregon.Trace of aromatics ( 5 S- 1 ).
|0.960 I 20 [86.1 11.9 |0.87 |
1.19 |
7T~
Llt
( 11 S)
(113)
(53.1)
Pennsylvania.Typical paraffin-base oils. C n H 2n +2 series up to

C3O. C n H 2n series from C 2 i to C26. Light lubricant fraction
mainly x = 2 series with some aromatics (CnH2n+*); x= 4
and 8 series, and also series up to 16 have been identified
(124, 126, 130, 172).
Allegheny
OilCity
0.886
0.810
O 84.9 13.7
1.4
85.8 14.0 0.06 )
J
Oil Creek
0.816 O
Pennsylvania...
Pennsylvania...
Pa. pipe l i n e . . . . 0.862 15
Texas
82.0
86.1
85.8
85.5
14.8
13.9
14.0
14.2
3.2
Pechelbronn
(wet)
0.891
Pechelbronn
0.906
(dried)
Pechelbronn
0.908
(dry)
Pechelbronn. .
Pechelbronn. .
Schwabweiler
Schwabweiler
Gabian
0.912
0.908
0.829
0.861
0.894
0.91
0.912
131
174
%
N
%
O
%
S
^'
1.2
0.6
( 31 > 32}
15 86.4 12.1
0.8
0.7
0.8
(31,32),
15 86.0 12.0
1.2
O
O
O
O
O
86.9
85.6
79.5
86.2
86.1
11.8
9.6
13.6
13.3
12.7
(31, 32)
( 169 )
(169)
(169)
( 1 ^s)
( 169 )
1.3
4.75
6.9
0.5
|l.2|
GERMANY
Hanover
Odesse
Oberg
Wietze
0.941
0.892
0.944
0.955
15
O
O
O
86.5
80.4
84.4
86.2
11.6
12.7
11.5
11.4
0.7
6.9
4.1
2.4
1.2
(31,32)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
ITALY
85.7 11.0
85.0 12.3
2.61
0.92
0.7
1.75
(53.1)
("3)
* Sulfur as organic, PhS, and free. Oil composed largely of bicylic polymethylenes with small amount unsaturated hydrocarbons and their sulfur
derivatives, x = 2 and 4 series (CnH^n+*) present and also higher series up
C30' 1Z2'
%
H
15 85.9 12.3
(53.1)
(113)
(53.1)
0.06(11S)
( 124 )
(53.1)
%
C
_____
Beaumont*
Beaumont*
tO -20
Source
Sp. gr. at
*C
).
Utah
86.9 11.9 0.02
0.64 (53.1)
Pavia, Retorbido 0.979

Parma
N e v i a n o di
0.809
Rossi
Marzolaro . . . . 0.938
Sala Braganze 0.786
Terra di Lavoro . 0.970
O 86.4 12.2
O
O
O
21
81.9
84.9
84.0
83.6
12.5
11.4
13.4
10.8
1.4
(53.1)
5.6
3.7
1.8
|
(53.1)
(53.1)
( 5 3.i)
(53.1)
POLAND
Galicia. CnH2n series present.
No olefins but some aromatics.
West Virginia.Similar to Pennsylvania.

Rogers Gulch. . . 0.857
0.897
Mecook
0.873
White Oak
Burning
0.841
Springs
Cumberland. . . .
Crude no loca- 0.929

tion given.. . 0.940
0.970
O 83.2 13.2
O 83.6 12.9
O 83.5 13.3
3.6
3.5
3.2
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
O 84.3 14.1
1.6
85.2 13.4 0.54 |
|
MEXICO (31 1 32)
15 84.2 11.4
15 83.8 11.3
15 83.0 11.0
0.8
1.1
1.7
3.6
3.8
4.3
(53.1)
("3)
South America
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina (San
Rafael)
(El Quemado)
Colombia*
0.928
0.939
15 86.7 12.1
15 86.2 11.7
1.0
1.8
0.2
0.3
(31, 32)
(31,32)
0.993
0.960
0.948
15 87.0 10.8
0.9
15
20 85.6211.910.54
1.3
0.5
(31,32)
(")
( 134 )
* Mainly the CnHSn series with some aromatics.
Europe
FRANCE
Alsace
Pechelbronn
(tar prod0.892
uct)
O 85.7 12.0
2.3
(16S)
East Galicia. . 0.870

West Galicia . . 0.885
0.845
Boryslaw
0.903
Harklowa
Justa Nowice. 0.863
O
O
15
15
15
82.2
85.3
84.4
84.4
85.3
12.1
12.6
14.3
14.4
14.4
5.7
2.1
1.34
1.25
0.20
(K> 9 )
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
0.11 (53.1)
0.867
15 85.5 13.9
0.880
Mraznica
Schodniza. . . .
0.886
Urycz
Wanko waBrelikow. . . 0.854
Not definitely
0.855
located
Not definitely
located . . . . . 0.871
15 84.6 14.0
85.0 14.1
15 84.9 14.1
1.25
0.86
0.84
0.14 (53.1)
0.027 (53.1)
0.16 (53.1)
15 85.3 14.4
0,11
0.19 (53.1)
15 86.5 13.0
0.2
0.3
(31)
15 86.8 12.6
0.3
0.3
'(31)
Kosmacz
0.57
(53.1)
RUMANIA [cf. (66)]

Source
Sp. gr. at
C
Crude (location
not given) . . . . 0.928
0.940
0.947
Apostolache
0.828
0.773
Baicoi
0.801
Berca
15
15
15
15
15
15
%
C
%
H
86.8
87.2
87.1
85.5
84.1
85.6
12.1
11.3
11.5
14.1
14.8
14.0
%
N
%
O
%
S
0.7
0.4
1.1
0.4
1.0 0.4
0.19
0.09
(31)
(31)
(31)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
RUMANIA [cf. (66)]. (Continued)

Sp. gr. at
Source
*C
0.877 15
Bisoca
0.842 15
Bustenari
Campen! Parjol. 0.773 15
0.848 15
Campina
0.800 15
Casin
0.839 15
'Comanesti
Dofteana Pacu0.847 15
ritza
0.833 15
'Glodeni
f
Gura Ocnitzei . . . 0.870 15
0.873 15
Xiucacesti
Matitza-Maora. . 0.878 15
0.836 15
-Mosoarele
0.811 15
Pacuretzi
Poiana- Verbilau . 0.804 15
0.875 15
Recca
Sarata Monteoru 0.876 15
0.840 15
{Solontzi
0.846 15
Stanesti
0.893 15
Tega
Tetzcani Antal . . 0.791 15
Tetzcani Sarbi. . 0.832 15
Tetzcani Va tra . . 0.792 15
Wallachei (PIo0.862
O
esti)
0.901
O
%
C
85.2
86.3
85.3
86.0
85.1
85.2
%
H
13.9
13.3
14.2
13.3
13.8
14.2
86.1
85.6
85.9
85.9
85.5
85.5
85.9
85.4
86.2
85.4
86.5
86.0
86.5
85.9
85.7
85.2
13.0
13.9
13.1
13.3
13.9
13.4
13.3
13.9
12.8
13.2
13.2
13.0
12.9
13.4
13.3
14.0
%
N
%
O
AfricaEGYPT
%
S
0.18
0.03
0.13
0.14
0.21
0.28
0.05
0.08
0.07
0.16
0.33
0.17
0.06
0.14
82.6 12.5
83.0 12.2
4.9
4.8
T.
l
'
(53.1)
(53.1)
t 53 - 1 )
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53. i)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(S3.i)
(53.1)
(ss.i)
(53.1)
(ss.i)
(ss.i)
( 53 -i)
(ss.i)
(53.1)
( 53 -i)
(53.1)
(53.1)
15 86.3 12.9
15 86.1 12.8
0.6
0.9
0.2
0.2
(31)
(31)
Baku.Low boiling distillate is of the C n H 2n series. Aromatics

85-25O0C. The high boiling distillate contains the x = 6,
8, 10, 12, and 20 series (CnH2n+*) and small amount
naphthenic acids ( 13 O, 142).
Baku
0.897
Baku
0.954
Benkendorff...
Benkendorff...
Benkendorff...
B a k u (a v.
analysis)...
BalachanySsabuntschi 0.882
Binagady
0.913
86.5
85.3
86.6
87.0
86.9
12.0
11.6
13.4
13.2
13.2
To
3.1
86.0 13.0
1.0
87.4 12.5
85.5 12.0 2.4
0.1
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
0.41
(53.1)
(53.1)
Caucasian.Almost entirely naphthene hydrocarbons. Small

amounts of phenols, naphthenic acids and other aromatics ( 143 ).
Caucasian....
Caucasian
0.940
Caucasian.... 0.887
FerganaTschimeon..0.872
Grozni
0.850
Grozni
0.906
Transcaspian..
Transcaspian..0.873
Tscheleken...0.874
Uchta
0.928
Uchta
0.897
86.9 |l3.3
20 85.3 11.6
O 84.2 12.4
85.8 13.6
86.0 13.0
86.4 13.0
86.9 12.2
86.6 12.4
86.412.4
85.5 12.2
85.3 12.5
3.1
3.4
0.064 (143)
(i 69 )
(169)
0.08
0.07 0.740.14
0.07 0.4 0.10
0.80 0.16
0.14 0.37
0.38
0.20 1.031.09
0.14 1.210.88
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
(53.1)
f53-1)
0.892
2.25 (82)
AsiaINDIA
Assam
Digboi*
0.856 15.586.3 12.9 0.2 0.450.15 (216)
Badarpurf.'...
88.8 10.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 (216)
Burma
0.835
86.4513.25 0.2
0.1 (216)
Rangoon.. ..0.875 28.283.8 12.7
3.5
(169)
* Mixed-base oil with small amount naphthenic acid. Low-boiling distillate

contains aromatics.
f No solid paraffins and little asphalt. Empirical composition C n Hi.47 n .
J Mixed-base petroleum containing solid paraffins and asphalt. Aromatics
and small amounts of naphthenic acids in the lighter distillates.
C2oH26, C2222, C2424, C2oH26, xylene and isocumene isolated ( 20S ).
JAPAN (138)
Chiefly the CnH2n series. Aromatics much smaller than in
California.
Amaze
Hirei
Katsubo
Kitatany
Koguchi
Kosudsu
Miyagawa
0.8240
0.8622
0.8771
0.8952
0.9435
0.9210
0.8911
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
84.6613.220.35
83.2813.190.74
84.5213.120.97
83.0513.050.75
83.9113.601.34
84.4913.401.23
84.8613.830.5
1.320.22
1.830.41
0.210.82
0.240.61
0.410.49
0.300.37
0.200.32
PERSIA
Maidan-I-Naftun*
0.837
RUSSIA
Crude (no lo- J 0.876
cation given) \ 0.902
0.907 15.585.1511.71
Mixture of paraffin- and asphalt-base oils rich in sulfur.
85.412.8
0.76
1.06
(47)
* Mixed-base oil. Gasolene fraction contains ca. 10 % aromatics.
East IndiesBORNEO
Sarawak*
0.902| 15 |86.47|l2.37JO. 13 0.680.35 | (io*)
* Naphtnene-base oil, with paraffin-base oils at the 1950-foot level. Small

amounts aromatics.
JAVA
Rembang
Cheribon
Surabaya
0.923
0.827
.0.972
O 87.1 12.0
O 83.6 14.0
O 85.0 11.2
0.9
2.4
2_.8
(169)
(169)
(169)
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION
For comprehensive tables covering the chief producing fields of
the world see (39 53.1); f or extensive tables of data on North and
South American crudes, see (i 8 ).
Below are given the data for the oil fields of the United States as
collected from the reports of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Reports of
Investigations, Nos. 2293, 2595, 2608, 2235, 2364, 2322, 2202, 2416.
The various fractions ("cuts") used in these tables are defined
by their distilling ranges or by their Saybolt viscosities (17) at
10O0F as follows:
1. Gasolene and naphtha. Below 20O0C at 1 atm.
2. Kerosene. Between 200 and 2750C at 1 atm.
3. Gas oil. All vacuum fractions (p = 40 mm) with 77 < 50 sec.
4. Light lubricating distillate. All vacuum fractions (p = 40
mm) with 77 between 50 and 99 sec.
5. Medium lubricating distillate. All vacuum fractions (p =
40 mm) with 77 between 100 and 199 sec.
6. Viscous lubricating distillate. All vacuum fractions (p =
40 mm) with rj > 199 sec.
Specific gravities (d) are at 60/60F = 15.5/15.5C. % S =
% sulfur.
Crude
Field
County
Gasolene
and
naphtha
i
Kerosene
n
Gas oil
Li
ht
Lubricating distillates
i
T
[
Medium
|
%s <:; % c % <: % *;;:; % <*;: :

ARKANSAS
El Dorado
El Dorado
CALIFORNIA
Coalinga (Eastside)
Coalinga (Eastside)
Coalinga (Eastside)
Coalinga (Eastsidei
Coalinga (Oil City)..*
Coalinga (Westside)
Belridge
North Belridge
North Belridge
Buena Vista
Buena Vista
Buena Vista
East Elk Hills
EastElkHills
East Elk Hills
West Elk Hills
West Elk Hills
Kern River
Kern River
Kern River
Lost Hills
Lost Hills
Lost Hills
Maricopa Flat
Maricopa Flat
Maricopa Flat
Maricopa Flat
Maricopa Flat
Maricopa Flat
McKittrick
McKittrick
McKittrick (front)
Midway
North Midway
North Midway
North Midway
North Midway
North Midway
North Midway
North Midway
'Sunset
Sunset
Sunset
Brea
Coyote Hills
Long Beach
Long Beach
Long Beach
Long Beach
Long Beach
Long Beach
Montebello
Montebello
Montebello
Montebello
Salt Lake
Santa Fe Springs
Santa Fe Springs
Santa Fe Springs
Santa Fe Springs
Santa Fe Springs
Santa Fe Springs
Santa Fe Springs
Santa Fe Springs
Torrence
Whittier
Whittier
Fullerton
Huntington Beach
Huntington Beach
Huntington Beach
% <.-;
I
Union
Union
Fresno
Fresno
Fresno
'.. . Fresno
Fresno
Fresno
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Orange
Orange
Orange
0.830.852 30.70.735 13.00.823 12.00.857 11.3

.79 .85328.8 .73612.80.82412.5 .85310.8
'
.67
.71
.45
.51
.10
.71
.86
.79
.69
.50
.59
.59
.68
.61
1.04
0.17
1.06
1.14
1.07
0.94
0.85
0.99
0.66
1.07
0.60
0.75
0.69
1.29
0.68
1.02
0.91
1.38
1.00
0.96
0.88
0.98
1.01
1.63
1.01
0.92
1.16
0.84
0.73
2.99
1.46
1.25
1.29
0.80
1.16
1.59
1.34
0.96
2.19
0.79
0.75
2.73
0.54
0.56
0.45
0.54
0.45
0.45
0.40
0.44
1.62
0.56
0.77
1.43
1.42
1.29
2.22
.88019.8
.919 9.2
.910 14.7
.930 6.8
.83953.0
.963 2.2
.911 23.8
.88533.4
.875 34.5
.86936.0
.890 28.0
.89426.9
.915 12.3
.89524.0
.948
.77381.1
.91712.2
.977
.972
.971
.956 5.1
.944 7.6
.87931.5
.941 13.3
.89227.2
.925 18.4
.893 23.9
.983
.89524.1
.965 2.1
.943 11.1
.982
.967
.982
.936 7.1
.962 3.3
.978
.987
.971
.936 9.6
.981
.956 2.9
.878 17.0
.984 6.6
.899 20.5
.90418.9
.897 19.8
.87229.3
.892 24.1
.90815.8
.920 20.0
.951
.954 6.7
.91611.1
.916 10.6
.967 8.3
.86727.9
.87824.6
.851 36.7
.888 18.8
.853 35.5
.854 35.4
.855 34.3
.85933.3
.917 14.6
.91618.8
.942 8.2
.920 18.1
.905 18.4
.89722.3
.968 2.1
.775
.782
.782
.804
.788
.808
.776
.781
.785
.761
.778
.783
.781
.786
.754
.783
34.1
29.9
29.4
26.8
36.8
18.7
21.0
22.0
24.7
21.8
23.4
23.1
31.4
25.0
27.2
5.1
.798
.777
.766
.759
.771
.790
.772
.774
.810
.796
.787
.806
.778
.824
.777
.805
.764
.763
.755
.757
.762
.768
.763
.785
.794
.800
.793
.769
.778
.760
.788
.758
.763
.763
.763
.774
.795
.804
.771
.750
.763
.806
4.7
5.7
3.7
4.4
4.1
4.5
5.3
5.3
5.1
5.5
6.3
3.7
4.1
Heavy
% <.-;
I
0.882
.880
.863 9.4 0.877-0.904

.866 7.9 .901- .925
.870 10.2 .898- .918
.871 11.4 .906- .930
.886
.873 12.0 .901- .926
.872 5.5 .909- .926
.854 6.1 .891-.913
.855 6.3 .887- .911
.862 5.7 .904-.92I
.864 6.5 .901- .920
.860 6.6 .896-. 916
.860 7.6 .905- .923
.872 7.1 .900- .918
.870 7.8 .908-. 929
4.6
5..6
0.903
.908
6.20.904-0.913
6.5 .925- .938
5.8 .918- .928
7.3 .930- .940
1,70.913-0.915
9.0 .938- .953
7.7 .928- .940
7.9 .940- .953
7.7
5.0
3.8
4.4
3.7
6.5
5.1
7.1
5.7
5.9
.926- .943 8.3

.926- .940 11.4
.913-.929 7.3
.911- .924 6.1
.921-.932 6.9
.920- .936 6.7
.916-.932 8.0
.923- .935 6.7
.918- .933 6.9
.929- .937 12.5
.943- .961
.940- .956
.929-.946
.924- .938
.932-.948
.936- .946
.932-.946
.935- .948
.933-.947
.937-.955
3.3
4.1
5.3
5.0
5.5
4.6
4.6
3.9
4.0
4.5
5.4
5.0
5.2
6.6
5.9
6.6
5.4
5.5
4.1
5.1
6.0
5.4
6.2
4.7
5.5
5.7
6.3
3.0
5.6
4.7
4.5
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.7
7.3
5.1
6.5
9.3
7.1
3.2
5.4
2.9
4.8
4.6
3.6
6.7
4.9
5.1
4.7
4.1
6.7
5.2
5.2
5.6
.916-.923 9.8
.935- .945 13.9
.928- .943 15.1
.921- .934 15.8
.940- .953 12.4
.937- .948 11.5
.902-.917 6.1
.933- .944 13.6
.922- .937 9.9
.931- .941 12.6
.904- .916 6.7
.934- .948 18.3
.903- .915 8.9
.932- .950 17.2
.934- .951 14.4
.931- .949 19.9
.935- .950 17.4
.931- .948 16.6
.932- .936 11.9
.930- .943 16.7
.937- .952 16.3
.935- .949 19.9
.933- .949 13.7
.926- .936 14.4
.928- .943 20.9
.912- .936 10.2
.923- .935 8.5
.943-. 950 16.4
.898- .911 5.7
.903- .917 5.6
.905- .917 7.2
.901-.914 4.2
.898- .912 5.C
.907-.92O 8.1
.905- .921 7.2
.925- .936 9.2
.920- .929 7.0
.905- .916 8.7
.907- .920 6.9
.918- .942 13.5
.894- .901
.894-.907 2.1
.898- .907 4.4
.897- .908 5.8
.894- .906 3.1
.898- .905 4.0
.899- .912 1.2
.901-.909 3.0
.911- .921 4.3
.922- .936 10.3
.924- .935 6.3
.909- .923 5.3
.896- .911 5.0
.903-.917 4.9
.924- .937 8.0
.923-.953
.945- .968
.943-.96O
.934- .966
.953- .967
.948- .962
.917-.927
.944- .970
.937- .958
.941- .965
.916- .928
.948-.974
.915- .928
.950-.988
.951- .970
.949- .984
.950-.968
.948- .978
.936-,963
.943- .966
.952-.97I
.949- .971
.949- .977
.936-.958
.943- .969
.936-.957
.935- .952
.950-.975
.911- .924
.917-.93I
.917- .936
.914-.926
.912- .931
.920-.938
.921- .934
.936- .947
.929- .950
.916-.928
.920- .929
.942-.964
.816
29.7
16.0
14.0
12.2
19.0
23.6
20.4
20.9
21.9
21.5
21.1
16.6
21.5
19.9
22.3
14.5
15.4
10.8
26.7
17.5
15.4
10.2
18.2
23.7
19.3
18.3
26.9
19.4
.819 17.9
.82117.5
.823 17.3
.81817.7
.818 17.5
19.4
.824 16.6
19.4
25.9
25.4
28.1
12.8
31.3
27.7
.819 20.3
30.8
.821 20.3
.823 19.0
.822 20.8
.82320.1
21.5
26.4
22.4
21.3
.817 15.6
.821 17.2
17.8
.858 7.2
.874 9.9
.868 6.1
.873 6.5
.868 8.8
.871 7.0
.852 7.5
.871 5.9
.867 7.0
.873 6.8
.860 7.0
.877 5.3
.859 7.1
.873 6.9
.874 7.1
.878 6.6
.844 7.6
.880 9.8
.870 8.
.879 7.
.880 7.
.887 7.
.874 8.
.874 7.
.877 5.
.872 8.
.865 7.
.875 6,
.847 8.
.857 7.0
.854 8.0
.848 8.8
.852 7.2
.850 6.8
.856 6.5
.876 10.2
.867 5.2
.86410.2
.866 9.8
.868 6.0
.852 9.2
.85010.8
.848 8.9
.850 10.2
.850 8.0
.847 9.9
.851 8.6
.850 9.5
.853 10.0
.869 6.5
.872 9.4
.858 7.6
.846 9.2
.853 7.9
.867 6.7
.891-.916
.910- .935
.907-.928
.901- .921
.917- .940
.914- .937
.883-.902
.916- .933
.904- .922
.913- .931
.884- .904
.919- .934
.886- .903
.911-.932
.913- .934
.910- .931
.916- .935
.899- .931
.907-.932
.911- .930
.909-.937
.909- .935
.910- .933
.909-.926
.904- .928
.889-.912
.908- .923
.913-.943
.873- .898
.882-.903
.879- .905
.874-.9Ol
.879- .898
.884-.907
.884- .905
.905- .925
.905- .920
.885-.905
.890- .907
.897-.918
.873- .894
.870-,894
.870- .898
.875- .897
.871- .894
.868- .898
.875- .899
.873-.9Ol
.884- .911
.905- .922
.901- .924
.887- .909
.869- .896
.879-.903
.901- .9241
.907-.915
.907- .919
.908- .921
.906- .912
.905- .913
.912- .914
.909-.914
.921- .930
.936-.95I
.935- .949
.923- .933
.911- .923
.917-.929
.937- .950
Field
CALIFORNIA (Continued)
Huntington Beach
Huntington Beach
Huntington Beach
Rich
Richfield
Casmalia
Cat Canyon.
Santa Maria
Summerland
Sargent
Arroyo Grande
Bardsdale
Conejo
Ojai
Santa Paula
Simi
South Mountain
Ventura
Ventura
:
Ventura
Composite sample
COLORADO
Florence
Rangely
ILLINOIS
Crude
Gasolene
and
naphtha
8 C
% <:l
County
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
San Luis Obispo
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura
2.000.938 12.00.790
1.31 .892 25.0 .764
2.07 .922 16.7 .769
1.09 .920 14.7 .785
1 . 60 . 899 25.2 .752
2.84 1.023
4.13 .960 9.8 .781
2.63 .916 21.8 .768
0.54 .975
0.86 .952 8.3 .776
1 . 30 . 967 5.3 .805
0.83 .873 26.8 .762
0.52 .970
1 . 63 . 952 13.0 .780
0.55 .918 13.1 .789
0.68 .864 32.9 .759
1 . 73 . 886 25.5 .753
1.15 .875 28.6 .749
0.47 .794 64.4 .757
0.90 .880 22.4 .756
1.79 .907 23.7 .757
Fremont and Pueblo 0.17

.06
Rio Bianca
.880 8.9
.819 34.6
Kerosene
en
%
J 15 - 6 I
d
lb.5
Gas oil
e
%
J16-6
d
15.5
19.80.858
3.50.825 16.2 .853
3.3 .825 17.1 .854
21.0 .859
3.8 .821 16.8 .854
26.8 .842
25.5 .854
21.2 .856
14.8 .873
23.3 .878
17.3 .872
5.1 .817 20.0 .844
11.0 .885
18.6 .869
29.5 .860
5.2 .820 18.9 .853
4.5 .817 16.9 .848
4.4 .820 17.2 .847
15.9 .812 8.1 .843
11.0 .816 15.2 .847
4.5 .825 17.1 .858
Light
f
%
Il
Il
Medium
J 15 - 5
d
!5.5
r
%
J 16 - 5
d
15.5
Heavy
J 16 - 6
^15.5
7.10.889-0.910
7.0 .878- .900
7.7 .883- .911
7.9 .884- .906
7.7 .876- .903
2.0 .897- .917
5.6 .906- .923
6.6 .893- .916
6.6 .913- .939
7.7 .920- .944
6.2 .904- .926
9.3 .873- .902
8.4 .902- .920
6.5 .907- .932
7:4 .899- .923
7.4 .876- .900
8.7 .871- .899
8.5 .873- .898
5.00.910-0.923
5.4 .900- .915
4.4 .911- .922
6.4 .906- .919
5.9 .903- .919
12.7 .917- .966
5.6 .923- .936
4.5 .916- .929
5.5 .939- .956
4.1 .944- .953
4.2 .926- .939
7.3 .902- .918
7.6 .920- .935
4.6 .932- .947
3.6 .923- .936
4.6 .900- .915
7.0 .899- .915
4.9 .898- .911
7.20.923-0.940
5.9 .915- .925
6.5 .922- .934
5.0 .919- .929
6.9 .919- ,933
7.6 .966- .982
7.8 .936- .949
5.7 .929- .943
13.1 .956- .978
11.7 .953- .972
11.9 .939- .963
2.3 .918- .923
20.7 .935- .959
10.9 .947- .963
12.4 .936- .945
5.4 .915- .929
2.1 .915- .922
4.5 .911- .923
14.1 .865- .902

8.3 .882- .912
7.5 .902- .917

4.6 .912- .923
1.2 .917- .920

5.6 .923- .936
.758 14.5 .808 16.2 .842 13.3

.748 19.3 .810 12.3 .844 11.7
0.871
.860
8.3
5.6
0.892
.880
. 24 . 863 20.4
.769 14.5
.834
8.0 .856 10.7
.877
6.0
.893
.48 .846 26.0
.753 19.2
.817 10.2 .843 10.9
.869
6.8
.885
INDIANA
Lima
KANSAS
loia
Moran and Elsmore
Augusta
Cattlemen
Elbing
Eldorado
Potwin
Peru Sedan
Peru Sedan
Peru Sedan
Peacock
Elrod
New Albany
Rantoul
Sallyyard
Tester
Florence and Peabody
Osawatomie
Independence
Tyro
Wayside
Chanute
Erie
Urbana
Altoona
Neodesha
Yates Center
KENTUCKY
Olympia
Ragland
Big Sinking
Composite from several counties. .
Cow Creek. . . '.
Ross Creek
Compton
LOUISIANA (North)
Elmgrove
Caddo
Allen
Allen
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Chautauqua
Chautauqua
Chautauqua
Cowley
Cowley
Elk
Franklin
Greenwood and Butler
Greenwood
Marion
Miami
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Neosho
Neosho
Neosho
Wilson
Wilson
Woodson
Bath
Bath
Lawrence
Lee and Estell
.66
.32
.41
. 30
. 29
. 29
. 14
.25
.24
. 12
. 23
. 20
. 27
. 51
. 24
.937
.875
.865
. 838
. 856
, 853
. 807
.875
.882
. 858
. 853
. 853
. 866
. 880
. 839
.8
20.2
24.2
32.8
29.8
27.3
45.0
19.0
12.6
20.6
25.9
25.9
24.7
22.4
33.2
.800
.758
.761
.736
.751
.754
.730
.760
.791
.755
.763
.753
.748
.740
.737
8.4
15.3
20.5
15.3
20.7
20.5
17.1
16.6
18.4
17.1
20.2
18.6
13.9
14.0
16.6
.842
.826
.830
.819
.826
.822
.813
.824
.839
.817
.821
.820
.822
.824
.821
4.7
6.9
11.1
9.8
13.3
12.1
9.9
10.7
5.3
11.3
U-. 2
11.2
10.7
9.2
9.8
.876
.856
.863
.859
.864
.861
.850
.863
.863
.856
.860
.858
.857
.864
.857
14.0
12.6
11.4
10.0
10.8
11.1
8.2
6.4
14.9
11.9
11.7
10.9
9.9
5.8
9.7
.891
.875
.890
.879
.888
.885
.872
.876
.878
.875
.878
.878
.878
.878
.877
8.2
10.8
5.5
5.1
5.0
5.7
3.9
11.0
14.0
7.3
6.3
6.7
5.5
6.7
5.0
.907
.898
.904
.895
.908
.902
.890
.895
.895
.891
.896
.897
.896
.898
.893
.19
.23
. 57
.24
. 34
.37
.31
. 30
. 32
.25
.23
.46
.841
.861
. 892
.855
. 879
.885
.878
. 870
. 876
.865
.846
.889
30.1
25.1
17.1
25.3
14.2
17.3
15.9
21.2
18.8
16.2
29.9
7.8
.752
.761
.753
.767
.771
.754
.768
.745
.759
.761
.741
.808
18.5
18.2
16.3
17.0
15.4
14.6
17.6
16.2
16.3
17.0
15.0
18.9
.819
.829
.8201
.821
.828
.82-1
.828
.823
.828
.812
.818
.838
11.3
13.3
9.8
13.4
11.5
11.1
11.5
11.9
4.7
11.4
10.5
14.6
.857
.859
.862
.857
.859
.862
.864
.864
.861
.853
.855
.859
10.9
12.1
5.5
5.5
6.2
5.3
12.9
6.6
19.1
12.5
11.1
15.2
.875
.884
.880
.878
.875
.877
.884
.880
.877
.872
.875
.879
5.3
6.4
11.8
10.8
12.7
9.8
7.8
5.7
6.0
6.7
4.4
6.7
.895
.901
.901
.894
.894
.891
.900
.894
.900
.893
.894
.896
. 23
.31
.21
. 14
. 23
. 49
.13
.12
. 853
.902
.835
. 844
. 835
. 869
.866
.838
11.2
12.6
33.1
31.2
35.4
35.9
19.7
35.9
.757
.767
.744
.751
.735
.751
.771
.744
24.5
16.0
18.4
17.3
16.2
17.3
16.7
14.6
.804
.826
.818
.819
.824
.839
.828
.826
11.5
8.7
7.7
10.6
9.3
11.0
10.4
9.7
.841
.856
.846
.849
.851
.862
.855
.848
12.8
11.6
10.1
10.8
9.5
10.5
12.6
10.3
.860
.878
.873
.876
.874
.887
.871
.874
6.5
5.4
6.0
5.9
4.6
5.0
7.1
5.9
.872
.898
.896
.891
.894
.898
.883
.894
.850 10.4
.870
6.0
.882
.841 16.7 .858 15.8

.806 12.5 .841 11.7
,878
.864
7.2
5.9
.904
.879
Wayne
Wolf and Estell
Wolf, Lee and Jackson
Wolf
. 23 . 842 30.8
Bossier
Caddo
. 27 . 879 13.5 .793 18.5

. 25 . 850 25.7 .751 18.9
* Lawrence, Crawford, Jasper and Cumberland,

t Composite from Allen and other counties.
.747 16,7
.821 10.3
6.9
0.923
6.1
.906
Field
LOUISIANA (North) (Continued)

Caddo
Pine Island
Homer
DeSoto, Red River and Bull
Bayou.
LOUISIANA (South)
Jennings
Jennings
Edgerly
Vinton
Anse La Butte
Anse La Butte
MONTANA
Winnett
NEW YORK
Crude
Gasolene
and
naphtha
%s<;
% #:
County
0.21 0.820 35.20.748

Caddo
.42 .901 3.0 .828
Caddo
.63 .844 30.2 .736
Claiborne
DeSoto a n d R e d .21 .822 27.6 .764
River
Gas oil
Kerosene
_,
%
jl5.5
<*15.5
jlS.5
d
!5.5 I
Light
,
%
22.40.79511.10.842 9.9
18.3 .868 7.5 .892 17.1
15.5 .812 10.5 .854 11.0
36.1 .805 11.8 .845 8.4
Il
Medium
j!5 5
*!.
0.864
.899
.875
.868
...
%
5.2
15.6
5.9
3.7
,15 5
d15.5
!
I
,15 5
d155
0.884
.907
.892
.895
Acadia
Acadia
Calcasieu
Calcasieu
St. Martin's
St. Martin's
.37 .911
. 36 . 908
. 68 . 925
.33 .936
.22 .919
. 30 . 903
Musselshell
.36 .781 63.2 .74725.5 .814
Alleghany
.10 .828 30.0 .748 17.5
Allen
Allen, Auglaize and
Mercer
Composite from Allen
and others
Washington
Washington
. 55 . 835 31.0 .749 19.2 .815 9.9 .843 10.7

. 55 . 842 27.0 .758 20.0 .818 10.8 .841 11.5
.870
.869
5.5
4.9
.890
.889
.48 .846 26.0 .753 19.2 .817 10.2 .843 10.9
.869
6.8
.885
.10 .838 27.8 .740 17.0 .805 9.7 .835 10.5

.05 .805 33.5 .739 20.2 .798 11.3 .834 11.2
.854
.855
6.3
5.5
.871
.868
Caddo
Carter
Carter
Cotton
Creek
Creek
Creek and Tulsa
Creek
Creek
Creek
Garfield
Kay
Kay
Marshall
Marshall
Muskogee
Muskogee
Noble
Nowata
Nowata
Nowata
Okfuskee
Okfuskee
Okmulgee
Okmulgee
Okmulgee
Okmulgee
Okmulgee
Okmulgee
Osage
Osage
Osage
Osage
Osage
Pawnee
Pawnee
Payne
Pontotoc
Rogers
Stephens
Stephens
Tulsa and Rogers
Tulsa
Wagoner and Tulsa
Wagoner
Washington
Washington
Washington
. 19 . 852 20.2 .766 20.7 .809 14.0 .846 6.7

. 72 . 870 22.3 .753 15.8 .825 10.5 .862 6.5
. 72 . 858 26.6 .737 14.3 .817 9.5 .860 4.8
. 42 . 859 27.7 .747 17.7 .813 10.9 .860 5.2
. 25 . 824 38.8 .743 18.1 .820 10.7 .858 9.2
. 28 . 828 37.5 .743 18.0 .818 11.5 .855 9.6
.30 .862 24.8 .762 17.4 .827 12.5 .860 5.2
. 28 . 883 14.6 .771 15.9 .830 5.9 .861 12.1
.26 .853 28.2 .750 15.8 .829 9.5 .861 11.2
. 44 . 875 22.9 .74613.0 .832 5.9 .856 11.4
. 14 . 799 52.4 .737 15.7 .816 3.9 .844 11.9
. 24 . 830 36.3 .748 18.0 .817 10.7 .856 9.3
.15 .823 35.9 .743 18.9 .815 11.2 .850 11.1
. 06 . 794 46.2 .726 17.8 .804 9.4 .839 8.2
. 06 . 769 85.5 .748 10.5 .806
.15 .841 24.1 .76219.6 .816 13.0 .850 12.4
. 23 . 852 19.5 .762 17.8 .820 13.9 .850 12.2
.16 .823 40.4 .739 17.6 .819 10.7 .858 9.6
.19 .865 22.1 .763 19.5 .829 10.7 .863| 13.8
. 23 . 859 25.3 .757 17.6 .827 13.2 .862 12.4
. 19 . 869 19.9 .765 19.1 .826 11.4 .865 6.0
. 13 . 826 32.1 .740 16.4 .817 11.3 .853 10.6
.14 .836 28.3 .752 17.4 .816 11.5 .853 11.1
.15 .816 37.6 .737 16.4 .817 10.5 .854 10.4
.15 .830 29.9 .749 14.9 .823 6.4 .853 14.1
.13 .842 25.3 .754 18.3 .819 12.1 .854 11.1
.13 -.854 17.3 .759 17.3 .815 14.7 .849 12.8
.17 .809 39 . 6 . 728 15.4 .817 9.0 .850 10.0
. 32 . 870 22.2 .760 16.0 .828 13.0 .862 4.7
.19 .846 28.1 .754 19.1 .827 11.4 .862 6.6
.32 .837 29.7 .746 16.9 .822 4.7 .846 12.7
.13 .840 30.9 .745 19.1 .827 11.6 .862 6.9
. 23 . 846 28.9 .751 18.0 .824 5.2 .858 13.1
.17 .846 26.4 .751 19.9 .825 6.4 .860 12.2
.26 .841 30.6 .753 19.8 .821 8.3 .858 5.5
. 33 . 840 32.9 .750 18.6 .820 11.7 .855 10.2
. 33 . 858 24.8 .756 17.8 .818 9.7 .862 10.6
. 62 . 878 22.7 .751 16.5 .826 9.7 .867 5.6
.14 .855 23.8 .761 19.2 .822 12.0 .855 11.6
.41 .857 26.3 .755 17.1 .820 11.0 .864 5.2
.40 .848 31.4 . 746 18.0 .815 10.4 .857 6.0
.27 .851 26.9 .761 18.8 .826 12.6 .858 5.9
. 23 . 868 20.3 .773 18.5 .833 6.4 .864 12.8
.19 .853 26.2 .764 17.8 .825 10.9 .858 11.5
.15 .864 16.9 .765 17.5 .820 11.1 .852 12.4
.25 .871 19.0 .779 18.5 .837 7.3 .867 13.6
. 32 . 867 20.4 .771 19.2 .830 13.5 .864 6.1
. 27 . 864 22.0 .767 17.7 .826 6.5 .859 13.1
.864
.880
.877
.877
.880
.876
.878
.891
.883
.884
.870
.877
.868
.858
13.
12.
12.
9.
4.
4.
11.
6.
6.0
4.5
2.7
4.8
4.1
3.4
.880
.897
.899
.899
.899
.896
.898
.892
.899
.902
.891
.898
.884
.874
.870
.868
.875
.886
.886
.880
.876
.869
.874
.876
.873
.867
.870
.879
.879
.868
.883
.870
.874
.875
.876
.879
.888
.878
.878
.875
.875
.875
.881
.872
.881
.882
.875
5.9
7.3
4.8
5.1
6.1
11.5
5.9
6.1
4.8
5.5
5.9
7.5
4.1
5.4
10.9
10.6
9.7
10.8
5.5
10.1
5.4
4.9
14.9
6.5
10.5
11.6
11.1
13.6
5.2
7.2
13.2
12.9
5.1
.879
.883
.890
.906
.902
.901
.893
.888
.890
.894
.885
.878
.886
.890
.892
.894
.893
.889
.895
.897
.894
.897
.901
.895
.895
.897
.888
.901
.896
.897
.899
.894
.891
40.5
45.6
25.9
22.9
34.8
34.1
Heavy
_,
%
.880 12.40.909-0.922 7.50.922-0.929 13.60.929-0.944

.873 14.7 .902- .921 8.1 .921- .930 8.7 .930- .944
.879 15.0 .896- .914 8.0 .914- .-935 14.2 .935- .972
.884 13.8 .913- .935 8.2 .935- .945 16.8 .945- .962
.881 14.6 .909- .920 8.0 .920- .928 16.1 .928- .944
.867 16.1 .896- .912 9.5 .912- .920 8.2 .920- .930
.802 10.3 .838 11.3
0.854
6.3
0.873
OHIO
North Lima
South Lima
Lima
Corning
Penn Grade
OKLAHOMA
Cement
Healdton
Hewitt
Walters
North Bristow
Gushing
Glen
Kellyville
Mounds
Slick
Garber
Blackwell or Dilsworth
Newkirk or Mervine
Arbuckle
Madill
Boynton
Musk ogee
Billing
Bluff and Alluwe
Delaware Extension
Delaware and Lenapak
Deaner
Lyons
BaIdHiIl
Beggs
Henryetta
Okmulgee
Philipsville
Youngstown
Bigheart
Burbank
Hominy
Osage
Pershing
Cleveland
Jennings
Yale or Quay
Allen
Claremore
,
Comanche
Duncan
Owasso
Skiatook, Sperry and Turley
Broken Arrow
Wagoner
Bartlesville
Canary
Ochelata Hogshooter
5.8
0.903
6.8
.901
6.2
.903
8.4
.910
Field
Crude
Gasolene
and
naphtha
%s
% <l:l
County
Kerosene
OT
%
J15-5
i5.B
Gas oil
Of
%
^715-6
15.5
Light
or
%
J15.6
15.5
Il
Medium
J15-6
!5.5
fff
%
0.84$
.850
.853
.866
.852
.850
.850
5.7
6.1
5.7
8.4
6.3
5.2
7.1
0.859
.865
.867
.876
.865
.870
.870
Heavy
e
J15-6
*.
PENNSYLVANIA
Special Franklin Crude

Composite
TEXAS (North)
Holiday
Brownwood
Petrolia
Santa Anna
Desdemona
Ranger
Mexia
Corsicana
Strawn
Moran
Breckenridge
Caddo
Burkburnett
Burkburnett
Electra
K. M. A
K. M. A
Texhoma
Thrall
Young
TEXAS (South)
Somerset
Somerset
Yturri
Damon Mound
Damon Mound
West Columbia
West Columbia
West Columbia
Barbers Hill
Pierdes-Pintos
Blue Ridge
Blue Ridge
Batson
Saratoga
Sour Lake
Goose Creek
Goose Creek
Goose Creek
Goose Creek
Goose Creek
Humble
Humble
Pierce Junction
Spindle Top
Hull
Hull
North Dayton
Markham
Nacogdoches
Orange
Terry
Mirando
WEST VIRGINIA
Maryland Grade
Maryland Grade
Allegheny and Wash. 0.080.800 37.80.733 20.20.792 9.60.831 9.3

Green
.08 .815 29.0 .745 18.7 .803 10.2 .834 11.9
McKean
.10 .823 32.5 .739 17.8 .802 9.4 .839 10.6
Mercer
.09 .863 9.0 .824 15.1 .842 13.7 .850 13.5
.08 .811 33.9 .734 19.9 .802 9.7 .835 11.1
.10 .819 29.6 .746 17.3 .806 10.9 .826 12.2
Venango
.08 .832 24.4 .761 16.4 .811 12.5 .827 12.2
Venango
Archer
Brownwood
Clay
Coleman
Comanche and Eastland
Eastland
Limestone
Navarro
Palo Pinto
Shackelford
Stepheno
Stepheno
Wichita
Wichita
Wichita
Wichita
Wichita
Wichita
Williamson
Young
Atascosa
Atascosa
Bexar
Brazoria
Brazoria
Brazoria
Brazoria
Brazoria
Chambers
Duvall
Fort Bend
Fort Bend
Hardin
Hardin
Hardin
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Jefferson
Liberty
Liberty
Liberty
Matagorda
Nacogdoches
Orange
Orange
Zapata
.41
.17
.38
.16
.14
.839
.850
.841
.828
.839
38.2
24 . 5
34.0
15.3
29.4
.734
. 747
.752
.782
.761
16.3
16.5
18.7
18.6
19.4
.819 11.0
.821 12.5
.818 10.9
.828 16.3
.817 14.0
.858 9.1
.862 13.7
.856 5.1
.852 14.6
.855 5.5
.885
.891
.877
.870
.873
4.9
5.8
5.2
4.7
11.0
.908
.905
.890
.885
.893
.17
.19
.24
.13
.16
.28
.20
.38
.39
.25
.33
.72
.33
.15
.26
.840
.847
.855
.847
.830
.844
.839
.838
.841
.824
.836
.854
.866
.837
.833
30.2
17.3
19.7
24.4
34.4
30.0
30.5
36.3
36.7
40.8
35.1
31.2
38.0
26.4
34.6
.759
.768
.765
.763
.743
.757
.756
.749
.742
.734
.746
.746
.739
.763
.750
19.7
28.4
23.8
20.2
17.2
18.8
19.1
17.7
17.0
16.1
18.1
16.1
17.2
20.8
18.7
.821 12.1
.807 17.3
.811 14.7
.819 11.7
.816 11.6
.822 11.4
.820 11.8
.822 10.8
.820 10.8
.822 8.9
.821 10.4
.819 9.4
.818 10.2
.809 12.2
.823 10.3
.858 12.6
.845 12.3
.859 6.7
.857 12.5
.854 10.0
.860 10.9
.844 11.7
.862 10.4
.857 5.1
.860 6.0
.860 5.6
.858 6.3
.858 5.0
.847 11.7
.859 5.5
.867
.869
.877
.876
.877
.880
.864
.885
.880
.876
.878
.880
.877
.866
.875
9.9
4.9
11.5
6.7
4.7
5.0
4.3
5.1
9.4
9.0
6.2
9.6
10.1
5.7
10.8
.895
.894
.896
.890
.897
.900
.885
.906
.899
.896
.895
.899
.897
.880
.892
.42 .823 38.8

1.40 .855 31.0
0.45 .863 24.6
.28 .923
.36 .921 5.8
. 29 . 934
.21 .906
.45 .940
. 67 . 858 31.0
. 55 . 927
.45 .944
.39 .894 16.2
.61 .903 8.2
.57 .977
.43 .884 16.7
.22 .926
.20 .917
.21 .910
.55 .897
.49 .931
.43 .938
2.40 .948 3.7
0.29 .921
2.31 .936
0.35 .863 26.6
.44 .926 3.8
. 50 . 899 9.8
.18 .831 50.2
.39 .923
.45 .912
.34 .881
.25 .923
5.7
0.907
5.4
.915
.735 18.3 .812 8.4 .851 10.80.858-0.889 5.20.889-0.904

.746 10.7 .818 14.6 .854 8.4 .874- .898 7.4 .898- .916
.752 10.8 .813 14.3 .840 11.0 .858- .883 6.6 .883- .901 2.70.901-0.909
36.9 .886 14.9 .915- .933 8.4 .933- .939 14.1 .939- .948
.818
36.5 .874 16.4 .913- .933 6.0 .933- .940 17.5 .940- .965
27.0 .851 13.8 .917- .933 8.2 .933- .943 20.7 .943- .958
48.8 .878 10.4 .911- .916 13.2 .916- .923 8.0 .923- .927
28.6 .886 12.0 .918- .934 7.5 .934- .945 15.9 .945- .957
.757 5.5 .825 18.6 .854 8.0 .885- .906 4.7 .906- .912 5.9 .912- .918
33.9 .870 10.8 .894- .919 9.4 .919- .948 21.9 .948- .960
21.8 .883 11.4 .922- .937 7.6 .937- .947 18.1 .947- .968
.784
23.7 .867 12.7 .896- .909 5.9 .909- .927 11.2 .927- .960
.789
34.9 .876 11.4 .908- .920 8.2 .920- .928 8.1 .928- .939
16.8 .883 9.0 .919- .934 8.6 .934- .950 15.3 .950- .977
.765
30.6 .874 10.6 .907- .927 6.0 .927- .932 9.4 .932- .939
28.5 .887 14. .911- .926 8.3 .926- .935 15.3 .935- .952
36.0 .882 14. .914- .924 7.4 .924- .930 14.7 .930- .943
39.2 .876 13. .909- .919 7.5 .919- .928 11.2 .928- .961
51.7 .872 13. .900- .915 7.4 .915- .927 7.1 .927- .943
31.0 .886 9. .915- .926 7.3 .926- .935 18.2 .935- .956
24.8 .885 3.2 .912- .918 20.0 .918- .947 17.1 .947- .961
.823
24.9 .882 14.4 .913- .931 7.7 .931- .942 10.6 .942- .962
36.2 .880 16.4 .922- .940 5.8 .940- .946 13.8 .946- .963
28.5 .880 13.8 .910- .925 8.6 .925- .937 17.8 .937- .955
.762
27.3 .858 10.4 .886- .905 7.0 .905- .918 7.7 .918- .932
.800
22.0 .871 11.1 .901- .916 6.6 .916- .924 15.6 .924- .945
.796
45.5 .884 11.8 .924- .937 7.2 .937- .939 8.6 .939- .942
.782 9.3 .809 26.5 .850
19.5 .877 14.9 .891- .905 12.6 .905- .915 8.8 .915- .921
31.9 .869 13.6 .896- .911 9.7 .911- .926 8.0 .926- .930
27.0 .880 13.6 .901- .920 7.2 .920- .928 16.0 .928- .939
49.8 .893 14.0 .915- .931 4.5 .931- .941 14.8 .941- .969
.084 .783 45.9 .718 16.5 .794 8.4 .839 8.3

Hancock
Harrison and Dodd- .20 .808 29 . 5 . 741 18.9 .795 9.0 .823 11.5
ridge
Maryland Grade
Harrison and others
.27 .800 33.4 .735 20.4 .795 9.8 .823 12.1
Blue Creek
Kanawha
.11 .810 40.2 .727 18.0 .797 9.2 .829 9.1
Cabin Creek
Kanawha
. 19 . 797 40.5 .730 21.0 .797 8.0 .827 8.9
Kelly Creek
Kanawha
.11 .799 39.6 .731 18.4 .798 9.9 .829 9.8
*
Eureka Grade
. 10 . 805 31.3 .739 18.5 .799 12.1 .825 11.0
*
Eureka Grade
. 24 . 806 37.7 .734 17.7 .801 9.2 .829 9.6
* Ritchie, Wood, Wirt, Calhoun, Roan and Kanawha.
0.848
.840
4.3
7.2
0.858
.859
.843
.849
.844
.847
.844
.845
4.0
4.6
4.2
4.5
5.6
6.0
.864
.862
.856
.859
.856
.848
|
I
Crude
Field
County
16 5
^/ CS d15.5'
WEST VIRGINIA (Continued)

Maryland Grade
Maryland Grade
'.
Eureka Grade
Maryland Grade
*
Tyler
Tyler, Doddridge, and
Wetzel
Tyler, Doddridge, and
Wetzel
Wetzel and Marshall
Gasolene
and
naphtha
Kerosene
% -C
% c-, % <::| % <:
Gas oil
0.280.805 38.3
18.00.804 9.30.825 9.3
.095 .804 35.80.744 20.8 .795 10.6 .824 11.2
.098 .808 34.0 .748 19.4 .810 9.9 .828 10.3
I
I
Medium
5.2
4.8
5.3
0.872
.862
.857
.827 9.8
.839
4.8
.852
.732 19.1 .798 10.7 .827 10.0
.846
5.1
.862
.738
.747
.804
.744
.762
.772
.755
.765
.765
.779
.741
.746
17.8
13.4
18.5
14.2
15.7
14.5
16.0
14.7
19.7
22.6
20.0
15.8
.750
.838
.754
.768
.748
.754
.746
15.7
11.1
16.2
17.4
17.4
17.4
15.8
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION

In this section, S will be used to represent dJ;C = <CF.
CONVERSION FORMULAE
All weights in vacuo
141 K
-MO
0
131
API = oo
-5. 0Be (American) = 0o 130
Lb. per gal. (U. SJ =8.328 XS
Lb. per gal. (Brit.) =10.00 X S
Gal. (U. S.) per Ib. = 0.1201 X S
Gal. (Brit.) per Ib. = 0.1000 X S
For other conversion factors, v. vol. I, p. 23. For elaborate
computed conversion tables convenient for interpolation, v. (10).
Crude Petroleums
The specific gravity of crudes varies with locality between the
extreme limits 0.65 to 1.07. Below are given only those crudes
for which values above 0.95 or below 0.75 have been recorded.
The recorded data for all other crudes lie between the above values.
For these v. ( 26 > 39 > s 3 - 1 87 > 12 169).
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUM FROM VARIOUS PARTS
OF THE WORLD
Sp. gr. > 0.95
Source
|
Sp. gr.
AFRICA
Algeria
0.79 to 0.98
Egypt
0.83 to 0.97
Gold Coast
0.87 to 0.98
Ivory Coast.
0.96
Sidi Brahim
1.02
Tunis
0.97
ASIA
Assam
0.86 to 0.98
Burma
0.81 to 1.00
Japan
0.80 to 0.98
Malay Archipelago
Borneo
0.86 to 0.97
Heavy
% c-.*
% C-:
0.852
.844
.844
. 094 . 803 37.1 .737 18.7 .798 10.1
.11 .804 34.6

Maryland Grade
WYOMING
.08 .803 38.6
Greybull
Bighorn
.19 .842 31.1
Ferris
Carbon
.11 .875 16.7
Lost Soldier
Carbon
.27 .843 31.4
Rock Creek
Carbon
.17 .863 22.2
Big Muddy
Converse
2.42 .914 12.8
Dallas
Fremont
2.62 .913 11.0
Lander
Fremont
2 . 46 . 922 8.6
Maverick
Fremont
0.22 .848 24.0
Pilot Butte
Fremont
. 55 . 846 21.0
Plunkett
Fremont
. 14 . 809 42.6
Grass Creek
Hot Springs
2.09 .903 17.6
Hot Springs
Hamilton Dome
0.51 .953
Pine Mountain
Natrona
.18 .841 29.3
Salt Creek
Natrona
.20 .909 3.1
Shannon
Natrona
. 18 . 823 33.5
Lance Creek
Niobrara
.14 .867 11.7
Mule Creek
Niobrara
. 14 . 827 40.5
Elk Basin
Park
.15 .840 31.6
New Castle
Weston
. 29 . 837 34.8
Osage Range
Weston
* Ritchie, Wood, Wirt, Calhoun, Roan, Kanawha and Gilmer.
Light
4.7
.858
11.0 .830 10.9
.844
6.0
.881
10.8 .847 11.7
.864
6.7
.898
18.6 .864 15.7
.875
5.4
.890
10.0 .854 10.3
.876
9.0 .860 11.1
.877
5.9
.890
10.8 .873 7.5
.897
7.0
.916
7.2
11.1 .869 15.1
.899
6.1
.921
8.0
.924
10.9 .869 13.7
.901
5.9
.884
13.2 .846 12.8
.864
6.5
.883
16.3 .852 14.0
.868
9.9 .850 9.3
.865
4.5
.881
8.7 .876 5.7
.893
12.4
.917
Decomposed when heated at atmospheric pressure
.824 10.8 .847 11.1
.865
5.8
.880
.892
8.0
.905
8.4
.867 4.9 .884 19.1
.859
6.0
.876
.812 11.3 .849 10.7
7.4
.882
.821 13.1 .850 14.6
.869
.875
4.8
.890
.829 10.6 .862 9.8
5.6
.887
.826 10.3 .856 11.0
.871
.873
5.ll
.893
.825 9.8 .857 10.5
.806
.823
.854
.826
.832
.827
.825
.824
.815
.827
.820
.826
0.935
.909
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUM. (Continued)

Source
Java
Roengkoet
Persia
AUSTRALIA
New Zealand
EUROPE
Galicia (Drohobycz)
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Russia (Daghestan)
NORTH AMERICA
Canada
Cuba
Haiti
Mexico
United States
Alaska
California
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
Utah
Wyoming
SOUTH AMERICA
Argentina
Barbados
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Trinidad
Sp. gr.
0.81 to 0.97
0 . 97
0.78 to 1 .06
0.84 to 0.97
0.84 to 0.97
0.84 to 0.96
0.81 to 1.00
1.05
0.80 to 0.98
0. 75 to 0. 97
0.85 to 0.96
0.75
0.73
0.92
0.79
to
to
to
to
0.97
0.96
0.96
1.06
0.79 to
0.77 to
0.80 to
0.79 to
0.80 to
0 . 83 to
0.80 to
0.99
1.01
0.97
0.88
0.97
0 .95
1.00
0 . 90 to
0.88 to
0 . 86 to
0 . 88 to
0.82 to
0.81 to
1 . OO
0.97
0 . 97
0 . 99
0.95
0.98
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUM. (Continued)

Source
|
Sp. gr.
Sp. gr. < 0.75
EUROPE
Italy
0. 75 to 0. 97
Russia (Caucasus)
0.65
NORTH AMERICA
Canada
0.75 to 0.97
Cuba
0.73 to 0.96
United States
Pennsylvania
0.70 to 0.89
STRAIGHT RUN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (113)
Approximate specific gravity range at 15.50C = 6O0F
Product
Paraffin-base Crude
Range
Cymogene (rare)
Light petroleum ether
Heavy petroleum ether
Natural gas gasolene
Gasolene
Kerosene
STRAIGHT RUN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (113). (Continued)

Product
Range
Mineral seal oil (300 burning oil)
0 . 825-0 . 811
Gas oil
:..
0.845-0.816
Non-viscous neutrals
0 . 865-0 . 850
Viscous neutrals
0.882-0.865
Paraffin oils
0.904-0.876
Paraffin wax
0.947-0.871
Red oils
0.910-0.904
Filtered cylinder stock
0.896-0.887
Bright stock
0.916-0.893
Steam-refined oils
0.928-0.898
Naphthene-base Crude
0.702-0.669
Natural gas gasolene
Light gasolene (if any)
0.720-0.702
Gasolene (if any)
0.76^-0.731
Kerosene (if any)
0.825-0.816
Gas oil
0.876-0.855
Low pour test machine oil (low viscosity) . . . .
0.928-0.922
Low pour test machine oil (medium viscosity) .
0 . 934-0 . 928
Low pour test machine oil (high viscosity)
0 . 940-0 . 934
Black oil
0.947-0.940
Flux
0.986-0.973
0 . 588
0.633-0.626
0.654-0.639
0 . 675-0 . 622
0.747-0.709
0.816-0.797
GASOLENE FRACTIONS (I 77 )
Sp. gr. of fraction. 15.5/15.5C = 60/60F
Fractionation temperatures
Kind of gasolene
Up to 5O0C I 50 to 750C | 75 to 10O0C | 100 to 1250C | 125 to 15O0C | 150 to 1750C | 175 to 20O0C
Eastern " straight" refinery 0.633 to 0.6390.666 to 0.6720.699 to 0.712 0.727 to 0.7360.742 to 0.7550.764 to 0.770
Mid-Continent ' ' straight ' '
0.630 to 0.6450.672 to 0. 6960. 712 to 0. 7360. 736 to 0. 761 0.755 to 0. 7790. 773 to 0.7790.788 to 0.795
refinery
California "straight" re0.639 to 0.6450.678 to 0.6930.723 to 0.7390.752 to 0.7640.773 to 0.788
finery
Blended casing head (east0.624 to 0.6330.663 to 0.6750.703 to 0.7150.733 to 0.739 0.752 to 0.761 0.767 to 0.7760.782 to 0.785
ern)
Cracked (Mid-Continent).. 0.636 to 0.6450.675 to 0.6840.712 to 0.721 0.736 to 0.7490.752 to 0.7670.767 to 0.7850.788 to 0.801
Blending Chart. For use in determining % of naphtha to be added to gasolene to obtain blend of given density, v. (8).
LUBRICATING OIL AT Low TEMPERATURES
This sample had the following properties: S}JJ;J = 0.9427;

Fl. P., 2240C; 77 at 98.90C, 92 sec Saybolt; Pour point, -180C.
The density data were d\ =0.9740, (-35 to -4O0C); and
d\ = 0.9523 - 0.000665Z, (-30 to +2O0C) (76).
PARAFFINS
Solid. d\l = 0.87 - 0.94; d\l = 0.84 - 0.89. R e c o r d e d
data on thermal expansion very conflicting, possibly due to enclosed
air (19, 158, 166, 211). Between -190 and 170C Dewar found
^ ^ = 0.000357 per deg (43).
Liquid. dll = 0.777 - 0.785; d$ = 0.755 - 0.780. d{5 =
const. ( = 5 3 to 85) X 1O-6* (between ca. 50 and 10O0C) (19,
158, 166,
211).
MISCELLANEOUS
Petrolatum ("Vaseline"). d*4 =0.873, 23; 0.868, 32; 0.862,
420C (206).
Petroleum0 Ether Vt = V0(I + 146 X 10~5f + 16.0 X IO"7*2),

-190 to O C (90).
THERMAL EXPANSION
dt=d,- a(t - t) + (t - t*}*
a = (66 5) X 10~5; for S < 0.84
a = [(189.4 - 146. 5S) 3] X 10~s; for S > 0.84
= [(-15.4 + 19S) 2] X IO'7
dt = d\ or d/5.5
ds = $ resp. d{'6.5 when 15 < t. < 35
S = the density or specific gravity (two decimal places sufficient)

at any temperature between ca. 15 and 35.
Example: Given dft. 5 = 0.6935, to find dj6.5
c?6o = 0.6935 - (189.4 - 146.5 X 0.69) X IO'5 X (60 - 17) +
(-15.4 + 19 X 0.69) X HT7 (60 - 17)2 = 0.6551 ca. 0.0003.
For all practical purposes, the above relations appear to be
applicable to all petroleum oils, both crude and refined, between 0
and 5O0C (and probably to 10O0C) as long as they continue to
remain homogeneous liquids sufficiently fluid to be measured with
a hydrometer (18). For elaborate computed tables convenient for
temperature conversions and based substantially on the above
relations v. ( 10 > 41).
Additional Literature on Thermal Expansion. Crudes (51> 94>
148, 182, 183, 197). Derivatives (*> 102, 117, 181).
Expansion above 10O0C. A recent investigation (225) of California petroleum products yields the equations :
vt = v15.66 [1 + a(t - 15.56) + (t - 15.560)2] (Range, 15 to
26O0C)
and
vt = ^260 [1 + ct' (t - 260) + f (t -260)2] (Range, 260 to 40O0C)
a = [2.32 - 1.7S] X 10~3; for S < 0.82
a = [4.36 - 4.2S] X 10~3; for 0.82 < S < 0.75
= [4.8e - 4.5S] X 10~6
For S = 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.89
IO 3 ' = 0.75 0.83 1.05 1.20
' = [20.29 - 19.45 S] X IO"6
where Vt is the volume (cm3) at Z0C, and S is the specific gravity at
150C.
COMPRESSIBILITY
The mean coefficient of compressibility between P1 and P2 is
defined by the equation
Vr1 - Vr1
"
Fp1(P2 - F1)
Kerosene and Lubricating Oils. Within the accuracy of the
measurements, all available data are correctly expressed by the
equation
in-6
^- = a + bP - cP2 + dP3,
in which yTp is the mean coefficient between O and P.
Kerosene. Between 1 and 11 atmospheres and 0-10O0C, in

atm.-1 is expressed by the equation = (67.5 + 0.458Z) X 10~6
(161).
PAKAFFIN ( 17 )
M. P. 550C
P
atm.
20
100
200
300
400
Conversion Factors. To convert a pressure, in any of the following units, into atmospheres, multiply it by the factor given.
Megabarye
|
kg cm~2
|
Lb. in. ~ 2
0.98692
I
0.96784
|
0.068047
P in atmospheres.
64
83
83
84
solid
Vm
~Jp
V 20-T
IO6 sit tC
100
185
106
103
99
94
310
172
156
147
137
331
289
257
236
"Range" = pressure limits within which the equation may be used to calculate ^
Name of oil
Kerosene
Kerosene
Kerosene
Kerosene
Kerosene
"Paraffin oil"*
Lubricating oils
"F. F. F. cylinder"
"MobileA"
"Mobile BB"
"Victory red"
"Bayonne"
VPl
^C
10%
20
20
40
60
80
34
(13.05)
13.05
11.60
10.48
9.55
12.0
40
40
40
. 40
40
17.7
17.4
18.0
18.9
17. i
O^
4.417s
4.2059
4.222o
4.0379
3.8079
4.631
4.3
4.3
4.3
5.0
4.3
160.24
135.94
135.39
ll.69
91.1s
280.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
^d
Ran
,
f
atmospheres
5.1U 2000-12000
3.687
0-12000
3.34s
0-12000
2.484
0-12000
1.794
0-12000
24.3
0-4300
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
__
7looo)
^ "
I Lii~
F0 X 1000
5.776
(i)
5.839
(23)
6.374
(23)
6.941
(23)
7.537
(23)
6.107 (153)
0-1400
0-1400
0-1400
0-1400
O- 1 500
4.545
4.608
4.484
4.184
4.673
(95-1)
(*5.i)
(95.1)
(95.1)
(!)
*d\ - 0.812; d7 = 0.788; flash point 550C.
VISCOSITY
See also Lubricants and Lubrication, p. 164.
Viscosity Units and Their Inter conversion. See vol. I, p. 25.
Viscosity at Room Temperatures.Typical values in poises are :
(a) Gasolenes, 0.003-0.006;
(6) Kerosene, 0.02;
(c) Light lubricating oils, 0.025-1.5;
(d) Medium lubricating oils, 1.5-3.5;
(e.) Heavy lubricating oils, 3.5-20;
(/) Petrolatum (M. P., 85-95F), 1.3 at 130, 0.24 at 21O0F.
Variation of Viscosity with Temperature.If the viscosity of an
oil is known at two temperatures, its viscosity at a third temperature may be obtained graphically with the aid of Fig. 1. When
the viscosity temperature values for any oil are graphed on this
chart a straight line will be obtained for all portions of the temperature range within which the oil remains a homogeneous liquid of
constant composition (11J. Copies of this chart may be obtained
by addressing The Texas Company, New York City.
SURFACE TENSION
Below are summarized the reported data on the surface tension
(7, in dynes per cm) of various products.
Crudes.24-38 at 2O0C ( 6 ^, 84, 160, 176). The lower values,
24-26, are reported for crudes from Pennsylvania and California
( 176 ); the higher values, 35-38, for crudes from California fields at
Montebello, Sunset, and Kern ( 84 ).
Petroleum Distillates.For distillates up to 30O0C, y = 19-29 at
20 and is approximately a linear function of the density. See
Fig. 12 (p. 157). dy/dt = ca. -0.1 per 0C between 0 and 50
(63, 64, 140, 176).
Naphthas(B. P. up to 15O0C). , 7 = 19-23 at 20 (176).

Kerosenes.(B. P. 150-300C). 7 = 23-32 at 20 (77, 176).
Gas Oils.y = 28-29 (175).
"Gas Oil Distillates."(150-300C). 7 = 21-28 (175).
"Tar Oils."y = 34-37.6 (175).
"Tar Oil Distillates."(150-300C). 7 = 27-36 (175).
Lubricating Oils.Oklahoma and California. 7 = 36-37.5 at
3O0C (63, 78).
"Wax Distillates."y = 34-36 at 3O0C (63).
Paraffin.y = 30.6 at 540C (162).
INTERFACIAL TENSIONS
Oil-Water Interface.Dyne cm""1. Gasolenes and naphthas,
39-51: kerosene, 47-49: mineral seal, 47-50: lubricating oils,
33-54 : cylinder oils, petrolatum, paraffin at higher temperatures,
35-50, increasing after filtration. Several days' exposure to light
produces decreases up to 30% ( 7 O, 99). dy/dt = ca. 0.1
between 4 and 80C.
Addition of fatty acids lowers the interfacial tension against both
H2O and Hg (20, 213).
PENETRATIVITY (i)
The penetrativity, z, of a liquid is measured by the ratio 7/2ry
where rj is the viscosity (206). if z f or H2O is taken as 1 at room
temperature, z for kerosene is 0.05 at 2O0C; z for paraffin is 0.092
at 65, 0.39 at 185 and 0.45 at 2150C. z for petrolatum ,("vaseline") in absolute units is 0.063( 3O)2 cm sec"1, where t is the
temperature in 0C between 100 and 200.
TEMPERATURE-CENTIGRADE
THE TEXAS COMPANY
VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHART "

FIG. 1.
FIG. 2.Variation of viscosity with pressure.

C
^Trve
No.
2
3
4
5
6
Designation of oil
.
Mobiloil "A"
Bayonne: d\\ 0.906; Fl. P. 1910C; 77100 330 Saybolt;
pour test O0C
F. F. F. cylinder: d\\ 0.892; Fl. P. 260.O0C; 77100 2400
Saybolt; pour test 5.60C
Mobiloil "B. B."
Mobiloil "A"
Mobiloil''A"
f, 0C
40
Lit.
95
( )
(9S)
40
40
24
100
(9S)
(95)
( 85 ;
( 8S )
MELTING POINT
The petroleum products of commerce are all mixtures, and
consequently possess no sharp melting or freezing point; but
exhibit instead a melting range. It is, of course, possible by
suitable blending to obtain a product with almost any initial
melting or freezing point between the extreme limits of -15O0C
(0.70 specific gravity gasolene) and +6O0C (the high melting
waxes).
Typical Values.The limiting values recorded below show the
regions of the temperature scale within which the melting or
freezing ranges of some typical commercial products may be
expected to lie (For "pour test" see p. 156).
7
8
9
10
11
12
Designation of oil
t, 0C
Lit.
Texaco
Texaco
Veedol
Veedol
Victory red mineral: d\\ 0.914; Fl. P. 183.90C; 77100
1140 Saybolt; pour test 2.80C
Mobiloil "B": d\\ 0.908; Fl. P. 201.70C; 77100 390
Saybolt
24
100
22
100
(8S)
()
(85)
(8S)
40
(9S)
40
( 9S )
Material
Gasolene 0.704 sp. gr. 15.5/15.5
.719 sp. gr. 15.5/15.5
Petroleum jelly pale
Paraffin waxes :
Match wax
White crude scale (Pa.)
Semi-refined (Pa.)
Fully refined (Pa.')
Fully refined (Calif.)
Ceresins :
General range
Normal wax
Pure
Typical melting or
freezing range, 0C
-122 to -150
-120to -147
39 to 51
40. 5 to 46
50 to 52. 2
50 to 51
49 to 50
59 to 60
60
65
79
to 80
to 66
to 80
MELTING POINT OF PARAFFINS

Variation of melting point with oil content ( 221 )
Refractive Melting
%of
Material
pressed
index at
point
0
C
oil
250C
0.16
0.28
0.25
0.17
0.16
0.09
0.08
2.58
2.56
"Parowax"
Refined wax
Refined wax
Refined wax
Refined wax
Refined wax
Refined wax
Scale wax
Scale wax
1.4481
1.4487
1.4485
1.4481
1.4479
1.4476
1.4475
1.4570
1.4568
51.7
50.0
50.0
51.7
51.7
54.4
54.4
48.3
48.3
tp (resp. o) = melting point of paraffin under pressure P (resp.

1 atm.).
SOLUBILITY OF PARAFFIN
For solubility of various kinds of paraffin in gasolenes, kerosene,
lubricating oil, paraffin oil, fuel oil, benzene, alcohols, and acetic
acid see (184).
VAPOR PRESSURE AND BOILING POINTS
The few available data when graphed (log p against 1/T) are
found empirically to give approximately straight lines, p = the
vapor pressures at T0K. In the table below are given, (1) typical
or limiting values of the B. P. (at 1 atm.) for the class, (or, in
parentheses, the B. P. at 1 atm. as obtained by extrapolation of the
Variation of Melting Point of Paraffin with Pressure
vapor pressure curve) ; (2) the range covered by the available vapor
tp = t0 + 0.029776 (P - 1) - 0.0000523 (P - I) 2 , between pressure data; (3) the value of d logic p/d(l/T)j the slope of the
vapor pressure curve; and (4) the source of the experimental data.
1 and 200 atm.
FIG. 3.Comparison of the physical properties of petroleum distillates from different crudes ( 176 ).
SOURCE OF CRUDE PETROLEUMS USED
8. OkIa., Healdton.
1. Pa., Brandon, Pleasantville (580 ft.).
11. Calif., Piru, Ventura Co.
2. OkIa., Collinsville.
12. Calif., Santa Maria.
3. Pa., Emlinton (1050 ft.).
13. 14. Russia.
15, 16, 18. Calif., Midway, Kern Co.
17. Mexico.
6. Calif., Piru Ventura Co.
7, 9, 10. OkIa., Collinsville.
VAPOR PRESSURE DATAPETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Pressure
range
ples
Normal
B. P.
0
C
93-198
30- 2 500 1600-1700
No.
of
Designation of material sam-
Gasolenes
mm Hg
d logio p
Lit.
d (1/T)
(25, 35, 45, 61,

1 71, 217,
218,
219)
Kerosene
1 215-255 50- 630
1
(240) 1800-30 000
Kerosene
(63) 1800-30 000
1
Gasolene
1
(315)
10- 100
Paraffin-base oil
200
300- 700
Transformer oil
1
(215) 2000-16 000
1
Vaseline
80.5
160-40 000
1
C6H6
330
1
130-8 000
n-CigH40
125
Kerosene W. W
250- 3 000
1
(48) 1000-13 000
Casinghead gasolene. . . . 1
(81) 1000- 6 400
Gasolene
1
See also (200, 215, 220).
2230
3100
1160
1240
740
2950
1670
(218,
219)
(42)
(42)
(222)
(33)
(42)
(44, 115,
3600
(217)
860
1130
1320
(33)
(33)
(33)
217)
Correction of B. P. for Barometric Pressure.In the present state

of our knowledge, it is necessary to know the slope of the log p,
l/T curve for the particular type of product under examination
(i.e., the B. P. must be determined at two pressures), in order to
be able to make this correction with any degree of certainty for
pressures not close to 760 mm.
DEW POINTS
Definitions and Abbreviations.The temperature at which condensation begins, when a mixture of air and motor fuel is cooled,
is called the dew point, D- The dew-point index, //>, is the sum
of the 0C boiling points at the 10, 20, 50, 70, 90, and 100 % points
of the 100 cc standard Engler distillation procedure. For 0F it
is one-half this sum. The 85% point, /85, is the boiling point
corresponding to the 85 % point of the Engler distillation.
The following generalizations have been put forward.
Thirteen commercial gasolenes with ID values ranging from
612 to 1025 give, when mixed with 15 parts of air by weight, values
of tD ranging from 10 to 880C, the relation being
MELTING POINT OF PARAFFINS

Variation of melting point with oil content ( 221 )
Refractive Melting
%of
Material
pressed
index at
point
0
C
oil
250C
0.16
0.28
0.25
0.17
0.16
0.09
0.08
2.58
2.56
"Parowax"
Refined wax
Refined wax
Refined wax
Refined wax
Refined wax
Refined wax
Scale wax
Scale wax
1.4481
1.4487
1.4485
1.4481
1.4479
1.4476
1.4475
1.4570
1.4568
51.7
50.0
50.0
51.7
51.7
54.4
54.4
48.3
48.3
tp (resp. o) = melting point of paraffin under pressure P (resp.

1 atm.).
SOLUBILITY OF PARAFFIN
For solubility of various kinds of paraffin in gasolenes, kerosene,
lubricating oil, paraffin oil, fuel oil, benzene, alcohols, and acetic
acid see (184).
VAPOR PRESSURE AND BOILING POINTS
The few available data when graphed (log p against 1/T) are
found empirically to give approximately straight lines, p = the
vapor pressures at T0K. In the table below are given, (1) typical
or limiting values of the B. P. (at 1 atm.) for the class, (or, in
parentheses, the B. P. at 1 atm. as obtained by extrapolation of the
Variation of Melting Point of Paraffin with Pressure
vapor pressure curve) ; (2) the range covered by the available vapor
tp = t0 + 0.029776 (P - 1) - 0.0000523 (P - I) 2 , between pressure data; (3) the value of d logic p/d(l/T)j the slope of the
vapor pressure curve; and (4) the source of the experimental data.
1 and 200 atm.
FIG. 3.Comparison of the physical properties of petroleum distillates from different crudes ( 176 ).
SOURCE OF CRUDE PETROLEUMS USED
8. OkIa., Healdton.
11. Calif., Piru, Ventura Co.
2. OkIa., Collinsville.
12. Calif., Santa Maria.
13. 14. Russia.
15, 16, 18. Calif., Midway, Kern Co.
17. Mexico.
6. Calif., Piru Ventura Co.
7, 9, 10. OkIa., Collinsville.
VAPOR PRESSURE DATAPETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Pressure
range
ples
Normal
B. P.
0
C
93-198
30- 2 500 1600-1700
No.
of
Designation of material sam-
Gasolenes
mm Hg
d logio p
Lit.
d (1/T)
(25, 35, 45, 61,

1 71, 217,
218,
219)
Kerosene
1 215-255 50- 630
1
(240) 1800-30 000
Kerosene
(63) 1800-30 000
1
Gasolene
1
(315)
10- 100
Paraffin-base oil
200
300- 700
Transformer oil
1
(215) 2000-16 000
1
Vaseline
80.5
160-40 000
1
C6H6
330
1
130-8 000
n-CigH40
125
Kerosene W. W
250- 3 000
1
(48) 1000-13 000
Casinghead gasolene. . . . 1
(81) 1000- 6 400
Gasolene
1
See also (200, 215, 220).
2230
3100
1160
1240
740
2950
1670
(218,
219)
(42)
(42)
(222)
(33)
(42)
(44, 115,
3600
(217)
860
1130
1320
(33)
(33)
(33)
217)
Correction of B. P. for Barometric Pressure.In the present state

of our knowledge, it is necessary to know the slope of the log p,
l/T curve for the particular type of product under examination
(i.e., the B. P. must be determined at two pressures), in order to
be able to make this correction with any degree of certainty for
pressures not close to 760 mm.
DEW POINTS
Definitions and Abbreviations.The temperature at which condensation begins, when a mixture of air and motor fuel is cooled,
is called the dew point, D- The dew-point index, //>, is the sum
of the 0C boiling points at the 10, 20, 50, 70, 90, and 100 % points
of the 100 cc standard Engler distillation procedure. For 0F it
is one-half this sum. The 85% point, /85, is the boiling point
corresponding to the 85 % point of the Engler distillation.
The following generalizations have been put forward.
Thirteen commercial gasolenes with ID values ranging from
612 to 1025 give, when mixed with 15 parts of air by weight, values
of tD ranging from 10 to 880C, the relation being
tD = [12 + 0.187 (ID - 60O)] ca. 50C (79, so, 218).

Thirteen commercial gasolenes with ^5 values ranging from 115
to 21O0C give values of tD ranging from 10 to 880C, the relation
being
tD = [10 + 0.83 (^86 - 115)] ca. 5 to 1O0C (79, so, 218).
Depp end point for the particular gasolene under examination.

For method of determining this end point, v. (193).
For another method requiring the determination of three
empirical constants of the gasolene, v. (103).
An increase in the ratio of air to fuel lowers the fo (79, so).

See Fig. 4. According to Stevenson and Stark (193) the dew
point of any gasolene-air mixture may be accurately (+2 0 C)
obtained from the chart of Fig. 5. This chart is based upon the
FLASH POINT
Definition.The Flash point (Fl. P.) of a liquid is an arbitrary
ignition temperature of its saturated vapor. Its value depends
very materially upon the apparatus and experimental procedure
employed, as illustrated by the following tables :
FIQ. 4.(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.}
FIG. 5.(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.)
The ratios for the curves are parts gasolene to parts air by weight.
COMPARISON OF FLASH TESTS BY DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS

0
Type of oil (2)
Russian spindle
Russian machine
Mixture of the above
Wagon oil
Locomotive oil
Heavy machine oil
Russian cylinder
Type of oil (30)
Mexican crude oil

Pechelbronn gas oil
Motor petrol
Diesel motor oil
Dried Pechelbronn crude
Motor oil
Cracking gas oil
Diesel motor oil
Tar oil
Residue
Heavy oil
Vaseline oil
Galician Diesel motor
Typical Values. See Fig. 6.
Sp. gr.
O 890
908
896
910
912
916
916
COMPARISON OF FLASH TESTS BY DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS

Tagliabue
Abel,
0
C closed,
0
C
C
Material
Treumann
Albrecht
Pensky
(39)
171.5
211
180.5
181
185
236
164.5
199.6
180
173.5
182
207
265
151
193
159
160
170
202
256
Naphtha
Naphtha
Water-white
kerosene. . .
Petrolite
Gas oil
300 oil
Straw oil. ...
Ice machine
oil
Engine oil. . .
Cylinder oil . .
Heavy cylinder oil
Pensky
Martens,
0
C
Open
cup,
0
C
19.0
26.2
26.5
58.0
60.0
84.0
85.0
89.0
87.0
98.5
101.0
175.0
128.0
35.0
34.0
33.5
82.0
72.0
97.5
95.0
90.0
92.5
119.5
110.0
177.0
177.0
El- Pensky Cleve- Luchaire

land
liot, Martens,
(French),
open,
0
0
0
C
C
C
0
C
30.0
34.4
33.3
39.4
33.3
36,7
35.0
40.6
37.8
46.1
37.8
50.0
52.8
61.1
54.4
59.4
53.3
60.0
57.2
65.6
90.6
123.9
157.2
60.0
68.3
93.3
129.4
162.8
58.9
62.2
92.2
130.0
161.1
204.4
221.1
262.8
196.1
226.7
273.9
205.6
221.1
263.9
265.6
293.3
265.5
Kerosene, 0C
5 1
Apparatus ( ^ )
Engler and Haass

Tagliabue open
Danish open
Saybolt open
Tagliabue closed
Abel closed
Parish closed
22
31
21
31
32
17
21
29
42
30
36
40
52
43
51
23
27
33
38
Variation with Barometric Pressure.If the logarithm of the

barometric pressure is graphed against 1/TFI where TFI is the
absolute temperature of the Fl. P., a straight line is obtained,
which apparently is parallel to the corresponding boiling point
line for the same liquid. Few data are, however, available, v.
(157). The correction of Fl. P. to standard barometric pressure
is therefore made in exactly the same way as the correction for
boiling point, q.v.
Effects of Additions.(a) Addition of lower boiling hydrocarbons
lowers the Fl. P. ( 15 > * 7 9 > 212, 214). (fc) Addition of halogenated
hydrocarbons usually raises but in some instances lowers the
Fl. P. C2Cl6 and C 2 H 4 Br 2 are among the compounds producing
the greatest increase in Fl. P. ( 16 > 21). (c) Addition of water
raises the Fl. P. ; 60C for 1 % H2O being given in one instance (l 46 ).
Relation between Fl. P. and Other Properties.(a) Specific
gravity: For gasolenes the relation Fl. P. (0C) = 800 X (sp. gr.
0.729) ca. 2, agrees with the data of (195). See also ( 156 ).
Boiling point, v. ( 48 > 49, 94).
Fire Point.The literature cited above contains a few values for
fire points.
Mixtures.For method of calculating the Fl. P. of a mixture
from the Fl. P. of its constituents, v. ( 83 ).
Pure Liquids.See p. 161.
Designation of material
/TVT
T-
(M.
P.
and1 sp. gr.)\
Paraffin
Paraffin
Paraffin
Paraffin
f
(
Paraffin, 50.4
Paraffin,
Paraffin,
Paraffin
Paraffin,
Paraffin,
Paraffin,
Paraffin,
Paraffin,
0~
^
66, 0.92
54
84
84
84
84
84.
./
J-Jj
828
887
688
285
372
372
(59)
(59)
(59)
(147)
(209)
( 209 )
23
0-14
0-31
0-13
0-26
0-33
22-48
21-57
64o
571
558
608
584
564
489
470
(*)
(155)
(155)
(155)
(155)
(155)
(155)
(155)
p,
81
J
i
-Lit.
290
44o
368
403
0-29
0-34
(58)
("O)
(209)
(209
Designation of material
a = dk/dt
Op
T.
Lltm
(M. P. and sp. gr:)
per 0C
Paraffin
+0.0634 (?) (207, 208)
Paraffin
10-45 -0.0076
(107)
Kerosene
+0.011
(75)
k
6
2
1
Diffusivity =
7 = 10~ B cm sec" , where c = specific heat
c /\ a
and'd = density. For kerosene at 130C, B = 89o (75).
SPECIFIC HEAT
A recent critical examination (( 36 ) q.v. for bibliography) of all
the available data for animal, vegetable and mineral oils together
with many new determinations shows that the data for all types
of oils are well represented by the following equation :
Cp =
FIG. 6.Average flash point range of petroleum oils.
IGNITION TEMPERATURES IN HIGH PRESSURE AND Low PRESSURE

OXYGEN
Material
Sperm oil
Lard oil
Castor oil
Glycerine
Kerosene
Spindle oil
Turbine oils
Compressor oil, A
Compressor oil, B
Compressor oil, C
U. S. Bureau of Mines, Rep.
Fl. P. C
236
240
263
55
194
196
216
Ignition temperature,
0
C
1 atm. I 33 atm.
308
40
273
144
325
153
412
205
255
175
248
178
253-291
309
188
273
187
286
157
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSIVITY

/C = A X 10~6 cal cm"2 see"1 (0C, cm-1)-1
= 4.18 A X 10~6 joule cm~2 sec-1 (0C, cm"1)-1
= 0.806 A X 10~6 BTU60 ft.~ 2 sec"1 (0F, in.-1)-1
^= + B(-15)geal/g,
where d*5 is the density at 150C and A

acteristic of the class to which the oil
following table and Fig. 7.
No.
Av.
of
A
Oil
dev.
sam
ples
Paraffin base
15 0.425 0.002
Naphthene base. . .
7 0.405 0.002
Mixed base
8 0.415 0.002
Fatty, non-drying .
7 0.450 0.001
1 0.445
Fatty, semi-drying
1 0.440
Fatty, drying
Castor
0.500
Petroleum oils. . . .
Fatty oils (except
castor)
and B are constants charbelongs, as shown by the
Max.
dev.
Av.
1O3B dev.
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
Max.
dev.
30
0.415 0.007 0.013 0.90 0.03 0.06
0.450 0.003 0.010 0.70 0.03 0.05
Latent Heat of Fusion

Paraffin, 35-39 g cal/g (72).
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Recorded data mostly fragmentary. In the following summary, the values given are calories per gram: 1 cal g"1 = 1.800
BTU 60 Ib."1; 10 gasolenes, 71-81; 2 kerosenes, 60; 1 light crude,
75.6; 1 heavy crude, 86; 1 gas oil, 69; 1 light "vaseline," 63; 1
heavy 'Vaseline," 54; 1 "cleaning oil," 66.5 (73, 152, 170).
One investigation of a series of 12 petroleum fractions with

boiling points (û 0 C) ranging from 67 to 300, gives the following:
I = (93.4 - 0.187B) cal g-1 at tB (H4) cf. (152).
Investigation (81) of a series of fractions of Baku petroleum gave :
Sp.gr
tBC.
I, cal/g
0.640 0.698 0.743 0.762

0.797 0.813
40
72.8 92.2 100.7
155.7
175.5
80.6 75.0 68.3
66.6
53.6
51.6
CALORIFIC VALUES
The heats of combustion, H, (at constant volume, to produce
liquid water and gaseous CC^) of petroleum products can be very
satisfactorily represented as a linear function of their specific

volumes, the parameters of the equation varying slightly according to the type of product. The equation may be conveniently
written in the form
ff = A + B (J-i),
where H is the heat of combustion per gram, d is the density in
g cm""3, and A and B are constants. From the data reported in
the literature the constants A and B have been evaluated and the
results are set forth below.
FIG. 7.Specific heat of petroleum products.

For the following products density data were not available and
the values given are H in kg-cal g"1.
Dev. #0bs. - #calc.
Minus
Crudes (i 7,31, 39, 74, 104,

154,
183,
185, 189,
198,
223)
Distillates
d from 0.67 to 0.75
d from 0.75 to 0.85.
dirom 0.85 to 0.90
d from 0.90 to 0.97
(5, 22, 28, 31, 34, 39, 96,
118, 151, 154, 164, 167,
170, 177, 189, 196, 223) .
"Lubricating oil" ( 19 ) . . . .
Coal tar oils (32)
Coal tar oils (223)
164
10.14
44
41
83
38
9.69
10.03
10.20
10.30
0.080.110.770.19
.17
.16
.07
.12
.25
.21
.10
.08
Paraffin
Ozokerite
Coal tar oil
Maximum
Plus
Minus
.
Average
Plus
Type
H = A + 4 (l/d - 1)
kg-cal per g
A
No. of samples
1 kg-cal15 g-1 = 1800 BTU60 Ib.-1 = 4.185 kj g-i
.77
.95
.21
.45
.67
.83
.70
.25
REFRACTIVE INDEX
The function
10.27
9.69
10 . 02
.02 .01 .02 .03

.15 .09 .24 .18
.03 .06 .06 .06
-5> where nD is the refractive index for
the D line (approximately daylight) and d is the density, both

at the same temperature, is approximately a constant for all types
of petroleum products, varying between the extreme limits of 0.53
and 0.61. For a set of distillates from a given crude the value
of this function for the crude and for all of its distillation fractions
is apparently constant within 1 to 3%. In the table below are
shown for various types of products (1) the number of samples
included in the average; (2) the average and extreme values of
-i
3
8
3
11.09 and 11.17 (194).

10.65 and 10.95 ("I* 183).
9.94 and 10.22 (96, 154).
at room temperatures, or similar values of nD for samples
for which d values were not available.
No.
of
Designation of product
samples
17
Crudes
1
Ligroin
13
Benzine
" Turpentine substitute " . .
3
4
Naphtha
23
Gasolene
11
Kerosene
no 1
d
Lit.
Low I Av. High

0.5300.5540.567 (54,62,112)
0.552
0.5310.5570.567
0.54 0.5580.57
0.5580.5600.563
0.5570.5660.577
0.5530.5560.563
(199,203)
(62,199,203)
( 199 > 203)
(62, 203)
(62,112,203)
(62,112,199,
207)
"Gasoil"
Pressure distillate
Mineral oils
Liquid paraffin (Ph. G.)..
Wax distillate
Distillation fractions for
various intervals of each
of the total ranges given.
140-310C
40-300C
195-282C
50- 6O0C
340-350C
Petroleum ether
Mineral oil
Spindle oil
Lubricating oil
Machine oil
Petroleum jellies "vaseline," at 150C
4
2
4
5
3
0.5540.5560.558 ( 6 2)
0.563
0.564 (62)
0.5620.5630.564 (178)
0.5420.5430.543 (203, 68)
0.5600.5650.608 (2)
1.454 (29, 68, 168, 203). -2 = -0.00039 to -0.00043 per 0C

at
for paraffin; -0.00047 per 0C for ceresin (68, 221).
Effect of Add Washing.For effect of washing and filtering
on nD of petroleum distillates v. (62, 132).
OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Most petroleum products contain optically active constituents.
The reported values of the specific rotatory power [a]D (v. vol. I,
p. 41) range from 1 to +9 of arc per decimeter per (g per cm3),
the lower value being reported for a 134-1420C boiling point (11.5
mm Hg) fraction from a Roengkoet crude (53.1) and the higher
value for a 2160C B. P. fraction from an Argentine (Mendoza)
crude (57). For detailed data v. ( 52 > 53, 53.1, 56, 57, 164, 192,
224).
20 0.5430.5560.572 (SO)
50 0.5560.5590.578 ("i)
10 0.5550.5570.557 (26)
0.562
(159)
1
1
0.581
(is)
Values of nD
1.375
(203)
1
2 1.478
1.498 (i)
1.489 (168, 203)
2 1.477
1.478
1.517 (94)
(203)
1.498
1
7 1.471 1.4741.498 (203)
FIG. 9.
COEFFICIENT OF LIGHT ABSORPTION (204)
In Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, the coefficient of light absorption, K, of
various petroleum products in solution in chloroform is graphed
against the wave lengths in millimicrons.
i
log-^
JTK
__
*>_
~~cT
where J0 (resp. J) intensity of initial (resp. emergent) radiation, C = concentration of the oil in CHCU in g/cm3, and I =
absorption thickness. In the various experiments the quantity
1/Cl was varied between 50 and 4 X IO4.
DESIGNATION OF OILS
FIG. 8.
Paraffins and Mineral Waxes.Recorded data on nD at various
temperatures between 15 and 100 for 35 samples with melting
points from 36 to 610C, range from 1.415 to 1.446, density data on
the samples unfortunately not being given (29, 65, 68, 168, 203).
For 3 ozokerite samples, 40-90, nD = 1.42 to 1.53 (68). For 16
ceresin samples, M. P. 57-73, t = 15 to 10O0C, nD 1.426 to
Number
Oil
Number
Oil
.1
2
3*
4
5
6
7
8
9*
Tar
Dry crude petroleum oil
Crude petroleum oil
Crude gasolene
White spirit (gasolene)
Heavy gasolene
Light rectified gasolene
Light refined gasolene
Crude petroleum oil
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Crude kerosene
Cleaning oil
Rectified kerosene
Refined kerosene
White spirit
Dry crude petroleum oil
Crude machine oil
Refined machine oil
Crude paraffin
* For these curves, multiply the ordinates by 330.
IODINE AND BROMINE NUMBERS

("Olefins," " unsaturation")
Values reported range over wide limits and "type characteristic" values apparently do not exist. Time,- temperature, concentrations of reagents, and other test conditions influence the
results obtained'. The original literature must be consulted. In
the following summary I = iodine No., Br = bromine No.
Crudes.Br, 0.6 to 17 t 53 - 1 ); I, 0.0 to 15 (53.1, 98, 185, 104).
Distillates Br, 0.5 to 95 (4, 53.i, 98, 144, 202); I, o.O to 100
(53.1, 61, 69, 71, 94, 98, 163, 177),
Lubricating Oils. Br, 0.0 to 56 (4, 144); I, 0.4 to 57 (15, 53.1,

163, 185).
Waxes and Jellies. Br, 0.5 to 20 (4, 144) ; if 0.4 to 21 (3, 15,
46, 60, 71, 86, 98, 100, 101, 116, 163, 180, 191).
Transformer Oils. (163).

Bibliography. ( 98 ) .
Some Sample Values. The following values are by one observer,
using the Hanus method, but with CCh as the solvent for the
halogen. A = "addition value," S = " substitution value " ( 98 )'
IODINE AND BROMINE VALUES OF TYPICAL PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS
Iodine value
Grams
used
A
FIG. 10.
FIG. 11.
Pentane
Straight run naphtha
S t r a i g h t r u n naphtha
(treated)
Cracked naphtha
Cracked naphtha (treated) . . .
Straight run lamp oil distillate
Straight run lamp oil distillate (treated)
Cracked lamp oil distillate. . .
Cracked lamp oil distillate
(treated)
Straight run gas oil
Cracked gas oil
Lubg. stock (uncracked)
Lubg. stock (uncracked, filtered)
Lubg. stock (from run to
coke)
Lubg. stock (from run to
coke, treated)
26 H cylinder stock (Pa.)
26 H cylinder stock (filtered).
Petrolatum stock.
Petrolatum stock (filtered,
U. S. P.)
Refined paraffin wax (132
M. P.)
Amorphous wax from petrolatum (165 M. P.)
White medicinal oil
86-88 gasolene
70 gasolene
Motor gasolene
V. M. & P. naphtha (550Be).
Varnoline (510Be)
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.37
0.53 1.58
0.47
14.70
10.72
A+2S
0.37
3.69
1.14 3.29
8.16 31.02
8.48 27.68
1.32 5.04 11.40
Bromine value
A
0.390.06
0.651.55
A+2S
0.51
3.75
0.641.44 3.52
9.394.62 18.63
6.805.65 18.10
0.693.13
6.95
1
0.5
0.74 5.06 10.86 0.483.00 6.48

23.23 9.52 42.27 21.817.57 36.95
0.5
1
1
1
17.5910.63
2.56 9.62
4.5914.26
0.8312.06
38.85 16.428.57 33.56

21.80 2.443.93 10.30
33.11 4.457.22 18.8
24.95 2.095.83 13.75
0.3211.48 23.28
1.555.78
0.8514.43 29.71
3.559.48 22.51
1
1
1
1
0.4213.32
2.2910.99
0.2111.67
11.31 7.26
13.11
27.06
24.27
23.55
25.83
1.397.17
1.76 6.43
0.646.56
6.933.10
15.75
14.62
13. 7613.13
1.7611.31 24.38
2.434.40
11.23
1.10
1.10
1.162.25
5.66
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.32
0.05
1,74
1.20
5.91
2.00
2.63
7.12
0.05
O
1.74
O
1.20
2.73 11.37
2.51 7.02
3.36 9.3
1.381.50
0.401.90
0.580.34
0.830.05
3.711.15
1.471.10
1.490.85
4.38
4.20
1.26
0.93
6.01
3.67
3.19
2.90
SULFURIC ACID ABSORPTION FOR GASOLENE

("Unsaturation," "olefins")
The reported data are mostly not systematically obtained and
methods are ill-defined. In one investigation ( 40 ), however, 43
samples of gasolene were investigated both as to iodine No.
(Hanus) and % absorption by 1.84 sp. gr. H2SO4. The I numbers ranged from 47 to 293 and the acid absorption from 8 to 46,
the ratio showing an average value of 6.5 with 7.5 as maximum
and 5.3 as minimum. For discussion of reaction between olefins and H2SO4 see (24).
GUM TEST
(37, 92, 93, 106, 187) and also (*?), which contains a bibliography.
COMBINED PROPERTY TABLES
In this section are given, for comparison purposes, tables displaying values of several properties determined on the same sample
of oil. In most instances these are expressed in the units given by
the investigator.
Crude Petroleums
CALIFORNIA PETROLEUMS, AVERAGE VALUES
For values of all the samples examined, v. ( 6 ).
Volume per cent
Open cup
15
j
o
District
ViscosBurn- ity 0at H2O

Flash
2O C
%
ing
point
point Engler
0
C
0
C
Los Angeles City

0.963 107
La Brea, Salt Lake or Santa Fe 0.960
46
Fullerton
0.921
18
Brea Canyon
0.923
11
O
Puente Hills
0.891
Whittier
0.939
46
Coyote Hills
0.905
27
Newhall
60
0.925
Piru
0.914
23
Bardsdale
0.918 -1
Sespe
18
0.895
Santa Paula
0.902
6
Adams Canyon
38
0.920
Wheeler Canyon
0.888 -12
Summerland
0.965 100
Santa Maria
0.905 -2
Lompoc.
0.934 -1
Arroyo Grande
0.975 109
Coalinga
70
0.939
Midway
54
0.932
Sunset
0.942
47
145 272.5
89 574.3
52 110.5
16.0
40
3.1
18
34.6
84
10.5
50
83 118.2
47.0
47
22.5
30
10.8
40
5.8
18
55
11.3
2
2.3
130 222.1
19.0
20
62.5
21
154 1322.2
80.7
93
91.7
83
79 120.5
1.7
0.9
0.2
Tr.
Tr.
0.0
Tr.
0.2
0.2
4.2
0.4
0.5
Tr.
O
1.2
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.5
s%
0.6
2.3
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.6
1.1
0.4
0.7
1.9
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
1.9
3.6
1.1
0.5
0.7
0.8
AsphalNaphGaso- Lamp LubriRe- Distum

cants
tha Fuel lene
oil
fining tilling
re(comreunre- oil
relosses losses
mercial)
fined
fined fined fined
0.0 98.3
0.0 99.1
0.3 99.5
0.1 99.9
0.8 99.2
0.0 100.0
0.0 100.0
0.1 99.7
0.4 99.4
1.8 94.0
1.1 98.5
1.2 98.3
0.0 100.0
1.3 98.7
0.0 98.8
2.0 97.9
0.0 99.3
0.0 99.8
0.0 99.6
0.0 99.4
0.3 99.2
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.4
1.8
1.1
1.2
0.0
1.3
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
4.5
13.0
21.7
23.1
32,3
17.1
18.2
23.0
21.7
16.7
22.0
25.4
17.7
28.6
1.2
26.1
17.0
0.0
7.6
15.9
14.6
32.1
22.3
24.1
24.5
23.1
30.1
26.4
27.7
28.1
25.7
27.5
27.2
30.6
25.4
39.8
22.5
18.4
29.1
37.2
33.5
30.3
Specific
heat
cal
g"1
Vis- HtiblAcid- Treatcosity Waller

ity as ing
centi- iodine
SO3 loss*
poises No.
12.5
9.6
10.3
10.9
10.3
12.6
10.4
10.8
11.1
9.8
10.8
10.9
11.8
9.9
14.7
9.2
7.5
11.2
14.2
13.2
11.8
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.2
1.2
0.6
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.7
1.2
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.5
1.5
1.1
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.9
48.6
53.3
42.1
40.2
32.3
39.6
44.0
37.3
37.9
41.1
37.0
34.1
39.3
33.8
42.6
38.6
55.3
59.1
40.1
36.1
41.6
RUMANIAN PETROLEUMS
Moinesti
Bustinari
Campina,
Campina,
Filipesti
Policiori
Moreni
Baicoi
Sp.
gr.
15/15
0
C
0.869
Boiling
point
limits
0
C
80-150
150-300
>300
0.842 75-150
150-300
>300
rich in paraffin . 0.855 85^150
150-300
>300
poor in paraffin 0.869 87-150
150-300
>300
0.853 91-150
150-300
>300
0.829 94-150
150-300
>300
0.888 73-150
150-300
>300
0.881 56-150
150-300
>300
Source
Wt.
%
dist.
Sp.
gr.
8.9 0.730
33.8 0.814
57.3
26.6 0.737
32.7 0.821
40.7
12.6 0.738
36.7 0.815
50.7
12.7 0.739
34.7 0.825
52.6
17.2 0.725
33.1 0.809
49.7
9.9 0.750
53.6 0.813
36.5
14.8 0.746
29.6 0.844
55.6
23.8 0.743
25.0 0.841
51.2
Elementary analysis
% paraffin
Dist.
10.64
Crude
Wt. %
C J H
N I S
5.04 85.813.10.350.280.44
13
7.7
0.04
48.0
0.77
0.25 86.013.30.290.310.15 0.463
5.8
3.7
0.17
30.0
7.30
3.18 85.1 13.70.810.240.15 0.468
8.4
5.3
0.07
34.0
1.71
0.76 86.312.50.770.270.2
13.1
6.5
0.18
48.0
0.007
29.0
1.7
0.007
18.5
11.60
4.97 86.613.0
13.92
4.6
0.467
0.290.17
85.812.21.550.270.15 0.472
5.6
4.4
27
0.67
0.29 86,410,22.790.300.24
22
5.9
0.34
47.5
0.41
0.16 85.712.90.850.300.2
11
8.8
0.25
72.0
* Loss on shaking 4 parts 66 H2SO4 and 1 part oil for 15 minutes at 250C ( 185 )-
VARIOUS CRUDE PETROLEUMS

Source
California
Coalinga
Argentina
Peru
Pennsylvania. . .
Mexico
Texas
Sumatra
Rumania
Wietze
Flash Viscosity
point Eng0
C gler0 tC
82
4.3 80
3.1 80
111
124 13.6 80
<15
<15
15
24 11
20
120 34
dU
0 . 962
0.958
0 . 940
0.865
0 . 805
0.934
0.944
<o
0.792
0.854 <15
0.942 105
13027O0C
21
12
7
27030O0C
32
31
24
9
13
31
12.2
4
7
8.8
29
50
38
16.8
50.5
35
11.9
20
Sec
41 350.6 50
Argentina ( 119 ). 0.96
to
13O0C
50
15
4.7 80
Alsace (upper
layer)
0.880 <15
38
Russia
0.873
0.862 <15
Galicia
Typical Lubricating Oils
Amount of distillate, vol. %
22
7
40
13
20
45
11
to 175 175-300 300-360
3.4
12
17
Residue
vol.
%
68
69
76
41
25
24
71
11.5
38
79.3
66
47
24
62.7
Hydrocarbon Oils (l 5*)

% composition
pr
Designation
( * = dj
Fueloil
Crude
Light f u e l . . . . .
Admiralty fuel
Residuum
Black oil
Refined oil
Rumanian crude
Rumanian crude
Texas solar
Scottish shale oil...
Gasoil
Gasoil
0.921
923
900*
928
943*
928
904*
825
830
862*
.855*
.862
.867
1.067
1.004
and
N
85.311.90.62.2
0.5
88.610.80.4 0.2
86.411.60.3 1.7
86.411.20.3 2.0
86.411.80.5 1.2
85.112.20.4 2.4
0.2
83.8 13.0 0.3 3.0
85.412.90.2 1.6
86.212.40.3 1.2
85.4 12.4 0.3 1.7
0.3
87.66.00.75.7
83.7 7.3|0.8 8.2
Open cup
Source
Naphtha fractions
American
American
American
Russian
Russian
Russian
Rumanian
Rumanian
Rumanian
Galician
Galician
Galician
Shale
Shale.
Shale
\l
Index
of
rf.
Rieke
and
Halphen
sol.
index
0.780 to 191 1 . 4345

93
0.800 191 -227 1.4453 117
0.820 227 -266 1 . 4563 154
0.780 to 158.5 1 . 4309
75
0.800 158.5-182 1.4419
85
0.820 182 -219.5 1 . 4533
92
0.780 to 153 1 . 4334 73
0.800 153 -179 1 . 4458
79.5
0.820 179 -207.5 1.4572
90.5
0.780 to 166 1.4356
74
0.800 166 -202 1 . 4466
94
0.820 202 -242 1.4586
125.5
0.780 to 167.5 1.4373
74
0.800 167.5-198 1.4469
92.5
0.820 198 -227.5 1.4568 109
Luchaire
flash
198
1 . 4888
Russian spindle. . . . 0.894
American cylinder . 0.891
255
1 . 4950
on
on
133 164
125 155
187 220
138 163
166 197
144 172
122 135
Room
Room
92
97
129 158
130 150
130 148
90 109
77 86
Grit,
diss.
temp, in
ale., 0C
50
68.5
87
36
47.5
60
Clear
30
42
31
53
72.5
31
42.5
54
150
194
Cleveland
O. C.
Peclfic
0.843
0.849
0.854
0.859
0.862
0.864
0.867
0.870
0.872
0.875
0.878
if
r
275
285
325
330
350
375
380
395
400
410
420
Turbidity'
temp, in
acetic
anhydride, 0C
78.5
91
104.5
66
72
79.5
53
57
63.5
60
75.5
89.5
54.5
63
71
Solidification
<-15
O
J
r
Say bolt
viscosity
70*F
100F
NEUTRAL OILS
325
45
330
50
375
70
385
65
70
405
87
85
425
105
100
435
120
110
450
130
120
455
150
140
475
185
165
485
200
180
Pour
N. P.A.
C0l r
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
l
l
l
IJ
li
2
3
3
4-5
5
6
140
170
200
230
250
280
30
25
25
25
25
25
3
3
3
4
4
5
65
70
80
85
100
155
180
210
250
280
290
30
30
30
30
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
21
21
2}
2J +
2e +
3
3
4
5
6
6+
WESTERN "NEUTRALS"
Flash Fire
Hydrocarbon Oils (29)

B. P.
Range 0C
Average values representative of one large manufacturer.

Other companies may produce products whose
tests vary widely from those listed below
0.883
0.889
0.892
0.895
0.897
0.900
370
375
385
390
395
400
430
435
440
450
455
460
PARAFFIN OILS
0.870
0.875
0.878
0.881
0.886
0.892
0.897
0.900
0.903
0.909
0.912
I 325
330
345
350
355
375
395
400
410
415
420
380
385
400
405
410
430
450
460
480
485
490
0.924
0.927
0.930
0.933
0.933
0.937
I 295
320
340
350
360
385
335
365
400
410
415
440
0.921
0.927
0.933
0.940
0.943
0.946
295
310
330
350
365
380
345
350
365
390
415
430
70
80
85
90
105
180
205
250
310
350
370
NAPHTHENE BASE.
GULF COAST*
100
200
300
360
500
750
60
O
0
0
0
O
O
2
3+
3+
3+
3e +
3e +
O
O
O
O
O
0
3
3
3}
4
4J
6
CALIFORNIA*
100
150
205
400
450
850
CYLINDER STOCK PENNSYLVANIA, BRIGHT, COLD-SETTLED*

0.892
0.897
0.900
535
540
545
600
605
610
* Viscosities at 100 and 21O0F.
140
152
168
45
40
40
FF
FFF
FFF
GAS OILS AND DERIVED TARS AND THEIR DISTILLATES ( 175 )

All data for 2O0C unless indicated otherwise. Charge for distillations 400 cc
Gas oil No. 1

0.872
28.60
2.3
J15.5
IO. 5
Surface tension 7 (dyne per cm) . .

Viscosity (specific)
Vol.
Of
Temperature, 0C
,15.5
15.5
/O
Vol.
20
WD
, 15>5
\5.5
Gas oil No. 3

0.872
28.54
2.1
20
V L
Of0
15 5
rf '
15.5
-V
7
Gas oil No. 4

0.890
28.91
6.8
20
77D
^
VoL
Of
/O
d15-5
15.5
<v
nv20
0.90.79022.401.416 1.30.78822.221.419 1.10.75921.591.412 0.80.77523.381.426

1.50.80024.301.434 1.10.79824.291.442 2.20.77823.791.434 3.10.79424.321.437
1.10.80925.571.441 2.00.81425.971.448 2.30.79925.221.448 4.80.81525.361.446
4.20.81826.281.454 5.60.82426.871.453 3.00.81726.231.455 6.40.83226.431.454
5.40.83627.601.464 6.20.83227.411.458 6.10.83727.181.464 6.80.84527.071.462
12.20.84928.121.472 8.00.84227.861.464 9.90.85128.061.472 9.50.85327.671.469
25.40.83727.161.463 24.20.82826.901.458 24.60.83025.771.462 31.40.83326.60 1.458
150
200
225
250
275
300
Mixed distillate
Jl 5 .
15.5
Gas oil No. 2

0.858
28.40
Tar oil No. 1

1.071
33.83
4.04
ft
Surface tension 7 (dyne per cm) . .

Viscosity (specific)
Temperature, 0C
15 5
d
"15.5
VoL
C7
/O
Tar oil* No. 2

1.090
34.83
11.86
-y
7
Vol.
n
^D
,15.5
15.5
Tar oil* No. 3

1.122
36.55
10.9
20
D
VoL
Cf
/O
15 5
d15.5
'
-v
7
vD
W
Tar oil No. 4

1.086
37.6
5.60
Vol.
,15.5
20
Of
/O
15.5
W0
1.2
1.90.87027.491.491 0.8
3.10.87427.44 1.499
4.40.90329.441.520 0.90.94030.261.531
1.60.94230.281.532 7.00.91629.13 1.529
6.50.94030.951.541 1.10.95632.441.562 3.10.97733.661.557 6.90.95630.69 1.553
11.20.97532.391.569 4.20.98433.31 1.576 6.51.01235.211.572 11.40.98632.16 1.576
8.20.98332.611.572 12.30.99333.511.582 10.81.02735.691.585 10.50.99832.84 1.587
7.20.99532.951.579 6.01.01033.791.589 6.31.04736.081.594 5.81.01833.25 1.597
39.40.97031.951.562 25. 30. 983132.20 1.578 29.50.96834.10
44.70.96831.66 1.566
150
200
225
250
275
300
Mixed distillate
* Much difficulty was experienced in distilling tar oils Nos. 2 and 3, owing to the presence of water.
Typical Lubricating Oils.(Continued)

S
Pec!fic
6gOr/A
Cleveland
O. C.
F1 h
Jb
Saybolt
viscosity
100F
Pour
210F
N. P. A.
10r
.T
MID-CONTINENT, BKIGHT, COLD-SETTLED
0.961
I 510
I 570
I 145
45
| Lt. D.
TEXAS, BRIGHT (NAPHTHENE BASE)
0.921
I 535 I 600 I
| 150 |
FILTEBED CYLINDER STOCK
0.881
0.886
0.889
0.892
0.897
450
505
520
540
550
525
570
590
625
640
30 |
(STEAM-REFINED)
90
100
135
140
150
75
90
80
75
60
D
D
E
E
UNFILTERED CYLINDER STOCK (STE AM-REFINED).

* = MlD-CONTINENT
0.897
0.900
0.903
0.906
0.909
550
555
560
575
590
615
620
625
645
660
140
150
160
185
200
35
35
40
40
35
0.912
0.915
0.921
600
625
645
690
710
730
240
575
290
40
50
50
FIG. 12.Variation of surface tension of petroleum distillates with

density.
*0.915
*0.915
*0.927
510
535
525
140
175
180
158
50
50
40
For comparison of the physical properties of petroleum distillates from different crudes see Fig. 3 (p. 149).
570
600
605
Continued on p.
LUBRICATING OIL FROM BLENDS OF STOCKS FROM GUSHING AND

BIXBY CRUDES ( 6 2)
Typical Lubricating Oils.- (Continued)

Specific
gravity
60/6O0F
Cleveland
O. C.
Flash Fire
0
0
F
F
0.881
0.886
0.895
0.897
0.915
320
350
375
400
420
Saybolt
viscosity
10O0F
21O0F
BLACK OILS
35
370
50
400
60
425
80
450
100
470
Pour
point
0
F
N. P. A.
color
Sp. gr.
20
10
15
35
30
Various Lubricating Oils (i 5 )

Bk = Black; Bl = Blue; Br = Brown; G = Green; O = Orange;
R = Red; t = Translucent; W = White; Y = Yellow
Designation
LIGHT
LUBRICATING
Vaseline oil
Medium spindle . .
Heavy spindle
Thin spindle
Average spindle. .
MEDIUM
LUBRICATING
Machine
Machine
Machine
Machine
Machine
Machine
Arctic
Arctic
Turbine
HEAVY
LUBRICATING
Machine
.
Machine
Machine
Machine
Machine
Machine
Machine
DARK
LUBRICATING
Winter
Summer
Winter
Summer
BRIGHT STEAM
CYLINDER
Cylinder
Cylinder
Cylinder
Cylinder
Cylinder
Cylinder
DARK STEAM
CYLINDER
Cylinder
Cylinder
Superheated
steam oil
Cylinder
Cylinder
Cylinder
Cylinder
Source
dl
Solidification
point
0
C
Flash
Viscosity
point 0C
Engler
Pensky
Martens
250C 5O0C
closed cup
Color
Russia
Russia
Russia
Penn.
Penn.
0 . 870 <-30
0 . 890 <-30
0 . 900 <-20
0.865 - 3
0.875 _ i
150
155
180
155
185
4.5
5.3
9.0
3.0
5.0
Penn.
Penn.
Lima
Germany
Russia
Texas
Penn.
Lima
Penn.
O
0. 890
3
0.917
0.921 - 2
5
0 . 920
0 . 909 <-15
0.932 <-15
2
0.878
25
0. 907
0. 878 - 5
195
205
205
170
195
175
200
180
210
8.0
16.0
16.5
17.0
14.0
14.5
7.6
7.3
16.2
195
200
185
190
185
185
195
180
180
200
205
27.0
36.0
24.8
27.0
26.0
160
155
155
185
37.0
50.9
16.5
440
8.0
ILO
5.0
9.6
5O0C
15.0
23.0
26.0
12.0
15,0
10O0C
2.9
3.5
4.0
2.3
2.9
2.7
G-R
G-R
G-R
Bl-R
Bl-R
G-R
0.910 <-15
0 . 913 <-15
0.925 <-15
0.940 - 5
0.932
0 . 936 -18
Q
0 . 946
0.932 - 8
0.940 -20
O . 946
O . 950 - 7.5
Pour
point
Russia
0.910 <-20
0 . 914 -12
Russia
Germany 0. 927 <-20
Germany 0.952 -10
Russia
Russia
Germany
Germany
Texas
Texas
Texas
Germany
Texas
Texas
Texas
Cleveland
open cup
W
Y
Y
Y
Y
3.2
4.6
4.9
4.2
4.4
6.3
8.0
6.3
6.1
7.0
8.7
35.4
26.5
13.6
14.3
R-Y
G-R-t
G-R
G-RO
G-R-t
G-R-t
G-R-t
G-R-t
0-R
Br-R
O
Bl-t
Br-R
G-t
G-t
G-t
G-t
G-t
G-t
Bk-G
Bk-G
Bk-Br
Penn.
Penn.
Penn.
Russia
Russia
Texas
0 . 884
0.886
0 . 890
0.913
0 . 915
0 . 955
34
30
10
-15
- 5
- 5
260
275
290
220
235
215
Penn.
Penn.
0 . 895
0.903
5
3
280
295
29 . O
40.0
4.0
5.0
G-Bk
G-Bk
Penn.
Russia
Russia
Germany
Texas
0.905
0 . 928
0 . 928
0. 950
0. 954
O
O
O
7
-11
325
280
255
270
230
60.0
30.0
50 . O
27.0
7.0
4.1
6.0
3.8
3.2
G-Bk
G-Bk
G-Bk
G-Bk
Flash
0
F
Fire
0
F
390
395
350
400
405
410
400
395
410
400
390
400
410
405
450
440
405
430
445
465
445
445
465
445
440
460
450
465
415
420
410
405
410
470
460
460
465
460
0.889
.889
.887
.896
.895
.897
.897
.897
.899
.899
.900
.900
.897
.902
.902
.903
.903
.901
.904
.904
Viscosity
10O0F
Cold
seconds test
oF
Saybolt
universal
102
25
23
100
24
95
184
26
172
26
26
185
26
189
24
180
24
185
26
198
32
178
25
196
227
26
246
28
237
28
227
28
236
26
226
28
239
30
34
250
Color
N. P. A.
ny - 1
Sp. gr.
3
3
2.5
3
4.54
4.544.54.55+
6634546454Q
Q
6-
0.554
.555
.554
.555
.555
.556
.556
.556
.556
.557
.555
.555
.556
.555
.557
.557
.556
.557
.558
.558
Lubricating Oils for Internal Combustion Engines.Oils designated by manufacturers' trade names. Sp. gr., flash and fire point,
solidification temperature, viscosity at three temperatures, color.
% distillation under 30O0C, oxidation oven test C 164 - 1 ).
Viscosity
Engler0
2O0C
Iodine
No.
HiiblWaller
dl
5O0C
Resinification index
15O0C
I 12O0C
Tar I Coke | Tar
OILS OF GOOD QUALITY

8.80
9.08
9.1
9.78
10.8
13.8
19.3
22.5
31.7
2T6
2.66
2.61
2.66
2.81
3.32
4.08
4.32
6.4
0.875
.876
.876
.904
.883
.900
.908
.904
.874
20.9
25.4
28.7
30.0
13.1
T73
4.57
5.13
5.28
3.20
0.873
.905
.907
.905
.904
14.2
12.8
11.7
5.8
0.4
7.1
8.5
4.3
10.4
1.4828 0.44 0.50

1.4826 .37 .17
1.4814
1.5020 .68 .63
1.4795 2.10 O
1.4965 .74 .82
1.5034 .84 1.02
1.4940 .64 0.92
1.4826 .46 .57
0.13
.12
.11
.24
1.05
0.37
.39
.39
.29
OILS OF POOR QUALITY

10.4
3.9
4.6
6.1
1.4822 0.65 0.92

1.4965
1.4948 .63 .79
1.4949 .82 1.10
0.23
.38
.62
.30
A "GOOD OIL"
9-14 I
|0.870-0.905|
| 0.2
Petroleum Oils for Diesel Motors (3l)

15
"
Flash 0C (Pensky Martens)
Fire 0C
Residue dist. above 40O0C, vol. %
Water %
Ash %
Combustible %
C %
H %
(O + N) %
g %
i'i...
H per 1000 C
Coke %
Asphalt %
Heat of combustion kg-cal/kg
J Crude
I Water-free oil
Gross
Engler viscosity
2O0C
350C
5O0C
750C
IQQ0C
Galicia
0.86-0.89
53-155
77-170
| Germany | Rumania | Russia | N. America | Mexico | So. America)

India
| Japan
I 0.725-0.94 | 0.89-0.95 | 0.876-0.95| 0.865-0.95| 0.86-0.97 | 0.85-0.99 | 0.89-0.95 | 0.92-0.96
< -15 to 175
87-162
53-138
82-166
32-132
-10 to 144
92-150
131-164
< -15 to 203 106-194
78-180
103-200
58-162
-6 to 199 120-174
176-211
0.0-3.9
0.0-0.8
0.0-0.4
>98.8
85.6-86.9
12.0-13.1
0.1-1.2
0.1-0.8
137-151
0.21-1.0
0.0-0.01
9.95-10.9
10.0-10.2
10.7-10.9
0.2-15.0
0.0-9.8
0.0-0.6
>90
85.1-86.8
11.6-11.4
0.0-1.2
0.1-1.2
113-169
0.5-5.6
0.0-8.5
1.0-23.0
1.5-11.5
2.2-16.5
0.3-23.0
4.0-21.0
0.0-4.9
2.5-15.0
0.0-0.8
0.0-0.2
99
86.5-87.4
11.3-12.1
0.6-1.5
0.2-0.6
127-140
1.11-3.8
0.0-1.9
0.0-0.0
0.0-0.16
99.8
86.1-87.5
11.3-12.9
0.5-0.9
0.2-0.4
128-150
0.9-3
0.0-0.8
0.0-3.3
0.0-0.4
>96
84.2-86.9
11.3-13.1
0.2-2.0
0.1-2.5
129-151
1.9-6.4
0.0-8
0.0-9.56
0.0-0.64
>89.8
83.0-85.1
12.8-13.0
0.5-1.7
1.6-4.3
130-150
0.14-10.9
0.0-19.15
Tr.-8.94
0.01-0.17
>90.9
85.5-87.0
10.8-12.8
0.9-1.8
0.2-1.3
123-148
1.9-6.7
0.17-14.9
0.0-0.12
0.0-0.03
99.8
86.5-87.7
11.1-12.5
0.2-1.0
0.2-1.2
125-143
0.0-4.7
0.38-7.90
0.0-0.15
0.0-0.19
99.8
87.0-88.0
11.0-11.7
0.2-1.0
0.2-1.0
124-134
0.8-5.4
0.09-1.46
8.93-10.4 9.78-9.99 9.80-10.2 9.29-10.1 8.49-10.1 9.0-10.1 9.81-10.0 9.74-9.97

9.87-10.4 9.78-9.99 9.81-10.2 9.6-10.1 9.37-10.1 9.72-10.1 9.81-10.0 9.74-9.97
10.5-11.1 10.4-10.6 10.4-10.8610.3-10.8 10.1-10.8 10.3-10.8 10.4-10.7 10.3-10.6
1.65-2.96
5.24-136
18.1-114
1.23-1.56
2.04-17.7
3.56-13
1.02-1.13
1.26-2.43
3-149
1.6-15
5.3-11
2.06-2.58
1.14- 2.40 1.23-1.38
1.62-317
10.4-14.8
4.1-5.5
3.0-2.45
12-302
5.0-64
2.7-27
1.22-1.37
1.3-2.5
Vertical oven retort

WoodallDuckham
Chamber
oven
43-205
20-42
1.03- 4.47 6.3 -13
Tar Oils for Diesel Motors (32)

Oven retorts
Source of tar
Distillate
(ash H2O free)
vol. %
d\l
Flash point 0C (Pensky Martens)
Fire point 0C
Explosion 0C
Light oil, 0-170
Medium oil, 170-230
Heavy oil, 230-270
Anthracene oil, 270-350
Engler
viscosity
Net
Pitch (residue) %
Coke in pitch %
C%
H%
O + N %
S%
H per 1000 C
Comp. f Water %
of
\ Ash %
Tar
[ Combustible %
Heat of Combustion kg-cal/kg
I Experimental
I
Water-free oil (cale.)
Gross
Coke
Free Carbon
Naphthalene
(2O0C
350C
5O0C
750C
10O0C
Coke oven
Water gas
Oil gas
Coal tar oil
1.14-1.18
90-135
108-166
ca. 600
0.97-1.13
34-91
50-ca. 155
1.05-1.07
18-69
20-89
ca. 560
1.0-1.11
66-121
84-160
ca. 550
0.0
1-17
6-14
19-27
1-12
6-23
11-24
19-51
2.5-23
11-16
11-19
18-31
50-65
16-34
89.6-92.2
5.1-5.7
2.2-4.0
0.4-1.2
52-59
0.6-6.7
0.04-0.36
93-99
18-51
25-39
89.3-93.0
5.5-9.2
0.4-1.7
0.6-1.0
58-101
0.0-36
0.0-0.67
63.1-100
31-37
33
91.4-92.2
6.3-7.2
0.5-1.1
0.4-0.9
66-77
0.3-10
0.0-0.2
89-99
8.27-8.85
ca. 5.659.57
8.99-9.59
9.39-10.1
3.1-11
0.0-4
0.3-10
1.8-4.4
8.77-8.92
9.09-9.22
7.6-17
2.2-10
0.5-10
15-103
4.9-38
2.5-4.8
1.4-1.7
Lignite
Indined
Degsau
1.15-1.23
67-92
93-129
520-630
1.12-1.16
52-78
79-107
490-520
1.06-1.12
49-75
70-102
510-530
1 . 08-1 . 10
41-52
71-90
500-510
0-12
0-59
1-36
9-66
1.0-6.6
10-14
8.5-13
9.9-22
1.5-6.7
14.7-18
4.9-14
12.9-21
1-9
16-24
8.8-18
19-24.5
3-8
13-17
11-13
19-21
2.5-10
21-24
9-12
17-24
1-34
87.4-91.4
6.0-7.8
1.4-4.9
0.4-0.9
62-83
0.0-1.8
0.0-0.04
98-100
52-66
32-47
90.4-93
4.7-5.5
1.7-3.2
0.5-1.0
1 . 8-57
0.0-8.7
0.0-0.06
91-100
47. 6-55
32-40
89.3-90.4
5.9-6.4
3.2-3.9
0.4-0.7
60-66
1-7.3
0.01-0.07
92-98
31-47
16-27
87.6-89.9
6.0-7.3
2.6-4.9
0.4-0.6
61-77
0.8-3.6
0.00-0.09
96-99
44-51
20-25
87.9-88.8
6.6-7.2
4.1-4.7
0.5-0.9
68-75
1.1-2.8
0.00-0.03
97-99
39-41
21-22
87.1-89.3
6.7-7.1
3.6-5.2
0.3-0.6
69-74
1.3-5.8
0.0
94-98
8.18-9.31
8.84-9.12
8.06-8.74
8.15-8.71
8.62-8.82
8.59-8.76
8.28-8.76
9.09-9.34
9.53-9.73
7.5-11
0.0-4
0.0-3
8.86-9.14
9.25-9.51
0.4-3.6
0.0-0.2
0.8-10.5
1.4-2
8.75-8.83
9.01-9.16
15-33
9-28
4-6
43-150
9-91
4-25
8.77-8.86
9.10-9.21
15-22
10-19
1-3
23-115
7-35
3-8.6
8.83-9.08
9.17-9.48
4-11
1-6
0.2-2.5
2.5-52
4-12
1.5-4
8.84-8.90
9.22-9.30
7-10
3-6
0.1 -1.0
32-40
7-10
2.7-3.4
8.79-8.90
9.20-9.27
7.1-7.3
2.3 -3.0
0.6 -2.1
8-13
3-5
2 . 0-2 . 5
0.95-1.07
1.5-2.4
1.5-2.2
1.0-1.4
1.2-1.4
1.18-1.22
1-1.2
Diesel Motor Oils (223)

Engler Flash Fire
Type of oil
d\\
0
0
C
C
77,80
1.02
Crude lignite oil . . . 0.9
98 112
Paraffin oil
916 1.09
123 142
Soft paraffin
894 1.01
74 107
Petroleum gas oil
855 1.13
10
Rumanian crude oil
858 1.12
10
%H
%C
12.4
11.5
11.8
13.6
12.3
85.6
85.9
85.7
83.7
83.1
Horizontal
Diesel Motor Oils (223)._ (Continued)

Engler Flash Fire
Type of oil
d\\
0
0
77, 80
C
C
Rumanian gas oil
0 . 853 1.08
66 101
Solar oil
849 1.03
81 106
Tegernsee crude
868 1.01
56
81
Texas gas oil
892 0.98
114 128
Refined petroleum
879 1.03
57
72
1 . 06-1 . 09
35-71
70-93
480-510
%H
%C
12.2 85.0
13.3 85.7
11.1 86.9
12.2 86.4
14.2 85.1
Gasworks and Coke Oven Tar Distillates and "Diesel Engine Tar
Oils" (150)
Coal tar distillates
Property
Aver- Maxi- Miniage mum mum
1.02
1.09
0.95
Sp. gr
12
Water %
O
1.1
89.2
87.1
Carbon %
90.0
7.3
Hydrogen %
6.5
8.0
3.9
O +N %
3.0
4.8
0.64
1.0
0.3
Sulphur %
0.005 0.10
Ash %
O
164 208
Closed flash point 0F .
97
Viscosity Redwood
9
23
7
7O0F
16.4
17.9
Gross BTU X 10~3 . . 17.4
17.2
15.9
Net BTU X H T 3 . . . . 16.6
Engler distillation %
at 25O0C
58
76
28
Engler distillation %
94
80
51
at300C
Retort test % at
35O0C
1
15
3
Coke yield %
0.26
5.2
O .
Free carbon %
Tr.
30
9.5
Tar acids %
Asphaltum %
Spontaneous ignition
0
480 520
415
C
Petroleum
Aver- Maxiage mum
0.91 0.96
0.91 9.5
85.4
88.3
12.5
11.5
2.2
1.3
1.3
2.8
0.05 0.39
187
280
780
19.0
17.8
4800
19.7
18.5
oils
Minimum
0.86
O
83.4
10.9
0.07
0.04
O
<60
9
17.6
16.5
13
19
24
13
28.5
3
30
12
14
0.2
12.0
37
1.5
264
264
254
TERMINOLOGY AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR PETROLEUM

PRODUCTS OF COMMERCE
The characteristics that should be possessed by a "good"
petroleum product for use under a given set of conditions may be
inferred from the specifications established by law, custom, or
fiat for such products. Specifications of this character for different countries can be found in the following publications :
United States.Bur. Mines, Tech. Paper 323A. See further Bur.
Stands., Misc. Pub. 65: 1925; " National directory of commodity
. specifications."
Canada.Canadian Engineering Standards Association, "Interim
report on the manufacture, testing and use of gasoline for automotive purposes (with notes on lubrication)."
Belgium, France, Holland, Italy, Japan, Poland, Rumania, Spain,
and Czechoslovakia,International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry. Reports from the Copenhagen Meeting, 1924.
Czechoslovakia.Idem. Reports from the Bucharest meeting,
1925. (These reports may be obtained from the Secretary of
the Union, 49 Rue des Mathurins, Paris, at 10 fr. per copy.)
France.Commission Permanente de Standardisation, "Standard
Terminology of Petroleum Oils and Their Derivatives; bituminous substances, asphalts and tarry materials."
Italy.Rass. min. met. chim., 63: 18; 25.
Germany.Verein Deutscher Eisenhttenleute Gemeinschaftsstelle Schmiermittel "Guides for the Purchase and Testing of
Lubricants," Dsseldorf, 1921.
Austria.sterr. Chem. Ztg. 28: 68; 25.
England.British Engineering Standards Association, 28 Victoria St., London. No. 209; 1924 "Standard specifications for
fuels for heavy-oil engines (petroleum and shale oils)." No.
210; 1924 "Standard classification of pure mineral lubricating
oils." No. 135; 1921 "Standard specification for benzol for
motor fuel (commonly known as benzole)." Institution of
Petroleum Technologists, "Standard methods of testing petroleum and its products."
LITERATURE
(1) Adams, Williamson and Johnston, 1, 41: 27; 19. ( 2 ) Aisinmann, 112,
294: 65; 94. (3) Akunjanz, 373, 21: 308; 97. (4) Allen, 173, 6: 177; 81.
(5) Allen, 30, No. 37; 13. (6) Allen et al., 30, No. 74; 14. (7) Allen and
Jacobs, 29, No. 19; 12. () Anderson, 45, 12: 1011; 20.
(10) Anon., 360, No. 154; 24. (U) Anon., 253, June 1921. (15) Archbutt and
Deeley, Lubrication and Lubricants, London, 1912, p. 341 (Griffin and Co.).
(15.1) Arnold, 156, No. 309: 203; 07. (16) Barrier, 45, 2: 16; 10. (17)
Barus, 12, 39: 494; 90. (18) Bearce and PefEer, 32, No. 77; 16. (19)
Beilby, 4, 43: 388; 83.
( 20 ) Bhatnagar and Garner, 54, 39: 185; 20. ( 21 ) Blount, 368, 3: 301; 09.
( 2 2 ) Brame, FuelsSolid, Liquid and Gaseous. Longmans Green, 1925.
(23) Bridgman, 65, 48: 357; 12. (24) Brooks and Humphreys, 1, 40: 847;
18. (25) Burrell, Siebert and Oberfell, 29, No. 88; 15. (26) Bushong,
371, 9: 303; 08. (27) Bushong, 45, 6: 888; 14. (28) Charitschkoff, 369,
1: 352; 98. (29) Chercheffsky, 34, 150: 1338; 10.
(30) Constam and Schlapfer, 98, 57: 1491; 13. (31) Constam and Schlapfer,
98, 57: 1576; 13. C 31 - 1 ) Constam and Schlapfer, 98, 57: 1621; 13. (32)
Constam and Schlapfer, 98, 57: 1661; 13. (33) Cooke, 313, No. 2368; 22.
( 34 ) Coste and Andrews, Examination and Thermal Values of Liquid Fuels,
1914, p. 218 (Griffin and Co.). (35) Cox, 45, 15: 592; 23. (36) Cragoe,
0. (37) Daeschner, 54, 21; 168; 02. (38) Damien, 34, 112: 785; 91. (39)
Day, Handbook of the Petroleum Industry, 1922.
(40) Dean and Hill, 313, No. 181; 17. (41) Delbridge, 360, 14: 41; 22. (42)
Denig, 33, 25: 751; 21. (43) Dewar, 5, 70: 237; 02. (44) Dixon, 376,
45: 211; 21. (45) Dow, 313, No. 2279; 21. (46) Dreyfus, 261, Z: 394; 08.
(47) Dunstan, 364, 11: 63; 24. (48) Dvorkovitz, 363, 13: 7, 24; 05. (49)
Engler, 317, 8: 44; 85.
(50) Engler, 372, 66: 637; 87. (51) Engler, 161, 11: 643; 92. (52) Engler,
136, 30: 711; 06. (53) Engler, 92, 21: 1592; 08. (53.1) Engler-Hfer,
Das Erdl, 1909-25 (Hirzel, Leipzig). (54) Engler-Hfer, in Bell, American Petroleum Refining, p. 39, 1923. ( 5 5 ) Engler and Otten, 112, 268:
375; 88. (56) Engler and Steinkopf, 359, 10: 181; 14. (57) Engler and
Steinkopf, 25, 47: 3358; 14. (58) Ernst, 75, 111: 922; 02. (59) Euken,
8, 34: 185; 11.
(6) Faragher, Gruse and Garner, 45, 13: 1044; 21. ( 6 I) Francis, 33, 23: 291;
20. (62) Francis and Bennett, 359, 8: 134; 21 (63; Francis and Bennett)
45, 14: 627; 22 (64) Frankenheim, 8, 72: 177; 47. (65) Freund and
Palik, 861, 15: 757; 20. (66) Qane and Zilisteanu, 377, 7: 6; 25. (67)
Garner, 358, 7: 98; 21. (68) Goldsmith and Kanthack, Refractive Indices,
1921 (Hilger, London). (69) Gooday, Petrol and Petroleum Spirits, 1919
(Arnold).
(70) Gordon, 54, 42: 405; 23. (7l) Graefe, 92, 18: 1584; 05. (72) Graefe,
361, 2: 521; 07. (73) Graefe, 54, 29: 338; 10. (74) Graefe, 10, 2: 690;
13. (75) Graetz, 8, 25: 337; 85. (76) Griffin, 45, 17: 1157; 25. (77)
Grunmach, 8, 3: 660; 00. (78) Grunmach and Schweikert, 7, 113: 432;
24. (79) Gruse, 45, 15: 796; 23.
(80) Gruse, 359, 12: 20; 23. (8l) Gurwitsch, Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der
Erdl Verarbeitung, Berlin, 1913, p. 85, (82) Guthrie, 364, 9: 731; 23. (83)
Harker and Higgins, 354, 8: 19; U. ( 84 ) Harvey, 45, 17: 85; 25. (85)
Hersey, 306, 35: 648; 23. (86) Hladky, 362, 16: 207; 22. (87) Hfer,
Das Erdl, 1886.
(90) Holborn, 8, 6: 242; 01. (9l) Holde, 312, 8: 269; 90. (92) Holde, SlQ;
13: 174; 95. (93) Holde and Eickmann, 361, 2: 1341; 07. (94) Holde,
Examination of Hydrocarbon Oils and Saponifiable Fats, 1915. Translated from the 4th edition by Mller. New York, John Wiley and Sons.
(95) Hyde, 5, 97: 240; 20. (s.i) Hyde, 5, 97: 257; 20. (96) Inchley,
355, 111: 155; 11. (97) Jakob and Erk, 243, 43: 92; 23. (98) Johansen,
45, 14: 289; 22. Bibliography of Br Nos. (99) Johansen, 45, 16: 132; 24.
(ioo) Kawai, 14$, 25: 406; 22. ( i o i ) Kawai, 54, 41: 535; 22. (02) Kazankin,
252, 13: 139; 06. (ios) Kennedy, 31, No. 500; 25. (104) Kewley, 364,
11: 49; 24. (ios) Kissling, 136, 47: 101; 23. (106) Kissling, Chemische
Technologie des Erdls, 1915 (Vieweg). (i 7 ) Koenigsberger and Disch,
8, 23: 655; 07. (ios) Kraemer and Calkin, 30, No. 346; 25. (109) Lachowicz, 13, 220: 188; 83.
(HO) Lees, 62, 191: 399; 98. ( U i ) Lengfeld and O'Neill, 11, 15: 19; 93. (H2)
LeRoy, 342, 16: 12; 11. (H3) Leslie, Motor Fuels, 1923. (H4) Leslie
and Geniesse, O. (US) Lewes, 856, 63: 757, 773, 792; 15. (l16) Lewkowitsch, Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes, p. 617,
1921 (Macmillan). (H7) Linser, 252, 3: 265; 96. (H8) Longbein, 92,
13: 1266; 00. (H9) Longobardi, 357, 2: 365; 24.
20
(i ) Lucas, C. R. Cong. Int. Ptrole. Sess., 3: 352; 07. (120.1) Mabery, 4,
72: 450; 97. (121) Mabery, 11, 19: 419; 97. (122) Mabery, 1, 23: 264;
01. (123) Mabery, 65, 36: 255; 01. (124) Mabery, 11, 28: 170; 02. (125)
Mabery, 11, 33: 270; 05. (126) Mabery, 11, 33: 285; 05. (127) Mabery,
1, 28: 415; 06. (i28) Mabery, 45, 6: 101; 14. (129) Mabery, 1, 41: 1690;
19.
(130) Mabery, 45, 15: 1233; 23. ( s i ) Mabery and Buck, Jf, 22: 555; 00.
(132) Mabery and Hudson, 11, 19: 482; 97. (133) Mabery and Hudson,
65, 36: 266; 01. (134) Mabery and Kittelberger, 65, 32: 185; 97. (135)
Mabery and Quayle, 65, 41: 89; 05. O36) Mabery and Quayle, 11, 35:
404; 06. (137) Mabery and Smith, 60, 25: 278; 89. ( i s s j Mabery and
Takano, 66, 36: 295; 00. (139) Mabery and Wesson, 1, 42: 1014; 20.
(HO) Magie, 8, 25: 421; 85. O* 1 ) Mahler, 10, 2: 717; 13. ( 1 4 2 ) Markounikov, 18, 234: 89; 86. (i* 3 ) Markounikov and Oglobin, 6, 6: 2, 372;
84. (i**) M'Arthur, 54, 7: 64; 88. (i* 5 ) Masmejean and Berehare, Le
Ptrole, p. 36. (H6) Mautuschek, 367, 4: 209; 01. ( 1 ^) Melmer, 75,
120: 269; 11. I 1 4 8 ) Mendelejeff, in Rakusin, Untersuchung des Erdls,
1906. (i*) de Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90.
(150) Moore, Liquid Fuels, p. 90, 1920. (isi) Morpugo, J0, 4: 15; 21. (l 5 2 )
Ognodzinski and Pitat, 136, 38: 1275; 14. (i 5 3 ) Parsons and Cook, 5,
85: 346; 11. (154) Patterson, 54, 32: 218; 13. ( 1 5 5 ) Peczalski, 16, 7:
185; 17. ( 156 ) Peltzer, 112, 189: 61; 68. ( 157 ) Physikalisch-Technische
Reichsanstalt, Beilage zum Beglaubigungsschein fr den Abelschen Petroleumprober, 1910. ( 158 ) Piotrowski, 7, 93: 596; 18. O 5 9 ) Predescu, 377, 6:
148; 19.
(160) Predescu, 377, 6: 188; 19. ( i i ) Protz, 8, Sl: 141; 10. (i2) Quincke,
8, 138: 141; 69. (3) Radcliffe and Polychronis, 64, 35: 340; 16. ( 1 6 4 )
Rakusin, Die Untersuchung des Erdls, p. 81, 179; 1906 (Vieweg). (164.1)
Rathbun, 359, 9, No. 3: 98; 20. (i5) Rathbun, 359, 10, No. 9: 39; 22.
(166) Red wood, 54, 8: 162; 89. (167) Red wood, Treatise on Petroleum,
3rd ed. 1: 219; 13 (Lippincott). (i 6 8 ) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum,
p. 297, 1921 (Griffin and Co.). (169) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum, 1922,
p. 286.
(170) Ricardo, Internal Combustion Engine, 2: 30; 23 (Blackie and Son). (171)
Rhodes and McConnel, 45, 15: 1273; 23. ("2) Richardson, 143, 162:
57; 06. (173) Richardson and Wallace, 64, 20: 690; 01. (174) Richardson and Wallace, 54, 21: 316; 02. (175) Rittman and Egloff, 46, 7: 481;
15. (176) Rittman and Egloff, 45, 7: 578; 15. (177) Rittman, Jacobs and
Dean, 30, No. 163; 16. (178) Roberts, 374, 1904; 1328. (179) Robson
and Withrow, 33, 21: 214; 19.
(i0) Roderer, 92, 33: 235s 20. ( i i ) Rossbacher, 46, 7: 578; 15. (i")
Sainte-Claire Deville, 34, 66: 442; 68. 68: 349, 485, 686; 69. (i")
Sainte-Claire Deviile, 34, 72i 192; 71. (i 8 4 ) Sakhanov and Vassiliev,
861, 21: 735; 25. ( 18 S) Scheller, 861, 8: 730; 13. (i 8 6 ) Schmitt, 366,
2: 369; 14. (1S7) Schwarz, 186, 35: 1417; 11. (i 8 8 ) Schwartz and Marcusson, 92. 26: 387- 13. (i 8 9 ) Sherman and Kropff, 1, 30: 1628; 08.
(190) Sherman and Snell, 1, 23: 164: 01. (i") Smith and Tuttle, 318, No. 37;
14. (192) Steinkopf, 136, 36: 653; 12. (193) Stevenson and Stark, 46,
17: 679; 25. (*94) Stohmann, 7, 6: 334; 90. (i5) Strache, 367, 27: 19;
24. (196) strong and Stone, 29, No. 43; 13. (197) Takano, Oest. Chem.
Tech. Ztg., 8: 2; 01. (198) Takano, 359, 6: 1050; 11. (199) Tausz, 92,
32: 317; 19.
(200) Tizard and Marshall, 858, 8: 217; 22. (201) utz, 252, 12: 295; 05.
(202) utz, 54, 25: 1140; 06. (203) utz, 361, 17: 1292; 21. (204) vies
and Gex, 350, 17s 7107; 25. (205) Warren and Storrer, 370, 9: 208; 65.
(206; Washburn and Bunting, 38, 4: 983; 21. (207) Weber, 242, 23: 209;
78. (208) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. (209) Weber, 8, 11: 1047; 03.
(210) Weber and Wynne, 78, 46: 197; 24. (2U) Weinstein, 136, 12: 875; 88.
(212) Weise, 375, 49: 378; 71. (213) Wells and Southcombe, 54, 39: 51;
20. (214) White, in Allen, Commercial Organic Analysis, 4th ed., 3: 220;
1914. (215) Williamson, 33, 22: 1151; 20. (216) Wilson, 364, 11: 511;
24. (217 j Wilson and Bahlke, 45, 16: 115; 24. (218) Wilson and Barnard,
45, 13: 906; 21. (219) Wilson and Barnard, 244, 12: 287; 23.
(220) Wilson and Davis, 45, 15: 947; 23. (221) Wilson and Wilkins, 45, 16:
9; 24. (222) Wilson and Wylde, 45, 15: 801; 23. (223) Wimplinger, 112,
328: 539; 13. (224) Zaloziecki and Klarfeld, 136, 31: 1155; 07. (225}
Zeitfuchs, Standard Oil Co. (California), O.
FLASH POINTS OF SATURATED VAPORS OF COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

1. Pure Substances. The flash point of the vapor above a liquid
is the temperature at which ignition will occur. The observed
value is materially dependent upon the type of apparatus used
(v. p. 150 for comparison of values with different types of apparatus). The lower limit of the flash point of a pure liquid is approxi. mately the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to
B /k N where B is the barometric pressure, N is the number of moles
of 2 required for complete combustion of one mole of the liquid,
and A; is a constant varying with the type of apparatus employed
cf. ( 4 ). The flash point varies with the barometric pressure at
the same rate as the boiling point.
In the accompanying table are shown for a number of liquids;
(a) the value of N, (&) the observed flash point as recorded in the
literature and (c) the flash point as calculated from the above
relation, assuming k = 8. A better agreement between observed
and calculated flash point might perhaps be obtained by using
different values of k for different types of apparatus but the
recorded flash points vary greatly and a careful and comprehensive
investigation is needed.
Formula
CS2
Name
I Carbon disulfide
Flash point
CalcuObserved
lated,
min.
| -25.5 to -20 -27
Formula
Benzene
Cyclohexane
Hexane
Toluene
Heptane
Ethylbenzene
Xylene
Octane
n-Propylbenzene
Naphthalene
Tetralin
sec.-Butylbenzene. . . .
Dekalin
7.5
9
9.5
9
11
10.5
10.5
12.5
12
Flash point
CalcuObserved
lated,
min.
Lit.
17
77
67 to 78
65
27.5 to 39
(8)
(8)
(5,8)
(8)
(5,8)
HALIDES
Dichloroethylene
o-Dichlorobenzene.. . .
p-Dichlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
Chlorobenzene'.
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O
CsH8O
C4HioO
C 4 Hi 0 O
CsHi2O
C6H6O
C6H6O2
CeH 6 O 2
CeH 6 O 2
C6H7O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
CioHsO
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
n-Propyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
w-Butyl alcohol
Isobutyl alcohol
Isoamyl alcohol
Phenol
Catechol
Resorcinol
Hydroquinol
Cyclohexanol (hexalin)
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
0-Naphthol
C2H6O
C3H6O
C4Hi0O
C 7 HeO
Methyl ether
Acetone
Ethyl ether
Benzaldehyde
9.5
8.5
8.5
55
42
23.5
ALCOHOLS and PHENOLS
HYDRO CARBONS
C6He
CeHi2
CeHi4
C7H8
C 7 Hi 6
CsHio
C8Hi0
CsHis
CgHi 2
Ci0H8
Ci0Hi2
CioHi4
CioHis
JV
C 2 H 4 Cl 2
C6HeCIa
CeH4Cl2
CeH5Br
CeH6Cl
Lit.
<<)
Name
To
3
4.5
6.5
6.5
-1 to 32
9.0 to 32.0
22.5 to 45.5
11.75 to 14.5
35 to 35.5
27.5
40 to 42
79
127
152
165
160
167.5
(4, S)
(4, 5)
(4,5)
(4)
(4)
(*)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
8.5
8.5
8.5
11.5
68
81 to 83
86
86
161
79
89.5
90.5
139
(3)
(4,5)
(4)
(4)
(5)
6
7.5
13
14
25
28
44
ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND ETHERS

- 12 to 10
- 17
-18
6.5 to 30
- I t o 17
15.5
29 to 50
17
30.5
86
78
52
58
-13
-17
-26
6.5
- 5
23
25
15
40.5
(4, 5)
(4)
(4, 5)
(5)
4
6
8
(4)
C 7 HeQ 2
(4)
(4, 5)
(3)
(4)
(3)
-19
-43
63
(5)
(2,5)
(5)
(5)
ACIDS
(4)
(5)
41
18 to 2
-41 to -20
62.5
I Benzolo acid
7.5|
121 to 131 [ 136
| (4> 5)
ESTERS
CsH6O2
CaH6O2
C 4 H 7 ClO 2
Ethyl formate
Methyl acetate
Chloroethyl acetate
sTo
3.5
-19.5
-15.5 to 4.6
67
-18
-15
(4)
(4)
(8)
Mabery and Quayle, 65, 41: 89; 05. O36) Mabery and Quayle, 11, 35:
404; 06. (137) Mabery and Smith, 60, 25: 278; 89. ( i s s j Mabery and
Takano, 66, 36: 295; 00. (139) Mabery and Wesson, 1, 42: 1014; 20.
(HO) Magie, 8, 25: 421; 85. O* 1 ) Mahler, 10, 2: 717; 13. ( 1 4 2 ) Markounikov, 18, 234: 89; 86. (i* 3 ) Markounikov and Oglobin, 6, 6: 2, 372;
84. (i**) M'Arthur, 54, 7: 64; 88. (i* 5 ) Masmejean and Berehare, Le
Ptrole, p. 36. (H6) Mautuschek, 367, 4: 209; 01. ( 1 ^) Melmer, 75,
120: 269; 11. I 1 4 8 ) Mendelejeff, in Rakusin, Untersuchung des Erdls,
1906. (i*) de Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90.
(150) Moore, Liquid Fuels, p. 90, 1920. (isi) Morpugo, J0, 4: 15; 21. (l 5 2 )
Ognodzinski and Pitat, 136, 38: 1275; 14. (i 5 3 ) Parsons and Cook, 5,
85: 346; 11. (154) Patterson, 54, 32: 218; 13. ( 1 5 5 ) Peczalski, 16, 7:
185; 17. ( 156 ) Peltzer, 112, 189: 61; 68. ( 157 ) Physikalisch-Technische
Reichsanstalt, Beilage zum Beglaubigungsschein fr den Abelschen Petroleumprober, 1910. ( 158 ) Piotrowski, 7, 93: 596; 18. O 5 9 ) Predescu, 377, 6:
148; 19.
(160) Predescu, 377, 6: 188; 19. ( i i ) Protz, 8, Sl: 141; 10. (i2) Quincke,
8, 138: 141; 69. (3) Radcliffe and Polychronis, 64, 35: 340; 16. ( 1 6 4 )
Rakusin, Die Untersuchung des Erdls, p. 81, 179; 1906 (Vieweg). (164.1)
Rathbun, 359, 9, No. 3: 98; 20. (i5) Rathbun, 359, 10, No. 9: 39; 22.
(166) Red wood, 54, 8: 162; 89. (167) Red wood, Treatise on Petroleum,
3rd ed. 1: 219; 13 (Lippincott). (i 6 8 ) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum,
p. 297, 1921 (Griffin and Co.). (169) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum, 1922,
p. 286.
(170) Ricardo, Internal Combustion Engine, 2: 30; 23 (Blackie and Son). (171)
Rhodes and McConnel, 45, 15: 1273; 23. ("2) Richardson, 143, 162:
57; 06. (173) Richardson and Wallace, 64, 20: 690; 01. (174) Richardson and Wallace, 54, 21: 316; 02. (175) Rittman and Egloff, 46, 7: 481;
15. (176) Rittman and Egloff, 45, 7: 578; 15. (177) Rittman, Jacobs and
Dean, 30, No. 163; 16. (178) Roberts, 374, 1904; 1328. (179) Robson
and Withrow, 33, 21: 214; 19.
(i0) Roderer, 92, 33: 235s 20. ( i i ) Rossbacher, 46, 7: 578; 15. (i")
Sainte-Claire Deville, 34, 66: 442; 68. 68: 349, 485, 686; 69. (i")
Sainte-Claire Deviile, 34, 72i 192; 71. (i 8 4 ) Sakhanov and Vassiliev,
861, 21: 735; 25. ( 18 S) Scheller, 861, 8: 730; 13. (i 8 6 ) Schmitt, 366,
2: 369; 14. (1S7) Schwarz, 186, 35: 1417; 11. (i 8 8 ) Schwartz and Marcusson, 92. 26: 387- 13. (i 8 9 ) Sherman and Kropff, 1, 30: 1628; 08.
(190) Sherman and Snell, 1, 23: 164: 01. (i") Smith and Tuttle, 318, No. 37;
14. (192) Steinkopf, 136, 36: 653; 12. (193) Stevenson and Stark, 46,
17: 679; 25. (*94) Stohmann, 7, 6: 334; 90. (i5) Strache, 367, 27: 19;
24. (196) strong and Stone, 29, No. 43; 13. (197) Takano, Oest. Chem.
Tech. Ztg., 8: 2; 01. (198) Takano, 359, 6: 1050; 11. (199) Tausz, 92,
32: 317; 19.
(200) Tizard and Marshall, 858, 8: 217; 22. (201) utz, 252, 12: 295; 05.
(202) utz, 54, 25: 1140; 06. (203) utz, 361, 17: 1292; 21. (204) vies
and Gex, 350, 17s 7107; 25. (205) Warren and Storrer, 370, 9: 208; 65.
(206; Washburn and Bunting, 38, 4: 983; 21. (207) Weber, 242, 23: 209;
78. (208) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. (209) Weber, 8, 11: 1047; 03.
(210) Weber and Wynne, 78, 46: 197; 24. (2U) Weinstein, 136, 12: 875; 88.
(212) Weise, 375, 49: 378; 71. (213) Wells and Southcombe, 54, 39: 51;
20. (214) White, in Allen, Commercial Organic Analysis, 4th ed., 3: 220;
1914. (215) Williamson, 33, 22: 1151; 20. (216) Wilson, 364, 11: 511;
24. (217 j Wilson and Bahlke, 45, 16: 115; 24. (218) Wilson and Barnard,
45, 13: 906; 21. (219) Wilson and Barnard, 244, 12: 287; 23.
(220) Wilson and Davis, 45, 15: 947; 23. (221) Wilson and Wilkins, 45, 16:
9; 24. (222) Wilson and Wylde, 45, 15: 801; 23. (223) Wimplinger, 112,
328: 539; 13. (224) Zaloziecki and Klarfeld, 136, 31: 1155; 07. (225}
Zeitfuchs, Standard Oil Co. (California), O.
FLASH POINTS OF SATURATED VAPORS OF COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

1. Pure Substances. The flash point of the vapor above a liquid
is the temperature at which ignition will occur. The observed
value is materially dependent upon the type of apparatus used
(v. p. 150 for comparison of values with different types of apparatus). The lower limit of the flash point of a pure liquid is approxi. mately the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to
B /k N where B is the barometric pressure, N is the number of moles
of 2 required for complete combustion of one mole of the liquid,
and A; is a constant varying with the type of apparatus employed
cf. ( 4 ). The flash point varies with the barometric pressure at
the same rate as the boiling point.
In the accompanying table are shown for a number of liquids;
(a) the value of N, (&) the observed flash point as recorded in the
literature and (c) the flash point as calculated from the above
relation, assuming k = 8. A better agreement between observed
and calculated flash point might perhaps be obtained by using
different values of k for different types of apparatus but the
recorded flash points vary greatly and a careful and comprehensive
investigation is needed.
Formula
CS2
Name
I Carbon disulfide
Flash point
CalcuObserved
lated,
min.
| -25.5 to -20 -27
Formula
Benzene
Cyclohexane
Hexane
Toluene
Heptane
Ethylbenzene
Xylene
Octane
n-Propylbenzene
Naphthalene
Tetralin
sec.-Butylbenzene. . . .
Dekalin
7.5
9
9.5
9
11
10.5
10.5
12.5
12
Flash point
CalcuObserved
lated,
min.
Lit.
17
77
67 to 78
65
27.5 to 39
(8)
(8)
(5,8)
(8)
(5,8)
HALIDES
Dichloroethylene
o-Dichlorobenzene.. . .
p-Dichlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
Chlorobenzene'.
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O
CsH8O
C4HioO
C 4 Hi 0 O
CsHi2O
C6H6O
C6H6O2
CeH 6 O 2
CeH 6 O 2
C6H7O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
CioHsO
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
n-Propyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
w-Butyl alcohol
Isobutyl alcohol
Isoamyl alcohol
Phenol
Catechol
Resorcinol
Hydroquinol
Cyclohexanol (hexalin)
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
0-Naphthol
C2H6O
C3H6O
C4Hi0O
C 7 HeO
Methyl ether
Acetone
Ethyl ether
Benzaldehyde
9.5
8.5
8.5
55
42
23.5
ALCOHOLS and PHENOLS
HYDRO CARBONS
C6He
CeHi2
CeHi4
C7H8
C 7 Hi 6
CsHio
C8Hi0
CsHis
CgHi 2
Ci0H8
Ci0Hi2
CioHi4
CioHis
JV
C 2 H 4 Cl 2
C6HeCIa
CeH4Cl2
CeH5Br
CeH6Cl
Lit.
<<)
Name
To
3
4.5
6.5
6.5
-1 to 32
9.0 to 32.0
22.5 to 45.5
11.75 to 14.5
35 to 35.5
27.5
40 to 42
79
127
152
165
160
167.5
(4, S)
(4, 5)
(4,5)
(4)
(4)
(*)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
8.5
8.5
8.5
11.5
68
81 to 83
86
86
161
79
89.5
90.5
139
(3)
(4,5)
(4)
(4)
(5)
6
7.5
13
14
25
28
44
ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND ETHERS

- 12 to 10
- 17
-18
6.5 to 30
- I t o 17
15.5
29 to 50
17
30.5
86
78
52
58
-13
-17
-26
6.5
- 5
23
25
15
40.5
(4, 5)
(4)
(4, 5)
(5)
4
6
8
(4)
C 7 HeQ 2
(4)
(4, 5)
(3)
(4)
(3)
-19
-43
63
(5)
(2,5)
(5)
(5)
ACIDS
(4)
(5)
41
18 to 2
-41 to -20
62.5
I Benzolo acid
7.5|
121 to 131 [ 136
| (4> 5)
ESTERS
CsH6O2
CaH6O2
C 4 H 7 ClO 2
Ethyl formate
Methyl acetate
Chloroethyl acetate
sTo
3.5
-19.5
-15.5 to 4.6
67
-18
-15
(4)
(4)
(8)
ESTERS. (Continued)
Formula
C 4 H 7 ClOa
C4HsO2
04UsOa
C4H8O2
C4HsO2
CsHi0O2
CsHi0O2
CsHi0O2
CsHi0O2
CsHi0O2
Name
Ethyl chloroacetate. . .
Ethyl acetate
Methyl propionate. ..
n-Propyl formate
Isopropyl formate . . . .
w-Butyl formate
Ethyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate . . .
n-Propyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
5
5
5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Flash point
CalcuObserved
lated,
min.
54
5.0 to 5
-5
-3
2.0
-2
-3.0
5.5
17.5
9
12.5
11
14
10.5
14.5
4.5
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS. (Continued)

Lit.
(8)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
C6H3ClN2Ch
C6H4ClNOa
CeH4N 2 O4
Dinitrochlorobenzene.
Nitrochlorobenzene. . .
wi-Dinitrobenzene . . . .
187
127
150
(5)
(5)
(5)
Formula
CeH5NO2
CeH 7 N
CsHnN
CioHgN
Name
Nitrobenzene
Aniline
Dimethylaniline
a-Naphthylamine
7.5
9
12
13.5
Flash point
CalcuObserved
lated,
min.
88 to 90
89.5
71
70
61 to 76
70
157'
144
Lit.
(4,5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
2. Mixtures.See p. 150.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Battle, Handbook of Industrial Oil Engineering, p. 262; Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1920. ( 2 ) Coste, 173, 42: 168; 17. (3) Gardner, Paint Mfgrs.
Assoc. U. S., Circular 248: 62; 25. ( 4 ) Mack, Boord and Barham, 45, 15:
;963; 23. ( 5 ) Ormondy and Craven, Chem. Trade J., 70: 41; 22. ( 6 )
Schrauth, 416, 2: 184; 21. ( 7 ) Sherman, Gray and Hammerschlag, 45, 1:
13; 09. (8) Weber and Wynne, 78, 46: 197; 24.
QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS OF SOME COMPOUNDS UPON DETONATION IN INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES
T. A. BOYD
The detonation or "knock'' that characterizes combustion in
gasoline engines under certain conditions is influenced primarily
by the chemical composition or structure of the fuel, and secondarily by the compression to which the combustion mixture is
subjected, by its temperature, and by the point in the cycle at
which ignition occurs, as well as by some more minor factors, such
as the shape of the combustion chamber and the location of the
spark plug (* 8 ). The principal types of compounds that may
be used as fuels in the gasoline engine arrange themselves in the
order of decreasing tendency to knock as follows ( 2 > 8 ): ethers,
paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, alcohols. The tendency
of any given fuel to detonate may either be increased or decreased
as desired by the addition of a suitable compound to the combustion mixture, the amount required being very small in some cases.
La dtonation ou le "cognage" qui caractrise la combustion

dans les moteurs benzine sous certaines conditions, est influence
premirement par la composition chimique ou la structure du
carburant et secondairement par la compression laquelle le
mlange combustible est soumis, par sa temprature, et par le
point du cycle auquel l'allumage se produit, de mme que par
quelques autres facteurs de moindre importance, tels que la
forme de la chambre de combustion et la situation de la bougie
d'allumage ( 1 J 8). Les principaux types de composs qui peuvent
tre utiliss comme carburants dans les moteurs essence peuvent
tre classs dans l'ordre de leur tendance dcroissante dtoner,
comme suit ( 2 > 8 ): Ethers, Paraffines, Olfines, Naphthnes, Aromatiques et Alcools. La tendance de chaque carburant dtoner
peut tre augmente ou diminue suivant le dsir, par l'addition
d'un compos convenable au mlange de combustion, la quantit
requise pour produire l'effet tant dans certains cas trs faible.
Die Detonation oder das Klopfen (knock), welche die Verbrennung in Benzinmotoren unter gewissen Bedingungen kennzeichnet, ist zunchst von der chemischen Zusammensetzung
oder Struktur des Brennstoffes beeinflusst, in zweiter Linie von
der Kompression, dem das Verbrennungsgemisch ausgesetzt
ist, von seiner Temperatur und von der Lage des Zndpunktes
im Kreisprozess. In gleicher Weise hngt es noch von kleineren
Faktoren ab, wie der Form des Verbrennungsraumes und der Lage
der Zndkerze (V 8 ). Die hauptschlichsten Arten die als Motorbetriebsstoffe in Frage kommen, ordnen sich selbst in abnehmender Ordnung ihrer Fhigkeit zu klopfen, in folgender Weise
( 2 > 8 ): ther-Arten, Paraffine, Olefine, Naphtene, Stoffe der
aromatischen Reihe und Alkohole. Die Neigung irgend eines
gegebenen Betriebsstoffes zu detonieren, kann nach Bedarf
erhht oder erniedrigt werden, durch Hinzufgung einer passenden
Verbindung zum Betriebsstoff. Die dazu notwendige Menge ist
in manchen Fllen sehr gering.
La detonazione (Knock) che, in certe condizioni, caratterizza

la combustione nei motori a essenza, influenzata anzitutto dalla
composizione chimica o struttura del carburante, e in secondo
luogo dal grado di compressione della miscela, dalla sua temperatura, e dal momento in cui l'accensine avviene durante il
ciclo. Essa dipende pure da altri fattori secondari, come la forma
della camera di combustione e la posizione della candela ( 1 J 8).
I principali tipi di composti che possono adoperarsi come carburanti nei motori a essenza si possono disporre nell'ordine seguente graduandoli secondo la tendenza decrescente a detonare
( 2 J 8 ): eteri, paraffine, olefine, nafteni, sostanze aromatiche, alcoli.
La tendenza di un dato combustibile a detonare pu essere accresciuta o diminuita a piacere aggiungendo alla miscela combustibile
un adatto composto. La quantit di sostanza a ci necessaria
in alcuni casi molto piccola.
ESTERS. (Continued)
Formula
C 4 H 7 ClOa
C4HsO2
04UsOa
C4H8O2
C4HsO2
CsHi0O2
CsHi0O2
CsHi0O2
CsHi0O2
CsHi0O2
Name
Ethyl chloroacetate. . .
Ethyl acetate
Methyl propionate. ..
n-Propyl formate
Isopropyl formate . . . .
w-Butyl formate
Ethyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate . . .
n-Propyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
5
5
5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Flash point
CalcuObserved
lated,
min.
54
5.0 to 5
-5
-3
2.0
-2
-3.0
5.5
17.5
9
12.5
11
14
10.5
14.5
4.5
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS. (Continued)

Lit.
(8)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
C6H3ClN2Ch
C6H4ClNOa
CeH4N 2 O4
Dinitrochlorobenzene.
Nitrochlorobenzene. . .
wi-Dinitrobenzene . . . .
187
127
150
(5)
(5)
(5)
Formula
CeH5NO2
CeH 7 N
CsHnN
CioHgN
Name
Nitrobenzene
Aniline
Dimethylaniline
a-Naphthylamine
7.5
9
12
13.5
Flash point
CalcuObserved
lated,
min.
88 to 90
89.5
71
70
61 to 76
70
157'
144
Lit.
(4,5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
2. Mixtures.See p. 150.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Battle, Handbook of Industrial Oil Engineering, p. 262; Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1920. ( 2 ) Coste, 173, 42: 168; 17. (3) Gardner, Paint Mfgrs.
Assoc. U. S., Circular 248: 62; 25. ( 4 ) Mack, Boord and Barham, 45, 15:
;963; 23. ( 5 ) Ormondy and Craven, Chem. Trade J., 70: 41; 22. ( 6 )
Schrauth, 416, 2: 184; 21. ( 7 ) Sherman, Gray and Hammerschlag, 45, 1:
13; 09. (8) Weber and Wynne, 78, 46: 197; 24.
QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS OF SOME COMPOUNDS UPON DETONATION IN INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES
T. A. BOYD
The detonation or "knock'' that characterizes combustion in
gasoline engines under certain conditions is influenced primarily
by the chemical composition or structure of the fuel, and secondarily by the compression to which the combustion mixture is
subjected, by its temperature, and by the point in the cycle at
which ignition occurs, as well as by some more minor factors, such
as the shape of the combustion chamber and the location of the
spark plug (* 8 ). The principal types of compounds that may
be used as fuels in the gasoline engine arrange themselves in the
order of decreasing tendency to knock as follows ( 2 > 8 ): ethers,
paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, alcohols. The tendency
of any given fuel to detonate may either be increased or decreased
as desired by the addition of a suitable compound to the combustion mixture, the amount required being very small in some cases.
La dtonation ou le "cognage" qui caractrise la combustion

dans les moteurs benzine sous certaines conditions, est influence
premirement par la composition chimique ou la structure du
carburant et secondairement par la compression laquelle le
mlange combustible est soumis, par sa temprature, et par le
point du cycle auquel l'allumage se produit, de mme que par
quelques autres facteurs de moindre importance, tels que la
forme de la chambre de combustion et la situation de la bougie
d'allumage ( 1 J 8). Les principaux types de composs qui peuvent
tre utiliss comme carburants dans les moteurs essence peuvent
tre classs dans l'ordre de leur tendance dcroissante dtoner,
comme suit ( 2 > 8 ): Ethers, Paraffines, Olfines, Naphthnes, Aromatiques et Alcools. La tendance de chaque carburant dtoner
peut tre augmente ou diminue suivant le dsir, par l'addition
d'un compos convenable au mlange de combustion, la quantit
requise pour produire l'effet tant dans certains cas trs faible.
Die Detonation oder das Klopfen (knock), welche die Verbrennung in Benzinmotoren unter gewissen Bedingungen kennzeichnet, ist zunchst von der chemischen Zusammensetzung
oder Struktur des Brennstoffes beeinflusst, in zweiter Linie von
der Kompression, dem das Verbrennungsgemisch ausgesetzt
ist, von seiner Temperatur und von der Lage des Zndpunktes
im Kreisprozess. In gleicher Weise hngt es noch von kleineren
Faktoren ab, wie der Form des Verbrennungsraumes und der Lage
der Zndkerze (V 8 ). Die hauptschlichsten Arten die als Motorbetriebsstoffe in Frage kommen, ordnen sich selbst in abnehmender Ordnung ihrer Fhigkeit zu klopfen, in folgender Weise
( 2 > 8 ): ther-Arten, Paraffine, Olefine, Naphtene, Stoffe der
aromatischen Reihe und Alkohole. Die Neigung irgend eines
gegebenen Betriebsstoffes zu detonieren, kann nach Bedarf
erhht oder erniedrigt werden, durch Hinzufgung einer passenden
Verbindung zum Betriebsstoff. Die dazu notwendige Menge ist
in manchen Fllen sehr gering.
La detonazione (Knock) che, in certe condizioni, caratterizza

la combustione nei motori a essenza, influenzata anzitutto dalla
composizione chimica o struttura del carburante, e in secondo
luogo dal grado di compressione della miscela, dalla sua temperatura, e dal momento in cui l'accensine avviene durante il
ciclo. Essa dipende pure da altri fattori secondari, come la forma
della camera di combustione e la posizione della candela ( 1 J 8).
I principali tipi di composti che possono adoperarsi come carburanti nei motori a essenza si possono disporre nell'ordine seguente graduandoli secondo la tendenza decrescente a detonare
( 2 J 8 ): eteri, paraffine, olefine, nafteni, sostanze aromatiche, alcoli.
La tendenza di un dato combustibile a detonare pu essere accresciuta o diminuita a piacere aggiungendo alla miscela combustibile
un adatto composto. La quantit di sostanza a ci necessaria
in alcuni casi molto piccola.
RELATIVE EFFECTS OF SOME MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS FOR SUPPRESSING DETONATION IN

ENGINES
Aniline in concentration of 2 % of the fuel by volume taken as
standard of effect. All measurements made with bouncing-pin
apparatus, using kerosene as fuel (* 3> 4). The values given
below are, respectively, (a) amount in grams required to give
an "anti-knock" effect equivalent to l g of aniline, and (b) reciprocal of the number of mois required to give an " anti-knock" effect
equivalent to 1 mol of aniline.
Compound
Aniline
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Alcohol
Ethyl iodide
Diethyl selenide
Diphenyl selenide
Diethyl telluride
Diphenyl telluride
Triphenylphosphine
Triphenylarsine
Triphenylstibine
Tetraethyl tin
Tetraethyl lead
Tetraphenyl lead
Diphenyl diethyl lead . . .
Formula
(a) Wt. (b) ReI.

for
mol.
Lit.
given
effeceffect
tiveness
1
1
9.8
0.085 (')
0.112 O)
8.8
0.142 O)
8.0
0.104 ( 5 )
4.75
1.09 ( 6 )
1.55
0.214
6.9
(6)
5.2
0.49
(6)
26.6
0.075
(6)
22.0
0.139
(6)
0.91 ( 7 )
3.08
2.44
1.35
(7)
2.42
1.56
(7)
0.66*
3.8* ( 7 )
0.0295 118
(3)
69. 5f
0.08Ot
(9)
C 6 H 5 NH 2
C6H6
C6H5CH3
C6H4(CH8),
C2H5OH
C2H5I
(C2H5)2Se
(C6H5)2Se
(C2H5)2Te
(C6H5)2Te
(C6H5)SP
(C6H5)3 As
(C6H5)3Sb
(C2H5)4Sn
(C2H5)4Pb
(C6H5)4Pb
(C6Ho)2(C2Hs)2Pb
0.041f UOf
(9)
Triethylbismu thine
(C2H5)3Bi
0.135f
23. 8f
(9)
Tr iphenylbismu thine.. . . (C6Hs)3Bi
0.22t
21. 5t ( 9 )
Nickel carbonyl
Ni(CO)4
O. 053 t
35t
(9)
Dimethyl cadmium
(CHs)2Cd
1.23t
1.25t
(9)
Titanium tetrachloride . . TiCl4
0.64f
3.2t
(9)
* Values for tetraethyl tin in doubt because of preignition induced by the
compound.
t These figures computed from the data of the original article, and converted
to the aniline scale used for the other values in the table, on which tetraethyl
lead is- 118, instead of 100 as it is in the system of comparison used by the
authors.
RELATIVE EFFECTS OF SOME COMPOUNDS
OF NITROGEN FOR SUPPRESSING
DETONATION IN ENGINES
Aniline in concentrations up to 3 % of the fuel by volume taken
as standard of effect. All measurements made with bouncing-pin
apparatus, using kerosene as fuel ( 4 ). The values given below are,
respectively, (a) amount in grams required to give an " antiknock" effect equivalent to l g of aniline, and (b) reciprocal of the
number of mois required to give an "anti-knock'' effect equivalent
to 1 mol of aniline. Negative values are marked ( ).
(b) ReI.
(a) Wt. for
Compound
Formula
mol. effectgiven effect
iveness
1
1
Aniline
C 6 H 6 NH 2
Cumidine
(CHg) 3 C 6 H 2 NH 2 0.96
1.51
Diphenylamine
(C6Hs)2NH
1.21
1.5
m-Xylidine
(CHs)2C6H3NH2 0.92
1.4
Monomethy!aniline. . . C6H5NHCH3
1.4
0.83
Toluidine
CH3C6H4NH2
0.94*
1.22*
Amylaminobenzene. . . C 5 HnC 6 HeNH 2
1.53
1.15
Ethylaminobenzene . . C2H5C6H4NH2
1.14
1.14
Aminodiphenyl
C6H5CeH4NH2
1.6
1.14
(6) ReI.
(a) Wt. for
mol. effectgiven effect
iveness
Methyl-o-toluidine(7). CH 3 C 6 H 4 NHCH 3 1.15
1.13
1.44
7i-Butylaminobenzene C4HgC6H4NH2
1.11
1.32
n-Propylaminobenzene C 3 H 7 C 6 H 4 NH 2
1.10
1.27
1.02
Monoethylaniline
C 6 H 5 NHC 2 H 6
1.95
Mono-n-propy !aniline C6H5NHC3H:
0.75
3.65
Ethyldiphenylamine. . C 2 H 5 N(C 6 Ho) 2
0.58
0.52
Mono-n-buty!aniline. . C6H5NHC4Ho
3.1
Diethylamine
(C2H5)2 NH
1.59
0.495
7.15
Di-n-propylaniline . . . C6H5N (C3H7) 2
0.27
Mono-isoamylaniline. C6H5NHC5Hn
7.1
0.248
0.24
Diethylaniline
C6H5N (C2H5) ,
6.7
Dimethylaniline
C 6 H 5 N(CHa) 2
6.2
0.21
2.4
Ethylamine
C 2 H 5 NH 2
0.20
0.14
Triethylamine
(C 2 Hg) 3 N
7.95
30.0
Triphenylamine
(C6Ho)3N
0.09
Ammonia
NH 3
2.0(-)
0.09(-)
Isopropyl nitrite
C 3 H 7 NO 2
0.085(-)f 11.5(-)t
* Average of o-, m-, and p-values.
tApprox. only. Organic nitrates and nitrites in general are inducers of
detonation, the former being more effective than the latter, and the alkyl compounds much more effective than the aryl. Chlorine and bromine, as well as
some of their compounds, induce detonation also.
Compound
Formula
Relative effect of hydrocarbons for suppressing detonations in

engines (l> 5 ). Kerosene as fuel; xylidine as standard of effect upon
detonation.
LITERATURE
(*) Midgley and Boyd, 45, 14: 589; 22. (2) Midgley, 244, 7: 495; 20. (3)
Midgley and Boyd, 45, 14: 894; 22. (4) Boyd, 45, 16: 893; 24. () Midgley and Boyd, 844, 10: 451; 22. (6) Midgley, 46, 15: 421; 23. (7) Boyd,
O. (8) Ricardo, 381, 11: 92; 21. () Charch, Mack and Boord, 45, 18:
334; 26.
LUBRICANTS AND LUBRICATION

J. H. HYDE
CONTENTS
Coefficient of kinetic friction for

surfaces of cast iron and steel
when lubricated with various
oils
MATIRES
Frottement des paliers collets.
Coefficient de frottement cintique.
Rupture de la couche lubrifiante d'un palier collets
pour des paliers de diffrents
dgagements.
Coefficient de frottement statique entre surfaces d'acier
doux et de mtaux varis
lorsque graisses avec des
huiles varies.
Coefficient de frottement cintique pour des surfaces de
fonte et d'acier lorsque graisses avec des huiles varies.
Effects of additions of rape oil

and of fatty acids to Bayonne
oil.
Action des additions d'huile de

colza et d'acides gras
l'huile de Bayonne.
Effect of pressure on coefficient

of static friction.
Effet de la pression sur le

coefficient de frottement statique.
Variation du frottement statique avec le lubrifiant pour
des lubrifiants varis sous
pression constante.
Journal-bearing friction.
Coefficient of kinetic friction.
Rupture of lubricating film in
a journal bearing, for bearings of different clearances.
Coefficient of static friction
between surfaces of mild steel
and various metals when
lubricated with various oils.
Variation of static friction with

lubricant for various lubricants under constant pressure.
Lubricating value of oils under
conditions of heavy loads and
temperatures up to 10O0C.
Indice de graissage des huiles

dans des conditions de
charges leves et de tempratures allant jusqu' 10O0C.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Tragzapfenreibung.
Reibungskoeffizient der Bewegung.
Bruch des Ommes (Schmiermittel-Filmes) bei Traglagern
mit verschiedenem Lagerspiel.
Reibungskoeffizient der Ruhe
zwischen Oberflchen aus
Flusseisen und verschiedenen
Metallen bei der Schmierung
mit verschiedenen len.
Reibungskoeffizient der Bewegung fr Oberflchen aus
Gusseisen und Stahl bei
Schmierung mit verschiedenen len.
Einfluss eines Zusatzes von
Rbl und von Fettsuren
zu Bayonne-l.
INDICE
PAGE
Attrito nei cuscinetti
164
Coefficiente di attrito cinetico
164
Rottura della pellicola di
lubrificazione nei cuscinetti di diversi valori di
giuoco
165
Coefficiente di attrito statico fra superficie di
acciaio dolce e vari metalli nella lubrificazione
con vari olii
165
Coefficiente di attrito cinetico per superficie di
ghisa e acciaio nella lubrificazione con vari olii 165
Influenza dell'aggiunta di
olio di ravizzone e di
acidi grassi all'olio di
Bayonne
165
Influenza della pressione
sul coefficiente di attrito
statico.
165
Variazione dell'attrito statico per lubrificazione
con vari lubrificanti a
pressione costante
165
Einfluss des Flchendruckes auf

den Reibungskoeffizient der
Ruhe.
nderung des Reibungskoeffizienten der Ruhe bei
Schmierung mit verschiedenen Schmiermitteln und
konstanten (Flchen-) Druck.
Schmierfhigkeit von len bei
grosser Belastung und Temperaturen bis 10O0C.
Valore lubrificante di olii

sotto forti carichi e a temperature fino a 10O 0 C... 165
For density, viscosity and other physical properties of lubricants, see p. 136.
JOURNAL BEARING FRICTION
In the following tables the value of the coefficient of friction of a journal bearing is given for different values of the quantity:
SQr)N
-_
Absolute viscosity of lubricant at bearing
temperature X r. p. s.; _
.
:
5
= 60 X
~~ where pressure on bearing =

r
Jrressure on bearing
Total load on bearing
Length of bearing X diameter of journal
_ - ,,
6OgAT
COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC FKICTION FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE RATIO -^s

(4)
DIAMETER v '
T U
Sommerfeld
,
Sommerfeld
,
Sommerfeld
.
T
T
T
Lasche
^
Lasche
^
Lasche
,
Lasche
1/1000
0.005
0.0115
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.036
100
250
500
750
1000
1250
I
0.006
0.012
0.024
0.036
0.048
0.060
1/500
0.0045
0.011
0.017
0.021
0.025
0.029
1/250
0.0025
0.006
0.012
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.0035
0.0095
0.016
0.019
0.020
0.021
|
0.0032
0.0035
0.0060
0.0090
0.0125
0.0158
Sommerfeld
,
1/100
0.003
0.0075
0.0115
0.0135
0.0150
0.0165
0.010
0.010
0.0096
0.0092
0.0090
0.0090
COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC FRICTION ( 4 )
-^pStribeck white metal bearing 5.40 in. long

Bronze bearing 9'.06 in. long
Hersey full bearing,
p^meter = -04
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
0.0128 0.0190 0.0245 0.0290 0.0335 0.0370|0.0405 0.0435 0.0462 0.0482 0.0500 0.0512
0.00850.01250.01560.01820.02050.02220.02400.02550.02700.02820.02950.0305
0.00380.00550.00750.00920.01100.01300.01450.01650.01820.02000.02200.0238
RUPTURE OF LUBRICATING FILM
-p
60 50140 35 30 25 20 15 12
11
Values of 75 for rupture of lubricating film in a journal bearClearence at ru P ture - - 26 30 35 400J460J555 700 900 1200 1400
ing, for bearings of different clearances ( 4 ).
EFFECT OF VARIOUS LUBRICANTS ON STATIC FRICTION

Coefficient of static friction between surfaces of mild steel and various metals when lubricated with various oils, for pressures ranging from 10 to 120 Ib./in.2 and at a temperature of 160C; "Deeley" Machine Tests (3).
Coefficient of static friction
Mild steel against
Lubricant
White
metal
0.109
0.118
0.138
0.165
0.185
0.188
0.195
Rape
Lard
Castor
FFF cylinder
Bayonne
Mobiloil BB
Sperm
Mobil E
Victory red
Axle
steel
0.137
0.110
0.121
0.147
0.157
0.174
0.121
Cast
iron
0.102
0.133
0.131
0.179
0.214
0.182
0.138
Wrought
iron
0.136
0.125
0.136
0.159
0.185
0.174
0.146
Gun
metal
0.155
0.155
0.166
0.177
0.207
0.233
0.214
"Stones"
bronze
0.124
0.117
0.121
0.128
0.158
0.152
0.173
Aluminum
0.111
0.100
0.126
0.137
0.145
0.145
0.156
Hardened
steel against
Bronze*
0.080
0.082
0.109
0.120
0.132
0.111
0.115
0.117
* Average between 10 and 120 Ib./in.2
COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC FRICTION FOR SURFACES OF CAST IRON AND STEEL WHEN LUBRICATED WITH VARIOUS OILS
Pressure 30 Ib./in.2; 22 to 240C. Variation of coefficient of kinetic friction with rubbing speed and quantity of stearic acid
addition to lubricant. "Deeley" Type Machine ( 4 ).
Rubbing speed, ft. per min
| 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 [ 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 4.0 | 4.5 [ 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.0
Mineral auto oil alone
0.26 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15s0.14 0.1250.1150.11 0.1050.105
+4% stearic acid
0.1050.0900.0800.0750.0700.0650.060
+2% stearic acid
0.0850.0750.0650.0600.0550.0530.0520.0500.0480.0470.0460.045
EFFECT OF ADDITIONS TO BAYONNE OIL
Effect of additions of rape oil and of fatty acids to Bayonne oil (straight mineral). Coefficient of static friction between surfaces
of hardened steel and bronze. "Deeley" Machine Tests. Pressure 10 to 120 lb./in.2 160C (2).
For a neutral rape oil. No free fatty acid || For a rape oil containing 2.44 % free fatty acid
Per cent of added oil
O
4
8?2 20.5 41.0 I 100
O
2
4
8^2 20.5 40.9
1~
Coeff. of static friction
0.132 0.110 0.105 0.099 O.Q96| 0.083 0.132 0.109 0.102 0.099 0.093 0.088 0.080
EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION ( 5 )
I
For additions of oleic acid
Per cent oleic

acidadded... O 0.20 0.40 0.80 1.50
2
10
40
80 100
Coeff. of static
friction
0.132 0.102 0.097 0.092 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.085 0.079 0.075
Pressure between surfaces, lb./in.2|

Mild steel and cast iron with rape
oil
Mild steel and gun metal with FFF
cylinder oil
Mild steel and gun metal with
sperm oil
VARIATION OF STATIC FRICTION WITH LUBRICANT FOR VARIOUS LUBRICANTS UNDER

Mild steel
Clock ~ T y p e - Victory
FFF Manchester ^ A
. ,
. /TTUS Bayonne
.*.
,J
,. ,
.
Castor
J
against
oil7 (HB)
writer
red
cylinder
spindle
Cast iron
0.271
0.213
0.211 0.195
0.193
0.183
0.153
Gun metal
0.275
0.234
0.294 0.246
0.236
0.262
0.169
LUBRICATING VALUE OF OILS UNDER CONDITIONS OF
HEAVY LOADS AND TEMPERATURES UP TO 100
Tests made on the Daimler-Lanchester Worm Gear Testing
Machine at the National Physical Laboratory, England, show that
the value of a straight mineral oil as a lubricant, when the load is
great, diminishes rapidly above a certain critical temperature.
It has been found by a very large number of tests under the same
8.6 | 17.3 | 26.0 | 36.6 | 43.3 | 52.0

0.205 0.200 0.203 0.208 0.218 0.229
0.172 0.100 0.081 0.067 0.058 0.052
0.020 0.029 0.036 0.045 0.053 0.061
CONSTANT PRESSURE OF
"
Trotter ~ T
Sperm ,, ,, Olive
_
(hard)
0.127
0.123 0.119
0.189
0.152 0.196
10 LB./IN.2 ( 5 )
"
I Valvoline
Rape
,. .
^
cylinder
0.119
0.143
0.136
conditions of speed, load and supply of lubricant at a given temperature, that the efficiency of the worm gear in the testing
machine remains remarkably constant at the load selected for the
tests, and, as differences of efficiency could be determined to 0.1 %
(absolute efficiency to 0.2%), the efficiency-temperature values
obtained give a valuable indication of the quality of the
lubricant.
EFFECT OF TEMPEBATUEE ON GEAR EFFICIENCY

Variation of efficiency of power transmission by worm gear,
with temperature of lubricant, for a straight mineral oil (Bayonne
oil). This example is typical of all mineral oils (5).
0
C
15 to 421 45
Gear
"
efficiency, 95.0
94.7
.__%
0
C
I 75
I 80
Gear
efficiency, 92.8
92.7
%
50
55
60
65
94.2
93.8
93.4
93.1
85
90
92.6
92.5
95
92.5
Viscosity of Mixtures of
rape and mineral
oils (5J
t=20c
70
~~
92.9
I
100
92.4
The following critical temperatures were observed: Bayonne,

42; FFF cylinder, 71; Victory red oil, 50; Mobiloil "A," 56;
Mobiloil "BB," 62; lard, rape, castor and sperm, none observed.
A small addition of fatty oil, fatty acid or graphite raises the critical
temperature 10 to 20.
LITERATURE
(l) Hersey, 306, 35: 648; 23. (2) Hyde, 110, 111 : 708; 21. ( 3 ) Hyde, National
Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 4 ) Wilson and Barnard, 45, 14: 682; 22.
( 5 ) Report of the Lubrications and Lubricants Enquiry Committee, Dept. of
Scientific and Industrial Research, England, 1920.
TYPICAL ANALYSES AND PROPERTIES OF GASEOUS FUELS

E. R. WEAVER
The hydrocarbons in natural gases and the hydrogen and
saturated hydrocarbons in manufactured gases are usually determined by combustion, and the actual compounds present are not
determined. The properties which affect the use of the gas as a
fuel (heating value, specific gravity, air required for combustion
and products formed by combustion) would be the same for a
mixture of the composition stated by the analysis as for the
mixture analyzed. For example, a mixture of one volume of
hydrogen and one of ethane has the same values for these properties
as two volumes of methane; and in an analysis of manufactured
gas they would appear as methane. The "illuminants" of
manufactured gas generally include all hydrocarbons present
except those of the paraffin series. The first table gives the actual
compositions of some typical gases; the second table gives analyses
stated in the conventional manner. The same index letter in the
two tables refers to the same gas.
ACTUAL COMPOSITION
The last column of each series of hydrocarbons in which a number is entered includes higher homologs
;
Gas
TT
no
2
Natural gases
Appalachian
field
p
D
Constituents of gas, % by volume

Saturated hydrocarbons
||
Illuminants
||
Inerts
CH4 I C2H6 C3H8 I C4H10 1 C5H12 || C2H4 1 C3H6 1 C4H8 1 C2H2 C6H6| C 7 H 8 JI CO2 | O2 1 N2
90.7 3.8
3.3 0.8
0.4
1.0
84.7 9.4
3.0 1.3
1.6
80.4 .8.7
4.1 4.0
1.3
1.5
44.7 7.9 21.3 9.9
16.2
1.0
74.7 13.0
6.0 1.5
0.8
4.0
50.6 3.1
2.4 8.4
ca. l % H e
34.5
Oklahoma E
Texas ("wet gas") F
Gas "F" after removal of
gasolene G
54.8
Coal gas H
52.5 6,8 30.0
Carburetted water gas I
32.029.8 13.1
3.3
0.8
2.9
2.6 0.8
0.12 0.02
0.3
2.0
9.8
0.3
2.8
0.1
1.7
0.01
1.1
0.9
ca. 1 % He
37.5
0.4 I 1.7 0.6 3.5
0.6 || 4.8
1.3
EFFECT OF TEMPEBATUEE ON GEAR EFFICIENCY

Variation of efficiency of power transmission by worm gear,
with temperature of lubricant, for a straight mineral oil (Bayonne
oil). This example is typical of all mineral oils (5).
0
C
15 to 421 45
Gear
"
efficiency, 95.0
94.7
.__%
0
C
I 75
I 80
Gear
efficiency, 92.8
92.7
%
50
55
60
65
94.2
93.8
93.4
93.1
85
90
92.6
92.5
95
92.5
Viscosity of Mixtures of
rape and mineral
oils (5J
t=20c
70
~~
92.9
I
100
92.4
The following critical temperatures were observed: Bayonne,

42; FFF cylinder, 71; Victory red oil, 50; Mobiloil "A," 56;
Mobiloil "BB," 62; lard, rape, castor and sperm, none observed.
A small addition of fatty oil, fatty acid or graphite raises the critical
temperature 10 to 20.
LITERATURE
(l) Hersey, 306, 35: 648; 23. (2) Hyde, 110, 111 : 708; 21. ( 3 ) Hyde, National
Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 4 ) Wilson and Barnard, 45, 14: 682; 22.
( 5 ) Report of the Lubrications and Lubricants Enquiry Committee, Dept. of
Scientific and Industrial Research, England, 1920.
TYPICAL ANALYSES AND PROPERTIES OF GASEOUS FUELS

E. R. WEAVER
The hydrocarbons in natural gases and the hydrogen and
saturated hydrocarbons in manufactured gases are usually determined by combustion, and the actual compounds present are not
determined. The properties which affect the use of the gas as a
fuel (heating value, specific gravity, air required for combustion
and products formed by combustion) would be the same for a
mixture of the composition stated by the analysis as for the
mixture analyzed. For example, a mixture of one volume of
hydrogen and one of ethane has the same values for these properties
as two volumes of methane; and in an analysis of manufactured
gas they would appear as methane. The "illuminants" of
manufactured gas generally include all hydrocarbons present
except those of the paraffin series. The first table gives the actual
compositions of some typical gases; the second table gives analyses
stated in the conventional manner. The same index letter in the
two tables refers to the same gas.
ACTUAL COMPOSITION
The last column of each series of hydrocarbons in which a number is entered includes higher homologs
;
Gas
TT
no
2
Natural gases
Appalachian
field
p
D

Saturated hydrocarbons
||
Illuminants
||
Inerts
CH4 I C2H6 C3H8 I C4H10 1 C5H12 || C2H4 1 C3H6 1 C4H8 1 C2H2 C6H6| C 7 H 8 JI CO2 | O2 1 N2
90.7 3.8
3.3 0.8
0.4
1.0
84.7 9.4
3.0 1.3
1.6
80.4 .8.7
4.1 4.0
1.3
1.5
44.7 7.9 21.3 9.9
16.2
1.0
74.7 13.0
6.0 1.5
0.8
4.0
50.6 3.1
2.4 8.4
ca. l % H e
34.5
Oklahoma E
Texas ("wet gas") F
Gas "F" after removal of
gasolene G
54.8
Coal gas H
52.5 6,8 30.0
Carburetted water gas I
32.029.8 13.1
3.3
0.8
2.9
2.6 0.8
0.12 0.02
0.3
2.0
9.8
0.3
2.8
0.1
1.7
0.01
1.1
0.9
ca. 1 % He
37.5
0.4 I 1.7 0.6 3.5
0.6 || 4.8
1.3
Gas
A
B
C
Natural gases D
E
F
G
Kern Co., Calif
Coal gas H
Carburetted water
COMPOSITION GIVEN BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Products of combustion
Heat of
Volume combustion volumes per volume
Speciof gas
air per kg-cal per
fic volume
1 (1 atm.,
gravgas re- 15.50C) to
ity
quired form liquid
IllumiCO2 O2 N 2 (air =
H2 CO CH4 C2H6 C3H8
CO2 H2O N 2 Total
nants
for com- H2O and
D bustion gaseous CO
2
at 15.50C
84.2 14.8
1.142.13 8.35 11.62
1.0 0.63
10.5 .
9.9
79.1 19.3
1.6 0.66
10.2
1.182.16 8.57 11.91
10.8
63.1 35.4
1.342.32 9.50 13.16
1.5 0.73
11.3
12.0
38.8 60.2
2.583.57 16.35 22.68
1.0 1.33
20.0
20.9
62.5 33.5
1.292.26 9.22 12.77
4.0 0.73
11.0
11.6
23.0 41.5
1.061.70 7.60 10.36
35.5 0.91
9.2
8.7
50.6 10.9
38.5 0.77
6.7
6.3 0.721.36 6.66 8.74
78.6 10.3
9.7
1.4 0.70
1.091.88 7.33 10.30
9.2
8.7
51.4 6.8 32.0
3.9 1.7 0.6 3.5 0.41
5.4
5.5 0.551.25 4.31 6.11
gas I . . 28 . 5 29 . 8 19.8
15.8 4.8
1.3 0.71
6.4
6.2
0.991.11 5.05 7.15
Coal and coke-oven gases . .

''70OBTU' 7
44.8 4.3
"600 BTU"
...48.7 7.8
"550 BTU"
49.3 9.4
"500 BTU"
51.011.0
"450 BTU"
41.5 9.6
Carburetted water gas
"700 BTU"
31.228.2
"600 BTU"
34.8 30.6
40.4 32.7
"500 BTU"
"400 BTU"
45.236.5
"Blue" water gas
50.540.2
Oil gas
"800 BTU"...
38.1 2.8
"700 BTU"
41.5 7.0
"600 BTU"
45.8 9.6
"550 BTU"
50.3 10.6
"500 BTU"
55.212.4
Producer gas
"175 BTU"
21.119.8
"150 BTU"
15.3 23.2
"125 BTU"
11.623.0
"100 BTU"
5.923.8
Blast furnace gas
1.2
41.1
33.0
28.4
23.7
22.2
6.0
4.3
3.5
3.1
3.0
1.1
1.5
2.3
2.6
4.2
0.4 2.3
0.2 4.5
0.6 6.5
0.5 8.1
0.519.0
0.42
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.54
6.3
5.3
4.8
4.3
3.9
6.2
5.3
4.9
4.5
4.0
0.611.42
0.531.25
0.491-.15
0.451.06
0.440.932
4.96
4.21
3.84
3.46
3.26
6.99
5.99
5.48
4.97
4.63
20.2
15.0
10.5
5.2
1.2
15.3
11.5
8.0
4.0
0.0
2.0
4.2
5.1
6.0
4.4
3.1
3.9
3.5
3.1
3.8
0.65
0.65
0.61
0.59
0.54
6.1
5.1
4.1
3.2
2.3
6.2
5.3
4.5
3.6
2.7
0.891.08
0.800.93
0.680.81
0.580.66
0.460.53
4.82
4.08
3.29
2.55
1.85
6.79
5.81
4.78
3.79
2.84
40.9
36.8
31.0
27.4
23.4
12.2
8.4
4.7
3.5
1.6
1.5
2.8
2.5
2.8
6.0
4.8
6.1
5.7
4.6
0.49
0.47
0.46
0.43
0.40
7.2
6.2
5.3
4.8
4.3
7.1
6.2
5.4
4.9
4.5
0.771.51
0.671.36
0.581.21
0.501.14
0.451.07
5.74
4.96
4.24
3.84
3.33
8.02
6.99
6.03
5.48
4.85
6.8
6.1
5.5
6.0
8.0
48.3
53.0
58.6
63.9
63.6
0.80
0.86
0.89
0.95
1.01
1.36
1.15
0.95
0.75
0.68
1.6
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.310.29
0.320.20
0.300.14
0.300.70
0.350.01
1.56
1.44
1.34
1.23
1.18
2.16
1.96
1.78
1.60
1.54
4.0
2.4
1.3
0.4
27.2
ASPHALTS AND MINERAL WAXES

HERBERT ABRAHAM
Under this heading will be considered the following groups of
substances: (1) Mineral waxes; (2) native asphalts; (3) asphaltites;
(4) asphaltic pyrobitumens; and (5) pyrogenous asphalts. These
five groups are members of the class "Bituminous substances," the
first three falling within the group "Bitumens," the fourth within
the group " Pyrobitumens," and the fifth within the group " Pyrogenous residues."
NOMENCLATURE
The definitions which follow show the relationship between these
respective groups of substances.
Bituminous Substances.A class of native and pyrogenous
substances containing bitumens or pyrobitumens, or resembling
them in their physical properties. [This definition includes
bitumens, pyrobitumens, pyrogenous distillates (pyrogenous waxes
and tars) and pyrogenous residues (pitches and pyrogenous
asphalts).]
Bitumen.A generic term applied to native substances of
variable color, hardness and volatility; composed of hydrocarbons
substantially free from oxygenated bodies; sometimes associated
with mineral matter, the non-mineral constituents being fusible
and largely soluble in carbon disulfide; the distillates, fractionated
between 300 and 35O0C, yield considerable sulfonation residue.
[This definition includes petroleums, native asphalts, native mineral
waxes and asphaltites.]
Pyrobitumen.A generic term applied to native substances of
dark color; comparatively hard and non-volatile; composed of
hydrocarbons, which may or may not contain oxygenated bodies;
sometimes associated with mineral matter, the non-mineral constituents being infusible, and relatively insoluble in carbon disulfide.
[This definition includes the asphaltic and non-asphaltic pyrobitumens and their respective shales.]
Mineral Wax.A term applied to a species of bitumen, also
to certain pyrogenous substances; of variable color, viscous to
solid consistency; having a characteristic luster and unctuous feel;
comparatively non-volatile; composed of hydrocarbons, substantially free from oxygenated bodies; containing considerable
crystallizable paraffins; sometimes associated with mineral matter,
the non-mineral constituents being easily fusible and soluble in
carbon disulfide. [This definition is applied to crude and refined
native mineral waxes, also to pyrogenous waxes. Crude native
mineral waxes include ozokerite, etc. Refined native mineral
waxes include ceresine (refined ozokerite) and montan wax
(extracted from lignite or pyropissite by means of solvents).
Pyrogenous waxes include the solid paraffins separated from
non-asphaltic and mixed-base petroleums, peat, tar, lignite tar and
shale tar].
Asphalt.A term applied to a species of bitumen, also to certain
pyrogenous substances of dark color, variable hardness, comparatively non-volatile; composed of hydrocarbons, substantially free
from oxygenated bodies; containing relatively little to no crystallizable paraffins; sometimes associated with mineral matter, the
non-mineral constituents being fusible, and largely soluble in carbon
disulfide; the distillate, fractionated between 300 and 35O0C,
yields considerable sulfonation residue. [This definition is applied

to native asphalts and pyrogenous asphalts. Native asphalts
include asphalts occurring naturally in a pure or fairly pure state,
also asphalts associated naturally with a substantial proportion of
mineral matter, sometimes termed "rock asphalts." The associated mineral matter may be sand, sandstone, limestone, clay, shale,
etc. Pyrogenous asphalts include residues obtained from the
distillation, blowing, etc., of petroleums (e.g., residual oil, produced
by the dry distillation of non-asphaltic petroleum, the dry or steam
distillation of mixed-base petroleum and the steam distillation of
asphaltic petroleum, blown asphalt, produced by blowing air
through heated residual oils, residual asphalts, produced by the
steam distillation of mixed-base and asphaltic petroleum, sludge
asphalt, produced from the acid sludge obtained in the purification of
petroleum distillates with sulfuric acid, etc., also from the pyrogenous treatment of wurtzilite (e.g., wurtzilite asphalt, produced
by depolymerizing wurtzilite in closed retorts).]
Asphaltite.A species of bitumen, including dark colored, comparatively hard and non-volatile solids; composed of hydrocarbons,
substantially free from oxygenated bodies and crystallizable
paraffins; sometimes associated with mineral matter, the nonmineral constituents being difficultly fusible and largely soluble in
carbon disulfide; the distillation residue, fractionated between 300
and 35O0C, yields considerable sulfonation residue. [This definition
includes gilsonite (conchoidal fracture and characteristic brown
streak on porcelain), glance pitch (conchoidal to hackly fracture
and black streak) and grahamite (conchoidal to hackly fracture
and black streak).]
Asphaltic Pyrobitumens.A species of pyrobitumen, including
dark colored, comparatively hard and non-volatile solids; composed
of hydrocarbons, substantially free from oxygenated bodies; sometimes associated with mineral matter, the non-mineral constituents
being infusible and largely insoluble in carbon disulfide. [This
definition includes elaterite (characteristic rubbery nature and
brown streak), wurtzilite (conchoidal to hackly fracture; brown
streak; depolymerizes on heating, becoming fusible and soluble),
albertite (conchoidal to hackly fracture; brownish black streak;
depolymerizes partially on heating), impsonite (hackly fracture;
black streak; does not depolymerize on heating) and the asphaltic
pyrobituminous shales.]
CHARACTERISTICS
The distinguishing physical and chemical characteristics of the
substances enumerated above are given in the following table.
THERMAL PROPERTIES
An asphalt of 2. !2 specific gravity gave the following values for
the thermal conductivity in joule cm 2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1: 0, 0.0061;
10, 0.0065; 20, 0.0070; 30, 0.0074 (Poensgen, 98, 56: 1653;
12. 60: 27; 16).
According to Kinoshita (380, 39: 497; 16) the specific heat of
asphalt is 0.22 g-cal per g per 0C.
Saponifiable matter^ ^
Sulfonation residue ||||
Oxygen in non-mineral
matter **
Soluble in 88 naphtha1"1"
0-5
0-2
0-3
0-2
75-95 0-2
80-100 3-6
0-35015-100
15 to 165 1-25
60-98
0-10
0-5
25-95
0-2
0-5
90-100
0-2
0-15030-100
15 to 175 5-25 Tr .-9O 0-25 10-95
0-5
Tr .-85 0-2
0-5
90-100
0-2
40-60 0-2
20-50 0-2
Tr .-5O 0-2
" 0-Tr.
0-Tr.
0-Tr.
Paraffin scale
Carbenes**
95-100 0-1
98-100 0-2
fide^
60to 95 J-IO
75 to 95 2-10
Fixed carbon Il
8Oj
100
Fusibility 0C
Mineral matter ^]"
Non-mineral matter insoluble in carbon disulfide^f
5-10
5
Solubility in carbon disul-
0.85-1.00
0.90-1.00
Susceptibility factor*
Member
Penetration at 250C1"
Species
Sp. gr. at 250C (of nonmineral matter)*
Genus
Petroleums
Native mineral Ozokerite
Montan wax
waxes
Bitumens
Native asphalts
Asphaltites
Asphaltic
pyrobitumens
Pyrobitumens
Cont'g less than 10%

mineral matter
0.95-1.12
Cont'g more than 10%
mineral matter
0.95-1.15
I
Gilsonite
Glance pitch
Grahamite
1.05-1.10
1.10-1.15
1.15-1.20
Elaterite
0.90-1.05 Rubbery
1.05-1.07
5
1.07-1.10
O
1.10-1.25
O
Wurtzilite
Albertite
.
Impsonite
Asphaltic pyrobituminous shales
1.50-1.75
3
5
O
0-40
100 120to 17510-20 90-1000-1 Tr.-l

100 120to 17520-30 95-1000-1 Tr.-5
100 175 to 32030-55 45-100 0-5 Tr .-5O
I
Inf.
2-5
10-20 70-90 Tr.-10
Inf.
Inf.
Inf.
5-25
25-50
50-85
Inf.
2-25*** Tr.-3
0~i
0-1
0-80
1-5
0-Tr. 80-90
Tr .-15
5-10 80-95 Tr .-1O Tr .-2 Tr -2

2-10 85-98 Tr .-1O Tr. 2 Tr. 2
1-6 90-99 Tr.-10 Tr.-2 Tr.-2
0-2
0-3
0-3
0-Tr. 90-98
0-Tr. 90-98
0-Tr. 90-98
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
0-Tr.
0-3
Tr.-3 90-98
Tr.
0-1
80-99
0-3
0-15 90-100 Tr .-5
0-10
0-30
0-15
0-2
50-90
25-85
60-95
50-80
2-5
0-2|
3-7
0-2
0-10
0-5
0-|
0-Tr.
0-Tr.
I
Non-asphaltic
pyrobitumens
Pyrogenous
distillates
- "
85-95 Tr.
85-95 Tr.
80-95 Tr.
5-10
15-70 30-85
Tr.-2
50-90 90-100 0-2

0-10 0-10 50-80
Pôgenous
waxes
Tars
Pyrogenous
residues
Pyrogenous
asphalts
Residual oils
0.85-1.05100-350
-20 to 25 2-10
Blown p e t r o l e u m
asphalts
0.90-1.07 25-200 8-40 25 to 200 5-20
Residual asphalts
1.00-1.17 0-15040-60 25 to 110 5-40
Sludge asphalts
1.05-1.20 0-150 40-60 25 to 110 5-30
Wurtzilite asphalt
1.04-1.07 5-10 30-40 65 to 150 5-25
98-100 0-J
0-J
95-100 0-5
0-|
85-1000-15 0-1
95-100 0-5
0-1
98-100 O- Tr.-2
90-100 Tr. -2
90-100 0-2
80-95 0-2
90-95 Tr.
Pitches
* Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Tentative Standards, 1922: 473, 476. f Ibid., 1921; 728. Abraham, 66, 11: 683; 11. Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Standards, 1921: 739. U Ibid., 1921: 766. t Anon.,
6, 23 I: 761; 23. **Anon., 66, 23 I: 754; 23. B68t p. 526. ft B68, p. 527. JJ Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Tentative Standards, 1921: 779. B68, p. 536. \\\\ B68, p. 537. ^ B68, p. 547.
*** Calculated on mineral-free basis.
BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
JOHN M. WEISS AND CHARLES R. DOWNS

TARS, PITCHES AND DISTILLATES
This section deals with those species of pyrogenous residues
known as "tars," together with the products of tar distillation,
i.e., "residuals" or "pitches," and "distillates" or "tar oils."
These are highly complex materials formed by the pyrogenetic
decomposition of various organic materials, so that a particular
member or sub-member may vary widely in its physical
characteristics.
In the first section are given certain so-called constants in terms
of ranges for the various materials. These give general information as to the nature of the various materials. The results are
expressed in terms of arbitrary tests which depend upon rigid
adherence to details of manipulation; the test methods are those
generally used in the United States. The ranges given have been
taken partly from the literature, but for the most part from pri-
vate communications from various commercial concerns dealing

with the products ( 2 > 5> 6> 11 16,18, i9) y and certain U. S. Government laboratories ( 4 > 10). Freak results caused by some unusual
procedure in the production of a given material have been eliminated so as to make the ranges representative of the materials as
they are ordinarily encountered in industry.
In addition, there are reported the available more or less absolute constants that have been determined. As the materials in
a given narrow class vary in ordinary tests, so they also vary in
these "absolute" constants between samples in the same class;
the accuracy of the figures is only moderate, but, in general, adequate to the commercial need which caused the determinations
to be made. Blanks indicate that no authentic results are available. Single figures mean that the test of a single sample only
could be obtained.
TABLE 1. TARS
The figures in Table 1 apply to water-free tar. In attempting to identify tars, it is advisable to distill them and test the oils (See
Table 3.) Methods of testing are given by Weiss ( 22 ). 77 is Engler viscosity, sec for 100 cm3; % insol. is the % organic insoluble
in C6H6 and C7H8.
%
%
%
/0
%
J15.5
Sub-member
Member
fixed
,
tar
Species
Genus
15.5
J
,
ash
insol. carbon
acids
Coke oven
1.15-1.26
30-100
3-17
Bituminous coal
14-40 0-0 . 5
1-4
Tars Coal tars
7
Wood tars
1.25-1.33
150-650
16-40
15-40
0-0.5
1-4
Inclined gas retort
1.23-1.24
300
15-20
15-40
0-0.5
4-6
Vertical gas retort
1 . 12-1 . 16
25-50
2-5
15-30
0-0.5
5-11
Low temperature processes

0.95-1.12
25-50
0-7
5-15
0-1.5
10-30
Blast furnace
1.15-1.30
80
10-25
10-30
10-15
5-10
Gas producer
1 . 12-1 . 20
100-a
5-25
10-35
0-25
3-9
0.1
9.0
0.945
0.2
Lignite
0.85-1.05
0-2
5-20
1.06-1.15
25- 50
0.2-5.0
10-20
0-0.5
Oil gas
0.95-1.10
25
0-2.0
10-25
0-0.5
Hardwood
1.10-1.21
50
0-5.0
5-20
0-1.0
5-15
Softwood (pine tars)
1.05-1.15
65
0-7.5
5-15
0-1.0
10-40
0.95-1.05
28
0-5.0
3-15
0-0.5
0.3-40
0-2.0
5-10
0-1.0
0-2
Cannel coal
Petroleum
tars
Horizontal gas retort
Miscellaneous Bone
tars
Shale
0.85-0.95
0-1
5-20
Peat
0.90-1.05
0-3.0
5-15 I 0-1.0
5-15
d\l:l o* 235-315 fraction (A. S. T. M. distn.): Coke oven, 1.02-1.05; horizontal and inclined gas retort, 1.02-1.04; vertical gas
retort, 1 . 00-1 . Ol ; bone tar, 0 . 950.
TABLE 2. PITCHES
Method of testing, Weiss ( 22 ). The M. P. range given is about the maximum in which they have been known to occur commercially
Genus
Tar pitches
Sub-member
Member
Species
Coal tar pitches
Cube
M. P.
%
fixed
J15.B
"15.5
Insol.
carbon
%
ash
Coke oven
30-150
1.20-1.35
8-50
17-60
0-0.5
Horizontal gas retort
30-100
1.25-1.40
30-55
36-65
0-0.5
Inclined gas retort
30-100
1.25-1.35
28-37
37-45
0-0.5
Vertical gas retort
30-150
1.15-1.30
6-30
15-40
0-0.5
Low temperature processes
30- 90
1.00-1.26
2-15
8-22
0-3.0
Blast furnace
30-100
1.20-1.30
15-35
10-30
10-20
Gas producer
30-100
1.20-1.35
15-40
25-45
0-2
Cannel coal
55
1.067
5.3
14.2
0.2
Lignite coal
30-115
1.05-1.20
3-16
10-40
0-1.0
Bituminous coal

tar
30-150
1.10-1.25
2-25
25-45
0-0.5
Oil gas tar
30-150
1.15-1.30
2-30
20-35
0-0.5
Wood tar pitches Hardwood
40-100
1.20-1.30
5-70
15-35
0-1.0
40-100
1.10-1.20
2-60
10-25
0-1.0
30-125
1.10-1.20
1-20
15-25
0-0.5
35-125
1.05-1.15
O- 5
10-30
0-1.0
0.90-1.10
O- 5
5-35
0-5
1.08-1.15
O- 2
10-20
0-1
Petroleum tar
pitches
Softwood
Miscellaneous tar Bone
pitches
Shale
Peat
Stearine pitch Fatty acids
50-100
Rosin pitch
TABLE 3. DISTILLATES
Method of testing: Tar acids, Weiss ( 22 ),* d, n, sulfonation residue, Bateman (3)
j60
deo
235-55
255-75
275-95
295-315
n 60D
235-55
255-75
Tar
acids
Total
275- 295oil
95 315 distillate
0-5 0-5
1-12
0-3 0-3
5-20
14
2-8 3-8
5-6 4-6 20-30
21
19
30
10
28
29
30-50
0-16 0-17
O
38.0 34.0
O
47
4-5 4.0
15
3.0 0.0
0.5
Sulfonation residue
275-95
295-315
23555
25575
Coke oven
1.01 -1.04 1.02-1.06 1.03-1.081.06-1.09 1.588-1.6091.590-1.6181.594-1.6281.608-1.635 0-3.5 0-5.0
Horizontal gas retort .... 1 . Ol -1 . 025 1 . 02 -1 . 04 1 . 04-1 . 07 1 . 06-1 . 09 1 . 580-1 . 596 1 . 590-1 . 602 1 . 598-1 .6141. 610-1 .0-1.5
628 0-1.5
Inclined gas retort
1 . 005-1 .0151.01 -1 . 035 1 . 03-1 . 06 1 . 04-1 . 06 1 . 574-1 . 593 1 . 577-1 . 596 1 . 586-1 . 608 1 . 594-10.5-4.5
. 623
1-7
Vertical gas retort
1 . 000-1 .01 1 . Ol -1 . 025 1 . 02-1 . 05 1 . 04-1 . 06 1 . 53 -1 . 575
1 . 579
1 . 587-1 . 594 1 . 600-1 . 612
4-6
5-7
Blastfurnace
0.94-0.95
0.95
0.94-0.960.96-0.98
1.523
1.530
1.534
1.543
21
17
Gas producer
0.95
0.98
1.50-1.52
16
Lignite
0.96
0.96
0.96-0.970.97-0.98
1.520
1.528
1.534
1.542
21
25
Carburetted water gas . . 0 . 96 -1 . Ol 0 . 965-1 .03 0 . 97-1 . 07 0 . 98-1 . 08 1 . 558-1 . 598 1 . 562-1 . 602 1 . 572-1 . 622 1 . 578- 1 . 6300-11
0-13
Oil gas
0.93
0.93
0.93 0.94-0.95
1.533
1.533
1.533
1.530-1.540 26.0
32.0
Hardwood
0.98
0.97
1.500
1.495
7
9
Softwood
0.98-0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.505
1.514
1.523
1.533
2
3-4
Bone
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.94
12.0
7.4
Low temperature coke oven shows tar acids in total oil distillate 20-50.
SPECIFIC HEATG-CAL G-1 DEG."1 C
COEFFICIENTS OF CUBICAL EXPANSION

a =
IWV2 - V1)
v'ft
7T~*
v 1(1%
*i )
^11
eacn case an
.
,
average figure for use is
suggested, with figures showing the maximum deviation of individual samples from the average suggested. For special cases,
reference to the original articles is recommended (3> 8> 13> 21 > 23 ).
For effect of solids in creosote oil, see ( 8 > 13).
A_
, . .
Material
Range
0 ,
or
Water gas tars

Vertical retort coal tars
Coke oven coal tars
Horizontal gas retort coal tars
Low temperature coal tars
Coal tar and heavy oils (when liquid)..
Water gas tar and heavy oils
Low temperature tar and heavy oils...
Coal tar middle oils
.
Gas drip (holder oils)
Coal tar and water gas tar pitches
Low temperature tar pitches
Max.
,
.
0 ,
or
per C dev.
15-80
655
15-80 640
15-80
575
15-80
550
15-85
760
15-80
760
15-60
770
15-85
760
15-60
800
15-60 1000
15-250 460
15-85 660
25
10
25
60
15
40
20
30
20
50
40
40
FLASH POINTS
These represent open cup results ( 3 > 5 6 >
18
).
1450C
2110C
70-750C
10O0C 1O0C
4O C M. P. Coal tar pitch

6O0C M. P. Coal tar pitch
Coal tar creosotes
Low temperature tars
Coal tarsfrom 0.35 ( + .05) at 4O0C to 0.45 (+.05) at 20O0C.

Coal tar oils0.34 (+.04) at 15-90C ((3) and private
communications).
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
Coal tar oils (24)
Temperature
range, 0C
1
Heat of vaporization, g/cal g"1

8 4 . 8
249-296
296-345
345-392
392-438
438-488
VISCOSITY ( 3 >
81.0
85.1
73.3
65.1
63.1
13 5
- >
15
>
20
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Abraham, B68. ( 2 ) Abraham, Standard Paint Co., O. ( 3 ) Bateman,
107, No. 1036; 22. (4) Bateman, E., U. S. Dept. Agriculture, O. (5)
Burke, S. P., Combustion Utilities Corpn., O. ( 6 ) Church, S. R., Barrett
Co., O. (7) Church and Weiss, 66, 15, II: 274; 15. () Church and Weiss,
295, 1918: 160. ( 9 ) Dean and Bateman, U. S. Forest Service, Circ. No.
112 ; 08.
(io) Fieldner, A. C., U. S. Bur. Mines, O. (") Fulweiler, W. H., U. G. I.
Contracting Co., O. () Hubbard, U. S. Dept. Agr., Public Roads Bull.
No. 99; 12. (13) Huff, 40, 10: 1016; 18. (".5) Huff, 45, 15: 1026; 23.
( 14 ) Morgan and Soule, 45, 15: 587; 23. ( 1 S ) Pochettino, 59, 8: 77; 1,4.
( 16 ) Rhodes, E. O., American Tar Products Co., O. ( 1 ^) Soule, 295, 1923;
114. (18) Soule, R. P., Combustion Utilities Co., O. (l 9 ) Sperr, F. W.,
Koppers Co., O.
(20) Trouton and Andrews, 3, 7: 347; 04. (21) Weiss, 143, 172: 277; 11. (")
Weiss, 45, 10: 732, 817, 1911; 18. (23) Weiss, Am. Gas Assoc. Mo., 3:
497; 21. (24) Weiss, 45, 14: 72; 22.
EXPLOSIONS AND GASEOUS EXPLOSIVES

WILLIAM A. BONE AND DONALD T. A. TOWNEND
MATIRES
CONTENTS
Electrical ignition.
Limits of inflammability.
Inflammation lectrique.
Limites d'inflammabilit.
Propagation of flame.
Detonation.
Explosions in closed vessels.
Propagation de la flamme.
Dtonation.
Explosions en rcipients clos.
IGNITION TEMPERATURE
The ignition temperature of a gaseous mixture is the temperature at which the heat lost by conduction, etc., is more than
counterbalanced by the rate at which it is developed by the reaction, the combustion thus becoming self-propellant. This temperature is a function not only of the gaseous mixture employed
but also of the means used for heating it. Also, there is often a
short "pre-flame" period, during which the combustion is autogenous, but without any actual appearance of flame.
A. Mixture passed through tube held at known temperature.
B. Mixture rapidly admitted to hot bulb at known temperature.
Pre-flame "lag" sometimes determined by this method.
C. Bulb containing mixture heated rapidly to definite temperature.
D. Mixture passed through small reservoir while temperature was
raised until flame at exit tube ran back into it.
E. Constituent gases heated separately in concentric tubes, gas
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Elektrische Zndung.
Grenzen fr die Entflammbarkeit.
Fortpflanzung der Flamme.
Detonation.
Explosionen in geschlossenen
Gefssen.
INDICE
p AGE
Temperatura di accensione 172
Accensione elettrica
175
Limiti di infiammabilit... 176
Propagazione della fiamma 182
Detonazione
184
Esplosione in recipienti
chiusi
187
from inner tube being then passed into gas in outer

tube. In most recent methods pre-flame "lag" has been
controlled.
F. Constituent gases heated separately and mixed in open away
from surface contact.
G. Mixture adiabatically compressed and temperature calculated
from final volume.
H. Mixture adiabatically compressed and temperature calculation
based on final pressure experimentally determined. Correct temperature lies between the values calculated by
methods G and H.
I. Glass vessel within an iron one, each containing a constituent
gas. Glass vessel broken at definite temperature.
J. Small drop of inflammable liquid dropped into air or oxygen
maintained at a known temperature.
K. Soap bubble blown with mixture touched by hot wire at known
temperature.
Pressure = 1 atm. unless otherwise noted.
SPECIFIC HEATG-CAL G-1 DEG."1 C
COEFFICIENTS OF CUBICAL EXPANSION

a =
IWV2 - V1)
v'ft
7T~*
v 1(1%
*i )
^11
eacn case an
.
,
average figure for use is
suggested, with figures showing the maximum deviation of individual samples from the average suggested. For special cases,
reference to the original articles is recommended (3> 8> 13> 21 > 23 ).
For effect of solids in creosote oil, see ( 8 > 13).
A_
, . .
Material
Range
0 ,
or
Water gas tars

Vertical retort coal tars
Coke oven coal tars
Horizontal gas retort coal tars
Low temperature coal tars
Coal tar and heavy oils (when liquid)..
Water gas tar and heavy oils
Low temperature tar and heavy oils...
Coal tar middle oils
.
Gas drip (holder oils)
Coal tar and water gas tar pitches
Low temperature tar pitches
Max.
,
.
0 ,
or
per C dev.
15-80
655
15-80 640
15-80
575
15-80
550
15-85
760
15-80
760
15-60
770
15-85
760
15-60
800
15-60 1000
15-250 460
15-85 660
25
10
25
60
15
40
20
30
20
50
40
40
FLASH POINTS
These represent open cup results ( 3 > 5 6 >
18
).
1450C
2110C
70-750C
10O0C 1O0C
4O C M. P. Coal tar pitch

6O0C M. P. Coal tar pitch
Coal tar creosotes
Low temperature tars
Coal tarsfrom 0.35 ( + .05) at 4O0C to 0.45 (+.05) at 20O0C.

Coal tar oils0.34 (+.04) at 15-90C ((3) and private
communications).
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
Coal tar oils (24)
Temperature
range, 0C
1
Heat of vaporization, g/cal g"1

8 4 . 8
249-296
296-345
345-392
392-438
438-488
VISCOSITY ( 3 >
81.0
85.1
73.3
65.1
63.1
13 5
- >
15
>
20
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Abraham, B68. ( 2 ) Abraham, Standard Paint Co., O. ( 3 ) Bateman,
107, No. 1036; 22. (4) Bateman, E., U. S. Dept. Agriculture, O. (5)
Burke, S. P., Combustion Utilities Corpn., O. ( 6 ) Church, S. R., Barrett
Co., O. (7) Church and Weiss, 66, 15, II: 274; 15. () Church and Weiss,
295, 1918: 160. ( 9 ) Dean and Bateman, U. S. Forest Service, Circ. No.
112 ; 08.
(io) Fieldner, A. C., U. S. Bur. Mines, O. (") Fulweiler, W. H., U. G. I.
Contracting Co., O. () Hubbard, U. S. Dept. Agr., Public Roads Bull.
No. 99; 12. (13) Huff, 40, 10: 1016; 18. (".5) Huff, 45, 15: 1026; 23.
( 14 ) Morgan and Soule, 45, 15: 587; 23. ( 1 S ) Pochettino, 59, 8: 77; 1,4.
( 16 ) Rhodes, E. O., American Tar Products Co., O. ( 1 ^) Soule, 295, 1923;
114. (18) Soule, R. P., Combustion Utilities Co., O. (l 9 ) Sperr, F. W.,
Koppers Co., O.
(20) Trouton and Andrews, 3, 7: 347; 04. (21) Weiss, 143, 172: 277; 11. (")
Weiss, 45, 10: 732, 817, 1911; 18. (23) Weiss, Am. Gas Assoc. Mo., 3:
497; 21. (24) Weiss, 45, 14: 72; 22.
EXPLOSIONS AND GASEOUS EXPLOSIVES

WILLIAM A. BONE AND DONALD T. A. TOWNEND
MATIRES
CONTENTS
Electrical ignition.
Limits of inflammability.
Inflammation lectrique.
Limites d'inflammabilit.
Propagation of flame.
Detonation.
Explosions in closed vessels.
Propagation de la flamme.
Dtonation.
Explosions en rcipients clos.
IGNITION TEMPERATURE
The ignition temperature of a gaseous mixture is the temperature at which the heat lost by conduction, etc., is more than
counterbalanced by the rate at which it is developed by the reaction, the combustion thus becoming self-propellant. This temperature is a function not only of the gaseous mixture employed
but also of the means used for heating it. Also, there is often a
short "pre-flame" period, during which the combustion is autogenous, but without any actual appearance of flame.
A. Mixture passed through tube held at known temperature.
B. Mixture rapidly admitted to hot bulb at known temperature.
Pre-flame "lag" sometimes determined by this method.
C. Bulb containing mixture heated rapidly to definite temperature.
D. Mixture passed through small reservoir while temperature was
raised until flame at exit tube ran back into it.
E. Constituent gases heated separately in concentric tubes, gas
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Elektrische Zndung.
Grenzen fr die Entflammbarkeit.
Fortpflanzung der Flamme.
Detonation.
Explosionen in geschlossenen
Gefssen.
INDICE
p AGE
Temperatura di accensione 172
Accensione elettrica
175
Limiti di infiammabilit... 176
Propagazione della fiamma 182
Detonazione
184
Esplosione in recipienti
chiusi
187
from inner tube being then passed into gas in outer

tube. In most recent methods pre-flame "lag" has been
controlled.
F. Constituent gases heated separately and mixed in open away
from surface contact.
G. Mixture adiabatically compressed and temperature calculated
from final volume.
H. Mixture adiabatically compressed and temperature calculation
based on final pressure experimentally determined. Correct temperature lies between the values calculated by
methods G and H.
I. Glass vessel within an iron one, each containing a constituent
gas. Glass vessel broken at definite temperature.
J. Small drop of inflammable liquid dropped into air or oxygen
maintained at a known temperature.
K. Soap bubble blown with mixture touched by hot wire at known
temperature.
Pressure = 1 atm. unless otherwise noted.
H2
NH3
Method A ();
c/.
Method B
(7, 9, 10, 16, 17)
Z 0 C* I 2H2 + O 2 + tC
605
550
605
H2
552-559
611
4H2
617
7H2
560-570
604
O2
530-532
599
24O2
594
4O2
552-553
589
4JO2
560-595
584
7O2
562-592
(4)
2H2 + O2 +
By method E (21), in O2, 700-860.

(22), in air, 780.
(24)
CO
For
15% H2 in air, 590
in 375 cm 3 vessel
and 625 in 9 cm3
vessel.
For
60% H 2 in air, 620
in 375 cm 3 vessel
and 712 in 9 cm 3
vessel.
H2
3H2
IJO2
4N 2
^CO2
3CO2
Method B (4) : M = 2CO + O2

tC
I M+ [I
*C
I M+
645-650
CO 650-657 4N 2
630-650 4CO 695-715 3CO2
650-680
O2
For method A and C cf. ( 9 ); for
method D (13); for method G
(19); for method K (31)
Method C ();
cf. ( 6 > 9 )
Method D ()
Method F (42)
tC I 2H2 + Q 2 +
589
650 - 2H2 + O2 642 - 2H2 + O2
560
N2
543
2N 2
577
3N 2
609
4N 2
Method E (50, 52, 58) ; c/. (21, 43) : L = lag in sec; (a) = H2 in O2;
(6) = H 2 in air
(b) || L | (a) | (b) || L | (a)
(b)
619 5 597 602 10 582 585
613 7 [ 589 592 15 573 [ 577
INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON IGNITION TEMPERATURE OF H2 IN

AIR
Method E ( 5 0 > 52 > 58) : = jag m sec; p m mm
^S^*x 75 100 200 400
LJ ^ \
53 524 558 598

1
511 521 554 592
2
509 519 549 581
3
I
545 576 |
CH4 + 2O2, by method A (*), 650-730; by method C (9),

606-650. By method D (I3) f 656-678.
By method B (4), CH4 + 2O2 at 600-650; 5CH4 + 2O2 at
640-660; 10% CH4 by vol. in air at 730-790. (First observation of lags prior to explosion.) Method B* (23, 24, 40). % = %
CH4 in air; Fi5 = temp, in 15 cm3 vessel, F 275 in 275 cm3 vessel and
FSI in 81 cm3 vessel.
%
3
6.5
8.0
Method E (43), c/. (21). For CH4 in O2, \ sec lag, 665;
10 sec lag, 624. For CH4 in air, J sec lag, 725; 10 sec lag, 685.
Method E (50, 52, 58). For CH4 in air. P = mm pressure; L =
lag in sec.
760 1000 1200 1520
622
614
601
592
630
620
606
595
632
623
609
600
630
621
609
600
628~
619
608
599
Meth
d H
(37)
^ ;
tC* I 2H2 + O2 + tC 2H2 + O2 +

521
41Of
ca. 4N 2
544
H2
581
2H2
For 53% H2 in air,
501
O2
460 t
481
3O2
459
7O2
439
15O2
540
ca. 4N 2
468
ca. 3O2 +
16N2
Meth
d J
(36)
V
'
*C I 2H2 + O2 +
42
H^
433
2H2
397.5
K>2
407
O2
Method K
( 31 > 33)
* Cale, using 7 = 1.4.

t Cale, using 7 = 1.32 to allow for cooling losses during compression.
H 2 + Cl2
For Cl2 + H 2 by method A (), 430-440; method C ( 9 ),
240-270; in dark, 190 ( 11 J.
H2S
For 2H2S + 3O2 by method A ( 9 ), 315-320; method C ( 9 ),
250-270. For H2S, by method E (21), in O2, 220-235; in air,
346-379.
I Fi5 I F275 Il % I F15 I F275 Il % I F81 Il % I F81

737 680
10 750 710 2
711
8.8 707
736 675
12 765 710 3
700 10
714
735 680
16 807 750 5.9 695 11.8 724
7.0 697 14.4 742
* The explosion occurs after certain definite time lags.
600
* For P = 7 atm. the ignition temp. = 611 for 0.5 sec lag.
,etd^
(5'51'58);
c/. (20, 26, 28)
Method E ();</. (21)

For CO in O2, 665 with
sec lag; 624 with 10 sec lag
For CO in air, 725 with sec
lag; 685 with 10 sec lag
Method B (24) 20-70% in
air, 610
CH4 Methane
* All at P = 300 mm.
L I (a) -I (b) I L I (a)

625 630 2 615
1 622 625 3 | 607
By method not stated
;\
-^ ^^\,
OTo
0.6
1
2
3
Method
lag in sec.
;\
LJ ^x
0.5
0.6
1
.2
3
JO
100 200 400 600 760
1520 228Oi 3800 5320

I
705 675 653
815 788 765 753 746
722
804 768 747 737 728
711 695 666 644
782 733 717 712 715 690 680 652 633
715 702 696 694 676 667 640 624

E (58). For CH4 in O2. P = mm pressure; L =
75
100
200
400
600
760
727
715
694
667
728
716
695
665
651
633
732
721
697
660
643
621
720
715
692
652
636
611
696
688
675
645
631
604
670
666
657
641
629
602
By method G (58), CH4 + 3O2j 340; CH4 + 5O2, 345;

CH4 + 15O2, 377; 7e % CH4 in air, 428.
C2H2 Acetylene
By method E (21), in O2, 400-440; in air, 406-440. By
method B (24), for 45-55% C2H2 in air, 335; 20% in air, 400;
10% in air, 500.
C2H4 Ethylene
For C 2 H 4 H- 3O2, method C (), 530-606. By method
B (24), for 4.5-6.5% C2H4 in air (vol. vessel = 275 cm3), 487.
By method E (21), for C2H4 in O2, 500-519; in air, 542-547.
Cf. ( 9 ), method A; (13), method D; (31), method K.
C2H6 Ethane
By method B (47). % = % C 2 H 6 in air (vol. vessel = 85 cm3)
% I 1.9
2.3 I 4.05 I 4.85
5.7 | 8.15 | 10.60
^0C
594 I 571 I 560 | 555 | 550 | 540 | 534
For C2H6, method A, cf. (9); method D (13). By method C
(9), for C 2 H 6 +3.5O 2 , 530-606. By method B (24), for
4-8% C2H6 in air (275 cm3 vessel), 560.
C3H8 Propane
By method D (13), in O2, 545-548. By method E (), in
O2, 490-570. Method B (47), vol. of vessel = 85 cm3
% C3H8 in air
/0C
| 1.25 | 2.50 3.05 | 4.90 | 6.50 | 7.85

I 588 I 552 I 544 I 525 | 516 | 514
CiHi0 n-Butane
Method B (*?), vol. of vessel = 85 cm 3
% Ti-C4H10 in air
| 1.25 | 2.00 | 2.60 | 3.65 | 4.85 | 7.6^T
/0C
I 569 I 545 I 531
515 | 502 | 489
C 4 Hi 0 Isobutane
For ZSO-C4H10 by method D (13), in Q2, 545-550.
CoHi2 n-Pentane
For 2-3% C 5 Hi 2 in air, 512 by method B (24).
air, 320-336 by method H (37). Method B (47),
- 85 cm3.
% C 5 Hi 2 in air
| 1.5 | 2.15 | 2.75 | 3.75 |
E0C
I 548 I 532 I 520 j 502 |
Lit.
B
I
(24)
(30)
(38)
| In O2
| 570
K
I
(45)
| (31,33)
In air
| 490
In air
| In O2
2.2% Texas
256
481
Borneo
269
Mexico I 274
>4) I
(34)*
(27)
(31,
33)
In air | In air
387 Borneo
380
400
424
C2H6O Ethyl Alcohol

B (in air)
Method
Lit.
(30)
J
(30)
By method B ( 5 ), for CS2 + 10O2 at P = 750 mm, 160 with

1-2 sec lag. At P = 300 mm and with 15 sec lag, for CS2 +
5O2 + 5N2, 155; for CS2 + |O2 + 8N2, 290. By method
F (42), in O2, 236. By method H (39), f or 12.5% in air, 253.
C 2 N 2 Cyanogen
By Method E (21), in O2, 803-818
Miscellaneous
(a) = acetone, (b) = paraffin, (c) = turpentine, (d) = creosote
oil, (e) = palm oil, (f) = aldehyde, (g) = aniline, (h) = toluene,
(i) = xylene, (j) = methyl alcohol, (k) = amyl alcohol, (1) =
anthracene, (m) = naphthalene.
Method
Lit.
I (38)
(a)
B*
(b)
Jf
(34)
(30)
4%, 500 251

8%, 500
Method
(h)
Jf
Lit.
(38, 30)
(i)
?^_
(22)
(c)
J
(30,
45)
275*t
240*
(d)
J*
(e)
J*
(f)
?*
(27)
(27)
(22)
(g)
?*
(22)
550 400 380 530
(J)
Jf
(k)
Jt
(1)
Jt
(m)
Jt
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
563
500
500
516 I
I
315
472
500
LITERATURE
C8Hi8 n-Octane
By method H, for 6.7% in air, 275 (37); 280 (39).
Petroleum
(24)
132 128 238 4 07~

156 151 145 138 130 124 120
0.5 | 1 | 2
3
5
7
10
C 7 Hi 6 n-Heptane
By method H (37), f or 6.7% in air, 285; (39) 5% in air, 280(39).
Lit.
InO2,0C
In air, 0C
Lag in sec
* In air.
t In O2.
Satd. at 15, 505.
CeHi4 n-Hexane
By method H (37), f or 6.7% in air, 300-306.
Method
CS2
Method E (48)
5.30 | 7.65
486 | 476
In air | In O2
5%, 587 I 566
* Giving sub-ignition temp, with incomplete combustion.
FOr 6.7% in
vol. of vessel
C 6 H 6 Benzene
Method
By method B* (34), for 4.8% in air, 178-184; for 4.1%, 179185; for 3.5%, 180.5-188. By method H (39), for 6.6% in air,
212. Method K, cf. (3i, 33).
(45)
27- 2%, 515-520 4%, 455-500 3950J 355t 360f

38% 3%, 505
5%, 480-495 518f
450
* Sub-ignition temp,
t In air.
In O2.
C4Hi0O Ether
In air by method A (32), 190; method B (35), 185-193;
method J (30), 347. In O2 by method J (30), 190.
(i) Davy, 62, 106: 7; 1816. ( 2 ) Bunsen, B72. (3) Mitscherlich, 25, 9: 1171;
76. ( 4 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 91: 825; 80. 6I1 1: 173; 82. 15,
4: 274; 83. 27, 39: 2; 83. ( 5 ) Turpin, 133, 1890: 776. ( 6 ) Krause and
Meyer, 13, 264: 85: 91. ( 7 ) Freyer and Meyer, 25, 25: 622; 92. ( 8 )
Askenasy and Meyer, 13, 269: 49; 92. () Freyer and Meyer, 7, 1: 28; 93.
( 1 O) Mitscherlich, 25, 26: 160; 93. O 1 ) Mitscherlich, 25, 26: 399; 93. ( 12 )
Meyer, 25, 26: 429; 93. ( 13 ) Meyer and Munch, 25, 26: 2421; 93. (* 4 )
Meyer and Raum, 25, 28: 2904; 94. ( 15 ) Gautier and Helier, 34, 122: 566;
96. ( 16 ) Helier, 6, 10: 521; 97. ( 17 ) Bodenstein, 7, 29: 665; 99. O 8 )
Emich, 57, 29: 1061; 00. ( 19 ) FaIk, 1, 28: 1517; 06.
(20) FaIk, ^, 29: 1536; 07. 8, 24: 450; 07. (21) Dixon and Coward, 4, 95: 514;
09. (22) Holm, 92, 26: 273; 13. (23) Taffanel and Le Floch, 34, 156:
1544; 13. (24) Taffanel and Le Floch, 34, 157: 469; 13. (25) Dixon,
Bradshaw and Campbell, 4, 100: 2027; 14. (26) Dixon and Crofts, 4, 100:
2036; 14. (27) Constam and Schlpfer, 98, 57: 39; 14. (28) Crofts, 4,
101: 290, 306; 15. (29) Cassel, 8, 51: 685; 16.
(30) Moore, 54, 36: 109; 17. ( 3 I) McDavid, 4, 103: 1003; 17. (32) Alilaire,
34, 168: 729; 19. (33) White and Price, 4, 115: 1248; 19. (34) White
and Price, 4, 115: 1462; 19. (35) McClelland and Gill, 117, 16: 109; 20.
(36) Fiesel, 7, 97: 158; 21. (37) Tizard, 411, 37: 381; 21. (38) Wollers
and Emcke, Krupp's Monatsheft, 1921. (39) Tizard and Pye, 3, 44: 79; 22.
4
( O) Mason and Wheeler, 4, 121: 2079; 24. (41) Mitscherlich and. Reuter, 93,
121: 53; 22. ( 4 2 ) Wartenburg and Kannenberg, 7, 105: 205; 23. (43)
Dixon, 398, 68: 1; 23. ( 4 4 ) Tauss and Schulte, 98, 68: 574; 24. ( 4 5 )
Jentzsch, 98, 68: 1150; 24. ( 4 6 ) Ormandy, 358, 10: 335; 24. (47) Mason
and Wheeler, 4, 125: 1869; 24. ( 48 ) Dixon, 70, 44: 305; 25. (49) David,
133, 1925; 303.
( 5 O) Dixon, 133, 1925; 303. (51) Dixon and Harwood, 398, 1925. (52)
Dixon and Higgins, 398, 69: 19; 25. (53) p arrf 4^ i7: 1215; 25. ( 5 4 )
Coward and Wheeler, Safety in Mines Research Board, Paper No. 8; 25.
(55) Naylor and Wheeler, Ibid. No. 9; 25. (56) Tizard and Pye, 3, 1:
1094; 26. (57) Pignot, 34, 182 : 376; 26. (58) Dixon, Harwood and Higgins,
83, preprint, 1926. (59) Dixon and Russell, 4, 75: 600; 99.
ELECTRICAL IGNITION
In the case of electrical ignition and probably also in contact
with direct flame or with an incandescent wire, ionization of the
gas is an important factor. In the case of electric spark ignition,
attempts have been made to determine experimentally the
minimum igniting current or spark energy. Unfortunately, however, quantitative values are not easily determined owing to experimental difficulties. Consequently, much of the experimental
evidence is of a contradictory nature, so that the part played by
ionization in determining the least energy required to inflame
a given explosive mixture remains an unknown factor. Representative curves showing least igniting currents are given in Figs.
I t o 4.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Thornton, 80, 441:145; 12. 46II: 112; 13. (2) Thornton, 115, 94: 348; 13.
396, 120: 295; 13. 121, 70: 62; 13. (3) Thomson, 63, 14: 11; 13. (*)
Thornton, ISl, 71: 1012; 13. ( 5 ) Thornton, o, 90: 272; 14. ( 6 ) Thornton,
121, 73: 822; 14. (7) Thornton, 5, 91: 17; 14. ( 8 ) Thornton, 3, 28: 734;
14. (9) Hauser, 329, 1916; 521.
( 10 ) Thornton, S, 92: 9; 16. C 1 1 ) Thornton, 5, 92: 381; 16. ( 12 ) Morgan,
Ilo, 102: 427; 16. ( 13 ) Morgan, 181,7*: 536; 16. 399, 111: 66; 16. ( 14 )
Thornton, 399, 112: 504; 16. ( 15 ) Sastry, 4, 109: 523; 16. O 6 ) Wheeler,
4, 111: 130; 17. (") Wheeler, 4, 111: 411; 17. (18) Wright, 4, 111:643;
17. ( 19 ) Paterson and Campbell, 67, 31: 168; 19.
FIG. 3.Influence of the nature of the pole on the least igniting

with air, using
current for mixtures of methyl or ethyl alcohol vapor
break-sparks. Iron and nickel poles. 100 volts ( s ).
FIG. 1.Least igniting currents for mixtures in air of members 5of the
paraffin series, using break-sparks. Iron poles. 100 volts ( ).
FIG. 4.Influence of current voltage on the least igniting current

for methane-air mixtures, using break-sparks. Iron poles, continuous
current ( s ).
(20) Thornton, 3, 38: 613; 19. ( 21 ) Morgan, 4, 115: 94; 19. (22) Thornton,
3, 40: 345; 20. (23) Thornton 3, 40: 450; 20. ( 24 ) Wheeler, 4, 117:
903; 20. ( 25 ) Morgan, 3, 41: 462; 21. (26) Morgan and Wheeler, 4, 119:
239; 21. (27) Thornton, 400, 11: 524; 22. (28) Jones, Morgan and
Wheeler, 3, 43: 359; 22. (29) Thornton, 133, 1923; 469.
(30) Morgan, 4, 123: 1304; 23. (31) Morgan, 3, 45: 968; 23. (32) Thornton,
46, 62: 481; 24. (33) Wheeler, 4, 125: 1858; 24. (34) Wheeler, 4, 127:
14; 25. (35) Morgan, 3, 49: 323; 25. ( 3 ) Thomson, The Conduction of
Electricity through Gases, London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1903. ( 3 7 )
Morgan, Principles of Electric Spark Ignition in Internal Combustion Engines.
London, Lockwood, 1923. ( 38 ) Wheeler, Safety in Mines Research Board,
Paper No. 20; 26. (3) Bone and Weston, 5, 110: 615; 26.
PRE-FLAME CONDITION
FIG. 2.Least igniting currents for mixtures in air of members of the
paraffin series, using impulsive electrical discharges (33).
(40) Kirkby, 3, 7: 223; 04. () Kirkby, 3, 13: 289; 07. (*2) Kirkby, 5, 85:
151; 11. ( 43 ) Lind, 78, 21: 177; 12. ( 4 4 ) Finch and Cowln, 5, 111 : 257; 26.
LIMITS OF INFLAMMABILITY
The limits are given in volume % and apply to atmospheric
conditions of temperature and pressure unless otherwise stated.
The first value in the limits column is the lowest lower limit, and
the second the highest higher limit of the experimentally found
values, which usually agree within a few tenths of 1%.
Abbreviations
Explosion in closed vessel of volume v, cm 3 generally stated.
Fl0
Downward propagation of flame.
F1H
Horizontal propagation of flame.
Fln
Upward propagation of flame.
Atm.
Nature of atmosphere.
Exper. condn. Experimental conditions.
Tbx
Tube whose diameter = x cm.
Sat. x
Gases saturated with H2O vapor at x.
Pxat.
Pressure, x atmospheres.
^Pxmm
Pressure, x mm Hg.
All temperatures are in 0C.
EV
Atm.
O2
Air
O2
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
O2
O 2 :N 2
40.1:59.9
O 2 :N 2
56.2:43.8
Air
Air
Air
H 2 .(Continued)
Limits
|
Exper. condn.
5.45-94.7 Sat.-
8.7
8.7 I ^100' * l D
9.05-68.6 P 2 _ 3a t.
9.28-68.0 P 5 _6at. E ]940 , Fl0
9.47-67.5 Pjoat. J
4.1E 1 7 0 0 0 0 , Flu, Sat.17_i8
4.1 -60.0
10 -66.0 EV
-74.2 Sat. room
15 1 vessel
9.4 -65.3 E120
9.1-91.7 E120
9.2 -81.2 E120
9.2 -86.4 E120

9.46-64.5 Glass pipette
9.42-65.9 Glass bulb
10.78-59.8 (20)
9.27-67.5 100 T
. ,
8.98-72.2 200 Iron tube
8.62-79.1 300
4.15-75.0 Fln, Tb7.5
6.50FlH, Tb7.5
8.8-74.5 Fl0, Tb7.5
9.40-71.5 17 3 }
9.2 50
8.8 -73.5 100
8.3 150
7.9-76.0 200
Fl0, Tb2.5
7.5 250
7.1 -79.0 300
I
6.7 350
6.3 -81.5 400
J
| Lit.
(28)
f (34)
1 (34)
( 36 )
(36)
( 36 )
( 39 )
(51)
(52)
( 56 )
( 60 )
(6)
( 60 )
( 60 )
( 7 3)
( 7 3)
(73)
( 74 )
( 74 )
( 74 )
( 78 )
H2S
FIG. 4a.Limits of inflammability of mixtures of gases and vapors with

air.
H2
Atm.
O2
Air
Air
C02:02
79:21
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Limits
|
Exper. condn.
9.4-91.0
15 1 . TK q ,
9.0-93.3 1 0 0 ojffUTb4,Sat.i 7 .5
9.2-65.0
9.2-68.5
9.0-62.8
9.0-68.6
11.7-68.4
11.4-69.4
5.0-72.0
10.09.5-66.3
9.45-66.4
9.73-63.6
15 1
100 / M H > Tb4' Sat'17'5
15 \ FlH, Tb4, dried by
100 / P2O5
15 \ TK q
100 / MH ' Tb' Sat'17'5
Glass, Tb7.5, Fln
E2000
E110, Sat.
Tb1.4, Fl0
| Lit.
fl2}
()
(12.
}
(12]
(
}
fl2.
( }
O4)
(18)
( 19 )
( 23 )
( 25 )
Air
Air
Air
4.5 -19.0
5.9-27.2
4.30-45.5
5.30-35.0
5.85-21.3
Air
O2
16.2-27.0
15 -80
Air
16.1-26.6
18.2-25.5
22.1-23.3
21.0-24.6
15.0-28.7
17.0-27.5
19.9-26.3
14.0-30.4
15.9-29.6
17.8-28.2
13.0-32.2
14.7-31.1
16.0-30.0
12.3-33.9
13.5-33.1
14.4-32.0
(51)
F1H, Tb6
( 72 )
Fl0, Tb7.5
( 74 )
Fln, Tb7.5
( 74 )
Fl0, Tb7.5
( 74 )
NH 3
E500, sphere
(34)
Found by altering burner mix- ( 45 )
ture
Fln, Tb5, 18
(65)
Fln, Tb6, 18
(65)
Fl0, Tb6, 70
(65)
Fl0, Tb5, 90
(65)
Flu, Tb6, 140
(65)
HH, Tb5, 140
(65)
Fl0, Tb5, 140
(65)
Fln, Tb5, 250
(65)
Fln, Tb5, 250
(65)
Fl0, Tb6, 250
(65)
Fln, Tb5, 350
(65)
F1H, Tb6, 350
(65)
Fl0, Tb6, 350
(65)
Fln, Tb5, 450
(65)
Fl11, Tb5, 450
(65)
Fl0, Tb6, 450
(65)
NHg.(Continued)
Aim.
O2
O2
Air
C02:02
79:21
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
O2
Air
Limits
17.1-26.4
17.4-26.3
15.3-79.0
16.7-79.0
14.815.812.613.514.815.617.3-
Exper. condn.
Fl17, Tb7.5, 18
F1H, Tb7.5, 18
Flu, Tb5, 18
F1H, Tb5, 18
Fln, Tb5, 250
F1D, Tb5, 250
Fln, Tb5, 450
Fl0, Tb5, 450
Fl 115 Tb 7 ^lS 0
Fln, Tb7.6, 18
F1D, Tb7.5, 18
CO
15.4 -94.1 15 0 I
s
14.4 -94.8 100 I MH' Tb4' bat'17*5
14.1-74.8 15 j
q
13.0-77.6 1 0 0 oJFl H ,Tb 4 ,Sat.i 7 . 5
\ 21.6-73.1
I" 20.0- 75.1
13.0-75.0
15.9-74.5
19.1 -61.7
38.0-57.0
16.418.6 27.914.2 9.3 7.416.0 17.3 -74.8
16.5 -75.0
14.515.7 15.9-72.9
18.4- 62.0
12.5 12.6 -70.0
15.0-73.0
-74.2
15.55-71.0
16.63-93.6
15 }
100 j MH>
Fl11, Tb7.6
F1H, Tb4
Tbo.6
Tbo.3*
P430
P130
P85
400
470
575
*> Sat'17'5
Tb
E110, Sat.
100 1
s
100 j El00' F]D' bat'16-18
Plat., E1940
P10Bt., F1D
E170 ooo, F1D, Sat.17_18
Air
Air
Air
Sat.ro0m
Air
15 !vessel
Air
E120
O2
Ei20
O2: N2
37.8:63.2.... 15.85-83.6 E120
50.8:49.2.... 15.85-87.7 E120
Air
15.4 -71.6 Glass bulb
15.8-63.8 (20)
Air
. Air
14.05-69.6 100 Iron tube

13.80-76.6 200
12.8-75.0 Fln, Tb7-U
13.6Fln, Tb7.5
15.3 -70.5 F1D, Tb7.5
16.3 -70.0 17 3 ]
15.7 50
14.8-71.5 100
14.2 150
13.5-73.0 200
F1D, Tb2.5
12.9 250
12.4-75.0 300
12.0 350
11.4-77.5 400
J
* No mixture can propagate flame through glass Tb < 0.23.
CH4 Methane
| Lit.
(**)~
( 65 )
( 65 )
(65)
(65)
(65)
(65)
(65)
(65)
(65)
(65)
I
(12]
}
fl2.
Atm.
CO 2 :0 2
79:21
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
O2
Air
(73)
(774)
( 4)
(74)
(78)
N 2 :0 2 : CO2
81:19
31:19:50
83:17
40:17:43
85:15
64:15:21 . . . .
87:14
85:13:2
O2
O 2 :N 2
80:20
60:40..
40:60
30:70
25:75
20:80
19:81
13.4:86.6....
13:87
Air
Air
O 2 :N 2
20.9:79.1....
19.2:80.8
18.3:81.7....
17.0:83.0....
15.8:84.2....
14.9:85.1....
13.9:86.1....
13.5:86.6....
13.2:86.8....
Air
8.7-11.9
8.5-12.2
5.0-13.0
6.0-11.0
6.0 - .
6.4 -12.8
6.1-12.8
6.35.6-
15}
p!H, Tb4, Sat.17.5
| Lit.
5.7 -13.2
15} TK q ,
(12.
5.5-13.2 1 0 0 j F l H ' T b 4 > S a t - 1 7 - 0
(12)
0
5.8-12.8 15 I Fln, Tb4, dried over 1 12,
5.8 -13.6 100 J P2O5
J ( ;
(")
( 14 )
( 17 )
( 17 )
( 17 )
( 17 )
( 17 )
( 17 )
( 17 )
(i 7 )
( 18 )
( 19 )
(23)
(34)
(34)
( 36 )
(36)
(39)
(51)
( 52 )
(56)
()
( 60 )
( <>)
()
( 7 3)
( 7 3)
Exper. condn.
Air
Air
6.0-57.3
5.7-57.4
Limits
O2
()
100o
15 0 I 1 n _ Q .
100 i MH' Tb4' Sat'17'6
Fl^Tb 7 -S
F1D, Tb7.5
E200O
12,
()
fl2.
(12)
( 14 )
( 14 )
(18)
( 19 )
EUO, Sat.
( 23 )
F1D, Tb6.2
(23)
EV, sphere 16 cm diam., cent- (30)
ral ignition
100
6.0 Ul F
qt
(W
6.25(34)
100o ] Fl0, Ei00, bat.u-18
6.0 -13.0 Piat. F 1 F
/36,
( }
6.6-14.0 Pioat. / F l D j E l 9 4
5.5 -13.5
8.0 -11.3
5.7 -11.8
8.3-8.7
Limits given are for explo5.9-9.6
sion in a large steel bomb
7.3 -7.5
6.3 -7.1
6.6 -6.8
J
5.99-
5.955.905.825.775.765.785.846.416.635.3-
Ev, sphere 16 cm diam.

Ev, sphere 16 cm diam.
J
E170 ooo, Sat.j5_17
Ignition at :
5.6 -14.8 Center
5.4 -14.8 Top
Ev, 16 cm sphere
6.0 -13.4 Bottom
5.4-14.3 Fln, Ev, Tb6
5.60-14.8
-12.9
-11.9
5.80-10.6
5.83-8.96
6.15-8.36
6.35-7.26
6.50-6.70
*
5.765.565.52-
^ ^
(38)
(38)
(39)
(41)
(41)
^ '
J
Fl0
Fln
Flu
* No mixture capable of propagating flame.
(43)
(43)
(43)
CH4 Methane.(Continued)
Atm.
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
i'
Air..
O 2 :N 2
13.7:86.3....
17.0:83.0....
21.0:79.0....
33.0:67.0....
50.0:50.0....
66.0:34.0....
O2
Air
O2....
0 2 :N 2
45.2-54.8....
62.2-37.8....
86.3-13.7....
Air.
Air...
Air
Limits
4.9 5.7 5.55.0 -13.9
-15.4
5.5-13.2
5.464.984.754.553.755.55.6 -14.8
5.5 -14.5
6.00-13.4
5.45-13.5
5.20-13.6
5.05-13.9
4.60-14.0
4.40-14.3
4.154.00-14.7
3.65-15.4
3.35-16.4
3.25-18.8
-23.6
-29.0
6.00-13.0
6.05-13.2
-13.4
6.20-13.6
6.25-13.8
6.40-14.1
-15.4
Exper. condn.
FT]
Fl0 Box, 5.75 ft., cube
MHJ
Fln, E 23 UO
Fl0, Tb30
Fln, Tb30
Fl0, EIOO
25, E100
200, E700
300, EIOO
400, EIOO
500, EIOO
Pi-sat., Eioo
20, Fl0, Ev
100, Fl0, Ev
150, Fl0, Ev
'
200, Fl0, Ev
250, Fl0, Ev
300, Fl0, Ev
350, Fl0, Ev
400, Fl0, Ev
500, Fl0, Ev
600, Fl0, Ev
700, Fl0, Ev
750, Fl0, Ev
800, Fl0, E v
P760, Fl0, Ev
Pi250, Fl0, EV
P 2 IO 0 , Fl0, Ev
P2900, Fl0, Ev
P3350, Fl0, EV
P3750, Fl0, EV
P4650, Fl0, Ev
15 1 vessel, Sat. ro0m
6.4-6.9
6.1-8.9
5.8-13.3
5.8-25.1
5.8-38.8
5.8-47.5
5.7-59.2
6.05-12.1
6.39-52.1
Fln, Tb2.5
F1H, Tb2.5
Fln, Tb2.5
F1H, Tb2.5
Fln, Tb2.5
Fln, Tb2.5
MH, Tb2.5
Ei 20
Ei 20
6.26-29.7
6.30-38.6
6.44-47.8
6.12-13.6
5.82-13.6
6.25-12.8
6.02-13.9
5.91-14.1
5.80-14.1
5.35-14.9
5.40-14.0
5.95-13.4
6.30-12.9
6.205.95-13.7
5.75-14.1
Ei 20
Ei 20
Ei 20
Glass pipette
Glass bulb
(20)
100 T
, ,
200 Ir ntube
300
Fln, Tb7.5
Fln, Tb7.5
Fl0, Tb 7 .5
17 3
50
,
100
n>,Tb,.,
150
CH4 Methane.(Continued]
Lit.
Atm.
(47)
Air
(47)
( 47 )
( 47 )
( 47 )
( 48 )
( 48 )
( 48 )
( 48 )
( 48 )
( 48 )
( 51 )
( 52 )
(55)
(55)
( 55 )
(55)
( 5S )
(55)
(55)
(55)
( 5S )
(55)
(55)
(55)
(55)
(55)
( 55 )
( 55 )
( 55 )
(55)
(55)
(55)
(56)
Air
Air +
0.8% C2H2Cl2
0.8% C2H2Cl4
1.0% C2HCl5
20% C2H2Cl2.
5.5% C2HCl3.
8.5% CCl 4 ...
12.2% CCl4..
Exper. condn.
| Lit.
200
~~~~
250
300
L1 TK
,78
.
350
^Tb1.,
(7*)
400
450
J
EV, Tb1.5
(75)
7.35-10.2
7.15- 9.2
5.95-10.3
*
*
9.0 -9.9
*
(75)
C2H2 Acetylene
Air
Air
O2
Air
Air
Air.
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
O2
O2: N2
40.5:59.5....
58.0:42.0....
78.5:21.5....
Air
^ '
( 5 )
( 60 )
( 60 )
^ 60 ,
j
( 73 )
(73)
Air
,.
(73)
, 7g ,
( 78 )
Limits
5.5 -14.6
5.305.10-15.5
4.954.80-16.6
4.555.4-14.1
* No propagation of flame.
See also p. 191.
(58.
(74)
(74)
(74)
Air
!
Fln, Tb0.05
Fln, Tbo.08
Fln, Tbo.2
Fln, Tbo.4
MH, Tbo.6
Fln, Tb2.o
Fln, Tb3.0
Fln, Tb4.0
J Continuous propagation,
[large vol.
7.7-10.0
5.0-15.0
4.5-25.0
4.0-40.0
3.5 -55.0
3.1 -62.0
2.9-64.0
2.8 -65.0
2.8-93.0
3.8 -40.0
3.0-82.0
3.35-52.3
1.53-58.7
2.82-51.7
-73.0
2.982.532.873.0 -46.0
3.0-73.0
3.4-52.5
3.4-90.0
Ei20
Ei20
3.4 -74.4
3.4-82.4
3.4 -87.4
2.682.39- n J
3-12-|||
1.95-pa<S
1.95"
2.60-80.5
2.68-78.5
2.78-71.0
2.90-55.0
2.83-59.0
2.68-65.0
2.52-73.0
2.39-81.0
2.302.19-
Ei20
Ei 20
Ei20
Glass pipette
Glass bulb
(20) i
100 Iron tube
200 J
Fln, Tb7.6
Fln, Tb7.5
Fl0, Tb7.5
17 3 ]
50
100
150
Fl0, Tb2.6
200
250
300
J
Fl0, Tb7.5
Ei10, Sat.
M 01 TV 4
Fl0, Ei00
Fl11, E2800
Fl17-D, E2800
Mn, E,M17
Fl0, E23317
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(I 3 )
(13)
(13)
j flg.
j ( }
(19)
(14)
(23)
(25)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(46)
(51)
(52)
(80)
(80)
(80)
(73)
(73)
(73)
( 74 )
(74)
(74)
(78)
Atm.
Air
Air
C2H4 Ethylene
Limits
|
Exper. condn.
4 . 0 -22.0 Fln, T b 7 . 5
4.1-14.6 EUO, Sat.
3.4F1D, Tb6.2, Sat.
5.7 -17.5
3.8 -14.2 E120
4.0 --62.0 Ei20
| Lit.
1
4
)
( 23 )
(23)
( 5 I)
( 60 )
( 60 )
Air
Air
O2
0 2 :N 2
40.4:59.6.... 4.0-47.7 E120
] (60}
74.7-25.3.... 4.0-56.4 E120
J ^ '
Air
3.4-14.1 Fln, Tb2.5
(62)
3.6-13.7 F1D, Tb2.5
( 62 )
3.2-25.6 Fln, Tb2.5
( 62 )
Air
3.52Glass pipette
( 73 )
3.34Glass bulb
( 73 )
3.69(20)
3.22100 Iron tube
( 73 )
3.40200
Air
3.02-34.0 Fl17, Tb7.5
( 74 )
3.20-23.7 Fln, Tb7.5
(74)
3.33-15.5 Fl0, Tb7.5
( 74 )
Air
3.45-13.7 17 3 ]
3.3550
3.20-14.1 100
3.10150 vl
f78,
2.95-14.9 200
^, Tb1.,
(")
2.85-15.7 250
2.75-17.9 300
2.60350
2.50400
J
C 2 H 6 Ethane
I j Center ignit. Ev, sphere 16 j (30)
Air
3 1Q_
{ cm diam.
J
Air
3.10-10.7
(51)
Air
2.5 -5.0
(*2)
Air
3.3 -10.6 F1H
( 58 )
Air
3.9-9.6
Tb2.5
( 60 )
O2
3.9-46.2 Tb2.5
( 60 )
Atm.
ArTTT
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
C 5 Hi 2 n-Pentane
Limits
|
Exper. condn.
1.1 1.35Ev, sphere 16 cm diam.
2.4-4.9
En0, Sat.
1.35-4.5
1.6 -5.4
FIs, Tb2.6
1.42-8.0
Fln, Tb7.5
1.44-7.45 F1H, Tb7.5
1.48-4.64 Fl0, Tb7.5
1.53-4.5
17 3 |
1.5050
1.44-4.75 100
1.39-4.90 150
Fln, Tb2.6
1.34-5.05 200
1.30250
1.22-5.35 300
J
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
3.80-21.9 Ei 20
3.90-33.6 Ei 20
( 60 )
3.80-39.7 E120
3.12-15.0 Fln, Tb7.6
( 74 )
3.15-12.9 Fln, Tb7.5
( 74 )
3.26-10.2 Fl0, Tb7.5
( 7 4)
C8H6 Propylene
2.18-9.7
Fl11, Tb7.5
( 74 T
2.22-9.3
Fln, Tb7-S
( 74 )
2.26-7.4
F1D, Tb7.5
( 74 )
C 3 H 8 Propane
2 15_
[ Center ignit. Ey, sphere 16 j
{ cm diam.
J
2.17-7.35
()
2.4 -7.3
F1H, Tb2.5
(58)
C 4 H 8 Butylne
1.70-9.0
Fln, Tb7.5
( 74 T
1.75-9.0
Fln, Tb7.5
(74)
1.80-6.3
F1D> Tb7.5
(74)
C 4 Hi 0 n-Butane
Air
60_
Air
Air
1.55-5.7
1.9- 6.5
j Center lg1"*- Ev* SPhere 16 1
{ cm diam.
Fln, Tb2.5
Air
30_
I Center ignit. Ev, sphere 16 1

{ cm diam.
I
(30)
C 6 H 6 Benzene
Air
1.5 -
E2000
Air
Air
1.4 -4.7
2.65-6.5
1.41.5 -8.0
2.6 -7.2
2.6 -30.1
E 2000
E lio
F1D; Tb6.2
V 18 )
(21)
(23)
(23)
(51)
(60)
(60)
Air
Air
E120
O2
E120
O2: N2
40.5:59.5....
-15.5 Ei20
58.0.42.0.... 2.6-21.0 Ei20
78.5:21.5 ...
-27.5 E120
Air
1.41-7.45 Fln } _ , , ,
1.46-5.55 F 1 n ) Wide tube
(60)
, f t ..
("^
C 6 Hi 4 Hexane
Air
I 1.3-
IE2Q0Q
I (I)
C7H8 Toluene
Air
Air
Air
1.3 E2000
1.4 E 2000
1.27-6.75 Fl n K 17 ., , ,
1.28-4.60 F l o | W l d e t u b e
(i)
(21)
,..,
(64)
C 7 Hi 6 Heptane
Air
I 1.1-
IE 2 0 0 0
I (18)
C 8 HiS Octane
Air
I 1.0-
I (18) '
IE2Q0Q
Petroleum
A i r
Air
Air
(28)
(51)
(S)_
( 78 )
CoHi2 Isopentane
O 2 : N2
37.4:63.6....
59.5:40.5....
74.7:25.3....
Air
| Lit.
(18)
(30)
(23)
(51)
( 58 )
()
( 74 )
( 74 )
Air
Air
O2
2 . 4 -4.9
1.1 2.94-8.22
1.9 -5.3
1.5-6.4
1.501.421.221.021.5 -6.0
1.8-5.15
1.9-28.8
E
^
(
Fl0, Tb6.2
Ev, 60 fraction
Fl0, Ei00
FIu 1 Ei 00
23
200
300
400
E2300
E120
Ei 20
3
)
(23)
(40)
( 48 )
( 48 )
(48)
(48)
(48)
(48)
( 5 I)
(60)
(60)
Petroleum.(Continued)
Atm.
I Limits
O2: N 2
44.0:56.0.... 1.8 -14.1
59.5:40.5.... 2.1 -19.2
74.7:25.3.... 1.9 -28.8
Exper. condn.
C3H8O Isopropyl Alcohol

Lit.
Atm.
Air
Em
E120
Ei 20
Air
5.5-21.0
7.8 -18.0
6.0 7.05-36.5 M n I - , , ,
7.45-26.5 F1; (Wide tube
( 51 )
( 21 )
( 18 )
,,.<,
(^
C2H4O Acetaldehyde
Air
3.97-57.0 Fln l w
idetube
4.27-13.4 F1D j V V i a e t u D e
^
I }
C2H6O Ethyl Alcohol

Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
3.074.0 3.95-13.7
4.0 -13.7
2.8 -9.5
3.56-18.0
3.74-11.5
5.025.185.214.24-19.0
4.32-13.8
4.44-11.5
4.164.374.23-
( 18 )
( 21 )
( 23 )
( 29 )
( 51 )
En 0
Fln
Fl"
Fln
F1H
Fl0
Fln
Fln
Fl0
Fl17
Fln
Fl0
_., , ,
Wide tube
( 64 )
Tb2.5, 60
(56)
Tb5, 60
(56)
Tb15, 60
(56)
Air
Air
Air
2.9 2.7 5.0 -12.0

2.15-9.7
2.35- 8.5
2.3 - 7.5
2.4-6.7
2.75- 6.5
2.2 - 9.5
2.25- 9.3
2.40- 8.3
2.15- 9.7
2.20- 9.5
2.35- 8.5
2.88-12.4
2.89-12.4
3.11-10.9
2.89-13.0
2.93-8.6
3.59- 9 .6
4.03- 8.5
3.68- 8.6
3.30-10.1
Fln
Fl0
Fln
Fln Tb2.6
Fl0
Fln
F1H Tb6
Fl0
Fln
F1H Tb10
Fl0
Fln
MH Tbis
Fl0
Fln | .
Fl0 } Wide tube
Glass pipette
Glass bulb
(20) i T
. ,
100 ) Iront " be
Air
2.26-11.4 Mn _ , , u
2.33-7.1 ^ [Wide tube
I 3.04
Air
Air
Air
I 2.55-
I E200Q
(56)
6.2
6.2
5.9
5.5
Ei10
Fl0, Tb6.2
Fln
Fln Tb2.5
Fl0
Fln
Fln Tb5, 20
Fl0
Fln
MH Tb5, 60
Fl0
Fln
Fln Tbi5
Fl0
P770, Fln
P751, Fln
P600, Fln
P520, MH
P460, MH
P450, Fln
P400, MH
P300, MH
P200, MH
P100, Fln
P50, Fln
P600,
P300,
P200,
P10O,
Fl0
Fl0
Fl0
Fl0
P50
Air
1.71-48.0
1.85-6.4
2.26-6.90
2.38-6.51
2.34-6.15
1.971.63-
(56)
Air
( 56 )
C3H5O n-Propyl Alcohol

Air
1.9 1.8 - 5.2

2.75- 7.7
1.6 0.59-0.195*
2.7 - 7.7
2.35-18.5
2.38-6.2
2.34- 6.3
1.93-15.8
2.05-8.0
2.15- 6.2
1.93-17.1
2.05-13.0
2.15- 7.5
1.73-23.3
1.93-22.3
1.80- 6.5
1.87-12.9
-10.5
- 9.2
1.88- 8.2
- 7.8
1.92-7.3
2.08-6.8
2.33-6.1
2.99-5.0
(56)
I O8)""
I ( 18 )
,-..
(^
,-
(^
C 4 Hi 0 O Ether
Air
Air
Air
( 18 )
( 21 )
(29)
(5 2 )
(5 2 )
,Rd.
( 64 )
(73)
(73)
,-,,
( 73 )
Lit.
(i 8 )
C 4 H 8 O 2 Ethyl Acetate
/fi4N
C3H6O Allyl Alcohol

Air.
Exper. condn.
1.97-10.1 Fln ) _., , .

2.05-7.6 M^ I Wide tube
C3H6O Acetone
Air
Air
Air
Air
|
JE 2 ooo
C4H8O Ethylmethyl Ketone
( 60 )
CH4O Methyl Alcohol

Air
Air
Air
Air
I Limits
I 2.65-
Fl n K 17 ., , ,
F1" } Wide tube
Glass pipette
Glass bulb
(20)
100 Iron tube
200 j
(i 8 )
(21)
( 23 )
( 2 3)
( 25 )
( 2 ^)
( 56 )
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
( 5 6)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
(56)
.RA.
(64)
(73)
(73)
(73)
* Gm per 1.
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
C4H10O Isobutyl Alcohol

I 1.68|E 2 0 0 0
I (18)
CS2
1.944.1 2.5-45.0
1.06-50.0 Fln 1 _ , , ,
1.91-35.0 Fl0 J W l d e t u b e
(18)
(21)
(Si)
/fi ..
( 64 )
Atm.
Air
CS2.- (Continued)
Limits |
Exper. condri.
2.22-31.2 Glass bulb
3.38-29.2 (20) 1 T
, ,
1.35-33.1 100 j fro* t"be
C 2 N2 Cyanogen
7.6-38.0
Air
| Lit.
( 73 )
( 7 ^)
/7,,
(^
| ( 51 )
C5H5N Pyridine
1.81-12.4 Fln } , . ,
1.88-7.2 FID IWlde tube
Air
C2H5NO3 Ethyl Nitrate

3.01-7.5 F l n I , ^ . , , ,
3.83-15.1 F1* I Wide tube
, fi4 ,
(^
Air
Air
Water Gas (60% H2, 50% CO)

12.5-66.5
12.4-66.8 En0, Sat.
12.3F1D, Tb6.2
( )
( 23 )
( 23 )
Gas (49.45% H2, 47.90% CO, 2.65% air)

12.4-66.2 Ei 20
12.6-92.1 Ei 20
( 60 )
( 60 )
Air
Water
Air
O2
O2: N 2
38.6:61.4....
52.7:47.3....
Mixtures of Combustible Gases (56)

EISQOO, FIn
100
75
50
25
10
: 25
: 50
: 75
: 90
100
90: 10
75 : 25
50: 50
40: 60
25: 75
25
50
75
90
33 :
55 :
48.5
100
: 75
: 50
: 25
: 10
33: 33
15: 30
: 51.5
P
53
53
45
52
54
57
72
68*
80*
I % CQ in Q2 |
66.7
50.0
40.0
37.5
35.3
33.3
25.0
20.0
18.4
17.0
16.0
15.0
14.3
14.0*
13.8*
P
50
30
26
24
27
32
74
92
106
124
135
148
340
* Incomplete combustion.
19
( 60 )
/fi/n
12.5-81.3 Ei 20
12.6-86.1 E120
Vol. compn.
H^ : CO: CH4
% H2 in O2
40.0
36.7
33.3
25.0
16.7
11.8
9.1
8.8
6.7
Limits
4.1 -71.5
4.7 6.05-71.8
8.2 10.8 12.5 -73.0
11.0 9,5 7.7 -22.8
7.2 6.4 5.6 -15.1
4.7 4.6 4.1 4.1 5.7-29.9
4.7 -33.6
Relative Limiting Igniting Pressures ( 89 )

Below which, under the same sparking conditions, explosive
mixtures would not ignite; P = limiting ignition pressure in
mm Hg.
% H 2 in O2 I
P
% CO in Q2 I
P
92.3
285
94.0
>400
91.7
341
93.9
75
88.9
212
92.5
108
85.7
183
91.0
99
80.0
149
88.9
81
75.0
123
85.7
78
66.7
103
80.0
55
50.0
66
75.0
50
LITERATURE
O) Humboldt and Gay-Lussac, 51, 60: 129; 1804. 13, 53: 239; 1805. (2)
Davy, 62, 106: 1; 1816. 107: 45; 1817. ( 3 ) Turner, 410, 11: 311; 1824.
( 4 ) Regnault and Reisit, 13, 73: 129; 50. ( 5 ) Bunsen, B72, 338; 77. ( 6 )
Mallard, 15, 7: 355; 75. ( 7 ) Coquillon, 34, 83: 709; 76. ( 8 ) Wagner,
409, 8: 186; 76. ( 9 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 15, 4: 347; 83.
(10) Wiillner and Lehmann, Berichte der preussischen Schlagwetterkominission,
B2: 193; 86. C 1 1 ) Broockmann, 897, 32: 189; 89. (*2) Roszkowski, 397,
33: 491, 524, 535, 553; 90. 7, 7: 485; 91. (13) Le Chatelier, 15, 19: 388;
91. (i) Clowes, 5, 56: 2; 94. 57: 353; 95. 54, 15: 701; 96. Detection
and Estimation of Inflammable Gas and Vapour in the Air, London, Lockwood,
1896. ( 15 ) Le Chatelier, 34, 121: 1144; 95. ( 16 ) Courier and Meunier,
34, 126: 750; 98. (") Le Chatelier and Boudouard, 34, 126: 1344; 98.
O 8 ) Le Chatelier and Boudouard, 34, 126: 1510; 98. ( 19 ) Bunte, 25, 31:
19; 98.
(20) Meunier, 34, 131: 727; 00. (2i) Kubierschky, 92, 14: 129; 01. (22)
Bunte and Eitner, 397, 44: 835; 01. ( 23 ) Eitner, 397, 45: 2, 21 et seq.;
02. Diss., Mnchen, 1902. ( 24 ) Peler and Jomine, 27, 27: 1207; 02.
( 2 5 ) Teclu, 52, 75: 212; 07. ( 26 ) Meunier, 34, 144: 796, 1107; 07. (27)
Perman, 58, 87: 416; 11. ( 28 ) Fischer and Wolf, 25, 44: 2956; 11. ( 20 )
Hartman, 395, 91: 62; 11.
(30) Burgess and Wheeler, 4, 99: 2013; 11. (31) Brunswig, Explosives, p. 73.
New York, Wiley, 1912. Translated by Munroe and Kibler. ( 32 ) Clement,
30, No. 43; 13. (33) Parker, 4, 103: 934; 13. (34) Schlumberger and
Piotrowski, 397, 57: 941; 14. ( 3 S) Crussard, 34, 158: 125, 340; 14. ( 36 )
Terres and Plentz, 397, 57: 995, 1001, 1016, 1025; 14. ( 37 ) Somermeier,
45, 6: 191, 374; 14. ( 3S ) Parker, 4, 105: 1002; 14. ( 39 ) Coward and
Brinsley, 4, 105: 1859; 14.
( 40 ) Biluchowski and Lahocinski, 136, 1: 1038; 14. 359, 9: 605; 14. ( 4l )
Burgess and Wheeler, 4, 105: 2591; 14. ( 4 2 ) Burgess and Wheeler, 4,
105: 2596; 14. ( 43 ) Le Prince Ringuet, 34, 158: 1793; 14. ( 44 ) Le Prince
Ringuet, 34, 158: 1999; 14. ( 45 ) Reis, 7, 88: 518; 14. ( 46 ) Burrell and
Oberfell, 30, No. 112; 15. ( 4 ?) Burrell and Oberfell, 30, No. 119; 15. ( 48 )
Burrell and Boyd, 45, 7: 414; 15. ( 4 9 ) Burrell and Robertson, 45, 7: 417;
15.
( s o ) Burrell and Oberfell, 30, No. 134; 16. ( 51 ) Thornton, 3, 33: 190; 17.
( S 2 ) Burrell and Ganger, 30, No. 150; 17. ( 53 ) Wheeler and Whitaker,
4, 111: 267; 17. ( S4 ) Payman, 54, 37: 406; 18. ( 5S ) Mason and Wheeler,
4, 113: 45; 18. ( 56 ) Coward, Carpenter and Payman, 4, 115: 27; 19. (")
White and Price, 4, 115: 1426; 19. ( 58 ) Payman, 4, 115: 1436; 19. ( 5 9 )
Satterly and Burton, 69, 13: 211; 19.
(6o) Terres, 397, 63: 785, 805, 820, 836; 20. ( 6l ) Jorissen, 70, 39: 715; 20.
( 6 2 ) Chapman, 4, 119: 1677; 21. (63) Katz and Smith, 313, No. 2400 i 11 ; 22.
(6 4 ) White, 4, 121: 1244; 22. (65) White, 4, 121: 1688; 22. ( 66 ) White,
4, 121: 2561; 22. ( 6 ^) Jorissen, 176, 19: 193; 22. ( 68 ) Boussu, 34, 175:
30; 22. ( 69 ) Asch, 97, 4: 468; 23.
( 7 0 ) Builder, 136, 47: 435; 23. (71) Payman and Wheeler, 4, 123: 426; 23.
( 7 2 ) Jones, Yant and Berger, 45, 16: 353; 24. (73) Beri and Fischer, 9, 30:
29; 24. ( 74 ) White, 4, 125: 2387; 24. (75) Jorissen and Velisek, 70, 43:
80; 24. ( 76 ) Jorissen and Meuwissen, 70, 43: 591; 24. ( 77 ) White, 4,
127: 48; 25. ( 78 ) White, 4, 127: 672; 25. ( 7 9 ) Jorissen and Meuwissen,
70, 44: 132; 25.
( 8 0 ) Crouch and Carver, 45, 17: 641; 25. (81) Jorissen and VaIk, 70, 44:
810; 25. ( 8 2 ) Jorissen and Ongkiehong, 70, 44: 814; 25. ( 83 ) Jorissen,
70, 44: 1039; 25. ( 83a ) Burgers and Wheeler, Safety in Mines Research
Board, Paper No. 15; 26. ( 83 b) Coward and Hartwell, Ibid., No. 19; 26.
(83C) Jorissen and Ongkiehong, 70, 45: 162, 224, 400; 26. (83<1) Explosives
in Mines Committee, 3rd Report. London, H. M. Stationery Off., 1913.
CO
LIMITING PRESSURES
(84) Meyer and Seubert, 4, 45: 581; 84. ( 8S ) Dixon, 68, 175: 634; 84. (*6)
De Hemptinne, 186, 761; 02. ( 8 7 ) Fischer and Wolf, 86, 44: 2956; 11.
(*8) Coward, Cooper and Warburton, 4, 101: 2278; 12. ( 89 ) Coward,
Cooper and Jacobs, 4, 105: 1069; 14.
( 9 0 ) Stavenhagen and Schuchard, 98, 33: 286; 20. ( 91 ) Stavenhagen and
Schuchard, 98, 34: 114; 21.
23
Tb2.6 ( ) CO
in air, saturated Effect of H2 and H2O on flame speeds of CO
air mixtures ( 34 )
with H2O at
room temp, and
t
I % CO I % H2 I % H2O I cm/sec
P = I atm.
RELATIVE INFLAMMABILITIES
(92) Emich, 07, 18: 6; 97. ( 93 ) Emich, 57, 19: 299; 98.
% CO cm /sec
PROPAGATION OF FLAME
The "Uniform Movement" and Attendant Phenomena
Given certain conditions, an initial "slow uniform flame movement" can usually be effected in a gaseous explosive medium; its
velocity is, however, dependent upon (1) the composition of the
mixture, (2) its temperature and pressure, (3) the nature and
dimensions of the containing vessel (in case of a tube, the diameter
being the important dimension) and (4) the source and character of
ignition. It is usually determined experimentally by igniting each
explosive mixture with the same type of flame at the open end of
a tube which is closed at the other end.
The flame movement so initiated usually proceeds at uniform
velocity for a certain short distance, and its termination is marked
by a period of accelerated vibrational flame movement, which
may in some cases give rise to detonation. In other cases, however, it seems to be succeeded abruptly by detonation.
Recently attempts have been made to establish a so-called "law
of flame speeds" for complex combustible gaseous mixtures,
e.g., coal-gas and air, on the supposition that in such cases the
observed flame speed is caused by the oxygen or combustible gas
(whichever of the two is in defect) dividing itself during the combustion so as to form a series of explosive mixtures (of each single
component combustible gas with oxygen) giving the same flame
speed. This, however, seems a fundamentally wrong view of things.
Abbreviations and Units
Tbx. A tube of diameter x cm was used in experiment. The values given in the tables are the velocities of propagation of flame in
cm/sec for the mixtures noted. All gas percentages are in volume %.
H2
Tbi (4)
(8)
H 2 in air
2H 2 +Q 2 +4N 2
% H 2 I cm/sec Tbi
350
20
200
Tb0. e
323
25
280
Tb0.3
350
30*
340
Tbo.o9
172
35
410
3H2 + Cl2
40
440
Tbi
I 315
50
380
H 2 + 3Cl2
60
230
Tbi
I 600
Tb1 (7)
2H 2 +O 2 +4N 2
20
350
100
430
Tb 2 . 5 (27)
H2JnO2
% H 2 | cm/sec
59.9
574
66.6
662
75.2
515
* Not propagated in Tbo.09 or less.
H2 in air (16). A, in Tb 0-9 ; B, in Tbi.; C, in Tb2.5

% H2 I
A
[I % H 2 I
B
I ] % H2 I
C
11.80
No
17.30
150
6.10
No
17.30
125
25.15
260
6.19
10
23.65
200
33.90
383
6.31
12
30.45
320
37.15
400
20.15
260
36.55
390
40.10
410
29.70
405
40.10
420
43.10
420
36.30
490
43.10
420
46.80
400
40.50
480
46.80
400
51.55
360
44.55
460
50.55
353
57.15
270
49.15
385
57.00
280
59.45
175
61.60
145
62.00
155
71.39
50
63.50 I
No
71.51
*
* Flame to open end only.
16.15
16.29
16.51
24.47
30.50
44.84
59.58
67.10
70.63
71.19
71.31
*
19.5
19.4
34.0
46.0
60.1
56.2
30.2
20.0
19.4
t
6
39.25
0.65
28
38.00
0.65
4
39.70
1.90
6
46.15
3.85
10
47.30
4.05
29
46.00
4.05
20
47.30
4.15
5
37.45
5.60
6
43.75
5.60
31
42.20
5.60
6
40.80
6.05
27
39.60
6.05
Tb1 (7)
2CO + O2, 220 cm/sec
1.90
3.70
0.80
0.90
1.20
3.95
2.30
0.85
0.90
44.0
0.90
3.50
73.5
103.5
103.5
152.0
150.0
167.0
144.0
170.0
170.5
156.0
160.5
158.0
* Flame tongue,
t Flame to 15 cm.
FIG. 5.Influence of tube diameter on speed of "uniform

movement"
with mixtures of hydrogen and air ( 16 ).
Effect of H2O on flame-speed (33). Tb2-5. 2 = temp, of saturation with H2O
t
%
w n
Xi2V/
cm/sec
2* 0.70
13* 1.45
27* 3.50
34* 5.20
56
76
106
120
%
w n
Jl2U
8.00
0.80
1.35
2.30
42*
41
12f
2Of
cm/sec
8
56
68
86
t
27f
34 f
39f
J^L cm/sec
JdL2U
3.50
96
5.20
107
6.85
107
* = 45 % CO in air.
t = 40 % CO in air.
CH4 Methane
CH4 in air (I2);c/. ( 3 > 6, 7, 8).
A in glass Tb2. 55; B in lead Tb 2 . 64 ;
C in copper Tb2. 3; D in iron Tb2. 72
% CH4 1
5.99
6.83
7.6
7.95
8.94
10.0
10.98
11.3
11.74
A
I
B
21.7
19.4
33.4
32.5
45.6
43.5
48.6
48.2
63.66
58.7
69.8
65.0
61.1
53.9
53.3
45.4
36.9
35.2
C
18.3
32.7
42.4
45.2
59.4
63.2
54.1
47.7
34.5
D
21.2
34.1
43.8
63.3
67.3
57.5
50.6
36.1
CH4 in air (* 3 )
Tb5
% CH4
cm/sec
5.4
6.8
8.8
9.45
10.6
11.5
13.0
14.3
36
55
100
110
109
84
42
36
"Uniform-movement'' velocities in tubes of small diameter (20).

D = internal diam. of tube in mm; % = % CH4 in air
D^%| 7.6 I 8.0 I 8.25 I 8.4 |
3.6
0
0
0
0
4.5
O
O
(20) (18)
5.6
(25) (20) (27)
7.2
(37) (30) (30) (30)
8.1
(45) (30) (35) 36.5
9.0
(55) 32.6 34.8
8.5 | 9.0 | 9.5 |

0
0
0
(20) (20) (20)
36.3 38.4 40.8
38.0 40.5 46.8
39.3 42.4 47.7
40.4 44.4 48.9
9.95 |l0.15
O
O
(33)
O
41.2 40.8
46.3 44.5
47.4 46.7
48.0 47.9
iT^^gl 10.5 10.65 I 10.8 I 11.0 I 11.5 I 11.6 [ 11.65 | 12.0

3 . 6 O
O
O
5
O
O
O
0~
4.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
O O
5 . 6
38.4
0
0
0
0
0
O
O
7 . 2 42.9 (60) (53) (43)
O
O
O
O
8.1
44.0 42.2 41.0 (45) (50)
(60)
9.0
46.5 45.5
42.5 36.9 35.3 (69) (60)
Figures in parentheses denote distance travelled before flame
died out.
FIG. 7.Influence of the direction of flame propagation on speed

of
"uniform movement" with mixtures of methane and air ( 28 ).
FIG. 6.Influence of tube diameter on speed of "uniform

movement"
with mixtures of methane and air ( 19 ).
23
CH4 in air, Tb2.5 ( )

% CH4
I
cm/sec
5.71
*
5.80
23.3
6.95
35.0
7.82
47.4
9.12
64.4
9.96
66.2
10.32
65.5
11.10
57.0
12.25
35.0
13.09
22.0
13.35
19.1
13.42
t
* Flame to 15 cm.
t Flame to 5 cm.
Flame to 30 cm.
|
|
27
CH4 in O2 ( )
% CH4
|
cm/sec
5.59
t
5.72
20
10.52
266
15.53
722
21.63
2300
26.95
3991
33.00
5502
40.00
3020
45.61
488
53.36
82
57.67
29
59.50
FIG. 8.Comparison of the speeds of "uniform movement"

of mixtures of various individual gases with air ( 29 ).
FIG. 9.Speeds of "uniform movement"23of mixtures of combustible

gases with air ( ).
C 2 H2 Acetylene
C 2 H 2 in air
Tb 4 (Q)
C 2 H 2 in air
Tb..,(")
C 5 Hi 2 Pentane
In air (23). Tb2.5
C 2 H 2 in air (22)
%C 2 H 2
Da
f m tUbe
% C 2 H 2 I cm/sec | % C 2 H 2 1 cm/sec |
112.51 25 [ 50 90
2.9*
10
4
45
2.75
40
8.0
500
6
147
3.45 25 41 60
9.0-10.0
600
8
260
4.40
115
22.0
40
9
266
4.60 82 95115
64*
5
10
264
6.10 158172205
12
175
7.00
265
14
114
8.15 258270303
16
75
9.45
335
18
50
10.35 260278304
20
38
11.6 206245283
11.85
285
13.25 115145175220
16.00
60 68 72
18.20
60 70
* Limit.
FIG. 10.Speed of "uniform movement"

of mixtures of the paraffin
series with air (31).
~ ..
^5U12
cm/sec
1.52
*
1.61
20.2
1.98
40.1
2.35
60.2
2.63
74.3
2.92
83.0
3.00
82.1
3.13 76.0
3.35 65.9
3.49
61.5
* Flame to 6 cm.
Jl
^5U12
| C3H6O Acetone |CS 2 +3NO(7)

In air (i7)
cm/sec
3^85
4.00
4.32
4.56
4.87
5.40
5.50
Tb2.5
. (5> 8
48.0 %C3H6O| cm/sec

44.0 2.70 55.0 Tb3 125
33.0 3.85 69.0 Tb2 124
28.7 5.05 93.8 Tbi
.75
25.8 6.40 68.5 Tb 0 . 4
20.2
7.65
39.5
t
8.20
30.5
f Flame to open end only.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Bunsen, 8, 131: 161; 67. ( 2 ) Mallard, 15, 7: 355; 75. ( 3 ) Fonseca
Benevides, 407, 7: 166; 80. ( 4 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 93: 145;
81. ( 5 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 95: 599; 82. (6) Mallard, 185,
15: 268; 82. ( 7 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 51, 1: 173; 82. 27, 39: 369,
572; 83. ( 8 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 15, 4: 296; 83. ( 9 ) Le Chatelier,
34, 121: 1144; 95.
( 1 0 ) Bunte, 25, 31: 19; 98. C 11 ) Sellars and Campbell, 54, 32: 730; 13. ( 1 2 )
Parker and Rhead, 4, 105: 2150; 14. ( 13 ) Wheeler, 4, 105: 2606; 14.
(14) Morgan, 115, 99: 39; 15. 67, 26: 172; 14. (i*) Parker, 4, 107: 328;
15. ( 16 ) Haward and Otagawa, 4, 109: 83; 16. ( 17 ) Wheeler and Whitaker, 4, 111: 267; 17. ( 18 ) Haward and Sastry, 4, 111: 841; 17. ( 1 9 )
Mason and Wheeler, 4, 111: 1044; 17.
( 2 0 ) Payman and Wheeler, 4, 113: 656; 18. ( 21 ) Payman and Wheeler, '4, 115 :
36; 19. (22) Mason and Wheeler, 4, 115: 578; 19. (23) Payman, 4, 115:
1446, 1454; 19. (24) Morgan, 115, 108: 535; 19. (25) Nickolls, Underwriters Labs. Special Investigation No. 528; 19. ( 2 ^) Mason and Wheeler,
4, 117: 36; 20. ( 2 7 ) Payman, 4, 117: 48; 20. ( 28 ) Mason and Wheeler,
4, 117: 1227; 20. (29) Chapman, 4, 119: 1677; 21.
( 30 ) Payman and Wheeler, 4, 121: 363; 22. (31) Mason, 4, 123: 210; 23. ( 32 )
Payman, 4, 123: 412; 23. ( 33 ) Payman and Wheeler, 4, 123: 1251; 23.
( 34 ) Ellis, 4, 123: 1435; 23. ( 35 ) Campbell and Ellis, 4, 125: 1957; 24.
( 36 ) Ellis and Stubbs, 4, 125: 1960; 24. ( 37 ) Ellis and Robinson, 4, 127:
760; 25. (38) Ellis and Wheeler, 4, 127: 764; 25. (39) Gouy, 6, 18: 1; 79.
(40) Bunte, 25, 31: 19; 98. (4i) Hofsass, 397, 62: 541; 19. (42) Payman and
Wheeler, 83, preprint, 1926.
THEORETICAL
C2H4 Ethylenel C2H6 Ethane [C3H8 Propane | C4Hi0 Butane

In air (29) | In air (23)
In air (23) | In air (22)
(43) Vicaire, 6, 19: 118; 70. ( 4 4 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 15, 4: 296; 83.
(43) Jouguet, 34, 156: 872; 13. (46) Nusselt, 98, 59: 872; 15. (47) Jouguet
and Crussard, 34, 168: 820; 19.
cm/sec
Tb2.5
% C4H10
cm/sec
Tb2.5
% C3H8
cm/sec
Tb2.6
% C2H6
cm/sec
Tb2.5
% C2H4
DETONATION
The phenomenon of detonation, or " l'onde explosive" as it was
originally known, in gaseous explosions was discovered by Berthelot
and Vieille and by Mallard and Le Chatelier in the year 1881. It
is set up when a sufficiently explosive mixture is ignited by means of
3.55 25.8 3.16 *
2.30 %
1.90 %
a detonator (such as fulminate) or under circumstances such that the
4.00 41.3 3.30 18.1 2.37 20.8 1.95 20.1
burning gases are exposed to the repeated effects of reflected com6.10 108.4 3.58 25.6 2.58 26.0 2.05
23.3
pression waves.
In the last named circumstance the initial uniform
6.50 129.9 4.47 52.7 2.80 31.4 2.57 slow49.1
velocity is rapidly accelerated up to the point of detonation.
7.20 142.4 4.90 65.0 3.50 48.2 3.01 When
67.9
once established its velocity is constant and within
8.10 120.6 5.57 80.5 4.28 72.8 3.4wide
0 limits
80.unaffected
2
by the material and diameter of the tube
9.45 72.6 6.08 82.5 4.39 79.1 3.6employed,
6 82being
.6 solely dependent on the nature of the explosive
13 35 23.5 6.53 85.6 4.71
82.1
4
.05 and75.0
mixture
on its temperature and pressure.
14 OO 22.2 7.07 81.3 4.84 80.2 4.34 In61.9
the explosion wave the explosive mixture is fired adiabatically
7.70
60.4 5.14 66.0 4.88 43.4
by compression so that the chemical reaction is more intense and
8.2'3 45.8 5.90 41.2 5.50
27.7of much shorter duration than in the case of normal combustion.
9.00
27.7 6.58 30.2 6.27
22.0
In addition the pressure in the wave is much greater than in ordi9.50
23.1 7.10 23.0 6.53
20.3nary explosions, this being the cause of its shattering effect.
10.09
20.8 7.30 20.3 6.60 ||
Abbreviations
10.60
19.7 7.35
Values not otherwise designated are detonation velocities in
10.71 I t
meters per second.
* Flare only.
Flame to 15 cm.
Composition of gas mixtures when given in percentages are
t Flame to 4 cm.
Il Flame to open end only.
in volume %.
Flame to 6 cm.
The initial conditions of the detonating mixture are ordinary

temperature and pressure unless otherwise stated.
H2
Determinations in a lead pipe 100 m long X 6 mm diam. ( 8 )
For 2H 2 + O2, normal conditions, 2821
At 10
Il
Pmm m/sec Il P mm I m/sec ||
200 2627
760
2821
300 2705
1100 2856
500 2775
1500 2872
At 100
P mm | m/sec |j P mm | m/sec
390
2697
1000 2828
500
2738
1450 2842
760
2790
2CO + O 2 ; influence of H2O vapor ( 8 ); t = saturation temp.

t I % H2O I Pmm I m/sec || t
1264 35
Well-dried
Dry
1305 35
10
1.2
1676 45
20
2.3
400
1576 45
20
2.3
760
1703 45
20
2.3
1100 1737 55
28
3.7
1713 65
35
5.6
400
1616 75
[ % H2Q | P mm | m/sec
5.6
760 1738
5.6
1100
1782
9.5
400 1570
9.5
760 1693
9.5
1100
1742
15.6
1666
24.9
1526
38.4
1266
CH4 Methane
2H2
2H2
2H2
2H2
+ O2
+ 2O2
+ 4O2
+ 6Q2
2821 2H2
2328 4H2 +
1927 6H2 +
1707 8H2 +
+ 8O2 | 1281 2H2

O 2 3268 2H2 +
O 2 3527 2H2 +
O 2 3532 2H2 +
+ O2
O2 +
O2 +
2O2 +
+ N 2 2426
3N2 2055
5N2 1822
2N 2 2003
H2 + N2O, at Fmm = 500, 2094; Pmm = 760, 2307; Pmm = 1000,

2302
Determinations in a lead pipe 100 m long X 9 mm diam. ( 2 4 )
(8)
I In O2 (24) i
CH4 + 2Q2
Pmm
I m/sec
^5760
2322
1000
lili
PH 4. l i n
Sn
9.Y
760
% H2| % Q 2 1 m/sec|| % H 2 1 % O2 [ m/sec || % H 2 | % Q2 | m/sec

1000
22.2 77.8 1600 50.0 50.0 2311 85.5 14.5 3527
25.0 75.0 1693 66.7 33.3 2817 88.9 11.1 3532
m/sec
1756
1961
2374
2822
3090
3137
In glass tubes (22)
H2 % O2 | % N 2 1
33.3 33.3 1990
25.0 25.0 2388
16.7 16.7 2767
12.5 12.5 2846
26.6 40.1 2016
20.0 30.0 2383
13.3 20.1 2655
11.4 17.2 I 2671
(8)
Determinations in rubber tube 40 m long X 5 mm diam. ( 3 )
* Detonation not propagated.
ClO2
64.0% ClO2, 36.0% O2, 1126 (U)
CO
2CO + O2
Pmm I m/sec
570 1120
760 1089
834 1072
1560 1132
* Wave variable,
t Explosive.
2CO + O 2 (13). In CO
mixtures the speed may
be influenced by nature
0
of igniting charge.
30% CO in air Fired by
0 . 10 g chlorate pownot detonated
der
1280*
0 .05 g fulminate
190Of
0 .75 g fulminate
121Ot
CO + N2O 1106
Ti '}"'
Undulatory.
2160
2510
2920
2220
2190
I
53 3
'
2388
C2H2
C2H2
C2H2
C2H2
C2H2
C2H2
+
+
+
+
+
+
6O2
10O2
2N 2 O
6N2O
2NO
6NO I
1950
1850
2580
2400
2850
2800|
C)
C2H2
C2H2
C2H2
C2H2
C2H2
+
+
+
+
+
2|O2
2391
HO2
2716
HO 2 + N 2 2414
O2
2961 ( i )
2|O2
2482 (3)
98% C2H2 (12). Determinations made in tube l m long X

3.5 mm diam. Since C 2 H 2 is an endothermic compound, it can
be detonated under pressure.
P = initial detonating pressure in kg/cm 2 .
P
Speed
I
5 I
10 j
12 I
15 I
20 I
30
I 1050 | 1100 | 1280 | 1320 | 1500 | 1600
C 2 H 4 Ethylene ()
C2H4 + 2O2*
C 2 H 4 + 2O2f
C2H4 + 3O2
C 2 H 4 +- 4O2
-^)
C2H4 + 3O2
2H2 + O2, normal conditions, 2810 | %(2H 2 + Q 2 ) % H2 in air

Pmm I m/sec u Pmm l m/sec |
In air
30 1439
560
2763
26
2776 45
1439 26.7 1201
760
2800
1580 2744 40
1251 23.3 1205
2H2 + N2O
2284
35
1205 21.7 *
* 10.
1100.
2H2 + N 2 + P2 [I
2121
32.5 *
(3)
+2^2
C2H2 Acetylene
2C2H2 + O 2
IeC 2 H 2 + O 2
m/sc"
C2H2 + O2
C 2 H 2 + 3O2
C 2 H 2 + 4O 2
H 2 + Cl2 in
Tube diam. =
| 9 |l2.7| 15
dark, dry,
2H2 + O 2
2821 2828 H 2 + Cl2 1729 1795 wet,
2H2 + Cl2 1849 1770 (6)
2H2 + 4O2
1927 1921
2H2 + O2 + 3N2 2055
2089 3H2 + Cl2 1855
53.5% ClO2, 46.5% O2, 1065.
+1
CH4 + HO 2
(3)
2146
% CH4
CH4 + 2O2 2287
1963 11.1 1678 CH 4 + 2N 2 I
20.0 1980 + 4 O 2
fiM
25
' 2146 CH4 + 4N 2 I
1151
33.3 2337
+2O 2
J
40
- 2465 CH4 + 7.52 N 2 + 2O2
50.0 2513 gives no detonation.
1RSO
( 13 )
|| %
33.3
50.0
66.6
75.0
33.3
50.0
66.6
Il 71 4
CH4 + HO2
2470
2488
33.3 I 66.7 1917 80.0 20.0 3278

% H2 I % O 2 1 % N2
25.0
50.0 25.0
33.3
44.4 22.3
50.0
33.3 16.7
66.6
22.2 11.2
75.0
16.7 8.3
80.0
13.3 6.7
CH4 + 2O2
C H 4 + 4O2
CH4 + IiO,
2581
2538
2364
2247
C2H4
C2H4
C2H4
C2H4
+
+
+
+-
2209
6O2
|2118| C 2 H 4 + 2 O 2 I
8O2
1980 +- 2N 2
10O2
1856 C 2 H 4 +- 2O2
2O2 + N 2 2413
+ 4N 2
C2H4+2O2
+ 6N 2
C2H4 +2O 2
+ 8N2
1878
1734
C 2 H 6 Ethane
C2H6 +- 3K>2, 2363 (3)
C 2 N 2 Cyanogen
(3)
I
C8)
I
(22)
C 2 N 2 + 4N2O 2035 P mm C 2 N 2 C 2 N 2 + 2O2,
C 2 N 2 + O2
C 2 N 2 + 2O2 2043
+- O2
2321
"
+2N2
C2N2+2N2I
500 2536 C 2 N 2 + 3O2, Diam
m/S6C
+ 2O2
f .
7602677
2110
of tube
C 2 N 2 + 4N 2 I
1000 2671 C 2 N 2 +- O2
^mm 2161
+ 2O2
/
t
+ N 2 , 2398
g
mm 2230
Pmm C 2 N 2 + 2O2
10 2728 C 2 N 2 + O2
? mm
388
2171 100 2711 + N2, 2165
758
2195
878
I
2052
I
I
* Detonation not propagated.
MIXTURES OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES

23
( )
( )
2(xH2 + yCQ) + 0 2 |4(xH 2 +yCQ) +O 2 2H2 + O2 ^5
x
I y I m/sec I x ] y I m/sec + 2CO
J
2H2 + O2
2080
0.75 99.25 1754
1
99
1747 +6CO
1.5 98.5 1758
2
98
1755 H 2 + O2
2U
7.5 92.5 1796
5
95
1776 + 2CO
15
85
1858 25
75
1952
(3)
37.5 62.5 2020
50
50
2212 H 2 + O2
200R
50
50
2130 75
25
2614 + CO
75
25
2391 85
15
2819 3H2 + 2JO2
85
15
2507
92.5 7.5 3015
+ 2CO
92.5
7.5
2643 100
O
3284 H 2 + C2H4
100
O
2810
+ SfO 2
H2 + CH4 (24). M = % mixture in O2 2H2 + C2H4 i ?
H 2 + CH4 I 2H2 + CH4 I H 2 + 2CH4
+ 4O2
J ^579
H
M I m/sec | M | m/sec | M | m/sec 2 + C2H6 225Q
13.8
532 TO 449 O 1728
+ 42 J
21.0
1875 15.8 1582 25.0 2050
44.4
2464 16.7 1666 40.0 2444
2561 20.0 1764 46.1 2546
50.0
57.1
2697 33.3 2094 50.0 2605
66.7
2604 50.0 2474 54.5 2679
54.5 2572 60.0 2600
66.7 2782
LIMITING DILUTIONS OF EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES FOR THE INITIATION
OF DETONATION
Detonation cannot be propagated in mixtures diluted beyond the
limits given
I
H2 and air
CO
CH4 Methane
C2H2 Acetylene
C 2 N 2 Cyanogen
Limits
Lower 23.3% H 2
Between/21.7% H 2
4CO + 2N 2 + O2
2CO + N2 + O2
CH4 + O2
Lower 11.1% CH4
Upper 53.3% CH4
CH4 + 4N 2 + 2O2
CH4 + 7.5N2 + 2O2
9.5% CH4 in air
C 2 H 2 + 10O2
C2H2+6NO
C 2 N 2 + 2N 2 + 2O2
C2N2+4N2+2O2
C 2 N 2 + 4N2O
C 2 N 2 + 4NO
I Speed | Lit.
1205
TT
*
J( }
*
(3)
*
(3)
1678
2388
J( ;
1151
(3)
*
(3)
*
(3)
1850
(13)
2800
()
1203
(3)
*
(3)
2035t
(3)
*
(3)
* Detonation not propagated,

t Sometimes propagated.
Mean flame velocity before a uniform detonation speed ensues

(3). 2H2 + O2, in rubber tube 5 mm diam.; D distance from
initiating explosive in m; S= time in sec; V = mean vel. from
origin in m/sec; Fint. = mean vel. in each interval.
D
0.020
0.050
0.500
5.250
20.190
40.430
S
0.000275
0.000342
0.000541
0.002108
0.007620
0.015100
V
72.72
146.2
924.4
2491.0
2649.0
2679.0
Fint"
72.7
448.0
2261
3031
2710
2706
Distance in inches from spark at which detonation occurs =

DO for spark at end of tube and Z)3 for spark 3 in. from end ( 16 ).
Mixture
2H2 + O2
2H2 + 2|O2
6H2 + O2
C2N2 + O 2
C 2 N 2 + 2O2
2C2H2 + 3O2
C2H4 + 2Q2
D0
48
D3
12
48
192
4
10
2|
5
8i
12
4i
9
Distance before detonation wave is established = D cm (13).

Glass tube, 10 mm diam. Spark at end of tube
Mixture
2C2H2 + O2
C2H2 + O2
C2H2 + 6O2
C2H2 + 10O2
C2H2 + 2NO
C2H2 + 6NO
C2H2 + 2N2O
C2H2 + 6N2O
D
OO
5
15
80
20
50
100
10
Influence of tube diameter on the distance from the firing source

at which detonation occurs ( 25 ). Mixture = CS2 + 3O2. Spark
at end of tube. Dcm = cm travelled by flame before detonation.
Tube diam., mm
6.5-7
10
24-25
34-35
43-44
53-54
Dcm
48
50
58
84
103
131
Distance required for the re-establishment of detonation waves

after they are damped out by passing from one tube to another of
larger diameter (26). Diam. of first tube = 7 mm. Distance in
cm travelled by flame in second tube prior to detonation =D.
Diam. mm second tube
Z) (CS 2 +3O 2 )
D (2H2 +O 2 )
| 13 | 16 | 23-24 | 33-34 | 44-45

I 8 I 10 I 15 I 50
I 100
I
I
3 I 62
I
WAVE VELOCITIES ( 14 )
C 2 H 2 + O2 I C 2 H 2 -I- 2NO I 2CO + O2
L'onde explosive (dtonation wave)
L'onde retrograde (retonation wave) *
L'onde rflchie (reflexion wave) t
L'onde prolonge (collision wave) t
2990
2850
2300
1140
2250
1900
1350
1000
2050
* A "retonation" wave is thrown back into the burnt gases when the detonation wave is set up.
t The wave reflected through the burnt gases after a detonation wave has
reached the walls of the vessel in which the explosion occurs.
J Collision waves occur when two detonation waves meet.
REFLECTED WAVES IN A C2H2 + O2 MIXTURE

Initial speed
After reflection
2300 1 After first crossing

1080
1350 After second crossing. . . 980
KATIO OF WAVE VELOCITIES ( 16 )

Detonation
Reflection
wave
wave
Mixture
velocity
velocity
1538
2820
2H2 + O 2
1383
2305
H2 + N2O
1676
1078
2CO + O 2
1230
2728
C2N2 + O 2
2321
1129
C 2 N 2 +2O 2
1133
2391
2C 2 N 2 +5O 2
Ratio of
velocities
1.83
1.67
1.56
2.22
2.06
2.11
Two equations of importance have been deduced whereby

velocities of detonation agreeing closely with experimental values
may be calculated ( 34 > 35).
9 7? T
V* = ^F2[{(m - n)CP + mC*\CPT0 + (Cp + Cv)h] where
/XOu
V
R
J
n and m
Cp and Cv
h
T0
Velocity of wave.
Gas constant.
Dynamical equivalent of heat (42 X IO 6 ergs).
Gram equivalents of the mixture exploded.
Number of molecules before and after the chemical
change in the wave.
Mean specific heats of the products at constant pressure and volume, respectively.
Total heat generated in the wave.
Initial temperature (abs.) of the mixture exploded.
(f)'='^('+M).-"
f ~jT )
Velocity of the wave.
R
M
T2
Gas constant.
Molecular mass of the gas taken.
Temperature of the flame.
ju
-T- (ratio of the final and initial densities),

i
Mean specific heat at constant volume of the explosion
products.
Number of molecules in the explosion products.
Cz
kz
LITERATURE
Jouguet and Crussard, 34,168: 820; 19. ( 49 ) Crussard, 402,12: 243, 295; 20.
(50) Jouguet, 34, 181: 546; 25. (Si) Vieille, 815, 10: 177; 89. 34, 181: 413; 00.
( 5 2 ) Jouguet, 34, 181: 658; 25. ( 53 ) Payman and Robinson, Safety in
Mines and Research Board, Report No. 18; 26.
EXPLOSIONS IN CLOSED VESSELS

Much of the experimental determination of explosion times and
pressures using gaseous mixtures has been carried out with coal
gasair mixtures. Owing to the variable composition and heat
of combustion of the samples of coal gas so employed, it has not
been found possible to tabulate such data except in so far as they
may have a general bearing on the subject of gaseous explosions
and more particularly where data relative to the simpler combustible gases are lacking.
All maximum pressures have been expressed as a ratio,
maximum pressure
,
. .
.
. . ..
initial pressure ' thus gmng a better basis f comPansonIn most cases the published figures for initial pressures refer to room
temperatures. Where this has been found to be otherwise, the
initial pressures have been adjusted to correspond to a temperature of 150C, and a corresponding correction applied to maximum
pressures.
No attempt has been made to tabulate investigators' estimates
of their explosion temperatures because (a) an arbitrary correction must necessarily be applied for cooling loss during the explosion periodthis being dependent on the explosion vessel employed
and (b) allowances must be made for dissociation. An approximate value of the temperature attained may be calculated from
the formula
^>max- \s rp
-L (max.) abs. r>. .,
f lTi.lt.
II
where m/n represents the molecular change.

Few direct determinations of explosion temperatures have been
possible owing to the very high temperatures developed.
In comparing explosion times, consideration must be given
to the dimensions of the explosion vessels concernedon which
they are solely dependent.
In the following tables all results may be considered to refer to
explosions of gaseous mixtures at atmospheric pressure and
temperature unless specially stated otherwise.
EXPERIMENTAL
\/
X J- (init.)abs. X,
Abbreviations
1
imt
(i) Berthelot, 34, 93: 18; 81. ( 2 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 93: 145; 81(3) Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 94: 101; 82. 95: 151, 199; 82. 6, 28: 289;
4
83. 87, 40: 353; 83. ( ) von Oettingen and von Gernet, 8, 33: 586; 88.
Finit.
( s ) Dixon and Smith, 398, 2: 2; 89. ( 6 ) Dixon and Harker, 398, 3: 118;
90. ( 7 ) Lean and Bone, 133, 1892: 673. ( 8 ) Dixon, 68, 184: 97; 93. ( 9 ) T'init.
Dixon and Cain, 398, 8: 180; 94.
Fx
C 1 0) Dixon, Strange and Graham, 4, 69: 759; 96. C 11 ) Dixon and Harker, 4, 69 :
12
13
789; 96. ( ) Berthelot and Le Chatelier, 34, 129: 427; 99. ( ) Le
CyL
Chatelier, 6, 20: 15; 00. 34, 130: 1755; 00. ( 14 ) Le Chatelier, 34, 131:
30; 00. ( 15 ) Jones and Bower, 398, 42: No. 7; 98. (16) Dixon et al., 62, Con.
Sphere
200: 345; 03. ( 1 ^) Dixon and Bradshaw, 6, 79: 234; 07. ( 18 ) Bradshaw,
O, 79: 236; 07. O 9 ) Dixon, 4, 99: 588; 11.
Exper. condn.
20
21
( ) Dixon, Campbell and Slater, 6, 90: 506; 14. ( ) Butcher, 8, 15: 228;
Milli-sec
20. ( 2 2 ) Campbell, 4, 121: 2483; 22. (23) Dixon and Walls, 4, 123:
1025; 23. ( 2 4 ) Payman and Walls, 4, 123: 420; 23. ( 2 S ) Laffitte, 34,
176: 1392; 23. (26) Laffitte, 34, 177: 178; 23. (27) Evreinoff, Journal des
Mixture
Mines (Russie), No. 2; 23. (28) Audibert, 34, 178: 1275; 24. ( 29 ) Laffitte,
34, 179: 1394; 24.
2H2
(30) Wendlandt, 7, 110: 637; 24. (31) Malinowski, 48, 21: 468; 24. (32)
+O 2
Wendlandt, 7, 116: 227; 25. ( 32a ) Laffitte, 16, 4: 587; 25.
+ O 2 + 4N 2
THEOKETICAL
+O 2
34
+ O2 + 2H2
(33) Berthelot, 34, 94: 149; 82. 96: 672; 83. ( ) Chapman, 3, 47: 90; 89.
(35) Jouguet, 34, 134: 1418; 02. 135: 778; 02. 138: 1685; 04. 139: 121, +O 2 + 4H2
786; 04. 140: 711; 05. 142: 831, 1034; 06. 408, 1: 347; 05. 2: 5; 06. +O 2 + 6H2
(36) Zemplin, 34, 141: 710; 05. ( 3 ?) Jouguet, 34, 1*4: 415; 07. ( 3 ) Crus- + 02 + 202
+ O 2 + 6O2
sard, 34, 144: 417; 07. ( 39 ) Crussard and Jouguet, 34, 144: 560; 07.
( 4 O) Jouguet, 34, 144: 632; 07. ( 4 M Crussard, 401, 6: 297; 07. ( 42 ) Jouguet, +O 2 + N 2
34, 146: 915; 08. ( 43 ) Jouguet and Crussard, 34, 146: 954; 08. ( 4 4 ) + O 2 + 2N 2
Jouguet, 34, 150: 91; 10. ( 4S ) Crussard, 34, 156: 447, 611; 13. ( 4 6 )
+ O 2 + 4N 2
Jouguet, 34, 156: 872, 1058; 13. ( 47 ) Crussard, 34, 158: 125; 14. ( 4 8 )
+ O 2 + 6N 2
Ratio of maximum pressure developed to initial

pressure.
Initial pressure in atmospheres.
Initial temperature in 0C.
Vessel whose capacity is x cm3, unless otherwise
stated.
Cylindrical.
Conical.
Spherical.
Experimental conditions.
Time in milli-seconds to attain maximum pressure.
H2
Pmax.
Pinit.
Muli-
_,
Exper. condn.
sec
9.5
6.5
10
9.25
8.34
7.58
6.67
8.2
6.4
8.65
8.26
7.5
6.5
CyI., Fi8
CyL, V*
]
CyI., F4OOO
Lit.
(2)
(6)
(*)
CO. (Continued)
H2 . ( Continued}
Mixture
+ 2N 2 O
+ 2N 2 O + 2N 2
+ O2
+ O2
+ O2 + & H2
+ O 2 + iV H 2
+ O2 + I H2
+ O2 + H2
+ O2 + 2H2
+ O2 + 2H2
+ O2 + 3H2
+ O2 + 4H2
+ O2 + 2O2
+ O2 + 6O2
+ O2 + N 2
+O 2 + *N 2
+O 2 + 2N 2
+ O2 + 2N 2
+ O2 + 4N 2
+ O 2 + 4N 2
+ O2 + 6N2
+ O2 + 6N2
+ O2 + 8N2
+ O2
+O2 + 0 2
+ O2 + 3O2
+ O2 + 6O2
+O 2 + 3H2
+ O2 + 4N 2
+ O 2 + 4N 2
+O 2 + 4N 2
+ O2 + 4N 2
+ O2 + 4N 2
+ O2 + 2N 2
+ O2 + 4 H 2
+O2 + 2H 2
+O 2
+ O2 + 4O2
+ O2 + 2O2
+ O2 + 4CO2
+ O2 + 2CO2
+ O 2 + 4N 2
+ O 2 + 4N 2
H2
+ N2O
+ Cl2 + 3.6H2
Pmax.
^r~7~
Pinit.
12.85
10.47
7.41
9.69
Miliisec
Exper. condn.
I CyI.., F40OO
1.04
2.14
2.27
2.53
CyI., F300
CyI., F4000
I00 1 74000
2.41 r ^ "
8.63
7.60
7.55
7.34
6.64
6.12
2.82
1.67
4.22
5.95
9.67
8.16
16.04
2.86
3.55
6.87
2.67
11.98
J
CyI., Fsoo
I -, . ,,
[<*!" ^"
CyI., Vtoo
CyI., F40OO
CyI., FEOO
24.45 CyI., F4ooo
CyI., F300
36.35 Cyl.,F 3 oo
8.48
8.37
7.94
7.0
8.02
6.8
CyL, F4000
Mixture
(9)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(il, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
( 13 >
Cf.
(5, 7)
9.5
Con., Fus in.3, ignit. at

vertex
1.15
f Cyl.,F*
3.0 P;nit- Finit.
atm
5.5 j
- ( = 54C
8.4
7.54t
6.9
7.96f
6.1
8.14t
5.5
7.98
2.2
8.28
1.0
8.1
9.13
1.0
Finit. = 150C
0.7 J- Pinit. = 2 atm.
9.3
2.9
CyL, F*
7.7
1.5
8.8
25.5
5.65
4.6 J
7.10
5 or
3
7.7
less,
10
7.8
de25
8.0
cras50
Sphere,
8.1
-j 8.33
ing
75 V Pinit. [ F24o
at
100
Finit. = 170C
8.50
high- 125
8.64
er
150
8.67
8.80
Pinit. 175 J
7.7
7.84
Same as above except Pmax./
8.05
Pinit. has been corrected:
8.16
Pmax. for cooling losses during
-j 8.43
8.63
combustion period; Pinit. for
deviation from Boyle's law.
8.79
8.82
8.98
6.88
Lit.
2.06 CyL, F300

CyL, F4000
(68)
(75)
+ O2
+ O2 + N2
+ O 2 + 2N 2
+ O 2 + 5N2
+ O2
+ O2 + 1^CO2
+O 2 + 3CO2
+O 2 + 4|CO2
+ O 2 + 1|CO
+O 2 + 6CO
+ O2 + IJO 2
+ O2 + 6O2
+ O2 + 3|N2
+ O 2 + 7|N2
+ O2
+ O2
+ O2 + N2
+O 2 + 2N 2
+ O2 + CO2
+O 2 + 2CO2
+O 2
+O 2
+O 2
+O 2 + 2A
+ O2 + 2O2
+ O2 + 2CO
+ O2 + 2N 2
+O 2 + 4A
+O 2 + 4O2
+O 2 + 4CO
+O 2 + 4N 2
+O 2 + 6A
+ O 2 + 6CO
+ O2 + 6N 2
+ O2 + 4A
(75)
+O 2 + 4A
(79)
+ O 2 + 4O2
+ O 2 + 4CO
(79)
+ O 2 + 4CO
(11, 15)
(13)
cf.
(5, 7)
% H 2 in air
25.4
15.3
10.0
Values calculated from published temp, estimates

7.23
CyI., V 30 cm
5.03
[ diam., 30 cm deep
(61)
4.03
J
+O 2 + 4N 2
CO
2CO
+ O2
+ 02 + 4N 2
10.1
7.3
* Diam. 7 in., depth 8 in.

t Calculated to Timi. = 15.
CyL 1 F 18
CyI., Fi8
(2)
f*1
+O2 + 4N2
Pmax.
Pinit.
9.56
8.82
8.28
6.66
9.42
7.50
6.50
4.8
8.33
7.01
8.52
6.40
7.24
5.98
9.29
9.93
Millisec
Exper. condn.
Lit.
> CyL, F4000
(9)
[ CyL, F40OO
( 1 3 )c/.
(5, 7)
12.86
15.51
17.78
26.49
27.18
35.80
12.5
5.0
5.0
CyL, Faoo
CyL, F40OO
CyL 1 F 300
CyL, F300
CyL, F.oo
CyL, F300
4.3 Sphere, F240
21. 4 f Pinit.
50. 0 J Finit. = 170C.
Sphere, F 240
Pinit. = 3 5 . 7
Finit. = 170C
10.0
11.5
12.1
10.6
10.3
.
10.01
4Q
9.55
10.20
Sphere, F24O
9.20
Pinit. = 50
in
9.00
Tinit
190
- - 17
8.30
9.7
140
Sphere, F24o
7.9
130
Pinit. = 6 4 . 3
6.4
1100
Finit. = 170C
35
3.0 '
8.5
50 10.0
8.9
10.2
25
50.0 Sphere, F240
10.53
15
75.0 > Pinit.
10.63
10 100.0 Finit. = 170C
11.2
10 125.0
10
150.0 j
11.66
8.65
9.1
Same as above except Pmax. /Pinit.
10.1
has been corrected: Pmax. for
10.3 \ cooling loss during combustion
period; Pinit. for deviation from
10.33
10.84
Boyle's law.
I 11.4
60
3.0
7.6
7.7
45
10.0 Sphere, F 240
8.6
10
25.0 Pinit.
9.2
5
50.0 Finit. = 170C
10.1
5
75.0
10
75.0 0 .
f
9.6
5 100.0 Sphere, F240
9.8
5 125.0 nit; l?or
10.0
5 150. O j Timi' = 17 C
[ 10.13
9.48 !Same as above except Pmax. /Pinit.
9.68
corrected for combustion period
9.95
loss and deviation from Boyle's
10.16
law.
7.13
70
3.O 1
7.5
100 10.0
7.72
150 25.0
8.20
190
50.0 Sphere, F24O
j 8.47
320
75.0 Pinit.
8.80
400 100.0 Finit. = 170C
470 125.0
8.88
530 150.01
9.03
560
175. O J
9.23
' 7.80
8.00
8.30
Same as above except Pmax./
8.65
Pinit. corrected for combustion
j 9.14
loss and deviation from Boyle's
9.37
law.
9.45
9.76
10.17
Continued on p. 190.
(11, 15)
(U, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(11, 15)
(73)
(69)
(69)
(69)
(79)
(79)
(73)
(79)
(79)
(79)
(79)
FIG. 14.Time-pressure curves of 2CO + O 2 + (2N2, 4N2, 6N2)69explosions at initial pressures of 35.7, 50, and 64.3 atm. respt. ( ).
FIG. 11.Time-pressure curves of 2H2 + O 2 + 4N 2 explosions at
initial pressures of 3, 75 and 175 atm. (73, 79). Spherical vessel, 2400
cc capacity.
FIG. 12.Time-pressure curve

of 2CO + Oz explosion at an initial
pressure of 21.4 atm. ( 69 ). Spherical vessel, 240 cc capacity.
FIG. 16.Time-pressure curves of 2CO + O 2 + (2A, 4A, 69

6A) explosions at initial pressures of 35.7, 50 and 64.3 atm. ( ).
FIG. 13.Time-pressure curves of 2CO + O 2 + (2CO, 4CO, 69

6CO)
explosions at initial pressures of 35.7, 50 and 64.3 atm. respt. ( ).
FIG. 17.Time-temperature curves of 2CO + O 2 + 4O2 explosions

at initial pressures of 3 and 75 atm. ( 73 ). Spherical vessel, 240 cc
capacity.
FIG. 15.Time pressure curves of 2CO + O 2 + 4A explosions

at initial pressures of 3.75 (73) and 175 atm. (79). Spherical vessel,
240 cc capacity.
FIG. 18.Time-pressure curves

of 2CO + O2 explosions at initial
pressures of 4 and 50 atm. (73). Spherical vessel, 240 cc capacity.
CO.
Mixture
FIG. 19.Time-pressure curves of 2CO + 0 2 + 4N 2 explosions at

initial pressures of 3 ( 79 ), 75 and 175 atm. (73). Spherical vessel,
240 cc capacity.
Pmax.
Pinit.
CO
+ N2O
10.78
+N 2 O
% CO (97.5 %)
in air
20
5.77
25
7.12
30
7.86
35
8.16
40
8.27
45
8.25
50
7.65
55
7.10
60
6.05
65
4.87
6.39
7.12
7.10
25
7.22
7.39
7.24
7.47
7.86
30
\
8.25
8.85
(Continued)
Millisec
15.40
800
385
231
211
175
170
189
251
390
920
280
385
482
550
668
990
1010
231
335
560
7.72*
7.93*
7.94*
7.94*
7.96*
7.96*
7.94*
7.89*
290.2
90.1
97.0
92.0
101.5
101.0
125.9
166.3
(9)
CyI., F4OOO
Faoo
(11, 15)
Pinit. = 2
Sphere F, 16 in. diam.;
silver plated interior;
central ignition ; gas
saturated with water
vapor at room temperature
l
2
3
4 J- Pinit.
5
6
(76)
(76)
(76)
4 \ Pinit.
6J
Influence of the amount of water vapor present.

Vol. H2O vapor +
100 of mixture
O
2.56
1.68
1.67
1.24
1.21
0.60
0.30
Lit.
Exper. condn.
29.3 % CO in air
CyI. F, 7 in. diam.,

8 in. deep
J Finit. = 5O0C
Pinit. = 5
(83)
* Calcd. to Finit. = 15.
Mixtures of H2 and CO
FIG. 20.Influence of initial pressure on the ratio maximum pressure/initial pressure (79). Spherical bomb, capacity 240 cc. The
corrected curve gives maximum pressure (corrected for cooling loss
during combustion period) /initial pressure (corrected for deviation from
Boyle's law).
FIG. 21.-Influence of initial pressure on the time taken for the attainment of maximum pressure (79). Spherical bomb, capacity 240 cc.
2CO
+H 2 + IJO 2
+ H 2 + 4O2
+3H2 + UO2
+4H 2 + 3O2
2H2 + O 2
2CO + O 2
2H2
+CO + HO2
+CO + O2
H2
+CO + O2
+2CO + HO2
2(xH2 + yCO) +
O 2 +4N 2
x
y
100
O
49.7
50.3
24.8
75.2
11.9
88.1
8.0
92.0
4.1
95.9
0.2
99.8
2(xH 2 '+ yCO) +
O2 + 4N2
100
O
50
50
25
75
12.5
87.5
8
92
4
96
O
100
9.28
8.3
8.92
9.08
>CyL, F4OOO
1.04
12.86
8.10*
8.10*
8.10*
8.10*
8.10*
8.05*
7.79*
7.82
7.98
8.2
8.2
8.5
8.5
8.4
* Calcd. to Finit. = 15.
(9, 15,
CyI., Faoo
CyL, Faoo
(ll)
2.57
1.39
CyL,
CyL,
Fsoo
Faoo
C11)
11
3.88
4.14
CyL,
CyL,
Fsoo
F300
7.5
15.5
29.3
46.5
56.6
75.9
245.9
5
15
15
25
25-30
30
180
(1M
C )
(11l l )
( J
CyI. F, 7 in. diam.,

8 in. deep
I Pinit. = 5
Finit. = 5O0C
(")
Sphere, Fz*o
[ Z7UUt. = 170C
Pinit. = 50
(67)
C 2 H 2 Acetylene
Mixture
C 2 H 2 + 20 2
C 2 H 2 + 2O 2
Pmax.
Pinit.
MuIisec
14.45
1.94
Exper. condn.
CyL, F4ooo
CyL, Fsoo
C2H6 Ethane
Lit.
(9,15)
C11)
C 2 H 4 Ethylene
C 2 H 4 + 3O2
C 2 H 4 + 3O2
C 2 H 4 + 3O2
15.25
14.18
15.73
2.86
2.23
CyL, F4000
CyL, F300
CyL, F4000
(9, 15)
(11,
14)
(11,
14)
FIG. 22. Time-pressure curves obtained from the explosion of

2(xHz + 2/CO) +0 O 2 + Ns mixtures. Initial pressure, 5 atm.83 Initial
temperature, 5O C. Cylindrical vessels 7" in diam., 8" deep ( )
Pmax.
Pinit.
15.30
Mixture
C 2 H 6 + 3O2
C 2 H 6 + 3O2
% C 2 H 6 in air
3.05
3.3
3.6
4.05
4.8
5.6
6.7
,
Exper. condn.
0.83
3.8
4.9
5.75
6.85
7.8
8. 3
8.75
Lit.
(9)
C11)
CyL, F4000
CyL, Fsoo
}
i Deduced from a ptib' lished curve
l |
100
O
Curve
H2
CO
CH4 Methane
CH4
+ 1.84O 2 14.35
+2.8O 2 + 10.5N2 7.9
+ 1.92O2 +
7.24N 2 8.95
+ 1.44O2 +
5.41N 2 7 . 9 8
+2O2 15.44
+2O2
13.94
+2O2
14.81
+O 2 + 4N 2
5.6
MiUisec
2 [
50
50
3
25
75
4
12
88
5
8
92
6
4
96
(56)
| 7 | 8
I 2.2
0.2
I 97.8 99.8
C 2 H 6 O Methyl Ether
C 2 H 6 Q + 3Q2
I 18.82 |
I CyL, F4Q00
(9)
(9)
C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl Ether
C 4 Hi 0 Q + 6Q2
CyL, F4ooo
1.24
80
% CH 4 in air
6.30 4 . 2 0
6.80 6.10
7.45 6 . 6 4
7.95
7.09
8.45 7 . 4 0
9.20 7 . 7 3
9.40 7.80
9.65 7 . 9 0
10.10 7 . 9 7
10.25 7 . 9 7
10.75 7 . 8 7
11.40 7 . 7 3
12.10 7.36
12.90 6 . 7 8
13.40 4 . 8 0
13.90 3.50
6.05 3.86
6.85 5.35
7.80 6.85
8.80 7 . 6 6
9.80 7 . 9 4
10.80 7.80
11.90 7 . 4 0
12.80 6.78
12.1
8.15* 275.9
11.0
8.56* 140.6
10.5
8.69* 119.3
9.9
8.70* 105.8
9.7
8.77* 106.5
8.5
8.19* 128.8
7.3
7.20* 225.9
* Calcd. to !Tinit. = 15. See also
CyL, F40OO
CyL, Fsoo
CyL, F400O
Sphere, F240; Pinit. - 50
Tiuit. = 370C
(9, 15)
(11, 14)
(11,
14)
(53)
I Sphere, F4ooo; highly

[ polished interior surface
(54)
I Sphere, Fisooo; highly

I polished interior surface
(54)
p. 177.
| GyL, F400Q
C 2 N 2 Cyanogen
C2N2
+ O 2 + 4N 2
10.95
CyL, Fis
+2O 2
19.80 1
+ N 2 + 2O2
16.72
+2N 2 + 2O2
13.93
+4N 2 + 2O2
11.66
+ O2
23.72
+ 1N2 + O 2
19.52
I
+2N 2 + O 2
14.42
[ ^y " K400
+4N 2 + O2
11.14
+4NO 16.00
+ N 2 O 21.40
+2NO
22.08
+2N 2 O
24.6 J
+O 2
1.06 CyL, Faoo
+2O 2
1.55 CyL, Faoo
+2O2
4.50 Sphere, Fisoo
+2O 2 + 2N 2
15.4
CyL, Fsoo
+ 2O2 + N 2
6.09 CyL, Faoo
+O 2 + ^N 2
18.65
3.20 CyL, Fsoo
+O 2 + |N2
21.09
2.74 Sphere, Fi500
+O 2 + 3N 2
13.88
10.35 CyL, Fsoo
+ O 2 + 3N 2
15.56
15.12 Sphere, Fisoo
+ O 2 + 3N 2
23.63 Cyl.,F 30 o
+O 2 + 4N 2
10.6
29.78 CyL, Fsoo
+4N 2 O
4.53 CyL, Fsoo
+4N 2 Q
12.02
Sphere, Fuoo
_
Mixture
Tinit. = 10O0C
CyL, F, 7 in. diam.,
8 in. deep
Pinit. = 6.5
I 15.42 |
(13)
(83)
16.84
14.76
13.24
13.16
12.06
10.7
9.15
(2)
(9 is)
Cf. C 5 13 )
(1M
C11)
(1M
(1M
(1M
C11)
C11)
C11)
O1)
(11Y
(1M
C11)
C6H6 Benzene (82)
_________-_^._____.
'
Milli-sec
Exper. condn.
*init.
8.28
105.1
9.00
73.5
Timt. = 10O0C
9.50
59.7
Pinit. = 95 lbs./in.2
9.50
59.8
CyL, V1 7 in. diam.,
9.74
55.1
8 in. deep
9.78
49.0
Loud metallic knock
(U)
C 6 Hi 4 Hexane (82)
INFLUENCE or TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Mixture: 9.9% CH4 in air. CyI. F, 7 in. diam., 8 in. deep
T>
Mixture
/mit.
'
Milli-sec
Exper. condn.
T i n a . F i n i t .
16.91
14.80
13.97
13.20
10.72
8.86
91.2
9.48
69.5
9.56
64.0
9.50
58.6
Violent explosion
Ratio
.
air/fuel
by wt.
19.2
b
J
14.8
13.0
10.7
p
l
1%/r-iv
/^max.
Mllll^-
&6C
^ mit '
7.74
175.2
8.58
109.6
8.52
110.8
9.33
78.4
9.71
67.1
Loud metallic knock
Tinit. = 10O C
Finit. = 95 lbs./in.2
CyI., F, 7 in. diam.,
8 in. deep
Petrol (82)
Exper. condn.
Finit.
Ibs./in.s
95.2
95.5 !Finit. = 10O0C
142.5 CyL, F,
95.5 7 in. diam.,
95.7 8 in. deep
95.3
lb./in.
24.7
24.7
100
100
100
200
200
200
300
300
300
400
400
400
30.3
53.0
38.1
66.7
95.0
48.2
84.4
120.6
58.2
102.3
145.9
68.5
120.1
171.5
P m a x
- F n i a x .
finit.
8.32
8.41
6.79
6.79
6.95
5.60
5.65
5.66
4.68
4.75
4.80
4.12
4.12
4.19
Muli-
finit.
sec
8.57*
99.7
8.65* 11.63
8.51* 79.8
8.52*
104.7
8.71* 109.0
8.57*
68.2
8.64*
75.0
8.69*
83.8
8.36*
49.6
8.48*
59.7
8.57*
67.1
8.30*
41.0
8.30*
47.3
8.56*
54.8
* Cal cd. to Tinit. = 150C.
*Calcd. to Titut. = 150C.
EFFECT OF INITIAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Petrol, Hexane and Benzene ( 82 )
f
FIG. 23.Time-pressure curve obtained from the explosion of
2(xHz -f- 2/CO) + 0 2 + 4N2 mixtures. Initial pressure,
50 atm., room
temperature. Spherical vessel, 240 cc capacity ( 67 > *i).
Curve....
Hz
CO
,
l |
100
O
2 |
50
50
|
25
75
4 | 5 | 6
12.5
8
87.5
92
4
96
~ "
O
100
l/L
1
/
100
50
100
50
Pressure rise (lbs./in.2)

ratio air/fuel by Wt^
Petrol
I Hexane
| Benzene
_
__
_
660
321
519
250
668
324
520
250
680
327
523
248
FIG. 24.Time-pressure curves obtained from the explosion of methane-air

mixtures. Initial pressure, 95.1 lb./in.2 Initial temperature,
10O0C (s).
EFFECT OF INITIAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
C6H6 Benzene (82)
*??'
100
200
J
]
300 [
J
ii
/*'
- 95.0
67.0
38.0
lbS /m 2
MEASUREMENTS OF EXPLOSION TEMPERATURES
Maximum pressure rise (lbs./in.2)

ratio
air/fuel by wt.
12.0 I
10.7 I
9.15 ~
645
644
447
449
242
248
241
120.5
84.5
48.2
636
438
238
646
442
240
146.0
102.0
614
420
633
434
226
237
58.0
Temperature Distribution at Moment of Maximum Pressure

Ten per cent coal gas (680 BTU/ft.3) (31). Vessel (Fig. 25):
Capacity 6.2ft. 3
Mean temperature (inferred from pressure)
(a) Temperature at center near spark (B)
(o) Temperature 10 cm within wall (C)
(c) Temperature 1 cm from wall (D)
(d) Temperature 1 cm from wall (at the side)
160O0C
190O0C
170O0C
1100-1300C
85O0C
Temperature Distribution 0.5 sec after Maximum Pressure

Mean temperature throughout the gas.. . . ,
UOO0C
Mean temperature of gas excluding a layer 1 cm thick in
contact with the walls
116O0C
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE-CYCLE IN A GAS

ENGINE ( 47 ); c/. (is, 20, 38)
Coal gas (460 BTU/ft.3); cylinder 7 in. diameter; stroke 15
in.; working volume 577 in.3; thermocouple: 10% alloys of Pt-Rh
and Pt-Ir (0.0005-0.0008 in. thick).
No
Ratio Air/Gas..I 7.35/1 | 7.08/1 j 7.13/1 6.71/1 | 5.66/1

Jacket outlet, 0 CI 35.6 [ 37.2 | 81.4 | 40.6 | 52.8
, , Temp.. Temp..
Temp.. Temp.,
Temp.,
4
F
F
Angle
of crank
0(f '
OC '
0(^ '
OC '
0^
360
569
568
582~
705
636
300
240
180
120
60
30
496
349
256
217
228
267
503
348
269
223
241
275
515
371
317
262
273
330
624
517
422
365
326
339
540
431
371
330
337
442
720
Same for 9.8% coal gas (575 BTU/ft.3) (45). Vessel as above
Time from
ignition
Mean temperature 0K,

inferred from
pressure
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Total loss of
Mean radiaheat by radiation received
tion, % heat
per cm2 of wall
of combustion
0.12
0.17
0.21
0.28
0.46
0.54
0.57
1600
1700*
1680
1600
1280
1085
950
5.0
7.0
8.7
11.6
19.0
22.3
23.6
* Maximum temperature.
2249
1947
710
709
708
705
697
690
675
660
645
630
615
600
540
480
420
1889
1848
1836
1546 1551
1423 1418
1154 1147
1159 1124
1041 1052
1022 1007
1017
975
856
843
726
708
648
646
1871
1918
1532 1579 1721

1397 1437 1586
1269 1247 1417
1139 1193 1275
1018 1098 1192
1017 1058 1124
975
982 1068
816
895
889
704
794
764
637
751
705
FIG. 26.Direct measurement of temperature-cycle in a gas engine

(47).
INFLUENCE OF DENSITY OF GAS ON RADIATION Loss

Fifteen per cent coal gas (575 BTU/ft.3)air mixture ( 45 )
Ml
Til
FIG. 25.Explosion vessel.

RADIATION LOSSES
Pressure-time curves obtained from the explosion of a 15% coal
gas (675 BTU/ft.3)air mixture in an explosion vessel: (a) with
a highly polished, (6) with a blackened interior surface ( 4 4 );
volume of vessel 0.788 ft. 3 ; area of interior surface 4380 cm2.
Maximum pressure for
initial pressure 1
atmosphere
(a) 114.0 lb./in. 2
(fe) 110.8 lb./in.2
Pressure lb./in. 2 for seconds after

ignition
0.15 I 0.25 I 0.35 I 0.45
98.7
84.2
73.5 64.9
89.2
73.1
61.3
53.5
Time
from
ignition,
sec
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Mean temperature 0K, of gas

(inferred from
pressure)
Pi =
Pi =
i at.
lit.
2270
2400
2020
2210
1790
2040
1600
1890
1440
1765
1030
1350
810
1140
700
1010
Mean radiation
received per
cm2 of wall
P
i at.
0.061
0.2
0.29
0.35^
0.39
0.47
0.49
0 .492
L I
P
lit.
0.14
0.425
0.615
0.75
0.843
1.065
1.143
1 . 158
L I
Total heat loss

by radiation, %
heat of
combustion
Pi =
Pi =
%at.
Hat.
3.3
2.5
11.0
7.7
15.9
11.3
19.2
13.6
21.4
15.3
25.7
19.3
26.8
20.7
26.9
21.0
HYDROGEN Am MIXTURES ( 61 )
Maximum
0
Strength temperature
K, develof
(infermixture oped
red from
pressure)
25.4
15.3
10.0
15.0
13.0
9.8
Time of
explosion
(sec)
% heat of
Total heat
Total radia- combustion loss
by radition relost by radiation,
%
ceived
per ation up to heat of com2
max.
cm of wall
bustion
pressure
0.017
0.60
0.065
0.245
0.12
0.240
Compared with coal gas
2410
0.05
0.98
2170
0.07
0.81
1700
0.18
0.57
2400
1580
1230
0.5
1.3
1.4
16.1
11.0
8.2
3.3
3.7
7.0
26.1
25.0
23.6
where
O = mean absolute temperature.
For a cylindrical vessel (h cm diam. X h cm deep) :
RL = 0.32 X W~1404Vh.
Rate of loss of heat by conduction, cm2 of wall surf ace/sec
(Ri) ( 6 4 ):
E0 = 4 X IO'13 (t - U 4
for temperatures above 200O0K;
R0 = 7 X IO-10 (t - twy
for temperatures below 200O0K where (t tw) is the temperature
difference, 0C, between the hot gases and the walls of the explosion vessel.
FIG. 27.Pressure-time curves obtained from

the explosion of a 15 %
coal gas air mixture ( 44 ).
FIG. 28.Influence of shape of explosion vessels having 68

the same
initial capacity on the maximum pressure developed ( ).
HEAT Loss
Mixture of 15% coal gas (570 BTU/ft.3) in air (64)
Heat loss /cm2, % heat of combustion
Meanf gas
of the coal gas
temperaSec*
ture, 0K
Conduction | Radiation |
Total
5.1
3.8
8.9
0.05
244Ot
14.4
10.4
24.8
0.1
2220
20.3
15.0
35.3
2020
0.15
24.5
17.9
42.4
1840
0.2
27.7
20.3
48.0
1710
0.25
30.0
22.2
52.2
1600
0.3
34.4
24.3
58.7
1430
0.4
37.6
25.6
63.2
1300
0.5
* Time after ignition in seconds,
t Inferred from pressure.
I Maximum temperature.
Various Formulae for Approximate Estimation of Cooling Losses

in Explosions of Coal GasAir Mixtures
General formula for radiation loss in coal gasair explosions ( 59 )
RT = 0.0001 (77max. - 700V^ X L)
where
RT = Total radiation registered
^max. = Maximum temperature (mean, 0K)
D = Density of the gaseous mixture in atmospheres
L = Length of the explosion cylinder in cm
Rate of loss of heat by radiation, cm2 of wall surface/sec
(RL) ( 64 )
RL = 1.75 X 10-14O4
FIG. 29.Heat loss from 15 % mixture of coal gas and air (4 74).
R = mean loss of heat by radiator per2 cm2 of wall surface. C =
mean loss of heat by conductor per cm of wall surface. H - total
heat loss. R', C' and H' give the rate of heat loss by radiation, conduction and total loss, respectively. T = mean gas temperature (deduced
from the pressure).
Rate of total heat loss, cm2 of wall surf ace/sec (HT) in a cylinder
(h cm diam. X h cm deep) ( 64 ):
HT = 4 X IO-13 (T - TV)4 + 0.32 X 10~14 T^h
for temperatures above 200O0K;
HT = 7 X 10~10 (T - T)s + 0.32 X 10~14 T*\/h
for temperatures below 200O0K.
Total heat loss to walls of cylindrical explosion vessel (30 cm
X 30 cm up to moment of maximum pressure ( 64 ) (coal gasair
explosions) at atmospheric density :
flmax. = 2.15 X 10-8Cax. X t.
or expressed as a proportion of the heat of combustion
Hc max. = 1.43 X 10-*CL X te
where te is the explosion time.
Total heat loss per unit area in similar engines working under
similar conditions may be given by the equation ( 74 ):
H - C + BVrf
where
C = conduction loss per unit area
R\d = radiation loss per unit area in an engine of diameter d.
INFLUENCE OF TURBULENCE
Explosions of coal gasair mixtures in conical vessel, capacity 115
in.3 (ignition at vertex) (68); cf. (7, 31, 39, 56, 75)
* max.
Ratio
air/coal gas
2.08
2.61
3.13
3.65
4.17
5.21
6.25
7.29
8.33
, ,..
Milli-sec
Pinitwith
, , ,
turbulence
6.92
7.23
7.48
7.24
6.70
6.13
5:53
4.84
I
4.15
~ .
^
Quiescent
6.44
6.68
6.30
5.52
4.70
3.76
With
, , ,
turbulence
70.0
28.0
39.0
38.0
51.6
49.6
81.0
136.0
I 344.0
_ .
Quiescent
95.0
71.0
83.0
139.0
329.0
942.0
Ethane, C2H6, and air mixtures in spherical vessel, capacity

4000 cm3 (sparked at center) ( 56 )
% C2H6
in air
3
~
3.45
3.60
3.80
3.85
4.05
4.30
4.35
4.60
4.65
4.70
4.80
5.00
5.25
5.35
5.60
5.95
6.00
6.40
6.45
6.75
7.05
7.15
Milli-sec
Quiescent
|
Turbulence
7
6
96
332
152
146
45
124
36
33
94
26
73
29
70
63
24
21
54
20
52
19
46.5
19
46
46.5
19
50
20
52
Distribution of Energy at the Moment of Maximum Pressure

Coal gasair explosions ( 64 )
Internal Thermal Energy.From 72 % of the heat of combustion
in a 9.7% coal gasair mixture to 80% in a 15% mixture.
Available Chemical Energy.About 10% in each case.
Heat Loss to Walls of Vessel.From about 10% in a 15% mixture to about 18% in a 9.7% mixture.
LITERATURE
(M Him, 375, 1861: 254, 450, 847. ( 2 ) Bunsen, 8, 131: 161; 67. 3, 34:
489; 67. B72. ( 3 ) Vieille, 34, 95: 1280; 82. (4) Mallard and Le Chatelier,
34, 95: 1352; 82. ( s ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 61,1:173-, 82. () Clerk,
153, 69: 220; 82. (7) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 15, 4: 379; 83. () Mallard and Le Chatelier, 27, 39: 98, 268; 83. ( 9 ) Berthelot and Vieille, 34,
98: 545; 84.
( 10 ) Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 98: 601; 84. ( 1 M Berthelot and Vieille, 34,
98: 646; 84. ( 12 ) Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 98: 705; 84. (13) Mallard
and Le Chatelier, ai, 4: 59; 85. (") Berthelot, 6, 4: 13; 85. ( 15 ) Berthelot and Vieille, 6, 4: 29, 39, 48, 59; 85. ( 16 ) Clerk, 153, 85: 1; 86. 135,
53: 207; 86. (") Douglas, 365, 63: 308; 87. O 8 ) Burstall, 3, 40: 282; 59.
( 19 J Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 123: 523; 96.
( 2 0 ) Burstall, 403, 1898: 209. 1901: 1031. 1908: 5. ( 2 M Berthelot and
Vieille, 34, 128: 777; 99. ( 22 ) Fenn, 404, 44: 366; 00. (") Petavel,
398, 46: 1; 01. ( 24 ) Oliver, 412, 8: 616; 01. ( 25 ) Bairstow and Horseley,
116, 74: 723; 02. (26) Petavel, 3, 3: 461; 02. ( 2 M Langen, 414, No. 8:
1; 03. ( 28 ) Petavel, 62, 205: 357; 05. ( 29 ) Bairstow and Alexander, 5,
76: 340; 05.
C 3 ) Beyling, 405, 42: 130; 06. ( 3 M Hopkinson, O, Til 387; 06. ( 32 ) Clerk,
J, 77: 500; 06. ( 33 ) Hopkinson, 5, 79: 138; 07. ( 34 ) Hopkinson, 3, 13:
84; 07. (35) Clerk, 163, 169: 121; 07. (36) Nagel, 4U, No. 54: 1; 08.
116, 86: 278; 08. (37) Coker, Ilo, 86: 497; 08. (3) Dalby and Callendar,
5, 80: 57; 08. ( 39 ) Committee on gaseous explosions, 133, 1908: 308.
1909: 247. 1910: 199. 1911: 130. 1912: 192. 1913: 166. 1914: 177.
1915:158. 1916:292.
(40) Pier, 9, 15: 536; 09. ( 4 M Pier, 7, 66: 759; 09. ( 42 ) Clerk, The Gas,
Petrol and Oil Engine. New York, Wiley, 1909. (43) Pier, 9, 16: 897;
10. C 4 4 ) Hopkinson, O, 84: 156; 10. (45) David, 62, 211: 375; 12. (46)
Bjerrum, 7, 79: 513; 12. (*?) Coker and Scrofole, 153, 196: 1; 13. ( 48 )
David, 3, 25: 256; 13. (*9) Thornton, 3, 28: 18; 14. 133, 1914: 84, 513.
(SO) Siegel, 7, 87: 641; 14. (SM Flamm and Mache, 76, 126: 9; 17. (52)
Thornton, 8, 30: 383; 15. (53) Bone et al., 62, 215: 278; 15. ( 54 ) Wheeler,
4, 113: 840; 18. (SS) Mackenzie and Honaman, 244, : 119; 19. (56)
Wheeler, 4, 115: 81; 19. (57) David, 115, 108: 251, 300; 19. ( 5 ) David,
3, 38: 492; 19. (59) David, 3, 39: 66, 84; 20.
(O) David, 3, 40: 318; 20. (6M David, 5, 98: 183; 20. (6 2 ) Woodbury,
Lewis and Canby, 244, 8: 209; 21. (63) Dixon, 244, 9: 237; 21. (64)
David, 5, 98: 303; 21. (65) Womersley, 6, 100: 483; 21. (6) David,
3, 42: 868; 21. (67) Bone and Haward, 5, 100: 76; 21. (68) Kratz and
Rosecrans, 86, 17: No. 133; 22. (69) Bone, Newitt and Townend, 5, 103:
205; 23.
(70) Ellis, 4, 123: 1435; 23. (*M Bone, Newitt and Townend, 4, 123: 2008; 23.
( 7 2 ) Midgley and McCarty, 244,14:182; 24. (73) Bone, Newitt and Townend, 6, 105: 406; 24. (74) David, 403, 1924: 741, 763. (75) Fenning,
299, No. 902; 24. (76) Crowe and Newey, 3, 49: 1112; 25. (77) Ellis
and Wheeler, 4, 127: 761; 25. (78) Brown, Leslie and Hunn, 45, 17: 397;
25. (79) Bone, Newitt and Townend, 5, 108: 393; 25.
80
( ) Nickolls, Underwriters Laboratories Misc. Hazard 1130, Pamphlet 95; 1925.
( 8 M David, 5, 108: 617; 25. ( 82 ) Fenning, 299, No. 979; 25. (83) Penning, 62, 225: 331; 26. ( 8 sa) Groves, Practical Treatise on Oil and Gas
Engines. Manchester, 1897. (ssb) David, Richardson and Davies,
Proc. Leeds Phil Soc. 1: 37; 26. ( 83 C) Bone, Newitt and Townend, 5,
110: 645; 26. (83d) Maxwell and Wheeler, Safety in Mines Research
Board, Report No. 10; 25. (836) Tizard, 83, preprint, 1926. (83*) David,
83, preprint, 1926.
THEORETICAL PAPERS
(i) Berthelot, 6, 12: 302; 77. (85) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 93: 1014,
1076; 81. (86) Berthelot, 27, 39: 145; 83. 34, 96: 1186; 83. (*?) Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 96: 116, 1218, 1358; 83. (88) Mallard and Le Chatelier,
27, 39: 269; 83. (**) Berthelot, 34, 97: 767; 83.
(90) Berthelot and Vieille, 27, 41: 561, 566; 84. (M Berthelot and Vieille,
34, 98: 770, 852; 84. ( 92 ) Le Chatelier, 27, 48: 122; 87. 7, 1: 456; 87.
(93) Le Chatelier, 34, 104: 1780; 87. (94) Bjerrum, 9, 17: 731; 11. 7;
79: 537; 12. (95) David, 3, 39: 551; 20. () Le Chatelier, 34, 179: 971,
24. (97) Goodenough and Felbeck, 86, 18: No. 139; 24. (98) David, 3,
1: 334; 26. (98a) Wimperis, 355, 94: 354; 02. 96: 511; 03. (98b) Tizard,
83, preprint, 1926.
PAPERS DEALING WITH ENGINE EFFICIENCY AND "KNOCKING"

OR ''DETONATION " IN ENGINES FROM THE COMBUSTION
STANDPOINT
(") Lucker, 412, 10: 553; 02.
( 10 ) Midgley, 244, 7: 489; 20. ( 10 M Ricardo, 381, 11: 51, 92, 130, 169, 201,
242; 21. 12: 265, 299, 329; 22. (102) Ricardo, 153, 17 I: 123; 22. (103)
Tizard and Pye, 381, 11: 55, 98, 134; 21. ("4) Tizard, 411, 37: 381;
21. (105) Midgley and Boyd, 244, 10: 7; 22. (106) Midgley and Gilkey,
244, 10: 218; 22. (i7) Midgley, 244, 10: 357; 22. (*08) Midgley and
Boyd, 45, 14: 589; 22. ( 1 OS) Midgley, 45, 14: 849, 894; 22. 15: 421; 23.
( 11 O) Empire Motor Fuels Committee, 153, 18 I; 23. ( 11 M Ricardo, 244, 12:
367; 23. (112) Ricardo, 413, 28: 49; 24. ("3) Young and Holloway,
244, 14: 235, 315; 24. ("4) Midgley and McCarty, 244, 14: 182; 24.
( 11S ) Morgan, 153, 19: 254; 24. ("6) Schlesinger, 244, 16: 433; 25.
( 117 ) Dumenois, 34, 180: 1392; 25. (U8) Fieldner, Strub and Jones, 45,
13: 51; 21. (") Fieldner and Jones, 45, 14: 594; 22.
(120) Wendt and Grimm, 45, 16: 890; 24. ( 1 2 M Clark, Brugmann and Thee,
45, 17: 1226; 25. ( 122 ) Brown, 45, 17: 1229; 26. ( 12 S) Lovell and Boyd,
45, 17: 1216; 25. ( 12 *) Clark and Thee, 45, 17: 1219; 25. ( 12 S) Church,
Mack and Boord, 45, 18: 334; 26. ( 12 6) Muraour, 378, 14: 851; 25. ( 1 2 T)
Denison, 244, 17: 273; 25. ( 12 S) Callendar, 115, 121; 475; 26. ( 12 9) Sims
and Mardles, 83, preprint, 1926.
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS, FATS AND WAXES

C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL
Pouvoir rotatoire.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Gebruchliche Namen.
Wissenschaftliche Namen und
Eigenschaften.
Chemische Zusammensetzung.
Polenske Zahl.
Kompressibilitt.
Viskositt.
Viskositt unter Druck.
Schmelzpunkt.
Siedepunkt.
Thermische Ausdehnung.
Spezifische Wrme.
Verbrennungswrme.
Flammpunkt.
Elektrische Leitfhigkeit.
Dielektrizitts Konstante.
Brechungsexponent und Ablesung am Butyrorefraktometer.
Optische Rotation.
Nomi comuni
Nomi scientifici e propriet
comuni
Composizione chimica
Numero di Polenske
Compressibilit
Viscosit
Viscosit sotto pressione
Punto di fusione
Punto di ebollizione
Dilatazione termica
Calore specifico
Calore di combustione
Temperatura di accensione.
Conducibilit elettrica
Costante dielettrica
Indice di rifrazione e indicazioni del burrorefrattometro
Rotazione ottica
Tables des Proprits Spciales

des Substances
Densit.
Point de fusion.
Point de conglation.
Indice d'actyle.
Indice d'iode.
Indice de saponification.
Indice d'Hehner.
Indice de Reichert-Meissl.
Insaponifiable.
Points de fusion et de solidification des acides gras (Titer
test).
Huiles hydrognes.
Stoff-Eigenschafts
Tafeln
Dichte.
Schmelzpunkt.
Erstarrungspunkt.
Azetylzahl.
Jodzahl.
Verseif ungs zahl.
Hehner'sehe Zahl.
Reichert-Meissl Zahl.
Unverseifbares.
Schmelz- und Erstarrungsder
Fettsuren
punkte
(Titer test).
Gehrtete le.
Tabelle di Propriet
Speciali
Densit
18
Punto di fusione
19
Punto di solidificazione
20
Numero di acetile
21
Numero di iodio
22
Numero di saponificazione.. 23
Numero di Hehner
24
Numero di Reichert-Meissl. 25
Insaponificabile
26
Punto di fusione e di solidificazione degli acidi grassi
27
(Titer test)
Oli induriti
p. 216
CONTENTS
Common names.
Scientific names and common
properties.
Chemical composition.
Polenske values.
Compressibility.
Viscosity.
Viscosity under pressure.
Melting points.
Boiling points.
Thermal expansion.
Specific heat.
Heat of combustion.
Flash point.
Electrical conductivity.
Dielectric constant.
Refractive index and butyrorefractometer reading.
MATIRES
Nonas usuels.
Noms scientifiques et proprits
usuelles.
Composition chimique.
Indices de Polenske.
Compressibilit.
Viscosit.
Viscosit sous pression.
Points de fusion.
Points d'ebullition.
Chaleur spcifique.
Chaleur de combustion.
Conductibilit lectrique.
Constante dilectrique.
Indice de rfraction et lecture
au butyrorfractomtre.
Optical rotation.
Special Property-Substance
Tables
Density.
Melting point.
Congelation point.
Acetyl value.
Iodine value.
Saponification value.
Hehner value.
Reichert-Meissl value.
Unsaponifiables.
Fatty acid melting and solidification points ("Titer test").
Hydrogenated oils.
INTRODUCTION
The General Property Table. In Table 2, the oils and fats are
first classified according to the Alder Wright system. Under each
class, the individuals are arranged in alphabetical order of their
generic names; and each individual is given a General Index No.
by means of which it is identified in all subsequent tables. Where
only one series of values is given, the data are usually those
recorded for a single specimen of the particular oil. Table 2
serves therefore as a general finding table based upon the scientific
names. If the scientific name is not known to the reader, he
should first consult Table 1 and obtain the General Index No.
Supplementary Tables.Properties not covered by Table 2 are
set forth in Tables 3 to 17 inclusive.
Property-Substance Tables.In these tables (Tables 18 to 27,
inclusive) the individuals are arranged by index number in
ascending order of the value of the property, the intervals on the
scale of property values being indicated in bold-face type. These
property-substance tables may be used (1) to select an individual
having any desired value of a given property, or (2) to identify
(in some cases at least) an individual by means of its properties.
For the latter purpose, the properties cited in the following
example are most useful.
Example; An oil is found by test to have the following properties: Congealing point, 0; saponification, 190; iodine, 82; acetyl,
INDICE
TABLE
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Il
12
13
14
15
16
17
INTRODUCTION
Table des proprits gnrales. Dans la Table 2, les huiles et
les graisses sont d'abord classes suivant le systme d'Aider Wright.
Dans chaque classe, les huiles et graisses sont ranges suivant
Tordre alphabtique de leurs noms gnriques et on leur a attribu
un "numro index gnral" au moyen duquel elles seront identifies dans toutes les tables suivantes. O on a donn seulement
une srie de valeurs, les donnes sont gnralement ceux d'un
seul chantillon de l'huile particulire. La Table 2 est donc une
table de recherche gnrale, base sur les noms scientifiques. Si
le nom scientifique n'est pas connu du lecteur, il devra d'abord
consulter la Table 1 afin d'obtenir le "numro index gnral."
Tables supplmentaires.Les proprits qui ne sont pas mentionnes dans la Table 2 sont contenues dans les Tables 3 17
inclusivement.
Tables des proprits des substances. Dans ces tables (Tables
18 27 inclusivement), les huiles et graisses reprsentes par leur
nombre index sont arranges suivant l'ordre ascendant de la valeur
de la proprit, les intervalles de l'chelle des valeurs de la proprit
tant indiqus en caractres gras. Ces tables des proprits
des substances peuvent tre utilises: 1) pour choisir une huile
ou graisse possdant une valeur dsire d'une proprit donne,
ou 2) pour identifier (au moins dans quelques cas) une huile ou
graisse au moyen de ses proprits. On se servira alors de
11; unsaponifiables, 0.6; fatty acids, M. P., 28; "titer," 21; ng,
1.466. From each of Tables 20, 23, 22, 21, 26, 27 and 16, write
down a list of the General Index Nos. lying in the neighborhood of
the experimental value and arrange each list in ascending order
of these numbers. Determine the number of times each Index No.
occurs in this set of lists. For the present example, this gives the
following result: 8 times, No. 8; 7 times, No. 31; 4 times, Nos. 3, 5,
26, 47, 62, 91; 3 times, Nos. 13, 20, 29, 33, 54, 61, 67, 83, 84, 92.
By turning to Table 2 and examining the properties there
recorded for these oils, all but Nos. 8 and 31 are definitely eliminated. The oil under examination must, therefore, be either olive
oil or neat's foot oil, or some oil closely resembling these but not
included in Table 2. A further comparison of Nos. 8 and 31
results in the elimination of No. 31 on the basis of the acetyl and
iodine values, but additional confirmatory tests are necessary.
Definitions.v. p. viii.
EINLEITUNG
Die Haupteigenschafts Tafel.In der Tafel 2 werden die le und
Fette zuerst entsprechend dem Alder Wright System klassifiziert.
In jeder Klasse sind die einzelnen Fette und le in alphabetischer
Ordnung mit deren Gattungsnamen angeordnet, wobei jedem eine
"General Index No." zu geordnet ist mit der es in den folgenden
Tafeln erkannt werden kann. Ist nur eine Serie von Werten
angegeben, so beziehen sich diese gewhnlich auf eine einzelne
Probe des bezeichneten les. Tafel 2 dient daher allgemein zum
Nachschlagen, mit den wissenschaftlichen Namen als Grundlage.
Ist dem Leser der wissenschaftliche Name nicht bekannt, so wre
zuerst die Tafel l heranzuziehen, wo die General Index No. erhalten
wird.
Ergnzende Tafeln.Eigenschaften die sich nicht in der Tafel 2
vorfinden, sind in den Tafeln 3 bis einschliesslich 17 enthalten.
Eigenschafts Tafeln.In diesen (Tafel 18 bis einschliesslich 27)
sind die einzelnen le und Fette nach ihren Index Nummern in
aufsteigender Ordnung ihrer Eigenschafts werte gereiht, wobei die
Intervalle an der Skale der Eigenschaftswerte durch hervorgehobene Schrift angezeigt werden. Diese Eigenschafts Tafeln
wren zu bentzen:!) Um ein besonderes l oder Fett heranzuziehen, welches ihrgend einen gewnschten Wert einer gegebenen
Eigenschaft hat. 2) Zur Erkennung (wenigstens in einigen Fllen)
eines besonderen les oder Fettes auf Grund seiner Eigenschaften.
In diesem zweiten Falle ist es am ntzlichsten die Eigenschaften in
der Art des folgenden Beispieles festzulegen.
Beispiel: Von einem l wurden durch Untersuchung folgende
Eigenschaften gefunden: Erstarrungspunkt 0; Verseifungszahl
190; Jodzahl 82; Azetylzahl 11; Unverseifbares 0,6; Fettsure:
Sm. P. 28; Erstarrungs-Punkt 21; n$ = 1,466. Aus jeder der
Tafeln, 20, 23, 22, 21, 26, 27; und IQB schreibe man eine Liste
der General Index Nummern heraus, welche in der Nhe der
experimentell bestimmten Grosse liegen, wobei in der Liste die
Nummern in aufsteigender Reihenfolge anzuordnen sind. Dann
bestimmt man wie oft jede einzelne Index Nummer in der Liste
anzutreffen ist. Fr das vorliegende Beispiel bekommt man als
Ergebnis: 8 mal No. 8, 7 mal No. 31, 4 mal No. 3, 5, 26, 47, 62,
91, 3 mal No. 13, 20, 29, 33, 54, 61, 67, 83, 84, 92.
Verwendet man die Tafel 2 und prft die fr diese le hier
angegebenen Eigenschaften, so findet man, dass bis auf No. 8 und
No. 31, alle anderen ausscheiden. Das gesuchte l ist daher
entweder Olivenl oder Klauenl, oder ihrgend ein l, welches den
genannten zwei sehr eng verwandt sein muss und nicht in der
Tafel 2 enthalten ist. Ein weiterer Vergleich von No. 8 und No. 31
gibt, dass No. 31 auf Grund der Azetyl- und Jodzahl wegfllt.
Besondere besttigende Untersuchungen sind jedoch notwendig.
Definitionen.v. p. viii.
preference des proprits cites dans l'exemple suivant, qui sont

les plus utiles pour atteindre ce but.
Exemple: On a trouv exprimentalement qu'une huile possde
les proprits suivantes: point de conglation 0; indice de saponification, 190; indice d'iode, 82; indice d'actyle, 11; insaponifiable
0,6; acides gras Pt. F., 28, Pt. S., 21;n 5, 1,466. On consulte alors
les Tables 20, 23, 22, 21, 26, 27 et IQB et on dresse pour chacune
des tables la liste des "numros index gnral" qui se trouvent dans
le voisinage de la valeur exprimentale, en disposant dans chaque
liste ces numros dans l'ordre ascendant. Ensuite on dtermine
combien de fois chaque numro index se trouve dans l'ensemble des
diffrentes listes. Pour l'exemple indiqu, on obtient les rsultats
suivants: 8 fois le No. 8; 7 fois le No. 31; 4 fois les Nos. 3, 5, 26, 47,
62, 91; 3 fois les numros 13, 20, 29, 33, 54, 61, 67, 83, 84 et 92.
En se rfrant la Table 2 et en examinant les proprits qui y
sont mentionnes relativement ces huiles, on peut liminer tous
les numros l'exception des Nos. 8 et 31. L'huile dterminer
doit donc tre ou de l'huile d'olive, ou de l'huile de pied de boeuf,
ou une huile prsentant une ressemblance troite avec celles-ci,
mais non mentionne dans la Table 2. D'une comparaison ultrieure des Nos. 8 et 31, il rsulte l'limination du No. 31, sur la base
les indices d'actyle et d'iode, mais des essais supplmentaires
confirmant la chose sont ncessaires.
INTRODUZIONE
Tabella delle propriet principali.Nella Tabella 2 gli olii ed i
grassi sono anzitutto classificati secondo il sistema di Alder Wright.
In ogni classe essi sono disposti in ordine alfabetico in base al nome
comune, e ad ognuno assegnato un numero indice che serve a
riconoscerlo nelle tabell successive. Data una sola serie di valori,
questi sono in generale quelli di uno solo campione del olio particolare. La Tabella 2 serve perci come tabella generale di
riscontri in base ai nomi scientifici. Se il lettore non conosce il
nome scientifico, deve consultare prima la Tabella 1 dove trova
il numero indice.
Tabelle supplementari.Le propriet che non si trovano nella
Tabella 2, sono contenute nelle tabelle da 3 a 17 inclusa.
Tabelle delle propriet.In queste (da 18 a 27 inclusa) i singoli
olii e grassi sono disposti nell'ordine crescente delle loro propriet
in base ai numeri indici: gli intervalli nella scala dei valori delle
propriet sono indicati con caratteri in grassetto.
Queste tabelle di propriet possono servire: 1) per scegliere una
sostanza che abbia un determinato valore di una certa propriet,
oppure, 2) per identificare (in alcuni casi almeno) una sostanza in
base alle sue propriet. A questo ultimo scopo sono sopratutto
utili le propriet citate nel seguente esempio.
Esempio.Si sia trovato che un olio ha le seguenti propriet:
Punto di congelamento 0; numero di saponificazione 190; numero
di iodio 82; numero di acetile 11; insaponificabile 0,6; punto di
fusione degli acidi grassi 28, punto di solidificazione 21; n, 1,466.
Da ognuna delle Tabelle 20, 23, 22, 21, 26, 27 e IQB si ricava allora
una lista di numeri indici con valori delle propriet vicini a quelli
sperimentali e si dispone ogni lista con questi valori in ordine
crescente. Si osserva quindi quante volte ogni numero indice
figura in questa serie di elenchi. Nel caso presente si ha: 8 volte
il numero 8; 7 volte il numero 31; 4 volte i numeri 3, 5, 26, 47, 62,
91; 3 volte i numeri 13, 20, 29, 33, 54, 61, 67, 83, 84, 92.
Se ora si considera la Tabella 2 e si esaminano le propriet ivi
riportate per questi olii, essi vengono ad essere tutti scartati tranne
i numeri 8 e 31. L'olio in esame perci deve essere olio di oliva,
oppure olio di piede di bue. o un olio che rassomiglia molto a
questi due, ma che non compreso nella Tabella 2.
Confrontando ancora i numeri 8 e 31, si scarta pure il 31 in base
ai numeri di acetile e di iodio.
E' necessario per confermare ulteriormente questo risultato.
1. INDEX OF COMMON NAMES

English
(In the following index the word "oil" has been omitted.
Aburachan seed, 127
Acorn, 46
Akebia, 97
Akee, 109
Akoon fat, 112
Almond, 13
Anaja, 133
Apricot kernel, 14
Arctic sperm, 162
Argemone, 57
Asclepia, 112
Awara, 100
Babassu, 102
Baobab, 99
Bay tree, 126
Beechnut, 40
Beef tallow, 151
Beeswax, 169
Ben, 7
Bicuhybao, 138
Black mustard seed, 25
Black walnut, 64
Bone fat, 160
Borneo tallow, 125
Bottlenose, 162
Brazil nut, 33
"Brown oil" (California), 76
Butter fat, 161
Cacao, 147
Cameline, 34
Canari, 114
Candellila wax, 165
Candlenut, 54, 56
Cantaloup seed, 37.5
Cardamom, 42
Carnauba wax, 164
Carthamus, 59
Cashew nut, 2
Castor, 27
Cedar nut, 74
Chaulmoogra, 49
Cherry kernel, 15
Chicken fat, 157
China wood, 53, 55
Chinese insect wax, 171
Chinese vegetable tallow, 146
Chironji fat, 110
Chrysalis, 95
Coal fish, 90
Coconut, 117
Cod liver, 91
Cohune nut, 101
Colza, 20
The various entries are oils unless specifically classified as "fats," "waxes," etc.)
Corn, 51
Cotton, 124
Cottonseed, 41
Coumu, 139
Crab, 4
Croton, 37
Cupu, 148
Curcas, 26
Cura palm, 103
Dame's violet, 62.5
Date kernel, 11
Deer fat, 155
Dika fat, 132
Dj ave butter, 108
Dodder, 34
Doegling, 162
Dogfish liver, 94
Dolphin, 88
Earthnut, 3
Garden cress, 43
Garden rocket, 62.5
Gerard's pine (Himalayas), 75
German sesame, 34
Ghee, 161
Goa butter, 123
Goat's butter, 154
Goose fat, 153
Grape seed, 28
Grey pine (California), 76
Hazelnut, 5
Hemp seed, 58
Herring, 85
Horse fat, 156
Illipe butter, 105
Indian beeswax, 168
Indian mustard seed, 19
Indian rape, 22
Japan wax, 144
Japanese sardine, 87
Java almond, 114
Kapok, 39
Karite butter, 111
Katio, 107
Kokum butter, 123
Kuromoji, 128
Laliemantia, 65
Lard, 29, 150
Lard oleine, 29
Laurel butter, 126
Lemon pip, 36
Linseed, 67
Luffa seed, 43.5
Lumbang, 54
Mabula panza, 141

Macassar, 145
Mace butter, 136
Madia, 45
Mafura, 131
Mahua butter, 105
Maize, 51
Malabar, 149
Mangosa, 134
Mangosteen, 123
Manihot, 68
Manketti nut, 81
Maripa fat, 140
Marotti fat, 42
Menhaden, 83
Mexican poppy seed, 57
M'kani fat, 98
Mocaya, 96
Montan wax, 166
Montanin wax, 166
Mowrah butter, 106
Mutton fat, 152
Myrtle wax, 135
Neat's foot, 31
Neem, 134
Niam fat, 130
Niger seed, 61
Nj ave butter, 108
Nutmeg, 136
Oats, 32
Oiticica, 60
Olive, 8
Olive kernel, 9
Orange pip, 35.5
Otoba butter, 137
Owala, 141
Palm, 119
Palm kernel, 120, 122
Palm pulp oil, 121
Paradise nut, 6
Para rubber seed, 63
Peach kernel, 1
Peanut, 3
Pecan, 64
Perula, 71
Phulwa butter, 104
Physic nut, 26
Pilchard, 86
Pili nut, 115
Pimento seed, 72
Piney tallow, 149
Piririma, 118
Pistachio nut, 12
"Pitch tree," 78
Plum kernel, 16
Pongam, 143
Poona fat, 113
Poppy seed, 69
Porpoise, 89
Pumpkin seed, 38
Rabbit's fat, 158
Radish seed, 23
Ranga butter, 142
Rape seed, 20
Ravison rape, 21
Red pine seed, 73
Rice, 10
Sacha Almendras, 116
Safflower, 59
Sardine, 86
Sawari nut, 116
Scotch pine, 80
Seal, 92
Sedge, 5.5
Sesame, 47
Shark, 93, 94.5
Shea butter, 111
Shiromoji, 129
Silver fir (Mid. Europe), 78
Soya, 48
Sperm, 163
Spermaceti, 172
Spruce, European, 73
Stearine, 124
Stillingia, 82, 146
Stillingia tallow, 146
Stone pine (S. Europe, S. Africa), 78
Strophantus seed, 16.6
Sunflower, 62
Swiss pine, 74
Tallow, 30, 159
Tallow oleine, 30
Tama fat, 142
Tea seed, 17
Teglam fat, 125
Tomato, 44
Tung, 52, 53, 55, 70
Ucuhuba fat, 138
Ungnadia, 18
Veppam fat, 134
Walnut, 65
Whale, 84
Wheat, 50
White mustard seed, 24
Wild mango, 132
Wool fat, 167
French
(Dans Ia table suivante, le mot "huile" n'est pas mentionn. Les diverses rfrences sont des huiles moins qu'elles ne soient spcifies comm
"graisses" "cires," etc.)
Abeille chinoise, 170
Abeille commune, 169
Abeille des Indes, 168
Aiguillt, 94
Akbie, 97
Alose, 83
Amande, 13
Andiroba, 4
Anthelmintique, 42
Arachide, 3
Argmone du Mexique, 57
Arolle, 74
Avoine, 32
Azdarac, 134
Babassu, 102
Baleine, 84
Bancoulier, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56
Baobab, 99
Ben, 7
Beurre, 161
Beurre de Galam, 111
Beurre de lait de chvre, 154
Beurre de Tama, 142
Cacao, 147
Cameline, 34
Canarium de Java, 114
Carapa, 4
Carthame, 59
Cerf commun, 155
Chaulmoogra, 49
Chnevis, 58
Chrysalide du bombyx, 95
Cire de montagne, 166
Girier, 135
Cocotier, 118
Colza, 20
Coton, 41, 124
Cresson alnois, 43
Croton, 37
Dauphin, 88
Epica, 73
Euphorbe antisyphilitique, 165
Fane, 40
Foie de morue, 91
Froment, 50
Gh, 161
Gland, 46
Graisse de boeuf, 30, 151
Graisse de cheval, 156
Graisse de laine, 167
Graisse de lapin, 158
Graisse de mouton, 152
Graisse d'oie, 153
Graisse d'os, 160
Graisse de poulet, 157
Grand requin, 94
Hareng, 85
Hevea, 63
Hyperodon rostre, 162
Julienne, 62.5
Kapock, 39
Lard, 29
Laureile, 126
Lin, 67
Madar, 112
Mas, 51
Mangue, 132
Manihot, 68
Manioc, 68
Marsouin, 89
Merlan, 90
Moutarde indienne, 19
Moutarde noire, 25
Mudar, 112
Muscade, 136, 137, 138
Navette, 21
Noisette, 5
Noix, 65
Noix d'acajou, 2
Noix d'Amrique, 64
Noix du Brsil, 33
Noix de coco, 117
Noyaux d'abricot, 14
Noyaux de cerises, 15
Noyaux de datte, 11
Noyaux d'olive, 9
Noyaux de pches, 1
Noyaux de prunes, 16
Oeillette, 69
Olive, 8
Palme, 120, 121, 122
Palmier africain, 119
Palmier amricain, 164
Passerage, 43
Paulonia, 70
Pavot, 69
Ppins de citron, 36
Ppins de courge, 38
Ppins de melon, 37.5

Ppins d'orange, 35.5
Ppins de raisin, 28
Perula, 71
Phoques divers, 92
Pied de boeuf, 31
Pignon, 79
Piment, 72
Pin de montagne, 77
Pin silvestre, 80
Pistache, 12
Puceron, 171
Radis, 23
Requin de Japon, 94.5
Requin petit, 93
Ricin, 27
Ricin infernal, 26
Riz, 10
Riz de veau vgtal, 109
Roquette, 22
Saindoux, 150
Sapin blanc, 78
Sapin rouge, 73
Sardine, 86
Sardine japonaise, 87
Snev blanc, 24
Snev noir, 25
Ssame, 47
Souchet, 5.5
Soya, 48
Spermaceti, 172
Sperme du cachalot, 163
Strophante, 16.6
Suif, 159
Suif vgtal, 82
Sumac, 144
Tomate, 44
Tournesol, 62
German
(In dem folgenden Index wird das Wort "l" meistens ausgelassen. Die verschiedenen Bezeichnungen gelten len, wenn sie nicht besonders mit den Namen
"Fette," "Wachse," etc. bezeichnet sind)
Afrikanischer Butterbaum, 142
Afrikanischer lbaum, 119
Akebia, 97
Ahorn, 46
Amerikanische NUSS, 64
Aprikosenkern, 14
Arachis, 3
Asnarl, 100
Bankulnuss, 54, 56
Baobab, 99
Baumwolle, 124
Baumwollsamen, 41
Becuhybafett, 138
Behenl, 7
Bienen wachs, 169
Bongoschmalz, 130
Buchnuss, 40
Butter, 161
Candlennuss, 54, 56
Carapa, 4
Cedernuss, 74
Chaulmoogra, 49
Chaulnegral, 42
Chinesischer Talg, 82
Chinesisches Wachs, 170
Citronenkern, 36
Cohune, 101
Colza, 20
Couml, 139
Curcas, 26
Dattelkern, 11
Dintennuss, 2
Dolphin, 88
Dorsch, 91
Dorschleber, 94
Erdmandel, 5.5
Erdnuss, 3
Feldkohl, 20
Fulwabutter, 161
Gnsefett, 153
Gartenkresse, 43
Goabutter, 123
Hring, 85
Hafer, 32
Haifisch, 93, 94.5
Hanf, 58
Haselnuss, 5
Haushuhnfett, 157
Indischer-Butterbaum, 104
Indisches Wachs, 168
Jamaika-Pfeffer, 72
Japanwachs, 144
Java Mandel, 114
Kakao, 147
Randellila Wachs, 165
Kaninchenfett, 158
Kapok, 39
Karnauba Wachs, 164
Kirschenkern, 15
Knochenfett, 160
Kohl, 21
Kokosnuss, 117
Kongo Akazie, 141
Kopalbaum, 149
Korungl, 143
Kroton, 37
Krbis, 38
Kuromoji, 128
Legfhre, 77
Leindotter, 34
Leinsamen, 67
Lorbeer, 126
Macaja, 96
Macasar, 145
Madinl, 45
Mafura Talg, 131
Mahuabutter, 105
Mais, 51
Mandel, 13
Mankettinuss, 81
Meerschwein, 89
Melone, 37.5
Menhaden, 83
Mexikanischer Mohnsamen, 57
Mohn, 69
Montanwachs, 166
Muskatnuss, 136
Muskatnuss von Santa Fe, 137
Myrthe, 135
lfirnisbaum, 52, 53, 55
lpalme, 121
Olive, 8
Olivenkern, 9
Orangensamen, 35.5
Otobafett, 137
Palmkern, 120, 122
Paradisnuss, 6
Parakautschuk, 68
Parakautschukbaumsamen, 63
Paranuss, 33
Paulownia, 70
Peki, 116
Perula, 71
Pferdefett, 156
Pfirsichkern, 1
Pflaumenkern, 16
Pistazi, 12
Pottwal, 163
Puppe, 95
Radischen, 23
Reis, 10
Ricinus, 27
Rinder klauen, 31
Rindertalg, 151
Rosfichtensamen, 73
Rotfhre, 80
Rotraps, 62.5
Rbe, 20
Rucka, 22
Safflor, 59
Sardine, 86
Sardine japanische, 87
Schaffsfett, 152
Schwarmkrbiskern, 43.5
Schweinefett, 29, 150
Seal, 92
Senf, 19
Senf, weiss, 24
Senf, schwarz, 25
Sesam, 47
Shiromoji, 129
Silberfhre, 78
Sonnenblume, 62
Soyabohne, 48
Steinfichte, 79
Stillingiatalg, 146
Strophantus, 16.6
Talg, 30, 159
Teglamfett, 125
Tomaten, 44
Tuajapalme, 133
Traubensamen, 28
Ungnadia, 18
Wachsbaum, 144
Walfisch, 84
Walnuss, 64
Walrat, 172
Weizen, 50
Wildfett, 155
Wollfett, 167
Yercum, 112
Zedrach, 134
Ziegenbutter, 154
Italian
(Nell'indice seguente stata omessa la parola "olio." I diversi prodotti sono olii, tranne che non sia esplicitamente dichiarato che si tratta di "grassi,"
"cere," ecc.)
Abete, 73
Abete rosso, 78
Agretto, 43
Akebia, 97
Akee, 109
Akoon, 112
Albero da burro indiano, 104
Albero di caucci, 63
Albero della cera, 135
Albero del sego, 82

Albicocche, 14
Alloro, 126
Ape chinese, 170
Ape indiana, 168
Arachide, 3
Aringa, 85
Asclepia, 112
Astrocario, 100
Avena, 32
Balena, 84
Bangu, 35
Baobab, 99
Basilico della China, 71
Bene, 7
Bombice del gelso, 95
Burro, 161
Burro di Diave, 108
Burro di Ghee, 161

Burro di Illip, 105
Burro di Karit, 111
Burro di Niave, 108
Cacao, 147, 148
Camellina, 34
Canapa, 58
Capodoglio, 163
Carapa, 4
Cardamomo, 42
Cembro, 74
Cera carnauba, 164
Cera gialla, 169
Cera del Giappone, 144
Cera di mirica, 135
Cera montana, 166
Cipero commestible, 5.5
Chaulmagra, 49
Chiura, 104
Cocciniglia della cera, 171
Colza, 20
Comore, 139
Cotone, 41, 124
Crescione inglese, 43
Crotontiglio, 37
Delfino dal rostro, 162
Dorella, 34
Essenza di Kuromoji, 128
Faggiola, 40
Fegato di merluzzo, 91
Fibre di Piassava, 102
Focena, 89
Frumento, 50
Garcinia, 123
Girasole, 62
Globicefalo, 88
Gomma elastica ceara, 68
Grano, 50
Granone, 51
Granoturco, 51
Grasso di anitra domestica, 153
Grasso di Bonantjo, 98
Grasso di Borneo, 125
Grasso di bue, 30
Grasso di capra, 154
Grasso di cavallo, 156
Grasso di cervo, 155
Grasso di Chironj i, 110
Grasso di Cohune, 101
Grasso di cokkerite, 133
Grasso di coniglio, 158
Grasso di Katian, 107
Grasso di Kobi, 4
Grasso di lana, 167
Grasso di Mafura, 131
Grasso di Maratty, 42
Grasso di Men, 130
Grasso di montone, 152
Grasso di Morrah, 106
Grasso di Niam, 130
Grasso di ossa, 160
Grasso di pollo, 157
Grasso di Pongamia, 143
Grasso di Sawari, 116
Grasso di Taccamaca, 113
Grasso di Tama, 142
Grasso di Teglam, 125
Grasso di Teomaica, 113
Hesperide, 62.5
Iperodonte, 162
Jatrofa, 26
Kapok, 39
Lallemanzia, 66
Lana vegetale, 39
Lardo, 29, 150
Lauro, 126
Lauro greco, 134
Legno della China, 53, 55
Legno del Giappone, 52
Lino, 67
Luffa, 43.5
Macassar, 145
Madia, 45
Mandorle, 13
Mandorle di Giava, 114
Mandorle di pesco, 1
Mango, 132
Manihot, 68
Maripa, 103, 140
Melia, 134
Mellone, 37.5
Merlango, 90
Miagro falso, 34
Mocaja, 96
Nasturzio, 43
Noccioli di acagi, 2
Noccioli di cilegia, 15
Noccioli di dattero, 11
Noccioli d'oliva, 9
Noccioli di palma, 120, 122
Noccioli di prugne, 16
Nocciuola americana, 3
Nocciuole, 5
Noce americana, 64
Noce di Bankul, 54, 56
Noce del Brasile, 33
Noce di cocco, 117
Noce moscata, 136
Noce moscata di Santa F, 137
Noce nostrale, 65
Noce di Para, 33
Noci di Maringa, 7
Noci del Paradiso, 6
Noci di Sapucaia, 6
Noci di Soccari, 116
Oliva, 8
Owala, 141
Palma da olio, 119, 121
Papavero messicano, 57
Paulonia, 70
Patava, 139
Pepe della Giamaica, 72
Pescecane, 93, 94.5
Pianta del sego, 146
Piede di bove, 31
Pimento, 72
Pino di California, 76
Pino cembro, 74
Pino domestico, 79
Pino dell' Imalaia, 75
Pino montano, 77
Pino ad ombrello, 79
Pino da pinoli, 79
Pino di Scozia, 80
Pino selvatico, 80
Pistacchio, 12
Pomodoro, 44
Popone, 37.5
Porco marino, 89
Quercia, 46
Rafano, 23
Ravizzone, 20, 21
Ricino, 27
Ricinodendro, 81
Riso, 10
Ruchetta, 22
Sardina comune, 8
Sardina giapponese, 87
Sego, 159
Sego di palma, 103
Sego di Ucuhuba, 138
Semi di Aburacan, 127
Semi di arancia, 35.5
Semi di Guizotia, 61
Semi di limone, 36
'Semi del Niger, 61
Semi di papavero, 69
Semi di strofanto, 16.6
Senapa bianca, 24
Senapa indiana, 19
Senapa nera, 25
Sesamo, 47
Sevo di bue, 151
Sevo di Malabar, 149
Sevo di Piney, 149
Shiromoji, 129
Sicomoro falso, 134
Soja, 48
Spermaceti, 172
Spinarolo imperiale, 94
Stillingia, 82
Strutto, 29
Sugna, 29
Ungnadia, 18
Vinaccioli, 28
Vitello marino, 92
Zafferano falso, 59
Zafferanone, 59
Zucca, 38
2. SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON PROPERTIES

Non-drying Vegetable Oils of the Olive Oil Type
F = fruit pulp; G = whole grain; Gm = germ; K = kernel; N = nut; S = seed; R = rhizome; n = refractive index
General
Index No.
0.5
1
2
3
3.5
4
5
5.5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Density
^15
15
Scientific name and source

Abelmoschus moschatus (S)
Amygdalus Persica (S)
Anacardium occidentale (S)
Arachis hypogaea (S)
Camellia oleifera (S)
Carapa Guianensis (S)
Corylus avellana (S)
Cyperus esculentus (R)
Lecythis zabucajo (S)
Moringa oleifera (S)
Olea Europaea sativa (F)
16.5
16.6
16.7
17
18
Olea Europaea sativa (S)

Oriza sativa (S)
Phoenix dactylifera (S )
Pistacia vera (S)
Prunus amygdalus (S)
Prunus Armeniaca (S)
Prunus cerasus (S)
Prunus domestica and P. damascena
(S)
Sterculia foetida (F, S)
Strophanthus hispidus (S)
Terminalia catappa (S)
Thea sasanqua (S)
Ungnadia speciosa (S)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
25. 1
Brassica juncea (S)

Brassica campestris (S)
Brassica (varieties of) (S)
Eruca sativa (S)
Raphanus sativa (S)
Sinapis alba (S)
Sinapis nigra (S) . '.
Sinapis nigra (Russian)
0.917-0.918
0.918-0.925
0.918
0.917-0.926
0.916-0.9227
0.912-0.923
0.917
0.924
0.895
0.912-0.920
0.915-0.920
Cf. Table 10
0.918-0.919
0.920-0.927
0.913-0.919
0.914-0.921
0.915-0.926
0.918-0.929
0.912-0.913
0.926
0.9249-0.9254
0.917-0.920
0.920
0.912
Congelation
temperature 0C
Saponification value
v. p. viii
Iodine value
v. p. viii
195
191-193
194-200
186-194
180-196
188-195.6
191-197
225
173.6
185-189
95
92-99.7
79.5
88-98
80-90
58-65
87
62-76
76.6
109-112.6
0.3-1.0
185-196
79-88
1-1.8
43-77.2
182-186
192-195.8
211
191
183.3-207.6
191.4-198.2
193.3-195
88
96.4-99.9
52.3
83-87
93-103.4
100-108.7
110-114.3
191-193
188-199
188-195
175-196
190-194
191-192
100-103.6
76-83
96-102
84-89
91
81-82
Acid value
v. p. viii
1-1.5
1.45
0.8
-20
3
-12
4.5
-17 to -18
below O
4
7-8
J +2 turbid \
1 6 deposit /
3.19
-10
18.1
-5 to -10
-15 to -20
-17
-19 to -20
0.5-3.5
3.5
1.1
-5 to -8
0.55
-6
3-4
-5 to -12
-12
Acetyl
value
v. p. viii
Hehner
value
v. p. viii
6.5
96
94-96
3.5
3.2
ReichertFatty
UnsaponMeissl
acids
value
ifiables %
M. P. 0C
v. p. viii
0.3
9.6
12.2
n
Finding
No.
v. p. 212
30.5-39
69
61
66
19-20
43
52
37.8
77
60
13-13.5
95
93-96
92-93.7
95.5
0.6
0.4
0.8-1
2.5-3.3
0.99
95
0.5
9.5
0.6-1.5
1.5
0.5-0.9
21-30
38.8
22-25
0.5
37.6
44.8
10.5
"Titer"
test 0C
v. p. viii
0.4-1.0
16.9-26.4
26-30
63
13-15
65
85
37
57
58
70
38
31-32
68
81.5
95.2
95.2
96
96.0
0.88
17-20
13-14
2.3-4.5
19-21
0.75
0.5
0.2
13-14
9.5-11.8
12.4-18
95-96
92-95
91-92
91.5
94
1.0
0.5-0.9
32.2
42-44
48.5
54,55
0.1
10
19
Non-drying Vegetable Oils of the Rape Oil Type

0 . 916-0 . 921
3.7-7.2
172-180
102-108
95 . 5 0 . 33-0 . 89
78
0.913-0.917
-10
0.36-1.0
168-179
94-105
14.75 94.5-96.3 0-0.79
1.48
18.5-20
11.7-13.6
0.916-0.919
-8
177-181
109-122
1.4-1.7
13.5-16.5
94
0.916-0.919
2.5-3.7
169-174
97.5-102
95.5
0.75
80
0.916-0.918
-10 to -18
'
174-178
95.9
0.33
20
13-15
71
0.912-0.916 -8 to -16
5.4
171-174
94-98.4
96-97
15-16
75
0.915-0.919
5.7-7.3
173-175
99-110
96
3.3
16-17
13.4-13.7
88
0.920
181-182
115-120
82
Non-drying Vegetable Oils of the Castor Oil Type

26
Jatropha curcas (S)
27
Ricinus communis (S)
28
Vues vinifera (S)
0.919-0.924 { 2*8 ^Q^l'd }
0.5-5.0
192.5-210
98-110
0.960-0.967 { ~ 1J? turblf

)
0.12-0.8
175-183
84
I 17 to 18 solid I
-10 to -17 0.75
171-191
94.3-135
0.917-0.933
9-25.3
146-150.5
95.2
0.28-0.48
1.4 0.6
13.5-14.5 92
0.46
24-30
67
13
110
1.6
23-25
89
Non-drying Animal Oils

L = lard; T = tallow; F = foot
29
Oleum adipis (L)
30
31
Oleum adipis bovis (T) .

Oleum pedis bovis (F)
0.913-0.915
0 . 914-0 .919
0.913-0918
-2 to +4
2 to 7 . 5
-2 to +10
{ *'' 5^ _. }
193-198
62.5-79
1 (U. 1 z . 5 JU
0 . 2-0 . 25
193 . 5-199
56-60 . 5
0.1-0.6
193-199
57.5-75
97
- 6
33-38.4
27-33
45
35-37 . 5
7.7-9.3 94.8-95.9 0.9-1.2 0.12-0.65 29-41
Vegetable Semi-drying Oils

F = fruit pulp; G = whole grain; Gm = germ; K = kernel; N = nut; S = seed
32
Avena sativa (G)
0.925
34.7-35.3
189.8-192.4
33
Bertholletia excelsis (K)
0.917-0.918
O to 3
1.4
34
Camelina sativa (Myagrum
sativa)
(S)
,
0.923-0.927 -18
114.2
193
188
94.9
90-106
132-152
1.30-2.65
27.5
114
28-30 31 . 1-32 . 2
13-14
17-18
56
107
16-26.5
47
Vegetable Semi -drying Oils. (Continued)

Density
General
Index No.
35
35.5
36
37
37.5
38
39
40
41
41.5
42
42.1
42.2
42.3
42.4
42.5
43
43.5
44
Ceratotheca sesamoides (S)

Citrus aurantium (S)
Citrus limonum (S)
Croton tiglium (S)
Cucumis melo (S)
Cucurbita pepo (S)
Eriodendron anfractuosum (S)
Fagus sylvatica F. Americana (K). . .
Gossypium species (S)
Hydnocarpus alcalae
Hydnocarpus anthelmintica (S)
Hydnocarpus Hutchinsonii (S)
Hydnocarpus subfalcata (S)
Hydnocarpus venenata (S)
Hydnocarpus Wightiana (S)
Hydnocarpus Woodii (S)
Lepidium sativum (S)
Luffa Jgyptica (S)
Lycopersicum esculentum (S)
45
45.1
46
47
48
Madia saliva (S)

Pangium edule (S)
Quercus agri/olia (S)
Sesamum indicum (S)
Soja hispida (Dolichos hispida) (S)
0.921-0.933
0.92512
0.916
0.919U
0.924-0.927
Taraktogenos Kur zii (S)

Triticum sativum (Gm)
Zea mais (S)
0.943-0.954
0.924-0.929
0.921-0.928
52
53
54
55
56
56.5
57
58
59
60
Aleurites cordata (S)

Aleurites Fordii (S)
Aleurites moluccana (S)
Aleurites montana (S)
Aleurites triloba (S)
Amoora rohituka (S)
Argemone Mexicana (S)
Cannabis saliva (S)
Carthamus tinctorius (S)
Conepia grandifolia (S)
0.934-0.940
0.939-0.949
0.925
0.939-0.949
0.927
0.931-0.939
0.925
0.928-0.934
0.925-0.928
0.969
61
62
62.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
68.5
Guzoti oleifera (S)

Helianthus annuus (S)
Hesperis matronalis (S)
Hevea Braziliensis (S)
Juglans nigra (N)
Juglans regia (N)
Lallemantia iberica (S)
Linum usitatissmum (S)
Manihot glaziovic and M. ceara (S) ..
Oncoba spinosa (S)
I
49*
50
51
ll
0.916
0.918-0.919
0.916-0.918
0.942-0.944
0.92111
0.923-0.925
0.923-0.933
0.922
0.917-0.918^1
0.94S33S
0.949"
0.94330
0.95I33S
0.94712
0.94750o
0.920-0.924
0.9254
0.922
Congelation
temperature 0C
Acid value
v. p. viii
0.63
-6
% -8 to -18
27-30.9
0.43
-15
3-15
-17
+ 12 to -13
24
23
21
20
11
18
-15
0.6-0.9
6.7
0.6
5.3
6.6
1.2
6.7
5.9
28.8
- 10 to - 12
7
-10
-4 to -6
-10 to -16
20-25
O Viscous
- 10 to - 20
6.9
9.8
0.3-1.8
0.79-21.5
1.37-2.02
. p. viii
Iodine value
v. p. viii
190.2
194-197
188.3
193-215
192.3
188-193
189-194.5
191-196
194-196
202
206-209.8
199
206
191
207
192
180-183
188
187-192
110.6
97-104
107.3
108-109
125.9
121-130
78-93
97-111
103-111.3
94.0
84.5-90.8
83.5
89.0
90.7
97.0
68.5
102-118
108.5
107-125
193-194
200
199.3
188-193
189-193.5
121-129
78.5
100.0
103-117
122-134
196-213
183-190
187-193
97.6-110.4
115
111-128
Acetyl
value
v. p. viii
13.6
19. 8-38. 6
15.8
Hehner
value
v. p. viii
Reichert"Titer"
Fatty
Meissl Unsaponacids
test 0C
value ifiables %
0
M. P. C v. p. viii
v. p. viii
95-96
95.6
0.5-0.8
0.55
95.1
96
0.33
4.45
21-25
95-96
95.7
0.95
21.8
95.5
1.02
95.5
95
L l . 4-20. 5 95-96.6
95.5
4.9
7.5-11.5
95
93-94.5
93-95
19.7-21.0
17-19
n
Finding
No.
v. p. 212
83
70.5
115
1.1
26-28
1.1
0.2-0.4
1.4
0.1-0.3
38
23-24
34.5
55
46
43
41
47
40
43
16-18
95
64
73
143
122
140, 142
145
144
86.5
97
21.7
18
25
25-35
1.1-1.2
0.5-2.8 1 . 27-1 . 54 26.227.5
22-26
137
23-32
2-3
4.3
2.4-2.6
1.5-2.8
39-40
17-20
14-16
0.39
1.10
1.2
0.35
0.4-0.8
0.4-0.8
0.5-0.9
0.4-0.8
30-49
36-39
87
96
130
100
86
Vegetable Drying Oils
0.925-0.927
0.924-0.926
0.931-0.934
0.924-0.930
0.918-0.921
0.925-0.927
0.93320
0.930-0.938
0.924-0.932
0.930
3
2
2
2
-15 to -28
-8
-17
-22
12 turbid
-25
-19 to -27
-17
17.0
6.0
0.45
0.6
5.7
0.95-2.94
8.6-9.0
2.5
1-3.5
12.1
194-197
190-197
189-195
190-197
202-204
190-192
188-190
190-195
188-203
188.6
189-192
188-193
192
190-200
190.1-191.5
190.1-197
185
188-195
188-192
192.2
150-158
163-171
163-164
163-171
139-143.8
135
120-122.5
145-161.7
122-141
179.5
9.8
16.1
126.4-133.8
129-136
155
117-140
141-142.7
139-150
162
175-202
117-139
177.0
*Okum Chaulmoograe (.S.P.X.): d 25 co. 0.950; congeals below ca. 25; sapon. value, 196-213; I value; 98-104; [a]fj 48-60.
95-96
93.2
95.1
1.6
0.0
95
0-0.2
1.14
1.08
95.4
0.5
28
21
0.31
95.3
0.27-0.3
95.8
0.92
93.4-95.4
93.3
1.55
0.95
0.4-1.2
94.5-95.5
94-96
0.4-3.0
1.3
20-22
22.8
17-21
11-17
21.5
(begins)
65.0
(ends)
25.4
22-24
O
15-20
22.2
20-24
23-26
17.8
16-14
15.6-16.6
7-12
22.6
18-19.8
149
149
111
149
111
105.5
91
126
102
148
108
15-20
93
14.3
113
16-20.6
20-24
127, 128
90
125
Vegetable Drying Oils. (Continued)

General
Index No.
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Density
jlS
dl5
Congelation
temperature 0C
Acid value
v. p. viii
-16 to -18
below -17
2.5
0.924-0.926
0.935-0.940
0.930-0.937
0.92312
0.931
0.930-0.932
0.931
0.933
0.932
0.921
0.928-0.933
0.932
0.928-0.930
0.940-0.946
Papaver somniferum (S)

Paulownia imperialis (S)
Perilla ocimoides (S)
Pimento officinialis (S)
Pinus abies (S)
Pinus cembra (S)
Pinus Gerardiana (S)
Pinus monophylla (S)
Pinus montana (S)
Pinus picea (S)
Pinus pinea (S)
Pinus syhestris (S)
Ricinodendron Rautannenii (S)
Stillingia sebi fer a (S)
0.03
-26
-20
-17
1.5
-25
-18 to -20
-27
-28 to -29
-12 to -22
1.24
v. p. viii
Iodine value
?'. p. viii
193-195
193.4-196.3
188-194
171.4
192
191.8
191-192
189-192.8
180-190
191
191-193
189.8
190-195
209-210.4
128-141
149-158
185-206
134.4
120.5
150-159.2
118-119
101.3-108
145-146
119-120
120-121
147.1
124-135
145-161
Acetyl
value
v. p. viii
'
Reicher tFatty
UnsaponMeissl
acids
value
ifiables %
M. P. 0C
v. p. viii
0.43
20.5
0.6
Hehner
value
v. p. viii
95.4
95.8
17-19
-5
n
Finding
No.
v. p. 212
106
150
133
10!
116
1.3
2.0
93.27
O
19
O
16-19
92
91-92
28.7
"Titer"
test 0C
v. p. viii
94-98
0.75
94.4-95.2 0.93-0.99
72
10-16
10-15
146
98
105
147
135
30-40
14.5
1.45
Fish and Marine Animal Oils

F = wholefish;B blubber; L = liver
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
94 . 5
Alosa menhaden (Brevortia tyrannus) (F)

O 923-0 933
-5
189-192.9
148-185
1.2
0.6-1.43
123
Balaena mysticetus and other species
(B)
0917-0924
O to -2
1.9
160-202
90-146
11-23
93-95 14 1-4
14-27
10-24
103
Clupea harengus (F)
0.920-0.939
170-194
102-149
95-96
1-2
30-32
112
Clupea pilchardus, C. scombrinus
(F)
O 9^0-0 934
20-22
187.7-196
150-193
21-22
93.3-96
0.5-1
0.98 30-34.8
28.2
134
Clupanodon melanostica (F)
0.928-0.935
2.2
189-192.1
121.5-124.5
94.5-97
0.5-3
35-36 27.6-28.2
76
Delphinus globiceps (B)
0.908-0.930 +5 to -3
187.3
99.5
93.1 5.6
2
26,49
290 (Jaw)
32.8 (J)
65.9 (J) 65.9 (J)
Delphinus phocaena (B)
0.926
203.4 (Body)
126.9 (Bo)
68.446.9 (Bo)
16-17
32
253.7-272.3 30.9-49.6(J)
72.0 (J)
132 (J)
(J)
(J)
Gadus merlangus (L)
0.925-0.930
177-189
123-181
95
0.4-0.7
0.7-7
31
Gadus morrhua (L)
0.922-0.931
-3
5.6
171-189
137-166
1.15
95.3 0.2
0.54-2.6821.8-38 17.5-24.3
118
Phoca species (B)
0.915-0.926
3 187.5-196.2
130-152
93-96 0.2
0.3-1.0
22-23
109
Selache (cetorhinus) maxima et al. (L)
0.916-0.919
157-164
115-139
11.9
87-97
2.8-15.2 21-22
119,121
Squalus acanthias (L)
0.918
169.7
126.4
8.4
92
Various species Japanese sharks
(L)*
O 864-0 932
0.0-4.3
23-186
91-345
1-90
25-35
*Extremes for 36 species C 188 ).

Japanese salmon and trout oils: see Toyama, 142, 26: 273; 23. Liver oil of palm-crab, Kobayashi, Ibid., 585.
Insect Oil
95 I Bombyx mori (from pupae)
0.928
18.6-27.5 |
190-194 | 116.3-131.9 |
19.7 |
94.5 |
3.4 |
2.61
36.5 |
27-28
99
Vegetable Fats
F = fruit pulp; G = whole grain; Gm = germ; K kernel; N = nut; S = seed
96
Acrocomia sclerocarpa (F & K)
97
98
Akebia quinata (S)

Allanblackia (Stearodendron)
mannii (S)
99
100
Adansonia digitata (S)

Astrocaryum vulgre (S)
101
102
103
Attalea cohune (S)

Attalea funifera (S)
Attalea spectabilis (S)
0.866*00 (K)
0.934
Stuhl. .. 0.856-0 861 "o
0.930
0.915-0.920
0. 867 (K)
0. 868-0^87 1
0. 868100
22.7
0.869">
24.6
1.2
25.4
30.4-38
+3 to -3
28.6(K)
2.8 246.9
259.5
55.8 (F) 189 (F)

77.2(F)
5.7-7.2
0.4-4.7 (K) 237-255 (K)
16-30 (K)
246.4
78.38
85.8
39.76
11.6-23
186.6-191.7
20.5-21
(K)
31
10
(K)
22
38.7-41.9
190-192
56-79
43.8 (F)
220.2(F)
46.4(F)
0.54-1.69(K) 240-250 (K) 12.2-13.9(K)
254
11-13.7
15.6-16.3
5.8
8.9
6.3
0.36
59
61.4-61.6
35-38
19, 39
3. 8 (K) 0.75 (F) 27 (K)
8
23.6
27-28
6
3
17
Vegetable Fats. (Continued)

General
Index No.
Density
d\l
Congelation
temperature 0C
0.862100
0.858-0.862100
0.864100
0.917
0.858100
0.916
0.858100
0.85810O
0.85910o
0.917
19-22
36
104
105
106
107
Bassia
Bassia
Bassia
Bassia
108
Bassia toxisperma (S)
109
110
111
Blighia sapida (S)

Buchanania lati/ olia (S)
Butyrospermum Parkii (S)
112
113
114
115
116
117
Calotropis gigantea (S)

Calophyllum inophyllum (S)
Canarium commune (S)
Canarium ovatum (S)
Caryocarpus tomentosum, etc. (S). ..
Cocos butyracea, C. nucifera (K)
118
119
Cocos syagras (S)

Elaeis guineensis (W. Africa) (F). . .
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Elaeis guineensis (W. Africa) (S)...

Elaeis guineensis (S. America) (F). .
Elaeis guineensis (S. America) (S) ..
0.853100
Garcinia indica (S)
0.867-0.868100
Gossypium species (S)
Isoptera borneensis (S)
0.85610
0.880100
Laurus nobilis (F)
Lindera praecox (S)
0.935
Lindera serica (S)
0.940
Lindera triloba (S)
0.936
Lophira alata; L. procera (S)
0.9011
0.859100
0.857100
Mafureira oleifera (S)
Mangifera Jabonensis
(Irvingia
0.860100
Barteri) (S)
Maximiliana regia (S)
0.867100
M dia azadirachta (S)
0.925
Myrica cerifera (M. Carolinensis)
(F)
0.995
0.875100
Myristica officinalis (S)
0.945-0.996
Myristica otoba (S)
0.892
Myristica becuhyba (S)
0.912
Oenocarpus baiava (F)
0.898100
Oncoba echinata
Palma Maripa (K)
0.86810
Pentaclethra macrophylla (S)
0.912-0.921
Pentadesma butyracea (S)
0.869100
Pongamia glabra (S)
0.924-0.93540
Rhus succedaneum (F)
0.970-0.980
0.875100
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
139.5
140
141
142
143
144
butyracea (S)
lati/olia (S)
longifolia (S)
Mottleyana (S)
0.915
0.90540
0. 907 4
0.898U
0.926
0.864-0.868100
0.924-0.942
0.918-0.922
147
Theobroma cacao (S)
148
149
Theobroma grandiflora (S). ..

Valeria indica (S)
0.964-0.974
0.858100
0.852100
0.915
Iodine value
r. p. viii
11.3
21
9.27
180-188.6
20
20.1
15
2.8
194.6
191.8-195.4
178-190
49.1
54.7-59.9
54-63
196-197
194
193-200
197.4
199.5
253.4-262
84-85
95.5
59-66
55.9
49.5
6.2-10
25-30
1.42
23-29
14-22
26.8
Schleichera trijuga (S)

Stillingia schifer (S)
v. p. viii
188-190.8
192.2-199.9
188.4-189.8
189-192
0.924
0.858100
0.866-0.873100
145
146
Acid value
v. p. viii
21.9
27.4
2.5-10.0
2.9-3.2
10
29.8-20.5
O . 55-0 . 33
14.5-21.0
4-10
11.3
252.5
200-205
243-255
197
220.2-231.4
186.8-191.3
192.1
198-199
274
255
282
180-194.6
42.1-42.6
53.4-67.8
60.4-62.4
31.5
57-65
12.5-13.4
49.2-58.9
10.5-17.5
78.1-88.3
25.5-31.6
25-34 . 2
88 . 793 . 6
31.5
68-80
20.5
65.3
11.6
60-78
Acetyl
Hehner
,
value
value
v. p. viii v. p. viii
ReichertUnsapon- Fatty
Meissl
ifiables
acids
value
M. P. 0C
%
v. p. viii
94.8-95.6 0.4-1.31
94.7-94.9 0.44-0.88
94-95
1-2
95.7
0.6-0.8
94 . 5-95
1.1-2.5
93
0.9
94.8-95.8
0.33
93.8-95.8 1.25-1.4
15-16
95-96
93.6
95-96
1.36
0.5
3.86
5-9
0.5
0.38
0.1
58.4
39-45
"Titer"
test 0C
v. p. viii
38-40
38-41
56
20
41, 46
50
49-52.8
47
42-46
38-49
52-53
53
81
33-34
40-42
n
Finding
No.
w. p. 212
28-29
37-40
62
132
0.19
6.6
96.6
0.65
2.3-6.9 82.3-90.5 6.6-7.5
15.7
94 . 5-97
0.9-1.9
7.6
91-91.5
5-6.8
94.6-95.6 0.11-1.54
96.5
0.22
95.7
1.1
1.6
89.2
1.39
86.2
2.53
85.7
2.0
0.8-0.9
48.3-50
46-47
24-27 21.2-25.2
50
42.5-45.5
25-28.5 20-25.5
0.5
60-61
27-45
56
39.9-51
13
9-10
14
31
1
5
59
12
29
79
23
124
2
42-49
199-221
40-47
93
1-4
51-55
29-31
13-16
72.9
94
0.2-0.4
3.0
8.27
35
24.2
35
241-245
240.9-253
185.6
4
9
51
39-43
205.5-211.7
3.9-9.5
92-94
0.5
47-18
20-54
9-10
78.2
99.7
17.3
87-101
45-49
78-94
4.9-12.8
25-37
27-35
4-10
0.33
8
40.5-46
11-12
154-178
185-199
219-220
191.8
192.4
270.5
182-186
186-197
178-185
206.6-237.5
10
24-34
2.4
215-230
179-206
48-55
23-40.5
1.1-1.9
192.8-195
32.8-41.7
44.0
5.8-15.3
187.8
188.7-192
17.2
16.8
32-32 . 5
7.0
0.48
4.5
25.5-26
14
48-52
1.1-4.2
44.8
37.8-39.1
37.2
20.4
93-94
42.5-46
1.1
1.6
21-37
17.2526.5
1.97
89
94-96
95
4-5
0.6
0.3
1
90-91
1.1-1.6
91-91.5
95.3
9
0.2-0.9
94-95
0.3-1
0.08
95.1-95.2 0.2-0.4
3.1
27-28
50-57
57-60
44-45
53-56.5
52-55
39-57
48-53
0.91
36-42
49.7-50.7
45.2-47.2
50.9-52.5
47.2-49.2
117
40
48
74
25
131
34
42
13
21
48.1
56 . 6-57
35
Animal Fats
AT = Adipose tissue
General
j
,,
Index No.
T
.,./,
{scientific name and source
Density
d\l
150
Adeps (AT)
151
Adeps bovis
152
Adeps ovis
153
154
155
156
Anser cinereus
Capellae lactis adeps
Cervus elephus, etc
Equus caballus
157
Gallus domesticus (AT)
158
Lepus cuniculus
159
160
161
Sevum
Sevum assis
Vaccae lactis adeps
162
Hyperoodon rostratus
0.880-0.881
163
Phy seter macrocephalus
0.878-0.884
r*
ixA - value
J I
Congelation
Acid
.SaponificaIodine valueT , .
temperature 0C v. p. viii 1On va ue v. p. viii
v. p. VHI
0.934-0.938
0.86lJ 0 5 5
0.895
0.862?*
0.937-0.953
0.8581,%
0.923-0.930
0. 917-0. 935*77; \
0.962-0.967
0.919-0.933
27.1-29.9
0.924
0.9063?;?
0.934-0.936
0.86I11J0
0.925-0.950
21-27
31-38
0.5-0.8
0.25
195-203
196-200
47-66.5
35.4-42.3
195-196
22-24
Acetyl
value
v. p. viii
Hehner
value
r. p. viii
2.6
93-95
2.7-8.6
96-96.5
58~67
233-236
25-37
0.8-5.3 194 . 5-200
26-36
195-200
75-86
0.907-0.9125
37-46 . 6
66-71 . 5
94 . 5-95 . 3 0.2-0.98
20.8-27.7
95.8
0.68
95-98
45
"Titer" n Finding
test 0C
No.
. p. viii v. p. 212
36-42 . 4
24
42.5-44 37.9-46.2
48-61
191-193
193-204 . 6
ReichertUnsapon- Fatty
Meissl
ifiables
acids
value
M. P. 0C
%
v. p. viii
94.6
1.8
0.7-2.8
199-203
70-99.8
99.5
193-198
190-196
210-230
35-45
50-55
26-28
(Extremes
19.5-49.5)
95-96
0.5-1.0
11.3
94-95
0.2-1.7
1.9-8.6 87.6-89.6 17.0-34.5
123-134
80.4-82.0
4.1-6.4
120-137
80-84
4.5-6.4
0.52
33 . 5-49
40-48.5
28
36 . 6-40
31-34
44
14
50-64
31.353.4
. 38-40
46-50
39-50
35-41
84
32-34
36
40-50
42.5-44
38-41
33-39
15, 27, 30
Sperm Oil
0.4-0.5
36-41
10.310.8
13.4
8.3-8.6
11
16
Vegetable Non-glyceridic Waxes

164
165
166
Corypha cerifera (exudation from

leaves)
Euphorbia anti-syphilitica
Montan wax (lignite tar, lignite
peat)
0.995-0.999
4-8
17.0
73
79-84
51
74
13.5
55.2
16
54-55
104
33
47
Animal Waxes
167
168
169
Adeps lanae (sheep's wool)

Apis indica (bees)
Apis mellifera (bees)
170
171
Apis (Chinese bees)

Coccus cerifera (insect on leaves of
Fraxinus chinensis)
Spermaceti (oils of Cetacea)
172
0.970-0.973
0.961-0.968
0.822-0.827J^5
60.5-62
59.8
6-6.1
16.8-20.6
5.3-9.7
0.809-0.811
0. 905-0. 945 J59 5
0. 806-0. 8 12^6
80-81
63
0.5-2.8
82-130
82-83
88-96
17-29
10
8.8-10.7
23
39-44
15.2
90.2-120.2
126-135
41.8
141
18
18
18
2.6
51.5
3. COMPOSITION TABLE
(In weight %)
GENERAL
INDEX
NUMBER
Class 1. Non-drying Oils of Almond and Olive Oil Type

Glycerides principally of oleic acid. Linolic acid present in
small proportion
0.5.
V. (9 8 -5).
1. Similar to No. 13.

2. Oil from kernels is non-drying. Olein, 80.4; stearin, 17.3
( 48 ). The oil from the pericarp is black and has high iodine
value (294) (202).
3. Palmitin, stearin, arachidin, lignocerin, olein, linolin and
possibly hypogaein. The mixed lignoceric and arachidic
acids (Renard's "arachidic acid") vary from 4.3 to 5.4
(av. 4.8); stearic acid ca. 5. Unsaturated acids ca. 30, of
which ca. 60% is linolic (63). Hypogaeic acid not-found
( 164 ) but occurrence considered probable ( 78 ). For variations in constants v. ( 10 ). " Unsaturated" fatty acids
75-79.5, with iodine value, 109-126 (10).
3.5. Similar to No. 17 (185).
4. Non-drying glycerides.
5. Oleic acid, 85; palmitic, 9.4; stearic, 1; glycerol, 10.4; phytosterol, 0.5 ().
5.5.
V. ( 1 9 > 28.5,
150).
7. Glycerides of oleic, stearic and palmitic acids, and, according

to Vlker, behenic acid.
8. Ca. 25 solid and 75 liquid glycerides, mainly olein. Linolic
acid, 7; oleic, 93 ( 80 ). No stearic acid (83 ). A mixed glyceride (1-2%, M. P. 53-55), probably stearic, palmitic and
oleic, has been isolated ( 92 ). Ultimate composition: C, 77.2;
H, 11.3; O, 11.5 (163). Highly unsaturated acids, 78-93.5,
with iodine value, 89-98 (10).
9. Similar to No. 8. Solid acids, 9.7 (of which stearic, 40; palmitic, 60); liquid acids, oleic and linolic; no arachidic (110).
10. Oil from commercial rice meal contains free fatty acids, 4377
(168). Impure fat from polishings v. ( 68 ).
11. The constants indicate presence of oleic and volatile insoluble fatty acids. On the border-line between oils and solid
fats.
12. Largely oleic glycerides.
13. Fatty acids, mainly oleic, with ca. 6 linolic (63). No linolenic. Little, if any, stearic ( 84 ).
14. Similar to No. 13 cf. ("O).
15. Resembles No. 13, but has higher iodine value (110-114),
indicating larger amount linolic acid. HCN present (141).
16. Similar to No. 13, but contains more linolic acid.
16.5.
V. (32,
200).
16.6. v. (21.1).
16.7. v. ( 7 2).
17. Very similar to No. 8. 88-93 liquid acids with iodine value
99.6-104.4 (U 8). This commercial oil is distinct from tea oil
(Thea sinensis) v. ( i84 ).
Class SL Non-drying Oils of Rape Oil Class
19. Greater proportion unsaturated fatty acids than No. 20.
20. Mainly glycerides of rapic and erucic acids (159.5)- Hnolenic
acid present ( 63 ); arachidic and lignoceric acids ca. 1.43 (U).
Yields ca. 1% insoluble bromide of mixed glyceride ( 84 ).
"Unsaturated'' acids 94-95, with iodine value, 100.5-105
(100).
21.
22.
23.
24.
Larger amount less saturated glycerides than No. 20.

Similar to No. 24.
Resembles No. 20, but has less drying capacity.
Resembles No. 20. Contains ca. 1.3 arachidic and lignoceric
acids (U). Yields ca. 1.5 insoluble bromide ( 84 ).
25. Similar to No. 24. " Unsaturated " acids, 91.5-94.5, with
iodine value, 103-120 (10).
Class 3. Non-drying Oils : Castor Ou Type
26. Glycerides of hydroxylated fatty acid, not identical with
ricinoleic. Liquid fatty acids, consist of equal proportions
oleic and linolic (in). Solid fatty acids, ca. 10, of which
palmitic, 80, and stearic, 20. No linolenic.
27. Largely glycerides of ricinoleic and isoricinoleic acids ( 79 ),
with small amount saturated acids.
28. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linolic acids, and hydroxy acids
(ca. 25), not identical with ricinoleic (5).
Class 4. Animal Oils Largely Glycerides of Oleic Acid
29. Mainly olein, with small amount linolin, palmitin, and
stearin. Practically free from volatile fatty acids.
30. Glycerides of oleic with very little solid acids.
31. Resembles No. 30, but contains more saturated glycerides.
Stearic 2-3; palmitic, 17-18; oleic, 74.5-76.5; glycerol, 5-10;
unsaponifiables, 0.1-0.5 ( 54 ).
32.
33.
34.
35.
35.5.
Class 5. Semi-drying Oils

Glycerides of linolic acid are characteristic constituents
Resembles No. 51 (l 4 *).
N
Glycerides of oleic and linolic acids. Does not yield insoluble
bromide.
Glycerides of oleic, linolic and palmitic acids, with small
amount of erucic acid ( 141 ).
Similar to No. 47, but does not give Baudouin reaction ( 27 ).
V. (52, 91.5).
37. Glycerides of stearic, palmitic, myristic, lauric, caproic,

butyric, and acetic acids; also tiglic and higher homologues
of oleic acid, but no oleic (163).
38. Glycerides of oleic and linolic acids.
39. Glycerides of oleic and linolic acids. Slight reaction in
Becchi's test and Halphen's test.
40. Olein, linolin, with small amount palmitin and stearin.
41. C, 76.4; H, 11.4; O, 12.2 (163). Glycerides of oleic and
linolic acid in approx. proportion 3 to 4.5 ( 224 ). Linolic
acid, 17-18 ( 63 ). Stearic acid present. Fatty acids liberated by hydrolysis in practically same proportion as in
original oil (101). Unsaturated acids, 69.7-73.9, with iodine
value, 144.2-148 (ioo).
42. Contains hydnocarpic acid, a cyclic fatty acid of general
formula CnH271-^ ( 154 ); with neutralization value, 222.7;
specific rotation +67.70; iodine value, 100 (33). Method
of separation from chaulmoogric acid, v. ( 5 I).
43.5. v. ( 48 ).
44. Glycerides of oleic, linolic, stearic and myristic acids, with 2.3
lecithin (16). Arachidic acid at least 0.4 (223).
45. Glycerides of oleic, linolic, stearic and palmitic acids.
45.2. V. (59-5).
47. C, 75.22; H, 11.13; O, 13.65 (163). Glycerides of oleic, and
linolic acids, with small amount stearic, palmitic and myristic
acids. Solid fatty acids, 12-14; linolic acid, ca. 16 (63).
Glycerides of oleic, 48.1; linolic, 36.8; palmitic, 7.7; stearic,
4.6; arachidic, 0.4; unsaponifiables, 1.7. Unsaturated acids,
80.6%, with iodine value, 129.7 (i<> 4 ).
. 48. Saturated acids, ca. 12 (mainly stearic and palmitic) ; unsaturated, ca. 80 (linolic and oleic, with ca. 50 of isomer of
linolic ( 109 )). Insoluble fatty acids: palmitic, 10; stearic, 2;
arachidic, 1; lignoceric, linolenic, linolic and oleic, 88 ( 9 9 );
cf. (").
49. Glycerides of chaulmoogric, hydnocarpic, linolic and myristic
acids ( 45 ). Chaulmoogric acid: neutralization value, 200202; specific rotation, +58 to +59; iodine value, 89.590.7 (33); For constants of oils from 8 authentic species of
seeds allied to chaulmoogra, v. ( 147 ). Also v. references for

No. 42.
50. Contains glycerides of oleic and linolic acids.
51. Mainly glycerides of oleic and linolic acids, with small
amounts palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids ( 195 ). Saturated acids, 4.5; olein, 44.8; linolin, 48. 2 ( 95 ). Unsaturated
acids, 84.6-86.4, with iodine value, 140.8-142.9 ( 10 2).
Class 6. Drying Oils
Usually characterized by linolenic and isolinolenic acids and
linolic and isomerie acids
52. Glycerides of oleic (ca. 25) and elaeostearic acids (isomer of linolic acid). For constants of oils from different species v. (138 ).
53. Glycerides of a-elaeostearic and oleic acids [C 1 ), p. 207].
54. Glycerides of oleic (56.9), linolic (33.4), stearic, palmitic,
myristic and linolenic acids (6.5) ( 204 ). Yields ca. 8%
insoluble bromide.
55. Glycerides of /3-elaeostearic, oleic, and probably linolic acids
(144).
56. Oleic, 57; linolic, 33.5; linolenic, 6.5; oxidised glycerides, 2.8
(203).
57. For general characteristics, v. ( 10 ).

58. Glycerides of linolic, 70; linolenic and isolinolenic, 15; oleic
acid, 15 (224).
59. Glycerides of solid fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) ca. 10;
liquid acids (oleic and linolic) ca. 90 ( 122 ).
60. For characteristics, v. ( 30 ).
61. Yields only small amount insoluble bromide ( 84 ).
62. Glycerides of oleic acid, 33.4; linolic, 57.5; palmitic, 3.5;
stearic, 2.9; arachidic, 0.6; and lignoceric, 0.4 (").
63. For characteristics, v. (29).
64. For characteristics, v. (10S). Cross between J. nigra and
J. cinere contains ca. 70 linolic acid glycerides, with those of
stearic, oleic, and linolenic acids (65).
65. Glycerides of myristic, lauric, oleic, linolic, and linolenic
acids. Liquid acids: linolic, 80; linolenic, and isolinolenic,
13; oleic, 7 (224).
66. Elaidin test indicates large proportion olein.
67. C, 78.11; H, 10.96; O, 10.93 ("S). Glycerides of solid fatty
acids, 10-15. Liquid acids: oleic, 15-20; linolic, 30; linolenic, 38 ( 62 ). Saturated acids: stearic, 64.4; palmitic, 20
(14). On bromination, liquid acids yield 20-25 linolenic
hexabromide ( 84 ). Yields 2 insoluble mixed glycerides on
bromination: (1) linolic-dilinolenic bromoglyceride, 22-25;
(2) trilinolic bromoglyceride, or oleic-linolic-linolenic bromoglyceride ( 182 ). Oil contained: a-linolenic acid, 21.1;
isomerie linolenic, 2.7; a-linolic, 17.0; hydoxy-acids, 0.5;
saturated acids, 8.0; glyceryl radical, 4.1; phytosterol,
1.0; undetermined, 46.2 ( 55 ).
69. Glycerides of oleic (20); linolic (65); linolenic acids (5) (224).
70. v. Nos. 52, 53, 55.
71. Glycerides of oleic, linolic, linolenic, palmitic and stearic
acids. Fatty acids yield 45-51 linolenic hexabromide ( 66 ).
Linolenic acid yields hexabromide identical with that from
No. 67 (17).
72. Unsaturated acids, 82.8, with iodine value, 157.9 (53).
73-80. For characteristics v. ( 73 ).
81. v. ( 7 4 > 170).
82. For characteristics v. (52).

Class 7. Fish and Marine Animal Oils
Characterized by presence of highly Unsaturated glycerides.
These oils yield insoluble bromoglycerides, which blacken
when heated
83. Glycerides of palmitic, 22.7; myristic, 9.2; stearic, 1.8; unsaturated acids with 18 carbon atoms, 24.9; 20 carbon atoms,
22.2; 22 carbon atoms, 20.2 (l 90 ).
84. Glycerides of fatty acids with: Ci4, 4.5; Ci 6 (palmitic), 11.5;

palmitolec, 17; Ci8 (stearic), 2.5; Unsaturated (mainly
oleic), 36.5; C20 (unsaturated), 16; C22 (unsaturated), 10;
C 2 4 (unsaturated), 1.5; unsaponifiables, 1.7 ( 136 ). Oil
yields ca. 25% insoluble bromoglyceride ( 84 ). Clupanodonic
octobromide (8.39%) from fatty acids.
85. Glycerides of highly unsaturated fatty acids (iodine value,
296-317) ( 40 ). Yieldsclupanodonic octobromide (3.8-6.5%)
(183).
86. Glycerides of highly unsaturated acids. Jecoric acid, CisH30O2 (isomerie with linolenic) and palmitic (13.6) ( 6 I).
For characteristics of pilchard oil v. (l19).
87. Glycerides of highly unsaturated acids 13% with iodine
value 319.5 ( 40 ). From 13-14 of clupanodonic acid, Ci8H28O2 (iodine value 344.4) in mixed fatty acids (183).
Glycerides yielded 23.6 insoluble bromide (183).
88. High proportion glycerides of volatile fatty acids (l 39 ).
Also esters of other alcohols. Deposits spermaceti. Isopropylacetic acid (ChevreuPs "phocoenic" acid ) in volatile
acids ( 6 ).
89. Glycerides of highly unsaturated acids (14.3 with iodine
value 285.4) (40). Valeric acid, 19.9-24 in jaw oil; 2.71 in
body oil (l 39 ).
90. For characteristics v. (180J I 8 I).
91. Glycerides of myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, erucic and
unsaturated acids Ci6H30O2 and C20H38O2 ( 39 > 40 > 4 I).
From 17-21 of highly unsaturated acids with iodine value,
324 (189). Clupanodonic acid present (189). Acid of
general formula CnH2n-8O2 (clupanodonic acid) isolated.
Oil yields ca. 34-42 insoluble bromide (84).
92. Glycerides of saturated acids, 17; liquid acids (oleic and
physetoleic) 83 ( 128 ); linolic ( 225 ); highly unsaturated acids
(iodine value 330), 11.96 ( 4 <>). Mixed fatty acids yield 13.914 insoluble bromides.
93. Glycerides of highly unsaturated acids (8.57 with iodine
value 312.5) (40). Yields ca. 22 insoluble bromide (83).
Oil from certain species contains large proportion of C30H50,
spinacene ( 43 ) and squalene (186). For characteristics of
liver oils (Jap. sharks) v. ( 187 > 188). The liver of Cetorhnus maximuSj 41.955.5 unsaponifiables, mainly squalene.
94. For characteristics v. ( 18 ). A shark oil.
Class 8. Insect Oil
95. Glycerides of oleic, linolic (4.38), solid fatty acids (mainly
palmitic), phytosterol (not cholesterol); glycerol, 9.42 ( 185 ).
Also v. (i 2 7 ).
Class 9. Vegetable Fats
96. v. (2S).
97. v. (131). 98. Much stearic, little palmitic acid. Mixed glyceride, oleodistearin, isolated ( 86 > 89).
99. v. ( 1? 9).
100. v. (2S).
101. V. (2 9 ).
102. V. (28).
103. v. ( 9 ).
104-106. v. (31).
107. v. ( 31 > 34).
108. v. (Si).
109. v. ( 94 ).
110. v. ( 48 ).
111. v. (31).
112. V. (52).
113. v. ( 6 4 > 72). The crude oil contains ca. 3.5% resin, on removal
of which a semi-drying oil containing a large amount of linolic
acid is obtained. Cong. pt. ca. 2, iodine value, 96.8 ( 169 ).
114. v. ( 145 ).
115. Glycerides of oleic acid, 59.6; palmitic, 38.2; and stearic, 1.8;
unsaponifiables, 0.2 (201 ).
116. Solid fatty acids, mainly palmitic; liquid acids, oleic ( 124 );
v. (28).
117. Glycerides of fatty acids in approximately proportions given:
caproic, 2; caprylic, 9; capric, XO; lauric, 45; myristic, 20;
palmitic, 7; stearic, 5; oleic, 2 ( 57 ). For criticisms on
method of alcoholysis, v. ( 59 > 174). Glycerides of kernel oil:
caprylic, 9.5; capric, 4.5; lauric, 51; myristic, 18.5; palmitic,
7.5; stearic, 3 (?); oleic, 5; linolic acid glycerides, 1.0 (13).
Mixed glycerides isolated ( 24 ).
118.
V. (28).
119. Palmitin, free palmitic acid, olein and small amount linolin
( 84 ).
120. Glycerides of caproic acid, 2; caprylic, 9; capric, 10; lauric, 45;
myristic, 20; palmitic, 7; stearic, 5; oleic, 2 (58). v. No.
117. Mixed glycerides (5) isolated (26).
121-122. v. (28).
123. Mainly oleo-distearin (87); v. (48).
124. Mainly palmitin, with glycerides of oleic and linolic acids.
Stearic acid, 3.3 (83).
125. Glycerides of stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Oleo-distearin
and oleo-dipalmitin isolated (115). For characteristics of
fats from different varieties of pontianak nuts, v. ( 7 I). For
relationship of constants, v. (178).
126. Largely laurin with glycerides of oleic and probably linolic
acid; v. (60).
127-129. v. (192).
131. Solid acids, 71.4; liquid acid (oleic), 23 (1*1).
132. Glycerides of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids ( 12 I).
133. v. (28).
.
134.
V. (126).
135. Glycerides of myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids.

Glycerol, 13.4 (l).
136. Glycerides of myristic acid, 73-74; oleic, 20; butyric, 1;
essential oil, 2-3 (i).
137. Glycerides of lauric acid, 15.1; myristic, 52.2; palmitic, 0.2;
oleic, 3.9. Unsaponifiables, 20.4 (20).
138. Glycerides of myristic and oleic acids and an essential oil.
139. v. (28).
140.
141.
V. (72).
V. (196,
200).
142. v. (i 97 ).
143. v. (126).
144. Largely palmitic acid and its glycerides. Mixed glyceride
isolated (69).
145. Insoluble fatty acids, including lauric and arachidic, 91 (163).
Volatile acids contain butyric and acetic acids. Liquid
acids, 55; unsaponifiables, 3.12 (207).
146. Glycerides of palmitic and oleic acids. No stearic acid (83).
Oleo-dipalmitin isolated (U 4 ).
147. Glycerides of stearic, palmitic, oleic, and linolic acids.
Stearic acid in fatty acids, 40 (83). Saturated acids, 59.7;
oleic, 31.2; other acids, 6.3 .(63). Mixed glycerides (H3,
116). Oleic, 43-45; palmitic, 23-25; stearic, 31-33. Five
mixed glycerides isolated ( 3 ).
149. Ca. 75 solid (palmitic) and 25 liquid acids (oleic) (121).
Class 10. Animal Fats
150. Mainly glycerides of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, with
small amounts linolic. Palmito-distearin and stearo-dipalmitin isolated (23). Stearic acid, 7-13 (83).
151. Mainly glycerides of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids, with
traces of linolic and linolenic acids (63). Mixed glycerides
isolated include oleo-dipalmitin, stearo-dipalmitin, oleo-
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
palmito-stearin and palmito-distearin ( 23 ). These crystallize in different form from lard glycerides.
Glycerides of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. Stearic, 0-36
( 83 ).
Mainly triolein, with small amounts stearo-dipalmitin,
palmito-diolein, and oleo-dipalmitin ( 4 ). Fatty acids contain stearic, 3.8; palmitic, 21.2; and oleic, 72.3 (25.5).
For characteristics, v. (117).
Glycerides of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids.
Glycerides of oleic and linolic acids, 9.9 ( 63 ). Stearic acid
sometimes present (i). No linolenic (63).
v. Nos. 151, 152.
Glycerides of stearic acid, 19-21; palmitic, 20-21; oleic,
53-59; glycerol, 5-10; unsaponifiables, ca. 0.5 ( 54 ).
Glycerides of butyric, caproic, caprylic, and capric acids, 8.35;
oleic, 32.5; stearic, 1.83; palmitic, 38.61; myristic, 9.89; and
lauric, 2.59, with 1.83 dihydroxystearic acid ( 35 ). Stearic
acid, 0-22 (l 37 ). Mixed glycerides include butyro-diolein,
butyro-palmito-olein and oleo-dipalmitin ( 2 ). For particulars of ghee, v. (29.1, 29.2, 109.5, 193.5).
Class 11. Liquid Animal Waxes
Mainly various alcohols (iodine value, 64.8-65.2) in combination with fatty acids of oleic series (l).
Mainly alcohols, chiefly of ethylene series, in combination
with fatty acids of oleic series. Iodine value of alcohols,
63.9-74.1 (22).
Class 12. Vegetable Non-glyceridic Waxes
Contains a hydrocarbon (M. P. 59), an alcohol, C 2 TH 56 O;
myricyl alcohol, carnaubic acid, cerotic acid, and a hydroxy
acid (I 7 S).
From 50-52 hydrocarbons ( 37 ).
Esters of montarne acid and unsaponifiable matter (157,
162,
212).
Class 13. Animal Non-glyceridic Waxes

167. Complex mixture of esters of higher alcohols; also glycerides
(50, 112,
165).
168. Free cerotic acid and esters of alcohols (36).

169. Free cerotic acid, my ricin, with smaller amounts free melissic
acid, unsaturated fatty acids, and ceryl and other alcohols
(81, 96). Free hydrocarbons, 11.0-17.5 (38).
170. v. (36).
171. Chiefly ceryl cerotate with small amounts of other esters.
172. Mainly cetin or cetyl palmitate with very small amounts of
similar esters or glycerides.
4. POLENSKE VALUES
General
index No.
148
134
36
81
104
161
154
100
Polenske
value
0.12
0.25
0.3
0.4
0.5-0.65
1.5-3.0
4.9-8.7
5.9
General
index No.
33
120
116
102
96
103
117
Polenske
value
770
9-10
9-12
10.2
10.2-12.6
15.6
16.8-17.8
5. COMPRESSIBILITY
1 megabarye"1 = 10~6 cm2 dyne"1 = 1.0133A"1 = 0.0690 in.2
Ib.-1 = 0.9807 cm2 kg-1.
t = 14.80C. AP = 1 to 10 atm (134)
General index N o . . . . .
-^F fp =
| 27 | 67
47
52
13 | 91 |
53
53
56
6. COMPRESSIBILITY.(Continued)
IO6 dF
t = 40. d = density, g cm~3. C = -^ -^p per megabarye ( 96 )
P
cm~ 2
O
157.5
315.0
472.5
630.0
787.5
945.0
1102.5
1260.0
1417.5
1575.0
General index
General index
General index
No. 27
No. 20
No. 163
Castor oil
|
Rape oil
|
Sperm oil
d
I C
d
I C
d
C
0.9414
0.8980
0.8660
0.9488
50.5 0.9058
55.7 0.8746
60.8
0.9558
48.6 0.9129
52.1 0.8820
58.2
0.9625
47.0 0.9199
51.1 0.8898
56.3
0.9686
45.3 0.9270
50.5 0.8958
53.4
0.9748
44.5 0.9330
48.2 0.9124
51.5
0.9808
43.2 0.9381
46.0 0.9088
50.5
0.9858
41.5 0.9440
44.8 0.9136
48.1
0.9906
40.1 0.9496
43.6 0.9196
46.9
0.9958
39.4 0.9547
42.7 0.9249
45.7
1.0010
38.3
6. VISCOSITY
Conversion factors for different viscometer degrees, v. vol. I, p.

32.
Change of viscosity of oils with temperature ( 91 ).
Fish oils (205).
Solutions of camphor, of ethyl alcohol and of chloroform in
olive oil ( 35 - 5 ).
Lubricating oils (12).
77 in Poises
OILS (12,
171)
t = 6O0F = 15.50C
General
index No.
163
AtIOO 0 F
At 15O0F
At 2120F
67
58
61
84
92
62
69
51
47
48
14
41
General
index No.
26
13
1
21
3
8
At 10O0F
AtIoO 0 F
At 2120F
31
20
At 10O0F
AtISO 0 F
At 2120F
27
^ 15 ' 5
0.42-0.44
0.185
0.085
0.046
0.55
0.697
0.697
0.711
0.724
0.776
0.789
0.789
0.797
0.797
0.857
0.82-0.994
^715'5
0.858-0.878
0.860
0.869
0.935
0.942-0.950
0.950-1.01
0.377
0.154
0.070
0.987-1.13
1.08-1.18
0.42-0.45
0.18-0.19
0.08-0.09
v. infra
FATS (12, 171)

t = 5O0C
General
index No.
117
120
147
105
119
160
^50
0.154
0.171
0.171
0.175
0.198
0.256
General
index No.
150
159
167
AtISO 0 F
At 2120F
^ 750
0.258
0.274
1.672
0.314
Kinematic Viscosity
R = Redwood; degrees at 7O0F = sec per 50 cc. 1770 =
(0.0026R - 1.715/R) X d ( 5 % approx.)
RjO0F
General
RrO0F
General
index No.
cf. (48)
index No.
cf. (48)
67
22
29
84
188
At 6O0F
356- 534
At 120
71.3
52
853-1433
65
232
At 6O0F
1230-2178
69
255-259
57
59
249-294
At 10O0F
1160-1190
61
263-292
117
57
269-272
At 14O0F
63.9
8
312
123
3
350
At 14O0F
101.1
22
371
106-104
23
385
At 14O0F
110.4
20
372-465
149
24
402
At 14O0F
104.0
25
425
DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF CASTOR OIL (No. 27) ( 1 2 > ios)
t, 0C
d, g cm"3 I??, poises || / , 0 C
d, g cm~ 3 | ry, poises
5 0 . 9 7 0 7 3 7 . 6 0 2 5 0 . 9 5 6 9 ( T o I
6
.9700
34.475
26
.9562
6.04
7
.9693
31.56
27
.9555
5.61
8
.9686
28.90
28
.9548
5.21
9
.9679
26.45
29
.9541
4.85
10
.9672
24.18
30
.9534
4.51
11
.9665
22.075
31
.9527
4.21
12
.9659
20.075
32
.9520
3.94
13
.9652
18.25
33
.9513
3.65
14
.9645
16.61
34
.9506
3.40
15
.9638
15.14
35
.9499
3.16
16
.9631
13.805
36
.9492
2.94
17
.9624
12.65
37
.9485 *2.74
18
.9617
11.625
38
.9478
2.58
19
.9610
10.71
39
.9471
2.44
20
.9603
9.86
40
.9464
2.31
21
.9596
9.06
37.8
.9473
2.729
22
.9589
8.34
65.6
.9284
0.605
23
.9583
7.67
100.0
.9050
0.169
24
.9576
7.06
7. VISCOSITY UNDER PRESSURE
VALUES OF ^/T70 at 4O0C ( 9 S)
p
General index General index
p
General index
,
,
No.
20
No.
163
,
,
No. 27
kg cm 2
-r,
-i
oSperm oil
-i
kg cm
^Castor
oil
-i
Rape oil
O
TOO
TOO
O
TOO
157.5
1.125
1.23
23.94
1.03
315.0
1.44
1.535
227.6
1.365
472.5
1.875
1.94
550.5
2.295
630.0
2.345
2.39
864.6
3.625
787.5
3.905
1164.0
5.255
866.2
3.135
945.0
3.495
1102.5
4.21
4.02
1260.0
(v. also Fig.l.)
Influence of Temperature on Viscosity under Pressure
400 kg cm"2 (6000 Ib. in."2) produces approx. the following
% increase in viscosity: Lard (No. 150) 75% at 25, 34% at 100;
sperm (No. 163) 72% at 25, 29% at 100.
For lard oil (No. 150) the solidifying pressure at 21 is ca. 155
kg cm"2 (22 800 Ib. in."2) and at 100 the viscosity is increased
240% by 1500 kg cm"2 and 600% by 3000 kg cm-2 (44 000 Ib.
in."2) [Report of Research Sub-committee on Lubrication, Amer. Soc.
Median. Engineers, No. 1833 (Dec. 1921)].
d'i
VALUES OP
8. MELTING POINT
General
index
No.
4
11
20
23
32
52
54
65
96
97
98
100
101
102
103
105
106
107
109
110
111
113
114
116
M. P.,
0
C
16
22.4
-2 to -6
-4
ca. 8
Below -17
Below -18
-12 to -28
24.9 (pulp)
19.4-24 (kernel)
38-39
40-41
35 (pulp)
30.6-32.5 (kernel)
22-24
26.1
23.6
23-29
42
28-31
25-35
32
37-42
37
15-30
29.5-35.5
GenGenM. P.,
eral
eral
0
index
index
C
No.
No.
148
20-28
117
149
29
118
150
27-43
119
23-30
151
120
152
121 30-30.5
153
122 30.2-31
41-42
155
123
156
29-33
124
157
28-31
125
32-36
158
126
10-24
159
130
35-40
160
131
38-42
161
132
164
133 27-28.5
40-48
165
135
38-51
136
166
37.8
137
39-43
167
138
168
140 26.5-27
141
169
4-18
32
170
142
171
144
53-56
172
22-28
145
36-46
146
147 26.6-34.5
Of~i
32
37.5-42
29.8-45.5
42-50
47-49
27.5-32.5
48-54
18-39
33-40
35-46
41-51
44-45
28-36
83-91
68-70
76
I1 95-97*
39-42
65-66
62-66
62-66
81-83
42-49
UNDER PRESSURE No. 172 ( 49 )
Pv atm. I M. P., C|| P., atm. M. P., C|| P., atm. | M. P., 0C
JJ'5*
48:64
56
49 36
141
50 90
96
182
51 38
'
-10
X 1000. tz = 98 or 99 (i)
^2 ^l
M. P.,
* Montan wax.
*
20
s*
Values uncorrected for expansion of glass plummet of Westphal

balance
General
index
No.
117
119
120
144
147
150
tl
40
50
40
60
50
40
Difference
for I0C
642
717
657
692
717
650
General
index
No.
159
161
164
169
172
50
40
90
80
60
Difference
for I0C
673
617
97s
75o
716
CORRECTION IN DENSITY, dl^l, FOR I 0 C
A = -IO 3 ^ at 150C
CU
General
index
A
No.
3
0.655
8
.629
20
.620
27
.653
29
.658
31
I
.625
General
index
No.
41
47
61
67
83
84
A
0.629
.624
.637
.648
.654
.697
General
index
N<x
84
89
92
93
161
162
A
0.722
.654
.615
.646
.643
.648
Empirical Equations
Vt = V0(I +a X 10^6t + O X 10~6r- + e X IQ-W)
General
index
No.
169
8
8
8
Name
c
Range
'
738e
1.752 -8.27 0-100
798 -0.77s
8.27 9-106
682i5 1.14053 5.39
d24 = 0.91268, d\* = 0.90590
Beeswax
Oliveoil
Oliveoil
Oliveoil
Lit.
(132)
(214)
(215)
(216)
11. SPECIFIC HEAT

Mean cp between 20 and 30. 1 joule g-1/0^ = 0.2389 CaIi5
g-VC or BTU60 lb.-VF ("O).
General index No
| 8 | 12 | 20 | 26 | 31
C^jOuIeSg-V 0 C
I 1.98s j 2.05i | 1.96s | 2.084 | 1.913
General index No
[ 40 j 47 j 52, 53 | 67
cp, joules g-yC
i 1.984 | 2.0Oo 1.83s | 1.84e
General index No
| 91 | 117 | 150 | 163 | 169 (221)
CP, joules g-yC
|l.89i|2.139|2.02i|l.938
2.0
For thermal conductivity of beeswax v. p. 311.
12. HEAT OF COMBUSTION
Hv = heat of combustion, at constant volume, in kilojoules per
gram. 1 kj g"1 = 238.9 calu g-1 = 430.1 BTU60 Ib.-1
FIQ. 1.Effect of pressure on relative viscosity of oils.

9. BOILING POINT OF OILS
No. 27, castor, ca. 2650C. No. 67, linseed, ca. 2870C.
varies with time owing to decomposition.
B. P.
10. THERMAL EXPANSION

The value of ^f 5 . 5 for any oil for temperatures between 10
and 25 may be approximately calculated from the expression
d5.5 = d6.(l - 0.0007 t) = (approx.)d}J;S - 0.0006e( - 15)(2iO).
General
index
XT
No.
3
8
13
20
27
47
51
51
67
Oil
Arachis
Olive
Almond
Rape
Castor
Sesame
Maize
Maize (crude)
Linseed (fresh)
,.
,
value
10
105.9
85.1
98.1
107.4
84.1
105.3
120.3
122.4
182.4
Free
acids
Hv (166)
, .
^
as oleic
0.16
39.39
2.51
39.58
5.13
39.56
0.82 39.71
0.26
37.09
1.65
39.32
3.32
39.39
1.68
39.42
4.30
39.19
General
index
XT
JNo.
69
83
84
91
93
150
163
Free
acids
..
as oleic
2.66
0.36
Oil
,
value
Poppy
Menhaden
Whale
Cod liver
Shark
Lard
Sperm
129.6
General
index
Fat
No.
50
Lard
_
Oleomargarine.
ii
r> +4. t *
161
Butter fat
153
Goose fat
172
Spermaceti
165.6
0.56
74.3
78.7
0.74
0.78
H9 (i 66)
39.26
39.17
39.64
39.49
39.22
39.55
41.62
Hv
Lit.
39.77-40.40
40.18
/ 39.00-39.18\
\38.47-38.63/
39.77
I
41.62
~~
,. ,.
(1?3)
("3)
(1^6)
H9 X d\\ = 36-37. For Hv of fatty acids v. ( 17 S).

13. FLASH POINTS OF OILS AND FATS
See also (12, 158)
1. Closed Test (42)
General
index
No.
8
162
163
20
31
84
20
41
Average value Extreme

~~
~values,
0
*
F
Olive
437.5 225.2 410-465
Arctic sperm
446.2 230
390-485
Southern sperm
457.5 236.3 420-485
Rape, Black Sea refined.... 464.4 240.2 430-490
Neat's foot
470.3 243.5 410-540
White whale
476.0 246.4 430-530
Rape oil, E. Indian refined. 478.6 248.1 410-510
Cottonseed
523.0 | 272.7 [ 500-540
Oil or fat
RELATIVE VALUES ON AN ABBITBARY SCALE (15)

.
OILS
General index
_
8
8
47
69
21
No
or,
index
No.
67
67
150
163
31
8
27
51
163
150
41
Oil or fat
General
index
No.
0
O
20
Linseed
Linseed, boiled
Lard, No. 2
Sperm, No. 1
Neat's foot
Olive
Castor
Maize (corn)
Sperm, No. 2
Prime lard
Cottonseed
F
378
419
419
428
439
451
459
480
486
530
582
K = A X IO"5 mhos (cf. vol. 1, p. 35) ( 90 )

A ( = KX
10s) at
180C
~
7~, ^
General index ISo.
6
41
3
47
8
Butter
Margarine
Cottonseed oil
Arachis oii
Sesame oil
Olive oil
646-701
822-863
863
872
878
993
150
Chicken
Lard
fat
1.7
2.2
(liquid)
3.3
88
117
Dolphin
oil
Coconut
oil
172
7.8
24.0
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
11.0
14.1
17.6
21.5
25.4
30.0
35.1
40.5
46.8
54.0
63.5
28.5
38.0
61
101
126
60
60.5
99
158
230
339
6.6
30.9
7.80
58.0 14.0
87.5 22.4
33.7
157.4
280.0 48.0
369
102
470
625
880
169
164
CarSper- Beeswax
maceti (yellow) nauba
wax
0.0
0.0
14.5
0.02
0.10
28.0
80
14. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
157
60
Fire point
C I 0F I 0C
92572
300
215
468
242
215
468
242
220
518
270
226
523
273
233
541
283
237
249
635
237
252
574
302
277
644
340
305.6
644
340
Peach
son ,
,
kernel
rape
~2
0.48I
7?9
42*
0.9
3.2
19.4
132
1.7
7.0
45
252
2.3
17.0
108
501
8.6
34.9
168
1024
18.0
60.5
236
174s
28.8 115
340
2974
47.0 218
480
44Oo
107
670
623o
182.5
10Oo
87Oo
275
145o 116oo
400
203o 147oo
660
284o 182so
12Oo
40Oo 222s o
227o
60Oo 277so
5.8
0.48
(liquid)
8.8
9.4
1.25
1.3
(liquid)
(liquid) (liquid)
2.9
5.02
5.3
18.5 14.8
40
Flash point
Olive 0
_,
Sesame Poppy
T
FW
II
O
(TOO
(TOO
20
0.00
0.00
40
0.00
0.06
60
0.00
0.14
80
0.00
0.70
100
0.00
120
0.01
140
0.06
160
0.51
180
1.62 7.62
200
3.38 10.7
220
6.08 15.0
240
10.4
21.6
260
16.5 33.0
280
23.7
52.5
300
31.7o 83.0
Drying oils heated in contact with air acquire greater conductivity; also oils that have become rancid. If a definite temperature
has not been reached (about 260) the original conductivity is
restored on cooling. Of the oils tested, linseed oil showed the
greatest conductivity.
FATS
WAXES
2. Methods Not Stated ()

General
Olive
T
I
4.5
8.6
13.6
19.0
24.2
30.8
144
Japan
wax
0.0
0.0
1.0
55.6
0.0
7.1
85.5
0.0
(liquid)
19.0
100
29.0
(liquid)
175
36.0
316
64.0
121
520
260
109o
600
27
50
90
155
236
343
641
15. DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS

Mixtures of Castor Oil (No. 27) and Toluene (167,107,193); c/. (7)
Per cent castor oil
|| O | 10 J 20 | 30 | 40
eat 12.5
2.655 2.820 3.102 3.264 3.452
e at 20.0
2.541 2.748 2.920 3.150 3.352
-~
0.0141 0.0158 0.01740.0190 0.0206
Per cent castor oil || 50 | 60 | 70 [ 80 | 90 | 100

at 12.5
3.746 3.952 4.152 4.308 4.564 4.798
e at 20.0
3.536 3.684 3.950 4.182 4.334 4.578
-~f
^t
y 0.0223I0.0239 0.0255 0.02720.0288 0.0304
For castor, olive, and linseed oils see ( 222 ).
16. REFRACTIVE INDEX AND BUTYROREFRACTOMETER

READING
In the case of hydrogenated cottonseed, linseed, arachis, sesame

and sardine oils, and bassia tallow,
In preparing Table IQB below, butyrorefractometer values have

first been converted into values of UD by means of the conversion
factors given in Table IQA. Values of HD below 25 and above
4O0C have then been converted to 25 and 40, respectively, by
means of the convenient approximate relation,
wS> = [1.4468 + 1.03 X IO"4 (7) + 7.3 X 10~3(/2)] 0.0005.

The refractive indices of hydrogenated castor oil are lower than
those of other oils with similar iodine values, owing to reduction
of the hydroxyl groups by the catalyst (178).
IQB. REFRACTIVE INDICES
T^. j. AT
General index
,
2R
Finding No.
n%
n4^
NQ
^T = -0.00037(106).
At
WA. TABLE FOR CONVERTING BUTYROREFRACTOMETER READINGS

INTO REFRACTIVE INDICES
Scale
Scale
diviHD
divisions
I sions
( T O 1 . 4 2 2 0 19.5
0.5
1.4224 20.0
1.0
1.4228 20.4
1.2
1.4230 21.1
1.5
1.4232 21.7
2.0
1.4236 22.5
2.5
1.4240 23.0
3.0
1.4244 23.5
3.5
1.4248 24.3
3.7
1.4250 25.0
4.0
1.4254 25.6
4.5
1.4256 26.3
5.0
1.4260 27.0
5.5
1.4264 28.3
6.0
1.4268 29.0
6.2
1.4270 29.7
7.0
1.4276 30.0
7.5
1.4280 31.0
8.0
1.4284 31.8
8.7
1.4290 32.5
9.0
1.4292 33.0
9.5
1.4296 33.9
10.0
1.4300 34.6
10.5
1.4304 35.3
11.0
1.4308 36.0
11.3
1.4310 36.7
12.0
1.4316 38.1
12.5
1.4320 38.7
13.8
1.4330 39.5
15.0
1.4340 40.0
15.5
1.4343 40.9
16.4
1.4350 41.5
17.0
1.4354 42.3
17.8
1.4360 43.0
18.5
1.4366 43.7
19.1
1.4370 44.4
n&
1.4373
1.4377
1.4380
1.4385
1.4390
1.4396
1.4400
1.4404
1.4410
1.4415
1.4420
1.4425
1.4430
1.4440
1.4445
1.4450
1.4452
1.4460
1.4465
1.4470
1.4474
1.4480
1.4485
1.4490
1.4495
1.4500
1.4510
1.4515
1.4520
1.4524
1.4530
1.4535
1.4540
1.4545
1.4550
1.4555
Scale
divisions
45.2
46.0
46.6
47.3
48.0
48.8
49.5
50.2
51.0
51.7
52.5
53.3
54.0
54.8
55.6
56.3
57.1
57.9
58.6
59.4
60.2
60.9
61.7
62.5
63.2
64.0
64.8
65.6
66.4
67.2
68.0
68.7
69.5
70.3
71.1
71.9
Scale
divi| sions
1.4560 72.7
1.4566 73.5
1.4570 74.3
1.4575 75.1
1.4580 76.0
1.4585 76.8
1.4590 77.7
1.4595 78.6
1.4600 79.4
1.4607 80.3
1.4610 81.2
1.4615 82.0
1.4620 82.9
1.4625 83.8
1.4630 84.6
1.4635 85.5
1.4640 86.4
1.4645 87.3
1.4650 88.2
1.4655| 89.1
1.4660l 90.0
1.4665 90.9
1.4670 91.8
1.4675 92.7
1.4680 93.6
1.4685 94.0
1.4690 94.5
1.4695 95.4
1.4700 96.0
1.4705 96.3
1.4710 97.2
1.4715 98.1
1.4720 99.1
1.4725 100.0
1.4730
1.4735
HD
HD
1.4740
1.4745
1.4750
1.4755
1.4760
1.4765
1.4770
1.4775
1.4780
.4785
.4790
.4795
.4800
.4805
1.4810
1.4815
1.4820
1.4825
1.4830
1.4835
1.4840
1.4845
1.4850
1.4855
1.4860
1.4862
1.4865
1.4870
1.4873
1.4875
1.4880
1.4885
1.4890
1.4895
For more extensive data v. ( 106 ). For specific refraction

(Lorenz) v. (156).
The following empirical relations have been proposed:
x
= 33 07 + 00075(7)
01375
^T~2 ^T
'
~ -
W+
0.0020 - 15)
where d = density, S = saponification value, and 7 = iodine
value, all at Z0C. When hydroxy acids are present, the first
constant of the equation is lower ( 14 ).
ni> = 1.4643 - 0.000046 (S) - 0.0096 (g\ + 0.0001171 (7),
where A = acid value.
An observed refractive index higher than that calculated from
this formula indicates oxidation of the oil ( 149 ).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
43.1
44
45
46
47
48
48.5
49
50
51
* Indian cow.
t Japanese.
Indian buffalo.
117
127
101
132
118
100
103
135
133
96
162
120
146
154
161*
163
98
168-170
99
104
147
97
125
150
142
88t
16IJ.
152
123
161
116
89
165
144
149
157
11
15
99
138
105
145
4
131
153
29
105
31
139
16.7
88
107
134
1.453
1.4543
1A567-71
1.4573
1.4477-5*5
1.4490-
1.4499
1.4496^505
1.4497-006
1.4503
1.4511
1.4512
1.4502-25
1.4511-6
1.449B-543
1.4470-679
1A499-51
1.4528
1.4488-581
1.4540
1A538-66
1.4521-55
1.465^-656
1.4537-80
1.4605
1.4603-20
1.4617
1.4517-717
1.4628
1.4622-5
1.4535-633
1.4635
1A559-66
1.4542-51
l A559-66
1A534-89
1.4545-55
1.4566
1.4555-75
1.4567
1.4568
1.4569
1.4500-01
1.4575
1.4580
1.4581
1.4521-55
1A688-600
1.4678-614
1.4597
1A593-613
1A593-624
1A583-626
1.4607
1.4006-13
1.4645-55
1.4610
1.4664
1.4665
1.4009-16
1.4607-20
IQB. REFRACTIVE INDICES.(Continued)

v -,. AT
General index
Finding No.
ri25
NQ
5 2
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
70.5
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
81.5
82
83
84
85
86
86.5
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
105.5
106
107
108
* U. S. A. Standard.
. 4
108
17
17
33
12
13
119
7
2
112
8
39
9
3
26
16
1
14
35.5
23
76
40
141
24
87
6
19
124
22
111
16.5
20
35
156
10
51
43.5
47
25
28
68
57
94
63
21
38
48
44
79
95
50
73
59
84
164
80
56.5
69
34
62
vjAT
Finding No.
u%
7
1.4084-649
1.4868-89
1.4618
1.4671
1.4672
1.4678
1.4657-07
1.4593-646
1.4605-50
1.4593-652
1.4623
1.4623
1.4605-50
1.4600-57
1.4682-5
1.41081-91
1.4679-702
IA682-701
1.4636-705
1.4640-0
1.4698
1.4698
1.4600-55
1.4636
1.4650-40
1.4035-49
1.4641
1.4642
1.4643
1.4637-64
1.4649
1.4633-00
1.4705
1.4710
1.4700-05*
1.4055-700
1.4711
1.4733
1.4704-17f
1.4718
1.4713-05
1.4724
1.4730
1.4710-74
1.4724-50
1.4703-50
1.4715-50
1.4751-45
1.4751
1.4756
1.4769
1.4070-704
1.4755-40
1.4743
t U. S. A. limits.
General index
25
u%
4n
n&
40
1.4650
1.4640-54
1.4653
1.46^0-04
1.4654
1.4640-50
1.4656
1.4615-00
1.4650-00
1.4660
l.4I049-7
1 0 9 9 2 1 . 4 7 4 2 - 0 0 1 . 4 6 8 5 - 7 0 2
110
27
1.4771
1.46'5'9-7'3O
111
54, 56
1.4760-90
1.4696
112
85
1.4005-720
113
65
1.4770
1.4000-710
114
32
1.4701
115
37
1.4710
116
74
1.4710
117
137
1.4710
118
91
1.4755-55
1.4702-55
119
94.5
1.4701-552
121
93
1.4825
1.4055-770
122
42
1.4775-01
1.4721-50
123
83
1.4787
1.4731-0
124
126
1.4783
1.4735
125
68.5
1.474
126
58
1.47'40-5
127
67
1.4807-15*
1.4750-45
128
67
1.4707-500f
130
49
1.4777-0
1.4720-74
131
143
1.4770
1.4725-72
132
113
1.4757-00
133
71
1.4753
134
86
1.4705-552
135
82
1.4818
1.4705-72
137
45.3
1.474
138
45.5
1.475
140
42.2
1.4750
141
167
1.4754-522
142
42.2
1.4778
143
41.5
1.4780
144
42.4
1.4780
145
42.3
1.4786
146
78
1.4861
147
81
1.4857
148
60
1.4953
149
52,53,55
1.515-20J
1.5050-125
150
70
1.5000-150
* Russian.
t American.
J Am. Soc. Testing Materials limits.
1.4650-75
1.4671-5
1.4675
1.4675
1.4600-55
16C. OPTICAL DISPERSION

O) =
No
1.4670-01
1.4659-713
1.4070-701
1.4685
1.4688
1.4670-05
1.4050-701
r-
no 1
Fryer and Weston (67) at 40
General index
1.4675-50
1.4679
1.4675-55
UF nc
nD
nP-nc
,
I/
1 . 4 6 4 3 9 0 . 0 0 9 1 0 5 1 . 0
3
1.46431
0.00878
52.9
8
1.46184
0.00862
53.6
13
1.46403
0.00890
52.1
20
1.46770
0.00936
50.0
27
1.47194
0.00897
52.7
41
1.46535
0.00910
51.1
47
1.46650
0.00908
51.3
51
1.46711
0.00938
49.8
52
1.51256
0.01904
26.9
58
1.47404
0.00980
48.4
61
.1.46968
0.00935
50.2
62
1.47211
0.00973
48.5
65
1.47054
0.00985
47.8
67
1.47379
0.01032
45.8
16(7. OPTICAL DISPERSION.(Continued)

General index
nD
HF ftc
N
.
1/w
6 9 1 . 4 6 9 8 4 0 . 0 0 9 7 8 4 8 ^ 0
71
1.47527
0.00984
48.3
83
1.47361
0.00979
48.4
84
1.46630
0.00918
50.8
92
1.47018
0.00918
50.8
93
1.46849
0.00955
49.0
117
1.44924
0.00751
59.8
120
1.45034
0.00812
55.4
147
1.45724
0.00853
53.6
150
1.45928
0.00851
53.8
161
1.45427
0.00830
54.7
163
1.45814
0.00864
53.0
172
1.44066*
0.00740
59.5
SZALAGYI (*77) AT 45
3
1.46444
0.00949
48.9
8
1.46040
0.00877
52.5
20
1.46553
0.00933
49.9
27
1.47027
0.00904
52.0
41
1.46394
0.00917
48.7
47
1.46398
0.00917
50.6
58
1.46889
0.00962
48.7
67
1.47224
0.01018
45.1
91
1.46984
0.00988
47.5
117
1.44746
0.00739
60.5
150
1.45716
0.00818
55.9
150
1.45753
0.00882
51.9
161
1.45213
0.00830
54.4
161
1.45296
0.00784
57.6
* At 56.
(93) describes a method based on the inversion of the spectrum

colors shown by tung oil.
17. OPTICAL ROTATION OF OILS
Values expressed in reading on Laurent's saccharimeter (200 mm
at 20) unless otherwise stated ( 148 )
General
index
Oil or fat
Optical rotation
No.
69
Poppy oil
0.0
3
Arachis oil
-0.1 to -0.4
14
Apricot kernel oil
0.2
65
Walnut oil
-0.3
13
Almond oil
-0.7
20
Rape oil
-1.6 to -2.1
82
Stillingia oil
-18.6
8
Olive oil
+0.2 to +0.6
47
Sesame oil
+0.8 to +2.4
27
Castor oil
+7.6 to +9
37
Croton oil
+14.5 to +16.4
42
Hydnocarpus oil of
+49.50 to +51.5
49
Chaulmoogra oil ap
+50.8 to +58.2
The bold-faced numbers are intervals on the scale of property
values. The other numbers are General Index Numbers in the
order of the value of the property.
18. DENSITY
Oils.15/15:0.861:163,162, 6, 88, 94.5. 0.91: 88, and all others
except 60. 0.95: 49, 27, 60, 42.2. 0.97.
Fats.100/15.5: 0.862: 148, 138, 141, 149, 125, 116, 119, 147,
131, 108, 115, 109, 111, 99, 130, 146, 117. 0.86: 141, 146, 117, and
all others except 155. 0.90: 155. 0.91.
Waxes.100/15.5:0.806:172, 171, 169, 167, 164. 0.85.
$.4: 141.
19. MELTING POINT

10: 141, 130, 114, 156, 96. 20: 130, 114, 156,
117, 145, 101, 103, 105, 120, 96. 25: 114, 156, 117, 145, 105,
109, 102, 140, 147, 119, 133, 153, 125, 107, 161, 100, 118, 116,
150. 30: 156, 109, 147, 119, 153, 125, 107, 161, 116, 124, 150,
148, 142, 126, 110, 157. 35: 156, 119, 161, 116, 150, 126, 157,
131, 146, 113, 111, 149, 137, 97, 132, 136, 167, 138. 40: 119,
158, 146, 111, 149, 132, 136, 167, 138, 98, 135, 123, 159, 106,
151, 160. 45: 150, 158, 146, 136, 135, 159, 172, 151, 152, 155,
50: 136, 159, 155, 144. 60: 169, 170, 168, 165. 70:
80 : 171, 164. 90 : 166, 164.
120,
124,
121,
158,
150,
172,
144.
166.
20. CONGELATION TEMPERATURE

OUs.
30: 66, 59, 51, 80, 65, 79, 58, 73, 67, 77, 13.
-20:
51, 65, 58, 77, 13, 81, 54, 66, 59, 51, 80, 65, 79, 58, 73, 67, 77, 13,
81, 54, 52, 53, 15, 74, 14, 1, 45, 34, 69, 5, 27, 37, 28, 75, 40, 25, 68,
62, 24, 88, 38. -15: 51, 65, 77, 13, 14, 45, 27, 37, 28, 48, 23, 43,
41, 61, 64, 17. -10: 37, 39, 12, 16, 10, 46, 20, 21, 3, 36, 8. -6:
20, 3, 8, 47, 83, 99, 91, 84, 29, 31, 30, 92, 82. 0 : 41, 99, 29, 31, 53,
30, 7, 95, 33, 26, 6. 5: 41, 31, 30, 4, 45.3. 10: 41, 30, 4,
11, 42.4, 42.5. 20: 30, 42.3, 42.2, 42.1, 41.5.
75.
21. ACETYL VALUE

O: 91, 161, 117, 172, 150, 147, 3. 3:3, 5, 163, 13. 5: 163,
13, 51, 116, 26, 120, 58, 31, 159, 54. 10: 51, 26, 54, 8, 65, 125, 84,
44, 69, 160, 36, 20, 41, 28. 15: 26, 84, 37.5, 44, 41, 169, 92, 119,
59, 153, 28, 144, 37. 20: 26, 84, 44, 41, 144, 68, 141, 63, 82, 28.
30: 141, 37, 28, 113. 40: 28, 2. 50: 164. 55. 149: 27. 150.
22. IODINE VALUE

Oils.50: 11, 30, 31, 4. 60: 30, 31, 4, 29, 42.5. 70: 31, 29,
16.5, 6, 5.5, 39, 2, 8, 45.3. 80: 16.5, 39, 8, 42.1, 18, 12, 27, 42, 5, 9,
3, 42.2. 90: 42.3, 39, 42, 3, 33, 17, 1, 13, 24, 20, 41.5, 28, 10, 22,
49, 113,1 40, 42.4, 26, 88, 25. 100: 33, 13, 20, 28, 22, 49, 40, 26,
25, 16, 46, 14, 73-80, 19, 35.5, 41, 47, 36, 44, 37, 7, 21. 110: 28, 49,
40, 73-80, 41, 47, 44, 7, 21, 35, 15, 51, 93, 84. 120:44, 21, 51, 93, 84,
57, 87, 45, 38, 48, 59, 61, 37.5, 89, 62, 81. 130: 93, 48, 59, 61, 56.5,
62, 63, 34, 72, 68, 91, 56, 65. 140: 59, 34, 72, 68, 82, 91, 56, 65,
58, 83, 82, 55, 70. 150: 34, 52, 91, 58, 83, 52, 53, 55, 70, 74, 82.
160: 53, 55, 91, 58, 83, 54. 170: 83, 86, 67, 60, 68.5. 180: 83,
86, 67, 71. 190: 86, 67, 71. 200: 67, 71. 205: 71. 260: 92.
344.
Fats and Waxes4: 135, 167, 144, 172, 103, 168-170, 117, 138.
10: 167, 144, 168-170, 120, 101, 129, 100, 118, 133, 164, 102, 166,
96, 167, 140, 161. 20:
30: 167, 137, 146, 155,
98. 40: 167, 137, 146,
150, 152, 145, 109, 116.
110, 115, 99, 108, 153.
107, 128, 157, 126, 158,
96, 139, 121, 97. 80:
139.5.
100.
96, 167, 137, 127, 146, 155, 161, 122,

161, 122, 132, 125, 147, 123, 159, 151,
161, 147, 159, 151, 98, 104, 131, 142,
50: 167, 137, 150, 152, 145, 160, 105,
60: 150, 152, 105, 111, 99, 108, 153,
130. 70: 99, 157, 126, 158, 130, 134,
158, 156, 121, 124. 90: 158, 124,
132.
148,
100,
111,
106,
156,
113,
23. SAPONIFICATION VALUE

50: 165, 166, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170. 100: 167, 168, 170, 163,
162, 172. 150: 136, 93, 84, 20, 94, 85, 72, 91, 24, 28, 19, 25, 6,
23, 27, 21, 90, 146, 143, 111.
180: 84, 85, 91, 28, 19, 27,,21, 90, 143,
111, 146, 43, 108, 76, 16.7, 130, 9, 141, 50, 13, 66, 134, 7, 8, 137,
142, 51, 3, 88, 60, 123, 98, 44, 92, 34, 36, 148, 68, 106, 104, 38, 47,
62, 71, 4, 67, 86, 59, 96, 61, 87, 107, 149, 48, 83, 39, 54, 49. 190:
84, 85, 28, 146, 130, 13, 8, 42.3, 68.5, 137, 142, 51, 139.5, 3,
123, 98, 44, 42.5, 92, 68, 104, 38, 47, 62, 71, 4, 67, 86, 59, 61, 87, 107,
149, 37.5, 48, 83, 39, 54, 49, 35, 80, 32, 99, 64, 17, 95, 81, 58, 160,
65, 63, 12, 78, 75, 18, 1, 16, 79, 153, 40, 5, 14, 73, 74, 125, 139, 110,
10, 26, 33, 57, 45, 69, 147, 15, 70, 29, 159, 30, 31, 105, 114, 157, 37,
113, 41. 52, 53, 55, 2. 195: 84, 13, 8, 137, 142, 92, 86, 59, 49, 160,
65, 63, 40, 5, 14, 10, 26, 70, 29, 159, 30, 31, 105, 114, 157, 37, 41,
52, 53, 55, 2, 109, 152, 155, 156, 150, 112,151, 115, 121, 126, 46, 116,
158, 131, 119, 56, 89, 135, 42, 144, 82, 42, 45.3, 41.5, 42.2,
1
v. Table 3.
42.4. 210: 37, 131, 135, 144, 161, 11, 145, 138, 100, 122, 154, 96,
100. 240: 96, 100, 132, 133, 190, 97, 102. 250: 89, 96, 133, 190,
118, 117, 101, 128, 103. 260: 117, 140, 127, 89. 280: 129, 85
290.
24. HEHNER VALUE
65: 88, 89. 82:97, 117, 127, 128, 129, 140, 161, 93, 17. 90:
117, 93, 17, 120, 16.7, 144, 145. 92: 3.5, 4, 16.6, 18, 28, 48, 51, 65,
66, 74, 77, 79, 84, 88, 95, 106, 108, 109, 111, 113, 119, 131, 132, 135,
138, 141, 142, 147, 149, 150, 153, 157, 160, 81, 87. 95: 93, 119,
141, and all others for which data are available. 96: 0.5, 12, 93,
119, 141, 86, 151. 97: 29, 81, 87, 156, 158.
25. REICHERT-MEISSL VALUES
ReichertGeneral index
General index
ReichertMeissl value
Meissl value
No.
No.
57
59
20
17
114
44
123
91, 92
14
124
132
43
149
153
146
160
26
142
147
110
37.5
19
55
113
52
3
90
104
69
105
28
7, 13
62, 138
112
48
86
159
36
2, 69
141
107
8
116
155
158
23
22
81
130
11
0.0
O -1.2
O -0.79
0.1
0.1
0.1 -1.3
0.11-1.54
0.2
0.2
0.22
0.2 -0.4
0.2 -0.4
0.2 -0.4
0.2 -0.8
0.2 -0.9
0.2 -1.7
0.28-0.48
0.3
0.3 -1.0
0.33
0.33
0.33-0.89
0.35
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.4 -0.7
0.4 -1.31
0.4 -3.0
0.44-0.88
0.46
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 -2.8
0.5 -1
0.5 -1
0.55
0.6
0.6
0.6 -0.5
0.6 -1.8
0.65
0.68
0.7 -2.8
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.8 -0.9
0.88
65
31
119
41
82
67
5
143
106
131
42
53
125
47
108
136
54
83
111
127
27
66
126
157
74
129
50
4
128
133
95
100
51
140
38
120
88
96
102
103
117
101
134
145
84
161
154
89 (Body)
88 (Jaw)
89 (Jaw)
0.92
0.9 -1.2
0.9 -1.9
0.95
0.93-0.99
0.95
0.99
1
1 -2
1 -4
1.02
1.1
1.1
1.1 -1.2
1.1 -2.5
1.1 -4.2
1.2
1.2
1.25-1.4
1,39
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.0
2 -3
2.5 -3.3
2.53
3.0
3.4
3.8
4.2 -9.9
4.5
4.45
5 -6.8
5.6
5.7 -7.2
5.8
6.3
6.6 -7.5
8
8.27
9
14
17.0-34.5
20.8-27.7
64.9
65.9
132
26. UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER

General index
No.
31
115
134
92
103
52
8
67
69
5
54
107
3
87
125
62
155
91
53
29
83
90
13
100
86
55
85
58
37.5
41
_,
%
0.12-0.65
0.19
0.25
0.3 -1.0
0.36
0.41
0.4-1.0
0.4-1.2
0.43
0.5
0.5-0.9
0.5
0.5-0.9
0.5-3.0
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.54-2.68
0.59
0.6
0.6-1.45
0.7 -7.0
0.75
0.75
0.98
0.99
1 -2
1.08
1.1
1.1
General index
No._
84
139
144
57
51
48
74
68.5
32
104
82
139.5
88
50
95
10
25
108
93
111
133
94
89
137
162
167
166
172
164 '
94.5
_
%
1 -4
1.1
1.1 -1.6
1.14
1.25-1.60
1.27-1.54
1.3
1.3
1.30-2.65
1.36
1.45
1.6
2
2.4-2.6
2.61
3
3.3
3.86
2.8 -15.2
5 -9
7.0
8.4
16 -17
20.4
36 -41
39 -44
47
51.5
54 -55
1 -90
27. MELTING AND SOLIDIFICATION POINTS OF

FATTY ACIDS
SolidifiGenGenMelting cation point,
eral
eral
point, fatty fatty acids,
index
index
0
" titer "
acids, C
No.
No.
test, 0C
71
-5
51
64
O
45.3
75
O
20
77
O
18
14
76
2.3- 4.5
162
10.3-10.8
8.3- 8.6
15
23
9 -10
128
7 -12
21
11 -17
59
13.4
63
163
13 -14
13
69
9.5-11.8
34
13 -14
56
16
13.4-18
67
84
14 -27
10 -24
96
82
14.5
60
13
127
65
14.3
15 -20
16 -17
13.4-13.7
25
16 -18
37
43
16 -19
45
10 -16
78
10 -15
93
79
17 -21
58
15.6-16.6
91
12
5
17 -20
SolidifiMelting cation point,

acids, 0C
"titer"
test, 0C
17 -22
19
18
18.5-20
11.7-13.6
19
10
19
19 -21
13 -15
20
13 -15
13.5-16.5
15 -20
20.5
17 -19
17.6
20 -24
16 -21
20.5-21
21.5
(begins)
65.0
(complete)
17 -19
21.7
22 -26
21 -22
21.8-38
17.5-24.3
22 -25
19 -20
27. MELTING AND SOLIDIFICATION POINTS OF FATTY

ACIDS.(Continued)
SolidifiGenGenMelting cation point,
eral
eral
index
index
0
acids, C
"titer"
No.
No.
test, 0C
39
92
22 -^23
4
22 -24
18 -19.8
62
157
22.2
66
161
22.8
57
50
46
23
30
23 -25
28
158
23 -24
40
19.7-21.0
36
146
20 -24
23 -26
68
105
23.6
103
42.4
24 -30
26
106
24.2
133
21.2-25.2 114
24 -27
117
42.2
25 -28.5 20 -25.5
120
167
25.4
22.6
61
109
94.5 25 -35
23 -32
130
25 -35
47
16.9-26.4 151
26 -30
8
138
26.2-27.5
48
42.1
27
100
42.5
27 -28
140
143
27 -28
101
42
39.9-51
27 -45
124
137
27.5
32
31.1-32.2 160
28 -30
33
16 -26.5 159
29 -41
31
42.3
30 -40
81
135
30
27
116
30 -32
85
147
26 -28
38
108
28 -29
113
119
30 -34.8 28.2
86
141
30.5-39
3
155
30 -49.4 36 -39
52
131
31
90
148
31
97
111
31.3-53.4
156
145
33 -34
112
144
33 -38.4
29
41.5
40 -48.5
33.5-49
152
125
34.5
41
107
35
132
27.5-28.2 149
35 -36
87
142
35 -38
99
104
31 -34
36.6-40
153
98
27 -28
36.5
95
37 -46.6 36 -42.4 123
150
37.6
6
SolidifiMelting cation point,

"titer"
acids, 0C
test, 0C
38
38.8
32 -34
38 -40
33 -39
38 -41
39 -40
35 -37
35 -41
39 -50
45.2-47.2
39 -57 I
50.9-52.5
39 -45
38 -40
40
38 -41
40 -42
37 -40
41
41.8
38 -40
42 -46
42 -49
37.9-46.2
42.5-44
42.5-46
43
43
36 -42
44 -45
46
37.2
42.5-44
40 -50
47
47 -48
46 -47
48.3-50
47.2-49.2
48 -53
49 -52.8 47
42.5-45.5
50
50 -57
46 -50
50 -64
48 -52
51 -55
48.1
52 -53
52 -55
49.7-50.7
53 -56.5
55
56
56
56 -57
57 -60
58.4
61.4-61.5
59
60 -61
HYDROGENATED OILS
Hydrognation reduces the iodine value, and refractive index,
(56) but has little influence upon the acid value, saponification
value and unsaponifiable matter.
In oils, such as castor oil, containing hydroxyl groups, the
hydroxyl value is lowered ( 143 ). The amount of insoluble bromides is reduced. The stearic acid formed on hydrognation is
identical with normal stearic acid ( 12 ).
A method of differentiating hydrogenated and natural oils has

been based on the ratio between the amounts of stearic acid and
palmitic acid (135). Hydrogenated oil may be recognized by a
determination of the iso-oleic acid formed in the process ( 208 ).
PARTLY HYDROGENATED OILS ( 218 )
General
index
No.
117
47
84
3
47
41
Con- ButyroreSaponiM. P., gelation fractometer Acid fication Iodine

0
reading value
value
point,
C
value
0
(40)
C
1.0
Coconut
44.5
0.4 254.1
27.7
35.9
Sesame (techn.). . 62.1
25.4
38.4
45.3
4.7 188.9
45.2
Whale
1.2 192.3
45.1
33.9
49.1
47.4
Arachis
50.1
51.2
36.5
1.0 188.7
Sesame
51.5
33.4
0.5 190.6
54.8
47.8
38.5
25.4
Cottonseed
53.8
0.6 195.7
69.7
Oil
WHALE OIL (GEN. IND. No. 84) AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF

HYDROGENATION ( 219 )
ConMolecular
M. P., gelation Acid SaponiIodine
equivafication
0
C
lence of
point, value value value
0
C
fatty acida
Original oil
Fluid
Fluid 9.50 192.2 144.8
287.7
Artificial tallow
296.4
47.5
38.1 9.88 183.7
56.9
Artificial stearine
47.3 7.80 187.7
11.7
297.0
54.3
Hydrogenated whale oil. . 41.9
31.9 5.30 190.9
57.8
282.9
COMPLETELY HYDROGENATED OILS ( 22 )

General
index
No.
159
150
147
3
91
67
47
8
69
13
Hydrogenated oil or
fat
Tallow
Lard
Cacao butter
Arachis
Cod liver
Linseed
Sesame
Olive
Poppy
Almond
Fatty
SaponiM. P., Iodine
acid,
fication
0
C
value
M. P.,
value
0
C
62
0.1
197.7
64
64
1,0
196.8
62
63.5^64 0.0
193.9
65.5
64^-64.5 0.0
191.6
67
1.2
65
186.2
59
0.2
68
189.6
70.5
68.5
0.7
190.6
69.5
0.2
70
190.9
71
70.5
0.3
191.3
71
72
0.0
191.8
71
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Allen, Commercial Organic Analysis, II: 1924. London and Philadelphia.
(2) Amberger, 279, 35: 313; 18. (3) Amberger and Bauch, 279, 48: 371;
24. (4) Amberger and Bromig, 279, 42: 193; 21. (5) Andr, 34, 172:
1413; 21. ( 6 ) Andr, 27, 35: 857; 24. (7) Angervo and Liiri, 60, 56A:
No. 9; 13. (8) Anon., 212, 4: 433; 23. (9) Anon., 257, 18: 172; 20.
(10) Anon., 257, 20: 292; 22. (U) Archbutt, 54, 17: 1009; 98. (12) Archbutt and Deeley, Lubrication and Lubricants, 1912. (l 3 ) Armstrong,
Allen and Moore, 54, 44: 63T; 25. (U) Backer, 176, 13: 954; 16. (15)
Bartoli, 59, 28: 25; 90. (16) Battaglia, 342, 6: 434; 01. (17) Bauer, 252t
31: 33; 24. (18) Baughman and Jamieson, 1, 44: 2947; 22. (19) Baughman and Jamieson, 341, 26: 77; 23.
(20) Baughman, Jamieson and Brauns, 1, 43: 199; 21. (21) Benedikt and
Ulzer, 57, 8: 41; 87. (2i-i) Bjalobreski, 252, 8: 123; 01. (22) Blakely
and Reilly, 45, 9: 1099; 17. (23) Borner, 279, 25: 321; 13. (24) Borner
and Bauman, 279, 40: 97; 20. (25.5) Bonier and Merten, 279, 43: 101;
22. (26) Borner and Schneider, 279, 47: 61; 24. (27) Bolton, 173, 44:
233; 19. (28) Bolton and Hewer, 173, 42: 35; 17. (28.5) Bolton and
Jesson, 173, 40: 3; 15. (29) Bolton and Revis, Fatty Foods. London, 1912.
(29.1) Bolton and Revis, 173, 35: 343; 10. (29.2) Bolton and Revis, 173,
36: 392; 11.
(30) Bolton and Revis, 173, 43: 251; 18. (31) Bolton and Revis, in Allen's
Commercial Analysis, II: 241; 24. (32) Brill and Agcaoili, 267, 10: 105; 15.
(33) Brill and Williams, 267, 12: 207; 17. (34) Brooks, 173, 34: 205; 09.
(35) Browne, 1, 21: 807; 99. (3S.S) Bubanovic, 03, 10: 178; 12. (36)
Buchner, 185, 691: 151; 98. (37) Buchner, 136, 42: 373; 18. (38) Buisine,
343, 5: 91; 99. (39) Bull, 136, 23: 996; 99.
(40) Bull, 136, 23: 1043; 99. (*i) Bull, 25, 39: 3570; 06. (42) Carpenter and
Leask, in ( 123 ), 3rd ed., p. 208. (43) Chapman, 4, 111: 56; 17. ( 4 4 )
Chapman, 173, 42: 161; 17. (45) Chattopadhyay, 184, 87: 473; 15. ( 4 6 )
Crismer, 28, 9: 71, 145, 359; 95. (47) Crismer, 188, 10: 312, 453; 97. (48)
Crossley and Le Sueur, 54, 17: 989; 98. (49) Damien, 34 112: 785; 91.
(50) Darmstaedter and Lifschtz, 25, 29: 2890; 96. (51) Dean and Wrenshall,
l, 42: 2626; 20. (!) Deiler and Fraps, 11, 43: 90; 10. (52) Diedrichs,
70, 27: 132; 14. (53) Ebert and Bailey, 348, 7, No. 12: 35; 24. ( 5 4)
Eckart, 279, 44: 1; 22. (55) Eibner and Schmidinger, 352, 30: 293; 23.
(56) Ellis, 45, 6: 117; 14. (57) Eisdon, 173, 38: 8; 13. (58) Eisdon, 173,
39: 78; 14. (*) Eisdon, 173, 49: 275; 24. (59.5) Fabris, OZn e grassi,
1923: 247.
(60) Fabris and Settimj, Atti del VI Cong. Chim. Roma, 5: 749; 07. (i)
Fahrion, 136, 17: 434; 93. (62) Fahrion, 92, 23: 1106; 10. (63) Farnsteiner, 279, 2: 1; 99. (64) Fendler, 344, 20: 6; 05. (65) Fouchet, 345,
18: 529; 12. (66) Fox, 45, 4: 229; 12. (67) Fryer and Weston, 173, 43:
311; 18. (68) Garelli, 816, 8: 109; 17. ( 6 9 ) Geitel and van der Want,
52, 61: 151; 00.
(70) Georgi, 346, 12: 77; 24. (72) Grimme, 252, 17: 156; 10. (73) Grimme,
136, 35: 925; 11. (74) Grimme, 252, 20: 1; 13. (75) Grn, Oel-Fett. Industrie, 1: 339, 364; 19. (76) Hanus, 279, 2: 617; 99. (77) Hanus, 75,
4: 913; 01. (78) Hazura and Grssner, 57, 10: 242; 89. (79) Hazura and
Grssner, 57, 9: 475; 89.
(80) Hazura and Grssner, 57, 9: 944; 89. () Hehner, 173, 8: 16; 83. (82)
Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 20: 146; 95. (83) Hehner and Mitchell, 173,
21: 316; 96. (84) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 23: 310; 98. (86) Heise,
291, 12: 540; 96. (87) Reise, 291, 13: 302; 97. (88) Henriques, 92, 8:
721; 95. 9: 221; 96. (89) Henriques and Knne, 25, 32: 387; 99.
(90) Herlant, 28, 10: 48; 96. (9l) Herschel, 45, 14: 715; 22. (91.5) Hewer,
173, 42: 271; 17. (92) Holde and Stange, 25, 34: 2402; 01. (93) Holley,
Analysis of Paint Vehicles, Japans and Varnishes, 1920. (94) Holmes,
347, 65: 691; 00. (95) Hopkins, 1, 20: 948; 98. (96) Hubl, 118, 249:
338; 83. (97) Hubl, 112, 253: 281; 84. (98) Hyde, 5, 97A: 249; 20. (98.5)
Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 42: 166; 20. (99) Jamieson and Baughman,
1, 44: 2952; 22.
(10) Jamieson and Baughman, 348, 6, No. 1: 34; 22. ( 101 ) Jamieson and
Baughman, 348, 7, No. 2: 35; 23. (102) Jamieson and Baughman, 348,
7, No. 12: 34; 24. (104) Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 46: 775; 24. (105)
Kahlbaum and Raber, 353, 84: 201; 05. (I06) Kanthack, Tables of Refractive Indices, II. Oils, Fats and Waxes. 1921. (Hilger, London).
(107) Karhi and Suikkanen, 60, 54A: No. 19; 11. (108) Kebler, 143, 151:
394; 01. ( l 9) Keimatsu, 136, 35: 839; 11. (109.B) Kesava-Menon, 54,
29: 1428; 10.
(HO) Klein, 92, 37: 847; 98. (Hi) Klein, 92, 37: 1012; 98. ("*) Kleinbusch,
Das Wollfett, p. 92; 01. ( 113 ) Klimont, 57, 23: 51; 02. (H4) Klimont,
57, 24: 408; 03, (U*) Klimont, 57, 25: 929; 04. ("6) Klimont, 57, 26:
563; 05. ( H 7 ) Knowles and Urquhart, 173, 49: 509; 24. (H8) Lane,
54, 20: 1083; 01. (U 9 ) Langton, 54, 42: 47T; 23.
(120) Leimdrfer, 349, 40: 1317; 13. (121) Lemarie, 257, 1: 206; 03. (122)
Le Sueur, 54, 19: 104; 00. (123) Lewkowitsch, Technology of Oils, Fats,
and Waxes. London, 1914. (124) Lewkowitsch, 54, 9: 842; 90. ()
Lewkowitsch, 173, 24: 319; 99. ( 12 6) Lewkowitsch, 173, 28: 342; 03.
(127) Lewkowitsch, 279, 12: 659; 06. (128) Ljubarsky, 52, 57: 19; 98.
(128.1) Mahle, 136, 19: 1786; 95. () Marden, 45, 8: 121; 16.
(130) Marden and Dover, 45, 9: 858; 17. ("i)' Matthes and Streicher, 293,
251: 438; 13. (132) Mattioli, 84, 75, 2: 358; 15. (133) Meissl, 118, 233:
229; 79. (134) de Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90. (135) Mihly, Akatalysises uton
Hydrogennel telitett Zsirok Vizsglata, p. 17-19. Budapest. ( 13 6) Milligan, Knuth and Richardson, I , 46: 157; 24. (137) Mitchell, 173, 49: 515;
24. (138) Miura, 148, 26: 316; 23. (139) Moore, 54, 9: 331; 90.
(140) Morrell, 54, 32: 1091; 13. (i) de Negri and Fabris, 91, 33: 547; 94.
(143) Norman and Hugel, 136, 37: 815; 13. (144) Parker, Rau, Robertson
and Simonsen, 860, 10: 11; 23. ( 1 ^ 5 ) Pastrovich, 136, 31: 781; 07. (146)
Paul, 173, 4e: 238; 21. (147) Perkins and Cruz, 867, 23: 543; 23. (148)
Peter, 27, 48: 483; 87. (H) Pickering and Cowlishaw, 54, 41: 74T; 22.
(150) Pieraerts, 350, 16: 6674; 24. (152) Polenske, 279, 7: 273; 04. (154)
Power and Barrowcliffe, 4, 87: 884; 05. (156) Proctor, 54, 17: 1021; 98.
(is?) Pschorr and Pfaff, 85, 53: 2147; 20. (is) Redwood, Treatise on
Petroleum, 3: 785; 22. (159) Reichert, 91, 18: 68; 79. (159.5) Reimer and
Will, 85, 20: 2385; 87.
(160) ROSS and Race, 173, 36: 263; 11. (162) R ya n and Dillon, 117, 12: 202;
13. ( 163 ) Schaedler, Die Technologie der Fette und Oele des Pflanzen- und
Thier-reichs. 2nd ed. Berlin, 1892. (164) Schoen, 85, 21: 878; 88. (iS)
Schulze, 25, 31: 1200; 98. (166) Sherman and Snell, I , 23: 164; 01. (167)
Siivola, 138, l, No. 18; 22. (168) Smetham, 173, 18: 191; 93. (169) SoIiven, 340, 13: 65; 24.
(170) Sprinkmeyer and Diedrichs, 279, 27: 113; 14. ("I) Strevens, 54, 33:
109; 14. (172) Stewart, 351, 26: 312; 18. (173) Stohmann et al, 52,
49: 99; 94. (174) Stokes, 173, 49: 577; 24. ("S) Strcke, 13, 233: 283;
86. (176) Sudborough, Watson and Athawall, 54, 42: 103A; 23. (177)
Szalagyi, 205, 66: 149; 14. (178) Tte and Pooley, 173, 46: 229; 21. (179)
Thomas and Boiry, 27, 13: 827; 13.
(180) Thomson and Dunlop, 54, 25: 272; 06. (M Tolman, 45, 1: 340; 09(182) Toms, 173, 49: 71; 24. (183) Tsujimoto, 43, 4: 11; 06. (184) Tsuji,
moto, 252, 15: 224; 08. (185) Tsujimoto, 43, 4: 63; 06. (186) Tsujimoto.
45, 8: 889; 16. (187) Tsujimoto, 148, 21: 1015; 19. (188) Tsujimoto,
45, 12: 63; 20. (*) Tsujimoto and Kimura, 148, 26: 1162; 23.
(190) Twitchell, 45, 9: 581; 17. (191) Ubbelohde, Handbuch der Chemie und
Technologie der le und Fette. 3 vol. 1908-20. (Leipzig, Heizel). (192)
Uchida, 54, 35: 1089; 16. (193) Visl, 60, 54A: No. 14; 11. (193.5)
Vakil, 54, 34: 320; 15. (i*) Valenta, 112, 252: 296; 84. (195) Vult
and Gibson, l, 23: 1; 01. (196) Wagner and Muesmann, 279, 27: 124; 14.
(197) Wagner, Muesmann and Lampart, 279, 28: 244; 14. (198) Waller,
136, 19: 1831; 95. (199) Wallis and Burrows, I , 46: 1949; 24.
(200) Wedemeyer, 279, 13: 210; 06. (20l) West and Balce, 867, 23: 269; 23.
(202) West and Cruz, 867, 23: 337; 23. (203) West and de Leon, 867, 24:
123; 24. (204) West and Montes, 867, 18: 619; 21. (205) White, 45, 4:
106; 12. (206) wijs, 85, 31: 750; 98. (207) Wijs, 185, 71 I: 374; 00.
(208) Williams and Bolton, 170, 49: 460; 24. (209) Wollner, 173, 12: 203;
87. 352, 16: 609; 87.
(210) Wright, 54, 26: 513; 07. (2U) Wright and Mitchell, Oils, Fats and
Waxes. London, 1921. (212) Zaloziecki and Hausmann, 92, 20: 1141; 07.
(213) Special Research Committee on Lubrication, 3rd report, 56, 45: 23.
(214) Kopp, 13, 93: 129; 55. (215) Spring, 186, 3: 331; 82. (216) u. S.
Bureau of Standards, O. (218) Borner and Leschly-Hansen, 252, 19: 218,
247; 12. (219) Sandelin, 54/33: 1097; 14.
(220) Mannich and Thiele, 273, 26: 36; 16. (221) Person, 34, 29: 300; 49.
(222) Bell and Poynton, 3, 49: 1065; 25. (223) Jamieson and Bailey, 54,
38: 781A; 19. 45, 11: 850; 19. (224) Hazura, 57, 9: 180; 88. 10: 190;
89. (225) Kurbatoff, in ( 2 U) 1 p. 596.
ADHESIVES AND GELATINS

JEROME ALEXANDER
INTRODUCTION
Most practical adhesives are mixtures of several ingredients,
with or without some kind of salt, and may be classified as :
(A) Animal adhesives: e.g., glues, gelatins, casein, albumin;
(B) Vegetable adhesives: e.g., flours, starches, dextrins, gums,
gum resins, oils, and proteins;
(C) Mineral adhesives: e.g., silicate of soda, cements, limes,
plasters, clays, pitches, tars, artificial resins, solders, and such
mixtures as iron + sulfur and litharge + glycerin.
In using an adhesive to join two surfaces, the surfaces concerned
are the ultimate exterior ones and the adhesive must either take
hold of these exterior surfaces or must remove them and take hold
on the surface below. Thus, if the articles .to be joined are not
cleaned, the exterior surface is frequently a layer of grease.
Setting and drying are promoted by any agency which increases

the concentration of the adhesive; for example, by removing the
solvent. Joint strength is influenced by quantity of adhesive
used, by speed of set and drying, and by the application of pressure.
Animal Glues
Use.(1) Keep dry and from excessive heat; (2) use definite
weights of glue and water; (3) soak glue in cold water until softened; (4) melt on water bath and keep temperature as low as work
permits (usually below 650C); melt small batches successively to
avoid prolonged heating which injures strength; (5) supply
evaporation losses; (6) use clean vessels, and, if necessary, a
preservative.
Buchner, 185, 691: 151; 98. (37) Buchner, 136, 42: 373; 18. (38) Buisine,
343, 5: 91; 99. (39) Bull, 136, 23: 996; 99.
(40) Bull, 136, 23: 1043; 99. (*i) Bull, 25, 39: 3570; 06. (42) Carpenter and
Leask, in ( 123 ), 3rd ed., p. 208. (43) Chapman, 4, 111: 56; 17. ( 4 4 )
Chapman, 173, 42: 161; 17. (45) Chattopadhyay, 184, 87: 473; 15. ( 4 6 )
Crismer, 28, 9: 71, 145, 359; 95. (47) Crismer, 188, 10: 312, 453; 97. (48)
Crossley and Le Sueur, 54, 17: 989; 98. (49) Damien, 34 112: 785; 91.
(50) Darmstaedter and Lifschtz, 25, 29: 2890; 96. (51) Dean and Wrenshall,
l, 42: 2626; 20. (!) Deiler and Fraps, 11, 43: 90; 10. (52) Diedrichs,
70, 27: 132; 14. (53) Ebert and Bailey, 348, 7, No. 12: 35; 24. ( 5 4)
Eckart, 279, 44: 1; 22. (55) Eibner and Schmidinger, 352, 30: 293; 23.
(56) Ellis, 45, 6: 117; 14. (57) Eisdon, 173, 38: 8; 13. (58) Eisdon, 173,
39: 78; 14. (*) Eisdon, 173, 49: 275; 24. (59.5) Fabris, OZn e grassi,
1923: 247.
(60) Fabris and Settimj, Atti del VI Cong. Chim. Roma, 5: 749; 07. (i)
Fahrion, 136, 17: 434; 93. (62) Fahrion, 92, 23: 1106; 10. (63) Farnsteiner, 279, 2: 1; 99. (64) Fendler, 344, 20: 6; 05. (65) Fouchet, 345,
18: 529; 12. (66) Fox, 45, 4: 229; 12. (67) Fryer and Weston, 173, 43:
311; 18. (68) Garelli, 816, 8: 109; 17. ( 6 9 ) Geitel and van der Want,
52, 61: 151; 00.
(70) Georgi, 346, 12: 77; 24. (72) Grimme, 252, 17: 156; 10. (73) Grimme,
136, 35: 925; 11. (74) Grimme, 252, 20: 1; 13. (75) Grn, Oel-Fett. Industrie, 1: 339, 364; 19. (76) Hanus, 279, 2: 617; 99. (77) Hanus, 75,
4: 913; 01. (78) Hazura and Grssner, 57, 10: 242; 89. (79) Hazura and
Grssner, 57, 9: 475; 89.
(80) Hazura and Grssner, 57, 9: 944; 89. () Hehner, 173, 8: 16; 83. (82)
Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 20: 146; 95. (83) Hehner and Mitchell, 173,
21: 316; 96. (84) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 23: 310; 98. (86) Heise,
291, 12: 540; 96. (87) Reise, 291, 13: 302; 97. (88) Henriques, 92, 8:
721; 95. 9: 221; 96. (89) Henriques and Knne, 25, 32: 387; 99.
(90) Herlant, 28, 10: 48; 96. (9l) Herschel, 45, 14: 715; 22. (91.5) Hewer,
173, 42: 271; 17. (92) Holde and Stange, 25, 34: 2402; 01. (93) Holley,
Analysis of Paint Vehicles, Japans and Varnishes, 1920. (94) Holmes,
347, 65: 691; 00. (95) Hopkins, 1, 20: 948; 98. (96) Hubl, 118, 249:
338; 83. (97) Hubl, 112, 253: 281; 84. (98) Hyde, 5, 97A: 249; 20. (98.5)
Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 42: 166; 20. (99) Jamieson and Baughman,
1, 44: 2952; 22.
(10) Jamieson and Baughman, 348, 6, No. 1: 34; 22. ( 101 ) Jamieson and
Baughman, 348, 7, No. 2: 35; 23. (102) Jamieson and Baughman, 348,
7, No. 12: 34; 24. (104) Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 46: 775; 24. (105)
Kahlbaum and Raber, 353, 84: 201; 05. (I06) Kanthack, Tables of Refractive Indices, II. Oils, Fats and Waxes. 1921. (Hilger, London).
(107) Karhi and Suikkanen, 60, 54A: No. 19; 11. (108) Kebler, 143, 151:
394; 01. ( l 9) Keimatsu, 136, 35: 839; 11. (109.B) Kesava-Menon, 54,
29: 1428; 10.
(HO) Klein, 92, 37: 847; 98. (Hi) Klein, 92, 37: 1012; 98. ("*) Kleinbusch,
Das Wollfett, p. 92; 01. ( 113 ) Klimont, 57, 23: 51; 02. (H4) Klimont,
57, 24: 408; 03, (U*) Klimont, 57, 25: 929; 04. ("6) Klimont, 57, 26:
563; 05. ( H 7 ) Knowles and Urquhart, 173, 49: 509; 24. (H8) Lane,
54, 20: 1083; 01. (U 9 ) Langton, 54, 42: 47T; 23.
(120) Leimdrfer, 349, 40: 1317; 13. (121) Lemarie, 257, 1: 206; 03. (122)
Le Sueur, 54, 19: 104; 00. (123) Lewkowitsch, Technology of Oils, Fats,
and Waxes. London, 1914. (124) Lewkowitsch, 54, 9: 842; 90. ()
Lewkowitsch, 173, 24: 319; 99. ( 12 6) Lewkowitsch, 173, 28: 342; 03.
(127) Lewkowitsch, 279, 12: 659; 06. (128) Ljubarsky, 52, 57: 19; 98.
(128.1) Mahle, 136, 19: 1786; 95. () Marden, 45, 8: 121; 16.
(130) Marden and Dover, 45, 9: 858; 17. ("i)' Matthes and Streicher, 293,
251: 438; 13. (132) Mattioli, 84, 75, 2: 358; 15. (133) Meissl, 118, 233:
229; 79. (134) de Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90. (135) Mihly, Akatalysises uton
Hydrogennel telitett Zsirok Vizsglata, p. 17-19. Budapest. ( 13 6) Milligan, Knuth and Richardson, I , 46: 157; 24. (137) Mitchell, 173, 49: 515;
24. (138) Miura, 148, 26: 316; 23. (139) Moore, 54, 9: 331; 90.
(140) Morrell, 54, 32: 1091; 13. (i) de Negri and Fabris, 91, 33: 547; 94.
(143) Norman and Hugel, 136, 37: 815; 13. (144) Parker, Rau, Robertson
and Simonsen, 860, 10: 11; 23. ( 1 ^ 5 ) Pastrovich, 136, 31: 781; 07. (146)
Paul, 173, 4e: 238; 21. (147) Perkins and Cruz, 867, 23: 543; 23. (148)
Peter, 27, 48: 483; 87. (H) Pickering and Cowlishaw, 54, 41: 74T; 22.
(150) Pieraerts, 350, 16: 6674; 24. (152) Polenske, 279, 7: 273; 04. (154)
Power and Barrowcliffe, 4, 87: 884; 05. (156) Proctor, 54, 17: 1021; 98.
(is?) Pschorr and Pfaff, 85, 53: 2147; 20. (is) Redwood, Treatise on
Petroleum, 3: 785; 22. (159) Reichert, 91, 18: 68; 79. (159.5) Reimer and
Will, 85, 20: 2385; 87.
(160) ROSS and Race, 173, 36: 263; 11. (162) R ya n and Dillon, 117, 12: 202;
13. ( 163 ) Schaedler, Die Technologie der Fette und Oele des Pflanzen- und
Thier-reichs. 2nd ed. Berlin, 1892. (164) Schoen, 85, 21: 878; 88. (iS)
Schulze, 25, 31: 1200; 98. (166) Sherman and Snell, I , 23: 164; 01. (167)
Siivola, 138, l, No. 18; 22. (168) Smetham, 173, 18: 191; 93. (169) SoIiven, 340, 13: 65; 24.
(170) Sprinkmeyer and Diedrichs, 279, 27: 113; 14. ("I) Strevens, 54, 33:
109; 14. (172) Stewart, 351, 26: 312; 18. (173) Stohmann et al, 52,
49: 99; 94. (174) Stokes, 173, 49: 577; 24. ("S) Strcke, 13, 233: 283;
86. (176) Sudborough, Watson and Athawall, 54, 42: 103A; 23. (177)
Szalagyi, 205, 66: 149; 14. (178) Tte and Pooley, 173, 46: 229; 21. (179)
Thomas and Boiry, 27, 13: 827; 13.
(180) Thomson and Dunlop, 54, 25: 272; 06. (M Tolman, 45, 1: 340; 09(182) Toms, 173, 49: 71; 24. (183) Tsujimoto, 43, 4: 11; 06. (184) Tsuji,
moto, 252, 15: 224; 08. (185) Tsujimoto, 43, 4: 63; 06. (186) Tsujimoto.
45, 8: 889; 16. (187) Tsujimoto, 148, 21: 1015; 19. (188) Tsujimoto,
45, 12: 63; 20. (*) Tsujimoto and Kimura, 148, 26: 1162; 23.
(190) Twitchell, 45, 9: 581; 17. (191) Ubbelohde, Handbuch der Chemie und
Technologie der le und Fette. 3 vol. 1908-20. (Leipzig, Heizel). (192)
Uchida, 54, 35: 1089; 16. (193) Visl, 60, 54A: No. 14; 11. (193.5)
Vakil, 54, 34: 320; 15. (i*) Valenta, 112, 252: 296; 84. (195) Vult
and Gibson, l, 23: 1; 01. (196) Wagner and Muesmann, 279, 27: 124; 14.
(197) Wagner, Muesmann and Lampart, 279, 28: 244; 14. (198) Waller,
136, 19: 1831; 95. (199) Wallis and Burrows, I , 46: 1949; 24.
(200) Wedemeyer, 279, 13: 210; 06. (20l) West and Balce, 867, 23: 269; 23.
(202) West and Cruz, 867, 23: 337; 23. (203) West and de Leon, 867, 24:
123; 24. (204) West and Montes, 867, 18: 619; 21. (205) White, 45, 4:
106; 12. (206) wijs, 85, 31: 750; 98. (207) Wijs, 185, 71 I: 374; 00.
(208) Williams and Bolton, 170, 49: 460; 24. (209) Wollner, 173, 12: 203;
87. 352, 16: 609; 87.
(210) Wright, 54, 26: 513; 07. (2U) Wright and Mitchell, Oils, Fats and
Waxes. London, 1921. (212) Zaloziecki and Hausmann, 92, 20: 1141; 07.
(213) Special Research Committee on Lubrication, 3rd report, 56, 45: 23.
(214) Kopp, 13, 93: 129; 55. (215) Spring, 186, 3: 331; 82. (216) u. S.
Bureau of Standards, O. (218) Borner and Leschly-Hansen, 252, 19: 218,
247; 12. (219) Sandelin, 54/33: 1097; 14.
(220) Mannich and Thiele, 273, 26: 36; 16. (221) Person, 34, 29: 300; 49.
(222) Bell and Poynton, 3, 49: 1065; 25. (223) Jamieson and Bailey, 54,
38: 781A; 19. 45, 11: 850; 19. (224) Hazura, 57, 9: 180; 88. 10: 190;
89. (225) Kurbatoff, in ( 2 U) 1 p. 596.
ADHESIVES AND GELATINS

JEROME ALEXANDER
INTRODUCTION
Most practical adhesives are mixtures of several ingredients,
with or without some kind of salt, and may be classified as :
(A) Animal adhesives: e.g., glues, gelatins, casein, albumin;
(B) Vegetable adhesives: e.g., flours, starches, dextrins, gums,
gum resins, oils, and proteins;
(C) Mineral adhesives: e.g., silicate of soda, cements, limes,
plasters, clays, pitches, tars, artificial resins, solders, and such
mixtures as iron + sulfur and litharge + glycerin.
In using an adhesive to join two surfaces, the surfaces concerned
are the ultimate exterior ones and the adhesive must either take
hold of these exterior surfaces or must remove them and take hold
on the surface below. Thus, if the articles .to be joined are not
cleaned, the exterior surface is frequently a layer of grease.
Setting and drying are promoted by any agency which increases

the concentration of the adhesive; for example, by removing the
solvent. Joint strength is influenced by quantity of adhesive
used, by speed of set and drying, and by the application of pressure.
Animal Glues
Use.(1) Keep dry and from excessive heat; (2) use definite
weights of glue and water; (3) soak glue in cold water until softened; (4) melt on water bath and keep temperature as low as work
permits (usually below 650C); melt small batches successively to
avoid prolonged heating which injures strength; (5) supply
evaporation losses; (6) use clean vessels, and, if necessary, a
preservative.
Cooper
Grade
2
IJ
If
If
Ie
If
IJ
IX
1
1 Extra
A Extra
Alexander
Grade
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Bogue
| S*
r?t
Grade
15.5 0.25
16 0.25
1
16.5 0.25
2
1701 1 7 + 0 . 2 5
3
2324 1 8 + 0 . 5
4
2948 1 9 + 0 . 5
5
3572 2 0 + 0 . 5
6
4196 21 0.5
7
4820 22 0.75
8
5443 23 + 0 . 7 5
9
6067 24 + 0 . 7 5
10
6691 25 + 1
11
7314 2 6 + 3
12
2 8 + 5
3 4 + 8
40. + 12
[_
National Assn.
Glue Mfrs.
(U. S. A.)
Grade [ Sj \ 77
1
10 20
2
27 24
3
47 28
4
70 32
5
95 37
6
122 42
7
150 47
8
178 53
9
207 60
10
237 67
11
267 75
12
299 83
13
331 92
14 363 102
15 395 113
16
428 125
17
461 138
18
495 152
19
530 167
20
565 183
21
600 200
* Jelly "strength" in grams, Alexander tester.

t Viscosity in seconds (water = 15).
Lower limit of jelly "strength" in grams, Bloom gelometer.
Viscosity in millipoises, lower limit.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GLUE SOLUTIONS ( 40 )

Wt. % glue
dll
7 1 . 0 0 1
8
1.003
9
1.006
10
1.009
1
Be, 54.40C
Be, 320C
Be, 15.60C
NITROGEN CONTENT OF GLUES, WT. % (10)

H = hide glue; B = bone glue; F = fish glue; P = protein;
I = isinglass
Form
Ammonia...
Melanin
Cystine
Arginine
Histidinc
Lysine
Aminot
Non-aminot
3J
4.0
The "grades" here referred to are the Alexander grades listed in Table 1.
H* I
2.9
0.6
O
13.9
2.2
8.0
56.8
15.6
B* I
4.6
0.9
O
13.2
1.8
8.3
56.3
15.3
F I
5.2
1.1
tr
13.8
2.0
8.6
60.2
9.7
P
| I
1.3-3.6
4.0
0.7
0.7
tr
O
11-12.6 14.2:
0.8-2.2
2.3
8.3-8.6
6.1
58-60
58.7
15.5
13.6
* Av. of 6 samples.
!Soluble.
Joint Strength
The strength of joints made with an adhesive depends upon the
kind of material joined and the condition of its surface, upon
the thickness of the adhesive film, and upon such conditions as
temperature, humidity, time of drying, and pressure used in
forming the joint.
TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4): OAK TO OAK (32)
Unit: kg/cm 2
Effect of air humidity and temperature
AtS 0 C
Air humidity
^
A *
"B 8 B
g'S c t
DJ '
15
50%
49.6
45.7
31.7
42.7
I
|
20
75%
45.8
44.1
31.3
41.2
I
j
25
90%
35.4
39.1
31.1
39.4
I
j
25
95%
26.4
29.0
30.3
r
37.7
* Very hygroscopic.
t Slightly hygroscopic.
TENSILE (TS) AND SHEARING (SS) STRENGTH OF METAL TO

METAL JOINTS (21)
A = High grade commercial gelatin. B = Silicate of soda.
C = Commercial nitrocellulose cement "A." D = Molten shellac (pure). E = American commercial cement (hard). F =
American commercial cement (medium). G = A wax. H =
Fish glue. I = Liquid commercial glue "C." J = Rubber
solution. K = Marine glue. L = Commercial glue "B." M =
Gum arabic. T = Drying or setting time in days. StL = Mild
steel. Fe = cast iron. Bra. = Brass. Unit: kg/cm2.
A
2.2
d]l
I0Be, 54.40C | 0Be, 320C | 0Be, 15.60C
1.023
4.2
5.1
6.0
1.037
6.1
7.0
7.9
1.051
8.0
9.0
9.8
1.065
9.8
10.7
11.6
1.079
11.5
12.4
13.3
1.093
13.2
14.1
15.0
1.107
14.9
15.7
16.5
1.121
16.5
17.4
18.3
B
C*
^Metal
(1, 5, 22)
Wt. % glue I
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Days
Gelatins
Photographic Gelatin (*).Jelly strength, 130 or above.
pH, 5-6 (limit 4-7). Ash <3%. Fe and Cu < 50-60, Pb <50,
parts per million. Al2O3 <0.2%, SO2 <0.1%, of dry gelatin.
Mucin, grease, and ammonia > traces. Traces of thiocarbimides
are essential(55).
Food Gelatin.U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry,
tolerance limits (parts per million): As2O3, 1.4; Zn, 100; Cu, 30;
Pb, 20; SO2 must be declared on label.
1. ADHESIVES
COMPARISON OF AMERICAN GRADES OF GLUE AND GELATIN
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GLUE SOLUTIONS ( 40 ).(Continued)
Adhesive
SELECTION
Wood Joints.Hide-stock glues, grades 70-130.1 Joining pressure before setting increases joint strength rapidly up to 200, and
then more slowly up to 1000 Ib./in.2. Surfaces must be well
joined, dry, and preferably warm. Good joints are stronger than
the wood, and may show shearing strength of 2000 to 3000 Ib./in.2
Veneers.Bone and hide stock mixtures between 50 and 70.
Avoid foam.
Paper Boxes.For hand setting-up, 70 to 90 test; for machine,
100 to 160 test. For covering or stripping, 30 to 60 test.
Book Binding.For rounding and backing, grades above 90 are
best (usually mixed with some glycerin). For hand pasting,
grades about 50. For case-making machines, grades 60 to 100.
Leather Belting, Printer's Rollers, Plaster Molds.Hide glues
above 120; usually with addition of glycerin, etc.
Ni
17 TS 63
20 SS
20 TS 35
14-21 TS 112
21 SS
StI.
Fe
Cu
Bra. Al
70
70
49 1
112
49
77
49
49
98
56
84
49
56
77
56 J 70
140 105
35
35
Sn
Pb
(21) 56
35
49
35
119
70
56
42
56
21
35
28
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
1-5
1-3
1-2
1-3
1
1
1-2
1
16
16
18
18
16
4-5
4-5
77
77
77
77
TS
SS
TS
SS
TS
SS
TS
SS
TS
SS
TS
SS
TS
TS
SS
TS
SS
TS
SS
246 225
239
295 337
295
84
35
84
35
260
70
56
98
35
77 120
42
84
88 133
88 112
84 63
(98) 88
211
211
309
288
232
232
281
288
309
225 239
98 70
35
84 98
84
77
21
28
35
21
63
56
42
112 112
106 105
77 112
70 (112)
Rg. 2
GG
fe
td
?
GO
er+-
^Metal
Days
Adhesive
TENSILE (TS) AND SHEARING (SS) STRENGTH OF METAL TO

METAL JOINTS ( 21 ). (Continued)
176 197 77 42
232 155
204 162 105 35
267 218
77 42
169
246 147
77 70 56 35
42
42
42 35
49 70
98 (14)
28
28
21
21
105
98
63
140 70
84
91
112 49
56 105
56
63
77
FIG. 2.Effect of moisture content on joint strength ( 2 ). A, B =

bone glues. C, D, E, F = hide glues. G = gelatin.
56
56
* TS = 28 with amalgamated Cu and 77 with platinized Cu.

t When rough = 21, oxidized = 35.
Amalgamated Cu.
I TS = 28 with platinized Cu.
Fig.5
Fig. I
Fig.4
FIG.
1.Shearing strength of water-glass joints between walnut

surfaces ( 21 ).
FIG. 4.Effect of joining pressure O 1 ). Shearing strength of wood to
wood joints with a hide glue Hs and a bone glue B4.
Fig.3
FIG. 3.Effect of film thickness

( 2 ). TS = tearing strength, in
kg/cm 2 , of glue.
FIG. 5.Effect of heat C 11 ). Shearing strength of wood-to-wood

joints made under
constant joining pressure of 14 kg/cm 2 using a
glue heated to 8O0C.
SHEARING STRENGTH, WALNUT TO WALNUT (21)

Unit: kg/cm2
Adhesive
Fish glue
Liquid commercial glue "C"
High grade gelatin
Fish glue + bone gelatin
Casein + borax cement
Gum arabic
Commercial glue "B"
Casein and silicate cement
Commercial nitrocellulose cement "A"
Starch
, . , kg/cm 2
dried
7
98
7
84
6
84*
7
49
6
42
6
28
12
28
8
21
30
21
9
21f
* Reduced to about 30 if the joint be heated to 100 for 4 days while clamped.
t Film not complete. Three coatings raise value to 112; values have been
measured as high as 600. Additional data are given in Figs. 1-5.
TENSILE STRENGTH OF SOME COMMON ADHESIVES

Unit: kg/cm 2
Glue (calculated)
700-2000
Collagen
1300
Gelatin
960
Viscose
2100
drying such glues exhibit increased TJ on re-solution or become

insoluble with increasing HCHO content ( 7 ).
The amount of protein precipitated by 24-30 % MgSOi solution
from liquid glue varies directly as T/ for glue solutions having the
same jelly strength (9).
The amount of material absorbable from glue solutions decreases
as y decreases ( 34 ).
Jelly Strength
The jelly strength of a glue is usually measured by the force
required to cause a definite compression of the jelly. The addition
of formaldehyde to glues decreases the jelly strength in direct
proportion to the amount of HCHO added, until the glue becomes
insoluble. Figure 6 shows the number of cm3 of 10% HCHO
required to produce insolubility in various glues, the numbers on
the curve giving the grams of glue to 180 g total weight of solution
( 7 ).
Fie.8
Fig. 6
Rg. 9
IBJJ
Figure 7 shows the effect of added substances upon the jelly
strength. 1 H2SO4; 2 NaOH; 3 MgCl2; 4 Acetic acid; 5 Chloral
hydrate; 6 KI. 1 and 2 in cm3 of 0.5AT soin, added instead of wt.
% ( 7 ).
The relation between the nitrogenous constituents and the jelly
strengths of hide (H) and bone (B) glues is shown in Figs. 8 and 9
( 9 ).
Viscosity; 17
The viscosity of 20 % solutions of hide and bone glues at 15.50C
(6O0F) is constant for at least 90 minutes after preparation.
Vigorous agitation lowers t] slightly (2 % after 2 minutes beating)
Figure 10 shows the effect of time on rj (in seconds, H2O = 42) of

HCHO treated glues and Fig. 11 the effect of temperature. (Numbers on curve = cm3; 10% HCHO added.) (7).
Figure 12 shows the effect of alums on 77 of glue solutions; Fig. 13
the effect of time, and Fig. 14 the effect of temperature on the rj of
alum-treated glues ( 7 ).
7
Figure 15 shows the variation of rj (in seconds, H2O = 42)
The increase in 77 produced in dilute solutions of glues by formal- of glue solutions with temperature, the melting point of the glue
dehyde is slight, but rises rapidly with increasing glue content. solution being taken as temperature at which the slope of the curve
Agitation increases y of HCHO treated glues slightly and after approaches infinity ( 8 ).
( ).
Chrome alum (anhydrous salt = 0.8 % wt. of dry glue) raises the
Figure 16 shows the effect of temperature on the 77 of hide glues,
and Fig. 17 on the 77 of bone glues (77 in Mac Michael degrees) setting or gelling point ca. 20C with 20% glue solutions and ca.
10 with 50 % glue solutions. The gelling points (in 0F on curves)
( 8 ).
of
glue solutions as affected by addition of chrome alum are shown
Figure 18 shows the relation of TJ to jelly strength of hide glues
in
Fig. 21 (33).
(").
Drying Behavior
The flow of starch pastes, under pressure, through a capillary
tube is shown in Fig. 19 and of dextrin pastes in Fig. 20. The
High grade liquid glues lose water much more slowly than low
numbers on the curves give the wt. % of dry solids in the pastes grade glues when dried at room temperatures ( 2 ).
( 16 ).
Rg. IO
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 11
2. GELATINS
Jelly Strength
The 77 of 10% hide and glue solutions, measured at 35 C, is
Alcohol
up
to
ca.
25
vol.
% tends to increase the rigidity of 10 %
decreased considerably by heating under pressure up to 5 atm.
gelatin gels; larger amounts cause a decrease. Acetone acts
for 1 to 5hr. (23).
Addition of anhydrous chrome alum in small percentages has similarly (20).
According to Bogue (15) the maximum jelly strength occurs
little or no effect on the 07 of glue solutions (33).
at pH = ca. 4, and minimum at pH = ca. 5, near the isoelectric
Gelling point
point. Sheppard and Sweet (27) find the maximum at the isoThe gelling point of a glue is the temperature at which appreci- electric point, pH = 4.7, with a minimum at pH = ca. 5.5 and a
second maximum at pH = 7.8.
able flow under the action of gravity ceases.
0
R. 15
Fi
Fig. 16
14
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig.20
Fig.
19
Figure 22 shows the influence of traces of Al salts on the rigidity of a 7% gelatin jelly (28).
For the effect of sulfuric, phosphoric and lactic acids on jelly
strength, see ( 4 ).
Figgi
a range rather than at a point. At 350C, time rate of change of

77 varies with the pH of the solution, the concentration and nature
of inorganic ions, and the amount of hydrolyzed protein present ( 3 ).
Figure 23 shows the variation of 77 at 350C (in arbitrary units)
with time for a 5% purified photographic gelatin, pH = 4.9 (18).
The 77 at 250C of solutions of gelatin in aqueous acetic acid is
given in Fig. 24. Curve (1) is for the two liquids alone, (2) for
0.2 g gelatin per 100 cm3 of solution, (3) for 0.6 g, (4) for 5 g, (5)
for 10 g, (6) for 15 g, (7) for 20 g per 100 cm3 (20).
The T] at 250C of solutions of gelatin (10 g per 100 cm3) in
formamide + water and formamide + acetic acid is given in
Fig. 25. The dotted curves are the 77 of the mixtures without the
gelatin (20).
Fig.25
Fig.23
Fie.24
Fie.22
Adhesive Strength
Slight hydrolysis increases the adhesive strength of high-grade
gelatin, while continued hydrolysis decreases it (13).
Viscosity
Gelatin in aqueous solution, as measured by the Mac Michael
viscometer, follows the laws of viscous flow at temperatures
above ca. 4O0C, but exhibits the properties of plastic flow below
the solidification point. The sol-gel transformation occurs over
Figure 26 shows the 77 at 280C of solutions of gelatin (5 g per

100 cm3) in methyl alcohol-water mixtures. A = 77 of fresh
solution; B = T ? after 30 min (20).
Figure 27 shows 77 at 3O0C of solutions of gelatin (15 g per 100
cm3) in methyl alcohol-water mixtures. A = freshly prepared;
B = after 15 min (20).
Figure 28 gives 77 at 250C of solutions of gelatin (2 g per 100
cm3) in ethyl alcohol-water mixtures. A = freshly prepared;
Fig.27
Fig.26
Fig.28
Rg.3l
Fig.29
Fig.30
Fig.3lc
Fig.3la
Fi|.3ld
Figure 31 gives t\ at 30 of solutions of gelatin (15 g per 100
cm3) in acetone-water mixtures. A = freshly prepared; B =
after 15 min (20).
The addition of pyridine to solutions of gelatin in water increases
rjj while addition of dimethylamine and diethylamine up to ca.
25 wt. % of solution decreases, and over 30% again increases 77
(20) cf_ (45, 46, 47).
0
Figure 29 gives t\ at 3O C of solutions of gelatin (10 g per 100

cm3) in ethyl alcohol-water mixtures. A = freshly prepared;
Figure 30 gives 17 at 350C of solutions of gelatin (10 g per 100
cm3) in acetone-water mixtures ( 20 ).
Plasticity and Elasticity

The temperature at which plasticity appears in gelatin solutions
depends both on the concentration and on the way in which the
solution is prepared ( 49 ).
Figure 3 la gives the change with time of the elastic resistance to

shear of dilute gelatin solutions (0.2-0.6%) at 80C ( 5 O).
Figures 310 arid 31c show the behavior of gelatin jellies under
torsion and stretch, respectively. The gelatin content of the
jellies is given in wt. % (51).
Figure 33 shows the variation of drop weight of gelatin-water

solutions with temperature, and Fig. 34 with pH ( 13 ).
Figure 35 shows the effect of pH on the drop weight of various
gelatin-water solutions containing 0.5% gelatin (13).
Fig-32
Rg.3lb
Rg.33
Fig.3le
Figure 3ld shows the behavior of gelatin jellies (3.4-4.5 wt. %

gelatin) which have been under a load of 500 g at 16.50F. The
portion of the load removed in order to keep the deformation
constant is given as a function of time ( 52 ).
Figure 3 Ie shows the relation between the elastic limit of
gelatin solutions and the concentration of the gelatin in the
solution. A = purified gelatin; B = a commercial gelatin.
Surface Tension ; y
Figure 32 shows the variation in the drop-weight of water solutions of ossein gelatin with varying concentrations of gelatin (13).
Fig.34
Figure 36 shows the effect of pH on a hide gelatin (0.5 and 1 wt.

% of gelatin) solution in water at 25 and 4O0C (13).
Figure 37-gives the variation in drop weight of 1 and 2% gelatin
in water solutions with time (13).
Figure 38 ( 20 ) shows th variation of 7 with temperature for

various gelatin solutions. Ai = pure H2O. A2 = 5 g gelatin per
100 cc water solution. B = pure formamide (same for 5 g gelatin
per 100 cc formamide solution). C = phenol-acetic acid mixture
(dotted line gives values of 7 after addition of gelatin, 5 g per 100
cm 3 of mixture). D = o-cresol-acetic acid mixture (dotted line
after addition of 5 g gelatin per 100 cm3 of mixture). EI = pure

acetic acid. E2 = pure acetic acid + 5 g. gelatin per 100 cm3.
The inset gives 7 for water-alcohol solutions of gelatin against
temperature. Solid curve for mixtures of alcohol-water. Dotted
curve for mixtures with 10 g gelatin per 100 cm3 solution.
Two per cent gelatin solutions at 3O0C by stalagmometer show a
rise in 7 to a maximum at pH = 8-9, falling to a minimum at pH =
4.5 and rising to a lower maximum at pH = 3 ( 12 ).
Fig.35
Fie.37
Fig.40
Fig.36
Fig.39
Fig.38
Fig.38a
THERMAL EXPANSION
Aqueous solutions of gelatin ( 37 )
Wt. % gelatin
0.02.025.04 8.910.416.524.8
~-6 ^y (15-32C)
241 249 267 289 300 341 386
Wt. % gelatin
Temp, of max, density
Fig.4l
OTO
+4.0
5760
+2.5
770513.00
+1.3
-1.2
Osmotic Pressure
Figure 39 gives the osmotic pressure at 1O0C of 0.5 g gelatin per
100 cm3 water solution against solutions of acids and bases of pH
value indicated ( 29 ).
Swelling and Contractility
Figure 40 shows the swelling behavior of dry gelatins when
immersed in pure H2O for the times indicated. The 10% gel was
prepared by drying a solution made from 90 g H2O + 1Og gelatin
and the 40% gel from a solution of 60 g H2O + 4 O g gelatin, the
dried pieces being of the same area and thickness ( ls ).
Fie.45
Fig-42
Fig.43
Fig.46
Figure 41 shows the influence of temperature, S/G = grams H2O

imbibed per gram gelatin ( 25 ).
Figures 42, 43, 44, and 45. Silver bromide emulsion gelatin on
plates when immersed in the solutions indicated for varying times
( 2S ).
The following table and Fig. 46 show the contractility of gelatin
films as measured by the curvature produced in thin Al discs coated
on one side with 10% gelatin solution and dried under uniform
conditions. In Fig. 46, the gelatin films were prepared from
de-ashed material, in solutions of the p H indicated ( 26 ).
CONTRACTILITY
Fie.44
See (54) for 7 between toluene and gelatin solutions.

Figure 38a shows the relation between pH and foam on aqueous
gelatin solutions, y for the solution being smallest at the isoelectric
point where the foam is most stable.
Gelatin
Radius
in cm
Commercial hard A. .
Commercial hard B. .
Ossein gelatin
Hide gelatin No. 6902
Same, de-ashed
Sizing gelatin
24
24.5
26
31
31
34
Curvature
1/R
0.041
0.0405
0.038
0.032
0.032
0.029
Remarks
f Good grade
{ photographic gelatins
Photographic quality
Good grade hide gelatin
Ash less than 0.01%
Poor grade
There is no definite relation between the contractility of gelatins

and their swelling on immersion in H2O, indicating that there are
individual structural differences in gelatins, depending not simply
on physico-chemical conditions but on origin and previous history
( 26 ).
Fig.47
Fig.48
Fig.49
Fig.50
Fig.5l
Fig.52
Fig.53
Gelatin shows two points of minimum swelling with change in

pH, one at pH = 4.7 and the other at pH = 7.7 ( 41 ).
For the swelling of gelatin in solutions of polybasic acids and
their salts, see ( 42 ).
Figure 47 shows the contraction in mm 3 per g of gelatin on
dissolving in 100 cm3 of H2O as a function of the H2O content of the
gelatin before dissolving, and Fig. 48 shows the contraction on
dissolving a gelatin of constant H2O content in 100 cm3 of acid or
alkali of varying normality (31).
Fig.54
The swelling of gelatin gels shows a maximum at pH = 3-3.5

and a minimum at pH = 5 ( 4 ). For effects of certain solutes in
increasing swelling v. ( 36 ).
Gelatin gels show a minimum resistance to stretch at pH = 4.7
and a maximum at pH = 3 and 11 ( 24 ).
Melting Point
Figure 49 shows the "M. P." of gelatins, prepared with different
pH values, as determined after immersion for a constant time in
alum solutions of the concentrations indicated ( 25 ).
Figure 50 shows the "M. P." of gelatins, prepared with different
pH values, as determined after immersion for a constant time in
alum solutions with 0.5 and 1.0% of citric acid ( 25 ).
Fig. 57. On the jelly strength of the product at 1O0C.

Fig. 58. On total N recovered in the solution after hydrolyzing
at temperatures indicated.
Fig. 59. On amino acid N in the solution after hydrolyzing at
temperatures indicated.
Fig. 60. On the total N recovered and Fig. 61 on the amino acid
N, in the solution after hydrolyzing at SO0C for times indicated.
Fig.55
Fig.57
Fig.58
Fig.56
<0.01 wt. % at room temp. ( 1 ^, is.).

Parts %0. 220C, 1; 18.3, 0.7; 15-17, 0.5; 0, 0.2 (35).
Solvent Power Numbers
The solvent power number is the relative volume of a liquid
required to start the precipitation of gelatin from a solution
containing 15 g gelatin per 100 cm3, upon mixing at 250C.
Figure 51 shows the solvent power numbers for acetone on
solutions of gelatin in acetic acid mixtures and Fig. 52 the same
values for xylene ( 20 ).
Hydrolysis of Collagen to Gelatin (6)
The experiments covered by the following figs, were carried out
on well limed hide pieces for periods of 8 hr unless otherwise
indicated and exhibit the effect of the pH during hydrolyzing on the
factors named:
Fig. 53. On the % of total N recovered in the solution.
Fig. 54. On the % of N evolved as NH3.
Fig. 55. On the % of amino acid N recovered in the solution.
Fig. 56. On the viscosity (in arbitrary units) of the product
at 350C.
Fig.59
Mutarotation
The change in specific rotation (mutarotation) of gelatin solutions of constant concentration, upon reducing the temperature
from 35 to 150C, decreases very rapidly with decreasing jelly consistency of the gelatin or glue ( 4 ), See also ( 17 > 35 > 48 ).
Electrical Conductivity
The conductivity of gelatin solutions in water is a useful criterion of the purity of the gelatin. The purest solutions which
have been prepared have the same conductivity as pure water ( 38 ).
See ( 39 ) for the conductivity of some gelatin and glu tin
solutions.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Alexander, Glue and Gelatin, New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1923. (2)
Bechhold and Neumann, 92, 37: 534; 24. (3) Bogue, , 44: 1313; 22.
(4) Bogue, l, 44: 1343; 22. ( 5 ) Bogue, Chemistry and Technology of Gelatine and Glue. New York and London, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,
1923. ( 6 ) Bogue, First Colloid Symposium Monograph. New York, Chem.
Cat. Co., 1923. (7) Bogue, 33, 23: 5; 20. () Bogue, 33, 23: 61; 20.
(9) Bogue, 33, 23: 105; 20.
(io) Bogue, 33, 23: 154; 20. (") Bogue, 33, 23: 197; 20. () de Caro, 22,
1: 729; 25. () Davis, Salisbury and Harvey, 45, 16: 161; 24. (U)
Gerngross and Brecht, 92, 37: 847; 24. (15) Gortner and Hoffman, 227,
19: 257; 22. (16) Herschel and Bergquist, 45, 18: 703; 21. (") Knaggs;
Manning and Schryver, 230, 17: 473; 23. ( 18 ) Manning, 230, 18: 1085,
24. (19) Manning and Schryver, 230, 15: 523; 21.
(20) Mardles, 880, 18: 215; 24. (2l) McBain and Hopkins, 50, 29: 188; 25,
(22) National Assoc. of Glue Mfrs., 46, 16: 310; 24. (23) Sauer, 136;
83: 473; 24. (24) Scarth, 50, 29: 1009; 25. (25) Sheppard, 45, 14: 1025.
22. (26) Sheppard, Elliott and Sweet, 83, 19 II: 1; 23. (27) Sheppard
and Sweet, 45, 16: 593; 24. (28) Sheppard, Sweet and Benedict, 1, 44:
1857; 22. (29) Smith, 1, 43: 1350; 21.
Fig.62
Fig60
Fig.61
Miscellaneous
For the extraction of gelatin from bones as a function of temperature and time, see ( 19 ).
Figure 62 shows the influence of pH on the alcohol number,
turbidity, and foam of gelatin solutions ( 4 ).
A method of determining the gelling power of gelatins is given
in (43).
For the liquefaction of gelatins by salt solutions, see ( 44 ).
(30) Stiasny, 55, 35: 353; 24. (31) Svedberg, I1 46: 2673; 24. (32) Tressler,
45, 16: 943; 24. (33) Wilson and Ross, 45, 15: 367; 22. (34) Wislicenus
and Lorenz, 55, 34: 207; 24. (35) Fairbrother and Swan, 4, 122: 1239; 22.
(36) Popoff and Seioff, 205, 156: 97; 25. (37) Taffel, 4, 121: 1971; 22.
(38) Rockefeller Institute, New York City, O. (39) Wintgen and Vogel,
55, 30: 45; 22.
(40) Thiele, Leim und Gelatin. 2nd ed. Leipzig, Jaenecke, 1914. (41) Wilson
and Kern, 1, 44: 2633; 22. ( 4 2 ) Fischer and Hooker, 1, 40: 857; 18. ' (43)
Smith, 45, 12: 878; 20. (44) Briggs and McHieber, 50, 24: 74; 20. (45)
Oakes and Davis, 45, 14: 706; 22. (46) Davis, Oakes and Browne, 1,
43: 1526; 21. (47) Bogue, 1, 43: 1764; 21. () Smith, I1 41: 135; 19.
(49) Sheppard, 50, 29: 1224; 25.
(50) Rohloff and Shinjo, 63, 8: 442; 07. (51) Sheppard and Sweet, 1, 43: 540;
21. (52) Rankine, 3, 11: 447; 06. (53) Freundlich and Seifriz, 7, 104:
233; 23. (54) Sheppard and Sweet, 1, 44: 2797; 22. (55) Sheppard, Third
Colloid Symposium Monograph. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1925. ( 5 6 )
Second Report of the Adhesives Research Committee (Dept. of Sei. Ind.
Research, London, 1926) contains valuable information on adhesive action,
glue, gelatin, etc.
TEXTILE FIBERS
J. MERRITT MATTHEWS
CONTENTS
Botanical classification.
Microscopical characteristics.
Cotton.
Physical properties.
Silk.
Rayon.
Wool.
Cordage fibers.
Minor hair fibers.
Fur fibers.
Comparative breaking
strengths.
Specific gravity.
Specific heat.
Hygroscopic moisture.
Effect of humidity.
Regain relations.
Fireproofing of cotton.
MATIRES
Classification botanique.
Caractristiques
microscopique.
Coton.
Proprits physiques.
Soie. .
Soie artificielle.
Laine.
Fibre de corde.
Cheveux.
Poils.
Rsistances la traction comparatives.
Poids spcifique.
Chaleur spcifique.
Hygroscopicit
Action de l'humidit.
Relations de recouvrement.
Rendrant le coton incombustible.
BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF IMPORTANT

VEGETABLE FIBERS
(A) Vegetable hairs.
1. Cotton (seed-hairs of Gossypium sp.).
2. Bombax cotton (fruit-hairs of Bombace).
3. Vegetable silks (seed-hairs of various Asclepiadace and
Apocynace).
(B) Bast fibers from the stalks and stems of dicotyledonous plants.
(a) Flax-like fibers.
4. Flax (Linum usitatissimum).
5. Hemp (Cannabis saliva).
6. Gambo hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus).
7. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea).
8. Queensland hemp (Sida retusa).
9. Yercum fiber (Calotropis gigantea).
(b) Bcehmeria fibers.
10. Ramie or China grass (Bhmeria nivea).
(c) Jute-like fibers.
11. Jute (Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius).
12. Raibhenda (Abelmoschus tetraphyllos).
13. Pseudo-jute (Urena sinuata}.
(d) Coarse bast fibers.
14. Bast fibers from Bauhinia racemosa.
15. Bast fibers from Thespesia lampas.
16. Bast fibers from Cordia lati/olia.
(e) Basts.
17. Linden bast (Tilia sp.).
18. Bast from Sterculia villosa.
19. Bast from Holoptelea integri/olia.
20. Bast from Kydia calycina.
21. Bast from Lasiosyphon speciosus.
22. Bast from Sponia Wightii.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Einteilung (bot.).
Mikroskopisches Verhalten.
INDICE
p AGE
Classificazione botanica. . . 231
Caratteri microscopici
232
Baumwolle.
Physikalische Eigenschaften.
Seide.
Kunstseide.
Wolle.
Seilfasern.
Haare.
Pelzhaare.
Vergleichende Bruchfestigkeit.
Cotone
Propriet
fisiche
Seta
Seta artificiale
Lana
Fibre da cordame
Peli
Fibre da pelliccia
Resistenza relativa alla
trazione
Peso specifico
Calore specifico
Umidit igroscopica
Effetto dell'umidit
Relazioni di riacquisto . . . .
Spezifische Wrme.
Hygroskopizitt.
Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit.
Wiederherstellungs-Beziehungen.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
Unbrennbarmachung der Baumwolle.
233
233
234
234
235
235
235
236
236
237
237
237
237
238
Conduttivit termica
238
II rendere incombustible il
cotone
239
(C) Vascular bundles from monocotyledonous plants.

(a) Leaf fibers.
23. Manila hemp or abaca (Musa textilis and others of
this kind).
24. Pita (Agave americana and A. mexicana).
25. Sisal (Agave rigida).
26. Mauritius hemp (Agave ftida).
27. New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax).
28. Aloe fibers (Alo sp.).
29. Bromelia fibers (Bromelia sp.).
30. Pandanus fibers (Pandanus sp.).
31. Sansevieria fibers (Sansevieria sp.).
32. Esparto fibers (Stipa tenacissima).
33. Piassave (Attalea funi/era, Raphia vinifera, etc.),
(b) Stem fibers.
34. Tillandsia fibers, southern moss (Tillandsia usneoides).
(c) Fruit fibers.
35. Coir or coconut fiber (Cocos nudfera).
36. Peat fibers.
(d) Paper fibers.
37. Straw fibers (rye, wheat, oat, rice).
38. Esparto fibers (leaf fibers of Stipa tenacissima).
39. Bamboo fibers (Bambusa sp.).
40. Wood fiber (pine, fir, aspen, etc.).
41. Bast fiber from paper mulberry (Broussonetia
papyrifera).
42. Bast fiber from Edgeworthia papyrifera.
43. Peat fibers.
(Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches)
MICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPORTANT

VEGETABLE FIBERS
Fiber
Cotton
Flax
Hemp
Jute
Manila hemp
(abaca)
Manila hemp,
sisal or Domingo hemp.
Straw
Esparto
Ramie
New Zealand
flax.
Pitaf i b e r .. . .
Microscopical appearance
Appears as a flat, ribbon-like band, more or less
twisted on its longitudinal axis. Twist of fiber
not continuous in one direction; cell-walls thick;
lumen breadth much thicker than cell-wall;
between thickened edges fiber shows finely
granulated surface. Diameter uniform for %
length, then tapers to a point where it is cylindrical and solid
Cylindrical tapering to sharp point; cell-wall so
thick that lumen appears as thread; fine crosslines at intervals give appearance of joints or
nodes, sometimes intersecting like letter X
Lumen is broad, equaling or exceeding the thickness of the walls. Pronounced longitudinal
striations. Ends of fibers blunt and thickwalled, often with lateral branches. Dislocations or folds; also swellings and crossfissures. Fibers less transparent than flax and
canal more difficult to distinguish
Lumen irregular, at times as wide as or wider than
cell-wall; at ends of fiber lumen broadens out;
end round. Longitudinal striations, no transverse markings, no jointed ridges
Lumen broad, distinct and uniform ; cell-wall thin ;
ends narrow and sharp; no markings; diameter
uniform
Fibers usually very stiff, and become very broad
toward middle; have broad lumen, broad, blunt,
thick ends, which are seldom forked. Short
thick-walled cells are abundant, and show a
narrow lumen and distinct surface pores. Peculiar spiral and parenchyma cells are often
present
Bast cells are long thin fibers of regular structure
with small canal; very slender and taper to fine
point. Epidermal cells are thick-walled, short,
broad, serrated. Parenchyma cells thin-walled
and shaped like coffee bean
Cells smaller than, but very similar to, straw
cellulose. Esparto does not have the thin-walled
bean-shaped cells, but has very small characteristic pear-shaped cells. 'Bast cells have numerous cross-markings
Bast cells very long and broad, diameter very
irregular; base very irregular; lumen, sometimes
quite distinct, and sometimes disappearing
entirely; fibers show numerous joints and transverse fissures; ends of fibers form a thick-walled,
rounded point, and the lumen is reduced to a line
Fiber elements, or cells, are usually very regular
and uniform, surface is smooth in general.
Lumen is usually narrower than cell-wall and
very uniform in width. Ends are sharply
pointed, and not divided. Fragments of parenchyma and epidermis can often be seen on the
fibers
Fiber is stiff and short, has a rather thin wall.
Fiber has a distinctive wavy appearance and is
very elastic. Very similar to sisal hemp in
microscopical appearance
Fiber
Microscopical appearance
Pineapple leaf Fiber very fine and has great durability. Lumen
fiber.
narrow and appears like a line. This fiber is
distinguished from all other leaf fibers by its
extreme fineness
C o n i f e r o u s Fibers from coniferous trees have a characteristic
wood fibers. flat ribbon-like appearance, and numerous circular spots or pores are to be seen on many of them.
The circular markings are more prominent in
hard, strong sulfites or sulfates, but are often less
distinct in well-boiled pulps. Occasionally the
cells are twisted something like cotton fibers.
The shape and distribution of the pores in the
fibers give some indication of the tree used
B r o a d - l e a f The fibers from broad-leaf trees are shorter and
h a r d w o o d more cylindrical in shape, and are always pointed
at each end, and occasionally exhibit crossfibers.
markings. In addition to the true fibers, there
are always a number of vessels, tubular in shape,
short and of very large diameter, which show
numerous pits; these establish the presence of
fibers from broad-leaf trees
DIMENSIONS OF FIBER ELEMENTS
Length, mm
j Breadth, microns
Min. I Max. |Mean| Min. [Max. |Mean
Abelmoschus tetraphyllos
0.1
1.6
8
29
13
Agave americana (pita)
1.0
2.2
16
21
17
1.5
4
2.5 20
32
24
1.3
3.7
15 24
Aloe perfoliata
10
30
20
44
Asclepias (vegetable silk)
Bauhinia racemosa
1.5
4.0
8
20
Beaumontia (vegetable silk)
30
45
33
50
Boehmeria nivea (China grass) . . .
22.0 40
80
50
Boehmeria tenacissima (ramie) . . .
8.0 16 12.6
Bombax heptaphyllum (cotton
20
30
19
29
wool)
Br omelia karatas (silk grass)
1.4
6.7
27
42
2.5 10
5
20
32
24
Bromelia pinguin (wild pineapple)
0.8
2.5
2
8
16
13
Calotropis gigantea (bast)
0.7
3.0
18
25
Calotropis gigantea (vegetable
silk)
20
30
12
42
38
Cannabis saliva (hemp)
0.8
4.1
16
32
20
5 55
20
16
50
22
Cocos nucifera (coir fiber)
0.4
0.9
12
20
16
0.4
1
0.7 12
24
20
C or chorus capsularis (jute)
0.8
4.1
10
21
16
1.5
5
2
20
25 22.5
C or chorus olitorius (jute)
0.8
4.1
16
32
20
Cordia latifolia
0.1
1.6
14.7 16.8 15
Corypha umbraculifera (talipot
palm)
1.5
5
3
16
28
24
Crotalaria juncea (sunn hemp). . . 0.5
6.9
20
42
4 12
8
25
50
30
Elaeis guineensis
1.5
3.5 2.5 10
13
11
Esparto grass
1.5
1.9
9
15
0.5
3.5 1.5
7
18
12
Gossypium acuminatum (cotton) .
28.4 20.1 29.9 29.4
Gossypium arboreum (cotton). . . .
25.0 20 37.8 29.9
Gossypium barbadense (cotton). . .
40.5 19.2 27.9 25.2
Gossypium conglomeratum (cotton)
35.1 17 27.1 25.9
Gossypium herbaceum (cotton).
18.2 11.9 22 18.5
See also following table
Hibiscus cannabinus (gambo
hemp)
2 6
5
14 33 21
4.0 12.0
20
41
Holoptelea integrifolia
0.9
2.1
9
14
12
Humulus lupulus (hop)
4 19
10
12
26
16
Ky dia calycina
1 2
17 24
Lagetta lintearia (lace bark)
3
6
5
10
20
Lasiosyphon speciosus
0.4
5.1
8
29
Linen
4 66
25
15
37
20
Linum usitatissimum (flax)
2.0
4.0
12
25
16
Lygaeum spartum
1.3
4.5 2.5 12
20
15
Name
W
W
V
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
V
V
W
W
W
V
W
V
W
V
W
W
V
W
V
V
W
V
W
W
W
W
W
V
W
W
V
W
V
W
V
W
V
DIMENSIONS OF FIBER ELEMENTS. (Continued)

Length, mm
Name
| Breadth, microns
j
Min. I Max. j Mean | Min. |Max. |Mean
Marsdenia (vegetable silk)

Manritta flexuosa (ita palm) . . . .
Melilotus alba (sweet clover) . . . .
Musa paradisaica (banana)
Musa textilis (Manila)
Pandanus odoratissimus
Paper mulberry
Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) . .
Phormium tenax (New Zealand
flax)
Pineapple
Raphia toedigera
Salix alba (willow)
Sansevieria
Sarothamnus vulgaris (broomgrass)
Sida retusa
Spartium junceum (feather-grass)
Sponia Wightii
Sterculia villosa
Strophanthus (vegetable silk) . . . .
Thespesia lampas
Tilia europaea (linden-bast)
10
1
5
25
3
18
12
4.2
25
6
1.5
10
5
6
19
10
20
20
16
33
16
36
40
32
3
1.0
10
3
16
1.5
5.6
15
9
3
3
6
9
5
2.5
2
3
2
0.8
5
9
2.3
16
2
2.5
5
3
1.5
24
12
30
28
24
20
30
20
W
V
V
V
V
W
V
V
8
10
4
12
17
15
29
20
8
20
30
26
13
16
6
16
22
20
W
V
V
V
V
V
10
15
25
25
15
V
W
V
W
W
W
W
V
,W
W
W
V
V
10
4
17
49
12
14
25
92
21
20
6
Tillandsia
9
U rena sinuata
20
Urtica dioica (nettle)
Urtica nivea (ramie) See also
Boehmeria
0.5
6
4
10
Yucca
V = Vtillard, tudes sur les fibres vgtales textiles.
Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches.
15
24
70
80
African
Algerian
Brazilian
Ceara
Maceo
Maranham
Paraiba
Fernambuco
Surinam
American
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
Mobile
Orleans..
Tennessee
Texas
Upland
Chinese
Egyptian
Brown
Gallini
Smyrna
White
Indian
Bengal
Broach
Comptah
Dharwar
Dhollerah
Hingunghat
1.5
10
0.9
1.2
1.1
0.2
1.1
4
60
3.5
56
4.7
5
2
2.6
0.5
3.2
57
27
250 120
22.1
30.2
23.9
34.8
28.4
20
21
20
16
16
15
15
50
50
20
15
V
W = Wiesner, Die
COTTON
DIMENSIONS OF COTTON FIBERS
Length, mm
Max. I Min. | Av.
30^2
22.1
26^2
37.5
30.2
Source
Diameter,
microns
20Ts
26.2
29.3
26.9
29.7
31.8
30.2
20.1
25.4
25.0
24.2
22.1
26.2
25.1
25.4
23.9
21.4
10.3
13.4
19.4
19.2
15.0
19.4
19.4
24.1
20.1
20.1
25.4
28.4
19.1
23.9
28.4
26.9
22.1
20.6
38.1
42.4
28.4
34.8
28.4
31.7
22.1
28.4
33.3
36.3
25.4
31.7
18.7
17.1
22.8
19.5
25.4
25.4
25.4
22.6
26.9
30.2
19.1
17.5
19.1
17.5
21.3
22.1
22.1
21.3
22.1
22.1
22.6
26.2
22.1
21.1
21.5
21.1
21.5
21.1
DIMENSIONS OF COTTON FIBERS.(Continued)

Length, mm
Diameter,
Max. I Min. | Av.
microns
Madras
25.4
19~1
22~I21.1
Oomrawutte
26.9
19.1
21.9
21.5
Scinde
22.1
12.7
16.5
21.3
Tinnevelly
26.9
17.5
22.1
21.1
Peruvian
Rough
36.6
23.5
32.5
19.8
Smooth
36.6
23.5
32.5
19.5
Sea Island
41.9
9.65
Edisto
Fiji
53.8
42.4
46.6
16.2
Fitschi
48.7
16.7
Florida
45.9
38.1
41.9
16.2
John Isle
39.3
Peruvian
44.5
34.8
39.6
17.1
Tahiti
44.5
31.7
38.1
16.3
Wodomalam
39.0
West Indian
34.8
26.9
31.0
22.8
Physical Properties of Individual Cotton Fibers
Rigidity,
Weight,
V a r i e t v L e n g t h ,
cm
dynes cm 2
10~6 g
Sea-island
4.2-5 0.010-0.021 5.9-6.7
Egyptian nubarri
3.6
0.024
6.3
Egyptian affifi
3.1
0.032
5.6
Peruvian hybrid
2.9
0.063
7.7
Trinidad native
2.6
0.045
4.9
Upland Memphis
2.6
0.039
5.3
American FGM
2.4
0.061
5.6
Upland cross
2.3
0.045
5.0
Pernams
2.2
0.071
6.7
Indian Bharat
1.7
0.111
5.8
The rigidity of the fiber is the torque, or twisting force, in the
fiber when 1 cm is given one complete twist.
Pierce1 furnishes the following physical factors for the cotton
fiber, that may be calculated approximately from the staple length :
Staple length
L (in cm)
Fiber mass
5 . 8 X 10~6 g
Mass per centimeter
(5.8/L) X 10~6 g
Wall cross section
(3.9/L) X 10~6 cm 2
Rigidity
0.3/L 2 dynes cm 2
Breaking load
20/L g
Fibers in yarn section
1000L/AT or (L"/4AT) X IO 4
Initial couple in yarn
3QQt/LN = 30Op/L VF
The density of the cotton fiber is assumed as 1.51; N is the count
of the yarn, L" is the staple length in inches, t is the twist, and p
the sninning factor t/-\/N.
BREAKING STRENGTHS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF COTTON
_
Cotton
Sea-island (Edisto)
Queensland
Egyptian
Maranham
Bengal
Fernambuco
New Orleans
Upland
Surat (Dhollerah)
Surat (Comptah)
1
W, 14: 7; 23.
Mean breaking strain

:
;
Grains | Grams
83.9
5.45
147.6
9.59
127.2
7.26
107.1
6.96
100.6
6.53
140.2
9.11
147.7
9.61
104.5
6.79
141.9
9.22
163.7
10.64
ABSORPTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE BY CoTTON1
Mercer- Mercerized and ized and

Bleached,
bleached, bleached, chloride
sodium
electroof lime
lytic
hypobleach
chlorite
5.00
3.06
3.03
Loss in weight, %. . .
2.04
1.14
1.11
Loss in length, % . . .
17.02
17.35
17.02
Mean count
85.94
17.66
Lea break, in Ib . . . . 87.12
Double thread
24.14
27.58
break, in oz
28.08
Double thread
10.78
13.76
stretch, in ^ in . . . 11.09
20.07
20.25
Mean turns per in . . 20.20
Moisture, % as re5:28
7.59
7.55
gain
Bleached,
sodium
hypochlorite
4.91
1.73
17.45
79.97
23.93
5.46
Size of
cocoon,
in.
China 0.000520.00071 1.3

Italy 0.000530.00068 .2
Japan 0.000570.00069 .2
1.9
1.9
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.6 1.1X0.5
2.6 1.2X0.6
3.1 1.1X0.6
Bengal
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
.8
.5
.9
.7
2.6
2.4
2.0
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.7
2.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
1.6
1.4
6.6
1.5
2.4
2.8
2.4
2.1
2.8
2.6
7.8
3.0
3.5
4.8
4.0
4.1
Japan 0.000880.00096 2.0
4.0
6.8
7.5 1.5X0.8
India
0.00120
China 0.001180.00138 2.0
1
Murphy, Textile Industries, p. 6.
2.7
3.2
2.0X0.8
5.8 1.6X0.8
Bombyx mori
Bombyx mori
Bombyx mor
Bombyx fortunatus
Bombyx textor. . . .
Anthera mylitta
Attacus ricini. . . .
Attacus cynthia..
Anthera, assama.
Attacus selene. . . .
Attacus atlas
Anthera yamamai
Cricula
trifenestrata
Anthera pernyi. .
0.000450.00051
0.000420.00047
0.00161 0.00172
0.000850.00093
0.000830.00097
0.001280.00125
0.001000.00109
0.001020.00111
1.2X0.5
1.2X1.5
1.5X0.8
1.5X0.8
1.8X0.8
1.8X1.0
3.0X1.2 1
3.5X0.8
TENSILE STRENGTH
13.97
20.11
Bleached,
Bleached,
Bleached,
sodium
Bleached,
chloride of
electrolytic
hypoelectrobleach and
lime and
chlorite
lytic
mercermercerand merbleach
ized
ized
cerized
3.40
3.37
3.37
4.88
Loss in weight, %
0.17
0.63 0. 10 gain
Loss in length, %.
1.97
17.24
17.58
17.40
17.40
Mean count
80.28
80.47
78.28
79.78
Lea break, in Ib . .
Double t h r e a d
26.52
26.14
23.65
25.85
break, in oz . . . .
Double t h r e a d
9.08
9.23
8.90
13.78
stretch, in TV in .
19.32
19.91
19.59
19.89
Mean turns per in.
Moisture, % as
7.69
8.19
7.63
5.42
regain
) 290, 27; 178; 11.
Country
Name of silk
Tensile
strength,
dr
fibers
10.25
19.99
7.34
Elasticity,
in. in 1 ft.
Diameter, in.
fibers
11.08
19.57
7.18
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SILK FiBERs1
Inner
14.22
19.88
5.07
Report Lyon's Conditioning House.
The single silk filament in the double cocoon thread, therefore, is

about 1 y to 1 Vz deniers in size.
fibers
20.57
20.18
5.86
Outer
4.61
1.00
17.42
82.19
26.12
Mercerized
fibers
Loss in weight, %
Loss in length, %
Mean count
Lea break, in Ib
Double thread break, in oz . . .
Double thread stretch, in re
in
Mean turns per in
Moisture, % as regain
Boiled
Inner
5.53
1.95
17.66
72.41
23.26
Gray
Outer
O
O
16.46
97.0
27.68
Mercerized
and
bleached,
chloride
of lime
3.02
0.37
17.35
86.41
27.55
fibers
Thorns1 obtained the following results on the effect of mercerizing and bleaching on cotton yarns :
Inner
Effect of Mercerizing on the Physical Properties of Cotton Yarns
| Size in deniers
3.06
3.03
2.87
2.84
2.81
2.73
2.61
2.64
2.68
2.12
1.96
fibers
i Vieweg, 8o, 40: 3876; 07.
Source
Yellow Piedmont
Yellow Cevennes
White Persians
Yellow Adrianople
Yellow Tuscan
Yellow Salonika
Yellow Greece
Yellow Hungarian
White Turkestan
White Japanese
White Chinese
Outer
Concn. NaOH, g
per 100 cc H 2 O. . 0 . 4 2 06.08.0 12 16 2024 28 33 35 40
g NaOH fixed per
100 g cotton. . . .0.40.92.74.48.412.6131315.420.422.522-.5
SILK
SIZES OF COCOON THREADS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES1
Chinese silk
French raw silk
French silk, boiled off
French silk, dyed red and weighted
French silk, blue-black, weighted 110 %
French silk, black, weighted 140%
French silk, black, weighted 500 %
kg/mm 2
Dry
I Wet
53.2
46.7
50.4
40.9
25.5
13.6
20.0
15.6
12.1
8.0
7.9
6.3
2.2
RAYONS OR ARTIFICIAL SILKS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Type
Natural silk
Chardonnet
Lehner
Cuprammonium
Gelatin
Viscose
Breaking
strain per
denier in g
2.50
0.93
1.43
1.64
0.63
1.40
Elasticity, %
21.6
8.0
7.5
12.5
3.8
9.5
BREAKING STRENGTH1
BREAKING STRENGTH
kg/mm
ype
Chardonnet's collodion, undyed

Lenher's collodion, undyed
Strehlenert's collodion, undyed
Cuprammonium, undyed
Viscose early samples
Viscose latest samples
Cotton yarn (for comparison)
"
~~~
Type
Dry
I Wet
14.7
17.1
15.9
19.1
11.4
21.5
11.5
1.7
4.3
3.6
3.2
3.5
Tensile strength per denier

"Li
Dry
I
Wet
Viscose
Acetate
Cuprammonium
1.3-1.8
1.3-1.4
1.4
18.6
Elasticity, %
0.4-0.8
1.5
0.55
15
20
16
WOOL
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON STRENGTH1
Average
strength of
warp strips, Ib.
160.0
130.7
123.6
156.3
Treatment
Before treatment
After wetting
Damp
Air-dry
Average elongation before

rupture, in.
2.26
4.53
4.46
2.67
Moisture
content,
%
10.04
53.0
33.0
10.54
i
T ^. , ,
Kind of wool
-
High
44.54
30.00
36.72
21.29
45.15
11.92
Cotswold
Leicester
Lincoln....
Southdown
Oxford
Merino....
1
Strength in g
r
Low
I Average
16.10
30.44
15.50
23.70
15.79
25.66
6.48
12.78
19.15
30.43
3.86
7.35
McMurtie, Reports on the examination of wool fibers.
ACTION OF CAUSTIC SODA ON BREAKING STRENGTH

NaOH
solution, 0Be
Untreated wool
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
Breaking
strength, g
610
510
475
250
180
95
200
240
NaOH
solution, 0Be
32
36
40
42
44
48
50
Breaking
strength, g
420
580
770
815
740
720
620
i Woodmansey, 290, 1918, 227.
ABSORPTION OP VARIOUS AciDs1
% acid used
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Hydrochloric acid |
Sulfuric
PermaAbsorbed,
Absorbed,
nently
retained,
%
%
%
0.97
0.97
0.63
1.90
1.51
0.58
1.97
2.67
0.71
2.32
3.58
0.78
3.48
0.61
2.25
2.40
0.72
3.86
3.72
2.47
0.63
2.71
3.80
0.76
3.62
2.40
0.51
0.61
2.58
3.79
0.74
2.81
4.17
2.69
0.61
4.06
acid
|
Oxalic acid
|
Acetic acid
|
Formic acid
PermaPermaPermaPermanently
nently
Absorbed,
Absorbed,
nently
Absorbed,
nently
retained,
retained,
retained,
retained,
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
0.78
0.94
0.72
0.33
0.73
0.63
0.15
1.48
1.72
0.94
0.34
0.71
0.73
0.95
1.76
2.46
0.94
0.72
0.54
0.95
0.97
2.12
3.16
0.83
1.33
0.35
1.35
1.06
1.97
3.62
1.51
1.27
0.91
1.51
0.86
1.90
4.06
1.31
1.19
1.78
1.16
0.83
2.09
4.67
1.09
1.53
0.64
1.58
0.68
2.04
5.16
1.25
1.78
0.65
0.70
1.55
1.92
5.03
1.30
1.53
0.68
0.71
1.71
2.00
5.16
1.39
1.39
0.55
0.73
1.48
2.23
5.61
1.41
1.71
0.65
0.78
1.81
2.03
5.77
1.54
1.47
0.64
1.40
0.56
i Fort and Lloyd, 290, 1914, 5.
Fiber
Sisal
Sansevieria
Manila (abaca)
Hedychium
Cotton fiber
Cellulose mono fil
Strong paper
CORDAGE FIBERS
RELATIVE STRENGTHS
BreakCalcu- Break- Breaking
Breaking
ing
lated
strain
ing
cross strain, strain,
of
length,
section g per
tons
thread
km
in mm 2 mm 2 per in.2
in g
1375 0.0240 57 300 36.2
38.2
1289 0.0224 57 540 36.6
38.4
1655 0.0181 91 430 58.0
60.9
828 0.0093 89 300 56.7
59.1
8.2 0.00026 31 458 20.0
22.8
294 0.0140 21 000 13.3
14.0
10.0
MINOR HAIR FIBERS1

j
Length, in
Strength
Luster
Color
Fineness, in
Handle
Form of staple . . . .
Uniformity
Uses
Mohair
9
Very strong
Very high
White
1/700
Fairly soft
Straight
Uniform
Dress fabrics,
linings, upholsteries
1
Barker, Textile Mfr.
Alpaca
| Camel-hair
12
Fairly strong
High
Vari-colored
5
Fairly strong
Good
Brownish
1/800
Soft
Straight
Uniform
Dress fabrics,
linings
1/800
Soft
Fairly curly
Fair
Dress fabrics
J Cashmere
3
Fairly strong
Good
Brown and
white
1/12 000
Very soft
Fairly curly
Fair
Shawls and
hosiery
The "breaking length" refers to a length of fiber or thread that

will break of its own weight.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESI
BreakBreaking
Weight
ing
strain
per yd.,
Fiber
length
per
gr
strand, in yd.
g
Abaca (Manila hemp), Musa textilis:
82.2
46.6
0.567
Highest
32.2
0.962
31.0
Lowest
34.8
0.772
45.0
Average
Henequen (Yucatan sisal), Agave four21.8
0.765
16.7
croya
Sisal (Hawaii and East Africa), Agave
38.4
22.7
sisalana
0.616
Cantala (Manila maguey), Agave cantala 0.429
9.6
22.3
Phormium (New Zealand hemp), Phor28.5
0.659
18.8
mium tenax
21.5
Zapupe Vincent (Agave lespinassei)
0.722
29.7
Cabuya (from Costa Rica), Furcraea
0.574
32.2
20.0
cabw/a
1
Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.
Comparative Strengths
The following results were from tests made on ropes of the same
size and 1.2 m in length1:
COMPARATIVE STRENGTHS, DRY AND WET
Fiber
I Dry, kg | Wet, kg
Hemp from Calcutta
72
86
Sunn hemp (fresh retted)
51
72
Sunn hemp (retted after drying).'
27
35
Jute (Corchorus capsularis)
65
66
Jute (Corchorus olitorius)
51
56
Jute (Corchorus strictus)
47
52
Gambo hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus)....
52
60
Roselle hemp (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
41
53
Hibiscus abelmoschus
49
49
Ramie (Bhmeria tenacissima)
110
126
i Royle, Fibrous Plants of India.
COMPARATIVE STRENGTHS OF PREPARED ROPES, AND OF ROPES

AFTER STEEPING IN WATER 116 DAYS
WaterPrepared ropes
soaked,
Fiber
Natural | Tanned | Tarred natural
Hemp, English
47
Rotted
Hemp, Calcutta
34
63
20
Rotted
24
Coir
39
Rotted
Sunn hemp
31
31
27
Jute...
31
31
28
18
Rotted
Linen, Calcutta
17
Rotted
Agave americana
50
36
35
Sansevieria zeylanica
54
33
22
13
OKRA, JUTE AND OTHER CORDAGE FIBERS
Breaking strain, Ib.
Dry
I
Wet
Indian okra
79
95
Jute
113
125
Hemp (Bengal)
158
190
Hibiscus cannabinus
115
133
Hibiscus sabdariffa
95
117
Hibiscus strictus
104
115
Hibiscus furcatus
89
92
FUR FIBERS1
RELATIVE DURABILITY
.
a
Species
_
Durability
, ,,
^r n .
(otter = 100)
Beaver
Bear, black or brown
Chinchilla
Ermine
Fox, natural
Fox, dyed
Goat
Hare
Kolinsky
Leopard
Lynx
Marten (skunk)
Mink, natural
Mink, dyed
Mole
Muskrat
Nutria (Coypu rat), plucked
Otter, sea
Otter, inland
Opossum
Rabbit
Raccoon, natural
Racoon, dyed
Sable..
Seal, hair
Seal, fur
Squirrel, gray
Wolf
Wolverene :
1
90
94
15
25
40
20-25
15
5
25
75
25
70
70
35
7
45
25
100
100
37
5
65
50
60
80
80
20-25
50
100
Peterson, The Fur Trade and Fur Bearing Animals.
COMPARATIVE BREAKING STRENGTHS

Breaking
length
in km
25.0
8.3
33.0
24.0
20.0
20.0
30.0
31.8
17.8
24.5
Fiber
Cotton
Wool
Raw silk
Flax
Jute
Ramie
Hemp
Manila hemp
Coconut
Vegetable silk
Tensile strength
Elasticity
Torsion
fibers
fiber
Ramie
OO
100
100
Hemp
36
75
95
Breaking
strength,
kg per mm 2
37.6
10.9
44.8
35.2
28.7
28.7
45.0
47.7
29.2
35.9
Flax | Silk
25~
13
66
400
80
600
| Cotton
12
100
400
TENSILE STRENGTHS OF FIBERS FOR EQUAL CROSS SECTIONS

T
^ - J of û
Kind
fiber
Human hair
Lincoln wool
Leicester
Northumberland
Southdown
Australian merino
_____
Relative
strength
100
96.4
119.9
130.9
62.3
122.8
TENSILE STRENGTHS OF FIBERS FOR EQUAL CROSS SECTIONS.

(Continued)
TKind
^ - J ofr û
Relative
fiber
,
,,
strength
Saxony merino
224.6
Mohair
136.2
Alpaca
358.5
Cotton, Egyptian
201.8
COMPARATIVE STRENGTHS OF EQUIVALENT YARNS
Breaking strain, in oz.
:
i
1-m. test I 27-in. test
Tram silk
45.0
40.0
Ramie
34.5
24.5
Linen
29.5
18.0
American cotton,
17.0
13.5
Viscose rayon
11.0
11.0
Luster worsted
9.0
5.0
Botany worsted
7.5
3.5
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
Determined in benzene (Vignon)
Silk, raw
1.30 to 1.37
Silk, boiled-off
1.25
Wool
1.28 to 1.33
Cotton
1.50 to 1.55
Mohair
1.30
Hemp
1.48
Ramie
1.51 to 1.52
Linen
1.50
Jute
1.48
SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heat of all vegetable textile fibers thus far tested is
practically that of cellulose, 0.32,-1 wool, 0.325; silk, 0.33; asbestos,
0.25; glass wool, 0.157.
Kind of varn
!Limits observed by Dietz, Leipzig Monatsch. Textilind., 1912: 85, 0.3190.327.
HYGROSCOPIC MOISTURE
VEGETABLE FIBERS1
,
Fiber
Air-dry
,.,.
^
condition, %
Cotton
Flax (Belgian)
Jute
China-grass
Manila hemp (abaca)
Sunn hemp
Hibiscus cannabinus
Abelmoschus tetraphyllos
Esparto
Vrena sinuata
Piassave
Sida retusa
Aloe per/oliata
Bromelia karatas
Thespesia lampas
Cardia lati/olia
Bauhinia racemosa
Tillandsia
fiber
Pita
Calotropis gigantea (bast)
1
Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches.
6.66
5.70
6.00
6.52
12.50
5.31
7.38
6.80
6.95
7.02
9.26
7.49
6.95
6.82
10.83
8.93
7.84
9. OO
12.30
5.67
Maximum
amount
1
hygroscopic
water, %
20.99
13.90
23.30
18.15
50. OO
10.87
14.61
13.00
13.32
15.20
16.98
17.11
18.03
18.19
18.19
18.22
19.12
20.50
30.00
13.13
COTTON AND MERCERIZED CoTTON1
I
Ordinary cotton, unbleached
Ordinary cotton, bleached
Mercerized without tension, unbleached
Mercerized without tension, bleached
Mercerized with tension, unbleached
Mercerized with tension, bleached
%
6.52
6.25
9.33
9.12
8.28
8.05
iHiggins, 64, 28: 188; 09.
MOISTURE FIXED BY VARIOUS FIBERS AT 10O0C IN AN ATMOSPHERE

SATURATED WITH STEAM
Fiber, previously dried at IQO0C
Bleached white cotton
Unbleached linen
Unbleached jute
Bleached silk
Bleached and mordanted wool
| Water fixed, %
23.0
27.7
28.4
36.5
50.0
(Scheurer, Bull. Soc. Ind. MuIh., 1900: 89.)
MOISTURE ABSORBED BY VARIOUS FIBERS AT 750F UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF HUMIDITY

Moisture,
Relative
humidCot- Silk
ity, %
ton
5
1.8
1.4
3.2
10
2.4
4.4
15
3.0
5.4
20
3.6
25
6.1
3.9
6.7
30
4.3
7.3
35
4.6
7.8
40
5.0
8.4
45
5.3
50
8.8
5.7
See also pp. 316, 323. .
%
Wool
2.2
4.0
5.7
7.1
8.3
9.4
10.4
11.0
11.8
12.6
Relative
humidity, %
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Moisture, %
CotSilk Wool
ton
9.4 13.4
6.3
9.9 14.2
6.7
7.3 10.5 15.0
7.9 11.4 16.0
8.8 12.5 17.1
9.9 14.0 18.6
11.4 15.9 20.5
13.6 18.4 23.2
17.5 22.7 27.0
EFFECT OF HUMIDITY
EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF FABRICS OF
COTTON, LINEN AND WOOL
Humidity,
%
44
44
47
56
56
57
59
60
62
65
Cotton
236
237
244
240
246
248
245.5
241
250
251
Tensile strength in kg
I
Linen
|
272
278
284
296
297
295
295
295
303
310
Wool
84.5
82.7
82.2
81.8
79.5
78.6
79.0
79.5
79.5
77.0
66
256
312
78.6
68
250.5
300.5
78.6
70
260
319
72.5
71
257.5
324
78.6
72
72
75
252
258
265
310.5
312.5
323
77.0
76.2
76.2
77
264.5
323
75.0
82
268
330
75.8
' 82
269
330.5
72.7
(Marschik and Breiner, Leipz. Monatsch. Textilind., 1913: 219.)
TENSILE STRENGTHS OF WORSTED YARNS AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE

HUMIDITIES
Relative humidityJ at 7O0F,
^ ., A
x,
'
Tensile strength,
g
%
45
234
55
231
65
220
75
216
85
191
EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON STRENGTH OF LINEN SAIL CLOTH1
Moisture,
Strength,
Moisture,
Strength,
%
kg
%
kg
0.0
2.2
5.5
9.0
1
180
190
232
288
12.0
15.0
19.1
35.0
REGAIN IN WORSTED TOPS AT 7O0F AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE

HUMIDITIES OF THE AIR
350
402
417
425
Relative humidity, %
_
Scheurer, Bull. Soc. Ind. MuIh., 1893.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON COTTON YARN IN FINISHING

Moisture in yarn, %
|
Breaking strain
2.89 (dry)
39?9
8.93 (usual)
64.0
17.36 (moist)
69.2
REGAIN
REGAINS IN CONDITIONING VARIOUS FIBERS FIXED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AT TURIN
I
Silk
Wool (tops)
Wool (yarn)
Cotton
Linen
Hemp
Jute
New Zealand hemp
%
11
18
17
8i
12
12
13J
13J
PERCENTAGE OF MOISTURE IN TEXTILE MATERIALS CORRESPONDING TO PERCENTAGE OF REGAIN

Regain,
Moisture,
Regain,
Moisture,
%
%
%
%
5
4.76
12.5
11.11
6
5.66
13
11.50
7
6.54
14
12.28
7.5
6.98
15
13.04
8
7.41
16
13.79
8.5
7.83
17
14.53
9
8.26
18
15.25
10
9.09
19
15.97
11
9.91
20
16.67
12
10.71
Regain, %
13 33
14.51
15.37
16.38
18.92
55
65
75
85
Brun, Chem. Zeit., 1893.
EFFECT OF STEAMING ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF WOOLEN CLOTH

Steaming at
Relative strength
IQO0C, hr
Warp
|
Filling
Mean
Original cloth
100
100
100
3
86
78
82
6
80
75
77
12
75
69
72
24
68
53
60
36
62
37
50
48
40
32
36
60
29
23
26
1
TABLE OF REGAIN FOR COTTON AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND

PERCENTAGES OF HUMIDITY
0
Humidity,
F
%
50 j 60 I 70
80
90 | 100 "
40
5.90
5.79
5.65
5.47
5.25
5.05
50
6.89
6.78
6.63
6.45
6.18
5.86
60
8.00
7.87
7.69
7.44
7.13
6.80
70
9.14
9.00
8.79
8.58
8.32
8.05
80
10.58 10.42 10.23
9.95
9.70
9.60
90
12.28 12.10 11.85
11.56
11.43
11.85
100
14.12 14.00 13.80 13.65 13.70
14.50
HEAT CONDUCTIVITY
HEAT CONDUCTING POWERS OF TEXTILE MATERIALS
I Relative values
100
117
122
126
280
Slag wool
Hair felt
Cotton felt
Sheep's wool
Air space
Comparative Values of Fibers as Non-Conductors of Heat1

A mass of the non-conducting material 1 in. thick was placed on
a flat surface of iron kept heated to 31O0F; the amount of heat
transmitted per hr through the non-conductor was measured in Ib.
of water heated 1O0F, the unit of area being 1 sq. ft. of covering:
Substance
Loose wool
Goose feathers
Carded cotton
Hair felt
Fine asbestos
Air alone
1
Lb. water
heated
1O0F
8.1
9.6
10.4
10.3
49.0
48.0
Solid matter in
1 sq. ft., 1 in.
thick, parts in
1000
56
50
20
185
81
O
Air
occluded,
parts in
1000
944
950
980
815
919
1000
Ordway, Eng. Min. J., 1890, 650.
Heat Retaining Value of Clothing Materials

Count Rumford heated a large thermometer to 7O0R and then
ascertained the length of time required for the thermometer to fall
to 1O0R when surrounded with various textile materials, as follows :
Air
Raw silk
Sheep's wool
Cotton
Fine lint (linen?)
Beaver's fur
Hare's fur.
Eiderdown
Sec
576
1284
118
1046
1032
1296
1315
1305
In another series of experiments, however, using the same

materials differently arranged, different results were obtained, as
follows :
Sheep's wool, loosely arranged

Woolen thread, wound round bulb
Cotton, loose
Cotton thread, wound round bulb
Lint, loose
Linen thread, wound round bulb
Linen cloth, wound round bulb
Sec
1118
934
1046
852
1032
873
786
From .these experiments, Rumford showed that the heat-retaining value of clothing depends more on its texture than on its actual
material.
FIREPROOFING
MINIMUM QUANTITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES REQUIRED TO
RENDER 100 PARTS OF COTTON NON-INFLAMMABLE (Duhem)
Reagent
| Parts by weight
12
Tungstate of ammonium
Sulfate of ammonium
4}
Phosphate of sodium
30
Chloride of sodium (common salt)
35
Phosphate of calcium
30
Phosphate of magnesium
30
FIREPROOFING.(Continued)
Reagent
Chloride of magnesium
Phosphate of zinc
Sulfate of zinc
Borate of aluminum
Aluminum hydrate
Chloride of ammonium...
Phosphate of ammonium
Silicate of sodium
Borax
Chloride of calcium
Sulfate of magnesium
Chloride of potassium
Borate of zinc
Phosphate of aluminium
Boric acid
Silicic acid
| Parts by weight
4-5
20
4i
24
3
4f
4J
50
8|
4J
15
45
20
30
10
30
LITERATURE
For much additional material on textile fibers and a fairly complete bibliography, see Matthews, The Textile Fibers. 4th ed., New York, Wiley, 1924.
TANNINS AND VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS
JOHN ARTHUR WILSON

AND
ARTHUR W. THOMAS
The tabulation of the properties of tanning substances of
vegetable origin is complicated by the facts that the chemistry of
these exceedingly complex substances is still in its infancy, the
literature is not always clear, due to confusion in terminology, and
the authenticity of the specimen studied is often uncertain.
Formulas, especially those reported in the literature before 1910,
are of little value, except as they indicate the relative percentages
of C, H and O.
CLASSIFICATION
The earlier classification, based upon color reactions with ferric
salts, is of no present value. Two systems are now used: Perkin (34) and Freudenberg (13).
Perkin's classification: a, Gallotannins (Depsides); ft Ellagitannins (Diphenylmethylolids) ; y, Catecholtannins (Phlobatannins). These are characterized by the following reactions:
FeCIz: a, blue; 7, green. Boiling dilute H2SO*: a, gallic acid is
formed; ft ellagic acid ppts.; y, phlobaphenes or "reds" ppt.
Br: y give a ppt. HCl and pine wood: y give phloroglucinol
reaction, while a and do not. C&H&N: NCl: y give a ppt., indicating the presence of phloroglucinol or resorcinol groups, while a
and do not. Fusion with alkali: a. yield gallic acid and a little
pyrogallol; y yield protocatechuic acid. Heating in glycerol:
a. form pyrogallol; y form catechol. HCHO and HCl: y give
complete precipitation, the others do not. Lead acetate in CH&CO^H: a are pptd., y are not.
Freudenberg's classification : A. Hydrolyzable tannins in which
the benzene nucleus is united to a larger complex through the
O atoms. Al. Mutual esters of phenolcarboxylic acids or with
other hydroxy-acids (Depsides). A2. Esters of phenolcarboxylic
acids with polyatomic alcohols and sugars. A3. Glucosides. In
this group gallic acid predominates as the phenolic component.
There is also the extraordinary distribution of combined caffeic
acid and the presence of a new phenolcarboxylic acid in chebulinic
acid. The ellagic acid glucosides also belong here. The most
important criterion for the inclusion in this group is the splitting
into simple components by hydrolyzing enzymes, especially
tannase and emulsin.
B. Condensed tannins in which C linkages hold the nuclei
together. These are not decomposed into simple components by
enzymes. They are generally, not always, precipitated by bromine
and under the influence of oxidizing agents or strong acids condense
to high molecular weight tannins or "reds." By drastic treatment, preferably by alkalis, the C skeleton is broken up and
phloroglucinol, if present, is dissolved out while the remainder of
the molecule is transformed mainly into phenolcarboxylic acids.
Bl. Simple ketones such as hydroxybenzophenones and hydroxyphenylstyryl ketones. The phloroglucinol and benzene nuclei
are present in equimolecular proportions. B2. This group is more
complicated. The phloroglucinol and benzene nuclei are present
in equimolecular proportions. This class embraces the catechols
with their corresponding tannins and "reds." This is the most
important class of technically used tannins. B3. There is practically nothing that can be said about this class of condensed
tannins. It is even impossible to state whether they are really
jointly condensed systems. In common with the first class of the
condensed tannin group, they are precipitated by bromine and
are transformed into "reds." On the other hand, they contain
no phloroglucinol nucleus. It is possible that the hydroxycinnamic
acids are characteristic components of this class; caffeic acid
itself is readily transformed into condensation products of the
nature of "reds."
In the following tables, the information is given in the following
order: Name; classification (Perkin's being indicated by Greek
letters, Freudenberg's by the above combinations of letters and
figures); (1), source; (2) color and form in which it is isolated;
(3) formula; (4) solvents; (5) specific rotatory power; (6) color with
ferric salts; (7) remarks as to constitution, etc.
Sheep's wool, loosely arranged

Woolen thread, wound round bulb
Cotton, loose
Cotton thread, wound round bulb
Lint, loose
Linen thread, wound round bulb
Linen cloth, wound round bulb
Sec
1118
934
1046
852
1032
873
786
From .these experiments, Rumford showed that the heat-retaining value of clothing depends more on its texture than on its actual
material.
FIREPROOFING
MINIMUM QUANTITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES REQUIRED TO
RENDER 100 PARTS OF COTTON NON-INFLAMMABLE (Duhem)
Reagent
| Parts by weight
12
Tungstate of ammonium
Sulfate of ammonium
4}
Phosphate of sodium
30
Chloride of sodium (common salt)
35
Phosphate of calcium
30
Phosphate of magnesium
30
FIREPROOFING.(Continued)
Reagent
Chloride of magnesium
Phosphate of zinc
Sulfate of zinc
Borate of aluminum
Aluminum hydrate
Chloride of ammonium...
Phosphate of ammonium
Silicate of sodium
Borax
Chloride of calcium
Sulfate of magnesium
Chloride of potassium
Borate of zinc
Phosphate of aluminium
Boric acid
Silicic acid
| Parts by weight
4-5
20
4i
24
3
4f
4J
50
8|
4J
15
45
20
30
10
30
LITERATURE
For much additional material on textile fibers and a fairly complete bibliography, see Matthews, The Textile Fibers. 4th ed., New York, Wiley, 1924.
TANNINS AND VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS
JOHN ARTHUR WILSON

AND
ARTHUR W. THOMAS
The tabulation of the properties of tanning substances of
vegetable origin is complicated by the facts that the chemistry of
these exceedingly complex substances is still in its infancy, the
literature is not always clear, due to confusion in terminology, and
the authenticity of the specimen studied is often uncertain.
Formulas, especially those reported in the literature before 1910,
are of little value, except as they indicate the relative percentages
of C, H and O.
CLASSIFICATION
The earlier classification, based upon color reactions with ferric
salts, is of no present value. Two systems are now used: Perkin (34) and Freudenberg (13).
Perkin's classification: a, Gallotannins (Depsides); ft Ellagitannins (Diphenylmethylolids) ; y, Catecholtannins (Phlobatannins). These are characterized by the following reactions:
FeCIz: a, blue; 7, green. Boiling dilute H2SO*: a, gallic acid is
formed; ft ellagic acid ppts.; y, phlobaphenes or "reds" ppt.
Br: y give a ppt. HCl and pine wood: y give phloroglucinol
reaction, while a and do not. C&H&N: NCl: y give a ppt., indicating the presence of phloroglucinol or resorcinol groups, while a
and do not. Fusion with alkali: a. yield gallic acid and a little
pyrogallol; y yield protocatechuic acid. Heating in glycerol:
a. form pyrogallol; y form catechol. HCHO and HCl: y give
complete precipitation, the others do not. Lead acetate in CH&CO^H: a are pptd., y are not.
Freudenberg's classification : A. Hydrolyzable tannins in which
the benzene nucleus is united to a larger complex through the
O atoms. Al. Mutual esters of phenolcarboxylic acids or with
other hydroxy-acids (Depsides). A2. Esters of phenolcarboxylic
acids with polyatomic alcohols and sugars. A3. Glucosides. In
this group gallic acid predominates as the phenolic component.
There is also the extraordinary distribution of combined caffeic
acid and the presence of a new phenolcarboxylic acid in chebulinic
acid. The ellagic acid glucosides also belong here. The most
important criterion for the inclusion in this group is the splitting
into simple components by hydrolyzing enzymes, especially
tannase and emulsin.
B. Condensed tannins in which C linkages hold the nuclei
together. These are not decomposed into simple components by
enzymes. They are generally, not always, precipitated by bromine
and under the influence of oxidizing agents or strong acids condense
to high molecular weight tannins or "reds." By drastic treatment, preferably by alkalis, the C skeleton is broken up and
phloroglucinol, if present, is dissolved out while the remainder of
the molecule is transformed mainly into phenolcarboxylic acids.
Bl. Simple ketones such as hydroxybenzophenones and hydroxyphenylstyryl ketones. The phloroglucinol and benzene nuclei
are present in equimolecular proportions. B2. This group is more
complicated. The phloroglucinol and benzene nuclei are present
in equimolecular proportions. This class embraces the catechols
with their corresponding tannins and "reds." This is the most
important class of technically used tannins. B3. There is practically nothing that can be said about this class of condensed
tannins. It is even impossible to state whether they are really
jointly condensed systems. In common with the first class of the
condensed tannin group, they are precipitated by bromine and
are transformed into "reds." On the other hand, they contain
no phloroglucinol nucleus. It is possible that the hydroxycinnamic
acids are characteristic components of this class; caffeic acid
itself is readily transformed into condensation products of the
nature of "reds."
In the following tables, the information is given in the following
order: Name; classification (Perkin's being indicated by Greek
letters, Freudenberg's by the above combinations of letters and
figures); (1), source; (2) color and form in which it is isolated;
(3) formula; (4) solvents; (5) specific rotatory power; (6) color with
ferric salts; (7) remarks as to constitution, etc.
I. NATURAL TANNINS
Beech tannin. 7. (1) Bark of red beech. (3) C 20 H 22 O 9 (34).
Caffetannic acid. 7. (1) Coffee berries as Ca and Mg salts;
cainia root, Chiococca brachiata; Nux vomica; St. Ignatius beans;
Paraguay tea, Ilex paraguensis. (2) Amorphous powder.
(4) H2O, C2H5OH. (6) Dark green (34).
Callutannic acid. 7. (1) Heather, Calluna vulgaris. (2) Amber
colored powder. (6) Dark green (34).
C an aigre tannin. 7. B3. (1) Tuberous roots of the sorrel,
Rumex hymenosepalus. (2) Bright yellow powder. (3) C,
58.10; H, 5.33 (34). (4) H2O, C2H5OH. (6) Green (13, 34).
Catechol. 7- B2. (6) Green. See Table 3.
Chebulinic acid, Eutannin. a. A2. (1) Myrobalans, fruit of the
Terminalia chebula. (2) Rhombic prisms, also colorless needles (34). (3) C, 50.60; H, 3.65. Probably C34H30O23 (16). Airdry substance contains 16.5 % H2O of crystn., which is lost at
100 (2). MoI. wt. by titration and by boiling point elevation in
acetone, 806 (16). (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl
acetate (13). (5) aj>, +61.7 to 66.9 (H2O) (5). i8,
+85 4 (abs. C2H5OH) ("); |>2, -60 (acetone, 1%) (2).
aD +59 to 67 (C2H5OH, 1-2 %)(). (6) Blue-black. (7)
Apparently union between di-gallolyl-glucose and the dibasic
acid, C14Hi4On with elimination of 2H2O (> 16). D. at
234 (34).
Cherry bark tannin. 7. (1) Bark of Prunus cerasus. (3)
C2iH20Oi0.0.5H2O. (6) Green (34).
Chestnut tannin, a. A3. (1) Leaves, bark and wood of Spanish
chestnut, Castanea vesca. (3) Purified tannin, C, 50.79; H,
3.32. MoI. wt. 400 or multiple as detd. by titration (24).
(4) H2O. (6) Dark green to blue. (7) Tannin from leaves,
wood and bark identical. Raw tannin is mixture containing
quercetin, sugar, ellagic and gallic acids. Contains no phloroglucinol. Probably similar to tannin of German native oak (24).
Chinese tannin. See Gallotannin.
Chlorogenic acid. Al. (1) Monopotassium salt combined
with one molecule of caffein in coffee beans. (2) Cryst. (3)
Ci6Hi8O9.0.5H2O. (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl
acetate. (5) aD, -33.1 (H2O, 1-3%). (6) Green ppt. (7)
3, 4-Dihydroxy-cinnamoyl-quinic acid (13).
Cinchona tannin, quinotannic acid. 7. B3. (1) Cinchona bark.
(2) Light yellow powder. (3) C14H16O9(?) (34). (4) H2O,
C2H5OH (13). (6) Green ppt. (7) Very hygroscopic.
Cocatannic acid. 7. (1) Leaves of Erythroxylon coca. (2) Yellow
micro, cryst. (3) Ci7H22Oi0.2H2O(?) (6) Green (34).
Colatein. 7. B2. (1) Cola nuts, Cola acuminata. (4) Hot H2O,
C2H5OH, acetone. (6) Green. (7) M. P. 257-288 (13).
Colatin, Colatannin. 7. B2. (1) Cola nuts, CoZa acuminata.
(2) Cryst. (13). Light red amorphous powder (34). (3) CV
H20Os (34). (4) C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate. (5) Inactive.
(6) Green. (7) M. P. 148 (13).
Cortepinitannic acid. 7. (1) Bark of Scotch fir, Pinus sylvestris.
(2) Bright red powder. (3) C32H34Oi7. (6) Intense green (34).
Cyanomaclurin. B2. (1) Wood of Artocarpus integri/olia.
(2) Cryst. (3) C15H12O6. (6) Violet. (7) M. P. above
290 (13).
m-Digallic acid. a. Al. (1) Esterified with glucose in Chinese
tannin; also synthetic. See Table 2.
Ellagic acid. . (1) From many tannins containing ellagitannin
by boiling with dilute H2SO4. Divi-divi, myrobalans and
valonia best sources; also synthetic. See Table 2.
Filitannin. 7. B2. (1) Fern-root, Aspidium filix-mas. (2) Redbrown powder (34). (3) C4iH36NOi8(?) (29 34). (4) C2H5OH,
H2O (29). (5) Inactive (13). (6) Olive-green. (7) Heated at
125, loses water and becomes insoluble (13).
Fraxitannic acid. 7. (1) Leaves of ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior.
(2) Brownish-yellow deliquescent powder. (3) C26H32Oi4 (?)
(29, 34). (4) H2O, C2H5OH (29, 34). (6) Dark green ppt.
(7) Heated at 100, loses water and becomes practically insoluble. Yields quinone upon oxidation by permanganate (29, 34).
Galitannic acid. 7. (1) Bark of Galium verum. (3) Ci4Hi6Oi0.H2O. (6) Green (34).
Gallotannin, Gallotannic acid, Tannin, Tannic acid. a. A2.
(1) From galls on leaves and buds of various species of oak,
especially Quercus infectoria and Q. lusitania ("Turkish tannin")
due to puncture by insects of the genus Cynips. From galls on
leaves and buds of a species of sumach, Rhus semialata (" Chinese
tannin") due to puncture of insect, Aphis chinensis. (2) Light
yellow-brown powder. (3) Average of several specimens, C,
52.59 to 53.70; H, 3.24 to 3.40 (6). C76H52O46 (E. Fischer).
MoI. wt., 1247-1636 by boiling point elevation in acetone.
(4) H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate. (5) o&, +58 to +70
(different specimens, H2O); a, +18 (one specimen, C2H5OH)
(i> 6 ); c&, +12.9 (acetone); o2, +17.6 (purified specimen,
C2H5OH) (i, 3). (6) Bluish-black. (7) Hydrolysis of purified specimen by dil. H2SO4 yields 93.6% gallic acid and 6.8%
glucose (i> 3). Undoubtedly a mixture of at least two
individuals (34). The tannin, according to E. Fischer, is
penta-m-digalloylglucose. Nierenstein objects, asserting that
gallotannin is probably a glucoside of polydigalloyl-leucodigallic acid anhydride or of its free acid ( 3 I).
Gallotannin, Chinese Tannin, a. A2. (I) See Gallotannin above.
(2) Amorphous yellow to light brown powder. (3) Penta-mdigallolyglucose. MoI wt., 1700 (13). (4) See Gallotannin
above. (5) c$, +73 (purified specimen, H2O, l % ) ( 1 t 7 ) ;
CLD, +45 to +53 (H2O, 20 %), rising rapidly on dilution to
+ 135 to +140 (H2O, 1.2%) (13); aD in formamide, +13;
acetone, +14; C2H5OH, +18, glacial acetic acid, +25;
pyridine, +40. These all showed high and low aD fractions in
water; were alike in organic solvents. Colloidal forms and
impurities markedly affect aD in water (23). Two fractions
(a) aD, +30 to +40 (H2O); +40 to +41 (pyridine); (b) aD,
+ 150 to +158 (H2O); +50 to +51 (pyridine) (27). Purified
tannin, after removing part difficultly soluble in water, aDl
+ 13.9 (C2H5OH, 3%); +14.9 (C2H5OH, 10%); +13.1
(acetone, 10%) (14). Potassium salt, containing 10.2% K,
i8, +46.3 (H2O, !%)(! 4). (6) Bluish-black. (7) Upon
hydrolysis with dil. H2SO4 there is produced 88.6 % gallic acid
and 11.4% glucose (13). This tannin is a mixture of deka-,
nona-, and octa-gallolyl-glucoses averaging 8 to 9 gallic acid
radicals to 1 molecule glucose. The fractions of lower a^ contain
more depside-like gallic acid ( 27 ). See also gallotannin above.
Gallotannin, Turkish Tannin, a. A2. (1) See Gallotannin above.
Aleppo galls. (2) Amorphous yellow to light brown powder.
(3) C, 52.5; H, 3.5 (13). (4) See Gallotannin above. (5) #,
2.5 (H2O, 7%); <XD, +5 (H2O, 7% and less); a]} +23.2 to
+24.2 (acetone, 10 %) (1* 8). (6) Bluish-black. (7) Hydrolysis
of purified specimens with dil. H2SO4: 81.8 to 84.8 % gallic acid;
2.7 to 3.8% ellagic acid; 11.5 to 13.8% glucose; 2.0 to 4.1%
tannin residue (i> 8). Hydrolysis and fractionation give a series
of fractions of increasing aD in alcohol from 15.7 to 43.7.
Concomitantly there is a decrease in ellagic and increase in
gallic acid content. The ellagic acid is a part of the tannin
molecule. At least 25% of the gallic acid is in depside form,
partly directly bound in ester form to the sugar hydroxyl
groups ( 28 ).
Gallnut Tannin, a. A2. (1) Galls on acorn cups of Quercus robur
and Q. pedunculata. (3) C, 52.0; H, 3.3 (13). (7) Undoubtedly
identical with gallotannin.
Hamamelitannin. a. A2. (1) Bark of Hamamelis virginica. (2)
Fine white needles (13). (3) C, 49.9; H, 4.0; H2O of crystn.
17.9%, approximating C20H20Oi4-OH2O (!<> 18). (4) Hot H2O,
C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate (). (5) a} +29 (H2O,
2.35%); <$, +33 (H2O, 1.24%); <$, +35.6 (another

specimen, H2O, 1.2%) ( 10 ). (7) Contains no free carboxyl
group. Acidity, equal to that of pyrogallol, is due to phenolic
hydroxyls ( 10 > 18). Upon hydrolysis with dil. H2SO.*: gallic
acid, 70%; sugar, 30%. Upon hydrolysis with tannase: gallic
acid, 66%; sugar, 34% (13). M. P., 115-117 (air-dry); 203
(dried at 100) (34).
Hemlock tannin. 7. (1) Hemlock bark, Tsuga (A bies) canadensis.
(3) C2oHisOio (?). (7) Probably related to quercitannic acid
of the oak (29, 34).
Horsechestnut tannin. 7. (1) Nearly all parts of the Aesculus
hippocastanum and in root bark of apple tree. (2) Nearly
colorless powder. (3) C26H24Oi2. (6) Green (34).
Ipecacuanhic acid. 7. (1) Roots of Psychotria ipecacuanha.
(2) Reddish-brown hygroscopic substance. (3) Ci4Hi8O7.
(6) Green (34).
Larch tannin. 7. (1) Bark of the larch, Larix europea. (6)
Green (34).
Maclurin. Bl. (1) Wood of "old fustic," Chlorophora tinctoria;
also synthetic. (2) Yellow crystals (13). Colorless needles
when pure (34). (3) Ci3Hi0O6. (4) 14, 1 part in 190 parts
H2O (13). (6) Green. (7) 2, 4, 6, 3', 4'-Pentahydroxybenzophenone, M. P. 200 (anhydrous form) (34).
Maletto tannin. 7. B2. Bark of Eucalyptus occidentalis and
other species of Eucalyptus. (2) Brown powder. (3) (Ci9H2OO9) (29 34). (4) H2O, abs. C2H5OH (from which it is precipitated by ether) (13). (7) Similar to quebracho tannin (13 34).
Mangrove tannin. 7. B2. (1) Rhizophora mangle, R. mucronata,
Ceriops candolleana, C. roxburghiana. (2) Amorphous red
powder. (3) C24H26Oi2 ( 29 ). (6) Green. (7) Closely resembles catechutannic acid (34).
Mimosa tannin. 7. (1) Various species of Mimoseae such as
Acacia arabica of Egypt and the "wattles" of Australia. (6)
Bluish-violet. (7) With the exception of the reaction with
ferric salts, gives all the ordinary reactions of the phlobatannins (34).
Oak tannin. B3 (36). (1) Leaves and buds of German oak,
Quercus pedunculata. (2) Amorphous reddish-yellow powder (22). (3) C, 49.9; H, 4.2. (4) H2O, C2H5OH, acetone (22,
36
). (4) Hgyellow, -39 10 (H2O); -30 4 (CH3OH)
(21). (7) Tannin from leaves of Quercus sessiflora identical (21 ).
Molecule contains 18-25% bound ellagic acid; 3-7% bound
glucose; and the rest is an amorphous acid, "Quercus acid,"
C, 50.2; H, 3.6. Titration equivalent about 400 (21, 22).
Oak tannin, Quercitannic acid. 7. B2. (1) Bark of various
species of Quercus ( 34 ); Bark of Quercus robur (13). (2) Reddish-white powder (34). Light brown powder (13). (3)
C20H20O4 (?): C, 59.79; H, 5.0 (34). C, 56.8; H, 4.4. C, 55.4;
H, 4.1 (13). (6) Green (34). Black-blue (13).
Oak tannin, Quercin, Quercic acid, Quercinic acid. 7. B2.
(1) Wood of various species of Quercus. (2) Light brownishyellow (34). (3) Ci5Hi2O9.2H2O (29, 34). C, 48.3; H, 4.5 (13).
(6) Blue.
Paullinio tannin, Guaran tannin. 7. B 2. (1) "Guaran
paste" from seeds of Paullinia cupana. (2) Small colorless
crystals (34). Gray needles (30). (3) C37H35Oi8-COOH^H2O
(30). (4) H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate, glacial acetic acid (30).
(5) g, -74.4 (H2O, 10%); g, -39.1 (C2H5OH, 8%);
48.1 (acetone, 6%); a#, 56.8 (initial rotation in pyridine,
8%. By mutarotation falls to constant value of 8.6) (30).
(7) M. P. 199-201 with evolution of CO2. Loses two mol.
H2O of crystn. at 130. M. P. of anhydrous form 259-261
with evolution of CO2 (30). Paullinia catechol isolated from
paullinia tannin is identical with " acacatechin " in crystal form
and chemical properties. Chemically it is identical with gambier-catechin (13).
Pinicortannic acid. 7. (1) Bark of Scotch fir, Pin us sylvestris. (2) Reddish-brown powder. (3) (Ci 6 Hi 8 On) 2 -H 2 O. (6)
Green (34).
Pistachio tannin. 7. B 2. (1) Leaves of mastic tree, Pistachio,
lentiscus. (2) Pale brown brittle mass (34). (4) H2O, C2H5OH,
ethyl acetate (13). (6) Blue-black. (7) Often sold for
sumach (34).
Pomegranate tannin, Ellagitannin. . A3. (1) Root bark of
Punica granatum. (2) Amorphous greenish-yellow powder.
(3) C20H16Oi3 (34). Two fractions: A (sol. in H2O), C, 50.9;
H, 3.4. B (insol. in H2O), C, 52.4; H, 3.4 (13). (4) Fraction
A: H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate. (13). (6) Blue-black. (7)
Glucoside of ellagic acid and hexose (13).
Quebracho tannin. 7. B2. (1) Wood of Quebracho colorado%
Schinopsis lorentzii and Balsanae. (2) Red powder. (3) C,
62.5; H, 5.4. (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate, acetone (13). (6) Green. (7) Tannin is mixture of products insol.
in H2O and sparingly sol. in cold H2O. A benzoyl derivative,
C, 73.0; H, 4.2, showed a mol. wt. in benzene of about 2300.
Rhatany tannin. 7. Bark of root of rhatany, Krameria triandra.
(2) Light yellow powder. (4) H2O. (6) Green (34).
Rheotannic acid, Rhubarb tannin. 7. B2. (1) Rhubarb. (2)
Yellowish-brown powder. (3) C26H26Oi4 (34). (4) H2O. (6)
Black-green ppt. (7) Contains two glucosides, glucogallin
(Ci3Hi6Oi0) and tetrarin (C32H32Oi0) ( 34 ). Catechin also
present which is probably identical with gambier-catechin (13).
Rubitannic acid. 7. (1) Leaves of Rubia tinctorum. (3)
C14H22O12.0.5H2O. (6) Green (34).
Sequiatannic acid. 7. (1) Cones of Sequoia gigantea. (2)
Reddish-brown powder. (3) C2iH20Oio (29 34). (4) H2O,
C2H5OH. (6) Brown-black ppt.
Spruce bark tannin. 7. (1) Bark of spruce. (3) C2iH20Oio (?) (34).
Sumach tannin, ex. A2. (1) From leaves of many species of
Rhus. Also Coriaria myrtifolia (French), Colpoon compressum
(Cape), Arctostaphylos (Russian). (2) Yellow powder. (3) C,
52.3; H, 3.5. (Rhus coriaria) (13). (4) H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl
acetate. (7) Similar to Turkish tannin.
Tannecortepinic acid. 7. (1) Bark of young Scotch firs in spring
time. (3) C28H26Oi2. (6) Green (34).
Tannic acid. See Gallotannin.
Tea tannin. 7. A2. (1) Leaves of black tea. (4) H2O, ethyl
acetate. (5) />, -177.3 (29). (7) Probably identical with
quercitannic acid (29, 34). A gallotannin (13).
Tormentilla tannin. 7. (1) Root of Potentilla tormentilla.
(2) Amorphous reddish powder. (3) C26H22On. (6) Bluegreen (34).
Turkish tannin. See Gallotannin.
Willow bark tannin. 7. (1) Bark of Salix triandra. (6) Green.
(7) Glucoside tannin (34).
II. SYNTHESIZED TANNINS
m-Digallic acid. a. Al. (2) Fine needles. (3) I (13). (4)
CH3OH, C2H5OH, C5HnOH. 23, 1 part in 950 parts H2O;
1 part in 350 parts ethyl acetate; 1 part in 2000 parts ether (i> 5).
25, 1 part in 1900 parts H2O. 100, 1 part in 50-60 parts
H2O (13). (5) Inactive. (6) Blue-black. (7) Found esterified
with glucose in Chinese tannin. When hot aq. solution is
chilled, it jellifies (13). M. P., 275 (282 corr.) with foaming
and decomposition (i> 5).
Digalloyl-levoglucosan. A2. (2) Micro-needles. (3) C20Hi8Oi3.
(4) H2O, C2H5OH, acetone. (5) a]>8, -27.9 (C2H5OH, 1.8%).
(6) FeCl3 gives blue-black ppt. in C2H5OH solution. (7)
Decomposes 220, carbonizes 270 (26).
Digentisic acid. a. (2) Fine needles. (3) II. (4) 0, 1 part in
900 parts H2O. (5) Inactive. (6) Fugitive blue and ppt. (i> *).
(7) Dry form melts 204-205 (208-209 corr.) with sintering.
Diprotocatechuic acid. a. (2) Fine needles. (3) (OH)2C6H300.0.C6H3(OH)COOH. (4) Acetone, CH3OH. 1 part in
2500 parts H2O. (5) Inactive. (6) Blue-green. (7) M. P.,
237-239 (corr.) (l, 5).
OH
cooH<^>oH
y\
Xc
<Z^H
I. ra-Digallic acid
O
HoI\AOOH
COOH
] YI
HO/\
\/\
JoaUoH
II. Digentisic acid
/ C -OVOH
O^ -s^-
H
H
III. Di-0-resorcylic acid
IV. Ellagic acid
Di-g-resorcylic acid. a. (2) Micro-needles. (3)111. Isomerie

with digentisic acid. (4) C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate, hot
H2O, ether. (5) Inactive. (6) Violet red. (7) Foams and
.. decomposes at about 210 (215 corr.) ( 1 J 5).
Ellagic acid. . (2) Cryst. from pyridine in prismatic needles
which are converted by C2H5OH to a pale yellow cryst. powder.
(3) Ci4H6O8.2H2O. IV. (5) Inactive. (7) Above 360 sublimes with carbonization ( 34 ). Not a true tannin. See Table 1.
Hexagalloyl mannite. A2. (2) Amorphous brown powder. (3)
C6H8O6[CO-C6H2(OH)3J6. (4) H2O, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl
acetate. (5) , +27.0 (C2H6OH, 2%). (6) Dark blue
0 4).
Maclurin. Bl. See Table 1.
Penta-ra-digalloyl-a-glucose. A2. (2) Light brown amorphous
mass. (3) C76H52O46. (4) 18, 1 part in 200 parts H2O. (5)
Prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of acetates: a, +36(C2H5OH, 10%); +40 to 41 (acetone, 10%); 43.8 (H2O, 1 %) (l, 3).
Prepared from acetates by CH3OH and HCl: }>8, +41.3
(C2H5OH, 5%); +44.6 (acetone, 5%); +51 (H2O, 0.5%)
(l, 4). (6) Blue-black. (7) Potassium salt containing 10.3 %
K, 1? +56.6 (H2O, 5%) (I.*).
Penta-ra-digalloyl-(3-glucose. A2. (2) Light brown amorphous
mass. (3) C76H52O46. (4) 20, 1 part in 1000 parts H2O. (5)
Prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of acetates: ai>s, +14.9
(C2H5OH, 10%); +13.1 (acetone, 10%); +42.3 (H2O, 1%)
(l, 3). Prepared from acetates by CH3OH and HCl: c$,
4-10.8 (C2H5OH, 5%); +10.8 (acetone, 5%); +21 (H2O,
0.1%) (l 4). (6) Blue-black. (7) Apparently identical with
Chinese tannin. Potassium salt containing 10.3% K, a])8,
4-33.7 (H2O, 0.5%) (i, *).
Pentagalloyl-a-glucose. A2. (2) Yellow mass. (3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]5C6H7O6. (4) H2O, C2H5OH, ether (l, 3). (5) a",
+66.5 (H2O, 1%). CL^ 65.4 (H2O, 1%). o&, +77.0
(C2H5OH, 3%). ea8, 76.4 (C2H5OH, 2%) (1,3). },
+60 (H2O, 1%); +81.5 (C2H5OH, 2%) (i, 4). (6) Blueblack.
Pentagalloyl-(3-glucose. A2. (2) Yellow mass. (3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]5C6H7O6. (4) H2O, C2H5OH (1,3). (5) , +13.1
(H2O, 1%); +13.6 (H2O, 10%); +23.3 (C2H5OH, 2%) (i, 3).
48, +15 (H2O, 1%); +24 (C2H5OH, 2%). (6) Blue-black.
(7) Potassium salt contains 10.1% K.
Pentapyrogallol-carboyl-glucose. A2. (2) Amorphous powder.
(3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]5C6H7O6. (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone.
(5) ai>8, +69 (H2O, 2.5%). (6) Dark blue (* ). (7) Sinters
at 160 and melts at about 200 with decomposition.
Tetragalloyl-erythrite. A2. (2) Cryst. (3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]4C4H6O4. (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone, mixtures of H2O
and C2H5OH. (7) Decomposes at about 308 (i, 4).
Tetragalloyl-a-methylglucoside. A2. (3) C35H30O22. (4) Identical with pentagalloyl-glucoses. (5) c^0, +26.4 (H2O, 4%).
(6) Identical with pentagalloyl-glucoses in reactions. (7) M. P.
130-140 with decomposition (l, 6).
Trigalloyl-acetone-glucose. A2. (2) Amorphous light brown
mass. (3) [C6H2(OH)3CO]3C6H7O6(C3H6). (4) Warm H2O,
CH3OH, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate. (5) a^, -93 (dry
acetone, 4%). (6) Blue-violet (l, 2).
Trigalloyl-glucose. A2. (2) Amorphous yellowish brown mass.
(3) [C6H2(OH)3CO]2C6H9O6. (4) Cold H2O, CH3OH, C2H5OH,
acetone, ethyl acetate, pyridine. (5) a^0, 118 (dry acetone,
2.5%). (6) Deep violet (l, 2).
Trigalloyl-glycerol. A2. (2) Amorphous yellowish brown mass.
(3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]3C3H5O3. (4) H2O, acetone, ethyl acetate,
warm ether. (6) Deep blue (l, 4).
a-Trigalloyl-levoglucosan. A2. (2) Micro, hexagonal crystals.
(3) C27H22Oi7. (4) Hot acetone. (5) , -18.0 (C2H5OH,
19%).
(6) FeCl3 gives blue-black ppt. in C2H5OH solution.
(7) Decomposes 250-300, carbonizes 320 (26).
(3-Trigalloyl-levoglucosan. A2. (2) Micro-needles. (3) C27H22Oi7. (5) o^8, -21.0 (C2H5OH, 1%). (6) FeCl3 gives blueviolet ppt. in C2H5OH solution. (7) Decomposes 270, carbonizes 320 (26).
II. CATECHOLS OR CATECHINS
c?-Catechol. (1) Acacia and gambier catechus. (2) Thin needles.
(3) C15H1406.4H20 (20). (4) C2H5OH, ethyl acetate, pure
ether. Anhydrous form almost insoluble in latter two. (5)
578, +17 (50% acetone, 9%) (14, is, 19, 20). ag78> 0
(C2H5OH) (20). aDi -2 (C2H5OH) (20). a -0.47
0.03 (C2H5OH, 9%); +3.7 0.5 (50% C2H5OH, 9%).
o?, -f-18.40 0.9 (H2O, 0.9%, increasing markedly with
temperature decrease) (14). (7) For discussion of structural
formula see (20, 29, 33). M. P. 93-95; anhyd., 174-5.
Z-Catechol. (1) Isolated from acacia and gambier catechus. (2)
Thin needles. (3) C15Hi4O6.4H2O. (5) <*578, 0 (C2H5OH);
578, -16.8 (50% acetone, 3%) (20). (7) M. P. 93-95;
anhyd., 174-175 (19, 20).
dZ-Catechol. (1) Principal constituent of catechol separated from
acacia catechu. (2) Thin needles. (3) Ci5H14O6.3H2O. (7) Is
"acacatechin" (). Sinters at 100, melts 214-216 with
decomposition (i 9 , 20).
Catechol-a. (1) Acacia catechu (33, 35). (3) Ci5Hi4O6-SH2O
(35). (7) Is dZ-catechol (14). Methylated "acacatechin" has
same melting point and crystal form as synthetic methyl compound (14). M. P. 204-205 (35).
Catechol-b, Gambier catechol. (1) Gambier catechu (33, 35).
(7) Identical with d-catechol in crystal form, melting point,
solubility, and constitution.
Catechol-c. (1) Gambier catechu. (2) Small pale yellow
prisms (35). (3) Ci5Hi4O6. (7) Identified as d-epicatechol
(20). M. P. 235-237 (35).
Chinese rhubarb catechol. (5) 578, +18 (50% acetone) (15).
Mahogany catechol. (5) aD, +23 (50% acetone). a578, +16
(50% acetone); +15 (C2H5OH) ().
Paullinia catechol. (5) Inactive in C2H5OH. aD, +3.7 (50%
acetone) (i 5 ).
d-Epicatechol. (2) Thick prisms. (3) Ci5Hi4O6.4H2O. (5)
578, +68.9 (C2H5OH, 7%); +59.9 (50% acetone, 4%).
(7) M. P. 245 (20).
Z-Epicatechol. (1) Gambier and acacia catechus (19). (2) Thick
prisms. (3) Ci5H14O6.4H2O (19, 20). (5) a&78> _68.2 (C2H5OH, 6%): -59.0 (50% acetone, 4%) (i, 20). (7) M. P. 245.
dZ-Epicatechol. (1) Gambier and acacia catechus (19). (2)

Exists both as prisms and needles. (3) Ci5Hi4O6.4H20. (7)
M. P. of prisms, 224-226 (20).
d-(5-Gambier catechol-carboxylic acid. (2) Micro-needles. (3)
Ci6Hi4O8. (5) <$, +12.6 (H2O, 5%); +17.6 (C2H5OH, 7%).
(7) M. P. 249-251 with evolution of CO2 (30).
Z-(3-Gambier catechol-carboxylic acid. (2) Large needles. (3)
C16H14O8. (5) oi8, -22.4 (H2O, 5%). c#, -31.6 (C2H5OH, 6%). (7) M. P. 258-261 with evolution of CO2 (30).
<&-(3-Gambier catechol-carboxylic acid. (3) C16H14O8. (7) M. P.
252-253 with evolution of CO2 (30).
The relationship between the catechols and epicatechols is shown
as follows:
M = mixing; Ra = racemizing; Re = rearrangement ( 20 ).
d-catechol
I Re
d-epicatechol
[_
'
dZ-catechol <
Ra
^__^^
â
IIRe
c^-epicatechol
Z-catechol
Ra
*-___^ Re
I T Re
"^6 Z-epicatechol
|M
LITERATURE
f 1 ) Fischer, Untersuchungen ber Depside und Gerbstoffe, 1919. (2) Fischer
and Bergmann, 25, 51: 298; 18. (3) Idem., 25, l : 1760; 18. () Idem., 25,
82: 829; 19. ( 5 ) Fischer and Freudenberg, 8, 384: 225; 11. (6) Idem.,
26, 45: 915; 12. (?) Idem., 25, 45: 2709; 12. () Idem., 25, 47: 2485; 14.
() Fischer and Rapaport, 25, 46: 2389; 13.
(10) Freudenberg, 25, 52B: 177; 19. () Idem.,25, 52B: 1238; 19. (12) Idem,
25, 53B: 1416; 20. (l 3 ) Idem., Die Chemie der natrlichen Gerbstoffe, 1920.
(i*) Freudenberg, Bhme and Beckendorf, 25, 54B: 1204; 21. () Freudenberg, Bhme and Purrmann, 25, 55B: 1734; 22. (16) Freudenberg and
Fick, 25, 53B: 1728; 20. ( 17 ) Freudenberg, Orthner and Fekentscher, 8,
436: 286; 24. (i *) Freudenberg and Peters, 25, 53B : 953; 20. (i 9 ) Freudenberg and Purrmann, 25, 56B: 1185; 23.
(20) Freudenberg and Purrmann, 8, 437: 274; 24. (2l) Freudenberg and Vollbrecht, 8, 429: 284; 22. (22) Idem., 25, 55B: 2420; 22. (23) Freudenberg
and Scilasi, 25, 55B: 2813; 22. (24) Freudenberg and Walpuski, 25, 54B:
1695; 21. (25) Hjin, 52, 82: 422; 10. (26) Karrer and Salomon, 37, 5:
108; 22. (27) Karrer, Salomon and Peyer, 37, 6: 3; 23. (28) Karrer,
Widmer and Staub, 8, 433: 288; 23. (29) Nierenstein, Abderhalden's Biochemisches Handlexikon, vol. 7, 1912.
(30) Nierenstein, 4, 121: 23; 22. (3l) Idem., 64, 41: 29; 22. (32) idem., I ,
46: 2793; 24. (33) Perkin, 4, 87: 398; 05. (34) perkin and Everest, The
Natural Organic Coloring Matters, 1918. ( 3 S ) Perkin and Yoshitake, 4,
81: 1160; 02. (36) Vollbrecht, 259, 1921: 1.
SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE

TANNING MATERIALS .
The names and tannin contents listed were taken from the
literature at large for what they may be worth; in some cases the
information given may be considerably in error. The place grown
may indicate either the place where the sample analyzed was
grown or the place where the material grows in abundance. In
the majority of cases, at least, the tannin contents are supposedly

those of the air-dried material.
In using the tannin figures, it should be recognized that they
are not true tannin contents, but merely figures obtained by
methods open to very serious question. A number of slightly
different methods were used, but all conformed roughly to the
following general scheme. A solution of the tanning material of
concentration confined to certain limits was treated with lightly
chrome-tanned hide powder until no tannin was left in solution;
i.e., the solution no longer gave a precipitate with gelatin solution.
The decrease in concentration of all matters in solution was then
taken as the measure of the tannin content. Obviously all substances of a slightly acid nature would be removed to some extent
by the hide powder and hence all figures must be high where these
are present.
The probable magnitude of the error was shown by Wilson and
Kern for a number of the commoner tanning extracts. By first
freeing the tannin solution of tannin by shaking with hide powder
and then freeing the hide powder from nontannin by washing, they
were able to estimate the tannin by the increase in weight of the
dried hide powder. The tannin contents so obtained differed in
many cases by startling amounts from those obtained by the
methods generally accepted as official.
The comparison is with the official method of the American
Leather Chemists' Association, which is similar in principle to the
methods employed in other countries.1
Tanning material
Chestnut wood extract
Gambier extract
Hemlock bark
Hemlock bark extract
Oak bark extract
Osage orange extract
Quebracho extract
Spruce bark extract
Sumac extract
Sumac leaves
Wattle bark extract.
Per cent tannin found

A. L. C. A.
Wilson-Kern
method
method
25.80
11.90
24.95
7.79
10.06
6.17
26.68
23.38
24.20
12.88
39.87
13.37
68.01
47.41
22.14
11.71
25.51
16.29
25.56
9.61
33.55
24.16
Many of the tanning materials are leached on a large scale by

extract manufacturers and the concentrated extracts are available
on the market showing a tannin content by the A. L. C. A. and
similar methods of from 20 to 35 % for liquid extracts and from 45
to 70% for solid extracts.
It may be assumed that nearly every form of plant life contains
some tannin. The following list is not complete but is intended
to serve as a guide to those whose interests might be directed into
these fields of work.
1
For a detailed comparison of the methods and their interpretation, see J. A
Wilson, The Chemistry of Leather Manufacture, p. 215-31 (The Chemical Cata^
log Co., New York, 1923).
SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS

Botanical name
Abies alba
Abies canadensis.
Abies dumosa
Abies excelsa
Abies grandis
Abies pedinata
Acacia acuminata
Acacia angica
Acacia anema
,
. arabica
,.
Acacia
Common name
White spruce
Hemlock
fir
Hemlock spruce
Norway spruce
Lowland
fir
Silver
fir
Raspberry jam wood
Angica
Mulga
u u i
Babul
Place grown
Northern America
Northern America
Northern America
Northern Europe
California
Europe
Australia
Brazil
New South Wales
TJIndia
Acacia binervata
Acacia catechu
Black wattle
Cutch
Australia
India
Acacia cavenia
Espinillo
South America
\ _ . _
1 Bark 6
Acacia cebil
Red cebil
Argentina
&
I ?ark 1Vj5
i Leaves 6-7
Bark 9
Bark 18
Bark 17-23
Bark 18-51
Bark 12
Bark 9
Bark 8-18
Bark 18
Bark 10
Bark 15
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
cunninghamii
curupi
dealbata
decurrens
granulosa
,
homalophylla
horrida
koa
leptocarpa
longifolia
Curupy
Wattle
Wattle
Yarran
Doornbosch
Koa tree
Per cent tannin

Bark 7-13
Bark 8-15
Bark 10
Bark 7-13
Bark 9
Bark 6-15
Bark 7-15
Bark 20-25
Bark 5-9
Bark
11
, _.12-20
._
i Pods 20-42
Bark 30
Wood ext. 60
Queensland
South America
Africa and Asia
Australia
New Caledonia
New South Wales
Cape Good Hope
Hawaii
Queensland
Cyprus
Acacia melanoxylon
Blackwood
New South Wales
J _ ar
[ Leaves 3
Acacia microbotrya
Manna wattle
Australia
Acacia moltissima
Acacia neriifolia
Acacia oswaldi
Acacia penninervia
Acacia podalyriaefolia
Acacia polystachya
Acacia pycnantha
Acacia salicina
Acacia sentis
Acacia seyal
Acacia sp
Acacia spiralis
Acer campbellii
Acer campestre
Alchornea triplinervia
Allophylus edulis
Alnus
firma
Alnus glutinosa
Alnus incana
Alnus maritima
Alnus oregona
Anacardium occidentale
Anogeissus acuminata
Green wattle
TaIh
Gallol
Guaic
Himalayan maple
Field maple
Tapia gwazu-ih
Koku
Minibari
Alder
Grey alder
Hannoki
Red alder
Kashew nut
Yon
Australia
Australia
Australia
Europe
Queensland
Queensland
Australia
Australia
New South Wales
Sudan
Somaliland
New Caledonia
India
Europe
Paraguay
Paraguay
Japan
Europe
Europe
Japan
Pacific states
India
India
Anogeissus lati/olia
Dhawa
India
Anogeissus penduta. .
Apuleia praecox
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Areca catechu
Aspidiosperma polyneuron
Yhvihra-pere
Bearberry
Betelnut palm
Palo rosa
India
Paraguay
Russia
India
Paraguay
J _ar
.
I Leaves and twigs 20
Bark 12-47
Bark 14
Bark 10
Bark 14r-38
Bark 12
Bark 18
Bark 40-50
Bark 6-8
Bark 6
Bark 18
Bark 24
Bark 17
Bark 3
Bark 4
Bark 12
Bark 10
Fruits 25
Bark 16-20
Bark 10
Fruits 25
Bark 9
Bark 9
Bark 10
Bark 16
Leaves 10-18
Shoots 20-30
Red tips 54
Bark 9
Bark 11
Leaves and twigs 14
Fruits 10-15
Bark 3
Miljie
Hickory
Golden wattle
SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS.-(Continued)

Botanical name
Common name
Place grown
Aspidiosperma quebracho-bianco
White quebracho
Argentina
Banksia integrifolia
Banksia serrata
Bauhinia vahlii
Betula alba
Betula lenta
Boswellia serrata
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza.
Bruguiera parvi
Coast honeysuckle
Heath honeysuckle
Muhurain bark
White birch
Black birch
Salai bark
Mangrove
Hagalay
Queensland
Australia
India
Northern Europe
Northern America
India
East Africa
Philippines
Bruguiera rhumphii
Mangrove
New Caledonia
Bumelia obtusifolia
Byrsonima cydoniaefolia
Byrsonima spicata
Cabralea sp
Caesalpinia brevi/olia
Caesalpinia cacolaco
Caesalpinia coriaria
Caesalpinia digyna
^
, . .
Caesalpima melanocarpa
Pihkasurembiu
Mureci
Tamwood
Cancharana
Algarobilla
Cascalote
Divi-divi
Tari
^
Guyacan
Paraguay
Bolivia
South America
Paraguay
Chile
Mexico
Central America
India and Burma
A X Argentina
Caesalpinia tinctoria
Calliiris calcarata
Callitris glauca
Camellia thea
Carissa spinarum
Cassia auriculata
_
. _ 1
Cassia J
Celavinia
Australian
Australian
Tea
flora
|
Per cent tannin
Leaves 27-28
Bark 4
Wood 3
Bark 11
Bark 11-23
Bark 9
Bark 2-18
Bark 3-18
Bark 13
Bark 22-52
Bark 7-13
Bark 27-42
Root bark 6
Root wood 9
Bark 8
Bark 20
Bark 44
Bark 5
Pods 43-67
Pods 40-55
Pods 30-50
Pod cases 40-60
J Pods 15-23
I W H8
Tarwar
.
,,
Amaltas
Central America
Australia
Australia
Asia and Africa
India
India
a ' J.T. T jSouth India
Pods 30-32
Bark 17-31
Bark 12-15
Leaves 5-10
Leaves 8-12
Bark 16-22
I Bark 11-15
j T, , , , t ( Pod husk 17
Castanea pubinervis
Japanese chestnut
Japan
I W
~ .
Castanea cesva
., ' , , ,
bpanish chestnut
*
Western chinquapin
Gie-gay
Ironwood
Casagha pine
Bull oak
Snow bush
Bahau
Goran
Tangal
Rodarsi
Pindo
Kupaih
French sumac
fistula
Castanopsis chrysophylla
Castanopsis sinensis
Casuarina
Casuarina equiseti/olia
Casuarina glauca
Ceanothus velutina
Ceriops candolleana
Ceriops roxburghiana
Ceriops tagal
Cleistanthus collinus
Cocos romanzoffiana
Copaifera lansdorfii
Coriaria myrtifolia
Coriaria nepalensis
Coriaria ruscifolia
Corylus avellana
Coulteria tinctoria
Crossostylis multiflora
Cryptomeria japonica
Cupania sp
Cupania uraguensis
Cupania vernalis
Dalbergia sp
Dioscorea atropurpurea
Elaeocarpus grandis
Elephantorrhiza burchellii
Enterolobium timbouva
fir
fir
J Southern Europe
1 a
,
( SouthernTTU.QS.
Pacific states
Indo-China
New Caledonia
Southern Asia
New South Wales
Western U. S.
India and Africa
India
Philippines
Tutu
Hazel
Tara
Paraguay
Paraguay
France
India
New Zealand
Europe
Algeria and Peru
Bush mangrove
N e w Caledonia
Japanese cedar
Cedrillo
Kambuata
Yaguarataih
. Yhsapih-ih
Cu-nao
Blue fig bark
Elephant roots
Timbo
Japan
Paraguay
Paraguay
Paraguay
Paraguay
Indo-China
New South Wales
Africa
Paraguay
rl 7
J Bark 6-8
1 TTT ,
1 Wood 7-11
Bark 8
Bark 12
Bark 10
Bark 11-18
Bark 12
Leaves 17
Bark 24-42
Bark 13
Bark 24-37
Bark 33
Bark 7
Bark 17
Leaves 15
Leaves 20
Bark 16-17
Bark 5
Pods 43-51
I U I Q
( JoarK o
Bark 6
Bark 16
Bark 18
Bark 15
Bark 6
Tubers 20
Bark 10
Root 6-22
Bark 22
SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS.(Continued)

Botanical name
Common name
Place grown
Eremophila longifolia
Emu bush
New South Wales
Eucalyptus accedens
Eucalyptus alba
Eucalyptus amygdalina
Spotted gum
Mountain gum
Ribbon gum
Australia
Australia
New South Wales
Eucalyptus corymbosa
Bloodwood
New South Wales
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Karri
White mallet
Silver mallet
Eucalyptus
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
diversicolor
erythronema
falcata
globulus
Eucalyptus gunnii
Red gum
Eucalyptus longifolia
Woolly-butt
Australia
Eucalyptus maculata
Spotted gum
New South Wales
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
York gum
Stringy bark
Black mallet
Red mallet
White box
Australia
New South Wales
Australia
Australia
New South Wales
Eucalyptus piperita
Messmate
New South Wales
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Round leaf moort

Wandoo
Blue leaf mallet
Mahogany
Blue gum
Salmon gum
Gimlet
Australia
Australia
Australia
Florida
Australia
Australia
Australia
Eucalyptus siderophloia
Red iron bark
New South Wales
Eucalyptus sieberiana
Eucalyptus spathulata
Cabbage gum
Swamp mallet
New South Wales

Australia
Eucalyptus stellulata
Black gum
New South Wales
Eucalyptus stuartiana
Apple
New South Wales
Eucalyptus torquata
Flowering gum
Australia
Eucalyptus viminalis
Manna gum
New South Wales
Eugenia braziliensis
Yhva-poroitih
Paraguay
Eugenia jambolana
Eugenia jambos
Eugenia maire
Eugenia michellii
Eugenia pungens
Eugenia smithii
Eugenia sp
Exocarpus cupressiformis
Fiscus sp
Fusanus acuminatus
Garicinia mangostana
Grevillia striata
Guarea sp
Hakea glabella
Hakea leucoptera
Heritiera fomes
Java plum
India
Brazil
New Zealand
Paraguay
Paraguay
Australia
Paraguay
Australia
Sudan
Australia
Cochin-China
Australia
Paraguay
Australia
New South Wales
India
loxophleba
obliqua
occidentalis
occidentalis astringens
odorata
platypus
redunca
redunca oxymitra
robusta
rostrata
salmonophloia
salubris
Nangapirih gwazu
Yhva viyu
Yhvajhay puihta gwazu
Native cherry
KiIi bark
Quandony
Mangoustan
Beef wood
Guare
Needle bark
Sundri bark
New South Wales
Per cent tannin
I Bark 5
I Leaves 10
Bark 18
Bark 30-32
JGum 58-65
Gum 28
Leaves 18
Bark 6
Bark 16-20
Bark 30
Bark 5-32
Sap 28
| -R68T6Ii
\ oari JL L
Bark 8
Gum 45
Bark 10
Leaves 5
Bark 5-10
Bark 17
Bark 20-26
Bark 40-50
Leaves 7
j ûm 32~62
I Leaves 13
Bark 25
Bark 16-20
Bark 22-30
Leaves 12-17
Bark 16
Bark 8-13
Bark 16-19
Gum 35-73
Bark 10
Leaves 6
Bark 37
Bark 26
Bark 13
1 Leaves 17
1 T ar
I Leaves 10
Bark 17
i T ar
i Leaves 4
Bark 43
Leaves 17
Wood 12
Bark 19
Bark 12
Bark 16-17
Bark 29
Bark 11
Bark 17
Bark 16-29
Bark 15-16
Bark 19
Bark 19
Fruit shells 14
Bark 18
Bark 10
Bark 18
Bark 11
Bark 7

__
Botanical name
Common name
'
Hopea odorata
Place grown
India
Hopea parviflora
Hydnora longicollis
Inga affinis
Inga feuillei
Juniperus recurva
Krameria triandria
Larix dahurica
Larix europaea
Ironwood
Ganib
Inga gwazu
Paypay
Weeping blue
Rhatany
Larch
Larch
India
Africa
Paraguay
Peru
Japan
Peru
Japan
Europe
Larix occidentalis
Western larch
N. W. United States
Laurus lingue
Leuceadendron argenteum
Leucospermum conocarpum
Ludwigia caparossa
Lysiloma candida
Madura pomifera
Malpighia faginea
Malpighia punici/olia
Mimosa farinosa
Mimosa pudica
Mimosa sp
Silver tree
Knotted tree
Caparossa
Palo bianco
Osage orange
Nance
Mangrutta
Mimosa
Mimosa
Yukeri gwazu
Chile
Cape Good Hope
Cape Good Hope
Brazil
Lower California
Texas
Mexico
"
Nicaragua
Argentina
India
Paraguay
Myrica asplenifolia
Sweet fern
Michigan
Myrica nagi
Nauclea gambir
Ocotea buttata
Ocotea sp
Osyris dbyssinica
Osyris arborea
Osyris compressa
Oxalis gigantea
Paullinia sorbilis
Peltophorium dubium
Box myrtle
Gambier
India
East Indies
South Africa
Paraguay
Transvaal
Northern India
Cape Good Hope
Chile
Brazil
Paraguay
f Yhva-iha
Cape sumac
.
Guar
Yhvihra puihta
Pentacme suavis
India
Phyllanthus emblica
Amia
India
Phyllocladus asplenifolia
Phyllocladus rhomboidalis
Phyllocladus trichomanoides
Picea glehni
Picea sitchensis
Pinus cembra
Pinus densiflora
Pinus halepensis
Pinus Khasya
Pinus longifolia
Pinus muricata
Pinus radiata
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus thunbergii
Piptadenia cebil
Piptadenia rigida
Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia orientalis
Pithecolobium dulce
, , amphibium
. , .
Polygonum
r
Polygonum bistorta
Celery-topped pine
Tasmania
Tasmania
New Zealand
Japan
Pacific states
Alpine Europe
Japan
Mediterranean coasts
Burma
India
California
California
Northern Europe
Japan
Argentina
Paraguay
Mediterranean
India
Mexico
TV/T
Missouri
Red yezomatsu
Sitka spruce
Pine
Red pine
Aleppo pine
Pine
Long-leaved pine
Swamp pine
Monterey pine
Scotch
fir
Black pine
Kurupaih-ra puihta
Pistacio
Pistacio
Camanchile
Snakeweed
England
|
Per cent tannin
f Bark 14-15
\ Leaves 11
[ Wood 10
Bark 17-22
Roots 32
Bark 26
Pods 12-15
Bark 8
Root bark 20
Bark 9
Bark &-10
j T , ^
I Wood 7
Bark 17-19
Bark 9-16
Bark 10-22
.
Bark 20-25
Bark 26
Wood 11
Bark 26
Bark 20-30
Bark 4
Roots 10
Bark 11
1
I
\I
[
rtOOtS 4O
Bark 13-27
Leaves and twigs 5-6
Bark 6
Bark 11
Leaves and twigs 13-25
Leaves 20
Leaves 17-23
Bark 25
Fruit 43-55
Bark 31
Leaves 12-24
Bark 7-13
Wood 4
Stoned fruit 26-35
Leaves 23-28
Bark 15-24
Bark 23
Bark 21
Bark 28-30
Bark 19
Bark 12-18
Bark 3-5
Bark 6
Bark 10-15
Bark 7-10
Bark 11-14
Bark 13
Bark 14
Bark 4-5
Bark 6
Bark 15
Bark 28
Leaves 12-19
Galls 30-40
Bark 15-25
Roots 2 2
Branches 17
Roots 16-21

Botanical name
Populus tremula
Prosopis oblonga
Protea grandiflora
Protea mellifera
Punica granatum
Pomegranate
India
^ t
7 . lorentzii
7
,
Quebrachia
^ i_
T.
Quebracho
O ^ T America
_ A South
Per cent tannin

Bark 3
Bark 14
Bark 15-16
Bark 18-25
Bark 7
Fruit rind 27-30
Kernel 32
Bark 18-22
j Wood
, 20-30
Quercus aegilops
Quercus agri/olia
Quercus alba
Quercus californica
Quercus cerris
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus cocci/era
Quercus coccinea
Quercus densiflora
^
j
Quercus
dentata
Valonia
Live oak
White oak
Black oak
Turkey oak
Maul oak
Kermes oak
Scarlet oak
Tanbark oak
T
I
Japanese
oak
Mediterranean
California
Northern America
California
Southern Europe
Pacific states
Mediterranean
United States
California
T
Japan
Acorns 17-40
Bark 19
Bark 7
Bark 10
Galls 35
Bark 7-12
Bark 10-18
Bark 8
Bark 10-29
Bark
1
! W d17 1
Quercus fenestrata
Quercus garryana
Pacific post oak
Northern India
Pacific states
Quercus grosseserrata
Water oak
Japan
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Evergreen oak
Southern Europe
India
Turkey
Northern India
Northern India
California
Algeria
ilex
incana.
infectoria
lamellosa
lineata
lobata
mirbechi
Common name
Poplar
Abu-surug
Sugarbush
Douglas
Aleppo
White oak
fir
Place grown
Europe
Sudan
Cape Good Hope
Cape Good Hope
Pacific states
Bark 10-16
Bark 6-7
|
ar
Bark 5-11
Bark 22
Galls 24r-60
Bark 8-10
Bark 11
Bark 12
Bark 8
Acorn cups 13-15
Bark 12-13
Leaves 10
Bark 9-12
Bark 16
Quercus pachyphylla
Sungra katus
Northern India
Quercus prinus
Quercus pseudocornea
Chestnut oak
Gie-quang
United States
Indo-China
Quercus robur
Common oak
Europe and U. S.
\ TTT , _ .
I Wood 2-4
Quercus rubra
Red oak
Northern America
Quercus spp
Quercus suber
Quercus tozae
Quercus velutina
Quercus wislizeni
Rheedia braziliensis
Rhizophora conjugata
Gie-bob
Cork oak
Black oak
Highland oak
Pakuri
Mangrove
Indo-China
Europe
Southern France
United States
California
Paraguay
Philippines
1 ^ ^
I Bark
Bark
Bark
Bark
Bark
Bark
Bark
Bark
Rhizophora mangle
Mangrove
Tropical coasts
Rhizophora mucronata
Rhus copallina
Rhus coriaria
Rhus cotinus
Rhus cotinoides
Rhus glabra
Rhus metopium
Rhus mysorensis
Mangrove
Sumac
Sicilian sumac
Venetian sumac
Sumac
White sumac
Sumac
Asia and Africa

United States
Sicily
Italy
United States
United States
United States
Southern India
Rhus pentaphylla
Tizra sumac
Morocco
Rhus rhodanthema
Deep yellow wood
New South Wales
Rhus semialata
Sumac
America and Asia
?a _ S
4-6
11
12-19
14
6-12
7-8
22
26-32
1 T ar
I Leaves 22
Bark 21-48
Leaves 17-38
Leaves 25-32
Leaves 17
Leaves 21
Leaves 15-25
Leaves 8
Bark 20
|
^
I Wood 23
Bark 23
1 ~^ves
_
I Chinese galls 70

Botanical name
Rhus succedanea
Rhus thunbergii
Rhus typhina
Common name
Virginian sumac
Place grown
India
Cape Good Hope
Virginia
Robinia pseudacacia
Black locust
Europe
j ^r ,
Rollinia sp
Rumex hymenosepalum
Rumex maritima
Sabal palmetto
Sabal serrulata
Salix alba
Salix arenaria
Salix caproea
Salix fragilis
Salix lasiandra
Salix purpurea
Salix viminalis
Schinus molle
Aratiku gwazu
Canaigre
Docks
Cabbage palmetto
Saw palmetto
White willow
Willow
Willow
Willow
Yellow willow
Willow
Willow
Molle
Paraguay
Mexico
Europe
Florida
Florida
California
Japan
Russia
Argentina
Sequoia sempervirens
Redwood
Pacific states
Bark 4
Roots 25-30
Roots 22
Roots 10-18
Leaves 13
Bark 9
Bark 13
Bark 8-12
Bark 9-12
Bark 2
Bark 8
Bark 7-10
Leaves 19
f Heartwood 4-12
Sapwood 1-2
Bark 1-3
Sumac
Shorea obtusa
Russia
Japan
India
Shorea robusta
Sonneratia pagatpat
Sai bark
Pagatpat
India
Philippines
Statice coriaria.. . .
Stryphnodendron barbatimao
Marsh rosemary
Barbatimao
Southern Russia
Brazil
Tamarix africana
Tamarisk
Mediterranean
Tamarix articulata
Tamarix dioica
Taxus cuspidata
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia belerica
Terminalia calappa
Terminalia chebula
Terminalia glabra
Terminalia mauritiana
Tamarisk
Jhao
Yew
Kahua
Bedda
Badamier
Myrobalan
Kumbuk
Jamrosa
Morocco
India
Japan
India
India
India
India
Ceylon
India
Terminalia oliveri
Thann
Malay
Per cent tannin

Leaves 20
Bark 28
Leaves 10-18
j _Tr ,
Wood 6-7
Bark 6-15
Bark 11-12
Bark 17
T>
4ooO
en
JcCesin
Roots 20-22
Bark 18-27
Galls 26-56
Twigs 9
Leaves 9
Galls 43-56
Bark 10
Bark 10
Bark 18-24
Nuts 12
Bark 12-25
Nuts 30-40
Bark 27-32
Bark 30
Tormentala erecta
Trichilia catigua
Trichilia hieronymi
Tsuga canadensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Umbellularia calif arnica
Valeria indica
Weimannia glabra
Curtidor
Europe
Paraguay
Paraguay
Northern America
Pacific states
California
India
Venezuela
Woodfordia
Itcha
India
Ximenia americana
floribunda
Kaatigua puihta
Kaatigua moroti
Hemlock
Western hemlock
California laurel
Alimu
Sudan
| _ ar
I Leaves 14
Roots 20-46
Bark 21
Bark 23
Bark 7-12
Bark 9-16
Bark 16
Fruit 25
Bark 10-13
i _
I Leaves 15
Bark 17
(
Xylocarpus granatum
Xylocarpus obovatus
Zizyphus nummularia
Zizyphus xylopyra
Piagao
Tabique
Ber
Gothar
Africa and Asia

Philippines
India
India
Bark 919
TTT
1 A
Wood 4
Bark 21-48
Bark 22-25
Bark 10
Fruit flesh 23
LITERATURE
2. EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF NONTANNIN BY DIALYSIS

Initial
Final
concn.
concn.
The following periodicals, reports and books were used in the above compilaHours
P. D.
g dry
g dry
Extract of
tion: 45; 54; 167; 867 \ 258; 259; 260; 261; 262; 263; 264; 265; Reports. Freiberg
(volts)
dialyzed
solids
solids
Experiment Station; Reports, Australian Institute of Science and Industry;
U. S. Department of Commerce, Reports; H. R. Procter, Principles of Leather
per 1
per 1
Manufacture, New York, 1922; J. Dekker, Die Gerbstoffe, Berlin, 1913; A.
24
Gambier
21.0
-0.029
32.8
Harvey, Tanning Materials, London, 1921; J. A. Wilson, The Chemistry of Leather
24
-0.024
Hemlock bark
Manufacture, New York, 1923.
24
Sumac leaves
-0.026
16.0
8.6
24
-0.024
16.0
Osage orange
10.9
60
9.6
-0.033
16.0
Electrical Potential Difference (P. D.) between Tannin Particles Quebracho wood
and Solutions of Tanning Extracts
3. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF QUEBRACHO EXTRACT
Concn. g dry solids per 1
P. D. (volts)
1. EXTRACTS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
4.0
-0.030
Extractof
Concn. g dry
PD
8.0
-0.029
solids per 1
(volts)
16.0
-0.028
Gambier
,.
18.7
-0.005
32.0
-0.024
Oak bark
17.0
-0.009
4. EFFECT OF ADDITION OF ACID
Chestnut wood
17.8
-0.009
Hemlock bark
16.7
-0.010
(16 g solid quebracho extract per 1)
Sumac leaves
19.6
-0.014
O. IAT HCl added per 1
|
P. D. (volts)
Spruce bark
19.5
-0.018
0.0
-0.024
Osage orange wood
13.7
-0.018 (?)
10.0
-0.014
Quebracho wood
11.0
, -0.028
15.0
-0.010
20.0
approx. zero
LITERATURE
Thomas and Foster, 45, 14: 191; 22. 15: 707; 23.
LEATHER
JOHN ARTHUR WILSON

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Die untersuchten Lederarten.
Zusammensetzung.
Reissfestigkeit,
Dehnbarkeit,
Nhfestigkeit.
INDICE
PAGE:
Tipi studiati
250
Composizione
251
Prova di resistenza, allungamento e resistenza
251
nella cucitura
Absorption of water from moist

air.
Swelling by water.
Permeability to water vapor
and to air.
Resilience.
MATIRES
Genres de cuirs tudis.
Composition.
Rsistance la traction,
allongement et rsistance au
dchirement du point de
couture.
Absorption de l'eau partir de
l'air humide.
Gonflement l'eau.
Permabilit la vapeur d'eau
et l'air.
Rejaillessement.
Wasseraufnahme aus feuchter

Luft.
Quellung in Wasser.
Durchlssigkeit fr Wasserdampf und Luft.
Elastische Nachwirkung.
Assorbimento di acqua
dall'aria umida
Rigonfiamento nell'acqua..
Permeabilit al vapor
d'acqua e all'aria
Rimbalzo
TYPE
GENRES DE CUIRS
DlE UNTERSUCHTEN
CONTENTS
Types studied.
Composition.
Tensile strength, elongation
and resistance to stitch tear.
IND.
No.
1. Colored, vegetable-tanned
calf.
2. Colored,
chrome-tanned
calf.
3. Black, c h r o m e - t a n n e d ,
glazed kid.
4. Black, c h r o m e - t a n n e d
kangaroo.
5. Black,
vegetable-tanned
horse butt (Cordovan).
6. Colored, chrome-tanned,
buffed and split cow hide
(buck).
7. Colored,
chrome-tanned
side (split cow hide).
253
253
253
254
TlPI DI PELLE
Veau teint, tann au vgtal.
LEDERARTEN
Farbiges lohgares Kalbleder.
Vitello al tannino, colorato.
Veau teint, tann au chrome.
Farbiges Chromkalbleder.
Vitello al cromo, colorato.
Chevreau verni, noir, tann au

chrome.
Kangourou noir, tann au
chrome.
Croupon de cheval, tann au
vgtal (Cordovan).
Cuir de vache teint, tann au
chrome, refendu et effleur
(faon daim).
Bande entire
de vache
(refendue) teinte, tanne au
chrome.
Schwarzes Chromchevreaux.
Cuoio morbido di montone;;

glac tinto in nero al cromo.
Pelle di canguro al cromo, tinta
in nero.
Culatta di cavallo al tanninotinta in nero (Cordovano).
Pelle di vacca al cromo, spaccata, scamosciata, colorata.
Schwarzes chromgares Knguruhleder.

Schwarzer lohgare Rosspiegel
(Cordovan).
Farbige chromgare, gebuffte
Rindernarbenspalte (bck).
Farbige chromgare Rindspalte.
Fianco di vacca (spaccata)al cromo, colorato.
LITERATURE
2. EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF NONTANNIN BY DIALYSIS

Initial
Final
concn.
concn.
The following periodicals, reports and books were used in the above compilaHours
P. D.
g dry
g dry
Extract of
tion: 45; 54; 167; 867 \ 258; 259; 260; 261; 262; 263; 264; 265; Reports. Freiberg
(volts)
dialyzed
solids
solids
Experiment Station; Reports, Australian Institute of Science and Industry;
U. S. Department of Commerce, Reports; H. R. Procter, Principles of Leather
per 1
per 1
Manufacture, New York, 1922; J. Dekker, Die Gerbstoffe, Berlin, 1913; A.
24
Gambier
21.0
-0.029
32.8
Harvey, Tanning Materials, London, 1921; J. A. Wilson, The Chemistry of Leather
24
-0.024
Hemlock bark
Manufacture, New York, 1923.
24
Sumac leaves
-0.026
16.0
8.6
24
-0.024
16.0
Osage orange
10.9
60
9.6
-0.033
16.0
Electrical Potential Difference (P. D.) between Tannin Particles Quebracho wood
and Solutions of Tanning Extracts
3. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF QUEBRACHO EXTRACT
Concn. g dry solids per 1
P. D. (volts)
1. EXTRACTS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
4.0
-0.030
Extractof
Concn. g dry
PD
8.0
-0.029
solids per 1
(volts)
16.0
-0.028
Gambier
,.
18.7
-0.005
32.0
-0.024
Oak bark
17.0
-0.009
4. EFFECT OF ADDITION OF ACID
Chestnut wood
17.8
-0.009
Hemlock bark
16.7
-0.010
(16 g solid quebracho extract per 1)
Sumac leaves
19.6
-0.014
O. IAT HCl added per 1
|
P. D. (volts)
Spruce bark
19.5
-0.018
0.0
-0.024
Osage orange wood
13.7
-0.018 (?)
10.0
-0.014
Quebracho wood
11.0
, -0.028
15.0
-0.010
20.0
approx. zero
LITERATURE
Thomas and Foster, 45, 14: 191; 22. 15: 707; 23.
LEATHER
JOHN ARTHUR WILSON

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Die untersuchten Lederarten.
Zusammensetzung.
Reissfestigkeit,
Dehnbarkeit,
Nhfestigkeit.
INDICE
PAGE:
Tipi studiati
250
Composizione
251
Prova di resistenza, allungamento e resistenza
251
nella cucitura
Absorption of water from moist

air.
Swelling by water.
Permeability to water vapor
and to air.
Resilience.
MATIRES
Genres de cuirs tudis.
Composition.
Rsistance la traction,
allongement et rsistance au
dchirement du point de
couture.
Absorption de l'eau partir de
l'air humide.
Gonflement l'eau.
Permabilit la vapeur d'eau
et l'air.
Rejaillessement.
Wasseraufnahme aus feuchter

Luft.
Quellung in Wasser.
Durchlssigkeit fr Wasserdampf und Luft.
Elastische Nachwirkung.
Assorbimento di acqua
dall'aria umida
Rigonfiamento nell'acqua..
Permeabilit al vapor
d'acqua e all'aria
Rimbalzo
TYPE
GENRES DE CUIRS
DlE UNTERSUCHTEN
CONTENTS
Types studied.
Composition.
Tensile strength, elongation
and resistance to stitch tear.
IND.
No.
1. Colored, vegetable-tanned
calf.
2. Colored,
chrome-tanned
calf.
3. Black, c h r o m e - t a n n e d ,
glazed kid.
4. Black, c h r o m e - t a n n e d
kangaroo.
5. Black,
vegetable-tanned
horse butt (Cordovan).
6. Colored, chrome-tanned,
buffed and split cow hide
(buck).
7. Colored,
chrome-tanned
side (split cow hide).
253
253
253
254
TlPI DI PELLE
Veau teint, tann au vgtal.
LEDERARTEN
Farbiges lohgares Kalbleder.
Vitello al tannino, colorato.
Veau teint, tann au chrome.
Farbiges Chromkalbleder.
Vitello al cromo, colorato.
Chevreau verni, noir, tann au

chrome.
Kangourou noir, tann au
chrome.
Croupon de cheval, tann au
vgtal (Cordovan).
Cuir de vache teint, tann au
chrome, refendu et effleur
(faon daim).
Bande entire
de vache
(refendue) teinte, tanne au
chrome.
Schwarzes Chromchevreaux.
Cuoio morbido di montone;;

glac tinto in nero al cromo.
Pelle di canguro al cromo, tinta
in nero.
Culatta di cavallo al tanninotinta in nero (Cordovano).
Pelle di vacca al cromo, spaccata, scamosciata, colorata.
Schwarzes chromgares Knguruhleder.

Schwarzer lohgare Rosspiegel
(Cordovan).
Farbige chromgare, gebuffte
Rindernarbenspalte (bck).
Farbige chromgare Rindspalte.
Fianco di vacca (spaccata)al cromo, colorato.
8. Black, chrome-tanned slink

calf (suede).
9. Uncolored, v e g e t a b l e tanned calf (shoe lining).
Veau mort-n noir, tann au

chrome (faon sude).
Veau naturel, tann au vgtal
(doublure de chaussure).
Schwarzes chromgare Kalbleder

(sude).
Ungefrbtes lohgare Kalbleder
(Schuhfutterleder).
10. Uncolored, v e g e t a b l e tanned sheep (shoe lining).
Mouton naturel, tann au vgtal (doublure de chaussure).
Ungefrbtes lohgare Schafleder

(Schuhfutterleder).
11. B l a c k , vegetable-tanned
shark.
12. Patent, chrome-tanned side
(split cow hide).
Requin noir, tann au vgtal.
Schwarz es lohgare Haifischleder.
Bande entire de vache (refendue), vernie, tanne au

chrome.
Chevreau verni, tann au
chrome.
Poulain verni, tann au chrome.
Chromgares
leder.
13. Patent, chrome-tanned kid.

14. P a t e n t , chrome-tanned
colt.
15. Heavy, black, c h r o m e tanned cow hide.
16. Chrome-re-tan, army upper
leather (split cow hide).
17. Vegetable-tanned steer hide
(sole leather).
18. Chrome-tanned steer hide
(sole leather).
Each analysis was made on
one representative skin of each
type. The same 18 skins were
used to make all measurements
listed in this section, thus
making all properties of any
one type directly comparable
and related
to chemical
composition.
Cuir de vache, fort, noir, tann

au chrome.
Cuir d'empeigne pour l'arme,
semi-chrome (peau de vache
refendue
chrom,
puis
retann au vgtal).
Cuir de gnisse, tann au vgtal (cuir de semelles).
Cuir de gnisse, tann au
chrome (cuir de semelles).
Chaque analyse a t effectue sur une peau reprsentative de chaque genre de cuir.
On a utilis les mmes 18 peaux
pour faire toutes les mesures
mentionnes dans cette section.
De la sorte, toutes les proprits de chaque genre de cuir sont
directement comparables et en
relation avec la composition
chimique.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
13.641.012.00.3
0.40.1
9.1
23.5
16. 3 62. 6 4. 63. 4 0. 4 0 . 30. 5
1.20.35.4
13.765.3 6.61.0 0 . 9 0 . 5 0 . 2 0 . 2
0.20.34.5
12.062.711.31.8 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 1 0 . 3
0.10.16.0
10.040.118.60.6
0.1
0.1
8.7
21.8
14.169.6 2.13.2 0.3
..
0.2
1.00.65.3
16.366.8 5.83.6 1.0
0.30.1
0.20.23.6
12.755.1 7.10.8 0 . 4 0 . 2 0 . 1 0 . 2
1.01.25.4
11.946.0 7.60.1
0.2
0.1
12.3
21.8
10.950.0 6.11.7
0.6
0.1
0.10.1
13.0
17.4
12.245.4 6.91.5
0.1
0.1
5.4
28.4
10.150.510.01.8 0.60.1
0.1
0.10.42.9
9.0
11.854.0 6 . 6 2 . 1 0.3
0.2
0.20.63.6
8.4
12.060.4 5.12.3 0.50.10.10.3
0.10.33.6
6.1
14.457.014.24.4 0 . 4 0 . 1 0 . 4 ^
0.75.5
15.144.620.41.1 0.3
0.4Qg
0.30.22.4
14.629.7 3.20.8
U 0.8
0.7
35.6
14.6
16.329.425.45.912.30.80.92.30.52.60.51.7
Other organic
matter by diff.
Collodion
Combined tannin
by diff.
Cr2O3
Organic water
soluble
Fe2O3
Al2O3
MgSO4
CaO
NaCl
HCl
Na2SO4
H2SO4
Fat
Skin protein
H2O
Ind. No.
COMPOSITION, % AT 50% RELATIVE HUMIDITY (*)
5.0
6.6
5.1
3.6
2.1
15.8
14.4
12.2
9.1
2.9
15.2
1.4
TENSILE STRENGTH, STRETCH AND STITCH TEAR (*)

Each value recorded is the average of 3 determinations. The
strips for strength and stretch were cut with a die 2.54 X 15.24 cm
and the jaws of the testing machine were initially 10.16 cm apart.
The 3 strips from each skin were cut with their lengths parallel to
the backbone and spaced equally between head and tail end along a
Rindspaltlack-
Chromchevreauxlackleder.
Chromgares Rosslackleder.
Schweres schwarzes Chromrindleder.
Nachchromiertes Mitroberleder (Rindspalte).
Pelle di vitello (feto) al cromo,

tinta in nero (tipo svedese).
Vitello al tannino in color
naturale (fodera da calzature).
Montone al tannino in color
naturale (fodera da calzature).
Pelle di squalo al tannino, tinta
in nero.
Fianco di vacca (spaccata) al
cromo, brevettato.
Cuoio morbido di montone al
cromo, brevettato.
Puledro al cromo, brevettato.
Pelle di vacca al cromo tinta in
nero, pesante.
Cuoio di vacca (spaccata)
superiore per l'esercito, riconciato al cromo.
-4L
Lohgares Rindleder (Sohlenleder).

Chromgares Rindleder (Sohlenleder).
Jede Analyse wurde an einem
besonderem Vertreter einer
Hauttype gemacht. Dieselben
18 Hute sind fr alle Messungen die in diesem Abschnitt
angefhrt werden, verwendet
worden. Es werden dadurch alle
Eigenschaften jeder einzelnen
Type direkt vergleichbar und in
Beziehung zur chemischen Zusammensetzung gebracht.
Pelle di giovenco al tannino

(cuoio da suola).
Pelle di giovenco al cromo
(cuoio da suola).
Ogni analisi fu fatta sopra un
campione rappresentante ciascun tipo di pelle. Gli stessi
18 campioni furono usati per
eseguire tutte le misure indicate
in questa sezione, risultando
cos tutte le propriet di ogni
singolo tipo direttamente paragonabili ed in rapporto alla
composizione chimica.
line midway between backbone and belly edge. The leather was
in equilibrium with an atmosphere of 50% relative humidity.
The stitch tear was made with Irish flax shoe thread No. 6 slipped
through a hole 2 mm from the leather edge.
I = average thickness; TS tensile strength in kg per cm2 of
original cross section; S = stretch (a) at 13.6 kg per 2.54 cm width,
(6) at 225 kg per cm2; ST = stitch tear.
ImI
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
I
TS
mm
kg/cm2
1.19
422
1.00
327
0.76
409
0.52
508
1.12
113
0.92
201
1.22
213
0.63
156
0.93
310
0.87
200
0.80
118
1.09
90
0.96
217
1.43
228
2.94
182
2.48
346
6.28
191
4.80
100
%S
(a) | (b)
5
17
7
22
20
34
16
24
14
53
9
34
11
36
19
36
11
27
13
35
35
84
10
69
17
42
13
46
8
54
6
29
1
23
1
70
IST
kg
13
10
8
9
7
5
10
1
8
6
5
3
7
8
27
28
38
21
AREA CHANGE WITH RELATIVE HUMIDITY

0
Measurements were made after 30 days contact at 25 C. The

samples were kept in desiccators over sulfuric acid solutions of
37.5, 17.6, 13.6, 11.8, 10.2, 6.6, and 0.0 normalities to maintain the
relative humidities at O, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100% respectively.
% increase in area with increasing relative humidity

Relative humidity
20
I 40
I 50
I 60
I 80
I 10Q~
sT
4.2
4.5
4.8
5.5
5.7
7.7
10.0
10.3
11.5
12.4
16.0
3.4
4.6
4.8
5.5
7.5
15.6
5.7
6.9
6.9
7.5
10.9
19.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.4
4.0
6.7
7.5
7.7
8.8
10.5
14.7
6.7
7.7
8.0
9.2
10.5
15.8
8.0
10.7
10.9
11.7
11.9
13.8
5.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.5
9.2
4.2
5.5
5.5
5.9
8.2
9.4
4.0
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.7
8.0
5.5
6.3
6.3
6.9
8.6
10.5
5.3
5.9
6.1
6.5
7.1
9.6
4.5
6.3
6.3
6.5
8.2
13.0
7.1
8.0
8.0
9.2
10.9
16.9
6.5
7.7
8.0
8.4
9.0
11.5
1.0
1.4
2.7
3.0
30
5.5
3.8
4.5
5.9
6.3
7.7
13.0
'
'
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
WATER CONTENT AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE HUMIDITIES ( 1 J 2 ).

(Continued)
*nd<
'
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
NQ
g water per 100 g dry leather after

relative humidity of %
O I 20
40 I 50 I 60 I
0.9
8.8 12.1 13.5 16.1
1.1
8.2 11.3
12.2 14.6
2.4 10.2 12.7 1.3.9 14.3
0.7
8.5 10.4 11.2 12.6
1.9 10.5 12.7 13.4 14.6
2.0
9.6 12.4 13.6 15.1
1.2 12.9 15.1 16.8 17.7
4.4 12.5 16.4 17.8 18.4
3.4 12.2 17.0 17.1 18.3
8.6 14.9 18.1 19.5 20.6
30 days at
_^^^__^^______^___^_______^______^______________^________
80 I
19.6
19.6
17.1
18.5
20.7
22.7
21.9
21.1
21.7
24.5
100
32.0
48.4
38.1
36.9
39.5
57.5
49.6
37.8
43.6
50.4
FIG. 2.Effect of oil content ( 4 ).
FIG. 1.Variations in strength and resistance to 3stretch for calf

leather from different parts of the skin ( ).
Tensile strength given in kg per cm2.
Percentage stretch measured under load of 225 kg per cm2.
Tensile strength less thanlTO k g . T e n s i l e strength 260 to 350 kg.
Stretch greater than 60 % . S t r e t c h 26 to 20 %.
Tensile strength 170 to 260 k g . T e n s i l e strength greater than
Stretch 6 0 t o 2 6 %
.
3
5
0kg.
Stretch less than 20 %.
WATER CONTENT AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE HUMIDITIES ( 1 J 2 )
^
'
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
g water per 100 g dry leather after 30 days at

relative humidity of %
O I 20 I 40 I 50 I 60 I 80 | 100
1.4 10.8 14.0 15.7 17.9 21.2 39.6
2.1 12.4 18.1 19.5 21.0 27.9 53.4
2.9 10.6 14.2 15.9 18.1 27.3 62.2
0.4
9.3 12.6 13.6 15.4 22.8 51.7
1.8
7.0
9.8 11.1 11.8 15.6 22.9
2.2 11.7 15.4 16.4 17.4 25.1 47.8
1.8 12.1 17.2 19.5 20.8 25.9 54.5
0.3
9.4 13.4 14.5 15.8 20.9 59.5
FIG. 3.Relative strengths of splits of vegetable-tanned calf leather

compared
with unsplit leather. Average tensile strength of skin 324
kg/cm 2 ; average thickness 0.91 mm. Strengths in chart are given per
unit width, not cross section ( 5 ).
VENTILATING PROPERTIES
Effect of kind of skin and tannage (* )
Ind. No.
1 mm
Pw*, %
PAf
Ind. No.
1 mm
PW*, %
PA t
I 1 I 2 [ 3
4 | 5 I 6 | 7 | 8
9
1.081.000.730.531.150.881.220.600.88
: 70 70 70 "65 54 95 74 97 79
197 67 249 185J 4l|ll83| 369|1820| 246
I 10 I 11
12
13 I 14 I 15 I 16
17 pUT
0.880.891.010.991.372.592.316.284.80
78 89 6 9 5 38 49 34 4
251 1416 0| O I O I 45 179 43 | O
* Pw, % permeability to water vapor, is defined as 100 times the ratio of

the rate of passage of water from an atmosphere of 100% relative humidity to
one of zero humidity through a given area of the leather sample, of thickness, 1,
to the rate of a similar passage of water through an equal area of free space
at the same temperature. In these measurements, the area chosen was 1.267
cm2 and the temperature 250C.
t PA, permeability to air, is defined as the rate of flow of air (cm8/min per
cm2 of leather) through thickness 1, under the pressure difference, atmospheric
to 35 mm Hg.
Effect of temperature, Fig. 6; effect of relative humidity, Fig. 5.

FIG. 4.Percentage gain or loss in strength per unit cross section of
chrome calf leather with change of relative humidity. The difference
between the two curves reflects the volume change in the leather with
relative humidity. Leather with high fat content
shows much less
change in strength with relative humidity ( 8 ).
FIG. 5.Effect of relative humidity of 1 atmosphere upon passage

of water into it from an atmosphere kept at 100 % relative humidity
through vegetable-tanned calf leather and through free space ( 6 ).
FIG. 7. Effect of oil content of leather (6).
FIG. 6.Effect of temperature upon passage of water from an

atmosphere of 100 % relative humidity to one of zero relative humidity
through vegetable-tanned calf leather and through free space (6).
FIG. 8. Effect of quantity of 6casein used

as finishing material ( ).
FIG. 9. Effect of quantity of collodion

used
as finishing material ( 6 ).
Relative resilience is defined as the percentage rebound of a

brass plunger (weighing 48.5 g and having a contact area of
0.70 cm2) when dropped from a height of 60 cm upon a thickness of
3 mm of leather backed by a solid maple block. Relative humidity 50%.
The relative resilience is decreased by an increasing content of
either water or oil.
RESILIENCE ( 1 J 7)
Ind. No
ReI. resilience
I l| 2| 3 4 5 6 7 8 910|ll 12|l314|l5 16|l7J18

|22|26(28|24|l6|23|2l|2l|22|2l|23|l9|22|23|l7|ll|39|l7
LITERATURE

(M Wilson et. al., 261, 21: 193, 198, 241; 26. (2) Wilson and Gallun, 45,
16: 268; 24. (3) Wilson, 45, 17: 829; 25. (*) Wilson and Gallun, 45, 16:
1147; 24. (5) Wilson and Kern, 45, 18 : 312; 26. (6) Wilson and Lines, 45,
17: 570; 25. (7) Wilson, 261, 20: 576; 25. () Wilson and Kern, 61, 21;
250; 26.
RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA

G. STAFFORD WHITBY
CONTENTS
MATIEKES
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Latex.
Chemical composition of raw
rubber.
Physical properties of raw
rubber.
Viscosity.
Tensile properties.
Latex.
Composition chimique de caoutchouc cru.
Proprits physiques de caoutchouc cru.
Viscosit.
Latex.
Chemische Eigenschaften des
Rohgummi.
Physikalische Eigenschaften des
Rohgummi.
Viskositt.
Dehnbarkeit.
Various types of Hevea.

Factors in preparation.
Hevea des types diverses.

Facteurs de la prparation.
Verschiedene Arten von Hevea,

Herstellung.
Non-Hevea rubber.
Vulcanized rubber.
Tensile properties.
Caoutchouc non-Hevea.
Caoutchouc vulcanis.
Proprits physiques.
Andere Gummiarten.
Vulkanisierter Kautschuk.
Dehnbarkeit.
Mechanical hysteresis.
Hardness.
Resistance to tearing.
Hystrsis mcanique.
Duret.
Rsistance au dchirement
Compressibility.
Thermal properties.
Absorption.
Imbibition of liquids.
Compressibilit.
Absorption.
Imbibition des liquides.
Solubility of solids in rubber.

Permeability.
Milling.
Softeners.
Accelerators.
Compounding ingredients.
Aging.
Hard rubber.
Gutta-Percha and balata.
Solubilit des solides

caoutchouc.
Permabilit.
Moulage.
Amollissants.
Acclrateurs.
Additions diverses.
Viellissement.
Caoutchouc durci.
Gutta-percha et balata.
Hysteresis.
Hrte.
Reissfestigkeit.
en
ABBREVIATIONS
TB
EB
Tx
ET
Breaking load expressed unless otherwise stated as kg per

cm 2 unstrained cross section
Ultimate elongation (percentage of unstrained length)
Stiffness, expressed as the load (kg/cm 2 unstrained cross
section) required to produce an increase in length x times
the unstrained length
Stiffness, expressed as the percentage elongation produced
by a load T kg/cm 2 unstrained cross section
Kompressibilitt.
Thermische Eigenschaften.
Absorption.
Aufsaugbarkeit fr Flssigkeiten.
Lslichkeit fester Stoffe im
Kautschuk.
Permeabilitt.
Einfluss des Mahlens.
Erweichungsstoffe.
Beschleuniger.
Fllmassen.
Altern.
Hartgummi.
Gutta-Percha und Balata.
V. C.
D3O
AD
Cure
77
INDICE
Latex
Composizione chimica di
caucci crudo
Propriet fisiche di caucci
crudo
Viscosit
Comportamento alla trazione
Hevea di tipi diversi
Fattori nella preparazione....
Caucci non-Hevea
Caucci vulcanizzata
Propriet fisiche
Isteresi meccanica
Durezza..
Resistenza allo squarciamento
Compressibilit
Propriet termiche
Assorbimento
Imbibizione di liquidi...
pAaH
255
258
259
259
261
262
263
264
264
266
267
269
269
269
269
269
271
Solubilit di solidi nel

caucci
272
Permeabilit
272
Propriet elettriche
272
Getto
276
Rammollitori
277
Acceleratori
278
Aggiunte diverse
286
Invecchiamento
290
Caucci duro
292
Guttaperca e balata
294
Vulcanization coefficient
Plasticity expressed as the thickness of a disc (0.4 g) after
30 min in a Williams' plastometer at 100 under a load
of 5 kg
Plasticity expressed as D2O-Ds5
Unless otherwise indicated, the period of vulcanization
required to give an optimum or standard "cure."
Viscosity, expressed unless otherwise indicated as the time
of flow of a 1 % solution in benzene relative to the time
of flow of the pure solvent .
Relative resilience is defined as the percentage rebound of a

brass plunger (weighing 48.5 g and having a contact area of
0.70 cm2) when dropped from a height of 60 cm upon a thickness of
3 mm of leather backed by a solid maple block. Relative humidity 50%.
The relative resilience is decreased by an increasing content of
either water or oil.
RESILIENCE ( 1 J 7)
Ind. No
ReI. resilience
I l| 2| 3 4 5 6 7 8 910|ll 12|l314|l5 16|l7J18

|22|26(28|24|l6|23|2l|2l|22|2l|23|l9|22|23|l7|ll|39|l7
LITERATURE

(M Wilson et. al., 261, 21: 193, 198, 241; 26. (2) Wilson and Gallun, 45,
16: 268; 24. (3) Wilson, 45, 17: 829; 25. (*) Wilson and Gallun, 45, 16:
1147; 24. (5) Wilson and Kern, 45, 18 : 312; 26. (6) Wilson and Lines, 45,
17: 570; 25. (7) Wilson, 261, 20: 576; 25. () Wilson and Kern, 61, 21;
250; 26.
RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA

G. STAFFORD WHITBY
CONTENTS
MATIEKES
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Latex.
Chemical composition of raw
rubber.
Physical properties of raw
rubber.
Viscosity.
Tensile properties.
Latex.
Composition chimique de caoutchouc cru.
Proprits physiques de caoutchouc cru.
Viscosit.
Latex.
Chemische Eigenschaften des
Rohgummi.
Physikalische Eigenschaften des
Rohgummi.
Viskositt.
Dehnbarkeit.
Various types of Hevea.

Factors in preparation.
Hevea des types diverses.

Facteurs de la prparation.
Verschiedene Arten von Hevea,

Herstellung.
Non-Hevea rubber.
Vulcanized rubber.
Tensile properties.
Caoutchouc non-Hevea.
Caoutchouc vulcanis.
Proprits physiques.
Andere Gummiarten.
Vulkanisierter Kautschuk.
Dehnbarkeit.
Mechanical hysteresis.
Hardness.
Resistance to tearing.
Hystrsis mcanique.
Duret.
Rsistance au dchirement
Compressibility.
Thermal properties.
Absorption.
Imbibition of liquids.
Compressibilit.
Absorption.
Imbibition des liquides.
Solubility of solids in rubber.

Permeability.
Milling.
Softeners.
Accelerators.
Compounding ingredients.
Aging.
Hard rubber.
Gutta-Percha and balata.
Solubilit des solides

caoutchouc.
Permabilit.
Moulage.
Amollissants.
Acclrateurs.
Additions diverses.
Viellissement.
Caoutchouc durci.
Gutta-percha et balata.
Hysteresis.
Hrte.
Reissfestigkeit.
en
ABBREVIATIONS
TB
EB
Tx
ET
Breaking load expressed unless otherwise stated as kg per

cm 2 unstrained cross section
Ultimate elongation (percentage of unstrained length)
Stiffness, expressed as the load (kg/cm 2 unstrained cross
section) required to produce an increase in length x times
the unstrained length
Stiffness, expressed as the percentage elongation produced
by a load T kg/cm 2 unstrained cross section
Kompressibilitt.
Thermische Eigenschaften.
Absorption.
Aufsaugbarkeit fr Flssigkeiten.
Lslichkeit fester Stoffe im
Kautschuk.
Permeabilitt.
Einfluss des Mahlens.
Erweichungsstoffe.
Beschleuniger.
Fllmassen.
Altern.
Hartgummi.
Gutta-Percha und Balata.
V. C.
D3O
AD
Cure
77
INDICE
Latex
Composizione chimica di
caucci crudo
Propriet fisiche di caucci
crudo
Viscosit
Hevea di tipi diversi
Fattori nella preparazione....
Caucci non-Hevea
Caucci vulcanizzata
Propriet fisiche
Isteresi meccanica
Durezza..
Resistenza allo squarciamento
Compressibilit
Propriet termiche
Assorbimento
Imbibizione di liquidi...
pAaH
255
258
259
259
261
262
263
264
264
266
267
269
269
269
269
269
271
Solubilit di solidi nel

caucci
272
Permeabilit
272
Propriet elettriche
272
Getto
276
Rammollitori
277
Acceleratori
278
Aggiunte diverse
286
Invecchiamento
290
Caucci duro
292
Guttaperca e balata
294
Vulcanization coefficient
Plasticity expressed as the thickness of a disc (0.4 g) after
30 min in a Williams' plastometer at 100 under a load
of 5 kg
Plasticity expressed as D2O-Ds5
Unless otherwise indicated, the period of vulcanization
required to give an optimum or standard "cure."
Viscosity, expressed unless otherwise indicated as the time
of flow of a 1 % solution in benzene relative to the time
of flow of the pure solvent .
LATEX
Specific Gravity
Average Undiluted Latex.-0.97 to 0.98 ( 1 ^ 7 ).
Serum from Normal Latex.1.016 to 1.025 ( 197 ).
Globules in Latex.0.914 (i").
TABLE 1.VARIATION WITH RUBBER CONTENT OF ORIGINAL
UNDILUTED LATEX ( 197 )
g rubber/100 cm3
|| 50
45 | 40
35 | 30
4
Il 0.9620 I 0.9678 |0.9736 | 0.9794 | 0.9852
g rubber/100 cm3
d\
|| 25 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 10
Il 0.9910 I 0.9968 j 1.0003 | 1.0026 [ 1.0084
TABLE 2.TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF

LATEX (81)
Sp.gr
Il 0.9950 | 0.9900 | 0.9850 0.9800 | 0.9750
Corr. 1
H 0.00030 j 0.00034 | 0.00038 | 0.00042 0.00046
Viscosity
TABLE 3.VISCOSITY OF ORIGINAL LATEX
NH 3 (191)
% rubber content
|| 35 | 30 |
^0 Without NH3 H 12-15 I 8 I
I/*, at 30 WithNH3 *_||
|4_5j5|
WITH AND WITHOUT
TABLE 6
i^^T-^^
b(7)
c(7) d(Q)|e(7i)
Total solids
30.0 22.0 25.8 32.4
Rubber by coagulation
29.0
37.0
Solids in serum
3.4
2.91
Solids in dialysate
2.6
1.65 1.54 3.2
Protein (non-diffusible, N X
6.25)
1.26 0.87 1.04
Diffusible N:
Total
0.048 0.054 0.043 0.072
Ammoniacal
0.0096
Total N (mean of 3 samples) : 0.29 for f (U).
Dialysates from samples a, b, c (mean values)
I Sugars* I Ash| SO3 | P2O5 |CaO| MgO| K2O
% latex
0.18 |0.3l|0.008| 0.090.0l|0.016 0.17
% ash
I
I
|2.6 129.1 |3.2 |5.2 | 54.8
* After inversion.
Serum solids from sample e, NHs also present

. ,
Protein
Quebraa
Ash
(N X 6.25) SugarS
chitol
g/100 cm3
1 0.53 I 0.34
0.25 |
1.45
* Viscosity falls on keeping.
Deposit Which Forms in'Ammoniated Latex
TABLE 4.INFLUENCE OF DILUTION ON VISCOSITY OF AMMONIATED
Composition of deposit (ca. O to 7% of the latex) ( 37 ), %: Of
LATEX (94)
this deposit ca. 30% is volatile in steam in the presence of
T~
200 cm 3 in Engler
MgO.
&
.
. ,
Ratio
%
viscosimeter
20
I Sample 3* | Sample 5*
4
TLatex
X
TTT
i.
solids
Deg.
a
Rubber
ca. 30
ca. 30
Water
Sec
f
Engler
Acetone extract
11.6
6.4
Ninsol. in Me2CO
2.4
1.6
5
O
48~50.963
O
2
4
1
37.5
0.972
75
1.42
Fe2O3
9.0
15.1
2.5
2.5
24.25
0.981
65
1.23
MgO
16.0
13.1
2
3
18.7
0.983
60
1.15
P2O5
28.0
23.6
1
4
9.4
0.992
50
1.0
K2SQ4
Tr.
Tr.
10
* See Table 9.
Surface Tension ( )
Deposit consisting of NH4MgPO4, 0.3 to 1.1 g/1 (i 90 ).
Drop No.(a) water, 31; (b) latex diluted with equal volume
Oxidases
of water, 37 to 40; (c) 2% NH3, 37 to 38; (d) c after 2 months, 49
to 50.
Present.Peroxidase (the chief oxidase; fatal temperature, 80
Miscellaneous
to 85); oxidase; catalase; tyrosinase (fatal temperature, 70).
Fresh Latex.pH: 5.8 to 6.4 (K>) ? 6.2 to 6.6 (20); acidity: 0.02 to Optimum pH, 4.65 to 4.95, using citrate buffer solution; 8.13 to
0.04N (phenolphthalein) (190); alkalinity: 0.002 to 0.008N 8.28, using borax buffer solution. Inhibitory pH, 1.03; very
(methyl red) (io).
sensitive to alkali ( 21 ).
Activators.Ca and Mg salts (21, 207).
Potential Difference between Surface of Particles and Surrounding
Liquid (Ammoniated Latex). 35 millivolts ( 145 ).
TABLE 7.RUBBER CONTENT OF LATEX AND SOLID CONTENT OF
Size and Shape of Globules (19, 66, 225).
SERUM UNDER DIFFERENT TAPPING SYSTEMS (203)
Rubber Content
.
,
1 cut 2 cuts 2 cuts 2 cuts 2 cuts
1
1
1
*
1
Tapping system
TABLE 5.DISTRIBUTION OF RUBBER CONTENT IN LATEX FROM 245
on i on i on J on f on |
7-YR OLD TREES (211)
Rubber content*
34.2 31.65 28.2 22.75 22.4
Mean: 36.58 + 0.25%
3
Solid
content
t
~8?8~
9.5 10.1 8.6 11.6
g/100 cm
1 23 |24-5|26-7|28-9|30-l|32-3|34-5|36-7
* g/100 cm3 by coagulation, f Expressed on rubber %.
Number of trees
| 4 | 2 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 27 | 44 | 35
TABLE 8.INFLUENCE OF RESTING TREES ON RUBBER CONTENT OF
3
g/100 cm
|38-9|40-l|42-3|44-5|46-7|48-9|50-l|52-3|54-5
LATEX AND SOLID CONTENT OF SERUM (6)
Number of trees.... I 23 | 12 | 17 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2
Days after tapping began
~
' 12 18 I 22 33
Influence of severity of tapping (181) and of resting trees
following long rest
(179, 181) on rubber content of latex; cf. Tables 7, 8.
Rubber content by coagulation (%) 43.0 39.3 31.5 35.8 21.8 14.8
Chemical Composition
Serum solids (% of rubber)
4.9 7.110.1513.213.816.9
9
Acetaldehyde in Latex.0.006 g/1 ( ^). Trace of NH 3 present
Ammoniated Latex
(91).
Heat-Coagulable Protein in Serum.After coagulation by acetic
0.33% NH 3 will preserve latex in liquid condition, while 0.5%,
acid, 0.15% (rubber content of latex, 40%) (U); 0.115% (203) ; giving an alkalinity of 0.25Af (methyl red), is absolutely reliable
(190).
after coagulation by alcohol, 0.19% (203).
25 | 20 | 15
5-6 I 4 I
3_4 | 2 5 | 2
TABLE 9.COAGULATION OF AMMONIATED LATEX IN EUROPE ( 37 )

Rubber
NH 3 content (% rubber)
Found
QJJ QQ jj*
Sample
content,
Added
%
(in Ceylon) (In Europe)
33^2
(K89
0782
4~A
2
33.0
1.19
1.00
4.46
3
32.5
1.80
1.57
8.75
4
31.8
2.40
2.17
12.2
5
32.6
2.92
2.73
15.8
* Per cent of acetic acid necessary for coagulation in excess of the acid equivalent to the NH 3 present.
TABLE 10.VULCANIZING PROPERTIES OF RUBBER BY CHsCO2H

COAGULATION FROM LATEX PRESERVED WITH DIFFERENT
PROPORTIONS OF NH 3 ( 37 )
Pure gum mixture (ring-shaped test pieces)
Sample, cf.
Table 9
1
2
3
4
5
Cure,
min
115
130
126
125
125
*
164
157
144
147
164
EB
855
859
842
840
874
35
36
37
36
36
TABLE 11.INFLUENCE OF AGE OF AMMONIATED LATEX ON

VULCANIZING PROPERTIES OF RUBBER ( 201 )
Undiluted latex containing 0.72% NH3; coagulated by CH3CO2H;
stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5%; vulcanized at 148
Aqueous Acetone
extract, extract,
%
%
Control
Ammoniated:
Same day
Next day
After 1 mo
After 3 mo
. '
nun
TB
Orig.
2
_
g>
After
in acid
14 mo ^ T1
V>6l6
0.44
sTO
28
31
29
16
0.37
0.54
0.23
0.22
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.9
90
70
105
100
135
143
143
124
31
27
53
56
30
30
22.5
28
15.5
17
19
18
TABLE 12.AMMONIATED LATEX CREAMED BY CENTRIFUGATION

(129)
Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized for 90 min at 147; coagulated by CH3CO2H
Composition of rubber by evaporation, %
_. , .
TT ^ Acetone . , -n . Aqueous S*
Rubber H2
Ash Protein
A
A
extract
extract
Orig. latex
ITJo
2^0
2~37
4J
3?4
4.7
Cream
48.0
0.6
1.8
0.4
1.8
0.4
3.9
Skimmedlatex
9.7
4.1
2.9
2.0
7.4
13.1
5.2
* Per cent combined S.
Latex with NaOH

0.5 to 1% NaOH will preserve latex in a liquid condition; 1.3%
or more causes the separation of a paste or coagulation, the
resulting rubber being of poor quality and becoming tacky on
keeping ( 198 ).
TABLE 13.INFLUENCE OF AGE OF NAOH LATEX ON RUBBER
(CREPE) BY CH3CO2H COAGULATION (^8)
Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 148 (ring-shaped test
pieces)
Aqueous Acetone
p
' extract, extract,
'
. '
%
%
Control*
0.40 7
2~6 0.55 <35
Same day
0.31 0.37
3.0 0.52 <45
Next day
0.29 0.21
3.1 0.43
80
1.5 mo
0.40 0.28
3.7
0.42
60
3.5 mo
0.46 0.30
2.9 0.38
50
6 mo
. 0.34 0.38
3.4 0.50
110
*Same day, no NaOH.
Period after addition
% rubber content
% H20
%ash
%N
Cure, min
TB
Slope
T? (ordin.)
T, (acid)
Plasticity :
Cream ,
,
,
Residue
layer layer layer
62.8
50.0 45.8 26.8
4.4
0.67
0.95 1.72 1.66 1.68
0.55
0.58 0.65 0.73 1.22
0.09
0.10 0.13 0.18 0.48
55
45
>25 35
130
135
130
120
34
34
34
34
13
30
41
48
78
,. 7
15
17.5 18.5 26
0.88
1.15 1.36 1.29
1.16
0.085 0.11 0.08 0.10
0.11
Vulcanization of Latex
TABLE 15.INFLUENCE OF PERIOD OF VULCANIZATION AND OF
CHARACTER OF THE S ON THE COMBINED S ( 43 )
Composition of mixture: 100 cm 3 latex; 50 cm3 H2O; 2 g S
(rubber coagulated by acetone). Latex No. 1: rubber, 32.9%;
NH3, 0.6%. Latex No. 2: rubber, 30.15%; NH3, 0.43%. Vulcanizing conditions: rise to 141, 10 min; blow-off, 20 min.
Combined sulfur, %
Tiniest 141, Latex No> t
Latex No. 2
D30
AD
q
S1 pe
^104 .
777
781
786
771
784
TABLE 14.RUBBER FROM CREAMED NAOH LATEX ( 198 )

Latex containing 1.1% NaOH allowed to stand 2 yr; layers
coagulated by CH3CO2H; crepe; stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5;
_
_
_
_
vulcanized at 148.
TB
Slope
rj
133
145
122
122
137
132
39.5
40
36.5
37
33
38.5
24.5
33
40.5
36
31
33
O
20
30
60
120
Flowers
T8
0.59
Flowers |
073
0.46
0.55
0.91
1.07
Pptd.
(T23
0.85
1.04
1.47
| Colloidal
0747
1.56
1.87
2.44
2.64
TABLE 16.INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION OF S ( 43 )

Composition of mixture: 100 cm3 latex (30.7% rubber; 0.43%
NH 3 ); 50 cm 3 H2O; 1% S (calculated on rubber -f S). Vulcanizing conditions: 10 min rise; 30 min at 141; 20 min at blow-off.
i
Comb. S, %
^60
g
I % on rubber
(films)
3T26
0^64
O
2
6.51
1.02
954
4
13.02
1.42
951
6
19.53
1.65
886
TABLE 17.VULCANIZATION WITH SODIUM POLYSULFIDE ( 43 )
Composition of mixture: 120 cm3 latex (32.9% rubber, 0.6%
NH 3 ); 10 cm3 sodium polysulfide (21.0% S on pptn.). Vulcanizing
conditions: 10 min rise to 141; 20 min blow-off.
Period at 141, min
O
20
30
60
120
Combined S, %
0.31 0.85 1.02 1.42 1.88
Coagulation
Acidity Necessary for Coagulation.By addition of acid, p H =
4.3 to 4.8 ( 10 > 20). By addition of acid to ammoniated latex
(dialyzed or undialyzed), pH ca. 5.5 (103). For spontaneous
coagulation, pH = 4.8 to 5.6 (20).
CH3CO2H, ACETIC ACID
TABLE 18.PROPORTION OF CH3CO2H USED IN PLANTATION
PRACTICE (189)
Rubber
-r-,
,
,. on
For coagulation
CH3C02H(g/l)
15%
|
25%
Same
Next
Same
Next
,
,
,
_
day
day
day
day
11-1.25
0.75
1.5
1
TABLE 19.CONCENTRATION OF CH3CO2H REQUIRED TO COAGULATE LATEX DILUTED TO DIFFERENT EXTENTS (189), cf.
(188)
% rubber
Ratio,
% rubber
Ratio,
content
acid'.rubber
content
acid: rubber
3 0 1 : 3 0 3 6 1 : 8 3 . 5
24
1:190
3
1:91
18
1:115
1.5
1U25
15
1:100
0.75
1:83.5
12
1:89
TABLE 20.VULCANIZING PROPERTIES OF CREPE RUBBER PREPARED BY H2SO4 (182)

pieces)
Normal proportion
"^
mm
125
TB
_
140
|| Double the normal proportion
SlO^\
^
'
I 38
I 35
||
^ T B
mm
150 I 136
SlO^r~
^
I 38.5 I 27
ALUM
Minimum Effective Proportions.3 to 4 g/1.
Influence of excess CH3CO2H on properties of crepe: Double TABLE 21.EFFECT OF ALUM (COMPARED WITH CH3CO2H) ON
the minimum quantity increases time of cure O to 5 min; decreases
PROPERTIES OF CREPE (182)
viscosity O to 4. Four times minimum quantity increases time of
Alum (g/1)
I 3-4
I 10 I 20
cure 5 to 10 min for the stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5, at 148;
176
Increase
in
time
of
cure,
min
|
<15
|
<30 | <85
decreases viscosity 2 to 7 ( ).
Decrease in viscosity
| 4-7 | 7-12 | 10-12
HCO2H, FORMIC ACID
The proportion of HCO2H necessary for coagulation is about
half the quantity of CH3CO2H (130); cf. Tables 18, 19.
TABLE 22.COMPARISON OF HCO2H AND CH3CO2H (ioi)
Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5 %; vulcanized at 150 (ring-shaped test
pieces, 11 samples)
T-X
,
Description
FIG. 1.Concentrations of hydrochloric acid producing coagulation in latex (31.8%

rubber, ca. 35% total solids) diluted to
different extents ( 188 ).
Smoked sheet:
CH3CO2H
HCO2H
Pale crepe:
CH 3 CO 2 H....
HCO2H
Cure,
.
,,,
TB
^11
Slope
77
105
109
143
36.7 31
141.5 36.7 35.5
110
113
143.5 35.6
143
35.5
33
33
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 3; ZnO, 30; (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 , hexamethylenetetramine, 1; vulcanized at 150 (ring-shaped test pieces)
Vulcanization
time in min
40
50
60
70
80
FIQ. 2.Concentrations of nitric acid producing coagulation

in
latex (28% rubber) diluted to different extents ( 188 ).
40
50
60
70
80
IB
Al3
*B
[Smoked sheet, CH3CO2HJI

185
784
693
173
751
678
176
763
688
146
738
712
146
772
748
I Pale crepe, CH3CO2H ||
65
803
750
182
785
712
176
778
714
167
765
714
157
779
738
'
*
*B
^130
Smoked sheet, HCO2H
173
784
714
173
766
695
174
769
693
167
763
698
131
764
762
Pale crepe, HCO2H
68
8
752
179
776
708
179
782
714
168
771
717
151
776
743
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 5; PbO, 10; vulcanized at 150 (ring-shaped

test pieces)
Vulcanization
time in min
FIG. 3.Concentrations of sulfuric acid producing coagulation

in
latex (28% rubber) diluted to different extents ( 188 ).
H2SO4, SULFURIC ACID
Proportion H2SO4, Used in Practice.0.45 to 0.6 g/1 latex (15%
rubber).
30
60
90
120
30
60
90
120
E
EWO
TB
EB
Elo
*
[Smoked sheet, CH3CQ2H[I Smoked sheet, HCQ2H

106
895
883
102
905
900
106
944
932
100
935
935
97
989
997
87
977 1000
79
1000 1056
84
1014 1060
I Pale crepe, CH3CQ2H j| Pale crepe, HCQ2H
125
931
887 118
923
891
124
977
933
119
964
929
105
1014 1003 105
1006 995
94
1027 1042 99
1039 1040
TABLE 23. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, %

TT r\
H2O
A U
Ash
Water Acetone
AT
,
,
,
,
N
extract extract
Smokedsheet, CH3CO2H 0.75 0.35 0.75
3.4 0.49
Smoked sheet, HCO2H . 0.72 0.30 0.58
3.4 0.47
Pale crepe, CH3CO2H... 0.33 0.23 0.16
3.0 0.36
Pale crepe, HCO2H
0.37 0.17 0.21
3.0 0.36
TABLE 24. AGING
Raw crepe rubber
77
Cure
'
Initial, CH3CO2H. 110

Initial, HCO2H . . . < 120
After 1 yr,
CH3CO2H
120
After 1 yr, HCO2H > 120
Tti
Slope
141
134
34
35
32
31
Plasticity
P
+
D3, AD
C6H6
17
1.520.065
16 . 5 1 . 41 0 . 07
141
145
35
35
27
26
16.5 1.580.07
16 . 5 1 . 58 0 . 06
TABLE 24. AGING. (Continued)

Vulcanized rubber; stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150
(ring-shaped test pieces)
~
.
Cure, mm
75,
75,
120,
120,
CH3CO2H
HCO2H
CH3CO2H
HCO2H
TB
:
I After 1 yr
119
118
17
16
Change in
#i 30
ca. 170
ca. 170
OTHER COAGULANTS
11 1
rw
CsH6
Initial
86
86
133
140
57
Hydrofluoric ( ), citric ( 57 ), oxalic ( 57 ), tartaric ( 57 ), lactic

(202) ? sulfurous acids ( 178 ); calcium chloride (208) ; alcohol (40);
pyroligneous acid ( 58 ); freezing ( 58 ); electrolysis ( 187 ).
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAW RUBBER

TABLE 25.COMPOSITION OF HEVEA RUBBERS
N
7ber
samples
Latex crepe
Smokedsheet
Unsmoked sheet
Fine hard Para
02
35
25
>' %
***
Mean
Limits
0.61 0.30-1.08
0.420.18-0.90
0.58 0.32-1.30*
Latex sprayed
1.2
,
,
UK
Kerbosch rubber
v
2.5-4.5
Aeeto n eext r act, %
i :
Mean
Limits
Mean | Limits
0^30 0.15-0.87 2^88 2.26-3.45
0.38 0.25-0.85 2.89 1.52-3.50
0.23 0.15-0.31 2.88 2.30-3.47
0.3
3
1.10
4.25
1.5
4.7
1.5
5.1
1.6-2.2
2.2
l.Q
2.5
^*
~
;^~.
Mean | Limits
2^82 2.17-3.76
2.82 2.18-3.50
2.31 2.04-2.68
2.3
4.2
4.2
4.3
5.0
^5
Li,
(13)
( 13 O)
(35)
0.5
t13)
6.50
(86)
7.1
( 1 SS)
7.7 (128)
1.5
(1^)
4.1
(128)
* % loss on washing.
TABLE 26.MOISTURE CONTENT OF RAW RUBBER

Number
of
samples
In the tropics ( 177 )
Latex crepe
54
Smokedsheet
96
Lump crepe
17
Scum or skimmings crepe
3
Washings crepe
6
Scrap crepe
15
Dark crepe
3
Earth crepe
2
In Europe ( 1 SQ)
Latex crepe
02
Smokedsheet
35
Fine hard Para, washed and airdried
Caucho
Moisture content,
Mean |
Limits
0.67
0.76
1.05
0.43
0.55
1.16
1.07
0.70
0.34-1.01
0.43-1.16
0.65-1.80
0.35-4) .53
0.27-0.78
0.68-1.64
0.90-1.33
0.60-0.81
0.42
0.18-0.90
0.61 0.30-1.08
0.56
0.31
TABLE 27.RESIN CONTENT

Hevea.v. Table 29.
Castilloa, %.16.7, 18.9 (130); 5.4-52 (17 samples) (26).
Ceara (Manicoba), %.3.4, 6.8 ( 1 SO); 2.0 (206).
Congo, %.2.0, 4.4, 5.2 ( 1 SO).
Kassai, Red.3.8 (206).
Kassai, Black.4.0 (206).
Jelutong. 76-81 (3 samples) ( 5S ).
TABLE 28.OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF RESIN FROM VARIOUS RUBBERS

(ff)
Source
| [<*]2D ||
Source
| H2D
Upper Congo
12-13 Padang
28-30
Manaos
16-18 Guayule
11-15
Peruvian
29-31 Kassai
29-30
Jelutong
49-50
TABLE 29.SAPONIFIABILITY ( 13 )
.
Unsaponifiable, %
e n>
Rubber
^
Of the
Of the
rubber
resin
sTO
. 0.8
25^4
Fine hard Para. .
Hevea sheet
1.8
0.9
48.3
Hevea crepe
3.2
0.7
22.0
Castilloa
18.9
14.0 73.7
Congo
4.4
3.0
68.3
Jelutong
38.1
31.7
83.2
Jelutong crepe
7.2
5.6
77.8
TABLE 30.NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS
Average N content of crepe and sheet, 0.45%; of slab, 0.210.30% (57).
A sample of crepe contained 0.40% N, representing 61.5% of
the total N (0.11%) of the latex (57).
Properties of Rubber Proteins.v. ( 11 J 12, ISO).
Nitrogen in Acetone Extract.Crepe (2 samples), 0.04; sheet,
0.014; fine hard Para, 0.053; Manicoba, 0.069; Manihot, 0.041;
Castilloa, 0.027; hard Congo, 0.013; soft Congo, 0.15% (13).
TABLE 31.CONSTITUENTS IDENTIFIED IN THE RESIN OF HEVEA

RUBBER
.,, p
Approximate
" *'
MD
% of the raw
Constituent
rubber
Smoked sheet and latex crepe (21 S)*
Phytosterol ester
83
-11.0 (24)
0.075
Sitosterol d-glucoside. 285-90 d -41.7 (23)
0.175
Phytosterol
125
-24.6 (23.5)
0.225
d-Valine
ca. 260 d
26.5 (16)
0.015
Quebrachitol
190
-80.3 (20)
Tr.
Stearic acid
0.15
Oleic '+ linoleic acids.
1.25
* In slab (matured) rubber ( 2 8 ) acetic and valeric acids have been identified
(probably as the NH 4 salt or amide); also valeramide, M. P. 102-3, and palmitic
and stearic acids (0.5-0.7 %).
TABLE 32.ACID CONTENT

Water-soluble acids* by cold extraction for 24 hr (13)
Sheet
11
Crepe
NumNumMaxi- MiniMaxi- Miniber of Mean
ber of Mean
mum mum
mum
mum
samples
samples
35 I 0.03 I 0.078 I 0.006 u 102 |0.006 0.024 0.006
* Results expressed as % acetic acid.
By extraction with boiling water (8, 50 >

0.1%; smoked sheet, 0.055-0.25%.
136
[j
b (")
Acid number*
NumNumKind of rubber
ber of
ber of
Maxi- MiniMiniMaxisam- Mean
sam- Mean
mum mum
mum mum
ples
ples
284
300
234
292
314
Hevea smoked sheet . . 19
275
272
Hevea latex crepe .... 12
282
296
100
12
384
215
Fine hard Para
218
Hevea scrap (brown)
92
223
crepe
3
151
2
534
301
273.5
3
453
Latex sprayed
Slab (matured rubber):
851
896
818
3
Unwashed
Outside
1
256
Interior
1
459
1
224
2
237.5 240
235
Washed
Palembang " p l a i n
366
336
3
sheet"
1
Caucho
57
1
75
Kassai
182
2
182
166
Massai
c ( 34 ). Acid number:* Fine hard Para, 294; Kassai, 32;

Guayule, 240; Ceara, 172; Upper Congo, 43; Benguella, 60; Peruvian, 18; Accra lumps, 75.5.
* Acid number = mg KH required to neutralize the acid in the acetone or
alcohol extract from 100 g rubber.
TABLE 33.MANGANESE CONTENT (29)

Number
g Mn/100 kg
of
.
samples Mean |
Limits
Sound rubber (fine hard Para,
sheet, crepe, slab)
11
0.16 0.125-0.625
Very tacky rubber (sheet, brown
crepe)
5
20.0
73.8
88.23
M0
1.521920 22.46
1.520820 22.44
1.52515
1.52520 27.03
RUBBER
TABLE 344
20
Unmilled.a. 10 poise at 15.5 (1).
values for solutions.)
Milled (77).
Period of milling, min
10- 7 T7atl00 0
| 10
1
9.3
(By extrapolation from
| 22
I 5.0
| 32
| 3.2
| 39
| 2.4
Heavily Milled-TJ = 22A X IO5 at 10; 2.29 X IO5 at 60 O).

UNMILLED RUBBER SOLUTIONS
Ostwald viscosimeter used unless otherwise indicated
TABLE 35.CASTILLOA RUBBER ( 65 )
13
Relative viscosity in benzene

j
'
Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits
118.9-37.01 3.0 12.0-3.5] 6.7 13.5-9.01 26.0 J9.2-36.5
Resjn
^^
For viscosity of 1 % solution in benzene of typical samples of Hevea rubber

. Tables 49, 57, 58.
FIG. 4.Viscosity of plantation rubber in various

solvents ( 6 7 ).
FIG. 5.Viscosity of fine hard Para

rubber in various solvents ( 6 7 ).
TABLE 36.CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS IN BENZENE (!)

Falling sphere method
Concentration, %
jj at 15, poise
2
3
| 4 I 5 | 6
| 5.04 | 35.63 | 162.8 | 464.4 | 1577
TABLE 37.ONE PER CENT SOLUTION IN CHLOROFORM ( 113 )
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW RUBBER

IO6 dV
Coefficient of cubical expansion: under no load, -y- -n- = at
10, 657; 20, 665; 30, 670 (133). At constant length practically
the same values hold as those for no load ("> 105 133).
I VM
Viscosity of Raw Rubber and Its Solutions
Number o f
samples
Acid number*
ay
Purified rubber (i 06)

0.9237
Smoked sheet (!06)
0.9217
Pale crepe (164), c/. ( 42 )
Synthetic methyl rubber (106) 0.9292
). Pale crepe, O-
Acetone-soluble acids
a (213,214, 222)
TABLE 34
Pale crepe
Smoked sheet
Number
of samples
,.
5
12
rj/rio at 25, centipoise

Mean |
Limits
32.7
22.5-41.6
22.9
16.3-26.6
TABLE 38.COMPARISON OF VISCOSITY IN C6H6, C7H8 AND CCl1
Xylene solutions heated 2 hr at 100
'
.(130)
Extreme samples in a series of 5 samples
Number Time of efflux, sec

of
After
T .^. ,
,
Initial
, ,.
Sample No. 1
||
Sample No. 5
samples
heating
Vent
C6H6 I C7H8 I CCl4 II C 6 H 6 I C7H8 | CCl4
3
111-103
48-46
Fine hard Para
Concn
0.998 0.998 0.997 0.993 0.991 0.993 Plantation Hevea
3
115-108
72-65
7/770
2 0 . 2 6 2 0 . 9 4 2 9 . 9 5 53.5 68.1 119.5 Fine hard Para (45 min in cold)..
1
118
81
Funtumia
3
104-100 81-70
1 /^c6H6 soin.
1.00 1.04 1.48
1.29
2.24
Castilloa
2
111,107 80.5,78
TABLE 39.VISCOSITY IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS AT VARIOUS CON- Ceara
1
|
118
90
CENTRATIONS ( 92 )
Law
of
diminution
of
viscosity
with
time
of
heating:
x
=
a + b
"""^^^^
g/100 cm3
log t, where x = diminution in time /; a = diminution in first
^^^^__solvent
0.5
1
2
3
unit of time; b = increment of diminution with time ( 67 ).
Solvent
^^^-^^
Benzine
1.9
4.3
94.0
Benzene
2.1
4.7
23.5 97.3
FIG. 7.Viscosities at 18 of
2.6
7.5
211.3
0.5 % solutions in xylene of two
Tetrachloroethane
2.5
6.9
168
samples of plantation rubber
Pentachloroethane
3.0
8.7
-46.0 213.5
heated for two1S hours at various
x
temperatures ( ).
Variations of viscosity with concentration: (1) t\x = k , where
Tjx = the viscosity at concentration x; k = a constant ( 67 ). (2)
Log r/ro = BCj where 77 = viscosity of solution, 770 = viscosity
of solvent, C = concentration ( 147 ).
TABLE 41.INFLUENCE OF ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT* (13)
Rubber
I
Min exposed
Viscosityt
Plantation
||
Fine Para
O 15 30 45 60
O 15 30 45 60
90 57 30 25 15 180 109 32 25 15
* Three per cent solution in xylene exposed at distance of 12 cm from quartz

lamp (110 volts, 2.5 amp.).
t Frank-Mackwald viscosimeter.
FIQ. 6.Influence of water on viscosity of benzene solutions ( 9 2 ).

TABLE 40.INFLUENCE OF HEATING ON VISCOSITY ( 67 )
Toluene solution at 40
Period of heating, days
Time of efflux, sec
O j
6 i
I 260 I 150 |
2
129
Period \^^
of heating
^^
0
30 min
Ihr
2hr
3hr
Time of efflux, sec

Q 73
TABLE 42.INFLUENCE OF MILLING.
Q 82
2% SOLUTION
IN C 6 H 6 (13)
Milling period, min

Time of flow, sec
Xylene solutions at 80
\^g/100 cm3
FIG. 8.Influence of diethylamine on the

viscosity of a benzene
solution of rubber ( 218 ).
MILLED RUBBER SOLUTIONS
| 25| 5| 10| 15| 20| 30| 40| 50| 60

| 190Q| 54Q| 150| IQOl 90| 701 65| 60| 59
TABLE 43.EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY AND DENSITY

Falling sphere method; heavily milled smoked sheet (10 g/100
cm3 solution in C6H6) (*)
61.5 73.0 87.0 104.5 138.0 187.0

0
20.0 I 30.0 | 42.0 | 50.0 | 62.0
53.0 62.0 74.0 89.5 120.0 161.0C I 11.3 I 14.6
dj
I
0.890
I
0.887
|
0.881
| 0.871 | 0.859 | 0.851 | 0.840
51.0 60.0 70.0 81.5 111.5 148.0
46.5 57.0 64.0 73.5 105.0 132.0 y* j 3.97 I 3.77 I 3.42 | 2.92 | 2.57 | 2.32 | 1.95
44.0 56.0 62.0 69.0 98.0 124.5 * Expressed in poises.
TABLE 44.VISCOSITY OF BENZENE SOLUTIONS OF HEAVILY

MILLED RUBBER AT Low CONCENTRATIONS (1)
Same sample as in Table 43 and Fig. 12
Concn
77, poises
|0
10.5
| 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0
I 0.0063 | 0.0124 0.021 | 0.055 | 0.131
Relation between viscosity and concentration C 1 ):^ = Kekv\

for c = 1 40, where c = concn.; K and k are constants; e =
base Naperian logs.
TABLE 45.INFLUENCE OF LIGHT (123)
Solutions- of milled rubber in benzene exposed to light through
a screen of benzene: (a) 3 g/97 cm3 benzene, (b) a + 0.06 g Sudan
HI/100 cm3.
Fio. 9.Influence of acetic and the chloroacetic acids on the

viscosity of a benzene solution of resin-free rubber ( 218 ); cf. ( 60
150,
192).
Initial viscosity
After 30 days
After 60 d a y s . . . . . .
I (a) exposed | (b) exposed | (b) protected

548.7
548.7
548.7
52.5
457.0
473.2
30.2
339.0
393.2
FIG. 10.Influence of KOH on

the viscosity of a benzene solution
of a resin-free
rubber (0.4961 g per
100 cm3) (218).
FIG. 12. Viscosity of rubber

solutions in CeHe; variation with
temperature and concentration
(falling sphere method) (*).
FIG. 11.Influence of milling
raw rubber on the viscosity of
solutions
of rubber (3 g in 97
cm 3 /CS 2 ) O 2 3 ).
FIG. 13. Ultra-violet absorption spectrum curve of

ether solution of caoutchouc
calculated on a 3 % solution
in a 1 cm cell ( 102 ).
Tensile Properties
TABLE 46
At room temperature: unmilled sheet (16 samples from a single
sheet), TB: 10.4 (limits: 7.8-18.1); EB: 527 (limits: 423-616) ( 1 SO).
At low temperature: rubber calendered and then allowed to
age before testing (cross section of test pieces not stated) (101).
I
Crepe
|| Fine hard Para
C
-13 -21 -34 -50 -55 -13 -23 -37 -51
E5
425 320 275 120 50
290 250
Breaking load, kg .
8 20 40 40 20
3 4 40 20
EB
530 610 670 710 570 360 280 650 705
I
Fine weak Para
||
Congo
0
C
-14 -23 -40 -53
-15 -26 -42 -55
E5
510 460 440 120
520 440 20
Breaking load, kg .
5 20 30 16
2 5 25 20
EB
510 700 790 610
500 520 850 640
0
TABLE 46.(Continued]
At optimum temperature; E (%) for (a) crepe and (b) fine hard
Para (IQ*)
Load, kg
I 1 I 2 I 3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
8|
9
(a) at -34
| O | O | 50| 20Q| 275J 32Q| 370| 400| 430
(b) at -37
I O 10 I 110| 220| 290| 350| 400| 440 460
Load, kg
(a) at -34
(b) at -37
I 10| 12| 14| 16| 18| 20| 25| 30J 40

460| 490| 510| 540J 560J 580| 610| 640| 670
I 470| 490| 520| 540| 560| 570J 610| 630| 650
VARIOUS TYPES OF HEVEA
Vulcanizing Properties, Etc., of Various Types and Grades of
Hevea Rubber
LATEX CREPE AND SMOKED SHEET
TABLE 47
pieces)
.
Number
T
y
^
of
Cure, min TB Slope T?/T70I Lit.
rubber
,
samples
293 108.7 7.6142.4 35.4 33,5 ( 195 )
Pale crepe*
Smoked sheet*.
853 105.912.5 143.5 36.7 33.9 O 9 *)
Pale crepe*f...
101 109.2 7.2140.8 36.0 34.7 ("S)
Smoked sheet*t
149 104.6 + 11.7142.7 37.9 33.5 ( 195 )
PalecrepeJ
1668 110.5
140.3 35.2 32.3 ( 192 )
Smoked sheet t 1647
97.5
140.7 36.4 32.6 (* ^)
* Prepared 1921-23. f Ca. 100 plantations sampled. Prepared 1917-23.
One per cent in CeH6.
Distribution as regards time of cure ( 195 )

Number Variation from medium
value
of
> %
Type of rubber
samples
< 10 | < 20 | > 20
Pale crepe
1293
83.5
99.5
0.5
Smoked sheet
853
60.5
91
9
Pale crepe
101
86
99
1
Smoked sheet
149
64.5
90
10
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 140. Mean for latex
crepe: (cure = 195 min) TB = 130. Mean for smoked sheet:
(cure = 165 min) TB = 146 (57).
TABLE 48.VULCANIZATION COEFFICIENTS ( 110 )
Data refer to a "standard" cure, i.e. T880 = 136 in the stock:
rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 148
Age of tree
I 10 year old trees* || 20 year old trees*
Cure,
Cure,
v c
y c
min
* *
min
Latex crepe
107 5.20 + 0.16
126 5.00 + 0.07
.
61 5.47 + 0.19
72 5.38 + 0.10
Sheet
* Six samples.
FINE HARD PARA

Mean Values.Rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5,-vulcanizedat 150. (Ringshaped test pieces.) Cure (min), 100; TB 145; slope, 35.39; TJ,
(1% in C 6 H 6 ), 33 (i").
TABLE 50.COMPARISON WITH SMOKED SHEET FROM SAME
LATEX (209)
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 141 (ring-shaped test
pieces)
Type
Brazilian from young trees...
Smoked sheet from young
trees
Brazilian from old trees
Smoked sheet from old trees.
^6'
TB
2.25
1.75
2.25
2.25
EB
Slope
68
929
40
158.5
153
149.5
928
919
944
38
38
36
CEYLON BLANKET CREPE

TABLE 49 ( 154 )
pieces)
Air
Heat
Average
Thin crepe (for
dried dried
(17 samples)
comparison)
mean* meanf Mean| Limits Mean| Limits
Thickness, m m . . .
11
4-22
Moisture, %
0.40.24-0.62 0.60.35-1.0
Ash, %
0.20.12-0.33
Vulcanization
time in min.... 124 132 129
115-140 109
TB
146 140 142
142
Slope
34
35.5 35
34-36
35.5
17, 1 % in C 6 H 6 J...
37
23
29
21-44
34
r/, l % in acid
C6H6J:
20
15
17 14.5-21.5
* 6 samples,
solvent.
t 9 samples.
Rate of flow compared with rate of flow of the
SLAB (MATURED RUBBER)

TABLE 51 (zos)
pieces)
Thickness
3 cm
1-1.5 cm
Number % loss
of
on wash,
.
samples
mg
22.0
4
21.6
~
. '
mm
TB
Slope
^
35
36
55
157
32.2
31.5
For stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 141 (ring-shaped

test pieces); cure, 75 min; TB = 151 (mean values) (57).
TABLE 52.VARIATION IN TIME OF CURE (COMPARED WITH
CREPE AND SHEET) (205)
Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150
Cure, min
% deviation
.
Maxi- A ,
Type
Mean
Limits
Mean
mum
Slab (193 samples)*
35.5
15-57
18
18.8
1920-1924 samples of:
Pale crepe
108.2
80-135
51
6.66
Smoked sheet
103.9
65-150
78
11.62
* By CHsCChH and natural coagulation.
LATEX SPRAYED RUBBER

Comparison with sheet and crepe
TABLE 53 (6)
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 10; at 141
T^
Number of Cure,
samples
min
Latex sprayed
20
127
Smoked sheet
20
165
Latex crepe
20
183
~
251
230
227
TABLE 54 (38)
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; at 148 (ring-shaped test pieces); cure giving load-strain curve passing approx. through ^775 = 104
Number p
Type
of
*'
TB
EB
Slope
samples
Latex sprayed
6
60
157.5
863
39
Smoked sheet
5
107
171
867
40
Latex crepe
5
136
155.5
854
37
TABLE 55 (38)
Stock: rubber, 90; ZnO, 90; S, 10; hexamethylenetetramine, 1
Cure giving
Type and number of
Load-strain curve
Maximum
samples
through E48 o = 104 breaking load
Min I TB I EB
Min
T 3 \ E8
Latex sprayed, 3
23
84607
4 7 9 3 392~
Smoked sheet, 5
37
175 604
45
193 458
Latex crepe, 5
42
184 624
45
187 478
TABLE 56.PLASTICITY OF UNMILLED LATEX SPRAYED RUBBER

Number
of
samples
6
I
v
D30
AD
1.94
0.08
1 % in HCl Lit.
+C6H6
I
17
I (196)
1 % in
C6H6
co. 40
OTHER TYPES LATEX RUBBER

Unsmoked Sheet.Differs from smoked sheet only in vulcanizing
in about 10% less time ( 183 ).
Evaporated Latex.Time of cure, 70 to 75 % that of crepe (203) ;
75 min in stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; at 141 (56).
Kerbosch Rubber.Time of cure, 50 to 60 min in stock : rubber,
92.5; S, 7.5; at 150 (194). Deteriorates on aging.
TABLE 57.LOWER PLANTATION GRADES (183)

Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150 (ring-shaped test pieces)
Cure, min
Samples
washed
crepe
Mean
Limits
90
30
25
90
25
28
104.5
112.5
118
105
111
97.5
7-130
85-135
95-145
70-185
90-140
70-130
Lump (naturally coagulated clots)

Scum or skimmings (from tanks, etc.)
bashings (diluted latex from cups, etc.)
Tree scrap
Bark scrap
Earth rubber
TB
i
Mean
Limits
33107-150
134
124-142
127
106-145
125
104-146
108
82-136
126
106-138
Slope
U, 1 % in C 6 H 6
Mean
Limits
37\3
36.8
39.1
38.8
42.9
37.6
33.5-40
34 -40
35.5-46
35.5-44.5
38 -47.5
34 -40
Mean Limits
30~5
28.5
22.6
25.7
19.5
20.1
10-58
20-59
15-31
13-48
11-33
15-28
TABLE 58.NATIVE RUBBER ( 1 ^s)

Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150 (ring-shaped test pieces)
Number
% ash
of
samples Mean Limits
Crepe prepared in laboratory from
native slab *
Amber crepe prepared in native factoriesf
Amber crepe prepared from native
rubber in Singapore
First quality plantation latex crepe
(for comparison)
* Per cent washing loss = 10-50 (limits),
253
f^fLHC
+ ê-H 6
Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits
Cure, min
T8
96
40-160
138
T7, 1 % in C6H6 **'
24.5
12.5
14
1.01
0.2-1.8
114
100-130
130
110-153
20
11-64
20
0.82
0.5-1.2
93
70-140
140
125-157
20
5-48
0.2-0.4
107
80-130
143
11
7-25
33
t Plasticity: Z)30 = 1.30 (mean), 1.0-1.72 (limits); AZ) = 0.07 (mean), 0.04-0.13 (limits).
FACTORS IN THE PREPARATION OF HEVEA RUBBER

TABLE 59. INFLUENCE OF DILUTION OF LATEX ON
THE PROPERTIES OF RUBBER (192)
Ring-shaped test pieces
J211
*
Cure, m
TB Slope
m . m'
v 77*
i
Undiluted latex
Crepe milled same day
103.5 140
Crepe milled next day
84.5 142.5
Smoked sheet rolled next day
69
149
Diluted to 15 % rubber content
Crepe milled same day
113.5 138.5
Crepe milled next day
100.5 140.5
Smoked sheet rolled next day
80
144.5
* One per cent in CeHe.
TABLE 60. INFLUENCE OF AGE OF TREES ON PROPERTIES ( 192 )

Crepe
|
Sheet
y"''
3
4.5
7.5
4.5
>
min
77
82
97
77
First group of trees

37.2 23.9
36.7 27.2
37.8 28 . 6
37.7 25.4
38.0 23.6
37.1 31.0
a
,
,.
Second group of trees
Time
Age, yr (184)
Vulcanization of crepe, min. . . .
T7, 1% in C 6 H 6
35
145
50
TB
123
129
138
125
^
Thne
>
min
59
58
64
58
19
18
130
39
135
41
TB
127
134
145
132.5
^5
g
110
28
TABLE 61.INFLUENCE OF RESTING TBEES ( 203 )

Change in rubber content of latex, vulcanizing properties, viscosity
(1% in CeHe), after a period of rest
Rubber
Days* content,
Cure, mint
Crepe | Sheet
||
||
At I B I Aj I B I At
51.3 <125 160 115 160

49.3
125 150 < 105 < 160
43.2
125 150 95 145
40.9
110 140 <95 125
38.5 <105 130 90 130
35.0
95 130 80 < 110
32.4
95 < 120
100
30.1 <85 115 <80 <100
29.0
90 115 75 90
28.4
89 104 69 81
1-2
3
7
10
14
18
23
28
35
39-56
Crepe
5
|
TABLE 67.VULCANIZATION OF Ficus RUBBER WITH THE AID

OF AN ACCELERATOR ( 217 )
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 5; ZnO, 5; zinc pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, 0.5; vulcanized at 115 (ring-shaped test pieces)
Min
!T7
TB
EB
Sheet
I B I Af I B
36.5 31.5 42.5 38

36.5 34 44.5 38.5
36.5 30.5 42 37
32 28 40.5 30
31.5 29 33 31
28 23 30.525.5
23 23 32 27.5
28 25 29.532.5
26.5 21.5 32 31.5
26.9 23.4 30.3 29.5
60
77.5
187
853
90
96
163
794
VULCANIZED RUBBER
Hot Vulcanization with Sulfur
* Days after tapping started again, t Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 148. J A, undiluted latex. B, latex diluted to 15% rubber content.
TABLE 62.INFLUENCE OF LENGTH OF REST ON RATE OF CURE

(204)
Period of rest, mo
I e
Increased time of cure, min*.| 2
| 1 | 2
3 | 4
| 10 | 20 | 20 | 40
* For early tappings (26 expts.).
TABLE 63.INFLUENCE OF ANTICOAGULANTS ON THE PROPERTIES

OF RUBBER
I
Lit
NaHSQ3*
(l)
I Na2SO3.7H2O
l (l) l
g/1 latex
I 0.5-1 [ 2 |
Increase in T8
O -5
0-5
Decrease in min of cure
5 -10 10-15
Decrease in slope
1 -1.5 1-1.5
Increase in q (1% in C 6 H 6 ) . . . 1.5-10
3-10
("S)
1.2
0-3
5-10
1-1.5
1- 2
* Proportion necessary to inhibit action of latex oxidase: 1 part in 400 to 2400

parts latex ( 9 ).
NON-HEVEA RUBBERS
TABLE 64.VULCANIZATION OF CAUCHO BALL WITH S ONLY ( 217 )
pieces)
Min
I
150
I
180__ I
210
240
_
__
__
_____ |
TB
EB
34
1082
46
1045
57
1010
62
968
TABLE 65.VULCANIZATION OF CAUCHO BALL WITH THE AID OF AN

ACCELERATOR ( 217 )
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 5; ZnO, 5; zinc pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, 0.5; vulcanized at 115 (ring-shaped test pieces)
Min
T7
TB
EB
30
53.2
130
861
60
4
152
769
90
20
138
737
120
27
TABLE 66.VULCANIZATION OF Ficus RUBBER WITH S ONLY ( 217 )

pieces)
Min
T7
TB
EB
150
8.5
49
1112
180
11.3
68
1102
210
13.6
83
1074
FIG.
S, 10)
tensile
tensile
14. Vulcanization of simple rubber-S mixture (rubber, 90;

( 16S ). Influence of temperature on rate of cure, ultimate
strength, stiffness, rate of combination of S and sharpness of
peak (ring-shaped test pieces).
LOAD-STRAIN RELATIONS OF VULCANIZED RUBBER

TABLE 68. PROGRESSIVE CHANGE ON VULCANIZING A SIMPLE
RUBBER-S MIXTURE
Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5, vulcanized at 148 (ring-shaped test
pieces) ( 165 )
Period
Number
vulcanTB
of
EB
Ew
V. C.
ized, min
samples
75
75 1.5
20
991+3.9 1110?
2.86
80
90 1.4
23
999+2.2 1063?
85
102 +1.4
29
990 + 2.6 1040?
3.58
90
114.5+0.8
58
992 + 1.4 1018
3.77
95
122 +0.9
52
985 + 1.8
994
100
131.5+0.9
39
969 + 1.8
966.5
4.24
105
134.5+0.8
38
957 + 1.9
950
4.27
110
139 +0.8
58
944 + 1.6
932
4.65
115
140.5 + 0.7
50
928 + 1.5
913
4.85
120
142 +0.6
60
916 + 1.0
898
5.07
125
141 +0.8
34
901+1.5
885.5
5.30
130
139 +0.9
28
8851.0
771
5.49
140
137
4
150
130
4
TABLE 69.MOST PROBABLE VALUES ON VULCANIZING 341

SAMPLES OF RUBBER-S MIXTURE (RUBBER, 92.5; S, 7.5) AT
Vulcanized at 148 (*)

I 5 I 7 I 7.5 I
1200 1000 965
58
105
107
1124 1016 984
8 I 9 I 10
#50
925
870
790
V. C. I 2.0 I 2.5 I 3.0 I 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.5 I 5.0 I 5.5 [ 6.0
TB
122
126
126
964
911
840
ZY....7!
12.4 13.9 15.4 16.9 18.4 19.9 21.4 22.9 EB
7V5
34.6 47.4 60.2 73.0 85.7 98.5111.3132.4148.0
TABLE 72.INFLUENCE OF % OF S ON TIME OF CURE AT 148
TB
64.3 77.6 91.0104.4119.0128.4138.2137.3115.5
AND ON TENSILE PROPERTIES AT OPTIMUM CURE (199)
EB
965 950 930 915 910 |895 890 855 800
148
("O), g/. (54, 152, 165, 175)
TABLE 70.TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF HOT VULCANIZATION

WITH S (165), Cf. (54, 130, 152, 175)
Temperature range
Temperature coefficient based on :
Combination of S
Extensibility of vulcanizate
Tensile strength of vulcanizate
I Mixture A* | Mixture Bf
| 128-168 | 108-148
2.3
2.3
2.4
S, %
2.3
2.5
2.4
f,'
Min
/o
7.5
6
5
3
75
105
120
120
TB
Tu.
3
135
135
&
40
8
946
1024
>1125
^120
1
924
1001
V.C.
4.41
2.81
Vulcanization by Other Means
* Unaccelerated mixture: rubber, 90; S, 10.

t Accelerated mixture: rubber, 90; S, 10; aldehyde ammonia 0.125-1.0.
FIG. 15.Temperature lag in vulcanization of a tire, vulcanized

on air bags in steam autoclave for 2 hr at 146.3 ( 121 ). Temperatures at the following points in a 4-ply cord: (1) between second and
third plies; (2) between second and third plies, under edge of the
breaker; (3) same, under the center of the tread; (5) near the edge
and on the top of the breaker.
FIG. 17.Vulcanization in solution. Rate of combination of S

with (A) crepe, (B) crepe plus an accelerator and (C) crepe deprived
of 52 % of its protein, on heating a 5 % solution in dichlorobenzene
With 1000% S (219); Cf. (23, 84, 100,
157).
FIG. 16.Vulcanized as in Fig. 15. Temperatures at following

points in an 8-ply cover: (1) in the side between sixth and seventh
plies; (2) between the sixth and seventh plies, under the edge of the
breaker; (3) same, under the center of the tread; (4) same, under
the edge of the breaker; (5) near the edge and on the top of the
breaker.
TABLE 71.INFLUENCE OF % OF S ON SIMPLE RUBBER-S
MIXTURES
Mixtures vulcanized 90 min at 148 (13)
^
%
2.5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
TB.... 29
63
99
24
57
23
25
62?
#B.... 900
894
894
766
431
198
183
384
V. C.. 1.05 2.33 2.92 3.92 6.24 7.45 8.12 9.41
FIG. 18.Comparison of the tensile properties (load-strain

curve and stiffness) of rubber vulcanized by dipping in S^Ch
solution and by heating with S (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 2 3o).
SULFUR MONOCHLORIDE (iso, 230)

Sheets of calendered latex crepe, 1 mm thick, dipped in solutions
of S2Cl2 (1 - 5% in CS2) for not more than 120 sec: TBi 84 to
127; EBi 800 to 1000 (ring-shaped test pieces) (230).
NITRO COMPOUNDS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES

w-Dinitrobenzene. Stock: rubber, 100; PbO, 8; w-dinitrobenzene, 4; vulcanized 10 min at 147: TB, 103; EB, 798 (30).
Other nitro compounds and organic peroxides, v. (30).
TABLE 73.MIXTURES OP SE AND S (228)
Composition of stock
| Cure giving stiffest vulcanizate
S
I
Se
Time at 143, min | T 500
Crepe
94
6.00
0.00
270
375
94
5.11
2.19
180
430
94
4.51
3.69
210
370
94
3.73
5.6
240
315
94
O. OQ
14.80 No cure in 300 min
ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS (83)
NITROGEN SULFIDE (6)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Tensile Properties
FACTORS INFLUENCING TENSILE PROPERTIES
TABLE 74.INFLUENCE OF SHAPE OF TEST PIECE AND DIRECTION
OF ITS Axis WITH REFERENCE TO THE CALENDER DIRECTION ( 32 )
TB \ EB Il TB \ EB \\ TB \ EB~
Sample No
Rings
Straight pieces:
Longitudinal
Transverse
|
1
||
2
Jl
3
151
635 119
675 74.5525
Sample No
Rings
Straight pieces:
Longitudina
Transverse
192.5 630 146

640
181.5 640 143.5 670
4
||
84.5 480
88.5 555
||
107
435
36
285
6
51.5320
130
120
410
460
48.5 320
36
280
62
315
48.5315
TABLE 76.INFLUENCE OF WIDTH OF RING TEST PIECES ( 112 )

Diameter, 44.6 mm; thickness, 4 mm
I Higher-grade rubber || Lower-grade rubber
Sample N o . . . I
1
||
2
||
3
||
4
Width, mm...I TB \ EB \\ TB \ EB \\ TB \ EB \\ TB \ EB
2
158.9 808 105.8 611 18.9 182 25.2 187
4
117.7 806 97.1 624 18.8 193 27.3 203
6
97.4 809 87.5 628 17.2 183 26.0 199
TABLE 77.INFLUENCE OF RATE OF STRETCHING ( 32 )
Straight test pieces
Rate of jaw separation
(cm/min)
| 12.5 60 115 12.5 60 115
I
Higher-grade rubber
Sample No
...|
5
|
2
TB
175 188.5190.5133 136 138
EB
605 635 635 465 500 490
I
Lower-grade rubber
Sample No
|
3
|
4
TB
26.3 30.1 32.5 23.8 27.3 30.1
EB
340 360 375 105 115 120
TABLE 78.INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE STIFFNESS OF AN
ACCELERATED STOCK ( 47 )
Stock: smoked sheet, 100; S, 3; ZnO, 6; hexamethylenetetramine,.
0.9; vulcanized 60 min at 141
t, 0C
21
I
24
I
27
I
30
T7
1
85
I
80
I
74
I
67
TABLE 79.INFLUENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURES (131)
Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized to various extents at
Time of heating
II 0C prior to test, TB EB
min
24
63 991
70
15
o
XT
Sample No. 1 (vulcanized

f*r\
'
TT /"î
-t \
60
mm;
V. C. =r2.1)
a
i No^
XT 2a (vulcanized
/ i
j
Sample
90 mm; V. C. =3.2)
FIG. 19.Load-strain curves of Samples 1 and 2 (Table 74) as

determined by (a) ring test pieces,32(6) straight test pieces cut
longitudinally and (c) transversely ( ).
TABLE 75.INFLUENCE OF WIDTH OF STRAIGHT TEST PIECES
(32)
Sample | Cover | Tube | Tube | Cover | Tube

Width, mm |6.35|l2.7|6.35|l2.7|6.35|l2.7| 6.35 | 12.7 |6.35|12.7
TB
110 102 151 137 72 67 51.5 48.5175 144
EB
525 515 5801 570 350 340 335 350 615 575
100
147*
2Ys
31
22
20
1Q
-LOU
xO
JLtT1
147
147
26
70
100
^
147
147
23
70
70
Sample No. 3 (vulcanized 100
120 min; V. C. = 4.2)
100
130
130
147
5
15
15
15
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
13 700
14 678
107 990 49
104 1049 37
18 .595
^ ^
12
14
118
15
17
14
13
12
12
13
465
512
914 79
453
491
423
395
381
379
384
Load-Strain Curves for Vulcanized Rubber

Independently of state of cure, the load-strain curve for mbber-S
stock is a conchoid expressed by
y = a b sin a
(1)
x = n (a cot a b cos a)
where x = load; y = strain; a = distance between pole and

asymptote; b = distance between origin and asymptote; and n =
a constant fraction of corresponding abscissae of parent conchoid

(137).
y = ex + a sin2 bx
(2)
where y = strain; x = load; c, a, b = constants for the rubber
,specimen in question, characterizing respectively the initial, the
middle, and the ultimate elongations ( 39 ).
S = A(I-J-M^'-'''
I
oJ
(3)
Extension, sub-permanent set, energy absorption, energy of

hysteresis in succession of cycles of various amplitudes ( 80 ).
Extension in a series of cycles. Extension = a + b log (No. of
cycle) where a = extension in second cycle; b = increment of extension in subsequent cycles ( 14 ).
Influence of amount of extension on amount of hysteresis.
In general, the shorter the cycle, the smaller the energy of hysteresis (cf. Fig. 23).
where x = load; I = length; b = breadth f taken as r. i; h, p =

constants for the rubber specimen in question (118).
FIG. 21.Load-strain curve for cycles Nos. 1 and 8 and part of

cycle No. 2 (Table 80) (2*).
FIG. 22.Relation between cycle number and max. (solid lines)

and min. (dotted lines) extension for cycles between various loads.
Stock: rubber (smoked sheet), 94 vols.; S, 3 vols.; MgO, 1 vol.;
carbon black, 2 vols.; vulcanized 60 min at 149. Load expressed
in kg/cm 2 ( 80 ).
FIG. 2t).Influence of temperature on the tensile

strength and
ultimate elongation of five samples ( 32 ).
Stress-Strain Curve for Vulcanized Rubber
ax
v=b^x
where y = strain; x load referred to unstrained cross section;

a = distance of asymptote from axis; b = intercept cut off by
tangent at origin on the asymptote.
The curve is a rectangular hyperbola, with asymptotes parallel
to the axes, with the equations
y = a, x = -b.
Ma-king the asymptotes the axes
x'y' = -ab (82)
I
Stress = Ee + e/Bk
(2)
where e = elongation; / = original length; E = Young's modulus;
Bandk = constants ( 146 ).
Mechanical Hysteresis
TABLE 80
Extension and sub-permanent set in a succession of cycles of
êxtension and retraction ( 2 4 ). Pure gum rubber, sp. gr. 0.985,
loaded at rate of 0.8 kg/cm 2 per 27 sec.
Cycle No
;.| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8
Extension produced, %
|516|568|590|604|617|627|636|643
Sub-permanent set, %
| 20| 23| 25| 28| 28| 28| 28| 28
FIG. 23.Relation between the cycle number and energy

absorption (solid lines) and energy of hysteresis (dotted2lines)
for
cycles between various loads. Load expressed in kg/cm ( 80 ).
TABLE 81
Pure gum rubber subjected to a succession of cycles of different
lengths, each cycle being repeated until the course of the loadstrain curves was constant ( 24 ).
Difference between elongation at
Amplitude
Cycle
same load during extension and
kg/cm 2
No.
retraction, %
61
0-4
1
167
0-8
2
286
0-12
3
533
0-16
4
Influence of rate of loading and unloading. The higher the rate
of loading and of unloading, the smaller the extension and the
greater the hysteresis ( 24 ).
Influence of state of cure and of the presence of a filler on energy
absorption (Figs. 26 and 27) and energy of hysteresis (Figs. 28 and
29) in a succession of cycles of extension and retraction ( 80 ).
Stock A (by volume): rubber, 94; S, 3; MgO, 1 ; carbon black, 2.
Stock B (by volume): rubber, 63; S, 2; MgO, 1; carbon black, 2;
whiting, 32.
FIG. 28. Stock A vulcanized

for periods from 0.25 to 2 hr at
149 (so).
FIG. 29. Stock B vulcanized

149 (o).
FIG. 24.Pure gum rubber subjected to hysteresis cycles of different

lengths (i*).
FIG. 25.Influence of temperature on extension

( 2 *). Pure gum
rubber, sp. gr. 0.985, loaded to 18.4 kg/cm 2 at 0 and 60.
FIG. 30.Increase in volume produced by straining to 100 %

elongation stocks containing various volumes of barytes, china clay,
lampblack, whiting and ZnO. Basal stock: rubber, 100; S, 5;
litharge, 30 ( 139 ).
FIG. 26. Stock A vulcanized

149 (8).
FIG. 27. Stock B vulcanized

149 (so).
Influence of compounding ingredients on Poisson's ratio for

rubber ( 174 ). (PVJ Pt, Pw : Poisson's ratio from measurements of
volume, thickness, width, respectively.)
1. Pt = Pw = Pv at elongations up to 200: carbon black, ZnO.
2. Pt does not equal Pw] Pv = 0.5.
3. Pw = Pt; Pv < 0.5 at 300%: barytes, lithopone.

4. Pw does not equal Pt; Pv < 0.5: tripoli at high elongations
(cf. Fig. 32).
At 25 % elongation
Pt
Magnesium carbonate.
Clay
Tripoli
0.72
0.69
0.61
Pw
0.31
0.32
0.39
P.
0.51
0.505
0.50
Fio. 31.Effect of strain on the ratio thickness: width as

influenced by various compounding ingredients (20 vols, per 100
vols, rubber) O? 4 ).
FIG. 34.Load-compression curves for the stock: rubber, 100;

china clay, 20; S, 10; ZnO, 5;17 diphenylguanidine, 1; using clay of
different degrees of fineness ( ).
Hardness
Definitions.Plastometer number: the depression in hundredths
mm produced by a steel sphere when the force against a
surface of the rubber is increased from 85 to 1085 g, and then
maintained for 60 sec ( 79 ).
Modulus of hardness : the force in dynes producing a depression
of 1 cm 3 (79).
See p. 270 for Figs. 35-39, giving illustrative values.
Resistance to Tearing
TABLE 82.INFLUENCE OF STATE OF CUKE ON RESISTANCE TO
TEAR (231)
Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 145
Time of cure, min
| 30 | 45 | 60 | 75 I 90 | 105 | 120 | 135 | 150
Resistance to tear, kg/
cm2
5.67.79.811.613.316.813.311.911.2
FIG. 32.Effect of tripoli on Poisson's ratio and on increase in

volume at various extensions ( 174 ). Stock contains 20 vols,
tripoli per 100 vols, rubber.
Load-Compression Relations. Pure Gum Rubber
Fio. 33.Load-compression curves for the stock:

rubber, 100;
S, 10; in various states of cure ( 17 ).
Compressibility
Compressibility.92.95 X 10~6 of the original volume per
kg/cm2 (40). Equal to that of bronze (2), cf. ( los ).
Volume Elasticity (107).Soft, gray rubber (sp. gr., 1.289;
TB, 58; EB, 890): 14 000 kg/cm2. Red rubber (sp. gr., 1.407;
TBi a: 58; EB, 630): 8000 kg/cm2. Gray rubber (sp. gr., 2.340;
TBt 58;' EB, 340): 66 000 kg/cm2.
Thermal Properties
Expansion.Coefficient of cubical expansion of:
(a) Sample of vulcanized rubber (sp. gr., 0.996), 2.25 above
to 2.25 below its maximum density: 0.000526 (88).
(6) Sample of black vulcanized rubber (sp. gr., 0.90166 at
17.4; S content, 2.5 to 3 %} at 0-60.7: 0.000763 (ios).
(c) Gray rubber: 0.000562 (ios).
Specific Heat.Above mentioned sample (a): 0.415 (88).
Conductivity.Vulcanized rubber, crepe, smoked sheet, etc.
(45-100): 0.00032 cal/sec/cm3 (227).
Absorption
ABSORPTION OF ORGANIC VAPORS
TABLE 84.ABSORPTION (g/g RUBBER) BY RAW RUBBER AND A
RUBBER STOCK (RUBBER, 100; S, 12.5) VULCANIZED TO
VARIOUS DEGREES (93)
V. C.
| O . Q 1.2 |2.Q I 3.5| 4 . 4 | 6 . 4
]0.99 0.975 0.99 0.98 0.99 1.05
Benzene
0.980.8950.870.860.860.85
Carbon disulfide
0.64 0.650.630.640.67
FIG. 35. Force-volume depression curves for 2 samples of vulcanized rubber (steel balls 3.175
and 6.35 mm in diameter) (79).
FIG. 36. Relation between plastometer

number and modulus of hardness ( 79 ).
FIG. 38. Influence of thickness of thin specimens on apparent hardness as

determined by
the plastometer (6 samples) ( 79 ).
TZ
FIG. 37.Change of modulus of hardness

with temperature (4
samples) ( 79 ).
FIG. 39.Modulus of hardness and degree of vulcanization

(vulcanizing unit = (time of vulcanization at t) X l.l150-*
79
( ).
ABSORPTION OF WATER
TABLE 85.ABSORPTION BY RAW RUBBER OF WATER FROM MOIST
AlR (13O) 1 cf.
(210)
Relative humidity, % | 100 | 89 | 79 49 | 100 | 89 | 79 | 49

Resin
% absorption at
% absorption at
T
lype
%
16^
30^
Hevea sheet... 3.32 1.850.880.310.23 2.880.760.440.21
Hevea crepe.. . 3.43 2.800.890.39
4.541.060.37
Castilloa
5.2 0.620.28
1.570.230.16
Congo
16.7 6.022.120.9
15.8 2.581.260.42
Vulcanized rubber shows the same absorption from water vapor
as from liquid water ( 22 ).
FIG. 40.Various types of raw rubber in distilled water at

80-90 (a*).
FIG. 41 (Insert).Water absorption by cut sheet. Effect of
temperature on (A) raw rubber, (B) cold vulcanized ( 94 ),
TABLE 86.WATER ABSORPTION BY VARIOUS TYPES OF RUBBER

g/cm 2 surface of sheets 0.35 mm thick (22)
rp
Type
. ~
t, 0C
Immersion.
,
'
.,
Absorption
24
70
70
; 70
j 70
/ 2 4
j
^
2
50
50
50
50
50
^
0.0356
0.072
0.103
0.087
0.33
0.0070-0.0097
0.035-0.045
70
70
24
100
100
200
0.0137
0.0110
0.0122
J
I
PaleCrepe
Smoked sheet
Fine Para
Latex sprayed.
. . ,,
Tr .
Vulcanized rubber*
Hardrubberf
Hardrubbert
Gutta-Percha
TABLE 87.ABSORPTION BY SAMPLES IMMERSED 18 WEEKS AT

15-25 (117)
| % absorption
Medium
Distilled water 31.77
Sea water
2.80
' Distilled water
1.13-1.44f
*4 samples; resin content: 20.3-46.3 %.

t Calculated on the gutta.
TABLE 88.INFLUENCE OF DEGREE OF VULCANIZATION ON WATER

ABSORPTION ( 94 ), cf. ( 22 )
Stock: crepe, 100; S, 7; MgO, 5
Time of cure at 143, min
Combined S, %
Immersed 6 hr at 70-80
Immersed 24 hr at 70-80
After 48 hr more at 20
| 15 | 30 | 60 | 120
I 0.62 | 1.17| 2.37 | 4.12
I
% water absorbed
4.45 3.6
2.8
2.3
5.32 4.74 3.9
2.9
13.2
10.5
7.8
5.9
Temperature coefficient for absorption of water by vulcanized

rubber: 1.32-1.44 fold for each 10 rise in temperature ( 22 ).
Influence of pressure : water absorption is unaffected by increase
of pressure from 1 to 5 atmospheres ( 22 ).
Imbibition of Liquids
TABLE 89.IMBIBITION BY RAW RUBBER
cm 3 liquid by 1 cm 3 fine Para in 10 days at room temperature ( 151 )
Carbon tetrachloride.. 12.05
Chloroform
11.30
Carbon disulfide
10.07
Toluene
9.52
Benzene
Xylene
Ethyl ether
Methyl alcohol
9.05
8.89
4.82
0.13
g liquid by 1 g fine Para under pressure of 1.12 kg/cm2 ( 124 )

Carbon tetrachloride.. 11.06
Chloroform
9.31
syw.-Dichloroethylene 7.35
Thiophene
5.32
Toluene
4.65
Benzene
Cymene
Cumene
Ethylene chloride
Ether
Chloroform
Carbon disulfide
Toluene
Xylene
Benzene
Turpentine
Benzyl chloride
Petroleum ether
Kerosene
Ethyl ether
9.64
8.11
7.40
6.35
5.86
5.52
4.39
4.38
3.67
3.43
Nitrobenzene
Ethyl acetate
Acetone
Acetic acid
Amyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol (96 % ) . . . .
Water
1.36
0.33
0.15
0.12
0.085
0.025
0.02
0.011
0.005
cm3 liquid by 1 cm 3 "black rubber tubing," sp. gr., 1.06 ( 16 O)
* Stock: rubber, 24; ZnO, 18; whiting, 12; litharge, 3; S, 1.5; cured 60 min at
135. Crepe, smoked sheet and fine Para used.
t Stock: rubber, 30; S, 17.5; p-nitrosodimethylaniline, 0.3; cured 120 min at
148.
Stock: rubber, 60; S, 35; cured 240 min at 148.
Type
Para rubber
Para rubber
Gutta-Percha*
TABLE 90.IMBIBITION BY VULCANIZED RUBBER

cm3 liquid by 1 cm3 rubber (sp. gr., 0.997; ash, 2; total S, 12.54;
combined S, 1.28%) in 24 hr at 17 (65)
4.41
4.38
4.13
2.71
2.40
Chloroform
Carbon disulfide
Benzene
7.37 Ethyl ether

6.52 Ethyl acetate
5.87 Acetone
I 3.09
0.71
0.21
g liquid by l g rubber, (stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized 75 min

at 148) in48hr (214)
Benzene
Toluene
m-Xylene
c?-Pinene
Tetrahydronaphthalene .
w-Pentane
Carbon tetrachloride....
Chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Pentachloroethane
Bromobenzene
Benzyl chloride
Phenyl mustard oil
Nitrobenzene
Benzonitrile
3.63
3.84
3.01
2.57
5.22
0.72
8.50
6.51
8.10
8.19
6.47
8.02
6.17
3.01
3.21
1.46
2.20
Aniline
Methylaniline
Dimethylaniline
o-Toluidine
Diethylamine
Piperidine
Acetic acid
n-Butyric acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Acetyl chloride
Ethyl acetate
Propyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
Isoamyl acetate
Ethyl benzoate
Cyclohexanol
0.13~
1.49
3.02
0.69
6.24
17.75
0.16
1.57
14.20
5.96
0.49
1.27
1.43
1.73
2.26
0.58
TABLE 91.FACTORS INFLUENCING IMBIBITION

Degree of vulcanization: cm3 CCl4 imbibed by l g rubber (stock:
rubber, 100; S, 12.5; vulcanized to various degrees) ( 93 )
^^-^^
vTcx
^^^-^^^
1.20 2.0
3.6
Hours immersed^^"^^^
8~09
S786
502
6
24.10 14.30 9.82
24
29.00 16.10 10.40
4.4
6.4
4~04 3.40
7.74 5.12
7.87 5.40
Temperature: cm3 C6H6 imbibed in 10 hr by l g rubber (stock:

rubber, 100; S, 12.5; vulcanized to various degrees) ( 93 )
__~
V. C.
^^
1.2
2.0
3.6
4.4
6.4
6.30
6.55
7.56
5.16
5.37
5.85
4.33
4.60
5.20
3.30
3.60
4.00
rc""^,
40
50
80
8.73
9.00
10.70
Pressure: g C6H6 imbibed by l g raw fine Para ( 124 )

kg/cm 2
Imbibition
1 0.72 I 1.12 | 2.12 | 3.12 | 5.12

| 5.14 | 4.41 | 3.28 | 2.71 | 2.09
For similar data for toluene, eumene, cymene, ether, chloroform,

carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride, syra.-tetrachloroethane,
si/m.-dichloroethylene and thiophene, v. ( 124 J.
TABLE 92.VELOCITY OF IMBIBITION

Velocity of swelling (under a pressure of 1.12 kg/cm2)
1 .
CO co
k = - loge
^Z
CO oo W
where k = a constant, z = time in minutes, Co 00 = imbibition at

equilibrium, co = imbibition at time z, t = 17-18 ( 124 ).
Liquid 11 Benzene | Cumene | Chloroform | Thiophene
k
|l 0.0019 I 0.0021 I 0.00057 | 0.00083
Solubility of Solids in Rubber
TABLE 93.SULFUR ( 9 O)
In raw rubber: at 33, 1.01; at 55, 1.96 g/100 g raw rubber
In vulcanized rubber:
_.
,
Solubility
Rubber: S
hr cured
'
ratio
at 141
I i
stock
40
100:10
Oe I
1.48
2
2.98
1.45
3
4.34
1.53
4
6.54
1.61
5
7.95
1.69
55
100:10
1
1.46
2.13
2
2.98
2.24
3
4.34
2.39
4
6.54
2.56
55
100:30
3
5.47
2.36
4
8.72
2.94
5
13.92
3.00
75
100:30
3
5.47
3.22
4
8.72
4.25
5
13.92
5.42
6
16.91
5.90
SELENIUM (228)
In raw rubber: <0.05 % at 8O0C.
Carbon Dioxide.(-5.084 + 2.9280 X 10~6, range 9 to 33

(sp. gr., 0.9455 at 18 to 20) (89).
TABLE 94.PERMEABILITY RELATIVE TO HYDROGEN AT SAME
TEMPERATURE
In ( 59 ) samples are vulcanized rubber on balloon fabric. In
(44) samples are vulcanized, probably by sulfur chloride
Gas
Hydrogen
f
<j
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Argon
Helium
Air
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
'
Ammonia
<
Water vapor
Liquid water
Methyl chloride
Ethyl chloride
Relative
permeability
1
0.445
0.337
0.500
0.45
0.160
0.12
0.18
0.23
0.26
0.65
0.230
0.194
2.91
2.76
2.8
2.48
2.47
4.54
8
11.4
55
105
18.5
198
t, C
Lit.
25
20
25
(59)
(44)
(45)
(72)
25
(59)
20
(45)
(72)
25
(45)
(125)
25
(59)
25
(59)
17
(44)
25
(59)
17
(44)
(45)
(89)
(72)
17
25
(44)
'(59)
17
(44)
25
(59)
25
(59)
25
(59)
25
(59)
FIG. 43.Variation of conductivity for raw india rubber with

temperature and frequency ( 6 2 ).
RAW RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA
TABLE 95.ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW RUBBER (42)
FIG. 42.Solubility of naphthalene, azobenzene and p-toluidine
in raw rubber ( 2 7 ).
Permeability to Gases and Vapors

Permeability is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
and to the thickness of the rubber (44, 59, 89, 229).
SPECIFIC PERMEABILITY
Unit.cm3 gas/min/cm2 area/cm thickness.
Hydrogen.20.4 X 10~6 at 25 (vulcanized rubber on balloon
fabric) (59). (5.520 + 0.8760 X 10~6, range 12.8 to 30.7 tep.
gr., 0.9455 at 18 to 20) ().
Type
Fine Para
Pale crepe
Pale crepe*
Smoked sheet . . . .
Smoked sheet. . . .
Smoked sheet*. . .
Cameta
Guayule
Age,
mo
3
15
12
Number Dielectric Power Resistivity

of
constant factor, (IO8 megsamples at 1000 ~
ohm-cm)
%
13
0.14
2.43
35
6
2.43
0.16
50
3
2.36
0.29
40
6
2.53
0.19
3
3
2.38
0.16
10
3
2.35
0.29
60
5
2.56
0.28
10
2
0.51
2.69
60
* Thoroughly washed and dried.
TABLE 99.INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY AND TEMPERATURE ON

CONDUCTANCE OF GUTTA-PERCHA ( 62 )
FreConductance (K) in bi-mhos (IO12 mhos) per cm3
quency
J
_
f, 0C -75| -53| -34| -26| -14| O 15| 19| 27 50
920
K
IJ
2| 10| 15| 22| 33| 30| 20| 10| 4
t,C -75| -54| ~35| -25| -14| Q| 15| 19| 27| 50
K
3|
9| 14| 35| 53| 9l| 97 87| 46| 14
f, 0C
I -56| -36| ~25|. -14| p| 15 19J 27| 50
H
3| 13 49| 80| 146 177J 163J 97 32
1. Gutta-Percha refined by
acetone extraction
2. Gutta-Percha (Tjipetir
plantation)
3. No. 2 after drying
4. Gutta-Percha, refined. ..
5. Gutta-Percha,
commercial
6. No. 5 after drying
7. Resin from Gutta-Percha
8. Balata, commercial sheet
99.0
Resistivity
(IO 8 megohmcm)
Power factor %
at 1000 ~
H2O, %
Mechanical
impurities
Resin
Gutta
% composition*
Dielectric constant at 1000 ~
TABLE 96.ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GUTTA-PERCHA AND

BALATA (42)
1.0
O 2.56 0.09
370
89.2 9.3
1.5
89.2 9.3
1.5
79.9 19.3 0.8
>0 2.60 1.1

O 2.61 0.23
2.78 0.35
65
45
60
57.3 39.2 3.5 2.5 4.13 3.1

57.3 39.2 3.5
O 3.01 1.8
0.0100.0
3.27
44.81 39.8 15.4
3.48 2.3
25
25
<
* On dry weight.
TABLE 97.INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY ON ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA ( 42 )

Dielectric constant
Alternating
current
1000 ~
Pale crepe
Gutta-Percha*
Gutta-Perchat
* Tjipetir.
2.38
2.62
2.82
60 ~
2.40
2.63
2.84
Direct current
0.6 sec charge,
discharge
0.1
sec
1.0
sec
Power factor
At
1000,
%
Resistivity
At
(10s meg60 ~, ohm-cm)
%
30
0.3
0.5
2.65 2.70
50
0.2
0.3
2.81 2.87
60
3.01 3.07
0.4
0.5
t Refined commercial.
FIG. 46.Dielectric constant at 1000 cycles; pure gum mixture

(smoked sheet, 96; S, 4 and smoked sheet, 92; S, 8) vulcanized for
various periods of time at various temperatures ( 4 2 ).
FIG. 44.Variation of S/cp (power factor) with temperature and
frequency for raw india rubber condenser ( 6 2 ).
FIG. 47.Power factor for samples described in Fig. 46 ( 4 2 )

FIG. 45.Variation of S/cp (power factor) with temperature and
frequency for Gutta-Percha from -75 to 5O0C ( 6 2 ).
TABLE 98.INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY ON

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ( 62 )
Resistivity: ranges from 10 X IO8 to 150 X IO8 megohm-cm

irregularly ( 42 )
TABLE 100 (42)
I
Raw rubber
|
Gutta-Percha
Frequency
| 920 | 2 760 | 4 600 | 920 | 2 760 | 4 60^T
.
Temperature, 0C
18
18
18
15
15
15
Dielectric constant for alternating current
2.60
2.60
2.60
2.86
2.86
2.86
Temperature coef- f per 0C -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 0.105 0.124 0.133
ficient
\range
O to
O to
O to
-14 to -14 to -14 to
43
44
44
50
50
50
Resistivity, alternating current, megohm-cm
145 000 54 500 35 400 33 700 10 200 5 600
Power factor, %
0.005 0.005 0.004 0.020 0.023 0.025
Specific conductance for
frequency
n, micromicrohm-cm
1.53 +0.005Sn
16.9 + 0.04n (at 19)
Cure Dielectric
. ' constant
mm
Rubber | Accel.* | ZnO | S
' at 1000 ~
Without free sulfur
98
1
1
5545
2.42
90
2.40
92
3
5
0
126 15
2.49
40
2.48
88
5
10 O
155
4
2.60
12
2.59
85
5
10 O
126
20
2.66
40
2.62
80
10
10 O
126
20
2.84
Composition
t, 0C
Power
factor,
%
0.87
0.81
0.42
0.41
0.90
0.80
0.47
0.45
0.50
Resistivity
(10 megohm-cm)
185
195
20
24
200
220
20
20
5
TABLE 100 ( 4 2 ). (Continued)

Composition
Rubber | Accel.* | ZnO | S
91.75
92.5
92.75
0.75
90.75
0.25
* Tetramethylthiuram
t Extremes of range.
Dielectric
constant
at 1000 ~
~ Cure,
t, 0 O
min*t
With free sulfur

0.25 126
20
35
0.5
126
10
40
1.5 126
10
25
4
126
15
30
disulfide.
2.48
2.45
2.51
2.48
2.49
2.49
2.60
2.78
INFLUENCE OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS

Power
factor,
%
0.40
0.26
0.23
0.35
0.35
0.34
0.23
0.41
Resistivity
(IO8 megohm-cm)
27
45
150
80
150
210
90
10
TABLE 101.INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY ( 42 )
Composition
1. Rubber, 96; S, 4
2. Rubber, 90.75; S, 4;
ZnO, 5; tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 0.25. .
3. (2) + ZnO, 75
4. (2) + carbon black, 20.
Dielectric constant
Power factor
Direct curResisAlternating rent 0.6 sec
tivity
At
At
charge,
current
(IO megdischarge 1000 ~, 60 ~,
%
% ohm-cm)
0.1 1.0
1000 ~ 60 ~
sec
sec
1.2
20
2.89 2.90 3.25 3.32 0.35
2.67 2.67 2.86 2.94

9.76 10.3 11.9 13.1
6.12 8.61 10.3 12.4
0.20 0.2
1.9
4.8
7.5 10.5
80
0.5
0.4
TABLE 102.INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY ( 62 )

Frequency
920
] 2 760 I 4 600
Temperature, 0C
17
17
17
2.73
2.71 2.71
Temperature coefficient range
(-14 to 83)
-0.150 -0.130 -0.140
Resistivity, alternating current,
megohm-cm
342 300 103 000 38 100
Power factor, %
0.2
0.2
0.4
Specific conductance for frequency n, micro-microhm-cm. .
2.0 + 1180 X 10~12n2.
FIG. 49. Influence of carbon black, ZnO, 42litharge, Se and quartz

on dielectric strength ( ).
In the case of ZnO, quartz, and Se, " % of filler" means the parts of filler by
weight added to the following basal mixtures:
TetramethylRubber
S
ZnO P^m
thiuram
disulfide
0.25
Zinc oxide
l 93 . 75
2 |
4
0.25
Quartz
92 . 75
2
1
4
0.25
Selenium
! 90. 75
4
5
In the case of litharge " % filler" means the percentage present in the following
series of mixtures:
Litharge
O
4
10
20
40
66
88
Rubber
96
88
82
74
52
22
9
Sulfur
4
4
4
6
8
11
1
Ozokerite
4
4
Palm oil
1
2
TABLE 103.INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY

ON THE CONDUCTANCE OF SOFT VULCANIZED RUBBER (62)
Frequency | Conductance (K) in bi-mhos (IO12 mhos) per cm3
~
t,0C |-76|-63|-42|-32|-23|-14| 0|17|41|60|83
K I 2|
4| 32| 50| 26| 19| 7| 3| 8|12|16
/, 0 C |-76|-63|-42|-33|-23|-14| 0|l7|42J61|83
2760
K I 4|
8| 53| 141| 102| 76|31|10|18|29|41
4600
*' i"76 ~6B| ~421 ~321 ~241 ~ M| l17N60I84

K I 3| . 9| 62| 220| 2Q5| 158|57i26|26|43l57
FIG. 48.Variation of
S/cp (power factor) with
temperature and frequency for soft vulcanized0 rubber from 90 to
o 10O C (62).
a
FIG. 50. Influence of filler on the

FIG. 51. Influence of
power factor at optimum cure ( 42 ) ; cf. carbon 42black on the resisnote to Fig. 49.
tivity ( ).
No. 1
No. 1 + barytes, 45
No. 1 + titanox,* 50
No. 1 + iron oxide, 46
No. 1 + tellurium, 25
No. 2
No. 2-f china clay, 49
Rubber, 41; S, 2; ozokerite,
5.4; tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 0.1; asbestine, 50 ..
4.24
2.1
14
* Approximate composition: titanium dioxide, 25; barium sulfate, 75 %.
INFLUENCE OF SOFTENERS
In a stock cured by the aid of tetramethylthiuram disulfide,
the following softeners have little effect on the dielectric constant:
ozokerite, 10; vaseline, 10; beeswax, 10; stearic acid, 10; palm oil,
5 parts.
The following increased the dielectric constant from 2.67 to the
figures noted: p-coumarone resin, 10, to 2.80; mineral rubber, 33,
to 2.88 (42).
Specific gravity
Tensile strength, kg/cm 2 . . . .
Compressive strength, (kg/
cm2) II to laminations, 0.5
in. cube
Compressive strength (kg/
cm2) _L to laminations . . . .
Elongation, % . . .
Electric strength (v/mm)
alternating current
Resistivity (megohm-cm) X
IO6
Dielectric constant at radio
frequencies
Water absorption (%) (24
hr at 50)
^, . ,
Thickness,1
mm
1. Rubber with 35 % S*
2. Medium quality
OTo
0.5
18
o Medium
Jv.
3.
quality
lg
2
A
j4.
Medium
r*
quality
5. Switch handle quality....

* Sp. gr., 1.201.
'
11
1
n
1.0
45
0.5
26
^2
60
io_20
60
10 20
1QQ
10-20
338
282
245
Radio panels
and parts*
Rods and
tubes i
265
359
300
249
6.8
4.5
4.5
367
351
26.6
30.2
325
220
5.1
237
3.3
370
322
32.9 628
100
4.3
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.08
TABLE 107 (42)

Dielectric Power & +
Vj
constant, factor, me .hm cm
Rubber, 71.4; S, 28.6
Electric
,
,,
. ~
strength,
t. 0 C
, .,
* '
'
kilovolt-mm
5
10-20
36
10-20
25
10-20
1.22 1.20 1.19 1.18

1.46
635
530
440
480
395
* Mean of 3 samples.
t Mean of 4 samples.
J Mean of 5 samples.
HARD RUBBER
TABLE 105.ELECTRIC STRENGTH (63, 63.5)
Sheet t
Dielectric Power
Resistivity
constant, factor,
(IO8
1000 ~
% megohm-cm)
2 / T 0 ~ 3 2 9 0
3.37
1.1
20
3.77
1.1
13
3.61
1.39
30
3.20
0.50
85
2.62
0.75
190
3.27
1.13
170
G. P. O. sheet*
(U. S.)
Rubber mixture, %
TABLE 106. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS GRADES OP

HARD RUBBER (3)
Admiralty
sheet (U. S.)
TABLE 104.INFLUENCE OF BARYTES, "TITANOX," IRON OXIDE,

TELLURIUM, CHINA CLAY AND ASBESTINE ( 42 )
Stock No. 1: smoked sheet, 90.75; S, 5; ZnO, 4; tetramethylthiuram disillude, 0.25%. Stock No. 2: smoked sheet, 90.75; S, 5;
ZnO, 4; diphenylguanidine, 1 %
iooo ~
| 3.50
| 0.4
g -
110 X IQ8
TABLE 108.INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY (62)

Frequency
920
I 2 760 I 4 600
3.17
3.15
3.14
Temperature coefficient range
(O to 84)
0.360
0.310
0.290
Resistivity, alternating current,
megohm-cm
148 500 38 500
23 100
Power factor, %
0.5
0.5
0.5
Specific conductance for frequency n, micro-microhm-cm . .
O + O.Oln
TABLE 109. INFLUENCE OF HEAT AND IMMERSION ON THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF A MEDIUM GRADE OF HARD RUBBER (63.5)
Volume resistivity,
Electric strength,
Surface resistivity,
megohm-cm
kv/mm at 10-20
megohm
Sample
Sample
ImImSample
Sample Sample
ImSample
No. 8
No. 8 mersed
No. 6
mersed
mersed No. 6
No. 6
No. 8
6
8
8
45
29
16
X
IO
Normal
4
X
IO
5 X IO
44 X IO3
8
8
6
32
1 wk
1 wk
29
Water
24 hr
5 X IO
5 X IO
1.8 X IO
0.8 X 10
1 wk
1 wk
37
35
5 X IO8
5 X IO8
Brine
24 hr
1.7 X IO6
27 X IO3
1 wk
1 wk
5 X IO6
5 X IO8
15 X IO6
1.2 X IO6
H2SO4*
1 wk 3.5 X IO8 at 100 5 X W a t 50 1 wk 26 X IO6 at 100 5 X IO6 at 50
30
Ou
24 hr
6hr
1 X IO8 at 100 5 X IO8 at 50 6 h r
Air
4 X IO8 at 100 4 X IO8 at 50
* Specific gravity, 1.21.
TABLE 110.INFLUENCE OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS (12)

Stock: fine Para, 65; S, 35
Sp. gr.
of
mixture
1.201
1.298
1.185
1.192
1.224
1.199
1.171
1.187
1.335
Ingredient added
None
Talc
Soft palm pitch
Waste, soft grade
Hard palm pitch
Waste, hard grade
Caramba wax
Factice (vulcanized oil)
Zinc oxide
Electric
strength,
kv/mm
5
128
118
115
108
92
78
72
69
TABLE 114.TIME IN MIN REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A GIVEN

DEGREE OF PLASTICITY
Influence of (a) distance between the rolls ("nip") and (6) the
size of the batch of rubber on the time required to reduce rubber to
a given degree of plasticity and the temperature acquired during
milling in the case of a 214 cm mill, with a friction ratio of 1:1.5
and a surface speed of the front roll of 25.4 m per min ( 78 ).
I
Extrusion
time, mm
Nip, mm
4.3
3.57
2.78
1.98
1.19
0.40
^2
11
13
9
ca. 9
ca. 13
j
Extrusion
time, mm
Nip, mm
4.3
3.57
2.78
1.98
1.19
45.4 kg batch
[J
^ ^ ^2
28.5
25
17.5
15.5
16.5
13.5
33
28
20.5
18
18.5
15.5
36
31
23
30
29
^ ^
79 kg batch
^ 1 3 ^2
36.5 19
46.5 53
31
21.5 42.5 50
22.5 15.5 34.5 39.5
20
16
32.5 39
20
17
34
39
17
16.5 29
113 kg batch
2 2
g 2
|j
^2
60
51
58
63
51
57.5 62
46.5 51
54
57.5
53.5
43
44.5
42
147 kg batch
^2
^ ^3
49
41
35.5 63
35
59
35.5 53
^2
57.5 60
FIG. 53. Variation of S/cp

FIG. 52. Variation of conductivity of ebonite with62 tem- (power factor) for an ebonite condenser with temperature and
perature and frequency ( ).
frequency. Black dots denote
920, crosses 2760, and2 small circles 24 600 p. p. s. (6 ).
MILLING
TABLE 111.INFLUENCE OF TIME OF MILLING ON PLASTICITY (78)
79 kg rubber (half sheet, half crepe) milled on a 214 cm fast mill.
Extrusion time is the time in min required to extrude a length of 2
cm through the orifice of a Griffiths' plastometer at 85.
Time, min
Extrusion time
12.5 18
25
32.5 45
60
2.77 2.05 1.72 1.47 1.23 0.97
TABLE 112.INFLUENCE OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE OF MILLING

ON PLASTICITY ( 172 )
k = plasticity determined by a Williams' plastometer
Milling conditions
Time,
Temp.,
min
^C
13
100
25
100
55
100
k
4.7
3.7
S1O
Milling conditions
Time,
Temp.,
min
^C
30
40
60
40
120
40
k
2.0
1.6
1.3
TABLE 113.INFLUENCE OF TIME OF MILLING ON VISCOSITY OF

RUBBER SOLUTIONS ( 25 > 13)
Time of milling, min
,r.
.,
, / Fine hard Para..
Viscosity number < T ,
_
\Latexcrepe
O
72.1
Af.
49.6
10
24.8
nr. .
20.4
15
15.2
.,_ .
16.4
2?5 5 10 15 20|30 40 50:60

Relative viscosity of 2% soin... 1900 540 150 11090,7065 60 59
FIG. 54.
Recovery from Milling
Figure 54 shows the recovery from milling (expressed as maturing t ime /plasticity) of the same batch of typical pale crepe rubber
milled to different degrees of plasticity and then allowed to remain
at room temp, in the form of rolls 25 cm long X 7.5 cm diam. ( 78 );
the plasticity is expressed as the extrusion time in a Griffiths'
plastometer (cf. Table 111).
Figure 55 shows the recovery of rubber (2 samples) from milling
as shown by the viscosity of solutions (2 g in 97 cm3 CS2) after
storage for various periods ( 123 ).
TABLE 110.INFLUENCE OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS (12)

Stock: fine Para, 65; S, 35
Sp. gr.
of
mixture
1.201
1.298
1.185
1.192
1.224
1.199
1.171
1.187
1.335
Ingredient added
None
Talc
Soft palm pitch
Waste, soft grade
Hard palm pitch
Waste, hard grade
Caramba wax
Factice (vulcanized oil)
Zinc oxide
Electric
strength,
kv/mm
5
128
118
115
108
92
78
72
69
TABLE 114.TIME IN MIN REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A GIVEN

DEGREE OF PLASTICITY
Influence of (a) distance between the rolls ("nip") and (6) the
size of the batch of rubber on the time required to reduce rubber to
a given degree of plasticity and the temperature acquired during
milling in the case of a 214 cm mill, with a friction ratio of 1:1.5
and a surface speed of the front roll of 25.4 m per min ( 78 ).
I
Extrusion
time, mm
Nip, mm
4.3
3.57
2.78
1.98
1.19
0.40
^2
11
13
9
ca. 9
ca. 13
j
Extrusion
time, mm
Nip, mm
4.3
3.57
2.78
1.98
1.19
45.4 kg batch
[J
^ ^ ^2
28.5
25
17.5
15.5
16.5
13.5
33
28
20.5
18
18.5
15.5
36
31
23
30
29
^ ^
79 kg batch
^ 1 3 ^2
36.5 19
46.5 53
31
21.5 42.5 50
22.5 15.5 34.5 39.5
20
16
32.5 39
20
17
34
39
17
16.5 29
113 kg batch
2 2
g 2
|j
^2
60
51
58
63
51
57.5 62
46.5 51
54
57.5
53.5
43
44.5
42
147 kg batch
^2
^ ^3
49
41
35.5 63
35
59
35.5 53
^2
57.5 60
FIG. 53. Variation of S/cp

FIG. 52. Variation of conductivity of ebonite with62 tem- (power factor) for an ebonite condenser with temperature and
perature and frequency ( ).
frequency. Black dots denote
920, crosses 2760, and2 small circles 24 600 p. p. s. (6 ).
MILLING
TABLE 111.INFLUENCE OF TIME OF MILLING ON PLASTICITY (78)
79 kg rubber (half sheet, half crepe) milled on a 214 cm fast mill.
Extrusion time is the time in min required to extrude a length of 2
cm through the orifice of a Griffiths' plastometer at 85.
Time, min
Extrusion time
12.5 18
25
32.5 45
60
2.77 2.05 1.72 1.47 1.23 0.97
TABLE 112.INFLUENCE OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE OF MILLING

ON PLASTICITY ( 172 )
k = plasticity determined by a Williams' plastometer
Milling conditions
Time,
Temp.,
min
^C
13
100
25
100
55
100
k
4.7
3.7
S1O
Milling conditions
Time,
Temp.,
min
^C
30
40
60
40
120
40
k
2.0
1.6
1.3
TABLE 113.INFLUENCE OF TIME OF MILLING ON VISCOSITY OF

RUBBER SOLUTIONS ( 25 > 13)
,r.
.,
, / Fine hard Para..
Viscosity number < T ,
_
\Latexcrepe
O
72.1
Af.
49.6
10
24.8
nr. .
20.4
15
15.2
.,_ .
16.4
2?5 5 10 15 20|30 40 50:60

Relative viscosity of 2% soin... 1900 540 150 11090,7065 60 59
FIG. 54.
Recovery from Milling
Figure 54 shows the recovery from milling (expressed as maturing t ime /plasticity) of the same batch of typical pale crepe rubber
milled to different degrees of plasticity and then allowed to remain
at room temp, in the form of rolls 25 cm long X 7.5 cm diam. ( 78 );
the plasticity is expressed as the extrusion time in a Griffiths'
plastometer (cf. Table 111).
Figure 55 shows the recovery of rubber (2 samples) from milling
as shown by the viscosity of solutions (2 g in 97 cm3 CS2) after
storage for various periods ( 123 ).
Figure 56 shows the influence of temperature of storage on

recovery from milling (3 samples). "Hot" storage: 22.75 kg held
at 42 in the form of a roll 25.5 cm long; "cold" storage: slices 6.3
cm thick cooled in water immediately after milling and held at
room temp. ( 78 ).
Stock
a
(X
Z
X
Z
1
9
10
12
30
2
5
12
5
8
3
21
30
15
25
4
27
45
23
50
5
18
40
11
35
Comparison of grain in calendered and in extruded rubber after

vulcanization. Stock No. 3 (above) a: calendered, X, 21; Z1
30; extruded, X, 11; Z, 10 (224).
SOFTENERS
FIG. 55.
FIG. 56.
Calender Grain
Difference in tensile properties in the direction of calendering
and at right angles to it (cf. Poisson's ratio).
Raw Rubber.Sheet calendered on cloth : longitudinal direction,
TB, 7.1; EB, 95. Transverse direction, TB, 1.4; E8, 533 (127).
TABLE 115
Vulcanized Rubber.Stock calendered on cloth or on a cold
calender roll (224).
X = rotation of the load-strain curve from the strain axis expressed as excess
energy of resilience shown by test pieces cut along the calendar direction compared with pieces cut transversely to the calender direction, i.e.,
[ J^1 ATdE/ J^* T (with grain) dE\ X 100,
the upper limit of integration being taken at 90 % of the mean EB.
Z = displacement of the load-strain curve expressed as the extent to which
the curve for test pieces in the calender direction has to be shifted along the
strain axis to coincide with the curve for test pieces cut transversely to the
calender direction.
a, vulcanized, wrapped, on mandrel; 6, vulcanized in mold with no overflow.
Composition of stocks: (1) rubber, 97; S, 3 (by volumes); (2)

rubber, 92; S, 4; ZnO, 4; (3) rubber, 90; antimony sulfide containing 40% CaSO4, 10; (4) rubber, 73; S, 3.5; litharge, 3; whiting, 18;
gas black, 2.5; (5) rubber, 52; S, 8; litharge, 2; whiting, 35; gas
black, 3.
TABLE 116.EFFECT OF SOFTENERS ON PROPERTIES OF CURED

AND UNCURED STOCK (RING-SHAPED TEST PIECES) (31)
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 5; ZnO, 1; diphenylguanidine, 0.25; vulcanized 90 min at 148
Uncured stock
Cured stock
Softener
%
SoftPlasEQQ
TB
EB
ticity*
ness t
None
I
6.05
1.18
797 I 144 I 936
784 152 921
1.31
5.32
0.125
794 152 933
1.33
0.25
5.95
1.38
5.75
Mineral oil, sp. gr., 0 . 5
800 150 948
787 124 924
1.40
6.45
0.905;i?, 951 190 1
797 121 912
1.42
2
6.75
1.45
6.84
817 111 909
5
0.125
783 113 870
1.31
6.30
0.25
801 145 900
1.31
6.35
5
1.32
807 133 940
6.35
T7 r
Vaseline
.817 131 941
1.36
6.27
2
821 133 968
6.48
1.45
5
826 116 935
1.48
6.60
1.34
0.125
785 147 902
6.45
0.25
794 135 917
6.45
1.36
1.37
6.50
795 129 920
Naphthalene
1'
6.69
1.38
800 127 922
2
1.39
6.80
798 123 936
6.85
1.39
5
814 107 920
1.31
0.125
6.20
819 144 960
6.35
1.30
0.25
810 126 940
6.35
1.30
806 110 910
Mineral rubber
1.29
6.29
783 102 867
2
1.31
6.55
772
98 894
1.42
5
7.05
834
88 953
1.29
0.125
6.40
800 147 893
0.25
1.33
6.47
807 128 925
1.37
6.47
814 110 942
Pine tar
'5
6.55
1.37
831 110 947
2
7.72
1.39
837
93 909
5
1.42
7.83
902
93 972
0.125
6.63
1.33
813 136 940
0.25
6.63
1.35
810 135 937
O 5
6.63
1.36
804
134 932
Pine tar pitch
6.25
1.39
815 114 922
2
6.21
1.51
857 107 955
5
6.21
1.64
933
84 1003
0.125
6.20
1.42
845 115 940
0.25
1.42
5.90
824 104 926
1.42
5.70
815
116 915
Rosin (colophony)
6.20
852 114 954
1.50
2
6.45
1.47
883 114 992
7.10
1.56
930
82 948
I5
TABLE 116. EFFECT OF SOFTENERS ON PROPERTIES OF CURED AND

UNCURED STOCK (RING-SHAPED TEST PIECES) (31).
(Continued)
Cured stock
Uncured stock
Softener
%
SoftPlas$60 TB EB
ticity*
ness t
825 119 936
5.80
1.47
0.125
832 115 940
5.80
1.47
0.25
859 108 957
6.12
1.48
Rubber resin
869 109 974
1.51
6.60
916
84 975
1.58
6.65
2
962
81 1020
6.72
1.61
5
6.05
1.39. 782 147 934
0.125
775 146 920
6.11
0.25
1.40
6.21
770 146 911
1.40
Rosin oil
775 136 902
1.39
6.30
843 119 962
1.48
6.35
2
896
92 968
1.67
6.43
5
747 147 887
6.22
0.125
1.30
751 146 892
1.30
0.25
6.26
758 144 907
1.30
6.35
TD
-i
0-5
Rape oil
768 102 846
1.39
6.35
808 125 926
1.47
6.55
2
834
99 911
6.67
5
1-.51
785 132 910
0.125
1.30
5.12
784 130 908
5.64
0.25
1.31
780 139 905
1.30
6.15
Linseed oil (raw)
'
826 116 935
6.22
1.37
1.42
789 115 898
2
6.55
845 102 933
6.57
1.51
5
811 118 911
0.125
6.45
1.30
828 113 922
1.33
0.25
6.70
851 103 939
1.40
6.80
5
Olive oil
1.44
853 123 972
7.10
854 110 953
2
1.51
6.96
868 104 962
1.60
6.60
5
732 126 855
1.40
0.125
5.57
739 131 865
0.25
1.40
5.57
750 145 894
1.40
5.57
Stearin
770 144 930
1.43
5.60
755 131 890
1.41
5.85
2
7.02
790 130 930
1.40
5
798 142 939
1.42
6.25
0.125
815 131 940
1.44
6.20
0.25
824 128 949
1.44
6.23
5
Palm oil
'
784 140 924
6.35
1.47
815 107 906
1.51
6.66
2
863 113 970
1.66
6.70
5
865 119 963
1.38
6.35
0.125
843 112 950
1.40
6.35
0.25
846 108 943
1.44
6.40
.,
0.5
Oleic acid
872 106 940
6.44
1.46
827
98 1017
1.56
6.95
2
84 1080
1.82 1020
8.12
5
824 123 941
1.40
5.25
0.125
827 126 950
1.44
5.35
0.25
833 117 958
1.46
5.50
Stearic acid
858 126 989
1.53
6.30
902 118 1030
1.55
6.73
2
954 111 997
1.56
7.60
5
TABLE 116. EFFECT OF SOFTENERS ON PROPERTIES OF CURED AND

UNCURED STOCK (RING-SHAPED TEST PIECES) (31).
(Continued)
Uncured stock
Cured stock
Softener
%
SoftPlasEô TB
EB
ticity*
ness t
1.40
0.125
6.45
783 129 910
1.44
790 131 924
0.25
6.50
1.48
6.55
800 137 930
Palmitic acid
1.50
842 137 982
6.55
1.58
2
6.60
919 104 1030
1.63
6.70
5
954 105 1070
5.94
0.125
1.39
811 144 951
1.40
6.07
802 144 940
0.25
1.41
6.05
^
.
0.5
794 146 936
ueresm wax
1.46
6.27
815 142 952
1.48
6.55
2
813 130 942
1.44
7.08
5
820 118 933
0.125
1.46
5.17
864 117 977
1.48
4.25
0.25
859 114 914
4.44
1.51
830 114 977
^
u
0-5
Carnauba wax
1.40
4.18
866 133 993
2
1.48
3.80
855 114 977
3.66
1.33
5
855 110 969
* Depression (mm) in 3 min in Williams' plastometer at 70 with a load of 5
kg on a disc 5 cm2 in area and 1 cm thick,
t Depression (mm) with 3 mm steel ball under 0.5 kg load at room temperature.
TABLE 117. INFLUENCE OF FATTY OILS ON TENSILE PROPERTIES

OF PURE GUM VULCANIZATE ( 122 )
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 143.3
Time of cure, hr
Cottonseed ou
^ ( ^ |2S| 3 |35
f without oil
3.7
5.25 6.5 8.5 10.9
(with 2% oil
3.15 4.2
6.1 7.6 9.7
withoutoil
TB ((V
N/
19-1
25.1
25.8
30.0 33.8
gj
\ with 2 % oil
9.6 18.8 24.2 20.4 18.0
f without oil
936
877
820 769 726
B
\ with 2 % oil.
857 896 831 730 619
Similar results with rape-seed oil, palm oil and mineral oil.
5 ( g)
ACCELERATORS OF VULCANIZATION
Index of Accelerators
Aldehyde ammonia, Fig. 59 (1, K>9, 143, 144, 226)
Aniline, Figs. 57, 58 (1, )
Arsenic, Table 118
Benzidine ( 98 )
Cadmium diethyldithiocarbamate ( 169 )
Calcium hydroxide, Fig. 73 ( 95 )
Cinchonine ( 51 )
Diacetoneamine, Figs. 57, 58
Di(dimethylaminophenyl)guanidine (l 14 )
Diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate (138)
Dimethylammonium dimethyldithiocarbamate ( 41 138)
Dimethylaniline (61)
Dimethyl thiuram disulfide ( 166 )
Diphenylguanidine, Figs. 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69; Table 124 (143)
Di-w-propylamine (143)
Dithiobenzoyl disulfide (126)
Di-a-thionaphthoyl disulfide (220)
Di-o-tolylguanidine, Figs. 67, 68, 69 (142)
Di-o-tolylthiourea (1^)
Di-p-tolylguanidine, Fig. 69 (142)
Di-p-tolylthiourea (i 2)
Dixanthogen, Fig. 62
Di-m-xylylguanidine (114)
Ethylammonium ethyldithiocarbamate (166)
Ethylideneaniline, Table 123 ()
Formaldehydeaniline, Figs. 57, 58 (226)
Furfuramide, Fig. 63
Hexamethylenetetramine, Figs. 71, 72; Table 125 (41, 109, 132,
143, 144, 162, 167, 169)
Hydrazobenzene ( 98 )
Litharge, Fig. 74; Table 126
Magnesium oxide, Fig. 75; Table 127 ( 96 )
Mercaptobenzothiazole ( 143 )
Mercuric oxide, Fig. 74
Methylene-p-toluidine ( 143 )
Nitrogen sulfide (126)
p-Nitrosodimethylaniline, Figs. 57, 58; Table 128 ( 4 >
61
120 5
143, 144, 156, 161)
m-Phenylenediamine, Fig. 76 (98, i 9 )

p-Phenylenediamine, Fig. 76 (61, 109)
Phenylisothiocyanate (i 6 2 )
Piperidine ( 143 )
Piperidinium pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, Fig. 61; Table 119,
120, 121, 122 (1<> 9 , 134, 135, 166, 212, 221)
Potassium hydroxide, Fig. 77

Quinine ( 5 I)
Quinoidine, Figs. 57, 58 ( 51 )
Selenium (228)
Sodium phenoxide, Fig. 73
Tetraethylthiuram disulfide ( l 66 )
Tetramethylthiuram disulfide, Fig. 79; Table 129
Thiocarbanilide, Fig. 78 (i, 97, io 9 , 143, 144, ies, iee, 167, 221)
Thiocarbamide, Figs. 57, 58
o-Toluidine, Figs. 57, 58 (61)
p-Toluidine (1, **> 143, i 6 2 )
Triphenylguanidine, Fig. 70
Zinc n-butylxanthate, Table 132
Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, Fig. 60
Zinc ethylxanthate, Tables 130, 131, 132
Zinc mercaptobenzothiazole, Table 123 (i 43 )
Zinc methylxanthate, Table 132
Zinc pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, Table 122
Zinc phenylmethyldithiocarbamate, Table 122
Zinc isopropylxanthate, Fig. 80; Table 132
Zinc n-propylxanthate, Table 132
Zinc sulfate-ammonia, Fig. 73 ( 143 )
ARSENIC
TABLE 118.EFFECT OF DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF THE ACCELERATOR (EXPRESSED AS % OF THE TOTAL MLXTURE) UPON
THE TIME OF OPTIMUM CURE FOR SLAB AND CREPE ( 52 )
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 140 (ring-shaped test pieces)
Cure, min
~ I Cure, min
" ""
Cure, min
As2O3 -^r-:~
As2O3 01 .
As2O3
,
Slab Crepe
Slab Crepe
Slab | Crepe
O
45
120
O
75
150 O
45
120
0.0002 40
105
0.4
37
60 0.0021 35
95
0.0096 40
95
0.8
35
77 0.1050 34
75
0.0192 45
95
3.2
40
105 0.315
40
115
6.4
90
165 0.660
80
180
FIG. 57.Various accelerators in the absence of ZnO. Basal

stock: rubber, 90; S,
10.' Tensile strength and stiffness (ringshaped test pieces) ( 17 ).
FIG. 58.Various accelerators in the presence of ZnO. Basal

stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; 17ZnO, 5. Tensile strength and stiffness
(ring-shaped test pieces) ( ). For key to numbers see Fig. 57.
FIG. 61.Piperidinium pentamethylenedithiocarbamate (0.25

part) with and without ZnO (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 162 ). O
rubber, 90; S, 10. Drubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 1. Arubber, 90;
S, 10; ZnO, 5. Vulcanization coefficients insert for curves O and D.
FIG. 59.Influence of various proportions of aldehyde ammonia

at 138 on rate of vulcanization, ultimate tensile strength, stiffness,
vulcanization coefficient and flatness of curve. Basal stock: rubber,
90; S, 10 (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 16S ). Data are also given for
vulcanization of the same mixture at 98, 108, 118, and 148.
Temperature coefficient for these mixtures, see Table 70. ZnO has
little or no effect on the activity of aldehyde ammonia ( 16S ).
FIG. 60.Zinc dimethyl di thiocarbamate (0.25 part) when

employed with and without ZnO (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 166 ).
Orubber, 90; S, 10. Drubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 1. Arubber,
90; S, 10; ZnO, 5.
FIG. 62.Dixanthogen (thiocarbethoxydisulfide)influence of temof ZnO. Tensile strength and stiffness

perature and of proportion
(ring-shaped test pieces) ( 17 ). (1) 2.5% dixanthogen, 1 % ZnO, 5%
S, 128. (2) 2.5% dixanthogen, 25% ZnO, 5% S, 98. (3) 2.5%
dixanthogen, 25 % ZnO, 5 % S, 128. Zinc methylxanthateinfluence
of temperature. (4-5). 3% zinc methylxanthate, 1% ZnO, 10 % S
at 98 and 138 (").
PIPERIDINIUM
PENTAMETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMATE
TABLE 119.EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF ACCELERATOR IN A
Low SULFUR MIXTURE (135)
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 2; ZnO, 2.5; vulcanized at 141 (ring-shaped
test pieces)
Accelerator added in admixture with 3 parts of colloidal clay.
These periods for vulcanization include those giving the maximum
tensile strength.
Acceler5 min cure
7.5 min cure I
IO min cure
ator ff6Q \ TB \ EB ~E^> \ TB \ EB
EGO \ TB \EB
0.25
773 128 1040 775 109 1008 743
98 934
0.50
600 172
870 585 144
817 534 115 800
0.75
612 176
902 583 186
870 579 217 894
1.0
516
510 256 | 8301 523 182 794
TABLE 120.EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF ACCELERATOR IN
A HIGH SULFUR MIXTURE (220)
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 7.5; ZnO, 5; vulcanized at 115 (straight
FIG. 63.Furfuramide (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 162 ). Orubber,
test pieces)
90; S, 10; furfuramide, 1. Drubber, 90; S, 10; furfuramide, 1; ZnO,
Accel- 20 min cure 30 min cure 40 min cure I 60 min cure
1. Arubber, 90; S, 10; furfuramide, 1; ZnO, 5.
erator T 6 \ TB E3 \ T6 \ TB \ EB \ T, \ TB \ EB T6\TB\ EB
0.25 57 215 805 133 307 740
137 302 745
0.33
66 234 815
134 324 760 164 335 730
0.50 159 325 715
247 336 650 280 298 615
0.66 230 321 660
267 590
215 515
194 370
TABLE 121.EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF ZNO ON THE ACTIVITY
OF PIPERIDINIUM PENTAMETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMATE ( 166 )
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; accelerator, 0.25 (ring-shaped test pieces)
ZnO
VulcanCure giving maximum tensile strength
parts
ized at Time, min|
E5Q
\
TB
\ V. C.
118
60
487
172
2^3
5
118
10
587
214
20
504
210
1.6
FIG. 64.Diphenylguanidine with various proportions of S
maximum tensile strength attained. Basal stock:
rubber, 100; ZnO,
20
118
20
453
223
1.7
5; vulcanized at 135 (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 4 ).
20
108
30
454
219
TABLE 122.COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PIPERIDINIUM
PENTAMETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMATE (A) WITH ZINC PENTAMETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMATE (B) AND ZlNC PHENYLMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (C) (220)
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 10; ZnO, 5; accelerator, 0.50 A or equivalent amounts B and C (straight test pieces)
With accelerators; vulcanized at 115
Control; vulcanA
B
C
ized at 141
m
T& I TB\ EB Tt\TB\ EB T,\TB\ EB Min I T6 TB \ EB
10 93272750 47 180 825 44 172 810 60 16 37 820
20 198326700 96 254 755 71 226 765 90 22 74 865
30 244289610
120 28 101 830
40 262 256 595 144 274 715 121 276 735 150 32 114 800
60
199500168 253 670131 260 720 180 41 131 790
90
64285180 205 615129 252 710 240
61 560
120
134 247 700 300
17 300
ETHYLIDINEANILINE AND ZINC MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE
TABLE 123 (123)
A = ethylidineaniline; B = zinc mercaptobenzothiazole; cure
giving maximum tensile strength; vulcanized at 141.7 (straight
test pieces).
Stock, parts
| Accelerator
Cure,
7
B
Rubber] S | ZnO | A | B
min
100
3
5
0.5
40
ca. 95 ca. 200
100
4
5
0.6
30
ca. 90 ca. 200
FIG. 65.Diphenylguanidine with various proportions of Smaximum stiffness attained. Basal stock:
rubber, 100; ZnO, 5; vulcanized
at 135 (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 4 ).
FIG. 66.Diphenylguanidine with various proportions of Srate

of cure. Basal stock:
rubber, 100; ZnO, 5; vulcanized at 135 (ringshaped test pieces) ( 4 ).
DIPHENYLGUANIDINE
TABLE 124.EFFECT OF ZNU AND "LIGHT" MaCO3 ON THE
ACTION OF DIPHENYLGUANIDINE ( 4 )
Cure showing maximum tensile strength ; vulcanized at 135
(ring-shaped test pieces)
Accelerator
,
parts
n
ZnO
1
1
0.125
0.125
0.125
5
30
5
5
30
5
1
1
1
0.125
0.125
0.125
5
30
5
5
30
5
MO-PA
MgCOs
&
Cure
T2 B
'
mm
Stock: rubber, 100; S1 7.5
90
23
105
190
15
75
210
180
106
270
97
15
195
160
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 3
75 I 176
150
175
120
206
15
480
66
540
89
15
420
51
V
B
T17
687
677
594
823
761
762
131
138
216
36
44
81
822
735
665
890
792
704
48
93
159
16
23
31
FIG. 68.Di-o-tolylguanidineinfluence of various proportions of

ZnO on accelerating power. Basal stock: rubber, 100; S,1423; di-otolylguanidine, 0.5; vulcanized at 141 (straight test pieces) ( ).
HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
TABLE 125.EFFECT OF THE ACCELERATOR IN THE PRESENCE OF
GREAT QUANTITIES OF ZNO (226)
Stock: rubber, 100; ZnO, 100; S, 7 (straight test pieces)
% hexamethylenetetramine
Cure, min
O | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 1.5
TB \EB\TB \EB\TB \EB\TB\EB\TB\ EB
Vulcanized at 141.7
45
60
90
120
150
180
210
82
87
88
87
102
140
148
680 146
550
500
500
510 140 540

550 163 520 152 520
490
188 480
480
197 470
183 460 140 340
205 460
147
158
198
119
480
420
410
300
119 540 152

510 180 500 186
520 176 500 180
480 163 420 103
410
500
450
440
270
Vulcanized at 147.8
FIG. 67.Diphenylguanidine (DPG) and Di-o-tolylguanidine (Do-TG)influence of temperature.

Basal stock: rubber, 100; S, 4;
ZnO, 3 (straight test pieces) ( 142 ).
30
45
60
90
120
150
180
154
82 500 160
93 500 188
159
122 540
116 530
520
500
490
470
154
172
188
159
Vulcanized at 152.8
FIG. 70.Triphenylguanidine
rate of cure as indicated by
(A) tensile strength and (B) stiffness. Basal stock: rubber, 90; S,
10; vulcanized at 148 (ringshaped test pieces) ( 167 ).
20
30
45
60
90
120
150
134
172 480 182 480 192
99 480 200 500 191 470 186
113 500 113 330 103 300 160
122 540
88 470
172 510
520 188 520
490 180 420
480 152 380
240
LITHARGE
TABLE 126.INFLUENCE OF SMALLQUANTITIES OFLITHARGE (156)
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized 60 min at 138 (ring-shaped
test pieces)
%PbO....
O
I 0.1
0.25 I 0.5
0.8
T8
1 23.7 I 24.4 j 24.8 | 28.2 I 37.0
V. C . . .
! 1 26 I 1.25 I 1.27 I 1.37 I 1.75
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
TABLE 127.INFLUENCE OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF MAGNESIUM
OXIDE (156)
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized 60 min at 138 (ring-shaped
test pieces)
%MgO
O
I 0.1
I 0.25 I 0.4
I 0.75"
Ts
I 15.2
I 39.0
I 75.5
| 112.0 | 132.0
V. C
I 1.40 I 2.66 I 3.31 | 3.68 j
4.08
FIG. 72.Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and zinc oxide. Tensile strength and stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 162 ). Orubber,
90; S, 10; ZnO, 0.5; HMT, 1. Drubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 2; HMT, 1.
Arubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 5; HMT, 1. Vrubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO,
5; HMT, 2.5.
FIG. 69.Comparison of the activity of equimolecular amounts of

diphenyl-, di-o-tolyl- and di-p-tolylguanidine. Basal stock:
rubber,
100; S, 4; ZnO, 1; vulcanized at 141 (straight test pieces) ( 142 ).
FIG. 73.Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. Tensile strength and

stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 17 ). (1) Sodium phenoxide (1 %)
at 138. (2) Zinc sulfate ammonia (ZnSO4-SNH3) (Sulzin) (1 %) at
138. (3) Lime (5%) at 138. (4) Rubber, 90; S, 10 at 148.
p-NITROSODIMETHYLANILINE
TABLE 128.INFLUENCE OF ZNO AND MaO ON THE ACTION OF
p-NlTROSODIMETHYLANILINE ( 4 ); cf. FlGS. 57, 58
FIG. 71.Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) with and without zinc

oxide. Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10 (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 165 ).
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 10; accelerator, 0.5; ZnO or MgO, 5; vulcanized at 142 (ring-shaped test pieces)
ZnQ
||
MgO
Cure,
Cure,
TB
EB
T
TB
EB
min
^6
min
20
31
133
875
15
24
90
886
30
35
103
804
25
41
166
890
50
24
465
35
44
135
834
TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM BISULFIDE
TABLE 129.VULCANIZATION WITH TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE; No SULFUR ADDED ( 166 )
Stock: rubber, 90; ZnO, 5; accelerator, 5 (ring-shaped test pieces)
I, 0C
I Cure, min
|
EbQ
\
T8
148
15
580
112
138
15
695
106
FIG. 74.Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. Tensile strength and

stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 17 ). (1) Litharge (PbO) (20 %) at
128. (2) PbO (10 %), ZnO (5 %) at 128. (3) Mercuric oxide (HgO)
(10 %) at 128. (4) Rubber, 90; S, 10 at 148.
FIG. 75.Magnesium oxide. Basal stock:167rubber, 90; S, 10 (ringshaped test pieces) ( ).

ZINC XANTHATES
TABLE 130.EFFECT OF ZINC ETHYLXANTHATE AND ZNU ON THE
PROPERTIES OF THE VULCANIZATES AT OPTIMUM CURE (169)
, op
I1 O
108
108
108
Parts of
fj,
-^50
T
l
Accelerator :| ZnO
7T~7\
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10
1
O
71
0.5
1
85
0.5
5
120
Stock: rubber, 95; S,-5
1
3
5
5
5
10
10
10
108
98
98
98
98
98*
98*
98*
1
1
1
5
20
1
5
20
852
761
665
130
169
219
214
156
177
189
163
641
523
486
443
403
441
364
292
* Badly over-vulcanized.
TABLE 131.EFFECT OF ZINC ETHYLXANTHATE AND S ON THE

PROPERTIES OF THE VULCANIZATES AT OPTIMUM CURE (VULCANIZATION TEMPERATURE, 108) (169)
FIG. 77.Potassium hydroxide. Tensile strength and stiffness

(ring-shaped test pieces) (vulcanization coefficients inserted) ( 167 ).
Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. ZnO has little or no
influence on the
accelerating activity of KOH in rubber mixtures ( 22 ).
Rubber
1
100
100
100
100
100
TTO
3.1
5.3
11.1
3.1
5.3
Parts/100 parts
rubber + S
Accelerator
ZnO
3
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
# 50
TB
V. C.
727
612
531
486
753
652
22
140
171
173
97
136
0.5
1.6
2.5
3.5
0.7
1.6
FIG. 76.m- and p-Phenylenediamines (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 165 ).

Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10.
FIG. 79.Tetramethylthiuram disulfide with and without ZnO.
Tensile strength and stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 166 ). O
rubber, 90; S, 10, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 0.25. Dsame -f
ZnO, 1. Asame + ZnO, 5.
FIG. 78.Thiocarbanilide (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 165 ). Basal

stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. 2 The "elongation" shown is the extension
under a load of 0.5 kg/cm .
FIG. 80.Zinc isopropylxanthateinfluence of temperature and flat

or static curing qualities. Tensile strength and stiffness. Basal stock:
rubber, 90; S, 10. Figures
inserted show vulcanization coefficients
(ring-shaped test pieces) ( 169 ).
TABLE 132.COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ZINC

XANTHATES AND INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THEIR
ACTIVITY ( 1TO )
Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 1; data for optimum cures (ringshaped test pieces)
Accelerator
Zinc isopropylxanthate
Zinc n-butylxanthate
Zinc n-propylxanthate
. ,
,
Zinc methylxanthate
Parts
Vulcanizing temperatures
138 | 128 | 118 | 98
ffso1 TB I
1.1
577 168
1.2
631 154
1.1
706 92
/ 1 . 0
|
3Q
gl3
ffso1
558
600
666
TB I 50I TB I Ew \ TB
167 536 190 508 200
168 580 175 543 199
134 642 141 606 174
960 59 932 65
^ m WQ ^ W3 ^ m
Zinc ethylxanthate, at 88: #6o = 555; TB = 205 ( 169 ). At 108 (!part):

#60 = 635; TB = 185 (i? 0 ).
COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS
TABLE 133.AVERAGE SIZE OF THE PARTICLES ( 74 )
Ingredient
| Microns ||
Ingredient
| Microns
Carbon black
ca. 0.15 ZnO
Lampblack
0.3-0.4
American process. . 0.4-0.6
Lithopone
0.3-0.4
French process
0.3-0.4
Sublimed white lead., ca. 0.65 Barytes, silica, asbesWhite lead
0.75-2
tine, whiting
ca. 5-10
FIG. 82.
FIG. 83.
FIG.
TABLE 134.THERMAL
For conductivity of
~
,.
Conductivity
Compounding (cal/sec/cm3)
ingredient
^ppo)
Antimony sulfide
(15.6 % free S) ..
Blanc
fixe
Clay (Dixie)
Gas black
Litharge
Lithopone
* Approximately.
0.00021
0.00078
0.00058
0.00067
0.00051
0.00094
81.
FIG. 84.
CONDUCTIVITY ( 227 )
rubber, v. p. 269
~
,.
Conductivity
Compounding (cal/gec/cm3)
ingredient
^ppo)
MgCO3
Red oxide
S
Whiting
ZnO
Cord fabric
0.00103
0.00132
0.00012
0.00084
0.00166
0.00082 *
FIG. 85.
Figures 81, 82, Effect on the tensile strength, stiffness and

rate of cure of an unaccelerated rubber-sulfur mixture (100:10)
of 10 vols, of each of the following ingredients: (a) acetylene
black; (b) pptd. barytes; (c) china clay; (d) colloidal clay; (e)
gas black (carbon black); (/) lampblack; (g) lithopone; (h) MgCO3;
() mineral rubber (bitumen); (j) thermatomic carbon; (fc) whiting;
(I) ZnO (the figures in the upper set of the curves show the number of results of which each curve represents the mean. Ringshaped test pieces used) (168).
Zinc Oxide
FIG. 90.
Glue Compound
FIG. 86.
Red Oxide
FIG. 87.
Tripoli Flour
FIG. 91.
FIG. 88.
Whiting
FIG. 92.
FIG. 89.
Figures 83-90. Effects on load-strain relations of various
volumes of barytes (83), carbon black (84), china clay (85), glue (86),
red oxide (87), tripoli flour (88), whiting (89), ZnO (90), added
to the basal stock (rubber, 100; PbO, 30; S, 5. Stocks were
vulcanized at 141 to approx. max. tensile strength) ( 223 ).
Figure 91. Effect on the load-strain relations of adding 5
vols, of barytes, carbon black, china clay, lithopone, titanium
white, whiting or ZnO to the basal stock (rubber, 77.5; S, 5 vols.),
vulcanized 175 min at 141 (ring-shaped test pieces) (104).
Figure 92. Influence on load-strain relations of various proportions of "light" MgCO3 added to the basal stock (rubber, 100;
PbO, 30; S, 5; vulcanized 45 min at 143) (straight test pieces
used) (75).
FIG. 93.
The influence of various proportions of carbon black, "light"

MgCO3, magnesite and ZnO added to the basal stock (rubber,
100; PbO, 30; S, 5; vulcanized 49 min at 143) on the hardness
of rubber is shown in Fig. 93; on the sub-permanent set in Fig.
94 (75).
used). The resistance to abrasion is expressed as the percentage

loss in weight of disks 5.625 cm diameter by 0.2 cm thick when
rotated for 100 000 revolutions (10 hr) in loose granular carborundum ( 76 ).
FIG. 97.
FIG. 94.
FIG. 98.
FIG. 95.
FIG. 96.
The effect of adding various proportions of BaSO4 (colloidal),
carbon black, china clay, MgCOs (light), lithopone, and ZnO to
the basal stock (rubber, 100; ZnO, 5; S, 5; hexamethylenetetramine, 1; basal stock cured 80 min at 148; other stocks given a
slight undercure) upon the ultimate tensile strength is shown in
Fig. 95; stiffness, Fig. 96; resilient energy, Fig. 97; resistance to
abrasion, Fig. 98; and hardness, Fig. 99 (straight test pieces
FIG. 99.
Figures 100-102 illustrate the influence on the load-strain
relations, ultimate tensile strength and energy of resilience of
various proportions of MR (mineral rubber, prepared from blown
asphalt and gilsonite) (solid lines), and of carbon black (dotted
lines) added to the basal stock (rubber, 100; S, 10) ("S). Figs.
100, 102: cured at 141 for 165 min; Fig. 101: cures giving maximum tensile strength.
Figure 103 illustrates the influence on the sub-permanent set

of various proportions of barytes, carbon black, MR and ZnO
added to the basal stock (rubber, 100; S, 10) (115).
BROWN FACTICE
Rubber substitute, vulcanized oil
TABLE 135.EFFECT ON VULCANIZED RUBBER ( 4 )
Stock: rubber, 100; S, 7.5; ZnO, 5; diphenylguanidine, 0.5; vulcanized 45 min at 135
Brown factice,
,
,
iB
B
LI
parts
0
180
748
147
1
171
746
136
5
170
738
124
10
162
791
106
40
102
698
103
40*
60
571
* Also contained 9 parts "light" MgCOs; vulcanized 60 min at 142.
FIG. 100.
FIG. 101.
BROWN FACTICE, "GOLDEN" ANTIMONY SULFIDE

AND IRON OXIDE
TABLE 136.EFFECT OF BROWN FACTICE WHEN USED WITH
ANTIMONY SULFIDE OB IBON OXIDE (5)
Composition of stocks
-,
Antimony
T
,
-D , ,
Brown
Iron
0,
a
lfi ,
Stock
Rubber
S
. ,.
sulfide
.,
factice X 0 ~ as oxide
(3 % free S)
A
76.5
STO
Ts
B
76.5
8.5
15.5
C
59.5
8.0
17.0
15.5
D
59.5
8.5
17.0
15.0
Tensile properties after vulcanization at 141
Stock
I
A
I
B
I
C
I
D
Cure, min | T8 \ EB \ TB \ EB \ T8 I EB \ T3 \ E8
75
89 738
90
113 733
104 724
88 734
120
121 707
90 640 109 700
150
123 706 124 777
106 600
165
134 752
175
136 768
180
132 654
4 301
190
134 731
64 514
205
134 709
210
83 510
CLAY
Effect of adsorptive power (defined as
2 g of clay from 50 cm 3 of 0.1 % malachite
properties of rubber.
TABLE 137 (l)
Stock: rubber, 48.375; clay, 21; ZnO,
2; diphenylguanidine, 0.625; vulcanized
maximum tensile strength)
FIG. 102.
FIG. 103.
% of dye adsorbed by
green solution) on the
11; lithopone, 17; S,
at 145 (cure giving
Sample No.
| 1 | 2 | 34 | 5 | 6 | 7
Adsorptive power,. % I 40.14J 47.6[ 56.2 89.7| 89.9J 99.2 99.5
20
20
20
20
20
50
40
Cure, min
TB
174.3 170.1167.3140.6140.6106.8 87.9
TABLE 138 (159)
Stock: rubber, 63.496; clay, 26; ZnO, 5.5; MgO, 2.0; S, 2.5;
diphenylguanidine, 0.504; vulcanized at 153 (cure giving maximum
tensile strength)
Sample
No.
3
2
3
Mean size,
microns
7 s 4
3.3
3.3
Adsorptive
power, %
0 1 5
59
75
Cure,
min
2 3
20
20
7 7
232
225
TABLE 138 (l59).(Continued)

Sample
No.
4 5
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Mean size, Adsorptive

microns
power, %
J
7 5
3.2
77
3.2
81
3.9
82
3.3
82
2.9
85
3.7
100
414
100
Cure,
min
2 0
20
25
20
30
25
40
40
TABLE 141.COMPOSITION OF STOCKS CONTAINING RECLAIMED

RUBBER, SHOWING POSSIBLE VARIATIONS IN THE AMOUNTS
OF ZN-O AND CARBON BLACK USED
For load-strain curves and resistance to abrasion, v. Figs. 104-107
~
214.4
228.2
208.1
224.3
220
200.3
161
117.4
(I)
Orig- Reclaimed rubber content increased, with

inal
decrease:
stock*
OfZnO
I Of carbon black
CARBON BLACK
TABLE 139.EFFECT OF DIFFERENCES IN SAMPLES OF CARBON
BLACK ON THE PROPERTIES OF RUBBER* ( 149 )
Stock A: rubber, 73.5; carbon black, 19.06; ZnO, 4.33; S, 1.84;
diphenylguanidine, 1.27. Stock B: rubber, 72.83; carbon black,
18.80; ZnO, 4.25; S, 3.60; hexamethylenetetramine, 1.12.
Cure giving maximum TB
Stock A
I
Stock B
Mean | Max. | Min. | Mean | Max. | Min.
36
55
25
sTo75
60"
Cure, min
T5
165
244
97 154
238
85
TB
346
379
310 298
320
278
EB
703
790
604 673
737
590
* 18 samples of carbon black were used with stock A, and 7 with stock B.
details as to their properties, v. ( 1 4 9 ).
For
RECLAIMED RUBBER AS A COMPOUNDING

INGREDIENT
a
Sample
Rubber
60
Reclaim t
O
ZnO
12
Carbon black. 24.1
b [ c | d
57
54
51
6
12
18
8
4
O
25.1 26.1 27.1
e | f | g
57
54
5
6
12
18
13
14
15
20.1 16.1 12.1
* Contained also: S, 2.4; ethylidineaniline, 0.45; diphenylguanidine, 0.45; stearic

acid, 0.3; mineral oil, 0.3. f For properties of the reclaimed rubber, v. Table 140.
AGING
TABLE 142.EFFECT OF AGE ON THE VULCANIZATION OF RAW
RUBBER
Stored in the tropics (53); cf. Tables 24, 144; stock: rubber, 90;
S, 10
Mean time of Mean tensile
Number Mean cure (min) at product (TB X
Type
of
age,
141
ffj/1000)
samples mo
After T ... , After
Initial
.
Initial
aging
aging
Slab crepe.. ..
23
34
76.3 106.3 129.8 100.5
35
34.5 172
138
118.1
105.7
Crepe
Sheet
27
34.5 135
120
129.1 110.8
TABLE 143.AGING OF CEYLON BLANKET CREPE ( 154 )
Air-dried* |
Heat-dried*
... , After T ... , After
Initial
Initial 0
2rty r
2yr
127
116
135
130
145
141
140
132
34.5
35
35.5
36.5
39.5
26.5
23.5
17.5
15
12
T
FIQ. 104.
FIG. 105.
Cure, min
TB
Slope
r?, 1% in C 6 KUf
y, 1 % in C6H6 + HCIf
* Two samples,
FIG. 106.
FIG. 107.
TABLE 140.VULCANIZATION OF RECLAIMED RUBBER (16)

Whole black tire reclaim (alkali process): sp. gr., 1.18; acetone
extract, 7.5%; ash, 20%
Composition
| Vulcanized at 142
Rubber | S | ZnO | Diphenylguanidine [ Cure, min \ TB \ EB
100
5
20
54.8
41(T
100
5
O
O
30
59.8
450
100 3
3
0.5
20
93.5
400
100
3
3
0_5
30
I 80.9
320
t Viscosity relative to that of solvent.
TABLE 144.AGING OF SLAB CREPE (2o5)

Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150; aged 4 yr in tropics
Latex crepe
01 ,
Slab
crepe
, , .f
(control)
Number of samples
6
3
% H20
0.41
0.34
%ash
0.34
0.20
% aqueous extract
0.45
0.28
. /initial
39.5
107
0
Cure, mm <
,
__
. __
'
(aged...
57
105
f initial
146
146
B
\aged
133
148
/initial
34
36
Q1
Slope
\aged
34
36
, ,. [initial
102
39
,relative I aged
^
31
TABLE 145.AGING OF PURE GUM STOCK AT ROOM TEMPERATURE *

Influence of % of S (200)
Stock A: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized 80 min at 148
Age, da
3
111
181
380
495
619
TB
129
142
136
135
149
137
EB
906
873
851
821
821
795
EW
907
853
842
816
790
784
Stock B: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized 105 min at 148
Age, da
3
113
181
376
495
619
TB
134
144
144
136
137
U5
EB
930
900
886
836
810
769
#130
923
877
863
827
800
793
FIG. 108.Accelerated aging of pure gum vulcanized rubber.

Influence of degree of vulcanization on the tensile product
of the stock.
Basal stock: rubber, 100; S, 8; vulcanized at 143 ( ll1 ). The figures
on the curves denote the time (in min) of vulcanization at 143.
Stock C: rubber, 95; S, 5; vulcanized at 148

Cure, 140 min
A
\\
Cure, 200 min
\\
TB
EB Bw0
^fae'
TB
E3
En0
3
111
216
430
550
673
O
126
129
121
116
93
987 1023
960 967
953 954
889 905
869 895
899 856
3
111
181
376
457
567
3
143
139
51
14
13
952
918
898
581
380
314
950
898
883
Cure, 300 min

A
^'
TB
EB
Ei30
3
108
05
116
969
944
1019
970
423
532
12
10
381
333
* Ca. 27 (in tropics).
TABLE 146.ACCELERATED AGING OF PURE GUM STOCK AT

65 ( 18 <>)
Influence of degree of vulcanization; stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5;
vulcanized at 148
Cure, 70 min
:
Age, da
TB -
0
1
2
3
4
6
9
16
ge>
0
1
2
3
4
5
7
12
86.5
75
85
92
93
94.5
95
98
;
\
&B
1053
1009
998
982
965
952
926
903
Cure, 90 min
TB I EB I #1,0 I V. C.
91
984 1060
2.82
103
949 998
110 937 973
106 914 956
3.24
119 907 925
129
912 924
2.96
125.5 900 907
104.5 833 878
3.74
TB
128.5
134
137
139.5
136.5
141.5
143
104
-& 90
1115
1052
1010
976
958
943
912
885
V. C.
FIG. 109.Comparison of aging of some compounded stocks in the

dark at room temperature with aging
accelerated by heating at 60
in oxygen at a pressure of 21 kg/cm 2 (straight test pieces) (1S). Stock
A: rubber, 100; S, 4; diphenylguanidine, 0.5; pptd. whiting, 50; ZnO,
4; vulcanized 30 min at 142. Stock B: rubber, 100; S, 6; PbO, 10;
pptd. whiting, 50; vulcanized 25 min at 142.
1.98
2.42
2.30
2.70
Cure, 110 min

EB \ E^ \ V. C.
943 950 3.89
919 915
901 889
888 872 4.07
858 848
853 835 4.02
848 825
722
4.27
FIG. 110.
FIQ. 111.
FIG. 110.Same as Fig. 109. Stock: rubber, 100; S, 1 ; tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 1; ZnO, 100; vulcanized 10 min at 134 (1S).
FIG. 111.Comparison of aging in the dark at room temperature,
accelerated aging at 60 in oxygen at 21 kg/cm2, and accelerated aging
at 70 in a current of air at atm. pressure
in the case of a tire tread
stock vulcanized for various periods ( 15 ). Stock: rubber, 60; S, 3;
diphenylguanidine, 0.5; ethylideneaniline, 0.375; pine tar, 1; ZnO,
17.125; carbon black, 18. For further data on the aging of compounded stocks, especially low-grade stocks, see ( 32 ).
FIG. 112.Influence of compounding ingredients on accelerated

aging. Basal stock: rubber, 100; ZnO, 5; S, 4; diphenylguanidine,
0.75. Other stocks prepared by adding 20 vols, of the following to
100 vols, of rubber: (1) barytes; (2) carbon black; (3) clay; (4) MgCO3;
(5) thermatonic carbon; (6) whiting; (7) ZnO (i"). (A) Effect on the
tensile product of heating the best technical cure (30-45 min at 141 for
all stocks except 4 (15 min) and 2 (60 min)) for 6 days in a current of
air at atmospheric pressure and 70. (B) Effect on the tensile product
of heating the best technical cure for 16 hr in oxygen at 28 kg/cm 2 and
60. (C) Increase in weight as in (B) of the vulcanizates obtained by
various periods of cure (mins denote period of vulcanization at 141).
FIG. 113.Change in tensile strength on accelerated aging at 70
in a current of air at atmospheric pressure of stocks containing (A)
Fe2O3, (B) Sb2S5. Stock A: rubber, 76.5; S, 8.5; Fe2O3, 15. Stock
B: rubber, 76.5; S, 8; "golden" Sb2S5 (3 % free S), 15.5. Vulcanized
at 141 (a), 2 hr; (b) and (d) 2.25 hr; (c) and (f), 2.5 hr; (e) 2.75 hr ().
FIG. 115.Influence of light on aging at room temperature. Curve

marked "light" is for rubber behind glass in a very light room (is).
Stock (left-hand curves) : rubber, 100; S, 4; ZnO, 4; diphenylguanidine,
0.5; pptd. whiting, 50; (right-hand curves): rubber, 100; S, 6;
litharge, 10; pptd. whiting, 50 (cf. Fig. 109).
HARD RUBBER
FIG. 114.Change of ultimate elongation on aging as in Fig. 113 ( 5 ).
Commercial Samples.TB = 105-700; EB = 2-75; compressive strength = 210-1400 kg/cm 2 ; sp. gr. = ca. 1.20 (mean) (33).
Electrical Properties.v. Tables 105-110.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.SQ X 10~6 (20-60) (148).
Specific Gravity.v. commercial samples and Tables 105,106,110.
TABLE 147.INFLUENCE OF DEGREE OF VULCANIZATION ON SP.

GR. (70)
Stock A: rubber, 70; S, 30. Stock B: rubber, 70; S, 30; diphenylguanidine, 1.4. Both vulcanized at 170
o
Sp. gr.
Cure mm
'
StockA
I
StockB
15
1.076
1.163
45
1.162
1.174
75
1.167
1.176
FIG. 116.Vulcanization of pure gum hard rubber stocks. Influence of 69

the proportions of S on the progressive change in tensile properties ( ). Stocks containing rubber and S in the ratios indicated
vulcanized at 170.
FIG. 117.Tensile strength and vulcanization coefficients of pure

gum hard rubber stocks vulcanized for various periods at 170. Stock
A: rubber,
70; S, 30. Stock B: rubber, 70; S, 30; diphenylguanidine,
1.4 ( 70 ). Data are also given in this article for other accelerators.
FIG. 118.Influence of various proportions of MR (mineral rubber)

FIG. 119.Influence of various proportions of tire reclaim on the
and resin on tensile properties of hard rubber (basal stock: rubber, 70;
S, 30 by wt.) vulcanized 40 and 45 min at 170 (straight test pieces) tensile properties of hard rubber (basal stock: rubber, 70; S, 30)
9
vulcanized 40 and 45 min at 170.
C ).
TABLE 148.EFFECT OF HEATING ON THE SOFTENING TEMPERATURE, IMPACT STRENGTH AND TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND THE
INFLUENCE OF VULCANIZATION CONDITIONS ON THE IMPACT STRENGTH ( 46 )
Stock A: rubber, 71.43; S, 28.57; vulcanized 12 hr at 149 (3 hr rise). Stock B: rubber, 70.42; S, 28.17; diphenylguanidine, 1.41;
vulcanized 12 hr at 149 (3 hr rise). Stock C: rubber, 70.42; S, 28.17; diphenylguanidine, 1.41; vulcanized 2 hr at 149 (1 hr rise).
Test bars: 7.5 X 1.25 X (4.75-6.25) cm.
After heating in air
Stock Initial
At 70
|
At 149
7 da I 14 da I 5 hr | 10 hr* | 15 hr* 25 hr*| 40hr*| 60hr*| GOhrf
. i
,
A
77.8
91.7
91.1
78.3
82.8
0 .A
r(.
Softening
temperature, o CJ
^
^ 2 2 2 ^ 2 ?3 g ^2
B
g()
g7 g
go
^ n , .,.
Transverse strength (kg/cm*)
Impact strength (kg cm/cm 2 )Il
A
B
C
857.8 1040.4 1047.5 984.3

991.2
485.1
^ 4 ^ 3 ^ 3 1019.2 1064.4 998.2 984.1 534.2 400.7
41.1
41.26 25.72 19.13
6.40
2.32 5.71
47.70 21.61 30.37 10.90
19.4913.40 7.14 3.99 2 . 3 2 3 . 5 7
71.64 25.37 25.01
9.47
5.36|
| 1.43 2.32
* Heating intermittent: 5 hr daily on successive days.

t Heating continuously.
Under the load at which excessive flow begins; 5 cm between supports.
Dead load producing rupture; 5 cm between supports,

|| 6.25 cm between supports.
GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA

TABLE 149. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, SOFTENING POINT, TENSILE PROPERTIES AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GUTTA-PERCHA ( 116 )
Number
78.1
67.0
68.6
57.5
55.2
56.2
52.2
49.8
51.8
54.7
19.2
30.2
29.0
40.9
42.9
42.4
45.4
47.4
44.1
39.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.0
1.2
0.9
1.5
1.1
1.8
2.7
1.2
1.3
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.9
1.7
2.3
3.2
47.7
43.8
45.5
40.0
39.4
40.5
41.1
42.7
42.2
37.7
65.5
66.1
63.3
61.6
60.5
60.5
67.7
76.1
73.3
58.8
3.33
6.75
8
9.5
20
15.75
23.5
21.5
28.5
17
322
252
250
172
148
167
172
179
204
112
427
384
419
379
372
391
426
364
409
360
InducInsulative
tion at
capacity
24,
micromegohm
farad
2 408 0.0535
6 400 0.0559
7 643 0.0552
5 728 0.0524
3 739 0.0563
33 590 0.0537
44 220 0.0570
67 800 0.0606
50 060 0.0624
34 970 0.0613
93.0
2.8
2.5
1.7
57.2
91.1
0.75
399
285
27 410
Chemical composition, %
of
samples Gutta Resin Dirt
40
70
22
21
48
31
7
8
9
Pahang
Banjer red
Bulongan red
f Bagan
;..
Soondie < Kotaringin Goolie red . . . .
[ Serapong
f Bulongan
White] Mixed
[ Banjer
Medium quality cleaned
Medium quality hardened by extracting resin
Water
Softening
Begins
Pliable
at t, 0C at t, 0C*
Hardening
time,
TB
EB
min
0.0575
* Temperature at which a strip 70 mm X 25 mm X 2 mm tears under a load of 14.2 g.
TABLE 150.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BALATA ( 87 )

Gutta| Resin | Dirt | Water
Brazilian block
46.7 38/7 3~4
11.2
~
. , Prime Amazonian
45.9 35.9 2.8
15.4
Commercial T .,
^
.
~ A
Aa 0
Iquitos
46.2 AG
46.0 n 0.4
7.4
Demerara
42.6 48.0 3.7
5.7
Cleaned balata
52.6 45.3 0.54 1.57
Physical Properties of Gutta-Percha and Balata

Refractive index, 1.52 (i<>8).
Specific heat at 4.5, 0.402 g-cal/g (8).
Linear expansion (2.4 to 5.8), 0.0001575 cm per 0C (88).
Specific gravity ( 116 ).
GuttaGutta- Gutta- GuttaPercha
Balata
Percha Percha Percha
(leaf)
Number of samples. . . . 1
3
3
3
Gutta /resin ratio
1.37
1.37
5.19
3.8
Sp. gr., mean
0.9625 0.9879 0.9735 1.0063 0.9731
TABLE 152.SOFTENING POINT AND VISCOSITY OF GUTTA-PERCHA
% composition
FIG. 120.Influence of various proportions of lime and magnesia

on the tensile properties of hard rubber (basal stock: rubber, 70;69S, 30
by wt.) vulcanized 40 and 45 min at 170 (straight test pieces) ( ).
TABLE 151.PROPERTIES OF LEAF GUTTA-PERCHA (171 )
Number
of
samples Gutta Resin Dirt Water
Tjipetir
77.2 I 6.85 |ll.55|
4.3
Surface
resistivity*
Dielectric
at 5 000 - strength,
10 000 volt,
kv-cm
ohm
O. 5 to 14 X IO13 210 to 310
* Tests with 6 sheets of different thicknesses.
For further data on electrical properties, v. Tables 96-99.

Chemical Character of the Resin of Gutta-Percha
Saponification No. (4 samples), 79.8 to 77.3; acid No. (4 samples),
5.0 ( 14 ). Contains:
Fluavile, amorphous, molten at 100, C 20 H 32 O (119), or C 40 H 64 O 3
(116), soluble in cold alcohol.
Albane, M. P. ca. 160, C 20 H 32 O 2 C 119 ), soluble in boiling alcohol,
insoluble in cold alcohol.
Nitrogen content of Gutta-Percha, 0.83 % (15).
Tjipetir
White
Salai prima
Gulai Sekunda
Akassa
Siak
Penang
Gutta
74.98
49.10
33.76
29.54
12.83
14.34
20.41
Softenin
I Resin
11.09
48.65
48.58
55.39
73.19
69.50
65.12
g
point,
0
C
60
50
47
37
42
35
40
Viscosity
(2 % soin.
in CCl4)
1.60
1.44
1.59
l. 33
1.41
1.02
1.12
TABLE 153.EFFECT OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS ON THE

SOFTENING TEMPERATURE OF GUTTA-PERCHA ( 4 9 )
Sample of Gutta-Percha contained 55.39 % resin
Ingredient
| None | Kieselguhr| Barytes | MgO
% ingredient
O
100
70
100
140
Softening temperature 38
55
44 ~65~ 84
Water Absorption by Gutta-Percha
TABLE 154.OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF
GUTTA-PERCHA ( 36 )
C6H6 soin, of washed and de-resinified Gutta-Percha
M
, ,.
% concentration
Osmotic pressure,
^
'
6^03
3.04
2.04
1.26
0.0500
0.0238
0.0146
0.0086
,, , ,
.,
Molecular weight
29
31
34
35
500
100
000
600
TABLE 155.RATE OF COMBINATION OF S (153)

Combined S, %
'
Gutta-Percha
|
Balata
2
3.12
5
9.43
8
14.12
13.27
15
25.61
25
31.95
31.89
30
31.97
31.85
TABLE 156.VULCANIZATION OF MIXTURES OF RUBBER AND
GUTTA-PERCHA ( 8 7 )
90
88
86
80
Composition
GuttaPercha
O
2
4
10
|
S
10
10
10
10
45 min
TB\E*
74 885
49
72 900
60 893
Vulcanization at 148
60 min
75 min
90 min 120 min
TB \ E50 T3 \ EM TB I E50 TB \ E50
120 813 143 766 157 715 170 715
93 915 111 830 135 788
100 865 112 817 170 750
133 865 159 810 158 748
FIG. 121.Water absorption (in mg) of different classes of GuttaPercha and of balata. Thickness of sheet 2.2 mm, area 100 cm2, wt.
10 g (ne).
LITERATURE
(1) Abernethy, 441, 70: 775; 25. (2) Amagat, 34, 99: 130; 84. (3) American
Hard Rubber Co., 9 Mercer St., N. Y. C., O. ( 4 ) Ames, 54, 43: 117T; 24.
(5) Anderson and Ames, 54, 42: 136; 23. (6) Arisz, 443, 4: 30; 20. (7)
Beadle and Stevens, 55, 13: 207; 13. ( 8 ) Beadle and Stevens, 441, 46: 161;
13. ( 9 ) Beadle, Stevens and Morgan, 4411 46: 222; 13.
(io) Belgrave, 346, 11: 348; 23. (U) Belgrave, 346, 11: 371; 23. (12) Belgrave, 346, 13: 154, 367; 25. (i 3) Bernstein, 65, 12: 193; 13. (14) Berry,
54, 23: 529; 04. (is) Bierer and Davis, 45, 17: 860; 25. (i f i ) Bierer and
Davis, 45, 18: 348; 26. (") Birkitt, 450, 1: 368; 26. (i 8 ) Bishop, 346,
11: 310; 23. O 9 ) Bobilioff, 443, 3: 374; 19.
( 2 0 ) Bobilioff, 443, 8: 609; 24. (21) Bobilioff, 443, 8: 817; 24. (22) Boggs and
Blake, 45, 18: 224; 26. ( 23 ) Boiry, 34, 175: 102; 22. (24) Bonasse and
Carrire, Annales de la facult des sciences de Toulouse, 5: 257; 03. ( 2 5 )
Boufaric, 449, 8: 4965; 11. ( 26 ) Brown, Rubber, Its Sources, Cultivation
and Preparation, p. 226. London, Murray, 1914. (27) Bruni, 216, 3: 51;
21. ( 28 ) Bruni and Levi, 216, 7: 447; 25. < 29 ) Bruni and Petizzola, 216,
3: 451; 21.
(30) Bunschoten, 176, 15: 257; 18. <i) Burbridge, 460, 1: 429; 26. (32)
Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 38: 6; 21. ( 33 ) Buttfield, 46, 15: 474; 23.
(34) Bysow, 441, 71: 99; 26. ( 3S ) Campbell, Dept. Agri. Ceylon, Bulletin,
No. 27; 1916. (36) Caspari, 4, 105: 2139; 14. (37) Ceylon Rubber
Research Scheme, Bulletin, No. 32; 24. ( 38 ) Ceylon Rubber Research
Scheme, Bulletin of the Rubber Grower's Association, 6: 93; 24. (39) Cheneveau and Heim, 34, 152: 320; 11.
( 4 O) Clapeyron, 34, 46: 208; 58. (4l) Cranor, 447, 61: 137; 19. (42) Curtis
and McPherson, 32, No. 299; 25. (43) Davey, 64, 42: 473T; 23. (44)
Daynes, 6, 97: 286; 20. , (45) Dewar, 325, 21: 543, 786; 15. (46) Dieterich
and Gray, 45, 18: 428; 26. (47) Dinsmore, 45, 17: 540; 25. (48) Ditmar,
55, 10: 233; 12. (49) Ditmar, 456, 27: 384; 12.
(50) Eaton, 346, No. 17; 12. (Si) Eaton and Bishop, 54, 41: 374T; 22. (52)
Eaton and Bishop, 54, 42: 303T; 23. ( 53 ) Eaton and Bishop, 54, 42: 389;
23. (54) Eaton and Day, 54, 36: 16, 1116; 17. (SS) Eaton and Dennett,
346, 11: 219; 23. ( 56 ) Eaton and Grantham, 64, 35: 715; 16. ( 57 ) Eaton,
Grantham and Day, 346, No. 27; 18. ( 5 S) Eaton and Whitby, 346, 5: 124;
17. (59) Edwards and Pickering, 31, No. 387; 20.
(60) Eggink, 70, 42: 317; 23. (61) Endres, 449, 18: 11089; 21. (62) Fleming
and Dyke, 46, 49: 323; 12. (63) Flight, 46, 60: 218; 22. (63.5) Flight,
441, 65: 967, 1007; 23. (64) Flusin, 6, 13: 480; 08. 34, 126: 1479; 98.
(65) FoI, 178, 9: 71; 12. (66) Freundlich and Hauser, 55, 36: 15; 24.
(67) Gaunt, 54, 33: 446; 14. (68) Geer and Evans, 447, 64: 887; 21. (69)
Glancy, 45, 16: 359; 24.
(70) Glancy, Wright and Oon, 45, 18: 73; 26. (71) Gorter, 443, 1: 375; 17.
(72) Graham, 3, 32: 401; 66. (73) Green, 143, 192: 637; 21. (74) Green,
33, 28: 53; 23. (75) Greider, 45, 14: 385; 22. (76) Greider, 45, 15: 504;
23. (77) Griffiths, 450, 1: 327; 25. (78) Griffiths, 450, 1: 308; 26. (79)
Gurney, 46, 13: 707; 21.
80
( ) Gurney and Tavener, 45, 14: 134; 22. (81) Hartjens, 443, 2: 261; 18.
(82) Hatschek, 54, 40: 251T; 21. (83) Helbronner and Bernstein, 34, 158:
1343; 14. (84) Hinrichsen and Kindscher, 25, 46: 1291; 13. ( 8 S) Hinrichsen and Marcusson, 92, 23: 49; 10. 24: 725; 11. *(86) Hopkinson,
46, 15: 1267; 23. (87) Howson, 450, 1: 36; 25. (88) Joule, 62, 149: 91; 59.
(89) Kayser, 8, 43: 544; 91.
(90) Kelly and Ayers, 45, 16: 148; 24. (91) Kerbosch, 70, 34: 235; 15. (**)
Kirchhof, 55, 15: 30; 14. (93) Kirchhof, 287, 6: 1; 14. (94) Kirchhof, 55,
35: 367; 24. (95) Kratz and Flower, 33, 20: 417; 19. (96) Kratz and
Flower, 45, 12: 971; 20. (97) Kratz, Flower and Shapiro, 45, 13: 128; 21.
(98) Kratz, Flower and Shapiro, 54,13: 67; 21. (") Lebedev, 53,13: 246; 81
1
( OO) Le Blanc and Kroger, 55, 33: 348; 23. (loi) Le Blanc and Kroger, 55,
37: 205; 25. (102) Lewis and Porritt, 54, 40: 18T; 21. (103) Loomis and
Stump, 441, 66: 330; 23. (104) Luff, The Chemistry of Rubber, p. 157.
London, Ernest Benn, 1923. ( 105 ) Lundal, 8, 66: 741 ; 98. (i 6 ) Macallum
and Whitby, 69, 18 III: 191; 24. (107) Mallock, 5, 46: 233; 89. (i 8 )
Mallock, 58, 113: 643; 24. (109) Martin and Davey, 54, 43: 31T; 24.
(UO) Martin and Elliott, 54, 41: 225T; 22. (Hi) Marzetti, 216, 5: 122; 23.
(U 2 ) Memmler and Schob, 312, 29: 185; 11. (H3) Munro, 447, 63: 169;
20. (114) Naunton, 54, 44: 243T; 25. (i 15) North, 33, 26: 253; 22. (i 16)
Obach, 356, 46: 97, 114, 117, 133, 137, 164, 169, 196; 97. (H7) Obach, Die
Guttapercha, p. 66, 105. Dresden, 1899. Getah-pertja, Amsterdam, de
Bussy, 1898. (U 8 ) Ono, 219, 7: 36; 13. (H9) Oudemans, Reper. Gen.
Chini., 1: 455; 58.
( 12 ) Paterson, Rayner and Kinnes, 46, 50: 254; 13. (120.5) Peachey, 64,
34: 368; 15. English Patent, No. 4263, Feb. 19, 1914. (121) Perks and
Griffiths, 441, 67: 25; 24. (I 22 ) Pickles and Turner, International Rubber
Conference, Brussels, p. 194. London, Cranleighs, 1924. ( 12 3) Porritt
Physical and Chemical Colloids. London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1921.
(!24) Posnjak, 287, 3: 417; 12. () Rayleigh, 3, 49: 220; .00. (126)
Romani, 449, 19: 11626; 22. (127) van Rossem, 441, 62: 343; 21. (128)
van Rossem, 176, 20: 106, 124; 23. (129)van Rossem, 54, 44: 33T; 25.
(130) van Rossem, Dekker, FoI, Hellendoorn, van Heurn and van der Leur, 287,
10: 1; 18; cf. van Rossem, 287, 12: 103; 20. (l 3 I) van Rossem and van der
Meijden, 54, 45: 67T; 26. (132) Ruby and Depew, 45, 12: 1155; 20. O 33 )
Russner, 428, 18: 152; 82. (134) Schidrowitz and Bean, 54, 41: 324T; 22.
( 135 ) Schidrowitz and Burnand, 54, 40: 268T; 21. (136) Schidrowitz and
Goldsborough, 441, 44: 1147; 12. (137) Schidrowitz and Goldsborough,
54, 38: 347T; 19. O 3 8 ) Schidrowitz, Gouvea and Osborne, 441, 64: 75; 22.
( 139 ) Schippel, 45, 12: 33; 20.
(140) Schwartz, 46, 44: 693; 10. (141) Scoble, 441, 60: 723; 20. (142) Scott,
45, 15: 286; 23. (143) Sebrell and Vogt, 45, 16: 792; 24. (144) Shepard
and Krall, 45, 14: 951; 22. (145) Sheppard and Eberlin, 45, 17: 711; 25.
(146) Shields, Rubber Age (N. Y.), 10: 88; 21. (147) Shimada, 148, 26:
705; 23. (148) Souder and Hidnert, 31 A, 15: 387; 19. () Spear and
Moore, 45, 18: 418; 26.
(150) Spence and Kratz, 6S9 14: 262; 14. (isi) Spence and Kratz, 55, 15: 217;
14. (152) Spence and Young, 55, 11: 28; 12. (153) Spence and Young,
55, 13: 265; 14. (154) Spoon, 443, 8: 869; 24. (is*) Spoon, 443, 9: 574;
25. 10: 29; 26. (156) Stevens, 64, 37: 156T; 18. (i") Stevens, 54, 40:
186; 21. (158) Stevens, Rubber Age (London), 4: 215; 23. (159) Thies,
45, 17: 1165; 25.
(160) Tompkins, in Physics and Chemistry of Colloids, p. 162. London, H. M.
Stationery Office, 1921. ("I) Twiss, 54, 36: 782; 17. (i 62 ) Twiss, 54,
40: 242T; 21. (I 63 ) Twiss, 441, 65: 607; 23. ( 164 ) Twiss, 58, 113: 822;
24. (i s ) Twiss and Brazier, 54, 39: 125T; 20. (166) Twiss, Brazier and
Thomas, 54, 41: 81T; 22. (167) Twissand Howson, 54, 39: 287T; 20. (^ 8 )
Twiss and Murphy, 54, 45: 121T; 26. O 6 9 ) Twiss and Thomas, 54, 42:
499T; 23.
(170) Twiss and Thomas, 64, 44: 10OT; 25. (171) Van Lennap, 441, 65: 367;
23. (172) Vogt, 46, 17: 535; 25. O 73 ) Vogt, 45, 17: 870; 25. (i 7 4 ) Vogt
and Evans, 45,. 15: 1015; 23. (i 75 ) de Vries, Meded. van het Centraal
Rubberstation, No. 1; 1916. (i) de Vries, 443, 1: 36; 17. (i 7 7 ) de Vries,
443, 2: 45; 18. (i) de Vries, 443, 2: 67, 112; 18. (i) de Vries, 443,
2: 453; 18.
(180) de Vries, 443, 2: 792; 18. <ii) de Vries, 443, 3: 183; 19. (**2) de
Vries, 443, 4: 163; 20. (i*3) de Vries, B79. (i 84 ) de Vries, B79, p. 53.
(185) de Vries, B79, p. 88. (186) de Vries, B79, p. 94. (187) de Vries,
B79, p. 441. (188) de Vries, 6Jf, 26: 677; 23. (189) de Vries, 441, 65:
433; 23.
(190) de Vries, 443, 7: 168; 23. (ii) de Vries, 443, 7: 409; 23. (i*) de Vries,
64, 43: 47T; 24. (i 93 ) de Vries, 441, 67: 849; 24. (i 9 4 ) de Vries, 443,
8: 145, 177; 24. (i 9 S) de Vries, 443, 8: 587, 601; 24. (i 9 ) de Vries, 443,
9: 446; 25. (i 9 7 ) de Vries, 443, 10: 1; 26. (i 98 ) de Vries and BeumeNieuwland, 443, 9: 694; 25. (i") de Vries and Hellendoorn, 443, 2: 769;
18.
(200) de Vries and Hellendoorn, 443, 4: 429; 20. (i) de Vries, Riebl and
Beume-Nieuwland, 443, 9: 345; 25. ( 202 J de Vries and Spoon, 443, 4:
163; 20. ( 203 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 7: 311, 342; 23. ( 2 0 4 ) de Vries
and Spoon, 443, 8: 689; 24. ( 205 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 9: 849; 25.
(206) Weber, The Chemistry of India Rubber, p. 119. London, Griffin, 1903.
Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1903. ( 207 ) Whitby, 65, 12: 147; 13. ( 208 )
Whitby, 55, 12: 154; 13. ( 209 ) Whitby, 54, 35: 493; 16.
(210) Whitby, 54, 37: 278T; 18. ( 2 U) Whitby, 442, 33: 313; 19. ( 2 I 2 )
Whitby, 45, 15: 1005; 23. ( 2 I 3 ) Whitby, 450, 1: 12; 25. ( 2 I 4 ) Whitby,
McGiIl University, Montreal, O. ( 21S ) Whitby, Dolid and Yorston, 4,
1926: 1448. ( 2 I 6 ) Whitby, Evans and Pasternack, McGiIl University,
Montreal, O. (21 7 ) Whitby and Greenberg, 45, 18 : 1168; 26. ( 2 I 8 ) Whitby
and Jane, Second Colloid Symposium, Monograph, p. 16. New York, Chem.
Catalog Co., 1925. ( 2 I 9 ) Whitby and Jane, 69, 20 III: 121; 26.
(220) Whitby and Simmons, 46, 17: 931; 25. ( 22 M Whitby and Walker, 46,
13: 816; 21. ( 2 2 2 ) Whitby and Winn, 64, 42: 336T; 23. ( 223 ) Wiegand)
324, 4: 160; 20. ( 2 2 4 ) Wiegand and Braendle, 46, 15: 259; 23. ( 22 S)
Wightman and Trivelli, 45, 17: 164; 25. ( 226 ) Williams, 447, 65: 101; 21,
(227) Williams, 46, 15: 154; 23. ( 22 S) Williams, 45, 15: 1019; 23. (229)
Wroblewski, 8, 8: 29; 79.
( 2 3 O) Zeitlin, 450, 1: 255; 25. ( 23 M Zimmerman, Rubber Age (N. Y.), 12: 130;
, 22.
FACTITIOUS PLASTICS
MATIRES
CONTENTS
A. Nitrocellulose plastics.
Plastiques de nitrocellulose.
B. Phenol resins and their

products.
C. Comparison of properties of
hard rubber, vulcanized
fiber, laminated
and
molded phenolic insulating materials.
Rsines phnoliques et leurs

produits.
Comparaison des proprits du
caoutchouc dur, de la fibre
vulcanise, des matires isolantes phnoliques lamines
et moules.
A. NITROCELLULOSE ("PYROXYLIN") PLASTICS1

Made by the application of heat and pressure to colloidal mixtures of pyroxylin with relatively non-volatile solvent (camphor
or substitute for camphor) and volatile solvent (usually ethyl
alcohol), followed by evaporation of the volatile solvent; ordinarily containing sufficient non-volatile solvent to insure " plasticity" at 75-9O0Ce.g., celluloid, fiberloid, pyralin, pyradiolin,
viscoloid, xylonite.
Except as otherwise noted, the data given are for the freshly
manufactured, commercial type of camphor product. Photographic film is not covered.
1. Composition.Varies according to manufacturer. The following are illustrations:
PYRALIN ( 7 )
Pyroxylin
11% N
Camphor
Stabilizer
68-75%
23-27%
0.5-1%
Residual
volatile
solvent
1-5%
Additions :
dyes, pigments, etc.
0-14%
VARIOUS FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC SAMPLES ( 21 )

Nitrocellulose
58-78%
| Camphor + solvent |
I
17-31%
I
Ash
0.7-28%
!Acknowledgment is made to Mr. A. F. Randolph, du Pont Viscoloid Company, for a critical examination of this section.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INDICE
Plastische Massen aus Nitrocellulose.

Phenolharze und deren Produkte.
Vergleich der Eigenschaften
von Hartgummi, Vulkanfiber
geblttertes und geformtes
(gegossenes)
phenolisches
Isoliermaterial.
Materie plastiche a base di

nitrocellulos
295
Resine a base di fenoli e
loro prodotti
298
Confronto fra le propriet
della gomma indurita,
fibra vulcanizzata, materiali isolanti a base di
fenoli laminati e fusi
299
PAGE
Mechanical
2. Density.g cm"3. 1.35 (transparent) to 1.60 (commercial
pigmented material) (7). d = 1.37 + 0.0125p, where p = %
ZnO between 1 and 15 (* 4). For influence of stretching v. (l 6 ).
3. Permeability.Transparent material of thickness 0.030 in.,
exposed on one surface to atmosphere dried by CaCl2 and on
other side to summer atmosphere, transmitted moisture at rate
of 0.013 g .per in.2 per week (7).
Pyralin, from saturated air to air dried by CaCU, 0.0046 resp.
0.063 in. thick, transmitted moisture at the rate of 0.029 resp.
0.004 g in.-2 day-1 in three days ( 7 ).
4. Modulus of Elasticity (Def. 1Oa).Young's modulus =
(2.0 to 3.9) X IO5 Ib. in.-2 (5, 7, il, 12, 16, 17). Exhibits hysteresis (13).
5. Elastic lmit.Yield point = (3.9 to 7.4) X IO3 Ib. in.~2.
Varies with thickness and pigment content (5 7, 12, 16).
6. Poisson's Ratio.-0.36 to 0.43 (5, 11).
7. Tensile Strength (Def. 4).Varies with thickness, nature of
nitrocellulose, camphor content, and pigment content. (4.9 to
8.5) X IO3 Ib. in.~2 ( 7 > " 12); 6 kg mm"2 (5). Variation with
temp. 0C; 20, 7.5; 70, 4.5; 90, 1.0; X IO3 Ib. in.-2 (7).
8. Ultimate Elongation at Failure.From 10% for 0.005 in.
thick up to 40% for 0.2 in. thick; for 0.015 in. thick, from 20 to
30% for O pigment, to 15 to 25% for 16% pigment (7), cf. (4, 5).
9. Resistance to Bending.Schopper's folding endurance tester.
Sample 0.5 X 4.0 X 0.015 in., double bends of 100 required to
break (Bo) = 8 to 22. BD = k X (thickness)-1-35 ( 7 ).
(150) Spence and Kratz, 6S9 14: 262; 14. (isi) Spence and Kratz, 55, 15: 217;
14. (152) Spence and Young, 55, 11: 28; 12. (153) Spence and Young,
55, 13: 265; 14. (154) Spoon, 443, 8: 869; 24. (is*) Spoon, 443, 9: 574;
25. 10: 29; 26. (156) Stevens, 64, 37: 156T; 18. (i") Stevens, 54, 40:
186; 21. (158) Stevens, Rubber Age (London), 4: 215; 23. (159) Thies,
45, 17: 1165; 25.
(160) Tompkins, in Physics and Chemistry of Colloids, p. 162. London, H. M.
Stationery Office, 1921. ("I) Twiss, 54, 36: 782; 17. (i 62 ) Twiss, 54,
40: 242T; 21. (I 63 ) Twiss, 441, 65: 607; 23. ( 164 ) Twiss, 58, 113: 822;
24. (i s ) Twiss and Brazier, 54, 39: 125T; 20. (166) Twiss, Brazier and
Thomas, 54, 41: 81T; 22. (167) Twissand Howson, 54, 39: 287T; 20. (^ 8 )
Twiss and Murphy, 54, 45: 121T; 26. O 6 9 ) Twiss and Thomas, 54, 42:
499T; 23.
(170) Twiss and Thomas, 64, 44: 10OT; 25. (171) Van Lennap, 441, 65: 367;
23. (172) Vogt, 46, 17: 535; 25. O 73 ) Vogt, 45, 17: 870; 25. (i 7 4 ) Vogt
and Evans, 45,. 15: 1015; 23. (i 75 ) de Vries, Meded. van het Centraal
Rubberstation, No. 1; 1916. (i) de Vries, 443, 1: 36; 17. (i 7 7 ) de Vries,
443, 2: 45; 18. (i) de Vries, 443, 2: 67, 112; 18. (i) de Vries, 443,
2: 453; 18.
(180) de Vries, 443, 2: 792; 18. <ii) de Vries, 443, 3: 183; 19. (**2) de
Vries, 443, 4: 163; 20. (i*3) de Vries, B79. (i 84 ) de Vries, B79, p. 53.
(185) de Vries, B79, p. 88. (186) de Vries, B79, p. 94. (187) de Vries,
B79, p. 441. (188) de Vries, 6Jf, 26: 677; 23. (189) de Vries, 441, 65:
433; 23.
(190) de Vries, 443, 7: 168; 23. (ii) de Vries, 443, 7: 409; 23. (i*) de Vries,
64, 43: 47T; 24. (i 93 ) de Vries, 441, 67: 849; 24. (i 9 4 ) de Vries, 443,
8: 145, 177; 24. (i 9 S) de Vries, 443, 8: 587, 601; 24. (i 9 ) de Vries, 443,
9: 446; 25. (i 9 7 ) de Vries, 443, 10: 1; 26. (i 98 ) de Vries and BeumeNieuwland, 443, 9: 694; 25. (i") de Vries and Hellendoorn, 443, 2: 769;
18.
(200) de Vries and Hellendoorn, 443, 4: 429; 20. (i) de Vries, Riebl and
Beume-Nieuwland, 443, 9: 345; 25. ( 202 J de Vries and Spoon, 443, 4:
163; 20. ( 203 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 7: 311, 342; 23. ( 2 0 4 ) de Vries
and Spoon, 443, 8: 689; 24. ( 205 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 9: 849; 25.
(206) Weber, The Chemistry of India Rubber, p. 119. London, Griffin, 1903.
Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1903. ( 207 ) Whitby, 65, 12: 147; 13. ( 208 )
Whitby, 55, 12: 154; 13. ( 209 ) Whitby, 54, 35: 493; 16.
(210) Whitby, 54, 37: 278T; 18. ( 2 U) Whitby, 442, 33: 313; 19. ( 2 I 2 )
Whitby, 45, 15: 1005; 23. ( 2 I 3 ) Whitby, 450, 1: 12; 25. ( 2 I 4 ) Whitby,
McGiIl University, Montreal, O. ( 21S ) Whitby, Dolid and Yorston, 4,
1926: 1448. ( 2 I 6 ) Whitby, Evans and Pasternack, McGiIl University,
Montreal, O. (21 7 ) Whitby and Greenberg, 45, 18 : 1168; 26. ( 2 I 8 ) Whitby
and Jane, Second Colloid Symposium, Monograph, p. 16. New York, Chem.
Catalog Co., 1925. ( 2 I 9 ) Whitby and Jane, 69, 20 III: 121; 26.
(220) Whitby and Simmons, 46, 17: 931; 25. ( 22 M Whitby and Walker, 46,
13: 816; 21. ( 2 2 2 ) Whitby and Winn, 64, 42: 336T; 23. ( 223 ) Wiegand)
324, 4: 160; 20. ( 2 2 4 ) Wiegand and Braendle, 46, 15: 259; 23. ( 22 S)
Wightman and Trivelli, 45, 17: 164; 25. ( 226 ) Williams, 447, 65: 101; 21,
(227) Williams, 46, 15: 154; 23. ( 22 S) Williams, 45, 15: 1019; 23. (229)
Wroblewski, 8, 8: 29; 79.
( 2 3 O) Zeitlin, 450, 1: 255; 25. ( 23 M Zimmerman, Rubber Age (N. Y.), 12: 130;
, 22.
FACTITIOUS PLASTICS
MATIRES
CONTENTS
A. Nitrocellulose plastics.
Plastiques de nitrocellulose.
B. Phenol resins and their

products.
C. Comparison of properties of
hard rubber, vulcanized
fiber, laminated
and
molded phenolic insulating materials.
Rsines phnoliques et leurs

produits.
Comparaison des proprits du
caoutchouc dur, de la fibre
vulcanise, des matires isolantes phnoliques lamines
et moules.
A. NITROCELLULOSE ("PYROXYLIN") PLASTICS1

Made by the application of heat and pressure to colloidal mixtures of pyroxylin with relatively non-volatile solvent (camphor
or substitute for camphor) and volatile solvent (usually ethyl
alcohol), followed by evaporation of the volatile solvent; ordinarily containing sufficient non-volatile solvent to insure " plasticity" at 75-9O0Ce.g., celluloid, fiberloid, pyralin, pyradiolin,
viscoloid, xylonite.
Except as otherwise noted, the data given are for the freshly
manufactured, commercial type of camphor product. Photographic film is not covered.
1. Composition.Varies according to manufacturer. The following are illustrations:
PYRALIN ( 7 )
Pyroxylin
11% N
Camphor
Stabilizer
68-75%
23-27%
0.5-1%
Residual
volatile
solvent
1-5%
Additions :
dyes, pigments, etc.
0-14%
VARIOUS FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC SAMPLES ( 21 )

Nitrocellulose
58-78%
| Camphor + solvent |
I
17-31%
I
Ash
0.7-28%
!Acknowledgment is made to Mr. A. F. Randolph, du Pont Viscoloid Company, for a critical examination of this section.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INDICE
Plastische Massen aus Nitrocellulose.

Phenolharze und deren Produkte.
Vergleich der Eigenschaften
von Hartgummi, Vulkanfiber
geblttertes und geformtes
(gegossenes)
phenolisches
Isoliermaterial.
Materie plastiche a base di

nitrocellulos
295
Resine a base di fenoli e
loro prodotti
298
Confronto fra le propriet
della gomma indurita,
fibra vulcanizzata, materiali isolanti a base di
fenoli laminati e fusi
299
PAGE
Mechanical
2. Density.g cm"3. 1.35 (transparent) to 1.60 (commercial
pigmented material) (7). d = 1.37 + 0.0125p, where p = %
ZnO between 1 and 15 (* 4). For influence of stretching v. (l 6 ).
3. Permeability.Transparent material of thickness 0.030 in.,
exposed on one surface to atmosphere dried by CaCl2 and on
other side to summer atmosphere, transmitted moisture at rate
of 0.013 g .per in.2 per week (7).
Pyralin, from saturated air to air dried by CaCU, 0.0046 resp.
0.063 in. thick, transmitted moisture at the rate of 0.029 resp.
0.004 g in.-2 day-1 in three days ( 7 ).
4. Modulus of Elasticity (Def. 1Oa).Young's modulus =
(2.0 to 3.9) X IO5 Ib. in.-2 (5, 7, il, 12, 16, 17). Exhibits hysteresis (13).
5. Elastic lmit.Yield point = (3.9 to 7.4) X IO3 Ib. in.~2.
Varies with thickness and pigment content (5 7, 12, 16).
6. Poisson's Ratio.-0.36 to 0.43 (5, 11).
7. Tensile Strength (Def. 4).Varies with thickness, nature of
nitrocellulose, camphor content, and pigment content. (4.9 to
8.5) X IO3 Ib. in.~2 ( 7 > " 12); 6 kg mm"2 (5). Variation with
temp. 0C; 20, 7.5; 70, 4.5; 90, 1.0; X IO3 Ib. in.-2 (7).
8. Ultimate Elongation at Failure.From 10% for 0.005 in.
thick up to 40% for 0.2 in. thick; for 0.015 in. thick, from 20 to
30% for O pigment, to 15 to 25% for 16% pigment (7), cf. (4, 5).
9. Resistance to Bending.Schopper's folding endurance tester.
Sample 0.5 X 4.0 X 0.015 in., double bends of 100 required to
break (Bo) = 8 to 22. BD = k X (thickness)-1-35 ( 7 ).
10. Hardness.Brinell, 10.7 to 11.7 (20). H = const. (0.05 X % ZnO), approx. between 1 and 15 %. Method of penetration by loaded sphere ( 14 ).
11. Coefficient of Friction.Static, of polished material on self,
glass, paper, or planed wood, 0.25 to 0.35 ( 7 ).
12. Viscosity.Solutions in camphor-alcohol (15).
Thermal
13. Thermal Expansion.* gj (20-5O0C) = (12 to 16) X 10~5
(19,
20).
14. Heat Capacity (Specific Heat).0.34 to 0.38 cal g-1 0C'1

20
( ).
15. Thermal Conductivity.CaI cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1.
3.1 X IO-4 (20). 5.U X 10~4 (22, 27).
16. Working Range for Molding85 to 12O0C ( 7 ).
17. Permanent Shrinkage on Heating.1.4% after two heatings
to 100 in air ( 18 ); 0.5-1% ( 7 ). Variable, depends on amount
of internal strain.
18. Flash Point.141 to 1850C for 0.3 g of powder heated 3
per min ( 1 S). 160 to 200, for material of good quality ( 7 > 9).
550 to 640 for edge contact with hot porcelain rod (21).
19. Loss in Weight at 110.Very variable ( 7 > 9), cf. (21).
20. Explosion Times. ( 2 ^).

v. (24).
Time in seconds
(A) to the start, (B)
to the finish, of
fuming-off or burning of 0.5 X 0.5 X
0.06 in. samples
thrown on surface
of7 molten metal
( ).
For improved method of test,
Temperature of
metal, 0C
215
225
235
250
275
300
350
Transparent
pyralin
A
B
63
65
59
61
39
42
22
24
10
15
4
13
3.5
9
Pyradiolin
A
I
300
58
50
36
12
15
8
B
330
85
65
47
30
27
20
21. Rate of Combustion. For thin strips, 5 to 10 times that of

thin paper or wood shavings of same dimensions ( 21 ). For
composition of gases produced see (2i> 25). Pyradiolin, vertically
upward about J that of pyralin; horizontally or vertically downward, O if flame is removed after ignition ( 7 ).
FIG. 2.Behavior of celluloid at various temperatures.

Electrical
22. Electrical Resistivity.Volume resistivity, Rv = (2 to 30) X
IO10 ohm-cm. Surface resistivity, R81- at 50% humidity, ca.
3RV; at 85% humidity, ca. Q.2RV (3)CO
I
A. in lOio ohm-cm
I
I At 500
v 11
50%
i Water| 2O0C
|| humidity I soaked
Mnf Arial
iviateriai
Transparent pyralin
98
Pyradiolin
235o
Source
E. T. L.
Kilocycles sec-1 =
Transparent pyralin
Pyradiolin
Source
* = at 50 % humidity. | = water-soaked.
6.6
>104
36
84o
> IO 4
6Oo
Cruft Lab., Harvard
23. Phase Difference (Power Factor).In circular degrees, 3.0

to 4.6 at 6 X IO5, 2.5 to 5.3 at IO5 cycles sec"1 (3).
FIG. 1.Average explosion times.

(7)
7.2
22oo
I
A8 in IQi" ohr^
I
400 v
I
50%
WaterI humidity
soaked
P. F.
^0.06
n nl"^
2.5%
4.0%
E. T. L.
Phase angle, circular degree

1
0.0301
0.0365
0.026
0.041
20
0.0273
0.0402
10
50
0.0305 0.0350
0.0340 0.0289
Cruft Lab., Harvard
OOO
0.043
0.025
1
0.034*
0.036*
0.034f
0.038f
.
24. Dielectric Constant.6.9-8.8 at 6 X IO5 cycles

7.2-9.8 at IO5 cycles sec'1 ( 3 ); 12 at 40 cycles C 1 ).
sec'1;
30. Absorption of Water. ( 7 ).

TESTS ON STANDARD TRANSPARENT MATERIAL
, , Thickness Thickness
,7)
(2k )
* = at 50% humidity, t = water0
(
Symb01
J__
soaked
0.015 in. 0.860 in.
Kilocycles-sec-1 =
| 0.06 | 1 | 5 | 20 | 100 | 50012000|
1
Net gain in weight of seasoned
Transparent pyralin
6.3
7.006.78.6.59 6.38 6.19 5.98 7.2*|7.2t
material, resulting from imPyradiolin
5.6
5.65 5.42|5.23 4.97 4.79 4.58 5.7*|5.8t
mersion in water, * %
A
1.3to 2.1 1.6 to 2.3
Source
E. T. L.
Cruft Lab. Harvard
Hours required to reach ap25. Dielectric Strength.Averages of 10 determinations using
proximately maximum wt.
blunt needle-point electrodes under oil. Source: E. T. L. ( 7 ).
and length
24
100 to 200
Net increase in length of sea,.. , . .
Thickness.
Volts per
Material
.,
'
.,
soned material, resulting
mils
mi]
from immersion in water, * %
M
0.4to 0.7 0.5to 0.7
Pyralin :
Loss of weight due to extracBlack
60
780
tion of camphor in 2
Black
215
230
B
0.6to 1.0 0.5 to 2.1
months,t %
Transparent
23.4
900
Total
water
absorbed
by
seaTransparent
63.6
475
A+B
2.3to 2.6 2.8 to 3.2
soned material, f %
Transparent
91
270
Loss
in
weight
of
seasoned
maWhite
211
210
terial in atmosphere dried by
Green transparent
200
225
CaCl2, ultimate, %
C
l . l t o 1.2 1.4 to 1.6
Yellow transparent
64
635
Hours
required to reach apPyradiolin
59
780
proximately minimum wt.
Pyradiolin
60
750
and length
100 to 200 700 to 1000
Decrease in length over CaCl2,
N
0.5
0.5to0.7
Optical
%
Maximum capacity for moist7
26. Refractive Indexn0 = 1.46 0.03 ( >
A+B+C 3 . 4 t o 3 . 8 4 t o 4 . 1
ure, %
27. Birefringence.Celluloid under tension exhibits bireChange in length between exfringence. The specific birefringence, ^j=J; for Na light
M+N
1 to 1.2
1.2
tremes, %
* I.e., net effect of absorption of water; extraction of camphor; replacement
(where E is the elongation and NE-, resp. No, the refractive indices
by water (probably negligible).
for the extraordinary and ordinary ray resp.), is 0.046 for O % of alcohol
t Neglecting replacement of alcohol by water.
camphor and decreases to 0.005 for 50 % camphor. For constant
31. Molecular Complexity." Films of celluloid have been made
tension it increases with time. Data in re the after effects of
tension on birefringence, density, and dispersion are also given on water by evaporation of a dilute solution. The thinnest
stable films are 10 A thick, indicating that the molecular comin (5, 10, 11, 16).
2
28. Coefficient of Absorption.7 = I<>l~kt = 1.81 and 1.95, two plex of celluloid is not over 10 A in diameter" ( ).
samples (Na light) (11). Cellulose acetate transmits the ultraLITERATURE
violet down to 230/iAi (13).
Chemical
29. Chemical and Solvent Action of Various Reagents.A, Little
or no effect at room temperature. B, Superficial attack, blistering
or softening. C, Gelatinization. D, Solution with decomposition. E, Good solvent. F, Not solvent, but becomes good solvent
on addition of small amounts of camphor. G, Not solvent, but
becomes good solvent on addition of large amounts of camphor.
H, Can be used as diluent for E. I, Causes precipitation if used as
diluent. Not solvent and does not become solvent on addition of
camphor (* 7, 23, 26).
H2SO4. <40 %, A; 45 %, B; 60 %, D.
HNO3. 14%, A; 25%, B; cone. D.
HCl. 13 %, A; 25 %, B after several days; 35 %, B and D.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH). Dilute, B; glacial, E.
Alkaline solutions. Weak at room temp., B; with increasing
strength or temp., D.
Ketones, diacetone alcohol, wood spirit, methyl, ethyl, propyl,
butyl or amyl acetate, nitrobenzene, E.
The lower aliphatic alcohols, C, F.
The ethers and the lower aromatic hydrocarbons, G, H.
CHCl3, C2H2C14, CCh, gasolene, turpentine, water, I.
Oils and fats, A, except for castor oil which has slight solvent
action.
SeOCl2, E.
Pyridine, D.

C 1 ) Addenbrooke, 181, 66: 629; 11. (2) Barton and Hunt, 58, 114: 861; 24.
3
( ) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. ( 4 ) Clement and Riviere, La Cellulose.
Paris, 1920, p. 308-315. (5) Coker and Chakko, 62A, 221: 139; 20. (6)
Curtis, SlA, 11: 359; 14. (7) du Pont Viscoloid Co., O. () Electrical
Testing Laboratories, New York City, O. ( 9 ) The Fiberloid Corporation, O.
C 1 ) Filon and Jessup, 5, 101: 165; 22. () Heymans and Allis, 285, 2: 217;
23. (!2) Heymans and Calingaert, 45, 16: 939; 24. () Martin, 848,
6: 323; 22. ( 1 ^) Nishida, 896, 4: 287; 14. ( 1 B) Nishida, 45, 8: 1096; 16.
(16) Ramspech, 8, 74: 722; 24. (") Rossi, 71, 16: 206; 10. ( 1 S) Souder
and Hidnert, SlA, 15: 408; 19. ( 19 ) Souder and Hidnert, U. S. Bureau of
Standards, O.
(20) Stifler, Columbia University, New York City, O. () Stokes and Weber,
32, No. 98; 17. (22) Tesche, 97, 5: 233; 24. (23) Ullmann, B61, III:
303; 15. (24) Weber, 31, No. 192; 12. (25) Will, 98, 19: 1382; 06. (26)
Worden, Nitrocellulose Industry, I, Chap. IV (New York, Van Nostrand,
1911). Technology of Cellulose Esters, I, 2655-2759 (New York, Van
Nostrand, 1921). (27) Dickinson and Van Dusen, 382, 3: 5; 16.
B. PHENOL RESINS AND THEIR PRODUCTS

("Bakelite," "Redmanol," "Condensite," Etc.)
L. V. REDMAN
Commercial Phenol Resins are phenol-formaldehyde condensation products, prepared under conditions that produce a resin
capable of becoming hard, strong, insoluble and infusible with
application of heat and pressure. Phenol Resin Products include:
(1) Pure Resin; (2) Molded Products (employing as fillers wood
flour, asbestos or other fibrous materials); and (3) Laminated
Products (prepared from paper or cloth which has been previously

impregnated with the uncured resin).
The information given below is based upon data from (1J 2).
TYPE OF MATERIAL
Molded, and filled Laminated and filled
with
with
Pure
Type
Wood Asbes- A/r .
^
~
~, x, resin
,
Mica Paper Canvas Cloth
a
flour
tos
Symbol I M w | M A | M M | LP | Lc j Lcl | P
Tensile Strength.One-half inch figure-8 shaped test pieces for
M and P materials (A. S. T. M. [D-48-24]). For L materials,
values are parallel to laminations; v. (3) for shape of test piece.
Tensile strength = A X IO3 Ib. in."2 = A' X IO7 dyne cm~2.
Type
A
A'
I MM, M w and M A I
3.5-6.0
24 -40
LP
|
8.7-25
60 -175
L0
|
8.5-12
62 -80
P
5-11
35-75
Compressive Strength.Inch-cube test-piece. (A. S. T. M.

[D-48-24].) Compressive strength = A X IO3 Ib. in.~2 = A' X
IO7 dyne cm"2; at 20 unless otherwise noted; parallel or perpendicular to laminations as indicated.
Type| Mw |MW,100 M A | Lp 11 [ L 0 I l | L0. -L |
P
A. . . 25- 36
12
18- 36 20- 45 20- 25 35- 47 26- 33
A 7 . . 175-250
80
125-250 140-275 140-175 245-330 180-230
Modulus of Elasticity in Tension, Young's Modulus.M =
1.5-2.5 X IO6 Ib. in.-2 = 1.1-1.75 X 10U dyne cm~2 for
the Lp material parallel to laminations; v. (3) for sample used.
Modulus of Elasticity in Bending.Samples 12 in. long by 1 in.
wide, with 10 in. span. M = load X span3 -T- 4 X width X
thickness3 X deflection at center = 1.1-2.1 X IO6 Ib. in.~2 =
75-175 X IO9 dyne cm~~2 for the LP material _L to laminations.
Modulus of Rupture.Samples 12 in. by 1 in. by 0.25 in.;
10 in. span. M = 3 X load X span -? 2 X width X thickness2
.=, for Lp material, 15 000-30 000, and for P material, 12 500
-20 000 Ib. in.~2 = for LP, 1.05-2.10 X IO9 and for P, 0.85-1.40
X IO9 dyne cm~2.
Impact Behavior.(a) Olsen impact machine. Test piece 2J^
in. X 1 in. X H in- with edges and corners rounded, 2 in. span.
Drop increments of % in. between blows, from zero up to the
breaking point. The values given below are the sums of the
corresponding mass-height products.
,
Type
I Mw I M A I Lp
I L 0 J- I
P
Ib. in. 500-1200 200-540 400-2000 3500-5300 500-1750
kg cm 575-1380 230-620 460-2300 4000-6000 575-2000
(b) Pendulum method. Energy of blow to break a H in. square

sample. LP, Ii 0.3-1.5 Ib. ft.; 0.04-0.20 kg m; L0, I! 2-3 Ib. ft.;
0.25-0.40 kg m.
Bulk Density and Hardness.Brinell test by application of 500
kg wt. for 30 sec. Scleroscope test with hard hammer.
Type
I Mw
I MA
I
Lp
I
L0
P
d, gem" 3 |1.33-1.40|l.78-2.00|l.32-1.40|l.36-1.40|l.20-1.29
-O g Brin... 30-38
38-42
35-45
33-38 I 30-45
tgfl Scler... 78-92
75-95
84-94
60-67
75-110
Water Absorption.Per cent gain in weight of sample (5 X
10 X IM cm) after 24 hr immersion in water at 20.
Type
Per cent
gain
Mw
MA
LP
L01
0.05-0.200.05-0.10 0.20-1.0 0.20-2.00.05-0.07
Softening Point Under Load.A. S. T. M. method [D-17-T-1919],

Mw, 125-130; MA, 130-150; LP, 125-150; P, 75-100; deg. C. Do
not flow under pressure of screw heads and similar forces at ordinary temperatures.
Thermal Expansion and Specific Heat.Mean coefficient of
linear expansion = A X IO"6 per 0C between 20 and 70. Specific heat, Ci in joules g"1 per 0C, C 2 in cal g"1 per 0C or BTU Ib.~l
per 0F.
Type
I Mw
I MA
I
LP
| L0 |
P
A
25-45
20-45
20-30 20-30 50-110
g ci, joules.... 1.2-1.5 1.5-1.7 1.2-1.7
1.4-1.5
. C2, cai or
CP
BTU
0.30-0.360.35-0.400.30-0.40
0.33-0.37
Electrical Resistivity.At 2O0C and 50 % atmospheric humidity
the total resistivity (in ohm) is of the order of 1010-10n for
most types, that for the M A material being somewhat lower, 108109, and that for the pure resin sometimes higher, 1010-1012.
The surface resistivity for LP (in IO9 ohm) is 10-90 000 for
24%, 0.9-660 for 50% and 0.1-15 for 84% relative humidity.
Exposure to light, especially ultra-violet, decreases surface
resistivity.
Dielectric Constant (e) and Power Factor.At radio frequencies.
Phase difference = power factor (P. F.) X 0.57.
I
Mw
j
MM
I
Lp
I
L01
I
P
Type
e
4.5-7.5
4-5
4.5-6.0 4.5-6.0 4.5-7.0
P. F., %.. 1.5-7
0.5-1.5 1.5-5
2-7
0.2-3
Dielectric Strength.A. S. T. M. low frequency test. L and P
materials in J^ 2 m- sheets.
Type
Volts mil"1
Kilovolts cmr1
I Mw I MA I LP
| L0 |
P
250-700 150-500 750-1300 250-500 250-700
100-280 60-200 300- 500 100-200 100-280
Flash-over Voltage.Between two 2 cm skirted brass studs 2 cm

apart. Radio frequencies, LP, 18-28; Lc, 18-25 kilo volts.
Optical Properties.For the pure resins, n2D = 1.62-1.70. Quite
transparent in the infra-red. Darkening occurs on long exposure
to sunlight.
Miscellaneous Effects.Exposure to (1) steam, does not affect
mechanical properties but increases water absorption; (2) weak
acids, no effect; (3) strong acids, charring of the organic fillers; (4)
strong oxidizing acids, disintegration of the resin; (5) mild alkalis,
softening; (6) strong alkalis, disintegration; (7) organic solvents,
no effect; (8) aging, no effect.
LITERATURE
C1) Bakelite Corporation, Research Lab., O. ( 2 ) Dellinger and Preston, 31,
No. 216; 22. (3) Dellinger and Preston, 32, No. 471; 23. (*) A. S. T. M.,
American Society for Testing Materials.
C. COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF HARD RUBBER,

VULCANIZED FIBER, LAMINATED AND MOLDED
PHENOLIC INSULATING MATERIALS *
Hard rubber is composed of crude rubber, sulfur, and usually
some mineral filling compound. The relatively high cost of crude
rubber had induced some makers of hard rubber to use reclaimed
rubber or else load the new rubber with a high percentage of
mineral filler. The lack of a proper understanding of this fact
between the maker and the user has often resulted in unjust
censure of hard rubber as an insulator. The better grades of
hard rubber are made of new rubber containing no mineral filler
!Bellinger and Preston, 32, 216: 619; 22.
and are free from excess sulfur. With these points in mind
it is evident that the values assigned to a particular property or
the effect of a certain test must necessarily be broad. Neither
the best nor the poorest grade of hard rubber is considered in the
data and opinions given in the following table.
Vulcanized fiber is made of parchmentized paper. For the
better grades of fiber, rag base paper is used. The paper is run
slowly through a warm concentrated solution of sulfuric acid
or zinc chloride, the one solution being used in making fiber
sheets one-eighth inch thick or less, the other solution being used
for thicknesses greater than one-eighth inch. The purpose of the
acid or zinc chloride is to soften the walls of the cellulose (cotton)
fibers, so that when several sheets of treated paper are pressed
together the fibers tend to mat and cohere. The treated paper is
wound on a drum until the cylindrical tube of the desired thickness
is obtained, the cylindrical tube being then cut so as to form a
sheet whose width is equal to the width of the paper and whose
length is equal to the circumference of the drum. The composite
sheet of treated paper is then soaked in water to remove the acid
or zinc chloride, dried, and pressed. The term "vulcanized" is
somewhat misleading. Fiber does not depend upon heat and
pressure to cure it as does hard rubber.
Vulcanized fiber varies much in both mechanical and electrical
properties. The properties depend somewhat on the quality of
rags used, the amount of residual sulfuric acid or zinc chloride,
and upon the density of the finished product. Since the various
processes of fiber making are difficult to control, the following
statements relative to fiber must be taken as general and the
recorded numerical data as average data.
The several makes and many grades of laminated phenolic insulating material are discussed quite fully in the paper. Any numerical value or statement given in the following summary table is
an approximation.
The molded phenolic insulating materials are subject to as many
variations as hard rubber. There is probably not as much variation in the phenolic resin binder in the molded phenolic materials
as there is in the crude or reclaimed rubber binder of hard rubber.
There are many other chances for variation in the press pressure
and temperature, length of curing in the presses, and kind and
quality of filler. Some of the fillers used are wood flour, pulverized mica, and asbestos. The kind and amount of filler will affect
both the mechanical and electrical properties. All these possible
variations make the data only approximate and require rather
general statements in the summary table.
Most of the numerical data given in the table below are from
tests made at the Bureau of Standards. The statements concerning the effects of various things on the different insulating materials are based on the experience of various members of the Bureau
of Standards staff and upon the experience of the manufacturers
of these materials. The manufacturers7 experience on hard rubber
and vulcanized fiber extends over many years, while the experience
on the phenolic insulating materials is much more limited.
While it is possible to make up insulating materials which would
give results different from those recorded for any particular property, yet it is believed that this table gives information in a
condensed form which will serve to show some of the limitations
as well as some of the possibilities of these various materials as
now obtainable commercially.
COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF HARD RUBBER, VULCANIZED FIBER, LAMINATED AND MOLDED PHENOLIC INSULATING MATERIALS
Properties
Surface resistivity at 50% relative humidity, ohm
Phase differences (^) at radio
frequencies, deg
Dielectric constant (e) at radio
frequencies
Dielectric strength, volt /mm. . .
Tensile strength, Ib. /in.2
Water absorbed in 24 hr, percentage by weight
Density, g/cm 3
Thermal expansivity (at 20 to
6O0C)
Phenolic insulating materials

Laminated
Molded
Vulcanized fiber
Hard rubber
1012to >1015
IO11
IO11
0.5*
3.Of
1.5 to 4.0
1.5 to 4.0
3.0*
10 000 to 38 000 J
3 500 to 6 500
5.Ot
9 000 to 16 OOO
9 000 to 20 000
4.5 to 6.0
27 000 to 45 000 J
10 000 to 25 000
5.0 to 7.5
9 000 to 40 000 1
3 500 to 7 000
0.02
1.12 to 1.40ft
26 to 45 II
1.3 to 1.5
0.2 to LOU
1.3 to 1.4
0.05 to 0.2**
1.3 to 1.4
60 to 80 X IO'6
27 X 10~6
20 to 30 X 10~6
25 to 45 X IO-6
Effects of various agents

Age
Heat
Deteriorates slowly, but Improves in quality by Improves

No depreciation in physif properly vulcanized seasoning Jt
ical or chemical properand protected from the
ties; slight increase in
light it is not affected
hardness
At 65.50C (15O0F) pure Will not melt under any Not readily inflammable; See statement for lamihard rubber softens c i r c u m s t a n c e s ; not will withstand contin- nated materials for celperceptibly; at 10O0C readily inflammable; at uously a temperature lulose-filled m o l d e d
(2120F) it is so soft it very high temperature of 1490C (30O0F); heat materials. Asbe s t o s may be bent easily; at chars and becomes brit- tends to complete the filled and mica-filled
115.50C (24O0F) it be- tle; active combustion reaction and volatile materials a r e m u c h
comes leathery and begins at about 3430C substances are driven more r e s i s t a n t to
may readily be cut with (65O0F)
off. H e n c e , when heat U U
a knife; melts at 20O0C
cooled it shrinks con(3920F) t
siderably and may
split; shrinks and loses
in weight above 6O0C || ||
COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF HARD RUBBER, VULCANIZED FIBER, LAMINATED AND MOLDED PHENOLIC INSULATING
MATERIALS. (Continued)
Hard rubber
Sunlight
Ultra-violet light for 20 h r
Moist air
Steam
Solvents :
Acetone
Alcohol
Ammonia
Aniline
Benzene
Carbon bisulfide
Ether
Naphtha
Oil of turpentine
Discolors and disintegrates after a few

months; the sulfur of
the hard rubber is oxidized, f o r m i n g the
equivalent of sulfuric
acid; this may take up
ammonia from the air
or may attack the filling materials and
form various sulfates
upon the surface; the
surface resistivity is
greatly reduced***
Discolors and disintegrates; the action is as
pronounced for a few
hours' exposure to
ultra-violet light as for
many months' exposure
to sunlight ; the surface
resistivity is greatly reduced***
Hard-rubber compounds
excepting those containing organic substances other than rubber are p r a c t i c a l l y
moisture proof
The only effect is that
due to the high temperature
Vulcanized fiber
No effect J
No data
Appreciable lowering of Appreciable lowering of

surface resistivity
surface resistivity***
Absorbs water freely, Absorbs slight amount oj Absorbs slight amount of

but without permanent water, reducing dielec- water, reducing dielecinjury; while saturated tric properties}}
tric properties
it becomes soft and
flexible and swells;warps
and twists upon drying
Same as above, except Best grades not affected Absorbs a slight amount
absorption is more beyond slight absorp- of moisture; if steam is
tion of moisture; after superheated, the high
rapid
a few days in steam the temperature will cause
cheaper grades w i l l decomposition of celluswell appreciably and lose-filled materials.
split; s u p e r h e a t e d The m i n e r a l - f i l l e d
steam tends to warp materials a r e m u c h
and blister all grades of more r e s i s t a n t to
the material
heat
Attacks, dissolving oils No permanent effect t

and free sulfur}
Attacks to a slight No permanent effect}
degree }
No effect}
No permanent effect J
Softens at ordinary
tempera ture t
Softens
at ordinary
temperature!
Dissolves small amount
of hard rubber and any
free sulfur}
Dissolves small amount
of hard rubber and any
free sulfur J
Softens and swells to
slight extent}
Dissolves in boiling oil }

Lamina-ted
I
Molded
After two and one-half
No visible effectftt
years some materials
show a slight change,
such as discoloration or
very fine cracks; other
materials show no such
change} ff t
Noeffect}
No effect}
Noeffect}
No effect}
Not known
Strong solutions may No effect other than

cause material to swell} slight absorption of
moisture}
Probably no effect}
Probably no effect}
No permanent effect J
Probably no effect }
Probably no effect}
No permanent effect}
No effect}
Probably no effect}
Probably no effect}
Probably no effect}
Probably no effect}
Probably no effect}
COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF HARD RUBBER, VULCANIZED FIBER, LAMINATED AND MOLDED PHENOLIC INSULATING
MATERIALS. (Continued)
Hard rubber
Oil:
Mineral
Organic
Weak acids
Slight softening t
Unaffected %
Unaffected %
Weak caustic alkalis
Unaffected t
Vulcanized fiber
Slight absorption t
Slight absorption^
Swells due to absorbed
water; may be attacked
after some time!
Swells due to absorbed
water; may be attacked
after some time t

I
Molded
Laminated
Practically impervious J Practically impervious!
Practically impervious J Practically impervious J
Practically unaffected P r a c t i c a l l y u n except for absorption affected TfTf U
of water H u u
Does not successfully Does not successfully
resist the action of resist the action of
alkali unless very dilute alkali unless very dilute
Stronger acids (HNO3, HCl,

Not attacked by con- Cellulose fiber attacked; Decomposes; rapidity Cellulose-filled materials
H2SO4)
depends on s p e c i f i c decompose; r a p i d i t y
centrated hydrochloric, soon decomposes
gravity and tempera- depends on specific
hydrofluoric, a c e t i c
gravity and temperature of acid
acids; not attacked by
ture of acid. Molding
sulfuric acid of less than
materials made with
1.50 specific gravity or
nitric acid of less than
acid-resistant fi 1 1 e r s,
such as mica, o f f e r
1.12 specific gravity t
much greater r e s istance****
Cellulose fiber attacked; Binder and filler decom- Completely destroyed ;
Stronger caustic alkalis
No effect
speed of the reaction
pose If f f
soon decomposes
depends on the strength
of the solution
Ozone
Not known
Oxidizes and soon ruins No effect t
Not known
for electrical purposes
Rapidly deteriorated by No effect
No effect
Metallic inserts
No effect
contact with iron or
copper, the metals
themselves being corroded; the i n s e r t s
should be coated with
tin, paper, unvulcanized rubber, or other
mutually p r o t e c t i n g
medium
Miscellaneous
Machining qualities
Cost (1922)
Admits of a high polish; Admits of a fine finish; Admits of a good polish; Admits of a fine lasting
machines less accur- may be s a w e d , can be sawed, punched, polish; can be maately than would be punched, d r i l l e d , drilled, s t a m p e d , chined, cut, filed, sawed
supposed, due to great stamped, e m b o s s e d , turned, p l a n e d , with difficulty; can be
resiliency; the better turned, planed, bent, k n u r l e d , embossed, molded accurately to
the grade the more tapped; tough, resists milled, tapped either size; quite brittle
readily it is machined; shock; can not be with or against the
quality may be judged moldedtttt
grain, though not as
roughly by color and
easily as hard rubber
and vulcanized fiber;
texture, t o u g h n e s s ,
color, and grain of a
tough, resists shock;
shaving; has tendency
cannot be molded 1 1 1 1
to warp; can be molded
but not accurately to
size
About $2 per pound in 50-80 cents per pound up About $1 per pound
Cost varies with comsheet form
plexity of steel molds
to 1 inch in thickness;
about $5 per pound for
2 inches in thickness
* These values were obtained at frequencies between 750 000 and 75 000 cycles per second (400 to 4000 meters wave length), there being very little change throughout this range. The grade of the sample tested is unknown, so values differing somewhat from these might be expected on other samples using different quantities
and kinds of filler,
t Values of ^ and K may be somewhat lower or much higher, depending on amount of moisture present in the fiber.
t Information obtained from sources other than the Bureau of Standards.

Values vary with the thickness of sample, kind of filler, shape of electrodes used, rate of increase of voltage, as well as atmospheric conditions under which tests
are made.
Il The Railway Signal Association specifications require an absorption when immersed in water at 7O0F for 24 hours, not to exceed 45% by weight for one-eighth
inch fiber, 30% for three-sixteenth inch fiber, and 26% for one-fourth inch fiber.
*([ Dependent upon nature of surface, surface area, and kind and amount of filler.
** Varies with polish of mold, press pressure, and temperature, length of curing, ratio of resin to filler, kind of filler, and size of sample.
ft The density depends on the amount of sulfur present and increases with the increase in amount of filler. Pure hard rubber ranges from 1.12 to 1.25. A fair
commercial quality ranges from 1.25 to 1.40.
tt This means seasoning or aging in a protected place, such as a storage house.
These materials are of comparatively recent development, and hence no information has been gained covering very long periods. Theoretically, under certain
conditions the chemical reactions would tend to continue, which would age and improve the material. One manufacturer claims a slight improvement in dielectric
properties and a marked improvement in machining qualities when the aging takes place under ordinary atmospheric and temperature conditions. If the aging takes
place in a moist atmosphere, the dielectric properties are subject to deterioration.
U K See pages 580 to 583 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216.
IFIT When subjected to temperatures above 6O0C (14O0F) some of the volatile matter is driven off, resulting in the shrinking and loss in weight of the material.
This can be carried out many times with the same result, the material becoming more brittle. Tests made on these materials show that they are very erratic in
behavior and do not expand or contract in a uniform way. It seems altogether probable that a point would be reached after all volatile matters had been driven off,
when further subjection to a moderate temperature and subsequent cooling would not result in further shrinkage. This has not been proved experimentally. High
temperature will produce decomposition. Further information regarding these tests will be found in Scientific Paper of the Bureau of Standards No. 352. (See
also pages 580 to 583 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216.)
*** A further discussion of the tests at the Bureau of Standards may be found in Scientific Paper of the Bureau of Standards, No. 234.
ttt See effect of ultra-violet light.
See discussion on pages 599 and 600 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216.
Strong solvents affect the phenolic binder of the material to a limited extent unless the chemical reaction has been carried to the point where it is in the
insoluble state. This condition would render the sheet material too brittle for general use. When water is present, the material will absorb it in various amounts.
Il Jl II The effects vary with the materials, different molding mixtures, and acids. Nitric acid is harmful. In general weak acids will mar the surface and attack
the edge of a sample soon after they come in contact with the sample, but there is little or no further change.
UfI See page 608 of Technologic Paper No. 216.
**** The action differs for various materials and grades. Some materials resist the action of a 30% solution of H2SO4 for several months and will withstand hydrochloric acid without any visible sign of attack. On other materials of this class sulfuric and nitric acids attack the surface of the sample and form a
protective coating. This ruins the sample as far as further electrical use is concerned, but on removing the sample from the acid and cutting it open it is found that
the acid has not penetrated more than one-sixteenth inch after several months' exposure to the acid.
t f t t Thin sheets can be pressed to simple shapes when warm.
COMMERCIAL CARBONS FOR ELECTRICAL USES

N. K. CHANEY
Manufactured carbon articles in the form of rods, plates, blocks,
tubes, etc. in a wide variety of shapes are made by molding or
extruding specially prepared mixtures of pulverized carbon
"flours" with binding materials of tar or pitch, and subsequently
carbonizing the binder at high temperatures. The resulting products always consist of a porous mass of carbon particles knit
together by the residual carbon resulting from the decomposition
of the binding materials. Because of the variations inherent in
all manufacturing processes the physical properties of commercial
carbons are subject to characteristic variations, the allowable
range of which is determined by the service and cost requirements
of the consumer. A high degree of precision in the individual
determinations is therefore valueless, the typical range of variation
being alone significant. Individual values where given must be
regarded merely as representative.
CHARACTERISTIC RANGE IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL
GRADES OF COMMERCIAL CARBONS ( 5 )
Resistance
milliohmCoke electrodes
Coal electrodes
Brushes :
Electrographitic A . .
Electrographitic B . .
Artificial graphite. . .
Natural graphite
Arc light carbons . . .
Density, g/cm 3
True*
Bulk
cm
3.5 -5.0 2.00-2.101.53-1.64
3.3 -6.3 1.95-2.101.50-1.67
4.0 -5.0 2.03-2.071.50-1.60
0.8 -1.8 2.16-2.191.41-1.61
2.3 -3.8 2.08-2.101.45-1.60
0.25-0.50 2.23-2.271.85-2.00
7.0 -8.0 1.85-1.901.30-1.40
* By immersion in kerosene.
Scleroscope
hardness
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE ( 3 )

% resistance
% resistance
Carbon | Graphite
Carbon | Graphite
2 5
400
800
1200
91.6
1600
87.0
94
81.5
66.0
65.0
2000
2200
2400
2800
3500
77.6
68.0
69.0
65.9
50.9
22.4
THERMAL EXPANSION
Electrodes :
Coal
Coke
Graphite
Graphite
Arc carbon:
Lampblack
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke.
A1-C
Jg"
|H~
220-1820
180-1920
440-1720
11.0
7.2
10
0.55 + 0.0032*
(5)
(5)
(5)
(2)
25-1000
...
6.0
0.32
1.5
2.05
S1O
(5)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
MEAN SPECIFIC HEAT, g-cal/g per 0C ( 1 J

0
49-61
At
20-36
30-45
26- 76
26-282
20-538
30-752
40-892
10-20
70-80
I Carbon | Graphite ||
0.168
.200
.199
.314
0.165
.195
.234
.290
At 0C
36- 902
47-1193
48-1180
56^1450
| Carbon | Graphite
0.324
.350
0.351
.387
.390
t Information obtained from sources other than the Bureau of Standards.

Values vary with the thickness of sample, kind of filler, shape of electrodes used, rate of increase of voltage, as well as atmospheric conditions under which tests
are made.
Il The Railway Signal Association specifications require an absorption when immersed in water at 7O0F for 24 hours, not to exceed 45% by weight for one-eighth
inch fiber, 30% for three-sixteenth inch fiber, and 26% for one-fourth inch fiber.
*([ Dependent upon nature of surface, surface area, and kind and amount of filler.
** Varies with polish of mold, press pressure, and temperature, length of curing, ratio of resin to filler, kind of filler, and size of sample.
ft The density depends on the amount of sulfur present and increases with the increase in amount of filler. Pure hard rubber ranges from 1.12 to 1.25. A fair
commercial quality ranges from 1.25 to 1.40.
tt This means seasoning or aging in a protected place, such as a storage house.
These materials are of comparatively recent development, and hence no information has been gained covering very long periods. Theoretically, under certain
conditions the chemical reactions would tend to continue, which would age and improve the material. One manufacturer claims a slight improvement in dielectric
properties and a marked improvement in machining qualities when the aging takes place under ordinary atmospheric and temperature conditions. If the aging takes
place in a moist atmosphere, the dielectric properties are subject to deterioration.
U K See pages 580 to 583 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216.
IFIT When subjected to temperatures above 6O0C (14O0F) some of the volatile matter is driven off, resulting in the shrinking and loss in weight of the material.
This can be carried out many times with the same result, the material becoming more brittle. Tests made on these materials show that they are very erratic in
behavior and do not expand or contract in a uniform way. It seems altogether probable that a point would be reached after all volatile matters had been driven off,
when further subjection to a moderate temperature and subsequent cooling would not result in further shrinkage. This has not been proved experimentally. High
temperature will produce decomposition. Further information regarding these tests will be found in Scientific Paper of the Bureau of Standards No. 352. (See
also pages 580 to 583 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216.)
*** A further discussion of the tests at the Bureau of Standards may be found in Scientific Paper of the Bureau of Standards, No. 234.
ttt See effect of ultra-violet light.
See discussion on pages 599 and 600 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216.
Strong solvents affect the phenolic binder of the material to a limited extent unless the chemical reaction has been carried to the point where it is in the
insoluble state. This condition would render the sheet material too brittle for general use. When water is present, the material will absorb it in various amounts.
Il Jl II The effects vary with the materials, different molding mixtures, and acids. Nitric acid is harmful. In general weak acids will mar the surface and attack
the edge of a sample soon after they come in contact with the sample, but there is little or no further change.
UfI See page 608 of Technologic Paper No. 216.
**** The action differs for various materials and grades. Some materials resist the action of a 30% solution of H2SO4 for several months and will withstand hydrochloric acid without any visible sign of attack. On other materials of this class sulfuric and nitric acids attack the surface of the sample and form a
protective coating. This ruins the sample as far as further electrical use is concerned, but on removing the sample from the acid and cutting it open it is found that
the acid has not penetrated more than one-sixteenth inch after several months' exposure to the acid.
t f t t Thin sheets can be pressed to simple shapes when warm.
COMMERCIAL CARBONS FOR ELECTRICAL USES

N. K. CHANEY
Manufactured carbon articles in the form of rods, plates, blocks,
tubes, etc. in a wide variety of shapes are made by molding or
extruding specially prepared mixtures of pulverized carbon
"flours" with binding materials of tar or pitch, and subsequently
carbonizing the binder at high temperatures. The resulting products always consist of a porous mass of carbon particles knit
together by the residual carbon resulting from the decomposition
of the binding materials. Because of the variations inherent in
all manufacturing processes the physical properties of commercial
carbons are subject to characteristic variations, the allowable
range of which is determined by the service and cost requirements
of the consumer. A high degree of precision in the individual
determinations is therefore valueless, the typical range of variation
being alone significant. Individual values where given must be
regarded merely as representative.
CHARACTERISTIC RANGE IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL
GRADES OF COMMERCIAL CARBONS ( 5 )
Resistance
milliohmCoke electrodes
Coal electrodes
Brushes :
Electrographitic A . .
Electrographitic B . .
Artificial graphite. . .
Natural graphite
Arc light carbons . . .
Density, g/cm 3
True*
Bulk
cm
3.5 -5.0 2.00-2.101.53-1.64
3.3 -6.3 1.95-2.101.50-1.67
4.0 -5.0 2.03-2.071.50-1.60
0.8 -1.8 2.16-2.191.41-1.61
2.3 -3.8 2.08-2.101.45-1.60
0.25-0.50 2.23-2.271.85-2.00
7.0 -8.0 1.85-1.901.30-1.40
* By immersion in kerosene.
Scleroscope
hardness
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE ( 3 )

% resistance
% resistance
Carbon | Graphite
Carbon | Graphite
2 5
400
800
1200
91.6
1600
87.0
94
81.5
66.0
65.0
2000
2200
2400
2800
3500
77.6
68.0
69.0
65.9
50.9
22.4
THERMAL EXPANSION
Electrodes :
Coal
Coke
Graphite
Graphite
Arc carbon:
Lampblack
Coke
Coke
Coke
Coke.
A1-C
Jg"
|H~
220-1820
180-1920
440-1720
11.0
7.2
10
0.55 + 0.0032*
(5)
(5)
(5)
(2)
25-1000
...
6.0
0.32
1.5
2.05
S1O
(5)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
MEAN SPECIFIC HEAT, g-cal/g per 0C ( 1 J

0
49-61
At
20-36
30-45
26- 76
26-282
20-538
30-752
40-892
10-20
70-80
I Carbon | Graphite ||
0.168
.200
.199
.314
0.165
.195
.234
.290
At 0C
36- 902
47-1193
48-1180
56^1450
| Carbon | Graphite
0.324
.350
0.351
.387
.390
THERMAL C ONDUCTIVITY . (Continued)
K = g-cal cm~ 2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1
2
10 #
I Range, C ||
Electrographitic brush A (5)
2.9
I
20-43
Natural graphite brush A (5)
3.9
20- 43
Graphite electrode ( 3 > 5)
5.7
20-43
50
90- 110
1O K
39
35
31
29
27
0.019
W2K
I Range, 0C
Coke electrode (3, 5)
0.79
20-40
1.6
37-163
1.7
105-225
1.1
160-325
1.6
170-330
Range, C
180- 220
260- 340
350- 450
440- 560
500- 700
2800-3200
1O2K
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.019
||
Range, 0C
200-340
240-523
263-543
283-597
3000
LITERATURE
(M Acheson Graphite Co., O. ( 2 ) Day and Sosman, 45, 4: 490; 12. (3)
Hansen, 78, 16 : 329; 09. (<) Muraoka, 8, 13 : 307; 81. (5) National Carbon
Company, O.
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL INSULATORS

CONTENTS
1. Pure chemical substances.1
MATIRES
Substances chimiques pures.1
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Reine chemische Stoffe.1
INDICE
PAGB
Sostanze chimicamente pure.1
2. Air.1
3. Insulating oils.
(a) General properties.
Air.1
Huiles isolantes.
(a) Proprits gnrales.
Aria.1
Olii isolanti
305
(a) Propriet generali... 305
Effect of cleaning
and drying.
Action de la purification et du schage.
Luft.1
Isolierende le.
(a) Allgemeine Eigenschaften.
(b) Dielektrische Festigkeit.
Einfluss der Reinigung
und der Trocknung.
Effect of temperture.
(c) Resistivity.
4. Insulating solids.
(a) Description of materials.
(o) Electrical properties,
(c) Mechanical and thermal properties.
1
Consult the desired property in the
index of I. C. T.
Action de la temprature.
(c) Rsistivit.
Isolants solides.
(a) D e s c r i p t i o n
des
matriaux.
(6) Proprits lectriques.
(c) Proprits mcaniques et
thermiques.
Einfluss der Temperatur.

Widerstand.
Isolatoren.
Beschreibung des Materials.
Elektrische Eigenshaften.
Mechanische und thermische Eigenschaften.
(6) Dielectric strength.

Effect of moisture.
(b) Pouvoir dilectrique.

i Consulter la proprit dsire dans

l'index des I. C. T,
(c)
Feste
(a)
(6)
(c)
1
Siehe die entsprechenden Eigenschaften im Index der I. C. T.
Abbreviations
B. D.
B. T.
D
d
E.
F. T.
G
Complete breakdown
Burning temperature
Diameter
Specific gravity, room temperature, water = 1
Engler viscometer; data given in Engler degrees
Flash point
Spark gap = minimum distance between surfaces of
electrodes
Max.
Maximum
P. D. Potential difference between electrodes
P. F. Power factor
P. Sp. Preliminary sparking
S. T.
Solidifying temperature
S. U. Saybolt Universal viscometer; data given are times of
efflux, seconds
V
Viscometer value. For interconversion of E. and S. U.
data, and for conversion of either to kinematic viscosity,
see Vol. I, p. 33
%A
Per cent deviation from mean
Dielectric constant
P
Volume resistivity
(o) Rigidit dielettrica..

Influenza
dell'
umidit
Influenza del grado
di limpidezza e
di secchezza... .
Influenza
della
temperatura
(c) Resistivit
Isolanti solidi
(a) Descrizione dei materiali
(6) Propriet elettriche.
(c) Propriet meccaniche e termiche....
305
306
307
307
307
307
308
310
311
Consultarne le propriet nell'indice

delle f. C. I.
Abrviations
B. D.
B. T.
D
d
E.
F. T.
G
Rupture dilectrique complte

Temprature de combustion
Diamtre
Poids spcifique, la temprature de la chambre, eau = 1
Viscosimtre d'Engler; donnes en degrs Engler
Point d'inflammabilit
Distance explosive = distance minimum entre les surfaces
des lectrodes
Max. Maximum
P. D. Diffrence de potentiel entre lectrodes
P. F. Facteur de puissance
P. Sp. Lueur prliminaire
S. T. Temprature de solidification
S. U. Viscosimtre universel de Saybolt; les valeurs donnes sont
les dures de l'coulement en secondes
V
Constante du Viscosimtre. Pour l'interconversion des
valeurs de E. et S. U., et pour la conversion de ces deux
valeurs en viscosit cinmatique, voir Vol. I, p. 33
% A Pourcentage d'cart de la moyenne
e
Constante dilectrique
p
Rsistivit
THERMAL C ONDUCTIVITY . (Continued)
K = g-cal cm~ 2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1
2
10 #
I Range, C ||
Electrographitic brush A (5)
2.9
I
20-43
Natural graphite brush A (5)
3.9
20- 43
Graphite electrode ( 3 > 5)
5.7
20-43
50
90- 110
1O K
39
35
31
29
27
0.019
W2K
I Range, 0C
Coke electrode (3, 5)
0.79
20-40
1.6
37-163
1.7
105-225
1.1
160-325
1.6
170-330
Range, C
180- 220
260- 340
350- 450
440- 560
500- 700
2800-3200
1O2K
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.019
||
Range, 0C
200-340
240-523
263-543
283-597
3000
LITERATURE
(M Acheson Graphite Co., O. ( 2 ) Day and Sosman, 45, 4: 490; 12. (3)
Hansen, 78, 16 : 329; 09. (<) Muraoka, 8, 13 : 307; 81. (5) National Carbon
Company, O.
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL INSULATORS

CONTENTS
1. Pure chemical substances.1
MATIRES
Substances chimiques pures.1
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Reine chemische Stoffe.1
INDICE
PAGB
Sostanze chimicamente pure.1
2. Air.1
3. Insulating oils.
(a) General properties.
Air.1
Huiles isolantes.
(a) Proprits gnrales.
Aria.1
Olii isolanti
305
(a) Propriet generali... 305
Effect of cleaning
and drying.
Action de la purification et du schage.
Luft.1
Isolierende le.
(a) Allgemeine Eigenschaften.
(b) Dielektrische Festigkeit.
Einfluss der Reinigung
und der Trocknung.
Effect of temperture.
(c) Resistivity.
4. Insulating solids.
(a) Description of materials.
(o) Electrical properties,
(c) Mechanical and thermal properties.
1
Consult the desired property in the
index of I. C. T.
Action de la temprature.
(c) Rsistivit.
Isolants solides.
(a) D e s c r i p t i o n
des
matriaux.
(6) Proprits lectriques.
(c) Proprits mcaniques et
thermiques.
Einfluss der Temperatur.

Widerstand.
Isolatoren.
Beschreibung des Materials.
Elektrische Eigenshaften.
Mechanische und thermische Eigenschaften.
(6) Dielectric strength.

Effect of moisture.
(b) Pouvoir dilectrique.

i Consulter la proprit dsire dans

l'index des I. C. T,
(c)
Feste
(a)
(6)
(c)
1
Siehe die entsprechenden Eigenschaften im Index der I. C. T.
Abbreviations
B. D.
B. T.
D
d
E.
F. T.
G
Complete breakdown
Burning temperature
Diameter
Specific gravity, room temperature, water = 1
Engler viscometer; data given in Engler degrees
Flash point
Spark gap = minimum distance between surfaces of
electrodes
Max.
Maximum
P. D. Potential difference between electrodes
P. F. Power factor
P. Sp. Preliminary sparking
S. T.
Solidifying temperature
S. U. Saybolt Universal viscometer; data given are times of
efflux, seconds
V
Viscometer value. For interconversion of E. and S. U.
data, and for conversion of either to kinematic viscosity,
see Vol. I, p. 33
%A
Per cent deviation from mean
Dielectric constant
P
Volume resistivity
(o) Rigidit dielettrica..

Influenza
dell'
umidit
Influenza del grado
di limpidezza e
di secchezza... .
Influenza
della
temperatura
(c) Resistivit
Isolanti solidi
(a) Descrizione dei materiali
(6) Propriet elettriche.
(c) Propriet meccaniche e termiche....
305
306
307
307
307
307
308
310
311
Consultarne le propriet nell'indice

delle f. C. I.
Abrviations
B. D.
B. T.
D
d
E.
F. T.
G
Rupture dilectrique complte

Temprature de combustion
Diamtre
Poids spcifique, la temprature de la chambre, eau = 1
Viscosimtre d'Engler; donnes en degrs Engler
Point d'inflammabilit
Distance explosive = distance minimum entre les surfaces
des lectrodes
Max. Maximum
P. D. Diffrence de potentiel entre lectrodes
P. F. Facteur de puissance
P. Sp. Lueur prliminaire
S. T. Temprature de solidification
S. U. Viscosimtre universel de Saybolt; les valeurs donnes sont
les dures de l'coulement en secondes
V
Constante du Viscosimtre. Pour l'interconversion des
valeurs de E. et S. U., et pour la conversion de ces deux
valeurs en viscosit cinmatique, voir Vol. I, p. 33
% A Pourcentage d'cart de la moyenne
e
Constante dilectrique
p
Rsistivit
Abbreviazioni
Abkrzungen
INSULATING OILS
J. B. WHITEHEAD AND J. H. LAMPE
Only oils commonly used in industrial electrical apparatus are
considered in this section. For data on other oils which might
possibly meet industrial requirements, reference must be made
to other sections of this volume. Among the following data are
some for 7 distinct samples of domestic (U. S. A.) oil; these
oils are here designated by the letters A to F, inclusive.
On n'utilise dans les appareils lectriques que les huiles minrales
de paraffine; on n'a considr que de telles huiles dans cette section.
Pour les donnes relatives , d'autres huiles qui peuvent prsenter,
ventuellement, une utilisation industrielle, il faut s'adresser a
d'autres sections de ce volume. Parmi les donnes suivantes, il
s'en trouve pour 7 chantillons distincts d'huiles indignes
(U. S. A.); ces huiles sont dsignes par les lettres A a F ,
inclusivement.
Es werden nur Mineralle paraffinischen Ursprunges in den
elektrischen Apparaten bentzt, nur solche sind deshalb Gegenstand des Abschnittes. Fr Zahlenwerte weiterer le, welche
vielleicht industrielle Beachtung verdienen, muss an anderer
Stelle dieses Bandes nachgesehen werden. Unter den folgenden
Werten sind 7 von heimischen (U. S. A.) lproben vorhanden.
Diese le sind hier vom Buchstaben A bis einschliesslich F
angefhrt.
Solo gli olii minerali di paraffina sono adoperati negli apparecchi elettrici, e solo essi perci sono qui presi in considerazione.
Per le caratteristiche di altri olii che potrebbero eventualmente
soddisfare alle richieste vedi altri capitoli di questo stesso volume.
Tra i valori che seguono sono riportati quelli di 7 campioni di olii
degli S. U. A. Questi olii sono indicati con le lettere da A a F
inclusa.
TABLE I.GENEBAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS INSULATING
OILS
For dielectric strength, see Table 2. Bracketed numbers indicate the range of variation; e.g., first entry indicates that d varies
from 0.846 to 0.915.
Unit of p = IO12 ohm-cm; of e = 1 cgse; of P. F. = 1%; of
temperature = I0C.
B. D.
B. T.
D
d
E.
F. T.
G
Interruzione continua
Temperatura di combustione
Diametro
Peso specifico, temperatura ordinaria, acqua = 1
Viscosimetro di Engler, valori in gradi Engler
Punto di infiammabilit
Lunghezza di scintilla = distanza minima tra le superficie
degli elettrodi
MSLX. Massimo
P. D. Differenza di potenziale tra gli elettrodi
P. F. Fattore di potenza
P. Sp. Preliminare scintillamento
S. T. Temperatura di solidificazione
S. U. Viscosimetro universale Saybolt; i valori riportati rappresentano tempi di efflusso in secondi
V
Valore viscosimetrico. Per la conversione dei valori E. in
S. U. e viceversa, e per la conversione degli uni e degli
altri in viscosit cinematica, vedi Vol. I, p. 33
% A Deviazione percentuale della media
e
Costante dielettrica
p
Resistivit di volume
X^ Oil
Dielektrische Festigkeit
Brenntemperatur
Durchmesser
Spezifisches Gewicht, Zimmertemperatur, Wasser = l
Engler Viskosimeter, Werte in Englergraden
Entflammungspunkt
Funkenstrecke = minimal Entfernung der Oberflchen der
Elektroden
Max. Maximum
P. D. Potentialdifferenz zwischen den Elektroden
P. F. Kraftfaktor
P. Sp. Glimmentladung
S. T. Erstarrungstemperatur
S. U. Saybolt Universalviskosimeter, die angegebenen Daten
sind Ausflusszeiten in Sekunden
V
Viskosimeterwert. Fr die gegenseitige Abmessung von E
und S. U. Werte, fr die Umrechnung auf die kinematische Viskositt siehe Vol. I, p. 33
% A Prozentuelle Abweichung vom Mittel
Dielektrizittskonstante
p
Widerstand im Inneren
Prop^/
B. D.
B. T.
D
d
E.
F. T.
G
U. S. A.
W. E. & M. G. E.
(20)
f 0.846
\ 0.915
50
100
S. U.
40
(10)
0.83
0.93
40
120
S. U.
40
Germany * France Japan

CrusSehen- ~
Hirobe
, ., Stern
Tobey
8
sard
dell
(23)
1
4
(18)
^ >
( )
0.845 0.85 j 0.85/ 0.85
0.827
0.870 0.92 \ 0 . 9 5 \ 0 . 9 2
0.861
40
8
1.43
110
10
2.96
S. U.
E.
E.
E.
E.
40
20
20
20
30
()
- U
t
QT
T
S
' -
T
F T
'-
2.5
-34
140
170
2.15
~10
X.
~5
-40 -15
130 130
190 190
IT5
160
170
16
-1
/ 125
\152
16
IS
*> ^ (US
* Heat conductivity of a German oil is given as 0.0003.1 cal/(cm deg sec) ( 24 ).
TABLE 2.DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF VARIOUS TRANSFORMER

OILS
Average effective breakdown voltage
Unit of voltage = 1000 effective (r. m. s.) volt; of D and G =
1 in. = 2.54 cm.
Sphere Disk Needle Disk Disk
0.5
0.5 points point
1
Lit.
Diameter (D)
Gap (G)
0.15 0.15 0.15
0.15 0.1
Tobey
18.0 16.5
(23)
Digby& Mills
11.5
17.5 11.0
(3)
N. E. L. A
40.0 29.0
(12)
Peek
..
64.0 31.0 22.0
(13, 14)
Hirobe....
92.0 62.0
15.0
(8)
Schroter
92.0
(19)
Everest
20.0 20.0 22.0 18.5
(5)
W. E. & M
61.5 48.0
36.2
(i)
Vac. OiICo
51.7 37.1
24.0
(l)
B. S
61.3 49.9
28.2
(l)
TABLE 3.DIELECTKIC STRENGTH OP INSULATING OIL E ( 5 > 25 )

Breakdown voltage: Effective (r.m.s.) kilovolt
Units of D = 1 in.; of G = 0.001 in.; 1 in. = 2.54 cm.
G
25
50
75
100
150
175
200
250
Sphere, D = 0.5 Disk, D = 0.5

Needle points
Point, disk
B. D.|P.Sp.| % A B. P.!?. Sp.I % A B. D. P. Sp.| % A B. D. P. Sp.| % A
3.6 2.9 40
8.4 7.1 10
5.7 4.3 30
6.5 4.7 15
1.2 8.1 15 12.2 8.2 15
8.9 6.2 30
13.2 7.6 40 14.5 7.4 40 17.8 13.5 10 16.0 11.8 8
19.5 11.1 30 19.1 11.1 40 22.1 16.3 8
19.7 14.7 5
27.2 15.3 15 27.9 22.1 20 24.4 18.7 6
26.7 20.4 8 23.3 17.4 6
TABLE 5.RELATIVE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES FOK THREE COMMERCIAL TEST GAPS (i)
(Voltage, gap Ei)/(voltage, gap E2)
Unit of D and G = 1 in. = 2.54 cm.
^\^^ 7)
Unit of error = 1 %,
^
Sphere
Sphere
Point,
n
Error
i
*
f x*
^
long*
short*
sphere
TABLE 4.DIELECTRIC STRENGTHS OF FOUR U. S. A. TRANSFORMER OILS (!)
Parallel tests by Vacuum Oil Co. (Vac.), Westinghouse Electric
and Manufacturing Co. (W), and National Bureau of Standards
(B. S.). Most accurate data available. Each number is average of 15 observations; individual deviation from mean = 10%,
the same in all cases.
Unit of D and G = 1 in. = 2.54 cm. 7 = 1 sec by S. U. at
O0C.
Breakdown values, effective (r. m. s.) kilovolt, 60
EleeGap .
cycles, 250C
trodes
G B. S. | Vac. | W |Mean||B.S. | Vac. | W |Mean
A (d = 0.854, V = 55) [|B (d = 0.867, V = 100)
Disks 0.05 15.2 11.7 18.0 15.0 15.2 8.9 14.3 12.8
D = 1 0.10* 23.6 23.2 35.8 27.5 26.5 22.3 30.5 26.4
0.15 33.6 32.9 39.3 35.3 36.3 32.2 42.8 37.1
0.20 40.6 39.1 53.8 44.5 42.8 37.6 55.7 45.4
Disks 0.05
D = 0 . 5 0.10
0.15
0.20
21.2
37.9
48.7
49.3
15.3
29.4
38.9
45.2
22.2
38.9
47.5
51.0
19.6
35.4
45.0
48.5
21.5
37.1
47.9
49.8
13.2
24.8
33.4
46.1
20.9
38.7
42.8
54.9
18.5
33.5
41.4
50.3
Spheres 0.05 23.6 23.6 29.5 25.6 22.6

D = 0 . 5 0.10 44.2 45.5 51.1 46.9 38.5
0.15 61.1
67.1 64.1 56.0
0.20 68.9
68.9 70.5
I
j C (d = 0.829, V = 34) Il D (d
Disks 0.05 16.5 8.8 18.5 14.6 16.8
D = I 0.10* 33.5 25.9 40.7 33.4 29.1
0.15 39.5 32.5 53.7 42.0 38.5
0.20 50.8 39.8 64.8 51.8 41.2
20.7 25.3 22.9

35.2 48.6 40.8
51.1 60.6 55.9
70.5
= 0.860, V = 74)
11.0 17.8 15.2
24.6 37.8 30.5
30.9 48.7 39.4
37.9 59.8 46.3
Disks 0.05
D = 0 . 5 0.10
0.15
0.20
27.1
48.4
48.8
60.0
14.0
26.9
33.7
42.5
Spheres 0.05
D = 0 . 5 0.10
0.15
0.20
33.4 26.3 32.9 30.8

49.1 50.2 55.3 51.5
67.1
67.1
I
20.0
34.6
42.3
50.6
24.9
42.9
57.9
67.4
24.0
42.0
49.7
59.3
25.8
41.0
54.3
55.5
19.4
40.7
47.0
52.8
19.7
36.2
45.0
50.3
26.2 22.5 30.0 26.2

50.1 43.8 56.4 50.1
61.1 52.4 56.7 56.7
72.5|
72.5
* This is the standard gap recommended by American Society for Testing

Materials (*)1 in. flat disks with square shoulders, spaced 0.1 in. apart. For
this gap, the B. D. value for transformer oils should lie in the range 26.4 to 33.4
kilovolt.
~~
Iv!
T T s \ s
Max.
Av.
Max.
Av.
Max.
1
3
3
6
6
48.5
5.2
22.4
2.7
17.5
sTi '
34.1
4.9
19.7
3.5
15.0
44.8
4.9
19.1
4.1
14.3
* Average: Long = 27 mm; short = 2 mm.
TABLE 7.SPARKOVER VOLTAGE BETWEEN CONCENTRIC

CYLINDERS ( 14 )
For > 3.5 corona appears in transformer oils before sparkover
r>
occurs; for < 3.5, the sparkover and corona voltages are the
I 2\
1 H '-p ) g = maximum
Vr/
voltage gradient at surface of electrode, in kilo volt/cm; R1 r =
radius of outer, inner, cylinder in cm; g0j gc = gx observed, g
computed. The * denotes where R/r becomes less than 3.5.
Unit of r = 1 cm; of P. D. = 1000 volt; of g = 1000 volt/cm
(R = 3.81 cm).
0.238
0.317
0.635
0.794
0.952
1.111*
1.270
1.587
1.905
2.540
P. P., max.
84.0
85.5
98.3
106.1
103.2
108.5
107.5
104.3
93,7
64.3
g^
127.7
108.1
86.3
85.5
78.1
79.4
77.0
75.1
70,7
62.4
gc
123.8
112.7
90.3
84.6
80.2
76.9
74.3
70.4
67.2
63.1
TABLE 8.INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE ON DIELECTRIC STRENGTH

Kilovolt (kv) for breakdown; disks, D = 0.5 in., G = 0.2 in.;
temp. 250C; U. S. A. Oil F (13, 14)
Water, volume in 10 000
O
0.5 1.0 2.0 5.010.0
Kv, 60 cycles, maximum
62.333.533.431.727.325.4
Kv, constant voltage
61.534/734.330.224.723.0
Ryan (17), Tobey (23), peek (13, 14, 15), and others (il, 16,
2
) show that moisture in very small quantities decreases the
dielectric strength of insulating oil.
Hirobe (), McLaughlin (9), Stern (22), Spath (21), and
Schroter ( 9 ) agree experimentally that moisture has little effect
on the dielectric strength of the purest oils. The potent causes of
low dielectric strength are fibers and dust particles in the oil.
Their effect is increased by the presence of moisture (cf. Table 9).

For methods and effect of cleaning electrodes, see (8).
TABLE 9.DIELECTRIC STRENGTH: EFFECT OF CLEANING AND
DRYING THE OIL (19)
F = effective field strength at which breakdown occurs
Unit of F1 = 1000 volt/cm; of %A 1 %.
Condition of oil*
| F | %A
As delivered
48.5
75
Filtered through 4 mm clay wall
115.0
50
Centrifuged
124.0
30
Filtered through ordinary filter paper
163.0
35
After prolonged drying by heat
184.0
40
Prolonged drying by heat and filtered once
through celloid
filter
232.0
8
As in preceding, but filtered twice
332.0
7
* Each line of the table is complete in itself; tests were not successive.
Par suite des variations inhrentes la composition et aux conditions physiques des produits manufacturs et naturels, il n'est
possible d'assigner une valeur unique aucune des proprits
varies des isolants lectriques solides. De plus, les valeurs
obtenues par les mesures de plusieurs proprits lectriques
dpendent de la mthode employe et des conditions dans lesquelles l'essai a t effectu. Par exemple, dans les dterminations
de la rsistivit du volume et de la rsistivit superficielle, le rsultat
dpend du voltage employ, de la dure de l'application, de la
temprature, de l'humidit, etc. Aucune procdure type n'a
encore t tablie pour dterminer les quantits varies. Les
donnes disponibles ont t obtenues suivant une grande varit
de conditions et avec des procdures diffrentes (qui, dans la
plupart des cas, ne sont pas compltement spcifies); de sorte
que la slection des valeurs pour ces tables a t une question de
jugement, l'objectif tant de choisir celles des valeurs qui taient
prsumes les plus typiques et par consquent les plus dignes de
confiance pour l'application gnrale. Quelques unes des sources
principales dont ont t tires les valeurs sont indiques la page
311. On trouvera les discussions relatives quelques uns des
facteurs variables ( 1 J 3> 9) ; en ce qui concerne la bibliographie,
TABLE 10.RESISTIVITY (R) AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH (S) OF

DRY OIL: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE (23)
R is expressed in terms of the resistance between disks, D = 4 in.,
G 0.44 in. ; S in terms of the effective breakdown P. D. between MM- (2, 18, 19).
spheres, D 0.5 in., G = 0.15 in. Approximately S = $20
0.13 (t - 25) kilovolt C 1 ); t = temperature, 0C; S25 = value of S
Entsprechend der eigenartigen nderung in der Zusammenat 250C.
setzung und des physikalischen Zustandes der festen Isolatoren,
Unit of S = 1000 volt; of R = IQ 6 ohm; of t = I0C.
man sowohl den knstlichen als auch den natrlichen ProTemperature (Q
| 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 9Q0kann
C
dukten keinen einzelnen Wert ihrgend welcher der verschiedenen
Strength (S)
33 35
36 37 38 39
T
Eigenschaften zu ordnen. Es hngt ferner der gemessene Wert
Resistivity (R)
1225 960 570 360 250
vieler elektrischer Eigenschaften von der angewandten Methode
LITERATURE
und den Bedingungen unter welchen die Probe ausgefhrt worden
ist, ab. Z. B. bei der Bestimmung des Oberflchen Widerstandes
(i) Silsbee, 66, 21: 397; 21. (2) Armstrong, 107, 62: 1322; 13. (3) Digby
wird das Ergebnis von der angewandten Volt-Zahl, der Dauer
and Mills, 46, 28: 769; 09. () Crussard, 106, 13: 443; 23. (5) Everest,
der
Einwirkung, der Temperatur, der Feuchtigkeit u. s. w.
121, 87: 702; 21. (6) Hayden and Eddy, 129, 41: 102; 22. (7) Hayden
abhngen. Bis jetzt ist keine diesbezgliche Standardmethode zur
and Eddy, 129, 41: 394; 22. ( 8 ) Hirobe, Elect. Technical Laboratory Report,
No. 25: Sect. 3 (Japan). () McLaughlin, 181, 86: 325; 21.
Messung der verschiedenen Grossen aufgestellt. Die erreichbaren
(10) Moody, W. S., General Electric Co., Schenectady, New York, O. C 11 )
Daten sind unter den verschiedenen Bedingungen und sehr
12
Moody and Faccioli, 129, 28: 769; 09. ( ) National Electric Light Assoverschiedenen Prfungsvorgngen (die in vielen Fllen auch nicht
ciation, Bulletin, June, 1910. (*3) Peek, 129, 35 II: 783; 16. (i*) Peek,
ganz angegeben sind) erhalten. Es ist deshalb diese Auswahl nach
120, 18: 821; 15. (* 5 ) Peek, Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engibesonderem Urteil gemacht worden, mit dem Ziel im Auge,
neering, Chap. IV. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1915.
(16) Rodman, 114, 20: 51; 23. (") Ryan, 129, 30: 1; 11. (") Schendell,
diejenigen Werte herauszugreifen, die man als die typischesten
101, 37: 242; 18. (>) Schroter, 125, 12: 67; 23.
und demzufolge allgemein am zuverlsslichsten sein
ansieht
(20) Skinner, C. E., Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East
Pittsburgh, O. (21) Spat, 125, 12: 331; 23. (22) Stern, 101, 43: 140; 22. werden. Einige der hauptschlichsten Quellen aus denen die
(23) Tobey, 129, 29 II: 1189; 10. (24) Tesene, 97, 5: 233; 24. (25) WedWerte geschpft wurden sind Seite 311 angegeben. Zur Dismore, 121, 87: 702; 21.
kussion einiger der vernderlichen Faktoren, ( 1 I 3, 9)t Literatur
dazu, siehe (2, 18, 19).
INSULATING SOLIDS
F. MALCOLM FARMER
Because of inherent variations in composition and physical
A causa di alterazioni nella composizione e nello stato fisico
condition of both manufactured and natural products, no single sia dei prodotti artificiali che naturali, non si pu assegnare un
value can be assigned to any of the various properties of solid valore determinato alle varie propriet degli isolanti elettrici
electrical insulators. Furthermore, the value obtained in the solidi. Inoltre, il valore ottenuto nella misura di molte propriet
measurement of many electrical properties depends upon the elettriche dipende dal metodo impiegato e dalle condizioni nelle
method employed and the conditions under which the test was quali la prova stata fatta. Per espempio, quando si determina la
made. For example, in determinations of either the volume or the resistivit di volume o di superficie, il risultato dipende dal volsurface resistivity, the result will depend upon the voltage taggio adoperato, dalla durata di applicazione, dalla temperatura,
employed, the duration of its application, temperature, humidity, dalla umidit, ecc. Non stata ancora stabilita una procedura
etc. No standard procedure has yet been established for deter- uniforme per determinare le varie grandezze.
mining the various quantities. The available data have been
I dati disponibili sono stati ottenuti in condizioni molto diverse
obtained under a great variety of conditions and with many differ- e con metodi differenti (il pi delle volte neppure completamente
ent procedures (which, in most cases, are not fully stated) so that indicati); per modo che la scelta dei valori per queste tabelle
the selection of values for these tables has been a matter of judg- stata fatta con un certo arbitrio e con lo scopo di raccogliere i
ment, the aim being to select those values which it is believed are valori ritenuti pi tipici e quindi suscettibili di una pi generale
most typical and, consequently, the most reliable for general applicazione.
application. Some of the principal sources from which data have
Alcune delle fonti principali dalle quali i dati sono stati tratti
been obtained are named on p. 311. Discussions of some of these sono indicate a pag. 311. Per la discussione di alcuni dei fattori
1 3 9
variable factors will be found in ( J i ); for bibliographies, see
variabili si veda ( 1 J 3 > 9) e per le indicazioni bibliografiche si veda
(2, 18, 19).
(2,18,19).
Ml
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
MlO
Mil
M12
M13
M14
M15
M16
Manufacturers Mentioned in this Section

Alberane Stone Company, New York, N. Y.
Chicago Mica Company, Chicago, 111.
Continental Fibre Company, Newark, Del.
Electrose Manufacturing Co., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Garfield Manufacturing Co., Garfield, N. J.
General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
General Insulate Co., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Hemming Manufacturing Co., Garfield, N. J.
Irvington Varnish and Insulator Co., Irvington, N. J.
Mica Insulator Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago, 111.
Mitchell-Rand Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y.
National Vulcanized Fibre Co., Wilmington, Del.
Spaulding Fibre Co., Inc., Tonawanda, N. Y.
D. M. Stewart Manufacturing Co., Chattanooga, Tenn.
Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East
Pittsburgh, Pa.
TABLE 1.INDEX AND DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS

Glass, v. p. 87, porcelain, v. p. 66, rubber and rubber products,
v. p. 254, phenol condensation products, v. p. 296
I. Bituminous, Wax and Molded Materials
INDEX
No.
1. Ambrion.A molded product (German). Asbestos, impregnated with a pitch or rosin binder. Several gradessome
fireproof, some limited to 80 to 10O0C.
2. Asphalt.Various grades known as bitumen, byerlite, elaterite,
gilsonite, manjak, and mineral pitch. A black, natural
product found in various parts of the world. Used extensively
as base for insulating varnishes, for impregnating insulating
materials, and (in Europe) for insulating wires and cables
(instead of rubber). Hard at ordinary temperatures, plastic
at 40-6O0C, melts at 100-20O0C, depending upon purity.
3. Beeswax.The secreted substances of which the bee's honeycomb is constructed; yellow; agreeable odor and taste.
Solid at ordinary temperatures, plastic when warm, melts at
62-640C.
4. Ceresin.A yellow or white wax made by purifying and
bleaching ozokerite (see 10). Used extensively in manufacture of insulating compounds.
6. Electrose.Trade name for a product manufactured and
molded by M4; working temperature limit, about 9O0C.
6. Gummon.Trade name for a coal tar and asbestos product
manufactured and molded in desired shape by M 5. Black,
hard, dense, not easily drilled or sawed, can be highly
polished, and will withstand 20O0C indefinitely.
7. Hemit.Trade name for a coal tar and asbestos product
manufactured and molded in desired shape by M5. Hard,
dense, not easily drilled or sawed; withstands temperature
of 600 to 80O0C. Grade '"B" is gray and hygroscopic;
grade "A" is impregnated, making it black and more nearly
waterproof.
8. Insulate.Trade name for a mineral product manufactured
and molded in desired shape by M7. Non-hygroscopic;
maximum working temperature, 7O0C.
9. Minerallac.Trade name for asphaltic base insulating
material manufactured by Mil in various grades for
different applications (principally cable joints, cable terminals, etc.). Some grades semi-liquid, others semi-solid at
250C. Moisture-proof.
10. Ozokerite (See Ceresin).A natural, mineral wax material,
usually associated with rock salt or gypsum; found throughout the world, but principally in Galicia. Is probably
paraffin resulting from natural decomposition of petroleum.

Natural color brown or black, but white when purified;
melts at UO0C.
11. Paraffin.Translucent, more or less colorless wax material
obtained in the distillation of petroleum. Various commercial grades; melts at 45 to 8O0C, depending upon grade;
unaffected by ordinary acids and alkalies.
11 (a). Petrolatum.A neutral and purified residue derived by
distillation of petroleum. Three formsliquid, soft,
and hard. The soft form is a grease similar to vaseline and
is used extensively as an impregnating material for paper
insulated cables; melts about 50-550C; electrical properties
vary greatly with the purity.
12. Rosin.A variety of resin. Product of distillation of oil of
turpentine from crude turpentine.
13. Tegit.Trade name for a coal tar and asbestos product
manufactured and molded in desired shape by M8. Uses
limited to 20O0C.
II. Fibrous Materials and Fiber Products
14. Cellulak.Trade name for laminated paper insulation manufactured by M9. Processed under heat and pressure.
Hard, tough, readily machined.
15. Cellulose.A carbohydrate similar in chemical composition
to starch. When pure, is amorphous and white; is basis of
practically all fibrous insulating materials. Unsized, well
bleached linen paper is practically pure cellulose.
16. Conite.(See 18.) Trade name for a thin, hard, vulcanized
fiber prepared by M3 with special care to insure its freedom
from acid.
17. Empire Cloth.Trade name of MlO for various varnished
cloths having coatings of linseed-oil base (see 29).
18. Fiber, Vulcanized.Also known as fiber, horn fiber, hard
fiber, indurated fiber, leatheroid, etc. Made by treating
layers of paper stock made from pure cotton cellulose
(old cotton rags free from dirt, oil, and grease) with concentrated acids or zinc chloride. Compressed under great
pressure to desired thickness; soaked and washed in water
for long periods to remove acid or chloride; air dried, pressed
in steam-heated presses and calendered to final thickness.
Hard, tough, bone-like, hygroscopic, absorbs water readily,
disintegrates with strong acids, unaffected by organic
solvents and oils, becomes brittle at 80 to 10O0C sustained
temperature, readily machined, various colors. Manufactured by M3, M13, M14, and others.
19. Fish Paper.Also known as tarpon paper, leather paper,
leatheroid, and fiberoid. Prepared in similar manner to
vulcanized fiber using cotton rag stock. Flexible; dark
gray; thickness about 0.1 to 1.2 mm.
20. Kobak Cloth.Trade name (MlO) for black varnished cambric
(see 28).
21. Kraft Paper (For cables).Unsized paper made from wood
pulp stock by sulfate process (2Ia). Hygroscopic. Used
extensively in Europe in high tension power cables where it
is impregnated with an insulating material (216) after
application to conductors.
22. Manila Paper (For cables) (See 26).Unsized paper made
from old manila rope (22a). Used extensively in America
on high tension power cables where it is impregnated with
an insulating material (220) after application to conductors.
23. Paraffined Paper.Bond paper coated or saturated with
hot paraffin. Used extensively in low voltage electric
condensers.
24. Pressboard.Also known as fullerboard and presspan (in
Europe). A high grade cardboard paper made from
cotton rag and paper clipping stock. Hygroscopic.
25. Pressboard, Treated.Pressboard dried (sometimes in

vacuum) and varnished (25o) or boiled in mineral oil (256)
to make it moisture-proof and to increase dielectric strength.
26. Rope Paper (See 22).Paper made from old rope stock
(hemp and jute). Compressed but unsized. Hygroscopic.
27. Varnished Cloth (See 17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 33).Also
known as treated cloth. Thin cotton, linen, or silk cloth
dried and coated with various thicknesses of various kinds
of liquid insulating materials so applied and treated as to
produce a smooth, sheet insulating material which is
flexible, tough, and uniform in thickness. Great variety
manufactured (some under trade names) by M6, M9, MlO,
M12, M16, and others.
28. Varnished Cambric, Black (See 27).Coated with an asphaltic
material and an oxidizing oil. Black, oil-proof, but not
moisture-proof; is more flexible, and remains flexible longer,
than the yellow cambric; is, also, more resistant to action
of corona discharge (i.e., ozone and nitric acid). Thickness,
0.1 to 0.4 mm.
29. Varnished Cambric, Yellow (See 27).Also known as varnished muslin, oiled cambric and oiled muslin. Coated with
linseed oil and a resin; filler is yellow and translucent;
absorbs moisture, but is oil-proof. Thickness, 0.1 to 0.4
mm.
30. Varnished Duck or Canvas, Black.Same as black varnished
cambric except that the base is duck or canvas. Thickness,
0.4 to 0.8 mm.
31. Varnished Duck or Canvas, Yellow.Same as yellow varnished
cambric except that the base is duck or canvas. Thickness,
0.4 to 0.8 mm.
32. Varnished Paper.Paper [cotton (bond), linen, and hemp
(manila) stock papers, also fish paper] treated like varnished
cloth. Treatment greatly increases resistance to moisture
absorption and increases dielectric strength (ca. 25%).
33. Varnished Silk.Same as yellow varnished cambric except
that base is silk. Thickness, 0.05 to 0.2 mm.
34. Woods, Hard.Maple, hickory, cherry, ash, and yellow
pine principally used. Dried (34a) and impregnated with
oil (346), paraffin (34c) or rosin, either by boiling until
evolution of gas ceases or by impregnation under pressure
after drying in vacuo.
III. Mineral Materials
35. Alberene (See soapstone, 47).A fine grade of natural soapstone uniformly gray in color, free from metallic veins.
Marketed by Ml. Does not split or shale under intense
local heating, such as electric arc. Stated to be capable
of withstanding 1300 to 160O0C. Soft, easily machined,
sawed, and drilled.
36. Asbestos Paper.Soft, flexible sheet material made from
fibrous asbestos with 15 to 20 % cotton. Very hygroscopic.
37. "Lava."A form of talc (hydrated magnesium silicate), similar
to pumice, which, while in its natural state, is formed or
machined to desired shape and then baked at UOO0C,
making it very hard. It is then not affected by any lower
temperature; very porous, but dimensions not affected by
absorption of water; slightly affected by HCl, but not by
other ordinary acids and alkalis; very light yellow.
38. Lavite.Trade name for patented product manufactured by
M15. Similar to * lava. ' ' Compares with glass in hardness ;
unaffected by temperatures up to 100O0C, or by ordinary
acids or alkalis; porous; very light yellow.
39. Marble.Crystalline limestone which takes a high polish.
Pure marble is white; colored marbles contain impurities,
such as iron oxide. Much used for electrical switchboards
where, because of porosity, it is frequently impregnated
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
with insulating material to increase dielectric strength;

often stained black (called marine finish) to prevent
discoloration due to oil staining, etc.
Mica.A laminated mineral composed of crystallized anhydrous silicate of aluminum and potash, or soda. Pure mica
is transparent, but frequently colored by salts deposited
between laminations. Laminations easily separated so that
mica can be split down to 0.005 mm. In natural state it is
not uniform in quality, is not flexible,' and largest pieces are
relatively small; hence it is reconstructed, by splitting into
thin laminations and cementing together the small pieces,
with suitable binders, to form continuous sheets of various
thicknesses, which are marketed under trade names (see 41 to
45 inc.). Powdered and flaked mica is used in conjunction
with suitable binders to make molded insulations (a substitute for hard rubber, etc.). Properties vary considerably
with impurity content, and with sources from which obtained,
the principal of which are India, Africa, Canada, and
United States. The clear variety has highest dielectric
strength.
Mica Cloth.Reconstructed mica (see 40) with special binder
and backed with cloth. Flexible (to various degrees);
thickness, 0.1 to 3 mm.
Mica Bond.Trade name for mica cloth, mica paper, and mica
plate products manufactured by M2 (see 41, 43 and 44).
Mica Paper.Reconstructed mica (see 40) with special binder
and backed with Japanese paper. Flexible; thickness,
0.25 to 0.5 mm.
Mica Plate.Reconstructed mica (see 40) with shellac binder.
Not flexible; thickness, 0.25 to 3 mm.
Micanite.Trade name for mica cloth, mica paper, and mica
plate products manufactured by MlO (see 41, 43, 44).
Slate.Natural rock of clay or mica composition with natural
cleavage. Formed by geological processes involving high
temperature and pressure. Principal components are silica
and alumina with some iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash,
and soda. Slate for electrical purposes is principally the
mica variety from Vermont (purple to green), Maine, and
Pennsylvania; the last two are dark gray (called black slate).
Is hygroscopic and contains relatively large amount of water
of composition, hence thorough drying followed by oil
treatment or coating with insulating varnish or enamel
greatly improves insulating value. Easily machined; takes
good polish.
Soapstone (See Alberene, 35).A natural, soft stone; a variety
of talc. (Also called steatite.) Slightly soapy or oily to
touch. Easily machined, drilled, and sawed. Hygroscopic.
Withstands temperatures of the order of 150O0C.
IV. Gum Materials
Amberite.(Ambroid.) Compressed scrap amber (fossilized vegetable resin). Equal to native amber in volume
resistivity, but surface must be kept clean for high surface
resistivity.
Copal.A resinous substance which, when dissolved in
alcohol, oil of turpentine, or linseed oil, makes a colorless
varnish. Very inflammable; brittle when cold.
Shellac.A crude form of lac, a resinous gum exuded by
an East Indian insect, also obtained from sap of certain
trees. Shellac dissolved in alcohol is extensively used
as an insulating varnish which on drying forms hard,
protective coating. Brittle, brown, hygroscopic.
V. Miscellaneous Materials
Enamel.A hard, smooth, and flexible coating baked on
magnet wire as substitute for cotton and silk, or in addition
thereto. Composition more or less a manufacturing secret.
but stated in some cases to be stearin pitch, cellulose acetate,

or cellulose nitrate. Applied by running wire through thin
bath and rapidly drying each coat by passing through
hot oven. Occupies less space than cotton and silk, has
greater thermal conductivity; moisture-proof and mineral
oil-proof, but more or less soluble in vegetable oil, animal oil,
alcohol, turpentine, and coal tar solvents; withstands 10O0C
indefinitely; breaks down electrically at 30O0C.
52. Galalith.German product manufactured from skim-milk

heated with caustic soda and precipitated with acid. The
precipitate, in sheet and plate form, is dried, saturated
with formaldehyde, and again dried and pressed. Used as
substitute for ivory. Translucent and yellowish white;
readily shaped, after softening in hot water; rather
hygroscopic.
53. Ivory.Tusks of the elephant, walrus, etc. Hard and white.
TABLE 2.ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

Volume resistivity (see Vol. I, p. 41) = Rv X 10n. Surface resistivity (see Vol. I, p. 41) = R8 X 10n. Power factor = cos <p. Temperature = 18 to 250C except as indicated. Unit of: Rv = 1 ohm-cm; R8 = 1 ohm; frequency = 1 cycle/sec; dielectric constant =
1 cgse (essentially, air = 1); thickness = 1 mm.
Index
No.
R9
35
Alberene
48
1
36
2
3
14
15
4
16
49
5
51
18
Amberite (ambroid)
Ambrion
Asbestos paper
Asphalt
Beeswax
Cellulak
Cellulose
Ceresin
Conite
Copal
Electrose
Enamel
Fiber, vulcanized
19
52
6
7
8
53
21a
210
37
38
22a
226
346
34c
39
Fish paper
Galalith
Gummon
Hemit
Insulate (No. 2)
Ivory
Kraft paper
Kraft paper
"Lava"
Lavite
Manila paper
Manila paper
Maple, oiled
Maple, paraffined
Marble
40
Mica
Resistivity
I n I
Rs
(See Soapstone)
5
2
2
16
13
5
5 to 2Of
14
I n
Dielectric constant
Frequency | Constant
15
Dielectric strength
Thickness | Kv/mm
2.8*
2.7
1.85
14
0.8
1.0
2.0 to 3.0
3.0
1
5
'.
9
18
16
14
14
9
1 to 1000
12
10
1
3
1
8
2
10
12
10
15
8
6
3
1
4
6
10
12
10
14
9
90 to 650 .
11
3
1 to 100
10
9
8
6
11
9
1 to 200
15
1 to 3000
10
41, 43 Mica, cloth and paper

44
Mica plate
9
Minerallac
10
Ozokerite
5
11
Paraffin
1 to 500
23
Paraffined paper
Uo Petrolatum
2 to 10
24
Pressboard
1
25a Pressboard
256 Pressboard
12
Rosin
5
50
Shellac
1
46
Slate
1
47
Soapstone
6
13
Tegit
2
28
Varnished cambric b
29
Varnished cambric y
30
Varnished canvas b
31
Varnished canvas y
32
Varnished paper
33
Varnished silk
34a Woods, hard, dried.
1 to 4000
* Amber.
t Has very large negative temperature coefficient,
t Kilocycles.
Fresh surface. Deteriorates rapidly.
14
16
It
16
16
8
8
12
60
90 to 65Ot
7
7
1
14
13
8
11
2.0
3.5
4.1
8.3
9.5 to 11.5
4.5 to 7.5
60
2.7
2.2
1.9 to 2.3
60
2.2
16
12
9
3.5
2.9
4.5
2.5
2.7 to 3.7
6.0 to 7.5
3.5 to 5.5
10
0.15 to 0.2
0.15 to 0.2
.
920 to 4600
60
5.0 to 7.5
0.12
3.0
3.0
0.02
1.0
3.0
6.0
12.0
O . I t o 1.2
10
60
6
4
1 to 2
10
16
3.9 to 7.5
1 to 15
1
5 to 20
5 to 25
Power factor
Frequency |
cos <p
90 to 65Ot
3.0
A1, at 30 being about He of that at 9O0C.
0.15 to 0.2
0.15 to 0.2
25
15
25
0.05
0.3
0.6
0.1 to 3
0.1 to 3
0.5
0.6
2.5
0.2 to 3.0
0.5 to 3.0
0.5 to 3.0
25
25
0.1 to
0.1 to
0.4 to
0.4 to
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.05 to 0.2
25
15
3
25
20 to 25
8 to 18
5 to 12
4 to 9
3 to 6
10 to 15
6 to 8.5
3
2
1.5 to 2
4 to 6
30 to 40
3 to 10
8 to 10
3 to 5
20to 30
3.0
4.5
2 to 4
80 to 200
40 to 120
25 to 75
40 to 15
50 to 25
40
45
15 to 50
40 to 60
20
12 to 5
15 to 10
30 to 20
0.2 to 0.4
1.0
2
70 to 50
60 to 45
12 to 30
25 to 10
10 to 25
70 to 45
0.4 to 0.6
90 to 650
0.045
60
0.005
920 to 4600
60
0.007 to 0.008
0.005
90 to 650
0.003 to 0.05
800
0.001 to 0.07
60
0.005
950
0.086
90 to 65Ot
0.025
TABLE 3.MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 18 TO 250C

Unit of: density = 1 g/cm3; strength = 1 kg/cm2 (for Nos. 21, 22, 28 to 33 = 1 kg per cm width); expansivity = 10~4 per 0C;
thermal conductivity = 1 milliwatt per (cm 0C).
Index
Strength
Cubic
Thermal
Matemi
No.
density
" Tensile*
[ Compressive" expansivity
conductivity
1
36
2
3
4
16
18
52
6
7
53
21a
216
37
38
22a
226
39
40
41, 43
9
11
25a
50
46
47
13
28, 29
30, 31
33
34
Ambrion
Asbestos paper
Asphalt
Beeswax
Ceresin
Conite
Fiber, vulcanized
Galalith
Gummon
Hemit
Ivory
Kraft paper
Kraft paper
"Lava"
Lavite
Manila paper
Manila paper
Marble
Mica
Mica, cloth and paper
Minerallac
Paraffin
Pressboard
Shellac
Slate
Soapstone
Tegit
Varnished cambric
Varnished canvas
Varnished silk
Woods, hard, dried
1.4 to 1:8
3.2
1.04 to 1.40
0.96
0.75
1.2 to 1.5
1.3
:.
1.9
0.8
2.5 to 2.7
2.5 to 2.7
0.8
2.5 to 2.8
2.7 to 3.1
150
190
2.5
5 to 7
0.35
550 to 1100
625 to 1050
1800 to 3200
40
140
40
110
500 to 70Of
400 to 50Of
400 to 80OJ
70Of
50OJ
100 to 200J
1400 to 2100
1400 to 2100
600 to 1500
1.0
0.87 to 0.94
2.7to2.9
2.6 to 2.8
0.6 to 0.9
0.27
Negligible
0.3 to 0.6
1.2
1.7
30
3.6
1.0 to 1.6
7
3 to 6
550 to 70OJ
85
8 to 10
10 to 20
2 to 3
500 to 1000
700 to 1000
550
80
0.15to0.3
2.6
1.4
2.5
20.0
2.5
250 to 550
0.1 to 2.0
1.5 to 2.5
* For Nos. 38, 39, 46 data are for transverse strength, as noted.
t In machine direction (i.e., lengthwise of majority of fibers). Strength crosswise about half as great.
Modulus of rupture (transverse strength)probably somewhat higher than tensile strength,
Kg per cm of width. Stress in direction of warp. About half as strong when stress is in direction of filler.
LITERATURE
(i) Barringer, 120, 27: 736; 24. ( 2 ) Bureau of Standards, Letter Circular,
LC-50, Nov. 4, 1922. (3) Committee Report, 66, 24: 642; 24. () Curtis,
SlAt 11: 359; 15. ( 5 ) Drysdale and Jolly, Electrical Measuring Instruments. London, Benn, 1924. () Dye and Hartshorne, 67, 37: 42; 24. ( 7 )
Fleming and Dyke, 46, 49: 323; 12. ( 8 ) Flight, Electrical Insulators.
London, Pitman, 1923. ( 9 ) Fowle, Standard Handbook for Electrical
Engineers. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 5th ed., 1922.
( 1 O) Harvey and Keyes, 66, 23: 535; 23. (U) Hemming, Plastics and Moulded
Electrical Insulation. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1923. ( 12 ) Hendricks,
189, 30: 167; 11. (i) Jackson, 114, ^: 326; 19. (i) Langmuir, 129,
32: 303 ; 13. ( 1 S) Monasch, 8, 22: 905 ; 07. O ) Peek, Dielectric Phenomena
in High Voltage Engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc., 1915. ( 17 ) Pender, Handbook for Electrical Engineers. New York,
Wiley, 1914. (1S; Rayner, 46, 49: 53; 12. (i) Simons, 189t 41: 601; 22.
(20) Taylor, 114t 16: 526; 19. ( 21 ) Turner and Hobart, Insulation of Electric
Machines. London, Pitman, 1918. ( 2 2 ) Walker and Symonds, 46, 48:
674; 11.
THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS FOR MODERATE AND LOW TEMPERATURES

F. H. SCHOFIELD AND J. A. HALL
This section covers the various types of commercial insulating
materials, associated structural materials and some miscellaneous
materials. For the second group of materials reference should also
be made to the sections of I. C. T. dealing with these classes of
materials.
In the tables below the various materials are assembled in
groups which are arranged approximately in the ascending order
of the lowest thermal conductivity of any material of the group.
The thermal conductivity, k, is given in 10~3 joule cm~2 sec"1
0
( C, cm-1)"1, one unit of which = 0.239 X 10~3 g-cal cm~2 sec"1
(0C, cm-1)'1, = 0.192 X IO'3 BTU ft.~ 2 sec'1 (0F, in."1)-1. See
also vol. I, p. 25 for other conversion factors.
Cette section comprend les types varis des matires isolantes

du commerce, les matriaux de construction associs, et, quelques
matires diverses. En ce qui concerne le deuxime groupe de
matires, il faut aussi consulter les sections des I. C. T. qui traitent
de ces classes de matires.
Dans les tables ci dessous, les matires varies sont arrangs en
groupes approximativement dans l'ordre ascendant de la conductibilit thermique la plus basse du groupe.
La conductibilit thermique, k, est donne en IO"3 joule cm"2
SeC-K0C, cm-1)-1, une unit de celle-ci = 0,239 X 10~3 g-cal
cm-2 SeC-H0C, cm-1)"1, = 0,192 X IQ-3 BTU ft.~2 SeC-1C0F,
in.-1)"1. Voir vol. I, p. 25 pour d'autres facteurs de conversion.
Dieser Abschnitt behandelt die verschiedenen Typen von

handelsblichen Isoliermaterial, damit zusammenhngendem
Material und einigem verschiedenen anderen. Fr die zweite
Gruppe der Materialien soll auch in dem Teil der I. C. T. nachgeschlagen werden, die diese Klasse von Materialien behandeln.
In der unteren Tafel sind die verschiedenen Materialien in
Gruppen angeordnet und zwar ansteigend von dem kleinsten Wert
der Gruppe fr die thermische Leitfhigkeit.
Die thermische Leitfhigkeit, /c, ist gegeben in IO"3 Joule cm~2
86C-H0C cm-1)-1, deren Einheit = 0,239 X 10~3 g-cal cm~2
SCc-H0C, cm-1)-1, = 0,192 X ICT3 BTU ft.'2 sec"1 (0F, in.-1)-1.
Umrechnungsfaktoren, Bd. I, p. 25.
Questa sezione comprende i diversi tipi di materiali isolanti che

si trovano in commercio, i prodotti analoghi per costruzioni e
materiali varii. Per il secondo gruppo di materiali, si consultino
anche le sezioni della I. C. T., che trattano di queste classe di
materiali.
Nelle tabelle seguenti, i diversi materiali sono disposti in gruppi
approssimativamente secondo l'ordine della conduttivit termica,
crescente dalla pi bassa del gruppo in su.
La conduttivit termica, k, e data in IO"3 joule cm"2 sec"1
0
( C, cm-1)"1, di cui una unit = 0,239 X IO"3 g-cal cm~2 sec"1
(0C, cm-1)"1, = 0,192 X IO-3 BTU ft.~ 2 sec"1 (0F, in.-1)-1.
Vedi inoltre tomo I, p. 25, per altri fattori di conversione.
__
Material
density, tC
k
g/cm3
Air
~ 0.00129
O 0.23
Silk
0.40
Scrap from spinning mill
0.1Oi
O 0.442
50 0.524
100 0.59s
Braided
0.147
O 0.45s
50 0.547
100 0.60s
Scrap from spinning mill
0.1Oo
-200 0.232
-150 0.314
-100 0.372
- 50 0.437
O 0.49s
50 0.559
Fabric
40 0.46
"Calorox" (fluffy mineral matter)
0.064
30 0.31s
0.15
30 0.42
Slag wool (mineral wool)
0.20
30 0.45
0.25
30 0.48
0.30
30 0.52
With binder, waterprf. Rock cork. . 0.25
30 0.50
Cork
v. infra p. 315.
Ashes (soft wood)
20 0.32
25 0.34
Rubber, hard sponge, rigid
0.087
0.090
25 0.40
0.16
35 0.42
Cellular (expanded after vulcanizing
under very high gas pressure, cells
unbroken)
0.09
20 0.36
Sponge (vulcanizing rubber mixed
with ammonium carbonate, cells
broken)
0.22
20 0.54
Ebonite
1.19
-190 1.3s
- 78 1.57
O 1.6o
Soft, vulcanized
1.1
30 1.7e
Commercial, 40 % pure rubber
25 2.84
50 % pure rubber
2.2i
67 % pure rubber
1.7s
92 % pure rubber
1. 6s
100 % pure
rubber
1.34
(Plantation crepe).. .
20 0.35
Kapok, loosely packed
0.015
Tightly packed
0.50
Wool
0.09
O 0.372
Lit.
(* 22^
(30)
( 36 )
(36)
(59)
(52)
1
I
0.09
0.04
0.14
Blankets
Cotton, tightly packed
0.08
0.08
0.08
Fabric
Cotton wool, tightly packed
Glass wool
0.08
0.22
Wood fiber, shredded, soft, flexible . . . . 0.09

Rice paper
Blotting paper
Corrugated cardboard 5 layers per in. .
30
30
O
50
100
75
30
-150
O
150
40
30
50
100
200
300
35
40
20
20
0.364
0.42s
0.384
0.48s
0.582
0.77
0.43
0.37s
0.55s
0.75s
0.80
0.42
0.41s
0.5Oo
0.65l
0.818
0.42
0.46
0.63
0.63
... _
'
2i
(14 52)
J
(52)
(32)
1
J
(
'
(55)
(14)
(14)
1 (29, so, is,
\ 20, 10, 11,
J
59)
(S2, 20)
(59)
(59)
(59)
(59)
(59)
i
/
60 0.497
Pure
Pure, very loose packing
Slightly greasy
'
' '
'
( )
(36)
(8)
(42)
[ (36, 15)
J
(59)
(52, 23)
1
r
J
(
v
'
()
(59)
(30)
(4)
THEKMAL CONDUCTIVITY. (Continued)

Material
Bulk
density,
g/cm3
0.69
Pasteboard
Cardboard, various
Skeleton cardboard bricks (E wing's). . .
0.18
Feltedflaxfibers
Flax and paper lining for steel railway
cars
Felt, asphalt-impregnated
Wood felt, flexible paper stock
Felted vegetable fibers
Wool felt
Hair felt
Balsa wood, across grain
Balsa wood, waterproofed
Balsa wood, medium
Balsa wood, heavy
Pseudo balsa wood ( _L grain)
Pseudo balsa wood ( |j grain)
Cottonseed hull fiber, loose pack
Eucalyptus bark fiber
Saragossa grass
Straw fibers, pressed
Peat blocks
Charcoal
30
50
20
30
30
0.88
0.33
0.18
0.15
0.33
0.27
0.113
0.12s
0.143
0.33
0.25
30
30
30
40
30
30
30
30
30
O
0.071
30
O
30
30
O
20
30
30
35
35
30
0.15
0.22
0.14
0.25
Eelgrass
0.11
Ceiba wood, J. grain, untreated
0.088
Curled cattle hair, loose, soft, flex
0.25
Sugar cane fiber (bagasse) board
0.19
Pressed wood pulp board
Waterproof lith board (slag wool, veg.
0.20
fiber, waterprf. binder)
0.14
Bulrush in cloth
Kingia australis (shredded fiber from
0.13
outside layer of trunk)
Solid from outside
Solid from inside
0.172
Horsehair, compressed
Diatomite
Peat, dry
Peat boards
tC
v., p. 315.
0.19
0.23
0.37
0.73
0.84
0.18
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. (Continued)
Lit.
0.71
1.7-3.4
0.99
0.47
0.45 1
to
i0.65 J
1.01
0.52
0.47
0.63
0.52
0.36
0.45 }
0.52 /
0.55s
0.839
0.67
1.21
0.45
0.45
0.45 1
0.49 j
0.454
0.466 J
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.54
0.43
(52)
(59)
(14)
(52)
Asbestos, wool
(")
(52)
(52)
(52)
(50)
(52)
(52)
v
(32)
(52)
(59)
(59)
(52)
(14)
(52)
(52)
f55)
(5S)
(52)
30 0.49
30 0.76 [ ( 1 4 )
30 l.Oe J
20 0.509 \
65 0.547 J ( '
(36)
30
20
20
20
20
20
0.52
0.58l 1
0.87s [
1.16 J
1.74
0.55
( 18 )
( 4 14 25,
30
0.60
( 1 2 > 52, 36,
(18)
36, 38)
Sawdust, various
0.20
Shavings, various
Leather, chamois
Leather, cowhide
Leather, sole
Jongdala wood ( _L grain)
Jongdala wood ( || grain)
Asbestos, cork, straw and diatomite
steam-pipe covering, dry, loose
0.14
1.0
0.41
Idem., molded with water to solid
0.69
Asbestos-diatomite, loose
0.550
0.609
0.62s
0.66s
0.609
0.609
0.609
0.609
30
85
85
30
30
30
O
50
100
150
200
150
220
50
50
50
50
50
100
200
300
0.60
0.63
1.7
1.59
0.67
1.2o
0.698
0.81s
0.884
0.91s
0.94s
1.1
1.4o
0.94l
0.91s
0.860
l.Oe
0.91s
0.930
0.95s
0.96s
(52)
( 30 )
(30)
(52)
1
J
Asbestos, slate
Wood (asbestos and cement compressed)
Pipe coverings of asbestos felt cor-\
rugated asbestos paper, etc
/
Paper, thin layers with organic binder
Paper
Corrugated
Asbestos car lining
Asbestos-and-plaster blocks
Fire felt, flexible (asbestos sheet)
Fire felt, rigid (asbestos sheet, cement
coated)
Asbestos-diatomite-cork (loose)
14
'
( 36 )
Magnesia-asbestos (85 % MgO)

Cork linoleum
Linoleum (dry)
Steel wool
Linen
Kiri wood ( _L grain)
Pumice gravel
Cypress wood ( _L grain)

Coffee husks
Fuller's earth
Blast furnace slag
2 to 5 mm grain size No. 1
3 cm grain size No. 2
Nos. 1 and 2 mixed
Spruce ( _L grain)
Spruce ( (I grain)
Coal dust
White pine ( JL grain)
( H grain)
Cedar ( JL grain)
Virginia pine ( JL grain)
Pitch pine ( _L grain)
Cement paper, plain (14 layers each
0.38 mm)
Cement paper, treated (12 layers, each
0.46 mm)
Cement wood (sawdust and Portland
cement)
Snow
r36 ,
41
Bulk
density,
g/cm3
0.40
0.50
0.60
tC
Mahogany ( J. grain)
(U grain)
Oak ( J_ grain)
k
O 0.90
O 1.36
O 1.7s
0.70
(52)
(32)
30 0.55
30 0.49
Material
O 1.97
0.40
0.40
0.40
1.8
0.68
O 0.90
100 1.Oi
50 2.2
Lit.
1
[
(15)
(52)
2.0
50 3.9
0.3 tO
500.8 tO 1.0
0.5
0.50
30
20
30
30
30
30
30
0.14
0.43
0.29
0.47
0.42
0.68
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.3
0.54
1.18
30
50
100
200
30
20
O
20
55
55
55
20
0.152
0.1Oi
0.076
0.3
0.6
0.46
0.53
0.79
0.36
0.36
0.30
0.41
(15,36,4)
-100
20
O
20
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
(52,
0.71
(52)
1.6
( 30 50)
0.66
(52)
0.68
(52)
0.815
1.3o / ( ;
0.86
(52)
0.92
0.81s
0.84s
0.890
0.75
0.80
1.75
1.86
0.80s
0.875
0.904
0.86
0.88
0.92
1.75
1.8e
0.96
0.98
1.Oi
.86
.Os
.51
.28
.1
(52)
]
[ ( 41 )
J
(31, 52)
(i 5 )
}
J V '
1
[ (40)
J
(32)
(59)
(15)
J ^ '
(52)
(i 4 )
(52)
1
I lg
[ ( }
J
(59)
(59)
.2
0.73
0.50
0.45
0.48
30 .li
90 .2s
30 l.ls
60 1.07
60 2.57
l.ls
0.55
30
0.62
30 1.49
20 1.27
50
1.02
0.61
30
0.82
O 1.98
15 2.Io
0.82
0.50
0.11
0.45
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.55
(52)
'
(59)
(52,
59)
(i 4 )
I'35
0.70
0.71
1.38
1.56
1.6s
1.2s
1.39
1.74
l.s
1.07
0.49
1.67
1.8s
1.34
1.3o
1.7
20 1.6
20
50
O
20
20
O
O
O
O
O
O
30
54, 31)
(50)
* '
( 3 )
(22)
^
'
(37)
(52)
(SS)
(59)
3.1
(59)
1.37
(52,
<
59)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. (Continued)

Material
Oak (U grain)
Bulk
density,
g/cm3
0.82
Soil, dry
wet
normal, including stones 2 to 7 cm 2.04
Garden mold, dry
Teak ( _L grain)
tC
12 3.49
20
3.6!
50
20
20
O
20
70
4.3i
1.38
6.7o
5.Oo
5.2s
5.82
0.64
O 1.63
0.72
0.60
1.75
50 1.98
20 1.4
12 3.72
18 3.84
50 3.94
Fir
( JL grain)
(Il grain)
Walnut ( J_ grain)
(U grain)
Baobab wood ((J grain)
Fuller board, treated
11 layers each 0.51 mm
0.54
20
0.55
0.65
20 3.5
20 1.4
3.3
30 1.4i
1.39
1.15
1.09
0.95
Fuller board soaked in transformer oil

1.Oi
Fuller board, untreated

1.38
1.26
1.2s
1.39
1.15
1.15
1.Oi
Facing cement (Mg oxychloride)

Boxwood
0.90
Coke dust
1.Oo
Concrete, pumice gravel and cement. . . 0.60
Pumice pebbles 9, fine sand 2,
Portland cement 1
/
1: 12, air-dried 2 weeks
1.17
2.05
20
50
20
50
20
60
20
50
'
15
( )
(35)
i
(38)
(59)
20
50
20
50
20
50
20
50
20
50
20
50
20
50
O
20
100
20
20
30
1.62
(38,
(38)
\
S
54, 59)
Bricks, machine-made
Moisture 0.8 % volume
Old brick masonry
1.85
(i*)
1.6i 1
1.7s
6.1*
6.9*
1.49
1.66
1.42
1.46
(50)
(i*)
1
J
( 18 )
1
J ^ ;
(8)
O 7.66
8.15
>
(38)
1.27
85 2.5s
(8)
1.52
1.75
1.72
1.89
85
90
90
90
2.9e
3.5i
3.3e
5.3s
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
0.55
1.6
2.3
50 2.2i
O 8.36
O 12.1
2.12
90 5.77
(8)
1.97
90 5.97
(8)
1.99
90 6.4o
(8)
(36)
Lit.
20 7.65
60 3.0
20 1.7
3.1
20 1.74
20 1.9s
(l5)
(36, 30)
(59)
(59)
20 1.69
20 2.44
20 3.9e
O 3.8s
05.12
40 5.3s
80 5.4e
4.99
9.5e
3.82
4.07
4.42
1.7o
4.3s
/2g.
20
50
20
50
20
50
20
1.72 1
1.8i
4.80*
5.0s* > (50)
2.Oi
2.16
2.37 J
1.92
2.02
2.17
2.19
2.07
(50)
> (50)
J

Paraffined fish paper
1.Oi
1.06
l.ls

Powdered graphite
100 mesh
40 mesh
20 mesh on 40 mesh
Cement paper and mica
No. 226, 5.7 mm thick
l.ls
20
50
20
50
20
0.48
0.42
0.70
40 1.8s
40 3.8s
40 11.9
1.2
Micanite
Varnished cambric, tacky
1.1?
1.17
Varnished cambric, dry

Kraft paper and mica, No. 312, 13.2
mm thick
1.24
Idem., 5.6 mm thick

Paraffin wax
0.89
Micarta folium, No. 249, 5.9 mm thick.
14.5 mm thick
Cellulose, compressed
1.42
* Longitudinally.
(38)
\ (38)
J
50
50
O
20
47
30
30
1.0s
1.4
(25 )
Fish paper and mica

Celluloid, white
Fiber, vulcanized
Fiber, white
4.8l
1.06
No. 227, 13 mm thick
(18
50
1. Oe
0.72
0.72
tC
Maple ( grain)
(U grain)
Fish paper
85 2.3
30 8.3e
density,
g/cm3
(38)
1.4
2.6s
2.6s
2.5s
2.6s
6.2s*
6.62*
2.6o
2.89
1.95
2.1s
6.37*
6.9o*
1.45
1.62
1.46
1.5i
1.72
1.5i
1.51
1.63
Material
Concrete, gravel 9, fine sand 2, cementi

1, air-dried six months
2.18
Portland cement
2.0
Ash (J. grain)
0.74
([[grain)
Bricks, very porous, dry
0.71
0.81
Bricks, very porous, moisture 1.2 %
volume
0.74
O. 79
0.94
Bricks, hand-made, dry
1.54
Bricks, machine-made, dry
1.67
(38)
20 2.12
50 2.2?
50 5.15*
20
Granulated cork 3, fine sand 2, 1

Portland cement 1
/
Slag 9, fine sand 2, Portland cement 1
Lime mortar, "Beffes No. 3"
Cement mortar, Portland No. 1
Portland No. 2
Concrete, blast furnace slag 9 pts vol.,
cement 1 pt. vol
Concrete
Concrete plus moisture 10 % by volume
Cement mortar 10.5 mm thick, including 4 mm reinforcing metal
12.0 mm thick, including 3 mm
reinforcing metal
Concrete, gravel 9, fine sand 2, cement
1
* Longitudinally.
Lit.
2.Ol
15
(U grain)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY.(Continued)
__
(15)
{52, 50)
(SO)
20
50
20
50
20
50
20
50
60
30
50
20
50
30
1. 8s 1
1.93
1. 9s
2.08
2. Io [
2.18
9.32*
9.8s* J
2.0
(so)
2.1o
(52)
2.1-3.3 ( S 9 )
2.7e
(50)
2.9i
(50)
2.1-4.2 (5&)
20
50
20
50
20
50
2.17
2.2s
4.3o*
4.3s*
2.1e
2.2s
, 50
2011.2*
5011.8* [ (50)
50 2.2s J
30 2.3o
(52)
50 2.3i 5Q
5011.3* J (
15 2.44
(4)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF DIATOMITE
THERMAL CONDTJCTIVITY.(Continued)
_.
Material
density,
g/cm3
Presspan
tC
Lit.
54 2.49
(*)
Black bias cloth, 22 layers each 0.23
mm
1.26
50 2.5i
1.26
20 3.82* J- (5)
50 4.2e* J
Irignum-vitae
1.16
Mica tape, 30 layers each 0.15 mm. . . .

Plaster of paris, powder
Plaster of paris, cast
Fine river sand, dried
1.Oe
1.12
1.06
Fine river sand with normal moisture

content (ca.6.9 % by weight)
Gypsum plaster
Plaster
Mica
Mica, various
Gravel
Bitumen
Flooring composition
Greenhart
Water
Glass, lead
Glass, soda
1.64
0.74
1.69
1.8s
1.0s
1.0
2.59
Limestone, Villers-Adam, soft

Lerouville, hard
Fine-grained, dry
Coarse-grained, dry
1.52
1.8i
2.5s
1.6e
1.99
Caen stone
Limestone
Asphalt composition
Alumina (compressed powder)

Chalk
Porcelain
Slate, J_ cleavage
2. !2
1.84
20 2.52 1
100 3.02 J
50 2.6s
50 2.6s [
50 14.5* J
20 10.9
20 3.0
O 3.02
20 3.2s
160 3.84
2011.3
50 11.5
/
30 3.3s
20 7.9
41 3.6
50 4.2-5.9
20 3.7
30 4.2 to 6.3
30 8.5
20 4.69 \
100 4.6i /
20 5.9
15 6.0
207.2
100 7.6
j
90 6.Oi
9012.9
O 6.29
25 6.86
40 7.2i
08.3s
25 9.3o
40 9.9o
18. o
O 19 to 24
100 16 to 21 [
350 13 to 15 J
O 6.05
10 6.52
20 6.9s
30 7.44
47 6.7?
9.2
9010.4
95 15. o
13.2 to
15
Slate, Il cleavage
Sandstone, grey, natural, freshly cut... 2.2e
Sandstone, air-dried six months
2.2s
Basalt
-*
23. o to j
27.2
J
1015.5
2016.7
4018.4
O 12. 2
20 12.9
3013.2
20 20
0.92
~2.S
022
22
O0C 100 200 300 400
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.52
0.61
0.73
0.86
0.62
0.74
0.88
1.0s
0.73
0.86
1.0s
1.2i
0.83
0.98
l.ls
1.39
0.94
l.li
1.34
1.57
Remarks
Average values. The use
of binding materials will
increase the conductivity
by amounts varying up to
100% (5, 14, 18, 36, 38,
44, 52)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CORK

(50)
30
(15)
15.
C* 2 )
C15)
(^)
(59)
(is)
(M)
( 14 )
3
( J
(2^)
(33)
f 3 3 3 5 0
^
(8)
(8)
(38)
(38)
2
( O)
(39)
'
(27)
( 2 Q)
( 3 )
( 3 O)
(20)
(53, 46, 17,

39)
Ice
Granite
\J
( 2 2 34, 48)
(}
Hollow Tile Ceiling (4). k at 1O0C.-Sample A: Top tile 1,

air 2.5, tile 1, air 11, tile 1, air 2.5, tile 1 cm, k = 6.8e. Sample B:
Top tile 0.85, air 0.8, tile 0.85, air 13, tile 0.85, air 0.8, tile 0.85,
concrete 3 cm, k = 6.7e. Sample C: Same as B but with the 13
cm air space filled with concrete, k = 11.9. Heat flow up.
^\f
OC
20
40
60
80
100
Remarks
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.32
0.37
0.46
0.56
0.61
0.34
0.39
0.49
0.60
0.65
0.36
0.41
0.52
0.63
0.68
0.37
0.43
0.54
0.66
0.72
0.39
0.45
0.57
0.69
0.75
0.41
0.47
0.60
0.73
0.79
Average values. Use of

binding materials gives
increases up to 30 %
(4, 8, 14, 15, 26, 36, 38,
44, 52, 57, 58)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF POWDERS UNDER REDUCED AIR

PRESSURES
For granular powders, Smoluchowski gives the following formula
connecting the thermal conductivity k with the pressure p of the
gas in the interstices :
k = A log (1+ ep)
where, for a given gas A is a constant depending on the arrangement of the grains and e on the material of which they are composed. For spongy powders this law does not hold. In the
following table the conductivity of various powders (having the
indicated average grain diameters in mm) is given in hectoerg
( = 10~5 joule) per cm2 per sec per (deg. Cper cm). Smoluchowski,
Acad. Sci. Crac. Bull. 5b: 129; 10 and 8a: 548; 11.
Pressure
mm Hg
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.50
1.0
2.0
5.0
10
20
50
100
200
400
700
Solid
LycoIron
Zinc
Quartz Emery Quartz
podium
0.028 0.025
0.11
0.26
0.09
0.03
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
1.4
0.6
2.8
1.1
2.1
5.6
2.0
1.0
0.9
1.1
2.4
5.0
4.8
2.2
11.7
1.9
4.4
20.1
8.8
8.8
4.1
3.4
15.1
33.5
15.1
7.5
5.9
6.9
15.1 12.2
28.5 29.7
61
13.1
88
20.5 25.1 20.5
43.9 48.1
66
71
40.1 33.5
28.
67
88
38.
59
88
77
105
43.
113
46.
109
1Oo
12i
12i
48.
126
132
128
50
136
U l O O O 6Oi o o
Rice
Dia- Lamp0.003
tomite black
mm
0.6
1.3
2.3
3.7
7.1
10.9
16.3
24.7
31.8
38.5
43.9
48.1
1.3
2.1
3.9
5.9
8.8
13.4
17.6
21.3
26.8
30.1
33.1
34.8
35.6
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.2
6.6
8.4
10.5
13.8
16.3
18.8
21.3
23.4
THERMAL DIFFUSWITY
Thermal diffusivity, AZ = k/dc, where k = thermal conductivity,
d = bulk density, c = specific heat. AJ = 10~3 X A cm2 sec"1
Material
|
A
\
Lit.
0.48e(45)
Gutta-Percha, 4 3
Ebonite
0.92s
(47)
Coal
l.ls
( 17 > 34)
Rubber, 26
1.42
(45)
Water, 20
1 As
(22)
Snow (d = 0.19), 0
2.5o
(1)
(d = 0.33), 0
4.6o
(i)
(densely packed), 0
4.1
(2i)
Gypsum
3.0
(17)
3.1
(22)
Soil, very dry.
Garden sand
.
3.6
()
Sandy clay
5.1
()
Coarse sand
7.6
(6)
Garden sand
8.7
(6)
LITERATURE
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY.(Continued)
Material
Frozen mold
Gravel
Sandy loam
Porphyritic trachyte
Trap rock.
Sandstone
Marble
Ice, 0
Basalt
Granite
A
9.2
12.5
13.6
5.9
7.8e
10.7
11. i
11.4
11.5
13. i
Lit.
( 56 )
(5*)
(6)
(2)
51
( )
( 51 )
(",46)
(34)
(46)
(34, 46)
ADSORBED MOISTURE IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH AIR OF VARIOUS

HUMIDITIES ( 60 )
Moisture content
(per cent of dry weight)
ReI. humidity, %
j 15 [ 30 | 50
70 | 90
Absorbent cotton (cottonwool).... 8.9 10. i 20. 6 22. 2 25.8
Cotton cloth
2.99 4.5e 6.7 9.6 13.5
Raw silk
5.0 7.1 9.0 13.3 19.o
Paper pulp (pine)
4.5s 6.3 7.9 9.5 12.o
Kraft paper
2.5o 3.8s 5.4 7.0 9.2
Sole leather
7.0 11.i 16.0 2 0 . 6 . 2 9 . 2
Feathers
5.0 6.4 8.1 10.4 12.7
Rubber (solid tire)
0.17 0.28 0.60 0.74 0.99
Fuller's earth
4.54
7.5
15.6
Asbestos
fiber
0.22 0.26 0.40 0.62 0.84
Diatomite
0.50 0.88 1.4o 2.Oo 3.19
Kaolin
0.30 0.60 0.92 1.Oe 1.2?
Glass wool...
0.09 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.40
Lampblack
2.4s 3.42 3.8s 4.3i 6.0

(!) Abels, Wild's Repertorium fr Meteorologie, 16, No. 1; 92. ( 2 ) Ayrton
and Perry, 3, 5: 241; 78. ( 3 ) Barratt, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256;
24. ( 4 ) Biquard, 383, 2: 116; 09. 4: 232; 12. Proceedings of the II
Cong. Refrigeration, Vienna, 1910. 384, 61: 502; 12. ( 5 ) Boeck, 33, 12:
109; 14. ( 6 ) Callendar, Encyclopedia Britannica, VI: 894; 10. (7) Cammerer, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. ( 8 ) Desvignes, Proceedings oj
the I Int. Cong. Refrig., Paris, 1908. ( 9 ) Dickinson and Van Dusen, 382,
3: 5; 16.
(io) Dina, 78, 32: 205; 99. (") Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. (i*) Forbes, 68,
8: 62; 74. (") Giacomini, 88, 20: 94; 18. ( 1 ^) Griffiths, Report on Heat
Insulators. Food Investigation Board, Special Report No. 5, 1921. Heat
Transmission through Watts, Concrete and Plaster. Building Research
Board, Special Report No. 7, 1923. 5, 104: 71; 23. 83, 18 II: 252; 22.
Proceedings of the IV Int. Cong. Refrig., London, 1924. ( 1 S) Groeber, 148,
16: 84; 09. 98, 54: 1319; 10. (i) Hartl, 814, 25: 1157; 01. (i7) Hecht,
Thesis, Koenigsberg, 1903. ( 18 ) Hencky, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256;
24. O) Hercus and Laby, 5, 95: 190; 18.
( 2 0 ) Herschel, Lebour and Dunn, 133, 49: 58; 79. ( 21 ) Ingersoll and KoeppJ
2, 24: 92; 24. (22) Ingersoll and Zobel, An Introduction to the Mathematica,
Theory of Heat Conduction. Boston, Ginn and Co., 1913. (23) Jaeger and
Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 269; 00. (2*) Jansson, 388, 58: 207; 01. (2 5) Knoblauch, 380, 38: 172; 15. (26) Knoblauch, Raisch and Reiher, 380, 43:
607; 20. (27) Kresta, 75, 122: 1923; 13. (28) Lamb and Wilson, O, 65:
285; 99. ( 29 ) Lees, 62, 204: 433; 05. British Fire Prevention Committee
Red Book, No. 251; 21.
(30) Lees and Chorlton, 3, 41: 495; 96. (**) McMillan, 66, 37: 921; 15. 385,
27: 387; 20. 56, 40: 970; 18. (32) Melmer, 75, 120: 269; 11. (33) Meyer,
8, 34: 596; 88. (34) Neumann, 3, 25: 63; 63. (35) Niven, 5, 76: 34; 05.
(36) Nusselt, 98, 52: 1006; 08. 148, 15: 193; 08. 115, 87: 1; 09. 382, 1:
33; 15. (37) Okada, Abe and Yamada, Tokyo Sugaku-Buturigahkwi Kizi,
4: 385; 08. (3) Poensgen, 98, 56: 1653; 12. 60: 27; 16. (39) Poole, 3,
24: 45; 12. 27: 58; 14.
(40) Randolph, 78, 21: 545; 12. (41) Saborsky, 38, 6: 674; 23. (42) Sale
and Hedrick, 32, No. 266; 24. (43) Zinger and Schtscheglajew, 63, 27:
30; 95. (44) Skinner, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. (45) Smith
and Knott, 68, 8: 623; 74. (46) Stadler, Thesis, Berne, 1889. (47) Stefan,
7J1 74: 438; 76. (48) Straneo, 22, 6: 262; 97. (49) Symons and Walker,
46, 48: 682; 12.
(so) Taylor, 56, 41: 605; 19. (S1) Thomson, 174, 22:405; 61. (52) Van Dusen,
382, 7: 202; 20. (53) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. ( 54 ) Willard and Lichty,
86, No. 102; 17. (55) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (56) Everett, Units
and Physical Constants, p. 101. New York, Macmillan, 1879. ( S 7 ) Maura,
II Politecnico, 63 II : 695; 10. 10, 1: 668; 10. (58) Noell, quoted by Herter,
382, 10: 256; 24. (59) Griffiths and Kaye, 5, 104: 71; 23.
(60) Wilson and Fuwa, 45, 14: 913; 22.
THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE

GORDON B. WILKES
Insulating blocks composed chiefly of

1. Diatomaceous earth and asbestos
2. Rock and slag wool mixtures
Insulating bricks
1. Diatomaceous earth (natural)
2. Clay, diatomaceous earth and cork (fired)
3. Diatomaceous earth and clay (fired)
Bulk density,
g/cm~3
Max. safe temperature for continuous use, 0C
Mean coefficient
of thermal conductivity*
600 to 250G
0.32-0.40
0.26-0.40
700- 900
700- 900
0.00072-0.00096
0.00090-0.00120
0.48
0.43
0.64-0.96
850-1000
850-1000
1100-1300
0.00066-0.00108
0.00096-0.00120
0.00150-0.00360
* Joule, cm-2 sec-1 (0C, cm-1).

Values taken from U. S. Bur. Stand., trade catalogs of The Celite Products Co., Armstrong Cork and Insulation Co., and mainly from determinations
in Heat Measurement Laboratory, Mass. Inst. Tech.
LITERATURE
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY.(Continued)
Material
Frozen mold
Gravel
Sandy loam
Porphyritic trachyte
Trap rock.
Sandstone
Marble
Ice, 0
Basalt
Granite
A
9.2
12.5
13.6
5.9
7.8e
10.7
11. i
11.4
11.5
13. i
Lit.
( 56 )
(5*)
(6)
(2)
51
( )
( 51 )
(",46)
(34)
(46)
(34, 46)
ADSORBED MOISTURE IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH AIR OF VARIOUS

HUMIDITIES ( 60 )
Moisture content
(per cent of dry weight)
ReI. humidity, %
j 15 [ 30 | 50
70 | 90
Absorbent cotton (cottonwool).... 8.9 10. i 20. 6 22. 2 25.8
Cotton cloth
2.99 4.5e 6.7 9.6 13.5
Raw silk
5.0 7.1 9.0 13.3 19.o
Paper pulp (pine)
4.5s 6.3 7.9 9.5 12.o
Kraft paper
2.5o 3.8s 5.4 7.0 9.2
Sole leather
7.0 11.i 16.0 2 0 . 6 . 2 9 . 2
Feathers
5.0 6.4 8.1 10.4 12.7
Rubber (solid tire)
0.17 0.28 0.60 0.74 0.99
Fuller's earth
4.54
7.5
15.6
Asbestos
fiber
0.22 0.26 0.40 0.62 0.84
Diatomite
0.50 0.88 1.4o 2.Oo 3.19
Kaolin
0.30 0.60 0.92 1.Oe 1.2?
Glass wool...
0.09 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.40
Lampblack
2.4s 3.42 3.8s 4.3i 6.0

(!) Abels, Wild's Repertorium fr Meteorologie, 16, No. 1; 92. ( 2 ) Ayrton
and Perry, 3, 5: 241; 78. ( 3 ) Barratt, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256;
24. ( 4 ) Biquard, 383, 2: 116; 09. 4: 232; 12. Proceedings of the II
Cong. Refrigeration, Vienna, 1910. 384, 61: 502; 12. ( 5 ) Boeck, 33, 12:
109; 14. ( 6 ) Callendar, Encyclopedia Britannica, VI: 894; 10. (7) Cammerer, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. ( 8 ) Desvignes, Proceedings oj
the I Int. Cong. Refrig., Paris, 1908. ( 9 ) Dickinson and Van Dusen, 382,
3: 5; 16.
(io) Dina, 78, 32: 205; 99. (") Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. (i*) Forbes, 68,
8: 62; 74. (") Giacomini, 88, 20: 94; 18. ( 1 ^) Griffiths, Report on Heat
Insulators. Food Investigation Board, Special Report No. 5, 1921. Heat
Transmission through Watts, Concrete and Plaster. Building Research
Board, Special Report No. 7, 1923. 5, 104: 71; 23. 83, 18 II: 252; 22.
Proceedings of the IV Int. Cong. Refrig., London, 1924. ( 1 S) Groeber, 148,
16: 84; 09. 98, 54: 1319; 10. (i) Hartl, 814, 25: 1157; 01. (i7) Hecht,
Thesis, Koenigsberg, 1903. ( 18 ) Hencky, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256;
24. O) Hercus and Laby, 5, 95: 190; 18.
( 2 0 ) Herschel, Lebour and Dunn, 133, 49: 58; 79. ( 21 ) Ingersoll and KoeppJ
2, 24: 92; 24. (22) Ingersoll and Zobel, An Introduction to the Mathematica,
Theory of Heat Conduction. Boston, Ginn and Co., 1913. (23) Jaeger and
Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 269; 00. (2*) Jansson, 388, 58: 207; 01. (2 5) Knoblauch, 380, 38: 172; 15. (26) Knoblauch, Raisch and Reiher, 380, 43:
607; 20. (27) Kresta, 75, 122: 1923; 13. (28) Lamb and Wilson, O, 65:
285; 99. ( 29 ) Lees, 62, 204: 433; 05. British Fire Prevention Committee
Red Book, No. 251; 21.
(30) Lees and Chorlton, 3, 41: 495; 96. (**) McMillan, 66, 37: 921; 15. 385,
27: 387; 20. 56, 40: 970; 18. (32) Melmer, 75, 120: 269; 11. (33) Meyer,
8, 34: 596; 88. (34) Neumann, 3, 25: 63; 63. (35) Niven, 5, 76: 34; 05.
(36) Nusselt, 98, 52: 1006; 08. 148, 15: 193; 08. 115, 87: 1; 09. 382, 1:
33; 15. (37) Okada, Abe and Yamada, Tokyo Sugaku-Buturigahkwi Kizi,
4: 385; 08. (3) Poensgen, 98, 56: 1653; 12. 60: 27; 16. (39) Poole, 3,
24: 45; 12. 27: 58; 14.
(40) Randolph, 78, 21: 545; 12. (41) Saborsky, 38, 6: 674; 23. (42) Sale
and Hedrick, 32, No. 266; 24. (43) Zinger and Schtscheglajew, 63, 27:
30; 95. (44) Skinner, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. (45) Smith
and Knott, 68, 8: 623; 74. (46) Stadler, Thesis, Berne, 1889. (47) Stefan,
7J1 74: 438; 76. (48) Straneo, 22, 6: 262; 97. (49) Symons and Walker,
46, 48: 682; 12.
(so) Taylor, 56, 41: 605; 19. (S1) Thomson, 174, 22:405; 61. (52) Van Dusen,
382, 7: 202; 20. (53) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. ( 54 ) Willard and Lichty,
86, No. 102; 17. (55) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (56) Everett, Units
and Physical Constants, p. 101. New York, Macmillan, 1879. ( S 7 ) Maura,
II Politecnico, 63 II : 695; 10. 10, 1: 668; 10. (58) Noell, quoted by Herter,
382, 10: 256; 24. (59) Griffiths and Kaye, 5, 104: 71; 23.
(60) Wilson and Fuwa, 45, 14: 913; 22.
THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE

GORDON B. WILKES
Insulating blocks composed chiefly of

1. Diatomaceous earth and asbestos
2. Rock and slag wool mixtures
Insulating bricks
1. Diatomaceous earth (natural)
2. Clay, diatomaceous earth and cork (fired)
3. Diatomaceous earth and clay (fired)
Bulk density,
g/cm~3
Max. safe temperature for continuous use, 0C
Mean coefficient
of thermal conductivity*
600 to 250G
0.32-0.40
0.26-0.40
700- 900
700- 900
0.00072-0.00096
0.00090-0.00120
0.48
0.43
0.64-0.96
850-1000
850-1000
1100-1300
0.00066-0.00108
0.00096-0.00120
0.00150-0.00360
* Joule, cm-2 sec-1 (0C, cm-1).

Values taken from U. S. Bur. Stand., trade catalogs of The Celite Products Co., Armstrong Cork and Insulation Co., and mainly from determinations
in Heat Measurement Laboratory, Mass. Inst. Tech.
.A
Q
Speci c
Basic carbonate white lead

Basic sulfate white lead
Zinc oxide
Zinc oxide, leaded (contains 35%
basic lead sulfate)
Lithopone (ca. 28 % ZnS, 72 % BaSO4)
Titanox (25 % TiO2, 75 % BaSO4)
Talc (contains ca. 5 % CaCOa)
Barytes
China clay
Silica
Whiting (CaCO3)
Venetian red (20% Fe2O3)*
Red oxide (40% Fe2O3)
Red oxide (95 % Fe2O3)
Indian red (90 % Fe2O3)
Ferric oxide (98 % Fe2O3)
Tuscan red
Ochre
Sienna, raw
Sienna, burnt
Umber, raw
Umber, burnt
Brown oxide (50 % Fe2O3)
Mineral brown (45 % Fe2O3)
Wt. per
f solid gal.,
raVlt
S
^
Ib
6.81
56.73
6.41
53.40
5.66
47.15
5.95
4.30
4.30
2.85
4.45
2.62
2.65
2.71
3.05
3.45
4.95
4.92
5.15
3.95
2.80
3.27
3.95
2.68
3.80
3.35
3.34
1 Ib.
bulks,
gal.
0.01763
0.01873
0.02121
49.56 0.02018
35.82 0.02792
35.82 0.02792
23.74 0.04212
37.07 0.02698
21.82 0.04583
22.07 0.04531
22.57 0.04431
25.41 0.03935
28.74 0.03479
41.23 0.02425
40.98 0.02440
42.90 0.02331
32.90 0.03040
23.32 0.04288
27.24 0.03671
32.90 0.03040
22.32 0.04480
31.65 0.03160
27.91 0.03583
27.82 0.03595
Chromium oxide
Litharge
..
Orange mineral
Red lead
Pure paranitraniline toner
Para red 10% (on lime and barium
base)
Pure toluidine red toner
Chrome green, C. P
.fi Wt. per

Q
Specific
,. , ,
., solid gal.,
8"*
Ib
4.95
41.23
9.40
78.30
8.80
73.30
8.80
73.30
1.50
12.50
<
2.65
1.49
3.90*
5.08*
1.85
2.35
6.00*
1.78
1.81
2.64
2.36
American blue (iron cyanide blue).. .

Ultramarine blue
Chrome yellow, C. P*
Lampblack
Carbon black
Drop black
Graphite
Mineral black filler (clay base with
from 15 to 30 % carbon)
2.71
7.06
Zinc dust
Aluminum dust
2.64
Lead dust
11.09
1 Ib.
, ,,
bulks,
gal.
0.02425
0.01277
0.01364
0.01364
0.08000
22.07
12.41
0.04531
0.08058
15.41
19.58
0.06489
0.05107
14.83
15.08
21.99
19.66
0.05743
0.06631
0.04548
0.05086
22.57
58.81
21.99
92.38
0.04431
0.01700
0.04548
0.01082
* These will vary widely according to composition required for shade or tone
and character of base.
Red and brown oxides of variable composition. Matter other than iron
oxide may be clay, silica, etc.
AVERAGE CONSTANTS OF OILS USED IN PAINT AND VARNISH INDUSTRY

HENRY A. GARDNER AND L. L. STEELE
Oil
Species
Specific
gravity
15.50C
15.50C
Iodine
(Hanus)
No.
Saponification
No.
196
125
112
149
119
172
133
102
186
180
97
200
134
133
69
137
110
129
125
192
190
194
191
196
187
189
199
191
189
193
188
192
193
36
193
190
189
189
Acid
No.
Refractive
index
250C
Vegetable and seed oils

Chia
Corn
Cottonseed
Hempseed
Kapok seed
Linseed (boiled)
Linseed (heavy bodied)
Linseed (lithographic)
Linseed (raw)
Oticia
Palo maria
Perula
Poppyseed
Raisinseed (grapeseed)
Rosin oil
Rubberseed
Sesame
Soya bean
Sunflower
Salvia hispanica
Zea mays
Gossypium herbaceum
Cannabis saliva
Eriodendron anfractuosum
Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum
Conepia grandifolia
Calophyllum inophyllum
Perilla ocimoides
Papaver somniferum
VUeS1 spp.
Pinus palustris
Hevea brasiliensis
Sesamum orientale & indicum
Soja hispida
Helianthus annuus
0.934
0.921
0.924
0.927
0.924
0.941
0.968
0.970
0.934
0.969
0.934
0.934
0.926
0.926
0.964
0.924
0.924
0.924
0.924
0.6
4.0
0.9
4.0
1.486
1.480
1.472
1.482
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.0
8.0
46.0
2.0
1.490
1.497
1.498
1.480
4.5
32
57
1.5
2.3
7.5
1.471
1.474
1.487
1.481
1.480
Oil
Specific
gravity
15.50C
15.50C
Species
Iodine
(Hanus)
No.
Saponification
No.
Acid
No.
Refractive
index
250C
Nut oils
Aleurites moluccana
Aleurites trisperma
Arachis hypogaea
Aleurites /ordii
Aleurites /ordii
Juglans regia
Aleurites cordata
Lumbang (candlenut)
Lumbang (soft)
Peanut
Tung (American)
Tung (Chinese)
Walnut
Wood (Japanese)
0.927
0.938
0.941
0.944
0.926
0.934
152
164
102
166
165
143
154
192
194
193
195
192
193
193
1.0
4.4
2.2
0.2
4.8
0.923
0.925
0.916
0.932
0.927
0.919
0.910
0.922
0.932
0.933
0.924
0.932
123
132
135
158
159
135
133
136
152
184
148
180
192
182
180
187
183
177
160
62
180
190
9
2
4
10
10
5
1.5
2
0.5
9
(U>
0.9
1.477
1.493
1.479
1.517
1.517
1.477
1.508
Marine animal oils

Channel catfish
Fur seal
Crayfish
Menhaden
Salmon
Sardine
Shark
Shark liver
Skate liver
Tuna
Whale
Yellow tail
Phoca vitulina, etc.

A Iosa menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannis)
Salmo salar
Clupea sardinus
fish
Borealis scymnus
Squatina vulgaris
fish
Balna
Seriola dorsalis
190
1.474
1.477
1.470
1.485
l.479
l .480
1.482
1.471
1.471
1.482
TOXICOLOGY OF GASES AND VAPORS

R. R. SAYERS
Aniline, C6H5NH2.-!. 184.4. 4. 0.00004-0.00006 (3). 6.
Colorless oil acquiring tint on exposure to air and light. 7.
Absorption through skin, directly or by saturation of clothing;
In the following paragraphs the numbers in bold face have the
absorption through respiratory organs as volatile particles and
following significance:
impalpable dust; through digestive organs. 8. Pallor of skin,
1. Boiling point.
vertigo, unsteady gait, loss of appetite, increased frequency of
2. Percentage fatal in 30 minutes or less.
3. Percentage causing dangerous illness in 0.5 to 1 hour.
respiration, anemia, slowing of the pulse, eczematous eruptions, bloody urine, spasmodic muscular pains, cyanosis. 9.
4. Percentage that can be borne without severe effects for 0.5
Manufacture of aniline, artificial leather, calico, explosives, coalto 1 hour.
6. Maximum safe concentration.
tar products, dyes, paint, colored pencils; vulcanizing, tanning,
printing, typesetting, photography, painting, lithography;
6. Properties C 1 ).
work with feathers; compounding, mixing, reclaiming rubber,
7. Portal of entry (1).
and work in press rooms.
8. Symptoms (*).
Arsine, AsH3.-!. -54.8. 2. 0.05 (2). 5. 0.001 (2). 6. Color9. Occupations (*).
less, extremely offensive gas, with the odor of garlic. 7. As
Acrolein, CH2:CHCHO 1. 52. 2. 0.001 (2). 5. 0.00033 (2).
gas, through respiratory organs, generally mixed with hydrogen.
6. Colorless, pungent fluid, of fiery taste. 7. As vapor, through
8. General malaise, difficult breathing, fainting fits, gastric disorgans of respiration and mucous membranes. 8. Itching in
turbances, jaundice, bluish discoloration of the mucous memthe throat; irritation of eyes, exciting lachrymation; conjuncbrane, pain in the region of spleen and kidney, darkened urine,
tivitis, irritation of the air passages, bronchial catarrh. 9.
Manufacture of lard, linoleum, stearic acid; bone and fat renfetor of the mouth resembling garlic. 9. Manufacture of dry
dering, galvanizing, tallow refining, tinsmithing, varnish
batteries, dimethyl sulfate, dyes, fertilizer, nitroglycerin, shoddy,
zinc chloride; acid dipping, filling toy balloons, bronzing, enamelboiling.
Ammonia, NH3.-1. -35.5. 3. 0.25-0.45 (3). 4. 0.03 (3). 6.
ling, galvanizing, lead and lime burning, pickling, metal refinColorless gas of sharply penetrating odor. 7. As gas, through
ing, tinsmithing; work with aniline, sulfuric acid, submarine
storage batteries; ferro-silicon work.
organs of respiration. Seldom pure, mostly in combination
with other gases. Immediate effects on the conjunctiva and Benzene,"C6H6.1. 80.2. 4. 0.001-0.0015 (3). 5. 0.0005 (3). 6.
the cornea. 8. Acute inflammation of the respiratory organs,
Unstable, extremely volatile, colorless fluid, burning with a
cough, edema of the lungs, chronic bronchial catarrh, redness
bright sooty flame. A coal tar product. 7. As vapor, through
of the eyes, increased secretion of saliva, retention of urine.
the respiratory organs; re-absorption through the skin. 8.
9. Manufacture of acetylene, ammonium salts, artificial ice,
Headache, vertigo, anemia, muscular tremor, scarlet lips, spots
artificial silk, bone-black, dyes, shellac, soda, varnish; work
of extravasated blood in the skin, irritant cough, fatty degenaround coke-ovens, refrigerating plants, sewers; bronzing, dyeeration of liver, kidneys and heart. 9. Manufacture of aniline,
ing, galvanizing, gas purifying, mercerizing, shoe finishing, sugar
artificial leather, dry batteries, carbolic acid, colors, dyes, explorefining, tinsmithing; work with glue, illuminating gas.
sives, fertilizer, lacquer, paint, rubber tires, shellac, shoes,
EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATIONS AND PROPERTIES
Oil
Specific
gravity
15.50C
15.50C
Species
Iodine
(Hanus)
No.
Saponification
No.
Acid
No.
Refractive
index
250C
Nut oils
Aleurites moluccana
Aleurites trisperma
Arachis hypogaea
Aleurites /ordii
Aleurites /ordii
Juglans regia
Aleurites cordata
Lumbang (candlenut)
Lumbang (soft)
Peanut
Tung (American)
Tung (Chinese)
Walnut
Wood (Japanese)
0.927
0.938
0.941
0.944
0.926
0.934
152
164
102
166
165
143
154
192
194
193
195
192
193
193
1.0
4.4
2.2
0.2
4.8
0.923
0.925
0.916
0.932
0.927
0.919
0.910
0.922
0.932
0.933
0.924
0.932
123
132
135
158
159
135
133
136
152
184
148
180
192
182
180
187
183
177
160
62
180
190
9
2
4
10
10
5
1.5
2
0.5
9
(U>
0.9
1.477
1.493
1.479
1.517
1.517
1.477
1.508
Marine animal oils

Channel catfish
Fur seal
Crayfish
Menhaden
Salmon
Sardine
Shark
Shark liver
Skate liver
Tuna
Whale
Yellow tail
Phoca vitulina, etc.

A Iosa menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannis)
Salmo salar
Clupea sardinus
fish
Borealis scymnus
Squatina vulgaris
fish
Balna
Seriola dorsalis
190
1.474
1.477
1.470
1.485
l.479
l .480
1.482
1.471
1.471
1.482
TOXICOLOGY OF GASES AND VAPORS

R. R. SAYERS
Aniline, C6H5NH2.-!. 184.4. 4. 0.00004-0.00006 (3). 6.
Colorless oil acquiring tint on exposure to air and light. 7.
Absorption through skin, directly or by saturation of clothing;
In the following paragraphs the numbers in bold face have the
absorption through respiratory organs as volatile particles and
following significance:
impalpable dust; through digestive organs. 8. Pallor of skin,
1. Boiling point.
vertigo, unsteady gait, loss of appetite, increased frequency of
2. Percentage fatal in 30 minutes or less.
3. Percentage causing dangerous illness in 0.5 to 1 hour.
respiration, anemia, slowing of the pulse, eczematous eruptions, bloody urine, spasmodic muscular pains, cyanosis. 9.
4. Percentage that can be borne without severe effects for 0.5
Manufacture of aniline, artificial leather, calico, explosives, coalto 1 hour.
6. Maximum safe concentration.
tar products, dyes, paint, colored pencils; vulcanizing, tanning,
printing, typesetting, photography, painting, lithography;
6. Properties C 1 ).
work with feathers; compounding, mixing, reclaiming rubber,
7. Portal of entry (1).
and work in press rooms.
8. Symptoms (*).
Arsine, AsH3.-!. -54.8. 2. 0.05 (2). 5. 0.001 (2). 6. Color9. Occupations (*).
less, extremely offensive gas, with the odor of garlic. 7. As
Acrolein, CH2:CHCHO 1. 52. 2. 0.001 (2). 5. 0.00033 (2).
gas, through respiratory organs, generally mixed with hydrogen.
6. Colorless, pungent fluid, of fiery taste. 7. As vapor, through
8. General malaise, difficult breathing, fainting fits, gastric disorgans of respiration and mucous membranes. 8. Itching in
turbances, jaundice, bluish discoloration of the mucous memthe throat; irritation of eyes, exciting lachrymation; conjuncbrane, pain in the region of spleen and kidney, darkened urine,
tivitis, irritation of the air passages, bronchial catarrh. 9.
Manufacture of lard, linoleum, stearic acid; bone and fat renfetor of the mouth resembling garlic. 9. Manufacture of dry
dering, galvanizing, tallow refining, tinsmithing, varnish
batteries, dimethyl sulfate, dyes, fertilizer, nitroglycerin, shoddy,
zinc chloride; acid dipping, filling toy balloons, bronzing, enamelboiling.
Ammonia, NH3.-1. -35.5. 3. 0.25-0.45 (3). 4. 0.03 (3). 6.
ling, galvanizing, lead and lime burning, pickling, metal refinColorless gas of sharply penetrating odor. 7. As gas, through
ing, tinsmithing; work with aniline, sulfuric acid, submarine
storage batteries; ferro-silicon work.
organs of respiration. Seldom pure, mostly in combination
with other gases. Immediate effects on the conjunctiva and Benzene,"C6H6.1. 80.2. 4. 0.001-0.0015 (3). 5. 0.0005 (3). 6.
the cornea. 8. Acute inflammation of the respiratory organs,
Unstable, extremely volatile, colorless fluid, burning with a
cough, edema of the lungs, chronic bronchial catarrh, redness
bright sooty flame. A coal tar product. 7. As vapor, through
of the eyes, increased secretion of saliva, retention of urine.
the respiratory organs; re-absorption through the skin. 8.
9. Manufacture of acetylene, ammonium salts, artificial ice,
Headache, vertigo, anemia, muscular tremor, scarlet lips, spots
artificial silk, bone-black, dyes, shellac, soda, varnish; work
of extravasated blood in the skin, irritant cough, fatty degenaround coke-ovens, refrigerating plants, sewers; bronzing, dyeeration of liver, kidneys and heart. 9. Manufacture of aniline,
ing, galvanizing, gas purifying, mercerizing, shoe finishing, sugar
artificial leather, dry batteries, carbolic acid, colors, dyes, explorefining, tinsmithing; work with glue, illuminating gas.
sives, fertilizer, lacquer, paint, rubber tires, shellac, shoes,
EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATIONS AND PROPERTIES
smokeless powder, varnish; vulcanizing, coal-tar still cleaning,

photography, photoengraving, painting, lithography, gilding,
electroplating, dry cleaning, leather and fertilizer degreasing,
pottery decorating, case scrubbing, bronzing; compounding,
drying, mixing, washing, reclaiming, treading rubber; mixing
rubber cement, cementing rubber shoes; work with benzol
stills, coke ovens, coal tar, feathers, illuminating gas, glue,
mordants.
Bromine, Br2-I. 58.6. 2. 0.1 (3). 3. 0.004-0.006 (3). 4.
0.0004 (3). 5. 0.0001 (3). 6. Fuming liquid with an extremely
disagreeable odor. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs.
8. Pallid countenance, emaciation, decayed teeth, bronchial
irritation and asthma, gastric disturbances, irritation of the
skin. 9. Manufacture of dyes; chemical and pharmaceutical
industries.
Carbon Bisulfide, CS2.--1. 46.2. 3. 0.001 (3). 4. 0.00020.0003 (3). 5. 0.0001 (3). 6. When pure, a limpid, highly
refractive, volatile fluid, having an odor like chloroform; imperfectly refined, it is pale yellow, with an offensive odor. 7.
As vapor, through respiration; as fluid, through the skin. 8.
Headache, pain in the extremities, trembling, deafness, reduction of the reflexes, accelerated heart action, nausea, digestive
trouble, emaciation, disturbance of sense of vision, excitement
and violent temper followed by depression, hyperstimulation
of the sexual instinct, later its abnormal decline, chronic dementia. 9. Manufacture of ammonium salt, artificial silk, carbon
disulfide, celluloid, insecticide, matches, paint, putty, smokeless powder; asphalt testing, cementing rubber shoes, rubber
cement mixing, dry cleaning, enamelling, oil extracting, tallow
refining, sulfur extracting, vulcanizing, rubber drying and
reclaiming, work with paraffin and glue.
Carbon Dioxide, CO2.-1. -78.2. 2. 30.0 (3). 3. 6.0-8.0 (3).
4. 4.0-6.0 (3). 6. 2.0-3.0 (3). 6. Specifically dense, odorless,
colorless gas, collecting near the ground or floor. 7. As gas, by
inhalation. 8. Anemia, cyanosis, headache, drowsiness, vertigo,
tinnitus, and general nervousness. 9. Manufacture of alkali
salts, carbon dioxide, fertilizer, pottery, soda, starch, wine, white
lead, yeast; blacksmithing, brass founding, brewing, brick,
charcoal and lime burning, lime kiln charging, mining, sugar
refining; work in boiler rooms, caissons, drying rooms, silos; I
j
work around furnaces, sewers.
Carbon Monoxide, CO.1. -190. 2. 0.5-1.0 (7). 3. 0.20.3 (3). 4. 0.05-0.10 (3). 5. 0.04 (7). 6. Colorless, tasteless
gas, odorless in diffused state, burning with a blue flame in air.
7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Stage 1 ( 7 ):
Tightness across forehead, dilatation of cutaneous vessels,
headache (frontal and basal), throbbing in temples, weariness,
weakness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, loss of strength and
muscular control, increased pulse and respiration rates, collapse.
Stage 2: Increased pulse and respiration, fall of blood pressure,
loss of muscular control, especially sphincters, loss of reflexes,
coma usually with intermittent convulsions, Cheyne-Stokes'
respiration, slowing of pulse, respiration slow and shallow,
cessation of respiration, death. 9. Manufacture of acetylene,
carbide, celluloid, cores (founding), felt hats, incandescent lamp
filaments ; baking, blacksmithing, brass founding, cable splicing,
calico printing, charcoal burning, charging (zinc smelting),
chimney sweeping, copper smelting, enamelling, incandescent
lamp finishing; work with bisque kilns, coke ovens, coal tar;
work in drying and boiler rooms.
Carbon Tetrachloride, CCl4.-!. 76.74. 2. 0.03-0.04 (3).
3. 0.015-0.02 (3). 4. 0.0025-0.004 (3). 5. 0.001 (3). 6. Colorless liquid with pleasant odor, having a narcotic action somewhat similar to chloroform (* ). 7. As vapor, through the respiratory organs. 8. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, stupor
deepening into coma, absence of reflexes, clonic convulsions,
weak pulse, increased temperature and death (11). 9. Used in

industry as a rubber solvent, an ingredient of certain types of
paint, a fire extinguisher, and a shampooing agent.
Chlorine, Cl2.-1. -33.6. 2. 0.10 (3). 3. 0.004-0.006 (3). 4.
0.0004 (3). 5. 0.0001 (3). 6. Yellowish-green, suffocating gas of
penetrating odor, whose water solution is a greenish-yellow. 7.
As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Pallid countenance,
emaciation, decayed teeth, bronchial irritation and asthma,
gastric disturbances, irritation of the skin, chloracne. 9.
Manufacture of alkali salts, brooms, chloride of lime, chlorine,
disinfectants, dyes, phosgene, sulfur and zinc chloride; pulp
beating, bleaching, calico printing, laundry work, photography.
Chloroform, CHCl3-I. 61.2. 2. 0.03-0.04 (3). 3. 0.007
(3). 4. 0.0025-0.003 (3). 5. 0.001 (3). 6. Heavy colorless
liquid, with characteristic odor and sweet taste; used as an
anesthetic (11 ). 7. As vapor, through the respiratory organs. 8.
In anesthesia the untoward symptoms are shallow or irregular
respiration, sudden cessation of respiration, pulse either very
slow or very rapid, dilatation of the pupils, cyanosis, asphyxia
leading to dilatation of the heart, vagus stimulation, and finally
failure of heart due to asphyxiai condition. In delayed poisoning there is great prostration, delirium, coma, death (11J. 9.
Chloroform manufacture, but the principal hazard is in its use
as an anesthetic.
Chloropicrin, CCl3NO2-I. 112. 2. 0.05 (2). 3. 0.002 (2). 4.
0.0001 (2). 6. Colorless oil, insoluble in water. Sufficiently
volatile to keep the strata of air above it thoroughly poisonous,
and persistent enough to be dangerous after 5 or 6 hours. 7.
As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Lachrymatory and
respiratory irritant, with specific action on the vomiting center.
Causes coughing, nausea, vomiting, and in large quantities
unconsciousness. Secondary effects are bronchitis, shortness of
breath. 9. Warfare.
Dichlorodiethyl Sulfide, (CH2ClCH2)2S.1. 215-217. 5. 0.002
(2). 6. Oily fluid with sharp odor. Its peculiar property of
blistering the skin, combined with its high persistency, makes it
the most valuable war gas known. 7. As vapor, through the
respiratory passages, and through the skin. 8. Conjunctivitis
and superficial necrosis of the cornea; hyperemia, edema and,
later, necrosis of the skin, leading to skin lesion of great chronicity; congestion and necrosis of the epithelial lining of the
trachea and bronchi. Systemic effects due to the absorption
of the substance into the blood stream and its distribution to the
various tissues of the body ( 4 ). 9. Warfare.
Hydrogen Chloride, HCL-1. -82.9. 2.0.5(2). 3.0.15-0.2(3).
4. 0.005-0.01 (3). 5. 0.005 (2). 6. Pure HCl is a colorless gas
that fumes when open to the air, forming a dense, acid, white
mist. The crude commercial acid is, for the most part, impure,
containing arsenic among other mixtures. 7. Action on skin
and nasal mucous membrane; seldom as vapor affecting the
respiratory organs. 8. Irritation of mucous membranes, conjunctivitis, coryza; pharyngeal, laryngeal, and bronchial
catarrh; dental caries. 9. Manufacture of alkali salts, ammonium salts, aniline, dry batteries, camphor, carbolic acid, dyes;
dipping, mixing, recovering, transporting acid; cartridge dipping,
shoddy carbonizing, calico printing, acid finishing (glass).
Hydrogen Cyanide, HCN.-1. 26.5. 2. 0.048 ( 9 ). 3. 0.0120.024 (9). 4. 0.005-0.006 (3). 5. 0.002-0.004 (3) 6. Colorless, highly volatile fluid, of penetrating, pungent, and irritating
odor. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs; also through
the epidermis. 8. Headache, vertigo, unsteadiness of gait,
nausea, loss of appetite, disturbance of gastric and intestinal
functions, slowing of the pulse, albuminuria. 9. Manufacture
of ammonium salts, celluloid, dyes; acid dipping, blacksmithing,
browning (gun barrels), calico printing, case hardening, electroplating, fulminate mixing, gas purifying, gold refining, photog-
raphy, pickling, silver refining, tanning, tempering; work around

blast furnaces, and with illuminating gas.
Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S (10).1. -60.2. 2. 0.06-0.1 (10). 3.
0.05-0.07 (3). 4. 0.02-0.03 (3). 5. 0.01-0.02 (10). 6. Colorless gas with odor of rotten eggs in low concentration; burns
with bluish flame forming SO 2 and water; mixed with 7 parts
air, explodes with violence when ignited. 7. As gas, through
the respiratory organs. 8. Poisoning is of two typesacute and
subacutecausing asphyxiation and irritation (conjunctivitis,
bronchitis, pharyngitis, and depression of the central nervous
system), respectively. In low concentration the symptoms are
headache, sleeplessness, dullness, dizziness, and weariness; pain
in the eyes, followed by conjunctivitis, is fairly constant;
bronchitis and pains in the chest are frequent. Further poisoning produces depression, stupor, unconsciousness and death.
Spasmsclonic and tonicare present. Death from asphyxia
is caused by paralysis of respiratory center, while death from
subacute poisoning is associated with edema of the lungs. 9.
Manufacture of alkali salts, celluloid, dyes, fertilizer, matches,
soda, sodium sulfide, starch, artificial silk; bronzing, cable
splicing, flax retting, gas purifying, petroleum refining, pyrites
burning, sugar refining, tanning; work around blast furnaces;
work with glue, illuminating gas, sewers.
Iodine, I2 (u).1.184.35. 4. 0.0003 (3). 5. 0.00005-0.0001 (3).
6. At ordinary temperatures gives off invisible vapor very irritating to the nose and eyes (*). 7. As vapor. 8. Inflammation
of the lungs and pulmonary edema. 9. Manufacture of iodine.
Mercury, Hg.1. 357.33. 5. Less than 0.000125 causes symptoms of poisoning after daily exposure for 2 or 3 months ( 5 ).
6. Silver-white, shining metal, unchangeable in air, but evaporating at house temperature ( 6 ). 7. Through the uninjured skin,
and the respiratory organs in the form of vapor and dust (amalgam dust, dust of the compounds of mercury) (6). 8. Industrial
mercurial poisoning is a chronic poisoning occasioned by work
in this metal for a long period. The first symptom is generally
increased ptyalism, with swelling and inflammation of the gums
and of the buccal mucous membrane, often with the formation
of rodent ulcers; frequently disturbances of digestion, lassitude
and pallor. With further absorption of the metal, "erethism"
supervenesa peculiar psychic excitability (timorousness,
bewilderment, irritability), tremor. Death may result in the
worst cases in consequence of the violent tremor and spasms
affecting the entire body; in other cases increasing weakness ( 6 ).
9. Mining and smelting of quicksilver; mirror plating, amalgam
gilding and silvering; manufacture of thermometers, barometers, manometers, incandescent electric lamps, Roentgen and
Hittorf tubes, mercurial vapor lamps, salts of mercury, amalgams, colors, pharmaceutic products, antiseptic dyes, inflammable materials, explosives; use of mercury salts, especially
in the hare's fur business and felt hat manufacture; photography,
steel engraving ( 6 ).
Nitrogen Oxides (Expressed in Percentages as Nitric Acid) NO.
1. -153. 2. 0.07 (12). 3. 0.01 (). 4. 0.007 (). 5.
0.0033 ( 12 ). 6. NO is colorless gas readily transformed into
brown NO 2 by atmospheric oxygen. 7. As gas, through respiratory organs. 8. Local cauterization of the respiratory tract,
leading to laryngitis, bronchitis, hyperemia, hemorrhages and
severe edema in addition to vicarious emphysema of the lungs.
In men the real illness generally appears only 4 to 6 hours or
more after inhalation of the gas; in animals lung edema and a
condition threatening to be dangerous ensue promptly ( 12 ).
9. Manufacture of aniline, artificial leather, celluloid, dimethyl
sulfate, explosives, felt hats, fertilizer, imitation pearls, incandescent lamps, picric acid, soda; dipping, mixing, recovering,
transporting acid; bleaching, cartridge dipping, dipping and
wringing gun-cotton, enamelling, etching, fur preparing, galva-
nizing, lithography, mining, nitrating, photo-engraving, pickling, metal refining, steel engraving; work with glue, jewelry,
mordants, nitric acid, nitroglycerin, sulfuric acid.
Nitrobenzene, C6H6NO2.-!. 210.9. 4. 0.0001 (3). 6. 0.00002
(3). 6. Colorless, highly refractive fluid having an odor like
that of bitter almonds. (All nitro-compounds of benzene
have similar properties). 7. As gas, through the respiratory
organs. 8. Methemoglobin formation, general debility, anemia,
presence of free hematoporphyrin, albumin, and sometimes
free poison in the urine; jaundice, gradually becoming cyanosis;
skin eruptions, visual disturbances, dyspnea, odor of bitter
almonds in breath. 9. Manufacture of aniline, dyes, explosives, perfumes, smokeless powder, soap.
Phosgene, COCl2.-Ii 8.2. 2. 0.02-0.05 (2). 3. 0.0025 (2). 5.
0.0001 ( 2 ). 6. Colorless gas of suffocating odor. 7. As vapor,
through the respiratory organs. 8. Destruction of lung tissue,
emphysema and edema, myocardial insufficiency due to the
emphysema, pleural thickening and adhesions, chronic bronchitis, mild diffuse bronchiectasis, nocturnal dyspnea, polycythemia. 9. Manufacture of dyes, phosgene.
Phosphorus Trichloride, PCl3.-!. 76. 2. 0.00035 (3). 3. 0.000030.00005 (3). 4. 0.000001-0.000002 (3). 6. 0.0000004 (3). 6.
Liquid with sharp smell, fuming in air, and decomposing into
phosphorous acid and hydrochloric acid (13). 7. As vapor,
through the respiratory organs. 8. Sensation of suffocation,
difficulty of breathing, lachrymation, bronchitis, edema and
inflammation of the lungs, with frothy, blood-stained expectoration. 9. Manufacture of phosphorus trichloride and organic
compounds; use of phosphorus trichloride as chlorinating agent
and as solvent of phosphorus.
Phosphine, PH3.-!. -85. 2. 0.2 (14). 3. 0.04-0.06 (3). 4.
0.01-0.02 (3). 6. Colorless gas of nauseating odor. 7. As gas,
through the respiratory organs. 8. Oppressed feeling in the
chest, headache, vertigo, tinnitus aurium, general debility, loss
of appetite, great thirst. 9. Manufacture of acetylene, red
phosphorus; phosphorus extracting, work with ferro-silicon.
Sulfur Dioxide, SO2.-1. -10. 2. 0.2 (2). 5. 0.01 (2) 6. Gas
with pungent odor and suffocating effect. 7. As gas, through the
respiratory organs. 8. Irritation of the mucous membrane of
the respiratory organs and eyes, spasmodic cough, bronchial
catarrh, digestive disturbances, blood-tinged mucus. 9. Manufacture of alkali salts, bricks, brooms, carbolic acid; work
around blast furnaces, brass foundries, sulfuric acid towers;
bleaching, zinc charging.
Sulfur Trioxide, SO3.-2. 0.001 (2). 5. 0.0002 (2). 6. White
solid, which evolves dense white fumes on exposure to the air.
7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Irritation of the
respiratory organs, bronchitis. 9. Manufacture of sulfuric acid.
Toluidine, CH3C6H4NH2.-!. 200. 4. 0.00025 (3). 5. 0.00010.00025 (3). 6. Reddish brown liquid. 7. As vapor, through
the respiratory organs. 8. Headache, weakness, difficulty in
breathing, cyanosis, convulsions, psychical disturbances, air
hunger, marked irritation of the renal organs (13). 9. Manufacture of aniline, coal-tar dyes; tank and still work (13).
LITERATURE
(!) D. G. Robertson, Service Publication No. 22, Commonwealth of Australia.
Dept. of Health, 1922. ( 2 ) Chemical Warfare Service, American University Experiment Station, Washington, D. C., O. ( 3 ) K. B. Lehmann,
in Robert's Kompendium der praktischen To kologie zum Gebrauche fr
Aerzte, Studierende und Medizinalbeamte, 5th Edition. Stuttgart, 1912,
( 4 ) Fries and West, Chemical Warfare, 1921. ( 5 ) J. A. Turner, 231, 39:
No. 8; 24. ( 6 ) Kober and Hayhurst, Industrial Health, 1924. '(7) Sayers
and Yant, 313, No. 2476; 23. ( 8 ) Chemical Warfare Service, O. ( 9 ) S. B.
Grubbs, 231, 32: No. 16; 17.
( 10 ) Sayers, Mitchell and Yant, 313, No. 2491; 23. Also 189, 231: 59; 25C 11 ) F. P. Underbill, Toxicology, or the Effects of Poisons, 1924. ( 12 ) Leh.
mann and Hasegawa, Arch. Hyg., 77: 323; 12. ( 13 ) J. Rambousek, Industrial Poisoning. London, 1913. ( 1 4 ) Sollmann, Manual of Pharmacology
and Its Application to Therapeutics and Toxicology. Philadelphia, Saunders,
1924.
PREVENTION AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT OF GAS

POISONING
I. Prevention of poisoning
A. For all gases
1. Prevention of escape of vapor or fumes into the air of
working places.
2. Good ventilation.
3. Testing before entering air suspected of containing
poisonous gases.
4. Never entering or working alone in places where the air
is known to be contaminated by poisonous gases.
5. Wearing of respirators, gas masks, hose masks, or oxygen
breathing apparatusthe latter especially if the air
is low in oxygen.
6. Education of workmen regarding the danger of poisoning
and methods of prevention.
B. For special gases
1. Protection of the skin by suitable clothing and by
the application of oils, etc.
In the case of dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard
gas), ordinary clothing affords no protection, but
cloth painted with linseed oil is adequate. Oiling
the skin gives some protection from short exposure to
low concentrations of this gas and in high concentrations increases the efficiency of removal-treatment;
for long exposure, oils give practically no protection.
2. Abstinence from alcohol, at least during and immediately
after labor, especially when exposed to such gases as
aniline, toluidine, and nitrobenzene.
3. Scrupulous cleanliness of working places and personally
on the part of the workmen.
4. Physical examination of prospective employees to see
that they are not suffering from any disease that
would make them more susceptible to certain poisonous gases; reexamination of employees at stated
intervals (every 30 days for workers in aniline) to
detect beginning of poisoning, especially where
exposed to fumes of aniline, mercury, and other gases,
the action of which is cumulative and danger of acute
poisoning is not so great.
II. Emergency treatment

A. For all gases
1. Immediate removal from poisonous atmosphere to fresh
air.
2. Immediate administration of artificial respiration
(preferably by the Schaefer prone pressure method)
if breathing has ceased.
3. Calling a physician.
4. Keeping the patient at rest, lying down (very important) .
5. Keeping the patient warm and stimulating circulation by
rubbing limbs of patient.
1. Administration of pure oxygen, especially in case of
carbon monoxide poisoning.1
2. Administration of stimulants: Black coffee, caff ein,
camphor, or ether in case of poisoning by aniline,
hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphine, and
toluidine; subcutaneous administration of atropine in
poisoning by hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide,
and phosphine; hypodermic administration of morphine
in poisoning by hydrogen cyanide; inhalation of
chloroform in poisoning by phosgene; inhalation of
ammonia vapor or soda spray in poisoning by hydrogen chloride, phosgene, phosphorus trichloride, and
chloropicrin; infusion of alkaline solution in poisoning
by arsine, bromine, iodine, and sulfur dioxide.
3. Venesection is recommended in treatment of poisoning
by bromine, chlorine, iodine, nitrogen oxides, phosgene, and chloropicrin, but must not be used after
collapse has started.
4. In the case of dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard gas)
prevention is especially important as palliative
measures are not very successful. The respiratory
lesions may be treated by frequent spraying or instillation of a few drops of 1 % sodium bicarbonate,
followed by liquid petrolatum and gargling of the
throat with a weak Dakin's solution. The eyes should
be kept clean by frequent irrigation with a saturated
solution of boric acid or with 1 % sodium bicarbonate,
followed by a few drops of oil. All clothing should
be removed to the skin. Burns of the skin from the
vapor should be treated with antiseptics and protected
from any irritation. Irritant drugs, such as picric acid
or mercuric chloride solutions, should not be applied.
1
Five per cent carbon dioxide in oxygen, if available, maybe administered in carbon monoxide poisoning.
AIR CONDITIONING
A. HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
D. C. LINDSAY
Hygroscopic Moisture. The moisture contained in a hygroscopic material in equilibrium with the relative humidity of the
surrounding atmosphere. The moisture content of a hygroscopic
material when in equilibrium depends upon the relative humidity
of the surrounding atmosphere but varies widely with different
materials. The moisture content also varies to a slight extent
with different temperatures at the same humidity. Hygroscopic
moisture in materials is in most industries termed "regain," and
is expresed in parts of water per 100 parts of dry material.
Hygroscopic Properties of Materials. The hygroscopic properties of materials vary widely from one another and even in the same
material a wide variation is frequently observed, and is dependent
upon the prior history of the material. The curves given below
are based upon a critical study of available data. Qualitatively,

they are correct and can be used where extreme accuracy is not
required. Consistency in form will be noted in all cases. For the
accurate determination of hygroscopic characteristics of materials,
the use of insulated cabinets provided with air circulation and
automatic instruments ( 10 ) for controlling temperature and
humidity are recommended as being superior to the taking of such
data, within a stagnant atmosphere, the moisture equilibrium
of which is maintained by hygroscopic solutions such as sulfuric
acid.
Electrostatic Condition of the Atmosphere Electrical charges
are dissipated at normal temperatures (18 to 3O0C) at a relative
humidity of 50% or above.
( 10 ) Sayers, Mitchell and Yant, 313, No. 2491; 23. Also 189, 231: 59; 25C 11 ) F. P. Underbill, Toxicology, or the Effects of Poisons, 1924. ( 12 ) Leh.
mann and Hasegawa, Arch. Hyg., 77: 323; 12. ( 13 ) J. Rambousek, Industrial Poisoning. London, 1913. ( 1 4 ) Sollmann, Manual of Pharmacology
and Its Application to Therapeutics and Toxicology. Philadelphia, Saunders,
1924.
PREVENTION AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT OF GAS

POISONING
I. Prevention of poisoning
A. For all gases
1. Prevention of escape of vapor or fumes into the air of
working places.
2. Good ventilation.
3. Testing before entering air suspected of containing
poisonous gases.
4. Never entering or working alone in places where the air
is known to be contaminated by poisonous gases.
5. Wearing of respirators, gas masks, hose masks, or oxygen
breathing apparatusthe latter especially if the air
is low in oxygen.
6. Education of workmen regarding the danger of poisoning
and methods of prevention.
1. Protection of the skin by suitable clothing and by
the application of oils, etc.
In the case of dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard
gas), ordinary clothing affords no protection, but
cloth painted with linseed oil is adequate. Oiling
the skin gives some protection from short exposure to
low concentrations of this gas and in high concentrations increases the efficiency of removal-treatment;
for long exposure, oils give practically no protection.
2. Abstinence from alcohol, at least during and immediately
after labor, especially when exposed to such gases as
aniline, toluidine, and nitrobenzene.
3. Scrupulous cleanliness of working places and personally
on the part of the workmen.
4. Physical examination of prospective employees to see
that they are not suffering from any disease that
would make them more susceptible to certain poisonous gases; reexamination of employees at stated
intervals (every 30 days for workers in aniline) to
detect beginning of poisoning, especially where
exposed to fumes of aniline, mercury, and other gases,
the action of which is cumulative and danger of acute
poisoning is not so great.
II. Emergency treatment

A. For all gases
1. Immediate removal from poisonous atmosphere to fresh
air.
2. Immediate administration of artificial respiration
(preferably by the Schaefer prone pressure method)
if breathing has ceased.
3. Calling a physician.
4. Keeping the patient at rest, lying down (very important) .
5. Keeping the patient warm and stimulating circulation by
rubbing limbs of patient.
1. Administration of pure oxygen, especially in case of
carbon monoxide poisoning.1
2. Administration of stimulants: Black coffee, caff ein,
camphor, or ether in case of poisoning by aniline,
hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphine, and
toluidine; subcutaneous administration of atropine in
poisoning by hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide,
and phosphine; hypodermic administration of morphine
in poisoning by hydrogen cyanide; inhalation of
chloroform in poisoning by phosgene; inhalation of
ammonia vapor or soda spray in poisoning by hydrogen chloride, phosgene, phosphorus trichloride, and
chloropicrin; infusion of alkaline solution in poisoning
by arsine, bromine, iodine, and sulfur dioxide.
3. Venesection is recommended in treatment of poisoning
by bromine, chlorine, iodine, nitrogen oxides, phosgene, and chloropicrin, but must not be used after
collapse has started.
4. In the case of dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard gas)
prevention is especially important as palliative
measures are not very successful. The respiratory
lesions may be treated by frequent spraying or instillation of a few drops of 1 % sodium bicarbonate,
followed by liquid petrolatum and gargling of the
throat with a weak Dakin's solution. The eyes should
be kept clean by frequent irrigation with a saturated
solution of boric acid or with 1 % sodium bicarbonate,
followed by a few drops of oil. All clothing should
be removed to the skin. Burns of the skin from the
vapor should be treated with antiseptics and protected
from any irritation. Irritant drugs, such as picric acid
or mercuric chloride solutions, should not be applied.
1
Five per cent carbon dioxide in oxygen, if available, maybe administered in carbon monoxide poisoning.
AIR CONDITIONING
A. HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
D. C. LINDSAY
Hygroscopic Moisture. The moisture contained in a hygroscopic material in equilibrium with the relative humidity of the
surrounding atmosphere. The moisture content of a hygroscopic
material when in equilibrium depends upon the relative humidity
of the surrounding atmosphere but varies widely with different
materials. The moisture content also varies to a slight extent
with different temperatures at the same humidity. Hygroscopic
moisture in materials is in most industries termed "regain," and
is expresed in parts of water per 100 parts of dry material.
Hygroscopic Properties of Materials. The hygroscopic properties of materials vary widely from one another and even in the same
material a wide variation is frequently observed, and is dependent
upon the prior history of the material. The curves given below
are based upon a critical study of available data. Qualitatively,

they are correct and can be used where extreme accuracy is not
required. Consistency in form will be noted in all cases. For the
accurate determination of hygroscopic characteristics of materials,
the use of insulated cabinets provided with air circulation and
automatic instruments ( 10 ) for controlling temperature and
humidity are recommended as being superior to the taking of such
data, within a stagnant atmosphere, the moisture equilibrium
of which is maintained by hygroscopic solutions such as sulfuric
acid.
Electrostatic Condition of the Atmosphere Electrical charges
are dissipated at normal temperatures (18 to 3O0C) at a relative
humidity of 50% or above.
This is of extreme importance in textile mills and printing

plants where the charged atmosphere prevalent during the winter
causes bristling of the fibers and hampers operations.
The elimination of static by humidification has been successfully applied to reduce explosion hazards in munition plants and
other explosive atmospheres.
Mildew Fungi.These will thrive in relatively still atmosphere
only at relative humidities above 75 %.
Sulfite cellulose pulp

News print
Writing
Fine white writing
White bond
Fine white bond
Commercial ledger
White ledger
Index bristol
Kraft wrapping
Rope manila
100
100
100
75
100
50
100
100
25
50
100
25 75
Lit.
Manila and
jute, %
Coniferous, %
1.0
2.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.5
Chemical wood
bleached, %
24.4
2.9
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.0
0.3
1.6
Rag, %
Rosin, %
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
It
Description
Ash, %
FIG. 1. Hygroscopic moisture of various papers (cf. ( 2 3 6 7 n )).
Curve No.
FAVORABLE CONDITIONS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ARTIFICIALLY CREATED AND MAINTAINED IN MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
Relative
Industry and
Temp.,
Process
humid0
product
C
ity, %
Carding
20 to 23
50
Combing
60-65
20 to 23
50-60
Roving
20 to 23
60-65
Spinning
Cotton
20 to 23
Spooling, twisting
20 to 23
65
Warping
20 to 23
65
20 to 23
75-80
Weaving
65-70
Carding
23 to 25
55-60
Spinning
23 to 25
Wool
;
50-55
Weaving
20 to 23
Storage for shipping
20 to 23
55-60
Dressing
60-65
21 to 25
Spinning
21 to 25
65-70
Silk
Throwing
21 to 25
65-70
Weaving
21 to 25
60-70
18
Chocolate enrobing
>55
21
>50
Hard candy making
Confectionery
-1
>70
Storage
<
+ 15*
>55
Softening
29
85
Tobacco
j
Cigar and cigarette making 21 to 23
55-70
21
Lithographing
45
Relief and offset
25
45
Printing
Folding
25
65
Binding
21
45
Dough fermentation
27
65
Baking
| Proofing
80-90
32 to 35
Loaf cooling
21
65
Electrical cable Winding insulation
>40
> 5
Cellulose
24
lacquers
Application
>20
Munitions,
21
|
Fuse loading
55
Cereals
Seal packing prepared,
crisp cereals
23
45-50
(3, 611 J
( )
()
(6, 7 )
()
(6)
(6)
(6)
()
(
(6)
* Divergence in practice.
LITERATURE
O) Bailey, 45, 12: 1102; 20. (2) Campbell, 45, 9: 658; 17. (3) Carrier
Engineering Corporation Laboratory, O. ( 4 ) Forest Products Laboratory,
O. ( 5 ) Hartshorne, 122, 39: 905; 17. (6) Houston, Carson and Kirkwood,
Paper Trade J., 76, No. 15: 237; 23. (7) Kress and McNaughton, Paper,
22, No. 24: 11; 18. ( 8 ) Kujirai and Akahira, 210, 1: 95; 23. ( 9 ) Kujirai,
Kobayashi and Toriyama, 210, 1: 79; 23.
( 10 ) Lindsay and Wadleigh, 38, 8: 677; 25. (U) Mller and Haussner, Herstellung und Prfung des Papiers, p. 1642. (!2) Schloesing, 34, 116: 808; 93.
(3) Selvig and Kaplan, 45, 12: 783; 20. (U) Wilson and Fuwa, 45, 14:
913; 22.
FIG. 2.Composite curves for all papers in Fig. 1. Variation in.

dimensions with variation in relative humidity.
FIG. 3.Hygroscopic moisture of natural fiber textile materials 3 5 12

Curve No. |
Material
Absorbent cotton
2
Wool, worsted
3
Silk, new yellow
|| Curve No. |
Material
IJ
7
Indian cotton
8
Cotton cloth
H
9
Egyptian cotton
Curve No. j
Material
4
Jute
5
Manila hemp
6
Sisal hemp
All observations at approx. 250C.
).
J j Curve No.
10
11
12
|
Material
American cotton
Linen
Flax
FIG. 6.Hygroscopic moisture of various fibrous materials prepared

for electrical insulation (8 9 ).
FIG. 4.Hygroscopic moisture of artificial textile fibers compared with

crude constituents and natural silk (3, 14).
Curve No. I
Material
1
Viscose rayon (artificial silk)
2
Natural silk, new yellow
3
Nitrocellulose
4
Cellulose acetate
All observations at approx. 250C.
14
Curve No. |
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Material
Manila paper
Red rope paper
Press board
Leatheroid paper
Silk
Red rope paper (varnished)
Empire cloth
Asbestos paper
FIG. 7.-Hygroscopic moisture of cereal foods 0 3, 14).

Curve No.
1
2
3
4
FIG. 5.Hygroscopic moisture of leather and rubber ( 3 ).

Curve No. I
Material
1
2
3
4
5
6
Material
Macaroni
Flour (patent)
Bread
Crackers
~"
Leather (sole oak tanned)

Sheepskin
Gold beater skin
Latex, dipped cord
Reclaimed rubber
Smoked, crepe sheet
FIG. 11.Effect of varying temperature on equilibrium water content

at constant relative humidity of 50 % ( 14 ).
Curve No. |
Material
""*
1
2
3
4_
Wood
Silk
Wool
Cotton
FIG. 8.Hygroscopic moisture of some inorganic substances < 1 0 ^ 4 '.

Curve No. |
1
2
3
4
5
6
Material
English ball clay
Kieselguhr
Kaolin
Asbestos fiber
Zinc oxide
Glass wool
FIG. 10.Hygroscopic moisture of carbon products ( 13 14 ).

Curve No. J
1
2
3
4
5
Material
Carbon black for rubber trade
By-product furnace coke (Franklin Co., 111., coal)
By-product coke, domestic size (Pittsburgh bed coal)
By-product coke (domestic size)
Connellsville, 7*2 hour bee-hive foundry coke
FIG. 9.Hygroscopic moisture of some organic substances.

Curve No. |
Material
| Lit.""
1
North Carolina leaf tobacco
(3)
2
Cigarette tobacco (Fatima)
( l34 )
3
Sole leather (oak tanned)
( )
4
Catgut
( 14
)
5
Soap (Ivory)
( 14^)
6
Lumber*
(14)
7
Glue (hide, first grade)
( )
* All species of timber have been found to have approximately the same
values at given relative humidities. Rate of absorption or evaporation from
timbers varies according to the density of the species.
B. SPACES OCCUPIED BY HUMAN BEINGS

R. R. SAYERS
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON HUMAN BEINGS IN STILL AIR
Temperature of air,
relative
Pulse
humidity
rate
100%
0
F
G r e a t l y in98
creased
95
M a r k e d increase
Increased
90
85
No change
75-80
Slight decrease
Effects when at rest

Body temperature
Increased
Increased
No change
Slight decrease
65-70
Decrease
Slight decrease
55-60
Decrease
Slight decrease
45-50
Decrease
Slight decrease
Metabolism
Marked increase
Effects when at moderate work

Remarks
Very hot, even with

little clothing
Increased
Hot, even when
little clothing worn
Very warm
Increased
Slight increase
Warm
Minimum metab- Comfortable
olism
Slight increase
Slightly c o o l t o
comfortable
Slight increase
Cool, clothing needed for comfort
Cool, clothing needIncreased
ed for comfort
Pulse
rate
Very rapid
Body temperature
Very rapid
Rapid
Increased
Increased
Slight increase
Slight increase Slight increase
Remarks
Very hot
Very hot
Hot
Very warm
Comfortable or
warm
Slight increase Slight increase Comfortable
Slight increase Slight increase Comfortable to

cool
Slight increase Slight increase Cool
*Jour. Am. Soc. of Heat, and Vent. Eng., 31: 66; 25.
EXAMPLE IN THE USEOFCHART

GIVEN DRY BULB 7? WCT BULB 62* VELOCITY OP AIR IOOFT. PER MIN., OETCRMlNEs
I. EFFCCTIVE TEMPERATURE OF THE CONDITION. 2. EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE WITH STILL AIR.
3. COOLING PRODUCED BY THC MOVEMENT OF THE AlR,
4. VELOCITY NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE CONDITION TO 66 EFFECTIVE TEMPERATUR ft.
I. DRAW UNE A~B THROUGH GIVEN DRY AND WCT BULB TEMPERATURES. ITS INTERSECTION WITH
THE IOOFT. VELOCITY CURVE GIVES 69.O0FOR THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE OFTHE CONDITION.
2. FOLLOW LINE A-B TO THE RIGHT TO ITS INTERSECTION WITH THE O VELOCITY LINE4AND READ
70.4? FOR THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE WITH STILL AIR.
a THE COOUNC PRODUCED BY THE MOVEMENT OFTHE AIR IS 7O,4?-*O-I.4. CFFCOTIVC TEMPERATURE.
4. FOLLOW LINE A-B TO THE LEFT UNTIL IT CROSSCS THE 6 CFF. TCHP. LINC. INTERPOLATE VELOCITY
VALUE OF 34O FT. PER MINnTO WHICH TMC MOVEMENT OF THC AIR MUSTBCINCRCASED FOR MAXIMUM COMFORT.
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE
THERMOMETRIC CHART*
FOR
HUMANBEINCSATREST
m
NORMALLY CLOTHED
REFRIGERATING BRINES
R. S. JESSUP
Aqueous Solutions.All data are based upon weight in vacuo.
p = wt. % anhyd. salt, t 0C, d gram per milliliter, t\ =
viscosity in centipoise, c = heat capacity under atmos. pressure.
For other data see sections of I. C. T. on the properties of salt
solutions.
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Conversion Factors
l g ml"1 = 0.999973 g cm~ 3 = 0.036126 Ib. in.-3 = 62.426 Ib.
ft.-3 = 8.34523 Ib. gal.-1 (U. S.) = 10.0221 Ib. gal.-1 (Brit.).
SODIUM CHLORIDE, NAUL
dj5 = sp. gr. = [(0.99707 + 0.0070033p + 14.059 X 10"V
+ 330.9 X 10-9p3) 0.005%] g ml-1. Range, 5-25% (3, *> 15,
20, 25).
l/dt = I/do (1 + aZ + to2 - c*3) 0.005 % (20) whose values

check those of (14, 27, 29, 30).
d\ < 0.01 % .
p [ I -2O 0 CI -10C| O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C | 3Q0C || aX IQ 4 JbX 106| cX IQ9
5
.038201.036591.034051.03074 1.06855.142521.750
6
.04590 1.04403 1.04131 1.03786 1.3380 4.7100 19.000
7
.05361 1.05150 1.04860 1.04503 1.5879 4.3162 16.547
8
.06133 1.05900 1.05594 1.05225 1.8235 3.9350 14.000
9
.06909 1.06654 1.06332 1.05951 2.0394 3.6062 12.047
10
.07686 1.07411 1.07074 1.06682 2.2409 3.3037 10.297
11
.08467 1.08173 1.07821 1.07417 2.4272 3.0362 8.875
12
.09251 1.08939 1.08572 1.08158 2.6001 2.7962 7.703
13
.100391.09709 .093291.089042.76132.5725 6.578
14
.108301.10483 .100901.096562.92602.2575 3.750
15
1.11945 .116261.11262 .108571.104133.06292.0937 3.297
16
1.12765 .124271.12047 .116301.111773.19361.9187 2.453
17
1.13588 .132321.12838 .124091.119463.31271.7725 1.922
18
1.14415 .140411.13634 .131931.127223.42531.6300 1.328
19
1.15246 .148571.14436 .139841.135043.52901.5100 1.000
20
1.16082 .156781.15244 .147821.142933.62371.4125 0.922
21
1.16923 .165051.16058 .155861.150893.71291.3187 0.797
22
1.17770 .173371.168801.163971.158913.79501.2375 0.750
23 1.190441.18622 .181761.177071.172151.167023.87171.1337
24
1.19480 .190221.185421.180401.175193.94251.0675
25 I
1.19874 1.19383 1.18873 1.18344 4.0090 1.0050
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, MoCL2

dl = sp. gr. = [(0.99987 + 0.008652p -f 16.26 X IO'6?2 +
487.7p3) X 10~9 0.03%] g ml"1 (6).
dt = (d0 -at - b*2) 0.05% (23.5).
"p u -3QO
~5~|!
6 i
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21 1.1995
22 1.2099
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0 I 10 I 20 I 30 || aX106|bX10
1.0436 1.0426 1.0404 1.0372
50
5.5
1.0525 1.0513 1.0491 1.0459
70
5.0
1.0614 1.0600 1.0577 1.0545
95
4.5
1.0704 1.0689 1.0665 1.0633
105
4.5
1.0794 1.0778 1.0753 1.0719
115
4.5
1.0885 1.0867 1.0842 1.0807
145
3.5
.0977 1.0958 1.0932 1.0899
155
3.5
1.1083 .1069 1.1049 1.1022 1.0989
172
3.1
1.1177 .1162 1.1141 1.1114 1.1081
180
3.0
1.1272 .1255 1.1233 1.1205 1.1173
197
2.6
1.1368 .1350 1.1327 1.1299 1.1266 205
2.5
1.1465 .1445 1.1421 1.1392 1.1360 222
2.1
1.1561 .1540 1.1515 1.1486 1.1453
230
2.0
1.1659 .1637 .1611 1.1582 1.1549 238
1.8
1.1758 .1735 .1709 1.1679 1.1647 247
1.6
1.1857 .1833 .1806 !!1776 1.1743 255
1.5
1.1956 .1932 .1905 1.1874 1.1840 258
1.6
1.2058 .2033 .2005 1.1974 1.1940
264
1.5
.2161 .2134 1.2105 1.2074 1.2041 280
1.0
.2263 .2236 1.2206 1.2175 1.2142 285
1.0
.2367 .2339 1.2310 1.2278 1.2245 288
0.8
.2473 1.2444 1.2413 1.2381 1.2347 298
0.8
.2578 1.2549 1.2518 1.2486 1.2452 298
0.8
1.2686 1.2656 1.2625 1.2592 1.2558 307
0.7
1.2794 1.2763 1.2731 1.2698 1.2664
315
0.5
1.2903 1.2872 1.2840 1.2807 1.2773 315
0.5
-20 I -10
1.1677
1.1778
1.1878
1.1977
1.2080
1.2186
1.2289
1.2393
1.2500
CALCIUM CHLORIDE, CAL2

dl = sp. gr. = [(0.99987 + 0.0086417p + 29.17 X IQ-6P2 .+
321.3 X 10~9p3) 0.03%] g ml-1 (6).
dt = (d0 -at - bt2) 0.05% (23.5).
p II -30 I -20 j
5 I
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1.2046
22
1.2150
23
1.2260
24
1.2369
25
1.2481
26
.2634 1.2590
27
.2749 1.2703
28
.2868 1.2818
29
.2981 1.2930
30
.3098 1.3045
-10 I
0 I
1.0438
1.0528
1.0619
1.0710
1.0802
1.0895
1.0989
1.1083
1.1178
1.1274
1.1396 1.1371
1.1496 1.1469
1.1597 1.1568
1.1698 1.1667
1.1801 .1768
1.1904 .1869
.2010 .1972
.2114 .2075
.2221 .2180
.2328 .2285
.2437 .2392
.2545 .2499
.2656 .2608
.2768 .2718
.2879 .2828
.2993 .2940
10 I 20 I 30 || aX IQ6JbX
1.0425 1.0402 1.0369
80
5.0
1.0513 1.0489 1.0456
105
4.5
1.0602 1.0577 1.0544
130
4.0
1.0691 1.0664 1.0629
150
4.0
1.0781 1.0753 1.0718
175
3.5
.0872 .0843 1.0808
200
3.0
.0964 .0934 1.0899
225
2.5
.1056 .1025 1.0993
250
2.0
.1150 .1117 .1079 255
2.5
.1244 .1210 .1172 280
2.0
.1340 .1304 .1261
278
2.8
.1438 .1399 .1357 297
2.6
.1534 .1495 .1451
315
2.5
.1632 .1592 .1548 332
2.2
.1731 .1690 .1645
350
2.0
.1831 .1788 .1742
368
1.8
.1932 .1889 .1844
392
1.2
.2033 .1989 .1942 403
1.3
.2137 .2092 .2045
420
1.0
.2240 .2194 .2146 438
0.8
.2346 .2299 .2251 455
0.5
.2452 .2403 .2354 467
0.6
.2559 .2510 .2460 483
0.4
.2668 .2617 .2567 502
0.1
.2777 .2725 .2674 512
0.1
.2888 .2835 .2783
525
O
Phase-Equilibrium Diagrams
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, MaCL2.(Continued)
HEAT CAPACITY (SPECIFIC HEAT)

Conversion Factors
1 joule g-1 per 0C =0.2389 g-cal,6 g"1 per 0C or BTU60 Ib.-1 per 0F
= 2.778 X 10~7 kw-hr g"1 per 0C
I joule cm~ 3 per 0C = 1.994 BTU60 gal.'1 per 0F (U. S.)
= 2.394 BTU60 gal."1 per 0F (Brit.)
SODIUM CHLORIDE, NACL
C 20 = [0.6516 + (0.3475)(0.96285)?] cal g'1 per
[C20 + &(t - 20) - b(t - 2O)2] cal g"1 per 0C (2)
I 0
10
3.911 3.921
3.862
3.874
3.816 3.830
3.771 3.787
3.730
3.747
3.689
3.708
3.651 3.670
3.615 3.635
3.580
3.600
3.547
3.567
3.491 3.516 3.536
3.463
3.487
3:506
3.435
3.458
3.477
3.409
3.432
3.450
3.384
3.406
3.423
3.361 3.382
3.398
3.338
3.358
3.374
3.318 3.337
3.351
3.298
3.315 3.328
3.279
3.295
3.306
3.261 3.276
3.286
p = 23; c = 3.277 at -20.
-10
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23*
24
25
* For
0.1 %
20 I
3.931
3.886
3.843
3.801
3.761
3.723
3.686
3.650
3.615
3.583
3.551
3.520
3.491
3.463
3.435
3.409
3.384
3.359
3.336
3.313
3.292
I
30
3.940
3.896
3.854
3.813
3.772
3.734
3.697
3.661
3.627
3.593
3.561
3.530
3.500
3.471
3.443
3.415
3.389
3.363
3.340
3.316
3.293
C; ct =
aX1
4
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.2
0.9
bX1
O
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-5
-5
-5
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-5
-5
-5
CALCIUM CHLORIDE, CACL2

C0 = [(1.0138 - 0.018091p + 197.34 X 10~6p2) + 0.002] ca!15
g-1 per 0C (10).
2
1
0
Ct = (c0 -f at + b* ) 0.002 calis g" per C.
-40 I -30 I -20 I -IQQ I O- I 10
*
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
2.745
2.716
2.662 2.687
2.653 2.674
2.641 2.657
C0 = [(1.0007O
g-1 per 0C (23).
P
5
6
7
8
-30 I

^
-30 I -20 I -10 I 0 I 10 I 20
I 30
3.633 3.649 3.662 3.679
3.7
3.574 3.591 3.607 3.624
4.1
3.515 3.536 3.553 3.573
4.5
3.440 3.461 3.482 3.503 3.520
4.8
3.386 3.407 3.428 3.448 3.474
5.2
3.327 3.352 3.373 3.398 3.419 5.5
3.273 3.297 3.323 3.348 3.369
5.8
3.197 3.222 3.248 3.273 3.297 3.323
6.0
3.147 3.172 3.197 3.222 3.248 3.277
6.2
3.093 3.122 3.147 3.172 3.202 3.227
6.3
3.047 3.076 3.101 3.126 3.155 3.181 6.4
2.976 3.001 3.030 3.055 3.084 3.109 3.139 6.5
2.930 2.955 2.984 3.009 3.038 3.063 3.093
6.5 '
2.912 2.938 2.967 2.992 3.022 3.047
6.5
2.871 2.896 2.921 2.950 2.976 3.005
6.5
2.829 2.854 2.883 2.909 2.938 2.963
6.5
2.787 2.817 2.842 2.867 2.896 2.921 6.4
2.750 2.779 2.804 2.829 2.858 2.883
6.4
2.708 2.737 2.762 2.787 2.817 2.842
6.3
2.699 2.729 2.754 2.779 2.808
6.2
2.666 2.691 2.716 2.741 2.766
6.1
2.632 2.657 2.683 2.708 2.733
6.0
20 T^"
104bXlQ6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
VISCOSITY
Data for low temperatures, very meager. The information
available is expressed by the following equations and tables:
(cf. I. C. T. sections on viscosity of H2O and salt solutions).
NaCl, T7 = [(i)w + SLP -f bp2) 0.5%]. Range, 0-30 and
5-20% (18f 19 32, 37).
CaCl2, log T7 = [(log r}w + ap + bp2) 3%]. Range 10-30,

5-30% (37).
For p = 30.89%, 97 = [(0.1392 + 0.0048IsJ + 47.2? X 10~62)
5-10%?]. Range, -50 to 30 (39).
MgCl2, 7725 = 0.895 + 0.0339p + 900 X l(T6p2 + 82.14 X
10~ 6 p*. Range 0-22%. Precision 0.5%. Accuracy ? (l*> 41).
I
CaCl2
I 0
aXlO 3 =
bXlO 3 =
CX106=
T7 =
10
15
20
25
30
113.94
54.61
O
-47.69 -95.83
6.0996
6.4427
6.8451
7.0553
7.6747
380.50
381.31
375.85
370.27
352.68
17
17
3.113( ) 2.729( ) 2.412(17)
3.691 3.712 3.733 3.754

5.0
O
21.56%
3.628 3.649 3.670 3.691 5.0
O
3.570 3.591 3.612 3.633
5.2
O
NaCl
aXlO 3 = 4.90 9.20
10.65
10.90
10.70 10.20 9.75
3.511 3.532 3.553 3.578
5.4
O
bXlO 3 = 1.9301.410
1.125
0.930
0.790
0.690
0.605
3.453 3.478 3.500 3.524
5.5
O
3.398 3.423 3.444 3.469
5.7
O
0%
77,=
1.7941.519
1.310
1.145
1.009 0.895
0.800
3.344 3.369 3.393 3.419 5.9
O
2Q%
77=
2.6632.269
1.973
1.733
1.538
1.376 1.240
3.294 3.319 3.344 3.369
6.0
O
3.214 3.243 3.268 3.294 3.315 6.8
-4
3.164 3.193 3.222 3.243 3.264
6.9
-4
LITERATURE
3.118 3.147 3.176 3.197 3.218 7.0
-4
3.072 3.101 3.130 3.155 3.176 7.1
-4
3.026 3.059 3.089 3.114 3.135 7.1
-4
(M Barnes and Scott, SO1 2: 536; 98. (2) Barott and Taylor, U. S. Bur.
2.984 3.017 3.047 3.068 3.093
7.2
-4
Standards, O. ( 3 ) Baxter and Wallace, 1, 38: 70; 16. (4) Bousfield and
2.909 2.946 2.976 3.005 3.030 3.051 7.3
-4
Bousfield, 5, 103: 429; 23. (5) Buchanan, 174, 49: 1; 12. (6) Charpy, 6,
2.871 2.904 2.938 2.967 2.992 3.017 7.4
-4
29: 5; 93. (7) Cheveneau, 6, 12: 267; 07. (*) de Coppet, 6, 25: 511; 72.
2.837 2.871 2.900 2.930 2.955 2.980
7.2
-3
30: 411; 83. () Despretz, 34, 5: 19; 37.
2.804 2.837 2.867 2.896 2.921 2.946
7.0
-2
( 1 O) Dickinson, Mueller and George, 81A1 6: 379; 09. (U) Drecker, 8, 34:
2.775 2.804 2.833 2.858 2.888 2.912 6.7
-1
952; 88. (12) Erman, 8, 101: 577; 57. (13) Guthrie, 3, 1: 354; 76. (14)
2.745 2.775 2.800 2.829 2.854 2.883
6.6
O
Haigh, I1 34: 1137; 12. O 5 ) Hall, 128, 14: 167; 24. ("..) Hammerl, 75,
2.716 2.745 2.770 2.800 2.825 2.854
6.'5
O
78: 59; 78. (") Herschel, U. S. Bur. Standards, O. () Herz, 93, 89:
2.695 2.716 2.741 2.770 2.796 2.825
6.0
2
393; 14. (i) Hosking, 3, 49: 274; 00.
2.670 2.691 2.716 2.741 2.766 2.796 5.7
3
(20) Jessup, Peffer and Taylor, U. S. Bur. Standards, O. ( 21 ) Jones and
Chambers, 11, 23: 89; 00. (22) jOnes and Getman, 11, 27: 430; 02. (23)
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, MoCL2
Koch, 148, 29: 37; 22. (23.5) idem., 31: 105; 24. (24) Loomis, 8, 51: 500;
6 2
- 0.016746p + 144.9 X 10~ p ) 1%] ca!15
94. (25) Kohlrausch and Hall wachs, 8, 53: 14; 94. ( 26 ) Kohlrausch, 8,
1
0
6: 1; 79. (27) Marignac, 149, 39: 273; 70. 13, 8: 364; 70 (Suppl.). (28)
Ct = fa + ap cal g" per C (23).
Mller, 8, 117: 386; 62. (29) Nicol, 3, 23: 385; 87.
(30) Ostwald, 8, 2: 429; 77. (31) Poggiale, 6, 8: 463; 43. (32) Pulvermacher,
aXl 4
-20 I -10 I 0
10 I 20 I 30
98, 113: 141; 20. (33) Rodebush, l, 40: 1204; 18. (34) Rdorff, g, 114:
3.879 3.888 3.896 3.905
1.9
63; 61. (38) Schiff, 13, 108: 325: 58. (36) Simeon, S1 27: 95; 14. (37)
3.817 3.825 3.838 3.846
2.4
Sprung, 8, 159: 1; 76. (38) Tschernaj, 03, 20: 430,486; 88. 21: 73,176; 89.
3.754 3.767 3.779 3.787
2.8
(39) Tucker, 67, 25: 111; 13.
3.691 3.704 3.720 3.733
3.3
(40) van't Hoff and Meyerhoffer, 7, 27: 75; 98. ( 4 l ) Wagner, 7, 5: 31; 90.
SIEVES AND SCREENS

LEWIS V. JUDSON
CONTENTS
Woven sieves.
Tolerances for U. S. Standard
sieves.
MATIRES
Tamis tisss.
Tolrances pour les tamis standards des tats Unis.
Pharmaceutical sieves.
Bolting cloth.
Sieves for sand, cement, pebbles, etc.
Gages for broken stone, slag,
etc.
Tamis pharmaceutiques.
tamines.
Tamis pour sable, ciment, cailloux, etc.
Jauges pour pierres casses,
scories, etc.
INTRODUCTION
The accuracy of woven metal
sieves is often very high. An
idea of the accuracy which may
reasonably be expected in precision testing sieves may be
obtained from the data in
Table 2. For many purposes,
such a narrow tolerance is not
necessary and should not be
required. An abnormally wide
separation between two adjacent parallel wires may cause a
serious error, especially in sieves
with narrow openings. In bolting cloth, the diameters of the
threads and the widths of the
openings vary, not only from
brand to brand, but even from
bolt to bolt of the same brand.
When accuracy is required, it is
necessary to select particular
portions of selected bolts of the
cloth. Sieves are commonly
designated either by the mesh
per unit of length, or by the
mesh per unit of area. Several
different units of length (and of
area) are employed. For U.
S. A. grain sieves, see following
publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture: Handbook of Official Grain Standards
for Wheat, Shelled Corn, Oats,
and Rye (U. S. G. S. A. Form
No. 90); Handbook of United
States Grades for Grain Sorghum (U. S. G. S. A.-GI-Form
No. 142); United States Grades
for Milled Rice (Dept. Agriculture Circular 291); Proposed
Revision of United States Grades
for Rough Rice (Mimeograph
INTRODUCTION
La prcision des tamis mtalliques tisss est souvent trs
grande. On peut se faire une
ide de la prcision qui peut
tre raisonablement attendue
des tamis pour essais de prcision, en consultant les donnes de la Table 2. Pour
beaucoup de buts, une tolrance aussi troite n'est pas
ncessaire et ne doit pas tre
exige. Une sparation anormalement large entre deux fils
adjacents parallles peut occasionner une srieuse erreur spcialement dans les tamis
rseaux fins. Dans les tamines, les diamtres des fils et
la largeur des ouvertures varient, non seulement de marques
marques, mais aussi souvent
d'tamines tamines de la
mme marque. Lorsqu'on exige
de la prcision, il est ncessaire
de choisir des portions particulires d'tamines choisies.
Les tamis sont communment
dsigns ou par le nombre de
mailles par unit de longueur,
ou par le nombre de mailles
par unit de surface. On emploie plusieurs units de longueur (et de surface) diffrentes.
Pour les tamis de grains des
tats Unis, voir les publications suivantes du Dpartement
d'Agriculture des tats Unis:
Handbook of Official Grain
Standards for Wheat, Shelled
Corn, Oats, and Rye (U. S. G.
S. A. Form No. 90) Handbook
of United States Grades for Grain
Sorghum (U. S. G. S. A.-Form
No. 142); United States Grades
for Milled Rice (Dept. Agriculture Circular 291) Proposed Revision of United States Grades
for Rough Rice (Mimeograph U.
S. G. S. A.-GI-No. 26).
u. s. G. s. A.-GI-NO. 26).
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Gewebte Siebe.
Tolerierung fr die Standard
Siebe der Vereinigten Staaten.
Pharmazeutische Siebe.
Siebtcher.
Siebe fr Sand, Zement, Kiesel,
etc.
Abmessung fr Bruchsteine,
Schlag, etc.
EINLEITUNG
Gewebte Metallsiebe haben
hufig einen hohen Grad von
Genauigkeit. Eine Vorstellung
davon, wieweit sich diese bei
der Przision der Prfung treiben lsst, erhlt man aus den
Angaben der Tafel 2. Fr
viele Zwecke ist eine so kleine
Toleranz nicht notwendig und
soll auch nicht gefordert werden. Eine abnormal grosse
Entfernung zwischen zwei benachbarten parallelen Drhten,
kann Ursache grsserer Fehler
werden, besonders bei Sieben
mit engen ffnungen. Bei
Siebtchern ndert sich der
Durchmesser der Fden und
die ffnungsweite nicht nur
von Marke zu Marke, sondern
sogar in den Tchern derselben Marke. Ist hier Genauigkeit gefordert, so ist es notwendig, gewisse Teile der gewhlten
Tcher auszusondern. Siebe
sind im allgemeinen entweder
durch die Zahl der Maschen
pro Lngen- oder pro Flcheneinheit gekennzeichnet. Es
sind einige verschiedene Lngenund Flchenmasse blich. Fr
die Siebe (Korn, etc.) der
Vereinigten Staaten siehe die
folgenden Abhandlungen des
U. S. Department of Agriculture: Handbook of Official
Grain Standards for Wheat,
Shelled Corn, Oats, and Rye
(U. S. G. S. A. Form No. 90)
(Korn Standard); Handbook of
United States Grades for Grain
Sorghum (U. S. G. S. A.-GINo. 142) (Sandzucker); United
States Grades for Milled Rice
(Dept. Agriculture Circular
291) (Mhlen Reis); Proposed
Revision of United States Grades
for Rough Rice (Mimeograph
u. s. G. s. A.-GI-NO. 26).
INDICE
PAGE
Stacci tessuti
330
Tolleranze per gli stacci
tipo degli S. U
331
Stacci farmaceutici
331
Tele da buratti
332
Stacci per sabbia, cemento,
332
ciottoli, ecc
Misure per pietrame, scorie,
ecc
333
INTRODUZIONE
Gli stacci di tessuto metallico
hanno spesso un alto grado di
esattezza. Una idea della approssimazione che pu ragionevolmente attendersi con stacci
per saggi di precisione, pu
dedursi dai dati della Tabella
2. Per molti scopi una tolleranza cos stretta non necessaria, e non potrebbe pretendersi. Una distanza anormalmente grande fra due fili
paralleli adiacenti pu essere
causa di gravi errori, specialmente negli stacci a fori piccoli.
Nelle tele da buratti, il diametro dei fili e l'ampiezza dei
fori variano non solo da marca
a marca, ma anche nei tessuti
di una stessa marca. Se si
richiede grande esattezza
necessario scegliere particolari
porzioni di tessuti scelti. Gli
stacci sono in genere designati
in base al numero di maglie
per unit di lunghezza o di
superficie. Le unit adoperate
sono differenti.
Per gli stacci da granaglie
degli S. U. A- vedi le pubblicazioni seguenti del U. S. Department of Agriculture: Handbook
f Official Grain Standards for
Wheat, Shelled Corn, Oats, and
Rye (U. S. G. S. A. Form No.
90); Handbook of United States
Grades for Grain Sorghum (U. S.
G. S. A.-GI-Form No. 142);
United States Grades for Milled
Rice (Dept. Agriculture Circular 291); Proposed Revision
of United States Grades for
Rough Rice (Mimeograph U. S.
G. s. A.-GI-NO. 26).
TABLE 1.SERIES OF WOVEN SIEVES

For pharmaceutical sieves, see Table 3
D diameter of wire (mm) ; O = width of opening (mm).
Sieve
designation0
Tyler".
Standard
screen scale
U. S. Standard*
o
*26.67
22.43
*18.85
15.85
*13.33
11.20
* 9.423
7.925
* 6.680
5.613
* 4.699
3.962
* 3.327
2.794
* 2.362
1.981
* 1.651
Howard0" e
and Morse
sieve series
(old)
Newark" e
"Market
Grade" testing sieves
I Great Britain I
Institute* /
Mining and
SuterMetallurgy;
Strehler?
Standard
sieve series
screens
O
O
France
Weiller
Franck
and Cie.
and Cie.
Designated by number of meshes per 27.777 mm; cf. preceding column. Sieves of the same designation are woven with wires of various sizes, and
O varies accordingly: for example, the catalogue lists No. 20 sieve in 14 different sizes of wire.
Switz erland
Market*1
Grade
testing sieve
cloth
O
Designated by number of meshes per 27 mm; for approximate size of openings, see following column.
2
12
12.1
9.5
21
9.5
7.8
3
8.1
3e
4
1.27
4.76
5.8
5.11
5.94
1.12
4.00
5
4.5
2.540
4.66
1.02
3.36
3.7
6
3.33
3.83
0.92
2.83
7
3.2
3.27
0.84
2.38
8
1.574
2.7
2.43
2.77
9
2.4
0.76
2.00
10
2.1
1.270
1.86
2.18
11
1.9
12
1.397
1.75
0.69
1.68
1.056
1.49
1.81
1.45
0,61
1.41
14
* 1.168
1.54
1.23
15
1.35
1.30
0.54
1.19
0.991
16
0.792
1.34
1.07
0.48
1.00
18
1.10
1.14
0.93
0.42
O . 84
0.95
* 0.833
0.864
0.635
20
1.03
0.85
0.87
22e
24
0.701
0.71
0.76
0.37
0.71
25
0.75
0.66
27e
28
* 0.589
0.62
0.516
0.421
30
O . 33
O . 59
0.54
0.65
32
0.495
0.53
0.29
0.50
35
* 0.417
0.44
0.55
0.47
0.25
0.42
0.381
40
0.317
0.38
0.494
42
0.351
0.22
0.35
45
48
* 0.295
0.254
50
0.279
0.188
0.297
0.28
0.376
0.246
0.211
60
0.234
0.162
0.250
0.23
0.30
* 0.208
65
0.180
70
0.140
0.210
0.20
0.185
0.26
0.175
80
0.174
0.157
0.119
0.177
0.173
0.227
0.139
90
0.155
0.209
0.155
* 0.147
0.142
0.127
0.102
0.149
100
0.178
0.140
0.127
110
0.130
0.124
115
0.107
0.117
0.117
120
0.151
0.086
0.125
0.104
0.109
0.134
130
0.100
0.107
140
0.128
0.074
0.105
* 0.104
0.084
0.091
0.104
150
0.125
0.088
0.097
160
0.088
0.083
0.089
170
0.088
0.063
0.079
0.084
0.094
180
0.079
0.079
190
* 0.074
0.071
0.074
0.063
0.089
200
0.053
0.074
0.065
0.046
0.062
230
0.061
0.061
250
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.041
270
0.046
300
0.043
0.043
0.036
0.044
325
a
Sieve designation is number of meshes per linear unit. For U. S. and Great Britain the unit is the inch ( = 25.4 mm), excepting for the U. S. Standard, for
which the unit varies slightly but always approximates closely to the inch; for the Suter-Strehler series it is 27.8 mm: and for Switzerland it is 27 mm.
b
Specifications require a frame 8 in. in diameter (3 in. for paint pigments), and either 5 cm or 2.5 cm high (above cloth). For tolerances, see Table 2. This
series has been tentatively adopted, as standard, by the American Society for Testing Materials, using a preferred designation of width of opening in microns.
Sieves of this series now used by most A. S. T. M. committees, and specifications requiring other series, are in process of revision.
Widths of openings in successive sieves are related as 1 to -^2 ( = 1.189): those starred (*), as 1 to \/2( = 1.414). The scale is based upon the No. 200
sieve with openings 0.0029 in. wide. Successive sieves finer than No. 4 nominally correspond, within limits of tolerance, with successive sieves of the U. S. Standard series, but there are notable differences in the designations of the two series.
rf D -f- O = 25A/N.
U. S, Standard is now regular with Howard and Morse, Inc., but the Old Howard and Morse Standard is obtainable.
/ This series is the standard of British Engineering Standards Committee.
9 D + O = 27.8/N.
* D + O = 27/N.
TABLE 2.TOLERANCES FOR U. S. STANDARD SIEVES*

D - diameter of wire; O = width of opening; min. = minimum;
max. = maximum; av. = average. Unit: 1% of specified value.
~
sieves
;
I
Av.
3
5
6
4 to 18
20to 45
50 to 120
Max.
O
25
40
Mm.
^15
-15
-15
Day.
;
|
TABLE 2.TOLERANCES FOR U. S. STANDARD SIEVES. *(Continued]

D = diameter of wire; O = width of opening; min. = minimum;
max. = maximum; av. average. Unit: 1 % of specified value.
I(S]P VgS
Max.
+30
+30
+35
Av.
8
8
140 to 2
230 to 325
Max.
60
90
A.V.
Min.
^Ts
-15
Max.
+35
+35
* See Table 1.
Example: For sieve No. 30 of U. S. Standard, the average diameter of the wire
must be not more than 15 % smaller or 30 % greater than 0.33 mm (Table 1);
the width of the average opening must not differ from 0.59 mm by more than
5 % ( = 0.01 mm), and the width of the largest opening must not exceed 0.59
mm by more than 25 % ( = 0.15 mm).
II
II
III
III
25
IV
0.75
IV
40
*
V
*
0.30
60
VI
70
VII
80
VIII
37
40
45
5
100
IX
120
U. S. A.
No. 10
Switzerland 3
Norway
III
2
3
2
3
IV
IV
*
No. 20
No. 30
V
5
V
II
VI
*
6
140
III
}
0.15
No. 40 J VI
1 VII
XI
VI
70
Grading5
Netherlands3-
Table 1
16
Commercial sieves not specifically designated
IV
II
1.5
51
52
Mexico
Japan
Italy2
Hungary
II
III
*
Great Britain
Germany
Finland
Selected from U. S. Standard.
5
6
15
18
20
22
25
26
27
30
32
Sweden6
9
10
IV
1
I
4
3
2
Denmark
2
3
Old1 New
Russia
8
6
5
Belgium
France
Austria
Width (mm)
Meshes per cm
TABLE 3. PHARMACEUTICAL SIEVES

In the body of the table are indicated the sieves composing a complete set, and the customary designations of the several sieves :
* indicates that the sieve is designated by the number of meshes per cm as given in first column (Italy is an exception:
see note). " Width" = width of opening.
7
a
1
Numbers in this column are the number of meshes per "pouce" ( = 2.7 cm), and are the
2
Sieves designated by number of openings per cm2 = square of number of meshes per cm.
3
Also sieves with round holes; diameters, 1.5 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm.
4
customary commercial designations of the sieves.
Manufacturers commonly designate sieves by meshes per 26 mm.

Material which passes a sieve of 9 or 10 meshes per cm is considered a "powder," and powders are graded, depending upon the country, in accordance with
one of the following systems:
(a) Coarse, fine, very fine; (o) "farines," medium fine, fine, very fine; (c) coarse, medium, fine; (d) coarse, medium fine, fine, very fine; (e) coarse, medium
fine, fine; (/) coarse, -medium, fine, very fine; (g) coarse, medium coarse, medium fine, fine; (h) 20 to 30 mesh = coarse powder, 40 to 60 = powder, 80 to 120 =
fine powder; (t) No. 12 = very coarse, No. 20 = coarse, No. 40 = moderately coarse, No. 50 = moderately fine; No. 60 = fine, No. 80 = very fine; No. 6, No.
30, and No. 100 also used,
e Silk sieves.
5
18
23
28
38
48
54
58
62
66
74
82
86
97
109
116
18
23
29
38
48
54
58
62
66
74
82
86
97
109
116
France
Designated by number of
meshes per pouce ( = 27
mm)
No.
0000
000
OO
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
TABLE 4. BOLTING CLOTH. (Continued)

Switzerland,* mesh per linear
Designation
inch ( = 25.4 mm)
France
Bodmer
|
Wydler
12
124
125
13
130
129
14
139
140
15
148
149
16
157
157
17
165
163
18
170
166
19
175
169
20
180
175
21
185
185
25
200
197
Designated by number of meshes per

pouce (=27 mm)
Designation
TABLE 4. BOLTING CLOTH

Switzerland, * mesh per linear
inch ( = 25.4 mm)
Bodmer
|
Wydler
* The "quality" of the cloth is determined by the coarseness of the thread

used. The figures given apply to the Standard, the Extra (X), and the Double
Extra (XX) qualities. For the Triple Extra Heavy (XXX) quality the number of meshes per inch is in each case one less than the number given in the
table. Diameter of threads is not specified. Grit gauze is designated by number of meshes per inch ( = 25.4 mm) and is obtainable from No. 14 to No. 86.
TABLE 5.WOVEN SIEVES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES (METRIC DESIGNATION)

Sand and cement sieves, except as indicated for pharmaceutical sieves, see Table 3
In the body of the table are given the widths of the openings (O) in mm. If D = diameter of wire (mm) and JV = number of
meshes per cm, D = 10/N O. Sieves are woven, except as noted. * indicates that neither D nor O is specified.
Meshes per cm 2
Meshes per cm = N =
Austria
Argentina
Belgium
Brazil
China
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Germany (for coal dust, etc.)fc
Great Britain
Hungary
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Rumania
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Uraguay
a
64
8
44
12
225
324
9 2500 4900 5000 6400
15
18
30
50
70 70.71
80
Millimeters
0.85 0.53
0.23
0.09
0.18
0.09
0.85 0.53
0.18
*
British sieves used to some extent. See Table 6
0.222 0.13
0.09
*
*
0.36 0.18
0.09
ft
0.222
Designation is N] O = 6/N; D = 4/N
See Table 6
0.85 0.53
0.23
0.09
0.18
0.09
0.85 0.53 0.47
0.23
See Table 6
0.23
0.09
0.23
0.09
*
*
*
*
0.85 0.53 0.47
0.23
0.09
0.36 0.18
0.09
0.222
0.85 0.53
0.23
0.09
See Table 6
1
*
*
b c
>
/
o
*
. '
>
Also copper plates with round holes 1.5 mm and 1.0 mm in diameter.
Also, for cement sand, plate 0.25 mm thick with round holes 1.350 mm and 0.775 mm in diameter.
For sand and pebbles, plates with round holes 60, 30, 15, 10, 5, 2, and 0.5 mm in diameter.
d
Also plates with round holes 2, 1.5, 1, and 0.5 mm in diameter. For other woven sieves see Table 1.
Commercial designations recognized: meshes per inch (25.4 mm), meshes per old French inch ( = pouce = 27 mm), meshes per Rhenish in. ( = Zoll = 26.15 mm)
and meshes per cm, as well as meshes per cm2.
t Sieves commonly designated by meshes per inch of 26 mm.
o French sieves are used in flour industry: British sieves, in mining industry.
h
Sieves in common use are designated by meshes per linear inch, meshes per linear verchoc (44.45 mm), and meshes per cm2.
*' Tidbeck sieves are designated by meshes per inch of 25 mm.
> For other woven sieves, see Tables 1, 3, 4. For Grit Gauze see Table 4, footnote.
k
Tolerance in mean value of O = 5 %; max. deviation for N = 1 to 7 is 10 %, 8 to 20 is 20 %; 20 to 100 is 30 %. Tolerance in mean value of D for
AT" = 1 to 4 is 3 %, 5 to 70 is 4 %, 80 to 100 is 5 %; max. deviation for same limits of N are 6 %, 8 %, 10 %, respectively. Series consists of N 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100.
0
TABLE 6.WOVEN WIRE SIEVES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES* (!NCH DESIGNATION)

American and British; for pharmaceutical sieves, see Table 3
D = diameter of wire; oD = amount by which the average D of all the wires in one direction may depart ( ) from value specified for
D: On = allowable variation ( ) in n per whole cm; max. [min.] = maximum [minimum] allowable value; N = approximate number of
meshes per in.; n = number of meshes per cm; O = width of opening; S = specified value.
Canada
Mexico
0.85 0.85
0.57 0.57
0.14
Great Britain 1 1
O
S
0.85
0.57
I
n
j
Max. Mm. Max. |
D
. .
Mm. | Ayr
Max.
1.02
0.69
7.5
11.4
8.3
12.2
0.42
0.27
0.41
0.27
0.43
0.28
0.224 0.28
29.1
30.7
0.112 0.107 0.117
0.14
0.097 0.127 69.3
72.4
2T
0.85
0.50
0.36
0.29
3.90.040.56
8 0.2 0.40
12 0.4 0.33
16 0.6 0.26
20 0.8 0.21
0.17
0.14
31 1
39 1
0.046 0.041 0.051
10.074[0.074[0.066
on
0.074 79 3
Aggreg.
til
U.S.
Stone**
G. B.
U.S.J5
0
Sand and fine highway

material (cement concrete excepted). U. S. A. J
Sieve
designation]
Sieve designation t
N
10
20
30
40
50
76
80
100
180
200
Unit of O1 D =
1 mm
Unit of O, D, OD = 1 mm
Cement and sand
OD
0.05
0.015
0.012
0.010
0.010
76.0
50.8
38.0
25.4
19.0
12.7
9.5
6.4
3.2
1.6
3
2
If
1
f
J
0.15 0.008 f
0.1160.008 i
J
0.053|0.005 A
6.3
4.88
4.50
4.12 3.7
3.42 3.7
3.0
2.33 2.6
2.3
1.8
1.4
* Sieves selected from the series given in Table 1 are not separately considered here.
1 Designation is meshes per inch, or meshes per inch 2 in the form " 10 X 10," etc.
J Sieves specified by American Society for Testing Materials; also wire sieves of 400 meshes per cm 2 are specified for certain chemical analyses of metals; for
coke, sieves with openings, 2.5, 1.75, 1.25, 0.75, and 0.5 in. wide are used. See also Table 1.
D + O = 25A/N.
11 Designation is width of opening in inches; British use the form 3 X 3 , etc.
TT Concrete aggregates. Tolerance: average opening, 3 %; max. O, 10 %; Z), 10 %.
** Stone chippings. For broken stone, see Table 7.
tt British Engineering Standards Committee's sieves. Frames 203.20 mm square, at least 69.85 cm deep; cloth woven (not twilled).
TABLE 7.GAGES FOB BROKEN STONE AND SLAG, ETC.

American and British
U. S. A.*
Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
in. I mm
4
101.6
3.5
88.9
3
76.2
2.5
63.5
in. I mm
2
50.8
1.5
38.1
1.25
31.8
1
25.4
in. I mm
0.75 19.0
0.5
12.7
0.25
6.4
Great Britainf
Size
Diamof
eter of
stone
hole
mm
3-in.
76.2
2.5-in.
63.5
2-in.
50.8
1.5-in.
38.1
* Round holes, specified by their diameters in inches. For sizing gypsum

rings 76, 38, and 25 mm in diameter are used.
t Gages are of sheet metal at least 5 mm thick and contain both circular
holes and slots.
SACCHARIMETRY, THE PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL SUGARS AND THEIR

SOLUTIONS
FREDERICK BATES, F. P. PHELPS, C. F. SNTDER

CONTENTS
Introduction
Saccharimetric methods and
standards.
Specific rotatory power, definition.
Saccharimetric n o r m a l
weights.
Mutarotation.
International sugar scale.
Standardization.
Conversion factors.
Quartz control plates.
Optical rotation for different wave lengths.
Comparison with sucrose
solutions.
Properties.Under each sugar
the various properties of the
sugar and its solutions are given
in the following order: optical
rotation, refractive index, density, solubility, mutarotation,
hydrolysis and decomposition.
MATIRES
Introduction
Mthodes saccharimtriques et
standards.
Pouvoir rotatoire spcifique,
dfinition.
Poids normaux saccharimtriques.
Mutarotation.
E c h e l l e saccharimtrique
internationale.
Standardisation.
Facteurs de conversion.
Plaques de quartz pour le
contrle.
Rotation optique pour
diffrentes
longueurs
d'onde.
Comparaison avec des solutions de saccharose.
Proprits.Sous c h a q u e
sucre on trouvera les proprits
varies du sucre et de ses solutions disposes dans l'ordre
suivant: rotation optique, indice de rfraction, densit,
solubilit, mutarotation, hydrolyse et dcomposition.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Einleitung
Saccharimetrische Methoden
und Standards.
Spezifisches Drehungsvermgen, Definition.
Normalgewichte der Saccharimetrie.
Multirotation.
Internationale Zuckerskale.
Normalisierung.
Umrechnungsfaktoren.
Quarz-Kontroll Platten.
Rotation fr verschiedene
Wellenlngen.
Vergleich mit SaccharoseLsungen.
Eigenschaften.Unter jedem
Zucker werden die verschiedenen Eigenschaften und die
seiner Lsungen in folgender
Ordung angegeben : Rotation,
Refraktions-index, Dichte, Lslichkeit, Multirotation, Hydrolyse und Zersetzung.
PAGE
336
345
346
C6Hi2O6, dextrose
347
C6H12O6, lvulose
349
C6Hi2O6, invert sugar . . . . 350
C6Hi2O6, mannose
C6Hi2O6, galactose
C5Hi0Oo, arabinose
Systems containing more than

one sugar
Solubilities in mixtures.
Solutions of invert sugar.
Systmes contenant plus d'un

sucre
Systeme mit mehr als einem

Zucker
Clerget analysis for sucrose.
Analyse Clerget pour le saccharose.

Pouvoirs rducteurs dans les
mlanges.
Rotations optiques et points de
fusion des drivs des sucres
Reducing powers in mixtures.

Optical rotations and melting
points of sugar derivatives
Solubilits dans les mlanges.

Solutions de sucre interverti.
INTRODUCTION
Saccharimetric Methods and Standards
Specific Rotation. The specific rotation [a] of any substance
in the dissolved state is represented and defined by the equation
ô
a
a
Wx
~ 1C ~ lpd
where t designates the temperature of measurement, X is a character used to identify the wave length of the light source used, a
is the observed rotation in circ. deg., I the length of the solution
in dm, C its concentration in g per ml at ty p its concentration in
wt. %, and d its density in g/ml at t. [a] varies with X, and to a
less extent with t and C (or p). Wherever possible the values of
the specific rotations of the more important sugars are given at
Standardizzazione....
Fattori di conversione.
Lastre di controllo di
quarzo
Rotazione ottica per
diverse lunghezze di
onda
350
351
351
Lslichkeit in Mischungen.
Lsungen von Invertzucker.
Analyse nach Clerget.
in
Reduktionsvermgen
Mischungen.
Rotation und Schmelzpunkte
von Zuckerderivaten
335
336
336
336
Confronto con soluzioni di saccarosio. . 336

Propriet.Per ogni zucchero,
le sue propriet e quelle delle
soluzioni sono riportate nell'ordine seguente : rotazione
ottica, indice di rifrazione,
densit, solubilit, mutarotazione idrolisi e scomposizione.
PAGE
PAGE
Ci2H22On, sucrose
Ci2H22On, lactose
Ci 2 H 22 On, maltose
INDICE
Introduzione
PAGE
Metodi saccarimetrici e
standards
334
Potere rotatorio specifico,
definizione
334
Pesi normali saccarimetrici
335
Mutarotazione
335
Scala internazionale . . . . 335
PAGE
C5Hi0O5, xylose
Ci8H32Oi6, raffinose
352
352
Sistemi con pi diu uno

zucchero
352
Solubilit in miscugli.. .
Soluzioni di zucchero
invertito
Analisi Clerget per il
saccarosio
Potere riducente in
miscugli
Rotazioni ottiche e punti
di fusione di derivati
dello zucchero
352
352
353
353
353
definite intervals of concentration, [a] for all intermediate concentrations may be found by interpolation.
Saccharimetric Method. Since monochromatic light sources are
difficult to obtain, it is frequently more convenient to use a whitelight source and a quartz-wedge saccharimeter. This saccharimeter is particularly applicable to the sugar group because the
rotatory dispersions of quartz and the common sugars are very
similar. The conditions for accurate observing are improved if
the violet end of the spectrum is absorbed by the potassium
bichromate cell. The Saccharimetric scale is defined by the rotation of sucrose, its hundred point being the rotation of 26 g
(in air, d = 0.0012, brass weights) in 100 ml of solution. Therefore in order to determine a sugar having a different rotatory power,
the weight used must be adjusted to the sucro'se scale, i.e., the sac-
charimetric normal weight of the sugar in question is that weight

which, dissolved in 100 ml of solution, will give a rotation of 100
on the sucrose scale. To compute this weight use, whenever the
data are available, the results of direct determinations of the values
of the rotations on the sucrose scale.
In the case of the first four sugars of the following table, determinations have been made of the relation between the rotation
in sucrose deg. (0S) and circ. deg. of sodium light for the same
solution. If this relation is known, the saccharimetric normal
weight for the saccharimeter can be computed from the known
specific rotation.
In the case of many sugars no direct determinations of the
relative values of the sugar deg. and circ. deg. are available, and in
these instances the saccharimetric normal weight must be computed from the relative specific rotations of sucrose and of the
sugar in question on the assumption that the rotation dispersion of
all the sugars is the same as that of sucrose, which is not strictly
true. Saccharimetric normal weights so computed must therefore be considered only as the nearest approximation at present
available. The computation depends upon the assumption that
the saccharimetric normal weights of the sugars vary inversely as
their specific rotations.
SACCHARIMETRIC NORMAL WEIGHTS, WN
In air, d = 0.0012, brass weights
Sugar
Dextrose
Lactose
Maltose
Raffinose (5H2O)
Lvulose
Invert sugar
I0S=
0.3448
.3452
.3449
.3450
cale.
cale.
WN
32.24s
32.85?
12.474
10.50?
18.592
86.45o
Thus in the determination of these sugars it is merely necessary

to weigh out the appropriate normal weight of the sugar and proceed exactly as in the analysis of sucrose. The specific rotation is
in general not exactly proportional to the concentration of the
sugar, and for accurate work a correction should be applied for
readings which vary much from the 100 point. Many experimenters advise using a variable saccharimetric normal weight
according to the concentration of the sugar taken, but this requires
a previous knowledge of the quantity of sugar present or a preliminary assay of the material. It is more convenient to use a uniform
saccharimetric normal weight and to apply a correction for the
various parts of the sugar scale.
Mutarotation.In a very large class of sugars a considerable
lapse of time is required for the dissolved sugar to exhibit a stable
rotatory power. The rotation of the freshly prepared solution in
general steadily changes according to the laws of unimolecular
reactions, to a steady state, where no further change occurs.
This phenomenon is called "mutarotation." The specific rotation
of the sugar is commonly expressed in terms of this equilibrium
condition. Mutarotation has been satisfactorily explained by
the discovery of two modifications of each of the sugars in which
the phenomenon exists. These two modifications have been
designated the a- and /3-forms. When the sugar crystallizes, but
one of these forms separates from solution, usually on account of a
considerable difference in solubility, and, consequently, when a
fresh solution is prepared the rotatory power of this form is exhibited.
The most plausible explanation of the isomerism of the a- and
/3-forms is connected with the end carbon atom which is capable of
changing its relation to the rest of the molecule. For example, in
the case of dextrose the mutarotation reaction is regarded as a
balanced reaction between the two forms:
H OH
\
C/
HCOH
OH H
V
C
I
HCOH I
HOCH
HOCH
HC
HC
HCOH
HCOH
CH2OH
CH2OH
a-d-Glucose
Mb0 = 113.4
/M-Glucose
MD = +19.0
The steady state is, under this hypothesis, a state in which the
reaction velocities a > and * a are equal.
As the change of one form into the other obeys the laws of mass
action and appears to be a unimolecular reaction, the mutarotation
constant is expressed by the formula
T
7
I 7
! 1
~
0
ki+k.=t loglo 77^777
TQ and r O0 being the initial and final rotations, and rt the rotation
at the time, t, from the start.
International Sugar Scale.The Ventzke sugar scale, although
in general use for many years, has never been fully understood by
polariscopists generally. This has led to much confusion and to
the use of 100 ml flasks on instruments standardized for use with
the Mohr flask. In addition, 17.50C is well below the temperature
of the average laboratory. Because of these and other considerations the International Sugar Commission at the Paris meeting
in 1900 recommended the use of a new definition of the 100 point
based upon true ml and a standard temperature of 2O0C. In order
to divorce it as completely as possible from confusion with the
Ventzke scale, the new scale is referred to as the international
sugar scale because of its origin. The change to 2O0C necessitated
a change in the saccharimetric normal weight in order to keep the
new scale comparable with the Ventzke. Correcting for the
change in the specific rotation (0.000184), the expansion of a
glass tube (+0.000008), quartz wedge (-0.000130), and metal
scale (-0.000018), the new weight becomes 26.000+ g. The
international sugar scale was then defined at the Paris meeting as
follows: The graduation of the saccharimeter and all readings
shall be made at 2O0C; 26 g (in air, d = 0.0012, brass weights) of
sucrose are dissolved in water and the volume made up to 100 ml at
2O0C. This will determine the 100 point.
Standardization of International Sugar Scale.The 100$ point
on the international sugar scale was determined by Herzfeld and
Schnrock in 1900-1904 (33, 82), with the result that 10O0S =
34.657 (X = 589.25m/*). In 1916 Bates and Jackson ( 9 ) of the
Bureau of Standards, as the result of an elaborate investigation,
found that 10O0A = 34.620 (X = 589.25m/x). They found that the
saccharimetric normal sucrose solution as defined by the International Sugar Commission did not read 100$ on saccharimeters
standardized on the Herzfeld-Schnrock basis. Subsequently
additional investigations were carried out at the Institut fr
Zucker-Industrie ( 52 ) and at the Research Institute for the
Czechoslovakian Sugar Industry ( 87 ). The readings of the saccharimetric normal sucrose solution on the original HerzfeldSchnrock scale are given in the following table:
Original Herzfeld-Schnrock determination
1900-1904 100.0O0A (33, 82)
Bates and Jackson
1916 99.895 (99.870-99.91) (9)
Stanek
1921
(99.81-99.90) (87)
Kraisy and Traegel
1924 99.834 (99.775-99.895) ( 52 )
Saccharimetric Scale Conversion Factors.Comparisons may be

made between the readings of different scales by means of the
following conversion factors: 1 International sugar scale =
0.34620 angular rotation D; 1 French sugar scale = 0.21666
angular rotation D; 1 Wild sugar scale = 0.13284 angular
rotation D. (Saccharimetric normal weight = 26.00 g International scale = 16.29 g French scale = 10.00 g Wild scale.)
Quartz Control Plates.The accuracy of the readings on the
quartz wedge saccharimeter is checked by means of quartz control
plates accurately standardized for the mercury line, X = 546. Im/*.
In order to obtain a quartz rotation for X = 589.25, use the
equation
6
^=^- = 0.85085 (, 9)
0\=546.1
where </> is the rotation in circ. deg. By this method the errors due
to the character of the sodium source of light are eliminated and
the measurements of. one observer may be readily compared with
those of another. The rotation of quartz in circ. deg. at a temperature t is given by :
<t>t = ^0 (i + 0.0001440, between 4 and 5O0C
THICKNESS OF THE NORMAL QUARTZ PLATE ( 9 )
Wave length
Rotatlon of
Rotation of 1 mm of Thickness of
oflight o
source, A
T^tesand
a S
T f ^
Jackson)
34.620
34.620
40.690
quartz at 2
5892.5
5892.5
5461
21.7182 (Gumlich)
21.7283 (Lowry)
25 .5371 (Lowry)
,20
< n
T-,
0A=5892.5A
4>X =5461A
,20
2"
689
X, niM
589
500
450
400
350
300
250
^"^
^^
Optical Rotation
IN H2O
^p = wt. % sucrose; C = g sucrose per 100 ml solution).
[a]2o = 66.386 + 0.01503sp - 0.000398ep2
[Tollens
()].
[<*]!$ = 66.438 + 0.010312p - 0.000354sp2 [Nasini and Villa-
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
Based on
weights
in vacuo
Li,
Cd,
Zn,
Na,
Cu,
Hg,
Cu,
r 1
/gQN
670.8
643.8
636.2
589.3
578.2
578.0
570.0
126 5
'
'
128 49
'
128 5
'
129 8
'
130 7
133.6
Fe,
134.9
I 40 .0
144.2
166*7
171.8
173.i
127 2
Fe; 427 2
50.51
55.04
56.51
66.45
69.10
69.22
71.24
[a]20 (5 9 ) "~
78.16
86.21
88.68
90.46
91.16
103.07
103.62
107.38
109.49
109.69
> 438'4
> 437'6
H
> 435'8
Fe
> 435'3
Fe
> 433'7
Fe
> 431'5
Fe, 428.2
Fe
Jq] 2Q (59)
X, niM
I
Hg, 546.1
Cu, 521.8
Cu, 515.3
Cu, 510.6
Cd, 508.6
Zn, 481.1
Cd, 480.0
Zn, 472.2
Zn 468
'
-
Cd, 467.8
Fe
1702
20 76
26^32
33.93
44.68
62.48
X, mM
m>2
426.1
F6j 419.1
jre 414.4
Fe' 388i9
Fe> 333.3
Fe? 382.6
VALUES OF [a]^ FOR SUCROSE IN WATER AND IN PYRIDINE ( 30 )

C = moles sucrose per liter of solution
^~^--^^^
Water
x, (mTr^^-^ i i A i -h
656
589
535
508
479
447
= 0.84922.
Ci 2 H 22 On, SUCROSE
(Composition: Lvulose < > Dextrose)
H18 () ~~
66.8
99.8
122.2
149.9
192.9
297.7
543.0
W 22 (46)
~93
u ' 21
1200
=54611
Rotatory Dispersion Curves of Quartz and of Sucrose Solution ( 9 ).

The difference between the rotations of the normal quartz plate
and the Saccharimetric normal sucrose solution for X = 589.25niAt is
0.003 and for X = 546.ImM, 0.073. The values indicate that
the rotatory dispersion curves of plate and solution cross at about
X = 58Sm1U. The reading of the Saccharimetric normal solution
on the true saccharimeter scale with the source X = 589.25m/* has
been calculated to be 99.990S.
Rotation Difference, in Sucrose Degrees, for Saccharimetric Normal
Sucrose Solution between X = 5461 A and X = 5892.5 A.Saccharimeter reading (X = 5461 A) saccharimeter reading (X =
5892.5 A) = 0.1920S ( 9 ).
589.25 (D)
546.1
66.53 66.50 78.34 78.29
(9)
( 84 ) ~( 9 )
( 84 )~
SPECIFIC ROTATION OF SUCROSE IN H2O FOR DIFFERENT WAVE

LENGTHS
1.5940
1.5934
1.5934
for two wave lengths are as follows: For quartz
X, (mM)
[a]{
Lit.
C; light normal Plate>

parallel to optic axis
mm
Rotation of Normal Quartz Plate (9). Normal quartz plate =

10O0A = 34.620 (X = 5892.5 A) at 2O0C; 1 (X = 5892.5 A) =
2.88850S. Normal quartz plate = 100>S = 40.690 (X = 5461
A) at 2O0C; 1 (X = 5461 A) = 2.45760S.
Absolute Rotation of Saccharimetric Normal Sucrose Solutions
(9).The rotation of the Saccharimetric normal sucrose solution
for X = 5461 A by direct measurement is: 100 sucrose = 40.763
of arc. Since the rotation ratio for the Saccharimetric normal
solution for X = 5892.5 A and X = 5461 A is 0.84922 the rotation
of the Saccharimetric normal solution for X = 5892.5 A is 34.617.
Rotation Ratios for Quartz and for Sucrose Solutions ( 9 ).The
ratios of the rotations in circ. deg. of quartz and of sucrose solutions
0.85085 and for sucrose
vecchia ( 67 )]. Landolt ( 55 ) has combined the above giving:

[a]% = 66.435 + 0.00870C - 0.00023C2, (C from O to 65) or,
ta]> = 66.412 H- 0.012673p - 0.000376sp2 between p = O and 50
wt. %; all weights in vacuo.
Pyridine
ii A i A
53.18 53.32 53.48 64.86 65.44 65.98

66.5 66.71 66.81 84.37 85.10 85.89
82.25 82.76 82.93 99.22100.87101.86
91.53 91.79 92.59114.37116.15118.01
104.24104.67105.42133.67135.5 137.23
121.63 122.80 123.80 152.25 154.38 156.57
SUCROSE IN PYRIDINE ( 96 )
% S.
df
[q]2^
*, 0C
dj
Ia]I)
O
0.9735
1
2
4
6.25
0.9805 0.9829 0.9912 1.0010
86.7 85.9 ~ 84.7 83.6
-10
O
+10
25
45
65
85
105
1.0341.02481.05101.00050.98110.96190.94200.9220
88.7 87.3 85.6 83.8 82.0 80.3 I T ^ . 5 77.0
EFFECT OF SALTS PN THE ROTATION OF SUCROSE IN H2O AT 20C

The rotation in deg. S of a Saccharimetric normal sucrose
solution containing m grams of salt per 100 ml of solution is'
expressed by the equation R = 100 am, where a has the following values:
Salt
a
mmax
I NaCl | NH4Cl | K 2 C 2 O 4 JCaCl 2 ]| Pb (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ; v. Fig. 1

0.265 0.169 0.234 0.339
m
1.0 2.05.0
3.7
6.8
4.0
3.3
R - 100 0.03 0.040.11
[a]jy for a 9.60% sucrose solution containing NaCl is expressed

by the equation [a]" = 66.410 1.456r for values of r up to 1.3;
r = ratio, g NaCl to g sugar ( 91 > 92 > 93 ).
FIG. 1.
Refractive Index
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF AQUEOUS SUCROSE SOLUTIONS AT 2O0C ( 83 )
Schonroek's table for determining water in sucrose solutions by
means of the Abbe refractometer ( 8 3)
nf?
1.3330
1.3331
1.3333
1.3334
1.3336
|%H20
100.0
99.9
99.8
99.7
99.6
1.3337
1.3338
1.3340
1.3341
1.3342
99.5
99.4
99.3
99.2
99.1
1.3344
1.3345
1.3347
1.3348
1.3350
99.0
98.9
98.8
98.7
98.6
1.3351
1.3353
1.3355
1.3356
1.3357
ng
1.3464
1.3465
1.3467
1.3469
1.3470
|%H20
91.0
90.9
90.8
90.7
90.6
ng
1.3549
1.3551
1.3552
1.3554
1.3555
|%H 2 O
85.5
85.4
85.3
85.2
85.1
ng
1.3639
1.3641
1.3642
1.3644
1.3645
|%H 2 O
80.0
79.9
79.8,
79.7
79.6
1.3471
1.3473
1.3475
1.3476
1.3477
90.5
90.4
90.3
90.2
90.1
1.3557
1.3559
1.3560
1.3562
1.3563
85.0
84.9
84.8
84.7
84.6
1.3647
1.3649
1.3650
1.3652
1.3653
79.5
79.4
79.3
79.2
79.1
1.3479
1.3481
1.3482
1.3483
1.3485
90.0
89.9
89.8
89.7
89.6
1.3565
1.3567
1.3568
1.3570
1.3571
84.5
84.4
84.3
84.2
84.1
1.3655 79.0
1.3657 78.9
1.3658 78.8
1.3660 78.7
1.3662 78.6
1.3487
1.3488
1.3489
1.3491
1.3493
89.5
89.4
89.3
89.2
89.1
1.3573
1.3575
1.3576
1.3578
1.3580
84.0
83.9
83.8
83.7
83.6
1.3663 78.5
1.3665 78.4
1.3667 78.3
1.3669 78.2
1.3670 78.1
1.3494
1.3496
1.3497
1.3499
1.3500
89.0
88.9
88.8
88.7
88.6
1.3582 83.5
1.3583 83.4
1.3585 83.3
1.3587 83.2
1.3588 83.1
1.3672
1.3674
1.3675
1.3677
1.3679
78.0
77.9
77.8
77.7
77.6
1.3502
1.3504
1.3505
1.3507
1.3508
88.5
88.4
88.3
88.2
88.1
1.3590
1.3592
1.3593
1.3595
1.3596
83.0
82.9
82.8
82.7
82.6
1.3681
1.3682
1.3684
1.3686
1.3687
77.5
77.4
77.3
77.2
77.1
nL |%H 2 01.3374 97.0

1.3375 96.9
1.3377 96.8
1.3378 96.7
1.3380 96.6
rig |%H2O
1.3418 94.0
1.3419 93.9
1.3421 93.8
1.3423 93.7
1.3424 93.6
1.3381
1.3382
1.3384
1.3385
1.3387
96.5
96.4
96.3
96.2
96.1
1.3425
1.3427
1.3429
1.3430
1.3431
93.5
93.4
93.3
93.2
93.1
1.3510
1.3512
1.3513
1.3515
1.3516
88.0
87.9
87.8
87.7
87.6
1.3598
.1.3600
1.3601
1.3603
1.3604
82.5
82.4
82.3
82.2
82.1
1.3689
1.3691
1.3692
1.3694
1.3696
77.0
76.9
76.8
76.7
76.6
1.3388
1.3389
1.3391
1.3393
1.3394
96.0
95.9
95.8
95.7
95.6
1.3433
1.3435
1.3436
1.3437
1.3439
93.0
92.9
92.8
92.7
92.6
1.3518
1.3520
1.3521
1.3523
1.3524
87.5
87.4
87.3
87.2
87.1
1.3606
1.3608
1.3609
1.3611
1.3612
82.0
81.9
81.8
81.7
81.6
1.3698
1.3699
1.3701
1.3703
1.3704
76.5
76.4
76.3
76.2
76.1
98.5
98.4
98.3
98.2
98.1
1.3395 95.5
1.3397 95.4
1.3399 95.3
1.3400 95.2
1.3401 95.1
1.3441
1.3442
1.3443
1.3445
1.3447
92.5
92.4
92.3
92.2
92.1
1.3526
1.3527
1.3529
1.3531
1.3532
87.0
86.9
86.8
86.7
86.6
1.3614
1.3616
1.3617
1.3619
1.3620
81.5
81.4
81.3
81.2
81.1
1.3706
1.3708
1.3709
1.3711
1.3713
76.0
75.9
75.8
75.7
75.6
1.3359
1.3361
1.3362
1.3363
1.3365
98.0
97.9
97.8
97.7
976
1.3403
1.3405
1.3406
1.3407
1.3409
95.0
94.9
94.8
94.7
94.6
1.3448
1.3450
1.3451
1.3453
1.3454
92.0
91.9
91.8
91.7
91.6
1.3533
1.3535
1.3537
1.3538
1.3539
86.5
86.4
86.3
86.2
86.1
1.3622
1.3624
1.3625
1.3627
1.3629
81.0
80.9
80.8
80.7
80.6
1.3715
1.3716
1.3718
1.3720
1.3721
75.5
75.4
75.3
75.2
75.1
1.3367
1.3368
1.3369
1.3371
1.3373
97.5
97.4
97.3
97.2
97.1
1.3411
1.3412
1.3413
1.3415
1.3417
94.5
94.4
94.3
94.2
94.1
1.3456
1.3458
1.3459
1.3461
1.3462
91.5
91.4
91.3
91.2
91.1
1.3541
1.3543
1.3544
1.3546
1.3547
86.0
85.9
85.8
85.7
85.6
1.3631
1.3632
1.3634
1.3636
1.3637
80.5
80.4
80.3
80.2
80.1
1.3723
1.3725
1.3726
1.3728
1.3730
75.0
74.9
74.8
74.7
74.6
ftp |%H 2 Q
1.3731 74.5
1.3733 74.4
1.3735 74.3
1.3737 74.2
1.3738 74.1
KD |%H 2 0
1.3829 69.0
1.3831 68.9
1.3833 68.8
1.3834 68.7
1.3836 68.6
rff |%H 2 0
1.3929 63.5
1.3931 63.4
1.3933 63.3
1.3935 63.2
1.3937 63.1
nl |%H 2 0
1.4036 58.0
1.4038 57.9
1.4040 57.8
1.4042 57.7
1.4044 57.6
n*D [%H 2 Q
1.4147 52.5
1.4150 52.4
1.4152 52.3
1.4154 52.2
1.4156 52.1
ng
1.4264
1.4266
1.4268
1.4270
1.4272
|%H2O
47.0
46.9
46.8
46.7
46.6
1.3740
1.3742
1.3744
1.3745
1.3747
74.0
73.9
73.8
73.7
73.6
1.3838
1.3840
1.3842
1.3843
1.3845
68.5
68.4
68.3
68.2
68.1
1.3939 63.0
1.3941 62.9
1.3943 62.8
1.3945 62.7
1.3947 62.6
1.4046
1.4048
1.4050
1.4052
1.4054
57.5
57.4
57.3
57.2
57.1
1.4158
1.4160
1.4162
1.4164
1.4166
52.0
51.9
51.8
51.7
51.6
1.4275
1.4277
1.4279
1.4281
1.4283
46.5
46.4
46.3
46.2
46.1
1.3749
1.3751
1.3753
1.3754
1.3756
73.5
73.4
73.3
73.2
73.1
1.3847
1.3849
1.3851
1.3852
1.3854
68.0
67.9
67.8
67.7
67.6
1.3949
1.3950
1.3952
1.3954
1.3956
62.5
62.4
62.3
62.2
62.1
1.4056
1.4058
1.4060
1.4062
1.4064
57.0
56.9
56.8
56.7
56.6
1.4169 51.5
1.4171 51.4
1.4173 51.3
1.4175 51.2
1.4177 51.1
1.4285
1.4287
1.4289
1.4292
1.4294
46.0
45.9
45.8
45.7
45.6
1.3758
1.3760
1.3761
1.3763
1.3765
73.0
72.9
72.8
72.7
72.6
1.3856
1.3858
1.3860
1.3861
1.3863
67.5
67.4
67.3
67.2
67.1
1.3958 62.0
1.3960 61.9
1.3962 61.8
1.3964 61.7
1.3966 61.6
1.4066
1.4068
1.4070
1.4072
1.4074
56.5
56.4
56.3
56.2
56.1
1.4179
1.4181
1.4183
1.4185
1.4187
51.0
50.9
50.8
50.7
50.6
1.4296
1.4298
1.4300
1.4303
1.4305
45.5
45.4
45.3
45.2
45.1
1.3767
1.3768
1.3770
1.3772
1.3773
72.5
72.4
72.3
72.2
72.1
1.3865
1.3867
1.3869
1.3870
1.3872
67.0
66.9
66.8
66.7
66.6
1.3968
1.3970
1.3972
1.3974
1.3976
61.5
61.4
61.3
61.2
61.1
1.4076
1.4078
1.4080
1.4082
1.4084
56.0
55.9
55.8
55.7
55.6
1.4189
1.4192
1.4194
1.4196
1.4198
50.5
50.4
50.3
50.2
50.1
1.4307 45.0
1.4309 44.9
1.4311 44 8
1.4313 44.7
1.4316 44.6
1.3775
1.3777
1.3779
1.3780
1.3782
72.0
71.9
71.8
71.7
71.6
1.3874
1.3876
1.3878
1.3879
1.3881
66.5
66.4
66.3
66.2
66.1
1.3978
1.3980
1.3982
1.3984
1.3986
61.0
60.9
60.8
60.7
60.6
1.4086
1.4088
1.4090
1.4092
1.4094
55.5
55.4
55.3
55.2
55.1
1.4200
1.4202
1.4204
1.4206
1.4208
50.0
49.9
49.8
49.7
49.6
1.4318 44.5
1.4320 44.4
1.4322 44.3
1.4325 44.2
l'.4327 44.1
1.3784
1.3786
1.3788
1.3789
1.3791
71.5
71.4
71.3
71.2
71.1
1.3883
1.3885
1.3887
1.3889
1.3891
66.0
65.9
65.8
65.7
65.6
1.3987 60.5
1.3989 60.4
1.3991 60.3
1.3993 60.2
1.3995 60.1
1.4096
1.4098
1.4100
1.4102
1.4104
55.0
54.9
54.8
54.7
54.6
1.4211
1.4213
1.4215
1.4217
1.4219
49.5
49.4
49.3
49.2
49.1
1.4329
1.4331
1.4333
1.4336
1.4338
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.7
43.6
1.3793
1.3795
1.3797
1.3798
1.3800
71.0
70.9
70.8
70.7
70.6
1.3893
1.3894
1.3896
1.3898
1.3900
65.5
65.4
65.3
65.2
65.1
1.3997
1.3999
1.4001
1.4003
1.4005
60.0
59.9
59.8
59.7
"59.6
1.4107
1.4109
1.4111
1.4113
1.4115
54.5
54.4
54.3
54.2
54.1
1.4221
1.4223
1.4225
1.4227
1.4229
49.0
48.9
48.8
48.7
48.6
1.4340
1.4342
1.4344
1.4347
1.4349
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.2
43.1
1.3802
1.3804
1.3806
1.3807
1.3809
70.5
70.4
70.3
70.2
70.1
1.3902
1.3904
1.3906
1.3907
1.3909
65.0
64.9
64.8
64.7
64.6
1.4007
1.4008
1.4010
1.4012
1.4014
59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
59.1
1.4117
1.4119
1.4121
1.4123
1.4125
54.0
53.9
53.8
53.7
53.6
1.4231
1.4234
1.4236
1.4238
1.4240
48.5
48.4
48.3
48.2
48.1
1.4351 43.0
1.4353 42.9
1.4355 42.8
1.4358 42.7
1.4360 42.6
1.3811
1.3813
1.3815
1.3816
1.3818
70.0
69.9
69.8
69.7
69.6
1.3911
1.3913
1.3915
1.3916
1.3918
64.5
64.4
64.3
64.2
64.1
1.4016
1.4018
1.4020
1.4022
1.4024
59.0
58.9
58.8
58.7
58.6
1.4127
1.4129
1.4131
1.4133
1.4135
53.5
53.4
53.3
53.2
53.1
1.4242 48.0
1.4244 47.9
1.4246 47.8
1.4249 47.7
1.4251 47.6
1.4362 42.5
1.4364 42.4
1.4366 42.3
1.4369 42.2
1.4371 42.1
1.3820
1.3822
1.3824
1.3825
1.3827
69.5
69.4
69.3
69.2
69.1
1.3920
1.3922
1.3924
1.3926
1.3928
64.0
63.9
63.8
63.7
63.6
1.4026
1.4028
1.4030
1.4032
1.4034
58.5
58.4
58.3
58.2
58.1
1.4137
1.4139
1.4141
1.4143
1.4145
53.0
52.9
52.8
52.7
52.6
1.4253 47.5
1.4255 47.4
1.4257 47.3
1.4260 47.2
1.4262 47.1
1.4373
1.4375
1.4378
1.4380
1.4382
42.0
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.6
wg |%H 2 Q
1.4509 36.0
1.4511 35.9
1.4514 35.8
1.4516 35.7
1.4518 35.6
yff |%H 2 O
1.4637 30.6
1.4639 30.5
1.4642 30.4
1.4644 30.3
1.4646 30.2
ng |%H20
1.4772 25.1
1.4774 25.0
1.4777 24.9
1.4779 24.8
1.4782 24.7
n2D
1.4860
1.4863
1.4865
1.4868
1.4871
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.6
1.4521
1.4523
1.4525
1.4527
1.4530
35.5
35.4
35.3
35.2
35.1
1.4649 30.1
1.4651 30.0
1.4653 29.9
1.4656 29.8
1.4658 29.7
1.4784
1.4787
1.4789
1.4792
1.4794
24.6
24.5
24.4
24.3
24.2
1.4873 21.1
1.4876 21.0
1.4878 20.9
1.4881 20.8
1.4883 20.7
1.4964
1.4967
1.4970
1.4972
1.4975
17.6
17.5
17.4
17.3
17.2
1.4407 40.5
1.4409 40.4
1.4411 40.3
1.4414 40.2
1.4416 40.1
1.4532
1.4534
1.4537
1.4539
1.4541
35.0
34.9
34.8
34.Y
34.6
1.4661
1.4663
1.4666
1.4668
1.4671
29.6
29.5
29.4
29.3
29.2
1.4797
1.4799
1.4802
1.4804
1.4807
24.1
24.0
23.9
23.8
23.7
1.4886
1,4888
1.4891
1.4893
1.4896
20.6
20.5
20.4
20.3
20.2
1.4978
1.4980
1.4983
1.4985
1.4988
17.1
17.0
16.9
16.8
16.7
1.4418 40.0
1.4420 39.9
1.4423 39.8
1.4425 39.7
1.4427 39.6
1.4544
1.4546
1.4548
1.4550
1.4553
34.5
34.4
34.3
34.2
34.1
1.4673
1.4676
1.4678
1.4681
1.4683
29.1
29.0
28.9
28.8
28.7
1.4810
1.4812
1.4815
1.4817
1.4820
23.6
23.5
23.4
23.3
23.2
1.4898 20.1
1.4901 20.0
1.4904 19.9
1.4906 19.8
1.4909 19.7
1.4991
1.4993
1.4996
1.4999
1.5001
16.6
16.5
16.4
16.3
16.2
1.4429 39.5
1.4432 39.4
1.4434 39.3
1.4436 39.2
1.4439 39.1
1.4555
1.4558
1.4561
1.4563
1.4565
34.0*
34.0
33.9
33.8
33.7
1.4685 28.6
1.4688 28.5
1.4690 28.4
1.4693 28.3
1.4695 28.2
1.4822
1.4825
1.4827
1.4830
1.4832
23.1
23.0
22.9
22.8
22.7
1.4912
1.4914
1.4917
1.4919
1.4922
19.6
19.5
19.4
19.3
19.2
1.5004
1.5007
1.5009
1.5012
1.5015
16.1
16.0
15.9
15.8
15.7
1.4441
1.4443
'1.4446
1.4448
1.4450
39.0
38.9
38.8
38.7
38.6
1.4567
1.4570
1.4572
1.4574
1.4577
33.6
33.5
33.4
33.3
33.2
1.4698
1.4700
1.4703
1.4705
1.4708
28.1
28.0
27.9
27.8
27.7
1.4835 22.6
1.4838 22.5
1.4840 22.4
1.4843 22.3
1.4845 22.2
1.4925
1.4927
1.4930
1.4933
1.4935
19.1
19.0
18.9
18.8
18.7
1.5017
1.5020
1.5022
1.5025
1.5028
15.6
15.5
15.4
15.3
15.2
1.4453 38.5
1.4455 38.4
1.4457 38.3
1.4459 38.2
1.4462 38.1
1.4579
1.4581
1.4584
1.4586
1.4588
33.1
33.0
32.9
32.8
32.7
1.4710
1.4713
1.4715
1.4717
1.4720
27.6
27.5
27.4
27.3
27.2
1.4848 22.1
1.4850 22.0
1.4853 21.9
1.4855 21.8
1.4858 21.7
1.4938
1.4941
1.4943
1.4946
1.4949
18.6
18.5
18.4
18.3
18.2
1.5030
1.5033
15.1
15.0
1.4464
1.4466
1.4468
1.4471
1.4473
38.0
37.9
37.8
37.7
37.6
1.4591
1.4593
1.4595
1.4598
1.4600
32.6
32.5
32.4
32.3
32.2
1.4722
1.4725
1.4727
1.4730
1.4732
27.1
27.0
26.9
26.8
26.7
1.4475
1.4477
1.4479
1.4482
1.4484
37.5
37.4
37.3
37.2
37.1
1.4602
1.4605
1.4607
1.4609
1.4612
32.1
32.0
31.9
31.8
31.7
1.4735
1.4737
1.4740
1.4742
1.4744
26.6
26.5
26 4
26.3
26.2
1.4486
1.4488
1.4491
1.4493
1.4495
37.0
36.9
36.8
36.7
36.6
1.4614
1.4616
1.4619
1.4621
1.4623
31.6
31.5
31.4
31.3
31.2
1.4747
1.4749
1.4752
1.4754
1.4757
26.1
26.0
25.9
25.8
25.7
1.4497
1.4500
1.4502
1.4504
1.4507
36.5
36.4
36.3
36.2
36.1
1.4625 31.1
1.4628 31.0
1.4630 30.9
1.4632 30.8
1.4635 30.7
1.4759
1.4762
1.4764
1.4767
1.4769
25.6
25.5
25.4
25.3
25.2
rff
1.4385
1.4387
1.4389
1.4391
1.4394
|%H20
41.5
41.4
41.3
41.2
41.1
1.4396
1.4398
1.4400
1.4403
1.4405
I %H2Q
21.6
21.5
21.4
21.3
21.2
n2D
%H2Q
1.4951 18.1
1.4954 18.0
1.4956 17.9
1.4959 17.8
1.4962 17.7
* The values of the refractive index from 34 to 15% are taken from Main's
table ( 61 - 5 ).
REFRACTIVE INDEX CORRECTION TABLE FOR READINGS AT

TEMPERATURES OTHER THAN 2O0C ( 86 )
^^%H 2 O 95 I 90 I 85 I 80 I 70 | 60 | 50 [ 40 | 30 [ 25
C^^^
To be added to % water
15
0.250.270.310.310.340.350.360.37 0.360.36
16
0.210.230.260.270.290.310.310.32 0.310.29
17
0.160.180.200.200.220.230.230.23 0.200.17
18
0.110.120.140.140.150.160.160.15 0.120.09
19
0.060.070.080.080.080.090.090.08 0.070.05
To be subtracted from % water
21
0.060.070.070.070.070.070.070.07 0.07J0.07
22
0.120.140.140.140.140.140.150.14 0.140.14
23
0.180.200.200.210.210.210.230.21 0.220.22
24
0.240.260.260.270.280.280.300.28 0.290.29
25
0.300.320.320.340.360.360.380.36 0.360.37
26
0.360.390.390.410.430.430.460.44 0.430.44
27
0.430.460.460.480.500.510.550.52*0.500.51
28
0.500.530.530.550.580.590.630.60*0.570.59
29
0.570.600.610.620.660.670.710.68*0.650.67
30
0.640.670.700.710.740.750.800.76*0.730.75
% H2O
95 90 85 80 70 60 50 40 30 25
* These are corrected values. Stanek's original table gives values 0.10 higher.
-1.J-U J JJJt^m j-i i i \ i m r^. i j
V>Xl<X XXV^JTUU
X XilJXJXuQ
TABLE FOR USE WITH ZEISS IMMERSION REFRACTOMETER (57.5) # = scaie reading; % S = % sucrose
R I %S
R \ %S
R I %S
R \%S
15.0 0.00
.1 .03
.2 .05
.3 .08
.4 .11
.5 .13
.6 .16
.7 .19
.8 .21
.9 .24
21.0 1.58
.1 .61
.2 .64
.3 .66
.4 .69
.5 .71
.6 .74
.7 .77
.8 .79
.9 .82
27.0 3.16
.1 .19
.2 .21
.3 .24
.4 .26
.5 .29
.6 .32
.7 .34
.8 .37
.9 .40
33.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
4.74
.77
.79
.82
.84
.87
.90
.92
.95
.98
16.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.26
.29
.32
.34
.37
.40
.42
.45
.48
.50
22.0 .84
.1 .87
.2 .90
.3 .92
.4 .95
.5 .98
.6 2.00
.7 .03
.8 .05
.9 .08
28.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.42
.45
.48
.50
.53
.56
.58
.61
.64
.66
34.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
5.00 40.0
.03
.1
.05
.2
.08
.3
.11
.4
.13
.5
.16
.6
.19
.7
.21
.8
.24
.9
17.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.53
.56
.58
.61
.64
.66
.69
.71
.74
.77
23.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.11
.13
.16
.19
.21
.24
.26
.29
.32
.34
29.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.69
.71
.74
.77
.79
.82
.84
.87
.90
.92
35.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.26
.29
.32
.34
.37
.40
.42
.45
.48
.50
18.0 .79
.1 .82
.2 .84
.3 .87
.4 .90
.5 .92
.6 .95
.7 .98
.8 1.00
.9 .03
24.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.37
.40
.42
.45
.48
.50
.53
.56
.58
.61
30.0 .95
.1 .98
.2 4.00
.3 .03
.4 .05
.5 .08
.6 .11
.7 .13
.8 .16
.9 .19
36.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
19.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.05
.08
.11
.13
.16
.19
.21
.24
.26
.29
25.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.64
.66
.69
.71
.74
.77
.79
.82
.84
.87
31.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
20.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.32
.34
.37
.40
.42
.45
.48
.50
.53
.56
26.0 .90
.1 .92
.2 .95
.3 .98
.4 3.00
.5 .03
.6 .05
.7 .08
.8 .11
.9 .13
32.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
R I %S
45.0 7.84
.1 .87
.2 .90
.3 .92
.4 .95
.5 .97
.6 8.00
.7 .03
.8 .05
.9 .07
51.0 9.32
.1 .34
.2 .36
.3 .39
.4 .41
.5 .44
.6 .46
.7 .49
.8 .51
.9 .53
57.010.78
.1 .80
.2 .83
.3 .85
.4 .88
.5 .90
.6 .92
.7 .95
.8 .97
.911.00
46.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.12
.15
.17
.19
.22
.24
.27
.29
.32
52.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.56
.58
.60
.63
.66
.68
.70
.73
.75
,78
58.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.03
.05
.07
.10
.12
.15
.17
.19
.22
.24
41.0 .82
.1 .84
.2 .87
.3 .90
.4 .92
.5 .95
.6 .97
.7 7.00
.8 .03
.9 .05
47.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.34
.36
.39
.41
.44
.46
.49
.51
.53
.56
53.0 .80
.1 .83
.2 .85
.3 .88
.4 .90
.5 .92
.6 .95
.7 .97
.810.00
.9 .03
59.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
,8
.9
.27
.29
.32
.34
.36
.39
.41
.44
.46
.49
.53
.56
.58
.61
.64
.66
.69
.71
.74
.77
42.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.08
.10
.13
.15
.18
.20
.23
.26
.28
.31
48.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.58
.60
.63
.66
.68
.70
.73
.75
.78
.80
54.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.05
.07
.10
.12
.15
.17
.19
.22
.24
.27
60.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.51
.53
.56
.58
.60
.63
.66
.68
.70
.73
.21
.24
.26
.29
.32
.34
.37
.39
.42
.45
37.0 .79
.1 .82
.2 .84
.3 .87
.4 .90
.5 .92
.6 .95
.7 .98
.8 6.00
.9 .03
43.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.33
.36
.39
.41
.43
.46
.49
.51
.54
.56
49.0 .83
.1 .85
.2 .88
.3 .90
.4 .92
.5 .95
.6 .97
.7 9.00
.8 .03
.9 .05
55.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.29
.32
.34
.36
.39
.41
.44
.46
.49
.51
61.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.75
.78
.80
.83
.85
.88
.90
.92
.95
.97
.48
.50
.53
.56
.58
.61
.64
.66
.69
.71
38.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
44.0
.1
.2
3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.59
.61
.64
.66
.69
.72
.74
.77
.79
.82
50.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
56.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.53
.56
.58
.60
.63
.66
.68
.70
.73
.75
62.012.00
.1 .03
.2 .05
.3 .07
.4 .09
.5 .12
.6 .14
.7 .16
.8 .18
.9 .21
.05
.08
.10
.13
.15
.17
.20
.23
.26
.28
%S
39.0 6.31
.1 .33
.2 .36
.3 .39
.4 .41
.5 .43
.6 .46
.7 .49
.8 .51
.9 .54
.56
.59
.61
.64
.66
.69
.72
.74
.77
.79
.07
.10
.12
.15
.17
.19
.22
.24
.27
.29
%S
R I %S
I %S
I %S
I %S
I %S
%S
I%S
I %S
I %S
63.012.23
.1 .25
.2 .28
.3 .30
.4 .32
.5 .35
.6 .37
.7 .39
.8 .42
.9 .44
69.013.61
.1 .63
.2 .66
.3 .68
.4 .70
.5 .73
.6 .75
.7 .77
.8 .79
.9 .82
75.014.98
.115.00
.2 .03
.3 .05
.4 .07
.5 .09
.6 .11
.7 .13
.8 .16
.9 .18
81.016.31
.1
33
.2 .35
.3 .38
.4 .40
.5 .42
.6 .44
.7 .47
.8 .49
.9 .51
87 ..017.66
.1 .68
.2 .71
.3 .73
.4 .75
.5 .77
.6 .79
.7 .82
.8 .84
.9 .86
92.018.74
.1 .76
.2 .78
.3 .80
.4 .82
.5 .85
.6 .87
.7 .89
.8 .91
.9 .93
97.019.80
.1 .82
.2 .85
.3 .87
.4 .89
.5 .91
.6 .93
.7 .95
.8 .97
.920.00
102.020^87
.1 .89
.2 .91
.3 .93
.4 .95
.5 .97
.621.00
.7 .02
.8 .04
.9 .06
64.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.46
.49
.51
.53
.56
.58
.60
.63
.65
.67
70.0 .84
.1 .87
.2 .89
.3 .92
.4 .94
.5 .96
.6 .98
.714.00
.8 .03
.9 .05
76.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.20
.22
.24
.26
.28
.30
.32
.34
.36
.38
82.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.54
.56
.59
.61
.63
.65
.68
.70
.72
.74
88.0 .89
.1 .91
.2 .93
.3 .95
.4 .98
.518.00
.6 .02
.7 .04
.8 .06
.9 .08
93.0 .95
.1 .97
.219.00
.3 .02
.4 .04
.5 .06
.6 .08
.7 .10
.8 .13
.9 .15
98.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.02
.04
.06
.08
.10
.13
.15
.17
.19
.21
103.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.08
.10
.13
.15
.17
.19
.21
.23
.25
.27
65.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.69
.72
.74
.76
.79
.81
.83
.86
.88
.90
71.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.07
.09
.11
.14
.16
.18
.20
.23
.25
.27
77.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.40
.42
.44
.47
.49
.51
.54
.56
.59
.61
83.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.76
.79
.81
.83
.85
.88
.90
.92
.95
.97
89.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.13
.15
.17
.19
.21
.23
.25
.27
.29
94.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.17
.19
.21
.23
.25
.27
.29
.31
.34
.36
99.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
- .9
.23
.25
.27
.29
.31
.34
.36
.38
.40
.42
104.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.29
.31
.34
.36
.38
.40
.42
.44
.47
.49
66.0 .93
.1 .95
.2 .97
.313.00
.4 .03
.5 .05
.6 .07
.7 .09
.8 .11
.9 .14
72.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.29
.32
.34
.36
.38
.40
.43
.45
.48
.50
78.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.63
.65
.68
.70
.72
.74
.76
.79
.81
.83
84.017.00
.1 .02
.2 .04
.3 .07
.4 .09
.5 .11
.6 .13
.7 .15
.8 .18
.9 .20
90.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.31
.34
.36
.38
.40
.42
.44
.47
.49
.51
95.0
.1
2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.38
.40
.42
.44
.47
.49
.51
.53
.55
.57
100.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.44
.47
.49
.51
.53
.55
.57
.59
.61
.63
105.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.51
.53
.55
.57
.59
.61
.63
.66
.68
.70
67.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.16
.18
.20
.23
.25
.27
.29
.32
.34
.36
73.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.52
.54
.57
.59
.61
.63
.66
.68
.70
.73
79.0 .85
.1 .88
.2 .90
.3 .92
.4 .95
.5 .97
.616.00
.7 .03
.8 .05
.9 .07
85.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.22
.24
.27
.29
.31
.33
.35
.38
.40
.42
91.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.53
.55
.57
.59
.61
.63
.66
.68
.70
.72
96.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.59
.61
.63
.66
.68
.70
.72
.74
.76
.78
101.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.66
.68
.70
.72
.74
.76
.78
.80
.82
.85
106.0
.71
68.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.38
.40
.43
.45
.48
.50
.52
.54
.57
.59
74.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.75
.77
.79
.82
.84
.87
.89
.92
.94
.96
80.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
86.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.44
.47
.49
.51
.53
.55
.58
.60
.62
.64
.09
.11
.13
.16
.18
.20
.22
.24
.27
.29
DRY SUBSTANCE (D) IN SUGAR-HOUSE PRODUCTS AT 280C ( 76 )

ng
I
% D
I
Decimals
1.3335
1
0.0001=0.05
0.0010=0.75
1.3349
2
0.0002=0.1
0.0011=0.8
3
0.0003=0.2
0.0012=0.8
1.3364
1.3379
4
0.0004 = 0.25
0.0013=0.85
1.3394
5
0.0005=0.3
0.0014=0.9
1.3409
6
0.0006=0.4
0.0015 = 1.0
1.3424
7
0.0007=0.5
1.3439
8
0.0008=0.6
1.3454
9
0.0009=0.7
1.3469
10
1.3484
0.0001=0.05
1.3500
12
0.0002=0.1
1.3516
13
0.0003=0.2
1.3530
14
0.0004=0.25
1.3546
15
0.0005=0.3
1.3562
16
0.0006=0.4
1.3578
17
0.0007=0.45
1.3594
18
0.0008=0.5
1.3611
19
0.0009=0.6
1.3627
20
0.0010=0.65
1.3644
21
0.0011=0.7
1.3661
22
0.0012=0.75
1.3678
23
0.0013=0.8
1.3695
24
0.0014=0.85
1.3712
25
0.0015=0.9
1.3729
26
0.0016=0.95
__
__
1.3764
1.3782
1.3800
1.3818
1.3836
1.3854
1.3872
1.3890
1.3909
1.3928
1.3947
1.3966
1.3984
1.4003
1.4023
1.4043
1.4063
1.4083
1.4104
1.4124
1.4145
1.4166
1.4186
1.4207
1.4228
1.4249
1 4270
1.4292
1.4314
1.4337
1.4359
1.4382
1.4405
1.4428
1.4451
1.4474
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
0.0001=0.05
0.0002=0.1
0.0003=0.15
0.0004=0.2
0.0005=0.25
0.0006=0.3
0.0007=0.35
0.0008=0.4
0.0009 = 0.45
0.0010 = 0.5
0.0011=0.55
0.0012=0.6
0.0013=0.65
0.0014=0.7
0.0015=0.75
0.0016=0.8
0.0017=0.85
0.0018=0.9
0.0019=0.95
0.0020 = 1.0
0.0021=1.0
0.0001=0.05
0.0002=0.1
0.0003=0.15
0.0004=0.2
0.0005=0.25
0.0006=0.3
0.0007=0.35
0.0008=0.4
0.0009=0.45
0.0010=0.5
0.0011=0.55
0.0012=0.6
0.0013=0.65
0.0014=0.7
0.0015=0.75
0.0016=0.8
0.0017=0.85
0.0018=0.9
0.0019=0.95
0.0020 = 1.0
0.0021=1.0
0.0001=0.05
0.0002=0.1
0.0003=0.1
0.0004=0.15
0.0005=0.2
0.0006=0.25
0.0007=0.3
0.0008=0.35
0.0009=0.4
0.0013=0.55
0.0014=0.6
0.0015=0.65
0.0016=0.7
0.0017=0.75
0.0018=0.8
0.0019=0.85
0.0020=0.9
0.0021=0.9
DRY SUBSTANCE (D) IN SUGAR-HOUSE PRODUCTS AT 280C ( 76 ).

(Continued)
ng
I
% D
\
Decimals
1.4497
64
0.0010=0.45
0.0022=0.95
1.4520
65
0.0011=0.5
0.0023 = 1.0
1.4543
66
0.0012=0.5
0.0024 = 1.0
1.4567
67
1.4591
68
1.4615
69
1.4639
70
1.4663
71
1.4687
72
1.4711
73
1.4736
74
1.4761
75
0.0001=0.0
0.0015=0.55
1.4786
76
0.0002=0.05
0.0016=0.6
1.4811
77
0.0003=0.1
0.0017=0.65
1.4836
78
0.0004=0.15
0.0018=0.65
1.4862
79
0.0005=0.2
0.0019=0.7
1.4888
80
0.0006=0.2
0.0020=0.75
1.4914
81
0.0007=0.25
0.0021=0.8
1.4940
82
0.0008=0.3
0.0022=0.8
1.4966
83
0.0009=0.35
0.0023=0.85
1.4992
84
0.0010=0.35
0.0024=0.9
1.5019
85
0.0011=0.4
0.0025=0.9
1.5046
86
0.0012=0.45
0.0026=0.95
1.5073
87
0.0013=0.5
0.0027 = 1.0
1.5100
88
0.0014=0.5
0.0028 = 1.0
1.5127
89
1.5155
90
CORRECTIONS FOR THE TEMPERATURE ( 76 )

\v
%D
Dry substance
X.
O I 5 I 10 I 15 I 20 I 25 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 60 I 70 I 80 I 90"
0
C ^\
Subtract
20
0.530.540.550.560.570.580.600.620.640.620.610.600.58
21
22
23
24
25
0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.50
0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44
0.330.330.340.350.360.370.380.390.400.390.380.380.38
0.260.260.270.280.280.290.300.310.320.310.310.300.30
0.200.200.210.210.220.220.230.230.240.230.230.230.22
26
27
0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14
0.070.0710.070.070.070.070.080.080.080.080.080.080.07
Add
0.070.070.070.070.070.070.080.080.080.080.080.080.07
0.120.120.130.140.140.140.150.150.160.160.160.150.14
0.200.200.21 0.21 0.220.22 0.230.230.240.230.230.230.22
0.260.260.270.280.280.290.300.31 0.320.31 0.31 0.300.30
0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.38
0.400.41 0.420.420.430.44 0.450.470.48 0.470.460.450.44
0.460.470.480.490.500.5l|o.520.540.56|o.54|0.530.520.5e
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Density of Aqueous Sucrose Solutions at 2O0C, g/ml

All weights in vacuo. For hydrometer conversion formulae see
vol. I1 p. 31 and for computed conversion tables and temperature
corrections v. (I 7 . 5 , 6 1 5 7 5 ). For conversion table giving deg.
.Brix, dj, d\l and deg. Baume, based upon the formula, 0Be =
145 - 145/sp. gr., d v. (7).
DENSITT OP AQUEOUS SUOBOSE SOLUTIONS AT 2O0C, g/m.
v sucrose
0.7
|
1.000952
1.004844
1.008755
1.012694
1.016659
0.8
|
1.001342
1.005234
1.009148
1.013089
1.017058
0.9
1.001731
1.005624
1.009541
1.013485
1.017456
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.017854
1.021855
1.025885
1.029942
1.034029
1.018253
1.022257
1.026289
1.030349
1.034439
1.018652
1.022659
1.026694
1.030757
1.034850
1.019052
1.023061
1.027099
1.031165
1.035260
1 019451 1.019851
1.023463 1.023867
1.027504 1.027910
1.031573 1.031982
1.035671 1.036082
1.020251
1.024270
1.028316
1.032391
1.036494
1.020651
1.024673
1.028722
1.032800
1.036906
1.021053
1.025077
1.029128
1.033209
1.037318
1.021454
1.025481
1.029535
1.033619
1.037730
10
11
12
13
14
1.038143
1.042288
1.046462
1.050665
1.054900
1.038556
1.042704
1.046881
1.051087
1.055325
1.038970
1.043121
1.047300
1.051510
1.055751
1.039383
1.043537
1.047720
1.051933
1.056176
1.039797
1.043954
1.048140
1.052356
1.056602
1.040212
1.044370
1.048559
1.052778
1.057029
1.040626
1.044788
1.048980
1.053202
1.057455
1.041041
1.045206
1.049401
1.053626
1.057882
1.041456
1.045625
1.049822
1.054050
1.058310
1.041872
1.046043
1.050243
1.054475
1.058737
15
16
17
18
19
1.059165
1.063460
1.067789
1.072147
1.076537
1.059593
1.063892
1.068223
1.072585
1.076978
1.060022
1.064324
1.068658
1.073023
1.077419
1.060451
1.064756
1.069093
1.073461
1.077860
1.060880
1.065188
1.069529
1.073900
1.078302
1.061308
1.065621
1.069964
1.074338
1.078744
1.061738
1.066054
1.070400
1.074777
1.079187
1.062168 1.062598 1.063029

1.066487 1.066921 1.067355
1.070836 1.071273 1.071710
1.075217 1.075657 1.076097
1.079629 1.080072 1.080515
20
21
22
23
24
1.080959
1.085414
1.089900
1.094420
1.098971
1.081403
1.085861
1.090351
1.094874
1.099428
1.081848
1.086309
1.090802
1.095328
1.099886
1.082292 1.082737
1.086757 1.087205
1.091253 1.091704
1.095782 1.096236
1.100344 1.100802
1.083182
1.087652
1.092155
1.096691
1.101259
1.083628
1.088101
1.092607
1.097147
1.101718
1.084074
1.088550
1.093060
1.097603
1.102177
1.084520
1.089000
1.093513
1.098058
1.102637
25
26
27
28
29
1.103557
1.108175
1.112828
1.117512
1.122231
1.104017
1.108639
1.113295
1.117982
1.122705
1.104478
1.109103
1.113763
1.118453
1.123179
1.104938
1.109568
1.114229
1.118923
1.123653
1.105400
1.110033
1.114697
1.119395
1.124128
1.105862
1.110497
1.115166
1.119867
1.124603
1.106324
.1.110963
1.115635
1.120339
1.125079
1.106786
1.111429
1.116104
1.120812
1.125555
1.107248 1.107711
1.111895 1.112361
1.116572 1.117042
1.121284 1.121757
1.126030 1.126507
30
31
32
33
34
1.126984
1.131773
1.136596
1.141453
1.146345
1.127461
1.132254
1.137080
1.141941
1.146836
1.127939
1.132735
1.137565
1.142429
1.147328
1.128417
1.133216
1.138049
1.142916
1.147820
1.128896
1.133698
1.138534
1.143405
1.148313
1.129374
1.134180
1.139020
1.143894
1.148805
1.129853
1.134663
1.139506
1.144384
1.149298
1.130332
1.135146
1.139993
1.144874
1.149792
1.130812 1.131292
1.135628 1.136112
1.140479 1.140966
1.145363 1.145854
1.150286 1.150780
35
36
37
38
39
1.151275
1.156238
1.161236
1.166269
1.171340
1.151770
1.156736
1.161738
1.166775
1.171849
1.152265
1.157235
1.162240
1.167281
1.172359
1.152760
1.157733
1.162742
1.167786
1.172869
1.153256
1.158233
1.163245
1.168293
1.173379
1.153752
1.158733
1.163748
1.168880
1.173889
1.154249
1.159233.
1.164252
1.169307
1.174400
1.154746
1.159733
1.164756
1.169815
1.174911
1.155242 1.155740
1.160233 1.160734
1.165259 1.165764
1.170322 1.170831
1.175423 1.175935
40
41
42
43
44
1.176447
1.181592
1.186773
1.191993
1.197247
1.176960
1.182108
1.187293
1.192517
1.197775
1.177473 1.177987
1.182625 1.183142
1.187814 1.188335
1.193041 1.193565
1.198303 1.198832
1.178501
1.183660
1.188856
1.194090
1.199360
1.179014
1.184178
1.189379
1.194616
1.199890
1.179527
1.184696
1.189901
1.195141
1.200420
1.180044
1.185215
1.190423
1.195667
1.200950
1.180560 1.181076
1.185734 1.186253
1.190946 1.191469
1.196193 1.196720
1.201480 1.202010
45
46
47
48
49
1.202540
1.207870
1.213238
1.218643
1.224086
1.203071
1.208405
1.213777
1.219185
1.224632
1.203603
1.208940
1.214317
1.219729
1.225180
1.204668
1.210013
1.215395
1.220815
1.226274
1.205200
1.210549
1.215936
1.221360
1.226823
1.205733
1.211086
1.216476
1.221904
1.227371
1.206266
1.211623
1.217017
1.222449
1.227919
1.206801
1.212162
1.217559
1.222995
1.228469
1.204136
1.209477
1.214856
1.220272
1.225727
0.5
|
1.000174
1.004064
1.007972
1.011904
1.015864
0.6
|
1.000563
1.004453
1.008363
1.012298
1.016261
0.0
I 0.1
I 02
I 0.3
I 0.4
I
0.998234 0.998622 0.999010 0.999398 0.999786
1.002120 1.002509 1.002897 1.003286 1.003675
1.006015 1.006405 1.006796 1.007188 1.007580
1.009934 1.010327 1.010721 1.011115 1.011510
1.013881 1.014277 1.014673 1.015070 1.015467
1.084967
1.089450
1.093966
1.098514
1.103097
1.207335
1.212700
1.218101
1.223540
1.229018
%sucrose
50
51
52
53
54
Q()
1.229567
1.235085
1.240641
1.246234
1.251866
DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SUCROSE SOLUTIONS AT 2O0C, g/ml. (Continued)

.
dlQ
^
^ ( Q^ ! ^ (
^ ! Q
^ ( Q
! ^
Q^
1.230117 1.230668 1.231219 1.231770 1.232322 1.232874 1.233426 1.233979 1.234532
1.235639 1.236194 1.236748 1.237303 1.237859 1.238414 1.238970 1.239527 1.240084
1.241198 1.241757 1.242315 1.242873 1.243433 1.243992 1.244552 1.245113 1.245673
1.246795 1.247358 1.247920 1.248482 1.249046 1.249609 1.250172 1.250737 1.251301
1.252431 1.252997 1.253563 1.254129 1.254697 1.255264 1.255831 1.256400 1.256967
55
56
57
58
59
1.257535
1.263243
1.268989
1.274774
1.280595
1.258104
1.263816
1.269565
1.275354
1.281179
1.258674
1.264390
1.270143
1.275936
1.281764
1.259244 1.259815
1.264963 1.265537
1.270720 1.271299
1.276517 1.277098
1.282349 1.282935
60
61
62
63
64
1.286456
1.292354
1.298291
1.304267
1.310282
1.287044
1.292946
1.298886
1.304867
1.310885
1.287633
1.293539
1.299483
1.305467
1.311489
65
66
67
68
69
1.316334
1.322425
1.328554
1.334722
1.340928
70
71
72
73
74
1.260955
1.266686
1.272455
1.278262
1.284107
1.261527
1.267261
1.273035
1.278844
1.284694
1.262099 1.262671
1.267837 1.268413
1.273614 1.274194
1.279428 1.280011
1.285281 1.285869
1.288222
1.294131
1.300079
1.306068
1.312093
1.288811 1.289401 1.289991

1.294725 1.295318 1.295911
1.300677 1.301274 1.301871
1.306669 1.307271 1.307872
1.312699 1.313304 1.313909
1.290581
1.296506
1.302470
1.308475
1.314515
1.291172 1.291763
1.297100 1.297696
1.303068 1.303668
1.309077 1.309680
1.315121 1.315728
1.316941 1.317549
1.323036 1.323648
1.329170 1.329785
1.335342 1.335961
1.341551 1.342174
1.318157
1.324259
1.330401
1.336581
1.342798
1.318766
1.324872
1.331017
1.337200
1.343421
1.319374
1.325484
1.331633
1.337821
1.344046
1.319983 1.320593
1.326097 1.326711
1.332250 1.332868
1.338441 1.339063
1.344671 1.345296
1.321203 1.321814
1.327325 1.327940
1.333485 1.334103
1.339684 1.340306
1.345922 1.346547
1.347174
1.353456
1.359778
1.366139
1.372536
1.347801
1.354087
1.360413
1.366777
1.373178
1.348427
1.354717
1.361047
1.367415
1.373820
1.349055
1.355349
1.361682
1.368054
1.374463
1.349682
1.355980
1.362317
1.368693
1.375105
1.350311
1.356612
1.362953
1.369333
1.375749
1.350939
1.357245
1.363590
1.369973
1.376392
1.352197 1.352827
1.358511 1.359144
1.364864 1.365501
1.371254 1.371894
1.377680 1.378326
75
76
77
78
79
1.378971
1.385446
1.391956
1.398505
1.405091
1.379617
1.386096
1.392610
1.399162
1.405752
1.380262
1.386745
1.393263
1.399819
1.406412
1.380909
1.387396
1.393917
1.400477
1.407074
1.381555
1.388045
1.394571
1.401134
1.407735
1.382203
1.388696
1.395226
1.401793
1.408398
1.382851 1.383499
1.389347 1.389999
1.395881 1.396536
1.403452 1.403111
1.409061 1.409723
1.384148
1.390651
1.397192
1.403771
1.410387
1,384796
1.391303
1.397848
1.404430
1.411051
80
81
82
83
84
1.411715
1.418374
1.425072
1.431807
1.438579
1.412380
1.419043
1.425744
1.432483
1.439259
1.413044
1.419711
1.426416
1.433158
1.439938
1.413709
1.420380
1.427089
1.433835
1.440619
1.414374
1.421049
1.427761
1.434511
1.441299
1.415040
1.421719
1.428435
1.435188
1.441980
1.415706
1.422390
1.429109
1.435866
1.442661
1.416373
1.423059
1.429782
1.436543
1.443342
1.417039
1.423730
1.430457
1.437222
1.444024
1.417707
1.424400
1.431131
1.437900
1.444705
85
86
87
88
89
1.445388
1.452232
1.459114
1.466032
1.472986
1.446071
1.452919
1.459805
1.466726
1.473684
1.446754
1.453605
1.460495
1.467420
1.474381
1.447438
1.454292
1.461186
1.468115
1.475080
1.448121 1.448806
1.454980 1.455668
1.461877 1.462568
1.468810 1.469504
1.475779 1.476477
1.449491
1.456357
1.463260
1.470200
1.477176
1.450175
1.457045
1.463953
1.470896
1.477876-
1.450860 1.451545
1.457735 1.458424
1.464645 1.465338
1.471592 1.472289
1.478575 1.479275
Solubility
SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE IN WATER (32)
0
C I % wt. Il 0C I % wt. (I 0C I % wt. H 0C I % wt.
O
64.18 10
65.58
19
66.93
28
68.37
1
64.31 li
6~.73
20
67.09
29
68.53
2
64.45
67.25
30
68.70
12
65 88
21
4
5
6
7
8
9
64 73
64'87
13
14
65.01 15
65.15 16
65.29
17
65.43
18
66< 3
22
66.18 23
66 33
66.48
66.63
66.78
24
25
26
27
67 41
'
67.57
67 73
31
32
68 87
'
69.04
33
69 21
67.89
34
69.38
68.05
35
69.55
68.21 36
69.72
1.260385
1.266112
1.271877
1.277680
1.283521
1.351568
1.357877
1.364226
1.370613
1.377036
SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE IN WATER

C
%wt. H 0C I % wt. Il 0C
37
69.89
49
72.06
61
38
70.06
50
72.25
62
39
70.24
51
72.44
63
40
70.42
52
72.63
64
41
70.60
53
72.82
65
42
70.78
54
73.01 66
43
70.96
55
73.20
67
44
71.14 56
73.39
68
45
71.32 57
73.58
69
46
71.50 58
73.78
70
47
71.68 59
73.98
71
48
71.87 60
74.18
72
0
(32). (Continued)
%wt. Il 0C I %wt.
74.38
73
76.85
74.58
74
77.06
74.78
75
77.27
74.98
76
77.48
75.18 77
77.70
75.38
78
77.92
75.59
79
78.14
75.80
80
78.36
76.01 81
78.58
76.22
82
78.80
76.43
83
79.02
76.64
84
79.24
SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE IN WATER ( 32 ).(Continued)

0
G
85
86
87
88
I % wt. Il
79.46
79.69
79.92
80.15
G
89
90
91
92
I % wt. H
80.38
80.61
80.84
81.07
C I % wt. H C I % wt.
93
81.30
97
82.25
94
81.53
98
82.49
95
81.77
99
82.73
96
82.01 100
82.97
FREEZING POINT-SOLUBILITY DATA ( 64 )

System Ci2H22Ou-H2O, E = eutectic, m = metastable
0
I g/100 g H2O II
Ice
[I
0.0
0.0
- 4.03
60.0
-10.42
130.0
-12.68
150.0
-13.68
164.0
-17.08m
200.0
C
C
I g/100 g H2O
Ice + Ci 2 H 22 OiI
-13.9 E
I 166.0
C12H22O11
+ 0.9
180.5
+15.8
196.0
+25.6
210.5
+30.5
218.0
Hydrolysis
HYDROLYSIS (INVERSION) OF SUCROSE
0
Sucrose |
Acid
|
C
|
k
\ Lit.
17.1%
I 0.0997V HCl |
35
| 0.00161 | (72)
1000 g H2O + 0.25 g-mole of sucrose + 1 g-mole of acid, 250C
HNO 3
I
HCl
H2SO4
Lit,
fc =0.00464
I
0.00500
|
0.00549
|
(i)
TIME NECESSARY FOR VARYING PERCENTAGES OF HYDROLYSIS

(INVERSION) OF SUCROSE WITH HCL (0.01N at 2O0C) AS THE
CATALYZER ( 50 )
~
% inver- 90 % inver- 99.9% inversion, min

sion, min
sion, hr
5 0 0 . 0 0 1 1 4 5 2 6 2 . 9 8 7 3 . 4 4 3 7 5 '
60
0.003806
79.1
262.9
13.1
70
0.01182
25.5
84.6
4.2
80
0.03303
9.11
30.3
1.5
90
0.08922
3.37
11.21
33.4*
100
0.26797
1.12
3.73
11.2*
* Minutes.
The reaction velocities for lower acidities may be computed

without appreciable error by considering the velocity proportional
to the concentration of acid. Thus, the velocities at 0.005AT HCl
will be very closely half those at O.OIN and the time of reaction
twice as great.
REACTION VELOCITIES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
_
I1
ro r
K=-t logio Tf, T J t in mm
Q
^r 2 =fcrie*,where x = ^
Sucrose, 50%; HCl, O.IJV at 2O0C.
0
C
O
15.098
30.000
39.916
49.840
k
0.0000077
0.000092
(0.0008732)
0.00334
(0.01206)
Sucrose, 60%;
20
30.117
30.093
HCl, 0.7925^ at 2O0C. Q/R = 13 087.6 (48)

0.002156
35.072
0.01882
0.00983
40.078
0.03780
0.01001
40.088
0.03791
SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE IN AQUEOUS METHYL ALCOHOL AT 150C

W
Vol. %CH3OH in solvent
| 100
90
| 80
g sucrose per 100 cm3 solution
0.3|
1.6
3.8
Sucrose, 50%; HCl, 0.01 N at 2O0C. Q/R = 12 940.05 (**)

0
0
C
k
||
C
k
30.00
0.0008148
69.97
0.01194
49.85
0.001122
80.10
0.03429
59.90
0.003766
90.30
0.0939
yT
Q/R = 12 925.2 (48)
C
59.903
69.974
80.130
90.292
90.316
k
0.04003
0.1236
0.3687
1.033
1.020
INVERSION OF SUCROSE WITH INVERTASE ( 69 )

t = - logio
77
J.VJU p
0.002642p
0.000008860p2 -
0.0000001034 p3; t = minutes; p = % inversion; n is proportional

to the amount of active inver tase and depends upon the
temperature.
Range of invertase concentration from 12 to 1; temperature from
15 to 35; H-ion concentration 4 X 10~5 to 3.2 X 10~7.
At any given temperature n may be used to measure the activity
of an invertase solution.
LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED TO FORM CARAMEL EQUIVALENT TO
0.01 % INVERT SUGAR ()
The time, in hours, required to form caramel equivalent to
0.01% invert sugar at any temperature t (0C) between 39 and 100
may be computed from the equation:
logio hr = 5.0026 - 0.0595.
LACTOSE
Ci 2 H 22 On (Galactose < Dextrose <)
TRANSITION TEMPERATURES AND MELTING POINTS ( 85 )
a-hydrate -anhydrous, 93.5. -anhydrous > liquid, 222.8.
/3-anhydrous > liquid, 252.2. -anhydrous is metastable below
its melting point, a-hydrate > liquid, 201.6.
Optical Rotation
INH 2 O
[]{> = 52.42 + 0.072 (20 - O; 5g/100ml (4); W 5 4 6 , = 61.94
+ 0.085 (20 -*); 5 g/100 ml (4); [ag = 52.53 (21 j; [^]52J6 =
61.36; MU = 51.90 (78).
ROTATION DISPERSION AT EQUILIBRIUM (30)
Values of [gft; C = g hydrate/100 ml
H2O,
Pyridine,
Formic acid,
A
C =2
C = 0.5
C = 5.9
656
39.82
31.00
78.64
589
52.42
41.33
97.76
535
62.09
49.66
117.92
508
72.25
60.00
134.38
479
83.25
73.66
160.79
447
98.17
91.66
180.92
[a]D IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS
AnhyWi
drous
0
Solvent
C
103i + A 2 ) Lit.
lactose,
a ot<=Z
g/100 ml
14 84.455.25
3.78
(O)
H2O
2.316
Formamide. . 2.27
15 82.451.2
0.387 (60)
H2O
17
55.2335.97
2.97 (60)
2.75
Formamide. . 1.85
17
51.2229.11 0.4
(60)
20 86.
34.5
(38)
H2O
H2O
20 90.055.3 35.0 4.65 (44)
40%,
C 2 H 5 OH..
20 81.055.3 33.0
(44)
O
0.5
(35)
H2O
d[a]D/d = -0.08 between t = 10 - 250C (60).
EFFECTOFH 2 SO 4 ( n )
JV, H2SO4
[g]g
N = normality
I O I 10 1 12 I 14 I 16 I 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26
|52.5|56.7l59.0|61.5l63.5l65.5*|68.5|72.5|76.0|99.0
* Noticeable inversion begins.
Refractive Index and Density of Aqueous Solutions ( 77 )

% anhydrous lactose
23.38 17.06 11.66 5.80 2.78 1.28
cff
1.0969 1.0681 1.04481.02041.00921.0018
ng
1.3716 1.3605 1.35171.34231.33801.3350
Mutarotation
MUTAROTATION IN H2O
0
C
0.0 15.0 25.0 O
14.0 17.0 20.0
IQ3 (ki + ft,). 0.51 2.97 7.92
3.78 2.97 6.2
IQ3î
0.29 1.55 4.65 0.24
103fc2
0.21 1.08 3.08
Lit
kH = -,I log Tt
Anhydrous
lactose, g/1
50
50
0
C
I 0.0|15.0|25.0[39.0 I 49.0 I 64.0 I 74.0 I 89.0
80
S00
347849/7 63^4 92..7 124.0 193.0 253.0 407.0
80
SQ
4T82T925T337.Q* 52.0* 77.0*101.0*163.0*
80
80
(6) Solid phase: ^-anhydrous. Final solubility: at 0, 42.9; at 100,
80
61.2 wt. % anhydrous
80
(c) Solid phase: /3-anhydrous
40
0
C
0.0
0.0
100
120
200
S0
132
")
(24)
7
227
80
S00
220
J (extrap.) \
461
* Calculated from final solubility and equilibrium ratio.
39
49
64
74
89
14.0 18.0 24.0. 27.0 35.0
Per cent hydrate at equilibrium in solution saturated with the

^-anhydrous = 17 at O0C; = 24 at 10O0C (38).
(60)
(11)
/ co
t in min
...
^
.
*
4.4
7.7
1.1
2.1
4.3
8.2
17.1
35.2
5.1
3.4
1.5
24.2
50.0
1Q3fe
227VH 2 SO 4
24JVH 2 SO 4
HCl, d = 1.185
HCl, d = 1.185
HCl, d = 1.185
HCl, d = 1.185
HCl, d = 1.185
HCl, d = 1.185
HCl, d = 1.185
HCl, d = 1.185
HCl, d = 1.185
HClO4, d = 1.67
HClO4, d = 1.67
n _.
C
20
20
15
20
25
30
35
40
25
25
25
20
25
Ci 2 H 22 On, MALTOSE
PER CENT /S-ANHYDROUS AT EQUILIBRIUM IN A SOLUTION SATURATED WITH THE HYDRATE ( 38 )

25
9.6
(38) ~(60)~
Hydrolysis (io)
So = initial, $co = final solubility in millimoles of anhydrous

lactose per 100 g H2O
(a) Solid phase: the hydrate
15
7.7
(35)
COMPOSITION OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AT EQUILIBRIUM ( 27 )

C
O
25
50
75
92 I 100
%/%<*
1.65 I 1.58 1.51 1.45 1.39 1.33
SOLUBILITY IN WATER ( 38 )
C I Q
%
5.8
(35)
Solubility
(35)
Composition: (Glucose < Glucose <)

Optical Rotation
IN H2O (21)
[a? = 138.475 - 0.01837p for values of p from 5 to 35 wt. %
in vacuo. ]J, = 153.75. []|J9 = 131.25 (78).
IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS AT 2O0C

Maltose,
fain
g anhydrous lactose in 100 cm3 40% C2H5OH at 2O0C = 1.1
MTOrt
g/100ml
I
J
J d 108(*1+fc2) ^
initial; =2.4 final.
H20
168*136.0118.0
7.2
(44)
60% C 2 H 5 OH...
158*128.1111.0
(44)
SOLUBILITY AND FREEZING POINT LOWERING
H
0
2.52
136.2123
5.03
(61)
2
Solubility in H-X). Solid phase: lactose hydrate
Formamide
2.12
' 130.3113
1.63
(61)
0
0
0
H20
137 119
(39)
C
,%
Lit.
C
,%
Lit.
C
, % Lit.
lac.
lac.
lac.
H20
137
(81)
Pyridine
122.0
(81)
~~~0
10.6 ( 3 9 ) 5 7 . 1 34.9 ( 2 8 )
60.5 (39)
15
14.4 (39) 63.9 39.1 (28) 107.0 63.9 (28)
H20
137
(30)
124
(30)
21.5 16.7 ( 7 9)
64.0 39.7 (39) 121.5 69.4 (28) Pyridine
Formic acid
175
(30)
25
17.8 (39) 73.5 45.8 (28) 133.6 73.2 (28)
28
19.4 (79) 74.0 46.2 (39) 133.8 75.2 (28)
* Calculated.
38
23.5 (79) 79.1 49.6 (28) 158.8 81.1 (28)
EFFECT OF PYRIDINE
39
24.0 (39) 87.2 55.1 (28) 178.8 86.7 (28)
Two g maltose in 200 cm3 of a 5% aqueous pyridine solution (34)
49
29.7 (39) 88.2 56.0 (28) 200
92.5 (27)
After, days...
|0 I 1 | 2 || After heating for, hr.. .|0 |0.5 1.5
38
fi,
arc
|6.75|6.70j| R, arc
|6.7|5.6|4.8
FREEZING POINT LOWERING ( , 58)
SOLUBILITY IN AQUEOUS C2H5OH ( 44 )
Between 1 and 30 millimoles lactose per 100 g H2O the molai

lowering is 1.86/mole and at 48 millimoles 1.89/mole.
Cryohydrate Points.Initial, 0.279 and 14.8 millimoles per
100 g H2O; final for hydrate, 0.65; initial for ^-anhydrous,
-2.3; final for /3-anhydrous, -4.1.
ATQfH 2 SO 4
[]p6
EFFECT OF H2SOe
Maltose 5 g/100 ml (")
'
1
O
I 10
I 12
I 18
I
22
1 135.5 I 129.0 I 127.5 | 129.5 | 132.0
EQUILIBRIUM ROTATION
IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS AT 2O0C
Values of [a]*0 for a ^ in various solvents; maltose < 5 g/100 ml
,
Dextrose,
[a]D
IO3
0 ,
T.,
Solvent
.
;
;
Lit.
(W)
g/100 ml
a. I a=*/3 I (ki + E8)
X, mM
I 656 I 589 I 535 | 508 | 479 | 447
H2O
S T 1 0 8 . 5 52.2
6.27
(60)
H2O
I 111 I 137 I 167 I 180 I 229 I 236
Formamide
2.5
122.7 57.27
1.09 (60)
2.3
52.0220.76 6.9
()
Pyridine
| 100 | 124 | 152 | 180 I 212 | H
231
20
Formamide
1.7
56.2815.74 0.996 (61)
Formic acid
| 140 | 175 | 210 | 248 I 292 | 320
H2O
113.4 52.2 19.7
(44)
Refractive Index and Density of Aqueous Solutions ( 77 )
80%C2H5OH
115.2 59.0 20.3
(44)
% anhydrous maltose
i 19.40 |9.60 [4.77 |2.32 |l.!6
C2H5OH
121.5 70.4516.5
(44)
df
1.077711.0362] 1.016Ol 1.0064] 1.0017 Pyridine
75.56
(30)
122.8
(30)
ng
I 1.3639] 1.3482] 1.3406] 1.3368] 1.3354 Formic a c i d . . . . . .
Solubility
IN H2O (29)
0
C I 0.6 I 21.0 I 29.6 I 34.4 | 43.5 | 49.4
% M. I 36.1 I 44.1 I 48.0 | 49.6 I 55.3 | 58.3
EFFECT OF PROPYL ALCOHOL

Alcohol used had d\g = 0.810. Dextrose concn. < 50 g/1 (26)
AIc., g/1
100 200 300 I 400 500 I 600 TOO"
[afe9
52.2052.8153.2253.4855.3555.4456.81
C I 54.2 I 59.8 I 66.3 [ 74.2 I 87.0 | 96.5

% M. I 60.2 I 63.7 I 66.7 | 72.3 | 79.3 | 85.1
IN 60% C2H5OH AT 2O0C (44)
Initial, 3.0; final 4.75, g/100 cm3 of solution. Equilibrium
mixture contains 64% and 36% a.
FREEZING POINT LOWERING ( 29 )
% anhydrous maltose....124.0 [16.7 112.4 | 7.16(5 8 )
In H2
Afr, 0C
I 1.871 1.16l 0.79| 0.395
In O.IN NH4OH % anhydrous maltose 125.1 |18.3 |28.9 |16.9
aq. soin.
AtF, 0C
| 1.94| 1.25|2.44| 1.17
C6Hi2O6, DEXTROSE (d-Glucose)

Optical Rotation
The saccharimetric normal weight for dextrose is 32.231 g (in
air, d = 0.0012, brass weights) (47).
ROTATIONS FOR X = 546.1 MÛ, 2O0C; 200 MM TUBE; AQUEOUS
SOLUTION
Saccharimetric normality...I 1 |
I I I I f I
R, arc
|40.897|32.5745|24.328|16.142 8.042
CORRECTIONS TO BE ADDED TO SACCHARIMETRIC READINGS OF
DEXTROSE SOLUTIONS ( 47 )
0
0
0
S
I Corr. ||
S
\ COTT. \\
S
\ COTT. ~
100
O
65
0.50
30
0.46
95
0.10
60
0.52
25
0.41
90
0.20
55
0.54
20
0.35
85
0.28
50
O 55
15
0.28
80
0.35
45
0.54
10
0.20
75
0.41
40
0.53
5
0.10
70
0.46
35
0.50
2
0.05
SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWER IN H2O
We.i = 62-032 + 0.04257 C; = 62.032 + 0.0422 p + 0.0001897
pz. Valid from C = 6 to 32 g/100 ml soin, p = wt. %. All
weights in vacuo (47). [a]g = 52.50 + 0.0188p + 0.000517p2.
Valid from p = O to 35 wt. %. All weights in vacuo ( 21 > 89).
]25546 = 62.02; M25859 = 52.48 (78).
IN WATER, IN PYRIDINE AND IN FORMIC ACID
Values of Mf (30)
In
H
O, i to
In pyridine, T
.
.
2
X
JN
In formic acid
AN
656
589
535
508
479
447
41.47
52.52
64.90
73.03
83.05
95.79
60.87
75.64
93.55
104.00
118.02
136.90
96.0
122.8
150.0
176
203
224
EFFECT OF SALTs(66)
Salt
Nil
4NKI
4NKBr
4AT KCl
4NNH 4 NO 3
2N KNO3
4ATNH 4 Cl
2AT KCl
ATK 2 SO 4
2N(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
2N CH3COOK
4NNaNO 3
2N Na2SO4
%HC1...
[fiT17
% HCl
C
MD
0
I [a!]2D0 H
62.8
47.4
48.5
49.6
50.6
50.6
51.2
51.2
51.2
51.7
51.7
52.3
52.3
[q]2B
Salt
2ATNH 4 Cl
2NCH 3 COONH 4
NCH 3 COOK
4ATMgCl 2
NMgCl 2
2N MgSO4
2ATCH 3 COONa
ATCH 3 COONa
ATCH 3 COONH 4
2NBaCl 2
3N BaCl2
2NCaCl 2
4N CaCl2
52.3"
52.3
52.3
52.8
52.8
52.8
52.8
52.8
52.8
54.7
55.5
56.0
61.2
EFFECT OF HCL (9 7)
Dextrose concn., 5 g/100 ml
I 3.65|19.25)30.434.437.639.9 41.4 44.5
+54.5 57.2 61.067.082.597.5106.0164.6
O
8
52.2
42.0
8
113.3
46.6
-12
200.0
46~7~
-12
202.0
EFFECT OF H2SO4 ( l l )
Dextrose concn. = 50 g/1 at 25. The table gives values of
[a]D5 in acid of the normality stated. In acid above 22N, mutarotation is found. At 20, 50 g/1 in 24N acid gives k = 0.0020.
O
ION I 16N
18N
2ON 22N I 24N I 26N 28N
52.8 ~56lT 62.5 65.0 67.5 72.5 80.0 91.0 107.0
Refractive Index and Density of Aqueous Solutions (77)
%wt..
24.03 20.14 15.72 10.20 4.36 2.11 1.00
d?
1.0962 1.0795 1.0604 1.03701701461.00511.0007
rig
1.3710 1.364611.35751.3486IT340 1.3366 1.3351
DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (47)
df = 0.99840 + 0.003788 p + 0.00001412p2. Range of p, 4
to 30, wt. % dextrose. All weights in vacuo.
Solubility
SYSTEM: DEXTROSE-WATER ( 49 ); v. FIG. 2
The solid curves show the final equilibria with respect to the solid
phases, ice, dextrose hydrate, and anhydrous dextrose. The
dotted curve shows the instantaneous solubility before mutarotation. All data are expressed in terms of anhydrous dextrose.
SYSTEM: DEXTROSE-ETHYL ALCOHOL-(WATER), 2O0C

/So (resp, S00) = initial (resp. final) solubility, g aiihyd.
dextrose per liter of solution ( 44 )
% wt.,
-anhydrous
a-hydrate
/3-anhydrous
C2H5OH
S0
\ S
S0 \ S
~S0
\ S
80
20
45
13
30
49
91
100
8.5
16
FIG. 2.
Mutarotation
MUTAROTATION AT 2O0C ( 2 4 )
B = moles buffer per 1 solution
P
T T O *
4.88
4.28
4.08
3.44
TT
i + /C2)
B =0.1
[I
3.08 7.7
2.66 8.1
2.04 9.5
1.02 20.0
(fa + /C2)
B =0.1
||
13.0
9.0
8.7
7.8
TT
* P1
T T
1()3
(Ic1 + fa)
(/C1 + fa)
B =0.01 IJ B =0.05
4.96 7.28 4.87| 10.7
3.43 6.74
B = 0.2
2.54 7.20 4.80l 17.9
1.75 8.72
B=Q
4.93|
7.22"
VARIATION OF pH WITH TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION OF

DEXTROSE ( 68 )
[a]D = -flll.2 for a-form; = -f 17.5 for /3-form; = 52.5 for
equilibrium mixture: at all temperatures and concentrations used
TT
P
(fa +
fa)
-form, 0.15 0 C
1.33
2.42
2.38
0.91
3.05
0.79
3.98
0.79
5.07
0.77
5.35
0.77
6.84
0.92
7.51
2.2
T
P
(fa +
*
fa)
T
P
(fa +
*
fa)
370C
1 6.50 34.3
T7 118.6 6.55 33.0
1.72 50.0 6.75 51.7
2.06 37.6 7.27 86.7
2.53 32.6 7.55 118.1
2.73 32.0 8.50 220.5
3.36 30.0 -form, 0.150C
3.99 29.9 1.33
2.10
5.58 30.5 2.02 0.93
5.95 29.8 4.80 0.78
6.37 32.2 6.00 0.76
103
ki + fa = 0.0096 + 0.258[H+] + 9750[OH-] at 25 (36)

HCl, m / L . . . I l 0.0|0.001| Q.005| 0.0l| Q.03| Q.06| 0.10|| t, 0C
10 3 (fci +fa).||l0.6|9.8 |11.2 [12.1 J16.9 [25.3 J35.4 || 24.7
fa 4- k* = 0.0167 + 0.44[H+] at 30 in HCl solutions (37)
HCl, m / 1 . . . . . . .|| 0.0 |0.0 + invertasel 0 . 5 | Q . 1 Q | 0.20
IQ3 (ki + f a ) . . . . I l 16.7 |
16.7
| 38.3 | 62.0 | 10.5
MUTAROTATION AT 5.40C ( 25 )
Minimum rate occurs at pH = 5.0 which corresponds to a dissociation constant for dextrose of 5 X 10~18. An average
value for Q is 17 500
Form I
Reagent
| pH
| IQ3 (/C1 + fa)
a
1.32V HCl...
-0.08
108.6
1.3AT HCl
-0.06 107.2
a
0.3^VHCl
+0.54
14.38
O. INHCl
1.05
4.35
O.IAT HCl
1.06
4.14
a
0.03AT HCl
1.52
2.26
a
0.01ATHC1
1.98
1.61
0.01A 7- HCl
1.99
1.55
OL
0.002NHC1
2.74
1.38
0.045AT HCl
5.13
1.19
OL
0.001ATNaHCO 3
7.34
1.33
0,003ATNaHCO 3
7.84
1.46
a
0.01A^NaHCO 3
8.14
1.56
0.01ATNaHCO 3
8.25
1.90
0.0015ATNa 2 CO 3
9.13
7.82
OL
0.003ATNa 2 CO 3
9.41
12.48
a
0.01ATNa 2 CO 3
10.07
41.10
O.QlAT Na2CO3
10.11
41.75
OL
0.003ATNaOH
10.41
83.76
VARIATION WITH CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE. AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS ( 42 )
3
g/10Q ml
I IQ (fci + fc2)25C |
Dextrose < 100 g/1
0
3
10.50
C
IQ3 (fei + fa)
3
10.57
OL I
3
10.68
0.7
0.74 0.74
6
10.48
5
1.29 1.50
9.6
10.59
10
2.25 2.23
16
11.04
15
3.99 3.79
25
11.35
20
6.35 6.54
32
10.68
25
10.50
10.57
37
10.60
30
1.75 1.68
52
10.08
40
4.37 3.95
64
9.31
.
logio (fci + A;2) = 11.0198 - 3873/r.
MUTAROTATION IN METHYL ALCOHOL ( 5 )
Concentration dextrose ca. 12.3 g/1
6.43 0.78
6.70 0.80
7.51 1.86
8.00 3.30
370C
1.72 48.6
2.60 31.3
2.92 30.0
4.82 30.0
5.90 30.4
6.30 32.5
CH3OH +
CH3OH + 1% CH3OH + 2%
0.5% H2O
H2O
H2O
Time, , ,44.8 Time, . 44.8 Time, . 144.8
r -.44.8
[ajp
[ajp
MD
Np
hr
hr
hr
111.2 0.28 111.5 0.28 109.6 I 0.28 110.9
110.0 .72 105.2 .53 106.9 .52 107.5
106.3 1.32 102.4 .88 104.3 .77 105.2
104.8 1.63 98.5 1.47 99.2 1.13 99.9
97.7 2.22 96.9 1.92 95.9 1.82 90.1
88.4 3.22 91.0 3.22 85.8 2.33 85.9
83.2 4.00 86.9 4.33 81.7 3.42
79.5
79.5 5.85 80.5 5.88 74.8 4.22
76.9
6.92
76.8 8.08 69.7 5.38 72.6
8.38
73.1 11.42 66.7 6.75
69.7
OTTrm
CH3UH
(/Cl + fa)
Time,
hr
0.25
.43
.83
1.38
2.63
4.05
5.53
6.83
MUTAROTATION IN METHYL ALCOHOL ( 5 ).(Continued)

CH3OH
CH3OH +
CH3OH + 1% CH3OH + 2%
0.5% H2O
H2O
H2O
Time,
,44.8 Time,
.
Time,
.
Time,
44 8
44 8
44 .8
Mp
MD
MD
MD
hr
hr
hr
hf
12.05
23.18
69.9 24.0
64.5
25.08
64.5
64.0 8.93 66.1

11.58 64.1
24.25
64.1
MUTAROTATION IN ETHYL ALCOHOL OF VARYING CONCENTRATIONS

AT 20C (44)
% C8H6QH
IQMfci+fco)
O
6.5
20
4.8
40
3.0
60
1.82
70
I 80
1.56 1.14
C 6 H 12 O 6 , LEVULOSE
Optical Rotation
IN WATER (90)
[a]g = -(88.5O + 0.145p); = -(88.5O + 0.150
C 2 ), from p = 2.6 to 18.6 wt. % and from C = 2.6
ml. [], = [] + (0.566 +0.0028C) (t - 25);
370C. [a]25809/[)2546 = 0.8467. Wb = -(88.16
( 21 ). M466 = -105.30; WJJ 9 = -89.40 (78).
IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS. (Continued)

Lvulose,
IO3
WL0
Solvent
g/100
(fci + /C2)
a* I a=> l
ml
80% C 2 H 5 OH....
9.1t
H2O
N
- 90.5
Pyridine
- 35.5
W
Formic acid
- 53.0
5 to 8
t,C
WL6
H2O
14.3 9.942
-115.7 -161
65
H2O
0.0 4.9
-123.6 -155
17
Aq., C2H5OH
- 96.4 -156
22
dj4 = 0.930 15.3 10.06
dl45 = 0.876 0.0 4.9
1
- 96.1 -154
* Computed from solubilities and [CK]D for /3-form.
656
589
535
508
479
447
In pyridine
~JN I N I ^N I &N 1F| N I A#| AAr"

76.39 75.30 74.86 74.04 26.4425.8125.3924.77
90.46 89.96 88.36 87.4935.4835.2634.9634.51
107.21106.66105.70104.84 42.5942.2241.7141.24
136.85135.8 133.35130.1249.1048.7748.3647.62
151.11149.27147.20146.2056.0 55.3754.7854.07
166.55163.88160.49158.10 63.9362.7062.1161.33
Formic acid,
^8
x
656
58g
535
47g
44?
C = 8.6
g/100 ml _J<*g ~37\25 46.77 52.83 64.66 75.54 85.84
0
Pyridine, C = 1.8
g/100 ml
C
[g]*66
22
26.38
35
24.44
% HCl
C
[q1j>
O
9.28
24.65
54.9
167.0
1724.0
578
(HgY)
-93.73
-87.08
-80.13
-73.50
-64.22
-49.7
546
(HgG)
-106.03
- 98.55
- 90.69
- 83.17
- 72.52
- 55.7
O
9
-95.1
( 71 )
( 71 )
( 71 )
( 71 )
f fci = 0.0047.
436
20
-175.29
-162.65
-149.62
-137.48
-120.59
-93.7
IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS
Lvulose,
IO3
MIS
Solvent
Lit.
g/100
1 + fc2)
ml
a* I a <= l .
(60)
Formamide
2.26
-109.51 -151.76 8.39
(44)
H2O
10
- 92.0 -133.5
(44)
80% C 2 H 5 OH.... 10
-7 - 68.6 -133.5
(44)
95% C 2 H 5 OH....
O - 52.5 -122
(44)
CH3OH
-8 - 61.4 -122
40.0
8
-154
42.0
8
-180
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
q
W
HH
% lvulose 78.94 80.29 81.64 82.98 84.34 85.64 86.90 88.10
~~
Solvent
g/100 ml solution Composition,

at equilibLit.
Initial I Final
riun
13^4
27.4 48% ft 51% (44)
1.8
4.2 43%/3, 57% a (44)
5.2
11.1 47% ft 53% a (44)
80% C2H5OH
95% C2H5OH
CH3OH.
Mutarotation
WITH HCL AT 3O0C (37)
HCl, mole/1
IQ3 (fei +
ft)
O
186
0.0005
140
0.0010
128
0.0040
130
0.0100
196
EFFECT OF pH AND TEMPERATURE ( 68 )

0
(HgB)
37.6
8 ~
-133
25
8
-116
Solubility
45
| 22.77
IN AQUEOUS ETHYL ALCOHOL ( 2 )

Composition: 2 moles lvulose + 100 moles H2O -j- x moles
C 2 H 5 OH. Values of [<*}{*
^^^^1
(44)
(30)
(30)
(30)
EFFECT OF HCL IN H 2 O (97)

C - 0.00086
to 20 g/100
from 15 to
+ 0.258p)
IN WATER, IN PYRIDINE AND IN FORMIC ACID AT 20

Values of [a]x for different concentrations (C) of lvulose ( 30 )
In H 2 O
Lit.
0.15 C
IO3
p
(fei + fo)
1.33 101.0
2.48
16.2
3.17
8.5
5.07
8.7
6.00
10.4
6.28
17.8
0
C
[afe initial
[afe
final
H
P
2.5
3.3
5.1
5.8
6.3
150G
IO3
(fci + fo)
64.7
36.8
41.5
53.5
64.7
250C
IO3
H
p
(fci + fa)
2.5 118.9
3.4
86.0
5.1
99.2
5.7 107.6
6.4 156.1
370G
IO3
p
(fei + fea)
1.70 460
2.06 350
3.36 195
4.62 205
5.10 236
6.10 275
7.67
741
0.15
15
25
-130.8 -130.8 -130.8
-100
~ 94 ~ 88
37
-130.8
- 81
EFFECT OF BORIC ACID ( 12 )

Lvulose,
!molai, O 0 C
H3BO3, m/1 0.22 molai

IO3 (fei + fa) "~ 40
0.11 molai
O
39 ~ 12.4
VELOCITY OF CONVERSION OF ARTICHOKE JUICES UNDER VARYING

CONDITIONS OF ACIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ( 51 )
1
7
I flo -oo
* = t logl Rt -A 0 0
/?o, initial rotation; /?oo, rotation at completion of conversion
Acidity (apparent) normality
0.1OH 2 SO 4
-2OH 2 SO 4
. IQ HCl
i oc>
1
_
nns
p I _ o IQ
rto, J0.4
( 79.8
79 8
[^
p I _ 9*
^00 25.X
:
R0 = - 1.29,
^00 = -34.48
78-2
^
0.0137
.0788
.0381
( 99.0
99 -
[99.0
0.0294 HCl
-0516HC1
.0667HCl
0.00327
.02737
.1371
[ 99.0
99.0
I 99.0
I 99.0
99.0
[ 99.0
0.0240 HCl
.0462HCl
.0571 HCl
.0676HCl
.0773HCl
. 1041 HCl
0.0010
.00593
.0163
.0353
.0707
.3172
The "apparent" acidities are those which would have been

produced in pure water. A portion of the acid in each instance
was rendered ineffective by inorganic impurities.
Optical Rotation
IN H2O
[go = -19.447 - 0.06068p + 0.000221p2 between p = 9 and
68 wt. %. All weights in vacuo (21). [a]JJ6 = -21.50. Ia]U9 =
-18.39 (78).
EFFECT OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES ON THE ROTATION

R (in0S) = -42.00 10~3 am, where m = g anhyd. reagent
per 100 ml of solution and R is twice the rotation (in0A) observed
with 13 g of inverted sucrose per 100 ml. Ac = C 2 H 3 O 2 ( 48 ).
Reagent
| HCl | NaCl)NH 4 Cl] CaCl21 K2C2O4IHAc| H3PO4
a
540.7540
563
710
510
82.377.6
For m >
9.3 3.7
3.7
7.5 1 2 . 9 4 1
5.5
Velocity constant, k
Q 01^
SQOC
0.00641
| ^jlÊ^y = 0.0184
0.0199
.0394
0.0545
0.1034
.1022
.2057
[ ^ "^ = 0.0212
C Jf (4 o")
I ^ -2T = - 0199
Mean
0.020
By taking the differences in velocity at the higher acidities the

neutralizing action of inorganic impurities is arithmetically
eliminated.
DECOMPOSITION OF LEVULOSE IN THE PRESENCE OF
SULFURIC ACID( SI )
Time in min
Acidity
normality
100
100
100
100
15
30
15
30
0.0304
.0304
.0584
.0584
70
70
70
70
15
30
15
30
.0474
.0474
.0891
.0891
t ,0C
Polarization in
saccharimeter
deg.
86.25*
83.70
82.90
83.30
81.16
85.89*
85.87
85.63
85.79
85.26
âAc*
o ac|.
189
12.85
Decomposition in the Presence of HCl, 0.7925N ( 4 8 )

ZI
Min I
O
I 38
I 78
I 128 | 235
0
S I 33.25 I 33.04 | 32.95 | 32.80 | 32.44
-p
0.0095
-1430
2.57
a
Atw=..
VELOCITY OF CONVERSION OF INULIN IN THE PRESENCE OF VARYING

CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID AT 10O0C
Normality of HCl
^HPO*LZ/ ac|.
20
399
486
161
3.03 2.68 11.8 12.26
Reagent xPbAcryPbO PbAc NH 4 NO 2 KCl
Min
0
S
I O I 8 I 18 I 33 I 48 I 63 I ~93~
|33.25|33.1l|32.93|32.76|32.60|32.3l| 32.02
Min
0
S
I O I 4 I 8 I 12 I 17 I 22 | ~32~
|33.25|33.00|32.62|32.46]32.26|31.89]31.45
Min I O I 3
I 6
I 10 I 14 I 19
0
S 33.25 I 32.61 | 32.00 | 31.30 30.82 [ 30.07
C6H12O6, MANNOSE
Optical Rotation
INH2O
C g anhyd. mannose per 100 cm 3 solution at 2O0C ( 4 4 )
C
I 3.25 I 4.53 I 10.2 | 16.9 | 20.5s
Hg
1 1 4 . 6 I 14.5 I 14.1 I 13.6 13.4
C
fcfe0
I 30.1s I 39.7 I 50
I 60
[70
80
I 13.1 I 12.8 I 12.3 I 11.9 I 11.4 j 10.9
.
a !
Solvent
H2O
Formamide
H20
80% C2H5OH
CH3OH
H20
80% C2H6OH
IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS
Mannose, 0 ~
Mi>
, . _ _ ,' C
j
g/100 ml
g
a^ l
2.8
19
+14.40-19.9
2.0
20
11.84-26.9
20 +34* 14.6 -17.
20 +34* 25.7 -14.9
20
39* 30.1 -16.5
20
30
20
35
_.
Lit.
(61)
()
( 44 )
( 44 )
( 44 )
(56)
(56)
* Computed from initial and final solubilities and rotations of the /3-f orni.
EFFECT OF HCL ON ^-MANNOSE

Ca. 5 g anhyd. mannose per 100 ml solution ( 97 )
% HCl
0 . 8
25 31 37.6 40.0 42.0
0
C
13
10
10
10 ~5~ 10 ~10
[afe
+14.1+10.5+4.0 +3.0 +13.3 +31.3 +54.6
* Control solution.
INVERT SUGAR
Mixture of equal parts of dextrose and lvulose obtained by
hydrolysis of sucrose.
EFFECT OF H2SO4
1.25 g anhyd. mannose in 25 cm3; H2SO4 = 24JV; 250C (")
t, min
5
10
20
30
60
120 240 360
a, arc
-8.3-8.3-7.5 -6.7^570 -1.8+0.0 +2.5
Solubility
Solid phase: /3-mannose; 2O0C; g/100 cm3 solution (44)
a. <= mix.
Solvent
Initial | Final ||
100% CH3OH
0.78
80% C2H5OH
2.4
EQUILIBRIUM ROTATION
In Aqueous C2H5OH (13)
% C2H5QH
4.4
13.0
82
18
Mutarotation
30
60
80
[g]S
\a
71.2
63.3
57.0
66.4
60.5
51.0
[*iS
63.3
57.4
41.6
13
IN H2O
C = g mannose per 100 cm 3 of solution; 19.70C (43)

C
I 5.13 I 8.0 I 10.0 I 10.2 I 19.1 | 24.7
IQ3 (fei + /C2)
'17.7 I 17.9 I 17.5 I 17.8 18.1 I 19.1
In Aqueous n-Propyl Alcohol ( , 26)

C3H7OH, g/1 1()0
20()
30()
4()0
5()0
6()0
solution
Mf?
I 79.66 76.13 ! 74.04 | 71.56 | 68.97 | 64.96
IN DILUTE (>10%) SOLUTION (43)

Between O and 450C, fci + ^2 may be computed with, an accuracy of ca. 5% by means of the equation: logio IO3 (ki + ^2) =
13.132 - 3472/r where T is the absolute temperature.
EFFECT OF HCL AT 19.70C (43)
HCl, N
I O |0.00l|0.010|0.0125|0.0166|0.025|0.05i0.10
lQ8( f c l + / c 2 ) . . . . | l 7 . 7 | 19.0 I 39.6 I 46.0 | 55.8 | 7 0 . 8 | 125 238
In Various Solvents
2
Values of [a] x (30)
Galactose, g/100 ml |
1
|
1
| 2.98
X, m/j.
I In H2O | Pyridine | Formic acid
6 5 6 6 0 . 5 0 4 6 . 5 0 1 0 1 . 4 2
589
80.17
59.83
127.30
535
96.66
76.66
155.30
508
117.50
85.33
175.80
479
131.00
98.66
221.10
447
150.66
115.33
250.80
IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS
Index of Refraction and Density of Aqueous Solution ( 7 7 )
C
IQ3 (fei +
I 27.1 I 36.8 I 45.0 | 50.0 52.0 56.0

I 19.2 I 19.7 I 20.0 | 19.2 | 18.9 | 17.9
fcg)
Solvent
^11 +
10
fe
103^1
10'fc2 Lit.
% anhydrous
galactose .
1.5 2.9
25
5.4
15.0
20.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
o i
x
Solvent
Galactose,
g/100 ml
WiJ
IO
C
a
a+
(/C1 + /C2)
H2O
2.18 12.5 +139.3 +79.3
Formamide. . . . 2.01 18.0 154.5 85.45
2.25 20.0 139.4 79.25
H2O
Formamide. . . . 1.75 20.0 155.3 87.77
79.01+56.51
1.87 20.0
H2O
87.19 62.30
Formamide. . . . 1.81 20.0
144.0 80.05 47.0*
H2O
60% C 2 H 5 OH..
20.0 140.6 72.8 33*
80% C 2 H 6 OH..
20.0 127.2 73.1 34*
20.0
52
H2O
80.2
H2O
1.0 20.0
* Calculated from initial and final solubilities and rotations.
4.79
0.84
9.60
1.98
7.22
1.57
Lit.
(60)
(60)
(61)
(61)
(61)
(61)
(44)
(44)
(44)
(44)
(30)
^jjp = -0.23 at 12.5 C = -0.34 at 18 C (o).
%HC1
C
[a]rj
JV of H2SQ4
Hf)5
1.15
2.9
5.75
IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS
~ ~
45
1 1.0730 I 1.0335 I 1.0150 | 1.0058 | 1.0012
( 57 )
n^
I 1.3620 I 1.3470 | 1.3400 | 1.3366 1.3349
( 57 )
0.41 1.93 ( ^ 7 )
Solubility
3.63 .77 2.86 ( 4 4 )
g a-galactose per 100 cm3 solution
17.
(U)
Solvent
I Initial | Final | Lit.
27.3
( 61 )
80% C2H5OH
0.27 |
0.65 (38)
3.26
( 61 )
60% C2H5OH
I 1.1
I 3.1
I (38)
C 6 Hi 2 O 6 , GALACTOSE
1
Mutarotation ( Z)
Optical Rotation
H20
80% C2H5OH
80% C 2 H 5 OH
80% C2H5OH
H20
H20
Formamide
Solvent
EFFECT
1
O
I
I 8
I
I 83.3
OF HUL IN H2Q (*>?)

25
I 37.6 | 40.0 42.0
6
I
6
I
6
6
94.2 I 113.8 133.6 160.4
EFFECT OF H2SO4 IN H2O 11 )

| 0
I 10
I 16
I 18
20 I 24 I 26
1 79.0 I 88.0 I 95.0 | 99.5 |102.5|110.0|122.Q
Galactose,
g/iooml'
Conductivity H20
0.5N-H3BQ3
9.0
9.0
1Q3
^ + *)
25.0
25.0
1.41
1.45
C 5 Hi 0 O 5 , ARABINOSE
Optical Rotation and Mutarotation
IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS
Solvent
Arabinose,
g/100
ml
. tD
[al
0
103
(ki + *,)
*~
H-20
2.61 12
+105.9(1-) +186(Z-)
H20
20 -54* (d-) -105.0(d-) -175(d-)
80% C 2 H 5 OH...
20 -28*0*-) -81.7(d-) -I73(d-)
Formamide
2.40 13
+116.3(Z-) +189(Z-)
* Calculated from initial and final solubilities and rotations.
EFFECT OF HCL IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Arabinose, ca. 5 g/100 ml (9?)
%HC1....
O
25
37.6
40
0
C
9
8
8
8
[afe
7+105.1
117.6 142.0 166.2
TTP1
* min
[cjp0
6
+166.3
Li r,
18
48
167.0 ~67.0
13.4 (<>)
31
(44)
(*)
1.54 ( 6 P)
42
8
202.9
64
167.0
Solubility ( 44 )
In 80% aqueous C2H5OH: Initial S = 0.74, final Sp = 1.94 g
per 100 cm3 solution. Equilibrium mixture = 38 % , 62% a.
C 5 Hi 0 O 6 , XYLOSE
Optical Rotation and Mutarotation
IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS
I
Xylose, 0 ~ [ a f a I O 3
~
Solvent
/
' C
;
/7
7 N Lit.
g/100 ml
OL
a * l (Jc1 + fc2)
H20
20 + 9 2 . 0 + 1 9 . 0 -20*
( 44 )
80%C2H6OH
20 + 9 4 . 5 + 3 2 . 1 -20*
(44)
H20
1
2.8 (44)
H20
10
7.5 (44)
H20
20
20.7
(44)
H20
30
53.2 (44)
H20
40
133
(44)
H20
2.72
20 +90.3+19.13
18.8 (60)
Formamide.. 4.04
20 +109.4+25.12
3.06 (60)
H20
20
+18.2
(30)
Pyridine
20
+40.5
(30)
20
+66.6
(30)
Formic acid.
* Calculated from initial and final solubilities and rotations of the a-form.
EFFECT OF HCL IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION (ca. 5 g/100 ml) ( 9 7 )

% HCl
O
8
25
37.6 40.0 42.0
0
C
13
9
9
9
9
9
[a]fD
+ 1 7 . 6 2 1 . 3 27.4 46.4 68.7 96.6
ROTATION AT EQUILIBRIUM ( 3 O)
Values of [gfi for a *
Xylose, g/100 ml
Q.866
1.28
5.48
X, m p
In H2O
Pyridine
Formic acid
656
+13.28
32.04
55.74
589
18.19
40.64
66.60
535
21.08
48.64
82.66
508
24.50
59.90
95.80
479
27.70
68.34
116.13
447
31.94
72.47
125.95
Solubility
In 80% C2H5OH at 2O0C: Initial 2.7 g, final 6.2 g per 100 cm3
solution. Equilibrium mixture, 44% a, 56% ( 44 ).
Ci 8 H 32 Oi 6 + 5H2O, RAFFINOSE (MELITRIOSE, GOSSYPOSE)
(Composition: d-Galactose < ^-Glucose < > d-Fructose)
Raffinose may be hydrolyzed to (1) fructose and melibiose; (2)
galactose and sucrose; (3) fructose, glucose, and galactose. It is
nonreducing.
Optical Rotation
INH 2 O
Form
Lit.
R-5H 2 O
[<*]? = 104.5
(16,54)
Anhyd
[]>.25 = 123.00
" (62,91,93)
Anhyd
[]&.! = 144.55
(94)
EFFECT OF SALTS IN H2O ( 91 > 92 > 93 > ^ 4 ).(Continued)

Salt
I Moles/1000 g H2O |
M2689.25
LiCl
1.30
123.24
MLVi
0.0
1_2
CsCl
Density of Aqueous Solution

d\l of aqueous solution containing 28.4% raffinose = 1.12474.
Since this corresponds to 29.10 sucrose Brix, 1% raffinose =
1.025 sucrose Brix (80).
C = formula weights of raffinose 5H2O per liter of solution at
fC, all weights in vacuo ( 95 ).
in
^
0.038083
.037973
.037615
.058632
.058466
.057925
.102676
0.00
24.94
49.87
0.00
24.94
49.87
0.00
li
dAtt
IuI
C/n
Ii
1.00796 0.102297
1.00483
.131202
.130727
.99556
1.01218
.129787
.176625
1.00897
.99964
.175818
1.02147
.174336
O^T ^ iI
24.94
0.00
24.96
50.12
0.00
24.00
49.84
Solubility
IN H2O. PER CENT ANHYD. RAFFINOSE
Q
10
16
6.5
10.0
14.5
C
%
Lit
(1S)~
(15)
(15)
a"T
t
1.01179
1.02752
1.02378
1.01407
1.03645
1.03172
1.02302
24
28.4
(80)
IN AQUEOUS CH3OH AT 150C

S in g anhyd. raffinose per 100 cm3 solution (3l)
Vol. % CH3OH
100 95 90 85 80 60 20
S
~T2 7.5 2.4 1.8 1.8 2.8 5.0
Hydrolysis of Raffinose by Acids at 250C (*)
100 g H2O + 0.25 mole of anhyd. raffinose + 1 mole of acid
Acid
&=lloglo_^L_
c
a x
HNO 3 I
0.00390
HCl
0.00419
I H2SQ4
0.00446
SYSTEMS CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE SUGAR

Solubilities
SYSTEM: SUCROSE, DEXTROSE, WATER, 3O0C ( 5a )
Solid phase
_
C12H22O11
^^ = ca. 0.0 between 3 and 2O0C (23).

IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS (30)
C = 3.7125 g anhyd. raffinose per 100 ml solution. Values of
MU0
X, m/i =
656 I 589
535 | 508 | 479 | 447
InH 2 0
79.63 105.20 131.71 150.75 163.77 188.55
Pyridine.... 94.22 117.17 142.76 "67.00 188.52" 218.26
EFFECT OF SALTS IN H2O (91, 92, 93, 94)
0.1 formula weight Ci 8 H 32 Qi 6 in 1000 g H2O
Salt
Moles/1000 g H2O |
IaISi9.u
0.0
123.00
KCl
1.3
123.08
NaCl
1.71
123.12
144.55
144.64
Ci2H22Q11 + C6H12O6.H2Q
C6H12O6-H2O
sucrose
68.11
64.22
60.40
53.19
48.60
47.10
TTT 33.79
19.66
7.35
O
, f
dextrose
O
4.89
9.70
18.58
24.61
26.59
33.88
41.97
50.00
54.64
d
4
1.3301
1.3356
1.3411
1.3507
1.3588
1.3227
1.2867
1.2592
1.2434
SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE, DEXTROSE, AND LEVULOSE IN THE

PRESENCE OF ONE ANOTHER
Solid phase sucrose ( 50 )
Qf
'
% invert sugar
% sucrose
| O | 11.90 | 25.39 | 36.90

| 67.59 | 57.84 | 47.31 | 38.66
At 3O0C
% invert
sugar
%
sucrose
80
d;u
O68.111.330124
14.94
56.32
1.3485
21.86
50.97
1.3571
23.21
49.91
1.3587
24.46
48.95
1.3608
I.
invert
sugar
.5248
28.01
37.48
47.02*
%
.
invert
sucrose
sugar
.9347.62*
46.36 56.37
39.23 63.68
32.06 64.47
%
sucrose
31.85
26.03
21.18
20.59
*dl = 1.3957.
At 5O0C
% invert sugar]
O | 11.42 | 22.65 | 32.32 | 46.05 | 57.06
% sucrose....I 72.25 | 62.81 | 53.80 | 46.20 | 35.75 | 28.18
Both sugars present as solid phases ( 50 )
0
C
I O I 10 I 15 I 23.151 30 | 40 | 50
% sucrose
43.7 40.9 39.1 36.3 33.6 31.1 27.7
% invert sugar
27.2 31.8 34.8 39.9 45.4 50.7 58.0
SYSTEM: DEXTROSE, LEVULOSE, WATER, 3O0C
Solid phase dextrose monohydrate ( 50 )
% anhyd. % levu,30
% anhyd. % levu4
dextrose
lose
dextrose
lose
5 4 . 6 4 0 . 0 0 3 5 . 7 6 3 3 . 0 9 1 . 3
49.34
8.94
1.2639
34.48
35.69
49.32
8.94
1.2650
33.67
37.10
45.97
14.50
1.2779
32.55
39.39
41 Ol
23.23
1.3000
^30
4
2 8 6
1.3359
1.3408
1.3480
SYSTEM: DEXTROSE, LEVULOSE, WATER

Solid phase, dextrose. A = % dextrose, in water alone. B =
% dextrose in solution containing an equivalent amount of lvulose. Saturation with crystalline dextrose in both cases ( 50 ).
0
C*
U
O
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
II
AA
35.0
40.8
44.0
47.2
50.80
jI
"D
rS
50.8
56.6
59.8
62.6
66.2
IIl)
^
(^
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
I\
AA
54.64
58.02
61.87
65.71
70.91
II
"R
r*
69.7
72.2
74.8
78.0
81.9
Clerget Analysis for Sucrose ( 48 )

The estimation of sucrose in the presence of other optically
active substances by the Clerget Method depends upon the change
of rotation which the sugar undergoes upon inversion. The
difference in saccharimeter deg. between the rotation of 26 g of pure
sucrose in 100 ml of solution observed in a 200 mm column and the

rotation of invert sugar calculated to a concentration of 26 g of
inverted sucrose in 100 ml is known as the Clerget Divisor. Two
general methods of inversion are employed:
(a) Inversion by the enzyme, invertase.1
(6) Inversion by hydrochloric acid.2
VALUES OF CLERGET DIVISOR
(ws, resp. WA, resp. WN, resp. WN& = g inverted sucrose, resp.
HCl, resp. NH4Cl, resp. NaCl in 100 ml of solution, t = 0C.)
(a) Invertase inversion.
|
Negative constituent
Positive constituent
+ 100
I -42.1 - 0.0676 (ws - 13) + t/2
(b) HCl inversion, 2.312 g anhyd. HCl in 100 ml of inverted
solution, equivalent to 10 ml of HCl (dj0 =1.1029).
+ 100
-43.25 - 0.0676 (m. - 13) + t/2
(c) HCl inversion and subsequent neutralization with NH 4 OH
equivalent to 10 ml HCl (d? = 1.1029) in 100 ml of inverted
solution.
|
+ 100
I --43.91 - 0.0676 (m, - 13) + t/2
(d) HCl inversion with 10 ml of HCl (df = 1.1029) in 100 ml of
inverted solution; 2.315 g NaCl contained in 100 ml of solution for
direct polarization (in order to equalize the effect of HCl upon
invert sugar when present as an impurity).
|
+99.38
I -42.1 - 0.0676 (ws - 13) + t/2
(e) HCl inversion with 10 ml HCl (dj = 1.1029) in 100 ml of
inverted solution and subsequent neutralization with NH 4 OH;
3.392 g NH4Cl contained in 100 ml of solution for direct
polarization.
+99.43
I -43.91 - 0.0676 (m. - 13) + t/2
GENERALIZED FORMULAE
Positive constituent: R = 100 - 0.265 wNa = 100 - 0.169wN.
Negative constituent: AHCI = -41.12 - 0.5407wA - 0.0676
ms + 0.5 t. ANH4Ci = -41.12 - 0.563WN - 0.0676ws + 0.5.
Reducing Powers toward Fehling's Solution
For Munson and Walker's table for calculating dextrose, invert
sugar, in mixtures containing sucrose, lactose and maltose v. ( 18 >
65). For Alfflm's tables v. (14, 20).
1
2
For detailed description of methods of inversion by invertase, v. ( 3 ).

For detailed description of methods of inversion by hydrochloric acid, r. ( 48 ).
POTATIONS AND MELTING POINTS OF PURE SUGARS AND SUGAR DERIVATIVES (40*5)
Formula
0-d-Arabinose
a-Z-Arabinose tetraacetate
0-Z-Arabinose tetraacetate
Z-Arabonic amide
c?-Arabonic phenylhydrazide
/3-Bromoacetyl d-arabinose
-Bromoacetyl Z-arabinose
a-Bromoacetyl lactose
a-Bromoacetyl d-xylose
(0-Cellobiose
a-Cellobiose octaacetate
-Cellobiose octaacetate
a-Chondrosamine pentaacetate
0-Chondrosamine pentaacetate
0-Chloroacetyl d-arabinose
C5H10O5
Ci3Hi8O9
Ci3H18O9
C 5 HnO 5 N
CnH16O5N2
CnHi5O7Br
CnH15O7Br
C26H35Oi7Br
C11H15O7Br
Ci 2 H 22 On
C28H38Oi9
C28H38Oi9
CuH 23 Oi 0 N
Ci 6 H 23 Oi 0 N
CnHi5O7Cl
^1'
50
318
318
165
256
339
339
699
339
342
678
678
389
389
295
M. P.
97
86
136
145
102
229
202
183
220 d
[ag>
-175
+42.5
+147.2
+37.5
- 14.5
-288
+288
+109
+212
+16.0
+41
- 14.6
+101.3
+ 10.5
-244
[M]^
- 26 300
+ 13 500
+ 46 800
+ 6 190
- 3 710
- 97 600
+ 97 600
+ 76 200
+ 71 900
+ 5 470
+ 2 7 800
- 9 900
+ 3 9 400
+ 4 080
- 72 000
Solvent
HÔ
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
ROTATIONS AND MELTING POINTS OF PURE SUGARS AND SUGAR DERIVATIVES (*<>*).(Continued)
Formula
0-Chloroacetyl Z-arabinose
Chloroacetyl celtrobiose(40)
Chloroacetyl d-galactose (second)
-Chloroacetyl lactose
a-Chloroacetyl neolactose (53)
0-d-Fructose
a-d-Fructose pentaacetate
/3-d-Fructose pentaacetate.
-d-Fructose tetraacetate
:
d-Galactonic amide
a-d-Galactose
/3-d-Galactose
d-Galactose pentaacetate (first)
d-Galactose pentaacetate (second)
d-Galactose pentaacetate (third)
d-Galactose pentaacetate (fourth)
d-Galactose tetraacetate (third)
d-Galactose phenylhydrazone
d-a-Galaheptonic amide
d-a-Galaheptonic phenylhydrazide
a-Gentiobiose octaacetate
/3-Gentiobiose octaacetate
d-a-Glucoheptonic amide
d-0-Glucoheptonic amide
d-a-Glucoheptonic phenylhydrazide
-d-a-Glucoheptose
a-d-a-Glucoheptose hexaacetate
/3-d-a-Glucoheptose hexaacetate
d-Gluconic amide..
a-d-Glucosamine pentaacetate
-d-Glucosamine pentaacetate
a-d-Glucose
/3-d-Glucose
a-d-Glucose pentaacetate
-d-Glucose pentaacetate
d-Gulonic amide
a-Iodoacetyl lactose
a-Lactose
,
0-Lactose
a-Lactose octaacetate
0-Lactose octaacetate
a-d-Lyxose
/S-Maltose
0-Maltose heptaacetate
a-Maltose octaacetate
/3-Maltose octaacetate
d-Mannitol hexaacetate
d-a-Mannoheptonic amide
d-a-Mannoheptonic phenylhydrazide
d-a-Mannoheptose hexaacetate (first)
d-a-Mannoheptose hexaacetate (second)
d-Mannonic amide
d-Mannonic phenylhydrazide
d-Mannosaccharic diamide
/3-d-Mannose
a-d-Mannose pentaacetate
-d-Mannose pentaacetate
Melezitose
Melezitose hendekaacetate
/3-Melibiose
-Melibiose octaacetate
C11H15O7Cl
C26H35O17Cl
C14H19O9Cl
C26H35O17Cl
C26H35Oi7Cl
C6H12O6
C16H22On
. C16H22O11
C14H20O10
C6H13O6N
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C 16 H 22 O n
C16H22On
C16H22On
C16H22O11
Ci4H20Oi0
C 20 H 26 O 9 N 2
C7H15O7N
C13H20O7N2
C28H38O19
C28H38O19
C7H15O7N
C7H15O7N
C 13 H 20 O 7 N 2
C7H14O7
C19H26O13
Ci9H26O13
C6H13O6N
C16H23O10N
C16H23O10N
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C16H22On
C16H22On
C 6 Hi 3 O 6 N
C26H35OnI
Ci 2 H 22 O n
Ci 2 H 22 O n
C28H38Oi9
C28H38Oi9
C5Hi0O5
C6Hi2O6
C 26 H 36 Oi 8
C28H38Oi9
C28H38Oi9
Ci 8 H 26 Oi 2
C7Hi5O7N
Ci 3 H 20 O 7 N
Ci 9 H 26 Oi 3
Ci 9 H 26 Oi 3
C6Hi3O6N
Ci 2 Hi 8 O 6 N 2
C 6 Hi 2 O 6 N 2
C 6 Hi 2 O 6
Ci6H22O11
Ci 6 H 22 O n
Ci8H32Oi6
C 40 H 54 O 27
Ci 2 H 22 On
C 28 H 38 Oi 9
M( L
?
WT/.
295
655
367
655
655
180
390
390
348
195
180
180
390
390
390
390
348
438
225
316
678
678
225
225
316
210
462
462
195
389
389
180
180
390
390
195
746
342
342
678
678
150
342
636
678
678
434
225
316
462
462
195
286
208
180
390
390
504
966
342
678
M. P.
[afi>
138
67
121
182
70
.
172
142
96
98
87
73
95
206
189
193
134
158
164
135
144
140
189
113
132
123
145
152
90
181
125
160
120
194
106
140
173
189
64
118
148
117
177
+244
+59.2
- 78
+84
+ 71.2
-133.5
+34.7
-120.9
91.6
+ 30.2
+144
+52
+23
+107
- 42
+61
- 17.8
+15.5
+14.3
+ 8.5*
+52.4
- 5.3
+10.6
- 30.2
+ 9.3
- 28.4
+87.0
+4.8
+31.2
+93.5
+1.2
+113
+19
+101.6
+ 3.8
+15.2
+137
+90
+35
+53.9
- 4.3
+5.5
+118
+ 67.8
+122.4
+ 62.7
+26
+28
+21
+24.2
31
- 17.3
8.1*
24.5
- 17
+55.0
- 25.2
+88.2
+103.8
+ 12.4
+102.5
[M]^
+ 72 000
+ 38 800
- 28 600
+ 55 000
+ 46 700
- 24 000
+ 1 3 500
- 47 200
- 31 900
+ 5 890
+ 25 900
+ 9 360
+ 8 970
+ 41 700
- 16 400
+ 23 800
- 6 190
+ 6 790
+ 3 220
+ 2 700*
+ 35 500
- 3 590
+ 2 390
- 6 790
+ 2 940
- 5 960
+ 40 200
+ 2 220
+ 6080
+ 3 6 400
+
467
+ 20 300
+ 3 420
+ 39 600
+ 1 480
+ 2 960
+102 000
+ 3 0 800
+ 1 2 000
+ 3 6 500
- 2 920
+
825
+ 40 400
+ 43 100
+ 83 000
+ 42 500
+ 1 1 300
+ 6 300
+ 6 640
+ 1 1 200
14 300
- 3 370
2 320*
5 100
- 3 060
- 21 500
- 9 830
+ 44 500
+100 000
+ 42 400
+ 6 9 500
Solvent
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
ROTATION AND MELTING POINTS OF PURE SUGARS AND SUGAR DERIVATIVES (**.*)(Continued)
-Methyl J-arabinoside
/3-Methyl Z-arabinoside
/3-Methyl Z-arabinoside triacetate
/3-Methyl cellobioside heptaacetate
0-Methyl d-f ructoside.
/3-Methyl d-fructoside tetraacetate
-Methyl d-galactoside tetraacetate
/3-Methyl d-galactoside tetraacetate
/3-Methyl gentiobioside
/3-Methyl gentiobioside heptaacetate
-Methyl d-glucoside tetraacetate
/3-Methyl d-glucoside tetraacetate
-Methyl d-lyxoside ( 73 )
/3-Methyl maltoside heptaacetate
-Methyl d-xyloside
/3-Methyl d-xyloside
-Methyl d-xyloside triacetate
/3-Methyl d-xyloside triacetate
a-Neolactose octaacetate (53)
/3-Neolactose octaacetate ( 53 )
Z-Rhamnomethyltetronic amide
Z-Rhamnomethyltetronic lactone
Z-Rhamnonic phenylhydrazide
a-Z-Rhamnose
Z-Ribonic amide
d-Sacchario diamide
Sedoheptose (anhydro-)
Sucrose octaacetate
Trehalose octaacetate
a-d-Xylose
<*-d-Xylose tetraacetate
/3-d-Xylose tetraacetate
d-Xylose triacetate
* At 8O0C.
Formula
^1'
M. P.
C6H12O5
. C6H12O5
C12H18O8
C27H38O18
C7H14O6
C15H22O10
C15H22O10
C15H22O10
C13H24O11
C27H38O18
C15H22O10
C15H22O10
C6H12O5
C27H38O18
C6H12O5
C0H12O5
C12H18O8
C12H18O8
C28H38O19
C28H38O19
C5H11O4N
C5H8O4
C12H18O5N2
C6H12O5
C5H11O5N
C 6 H 12 O 6 N 2
C7H12O6
C28H38O19
C28H38O19
C5H10O5
. C13H18O9
C13H18O9
C11H16O8
164
164
290
650
194
362
362
362
356
650
362
362
164
650
164
164
290
290
678
678
149
132
270
164
165
208
210
678
678
150
318
318
276
131
169
85
187
120
76
98
82
101
105
109
125
157
86
115
178
148
135
123
138
173
69
98
59
128
141
[agj
[M]2D
+ 17.3
+245.5
+182.Of
- 25.4
-172.1
-124.6
+133.0
- 13.0
- 36.0
- 18.9
+130.6
- 18.3
+ 59.4
+53.7
+153.9
- 65.5
+119.6
- 60.7
+ 53.4
-7.1
+54.8
- 44.7
+17.2
-7.7
- 16.4
+13.3
-146.3
+59.6
+162.3
+92
+89.1
- 24.9
+ 7Of
+ 2 840
+ 40 300
+ 52 80Of
- 16 500
- 33 400
- 45 100
+ 4 8 100
- 4 710
- 12 800
- 12 300
+ 47 300
- 6 620
+ 34 900
+ 2 5 200
- 10 700
+ 34 700
- 17 600
+ 36 200
- 4 810
+ 8 170
- 5 900
+ 4 640
- 1 260
- 2 710
+ 2 770
- 30 720
+ 40 400
+110 000
+ 13 800
+ 28 300
- 7 920
+ 19 30Of
Solvent
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
H2O
CHCl3
CHCl3
CHCl3
t At 230C.
31 A, 13: 633; 16. ( 48 ) Jackson and Gillis, 31, No. 375: 20. 31 A, 16:
125; 20. ( 4 9 ) Jackson and Silsbee, 31, No. 437: 22. 31 A, 17: 715; 22.
( 5 ) Jackson and Silsbee, 32, No. 259. SlA, 18: 277; 24. ( 51 ) Jackson, SilsC 1 ) Armstrong and Glover, 5B, 80: 312; 08. ( 2 ) Armstrong and Walker, 5,
bee and Proffitt, 31, No. 519; 26. 31 A, 20: 587; 26. ( 5 2 ) Kraisy and
88: 388; 13. ( 3 ) Association of official agricultural chemists, Official and
Traegel, 445, 74: 193; 24. (") Kunz and Hudson, 1, 48: 1978; 26. ( 5 4 )
Tentative Methods of Analysis, 2nd ed., p. 183. Washington, D. C., 1925.
Landolt, 445, 38: 29; 88. ( 5S ) Landolt, Das optische Drehungsvermgen
(4) Bacharach, 173, 48: 521; 23. ( 5 ) Baker, Ingold and Thorpe, 4, 125:
organischer Substanzen und dessen praktische Anwendungen, p. 420; 2nd ed.
268; 24. ( 6 ) Bates, 31, No. 34: 06. SlA, 2:239:06. ( 7 ) Bates and
Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1898. ( 56 ) Levene, 141, 57: 329; 23.
8
9
Bearce, SlB9 No. 115; 18. ( ) Bates and Blake, 31 A, 3: 105; 07. ( )
( 5 7 ) Levene, 141, 59: 129; 24. ( 57 -5) Lippman, 460, 33: 106; 08. ( 58 )
Bates and Jackson, 31, 268; 16. 31 A, 13: 67; 16.
Loomis, 7, 37: 407; 01. ( 59 ) Lowry and Richards, 4, 125: 2511; 24.
( 1 O ) Bleyer and Schmidt, SOa, 135: 546; 23. ( > ) Bleyer and Schmidt, 205, ( 6 O) Mackenzie and Ghosh, 68, 35: 22; 15. ( 6 1 ) Mackenzie and Ghosh, 68,
138: 119; 23. ( 12 ) Beseken, Kerstjens, and Klamer, 64P, 18: 1654; 16.
36: 204; 16. (i.S) Main, 275, 9: 481; 07. ( 6 2 ) Meyer, 7, 62: 59; 08.
(i3)Bourquelot, .74, 7:153; 17. ( 1 4 ) Browne, 1, 28: 439; 06. ( 15 ) Browne,
( 63 ) Meyer, 7, 72: 117; 10. ( 64 ) Mondain-Monval, 84, 181: 37; 25. ( 6 5 )
Handbook of Sugar Analysis, p. 735. New York, Wiley, 1912. ( 16 ) Browne
Munson and Walker, l, 28: 663; 06. 29: 541; 07. ( 6 6 ) Murschhauser,
and Gamble,^, 13 : 793; 21. O7 ) Bureau of Standards,365, No. 44:128; 18.
205, 136: 66; 23. ( 6 7 ) Nasini and Villavecchia, Publie de lab. chim. delle
(17.5) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 44: 134; 18. ( 18 ) Bureau of Standgabelle Roma, 1891: 47. ( 68 ) Nelson and Beegle, l, 41: 559; 19. ( 6 9 )
ards, 365, No. 44: 139; 18. O 9 ) Bureau of Standards, 866, No. 44: 147; 18.
Nelson and Hitchcock, , 43: 2632; 21.
<20) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 44: 148; 18. ( 2 1 ) Bureau of Standards, ( 7 O) Nutting, 2, 17: 1; 03. ( 71 ) Patterson, 4, 109: 1204; 16. ( 7 2 ) Pennycuick,
22
365, No. 44: 149; 18. ( ) Bureau of Standards, 865, No. 295: 3; 26. (23)
4, 125: 2049; 24. ( 7 3) Phelps and Hudson, l, 48: 503; 26. ( 7 4 ) Pionchon,
Creydt, 445, 37: 153; 87. ( 24 ) Euhler and Hedelius, 205, 107: 150; 20.
34, 124: 1523; 97. ( 7 S ) Plato, Kaiserlichen Normal-Eichungs-Kommission,
( 2 5 ) Euler, lander and Rudberg, 93, 146: 45; 25. ( 2 6 ) Foulkes, 49, 14:
Wiss. Abh., 2: 153; 00. ( 7 6 ) Prinsen-Geerligs, 275, 10: 68; 08. ( 7 7 ) Pulver364; 16. ( 2 7 ) Gillis, 70, 39: 88; 20. ( 2 8 ) Gillis, 70, 39: 677; 20. ( 2 9 )
macher, 93, 113: 141; 20. ( 7 8 ) Quisumbing and Thomas, l, 43: 1503; 21.
Gillis, 70, 43: 135; 24.
( 7 9 ) Saillard, 378, 2: 1035; 19.
(30) Grossman and Block, 445, 62 II: 19; 12. ( 31 ) Gunning, 446, 39: 363; 89.
( 8 O) Schecker, 445, 74: 82; 24. ( 81 ) Schliephacke, 13, 377: 164; 10, ( 8 2 )
(3 2 ) Herzfeld, 445, 42: 147; 92. (33) Herzfeld, 445, 50 II: 826; 00. ( 3 *)
Schnrock, 445, 54 II: 521; 04. ( 8 3 ) Schnrock, 445, 61 II: 421; 11. ( 8 4 )
Hoop and van Laer, 205, 155: 235; 25. (35) Hudson, 1, 26: 1065; 04. (36)
Schnrock, 243, .43: 69; 23. ( 85 ) Smits and Gillis, 64P, 20: 520; 18.
Hudson, 1, 29: 1571; 07. (37) Hudson, 1, 30: 1564; 08. (38) Hudson, I1
() Stank, 446, 35: 57; 10. ( 8 7 ) Stank, 446, 45: 417; 21. ( 88 ) Tollens,
30: 1767; 08. (39) Hudson, 1, 31: 66; 09.
25, 10: 1403; 77. ( 8 9 ) Tollens, 25, 17: 2234; 84.
( 4 O) Hudson, 1, 48: 2002; 26. (40.5) Hudson, 3Jf, No. 533; 26. () Hudson ( 9 0 ) Vosburgh, l, 42: 1696; 20. ( 91 ) Washburn, l, 31: 322; 09. ( 9 2 ) Washand Brown, 1, 30: 960; 08. ( 4 2 ) Hudson and Dale, 1, 39: 320; 17. ( 4 3 )
burn, 7, 66: 513; 09. ( 93 ) Washburn, 446, 60 II: 381; 10. ( 9 4 ) Washburn
Hudson and Sawyer, 1, 39: 470; 17. ( 4 4 ) Hudson and Yanovsky, 1, 39:
and Millard, l, 37: 694; 15. ( 9 5 ) Washburn and Williams, l, 35: 750; 13.
1013; 17. ( 4 ) Ingersoll, 2, 9: 257; 17. ( 4 7 ) Jackson, 31, No. 293: 16.
( 9 6 ) Wilcox, 50, 5: 587; 01. ( 97 ) Zechmeister, 7, 103: 316; 22.
LITERATURE
X-RAY DIFFRACTION DATAMISCELLANEOUS NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS

RALPH W. G. WYCKOFF
The following bibliography contains references to qualitative
and quantitative studies by means of X-rays on various natural
and industrial materials, and supplements the quantitative data
on pure metals, alloys, soaps, etc., presented in vol. I, p. 338-353.
The following classes of materials are covered: I. Structure of
Alloys. II. Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys. III. Iron and
Steel. IV. Worked Metals and Alloys. V. Orientation of
Crystals in Electrodeposited Metals. VI. Fibrous or Deformed
Substances. VII. Cellulose and Related Compounds. VIII.
Rubber and Related Compounds. IX. Ceramic Materials and
Products. X. Glass and Silica. XI. Catalysts. XII. Amorphous and Colloidal Materials. XIII. Application to the Identification of Compounds.
I. STKUCTURE OF ALLOYS
O) Hadfield, Main and Brooksbank, 83, 15 II: 72; 20 (steels). ( 2 ) Bain, 33,
25: 657; 21 (crystal structure). ( 3 ) Bain, 80, 68: 625; 23 (crystal structure
of solid solutions). ( 4 ) Wever, Bericht No. 24 des Werkstoffausschusses der
Ver. deutscher Eisenhttenleute, Oct. 5, 1922 (structure of metals). ( 5 )
Jeffries and Archer, 33, 29: 923, 966; 23 (solid solutions). ( 6 ) Rosenhain,
58, 112 : 832; 23 (solid solutions and inter-metallic compounds). ( 7 ) Rosenhain, 115, 115: 591; 23 (inner structure of alloys). ( 8 ) St. John, 430, 112:
890, 908; 23 (X-rays in the steel industry). ( 9 ) Bain, 45,16: 692; 24 (X-ray
crystal analysis in metallurgy).
(1) Becker, Metallbrse, 14: 297, 346, 395, 442; 24 (X-rays in chemical .research). ( 1 M Andrew, J. Roy. Tech. Coll. Glasgow, No. 2: 63; 25 (crystalline structure of metals). ( 1 2 ) Czochralski, 1818, 13: 425, 455; 25. 95,
17: 1; 25 (metallography and physical research). ( 13 ) Glocker, 95, 16: 180;
24 (testing of materials). ( 1 4 ) Jeffries, 66, 25 I: 444; 25 (X-ray metallography). ( 15 ) Rosenhain, 325, 24: 361; 25 (inner structure of alloys). ( 16 )
Weiss, 198, 36: 397; 25. 74, 22: 333, 450; 25 (X-ray spectrography and the
study of metals). ( 17 ) Weiss, 5,108: 643; 25 (X-rays and the study of alloys).
(l 8 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 55, Special No., April 1, 1925, p. 86 (structure
of alloys). ( 19 ) Westgren, Sartryck ur Teknisk Tidsk., 1925, haft 22 (solid
solutions).
( 20 ) Aborn and Burgmann, The Tech Engineering News, April, 1926, p. 2
(ultimate structure of metals). ( 2 1 ) Rinne, 95, 18: 37, 81; 26 (models for
the mechanics of metals). ( 2 2 ) Tammann, 8, 79: 81; 26 (distribution of
two kinds of atoms in mixed crystals). ( 2 3 ) Westgren and Phragmen,
95, 18: 279; 26 (metallic systems). ( 2 4 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 20.
19B: No. 12; 26 (structure analogies of alloys).
II. STRUCTURES OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS

O) Imai, 159, 11: 313; 22 (Cu-Zn). ( 2 ) McKeehan, Ann. Postes, Tlg.
Tlph, 12: 1303; 23. 47, 32: 564; 24 (K, Be, BeO, and Ag-Pd and Au-Ag
alloys), i.3) Davey, 2, 26: 736; 25 (,W). ( 4 ) Johansson and Linde, 8,
78: 439; 25 (Au-Cu and Pd-Cu). ( 5 ) Krger and Sacklowski, 8, 78: 72;
25 (Pd-Ag alloys containing H). ( 6 ) Anderson, 143, 201: 465; 26 (duralumin
and its crystal structure). ( 7 ) Bradley and Ollard, 58, 117: 122; 26 (Cr).
(8) Freeman and Brandt, 31 A, 20: 661, 695; 26 (Zn). ( 9 ) Friauf, 1, 48:
1906; 26 (magnesium plumbide).
(10) Harang, 63, 27: 204; 26 (Heusler alloys). ( 1 M Holgersson, 8, 79: 35; 26
(Au-Ag and Ni-Cu). C 1 2 ) Sillers, 31 A, 20: 686; 26. Cf. Pierce, Anderson
and Van Dyck, 143, 200: 363; 25 (Zn). O 3 ) Westgren and Phragmen,
468, 2; 1926 (Cr-C). ( 14 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 93, 156: 27; 26 (W-C
and Mo-C).
III. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF IRON AND STEEL

Cf. vol. I, p. 349
O) Iokibe, 159, 9: 275; 20 (graphite and temper-carbon from cast iron). ( 2 )
Westgren, 820, 105: 401; 21 (steel). ( 3 ) Westgren, 140, 103: 303; 21.
115, 111: 727, 757; 21 (iron and steel). ( 4 ) Westgren and Lindh, 7, 98:
181; 21 (iron and steel). ( 5 ) Wever, 226, 3: 45; 21 (arrangement of iron
atoms in austenitic steel). ( 6 ) Bain, 33, 26: 543; 22 (martensite formed
spontaneously from austenite). ( 7 ) Tammann, 77, 42: 772; 22 (transformation of cementite at 210). ( 8 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 140, 105:
241; 22 (steel). < 9 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 7, 102: 1; 22 (iron and steel).
(10) Wever, 226, 4: 67; 22 (iron carbide). 0 1 J Wever, 286, 4: 81 ; 22 (graphite
and temper-carbon). O 2 ) Bain and Jeffries, 430, 112 : 805; 23 (red hardness
in high-speed steel). ( 13 ) Heaps, 2, 22: 486; 23 (crystal structure and
magnto-striction). O 4 ) Okoehi, J9, 2: 13; 23 (brittleness in electrolytic

iron). (15) Westgren and Phragmen, 280, 1923: 449 (steel). ( 16 ) Zorning,
471, 4: 77; 23 (examination of steel by X-ray spectrometer). ( 1 7 ) Bain,
80, advance copy, Feb., 1924 (martensite). ( 18 ) Greene, 430, 114: 615,
670; 24 (troostite and sorbite). ( 19 ) Heindlhofer, 8, 24: 426; 24 tmartensite).
( 2 0 ) Heindlhofer and Wright, 812, 7: 34; 24 (hardened ballsteel). ( 2 I ) Honda,
212, 6: 187; 24 (transformation in pure Fe). ( 2 2 ) Lucas, 212, 6: 669; 24
(austenite and martensite). ( 23 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 58, 114: 94;
24. 140, 109: 159; 24 (steel). ( 2 4 ) Wever, 9, 30: 376; 24 (technical iron).
(25) Wever and Rtten, 226, 6: 1 ; 24 (solid solution -y-Fe-C). ( 2 6 ) Williams,
417, 13: 175; 24 (hardened steel). ( 2 7 ) Benedicks, 58, 115: 230; 25 (hardness of Mn-steel). ( 28 ) Foley, 80, 73: 850; 26 (amorphous cement and the
formation of ferrite). ( 2 9 ) Honda, 159, 14: 165; 25 (formation of martensite in C-steels).
(30) Wever, 77, 45: 1208; 25 (Fe). ( 31 ) Davey, 120, 29: 440; 26 (iron and
steel). ( 32 ) Fink and Campbell, 212, 9: 717; 26 (influence of heat treatment and carbon content on pure Fe-C alloys). ( 33 ) Osawa, 140, 113:
447; 26 (lattice-constant and density of Fe-Ni alloys). ( 34 ) Phragmen,
140, 1926, advance paper (F-Si alloys).
IV. X-RAY DIFFRACTION OF WORKED METALS AND ALLOYS

O) Owen and Blake, 58, 92: 686; 14 (metallic crystals). ( 2 ) Schmidt, 63, 17:
554; 16 (metals). ( 3 ) Gross and Blassmann, 190B, 42: 728; 19 (wireforming W crystals). ( 4 ) Nishikawa and Asahara, 2, 15: 38; 20
(metals). ( 5 ) Bain and Jeffries, 33, 25: 775; 21 (mixed orientation in
crystals of ductile metals). ( 6 ) Ettisch, Polanyi and Weissenberg, 63,
22: 646; 21 (metals). ( 7 ) Ettisch, Polanyi and Weissenberg, 96, 7: 181;
21 (fibre-structure of Cu and W-wires). ( 8 ) Ettisch, Polanyi and Weissenberg, 7, 99: 332; 21 (.fibrous structure of hard-drawn metals). ( 9 ) Kirchner, 8, 69: 59; 22 (experiments on structure).
( 10 ) Mark, Polanyi and Schmid, 96, 12: 58, 78, 111; 22 (drawing Zn crystals).
( 1 M Niwa and Matura, 338, 122: 1; 22 (cold rolling of sheet steel). O 2 )
Ono, 470, 2: 261; 22 (inner structure of strained metals). ( 13 ) Ono, 470,
2: 241; 22 (inner structure of strained Cu-wire). < 1 4 ) Polanyi, 218, 10:
411; 22 (crystal arrangement). O 5 ) Polanyi, 9, 28: 16; 22 (fixing single
crystals). O 6 ) van Arkel, 208, 3: 76; 23 (uni-crystalline W). O 7 ) Bain,
33, 28: 65; 23 (cored crystals and metallic compounds). ( 18 ) Czochralski,
95, 15: 60, 126; 23 (structure hypotheses). ( 19 ) Kakinuma, 219, 5 90;
23 (atomistic mechanism of metal rolling).
( 20 ) Mark and Polanyi, 96, 18: 75; 23 (space-lattice, gliding directions and gliding planes in white Sn). ( 2 *) Mark, Polanyi and Schmid, 218, 11: 256;
23 (uni-crystalline Sn-wires). ( 2 2 ) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 16: 314;
23 (rolled metal foils). ( 23 ) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 14: 328; 23 (rolled
metal foils). ( 2 4 ) Mller, 5, 105: 500; 24 (crystal axes in "single-crystal"
Al-bars). ( 2S ; Polanyi, 96, 17: 42; 23 (structure changes through cold
working). ( 2 ) Polanyi and Weissenberg, 97, 4: 199; 23 (worked metals).
( 2 7 ) Thomassen, 95, 15: 306; 23 (surface layer of worked metals). ( 28 )
Bragg, 58, 113: 639; 24 (metal film). ( 2 9 ) Research Staff of General
Electric Co., 3, 48: 800; 24 (deformation of W single crystals).
( 30 ) Glocker and Kaupp, 95, 16: 377; 24 (recrystallization of Ag). ( 3 ^) Gross,
95, 16: 18; 24. 47, 31: 385; 24 (deformed crystals and the process of workhardening). ( 32 ) Kakinuma, 219, 5: 150; 24 (atomistic mechanism of
metal rolling). ( 33 ) Lester, 471, 5: 455; 24 (crystal deformation in coldworked steel). ( 3 4 ) Polanyi, 97, 5: 580; 24 (worked metals). ( 3S ) Schiebold, 95, 16: 417, 462; 24 (hardening phenomena in metals). ( 36 ) Wever,
96, 28: 69; 24 (cubically crystallizing metals after rolling). ( 37 ) Anderson
and Norton, 80, 71: 720; 25 (evidence versus the amorphous-metal hypothesis). ( 3 8 ) van Arkel, 208, 5: 208; 25. 218, 13: 662; 25 (deformation
of lattice of metals). ( 39 ) Clark, Brugmann and Heath, 45, 17: 1142; 25
(ultimate structures of commercial metals).
( 40 ) Davey, 50, 29: 1211; 25 (plasticity of single crystals). ( 41 ) Elam,
115, 120: 368; 25 (orientation of crystals produced by heating strained Fe).
( 42 ) Fujiwara, 429, 8A: 339; 25 (arrangement of micro-crystals in Al-wire).
( 43 ) Glocker, 96, Sl: 386; 25 (deformation and recrystallization structures).
( 44 ) Glocker, Kaupp and Widmann, 95, 17: 353; 25 (recrystallization of
rolled plate Ag). < 4 5 ) Leonhardt, 94, 61: 100; 25 (Laue diagrams of
deformed crystals). ( 4 6 J Lester and Abron, 471, 6:120, 200; 25 (Fe-crystals
in steel under stress). ( 4 7 ) Mark, 94, 61: 75; 25 (growth and deformation
structures). ( 4 8 ) Norton and Anderson, 2, 25: 582; 25 (cold-worked and
burnished metals). ( 4 9 ) Ono, 470, 3: 195; 25 (Cu and Al under extension,
compression and torsion).
( s o ) Ono, 470, 3: 267; 25 (a-Fe plastically strained in extension, compression
and torsion). (51) Ono, 470, 3: 287; 25 (crystal rearrangement and the
cause of strain-hardening). (52) Polanyi, 95,17: 94; 25 (crystal deformation
and hardening). ( 5 3 ) Polanyi, 94, 61: 49; 25 (deformation of single crystals). ( 54 ) Polanyi and Schmid, 96, 32: 684; 25 (solidification and melting
of Sn). (55) Sachs and Schiebold, 98, 69: 1557, 1601; 25 (volume compression of Al). (5o) Sachs and Schiebold, 218, 13: 964; 25 (lattice lengths
of deformed single crystals and crystal aggregates). ( 5 7 ) Seidl and Schiebold, 95, 17: 221, 320, 365; 25 (inhomogeneous Al-castings on cold rolling).
( 58 ) Tanaka, 429, 8A: 319; 25 (rolled Pt-plate). ( 59 ) Taylor and Elam,
o, 108: 28; 25 (plastic extension and fracture of Al-crystals).
(80) Carpenter, 440, 28: 543, 575; 26. 29: 31, 26 (single crystals). ( 61 ) Elam,
0,112: 289; 26 (tensile tests of large Au, Ag and Cu-crystals). ( 62 ) Frolich,
Clark and Aborn, Mass. Inst. Tech. Publications, 61: 239; 26. 78, 49:
preprint; 26 (lead deposits). ( 63 ) Owen and Preston, 67, 38: 132; 26
(effect of rolling on crystal structure of Al). ( 64 ) Schiebold and Sachs,
94, 63: 34; 26 (growth of Al-crystals during recrystallization). ( 6 5 ) Smithells, Rooksby and Pitkin, 47, 1926: advance paper (deformation of Wcrystals).
V. ORIENTATION OF CRYSTALS IN ELECTRODEPOSITED METALS

O) Glcker and Kaupp, 96, 24: 121; 24 (fibrous structure). ( 2 ) Clark and
Frolich, 9, 31: 655; 25 (electrolytic Ni). ( 3 ) Bozorth, 2, 26: 390; 25 (orientation of crystals in electrodeposited metals).
VI. FIBROUS OR DEFORMED SUBSTANCES

C 1 ) Friedrich, 63, 14: 317; 13 (X-ray interference in non-crystalline bodies).
( 2 ) Nishikawa and Ono, 219, 7: 131; 13 (transmission of X-rays through
fibrous, lamellar and granular substances). ( 3 ) Nishikawa, 819, 7: 296;
14 (spectrum of X-rays obtained by lamellar or fibrous substances). ( 4 )
Becker, Herzog, Jancke and Polanyi, 96, 5: 61; 21 (arrangement of crystal
elements). ( 5 ) Herzog, 218, 12: 955; 24 (fine structure of fibrous materials).
( 6 ) Rinne, 94, 59: 230; 24 (rearrangement and decomposition of crystal
structures). ( 7 ) Rinne, 189, No. 17: 513; 24 (permanent structural deformation of graphite). ( 8 ) Schmid, 96, 22: 328; 24 (plastic deformation of
crystals). ( 9 ) Rinne, 189, 1925: 225 (optical anomalies).
( 10 ) Rinne, 218, 13: 690; 25 (paracrystalline and stressed substances). O 1 )
Rinne, 94, 61: 389; 25 (flow of natural salts). ( 12 ) Sachs and Schiebold,
95, 17: 400; 25 (melting and recrystallization). O 3 ) Herzog, 472, 24:
137; 26 (fibrous substances). ( 1 4 ) Levitskii, 96, 35: 850; 26 (bending of
rock-salt in air and water). O 5 ) Ranzi, 59, 3, No. 3: 135; 26 (changes
in reticular distances of rock-salt and calcite).
VII. CELLULOSE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

(i) Herzog and Jancke, 96, 3: 196; 20 (cellulose). ( 2 ) Herzog, Jancke and
Polanyi, 96, 3: 343; 20 (cellulose). t 3 ).Herzog, 473, 2: 101; 21 (cellulose).
( 4 ) Herzog and Jancke, 92, 34: 385; 21 (cellulose). ( 5 ) Herzog, 472, 21:
388; 23 (deformation of cellulose). ( 6 ) Hess, Weltzien and Messmer, 13,
435: 1; 23 (cellulose). ( 7 ) Sponsler, 223, 5: 757; 23 (structural units of
starch). ( 8 ) Gonell, 96, 25: 118; 24 (cellulose). () Katz, 63, 25: 659;
24 (X-ray spectroscopy and swelling).
O 0T Katz, 63, 25: 321 ; 24 (swelling of substances giving fibrous diagram). (11 )
Katz, 63, 25: 659; 24 (X-ray methods and imbibition). O 2 ) Katz and
Mark, 64V, 33: 294; 24 (swelling). ( 13 ) Sponsler, 2, 23: 662; 24 (X-ray
reflection from very thin crystals). C1 *) Vieweg, 25, 57B : 1917; 24 (aqueous
and dilute alcoholic NaOH and cellulose). 0 s ) Herzog, 473, 6: 39; 25
(constitution of cellulose). O 6 ) Herzog, 472, 23 121; 25 (significance of
fine structure of cellulose fiber in purification process). ( 1 7 ) Katz, 473,
6: 37; 25 (celluloses of different degrees of polymerization), 0 s ) Katz,
473, 6: 35; 25 (X-ray data and alkali adsorption of cellulose). ( 19 ) Katz
and Mark, 9, 31: 105; 25 (X-ray diffraction patterns of cellulose hydrate
and its reversion products).
20
( ) Katz and Mark, 7, 115: 385; 25 (changes in powder pattern of cellulose
due to swelling). ( 2 1 ) Katz and Vieweg, 9, 31: 157; 25 (X-ray diffraction
patterns and the alkali content during swelling of cellulose). ( 2 2 ) Herzog,
37, 9: 631; 26 (acetyl- and nitro-cellulose). ( 23 ) Herzog, Pulp Paper Mag.
Can., 24: 699; 26 (colloidal characters of cellulose). ( 2 4 ) Herzog, 55,
39: 98; 26 (swelling of cellulose). ( 2 5 ) Herzog, Pulp Paper Mag. Can.,
24: 694; 26. Paper Trade J., 83, No. 1: 51; 26 (cellulose). < 26 ) Herzog,
50, 30: 457; 26 (significance of structure of cellulose in chemical transforrnation). ( 2 7 ) Herzog and Gonell, 92, 39: 380; 26 (weighting of silk).
( 28 ) Katz, 9, 32: 269; 26 (inflation and mercerization of cellulose). ( 29 )
Ott, 37, 9: 378; 26 (crystalline character of acetyl-cellulose).
VIII. RUBBER AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

O) Davey, 2, 21: 719; 23 (ZnO in vulcanized rubber). ( 2 ) Pummerer, Koch
and Gross, 13, 438: 294; 24 (crystalline rubber and hydrorubber). ( 3 )
Hauser and Mark, Kautschuk, Dec., 1925 (elongated samples of rubber).
( 4 ) Katz, 55, 36: 300: 25. 37: 19; 25. 218, 30: 410; 25 (changing of X-ray
spectrum of rubber on stretching). ( 5 ) Katz, 136, 49: 353; 25 (rubber under
different degrees of elongation). () Katz and Bing, 92, 38: 439; 25 (Is
raw rubber partially crystallized?). ( 7 ) Katz and Bing, 92, 38: 545; 25
(rubbers containing inorganic ingredients). ( 8 ) Clark, 45, 18: 1131; 26
(rubber and allied materials). ( 9 ) Hauser, 456, 40: 2090; 26 (origin of
interference in stretching of rubber).
( 10 ) Hauser and Mark, 287, Ambronn-Festschrift: 64: 26 (stretched rubber).

0 1 ) Hauser and Mark, 287, 22: 63; 26 (stretched rubber). O 2 ) Ott, 218.
14: 320; 26 (size of rubber and gutta-percha molecules).
IX. CERAMIC MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

O) Hadding, Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 14: No. 23; 18. Mineral. Abstr.,
2: 205 (feldspar). ( 2 ) Hadding, Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 17: No. 6;
20 (feldspar). ( 3 ) Kozu and End, 159, 1 III: 1; 21 (andularia and moonstone). ( 4 ) Bragg, Shearer and Mellor, 82, 22: 105; 23 (china clays). ( 5 )
Schwarz and Brenner, 25, 56B: 1433; 23 (synthetic aluminum silicate).
( 6 ) Rinne, 218, 12: 244; 24 (lead-pencil marks). ( 7 ) Schwarz, 105, 8:
298; 24. 103, 32: 538; 24 (formation of kaolin). () Shearer, 82, 23: 314;
24 (china clays). ( 9 ) Sielakov, 74E, 21: 527; 24 (clays).
( 10 ) Hadding, 82, 24: 27; 25 (clays). ( 11 J Research Staff of General Electric
Co., 82, 24: 402; 25 (constitutional changes occurring in clays on heating).
0 2 ) Navias, 38, 8: 296; 25 (development of mullite in fired clays). < 1 3 )
Navias and Davey, 38, 8: 640; 25 (mullite and sillimanite). ( 14 ) Norton,
38, 8: 401; 25 (natural and artificial sillimanite). ( 15 ) Norton, 38, 8: 636;
25 (cyanite and andalusite). ( 16 ) Rinne, 103, 33: 427, 459, 525; 25 (X-ray
and ceramics). ( 1 7 ) Rinne, 94, 61: 113; 25 (calcined calcite, dolomite,
kaolinite and mica). ( 1 8 ) Bowen and Wyckoff, 128, 16: 178; 26 (thermal
dissociation of dumortierite). ( 1 9 ) Greig, 38, 8: 465; 25. 12, 11: 1; 26
(mullite from cyanite, andalusite and sillimanite).
( 2 O) Mark and Rosbaud, 19OB, 54: 127; 26 (Al2SiO5 and pseudobrookite).
( 2 I ) Rosbaud, 9, 32: 317; 26 (aluminum silicate). ( 22 ) Wyckoff, Greig
and Bowen, 12, 11: 459; 26 (mullite and sillimanite).
X. GLASS AND SILICA

(i) Kyropoulos, 93, 99: 197, 249; 17 (various kinds of silica). ( 2 ) Miller, 5,
101: 515; 22 (vitreous silica). ( 3 ) Washburn and Navias, 197, 8: 1; 22
(chalcedony and other forms of silica). ( 4 ) Selyakov and Strutinskii,
Mitt, wiss.-tech. Arbeiten in der Republik (Russ.), 13: 18; 24 (structure of
glass). ( 5 ) Selyakov, Strutinskii and Krasnikov, 96, 33: 53; 25 (structure
of glass). ( 6 ) Wyckoff and Morey, 105, 9: 256; 25 (soda-lime-silica glasses).
XI. X-RAY DATA APPLIED TO PROBLEMS OP CATALYSIS

O) Clark, Asbury and Wick, 1, 47: 2661; 25 (structure of nickel catalysts).
( 2 ) Levi, 22, 2: 419; 25 (thorium oxide and the dehydration of alcohol).
( 3 ) Wyckoff and Crittenden, 1, 47: 2866; 25 (ammonia catalysts). ( 4 )
Levi and Haardt, 36, 56: 424; 26 (catalytic action considered as that of
surfaces). ( 5 ) Levi and Haardt, 22, 3: 91; 26 (catalytic action of metals of
the Pt group). ( 6 ) Levi and Haardt, 22, 3: 215; 26 (catalytic action of
metals of the Pt group).
XII. AMORPHOUS AND COLLOIDAL MATERIALS

O) Asahara, 210, 1: 23; 22. 209, 1: 35; 22 (graphite and amorphous C). ( 2 )
Haber, 25, 55B: 1717; 22 (amorphous precipitates and crystallized sols).
( 3 ) Kustner, 96, 10: 41; 22 (decomposition and rebuilding of gadolinites).
( 4 ) Mulligan, 50, 26: 247; 22 (dehydration of crystalline aluminum hydroxide). ( 5 ) Bhm and Niclassen, 93, 132: 1; 23 (amorphous precipitates and
crystallized sols;. ( 6 ) Fricke and Wever, 93, 136: 321; 24 (aging of precipitated metal hydroxides). ( 7 ) Rinne, 94, 60: 55; 24 (finely divided
mineralsi artificial products and dense rocks). ( 8 ) Baudisch and WeIo,
141, 64: 753; 25 (aging of ferrous hydroxide and ferrous carbonate), ( 9 )
Bhm, 93, 149: 203; 25 (aluminum hydroxide and iron hydroxide).
O ) Bhm, 93, 149: 217; 25 (glowing of oxides of certain metals). O ! ) Herzog,
55, 37: 355; 25 (colloid systems). ( 12 ) Herzog and Gonell, 25, 58B: 2228;
25 (collagen). ( 13 ) Katz and Gerngross, 218, 13: 900; 25 (gelatin and
collagen), O 4 ) Levi, 216, 7: 410; 25 (new chemical studies), O 5 ) Ruff,
Schmidt and Olbrich, 93, 148: 313; 25 (amorphous C and graphite). ( 16 )
WeIo and Baudisch, 141, 65: 215; 25 (catalytically active and inactive
forms of Fe2O3). ( 17 ) WeIo and Baudisch, 166, 62: 311; 25 (oxides of iron
in new catalytic actions). ( 18 ) Gutbier, Httig and Dobling, 25, 59B:
1232; 26 (stannic oxide-water). ( 19 ) Herzog and Krger, 218, 14: 599; 26
(dispersibility of organic colloids).
( 2 ) Posnjak, 50, 30: 1073; 26 (stannic acids).
XIII. APPLICATION TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS

(i) Posnjak and Merwin, 1, 44: 1965; 22 (Fe2O3-SO3-H2O). ( 2 ) Schleede and
Gruhl, 9, 29: 411; 23 (luminescent sine silicate). ( 3 ) Kohlschtter and
Scherrer, 37, 7: 337; 24 (polymorphism in lead oxide). ( 4 ) Levi and Quilico,
36, 54: 598; 24 (non-existence of Ag suboxide). (5) Shaxby, 34, 179:
1602; 24 (monochromatic X-rays in production of Laue diagrams and
structure of mother-of-pearl). (6) Volmer, 13, 440: 200; 24 (HC1O4.H2O
and NH4C1O4). ( 7 ) Jung, 93, 142: 73; 25 (dehydration products of gypsum). ( 8 ) Levi, 216, 7: 410; 25 (new chemical studies). ( 9 ) Levi and
Tacchini, 36, 55: 28; 25 (non-existence of Ni suboxide).
( 10 ) Linck and Jung, 93, 147: 288; 25 (black metallic P). O 1 ) Shaxby, 3,
49: 1201; 25 (monochromatic X-rays in production of Laue diagrams and
structure of mother-of-pearl), O 2 ) Sosman and Posnjak, 128, 15: 329; 25
(ferromagnetic ferric oxide). O 3 ) Ewles, Proc. Leeds Phil. Lit. Soc., 1:
6; 26 (luminescence of solids). ( 1 4 ) Frebold, 187, 23: 115; 26 (iron hydroxide ores).
PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS
W. ROSENHAIN, SPECIAL EDITOR

F. P. UPTON, EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
CONTENTS
Introduction and explanation of
use of finding index.
Finding index of trade names of
alloys.
Abbreviations, symbols, signs
and conventions.
Aluminium alloys.
Lead alloys and tin alloys.
Other non-ferrous alloys.
Ferrous alloys.
Physical Properties
Melting points of pure metals.
Vapor pressures and boiling
points.
Densities of pure metals.
of
pure
Compressibilities
metals.
Surface tensions of pure metals.
Viscosities of pure metals.
Latent heat of phase changes.
MATIRES
Introduction et explication pour
l'usage de l'index de recherches.
Index de recherches et noms
usuels des alliages.
Abrviations, symboles, signes
et conventions.
Diagrammes d'quilibre
Alliages d'aluminium.
Alliages de plomb et d'tain.
Autres alliages non-ferreux.
Alliages ferreux.
Proprits physiques
Points de fusion des mtaux
purs.
Tensions de vapeur et points
d'ebullition.
Densits des mtaux purs.
Compressibilits des mtaux
purs.
Tensions de surface des mtaux
purs.
Viscosits des mtaux purs.
Permeability to gases.
Crystal structure (X-rays).
Chaleur latente des changements de phases.

Capacits calorifiques (chaleurs
spcifiques).
Conductibilits thermiques.
Dilatation thermique et variation de volume accompagnant un changement de
phase.
Diffusion dans les systmes
mtalliques.
Permabilit aux gaz.
Structure cristalline (rayons X).
Optical properties.
Electrical and magnetic properties.
Acoustic data.
Proprits optiques.
Proprits lectriques et magntiques.
Donnes acoustiques.
Heat capacities (specific heats).

Thermal conductivities.
Thermal expansion and volume
changes accompanying
change of phase.
Diffusion in metallic systems.
INTRODUCTION
The very condensed form in which it has been necessary to
present the metallurgical data in the tables, requires some explanation in regard to their use. The abbreviations and special symbols used are explained on p. 392 and some examples illustrating
their interpretation in particular cases are given below.
A table of " Critical Values" of the mechanical properties of
metals and alloys necessarily differs in certain important respects
from the " Critical Values" given in other connections. The
reason is that metallurgical products, particularly of the more
complex sort, are subject to certain unavoidable variations
even when produced under the best conditions. In regard to
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Einfhrung und Anweisung
zum Gebrauch des Verzeichnisses der Legierungen.
Nachschlage-Index der Legierungen nach ihren gebruchlichen Namen.
Abkrzungen, Symbole, Zeichen
und Festlegungen.
INDICE
PAGE
Introduzione e spiegazione
per l'uso dell'indice. . . . 358
Gleichgewichtsdiagrame
Aluminium Legierungen.
Blei und Zinn Legierungen.
Andere eisenfreie Legierungen.
Eisen Legierungen.
Diagrammi di equilibrio
Leghe di alluminio
400
Leghe di piombo e stagno. 413
Altre leghe esenti di ferro. 419
Leghe di ferro
449
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Schmelzpunkte der reinen
Metalle.
Dampf drucke und Siedepunkte.
Propriet fisiche
Punti di fusione dei metalli
puri
vol. I, p. 103
Tensioni di vapore e punti
di ebollizione
voi. Ili
Densit dei metalli puri. . . 456
Compressibilit dei metalli
puri
voi. Ili
Tensione superficiale dei
metalli puri
voi. Ili
Viscosit
dei
metalli
puri
voi. Ili
Calori latenti dei cambia458
menti di fase
Calori specifici
vol. IV
Dichte reiner Metalle.

Kompressibilitt reiner Metalle.
Oberflchenspannung
reiner
Metalle.
Viskositt reiner Metalle.
Latente Wrme der Phasennderung.
Spezifische Wrme.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
Ausdehnung durch die Wrme
und Volumnderung bei der
Phasennderung.
Diffusion in Metall-Systemen.
Gasdurchlssigkeit.
Krystallbau
(Rntgendiagrame).
Optische Eigenschaften.
Elektrische und magnetische
Eigenschaften.
Akustische Daten.
Elenco delle leghe secondo

i loro nomi usuali
370
Abbreviazioni,
simboli,
392
segni e convenzione
Conducibilit termica, vol. IV

Dilatabilit con il calore e
variazione di volume che
accompagnano i cambia459
menti di fase
Diffusione
in
sistemi
v. Index
metallici
Permeabilit ai gas.. . v. Index
Struttura cristallina (raggi
X)
vol. I, p. 338
Propriet ottiche
v. Index
Propriet elettriche e magnetiche
v. Index
Dati acustici
v. Index
INTRODUCTION
Etant donn la forme trs condense dans laquelle il a t
ncessaire de prsenter les donnes mtallurgiques dans les tables,
il est indispensable de donner quelques explications pour leur
emploi. Les abrviations et les symboles spciaux utiliss sont
expliqus la p. 392, et quelques exemples illustrant leur interprtation dans des cas particuliers sont donns ci-dessous.
Une table de " valeurs critiques" des proprits mcaniques des
mtaux et alliages diffre ncessairement sous certains rapports
importants des "valeurs critiques" donnes pour d'autres sujets.
La raison en est que les produits mtallurgiques, et plus particulirement ceux qui sont les plus complexes, sont sujets certaines varia-
Mechanical Properties:
Iron and Its Alloys
Fe, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti, and Ti-, and
U-steels.
Fe-Ni and Ni-steels.
C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, Ni-Cr,
Ni-Cu, Ni-V, and V-steels
and cast iron.
Mn, Mn-Si, and Si-steels and
cast iron.
Al, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta, and
Zr-steels.
Other Metals and Their Alloys
Proprits mcaniques:
Fer et ses alliages
Fe, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti et aciers au Ti
et FU.
Fe-Ni et aciers au Ni.
Aciers au C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu,
Ni-Cr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V, et V et
fonte.
Aciers au Mn, Mn-Si et Si et
fonte.
Aciers l'Ai, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta
et Zr.
Autres mtaux et leurs alliages
Al and its alloys with Cu, Mg,

Mn, and Zn containing over
50% Al and also Ni, Si, and
Sn in smaller amounts than
the other elements.
Al et ses alliages avec Cu, Mg,

Mn et Zn contenant plus de
50% d'A et aussi Ni, Si et
Sn en plus petites quantits
que les autres lments.
Alloys of Al with Fe, Mg, Mn,

Ni and Si containing over
50 % Al and also Cu in smaller
amounts than the other
elements.
Mg and its alloys containing
over 50 % Mg.
Zn and its alloys containing
over 50 % Zn.
Cd and its alloys.
Cu and its alloys with Ag, As,
Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb,
and Si containing over 50 % Cu.
Pb, Sb, Sn and brasses.
Sn-bronzes : Cu-Sn ; Cu-Sn-P ;
Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn.
Alliages d'A avec Fe, Mg, Mn,

Ni et Si contenant plus de
50 % d'A et aussi Cu en plus
petites quantits que les
autres lments.
Mg et ses alliages contenant
plus de 50 % de Mg.
Zn et ses alliages contenant plus
de 50 % de Zn.
Cd et ses alliages.
Cu et ses alliages avec Ag, As,
Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb et
51 contenant plus de 50 % de
Cu.
Pb, Sb, Sn et laitons.
Bronzes de Sn: Cu-Sn; Cu-SnP; Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn.
Al-bronzes: Cu-Al; Cu-Al-Fe;

Cu-Al-Mn; Cu-Al-Ni.
Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt,
Rh, Ru, and their alloys.
Graphite.
Ni and its alloys not included
in the foregoing.
Other metals and alloys.
Bronzes d'A: Cu-Al; Cu-Al-Fe;

Cu-Al-Mn; Cu-Al-Ni.
Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh,
Ru, et leurs alliages.
Graphite.
Ni et ses alliages autres que
ceux dj mentionns cidessus.
Autres mtaux et alliages.
All Metals and Alloys

Fatigue of metals and alloys.
Tous les mtaux et alliages

Fatigue des mtaux et alliages.
EINLEITUNG
Die usserst knappe Form in welcher die Metallurgie notwendigerweise in den Tafeln dargelegt ist, erfordert fr ihren
Gebrauch einige Erklrungen. Die vorkommenden Abkrzungen und besondere Symbole sind Seite 392 erklrt. Einige Beispiele zu ihrer Verstndnis in besonderen Fllen sind weiter unten
angegeben.
Eine Tafel der " Kritischen Werte" der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Metallen und Legierungen, weicht in gewissen wichtigen Beziehungen von den "Kritischen Werten" anderer Arten ab.
Dies ruht daher dass metallurgische Produkte, besonders solche
komplexerer Art, gewissen unvermeidlichen Eigenschaftsschwank -
Mechanische Eigenschaften :
Eisen und seine Legierungen
Fe, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti, Ti- und USthle,
Fe-Ni, und Ni-Sthle.
C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, Ni-Cr, Ni-Cu,
Ni-V und V-Sthle und Gusseisen.
Mn, Mn-Si, und Si-Sthle und
Gusseisen.
Al, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta, und ZrSthle.
Andere Metalle und ihre
Legierungen
Al und seine Legierungen mit
Cu, Mg, Mn und Zn mit
mehr als 50 % Al, auch Ni, Si
und Sn in geringeren Mengen
als die der anderen Elemente
enthaltend.
Legierungen des Al mit Fe, Mg,
Mn, Ni und Si mit mehr als
50% Al, auch Cu in geringeren
Mengen als die der anderen
Elemente enthaltend.
Mg und seine Legierungen mit
mehr als 50 % Mg.
Zn und seine Legierungen mit
mehr als 50 % Zn.
Cd und seine Legierungen.
Cu und seine Legierungen mit
Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P,
Sb und Si mit mehr als 50 %
Cu.
Pb, Sb, Sn und Messing.
Sn-Bronzen: Cu-Sn; Cu-Sn-P;
Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn.
AI-Bronzen: Cu-Al; Cu-Al-Fe;
Cu-Al-Mn; Cu-Al-Ni.
Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh,
Ru und deren Legierungen.
Graphit.
Ni und seine Legierungen, die
im vorhergehenden nicht
enthalten sind.
Andere Metalle und Legierungen.
Alle Metalle und Legierungen
Ermdung der Metalle und der
Legierungen.
Propriet meccaniche:
Ferro e sue leghe
Fe, F-Co, Fe-Ti, ed acciai
al Tied all'U
478
Fe-Ni ed acciai al Ni. 479, 528
Acciai al C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu,
Ni-Cr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V e Ve
ghise
483
Acciai al Mn, Mn-Si, e Si
e ghise
519
Acciai all'Ai, As, B, Ce,
Sb, Ta ed allo Zr
528
Altri metalli e loro leghe
Al e sue leghe con Cu, Mg,
Mn, Zn contenenti pi
del 50 % di Al, e Ni, Si e
Sn in quantit pi piccole degli altri elementi 532
Leghe di Al con Fe, Mg,
Mn, Ni e Si contenenti
pi del 50 % di Al e Cu
in quantit pi piccole
degli altri elementi
Mg e sue leghe con pi del
50% di Mg
Zn e sue leghe con pi del
50% di Zn
Cd e sue leghe
Cu e sue leghe con Ag, As,
Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P,
Sb e Si contenenti pi
del 50% di Cu
Pb, Sb, Sn ed ottone
Bronzi allo Sn: Cu-Sn;
Cu-Sn-P; Cu-Sn-Pb; CuSn-Zn
Bronzi all'Ai: Cu-Al; Cu-AlFe; Cu-Al-Mn; Cu-Al-Ni
Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt,
Rh, Ru e loro leghe
Grafite
Ni e sue leghe che non comprese tra quelle che precedono
Altri metalli e leghe
542
544
545
548
552
555
558
572
584
592
479
592
Tutti i metalli e leghe

Resistenza alla fatica dei
metalli e delle leghe
595
INTRODUZIONE
La forma molto condensata in cui stato necessario esporre i
dati metallurgici richiede alcune spiegazioni circa l'uso delle
tabelle. A pag. 392 sono spiegate le abbreviazioni e i simboli
speciali adoperati, e pi avanti sono riportati alcuni esempi
illustranti la loro interpretazione in casi particolari.
Una tabella di "valori critici" delle propriet meccaniche di
metalli e leghe differisce necessariamente sotto alcuni punti di
vista importanti dai " valori critici" di altre propriet, e ci per
il fatto che i prodotti metallurgici, specie quelli pi complessi,
sono soggetti a variazioni inevitabili, anche se ottenuti nelle
migliori condizioni. Per molti metalli e leghe i valori riportati
many of the metals and alloys mentioned in the tables the origin
of the data varies widely, some being derived from numerous
tests on industrial products, while others represent the results of
laboratory investigation. In making use of the tables, therefore,
it is necessary to ascertain the nature of the data given. This can
always be done by reference to the literature quoted. While
laboratory results are generally accurately determined, it must be
borne in mind that they may be either higher or lower than the
figures to be anticipated from a corresponding industrial product.
In some instances large-scale production makes it possible to
secure better results than can be obtained in relatively small
laboratory experiments, while in other cases the special conditions which can be used in laboratory work cannot readily be
reproduced in industrial production.
If it is desired to form an opinion of the value of a given material
for constructional purposes the nature of the material must be
considered. In the case of castings, wide variations in mechanical
properties occur as between different parts of the same casting,
as between a large and small casting, and as between actual castings and test bars prepared either at the same time or otherwise.
Even in a casting of given shape and material, variations in casting conditions, such as pouring temperature, rate of pouring and
mold temperature, may cause considerable differences in mechanical properties. The figures quoted in the tables must therefore be regarded as indicating the values found for cast materials
under conditions specified in the corresponding literature, and
cannot be used, without further consideration, for the purpose of
calculating the reliable strength of a particular casting. In
wrought material, variations are likely to be much smaller than in
cast. However, complete uniformity cannot be relied upon,
particularly as between the products of different makers. In
regard to some materials which are extensively produced industrially, the data given in the tables sometimes represent the values
obtained from very numerous tests. In other cases the data
may represent only isolated experiments. In compiling the
tables, care has been taken to incorporate as far as possible only
the most reliable data of both kinds.
Another cause of considerable variation in the mechanical
properties of metals and alloys, in the wrought state, arises from
the effect of mass. Material in large sections is in almost every
case weaker than the same material produced in small sections.
This is particularly marked where heat treatment of any kind
has been given. Where the data in the tables include values corresponding to materials of different sections, it will obviously be
desirable to attach the greatest importance to those figures relating to materials which have a cross section similar to that which it is
proposed to use, or whose properties it is desired to ascertain. It
should also be borne in mind that there is a steady improvement in
foundry, rolling mill, forging and heat-treating practice, so that,
as a rule, the more modern methods yield values superior to those
of older materials.
In the use of the tables three possibilities will arise: (I) The
properties of an alloy whose composition is known are desired.
(II) The properties of some commercial alloy whose composition
is not known are desired. (Ill) An alloy having certain properties
is desired.
I. Composition of Alloy Known. Properties Desired
1. Turn to the Table of Contents (p. 358), and ascertain the
section in which this type of alloy is treated.
2. Turn to the section at the page number given.
3. With the aid of the Table of Contents at the beginning of the
section, ascertain the table containing the desired type of information and turn to it.
4. In each table (unless otherwise indicated) the alloys are
arranged in the order of their "type formulae." The type formula
tions invitables, mme lorsqu'ils ont t fabriqus dans les

meilleures conditions. L'origine des donnes se rapportant a
plusieurs des mtaux et alliages mentionnes dans les tables varie
dans une large mesure; certaines donnes proviennent de nombreux essais sur des produits industriels alors que les autres
reprsentent les rsultats d'expriences de laboratoire. C'est
pourquoi il est ncessaire pour l'emploi des tables de s'assurer de
la nature des valeurs donnes. Ceci peut toujours tre ralis
en se rfrant la source bibliographique cite. Les rsultats de
laboratoire sont gnralement dtermine avec prcision; il ne
faut pas cependant perdre de vue qu'ils peuvent tre ou suprieurs
ou infrieurs aux chiffres qu'on peut attendre d'un produit industriel correspondant. Dans certains cas une production sur une
large chelle permet l'obtention de meilleurs rsultats que ceux
qui peuvent tre obtenus dans des expriences effectues dans le
laboratoire, alors que dans d'autres cas, les conditions spciales
qui peuvent tre utilises dans le travail de laboratoire ne sont pas
reproductibles facilement dans une production industrielle.
Si l'on dsire se faire une opinion de la valeur d'une matire
donne et cela pour des buts de construction, il faut considrer la
nature de la matire. Dans le cas des pices fondues, il existe de
grandes variations dans les proprits mcaniques aussi bien entre
les diffrentes parties d'une pice donne qu'entre une grande ou
une petite pice ou qu'entre une pice donne et des prouvettes
prpares au mme moment ou plus tard. Mme pour une pice
de dimension et d'une matire donnes, les variations dans les
conditions de coule, telle que la temprature de coule, la vitesse
de coule et la temprature du moule, peuvent occasionner des
diffrences considrables dans les proprits mcaniques. Les
chiffres cits dans les tables doivent donc tre regards comme
indiquant les valeurs trouves pour des matires coules dans des
conditions spcifies dans la littrature correspondante, et ils ne
peuvent tre utiliss sans autres considrations, dans le but de
calculer une valeur de rsistance* digne de confiance d'une pice
coule particulire. Dans les matires travailles, les variations
sont ordinairement plus petites que dans les matires fondues.
Cependant, on ne peut pas tabler sur une complte uniformit,
surtout entre des produits de diffrents fabricants. En ce qui
concerne certaines matires qui sont produites industriellement en
grand, les valeurs donnes dans les tables reprsentent quelquefois
les valeurs obtenues dans de trs nombreux essais. Dans
d'autres cas, les valeurs peuvent ne reprsenter que des expriences
isoles. En tablissant les tables, il a t pris soin de n'incorporer
autant que possible que les valeurs des deux sortes les plus dignes
de confiance.
Une autre cause, occasionnant une variation considrable dans
les proprits mcaniques des mtaux et alliages l'tat travaill,
est produite par l'effet de la masse. Une matire de grande section est dans presque chaque cas plus faible que la mme matire
produite en petites sections. Ce fait est particulirement marqu
lorsqu'un traitement thermique quel qu'il soit a t effectu.
Lorsque les donnes dans les tables comportent des valeurs correspondant des matires de diffrentes sections, il sera videmment
prfrable d'attacher la plus grande importance aux chiffres se
rapportant aux matires ayant une section similaire celle qu'on
se propose d'utiliser, ou dont on dsire connatre les proprits,
II ne faut pas oublier non plus qu'il se produit une amlioration
certaine dans les oprations de fonderie, de laminage, de forgeage
et par les traitements thermiques de sorte qu'en rgle gnrale,
les mthodes les plus modernes conduisent des valeurs suprieures celles obtenues avec des matires fabriques moins
rcemment.
Trois possibilits se prsentent dans l'usage des tables: (I)
On dsire connatre les proprits d'un alliage, dont la composition
est connue. (II) On dsire connatre les proprits d'un alliage
commercial dont la composition n'est pas connue. (Ill) On
ungen unterworfen sind, selbst wenn die Herstellungsbedin- provengono da fonti notevolmente diverse: alcuni sono ricavati
gungen die besten waren. Bezglich der vielen in den Tabellen da numerosi saggi su prodotti industriali, mentre altri sono dedotti
angefhrten Metallen und Legierungen, sind die Quellen aus da ricerche di laboratorio. Nel servirsi delle tabelle perci
welchen die Daten entnommen worden sind, sehr verschieden. necessario tener conto della natura dei dati, cosa che pu sempre
Einige Daten sind von vielen Materialsprfungen an Industrie- farsi riferendosi alla letteratura citata. I risultati di prove di
produkten abgeleitet, andere wieder, stellen das Ergebnis von laboratorio sono in genere accurati, e perci essi possono essere pi
Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen dar. Beim Gebrauche der Tafeln bassi o pi alti dei valori prevedibili per un prodotto industriale
ist daher die Feststellung der Natur der Daten notwendig, was corrispondente. In alcuni casi la produzione su larga scala rende
immer an Hand der angegebenen Literatur geschehen kann. Wh- possibile migliori risultati di quelli ottenibili in piccole prove di
rend im allgemeinen die Laboratoriumsergebnisse genau sind, muss laboratorio, mentre in altri casi le condizioni speciali che si
man bedenken, das die Zahlenwerte bald hher bald niedriger possono realizzare in laboratorio non si possono facilmente
sein knnen als die, welche an einem Industrie-Produkt zu riprodurre nell'industria.
erwarten sind. In mancher Hinsicht gestattet die Herstellung
Per farsi una idea di un dato materiale a scopi costruttivi, se
im Grossen, ein besseres Ergebnis als es in dem verhltnismssig ne deve prendere in considerazione la natura. Nel caso di getti,
kleinem Masstab des Laboratoriums mglich ist. In anderen ad es., si hanno ampie oscillazioni nelle propriet meccaniche tra
Fllen wieder knnen die Bedingungen im Laboratorium nicht le diverse parti di uno stesso getto, come pure tra un getto grande
leicht bei der industriellen Herstellung eingehalten werden.
e uno piccolo ed anche tra getti e provini, sia che questi vengano
Ist es wnschenswert, dass man sich ein Bild ber die Zahlen- preparati assieme al getto sia che vengano ottenuti diversamente.
werte eines gegebenen Materials fr Konstruktionszwecke macht, Anche in un getto di forma e materiale determinati, eventuali
so ist es notwendig die Natur des Materials zu bercksichtigen. differenze nelle condizioni di colata, come temperatura e velocit
Beim GUSS weichen die mechanischen Eigenschaften sehr weitge- di colata, e temperatura della forma, possono produrre differenze
hend an verschiedenen Stellen desselben Gusstckes von einan- notevoli nelle propriet meccaniche. Perci i valori delle tabelle
der ab. Unterschiede sind sowohl zwischen einem in grossen indicano le propriet del materiale quando questo sia ottenuto
oder kleinem Gusstuck als auch zwischen dem Hauptguss und nelle condizioni specificate nella letteratura corrispondente ed
dem Probestck vorhanden, wenn beide zugleich oder auf andere essi non possono servire per calcolare senz'altro la resistenza
Weise hergestellt wurden. Sogar beim Giessen einer gegebenen probabile di un particolare getto. Nei materiali lavorati le
Form und gegebenen Material, zeigen sich bemerkenswerte variazioni sono spesso molto pi piccole che in quelli ottenuti di
Differenzen der mechanischen Eigenschaften, wenn die Bedin- getto; tuttavia non si pu fare affidamento sopra una completa
gungen beim Gusse, wie Gusstemperatur, Gussgeschwindigkeit, . uniformit specie se si tratta di prodotti che hanno provenienza
die Temperatur der Form, u. s. w., verndert werden. Es gelten diversa. Per certi materiali che sono prodotti largamente nell'
daher die in den Tafeln angegebenen Zahlenwerte fr ein gegossen industria, i valori delle tabelle sono alcune volte ricavati da numehergestelltes Material nur unter den Bedingungen, welche in der rosissimi saggi; in altri casi invece essi rappresentano soltanto
entsprechenden Literatur angegeben sind. Die Zahlenwerte esperienze isolate. Nel compilare le tabelle si avuto cura di
knnen jedoch nicht ohne weiteres zu dem Zwecke bentzt werden, servirsi il pi che possibile solo dei valori dei due tipi che pi sono
um einen zuverlsslichen Eigenschaftswert eines bestimmten degni di fiducia.
Gusses zu berechnen. In bearbeitetem Material sind die UnterConsiderevoli differenze nelle propriet meccaniche dei metalli
schiede hufiger viel kleiner als im gegossenen. Auf eine voll- o leghe allo stato lavorato possono essere prodotti da effetto di
kommene Gleichheit ist nie zu rechnen, ganz besonders bei massa. Un materiale in sezioni grandi quasi sempre pi debole
Materialien verschiedenen Ursprunges. In Bezug auf gewisse che in sezioni piccole, e questo particolarmente evidente nei
Materialien, welche ausgedehnt industriell hergestellt werden, casi in cui si ricorso ad un trattamento termico qualunque.
stellen die angegebenen Werte manchmal die Ergebnisse sehr Quando nelle tabelle sono riportati valori corrispondenti a sezioni
zahlreicher Prfungen dar. In manchen anderen Fllen beziehen differenti, bisogna evidentemente attribuire la massima importanza
sich die Daten nur auf einzelne Untersuchungen. Bei der ai numeri che si riferiscono a materiali con sezione simile a quella
Zusammenstellung der Tafeln wurden soweit als mglich che si ha in animo di usare o di cui si vogliono stabilire le propriet.
sorgfltig nur die verlsslichsten Daten, beider Typen Deve pure tenersi presente che vi un continuo miglioramento
nella pratica di fonderia di laminatoio, di fucina, e dei trattamenti
aufgenommen.
Ein anderer Grund zur nderung der mechanischen Eigen- termici per modo che, di regola, i metodi pi moderni danno
schaften von Metall und Legierung im bearbeiteten Zustand, valori superiori a quelli dei materiali pi antichi.
kommt vom Einfluss der Masse her. Ein Material in grossen
Nel servirsi delle tabelle tre casi si possono presentare: (I) Si
Stcken ist fast in allen Fllen weicher, als wenn- dasselbe pu desiderare di conoscere le propriet di una lega di cui nota
in kleineren Stcken hergestellt wird. Dies ist besonders bei la composizione. (II) Si pu desiderare di conoscere le propriet
einer Wrmebehandlung irgend welcher Art hervortretend. Wo di una lega commerciale di cui non nota la composizione. (Ili)
in den Tafeln Werte vorhanden sind die sich auf Material-Stcke Si pu desiderare di conoscere una lega che abbia determinate
verschiedener Grosse beziehen, so wird es natrlich wnschens- propriet.
wert sein die grsste Wichtigkeit den Zahlen beizulegen, die sich
auf ein herausgearbeitetes Stck beziehen, welches gleich dem I. La composizione della lega nota e si desidera conoscerne le
propriet
Stck ist, welches bentzt werden soll, oder dem Stck dessen
Eigenschaften man kennen lernen will.
1. Si consulta l'indice a p. 358 e si vede quale il capitolo in
Man bedenke, dass in den Giessereien, Walzwerken, bei der cui si parla di questo tipo di leghe.
Schmiedung und Wrmebehandlung stndig Fortschritte zu
2. Si consulta il capitolo alla pagina indicata.
verzeichnen sind, so dass in der Regel die modernere Methoden
3. Dall'indice che si trova al principio del capitolo si ricava la
ein Material liefern, dessen Eigenschafts-Werte den nach lteren tabella che contiene il tipo di informazione che si desidera.
Methoden hergestellten berlegen sind.
4. In ogni tabella (tranne che non sia indicato diversamente) le
Beim Gebrauch der Tabellen knnen drei Mglichkeiten vor- leghe sono disposte nell'ordine delle loro formule tipo. La formula
liegen: (I) Man sucht Eigenschaften einer Legierung bekann- tipo di una lega costituita da dei simboli chimici dei suoi costiter Zusammensetzung. (II) Man sucht Eigenschaften einer tuenti essenziali scritti in ordine decrescente della proporzione
of an alloy consists of the chemical symbols of its essential constituents written in descending order of their amounts in the
alloy except in the case of steels, where C is written last. (N. B.
An element once thought merely incidental or an impurity in an
alloy may later be found to have an important effect on its properties; cf. the case of silicon in duralumin.) Thus Pb-Sb-Cu is
, the type formula of alloys whose largest constituent (by weight)
is Pb, the next largest Sb, and the next Cu; while a vanadium steel
has the type formula Fe-V-C, although C is generally present in
larger amounts than V. The different alloys are arranged in
alphabetical order according to their type formulae.
Under a given type formula the alloys are arranged in descending order of the amounts of the principal constituent in the alloy,
where this is given by analysis, and, where it is not given, then in
ascending order of amounts of the second largest constituent in
the alloy. Under each composition the data follow approximately
in order of the extent of treatment given the alloy. Thus the
properties of castings (symbol = G) appear first, then those of
hot-worked material, and finally those of cold-worked material.
The properties of heat-treated material follow immediately after
those of the material before heat treatment.
Example 1 : It is desired to compare the mechanical properties of
a sand-cast 10% aluminum bronze with those of the same alloy in
which 3 % of the Al is replaced by Fe. It is desired to ascertain
the properties of the alloys at high temperatures. The first alloy,
call it "A," has the type formula Cu-Al; the second, call it "B/'
has the type formula Cu-Al-Fe. Turning to the Table of Contents
(p. 359), we find that the section containing the mechanical
properties of Al bronzes, begins on p. 572. Turning here we
find a Table of Contents for the section in which are listed 15
tables of properties of the type Cu-Al and 6 tables of properties
of the type Cu-Al-Fe.
Let us first consider the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) in
kg/mm 2 , % Elongation (El) and Brinell Hardness Number
(BHN) of our alloy "A" in the sand-cast (G8) condition. From
the tables we find as follows :
^^ , on
Tabe^^
1
2
3
4
13
13
UTS
I
El
I
BHN
20 | 500 | 20 | 500 | 20 I 500
46-53
20
90-100
49.9
21.7
29.1 18.2 9.4 3.1
76.7 <50
42.2
28.5
118
52.0
19.5
100
i
|
ltj
(13)
(3)
(2,15)
(12)
(26)
(7)
The values in Table 1 represent the average properties of alloy

"A" and agree fairly well with those in the other tables excepting
those in Table 3, which probably are for material cast under unsatisfactory conditions, a thing easily possible with aluminum
bronze.
Considering alloy "B" in the same manner we have:
^^^
oJ
UTS
El
T a b l e d , 20 i 500
20
500
17
52.4 I
I 38.0 I
20
(Contains 7.6% Al, 2% Fe)
BHN
20 | 500
80
125
70
~
^'
(io)
(12)
Although fewer data are available, alloy "B" seems to be as

strong as and more ductile than "A" at 2O0C, while the presence
of 2% Fe has increased the hardness of the alloy at 50O0C. Hardness figures of ( 12 ), however, are inconsistent with those from
other sources. On the basis of the tables then, alloy "B" is
somewhat the better alloy.
The index (p. 370) shows whether any commercial alloys of the
composition of "B" are included. Index numbers of aluminum bronzes are listed in one of the tables of Alloy Classes following
dsire un alliage ayant certaines proprits.

considrs dans l'ordre indiqu.
I. Composition de l'alliage connue.
Les trois cas seront
Proprits dsires
1. Consulter la table des matires p. 358 et s'informer de la

section dans laquelle il est trait de ce type d'alliage.
2. Consulter cette section la page indique.
3. Au moyen de la table des matires se trouvant au commencement de la section, s'informer qu'elle est la table contenant le type
d'information dsir et s'y porter.
4. Dans chaque table ( moins d'une autre indication) les
alliages sont arrangs dans l'ordre de leur "formule type." La
formule type d'un alliage se compose des symboles chimiques de
ses constituants essentiels crits dans l'ordre descendant de leurs
proportions dans l'alliage, except pour le cas des aciers, o C est
crit en dernier. (N. B. Il peut se trouver qu'un lment dont la
prsence peut tre considre accidentelle ou une impuret dans
un alliage peuvent avoir un effet important sur ses proprits:
par ex. cas du silicium dans duralumin). Ainsi Pb-Sb-Cu est la
formule type des alliages dont le constituant le plus important
(en poids) est Pb, celui qui vient ensuite dans le mme ordre
d'ide est Sb, et finalement vient Cu; un acier au vanadium aura
la formule type Fe-V-C, quoique C soit gnralement prsent en
plus grande quantit que V. Les diffrents alliages sont arrangs
dans l'ordre alphabtique en accord avec leurs formules types.
Sous une formule type donne, les alliages sont arrangs, lorsque
ce rsultat est fourni par l'analyse, dans Tordre descendant des
proportions de leur constituant principal dans l'alliage; lorsque
l'analyse n'a pas t effectu, dans l'ordre ascendant des proportions du deuxime constituant en importance de l'alliage.
Sous chaque composition, les donnes suivent approximativement
dans Tordre de la succession des traitements subis par l'alliage.
Ainsi les proprits des pices fondues (symbole = G), sont
mentionnes en premier. Ensuite viennent les proprits de la
matire travaille chaud et finalement celles de la matire
travaille froid. Les proprits de la matire traite thermiquement suivent immdiatement celles de la matire avant le traitement thermique.
Exemple 1: On dsire comparer les proprits mcaniques d'un
bronze d'aluminium 10 % Al coul en sable avec celles du mme
alliage dans lequel 3% de l'Ai ont t remplacs par Fe. On
dsire connatre les proprits des alliages hautes tempratures.
Le premier alliage, dsignons-le par "A," a la formule type Cu-Al;
le second, dsignons-le par "B" a la formule type Cu-Al-Fe.
Consultant la table des matires (p. 359) on trouve que la section
contenant les proprits mcaniques des bronzes d'A commence
p. 572. cette page nous trouvons une table des matires pour
la section, dans laquelle sont disposes en liste 15 tables des
proprits du type d'alliage Cu-Al et 6 tables des proprits du
type d'alliage Cu-Al-Fe.
Considrons d'abord: la charge de rupture (UTS) en kg/mm 2 ,
l'allongement en % (El) et le nombre de duret Brinell (BHN) de
notre alliage "A" dans la condition "coul en sable" (G8). Des
tables, on trouve :
\~
UTS
El
BHN
\/ C
, . X.
20
500
20
500
20
500
Table
\
4 6 - 5 3 2 0 9 0 - 1 0 0 ( 3 )
2
49,9
21,7
(3)
3
29,1 18,2 9,4
3,1
(2, 15)
4
76,7 <50 (12)
13
42,2
28,5
118
(26)
13
52,0
I 19,5
100
(7)
Les valeurs dans la Table 1 reprsentent les proprits moyennes

de l'alliage " A;" elles s'accordent assez bien avec celles des autres
Legierung des Handels, unbekannter Zusammensetzung.

Man sucht eine Legierung von bestimmten Eigenschaften.
(III)
I. Die Zusammensetzung der Legierung ist bekannt. Eigenschaften gesucht

1. Man sehe im Inhaltsverzeichnis (S- 358) nach und stelle den
Abschnitt fest in welchem diese Legierungstype behandelt wird.
2. Man schlage den Abschnitt an der gegebenen Seitenzahl
auf.
3. Mit Hilfe des Inhaltsverzeichnisses am Anfang dieses Abschnittes, stelle man die Tafel fest, welche die gewnschte Type
der Eigenschaften enthlt und schlage diese Tafel dann auf.
4. In jeder Tafel (wenn nichts anderes angegeben ist) sind die
Legierungen in der Reihenfolge ihrer "Typen-Formel" angeordnet. Diese "Typen-Formel" einer Legierung besteht in der
Nebeneinandersetzung der chemischen Zeichen ihrer wesentlichen Bestandteile in absteigender Ordnung ihrer Prozentgehalte
Eine Ausnahme ist bei den Sthlen vorhanden, wo am Ende C
steht. (N. B.Ein Element, das zuweilen nur zufllig oder
als Verunreinigung in den Legierungen vorhanden angesehen
wurde, kann spter als ein solches von besonderem Einfluss auf
die Eigenschaft derselben erkannt werden, z. B. Si in Duralumin.)
So ist Pb-Sb-Cu die Typenformel von Legierungen, in
welchen Pb den hchsten Prozentgehalt darstellt, den nchst
niedrigeren Sb, dann folgt Cu. Ein Vanadium-Stahl hat
hingegen die Typenformel Fe-V-C, obwohl im allgemeinen C in
grsserer Menge als V vorhanden ist. Die verschiedenen Legierungen sind in alphabetischer Reihenfolge ihrer Typenformeln
angeordnet.
Unter einer gegebenen Typenformel sind die Legierungen in
absteigender Ordnung des analytisch bekannten Hauptbestandteiles in der Legierung angeordnet. Ist dieser Gehalt nicht
bekannt, so sind die Legierungen in aufsteigender Ordnung des
Prozentgehaltes des zweiten grssten Bestandteiles angeordnet.
Unter jeder Zusammensetzung folgen die Daten ungefhr nach
der Zahl der verschiedenen Behandlungen, welchen die Legierung
unterworfen wurde. So erscheinen die Eigenschaften des Gusses
(Zeichen = G) zuerst, dann jene des heiss bearbeiteten und zum
Schluss des kalt bearbeiteten Materials. Die Eigenschaften des
wrmebehandelten Materials folgen unmittelbar nach denen des
Materials vor der Wrmebehandlung.
Beispiel 1: Es sollen die mechanischen Eigenschaften einer in
Sandform gegossenen 10% Aluminiumbronze mit einer gleichen
Legierung verglichen werden, in welcher 3% des Aluminiumgehaltes durch Fe ersetzt sind. Die Kenntnis der Eigenschaften
bei hoher Temperatur ist notwendig. Die erste Legierung, wir
bezeichnen sie mit "A," hat die Typenformel Cu-Al, die zweite,
" B " bezeichnet, hat die Typenformel Cu-Al-Fe. Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis (S. 359) finden wir, dass der Abschnitt, welcher die
mechanischen Eigenschaften der AI-Bronzen enthlt, auf S. 572
beginnt. Hier finden wir ein Inhaltsverzeichnis fr diesen Abschnitt in welchem 15 Eigenschafts-Tafeln der Type Cu-Al und 6
Eigenschafts-Tafeln fr die Type Cu-Al-Fe, vorhanden sind.
Wir wollen zuerst von der Legierung " A" (in Sandform gegossen}
die Zugfestigkeit (UTS] in kg/mm 2 , Prozent Dehnung (El) und
die Brinell-Hrtezahl (BHN) bercksichtigen. Aus den Tafeln
finden wir:
0
^^ t, C
Tabelle"^
1
2
3
4
13
13
UTS
|
El
|
BHN
20 [ 500 | 20 | 500
20 | 500
46-53
20
90-100
49,9
21,7
29,1 18,2
9,4 3,1
76,7 <50
42,2
28,5
118
52,0
19,5
100
(13)
(3)
(2, 15)
(12)
(26).
(7)
in cui sono contenuti, eccetto nel caso degli acciai, dove C

scritto per ultimo. (N. B. Un elemento ritenuto solo accidentale
oppure giudicato come impurezza pu in seguito trovarsi che ha
un effetto importante sulle propriet di una lega: vedi, ad es.
il caso del silicio nel duralluminio.) Cos Pb-Sb-Cu la formula
tipo delle leghe nelle quali la proporzione maggiore in peso di
Pb, quella intermedia di Sb e quella minore di Cu; mentre un
acciaio al vanadio ha la formula Fe-V-C, sebbene C, in genere,
presente in proporzione maggiore di V. Le diverse leghe sono
disposte in ordine alfabetico secondo le loro formule tipo.
Sotto una certa formula tipo le leghe sono disposte in ordine
decrescente della proporzione del costituente principale quando
questa nota. Se questa non nota esse sono disposte nelF
ordine crescente del contenuto del secondo componente pi
abbondante. Sotto ogni composizione i dati sono disposti approssimativamente nell'ordine della complessit del trattamento.
Cos le propriet dei getti (simbolo = G) vengono per prime, poi
quelle del materiale lavorato a caldo, e infine quelle del materiale
lavorato a freddo. Le propriet del materiale trattato a caldo
seguono subito dopo quelle del materiale prima del trattamento
a caldo.
Esempio 1: Si desideri confrontare le propriet meccaniche di
un bronzo d'alluminio al 10% colato in sabbia, con quelle della
stessa lega nella quale 3% di alluminio stato sostituito con ferro,
e precisamente si desideri conoscere le propriet della lega a temperature elevate. La prima lega, che indicheremo con "A," ha la
formula tipo Cu-Al; la seconda, che indicheremo con "B," ha la
formula tipo Cu-Al-Fe. Se si consulta l'indice (p. 359) si trova
che il capitolo contenente le propriet meccaniche dei bronzi di
alluminio comincia a p. 572. Qui si trova un indice in cui sono
riportate 15 tabelle di propriet per il tipo Cu-Al e 6 tabelle di
propriet per il tipo Cu-Al-Fe.
Consideriamo dapprima il carico di rottura (UTS) in kg/mm 2 ,
l'allungamento per cento (El) e il numero di durezza Brinell
(BHN) della lega "A" colata in sabbia (G3). Dalle tabelle si
trova :
X
oC
-UTS
El
I
BHN
rp ,
labe aNVXx 20
4 6 - 5
2
49,9
3
29,1
4
13
42,2
13
52,0
500
20
500
20
500
^*
3 2 0 9 0 - 1 0 0 ( 3 )
.
21,7
(3)
18,2
9,4
3,1
(2,15)
76,7
50 (12)
28,5
118
(26)
19,5
100
(7)
I valori della Tabella 1 rappresentano le propriet medie della

lega "A" e si accordano bene con quelli delle altre tabelle; si eccettuano solo i valori della Tabella 3, che probabilmente si riferiscono
ad un materiale gettato in condizioni non soddisfacenti, cosa
questa facilmente possibile con i bronzi d'alluminio.
Se si considera le lega "B" allo stesso modo si ha:
X
UTS
I
El
BHN
oc
rp , |^\
20
500
20
500
1 abella x^
17
52,4 I
I 38,0 I
20
(7,6% Al, 2% Fe)
20
300
80
125
70
Llt
(io)
(12)
Sebbene si disponga di pochi dati, la lega "B" sembra sia resistente quanto la "A" e persino pi duttile della "A" a 2O0C,
mentre la presenza del 2% di ferro ha accresciuto la durezza a
50O0C. I numeri di durezza riportati nella (12) non si accordano
per con quelli di altre fonti. In base alle tabelle tuttavia la
lega "B" un po' migliore.
Dall'indice (p. 370) si pu sapere se nelle tabelle sono riportate
leghe commerciali della composizione di "B. " I numeri indici dei
the Finding Index. Turning to these numbers in the Finding

Index, we find No. 45, "Alcumite:" Cu; Al, 7.5; Fe, 5.5; Ni, Mn,
No. 141, "Ampco bronze:" Cu; Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-5. If the alloys
thus shown in the Finding Table are commercially available at the
present time, reference to the firms producing them can no doubt
be obtained from the advertising pages of metallurgical magazines
or otherwise. It must, however, be borne in mind that other
alloys, possibly of the type desired, are manufactured in various
countries, without necessarily being known by a name which could
be included in the Finding Index, while there are numerous manufacturers in every country having a well-developed metallurgical
industry, who will be prepared to make up alloys to any desired
specification, provided that patent rights do not interfere. In
some instances, it may be noted that the properties of the materials
as represented by data given in the corresponding table, can only
be obtained by definitely stated methods of manufacture and
treatment and these are, sometimes, available only at the hands
of an individual manufacturing firm. Further, where alloys
having trade names are given in the list, and if no definite data for
these alloys as such are included, the inference that the alloy bearing the trade name will have the same properties as the alloy
of similar composition listed in the detailed table, must be regarded
as subject to the limitations just indicated.
Example 2: Given a Ni-Cr steel containing 3.5% Ni, 0.8% Cr
and 0.25% C, to find the heat treatment giving the optimum combinations of tensile and notched-bar impact properties. From
the Table of Contents, it is found that Ni-Cr steels are treated
in the section beginning on p. 483. The first numbered table
of this section is a table of compositions, in which No. 262 is
found to correspond to the above composition. The table of
contents at the beginning of the section (p. 483) shows that
mechanical properties are given in Table 7, p. 510. Turning to
this table, v/e locate alloy No. 262 (p. 511) and find that values of
properties are given for 42 different conditions of this steel.
Notched-bar impact test results are given under the following
designations: IS11 (Izod machine using B. E. S. A. standard specimen), ISV (Charpy machine using 45 V notch specimen), ISx
(Guillery machine, Mesnager notch). The energy absorbed in
fracture is given in each case as there is no satisfactory basis for
comparison of results as between the different types of specimen.
The largest Izod values of No. 262 are for treatments h, j, k, and
z, being respectively 8.85, 9.15, 9.0, and 9.0. Of these, "h"
gives a material somewhat stronger and considerably more ductile
than do the others. Meanings of symbols and abbreviations used
in describing treatments are given in the table on p. 392. Treatment "h" reads as it stands "Same, Tp 650 Qw." The "Same"
refers to the previous treatment, i.e., condition before tempering,
which is N 820. The whole treatment interpreted is: Normalized at 820 (i.e.j cooled in still air from 82O0C), then tempered at
65O0C and quenched in water. The other treatments which give
high impact strengths, are: "1000 Q0 Tp 670/120 Q w " (i.e.,
quenched in oil from 100O0C, tempered at 670 for 120 min,
and quenched in water); " 1000 Q0 Tp 650/120 C8 650 Q w "'(i.e.,
quenched in oil from 100O0C, tempered at 650 for 120 min,
cooled slowly, retempered at 65O0C and quenched in water);
and "850 Q0 Tp 675/495 Qw" (i.e., quenched in oil from 85O0C,
tempered at 675 for 495 min, and quenched in water). These
treatments give nearly as good properties, thus showing the
necessity of a final water quench from 650-6750C. Consideration
of some of the other treatments shows that cooling slowly from
this temperature gives decidedly inferior notched-bar impact
figures while not greatly- affecting the tensile values. Quenching
from lower temperatures gives better tensile properties, but
inferior notched-bar impact figures. Inspection of values
obtained on the other machines for these treatments and for others
tables except celles de la Table 3, qui se rapportent probablement

un matriel fondu dans les conditions non satisfactoires, une
circonstance qui est trs possible avec le bronze d'aluminium.
Considrant l'alliage "B" de la mme manire, nous avons:
X
, QÛTS
El
|
BHN
X: C
Lit,
rplabi
,X.^x 20
500
20
500
20
300
17
5 2 ~ 4 3 8 , 0 |
80
()
20
(7.6% Al, 2% Fe)
125
70 (12)
Quoiqu'il y ait peu de donnes disponibles, l'alliage "B" parat
tre aussi rsistant et plus ductible que " A" 2O0C, alors que la
prsence de 2 % de Fe a augment la duret de l'alliage 50O0C.
Les chiffres de duret de (*2) cependant, ne sont pas en accord
avec ceux d'autres sources. On peut dduire sur la base des
tables que l'alliage "B" est sensiblement le meilleur alliage.
L'index (p. 370) montre s'il y existe un alliage commercial de la
composition de " B." Les nombres index des bronzes d'aluminium
sont disposs en liste dans l'une des tables des alliages types qui se
trouvent la suite de l'index de recherche. En se reportant ces
nombres dans l'index de recherche, on trouve 45, " Aleumite:"
Cu; Al, 7,5; Fe, 5,5; Ni; Mn, et 141, "Ampco bronze:" Cu;
Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-5. Si les alliages ainsi mentionns dans la table
de recherche sont disponibles dans le commerce actuellement, on
trouvera sans doute les rfrences des firmes qui les produisent dans
les annonces des magazines mtallurgiques ou autre part. Il ne
faut pas oublier cependant que d'autres alliages, qui peuvent tre
du type dsir sont fabriqus dans des pays divers, sans tre
ncessairement connus par un nom qui pourrait se trouver dans
l'index de recherche; il existe en effet de nombreux fabricants dans
chaque pays possdant une industrie mtallurgique bien dveloppe
qui peuvent fabriquer des alliages suivant les spcifications
varies, condition que les droits de patente ne s'y opposent pas.
Dans certains cas, il faut remarquer que les proprits des matires
ainsi qu'elles sont reprsentes par les valeurs donnes dans les
tables correspondantes, ne peuvent tre obtenues que par des
mthodes de fabrication et des traitements tablis d'une faon
dfinie, qui quelquefois ne sont raliss que chez un seul fabricant.
Lorsqu'il s'agit d'alliages portant des noms commerciaux mentionns dans la liste, il n'a pas t indiqu de donnes dfinies pour ces
alliages considrs comme tels, et, dduire que les alliages portant
un nom commercial ont les mmes proprits que l'alliage de
composition similaire mentionn dans la table dtaille, doit tre
regard comme tant sujet aux limitations indiques ci-dessus.
Exemple 2: Etant donn un acier au Ni-Cr contenant 3,5 % Ni,
0,8% Cr et 0,25% C, trouver le traitement thermique donnant la
combinaison optimum relativement aux proprits de traction et
l'essai de choc sur prouvette entaille. De la table des matires,
on trouve que les aciers au Ni-Cr sont traits dans la section
commenant p. 483. La premire table de cette section est une
table de compositions, dans laquelle le 262 correspond la
composition donne ci-dessus. La table des matires au commencement de la section (p. 483) montre que les proprits
mcaniques sont donnes dans la Table 7, p. 510; cette table
nous trouvons l'alliage 262 (p. 511) et constatons que les
valeurs des proprits sont donnes pour 42 diffrentes conditions
de cet acier. Les rsultats concernant l'essai de choc sur prouvette entaille sont donns sous les dsignations suivantes: /$u
(Machine d'Izod, utilisant des prouvettes types B. E. S. A.), ISV
(Machine de Charpy utilisant une prouvette avec entaille 450V),
ISx (Machine de Guillery, prouvette avec entaille Mesnager).
L'nergie absorbe dans la rupture est donne dans chaque cas, car
il n'existe pas de base convenable pour la comparaison des rsultats
entre les diffrents types d'prouvettes. Les valeurs Izod les plus
fortes concernant le 262 sont obtenues avec les traitements
Der Wert in der Tabelle l stellt die Durchschnittseigenschaften

der Legierung " A" dar, und stimmt ziemlich gut mit jenen in den
anderen Tabellen berein. Ausgenommen jedoch die Werte der
Tabelle 3, welche wahrscheinlich fr ein Material gelten, das unter
nicht befriedigenden Bedingungen gegossen worden ist. Bei
Aluminiumbronzen ist ein solcher Fall sehr mglich. Nehmen
wir die Legierung "B," so hat man in gleicher Weise:
bronzi di alluminio sono elencati in una delle tabelle dei tipi di

leghe che seguono l'indice. Andando a cercare questi numeri
nell'indice, si trova No. 45, "Alcumite:" Cu; Al, 7,5; Fe, 5,5; Ni;
Mn; e No. 141, "Ampco Bronze:" Cu; Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-5. SeIe
leghe cos indicate si trovano in commercio, si pu sapere il nome
delle ditte che le producono dalla rclame delle riviste metallurgiche o in qualche altro modo. Pu darsi per che nei diversi
paesi vengano fabbricate altre leghe, e che esse non siano conosciute
con un nome che potrebbe essere incluso nell'indice. In ogni
^^ t, 0C
UTS
|
El
|
BHN I
nazione
con una industria metallurgica bene sviluppata, vi un
Tabele^-^, 20 | 500 | 20 | 500 | 20 | 500
**"
gran numero di produttori i quali sono in grado di fabbricare leghe
1
17
52,4 |
| 38,0 I
80
( O)
con qualsiasi requisito purch non esistano diritti di brevetti.
20
(7.6% Al, 2% Fe)
125
70
(*2)
Deve ancora osservarsi che le propriet, quali sono rappresentate
dai valori contenuti nelle tabelle, in alcuni casi possono solo otObgleich weniger Daten vorliegen, scheint die Legierung "B" tenersi con processi di fabbricazione e trattamento ben definiti, e
bezglich der Zugfestigkeit ebenso gut wie "A," bezglich der che questi talvolta sono a conoscenza esclusiva di una singola
Duktilitt bei 20 besser zu sein, whrend die Anwesenheit von 2 % ditta fabbricante. Inoltre, quando nell'elenco sono contenute
Fe die Hrte bei 50O0C erhht. Die Hrtezahlen von (12)aber leghe con nomi commerciali, nessun valore definito riportato
stimmen mit denen aus anderen Quellen stammenden nicht per esse, e la deduzione che la lega con quel certo nome avr
berein. Auf Grund der Tafeln ist "B" eine etwas bessere Legie- le stesse propriet di quella di composizione simile elencata
rung als "A."
nella tabella deve considerarsi sottoposta alle limitazioni
Der Index (S. 370) zeigt an, ob irgend eine Handelslegierung sopraindicate.
von der "U" Zusammensetzung gegeben ist. Die Indexzahlen
Esempio 2: Dato un acciaio al Ni-Cr contenente 3,5% Ni,
der Aluminiumbronzen sind in einer der Tafeln fr Legierungs- 0,8% Cr e 0,25% C, trovare qual' il trattamento termico che
typen eingetragen, die dem Nachschlage-Index folgen. Sehen da l'optimum di carico di rottura e di resilienza. Nell'indice si
wir diese Zahlen im Nachschlage-Index nach, so finden wir No. 45, trova che gli acciai al Ni-Cr sono trattati nel capitolo che comincia
"Alcumite:" Cu; Al, 7,5; Fe, 5,5; Ni, Mn; No. 141, "Ampco a p. 483. La prima tabella di questo da le composizioni, e in
bronze:" Cu; Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-5. Sind diese Legierungen essa si trova che il numero 262 corrisponde alla composizione di
gegenwrtig handelsblich, so kann vermutlich die Erzeuger- sopra. Dall'indice all'inizio del capitolo (p. 483) si ricava che
firma in dem Inseratenteil der Fachzeitschriften und auch sonst, le propriet meccaniche sono esposte nella Tabella 7 (p. 510).
gefunden werden. Es muss jedoch bercksichtigt werden, dass Consultando questa si vede che a p. 511 sono riportati valori
andere Legierungen, mglicherweise gerade von der gewnschten delle propriet per 42 condizioni differenti dell'acciaio No. 262.
Type, in den verschiedenen Lndern erzeugt werden knnen, die I risultati delle prove di resilienza sono riportati sotto le seguenti
vielleicht keinen Namen tragen, der in dem Nachschlage-Index designazioni: ISn (macchina Izod con provino B.E.S.A.), /v
angegeben werden konnte. Es gibt in jedem Lande mit einer (macchina Charpy con provino munito di intaglio V a 45),
gut entwickelten Metallindustrie, eine Anzahl von Fabriken LSx (macchina Guillery con barretta Mesnager). L'energia assordie imstande sind, soweit nicht Patentrechte vorliegen, jede bita nella rottura data per ogni caso, giacch non vi son elementi
Legierung von besonderer Zusammensetzung herzustellen.
sufficienti per confrontare i risultati ottenuti con i diversi tipi di
Es mge noch bemerkt werden, dass in mancher Beziehung, die prove. I pi grandi valori Izod del numero 262 sono per i tratin den entsprechenden Tabellen angegebenen Eigenschaften nur tamenti h, j, k, e z, e sono rispettivamente 8,85; 9,15; 9,0 e 9,0.
durch bestimmte Fabrikations-Methoden und Behandlungen Fra essi, "h" da un materiale un po' pi resistente e notevolmente
erreicht werden knnen, die zuweilen nur den einzelnen Erzeuger- pi duttile che gli altri. I significati dei simboli e le abbreviazioni
firmen zur Verfgung stehen. Ferner, wo in den Tabellen adoperate nel descrivere i trattamenti sono indicati nella tabella
Legierungen mit Handelsmarken angegeben sind und keine a p. 392. Il trattamento "h" indicato con "Same, Tp 650
definitive Werte fr solche in den Tafeln angefhrt sind, ist eine Qw." Il "Same" (lo stesso) si riferisce al trattamento precedente,
Schlussfolgerung, wie aus dem Vorhergegangenen folgt, dass eine e cio alla condizione prima del rinvenimento, che N 820.
Legierung mit Handelsmarke dieselben Eigenschaften habe L'intero trattamento perci normalizzato a 820 (e cio raffredals eine hnlich zusammengesetzte Legierung die sich in der dato in aria calma a partire da 82O0C), quindi rinvenuto a 650 e
Tabelle vorfindet, sehr einzuschrnken.
temprato in acqua. Gli altri trattamenti che danno resilienza
Beispiel 2: Gegeben ist ein Ni-Cr-Stahl mit 3,5% Ni, 0,8% Cr, elevata sono "1000 Q0 Tp 670/120 Qw" (e cio temprato in olio
und 0,25% C. Es ist die Wrmebehandlung zu finden, die ein a partire da 100O0C, rinvenuto a 670 per 120 min, e temprato in
Optimum an Zugfestigkeit und Schlagfestigkeit an einem gekerb- acqua; " 1000 Q0 Tp 650/120 C8 650 Qw" (cio temprato in olio a
ten Probestck gibt. Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis findet man, partire da 100O0C, rinvenuto a 650 per 120 min, raffreddato lentadass .Ni-Cr-Sthle in dem S. 483 beginnenden Abschnitt be- mente, rinvenuto di nuovo a 65O0C e temprato in acqua; e "850
handelt werden. Die erste Zahlentafel dieses Abschnittes gibt Q0 Tp 675/495 Q w " (cio temprato in olio a partire da 85O0C,
die Zusammensetzungen an worunter No. 262, der angegebenen rinvenuto a 675 per 495 min, e temprato in acqua). Questi
Zusammensetzung entspricht. Das Inhaltsverzeichnis zu Beginn trattamenti danno tutti quasi le stesse buone propriet e mostrano
des Abschnittes (S. 483) gibt an, dass die mechanischen Eigen- cos la necessit di una tempra finale in acqua a partire da 650schaften in der Tafel 7, S. 510, zu finden sind. Hier findet man die 6750C. Se si considerano alcuni altri trattamenti, si vede che il
Legierung No. 262 (S. 511) und sieht, dass die Eigenschaften fr raffreddamento lento a partire da questa temperatura da valori di
42 verschiedene Behandlungen fr diese Stahlsorte vorliegen. Die resilienza decisamente inferiori, anche se non influenza molto i
Schlagfestigkeit (Kerbeneinschnitt) ist unter der folgenden valori del carico di rottura. La tempra a partire da temperature
Bezeichnung angegeben: ISn (Izod Machine, B. E. S. A. standard pi basse da propriet tensorie migliori, ma valori di resilienza
Probe), ISV (Charpy-Machine, mit 45 V-Kerbe), ISx (Guillery pi bassi. L'esame dei valori ottenuti per questi trattamenti e
Machine, Kerbenformstck nach Mesnager). Die beim Bruch per altri per i. quali non sono dati valori Izod, mostra che il tratabsorbierte Energie ist in jedem Falle angegeben, da keine befriedi- tamento "h" da l'optimum dei valori desiderati.
for which no Izod values are given, show that treatment "h"
gives the optimum desired values.
II. Name of Alloy Is Known, Its Composition and Properties Are
Desired
Refer to the Finding Index, p. 370. The first column of this
index contains the Index Numbers by which commercial alloys
are identified when their properties occur in the tables. The
second column contains 1510 trade names of alloys included in the
following classes :
(a) Trade mark names of patented alloys, as " Alpax."
(o) Trade mark names of alloys no longer protected by patent
(cf. Duralumin in France, where name "Aldal" is used for an
alloy of approximately the same composition, the name Duralumin
being protected).
(c) Names of inventor or manufacturer given to alloys, the
names or compositions not necessarily being protected, as Babbitt
metal.
(d) Names generally applied to certain types of alloys, as
Cartridge Brass.
(e) Names of types of alloys including a wide range of compositions, as Chrome Nickel steel. In this case, particular alloys of
this type may be found from Tables of Alloy Classes, p. 388.
(/) Designations of standard or tentative standard alloys, and
certain government-specification alloys. These will be found
under the alloy type as: Brass ingots, A. S. T. M. Spec. B30-22
or Government Bronze, Spec. G.
No distinction is made in the Finding Index among the first
four classes, except that in some cases it has been necessary to
identify an alloy, known usually by a number, by adding the
manufacturer's name, as in the case of alloy No. 193 of the Driver
Harris Co. This is listed under Ferronickel, but cross-reference
is given to this and similar alloys under " Numbered Alloys." In
other cases the manufacturer is not mentioned.
In class (d) no attempt has been made to include all alloys to
which usage has given a name, as Spring Steel, Dynamo Sheets,
etc., although such alloys are useful for the purpose indicated.
With regard to class (/) it should be mentioned that specifications
may be drawn up regardless of existing patents and, of course, in
ignorance of pending ones.
The names of alloys are arranged alphabetically regardless of
type, excepting in the case of: (1) Alloys known by a manufacturer's number. (2) Specification alloys known by number or
letter. (3) Alloys, the first part of whose name is descriptive of
condition (e.g., hard solder), where there are several such included
in one type. Such alloys are listed under the name of the type
and where commonly used, cross-references are also given under
first part of name.
The third column of the Finding Index gives the compositions
of the alloys. In stating the composition, the elements together
with their weights % are given in descending order of amounts in
the alloy. Where the % of the first, i.e., largest constituent, is
not given, it has not been determined by analysis. Where the
amounts of the last constituents are not given, they are only incidental or impurities. Where no percentages are given, the information has not been available.
Where the composition of an alloy varies over a range of values,
the limits have been stated, as Index No. 915, MS steel: Fe; Cr,
0.8-1.1; Mo, 0.3-0.4; Mn, 0.6-0.9; C, 0.4-0.6.
The fourth column of the Finding Index contains the page
numbers where values of properties of the alloy may be found;
the page numbers where the values of properties of a similar alloy
may be found are indicated by italic type.
The electrical, magnetic and optical properties of metals and
alloys will be found in a succeeding volume of I. C. T.; no page
reference to such data can therefore be given in the Finding Index.
h, j, k et z, et sont respectivement 8,85, 9,15,9,0 et 9,0. Parmi

ceux-ci, "h" donne une matire un peu plus rsistante et considrablement plus ductile que les autres. La signification des
symboles et les abrviations utilises pour spcifier les traitements
sont donnes dans la table la p. 392. Le traitement "h"
reprsente "Same, Tp 650 Q w ," "Same" (c'est--dire le mme)
se rapporte au traitement antrieur, c'est--dire, la condition
avant le revenu, qui est N 820. L'interprtation de tout le
traitement est la suivante: Normalis 820 (c'est dire refroidi
dans Fair calme partir de 82O0C), ensuite revenu 650 puis
tremp l'eau. Les autres traitements qui donnent une grande
rsistance au choc sont: " 1000 Q0 Tp 670/120 Q w " (c'est adir,
tremp l'huile partir de 100O0C, revenu 670 pendant 120
minutes, refroidi doucement, de nouveau revenu 65O0C et
tremp l'eau); et "850 Q0 Tp 675/495 Q w " (c'est--dire
tremp l'huile partir de 85O0C, revenu 6750C pendant 495
min. et tremp l'eau). Ces traitements donnent tous peu
prs d'aussi bonnes proprits montrant ainsi la ncessit d'une
trempe l'eau finale partir de 650-6750C. L'examen de quelques
autres traitements montre que le refroidissement lent partir de
cette temprature donne dcidment des chiffres infrieurs
l'essai de choc sur prouvette entaille tout en n'affectant pas
beaucoup les valeurs de traction. Une trempe partir de tempratures plus basses donne des meilleures proprits la traction,
mais des chiffres infrieurs l'essai de choc sur prouvette entaille.
L'examen des valeurs obtenues sur les autres machines pour ces
traitements et pour d'autres pour lesquels il n'a pas t donn de
valeurs Izod montre que le traitement "h" donne l'optimum
dsir.
II. Le nom de l'alliage est connu; on dsire connatre sa composition et ses proprits
Consulter l'index de recherche, p. 370. La premire colonne de
cet index contient les nombres index au moyen desquels les alliages
commerciaux sont identifis lorsque leurs proprits sont mentionnes dans les tables. La deuxime colonne contient 1510 noms
commerciaux des alliages compris dans les classes suivantes:
(a) Noms commerciaux d'alliages brevets, comme "Alpax."
(o) Noms commerciaux d'alliages dont le brevet est expir;
(par exemple: Duralumin en France, o le nom "Aidai" est
utilis pour un alliage ayant approximativement la mme composition, le nom Duralumin tant dpos).
(c) Noms de l'inventeur ou du fabricant donns aux alliages, les
noms ou les compositions n'tant pas ncessairement dposs,
comme mtal "Babbitt."
(d) Noms gnralement employs pour dsigner certains types
d'alliages, comme "Cartridge brass," laiton pour cartouches.
(e) Noms de types d'alliages comportant un large intervalle de
composition, comme acier en chrome nickel. Dans ce cas on
peut trouver des alliages particuliers de ce type dans les "Tables
of Alloy Classes," p. 388.
(/) Dsignation d'alliages standards ou alliages standards tentatifs et certains alliages suivant spcifications gouvernementales.
Ceux-ci seront trouvs sous le type d'alliage comme par exemple:
Brass ingots (laiton en lingots), A. S. T. M. Spec. B30-22 ou
Bronze du Gouvernement, Spec. G.
Il n'a pas t fait de distinction dans l'index de recherche pour
les quatre premires classes, except dans quelques cas o il a t
ncessaire pour identifier un alliage connu ordinairement par un
nombre, d'ajouter le nom du fabricant comme dans le cas de
l'alliage 193 de la Driver Harris Co. Celui-ci est inscrit sous
ferronickel, mais il y a une rfrence pour cet alliage et pour les
alliages similaires sous "Numbered Alloys." Dans d'autres
cas le fabricant n'est pas mentionn.
Dans la classe (d) on n'a pas cherch inclure tous les alliages
auxquels l'usage a donn un nom, tels que acier ressorts, tles
gende Basis zum Vergleich der Ergebnisse bei verschiedenen Typen

der Proben vorhanden sind. Der hchste Izod-Wert fr No. 262
ergibt sich fr die Behandlung h, j, k und z, und betrgt der Reihe
nach 8,85, 9,15, 9,0 und 9,0. Von diesen gibt "h" ein Material
hherer Zugfestigkeit und ein deutlich duktileres Material als die
anderen. Erklrungen der Zeichen und die Behandlung betreffenden Abkrzungen sind in der Tabelle S. 392 angegeben. Die
Behandlung "h" ist durch "Same, Tp 650 Qw" in den Tafeln
ausgedrckt. "Same" zeigt vorhergegangene Behandlung an,
d. h. Zustand vor der Anlassung, welche "N 820" ist. Die ganze
Behandlung ist angezeigt: Normalisiert bei 820 (d. h. gekhlt
in ruhender Luft von 820 herunter), dann bei 65O0C angelassen
und in Wasser abgeschreckt. Die anderen Behandlungen, welche
eine sehr grosse Schlagfestigkeit geben, sind: 1000 Q0 Tp 670/
120 Qw (d. h. bei 1000 in l abgeschreckt bei 670, 120 Minuten
lang angelassen und in Wasser abgeschreckt); "1000 Q0 Tp
650V120 C8 650 Qw" (bei 1000 in l abgeschreckt, fr
120 Minuten lang bei 650 angelassen, langsam gekhlt, nochmals
bei 650 angelassen und in Wasser abgeschreckt); ferner "850
Q0 Tp 675/495 Qw" (d. h. bei 850 in l abgeschreckt, 495
Minuten lang bei 675 angelassen, und in Wasser abgeschreckt).
Diese Behandlungen geben ungefhr gleich gute Eigenschaften
und zeigen die Notwendigkeit einer am Schlsse vorgenommen
Wasserabschreckung von 650-675. Die Betrachtung einiger
anderer Behandlungen zeigt, dass eine langsame Khlung
von dieser Temperatur herunter entschieden niedrigere Werte fr
die Schlagfestigkeit gibt, whrend die Zugfestigkeit und Duktilitt
nicht stark beeinflusst wird. Abschreckung bei tieferen
Temperaturen gibt bessere Zugfestigkeit und Duktilitt, aber
niedrigere Werte fr die Schlagfestigkeit. Eine Durchsicht der
Werte die mit anderen Maschinen erhalten werden, zeigt fr diese
Behandlungen und andere, fr welche keine Izod-Werte gegeben
sind, dass die "h" Behandlung das Optimum der gewnschten
Eigenschaft gibt.
II. Der Name der Legierung ist bekannt, es sind ihre Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften zu ermitteln
Siehe im Nachschlage-Index S. 370 nach. Die erste Kolonne
in diesem enthlt die Index-Zahl, durch welche Handelslegierungen
bezeichnet sind, wenn ihre Eigenschaften in den Tabellen vorkommen. Die zweite Kolonne enthlt 1510 Handelsnamen von
Legierungen die in folgende Klassen eingeteilt sind.
(a) Handelsmarken patentierter Legierungen, wie z. B. "Alpax."
(6) Handelsmarken von Legierungen, nicht mehr unter Patentschutz stehend (vgl. Duralumin in Frankreich, wo der Name
"Aldal" fr eine Legierung von ungefhr derselben Zusammensetzung bentzt wird, da der Name Duralumin geschtzt ist).
(c) Die Legierung trgt den Namen des Erfinders oder des
Erzeugers. Der Name selbst braucht nicht notwendig geschtzt
zu sein; z. B. Babbitt-Metall.
(d) Namen die im allgemeinen gewissen Legierungstypen
gegeben werden; z. B. "Cartridge brass," Patronen-Messing.
(e) Namen von Legierungen deren Zusammensetzung in weitem
Ausmasse varieren kann, z. B. Chrom-Nickel Stahl. In solchem
Fall, die besondere Legierung dieser Type in "Tables of Alloy
Classes," S. 388 zu finden ist.
(/) Als Standards bestimmte Legierungen oder solche als Prfungs-Standard geltende, ferner gewisse staatlich vorgeschriebene
Legierungen. Diese werden unter folgenden Legierungstypen
gefunden: Brass ingots, A. S. T. M. Spec. B30-22 Government
Bronze, Spec. G.
Es ist in den ersten vier Klassen kein Unterschied im Nachschlage-Index gemacht, ausgenommen, dass es in manchen
Fllen notwendig war eine, sonst nur durch eine Zahl bekannte
Legierung durch Hinzufgung des Namens des Fabrikants nher
zu bezeichnen, z. B. bei der Legierung No. 193 der Driver
IL Si suppone noto il nome della lega e si desidera conoscerne

la composizione e le propriet
Si consulti l'indice di ricerca a pag. 370. La prima colonna
contiene i numeri indici con cui sono indicate le leghe commerciali,
e la seconda 1510 nomi commerciali di leghe suddivisi nelle classi
seguenti :
(a) Nomi commerciali di leghe brevettate, come "Alpax."
(b) Nomi commerciali di leghe non pi protette da brevetti
(ad es. in Francia si usa il nome "Aldal" per una lega che ha
approssimativamente la stessa composizione del duralluminio,
essendo il nome duralluminio protetto da brevetto).
(c) Nomi di inventori o fabbricanti dati alle leghe. I nomi o le
composizioni non sempre sono protette da brevetti, come ad es.
nel caso del metallo "Babbitt."
(d) Nomi generalmente applicati a certi tipi di leghe, come ad es.
"Cartridge brass," ottone per cartucce.
(e) Nomi di tipi di leghe che possono avere composizioni oscillanti entro limiti larghi, come ad es. acciai al cromo-nichel. In
questi casi, si possono trovare leghe particolari di detto tipo
nelle "Tables of Alloy Classes," p. 388.
(J) Indicazioni di leghe standard, o tentativi standard, e di
certe leghe con le caratteristiche richieste da amministrazioni
governative. Queste si troveranno riportate sotto i tipi di leghe
come: Brass ingots (lingotti di ottone), A. S. T. M. Spec. B30-22,
oppure bronzo secondo le prescrizioni governative, Spec. 9.
Nessuna distinzione fatta nell'indice tra le prime quattro
classi eccetto che in alcuni casi stato necessario aggiungere, al
numero che ordinariamente contradistingue una lega, il nome
del fabbricante, come nel caso della lega 193 della Driver
Harris Co. Questa elencata tra i ferro-nichel, ma sotto "Numbered Alloys" vi un rapporto a questa ed a leghe simili al .
193. In altri caso non fatta menzione del fabbricante.
Nella classe (d) non si tentato di comprendervi tutte le leghe
alle quali Fuso ha dato un nome, come acciaio per molle, lamierini
per dinamo, ecc., sebbene dette leghe siano utili per gli scopi
indicati.
Riguardo alla classe (/) deve ricordarsi che determinate caratteristiche possono ottenerdi indipendentemente dal brevetti
esistenti e, naturalmente, nell'ignoranza di eventuali in corso.
I nomi delle leghe sono disposti per ordine alfabetico senza
tener conto del loro tipo tranne il caso di: (1) Leghe indicate con
il numero di un fabbricante. (2) Leghe speciali note con un
numero o una lettera. (3) Leghe di cui la prima parte del
nome ne descrive la natura (per es. "hard solder," saldatura forte)
quando ve ne sono parecchie comprese in uno stesso tipo. Tali
leghe sono elencate sotto il nome del tipo, e, quando esse sono
comunemente adoperate, si trovano riportate indicazioni anche
sotto la prima parte del nome.
La terza colonna dell'indice da le composizioni delle leghe.
Nell'indicare la composizione, gli elementi e le rispettive percentuali sono date in ordine decrescente del contenuto nella lega.
Quando il percento del primo costituente, e cio quello pi abbondante, non indicato, significa che esso non stato determinato con
l'analisi. Quando le proporzioni degli ultimi componenti non
sono indicate, essi sono soltanto costituenti accidentali o impurezze.
Se le percentuali non sono riportate, significa che non si potuto
avere l'informazione relativa.
Quando la composizione di una lega pu assumere tutta una
serie di valori, sono stati indicati i limiti entro i quali i valori
possono oscillare, come per es. per Index No. 915, MS steel: Fe;
Cr, 0,8-1,1; Mo, 0,3-0, 4; Mn, 0,6-0,9; C, 0,4-0,6.
Nella quarta colonna dell'indice sono indicate le pagine dove si
possono trovare valori delle propriet della lega (in caratteri
romani) oppure dove si possono trovare i valori delle propriet di
una lega simile (in corsivo).
No data on resistance to corrosion are included in these tables.

In the opinion of the most competent experts on the subject, it is
not possible to give quantitative data for the corrosion resistance
of metals and alloys. No page references can therefore be given
in regard even to certain alloys which are chiefly valued on account
of their resistance to corrosion. These, however, are listed in the
tables of alloy types.
The sources of information for the Finding Index have been as
follows : William Campbell's List of Names of Alloys, prepared for
Committee B-2 of the A. S. T. M.; names and compositions given
by the co-operating experts; and current metallurgical and
technological literature.
HI. It Is Desired to Find an Alloy Having Certain Desired
Properties
For this purpose consult the Table of Properties on p. 610,
directions being given there.
de dynamo, etc., quoique de tels alliages soient utiles pour le but

indiqu.
En ce qui concerne la classe (/), il faut mentionner que des
spcifications peuvent tre rdiges sans tenir compte des patentes
existantes et naturellement aussi dans l'ignorance des brevets
demands.
Les noms des alliages sont disposs dans Tordre alphabtique
sans tenir compte de leur type, except dans les cas suivants: (1)
Alliages connus par un numro de fabrique. (2) Certains alliages
connus par un nombre ou une lettre. (3) Alliages dont la premire
partie de leurs noms est descriptive de la condition (par ex.
"hard solder," soudure dure) et o il existe plusieurs varits
incluses dans un type. De tels alliages sont inscrits sous le nom
du type et lorsqu'ils sont d'un usage commun, sont aussi mentionns dans l'index par la premire partie de leur nom.
La troisime colonne de l'index de recherche donne les compositions des alliages. En tablissant la composition, on a inscrit
les lments avec leurs poids en % successivement dans l'ordre
des proportions dcroissantes dans l'alliage. Lorsque le pourcent du premier, c'est--dire le constituant principal, n'est pas
donn, c'est qu'il n'a pas t dtermin par l'analyse. Lorsque
les proportions des derniers constituants ne sont pas mentionns,
ceux-ci ne sont qu'accessoires ou bien sont des impurets. Lorsqu'aucun pourcentage n'est donn, c'est que l'information n'a
pas t disponible.
Lorsque la composition d'un alliage varie suivant un intervalle
de valeurs, les limites ont t fixes: par ex. Index No. 915, MS
steel: Fe; Cr, 0,8-1,1; Mo, 0,3-0,4; Mn, 0,6-0,9; C, 0,4-0,6.
La quatrime colonne de l'index de recherche contient en
caractres romains les numros des pages o l'on peut trouver les
proprits de l'alliage, ou en italique les numros des pages, o
l'on peut trouver les valeurs des proprits d'un alliage similaire.
On trouvera les proprits lectriques, magntiques et optiques
des mtaux et alliages dans un volume suivant des T. C. I. ; on ne
peut donc donner aucune page de rfrence pour de telles donnes
dans l'index de recherche.
On ne trouvera dans ces tables aucune donne relative la
rsistance la corrosion. D'aprs l'opinion des experts les plus
comptents sur ce sujet, il n'est pas possible de donner des valeurs
quantitatives pour la . rsistance la corrosion des mtaux et
alliages. On ne peut donc donner aucune rfrence en ce qui
concerne mme certains alliages dont la valeur est surtout due
leur rsistance la corrosion. Ceux-ci, cependant sont mentionns dans les tables des types d'alliages.
Les sources d'information pour l'index de recherche ont t les
suivantes: List of Names of Alloys tablie par William Campbell
prpare pour le Comit B-2 de l'A. S. T. M.; noms et compositions
donnes par les experts cooprants; et la littrature mtallurgique
et technologique courante.
III. On dsire trouver un alliage ayant certaines proprits dsires
Pour cela, consulter la Table des Proprits la p. 610, o les
instructions sont donnes.
Harris Co. Sie ist unter Ferronickel mit einem entsprechenden

Hinweis angefhrt, der dieser und hnlichen Legierungen unter
"Numbered Alloys" beigefgt wird.
Zu (d). Es ist nicht die Absicht gewesen, alle solche Legierungen
hier zu vereinigen denen der Gebrauch besondere Namen, wie
Feder-Stahl, Dynamo-Lamellen, u. s. w., beigelegt hat, obgleich
diese Legierungen fr die angezeigte Verwendung ntzlich sind.
Hinsichtlich (J) wre zu bemerken, dass die Vorschriften ohne
Rcksicht auf vorhandene und in Unkenntnis angemeldeter
Patente, niedergeschrieben werden knnen.
Die Namen der Legierungen sind in alphabetischer Reihenfolge
ohne Rcksicht auf die Type angeordnet. Ausgenommen: (1)
Die Legierung hat die Nummer eines Erzeugers. (2) Besondere
Legierungen die durch eine Zahl oder Buchstaben kenntlich
gemacht sind. (3) Legierungen in deren Namen der erste Teil
ihre Natur beschreibt (z. B. "hard solder," hart Lot). Es sind
dann mehrere in einer Type vereinigt. Solche Legierungen sind
unter dem Namen der Type angefhrt unter welcher sie gewhnlich
gebraucht werden. Unter dem ersten Teil der Namen sind Hinweisdaten gegeben.
Die dritte Kolonne des Nachschlage-Index enthlt die Zusammensetzung der Legierungen. Die Elemente, welche die Zusammensetzung ausdrcken sind zusammen mit ihrem Prozentgehalt
absteigend nach diesem, angeordnet. Ist der Prozentgehalt des
Hauptbestandteiles nicht angegeben, so ist er analytisch nicht
bestimmt. Sind die Mengen des letzten Bestandteiles nicht
angegeben, so ist dieser nur zufllig vorhanden oder nur Verunreinigung. Fehlen der Prozent zahlen bedeutet, dass keine
diesbezgliche Angaben erreichbar waren.
ndert sich die Zusammensetzung einer Legierung innerhalb
einer Grenze, so werden nur die Grenzwerte angegeben, z. B.
Index No. 915, MS steel: Fe; Cr, 0,8-1,1; Mo, 0,3-0,4; Mn, 0,60,9; C, 0,4-0,6.
Die vierte Kolonne des Nachschlage-Index enthlt die Seitenzahlen, wo die Werte fr die Eigenschaften gefunden werden
knnen. Die Eigenschaften hnlicher Legierungen sind auf den
kursiv gedruckten Seitenzahlen zu finden.
Die elektrischen, magnetischen und optischen Eigenschaften der
Metalle und Legierungen sind Gegenstand spterer Bnde der
I. C. T. Aus diesem Grunde sind keine diesbezgliche Hinweise
im Nachschlage-Index angegeben.
In den Tafeln finden sich keine Angaben ber Korrosion.
Nach der Meinung massgebender Fachleute ist es nicht mglich
quantitative Angaben ber den Widerstand gegen Korrosion zu
machen. Es sind daher diesbezglich keine Angaben vorhanden,
selbst in Hinblick auf gewisse Legierungen die gerade wegen ihres
Widerstandes gegen Korrosion besonders geschtzt werden. Sie
sind aber unter den Legierungstypen zu finden.
Fr den Nachschlage-Index sind folgende Quellen massgebend
gewesen: William Campbell's List of Names of Alloys, prepared
for Committee B-2 of the A. S. T. M.; Namen und Zusammensetzung wie sie von den Mitarbeitern (Experten) angegeben worden
sind; die vorhandene metallurgische und technologische Literatur.
III. Es ist eine Legierung mit gewnschten Eigenschaften
aufzufinden
Zu diesem Zwecke bentze man die S. 610 vorhandenen Eigenschaftstafeln, wo weitere Richtlinien gegeben sind.
Le propriet elettriche, magnetiche e ottiche dei metalli e delle

leghe si troveranno in un volume successivo delle I. C. T.; none
possibile perci fare richiami a questi valori nell'indice.
Dati sulla resistenza alla corrosione non sono inclusi nelle tabelle,
giacch, secondo i maggiori conoscitori dell'argomento, non
possibile indicare con dati quantitativi la resistenza alla corrosione.
Valori numerici non sono perci riportati neppure per certe leghe
che sono sopratutto apprezzate per la loro resistenza alla corrosione. Esse tuttavia sono elencate nelle tabelle dei tipi di leghe.
Le fonti per la compilazione dell'indice sono state: William
Campbell's List of Names of Alloys, preparato per il Comitato
B-2 della A. S. T. M.; nomi e composizioni fornite dai collaboratori;
la letteratura tecnologica e metallurgica corrente.
III. Si desideri trovare una lega che abbia certe propriet
A questo scopo si consulti la tabella delle propriet a p. 610
dove si troveranno indicazioni in proposito.
FINDING INDEX OF ALLOYS

Index
No.
1
2
I
I
-_
Name
A alloy (forging)
Abyssinian gold
3 Accumulator metal
4 Acid bessemer pig
5
Acid bronze
Acid bronze
Acid resisting alloys:
7
8
9
10
11
12
.
U. S. patent 1 333 706
U. S. patent 1 375 081
Can. patent 206 645
13
Acid resisting steel (U. S.

patent 1 391 450)
Acieral (cast)
14
Acieral (sheet)
15 Acme nickel steel

16
Admiralty, A (Admiralty condenser tube, Admiralty metal)

17 Admiralty brass
18 Admiralty gun metal (Admiralty bronze)
19 Admiralty gun metal f
20
21
22
Admiralty white metal

Adnic (Admiralty nickel)
Advance
23
Aerolite
24
25
Aerolite pistons
Aero metal (cast)
26
Aero metal (sheet)
27 Aeromin
28 Aeron (Scleron II)
29 Agrilite (No. 5)
30 Aich metal
31 Air hardening steel (Key No.
267, p. 512)
32 Ajax metal
33 Ajax phosphor bronze
34 Ajax plastic bronze
35 Ajax plastic bronze
36
Akrit
37
Aladar
38 Alargan
39 Albata (Albatra?)
40 Albidur-aluminium
41 Albin
42 Alco bronze
43 Al-Cu
44 Al-Cu, strongest
45 Alcumite
46 Al-Cu-Mg (casting)
47 Al-Cu-Ni
48 Al-Cu-Zn, strong (ingots)
49 Al-Cu-Zn, strong (cast)
* Resists acid mine water.
t Modified.
Composition
Page
Al, 77; Zn, 20; Cu, 3

538, 608
Cu, 88; Zn, 11.5; Au, 0.5 (v.
also Index No. 1371)
Pb, 90; Sn, 9.2; Sb, 0.8
467, 557
Fe; C, 3.5-4; Si, 1-1.5; Mn,
0.5; P, >0.1; S, > 0.05
Cu, 88-82; Sn, 8-10; Pb, 2-8; 561, 562,
Zn, 2-0; P, 0-0.2
567
Cu, 74: Pb, 17; Sn, 8; Zn, 1.5 561, 562
For list, v. p. 391
Pb, 52; Sn, 35; Sb, 8; Cu, 5 557
Cu, 83; Sn, 11; Zn, 6; Pb*
569
Cr, 60; Fe, 39; C, 0,3-0.8
Fe, 56; Cr, 40; Mo, 4; C, 1.5
Ni, 46-38; Cu, 31-38; Fe,
16-20; Cr, 7-5; Mn, 0.3-0.8
Fe, 86; Cr, 13; C, 0.3; Mn; 471,472,
Si; P; S
008, 603
Al; Cu, 6; Ni, 1; Si, 0.4; Fe;
Mg; Zn
Al; Cu, 2.3-3.8; Mn, 1-1.5; 534
Fe, 0.7-1.4; Mg
Fe; Ni, 30.5; Cr, 1.4-1.6; C,
0.3; Mn; Si; P; S
469, 556,
Cu, 70; Zn, 29; Sn, 1
600
Cu, 62; Zn, 37; Sn, 1.4
470, 556
476, 565
Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn, 2
Cu, 88-86; Sn, 10; Zn, 1.1- 566, 567,
1.5; Pb, 0.2-1.7; As, 0.5; Fe, 570-572
0.06-0.08
Sn; Sb, 8-9; Cu, 2-7
476, 557
Cu, 70; Ni, 29; Sn, 1
601
Cu, 54-55; Ni, 44-46; Mn, 480,601,
0.8-1.2; Fe, 0.5
606
Al, 97; Cu, 1.2; Fe, 1; Si, 0.5; 533
Mg, 0.4; Zn
Al, 86; Cu, 12; Mn, 2
467, 534
Al, 67; Zn, 28; Cu, 4.2; Fe, 537
0.5; Si, 0.5
Al, 96; Mg, 2.1-2.9; Cu, 0.2- 464, 542
0.6; Fe; Mn; Si
Al; Mg, 6.2; Fe, 0.8; Si, 0.3 542, 608
Al; etc., v. Scleron
Cu, 70.5; Pb, 24; Sn, 5.4; Ni, 561, 562,
0.1; P, 0.005
567
Cu, 60; Zn, 38; Fe, 1.5
556
Fe; Ni, 3.7-4.3; Cr, 1.4-1.6; 512, 513,
Mn, 0.4; C, 0.3; Si; P; S
604
Fe, 70-30; Ni, 25-50; Cu,
5-20
Cu, 79; Sn, 10; Pb, 10; P, 0.7 562
Cu, 64; Pb, 30; Sn, 5; Ni, 1 562
Cu: Sn < 91:9; Pb, <20 561,562,
(U. S. reissue patent 12 880) 567
Co, 38; Cr, 30; W, 16; Ni, 10; 593
Mo, 4; C, 2-5
Name used in France for
Alpax
Ag; Al
Cu, 58; Zn, 23; Ni, 19; Pb,
1.3
Al; etc.
v. White brass
Cu; Ni
Al; Cu, 7-7.6; Fe, 0.4-0.9;
467,
Si; Mn; Zn
\ 534,
Al; Cu, 3.8
J 601
Cu; Al, 7.5; Fe, 3.5; Ni; Mn 578, 600
Al; Cu, 3.4-4; Mg, 0.5; Fe; 468, 534,
Mn; Si
601
Al; Cu, 2-4; Ni, 1.1-5.3
543
Al, 83; Zn, 10-13; Cu, 3-5.5; 537
Mn, 0.2-0.4; Fe, Pb; Si; Sn
Al, 80-84; Zn, 11-17; Cu, 537,601
3-5; Fe; Mn; Si
Index
x.
No.
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
-_
Name
Al-Cu-Zn, strong (forged)
Alfnide
Alfrium
Algiers (Alger's) metal
Alkali-resisting metal
Allan red bronze
Allan red metal
Alloy cast iron
Alloy No
Alloy steels
57 Al-Ni-Ti
58 Al-Ni-Zn
59 Alpakka
eoi
> Alpax (Pacz patents)
62
Aludur
63 Aluman
64 Alumel
Composition
Page
Al, 75; Zn, 22; Cu, 3

037, 601
Nickel silver
Similar to Duriron
Sn, 95-75; Sb, 0.5-25; Cu, 5-0 476, 557
Fe, 95; Ni, 5
481,604
Cu. 70-55; Pb, 20-40; Sn, 10- 562
5; S, 1
Cu, 50; Pb, 50; S
562
v. Index Nos. 870 and 974
For certain alloys known by
numbers, v. p. 381
For list, v. p. 390
Al, 98; Ni, 2; Ti, 0.4
543
Al, 85; Ni, 10; Zn, 5
Cu, 64; Zn, 19; Ni, 15; Ag, 2; 475, 480
Fe; Sn; Pb
T Al; Si, 12-14; Fe, > 0.8; K, or 468, 543,
Na, 0.05
599, 601
< Al; Si, 5-6; Fe, > 1.0; K, or 468, 543,
Na, 0.05
601
Al; Si, 0.7; Mg, 0.5; Fe, 0.45; 459, 475,
Cu
536,601
Al, 88; Zn, 10; Cu, 2
468, 537
65 Aluminite (cast)
Ni, 94; Mn, 2.5; Al, 2; Si, 1;

Fe, 0.5
Al, 73; Zn, 23; Cu, 2.7; Fe, 537, 601
0.4; Si, 0.2
Aluminium alloys* known by

letter or number:
Aluminum Co. of America,
casting alloys:
66
No. 12f
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
No. 31
No. 43
No. 45
No. 47
No. 100
No. 106
No. 109
No. 112
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
No. 145
No. 195
Al; Cu, 8; Fe, 0.5-1.75; Si, '

0.3-0.5
Al, 82; Zn, 15; Cu, 3
4
Al; Si, 5; Fe, >1
>
Al; Si, 10
Al; Si, 12.5
A1
'<"
Al; Mn, 2
Al; Cu, 12.5
Al; Cu, 6-8; Zn, >2.5; Fe,
> 1.5
Al; Zn, 10; Cu, 2.5; Fe, 1.25
Al; Cu, 4
%7'
'
\53A
6S
637
*'
601
Aluminum Co. of America,

wrought alloys:
No. 3S
Al, 99; Mn, 1.5
468, 542
' No. 5S
Al, 95; Cu, 2; Zn, 2; Mn, 1.5
No. 8
Al, 95; Cu, 4; Si, > 0.5; Fe, 467,534,
> 0.5
601
No. 8S
Al, 67; Zn, 33
468, 537
No. 15S
Al; Cu; Zn
No. 17S
Al, <92; Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 468,534,
0.4-1.0; Mg, 0.2-0.75
601, 608
No. A 17S
Al; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.3; Mn, O 534
No. B 17S
Al; Cu, 3.5; Mg, 0.3; Mn, O 534
No. 25S
Al, 92; Cu, 3.9-5; Mn, 0.5- 534,601
1.1; Si, 0.5-1
No. 51S
Al; Si, 0.6-1.2; Mg, 0.45-0.8 536,601
The above alloys often contain Fe, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, Zn
in subordinate amounts.
A. S. T. M. casting alloys,
Spec. B26-21:
A|i
Al ; Cu, 7-8.5; impurities, > 1.7 467,
B
Al; Cu, 8.5-11; impurities, 534,
> 1.7
537,
C
Al; Cu, 9-14; impurities, 600,
>1.7
J 601
* Many of the recently developed aluminium alloys, although having very

varied mechanical properties, have not yet acquired specific names, nor universally used designations. Accordingly, a list of alloys bearing manufacturers'
numbers and society specification numbers is included in this table. Some consistent nomenclature is needed, as for instance, there are three alloys labeled
"A," two labeled "No. 31," etc.
t Generally known and manufactured in America under this name/
t Modified.
Duralumin.
U "No. 12 "alloy.
Index I
No. I
90
91
XT
Name
Composition
Page
Al; Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu1 2.5- \6S7-641,

3.0; impurities, > 1.7, Pb, 601
>0.1
Al; Cu, 2-2.5; Mn, 0.75-1.25; 684, 601
impurities, > 1.0
A. S. T. M. casting alloys,
Spec. B26-25T:
Al, <96.5; Cu, 1-1.5; Mn, 534
92
A
0.7-2; Fe, >0.5; Si, >0.5;
Mg; Zn
Al, <92.5; Si, 4.5-6; Fe, 468,643,
93
B
> 1.0; Cu, > 0.6; Mn, > 0.2: 601
Zn, >0.2; Mg
Al, <90; Cu, 7.0-8.5; Zn, 467,534,
94
C*
>0.2; (Fe + Si + Mn + 537-541,
Zn + Sn), > 1.7
601
Al, 88-92; Cu, 6.0-8.0; Zn, 467,63795
D
> 2.5; Fe, > 1.5; (Si + Mn 641, 601
+ Sn), > 10
This specification will supersede B26-21, above, when
adopted.
For the more important of
N. P. L. alloys
these, v. Index Nos. 1, 184,
520, 611, 1490, 1491
S. A. E. casting alloys:
Same as Index No. 94
96
No. 30*
Al, <81; Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 637-641,
97
No. 31
2.25-3.25; (Si -f Fe + Mn 601
+ Sn), > 1.7
Al, <85.5; Cu, 11-13.5; Zn, 467, 534,
98
No. 32
>0.2; (Si + Fe + Zn + 539-541,
Mn -f Sn), > 1.7
601
Same as Index No. 95
99
No. 33
Al, <87; Cu, 9.25-10.75; Fe, 467, 533
100
No. 34
0.9-1.5; Mg, 0.15-0.35;
other elements, > 0.75
101
No. 35..
, Same as Index No. 93
For B. E. S. A. Specifications v. p. 386
Cu, 71-55; Zn, 26-42; Al, 1-6 556
102 Aluminum brass
Cu, 99-89; Al, 1-11 (name 464,475,
103 Aluminum bronze
also used where other eie- 477, 573ments are present in smaller 578, 600,
amounts than Al)
601, 606
104 Aluminum iron bronze
Cu, 89-85; Al, 6-9.5; Fe, 3.5- 578, 579
7.5; Mn; Pb; P
105 Aluminum magnesium bronze Cu, 95-90; Al, 5-10; Mg, 0.5
579, 600
106 Aluminum manganese bronze. . Cu, 89; Al, 9.6; Mn, 1.2
Ni, 94; Al, 6
107 Aluminum nickel
Ni, 76.4; Al, 23.6
108 Aluminum nickel
Cu, 85; Al, 5-10; Ni, 10-5 581, 600
109 Aluminum nickel bronze
110 Aluminum silver
Al, 95; Cu, 5
534, 601
111 Aluminum silver
Cu, 57; Ni1 20; Zn, 20; Al, 3
Aluminum solders:
112
Bates
Al, 70; Zn, 30
468,536
Bureau of Standards:
113
SNl
Sn, 78; Al, 9; Zn, 8; Cd, 5
114
SN2
Sn, 69; Zn, 26; Al, 2.4; P, 2.4
Sn, 86; Zn, 9; Al, 5; P, 0.25
115
SN3
116
SN4
Sn, 86; Zn, 9; Al, 5
117
ZNl
Zn, 75; Cd, 20; Al, 5
118
Geophysical Laboratory, Car546
negie Institution
Zn, 90; Al, 6; Cu, 4
119
Roesch
Zn, 50; Sn, 49; Sb, 0.7; Cu, 0.2
Sn, 73; Zn, 21; Pb, 5; P-Sn, 1
120
Seifert
121
So-luminum
Sn, 55; Zn, 33; Al, 11; Cu, 1
122
Sterling
Sn, 62; Zn, 15; Al, 11; Pb,
8.3; Cu, 2.5; Sb, 1.2
123
U. S. patent 1 332 899
Sn, 41; Zn, 28; Cu, 3; Mn,
0.6; Al, 0.1
124
U. S. patent 1 333 666
Pb, 92; Cd, 8
551
There are a host of Al solder
patents, many of doubtful
value or worthless.
125
Wst
Zn, 50; Al, 30; Cu, 20
546
126
Wst No. 2
Zn, 65; Al, 20; Cu, 15
646
127 Aluminum steel
Steel deoxidized with Al (Al 529
usually less than 0.2 %).
128 Aluminum steel
Fe; Al, > 15; C, > 0.9
529
* "No. 12" alloy.
Index
XT
Name
XT
No.
129 Aluminum tin bronze
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
Composition
Page
Cu, 86; Sn, 10; Al, 2.5;

Zn, 2
Aluminum titanium bronze.... Cu, 90-89; Al, 9-10; Fe, 1; 577,601
Ti, Tr.
Al, 66.6; Zn, 33.3
468, 536
Alzen (Alzene)
v. Sibley casting alloy
Alzine
Ni; Cr; W
Amaloy
Cu, 81; Sn, 11; Pb, 7.4; P1 0.3 562
Amax metal
Cu, 65; Ni, 30; Zn, 5
480
Ambrac (30 %)
Cu, 75; Ni, 20; Zn, 5; Mn, 480, 601,
Ambrac
0.5
606
American alloy (so-called in Al, 95; Cu, 3; Mg, 1; Mn, 1 468, 634,
601
Europe)
Cu, 58-49; Zn, 21-24; Ni, 475,480
American silver (cast)
15-24; Mn, < 4 ; Sn; Fe;
Pb; Al
Cu, 59; Zn, 23; Ni, 11; P-Sn,
American silver (cast)
5; Pb, 3; Al, 1.5
Fe, 63.5; V, 35
Amervan
Cu; Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-3
678, 601
Ampco (bronze)
Cu, 90; Sn, 10
559, 601
Anaconda bronze
Anatomical alloy (Fusible). . .. Bi, 54; Sn, 19; Pb, 17; Hg,
11; Cd
Antifriction alloys (v. also p. Pb, 88-79; Sb, 12-20; Sn, 557
0-10; Cu; Zn
372)
Pb, 100-75; Sb, 0-25
475, 557
Antimonial lead
Fe; Ni
Apex
v. Sillman bronze
Apex bronze
Cu, 75-70; Ni, 20-21; Zn, 480,601
Aphtit
2.4-5.5; Cd, 1.8-4.5
Cu, 85; Sn, 10; Co, 5
Argentai
Al, 75-60; Ag, 15-16; Zn,
Argentai
7.5-20; Cu, 3.5-5
Al; Ag, < 5; Mg, 0.1-1
Argentalium
Nickel silver
Argentan:
Cu, 56; Zn, 29; Ni, 16
480
Berlin
Cu, 48; Ni, 24; Zn, 24; Fe,
Berlin castings
3.6
Cu, 4a; Ni, 32; Zn, 25; Fe,
Chinese
2.6
Cu, 50; Zn, 31; Ni, 18
480
French
Cu, 56; Ni, 26; Zn, 18;
Resistance
Fe, 1
Cu, 64; Ni, 18; Zn, 18; Fe, 480
Russian
0.3; Pb, 0.3
Cu, 58; Ni, 20; Zn, 19; Fe,
Russian (cast)
3.2
Cu, 65-40; Zn, 17-32; Ni, 476,480
Sheet..
15-20; Fe
Zn, 57; Cu, 35; NI, 8
Argentan solder
v. also Mousset's silver
Argent franais
Cu, 43; Ag, 33; Zn, 16; Ni,
Odessa
8.5
Roulz
Cu, 35-50; Ni, 25-30; Ag,
20-40
Sn, 85; Sb, 14.5; Cu, 0.5
475
Argentin
Al, 90; Cu, 6; Si, 2; Bi, 2
Arguite
Cu, 54; Zn, 28; Ni, 14; Sn,
Argozoil (Argozie)
2; Pb, 2
Arguzoid
Cu, 49-56; Zn, 23-31; Ni,
21-13; Sn, 0-4; Pb, 0-35
Nickel silver
Argyroid (Argiroide)
Nickel silver
Argyrolith
Nickel silver
Argyrophan
Cu, 80; Zn, 20
555, 601
Arko
Armco iron
Fe, 99.80-99.94; (P + S + 470, 600,
Si + C + Mn), < 0.14
602, 606
Armstrong (heat resisting
stainless steel)
Fe; Cr, 12; Si, 5; C, 0.5
Cu, 80; Sn, 10; Pb, 9.5; As, 562
Arsenic bronze
0.8
Fe; Cr, 14
508, 600
Ascoloy
Ashberry metal (Ashberrium).. Sn, 78-80; Sb, 14-19; Cu, 557
0-3; Zn, 0-2.8
A. S. T. M. alloys:
The American Society tor Testing Materials publishes standard specifications for engineering materials every three years,
viz., 1924, 1927, etc. Tentative standards, not yet adopted,
but under consideration are published yearly on Oct. 1.
Index
J1,
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
...
Name
_.
..
Composition
_
Page
Many of these specifications do not define composition

completely, but specify limits for tensile properties, weight
per unit area, microstructure, etc.
Specification numbers preceded by "A" are for ferrous
materials and by "B" for non-ferrous materials. The first
part of number is the serial number of the specification, and
the second part denotes the year of adoption. Numbers
followed by "T" denote tentative standards.
Aterite (cast)
Cu, 67; Zn, 17; Ni, 14; Fe,
1.6; Pb; Mn; Al
Aterite (cast)
Cu, 55-36; Ni, 35-44; Zn,
5-0; Fe, 5-20
Aterite (rolled)
Cu, 82-65; Zn, 20-23; Ni,
10-12; Fe, 15-8; Mn; Pb
Aterite (rolled)
Cu, 47; Zn, 38; Ni, 11; Mn,
2.2; Fe, 1.9
Atha's 2600 (v. also Rsistai) Fe; Ni, 22; Cr, 8; Si, 1.75;
Cu, 1.0; C, >0.5; Mn, 0.7
ATG alloy
Ni, 60; Fe, 26; Cr, 10; W, 4
Automotive steels:
The Society of Automotive Engineers (U. S. A.) has the
following system of numbering steels:
The first figure indicates the class of steel (v. below); the
second figure in the case of alloy steels gives the approximate
percentage of the predominant alloying element; the last two
or three figures indicate the carbon content in hundredths of
1%.
The class numbers are as follows:
1. C steels
5. Cr steels
2. Ni steels
6. Cr-V steels
3. Ni-Cr steels
7. W steels
4. Mo steels
9. Si-Mn steels
Thus SAE2340 is a Ni steel of ca. 3 % Ni and from 0.350.45 % C. SAE71360 is a W steel of ca. 13 % W and ca. 0.60C
Auer metal (Pyrophoric)
Fe, 35; Ce, 35; La, 24; Yb,
3; Er, 2
Auer metal, cheap
Fe, 53; Mn, 30; Sb, 10;
Misch metal, 7
v. Spandau alloy
Austrian alloy
Awaruite (natural)
Ni, 75; Fe, 25
"B" alloy
Al; Zn, 25; Cu, 3
537,601
Sn, 89; Sb, 7.3; Cu, 3.7
476, 557
Babbitt (genuine)
Pb and Sn base bearing alloys
Babbitt metals
Pb; Ca, 0.7; Na, 0.6; Bi, 0.04 556
Bahn Metall
Ni, 90; Cr, 4.3; W, 1.2; Si,
Bario (sheet)
0.3; Co; Cu; Fe
Cr, 30; Co, 30; W, 25; Mn,
Bario-metal (hard)
10; Ti, 5
Bario-metal (soft)
Co, 60; Cr, 20; W, 20
Baros
Ni, 90; Cr, 10
467
Basic bessemer pig
Fe; C, 3.5-4; P, 2-3; Si, > 1; 476
Mn, >0.5; S, > 0.05
Basic low phosphorous pig
Fe; C, 3.5-4; Mn, 1-2.5; Si, 476
>1.25; P, 0.1-1; S, > 0.05
Bath metal
Cu, 83; Zn, 17
475,555
Bath metal
Cu, 55; Zn, 45
470, 555
Battery copper
Cu, 94; Zn, 6
469, 555
Battery plates
Pb, 94; Sb, 6
557
Zn, 63; Sn, 21; Pb, 12; Cu,
Battery plates
3.2
Baudrin's (Baudoin's?) alloy... Cu, 72; Ni, 17; Zn, 7.1; Sn,
2.5; Co, 1.8; Al, 0-0.5
B. E. 4 alloy (Bureau of Engi- Al; Cu, 4; Mg, 0.25; Fe, 467, 534,
neering, U. S. N.)
> 0.5; Si, >0.1
601
Bearing alloys:
For a list of index numbers of
bearing alloys, v. p. 391.
The ranges of compositions
of the different types are
given here, and also some
A. S. T. M. and S. A. E.
bearing alloy specifications.
Bronzes:
Cu-Pb-(S)
Cu, 70-30; Pb, 30-70; S, > 1 561, 562
Cu-Pb-Sn-(S)
Cu, 84-50; Pb, 8-40; Sn, 561, 562
6-10; S
Cu-Sn-Pb-Sb
Cu, 80; Sn, 16; Pb, 2; Sb, 2
Cu-Sn
Cu; Sn, > 20
475, 559
Cu-Sn-P
Cu; Sn, > 20; P, > 1
560, 601
Cu-Sn-Zn
Cu, 86-83; Sn, 8.8-15; Zn, 476,563
1-7.5
Index
No.
206
Cu-Sn-Zn-Mn
207
Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb
208
Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-P
209
210
Cu-Zn-Sn
Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb
211
212
213
214
215
216
A. S. T. M. Spec. B31-21
Grade:
1
2
3
4
5
6
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
__
Name
Composition
Page
Cu, 86; Sn, 6; Zn, 5; Mn,

2.7
Cu, 88-75; Sn, 7-14; Zn, 2-9; 566
Pb, 1-9
Cu, 82; Sn, 14; Zn, 2; Pb, 1; 566
P, 1
Cu, 77-75; Zn, 14-21; Sn, 4-9
Cu, 67; Zn, 28; Sn, 4.3; Pb,
1.4
Max.
total
Max.
impurCuSn Pb Zn
P
ities
85 10 5 0.27 <0.7 0.50 562
80 10 10 0.50 <0.7 0.75 562
80 10 10 2.00 >0.05 2.50 562
77 8 15 0.50 >0.25 0.75 562
73 7 20 0.50 >O.05 1.00 562
70 5 25 0.50
0.00 1.00 562
Fe, >0.25; Sb, >0.50; I, O
for all; S, > 0.05 for 1-4 and
> 0.25 for 5 and 6
A. S. T. M. Spec. B22-21:
A
Cu; Sn, >20;1
475,559,
P, > 1.0
I Impurities, 560, 601
B
Cu; Sn, > 17; f >0.50
476, 559,
P, > 1.0
J
560, 601
White metals, lead base:
Pb-Sb
Pb, 100-80; Sb, 0-20
475, 557
Pb-Sb-Sn
Pb, 86-60; Sb, 10-20; Sn, 557
1-20
Pb, 78-68; Sb, 17-21; Sn, 557
Pb-Sb-Sn-Cu
7.3-9.6; Cu, 0.4-2
Pb-Sn-Sb
Pb, 80-40; Sn, 10-45; Sb, 557
10-20
Pb, 83-46; Sn, 7.7-40; Sb, 557
Pb-Sn-Sb-Cu
7r7-17; Cu, 0.5-8
(For lead hardened with
other elements, v. Index
Nos. 186, 390, 602, 867,
1433)
A. S. T. M. Spec. B23-18T*
Max.
Grade:
Pb Sb Sn
Cu
As
63.5 15 20 1.5 0.15 557
6
7
75 15 10 0.5t 0.20
8
80
15
5 0.5t 0.20 557
.9
85 10
5 0.5f 0.20
10
83 15
2 0.5f 0.20
11
85 15
0.5f 0.25 557
12
90
10
0.5f 0.25 557
Pb, > 86; Sb, 9.25-10.75; Sn, 557
S. A. E. Spec. 13*
4.5-5.5; Cu, > 0.5; As, > 0.2
S. A. E. Spec. 14*
Pb, >76; Sb, 14-16; Sn, 557
9.25-10.75; Cu, >0.5; As,
>0.2
War Service Assn. of Mfrs. of
Solder and Bearing Metals*
Grade B
Pb, 46; Sn, 45; Sb, 7.5; Cu,
1.5
Grade C
Pb, 60; Sn, 30.5; Sb, 8.5; Cu,
U
White metals, tin base:
Sn-Pb-Sb-Cu
Sn, 74-42; Pb, 12-40; Sb, 557
9.5-16; Cu, 1-4.7
Sn-Sb-Cu
Sn, 91-72; Sb, 6-26; Cu, 2-9 476, 557
Sn-Sb-Pb
Sn, 75; Sb, 15; Pb, 10
Sn-Sb-Pb-Cu
Sn, 75-70; Sb, 12-15; Pb, 476,557
9-11; Cu, 3-11; Fe; Zn
Sn-Zn-Cu
Sn, 72; Zn, 27; Cu, 1.3
Max.
A. S. T. M. Spec. B23-18T
Grade*:
Sn Sb
Pb
Cu
As
1
91 4.5 >0.35 4.5 0.10 557
2
89 7.5 >0.35 3.5 0.10 557
3
83.3 8.3 >0.35 8.3 0.10 557
4
75 12
10
3
0.15 557
5
65 15
18
2
0.15 657
* Zn and Al, O.
t Maximum.
Fe, >0.08; As, >0.15.
Index
No.
Name
245
S. A. E. Spec. 10*t
246
S.A. E. Spec. ll*f
247
S. A. E. Spec. 12*f
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
Composition
Sn1 <90; Cu, 4-5; Sb, 4-5; 557

Pb, >0.35
Sn, <86; Cu, 5-6.5; Sb, 67.5; Pb, >0.35
Sn, <59.5; Pb, >26; Sb,
9.5-11.5; Cu, 2.25-3.75
War Service Assn. of Mfrs. of

Solder and Bearing Metals
Sn, 61.5; Pb, 25; Sb, 10.5;
Grade A*
Cu, 3; As, >0.15
White metals, zinc base:
Zn, 88; Cu, 8; Sn, 2; Sb, 2
Zn-Cu-Sn-Sb
Zn, 55; Sn, 23; Al, 20; Pb,
Zn-Sn-Al-Pb-Cu
1.3; Cu, 0.6
Zn, 85-^67; Sn, 10-30; Cu,
Zn-Sn-Cu
4.2-7.4
Fe; Cr, 25-30; Si, 3; C, 1,5-3
Becket alloy
Cu, 64; Zn, 35; Sn, 0.8
Bell brass
Bell metals:
Al, 83; Mn, 10; Cd, 7
Cu, 75-80; Sn, 25-20
Cu, 71-60; Sn, 26-35; Zn,
Herbohn
2.7-5.0
Cu, 72-61; Sn, 14-25; Pb,
Japanese kara kane
0-14; Zn, 0-9.4; Fe, 0-3.0
Cu, 84; Sn, 16
Musical
Cu, 70; Zn, 29; P, 0.45; Fe,
Bemal
0.15
Cu, 86-84; Ni, 14-16; C,
Benedict metal
<0.04
Cu, 79; Ni, 20; Fe, 0.36
Benedict nickel
Cu, 57; Zn, 28; Ni, 15
Benedict plate
Cu, 63-52; Zn, 31-26; Ni,
Berlin alloy
6-22
Bernda metal
^
A high tensile brass
Al, 93; Ni, 7
Bersch bearing alloy
Cu, 68; Ni, 32
Berthier's alloy
Cu, 72; Zn, 25; Pb, 2; Sn, 1.2
Berthier's alloy
British Engineering StandB. E. S. A. alloys
ards Assn. Spec. v. p. 386
Cu, 90; Zn, 10
Best bronze
Zn, 90-84; Cu, 6.3-11; Pb,
Biddery
2.5-3; Sn, 0.8-1.4
Cu, 95; Sn, 3.4; W, 1.6
Bierman tungsten bronze
Cu, 97; Sn, 1.9; Fe, 0.5; Pb,
Bilgen-bronze
0.2
Zn, 79-53; Cu, 20-47; Fe, 0.3
Birmingham platinum
Cu, 52; Ni, 30; Zn, 12; Pb,
Bismuth brass
5; Bi, 1
Cu, 47; Ni, 31; Zn, 21; Sn, 1;
Bismuth brass
Bi, 1
Cu, 45; Ni, 33; Zn, 22; Sn,
Bismuth bronze
16; Bi, 1
Cu, 53; Zn, 20; Sn, 15; Ni,
Bismuth bronze
10; Bi, 1; Al, 0.1
v. Index No. 836
Black heart
Cu, 80; Ni, 20
Blanko-blech
Cu, 77; Zn, 23
Blatt gold
Sn, 91; Zn, 8.3; Pb, 0.4; Fe, 0.2
Blatt-silver
Co, 54; Ni, 45; Si, 0.9; C,
Bloch's alloy
0.3; Mn; P; S
Au, 75; Fe, 25
Blue gold
Cu, 66-58; Zn, 34-42
Bobierre metal
Fe; W, 6.3; C, 0.7; Mn; P;
Bohler magnet steel
S; Si
Fe; W, 14; Cr, 3.9; C, 0.7
Bhler rapid steel
Fe; W, 15; Cr, 3.7; C, 0.8; V,
Bhler super rapid steel
0.2; Mo, 0.2; Mn; P; S; Si
( Cr, 65; Fe, 35
Co, 35; Ni, 35; Cr, 30
Co, 34; Ni, 34; Cr, 30; Ag, 2
-^
, ,s non-corrosive
Borcher
Co, 35; Ni1 35; Cr, 30; Mo,
i,
alloys
0.5-5
Fe, 60; Cr, 36; Mo, 4
Cu deoxidized with B, no
Boronized copper
excess present
*Zn and Al, O; Fe, >0.08.

t As, > 0.1; Bi, >0.08.
Page
557
Index
Name
XT
No.
292 Boron steel
293 Bourbonnes
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
Brass
Brass ingots, A. S. T. M.
Spec. B30-22*:
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
For B. E. S. A. Specifications
Brazing brass
556
559, 561
475, 559
469, 555
302 Bridge bronze A

303 Bridge bronze B
304 Bridge bronze C
305
306
307
308
Bridge bronze D
Bright cap gilding
Brightray
Bristol brass
Brittania metal:
309 Cast
480
480, 601
480
480,601
43
601
310
Cast
311
English
312
German
313
314
315
Plate (Ludenscheidt)
Plate
Spoons
316 Brix
469, 555
317
559
465, 546
Brolunick
Bronze
318 Bronze powder
319 Bronze wire
320 B. T. G. steel
321 Burr metal
322 Butt brass
323 Button alloy
480, 601
555, 601
324 Button brass

Cadmium silver
325 Caedit
326 Calido, Elalco
327 Calido, Elalco
328 Calite A
329 Calite B
330 Calorite.
331 Camelia metal
555, 601
472
472
472
558
332 Can-metall (German)

333 Cap gilding
334 Capsule metal
335 Carbon bronze
Carbon steels
336 Carbondale silver
337 Carburite (recarburizer)
338 Careco
339 Cartridge brass
340 Cartridge gilding
Composition
Page
Fe; B, 0.06-0.4; C, 0.45-0.16; 530

Al; Si; Mn
Sn, 51; Al, 49; Fe, 0.3; Cu,
0.3.
For list of brasses, v. p. 389
Max.
Cu Zn Sn
Pb
Fe
87 3 8
> 2 0.25
85 5 5
5 0.35
83 7 4
6 0.35
77 10 3
10 0.40
76 16 2
6 0.40
65 33 >1
2
0.50
60 37 > 1.5
3
1.00
. p. 386
Cu, 80-75; Zn, 20-25; Pb;
Fe
Cu, 80; Sn, 20; P, 0.1
Cu, 85; Sn, 15; P, 0-1
Cu, 80; Sn, 10; Pb, 10; P,
0.7-1
Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn, 2; P, 0.3
Cu, 90; Zn, 9.9; Pb, 0.4
Similar to Chromel A
Cu, 76-61; Zn, 24-39
Zn, 48; Sn, 48; Cu, 3; Pb, 1;
Sb, 1
Sn, 91-85; Sb, 9-11; Zn, 0-3;
Cu, 0.2-1
Sn, 90-85; Sb, 5-10; Cu, 1-3;
Zn, 0-3; Bi, 0-2
Sn, 94-70; Sb, 3.7-15; Cu,
1.8-5; Pb, 0-9; Zn, 0-5
Sn, 72; Sb, 24; Cu, 3.9
Sn, 91-90; Sb, 7-8; Cu, 1.4
Sn, 88-85; Sb, 5.6-15; Bi,
1-5; Cu, 0.1-3.7; Zn, 0-1.5
Ni, 75-60; Cr, 15-20; Cu, 5;
Si, 4; Ti, 3; Al, 2; W, 1-4;
B, 1; Mn
Cu; Al; Ni
For list of bronzes, v. p. 389
Cu, 84; Zn, 16
Cu, 99; Sn, 1.2; P, 0.05
Ni, 60; Fe, 25; Cr, 12; Mn,
2; C, 0.5
Cu, 90; Zn, 10
Cu, 64; Zn, 36; Pb, 1
Cu, 60-50; Zn, 30-45; Sn,
0-10
Cu, 90; Zn, 10; Sn, 0.5
v. Index No. 1330
Similar to Stellite
Ni, 60; Fe, 24; Cr, 16
Ni, 64; Fe, 25; Cr, 8; Mn, 3
Fe; Ni, 35; Cr, 15; C, 0.8
Fe; Cr, 18; Ni, 6; C, 1.5
Ni, 65; Fe, 15-23; Cr, 12;
Mn, 0-8
Cu, 70; Pb, 15; Zn, 10; Sn,
4.2; Fe, 0.5
Pb, 95; Ca, 1.75; Cu, 1.35;
Sr, 1; Ba, 1
Cu, 90; Zn, 10
Pb, 92; Sn, 8
Cu, 75; Pb, 15; Sn, 9.7
For list, v. p. 390
Cu, 66; Ni, 18; Zn, 16
C, 47-48; Fe, 28; S, 0.3; P,
0.2; binder
A white bearing alloy
Cu, 67-70; Zn, 33-30; Pb; Fe
Cu, 93; Zn. 7
561
561
561
460,555
475, 559
475, 560
562
476, 566
469, 555
555,601
476
476, 557
557
557
557
565
467,480
469, 555
555, 602
555,556,
601
465, 555
467
512
512
561
550
469, 555
467,557
561
480
469, 555
469, 555
* S, >0.05; Al, O except 0.3 % allowable in 6 and 7; Sb, >0.25 in 1-3, and 5.
> 0.35 in 4, and > 0.20 in 6 and 7; P, > 0.05 in 1-5 and > 0.02 in 6 and 7. .
also p. 372.
Index
XT
Name
XT
No.
341 Case-hardening steel
Cast iron
Cast steel
342
Ceco
343
344
Celsit
Cerium steel
345
346
Chain bronze
Chain iron (A. S. T. M. Spec.
A56-24)
347
Chain steel (A. S. T. M. Spec.

A56-24)
Chamet bronze
Charcoal pig iron (Lake Superior)
Charpy phosphor bronze
Checo (dental)
Chemical lead
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
Chilled cast iron wheels (A. S.

T. M. Spec. A46-24) (Key
No. 117, p. 497)
China silver
Chinese bronze
356
Chinese silver
357
358
359
Chinese speculum
Chinese speculum (Eisner's)...
Christofle metal
360
Chromai steel
361
362
363
Chromaluminium
Chromax (Kromax?)
Chromax bronze
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
Chrome iron
Chromel No. 502
Chromel A
Chromel B
Chromel C
Chromel D
Chromel P
Chrome-molybdenum steel. . . .
372
Chrome-nickel steel (ordinary

range)
373
374
Chrome-nickel steel armor

plate (heavy) (Key No. 268,
p. 512)
Chrome-tungsten steel
Chrome-uranium steel
375
Chrome-vanadium steel
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
Chromium steel (commercial

pearlitic)
Chrysite (dental)
Chrysokalk
Chrysokalk
Chrysorin
Cimet
Chrome-silicon steel
Clark's patent
384
Clebrium
385
Clebrium
Composition
Page
Fe; C, >0.20; Mn; Si; P; S 470,488,

(or low carbon alloy steel) 600, 606
For list, v. p. 390
v. Index No. 1335. (The
name is also applied to
crucible steel)
Cu, 62.5; Pb, 32; Sn, 4.6; Ni, 562
0.9; Fe, < 0.03
Similar to Stellite
Fe; Ce, 0.2-0.6; C, 0.4; Mn, 531, 605
0.7; Si, 0.4-0.8
Cu, 95; Sn, 4.9; P, 0.1
560, 601
Grade AA: Mn, >0.10;
Grade A: Mn, > 0 2
(strength specified)
Grade BBB: P, >0.04; S,
>0.04 (strength specified)
Cu, 62; Zn, 38
555, 601
Fe; C, 3-4; Si, 0-2.6; P, 0.150.25; Mn, 0.3-07; S, > 0.02
Cu, 85; Sn, 12-13; P, 0.4-0.5 560
Ag, 89; Sn, 10; Pt, 1
Pb; Cu, 0.04-0.08; Ag, 0.005- 461, 475,
0.015; Bi, > 0.005
556
TotalC, <3.25; combined C, 470, 476,
>0.85; Si, 0.45-0.75; Mn, 497
0.5-0.75; P, > 0.4; S, > 0.15
Nickel silver
Cu, 83-72; Pb, 10-20; Zn, 661
0.7-14; Sn1 1-13; Fe (v. also
Index No. 912)
Cu, 58; Zn, 17.5; Ni, 11.5;
Co, 11; Ag, 2
Cu, 81; Sn, 11; Sb, 8.5
Cu, 81; Pb, 9; Sb, 8
Silver-plated German silver
(Ag, 2)
Fe; Cr, 0.8; Mn, 0.8; Mo, 472,605
0.8; C, 0.3
Al; Cr
Ni, 75; Cr, 25
Cu, 67; Ni, 15; Zn, 12; Al, 3;
Cr, 3
Similar to Duraloy
Fe, 55; Ni, 25; Cr, 20
Ni, 80; Cr, 20
480, 608
Ni, 85; Cr, 15
467, 480
Ni, 65; Fe, 24; Cr, 11
467, 480
Fe, 66; Ni, 26; Cr1 8
Ni, 90; Cr, 10
467
Fe; Cr, 0.5-1; Mo, 0.1-1.0; 472, 604,
C, 0.1-0.5; Mn; Si; P; S
605
Fe; Ni, 1.25-3.5; Cr, 0.6-1.5; 472, 510,
C, 0.2-0.6; Mn, >0.7; P, 518, 600,
> 0.04; S, > 0.05; Si, low
604-608
Fe; Ni, 4; Cr, 2; C, 0.33; Mn, 472, 512
0.32; Si, 0.06; S, 0.03; P,
0.14 (-0. also Projectile steel)
v. High-speed steel
Fe; Cr, 0.8; U, 0.17-0.3; C, 478
0.3-0.4; Mn; Si
Fe; Cr, 0.7-1.4; C, 0.15- 472, 509,
0.6; V, 0.12-0.3; Mn, 0.3- 517, 600,
0.9; Si, 0.2; P, >0.01; S, 604,605
>0.04
Fe; Cr, 2-5; C, 0.2-0.8; Mn; 507-509,
Si; P; S (v. also p. 390)
517, 605
Cu, 63; Zn, 37; Pb, 0.24
555, 602
Cu, 59; Zn, 40; Pb, 1
602
Cu, 91; Zn, 7.9; Pb, 1.6
469
Cu, 72-63; Zn, 28-37
555, 601
Fe; Cr, 25
v. Index No. 1235
Cu, 75; Ni, 14; Zn, 7.2; Sn,
1.9; Co, 1.9
Fe; Cr, 13; Mo, 3.6; C, 2.6;
Ni, 2; Si, 1.5; Mn, 0.8
Fe; Cr, 19; Ni, 4.6; Mn, 2.8;
C, 2; Cu, 2
Index
__
Name
No.
386 Clichier metal
387 Clichier metal
388 Clichier metal
389 Climax
390 C. M. A. bearing metal
391 Cobaltcrome
392
Cobaltcrome
393 Cobalt steel

Coinage alloys
394
395
396
397
Coinage bronze
Collet brass
Colorado metal
Comet
398
399
Commercial bar steel

Commercial brass, B-r
Commercial brass, B-C
400
401
402
Commercial brass wire

Commercial bronze
Commercial bronze rod
403
404
Common high brass

Complex English metal
405
Condenser foil
Constantan
406
407
408
Cook's alloy
Cooperite
Cooper's gold
409
Cooper's mirror
410 Cooper's pen metal

411 Cooper's pen metal
412 Copel
Copper (commercial):
413 Arsenical lake
414
Best select
415 Electrolytic
416 Lake
417
Oxygenated
Copper-manganese
Copper-nickel
418 Copper steel
419
420
421
Cornish bronze
Corronil
Corrosion-resisting alloy
Composition
Page
Pb, 40-50; Sn, 33-36; Cd,

21-14
Sn, 80; Bi, 15; Pb, 5
Sn, 48; Pb, 33; Sb, 11; Bi, 9
Fe, 73; Ni, 24; Mn, 2.6
488
Pb; alkaline earth metals
56
Fe, 80; Cr, 14; Co, 3.7; C,
1.5; Mo, 0.8; Si, 0.8
Fe, 70-60; Cr, 30-25; Co,
5-10
Fe; Co, 0.5-17; C1 0.15-0.9;
Mn; P; S
. Index Nos. 975,1249,1250,
1326, 1327, 1329, 1330
Cu, 95; Sn, 4; Zn, 1
561
Cu, 61; Zn, 37; Pb, 2.5
602
Cu, 57; Ni, 25; Zn, 18
470, 480
Fe, 70; Ni, 30; Cr, 2.2; Mn,
0.8; Cu, 0.4
). Index Nos. 1336-1341
Cu, 63; Zn, 37 (rolled)
Cu, 62; Zn, 30; Sn, 6; Pb1 2
(cast)
Cu, 64; Zn, 36; Pb, 0.2; Fe
Cu, 90; Zn, 10; Pb; Fe
Cu, 86; Zn1 12.75; Pb, 0.75;
Sn, 0.5
Cu, 65; Zn, 35
Sn, 87; Sb, 6; Ni, 2; Cu, 2;
W, 1.5; Zn, 1; Bi, 0.5
v. Accumulator metal
Cu, 60-45; Ni, 40-55; Mn,
0-1.4; C, 0.1; Fe
Sb, 57-69; Zn, 32-43
Ni, 80; W, 14; Zr, 6
Cu, 81-67; Pt, 19-30; Zn,
0-4
Cu, 58; Sn, 28; Pt, 9.5; Zn,
3.5; As, 1.5
Cu, 50; Au, 25; Ag, 25
Pt, 50; Ag, 38; Cu, 12
Cu, 55; Ni, 45
Cu, 99.4; As, 0.3; O, 0.2
Cu, 99.5
Cu, 99.90-99.993
Cu, 99.9
Cu; O, 0.04-0.2
0. Cupromanganese
v. Cupronickel
Fe; Cu, >4; C, >1.1; Mn;
Si; P; S
Cu, 78; Sn, 9.6; P, 0.8
Ni, 70; Cu, 26; Mn, 4
Pb, 91; Cu, 4.5; Ni, 4.5 (for
list v. p. 391)
555, 601
469, 601
469, 555
469,555
55a, QOl
464, 480,
601,606
586
480, 601
460,552
553, 601
552, 601
652, 601
554, 601
509
560, 601
480, 604
470, 608
Corrosion-resistant steel (CarFe; Cr, 9.5; C, 0.45
penter)
Fe, 85.5; Si, 13.5
473
423 Corrosiron
Cu; Ni; Si
424 Corsonite* A
Cu; Co; Si
425 Corsonite B
Cu; Fe; Si
426 Corsonite C
Cu; Cr; Si
427 Corsonite D
Cu; Cr
428 Corsonite E
Cu; Co
429 Corsonite F
Cu, 80-67; Mn, 15-18; Zn,
430 Cowles high Mn brass
5-13; Al, 0-1; Si
Cu, 80; Ni, 10; Zn, 10
431 Craig gold
Al, 91-90; Cu, 7-8; Fe, 1-1.8; 467, 534,
432 Crank case alloy
Zn, 0-1.8
601
Fe; W, 6.7; Mn, 2.7; C, 2.1;
433 Crescent steel
Si, 0.1
Cr alloy plating
434 Crodon
Ni, 60; Cr, 40
435 Cronite
Cu. 70; Mn, 30; Fe, 2
436 Crotorite
422
* Name given by Mr. Corson to these alloys which were developed at the
Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc. v. Metal Industry
(N. Y.) Sept., 1926.
Index
No.
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
__
Composition
Name
Crucible teel (also called cast Fe; C, 0.65-1.55; Mn; Si;

P; S. (Graded according
steel)
to "temper," one temper
unit generally meaning
0.1 % C. Designation varies with manufacturer.)
Cu, 72; Ni, 22; Fe, 6
Cufenium
Cu, 70; Zn, 30
Cuivre poli
Ni, 65; Mn, 35; Cu, 25; Pb, 1
Cuniloy
Fe; C, 3.0; combined C, Tr.;
Cupola malleable iron
Si, 0.9; Mn, 0.8; P, 0.2; S,
0.15
v. Aluminum bronze
Cupro-aluminium
Cu, 90; Mg, 10
Cupromagnesium
Cu, 90; Mn, 10
Cupromanganese
Cu, 96; Mn, 4
Cupromanganese tubes
Cupronickel:
Cu, 85; Ni, 15; C, <0.04
Bullet jackets
Cu, 98-60; Ni, 2-40
Commercial
Cu, 97.5-95; Ni, 2.5-5
Driving bands
Cu, 50; Ni, 50
Ingots
Cu, 97; Ni, 3
Locomotive tubes
Cu, 89; Ni, 11
No. 300 alloy
Cu, 81-79; Ni, 19-21
Sheet
Cu; Si, > 55
Cuprosilicon
Cu, 94; Al, 5.8
Cupror
Fe; Ni, 20; Cr, 7.5; Si, 1.00;
Cyclops No. 17 metal
Mn, 0.75; C, 0.45
Cu, 78; Zn, 22
Cymbal metal
Cu, 65; Pb, 30; Sn, 5
Cyprus bronze
Cu, 76; Zn, 20; Sn, 3; Pb, 1
Daimler bearing
Cu, 76; Pb, 13; Sn, 11
Damar
Cu, 77; Pb, 13; Sn, 10
Damascus bronze
Pb, 72; Sb, 18; Sn, 10
Dandelion metal
Bi, 50; Pb, 25; Sn, 25
D'Arcet
Au, 50; Cu, 50
Dark red gold
Cu, 67; Ni, 29; Fe, 2; Mn,
Davis metal
1.5; (C + Si), 0.5
Cu, 66; Zn, 34; Fe
Degussa alloy
Cu, 80; Zn, 18; Mn, 2
Delatot's metal
Fe; Cr, 17; Si, 1.5; C, 1.2
Delhi hard iron
Fe; Cr, 17; Si, 1.25; Mn, 0.3;
Delhi tough iron
C, 0.07
Cu, 56-54; Zn, 40-44; Fe,
Delta metal
0.9-1.3; Mn, 0.8-1.4; Pb,
0.4-1.8; P
Cu, 61; Pb1 33; Sn, 4-6; Ni,
Demo bronze
2-1
Sb, 45; Sn, 33; Cu, 22
Dewrance metal
Cu, 88; Al, 10; Si, 2
Diamond bronze
Cu, 95; Sn, 3; Zn, 2
Diaphragm brass
Die-casting alloys:
Al, 92-82; Cu, 8-18; Fe, 0-3;
Mg; Mn; Si; Zn
Sn, 91-84; Sb, 2-9; Cu, 4.5-8
High grade bearings
Pb, 90-80; Sb, 10-17; Sn, 10Light duty bearings
O; Cu, 0-1
]
f Sn, 80; Pb, 10; Sb, 10
f Light duty bearings
( Sn, 61.5; Pb, 25; Sb, 10.5;
Cu, 3
Zn, 74; Sn, 15; Al, 6; Cu, 5
Soft work
Zn, 85; Sn, 8; Cu, 4; Al, 3
Standard
Zn, 82.75; Al, 13.75; Cu, 3
Hard
Zn, 46; Sn, 31; Cu, 20;
Hard
Sb, 3
Strong, hard
Zn, 86.5; Cu, 10.75; Al, 2.75
Zn, 90-83; Cu, 5-11; Al, 2-5;
Sn, 1-5 (v. also Index No.
955, and white metals)
Cu, 51; Zn, 32; Pb, 9.5; Ni,
Dienett's German silver
6.4; Sn, 1.6
Diesel bearings
Sn, 80; Sb, 15; Cu, 5
Dilver
v. Platinite
Cu, 67; Zn, 33
Dipping brass
Cu; Al, 10: Ni, 2
Dirigold
Doctor metal
Cu, 88; Zn, 9.5; Sn, 2.5
Dowmetal A
Mg, 92; Al, 8
Mg, 88; Al1 12
Dowmetal B
Mg, 85; Al, 15
Dowmetal C
Page
470, 477,
492-497,
516518,
600, 602,
603, 605608
Index
No.
Dowmetal D
494
495
496
Dowmetal E
Dowmetal R
Dowmetal T
497
Drawing brass
498
499
500
Dudley's antifriction alloy

Dudley's bearing metals
Dudley's phosphor bronze
555,601
476, 497,
525, 526
501 Duke's metal

502 Duke's metal
554
054,600
480
4SO, 601
480
480
480
480
480, 601
554, 594
574,601
604
556, 601
562
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
562
562
511
512
586
513
514
556, 601
515
516
4&4, 556,
602
517
562
518
519
520
534, 601
521
476, 557
475, 557
522
523
524
525
546
526
546
527
528
529
530
531
555, 601
582
544, 604
544
544
532
533
534
535
Composition
Name
493
Mg, 88; Al, 8.3; Cu, 2.0; Cd,

1.0; Zn, 0.5; Mn, 0.2
Mg, 94; Al, 5.8; Mn, 0.2
Mg, 90; Al, 8; Cu, 1; Cd, 1
Mg, 92; Cu, 3.8; Cd, 2; Mn,
0.2
Cu, 70-67; Zn, 33-30 (v. also
Index Nos. 1409, 1486)
Sn, 98; Cu, 1.6; Pb, 0.3
v. Index Nos. 553, 556
Cu, 80; Sn, 10; Pb, 9.6; P,
0.8
Ni, 40; Cu, 30; Fe, 30
Fe, 81; Cr, 12; C, 1.5; Co, 4;
Si, 0.6; W, 0.4; Mn, 0.2
Fe, 54; Ni, 46; (Cu, plated)
Page
544
544, 604
544
544
469, 555,
601
562
467, 481
Dumet
Dunnlevic and Jones antifricPb, 60; Sb, 20; Zn, 20
tion
Dunnlevic and Jones antifricZn, 85-80; Sb, 10; Sn, 5-8
tion
476
Dunnlevic and Jones antifriction
Zn, 52; Sn, 46; Cu, 1.6; Sb,
0.4
Duraloy(Key No. 191, p. 508) Fe; Cr, 25-30; Mn, 0.6; Si, 508
0.5; P (sometimes only 20 %
Cr)
Al; Cu, 3.5-5.5; Mg, 0.5-0.8; 468, 534,
Duralumin
Mn, 0.5-0.8; Fe; Si
601, 608
Al, 79; Mg, 11; Cu, 10; P,
Duralumin (imitation)
0.05
Duralumin, special ("Y" alloy) Al, 92.5; Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 534, 601,
1.5
608
Cu, 65; Zn, 30; Pb, 2; AI, 666
Durana metal
1.5; Fe, 1.5
Cu, 59; Zn, 40; Sn, 1; Pb, 470,556
Durana metal
0.4; Fe, 0.3
Al, 67; Zn, 33
468, 636
Durand's alloy
Durex
Cu, 83; Sn, 10; Graphite,
4.4-4.7
Duriron
Fe; Si, 14-15; Mn, 2-2.5; C, 473
0.8-1.3; S, 0.05-0.2; P,
0.05-1
Duriron
Fe; Si, 14-15; Mn, 0.3-0.4; 473
C, 0.2-0.6; P, 0.2; S, 0.05
665, 601
Dutch metal (Dutch leaf,
Cu, 76; Zn, 24
Dutch gold)
Dynamo sheets
Fe; Si, 3-4; C, <0.1; Mn, 4^2,624
<0.3; (P + S), <0.03
Dysoid
Cu, 62; Pb, 18; Sn, 10; Zn,
10
"E" alloy (rolling)
Al; Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5-3; Si, 538, 601,
0.2-1; Mg, 0.5; Mn, 0.5; Fe 608
E. B. D. bearing.
Cu, 90-88; Sn, 10; P-Sn, 5;
Zn, 2
Edelmessing
High tensile brass
Edelstahl
Alloy steel
Edwards speculum
Cu, 70-63; Sn, 25-32; As,
2.4-1.6; Zn, 2.6-0
Ehrhardt's metal
Zn, 89; Cu, 4; Sn, 4; Pb, 3
Ehrhardt's type metal
Zn, 89; Sn, 6; Cu, 3; Pb, 2
Einheitsmetall
Pb, 79; Sb, 14; Sn, 5.3; Cu, 1.5 667
Eisenbronze
v. Iron bronze
Eislers (bronze)
Cu, 94; Sn, 5.9
659, 601
Elalco alloys
v. Index Nos. 326, 717, 830
Electrical brass, B. E
Cu, 84; Zn, 13; Sn, 3
Electrometall
Al; Mg; v. Electron
Electron
Generic name of some Mg
base alloys containing up
to 12 % Al, as:
Electron
Mg, 90; Al, 3-7; Zn, 2-5; 545
Mn, 0.5
Electron
Mg, 95; Zn, 4-5; Cu, 0-0.6 545, 604
Electroplate
Cu, 50-70; Ni, 10-20; Zn, 475, 480,
5-30
601,606
Electrotype (standard)
Pb, 93; Sb, 4; Sn, 3
Electrum
Cu, 52; Ni, 26; Zn, 23
475, 480
Electrum
Au, 85-55; Ag, 15-45
586
Elephant bronze
Cu, 95.5; Sn, 3.9; P, 0.3; Fe, 464, 660,
0.16
600
Index
,,
-,
Name
Composition
Page
No.
Similar to Duriron
536 Elianite
537 Elinvar (Key No. 277, p. 512) Fe; Ni, 36; Cr, 12; C, 0.8; 512
Mn; Si, 1-2; P; S
Cu, 60; Al, 20; Zn, 20
538 Emperor brass
Sn, 53; Pb, 33; Sb, 11; Cu,
539 English alloy
2.4; Zn, 1
Cu, 70; Zn, 29; Pb, 0.3; Sn, 469, 555,
540 English brass
0.2
601
Cu, 79; Sn, 10; Pb, 9.6; P, 562
541 English phosphor bronze
1.0
Cu, 70; Zn, 29; Pb, 0.3; Sn, 469, 555,
542 English nickel silver
0.2
601
Cu, 67; Sn, 33
561
543 English speculum
Cu, 66; Zn, 33; Pb, 1
469
544 Engraver's brass
v. Manganin
545 Eureka
v. also p. 391
Eutectic (fusible alloys)
Bi, 50; Pb, 27; Sn, 13; Cd, 10
546
M. P. 70-740C
0
Bi, 52; Pb, 40; Cd, 8
547,
M. P. 91.5 C
0
Bi, 53; Pb, 32; Sn, 15
548
M. P. 96 C
Bi, 54; Sn, 26; Cd, 20
549
M. P. 1030C
0
Sn, 50; Pb, 32; Cd, 18
550
M. P. 145 C
Cu, 60-58; Ni, 35
551 Everbrite
Cu, 94.5; Si, 4.5; Mn, 1
554
552 Everdur No. 50 metal
Cu, 77; Pb, 15; Sn, 8; P
562
553 Ex. B metal
Ni, 85; Cr, 14; Fe, 0.5; Mn, 467, 480
554 Excello (resistance)
0.5
Cu, 53; Ni, 45; Fe, 0.3
480, 601
555 Excelsior
Cu, 77; Pb, 12.5; Sn, 10.5; P 562
556 Ex. K metal
Pb, 67; Sn, 25; Bi, 8.3
557 Expanding alloy
Fe; C, 0.2; Si, 1.3; Mn, 0.2; 470,488
558 Extra soft steel
P; S
559 Fahlun brilliants (Faluner
Sn, 60; Pb, 40
467, 557
Diamanten)
Sn, 90; Cu, 10
561
560 Fahrig antifriction
Fe; Cr, 25; C
508
561 Fahrite, C-5
Fe; Ni, 35; Cr, 17
562 Fahrite, N-I
Zn, 80; Sn, 15; Cu, 5
563 Fenton's alloy
Fe; Ni, 18; Cr, 4; Mn, 2.2;
564 Fermet
W, 0.5-1; C, 0.4; Cu, 0.3
Fe; Ti, <15; C, 1.5; Si, 1.4;
565 Ferro-carbon-titanium
Al, 0.8; Mn; P; S
Ferrochromium
Grade %C
566 1
(
567 1 A. S. T. M. Spec. AlOl- 1
? \
Si; S*;
568
[ 25T
I
I <lorS*)Fe-bal
569 J
1
Cu, 81-75; Fe, 2-13.3; Al,
570 Ferrocupralium
12.4-11.2
Fe; Mn, 38-80; C, 5-7; S, 473
571 Ferromanganese
>0.3; Si, 0.5-1; P, > 0.1-1
572 Ferromanganese (A. S. T. M. Mn, <78; Fe, balance; C,
>7.5; Si, >1.0; P, >0.35;
Spec. A99-25T)
S, > 0.05; v. also Index Nos.
1312-1314
Ferromolybdenum : t
Fe: Mo, 50-60; C, 2.0
573 Regular
Fe; Mo, 50-60; C, 0.5
574
Special
Ferronickel:
575
No. 193 alloy (Driver Harris) Fe; Ni, 30; Cr, 2 (v. also p.
391)
Grade
% Si
A
47-53
474
5
\ Ferrosilicon (A. S. T. M. j B
72-78
474
SpeC 10
25T)
C
85-95
474
578 J
' I
579 Ferrosilicon pig (silvery pig Fe; Si, 6-16; v. also Index
No. 1238
iron)
v. Index No. 565
Ferrotitanium
Fe; W, 70-85; C, 0.5; Mn;
580 Ferrotungsten
Si; P; S
Fe; U, 30-40; Si, 2.5-4; C, 1;
581 Ferro-uranium
Ca; Mn; Cu; Al; P; S
Ferro-vanadi urn (A. S. T. M.
Spec. 102-25T)
Max. Max.
Si
C
P
S
Grade
V
3-6
0.25 0.3
582
A
30-4() 8-15
6 75
B tTrV' *- '
* As specified by purchaser,
t Climax Molybdenum Co.
^,
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
Name
Composition
Page
Max. Max.
V
Si
C
P
S
30-40 5-8
1.5-30.25
0.3
35-45 > 2 >1.5 0.15 0.2
35-45 > 2 >0.75 0.10 0.1
Grades A-C, Al, >2; D, Al,
>1
Fe; Ni; C (Ni steel)
Ferrozoid
Cu; Ni; Zn (Ni silver)
Ferry alloy
Fe, 55; Co, 23; Cr, 21; C, 0.7 464
Festel metal
Cu, 73-51; Sn, 18-31; Pb, 561,562
File metal (file bronze)
8.5-7; Zn, 0-10
Ni, 61; Fe, 20.5; Cr, 18.5
Fire armor
Fe; Cr, 14; Ni, 9.7; Mn, 0.8;
Flame resisting alloy
Si, 0.2; C, 0.2
Cu, 94; Sn, 5.6; Pb, 0.05
559, 601
Flange metal (French)
Cu, 92; Zn, 5; Sn, 2.5
Flange metal (German)
Fletcher and Emperer bearing. Al, 92; Cu, 7.5; Sn, 0.3
536, 601
Al, 96; Cu, 3; Sn, 1; Sb, 0.5;
Fletcher's alloy
P-Sn, 5
Fe, 83; Cr, 12.5; Si, 0.5; C, 508, 603
Flint alloy
0.3
Zn, 99-90; Cu, 0-8; Fe, 0-1; 465, 546
Fontainmoreau's bronze
Pb, 1-0
Forbes metal
Zn, 54; Cu, 46
465,546
Cu, 60-53; Zn, 40-43; Mn, 555, 556
Forging brass
0-4.5
602
Cu, 85-80; Zn, 15-20; Sn, 469, 555,
Fourdrinier wire
0-0.4
Fe; C, 3-4; Si, 1.5-3; Mn,
Foundry pig iron*
>1; P, 0.5-1; S, >0.040.06
Pb; Ba, < 2; Ca, < 1; Hg, 0.3 556
Frary metal
Cu, 89; Zn, 10; Pb, 1.5
469
Free cutting bronze
Cu, 62; Zn, 35; Pb, 2.6; Fe 469
Free-turning rod brass
French alloy
Cu, 58-50; Zn, 25-30; Ni, 480
17-20
French aluminium bronze (v. Cu, 82; Al, 7; Ni, 5.5; Fe, 4;
Mn, 2
also Brolunick)
Fe; Si, 0.7-1.3; Mn, 0.3-0.6; 472, 523
Freund steel
C, 0.1-0.15; Cr
Cu, 69-50; Zn, 18-39; Ni, 475,480,
Frick's alloys
5.5-31
601
Pb, 50; Sn, 40; Sb, 10
557
Friction alloy (standard)
v. p. 391
Fusible alloys
Bi, 45; Sn, 17; Pb, 30; Hg,
Fusible tea spoons
5-10
Al; Zn, 18; Cu, 3; Si, 0.8; Mn 538
"G" alloy (N.P.L)
0.4; Mg, 0.3; Fe, 0.2
Cu, 91-78; Sn, 8.5-13; Zn, 560,00.7
Gear bronze
0-3; Pb, 0-2; P, 0-2 (*. also
Index No. 1359)
Fe; Ni, 3.5; Cr, 1.5; C, 0.45- 472, 512
Gear steel (high duty)
0.5
Cu, 60; Zn, 39; Fe, 1.5
556, 60S
Gedges (Geages?) metal
Cu; Pb; Sn; graphite, < 40
Genelite
German silver:
Cu, 60-50; Zn, 20-25; Ni, 475,480
Austrian (Gersdorf)
20-25
Cu, 46; Zn, 34; Ni, 20
480
Best
Cu, 62-50; Zn, 32-20; Ni, 480,601
Birmingham
12-30
Cu, 55; Zn, 25; Ni, 20
475, 480
Common formula
Cu, 95; Zn, 5; Pb; Fe
469, 555
Gilding
Sn, 98; Cu, 2.2; Fe, 0.1
561
Gilding foil
Cu, 72-64; Zn, 23-34; Sn, 469,555,
Gilding metal
0.3-2.5; Pb, Q.3(v. also Index 601
Nos. 306, 333 and 1134)
Glass mold alloy (U. S. patent Cu, 65-55; Ni, 12-18; Zn,
11-17; Fe, 8-12; Si, 0.5-1
1 360 773)
Pb, 77; Sb, 14; Sn, 8; Fe, 1.5 476
Glievor bearing
Zn, 74; Sb, 9; Sn, 6.7; Pb, 5;
Glievor bearing
Cu, 4.4; Cd, 1.4
Similar to Chromel C
Glowray
Pb, 81; Sb, 15; Sn, 4.5; As, 0.5 557
Glyco
Zn, 85.5; Sn, 5; Pb, 4.7; Cu,
Glyco metal
2.4; Al, 2
Grade
B...
C
D
* Graded by Si content, S increases as Si decreases.
Index
XT
Name
XT
No.
629 Glyco turbo
Gold:
630
22 carat
631
22 carat dental, dark
632
20 carat
633
18 carat
634
16 carat
635
15 carat
636
14 carat
637
14 carat dental
638
10 carat
639
8 carat
Gold solder:
640
18 carat
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
Composition
Page
Pb, 70; Sb, 22; Sn, 8

Au, 92; Ag, 4.2; Cu, 4.2
Au, 92; Ag, 4.9; Cu, 3.4
Au, 84; Ag, 8.3-11; Cu, 6-8.3
Au, 75; Ag, 10-20; Cu, 5-15
Au, 67; Cu, 8-27; Ag, 6.6-26
Au, 62; Cu, 13; Ag, 11
Au, 58; Cu, 14-28; Ag, 4-28
Au, 58; Ag, 30; Cu, 12
Au, 42; Cu, 38-46; Ag, 12-20
Cu, 47; Au, 33; Ag, 20
Index
Name
AT
No.
682 Hard sheet aluminum
683 Hardware bronze
684
685
586
686
586
586
586
Au, 75-63; Ag, 13-31; Cu,

6.3-12
Au, 75; Ag, 17; Cu, 8.3
16 carat
Au, 50; Ag, 33; Cu, 17
14 carat
Au, 50; Cu, 35; Ag, 15
586
12 carat
Au, 41 ; Ag, 37; Cu, 21 ; Brass,
10 carat
0.6
Au, 40; Ag, 37; Cu, 23
586
8 carat
Au, 63; Ag, 23; Cu, 15
Best
Au, 55; Ag, 32; Cu, 14
Easy melt
Ag, 55; Cu, 29; Au, 12; Zn,
Very easy melt
5.5
A dental alloy
Goldal
Gold imitation (DRP 47 380). Cu, 97.8; Al, 2; Au, 0.2
Cu, 84-66; Zn, 16-34; Pb, 469,555
Gold leaf metal
0-0.4
Government (U. S.) bronze:
Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn, 2
565, 572
Spec. G
_
Cu, 83; Sn, 14; Zn, 3; Pb, 0.8
Spec. H
Cu, 90; Sn, 6.5; Zn, 3; Pb, 563
Substitute
0.5
v. Gurney's bronze
Graney bronze
Fe; C, 2.2-2.6; Graphite, 497,527,
Granfin (cast iron)
1.7-2.1; Si1 2.3-2.5; Mn, 600,608
0.7-1; P, 0.45-0.6; S, 0.3
Graphite bearing-metal
Graphalloy
Pb, 80; Sb, 20
475, 557
Graphite metal
Pb, 68; Sb, 17; Sn, 15
557
Graphite metal
Au, 75; Ag, 11-25; Cd, 13-0
Green gold
Fe; C, 2.5-4; Si, 1.3-2; Mn; 464,476,
Grey cast iron
P; S (fracture is gray due to 497, 526,
free graphite)
600, 608
Au, 86; Fe, 5.7-17; Ag, 0-8.6
Grey gold
Cu, 64.3; Bi, 35.7 (name also
Guillaume's metal
applied to Invar type)
v. Shibu-ichi
Guishibuichi
Cu, 95-71; Sn, 0-11; Pb, 476,559Gun metal
0-13; Zn, 0-5; Fe, 0-1.4
572, 601
Cu, 80; Zn, 17; Sn, 3
Gun mount bronze
Gurley's metal
Cu, 86.5; Zn, 5.4; Sn, 5.4;
Pb, 2.7
For B. E. S. A. Specifications r. p. 386
Gurney's bronze (Graney?)... . Cu, 76; Zn, 15; Sn, 9
Bi, 47; Sn, 20; Pb, 19; Cd, 13
Guthrie's alloy
Cu, 87; Zn, 13
469, 555
Halberland alloy
Half hard steel (Key No. 30, Fe; C, 0.49; Si, 0.44; Mn, 470,491,
0.34; P, 0.06; S, 0.04
495
p. 495)
Similar to Stellite
H. A. L. H. steel
Zn, 93; Cu, 3.5; Pb, 3.1; Sb,
Hamilton metal
1.5; P-Sn, 5 (name also
applied to Chrysorin)
Sn, 65; Zn, 32; Cu, 3.3
Hammonia metal
Al, 77; Zn, 12; Mg, 4.5 (v.
Hard aluminum
also Index No. 682)
Sn, 83; Cu, 8.4; Sb, 8.3
Hard babbitt
Pb, 98.7; Mg, 1.3 (U. S. 556
Hard bearing
patent 803 920)
Cu, 62-59; Zn, 38; Pb, 0.06- 469, 555,
Hard drawing brass
3.4
601
Hard head
Sn, 90; Sb, 8; Cu, 2
476, 556
Bardite
Ni, 45; Cr, 15; Fe, 13; Sb,
10.6; Cu, 6; Zr, 4; Mo, 3.5;
Mn, 2; Al, 0.9
Pb-Sb; Pb-As; Pb-alkali 475,476,
Hard lead
metal or Pb-alkaline earth 556, 557
metal
Cu, 93; Sn, 7; P, 0.2
560, 601
Hard phosphor bronze
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
Composition
Page
Al, 99-98; Mn, 1-2

468, 542
Cu, 88; Zn, 9.5-12; Sn, 0-1.5; 469, 555
Pb, 0-1
Hard zinc (Hartzink)
Zn, 92; Fe, 5.3; Pb, 2.4; Cu,
0.1
Harlington
(Harrington?)
Cu, 56; Zn, 43; Sn, 0.9; Fe, 470,556
0.6
bronze
Cu, 57-55; Zn, 40-41; Fe, 556
Harmonia bronze
1.3-1.8; Pb, 0.4; Al; Sn
Co, 62; W, 28; Cr, 10
Haynes metal, soft
Co, 45; W, 40; Cr, 15
Haynes metal, hard
Haynes metal
Fe, 75-70; Cr, 20-30; Co,
5-25
For list, v. p. 391
Heat resistant alloys
Heat resistant steel (U. S. pat- Fe, 70; Cr, 15; Co, 14; Mn,
0.5; Si, 0.5; C, 0.5
ent 1 357 549)
Heavy axle bearing
Zn, 47; Sn, 38; Sb, 6; Pb, 4;
Cu, 1
Heavy bearing
Sn, 85; Cu, 7.5; Sb, 7.5
555, 601
Helmet metal (helmet bronze). Cu, 72-70; Zn, 28-30
Hercules bronze
Cu, 86; Sn, 10; Al, 2.5; Zn, 2
Cu, 54; Zn, 36; Fe, 7.5; Al, 2.5
Hercules metal
Heusler's magnetic alloys
Cu, 70-61; Mn, 18-30; Al,
8-15; Pb, 4-0
Most magnetic
Cu, 61; Mn, 26; Al, 13
High carbon steel
Fe; C, 0.65-1.55; Mn; Si; 492, 493,
P; S
600-608
High manganese bronze
Ni, 98-94; Mn, 2-6
473, 482
High manganese nickel
High speed steel:
Brit, patent 139 837
Fe; Mo, 6; Co, 6; Cr, 4; C,
0.6
Fe; Mo, 6-10; Cr, 3-6; Co,
0.5-2; U, 0.2-1; Mn, 0.20.4; Si, 0.2-0.4; C, 0.5-0.8
U. S. patent 1 337 209
Fe; Mo, 6-10; Cr, 3-6; Mn,
0.2-0.4; Si, 0.2-0.4; C, 0.50.8
U. S. patent 1 337 210
Fe; Mo, 3-10; Co, 1-5; V,
0.2; Mn, 1-2; Si, 0.1-0.3;
C, 0.6-1.2
High temperature bronze
Cu, 91; Zn, 6.3; Sn, 2.7; Pb,
1.3
For list, v. p. 389
High tensile brasses
Hohenzollern brass
Hooker brass
Cu, 61; Zn, 37; Pb, 2
469, 602
Hopkinson's alloy
Fe, 75; Ni, 24.5; Si; etc.
48!
Hot rolling brass
v. Tube brass
Hoyle's metal
Sn, 46; Pb, 42; Sb, 12
557
Hoyt metal
Pb, 94-90; Sb, 6-10
557
Huron metal, cast
Al; Cu, 6.6; Ni, 1.3; Mg, 0.5; 536
Co, 0.3; (Mn + Sn + Cd),
0.5
Huron metal, rolled
Al; Cu, 3.5-4; Mg, 0.5; Mn, 534
0-0.6; Cr, 0.1-0.6
Husmann metal
Sn, 74; Sb, 11; Pb, 11; Cu,
4; Fe, 0.2; Zn, 0.2
Hydraulic bronze
Cu, 83; Sn, 11; Zn, 6; Pb, 0.1 476,565
Hydrone
Pb, 67; Sb, 33
Ia-Ia
Cu, 60; Ni, 40
464, 480
Ideal, Elalco
Cu, 58-53; Ni, 40-45; Fe, 464,480,
0.6-1; Mn, 0.5-1; Al
601, 606
Ignition pin alloy
Ce, 61; Fe, 37
Ignition pin alloy
Ce, 73-70; Zn, 17-24; Fe,
1.6-6; Al, 0-2.4; Mn
Illium
Ni, 63; Cr, 21; Cu, 6.5; Mo,
5; W, 2; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1
Immadium bronze
Manganese bronze with Al
Imperial
Cu, 80; Ni, 20
480
Imperial steel
Fe; W, 6.4; Mn, 2.1; C, 1.6; Si
Ingot iron
Fe, 99.9; C, 0.02; Mn; Si; P; 470, 487,
S; v. also Armco iron
602, 606
Injector bronze
Cu, 84; Sn, 8.5; Zn, 5; Pb, 2.5 569
Instrument bronze
Cu, 82; Sn, 13; Zn, 5
Invar
Fe, 64; Ni, 36; C, 0.15-0.2 471, 482
Iridosmine
x. Osmiridium
Iron
For lists of ferrous alloys v.
pp. 390, 391
Iron, electrolytic
Fe; C, <0.03; other impuri- 472, 478
ties, < 0.05
Index
Name
No.
730 Ironac
731 Iron bronze
Composition
732 Ironier's bronze

733 Iserlohn (cast)
734
735
736
737
738
Iserlohn (sheet)
Jacana mtal
Jacoby mtal
Jalcase steel
Jewelers metal
739 Kalchoids
_
741
> Kamarsch bearing alloys... <
742 Karma
743 Keene's alloy
744 Kienmayer's amalgam
745 Keimet
746
747
748
749
Kemlet
Kern's hydraulic bronze
K. L. steel (Bhler)
Kneiss metal
750 Kochlin's bearing

751 Koltchak (Koultchoog) aluminium
752 Kosmos
753 Kromax
754 Kromore
755 Krupp (Grosmann) bearing
756 Kruppin
757 Krupp type metal
758 Krupp VlM steel
759 Krupp V2A steel
760 K. S. magnet steel
761
Kuhne's phosphor bronze
762
Kunheim metal
763 L-5 alloy

764 L-8 alloy
765 L-IO alloy
766 L-Il alloy
767 Laderig's speculum
768 Lafond's axle bearing
769 Laf ond's heavy bearing
770
771
772
773
774
775
Laf ond's malleable bronze

Laf ond's pump bronze
Lancashire brass
Latten (Laiton)
Lautal
Law's phosphor bronze
776 Lead alloy (for small castings).

Lead bronzes
777 Leaded brass
778 Leaded bronze
779 Leaded gun metal
780 Leaded low brass
781 Leaded monel metal
782 Leaded screw wire brass
783 Lead foil
784 Lead foil (Calin)
* Includes 2 % H.
Page
Fe; Si, 13; C, 1.1; Mn; P; S 473

Cu, 82.5; Sn, 8.6; Zn, 4.4;
Fe, 4
Cu; Sn; Hg, 1
Cu, 64; Zn, 34; Sn1 2.5; Pb, 556
0.3
Cu, 70; Zn, 30
555, 601
Pb, 70; Sb, 20; Sn, 10
Sn, 85; Sb, 10; Cu, 5
476, 557
A case hardening steel
Cu, 91.5-83; Zn, 6.5-17; Sn, 469, 555
0-2
Cu; Sn; Zn, alloy system
Sn, 85; Sb, 5; Cu, 3.6; Bi,
1.6; Zn, 1.4
Sn, 71; Cu, 21; Sb, 7.2
Sn, 71; Sb, 20; Cu, 9.5
Ni, 80; Cr, 20
480,608
Cu, 75; Ni, 16; Sn, 2.8; Zn,
2.3; Co, 2; Fe, 1.5; Al, 0.5
Hg, 50; Sn, 25; Zn, 25
Cu, 70.5-68; Pb, 22.5-25.5; 562
Sn, 6.4-6.6; S, 0.03; Zn,
0.03-0.04; Ni; Fe
Zn, 67; Al, 15; Cu, 9
546
Cu, 78; Sn, 12; Zn, 10
570, 572
Fe; W, 1.2; Cr, 1.0; C, 0.47 472
Zn, 50-40; Pb, 25-42; Sn, 2515; Cu, 0-3
Cu, 90; Sn, 10
475, 559
A Russian alloy similar to
duralumin
A dental alloy
Ni, 80; Cr, 20
480, 608
Ni, 85; Cr, 15
467, 480
Al, 87; Cu, 8; Sn, 5
Fe; Ni, 28; C
471,482
Pb, 60; Sb, 18; Sn, 12; Cu,
4.7; Ni, 4.7; Bi, 1
Fe; Cr, 14; Ni, 2.3; C, 0.1
Fe; Cr, 23; Ni, 9.5; C, 0.4
Fe; Co, 30-40; W, 5-9; Cr,
1.5-3; C, 0.4-0.8
Cu, 78; Sn, 11; Pb, 10; P, 562,570
0.6; Ni, 0.3
Rare earth metals, 86*; Mg,
12; Al, 2
Al, 85; Zn, 13-15; Cu, 2.5-3; 539-542,
Fe; Si
537, 601
Al, 88; Cu, 12; Fe; Si
534, 601
Al, 89; Cu, 10; Sn, 1; Fe; Si
Al; Cu, 6-8; Sn, 0-2; Zn,>l; 467, 534,
Fe; Si
601
Cu, 69; Sn, 29
475, 559
Cu, 80; Sn, 18; Zn, 2
476, 561
Cu, 83; Sn, 15; Zn, 1.5; Pb, 475,561
0.5
Cu, 98; Sn, 1.9
559
Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn, 2
565, 572
Cu, 73; Zn, 25; Pb, 2
469
Yellow brass
Al; Cu, 4; Si, 2; Fe
Cu, 89-88; Sn, 9.5-11; P, 560,565,
0.7-1.0
570-572
Sn, 75; Sb, 20; Pb, 5
For list, v. p. 389
Cu, 88-62; Zn, 10-35; Pb, 469
1.7-2.6; Fe
Cu, 88; 2n, 10; Pb, 1.5-1.7; 469
Fe
Gun metal + 1 % Pb
566, 569
Cu, 78; Zn, 20; Pb, 1.7; Fe 469
Ni, 60; Cu, 32; Pb, 2.2; Fe, 469
2.2; Mn, 2.0; Si, 0.9; C, 0.2;
S
Cu, 69; Zn, 30; Pb, 1.7; Fe 469
Pb, 86; Fe, 6.9; Al, 5.5; Sn,
1.9
Pb, 87; Sn, 13; Cu. 1
Index
__
,,
Name
Composition
Page
No.
785 Lead shot
Pb, 99.8; As, 0.2
786 Lead tape
Pb, 95; Sb, 4.5; Sn, 0.5
557
787 Lechesne (two patents, name Cu, 90-60; Ni, 10-40; Al, 480
usually applied to first com- 0.2-0.05
position)
Zn, 85; Sb, 10; Cu, 5
> Ledebur's bearing alloys... s
/y j
I^ Zn, 77; Sn, 18; Cu, 5.5
790 Lemarquand's non-oxidizable Cu, 39; Zn, 37; Sn, 9; Co, 8;
Ni, 7
alloy
Le Mat's metal
v. Lutecin
Al, 77; Zn, 21; Cu, 1.1; Fe, 538
791 Liberty pistons
0.5; Pb; Sn
Bi, 50; Pb, 30; Sn, 20
792 Lichtenberg's alloy
Zn, 90-88; Cu, 6.5-5; Al, 546
793 Liddel's alloys
6-5
Pb, 85; Sb, 11; Sn, 3.5
557
794 Linotype, cheap
557
795 Linotype, standard (English). . Pb, 83; Sb, 12; Sn, 5
Bi, 50; Pb, 27; Sn, 13; Cd, 10
796 Lipowitz alloy
Al, 65; Sn, 31; Zn, 2.3; As,
797 Little's speculum
1.9
798 L M Steel (United Alloy Steel Fe; Ni, 2.8-3.3; Cr, 0.7-0.9; 472,605
Mo, 0.3-0.5; C, 0.2-0.4;
Corp.)
Mn; Si; P; S
Cu, 80; Zn, 20; Pb; Fe
555, 601
799 Low brass
Fe; C, > 0.25; Mn; Si; P; S 487-491
800 Low carbon steel
801 1
f Cu, 70; Pb, 16; Sn, 13; P, 1 562
y Lowroff phosphor bronze.. <
oU2 J
^ Cu, 90; Pb, 5.5; Sn, 4; P, 0.5 661
Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 2.4; Mn, 469,480,
803 Lucerne
2.2
600,608
804 Lucero
Ni, 65; Cu, 30; Mn, 5
604
805 Ludlum
Fe; Cr, 13-17; Si, 1; Mo, 1;
C, 0.4
Zn, 86-85; Cu, 10; Al, 4-5 546
806 Lumen (bronze)
Pb, 96.5; Ba, 2.8; Ca, 0.4; 556
807 Lurgimetall
Na, 0.3
808 Lutecin (Le Mat's Paris metal) Cu, 80; Ni, 16; Zn, 5; Fe, 5;
Sn, 2; Co, 1
Al, 89; Cu, 12-14; other eie- 467,534,
809 Lynite, 109
ments, >1
601
Al, 92; Cu, 9.3-11; other eie- 467, 534,
810 Lynite, 122
ments, >2
601
Al, 93; Cu, 7-8.5; other eie- 467,534,
811 Lynite, 146
ments, >1.7
601
Al, 95; Cu, 5
534, 601
812 Lynite, body alloy
Al, 90; Cu, 7.8; Zn, 1.5; Fe, 536
813 Lynite, crank case
1.3
Al, 95; Cu, 2; Mg, 1.5; Fe,
814 Lynite, piston
0.8; Si, 0.2; Mn, 0.01
Al, 89; Cu, 11; Mg, 0.5
534
815 Lynite, piston
Cu, 89; Fe, 7.2; Al, 3.8
816 Lynux bronze
v. Tombac
Lyons gold
Cu, 50; Ni, 25; Sn, 25
817 Machine bronze
818 Machinery brass
Cu, 83; Zn, 16; Sn, 1
555
v. Low-carbon steel
Machine steel
819 Mach's alloy
Al, 98; Mg, 2-10
464, 542
820 Mach's speculum
. Al, 69; Mg, 31
Cu,
57;
Zn,
43
555,
602
821 Macht's yellow metal
822 Mackenzie metal
Pb, 70-68; Sb, 17-16; Sn,
13-16
Al; Cu, 2-2.6; Mg, 1.2-2; Ni, 601, 608
823 Magnalite
0.7-2; Fe; Si; Sn; Zn
Al, 95-70; Mg, 5-30
464, 642
824 Magnalium (original)
825 Magnalium, cast
Al, 85; Mg, 15
464
Al, 95; Cu, 1.8; Mg, 1.6; Ni, 601,608
826 Magnalium, cast x
1.2
827 Magnalium, cast y
Al, 97; Cu, 1.8; Mg, 1.5; Sn
and Pb
828 Magnalium, cast z
Al, 95; Sn, 3.2; Mg, 1.6; Cu,
0.2; Pb, 0.7
Al, 95; Mg, 5
542,601
829 Magnalium, sheet
Same as Electron
Magna metal
830 Magno, Elalco
Ni, 95; Mn, 5
473,482
Pb, 84-78; Sb, 15-16; Sn, 557
831 Magnolia metal
0.6; Bi, 0-0.3
Ni; Mn, 2-6
473,482
832 Magno-nickel
833 Major metal
Al; Cu, 3; Fe, 2; Zn, 0.4; Ni,
0.4, Si; Mg; Mn
834 Maillechort*
Cu, 67-65; Zn, 13.5; Ni, 13- 480
19; Fe, 0.5-3.2: Sn; Pb
* French generic name.
Index
Name
No. I
835 Malleable casting pig
836
837
838
839
&40
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
Composition
Page
Fe; C, 3-4; Si, 0.75-1.5; Mn,

>1; P, 0.2; S, >0.05
Malleable cast iron:

American "Black Heart"... Pe; C, 2.8-3.5; graphite, Tr. ; 476, 4^7,
Si, 0.6-0.8; Mn, <0.4; P1 497,525,
<0.2; S, <0.07
686
Fe; C, 2.8-3.5; graphite, Tr.; 476, 477,
European " Reamur "
Si, 0.6-0.8; Mn, <0.2; P, 497,525,
<0.2; S, <0.4
526
Mallet alloy
Zn, 75; Cu, 25
466,646
Cu, 60; Ni, 23; Zn, 13; Fe, 480
Malloydium
0.9
Maluminum
Al, 87; Cu, 6.4; Zn, 4.8; Fe,
1.4; Si, 0.2; Mn, 0.1; Pb,
0.2
Mangaloy
Ni; Fe; Mn
Cu, 85-54; Zn, 2-40; Mn, 556
Manganese brass
1-25; Fe, 0-2.4; Ni, 0-2.5;
Al; Pb
Cu, 86-82; Sn, 6-17; Mn,
Manganese bronze
0.2-2.7; Zn, 0-5; Pb, 0-3
Cu, 58; Zn, 40; Mn, 2
556
Mn-Bronze Mn-c (cast)
Cu, 59; Zn, 31; Sn, 1; Mn, 556
Mn-Bronze Mn-r (rolled)
0.3. (The last two, like
most alloys called Mn
bronzes are really Mn
brasses.)
Manganese copper
Cu, 90-56; Mn, 8.7-41; Fe,
0-2.7; Zn, 0-2; Sn; Si; Pb
Manganese copper
Mn, 52; Cu, 29; Fe, 9.7; Al,
6.3
Manganese nickel
Ni, 98.5-95; Mn, 1.5-5; Fe 473, 482
No. 473 alloy
Ni, 96; Mn, 4 (Driver 473,482
Harris)
No. 484 alloy
Ni, 98.5; Mn, 1.5 (Hoskins) 473, 482
Manganese nickel
Cu, 82-52; Mn, 14-31; Ni,
3-16
Manganese nickel brass
Cu, 65-51; Zn, 5-40; Ni,
2-18; Mn, 1.5-20; Al; Fe;
Sn; Pb
Manganese nickel silver
Cu, 73-60; Mn, 2.4-20; Ni,
10-17; Sn, 0-10; Zn, 0-8.8
Manganese steel:
Brit, patent 131 980 (pear- Fe; Mn, 1.4-3.5; Si, 0.2-0.3; 471,520C, 0.2-0.6; P; S
523
litic)
Fe; Mn, 11-14; C, 1-1.3; Si, 471,520Hadfield's (austenitic)
0.3-0.8; P, 0.05-0.08; S, 523
very low
Manganin
Cu, 53; Zn, 39; Sn, 2.7; Ni,
2.5; Mn, 1.7; Al, 0.2
Manganin
Cu, 70; Mn, 25; Ni, 5
Manganin
Cu, 86-82; Mn, 4-15; Ni,
2-12; Fe
Mangan-Neusilber
Cu, 73-59; Ni, 10-18; Mn,
2.4-20; Zn, 5-20
Manhardts alloy
Al, 83; Sn, 10; Cu, 6.2; P;
Mg, 0.1
Mannheim gold
Cu, 89-80; Zn, 7-12; Sn, 556,561,
0-9.3; P-Sn, 0-5
563, 565
Marine babbitt
Pb, 72; Sn, 21; Sb, 7
Markus alloy
Cu; Ni; Zn
Marsh's patent
Ni, 75; Cr, 25
Marties' non-oxidizable alloy.. Ni, 35; Zn, 18; Cu, 17; Fe,
10; Sn, 10
Martin steel (hard) (Key No. Fe; C, 0.73; Si, 0.4; Mn; P; 492, 523,
48, p. 492)
S
'
602
Mathesius metal (U. S. P.
Pb; Ca, 3; other alkaline 556
1 549 137)
earth metals, 1-2
Matrix brass
Cu, 62; Zn, 37; Pb, 1.5
469, 602
Matrix metal
v. Index Nos. 794, 795, 910,
1351-1353, 1426-1429
Mayan cast iron
Mayari pig recast by itself
or added to gray cast iron
Mayari pig
Fe; Cr, 2.5-3; Ni, 1.3-1.5; O
Mayari steel
Fe; Ni, 1-1.5; Cr, 0.2-0.7; 510,605P, low
607
McAdamite
Al; Zn, 12-18; Cu, 3.1; Mg, 537,601
0.2
Index I
No. I
874
875
I
o77
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
XT
Name
Composition
Page
Al, 82; Cu, 12; Cd, 5; Ag, 1

Al, 80; Sn, 8; Cd, 8; Ag, 4
Al, 70; Zn, 22; Sb, 5; Cu, 3
McAdams, W. A., alloys..
Al, 70; Zn, 26; Cu, 3; Ag, 1
Al, 69; Zn, 23; Cu, 7.7; Ni, 0.6
Al, 60; Zn, 20; Ag, 17; Cu, 5
McFarland and Harder alloys Ni, 59-29; Cu, 11-55; Cr,
10-43
McKechnie's bronze
Cu, 57; Sn, 41; Zn, 1; Fe, 1;
Pb, 0.5
McKinney alloys:
Cast
Al, 96; Cu, 2; Mn, 1.5
534
Hard forging
Al, 95; Cu, 3; Mn, 2
634
Soft forging
Al, 97; Cu, 2; Mn, 1
034
Al, 85; Cu, 8.2; Sn, 5-6; Fe,
McLure alloy
0.9; Si, 0.3; Mn, 0.2; Mg;
Ni; Zn
Meco
Cu, 50; Ni, 25; Zn, 20; ?, 5
Cu, 97-92; Sn, 1-8; Zn, 0-2 559, 601
Medal bronze
Cu, 84; Zn, 16
555
Medal metal
Medium steel
Fe; C, 0.30-0.60
489-491
Metalline
Co, 35; Cu, 30; Al, 25; Fe, 10
Al, 98-94; P, 1-4; Zn, 1-2
Meteorite
Meteor steel
A nickel steel
Mild steel
v. Low carbon steel
Minargent
Cu, 57-46; Ni, 40-32; Pb1
0-22; W, 2.8-0; Al
Minofor
Sn, 69-66; Sb, 18-20; Zn,
9-10; Cu, 3-4
Mira metal
Cu, 75; Pb, 16; Sb, 6.8; Sn,
0.9; Zn, 0.6; Fe, 0.4; Co;
Ni, 0.2
Misch metal
Ce, 60-50; La, 25; (Dy, Sa,
etc.), 15; Fe, 1-2
Misco metal
Fe, 57.5; Ni, 25; Cr, 15; Si, 604
1.5; Mn, 0.5; C, 0.5
Mitis iron*
Fe; C; Al, 0.06-0.27
529
M-M-M (modified
monel Ni, 65-60; Cu, 24-27; Sn,
metal)
9-11; (Fe + Mn + Si), 1-3
Fe; Cr, 0.7-1; Mo, 0.25-1; 472,605
Mo-I Steelf
C, 0.15-0.23; Mn, 0.4-0.7;
Si, 0.1-0.2
Fe; Cr, 0.8-1.1; Mo, 0.25-1; 472,605
Mo-2 Steelt
..C, 0.23-0.3; Mn, 0.5-0.8;
Si, 0.1-0.2
Fe; Cr, 0.8-1.1; Mo, 0.25-1; 472, 605
Mo-3 Steelt
C, 0.3-0.4; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Si,
0.1-0.2
Mock gold
Cu, 80-67; Pt, 20-29; Zn,
0-4
Mock gold
Ni, 6; Pt, 1; Ag, 1; Brass, 1
Mock silver
Al, 84; Sn, 10; Cu, 5.5; P, 0.1
Modified Monel metal
D, M-M-M
Modified "Y" alloy
v. Index No. 1491
Molybdenum steel
Fe; Mo, 0.3-3; C, 0.1-0.45; 472,605
Mn, 0.6-1.3; Si, 0.3-0.5
Mond 70
Ni, 70: Cu, 26; Mn, 4
480, 604
Monel metal (cast)
Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 1.9; Si, 408, 469
1.1; Mn, 0.3; C, 0.18; S
Mpnel metal (rods)
Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 2.0; Si, 408,469,
0.2; Mn, 1.8; C, 0.26; S
604, 606
Monotype, standard
Pb, 74; Sb, 18; Sn, 8
Montanium
; . . Al; Cu, 2.5-3.5; Mg, 0.5
53-4, 601
Morin's Chinese bronze
Cu, 83; Pb, 10; Sn, 5; Zn, 2 561
Mosaic gold (Ormulu)
Cu, 63; Zn, 35
555, 601
Mousset's silver
Cu1 60; Ag, 28; Zn, 10; Ni,
3.5
MS Steel (Climax Molybde- Fe; Cr, 0.8-1.1; Mo, 0.3-0.4; 472, 605
num Co.).
Mn, 0.6-0.9; C, 0.4-0.6
Mudge's speculum
Cu, 69; Sn, 31
550, 661
Mumetal
Ni, 74; Fe, 20; Cu, 5.3; Mn,
0.7
Muntz metal
Cu, 60; Zn, 40
555, 600
Muntz patents
Cu, 63-56; Zn, 37-42; Pb, 555,602
0-4
Murman's alloy
Al, 72; Zn, 15; Mg. 14
* Wrought iron, melted, deoxidized with Al and cast with or without adding C.
t Climax Molybdenum Co. Made in three Mo-range classes: A: Mo, 0.250.4; B: Mo, 0.5-0.75; C: Mo, 0.75-1.
Index
Name
No.
921 Murman's alloy
922 Mushet steel
923
924
925
M. W. metal
Mystic metal
Naval aluminum
926
Naval brass
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
Naval brass, N-C

Naval bronze, No. 4
Naval journal bearing:
Spec. H
Spec. HX
Naval phosphor bronze:
P-C (cast)
Composition
Page
Al, 92; Zn, 4.4; Mg, 3.6

Fe; W, 6-8.2; Mn, 0.2-2.6;
Si, 0.1-1.6; C, 2.0-2.3
Similar to Electron
Pb, 89; Sn, 11; Bi, 0.1
Al; Cu, 1.5; Mn, 0.9; Ni, 0.4;
Fe; Si
Cu, 66-59; Zn, 32-40; Sn, 470, 556,
1.2-0.5; Fe; Pb (v. also 602
Tobin bronze)
Cu, 61; Zn, 38; Sn, 1
056, 602
PJo, 44; Sn, 36; Sb, 16; Cu, 4
Cu, 83; Sn, 14; Zn, 3.5
Cu, 83; Sn, 14; Pb, 3.5
Cu, 88; Sn, 8; Zn, 2.5; P,

0.5
P-r (rolled)
Cu, 95; Sn, 4.5; P, 0.5
Cu, 87; Sn, 7; Zn, 6
Naval valve bronze, M
Navy aluminum b r o n z e . . . . . . . Cu, 87-85; Al, 7-9; Fe, 2.54.5
Sn, 91-80; Sb, 4.5-15; Cu,
Navy bearing
3.7-5
Cu, 85; Sn, 8; Zn, 5.3; Pb,
Needle metal
1.7
Cu, 58; Zn, 27; Ni, 12; Sn, 2;
Neogen
Al, 0.5; Bi, 0.5
Cu, 70; Zn, 28; Pb, 2
Nergandin
Nickel silver
Neusilber
Nevada silver
Nickel silver
Fe; Cr, 9.5; Si, 3.8; C, 0.4
Nvastain
Fe; W, 14; Cr, 3.7; V, 0.1;
New capital steel
C, 0.6; Mn; Si; P; S
Cu, 64; Ni, 35; Sn, 1
Newloy
Bi, 50; Sn, 19; Pb, 31
Newton's alloy (fusible)
N. G. F. alloy (U. S. Naval gun Al; Cu, 1-1.5; Mn, 0.75-2;
factory).
Fe, >0.5; Si, >0.1
Ni, 75; Cr, 16; Fe, 8; Mn, 3
Nichroloy I
Fe, 50; Ni, 40; Cr, 7; Mn, 3
Nichroloy II
(Index Nos. 946 and 947 for
wire or ribbon)
Fe, 50; Ni, 23; Cr, 20; Mn,
Nichroloy (cast)
1; C, 1; V, 1; Si; Al
Ni, 80-54; Cr, 10-22; Fe, 4.8Nichrome
27; Cu, 0-11; Mn, 0-2; C;
Si; Ti; Mo
Ni, 60; Fe, 25; Cr, 11; Mn, 4
Nichrome I
Nichrome II (wire or ribbon). . Ni, 75; Fe, 12; Cr, 11; Mn, 2
Ni, 67-65; Cr, 20-22; Fe,
Nichrome II (cast)
12-14; Mn, 1.5-2
Ni, 85; Cr, 15
Nichrome III
Ni, 80; Cr, 20
Nichrome IV
A die-casting alloy
Ni-chro-zink
%
Hundredths of %
Nickel (commercial):
Ni + Co Cu C Fe Si S
Electrolytic
99.80
4 Tr. 15 O Tr.
Ingot or pig
99.20
30 3 45 3 3.5
\ IT
Mn
Malleable (INCO)
99.00
15 15 55 10 2.5
Malleable B ( I N C O ) . . . . 98.75 175 15 50 20 2.5
Malleable C ( I N C O ) . . . . 96.75 175 15 75 20 3
Cu
Reduced Ni (INCO).. .. 97.80
26
Shot:
X (alloying)
99.15
18 12 38 10 2.5
A (for anodes)
98.75
18 45 38 22 2.5
F
91.75
20 30185575 2.5
D nickel
v. Magno-nickel
Nickel-aluminum
v. Aluminum-nickel
Nickel-aluminum bronze
Cu, 88; Ni, 10; Al, 2
Nickel-aluminum bronze
Ni, 40; Al, 30; Sn, 20; Cu, 10
Nickel bearing
Cu, 50; Ni, 25; Sn, 25
Nickel brass
Cu, 50-54; Zn, 35-44; Ni,
1.5-15; Al; Fe
Nickel boron steel
Fe; Ni, 2.8-3.6; B, 0.1-0.5;
C, 0.15-0.7; Mn; Si; Al
Nickel bronze
Cu, 62-47; Ni, 12-31; Zn,
11-21; Pb, 0-18; Sn, 1-8;
Bi, 0-0.1
Index
AT
No.
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
561
977
563
978
560, 601
565
578, 601,
606
557
979
980
565
981
469
982
983
984
985
472
986
987
534
988
989
990
991
992
993
467
994
995
480
996
467,480
480, 608
997
998
999
1000
.*'
4oU,
'
II"'
^
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
530
1011
VT
Name
Composition
Page
Cu, 47; Sn1 10; Ni, 3; P-Sn,

1.0
Fe; Ni, 2.2-3; Ce, 0.1-0.9; 531,605
Nickel cerium steel
C, 0.4-0.75; Mn; Si
Ni; Cr, 19.5; Fe, 0.5; Mn, 2; 480
( superior
C, 0.2
Ni; Cr, 16.5; Fe, 3.0; Mn1 2; 480
Nickel-chrome ] peerless
C, 0.1
Ni; Fe, 25; Cr, 11; Mn, 3
480
[premier
v. Chrome-nickel steel
Nickel-chromium steel
Fe; C, 3-4; Ni, 0.4-5; Cr, ONickel-chromium cast iron
0.5; Si; Mn; P; S
Cu, 75; Ni, 25
480
Nickel coinage* (U. S. A.)
Fe; Ni, 1-25; Cu, 0.4-10; C, 513
Nickel-copper steel
0.15-0.8; Mn; Si; P; S
Cu, 55; Zn, 21; Ni, 13; Pb,
Nickelene
10; Sn, 2
Cu, 75-55; Ni, 18-32; Zn, O- 475, 480,
Nickeline
20; Fe; Pb
601, 606
Nickel-manganese bronze...... Cu1 53; Zn, 39; Sn, 2.6; Ni, 556
2.5; Mn, 1.7; Al; Pb (v. also
Index No. 842)
Fe; Ni, 1.5-3; Mo, 0.1-0.7; 604, 605
Nickel-molybdenum steel
C, 0.4; Mn; Si; P; S
Cu, 63-66; Zn, 31-33; Ni,
Nickel oreide
2-6
Cu, 87; Ni, 6.7; Zn, 6.7
Nickel oreide
Al,
94; Cu, 4.2; Ni, 1.4
534
Nickeloy
Fe; Ni, 2.8-3.3; Si, 0.5-2.2; 472,605
Nickel-silicon steel
C, 0.35-0.5; Mn; P; S; Al
Nickel silver:
Cu, 65-56; Zn, 25-34; Ni, 480,601
10 %
10
Cu, 60-56; Zn1 26-28; Ni, 480
14 %
14
Cu, 64-57; Zn, 21-28; Ni, 475,480
15%
15
Cu, 65-55; Zn, 17-27; Ni, 18 475, 480
18%
Cu, 64-53; Zn, 16-27; Ni, 20 475, 480
20 %
Cu, 55; Ni, 25; Zn, 20
475, 480
25%
Cu, 65-47; Zn, 5-23; Ni, 30 475,480
30 %
Cu, 70-56; Ni, 13-20; Zn, 475, 480,
Casting
5.6-24; Sn, 0-4; Pb, 0-3.5
601
Cupping, drawing, milling, Cu, 59-54; Zn, 22-31; Ni, 480
12-20; Pb, 0-1
spinning
Cu, 49; Zn, 39; Ni, 12
480
Rolling
Cu, 65-59; Zn, 22-29; Ni, 12; 480
Turning
Pb, 0-5
Nickel steel:
Ni, 29; C, O to Ni, O; C, 1.65
471,
Austenitic, above
Ni, 29; C, O to Ni, O; C, 1.65
481,
Martensitic, between
< Ni, 13; C, O to Ni, O; C, 1.65
482,
Ni, 13; C, O to Ni1 O; C, 1.65
600Pearlitic, between
<
Ni, O; C, O to Ni, O; C, 1.65
608
C, > 1.65
Cementitic
Fe; Ni, 2.8; Mn, 0.9; Cr, 0.4;
Mo, 0.3; Si, 0.3; Ti, 0.1; C,
0.2
Fe; Ni, 23-30
471,482
Carpenter high Ni
W, 75-50; Ni, 25-50
Nickel-tungsten
Fe; Ni, 0.3-0.4; U, 0.2-0.4; 478
Nickel-uranium steel
C, 0.2-0.8
Fe; Ni, 3-3.3; V, 0.1-0.45; 513,605
Nickel-vanadium steel
C, O, 36; Si, 2.4; Mn; P; S
Ni, 86; Si, 6; Zr, 1.5; C, 0.1
Nickel-zirconium
Fe; Ni, 3; Zr, 0.24; C, 0.4; Si, 532, 605
Nickel-zirconium steel
2.4; Mn; P; S
Ni, 88; Al, 12; Cr, 8
Ni-Cr-Al
Ni, 85-80; Cr, 20-25; Cu,
Ni-Cr-Cu
15-20
Fe; Ni, 2.2; Mn, 0.6; Cu, 0.5; 513
Nicu steel
C, 0.3
Fe; Ni, 3-5; Mo, 0.3-0.7; C, 605
NM steelf
0.2-0.4; Mn, 0.3-0.5; Si,
0.1-0.2
Pb, 98; Na, 1.4; Sb, 0.11; Sn, 556
Noheet.
0.1
Nickel bronze
* Certain European coins are made of commercially pure Ni.'

t Carbon Steel Co. and Climax Molybdenum Co.
Index i
No. I
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
XT
Name
Nongran
Non-oxidizable (U. S. patent
1 333 151)
Non-pareil
Novo steel
N. P. L. alloy ( 44 Y" alloy) ....
Non-shrinking (patent)
Numbered alloys
1018
1019
Nrnberger gold
Oil hardening steel
1020
Oker (cast)
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
Oker (sheet)
Oker I (sheet)
Onion's alloy
Optical bronze
Optical wire
Oranium bronze H
Oranium bronze M
Oranium bronze MH
Oranium bronze S
Oreide (French gold)
1031
1032
1033
1034
Oreide, Brunswick
Ormulu* (Or moulu)
Ormulu, large
Ormulu, small
Osmiridium (natural):
Nevy anskite
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
I
I
Composition
Cu, 87; Sn, 11; Zn, 2-3; P

~565
Fe, 62; Cr, 25; Mn, 10; C,
1.1; Si, 0.95
Pb, 78; Sb, 17; Sn, 5
557
Fe; W, 19; Cr, 2.9; C, 0.6
472
Al, 93; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5
534, 601
Pb, 87; Sb, 6; Sn, 6; Cd, 1.3.
For the following alloys
known by a number (No.
12, No. 193, No. 300, No.
473, No. 484), v. Index Nos.
66, 450, 575, 849, 850, respt.
Cu; Al, 2-7.5; Au, 0.2-2.5
Fe; Mn, 1.3-1.8; C, 0.8-1; 471, 521,
Si, 0.3-0.4
622
Cu, 72; Zn, 24; Fe, 2.3; Pb,
1.1
Cu, 55; Zn, 45; Sn, 0.5
470, 506
Cu, 69; Zn, 30; Pb, 0.97
469
Bi, 50; Pb, 30; Sn, 20
Cu, 89; Zn, 6.5; Sn, 4.5
476
Cu, 54; Zn, 28; Ni, 18
480
Cu, 90; Al, 10
575,601
Cu, 95; Al, 5
574, 600
Cu, 92; Al, 8
574,600
Cu, 97; Al, 3
574, 600
Cu, 90-81; Zn, 10-15; Sn, 555
0-4.9; Pb
Cu, 68; Zn, 32; Sn, 0.5
556
Cu, 58; Zn, 23; Sn, 17
Cu, 91; Sn, 6.5; Zn, 3
476, 663
Cu, 94; Sn, 5.9
559,601
Ir, 58-44; Os, 27-49; Pt, O10; Ru, 0-6; Rh, 1.5-3; Pd;
Fe; Cu
Siserskite
Os, 57; (Rh + Ir), 34; Ru,
8; Pt; Pd; Au; Fe; Cu
Otto's speculum
Cu, 69; Sn, 32
Ounce metal
Cu, 85; Pb, 5; Sn, 5; Zn, 5
"P" alloy
Al; Fe, 0.11; Si, 0.11
Packf ong
v. Paktong
Pb, 82; Sn, 4.8 (v. also Index
Packing
No. 56)
Packing, piston
Pb, 73-76; Sn, 12-14; Sb,
10-15
Packing, valve
Sn, 71; Sb, 24; Cu, 5
Packing, valve rod
Sn, 82; Sb, 10; Cu, 8
Packing (.Russian)
Zn, 99; Sn, 0.9; Pb, 0.3; Fe,
0.2
Paktong (Pai t'ung or white Ni, 41-32; Cu, 26-40; Zn,
copper)
16-37; Fe, 0-2.6
Palau
Au, 80; Pd, 20
Ni, 60; Pt, 20; Pd, 10; V, 10
Palau
Palau
Au; Ir
Pale yellow gold
Au, 92; Ag, 0-8.3; Fe, 8.3-0
Palladium alloy
Pd, 90; Rh, 10
Palladium alloy
Pd, 67; Ag, 33
Palladium gold
Au, 90; Pd, 10
Palladium gold
Cu, 40; Au, 31; Ag, 19; Pd,
10
Parisian alloy
Cu, 69; Ni, 19.5; Zn, 6.5; Cd,
5
Paris metal
v. Lutecin
Parker's chrome alloy
Cu, 60; Zn, 20; Ni, 10; Cr, 10
Parr
Ni, 80; Cr, 15; Cu, 5
Parr
Ni, 67; Cr, 18; Cu, 8.5; W,
3.3; Al, 2; Mn, 1; Ti, 0.2;
B, 0.2
Parson's manganese bronze
Cu, 60; Zn, 35; Mn, 2-3; Fe,
1.2; Sn, 0.9; Pb, 0.4; Al, 0.2
j
r Sn, 81-76; Sb, 6-11; Cu,
> Parson's white brass
j
4.5-5; Pb, 3.5-13
J
( Sn, 65-60; Zn, 30-35; Cu, 5
Al, 96; Sb, 2.4; W, 0.8; Cu,
Partinium
0.6; Sn, 0.2
Partinium
Al, 89; Cu, 7.4; Zn, 1.7; Fe,
1.3; Si, 1.1
* Also gilded bronze, brass or copper.
Page
Index
x,
,,
Name
No.
1064 Pattern alloy
1065 Pattern alloy
Pearlitic cast iron
1066
Pen metal
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
559,561
561
583, 599
467, 557
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
462, 545,
546
480
1091
1092
1093
1094
585
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
656
11Uo
1106
1107
1108
1109
Composition
Page
Al, 90; Cu, 8; Sn, 2

~536
Pb, 87; Sb, 13
475, 567
v. Index Nos. 1071, 1072
Au, 67; Cu, 25; Ag, 8; a. also 586
Index Nos. 410, 411, 1317
Cu, 85; Zn, 13; Sn, 2
565
Pen metal
Similar to Stellite
Percit
Cu, 95; Zn, 5
469, 555
Percussion cap brass
Cu, 90-86; Al, 7.5-13; Pb,
Percy Al bronze
0-2; Mn, 0-1.5
Perlit cast iron (Perlitguss). . . Fe; ( C + Si), 3.4-4.6; Mn;
P; S*
Fe; C, 1.7-3; Si, < 1; Ni;
Perlit nickel cast iron
Mn; P; St
Ni, 78; Fe, 21; Co, 0.4; Mn,
Permalloy
0.2; Cu, 0.1; C, 0.04; S,
0.04; Si, 0.03
A cobalt steel
Permanite
Sn, 89-74; Pb, 0-20; Sb, O- 557
Pewter
7.6; Cu, 0-3.5; Zn
Pewter (v. also Berthier's alloy) Sn, 85; Cu, 6.8; Bi, 6; Sb, 1.7
Cu, 65-64; Zn, 32-34; Pb, 556,600
Pewter, cast gilt
0.3-2.9; Sn, 0.2-2.5
Cu, 61-60; Zn, 31-37; Sn, 556,602
Pewter, for clock work
1.4; Pb, 0.7-0.9
Fe, 75; Ni, 25
471,481
Phnix
Cu, 98.55; Sn, 1.40; Si, 0.05 559
Phono-electric wire
Phosphor bronze:
Cu, 96; Sn, 4.5; P, 0.1
464,
Rolling
Cu, 95; Sn, 4-5; P, 0.5-1.0
1 560,
Sheet
Cu, 99; Sn, 1.2; P, 0.05 (v. | 565,
Wire
also p. 389)
J 601
Phosphor copper A. S. T. M. P + Cu, <99.75; P, <14
(grade A) or <10 (grade B) ;
Spec. B52-24T
Fe, >0.15
Phosphor tin A. S. T. M. Spec. Sn, 90-95; P, 5-10; P + Sn,
<99.50; P, <3.5
B51-24T
Zn, 83; Cu, 8.3; Sn, 7.6; Sb,
Pierrot metal, Beugnot
3.5; Pb, 3
Cu, 83-94; Zn, 6.4-17
469, 555
Pinchbeck
Cu, 61; Zn, 39
555,601
Pin wire brass
Fe; Ni, 35; Cu, 25; Mo, <5;
Pioneer metal
C, 0.2-0.5
Pirsch's German silver (v. also Cu, 80-71; Ni, 16-17; Zn,
1-7.5; Sb, 1-2.8; Co, 1-2;
Index No. 198)
Fe, 1-1.5; Al, 0-0.5
Cu, 89; Zn, 9; Sn, 2
555
Piston rings, Seraing
Cu, 84; Zn, 8.3; Pb, 4.3; Sn,
Piston rings, Stephenson
2.9; Fe, 0.4
Ni, 60; Fe, 20; Cr, 15; Mn, 5
Placet
. Ajax plastic bronze (name
Plastic bronze
also generally applied to
Cu; Pb; Sn alloys)
Sn, 81; Cu, 9.5; Sb, 8.6; Fe,
Plastic metal
1.4
Pt; Al; Ag
Platalargan
Zn,
57; Cu, 43
465, 546
Platine
Ag, 83-65; Pt, 17-35
474, 588
Platine-au-titre
Pt, 55; Ir, 28; Rh, 7; Cu, 3;
Platiniridium (natural)
Fe, 4; Pd; As
Fe, 54-58; Ni, 46-42; C, 0.15 465, 482
Platinite
Cu, 60; Zn, 24; Ni, 14; W, 1-2
Platinoid
Cu, 54; Ni, 25; Zn, 20; Fe, 475,480
Platinoid
0.5; Mn, 0.2
Cu, 45; Pt, 18; Brass, 18; Ag,
Platinor
9; Ni, 9
Ag, 2-5 parts; Pt, 1 part;
Platinum alloy
Cu, > 1 part
Au, 70; Pt, 30
585
r Platinum gold, almost white-\
J
^ Pt, 58; Ag, 25; Au, 17
Platinum gold, white
Au, 60; Pt, 40
585
Platinum-iridium
Pt, 100-80; Ir, 0-20
467, 588
Platinum lead
v. Birmingham platinum
Platinum-rhodium for thermo467, 588
Pt, 100-80; Rh, 0-20
couples
* Pearlitic structure produced by using preheated molds according to U. S. P.

1 544 562.
t Sufficient Ni to precipitate graphite according to U. S. P. 1 564 284.
Index
XT
Name
xr
No.
1110 Platinum silver
1111 Platinum solder
1112 Platinum substitute (v. also
Index Nos. 1046-1048, 1177)
Platinum substitutes:
1113
Cooper's
1114
Cooper's
1115
Electrical
1116
Electrical
1117 Platnam
1118
1119
Platnik
Plow steel
1120
1121
Plumber's white, No. 1

1122
1123
Plumbic bronze
1124
Ponsard's high Mn brass
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
Popes Island metal*

Poro-bronze
Poterie d'tain
Potingris
Potinjaune (French yellow
brass)
/.Pot metal
Potosi silver
Presto steel (Carpenter)
Preuss' alloy
/
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
Composition
Page
Ag, 66.7; Pt, 33.3

474, 588
Ag, 73; Pt, 27
Bi, 72; Al, 24; Bi, 3.7; Au,
0.7
Ag, 70; Pd, 25; Co, 5
Ag, 70; Pt, 25; Ni, 5
Au, 70; Ag, 25; Ni or Pt, 5
Au, 68; Ag, 25; Pt, 7.5
Ni, 54; Cu, 33; Sn, 13; Fe,
0.5; Al, 0.3
Pt; Ni
Fe; C, 0.6-0.9; S, 0.03; P,
0.02-0.03; Mn, 0.4-0.5; Si,
0.15-0.17
Cu, 54; Zn, 27; Ni, 17; Pb, 2
Cu, 54; Zn, 25; Ni, 13; Pb,
7; Sn, 1
Cu, 58; Zn, 25; Ni, 15; Fe,
1; Pb, 1; Mn, 0.3
Cu, 69; Pb, 26; Mn, 1.7; Sn,
1.5; Fe, 1.2
Cu, 75-50; Mn, 20-25; Zn,
2-15; Fe, 0-16
Cu, 70; Zn, 15; Ni, 14; ?, 1
Sn, 80; Sb, 13; Cu, 7
Sn, 90; Sb, 9; Cu, 1
Potinjaune plus Pb and Sn
470,491,
492,516,
600,602
'
480
476
476
Cu, 72; Zn, 25; Pb, 2; Sn, 1.2

Cu, 80-67; Pb, 20-33
567
Nickel silver
Fe; Cr, 1.4; C, 1.1
Fe; Co, 34; Si, 0.2-1.5; C,
0.04-0.06
Cu, 97; Zn, 3; Pb; Fe
469, 555
Primer gilding
Cu, 83-61; Zn, 17-39
555, 601
Prince's metal
Sn, 85; Sb, 15
557
Prince's metal
Projectile steel (v. also Index Fe; Cr, 2.4; C, 0.8; Mn, 0.4; 507
Si, 0.2; P; S
No. 1142)
Cu, 67.5-67; Zn, 30; Al, 2.5-3 556
Promethium
Propeller bushing
Zn, 69; Sn, 19; Sb, 7; Cu, 5
Bronze + Hg
Propeller bushing
Proplatinum
Ni, 72; Ag, 24; Bi, 3.7; Au,
0.7
Protective deck plate
Fe; Ni, 3.5; Cr, 1.5; C, 0.2-0.3 472, 512
Protective (torpedo defense)
471,482
Fe; Ni, 27.8; C, 0.4
netting
A heat resisting alloy
Pyros
Q-alloy (cast, grade K-I)
Ni, 68; Cr, 20; Si, 2; Al, 1;
(Fe, etc.), 10
Sn, 73-51; Pb, 8.8-17; Sb,
Queen's metal
9-17; Zn, 8.9-13
Sn, 89; Sb, 7; Cr, 3.5; Bi, 1
Queen's metal
Queen's metal
Sn, 89-87; Sb, 7-8.5; Cu, 3.5;
Zn, 1
Rail steel (carbon) A. S. T. M.
Spec. A1-24:
Bessemer
C(0.37-0.55)f; Mn, 0.8-1.1; 470,491,
P, > 0.1; Si, > 0.2
516,600
Open hearth
C(0.5-0.75)t; Mn, 0.6-0.9; 470,491,
P, > 0.04; Si, > 0.2
492, 600
v. Index No. 855
Rail steel (manganese)
Rakel's metal
Cu, 88; Ni, 11; Mn, 1; Zn, 1
A dental alloy
Randolf metal
Raymur
Cu; Ni
Rayo.
Ni, 85; Cr, 15
467, 480
Ni; Cr
Reactal
Reamur
v. Malleable cast iron
Red brass (v. Tombac)
Cu, 89-83; Zn, 5-12; Pb, 310; Sn, 2-5
Red bronze (Rotguss)
Cu, 93-82; Sn, 4-10; (Zn + 569
Pb), 3-10
Red gold
Au, 75; Cu, 25
586
Red metal (v.also Index No. 56) Cu, 70; Zn, 20; Pb, 6; Sn, 4
Similar to Chromel B
Red ray
Regel-metall
Sn, 83.3; Sb, 11.1; Cu, 5.6 557
* Generic name for a series of French alloys,

t Content increases with weight per unit length.
Index i
__
XT
Name
No. I
1162 Regulus of Venus
1163 Reichs bronze
1164
Reith's alloy
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
Reostene
Resistance
Resistance
Resistance
Resistance, high, non-magnetic
Resistance, Lunge
1171
1172
Resistin (resistance)
Rezistal
1173
Rezistal (U. S. patents 1 420 707

and 1 420 708)
1174
Rheotan
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
Rheotan
Rheotan II..
Rhotanium
Richards alloy
Richards bronze
1180
Richardson's speculum
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
Rich gold metal

Rich low brass
Roberts-Austen (purple gold). .
Rod brass
Romanium
1186
Roma bronze
1187
1188
1189
1193
1194
Ronia metal
Rosein
Rosenhain and Archbutt alloy
(forging)
Rose's alloy
Rose's alloy
Ross' alloy
Rotguss
Rotoxit
Rubel bronze (Rubel metal)...
1195
1196
Rubel bronze
Rubel bronze
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
Ruolz alloys. (Ruolz silver)....

Rupert's metal
Rustless sheets
Rustless steel (Carpenter)
.
Salge metal (antifriction)
Sallit's speculum
Samlegierung
1202
Sceptre brass
1203
1204
Schomberg alloy
Schomberg bearing
1205
1206
Schulz alloy
Scleron (Aeron)
1207
Screw brass
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
Screw bronze
Screw-nut bronze
Screw wire brass
Sea water alloy
Sea water alloy
1213
Sea water bronze
1214
Secretan
1190
1191
1192
Composition
Page
Cu, 50; Sb, 50

464
Cu, 85; Fe, 7.5; Al, 0.6; Mn,
0.5
Cu, 74.5; Sn, 11.6; Pb, 9; Sb,
4.9
Ni; Fe
Cu, 57; Zn, 26; Ni, 18
480
Cu, 85; Mn, 12; Fe, 3
Ag, 67; Pt, 33
474, 588
Cr, 70; Ni, 30
Cu, 87-84; Mn1 12-14; Fe,
1.8-1.9 (for list of resistance
alloys v. p. 391)
Cu, 87-85; Mn, 12; Fe, 1.8-3
Fe; Ni, 22; Cr, 5.5; Si, 1.25
C, 0.15
Fe; Ni, 36; Cr, 27.5; Si, 3.25;
C, 0.7 (v. also Index No.
179)
Cu, 84; Fe, 12; Zn. 4; Mn,
2
Cu, 84; Mn, 12; Zn, 4
Cu, 53; Ni, 25; Zn, 18; Fe, 5
Au, 90-60; Pd, 10-40
Zn, 96; Al, 4
465,546
Cu, 55; Zn, 42-43; Fe, 1; 556
Al, 2-1
Cu, 65; Sn, 30; As, 2; Si, 2;
Zn, 0.7
Cu, 90; Zn, 10
555
Cu, 85; Zn, 15; Pb; Fe
555
Au, 79; Al, 21
Al, 97; Ni, 1.8; Cu, 0.3; Sb,
0.3; W, 0.2; Sn, 0.2
Cu, 59; Zn, 41; Pb, 0.4; Al, 556
0.2; Fe
Brass + Co; Mn; P
Ni, 40; Al, 30; Sn, 20; Ag, 10
537
Al, 72; Zn, 25; Cu, 3
Bi, 50; Pb, 28; Sn, 22
Bi, 35; Pb, 35; Sn, 30
Cu, 68; Sn, 32
555
v. red bronze
Cu; Si (non-corrosive)
Cu, 57-55; Zn, 39-40; Fe, 556
1.5-2; Ni, 1-3; Al, 0^5
Cu, 39; Fe, 34; Ni, 18; Al, 8.4
Cu, 80; Al, 10; Fe, 4.5; Ni,
4.5; Mn, 1
TJ. Argent franais
v. Prince's metal
Fe; Cu, >0.2; C
470, 509
Fe; Cr, 20; Cu, 1; C, 0.3
604, 606
Zn, 86; Sn, 9.9; Cu, 4; Pb, 1.1
Cu, 65; Sn, 31; Ni, 4
Fe; Mn, 13; Si, 10.2; Al, 5.8;
C, 2.5; Cu, 0.3
Cu, 62; Zn, 36; Fe, 1.4; Al, 556
1.1; Pb, 0.07
Zn, 87; Sn, 10; Cu, 3
Zn, 59; Sn, 40; Cu, 0.4; Pb, 476
0.2; Fe, 0.2
Zn, 91; Cu, 6; Al, 3
546
Al, 98-85; Cu; Ni; Zn; Li; Si; 468, 534,
Mn
601,608
Cu, 78; Zn, 16; Sn, 4.5; Pb,
1.5
Cu, 94; Zn, 5; Sn, 1; Pb, 0.5 555
Cu, 86; Sn, 11; Zn, 2.3
665
Cu, 62; Zn, 38
655, 602
Fe; Ni, 17; Mn, 5; C, 0.7; Si
Fe; Ni, 24; Cr, 1.2; Mn, 0.6; 512
C, 0.5; Si, 0.4; Co; Cu
Cu, 45; Ni, 33; Sn, 16; Zn,
5.5; Bi, 1
Cu, 95-91; Al, 9-5; Mg, 1.5;
P, 0.5
Index i
XT
Name
No. I
1215 Selva metal
1216 Semiplastic bronze
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
I
I
Composition
Page

Cu, 79-75; Pb, 13.5-16.5; 562,567
Sn, 7-9; P; Fe; Sb; Al
Fe; total C, 3.0-3.5; com- 464,476,
Semi steel
bined C, 0.5-0.81; Si, 1.4- 497
1.8; Mn; P; S
Cu, 96-94; Au, 3.7-4.2; Ag,
Shaku-do (Shakdo)
1.6-0.1; Pb; Fe; As
Cu, 45; Ni, 32.5; Sn, 16; Zn,
Sheathing bronze
5.5; Bi, 1.5
Cu, 72-55; Zn, 27-45; Pb, 469,550
Sheet brass
0-2; Sn, 0-3.3; Fe
Cu, 100-90; Zn, 0-10
469, 555
Sheet bronze
Cu, 63-55; Zn, 17-37; Ni, 480,601
Sheffield (Ni silver)
11-19; Pb, 0-3
Cu, 46; Ni, 31; Zn, 20
475, 480
Sheffield, hard alloy
Cu, 75; Zn, 25
555, 601
Shell head brass
Cu, 67-51; Ag, 32-49; Au;
Shibu-ichi
Fe
Ship nail alloy
Sn, 50; Pb, 33; Sb, 17
Cu, 64; Zn, 25; Pb, 8.5; Sn,
Ship nail brass
2.5
Al, 67; Zn, 33
468,536
Sibley alloy
Al, 80; Zn, 20
468, 536
Sibley casting alloy
Fe, 63; Ni, 23; Al, 5; Cu, 5;
Sideraphite
W, 4
Zn, 48; Cd, 47; Sb, 5
Siemens Halske
Fe, 64; Ni, 21; Cr, 6.2; Si,
Silchrome
6.1; Mn, 0.8; C, 0.14
Fe; Cr, 18; Si, 3; W, 3; C, 0.3
Silchrome wire
Fe;
Cr, 3.2-8.3; Si, 3.5; C, 0.4
Silcrome
Fe; Cr,9-12;Si,>5;C, >1.2
Silico-chromium steel
Cu; Zn, 40; Mn, 1-2; Fe, 556
Silico-manganese brass
0.2-0.3; Si, 0.05-1
Fe; Mn, 0.45-15; Si, 0.4-1.9; 472, 525
Silico-manganese steel
C, 0.1-1.0; P; S
Fe; Mn, 15-20; Si, 8-15; P,
Silico-spiegel
0.15; S, 0.01; C
Cu, 98-91; Sn, 1.5-9; Si, 0.05 559
Silicon bronze
Silicon-copper A. S. T. M. Spec. Cu; Si, 10-12; Fe, > 0.75; Al, 4&4
Sn, Zn, each >0.25; Cu +
B53-24T
Fe + Si, <99.4 (r. also
Cuprosilicon)
Cr, 55-45; Fe, 30-50; Si, 1-17; 473
Silicon-ferro-chrome
C, 2.5-7
Cu, 86.4; Al, 9.7; Fe, 3.9
575
Sillman bronze
Ni, 80-40; Si, 16-18; Fe, 2.5- 473
Silicon-nickel
30
Mn, 68; Si, 20; Fe, 11.6; C, 0.7 473
Silicon-manganese
Silicon-steel
Fe; Si, > 6; C, > 0.25; Mn; 472, 524,
P; S (v. also p. 390)
525
Silumin*
Al; Si, 5-14
543, 601
Silvel
Cu, 73; Mn, 12; Sn, 12; Fe,
1.8; Pb, 0.5; Al, 0.3
Silvel
Cu, 68; Zn, 16; Mn, 6.8; Ni,
6.5; Fe, 2.2; Pb, 0.5; Al, 0.1
Silver (Rupee)
Ag, 92; Cu, 8
584,587
Silver (U. S. coins)
Ag, 90; Cu, 10
584, 587
Silver bronze
Cu, 58; Zn, 23; Ni, 16; Pb,
2; Sn, 1
Silver bronze
Cu, 68; Mn, 18; Zn, 13; Al,
1.3; Si, 0.3
Silver bronze
Ag, 77; Cu, 23
464, 585
Silver foil
.
Sn, 90; Zn, 10
Silver foil
Sn, 98; Cu, 2.5
561
Silver foil
Sn, 91; Zn, 8.3; Pb, 0.4
Silverine
Cu1 80-71; Ni, 16-17; Zn,
1-8; Sn, 1-2.8; Co, 1-2; Fe,
1-1.5
Silverite
Nickel silver
Silver metal
Zn, 67; Ag, 33
Silveroid
Nickel silver
Silver solder:
Bureau of Standards
Ag, 40; Sn, 40; Cu, 14; Zn, 6
Common
Ag, 63; Cu, 30; Zn, 7.5
French
Ag, 66; Cu, 23; Zn, 10
Hard
Ag, 80; Cu, 13; Zn, 6.8
Medium
Ag, 75-70; Cu, 20-23; Zn,
5-7.5
* A German alloy similar to alpax.
Index
,T
No.
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
...
Name
Composition
Page
Pure silver
Quick
Ag, 72; Cu, 28

Ag, 63-57; Cu, 21-28; Zn,
10-12; Sn, 3.8-6.2
Ag, 80; Zn, 18; Cu, 2.5
Sterling
Nickel silver
Sirnilargent
Cu, 89-80; Zn, 9-20; Sn, 0-7 555
Similor
Cu, 66.5; Zn, 33.4; Fe, 0.1 469, 555
Sin-chu (Japanese brass)
Fe; Cr, 13; C, 0.3
608, 60S
S-less steel (Brearly)
Smitter Lenian
Cu, 72; Ni, 13; Zn, 9.8; Sn,
2.3; Fe, 2; Bi, 1
Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 2.5; Mn, 469, 480.
S. M. L. alloy (Monel)
1.5
604,606
S. M. steel (Carpenter)
Fe; Si, 2; Mn, 0.8; C, 0.5-0.6 525,604
Soft gun metal (No. 11 alloy) Cu, 90; Sn, 6.5; Zn, 2; Pb, 566
1.5
Solder (A. S. T. M. Spec. B32Approx. Max. Max.
31):
Sn
Pb
Sb
Cu
Class A, Grade
O
63
37
0.12 0.08
1
50
50
.12
.08
2
45
55
.12
.08
467,
3
40
60
.12
.08
557
4
37.5
62.5
.12
.08
5
33
67
.12
.08
Class B, Grade
1
49.25 50
0.75 0.15 557
2
43.5
55
1.5
.15
3
38
60
2
.15
4
35.5
62.5
2
.15
5
31
67
2
.15
All grades: Zn + Al = 0 ;
other impurities, >0.1
1288 )
r
1289 \ Solder, S. A. E. Specs. 1, 2, 3 < Practically same as 1, 2, 3,
1290 J
^ above.
1291 Solder, S. A. E. Spec. 4
Pb, 75; Sn, 24.5-25.5; Sb, 467
>0.12; Cu, >0.08
Class A
Zn + Al = O; other impurities, >0.1
Solder:
For B. E. S. A. Spcifications v. p. 386
1292
Bismuth
Sn, 50-20; Pb, 25-40; Bi,
25-40
1293
Brazing
Zn, 57-45; Cu, 35-45; Ni,
1294
1295
1296
Half and half

Hard
Hard yellow....
1297
1298
1299
1300
Plumber's
Readily fusible
Refractory
Soft, nearly white
1301
1302
1303
1304
8-10
Pb, 50; Sn, 50
467,557
Cu, 57-50; Zn, 43-50
470,555
Cu, 53; Zn, 43; Sn, 1.3; Pb, 470,555
0.3
Pb, 67; Sn, 33
467,557
Zn, 67; Cu, 33
405
Cu, 50; Zn, 50
465, 555
Zn, 50; Cu, 44; Sn, 3.3; Pb,
1.2
Sn, 67; Pb, 33
467,557
Cu, 58; Zn, 42
465,555
Cu, 57; Zn, 28; Sn, 15
Zn, 60; Cu, 40
465
Tinman's
Very refractory
Very soft, white
White
Solders for various metals and
alloys, v. under their names
Sondermessing
Special (alloy or high tensile)
brass
1305 Sorel's alloy
Zn, 80; Cu, 10; Fe, 10
1307 Spandau alloy (Austrian alloy) Zn; Cu, 4-6; Al, 2-3.5
1308 Speculum
Cu, 69-67; Sn, 31-33 (i.e.,
alloys of the approximate
composition CusSn and
known by various names.
For other speculum alloys,
v. p. 391. Other intermetallic compounds as MgaAh are
often suitable (v. equilibrium
diagrams).
1309 Spark plug wire
Ni; Mn, 2-6; Fe; Cu
1310 Spelter wire
Cu, 64; Zn, 36; Pb, 0.4; Fe,
0.2
1311 Spiauter (hard zinc)
Zn, 90; Sb, 8; Cu, 2
1312 Spiegeleisen
Fe; Mn, 15-30; C, 5-6; Si,
(A. S. T. M. Spec. A98-25T):
1; P, 0.15; S, 0.05
546
561
473, 482
555
Index I
No. I
1313
.T
Name
Grade A
1314
Grade B
1315
1316
1317
Spoon metal
Spring brass
Spring gold
Composition
Page
Fe; Mn, 19-21; C, 6.5; P,

0.15; S, 0.04; Si; S*
Fe; Mn, 16-19; C, 6.5; P,
0.25; S, 0.05; Si; S*
Nickel silver
Cu, 72-67; Zn, 28-33; Pb, Fe 555, 601
Cu, 50; Au1 25; Ag, 25 (v. 086
also Index Nos. 410, 1066)
Spring steel: A. S. T. M. Spec.

Carbon, A14-16, grade A . . . . Fe; C, 0.9-1.1; Mn, >0.5; 470, 492,
P, > 0.05; S, > 0.05
602, 608
Same, but Si, 0.25-0.50
492, 493
1320
Special carbon, A68-18
Fe; Cr, 0.8-1.1; V, 0.15; C, 472, 509,
1321
Cr-V, A60-16, grade A
0.45-0.55; Mn, 0.5-0.8; P, 603, 606
> O.OSf or 0.04 ; S, > 0.05
1322
Si-Mn, A59-16, grade A
Fe; C, 0.45-0.55; Mn, 0.6- 472, 523,
0.8; P, > 0.05t or 0.045; 525,604
S, > 0.045; Si, 1.8-2.1
For B. E. S. A. Specifications . p. 386
Fe; Cr, 12-14; Mn, 0.1; C, 508, 603,
1323 Stainless iron
0.1; Si; P; S
606
Fe; Cr, 11-14; Mn, 0-0.5; C, 471, 508,
1324 Stainless steel
0.3-0.5; Si; P; S
600, 603
Fe; Si, ca. 2.5; C
1325 Stalloy
Standard gold:
1326
Great Britain
u, 92; Cu, 8
586, 589
Au, 90; Cu, 10
586, 590
1327
U. S
1328 Standard phosphor bronze "S" Cu, 79.7; Sn, 10; Pb, 9.5; P, 562
>0.8
(Pa. R. R.)
Ag, 92.5; Cu, 7.5
584, 589
1329 Standard silver
1330 Standard (cadmium) silver.. .. Ag, 92.5; Cu, 5.75; Cd, 1.75 584
Sn, 96; Pb, 2.4; Cu, 1; Ni,
1331 Stanniol
0.3; Fe, 0.1
Cu, 95-88; Sn, 1.4-10; Zn, 475, 476,
1332 Statuary bronze
0-9.5; Pb, 0-6; P; Ni
559-572
Cu, 88; Sn, 8.1; Pb, 2; Zn, 2 567
1333 Steam bronze
For a list of steels, v. p. 390
Steel:
v. pp. 372, 387
Automotive steels
1334
Billets, ingots, etc., of open Classified into types as folhearth or electric steel for lows:
forging (A. S. T. M. Spec. A: C steel
A17-21)
B: Ni steel (Ni, >3)
C: Cr-Ni steel (Ni, 1-1.5;
Cr, 0.45-0.75)
D: Cr-Ni steel (Ni, 1.5-2;
Cr, 0.9-1.25)
E: Cr-Ni steel (Ni, 2.753.25; Cr, 0.6-0.95)
F: Cr-Ni steel (Ni, >3; Cr,
>D
G: Cr steel (Cr, 0.6-0.9)
H: Cr-V steel (Cr, 0.8-1.1;
V, 0.15)
Specifications also limit impurities in each type
Each type subdivided into
grades according to carbon
content
For C steel; grade I = C ,
0.05-0.15; grade 8 = C,
0.45-0.60
For alloy steels, same range
is covered by grades 11 to 17.
1335
Castings (A. S. T. M. Spec. C, >0.45; P, >0.07t or 470,487A27-24) Grade A
0.06
491
Commercial bars (A. S. T.
M. Spec. A80-24):
Fe; C, 0.05-0.12; Mn, >0.55; 470, 487,
1336
Dead soft (O. H.)
P, > 0.05; S, > 0.06
488, 600
Screw (B)
1337
Fe; C, 0.08-0.16; Mn, 0.6- 470, 487,
0.8; P, 0.09-0.13; S, 0.075- 488, 602
0.15
Screw (O. H.)
1338
Fe; C, 0.15-0.25; Mn, 0.6- 488, 489,
0.9; P, > 0.06; S, 0.075-0.15 600, 602
Index
,_
No.
1339
1340
1341
1319
* As specified.
t Acid.
Basic.
B = Bessemer; O. H. = Open hearth.
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
XT
Name
Soft (B)*
Composition
Page
Fe; C, >0.15; Mn, >0.7; P, 470, 487,

>0.115
600,602
Fe; C, 0.08-0.18; Mn, >0.55; 470, 487,
Soft (O. H.)*
P, > 0.05; S, > 0.06
600, 602
Fe; C, >0.12; Mn, >0.6; P, 470,487,
Welding (B)*
> 0.115; S, > 0.08
600, 602
Other grades specified by
points of carbon, thus: O.
H. 25-40 carbon (1 point =
0.01 %)
Cu; Al, 8.5; Pb, 1-2
Steel bronze
Steel bronze (Stahl bronze) Cu, 59-52; Zn, 36-43; Mn, 556
name also applied to Uchatius 2.5-3; Fe, 1; Al, 1
bronze
Co, 80-55; Cr1 20-35; W, 468,093
Stellite
0-10
Co, 56; Cr, 34-40; W, 9.2; C, 468, 593
Stellite (No. 2)
1.5-2; Fe, 0-1
Co, 55; Cr, 20-23; W, 20-15; 593
Stellite (No. 3)
Fe, 5-3; C, 1.5-4
Co, 35; Cr, 26; W, 13; Fe, 593
Stellite
10; Mo, 10; C, 1.8
Co, 61-45; Mo, 24-40; Cr, 593
Stellite
13-15; Fe
Co, 60-55; W, 25; Cr, 15;
Stellite
Mo, 0-5 .
Sn, 31; Fe, 31; Cu, 19; Zn, 19
Stephenson's alloy
Pb, 82-70; Sb, 12-23; Sn,
Stereotype metal
3.2-17
Sn, 60; Pb, 35; Sb, 5
Stereotype metal
557
Stereotype, standard (English) Pb, 83; Sb, 13; Sn, 4.5
Cu, 69; Ni, 18; Zn, 13; Pb, 480
Sterlin
0.8
Cu, 68; Ni, 18; Zn, 13; Fe, 480
Sterline
0.8
Cu, 60-55; Zn, 38-42; Fe, 556
Sterro metal
1.8-4.7; Sn
Cu, 66; Zn, 33-27; Fe, 0.7; 556
Sterling metal
Sn; Pb, 0-2
Cu, 58; Zn, 39; Fe, 1.5; Al, 556
Stone bronze
0.8; Mn, 0.5; Sn
Cu, 89; Sn, 11; P
560,601
Stone's English gear bronze
Structural steel t (for bridges) Fe; C; P, >0.06 or 0.04;
S, > 0.05 (tensile properties
A. S. T. M. A7-24
specified)
Structural nickelt steel A. S. Fe; Ni, <3.25; C, >0.45; ] 472,
Mn, > 0.7; P,> 0.05; S,> 0.05 481,
T. M. A8-24
Structural nickelt steel rivets, Fe; Ni, <3.25; C, >0.30; [600,
Mn, >0.6; P, >0.04 or | 602,
same spec.
0.03 ; S, >0.05
J 607
Structural silicon steel, A. S. Fe; C, >0.40; Si, <0.2; P, 487-491,
>0.06 or 0.04; S, > 0.05 523, 600,
T. M. A94-25T
(ladle analysis)
602, 606
Cu, 61.5; Ni, 15.5; Zn, 11;
Stuffing box alloy
Pb, 10; Sn, 2
Cu, 40; Ni, 32; Zn, 25; Pb,
Suhler white copper
2.6
Co, 60-40; Cu, 30-50; Al, 10
Sun bronze.
Cu, 95; Al, 5
574, 600
Sun bronze
Cu, 57-69; Zn, 21-38; Mn, 556
Superb.ronze
3-3.2; Fe, 1.3-2; Al, 1.2-5
Al; Cu, 1.5-4.5; Mn, 1-8; Zn, 534
Susini
0.5-1.5
Al, 95; Mg, 3.8; Fe, 0.5; Si, 464,542
T. metal
0.5; Cu, 0.1
Cu, 90; Zn, 8.9; Au, 0.9 (Au
Talmi gold
welded on by rolling)
Cu,86; Zn, 12; Sn, 1. 1; Fe, 0.3 556
Talmi gold
Pb, 78; Sb, 17; Sn, 5.9
557
Tandem
Tantiron
Fe, 83.5; Si, 15; C, 1
473
v. Manganin
Tarnac
Fe; W, 8.5; Cr, 3; C, 0.75-1
Taylor white
Tungsten steels
For list v. p. 390
*B = Bessemer; O. H. = Open hearth,

t Must be open hearth.
Acid.
Basic.
Index
No.
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
Name
Composition
Page
I Cu, 80; Pb, 7.5; Zn, 7.5; Sn, 5 661

Zn; Al, 4.2-4.6; Cu, 2.2-3; 546
Pb, >1.2; Fe, >0.35
Cu, 67-64; Zn, 24-29; Al, 556
Tensilite
3.1-4.4; Mn, 2.5-3.8; Fe,
0-1.2; Sn
Pb, 88; Sn, 18; Sb, 1.8
Terne mtal
Cu, 93-86; Al, 4.6-10; Si,
Tetmajer, Al bronze
1-2.7; Fe, 0.7-1
Cu, 85; Mn, 13; Al, 2
Therlo
Fe, 72; Cr, 25; Mn, 2; Ni,
Thermalloy
0.1; C, 0.1
Pb; Sb, 15; Sn; Ni
Thermit (bearing)
Thoran
W; W2C
Al, 77; Zn, 20; Cu, 3
538, 601
Three-twenty (3/20)
Cu, 55; Zn, 44.5; Sn, 0.5
47O1 556
Thurston's brass
Fe, 67; Ni, 30; Mn, 1.1; Cu, 482
Tico
1.1
Al, 66; Ag, 33
Tiers argent
For list v. p. 389
Tin brass
Sn, 88; Pb, 8; Cu, 4; Sb, 0.5
Tinfoil
Sn, 60; Pb, 40
Tinsel
Cu, 97; Zn, 2; As, 0-1; Sn,
Tissier's brass
0.5-0
Cu, 56; Zn, 46; Fe, 0.3; Al, 556
Titan bronze
0.2
Fe; Ti, 0.3-9; C, 0.1-0.8; 478
Titanium steel
Mn; Si; P; S
v. Promethium
Titan metal
Tobin bronze (American Brass Cu, 60-59; Zn, 38-39; Sn, 2; 556
Co.)
Pb; Fe
Cu, 92-82; Zn, 8-18
469, 555
Tombac
Cu, 72; Zn, 28
555, 600
Tombac (common)
Cu, 80; Zn, 17-20; Sn, 0-3 555, 556
Tombac (French)
Cu, 98; Zn, 2
469, 555
Tombac (red Vienna)
Tool steel:
v. High carbon steel
Carbon
Fe; W, 12-14; Cr, 3-4; V,
High speed
1.5-2; C, 0.6-0.8 (v. also
p. 390)
Ni, 61; Fe, 26; Cr, 10; Mn, 3 480
Tophet
Cu, 62-59; Zn, bal.; Sn, 0.5- 470, 556,
Torpedo bronze
1.5; Pb; Fe
602
Cu, 36; Ni, 29; Fe, Pb, Sn,
Toucas (Toncas?)
Sb, Zn, each 7.1
Cu, 82.5; Zn, 17.5
469, 555
Tournay's metal
Sn, 90; Cu, 10
561
Tourun Leonard's metal
Sn, 88; Ni, 5.5; Sb, 5; Bi, 2
Trabuk metal
Fe; Ni, 2; Cr, 1; C as desired 472, 510
Trojan steel (Carpenter)
Cu, 70-60; Zn, 30-40; Pb; 469, 555,
Tube brass
Fe
600, 602
Cu, 61-59; Zn, 21-29; Ni, 13- 475, 480
Tuc-Tur
18; Fe, 0.3
Ag with a small amount of
Tula
Cu and Pb
Cu, 60; Zn, 34; Al, 2.8; W, 2;
Tungsten brass
Ni, 0.75; Mn, 0.7; Sn, 0.2
Cu, 60; Zn, 22; Ni, 14; W, 4
Tungsten brass
W; ThO2, 0.5-0.75
462, 592
Tungsten filaments
Tungsten powder (A. S. T. M. W, <95; maximum amounts
Spec. A97-25T)
of other elements; O, 1.0;
Si, 0.75; C, 0.5; P, 0.05; S,
0.05; As; Bi; Cu; Sb; Sn,
each 0.03
Fe; W, 1.7-2.2; C, 0.3-0.45; 472
Tungsten steel
Mn; Si; P; S
Cu, 48; Zn, 46; Al, 2; Ni, 2; 556
Turbadium bronze
Mn, 1-8; Fe, 1; Sn, 0.5; Pb,
0.1
Cu, 76-67; Zn, 24-32; Pb; Fe 555,601
Turbine brass
Cu, 81-79; Ni, 19-21; Fe, 480,601
Turbine material
0.8 max.
Cu, 55; Zn, 41; Ni, 2; Al, 1; 556
Turbiston's brass
Fe, 0.8; Mn, 0.2
Sn, 92; Sb, 4.7; Cu, 2.5; Pb, 557
Tutania (cast)
0.3
Sn, 91-90; Pb, 8-6; Cu, 0.7- 057
Tutania (cast, plate)
2.7; Zn, 0.3-1.3
Sn, 80; Sb, 16; Cu, 2.7; Zn,
Tutania (English)
1.3
Telegraph bronze
Tenax metal
Index
XT
No.
1424 Tutenag
1425
1426
Two to one
Type metal
Name
Composition
Page
Commercial Zn, incorrectly

applied to Paktong, i.e., Ni
silver
Cu, 66.7; Zn, 33.3
650, 602
Pb, 70; Sb, 18; Sn, 10; Cu, 2
Pb, 60-56; Sn, 10-40; Sb,

4.5-30
1428
(English, French, German).. . Pb, 78-55; Sb, 5-30; Sn,
2-35; Cu, 0-1
Pb, 58; Sn, 26; Sb, 15; Cu, 1 557
1429
(Standard)
Cu, 57; Ni, 20; Zn, 20; Al, 3
1430 Typewriter metal
1431 Uchatius (Uchatins?) bronze. . Cu, 92; Sn, 8
559,601
Cd plating
1432 Udylite
Pb; (Ba + Ca), 1-2
556
1433 Ulcometal (Frary)
1434 Ulcony
Cu, 65; Pb, 35
567
Fe; W, 17; Cr, 3.4; V, 0.1; 472
1435 Ultra capital steel
C, 0.7; Mn; Si; P; S
1436 Unmagnetizable watch wheels Pt, 62.75; Ni, 18; Cu, 18;
Cd, 1.25
Fe; U, >3; C, 0.2-0.7; Mn; 479
1437 Uranium steel
Si; V
Cu, 80-78; Zn, 13-16; Sn, 4;
1438 U. S. N. brass
Pb, 3; Fe
v. Index Nos. 652-654
U. S. N. gun bronze
1439 U. S. N. valve bronze
Cu, 87; Sn, 7; Zn, 5; Pb, 1 567
1440 Va alloy
Al, 80; Zn, 14; Cu, 5; Fe, 0.7;
V, 0.2
Cu, 89-85; Sn, 2.5-10; Zn, 563,565
1441 Valve bronze
0-9; Pb, 0-6; P
Valve steel:
1442
Fe; Si, 5.8; Ti, 1.5; V, 1.5
1443
Chrome
Fe; Cr, 11-14; C, 0.4-1.2; 470, 508,
Si, 0.1-0.2; S; P
603,606
1444
Chrome
Fe; Cr, 6.3; C, 0.5-1; Si, 470,508
0.1-0.3; Mn, 0-0.1; S; P
1445
Tungsten
Fe; W, 14; Cr, 3; C, 0.6
472
1446
Very hard (Brit, patent W, 60; Fe, 26; Ti, 5; Cr, 4;
320 996)
C, 3; Ce, 2

Cu, 70; Zn, 30; V, 0.5
1447 Vanadium brass
Cu, 61; Zn, 39; V, 0.5
1448 Vanadium bronze
1449 Vanadium steel*
Fe; V, 0.1-14; C, 0.1-1.3; 472, 514,
Mn; Si; P; S
604-607
Al; V
1450 Vanalium
1451 Vaucher's alloy
Zn, 75; Sn, 18; Pb, 4.5; Sb,
2.5
1452 Verilite
Al, 96; Ni, 1.5; Cr, 1.5; Cu, 464
1-0; Mn, 0.1
1453 Verilite
Al, 96; Cu, 2.5; Fe, 0.7; Si, 533,601
0.4; Mn, 0.3
1454 Vestalin
Fe; Ni, 28; C
471,482
Cu, 59; Zn, 39; Al, 1.5; Fe, 556
1455 Victor bronze
1.0; V, 0.03
v. Partinium
Victoria aluminium
1456 Victor metal
Cu, 50; Zn, 34; Ni, 15; Fe, 480
0.3; Al, 0.1
1457 Virginia silver
Nickel silver
1458 VM steel (Crucible Steel Co. Fe; Cr, 0.7-1; Mo, 0.35-0.85; 472,605
V, >0.17; Mn, 0.4-0.6
of America)
Similar to Stellite
1459 Volomit
Ni; etc. (. aZso Index No.
1460 Vulcan-hardite
679)
1461 "W" Alloy
Al, 82; Cu, 12; Zn, 4.5; W,
1
1462 W. 0.33
Al, 85; Cu, 14; Mn, 1
534
1463 Wagner's formula
Cu, 51; Zn, 19; Ni, 13
480
1464 Warne's metal
Sn, 37; Ni, 26; Bi, 26; Co,
11
1465 Watch alloy
,
Cu, 50; Ni, 47.2; Cd, 2.8
1466 Watch alloy
Au, 37.5; Cu, 27; Ag, 23; Pd,
12.5
1467 Watch alloy
Pd, 70 ; Cu, 25; Ag, 4; Ni, 1
1468 Watchmakers' alloy
Cu, 59; Zn, 40; Pb, 1.2
1469 Wegner and Guhr's aluminum. Sn, 80; Zn, 20
Sn, 52; Ag, 48
585
1470 Welch's alloy (dental)
1471 Weasel's silver
Cu, 66-51; Ni, 19-32; Zn, 480
12.5-17; Fe. 0-0.5; Ag. 0-2
* Amount of V is usually under 0.4 %.
t C all in combined form.
1427
(Common)
Index
XT
Name
No.
1472 White alloy
1473 White alloy
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
Composition
British Engineering Standards Association Specifications
Page
Cu, 64.5; Sn, 32; As, 3.5

Cu, 53-49; Zn, 23-25; Ni, 480
22-25; Fe, 2-2.4
Zn, 66; Cu, 34
465, 546
White brass
Sn, 65; Zn, 32-33; Cu, 3-2;
White brass
Fe; Pb
Cu, 54; Zn, 42; Ni, 4; (Fe +
White bronze
Al), 0.3
Fe; C, > 4; Si, 0.5-0.9; Mn, 476, 477,
White cast iron
> 0.8; P, > 0.8; S, 0.1-0.25 497,527
Cu, 70; Zn, 18; Ni, 12 (v. 480
White copper
also Index No. 1045)
Au, 90; Pd, 10
White gold
Au, 85-75; Ni, 10-8; Zn, 2-9
White gold.....
Sn, 53-49; Pb, 33-34; Sb, 557
White metal
11-14; Cu, 2.4-3.3; Zn, 1-0
Pb, 77; Sb, 15; Sn, 5; Cu. 2.3 567
White metal
Generic name for various
White metals
Pb-, Sn-, and Zn- base alloys as babbitts, Brittania,
etc. Also applied to Al- or
Mg- light alloys and nickel
silver.
White nickel brass (. A. E.. . Cu, 64-55; Zn, bal.; Ni, <18; 4&0, 601
Spec. No. 42)
Fe, >0.35; Al, O; other impurities, 3" 0.25
Wiegold (dental)
Cu, 68; Zn, 32; Al, 0.3; Pb, 469, 556
0.3-0.5
Wilmott's aluminium
Sn, 86; Bi, 14
Wire brass
Cu, 72-65; Zn, 27-35; Sn; 469,555,
Pb
601
Wolframium
Al, 98; Sb, 1.4; Sn, 1-0; Cu,
0.4; Fe, 0-0.2; W, 0.04-0.05
Wood's alloy
Bi, 50; Pb, 25; Sn, 13; Cd, 13
Fe; C, 0.03-0.2; Mn; Si; P; S 600, 602
Wrought iron
Al, 92.5; Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 534-542,
" Y " alloy (casting)
1.5
601, 608
Same, plus Mn, 0.5; Si, 0.2- 536, 601,
"Y" alloy, modified
0.8
608
Cu, 92.5-90; Zn, 7.5-8; Sn, 556
Yale bronze
0.5-1.5; Pb, 0.7-1.5
Yellow brass (Latten, Laiton) Cu, 70-60; Zn, 27-40; Pb, 469, 470,
5.3-0; Sn, 0-1; Fe
555, 556
Au, 53; Ag, 25; Cu, 22
586
Yellow gold
Yellow metal
Zn, 73; Al, 15; Cu, 2
546
Zelco
Zeppelin alloys:
Al, 90; Zn, 7.8; Cu, 0.7; Fe, 468, 536,
(Angles)
0.5; Si, 0.4; Mn, 0.3; Sn, 0.1 600
Al, 99; Fe, 0.4; Si, 0.4; Zn, 459,533,
(Braces)
0.1; Cu, 0.06
599
(Channels)
Al, 89; Zn, 9; Cu, 0.7; Si, 0.5; 468, 636,
Mn, 0.5; Fe, 0.4; Sn, 0.2
600
Al, 95; Cu, 4.2; Mn, 0-6; Si, 634,635,
(Rod)
0.5; Fe, 0.4
601
Al, 94-89; Mg, 3.7-7.1; Zn,
Zimalium
2.8-4.5
Al, 74; Zn, 15; Mg, 11
Zimalium
Zinc, commercial
Max. Max. Max.
Max.
(spelter)
Pb
Fe
Cd Pb + Fe + Cd 1 468,
High grade
0.07 0.03 0.07
0.10
\ 645,
Intermediate
0.20 0.03 0.50
0.50
J 546
Prime Western
1 . 60 0 . 08
Zn, 69; Sn, 26; Cu, 5; Sb, 3
Zinc babbitt
For a list v. p. 389
Zinc bronze
Zinc duralumin ("E" alloy). . . Al; Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.5; 538-542
MII, 0.5
Al; Mg, 0.8-8.3; Zn, 0.8-8.3
Zinkalium
Fe; Zr, 0.1-0.6; C, 0.2-0.6; 532
Zirconium steel
Mn; Si; P; S
Al, 83-82; Zn, 15; Cu, 1-3; 537,601
Zisium
Sn, 0-1
Ziskon
Zn, 75-67; Al, 25-33
468, 5 4&
T>
*N' '
Description
Composition
Page
ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
2T4
2L1
2L4
2 L5
2L8
3 L 11
L 24
Wrought light Al Al; Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 0.4- 468,

alloy tubes (dura- 0.7; Mg, 0.4-0.7; Fe, 534,
lumin)
>0.5
601
468,
Wrought light Al
534,
alloy bar (duralumin)
Same as 2 T 4 above
601
Al, <98; Fe, >1.0; Si, 459,
Hard Al sheets
>1.0; other impurities, 533,
601
>0.25
Al alloy castings . . Al; Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5- 537,
3.0; Fe, >0.8; Si, >0.7; 601
Pb, >0.1
12% Cu-Al alloy Al; Cu, 11.0-13.0; Fe, 467,
>0.8; Si, >0.7; Zn, 534,
castings
>0.1; Pb, >0.1
601
7/1 Al alloy cast- Al; Cu, 6.0-8.0; Sn, >1.0; 534,
Fe, >0.8; Si, >0.7; Zn, 536,
ings
>0.1; Pb, >0.1
601
" Y" Al alloy cast- Al; Cu, 3.5-4.5; Ni, 1.8- 534,
2.3; Mg, 1.2-1.7; Zn, 0.1; 536,
ings
Sn, 0.1; Fe, >0.8; Si, 601,
>0.7; Pb, >0.1
608
BBASS
207
218
249
250
264
265
266
267
Special brass ingots for castings:

Zn; Cu, <54; Pb, >0.5;
Class 1
other metals, >5.0
Zn; Cu, <54; Pb, >0.5;
Class 2
other metals, >5.0
Zn; Cu, <54; Pb, >0.5;
Class 3
other metals, >8.0
Zn; Cu, <50; Pb, >0.5;
Class 4
other metals, > 10.0
Zn; Cu, <50; Pb, >0.5;
Class 5
other metals, >13.0
Brass bars and Zn; Cu, 58; Pb, >2.0; 470,
sections suitable total impurities, >0.75 555,
602
for forgings and
drop forgings
High speed, screw- Zn; Cu, 56-60; Pb, 1.75- 602
ing and turning 3.0; total impurities,
>0.75
brass bars
High tensile brass Zn; Cu, 54-62; other met- 470,
556
bars and sections, als, >5.0
grades A and B
Hot rolled yellow Zn; Cu, <59; total im- 555,
601,
metal p l a t e s , purities, >1.0
sheet and strip
602
Brass sheet and Zn; Cu, <61; Pb, >0.6; 555,
strip
total impurities, >1.0
601
Best brass sheet Zn; Cu, <65; Pb, >0.35; 555,
and strip
Fe, >0.15; total impuri- 601
ties, >0.75
Cartridge b r a s s Zn; Cu, 68-74; Ni, >0.1; 469,
sheet and strip
Pb, >0.07; Fe, >0.05; 555,
Bi, >0.006; Sn, O; Sb, O; 601
other metals, >0.005
TD
V, ' '
263
T>
Description
Grade A
Grade B
206
Grade A
Grade B
219
Grade A
Grade B
Grade C
Grade D
Grade E
Grade F
Grade G
Grade H
Grade J
Composition
Page
BRAZING SOLDER
Zn; Cu, 53-55; Pb, >0.3; 470,
Fe, >0.15; Bi, >0.05; 555
Sn, >0.05; As, >0.05;
Sb, >0.05; total impurities, >0.5
Zn; Cu, 49-51; impurities 46S1
as in grade A above
555
SILVER SOLDER
Ag, 60.0-62.0; Cu, 27.529.5; Zn, 9.0-11.0; impurities, >0.5
Ag, 42.0-44.0; Cu, 36.038.0; Zn, 18.5-20.5; impurities, >0.5
SOFT SOLDER*
Pb; Sn, 64.0-66.0;
>1.0; As, >0.05;
>0.02
Pb; Sn, 49.0-51.0;
2.5-3.0; As, >0.05;
>0.02
Pb; Sn, 39.0-41.0;
2.0-2.4; As, >0.05;
>0.02
Pb; Sn, 29.0-31.0;
1.0-1.7; As, >0.05;
>0.02
Pb; Sn, 94.5-95.5;
>0.50
Pb; Sn, 49.0-51.0;
>0.50; As, >0.05;
>0.02
Pb; Sn, 41.0-43.0;
>0.40; As, >0.05;
>0.02
Pb; Sn, 34.0-36.0;
>0.30; As, >0.05;
>0.02
Pb; Sn, 29.0-31.0;
>0.30; As, >0.05;
>0.02
B8
S2
S6
SIl
S 14
S 15
S 28
S 61
Sb, 467,
Fe, 557
Sb, 557
Fe,
Sb,
Fe,
Sb,
Fe,
S 62
S 65
S 67
S 68
S 69
Sb, 467
Sb, 467,
Fe, 557
Sb, 467
Fe,
Sb, 467,
Fe, 557
Sb, 467
Fe,
* All grades contain: ZnO1 O; Al, O; total impurities, including As and Fe,
>0.25.
B2
'N' '
GUNMETAL
Gunmetal castings Cu, <86; Sn, 10-12; Zn, 476,
>2.5; Pb must be O
565
PHOSPHOR BRONZE
Phosphor bronze
castings for bearings :f
For castings . . . . Cu, 85-89; Sn, 10-13; P, 560
0.5-1.0
For ingots for Cu, 85-89; Sn, 10-13; P, 560
making c a s t- 0.8-1.2
ings
t Impurities in both classes are: Zn, >0.25; Pb, >0.25; total impuri ties, > 0. 75;
P to be added in the form of P-Sn or P-Cu.
S 70
S 71
S 76
Description
Composition
Page
AIRCRAFT STEELS J
Fe
600
Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 471,
0.35-0.45
491
Fe; Ni, 3.0-3.75; Cr, 0.50- 472,
1.00; Mn, 0.45-0.70; C, oil,
0.25-0.35; W, >1.0; Mo, 604
>0.65; V, >0.25
Fe; Mn, 0.60-0.90; C, 471,
0.10-0.18
488
Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.5; Mn, 472,
0.20-0.60; C, 0.10-0.15; 481,
Cr, >0.30
603
Fe; Ni, 3.75-4.50; Cr, 472,
1.00-1.50; Mn, 0.35-0.60; 512,
C, 0.25-0.32; W, >1.0; 604
Mo, >0.65;V, >0.25
Fe; Cr, <12.0; Si, 0.50; 471,
Ni, >1.00; C, >0.15
603
Fe; Cr, <12.0; Si, 0.50; 471,
C, 0.15-0.35; Ni, > 1.00 508
Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.5; Cr, 1.0- 472,
1.4; Mn, 0.35-0.65; C, 508,
0.22-0.28; W, >1.0; Mo, 604
>0.65; V, >0.25
Fe; Ni, 4.6-5.2; C, 0.08- 481,
0.14;Mn,>0.35;Cr,>0.1 604
Fe; W, <14.0; Cr, <3.5; 472
G, 0.55-0.70; Mn, >0.40
Fe; Ni, 3.25-3.75; Mn, 472,
0.50-0.80; C, 0.35-0.45; 481
Cr, 0.30
Fe; C, 0.50-0.60; Mn, 470,
0.40-0.75
491
Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 471,
0.25-0.35
489
Fe; Mn, 0.50-0.80; C, 471,
0.30-0.45; Ni, >1.0; Cr, 489>0.5
491
t All steels except S 61, S 62 and S 68 contain Si, 0.30; S, 0.05; P, 0.05.
5005/101
5005/102
5005/103
5005/104
5005/201
5005/202
AUTOMOTIVE STEELS
Wrought steels for Fe; Mn, 0.40-1.00; Si, 471,
forging
>0.30; C, >0.20; S, 488,
>0.07;P, >0.07
602
Fe; Ni, 1.50-2.25; Mn, 480,
>0.60; Cr, >0.30; Si, 481
>0.30; C, >0.15; S,
>0.05;P, >0.05
Fe; Ni, 2.50-3.5; Mn, 472,
0.20-0.60; Cr, >0.30; 480,
Si, >0.30; C, >0.15; S, 481,
>0.05;P, >0.05
603
Fe; Ni, 4.50-6.0; Mn, 471,
>0.40; Cr, >0.30; Si, 481,
>0.30; C, >0.15; S, 604
>0.05;P, >0.05
Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 488,
0.15-0.25; Si, >0.30; S, 489,
>0.06; P, >0.06
602
Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 4890.25-0.35; Si, >0.30; S, 491,
>0.06; P, >0.06
602
-D
No
0 '0
Jj. b. o.
Description
Composition
Page
AUTOMOTIVE STEELS.(Continued)
5005/203
Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 471,
0.35-0.45; Ni, >1.0; Si, 491,
>0.30; S, >0.06; P, 600,
>0.06
602
5005/204
Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; Ni, 481
0.30-1.0; 0,0.35-0.45; Si,
>0.30;S, >0.06;P,>0.06
5005/301
Fe; S, >0.05; P, >0.05
5005/302
Fe; S, >0.05; P, >0.05
5005/401
Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.50; Mn, 472,
0.35-0.75; C, 0.25-0.35; 481,
Cr, >0.30; Si, >0.30; S, 600,
>0.05;P, >0.05
60S
5005/402
Fe; Ni, 3.25-3.75; Mn, 472,
0.50-0.80; C, 0.35-0.45; 481,
Cr, >0.30; Si, >0.30; 600,
S, >0.05; P, >0.05
603
5005/501
Fe; Ni, 3.00-3.75; Cr, 472,
0.50-1.00; Mn, 0.45-0.70; li,
C, 0.28-0.34; Si, >0.30; 512,
S, >0.05; P, >0.05
604
5005/502
Fe; Ni, 3.75-4.75; Cr, 472,
1.00-1.50; Mn, 0.35-0.60; 512,
C, 0.25-0.35; Si, >0.30; 600,
S, >0.05;P, >0.05
604
5005/503
Fe; Ni, 1.25-1.75; Cr, 472,
0.75-1.25; Mn, 0.45-0.65; 510,
C, 0.35-0.42; Si, >0.30; 600,
S, >0.05;P, >0.05
604
5005/601
Fe; Cr, 1.00-1.50; Mn, 472,
0.50-0.80; C, 0.35-0.45; 509,
Si, >0.30; V, >0.25; S, 600,
> 0.05; P, >0.05
603
5028
Castings:
487Grade 1
Fe; Mn, <0.4; S, 0.06; P, 490
0.05; C, >0.30
Grade 2
Fe; Mn, <0.6; S, 0.08;
P, 0.07
For cold working:
5006/105
1 Bars and strip... Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; Si, 488,
0.30; C, 0.15-0.20; S, 489
5006/205-9 \
J
0.04-0.06; P, 0.04-0.06
5006/210
Wire
Fe; Mn, 0.5-0.9; C, 0.40- 491
0.60; Si, >0.20;S, >0.05;
P, >0.05
SPRING STEELS
5010/218
Laminated springs Fe; Mn, 0.60-1.0; C, 0.50- 491,
0.65; Si, >0.50
602
5010/219
Fe; C, 0.75-0.90; Mn, 492,
0.35-0.70; Si, >0.40
602
5010/603
Fe; C, 0.55-0.65; Mn, 506
0.50-0.80; Cr, 0.45-0.70;
Si, >0.50
Fe; Cr, 1.00-1.40; Mn, 506,
5010/604
0.50-0.80; C, 0.45-0.55; 605
Si, >0.50
5010/605
Fe; Cr, 0.80-1.20; Mn, 509,
0.50-0.80; C, 0.45-0.55; 605
V, <0.15;Si, >0.50
5010/801
Fe; Si, 1.50-2.0; Mn, 0.60- 523,
1.00; C, 0.50-0.60
604
All these steels contain: S, >0.05; P, >0.05.
^r ' '
15
114/K10
114/S19
5008/403
Description
Composition
STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BRIDGES

Fe; P, >0.08; S, >0.06
VALVE STEELS
Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.50; Mn, 481,
0.35-0.75; C, 0.25-0.35; 600,
Cr, >0.3; Si, >0.30; S, 603
>0.05; P, >0.05
Fe; Cr, 8.0-12.0; C, 0.40- 008,
0.70; Si, 0.30-0.60; Ni, 600,
>1.00
603
Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.50; Mn, 472,
0.35-0.75; C, 0.25-0.35; 481,
Cr, >0.30; Si, >0.30; S, 600,
>0.05;P, >0.05
5008/602
5008/603
5008/701
220
221
222
Page
603
Fe; Cr, 10.0-14.0; Mn, 471,

0.30-0.60; C, 0.30-0.50; 508,
Ni, >1.00
603
Fe; Cr, 6.5-8.5; C, 0.50- 470,
0.70; Mn, 0.30-0.60; Ni, 508
>1.00
Fe; W, <14.0; Cr, <3.5; 472
C, 0.55-0.70; Mn, >0.40
ZINC ALLOYS
F i n e zinc (or
spelter) :
Grade A
Zn, <99.95; Cd, >0.02; '
Pb, >0.02; Fe, >0.01;
As, O; Sb, O; Al, O; Sn, O
Grade B
Zn, <99.90; Pb, >0.08;
Cd, >0.03; Fe, >0.01;
As, O; Sb, O; Al, O; Sn, O
Special zinc (or Zn, <99.50; Cd, >0.25; VT '
spelter)
Pb, >0.20; Fe, >0.05; \6*~'
As + Sb, >0.02; Al, O; 5^
Sn, O
Foundry zinc (or Zn, <98.50; Pb, >1.25;
spelter)
Cd, >0.25; Fe, >0.07;
Sn, >0.02; As + Sb,
>0.02; Al, O
TABLES OF ALLOY CLASSES
In these tables most of the alloys listed in the finding index

above, are classified according to composition and according to
some of their more important uses. If the alloy class contains
many alloys it is broken up into sub-classes according to the type
formulae of the alloys comprised in it. Thus the class ^ Cast
Light Alloys" is divided into the sub-classes: Al-Cu; Al-Mg; etc.,
each containing alloys, the first two symbols of whose type formulae
are the same.
In these tables the alloys are identified by their index numbers
in the finding index.
Light Alloys
(Al- or Mg-base alloys)
CAST LIGHT ALLOYS
Al-Ag: 149, 1389; Al-Cr: 361; Al-Cu: 13, 24, 28, 43, 44, 46, 47,
66, 73, 74, 76, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98,99, 100, 110, 163, 199,
432, 473, 594, 595, 711, 755, 764, 765, 766, 774, 809, 810, 811, 813,
814, 815, 823, 826, 827, 833, 840, 874, 882, 885, 945, 983, 1063,
1064, 1206, 1453, 1461, 1462, 1490, 1491; Al-Mg: 27, 819,820,824,
825, 1370, 1500; Al-Mn: 72, 254; Al-Ni: 57, 58, 265, 1185, 1452,
MANGANESE BRASSES (SO-CALLED MANGANESE BRONZES)
Al-Sb: 1062, 1487; Ai-Si: 37, 60, 61, 68, 69, 70, 93, 101, 1246;
Low manganese (type formula: Cu-Zn-Mn): 465, 599, 721, 842,
Al-Sn: 797, 828, 860, 875, 905; Al-V: 1450; Al-Zn: 25, 48,
844,
845, 852, 979, 1059, 1187, 1343, 1368, 1379. High man49, 63, 65, 67, 75, 90, 97, 112, 131, 132, 513, 674, 763, 791, 876, 877,
878, 879, 891, 920, 921, 1228, 1229, 1440, 1501, 1509, Mg-Al: ganese (type formula: Cu-Mn-Zn): 430, 842, 846, 852, 1124, 1248,
490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 528, 529, 923; Mg-Cu: 496; Mg-Zn: 1252.
530.
TIN (ORDINARY) BRONZES
Type formula : Cu-Sn
WKOUGHT LIGHT ALLOYS
Al-Ag: 150; Al-Cu: 14, 23, 40, 44, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 110,
137, 508, 510, 712, 751, 774, 812, 833, 883, 884, 911, 925, 1369,
1499; Al-Mg: 26, 509, 824, 829, 1507; Al-Mn: 77, 682; Al-Ni: 57,
1016; Al-Si: 62, 86, 1039, 1497; Al-Zn: 1, 50, 80, 184, 520, 611,
873, 1189, 1386, 1496, 1498, 1506, 1507; Mg-Al: 528, 529, 923;
Mg-Zn : 530.
Copper Alloys
SIMPLE BRASSES
Type formula: Cu-Zn
Sn, 1-10%: 142, 526, 592, 612, 664, 750, 770, 843, 887, 1034,
1332, 1431; Sn, 11-20%: 203, 257, 258, 612, 664, 843, 1359;
Sn, 21-30%: 255, 257, 767; Sn, 31-40%: 543, 916, 1037, 1192,
1308.
PHOSPHOR BRONZES
Type formula: Cu-Sn-P
Sn, 1-10%: 319, 345, 419, 535, 612, 681, 775, 932, 1081, 1082,
1083, 1332, 1441; Sn, 11-20%: 204, 217, 218, 302, 303, 350, 612,
775.
ZINC BRONZES
Zn, 1-10%: 195, 268, 321, 333, 340, 401, 620,683, 738, 861,1069,
1087, 1134, 1181, 1221, 1270, 1371, 1392, 1397, 1400; Zn, 11-20%:
Type formula: Cu-Sn-Zn-(P)
169, 193, 318, 600, 651, 669, 683, 738, 799, 861, 888, 1030, 1087,
Sn, 1-10%: 18, 129, 205, 206, 305, 394, 472, 612, 652, 664, 694,
1182, 1270, 1397, 1399, 1405; Zn, 21-30%: 259, 278, 301, 308, 380,
439, 455, 517, 651, 693, 734, 773, 1220, 1224, 1316, 1398, 1418, 731, 771, 843, 887, 931, 933, 1033, 1332, 1441. Sn, 11-20%: 8,
1486, 1493; Zn, 31-40%: 282, 308, 323, 339, 380, 398, 400, 403, 205, 257, 521, 612, 664, 726, 747, 768, 843, 929, 1012, 1209. Sn,
464, 487, 497, 651, 773, 913, 918, 919, 1088, 1135, 1210, 1220, 1271, 21-30 % : 256, 257. Sn, 31-40 % : 256.
1316, 1409, 1418, 1425, 1486, 1493; Zn, 41-50%: 194, 282, 599,
LEADED ZINC BRONZES
821, 919, 1220, 1295, 1299, 1302.
Type formula: Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb
LEADED BRASSES
Sn, 1-10%: 19, 207, 294, 295, 612, 654, 664, 725, 779, 843, 936,
Type formula: Cu-Zn-Pb
1157, 1276, 1332, 1333, 1439, 1441. Sn, 11-20%: 207, 208, 257,
Zn, 1-10%: 306, 379, 603, 683, 778; Zn, 11-20%: 651, 683, 777, 589, 612, 653, 664, 714, 767, 843. Sn, 21-30%: 257, 589. Sn,
780; Zn, 21-30%: 651, 772, 773, 777, 782, 938, 1022, 1220, 1493; 31-40%: 589. Sn, 41-50%: 881.
Zn, 31-40%: 322, 377, 378, 395, 604, 651, 677, 683, 706, 773, 777,
868, 919, 1220, 1310, 1468, 1493; Zn, 40-50%: 919, 1220.
LEAD BRONZES
Type formula: Cu-Sn-Pb-(Zn), Pb < 15%
TIN BRASSES, INCLUDING NAVAL BRASS
Sn, 1-10%: 5, 172, 211, 212, 271, 304, 500, 541, 664, 843, 1157,
Type formula: Cu-Zn-Sn
1328, 1441; Sn, 11-20%: 134, 202, 257, 589, 664, 761, 843, 930;
Sn, <4%: Zn, 1-10%: 489, 593, 683, 738, 861, 1091, 1270, Sn, 21-30%: 257, 589; Sn, 31-40%: 589.
1392; Zn, 11-20%: 2, 324, 527, 600, 665, 683, 738, 818, 861, 1030,
Type formula: Cu-Pb-Sn-(Zn), Sn < 15%
1067, 1270, 1372, 1399; Zn, 21-30%: 16, 622, 773, 1220, 1303,
Pb, 1-10%: 201, 212, 213, 355, 664, 802, 912, 1038, 1332, 1377,
1493; Zn, 31-40%: 17, 253, 323, 622, 773, 926, 927, 1031, 1220,
1441; Pb, 11-20%: 6, 35, 55, 201, 214, 215, 331, 335, 458,459, 519,
1396, 1403, 1493; Zn, 41-50%: 1021, 1220, 1387.
Sn, >4%: Zn, 1-10%: 861, 1270; Zn, 11-20%: 209, 667, 861, 553, 556, 801, 1216; Pb, 21-30%: 29, 34, 35, 55, 216, 456, 745,
1123; Pb, 31-40%: 55, 342, 469.
1024, 1030, 1270; Zn, 21-30%: 209, 1032.
LEADED TIN BRASSES
Type Formula: Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb
Sn, <4%: Zn, 1-10%: 297, 683, 704, 1092, 1156, 1208, 1492;
Zn, 11-20%: 298, 402, 457, 683, 1156, 1159, 1207; Zn, 21-30%:
267, 540, 542, 622, 773, 1128, 1129, 1220, 1227, 1493; Zn, 31-40%:
299, 300, 622, 733, 773, 1077, 1078, 1220, 1493; Zn, 41-50%: 1220,
1296.
Sn, >4%: Zn, 1-10%: 295, 296, 666, 1156; Zn, 11-20%: 1156,
1159, 1207, 1438; Zn, 21-30%: 210, 399, 1493; Zn, 31-40%: 1493.
HIGH TENSILE BRASSES (EXCLUDING MANGANESE BRONZES)
Type formulae: Cu-Zn-Al; Cu-Zn-Fe; etc.
30, 102, 264, 468, 511, 512, 538, 614, 685, 686, 695, 705, 966, 979,
1020, 1138, 1179, 1186, 1187, 1194, 1202, 1215, 1236, 1356, 1357,
1358, 1368, 1379, 1393, 1395, 1412, 1417, 1420, 1447, 1448, 1455,
1484.
SPECIAL BRONZES
Type formula: Cu-Sn-X
148, 270, 337, 514, 615, 694, 732, 1080, 1238.
ALUMINUM BRONZES
Cu-AI: 103, 453, 488, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1070, 1367;
Cu-Al-Au: 650, 1018; Cu-Al-Fe: 45, 104, 130, 141, 570, 934, 1242;
Cu-Al-Mg: 105, 1214; Cu-Al-Mn: 106, 1070; Cu-Al-Ni: 109, 317,
488; Cu-Al-Ni-Fe: 606, 1196; Cu-Al-Pb: 1070, 1342; Cu-Al-Si:
471, 1381.
Nickel Silvers
Type formulae, Cu-Ni-Zn and Cu-Zn-Ni
Generic names: 51, 166, 167, 168, 354, 834, 939, 940, 1125,1131,
1258, 1260, 1269, 1315, 1457.
Ni, 1-10%: 263, 431, 531, 608, 966, 981, 982, 985, 1476;
Ni,642, 643, 644; Au, 51-60%: 534, 636, 637, 647, 1106,
462, 638,
11-20%: 151, 154, 156, 158, 165, 263, 336, 396, 531, 605, 608,617,
1494; Au, 61-70%: 534, 634, 635, 640, 646, 1066, 1104, 1115,
618, 619, 834, 853, 966, 978, 986, 987, 988, 989, 992, 993,1116,
994,995,
1177; Au, 71-80%: 281, 534, 633, 640, 641, 660, 1046, 1158,
1025, 1166, 1222, 1410, 1456, 1463, 1478, 1483; Ni, 21-30%:1177,
135, 1183, 1480; Au, 81-90%: 534, 632, 662, 1052, 1177, 1327,
165, 262, 263, 533, 608, 616, 618, 978, 990, 991, 1101; Ni,1479, 1480; Au, 91-100%: 630, 631, 1049, 1326.
31-40%: 978, 1045, 1223; Ni, 41-60%: 1045.
ALLOYS CONTAINING METALS OF THE PLATINUM GROUP
SPECIAL NICKEL SILVERS
Pt, < 20%: 351, 408, 409, 904, 1035, 1102, 1103, 1116; Pt,
Nickel silver plus additional elements: this class is divided into
20-30%: 408, 903, 1047, 1097, 1103, 1104, 1111, 1114; Pt, 31-40%:
sub-classes according to added elements
1097, 1106, 1110, 1168; Pt, 41-60%: 411; Pt, 51-60%: 1098,
Ag: 59, 1471; Al: 111, 1430; Al-Cr: 363; Cd: 147, 1054; Co-Ag:1105; Pt, 91-100%: 1107, 1109.
356; Cr: 1056; Fe: 152, 153, 155, 157, 175, 176, 177, 178, 839,1045,
Pd, < 20%: 1047, 1052, 1177, 1466, 1479; Pd, 20-30%: 1046,
1176, 1355, 1473; Fe-Pb: 1122, 1404; Fe-Si: 623; Fe-Sn-Co: 808, 1113, 1177; Pd, 31-40%: 1177; Pd, 61-70%: 1051, 1436, 1467;
1055; Mn: 136, 138, 852, 859, 1248; Mn-Sn: 853, 979; Pb:
Pd, 39,
81-90%: 1050, 1107, 1109.
993, 995, 1120, 1222, 1354, 1365; Pb-Sn: 139, 164, 165, 484, 968,
Ir: 1035, 1036, 1098, 1107.
977, 992, 1121, 1251, 1364; Sb-Co-Fe: 1090; Sn-Bi: 274, 275, 276,Rh: 1035, 1036, 1109.
937, 968; Sn-Co: 198, 382, 1257; Sn-Fe-Bi: 1273; W: 1100, 1413. Os: 1035, 1036.
Ru: 1035, 1036.
Lead Base Alloys
Irons
As : 785; Ba : 602, 807; Ca : 186, 332, 390, 867,1433; Cd : 124; Cu:
CAST IRONS AND PIG IRONS
50, 421; Fe: 783; Mg: 676; Na: 1011; Sb: 144, 145, 196,219-221,
225-232, 460, 475, 525, 532, 624, 627, 629, 657, 658, 659, 4,
710,
715,
191,
192, 349, 353, 441, 536, 579, 601, 656, 661, 835-837, 1071,
735, 757, 786, 794, 795, 822, 831, 910, 1014, 1017, 1065, 1351,1353,
1217, 1477.
1373, 1384, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1482; Sn: 3, 7, 222, 223, 224, 233, 334,
386, 557, 609, 784, 862, 924, 928, 1040, 1041, 1278-1287, 1291,
HIGH SILICON CAST IRONS
1294, 1297, 1380, 1427, 1428, 1429.
52, 423, 515, 516, 730, 1374.
Tin Base Alloys
ALLOY CAST IRONS
Al: 113, 293; Bi: 387, 1485; Cu: 498, 560, 621, 675, 692, 740,
870,
871,
974.
1076, 1094, 1255, 1406; Fe: 1350; Ni: 1407, 1464; P: 1085; Pb:
235, 247, 248, 388, 476, 477, 539, 550, 559, 709, 869, 1045, 1075,
RECARBURIZERS AND STEEL MILL ALLOYS
1146, 1226, 1277, 1278, 1292, 1294, 1301, 1331, 1352, 1390, 1391,
1422, 1481; Sb: 20, 53, 162, 174, 185, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 337, 565-569, 571-574, 576-585, 1238, 1239, 1241, 1244, 1312243, 244, 245, 246, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 404, 474, 485, 678,1314.
713, 736, 739, 741, 776, 894, 935, 1042, 1043, 1060, 1126, 1127,
1136, 1147, 1148, 1161, 1421, 1423; Zn: 41, 114, 115, 116, 120,
COMMERCIALLY PURE, INGOT AND WROUGHT IRONS
121, 122, 123, 239, 279, 673, 1061, 1254, 1256, 1469, 1475.
170, 346, 724, 729, 1489.
Zinc Base Alloys
Steels
Ag: 1259; Al: 118, 125, 126, 480, 746, 1178, 1378, 1495, 1510;
CARBON STEELS
Cd: 117, 1231; Cu: 41, 159, 249, 269, 272, 482, 483, 523, 597, 598,
672, 793, 806, 838, 1086, 1096, 1108, 1205, 1293, 1298, 1300, 1304,
341, 347, 437, 558, 607, 670, 698, 737, 800, 866, 889, 898, 1019,
1305, 1306, 1307, 1474; Fe: 684; Pb: 749; Sb: 505, 625, 788, 1311;
1119, 1149, 1150, 1319, 1320, 1334-1341, 1360.
Sn: 119, 197, 250, 251, 309, 478, 479, 481, 506, 524, 563, 628, 691,
789, 1044, 1139, 1199, 1203, 1204, 1451, 1505.
ALLOY STEELS
Alloys Containing the Precious Metals
SILVER ALLOYS
Classified by alloying elements
Al: 127, 128; B: 292; Ce: 344; Co: 393, 1074, 1133; Co-W-Cr:
Ag, < 20%: 149, 288, 534, 630-636, 638-641, 643, 660, 662, 874760;
, Cr: 12, 376, 422, 596, 1132, 1137, 1272, 1323,1324,1443,1444;
Cr-Co : 502, 690; Cr-Cu : 1198; Cr-Mo : 360, 371,805,900,901,902,
875, 877, 879, 904, 1049, 1053, 1066, 1188, 1467, 1471; Ag, 20-30%:
915; Cr-Ni:
160, 161, 410, 534, 634, 636, 637, 640, 646, 660, 914, 1105,
1116, 329, 591, 758, 759; Cr-Si: 171, 466, 467, 941, 1235;
Cr-Si-W:
1233; Cr-U: 374; Cr-V: 375, 1321; Cu: 418, 1197; Mn:
1141, 1317, 1466, 1494; Ag, 31-40%: 161, 411, 534, 640, 642, 6
44,
855, 1019; Mn-Si : 1236; Mo : 906; Mo-Co-Cr : 700; Mo-Co-V :
645, 647, 1051, 1225, 1259, 1261, 1389; Ag, 41-50%: 534,854,1225,
703; Mo-Cr: 702; Mo-Cr-Co-U: 701; Mo-V: 1458; Ni: 586, 727,
1470; Ag, 61-60%: 648, 1103, 1267; Ag, 61-70%: 1097, 1103,
756,1097,
892, 996-1001, 1099, 1143,1361,1362,1454; Ni-B : 967; Ni-Ce :
1110, 1113, 1114, 1168, 1262, 1263, 1267; Ag, 71-80%:
1103, 1111, 1253, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1268; Ag, 81-90%: 351, 1097,970; Ni-Cr: 31, 328, 372, 373, 564, 613, 872, 1142, 1212, 1408;
Ni-Cr-Mo: 798; Ni-Cr-Si: 179, 454, 897, 1172, 1173,1232; Ni-Cu:
1250, 1329; Ag, 91-100%: 1249, 1330, 1411.
976, 1009, 1388; Ni-Mn: 1211; Ni-Mo: 980, 1010; Ni-Si: 984;
Ni-U: 1003; Ni-V: 1004; Ni-Zr: 1006; Si: 518, 607, 1245, 1325,
GOLD ALLOYS
1363; Si-Mn: 1237, 1275, 1322; Si-Ti-V: 1442; Ti: 1394; U: 1437;
Au, < 20%: 648, 650, 1018, 1105, 1112, 1141, 1218; Au, 21-30%: V: 1449; W: 283, 433, 723, 922, 1416; W-Cr: 284, 748, 1045, 1375,
410, 660, 1317; Au, 31-40%: 639, 645, 1053, 1466; Au, 41-60%: 1445; W-Cr-V: 285, 942, 1401, 1435; Zr: 1508.
Other Ferrous Alloys

With or without carbon and including some of the high alloy steels
Cr-Fe: 286; Cu-Fe: 570, 1174, 1195; Fe-AI: 128; Fe-Co: 1133;
Fe-Co-Cr: 588; Fe-Cr: 9, 173, 364, 381, 507, 561, 596; Fe-Cr-Co:
391, 392, 502, 689, 690; Fe-Cr-Mn: 1013, 1383; Fe-Cr-Mo: 10,
290, 384; Fe-Cr-Ni: 329, 385, 591; Fe-Cr-Si: 252, 466, 467, 1233,
1234; Fe-Cu-Al: 570; Fe-Mn-Si: 1201; Fe-Ni: 54, 146, 486, 503,
707, 727, 756, 1079, 1099, 1454; Fe-Ni-Al: 1230; Fe-Ni-Cr: 307,
328, 365, 369, 454, 537, 562, 564, 575, 897, 947, 948, 1172, 1173,
1212, 1232; Fe-Ni-Cu: 32, 917, 1089; Fe-Ni-Mn: 389, 1211, 1388;
Fe-Si: 9(t>. high Si cast iron); Fe-V: 140; Ni-Cr-Fe: 679, 946, 952,
949, 973; Ni-Cu-Fe: 501; Ni-Fe: 183, 1072, 1165; Ni-Fe-Co: 1073;
Ni-Fe-Cr: 180, 320, 326, 327, 330, 368, 590, 626, 950, 951, 1093;
Ni-Si-Fe: 1243; Sn-Fe-Cu: 1350.
187, 190, 307, 316, 362, 366, 367, 370, 435, 554, 679, 720, 742, 753,
754, 864, 946, 949, 952, 953, 954, 971, 972, 1008, 1057, 1058, 1145,
1154, 1155, 1160; Ni-Cu: 880, 899, 908, 909; Ni-Fe: 180, 183,
326, 327, 330, 368, 626, 841, 950, 951, 973, 1093, 1402; Ni-Mn:
64, 699, 848, 849, 850, 1309.
Fusible Alloys
143, 461, 546-550, 610, 668, 792, 796, 944, 1023, 1190-1191,
1488.
Pyrophoric Alloys
181, 182, 718, 719, 762, 896.
Stellite and Similar Alloys
Electrical Alloys
Alloys having high resistance, or low temperature coefficient of
resistance, v. also heat resisting alloys
36, 325, 343, 407, 588, 671, 687, 688, 689, 1068, 1344-1349,
1459.
Co-Ni: 287, 288, 289; Co-Cr: 189; Co-W: 687, 688; Cr-Co: 188;
Cr-Fe: 9, 286; Cu-Al: 45, 104, 141; Cu-Ni: 136, 176, 260, 261, 266,
280, 438, 463, 551, 787, 1213; Cu-Pb: 6, 895; Cu-Si: 552; Cu-Sn:
5, 8, 732; Cu-Zn: 175, 259, 790, 1227; Fe-Cu: 1197;
Fe-Cr: 10, 12, 15, 171, 252, 290, 364, 381, 391, 392, 422, 502, 507,
689, 758, 759, 941, 1013, 1198, 1272, 1323, 1324; Fe-Ni: 32, 54,
179, 328, 365, 397, 454, 756, 897, 1089, 1172, 1173, 1211, 1212,
1230; Fe-Si: 52, 423, 515, 516, 536, 730, 1374; Ni-Cr: 187, 316,
720, 953, 954, 1155; Ni-Cu: 11, 420, 501, 781, 880, 899, 907, 908,
909, 1057, 1058; Ni-Fe: 368; Ni-Mn: 440; Ni-Zn: 865; Pb-Cu:
421; Pb-Sn: 7; Sn-Pb: 1226.
469, 500, 514, 519, 521, 541, 553, 556, 615, 745, 761, 768, 769, 965,
1123, 1130, 1328, 1434.
Spculums
Ag-Pt: 1168; Cr-Ni: 1169; Cu-Fe: 1174; Cu-Mn: 857,1 858,1
357, 358, 409, 522, 543, 767, 797, 820, 916, 1037, 1180, 1201,
1167, 1170, 1171, 1174, 1175; Cu-Ni: 22,1 405,1 412,1 555,1 716,1
1308.
717, ! 722, 1176; Cu-Zn: 545, 856, 1166; Fe-Cr: 173, 1013, 1233,
1383; Fe-Ni: 146, 389, 397, 486,2 503,2 564, 575, 707, 947, 948,
Dental Alloys
1079, 1232, 1388; Ni-Al: 1007; Ni-Cr: 307, 362, 366, 367, 370, 554,
351, 377, 464, 649, 752, 1152, 1470, 1484.
742, 753, 754, 864, 946, 949, 952, 953, 954, 971, 972, 1008, 1145,
1154, 1160; Ni-Cu: 803, 804: Ni-Fe: 180, 326, 327, 368, 626, 841,
Bearing Alloys
950, 951, 973, 1093, 1165, 1402; Ni-Mn: 64, 699, 830, 832, 848,
849, 850, 1309.
COPPER BASE
Corrosion Resisting Alloys
29, 34, 35, 55, 56, 141, 200-218, 331, 335, 342, 456, 457, 458, 459,
Heat Resisting Alloys

Co-Ni: 287, 288, 289; Co-W: 687, 688; Cr-Co: 188, 189; Cr-Fe:
286; Cu-Al: 45, 104; Cu-Mn: 436, 545, 851, 857, 858; Cu-Ni:
20, 22, 405, 412, 463, 551, 555, 623, 716, 717, 880; Cu-Si: 552;
Cu-Zn: 704, 852, 856; Fe-Cr: 171, 173, 252, 290, 329, 364, 381,
384, 385, 466, 467, 507, 561, 591, 689, 690, 805, 1013, 1233, 1234,
1383; Fe-Ni: 146, 179, 328, 365, 369, 397, 454, 562, 564, 707,
756, 947, 948, 1079, 1172, 1173, 1232, 1384, 1454; Ni-Cr: 133,
1
2
Low temperature coefficient of resistance.

Low thermal expansion coefficient.
WHITE METALS
Aluminum base
Cu: 594; Ni: 265.
Lead base
Ba: 602, 807; Ca: 186, 332, 390, 867, 1433; Mg: 676; Na: 1011;
Sb: 144, 145, 219-221, 225-232, 460, 475, 525, 624, 627, 629,
657, 658, 659, 831, 1482; Sn: 222, 223, 224, 233, 234, 862, 928
1040, 1041, 1384.
Tin base
Cu: 498, 560, 675, 692, 740, 1094; Pb: 235, 247, 248, 476,477;
Sb: 20, 174, 185, 236, 238, 240-246, 474, 485, 739, 935, 1060, 1126;
Zn: 239.
Zinc base
Cu: 249, 806; Sb: 625, 788; Sn: 250, 251, 691, 789, 1139,1204,
1505.
MEANINGS OF SYMBOLS DENOTING TREATMENTS

NOTE : Treatments are denoted by capital letters, with subscripts to indicate modifications. Thus "R 0 " means "cold
rolled."
A commonly occurring abbreviation is t/m, where t is the
temperature at which a particular specimen is held for m units of
time (minutes unless otherwise specified).
Care must be used in interpreting some of the data. The effect
of heat treatment on properties often varies with the size of the
specimen; and although sizes of the test specimens are usually
given, it is not always clear whether these have been machined
before or after the heat treatment. Where known, dimensions of
specimens when heat treated are given in the "Treatment"
column.
If symbol is enclosed in a square bracket, [ ], treatment is done
in mass, i.e., before machining, but dimensions are not specified.
A
A
Ab
Ac
ANZ
AV
A2
B
C
Ca
Ccao
Cf
Cf 0
Cgm
Cm
C0
Cq
Cr
C8
Ct
Ck/m
C2
CR
Crys.
D
DC
Dd
Dh
DA
Do
Dp
DR
E
F
Fm
G
Gc
Ggt
Ghm
Gm
G m /2
Gphm
Ga
Gr
Grw
H
Ha
H0
Uy2
Annealed
Annealed drastically
Box annealed
Close annealed
Annealed in nitrogen
Annealed in vacuo
Re-annealed
Blued
Cooled
Cooled in air
Cooled in lime
Cooled in furnace
Cooled in furnace with door open
Cooled in gas muffle
Cooled in muffle
Cooled in oil
Cooled quickly
Cooled at moderate rate
Cooled slowly
Cooled in fireclay tube
Cooled through critical range at rate of t per min
Cooled in sand
Cherry re,d heat
Single crystal
Drawn
Drawn, cold
Drawn, hard
Drawn, hot
Drawn, with annealing
The same
As deposited
Dark red heat
Extruded
Forged
Forged on mandrel
Cast, or as cast
Cast, centrifugal
Cast in glass tube
Cast in preheated mold
Cast, chill
Cast, semi-chill
Pressure cast in preheated mold
Cast, sand
Ground
Ground, wet
Hardened
Hardened, air
Hardened in oil
Half-hard
SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLES INDIQUANT LES TRAITEMENTS

NOTE: Les traitements sont mentionns par des lettres majuscules, avec des indices pour indiquer les modifications. Ainsi
"R0" signifie "lamin froid."
Une abrviation qui se prsente souvent est t/m o t est la
temprature laquelle une prouvette particulire est maintenue
pendant m units de temps (minutes, moins d'une indication).
Une certaine attention est ncessaire dans l'interprtation de
quelques-unes des donnes. L'effect du traitement thermique sur
les proprits varie souvent avec les dimensions de l'prouvette;
et quoique les dimensions des prouvettes essayes soient ordinairement donnes, il n'est pas toujours vident si celles-ci ont t
fabriques avant ou aprs le traitement thermique. Les dimensions des prouvettes traites thermiquement sont donnes,
lorsqu'elles sont connues, dans la colonne "Treatment."
Si le symbole est compris entre crochets [ ], le traitement est
fait en masse, c'est--dire avant l'usinage, mais les dimensions ne
sont pas spcifies.
A
A
Ab
AC
ANS
AV
A2
B
C
Ca
Ccao
Cf
Cf 0
Cgm
Cm
C0
Cq
Cr
C8
Ct
Q/m
Cz
CR
Crys.
D
Dc
Dd
Dh
DA
Do
Dp
DR
E
F
Fm
G
GC
Ggt
Ghm
Gm
Gm/2
Gphm
G8
Gr
Grw
H
Recuit
Recuit brutalement
Recuit en bote
Recuit en vase clos
Recuit dans l'azote
Recuit dans le vide
Double recuit
Bleui
Refroidi
Refroidi dans l'air
Refroidi dans la chaux
Refroidi dans le four
Refroidi dans le four, la porte tant ouverte
Refroidi dans le moufle gaz
Refroidi dans le moufle
Refroidi dans l'huile
Refroidi rapidement
Refroidi d'une faon modre
Refroidi lentement
Refroidi dans un tube d'argile rfractaire
Refroidi dans l'intervalle critique raison de t par minute
Refroidi dans le sable
Chaleur rouge cerise
Cristal unique
tir
tir froid
tir dur
tir chaud
tir avec recuit
Le mme
Comme dpos
Chaleur rouge sombre
Matrice
Forg
Forg sur mandrin
Coul, ou comme coul
Coul, centrifug
Coul en tube de verre
Coul en coquille pralablement chauff
Coul, en coquille
Coul, demi-coquille
Coul sous pression en coquille pralablement chauff
Coul en sable
Broy
Broy, humide
Durci
BEDEUTUNG DER DIE BEHANDLUNG ANGEBENDEN

ZEICHEN
BEMERKUNG: Die Behandlungen sind durch grosse Buchstaben
gekennzeichnet, der Index zeigt dann ihre Modifikation an. Es
bedeutet z.B. "R0" kalt gewalzt.
Eine hufig vorkommende Abkrzung ist t/m, in welcher t
die Temperatur bedeutet bei welcher ein bestimmtes Materialstck m Zeiteinheiten gehalten wurde (Zeit in Minuten, wenn
nichts anderes angegeben).
Die Bedeutung einiger Zahlen muss mit Vorsicht gewertet
werden. Der Einfmss der Erwrmung auf die Eigenschaft des
Materials ndert sich oft mit dessen Ausmessung. Obgleich die
letztere meist angegeben ist, ist es nicht immer klar ob die Prfung
vor oder nach der Wrmebehandlung ausgefhrt wurde. Wo
bekannt, sind die Dimensionen des Materials sobald es in der
Hitze behandelt wurde, in der Kolonne unter "Treatment"
angegeben.
Ist das Zeichen in einer eckigen Klammer [ ] so bedeutet dies,
dass die Behandlung vor der Prfung ausgefhrt wurde, aber die
Ausmessung ist nicht nher angegeben.
A
A
Ab
AC
ANo
Ay
A2
B
C
Ca
Ccao
Cf
Cf 0
Cgm
Cm
C0
Ca
Cr
C3
Ct
C^c0/m
Cz
CR
Crys.
D
DC
Dd
Dh
DA
Do
Dp
DR
E
F
Fm
G
Gc
Ggt
Ghin
Gm
Gm/2
Gphm
G9
Ausgeglht
Grndlich ausgeglht
In Glhkiste geglht
Unter Luftabschluss geglht
In Stickstoff geglht
In Luftleere geglht
Nochmals geglht
Blau angelassen
Erkaltet
An Luft erkaltet
In Kalk erkaltet
Im Ofen erkaltet
Dito bei geffneter Tr
Im Gasmuffelofen erkaltet
Im Muffelofen erkaltet
Im lbad erkaltet
Rasch erkaltet
Verzgert erkaltet (massig rasch)
Langsam erkaltet
Im Chamotterohr erkaltet
Erkaltet mit einer Durchlaufgeschwindigkeit durch die
kritischen Punkte von /min
Erkaltet im Sand
Kirschrotwrme
Einzelkristall
Gezogen
Kalt gezogen
Hart gezogen
Heiss gezogen
Gezogen mit Ausglhen
Dasgl.
Wie niedergeschlagen
Dunkelrothitze
Ausgestossen
Geschmiedet
Auf dem Dorn geschmiedet
Gegossen oder in gegossenem Zustand
Zentrifugalguss
In ein Glasrohr gegossen
In vorgewrmter Gussform vergossen
Gegossen in Kokille
Hartguss
In vorgewrmter Gussform nach dem Pressverfahren
vergossen
In Sand vergossen
SIGNIFICATO DI SIMBOLI INDICANTI TRATTAMENTI

NOTA: I trattamenti sono designati con lettere maiuscole
munite di indice in basso per indicare le modificazioni. Cos "Rc"
significa laminato a freddo.
Una abbreviazione frequente t/m dove t la temperatura
alla quale un dato campione mantenuto per m unit di tempo
(minuti, quando non diversamente specificato).
Si deve fare attenzione a interpetrare alcuni dati. L'effetto del
trattamento termico sulle propriet spesso varia con le dimensioni
del provino; e sebbene le dimensioni siano in genere indicate, non
sempre chiaro se i provini sono stati portati a quelle dimensioni
dopo o prima il trattamento termico. In quest'ultimo caso le
dimensioni del provino sono riportate nella colonna " Treatment."
Quando il simbolo racchiuso fra parentesi quadra [ ], il
trattamento s'intende fatto sul pezzo prima di lavorarlo, e le
dimensioni non sono indicate.
A
A
Ab
AC
AN 2
AV
A2
B
C
Ca
Ccao
Cf
Cf 0
Cgm
Cm
C0
Cq
Cr
C8
Ct
C^/m
Cz
CR
Crys.
D
DC
Dd
Dh
DA
Do
Dp
DR
E
F
Fm
G
Gc
Ggt
Ghm
Gm
Gm/2
Gphm
G3
Gr
Grw
H
Ha
H0
Ricotto
Ricotto a fondo
Ricotto in cassetta
Ricotto in ambiente chiuso
Ricotto in azoto
Ricotto nel vuoto
Ricotto una seconda volta
Rinvenuto in modo da assumere il color blu
Raffreddato
Raffreddato all'aria
Raffreddato in calce
Raffreddato in forno
Raffreddato in forno con porta aperta
Raffreddato in muffola a gas
Raffreddato in muffola
Raffreddato in olio
Raffreddato rapidamente
Raffreddato a velocit moderata
Raffreddato lentamente
Raffreddato in tubo di refrattario
Raffreddato attraverso l'intervallo critico con una
velocit di t al minuto
Raffreddato in sabbia
Temperatura del rosso-ciliegia
Cristallo singolo
Trafilato
Trafilato a freddo
Trafilato duro
Trafilato a caldo
Trafilato con ricottura
Lo stesso
Come si deposita
Temperatura del rosso-scuro
Fatto passare sotto pressione attraverso a una matrice
Fucinato
Fucinato su mandrino
Getto
Getto centrifugato
Colato in tubo di vetro
Colato in forma preriscaldata
Colato in conchiglia
Colato in semiconchiglia
Colato sotto pressione in forma- preriscaldata
Colato in sabbia
Smerigliato
Smerigliato alla mola
Temprato
Temprato in aria
Temprato in olio
HWk
Hardened, work
Hm
Hammered
J
Tested (at Z0C) or (immediately)
Ja
Tested in air
Jco2
Tested in CO2
JH
Tested in H 2
Jia
Tested in liquid air
Jx2
Tested in N 2
K
Carburized
M
Modified
Ml
Melted
Ml2
Remelted
Mlv
Melted in vacuo
N
Normalized
Na
Normalized in air
NV
Normalized in vacuo
Nat
Natural state
O
As received
P
Pickled
Pw
Pickled and washed
Pl
Plate
Pr
Pressed
Q
Quenched
Qb
Quenched in boiling water
Qh
Quenched in hot water
Qi
Quenched in iced brine
Qia
Quenched in liquid air
Q0
Quenched in oil
Qw
Quenched in water
Qpb
Quenched in lead bath
Qeait
Quenched in salt bath
Q2
Double quenched
R
Rolled
R0
Rolled, cold
Rd
Rolled, hard
Rh
Rolled hot
R8
Rolled, soft
S
Soaked
Sh
Soaked in hot bath
Str
Struck (in coin press)
Sv
As for service
Sw
Swaged
Tp
Tempered
Tp0
Tempered in oil
Tp2
Retempered
Trt
Heat treated
U
Refined
V
Aged
W
Heated to
W8 f
Heated in gas furnace
W8
Heated slowly
W2
Reheated
Wt0/x Heated to tC and held there for x min
Wt0/xh Heated to J0C and held there for x hr
W
White heat
Wk
Worked (Wrought)
Wkc
Worked, cold
Wkd
Worked, hard
Wkh
Worked, hot
Wk3
Worked, soft
Y
Yellow heat
In addition to the above, the following signs are used to denote
position of test specimen in the original ingot, casting, or rolled bar
or plate :
Il Longitudinal
JL Transverse
Ha
H0
H^
Hwk
Hm
J
Ja
Jco2
Jn2
Jia
JN 2
K
M
Ml
Ml2
Mlv
N
Na
Ny
Nat
O
P
Pw
Pl
Pr
Q
Qb
Qh
Qi
Qja
Q0
Qw
Qpb
Qsait
Q2
R
Rc
Rd
Rh
R8
S
Sh
Str
Sv
Sw
Tp
Tp0
Tp2
Trt
U
V
W
Wgf
W8
W2
Wt/x
Durci l'air
Durci l'huile
Demi dur
croui
Martel
Essay (/0C) ou (immdiatement)
Essay dans l'air
Essay dans CO2
Essay dans H2
Essay dans Fair liquide
Essay dans N 2
Carbur
Modifi
Fondu
Refondu
Fondu dans le vide
Normalis
Normalis dans l'air
Normalis dans le vide
tat naturel
Comme reu
Dcap l'acide
Dcap et lav
Tle
Press
Tremp
Tremp dans l'eau bouillante
Tremp dans l'eau chaude
Tremp dans saumure glace
Tremp dans l'air liquide
Tremp dans l'huile
Tremp dans l'eau
Tremp dans un bain de plomb
Tremp dans un bain de sel
Double trempe
Lamin
Lamin, froid
Lamin, dur
Lamin, chaud
Lamin, mou
Bien recuit
Bien recuit dans un bain chaud
Frapp (dans matrice monnaies)
Comme utilis
tamp
Revenu
Revenu l'huile
Revenu deux fois
Trait thermiquement
Raffin
Vieilli
Chauff
Chauff dans un four gaz
Chauff lentement
Rechauff
Chauff tC et maintenu cette temprature pendant
x minutes
Wt/xh Chauff tC et maintenu cette temprature pendant
x heures
W
Chaleur rouge blanc
Wk
Travaill
Wk0
Travaill, froid
Wkd
Travaill, dur
Wkh
Travaill, chaud
Wk8
Travaill, mou
Y
Chaleur rouge jaune
Gr
Grw
H
Ha
H0
H^
Hwt
Hm
J
Ja
Jco2
Jn2
Jia
Jx2
K
M
Ml
Ml2
Mlv
N
Na
NV
Nat
O
P
Pw
Pl
Pr
Q
Qb
Qh
Qi
Qia
Q0
Qw
Qpb
Qaait
Qa
R
RC
Rd
Rh
RS
S
Sh
Str
Sv
Sw
Tp
Tp0
Tp2
Trt
U
V
W
W8f
W8
W2
Wt0/x
Wt0/xh
W
Wk
Wk0
Wkd
Wkh
Wk3
Geschliffen
Nass geschliffen
Gehrtet
Luftgehrtet
lgehrtet
Halb gehrtet
Kalt gehrtet
Gehmmert
Geprft (bei J0C) oder (gleich)
Geprft in Luft
Geprft in CC>2
Geprft in H2
Geprft in flssiger Luft
Geprft in N 2
Gekohlt
Gendert
Geschmolzen
Umgeschmolzen
In Luftleere geschmolzen
Normalisiert
In Luft normalisiert
In Luftleere normalisiert
Natrlicher Zustand
Wie erhalten
Abgebeizt
Dito und gewaschen
Blech
Gepresst
Abgeschreckt
Dito in kochendem Wasser
Dito in heissem Wasser
Abgelscht in Eislake
Dito in flssiger Luft
Dito in l
Dito in Wasser
Dito im Bleibad
Dito im Salzbad
Zweimal abgeschreckt
Gewalzt
Kalt gewalzt
Hart gewalzt
Heiss gewalzt
Weich gewalzt
Geweicht
Geweicht in heissem Bad
Ins Mnzgesenk geschlagen
Wie zum Gebrauch
Im Gesenk nachgeschmiedet
Angelassen
In l angelassen
Nochmals angelassen
Wrmebehandelt
Raffiniert
Gealtert
Erhitzt auf
Im Gasofen erhitzt
Langsam erhitzt
Wiederholt erhitzt
Erhitzt auf t u. x Min. lang
Erhitzt auf t u. x Std. lang
Weissglut
Bearbeitet (geschmiedet)
Kalt geschmiedet
Hart geschmiedet
Heiss geschmiedet
Weich geschmiedet
Hi
Hwk
Hm
J
Ja
Jco2
Jn2
Jia
JiST2
K
M
Ml
Ml2
Mlv
N
Na
NV
Nat
O
P
PW
Pl
Pr
Q
Qb
Qh
Qi
Qia
Q0
Qw
Qpb
Qsait
Q2
R
RC
Rd
Rh
R8
S
Sh
Str
Sv
Sw
Tp
Tp0
Tp2
Trt
U
V
W
W8f
W3
W2
Wt/x
Semiduro
Incrudito
Lavorato al maglio
Provato (a I0C) oppure (immediatemente)
Provato in aria
Provato in CO2
Provato in H 2
Provato hi aria liquida
Provato in N 2
Carbur azzato
Modificato
Fuso
Rifuso
Fuso nel vuoto
Normalizzato
Normalizzato all'aria
Normalizzato nel vuoto
Stato naturale
Nelle condizioni in cui stato ricevuto
Pulito con acido
Pulito e lavato
Lamiera
Pressato
Temprato in un liquido
Temprato in acqua bollente
Temprato in acqua calda
Temprato in acqua salata ghiacciata
Temprato in aria liquida
Temprato in olio
Temprato in acqua
Temprato in bagno di piombo
Temprato in bagno di sali
Doppia tempra
Laminato
Laminato a freddo
Laminato duro
Laminato a caldo
Laminato dolce
Ricotto a fondo
Ricotto a fondo in bagno caldo
Stampato con pressa a coniare
Come per servizio
Forgiato su stampo
Rinvenuto
Rinvenuto in olio
Rinvenuto due volte
Trattato termicamente
Affinato
Invecchiato
Riscaldato a
Riscaldato in un forno a gas
Riscaldato lentemente
Riscaldato due volte
Riscaldato a Z0C e mantenuto a questa temperatura per
x minuti
Wt/xh Riscaldato a E0C e mantenuto a questa temperatura per
x ore
W
Temperatura del bianco
Wk
Lavorato (grezzo)
Wk0
Lavorato a freddo
Wkd
Lavorato duro
Wkh
Lavorato a caldo
Wk8
Lavorato dolce
Y
Temperatura del color giallo
TV
/
Tangential
Kadial
In the case of single crystals, the following are used:
Crys. Il Parallel to crystal axis
Crys. J_ Perpendicular to crystal axis
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS DENOTING VARIABLES
DEFINING A SYSTEM AND THEIR UNITS
a
CS
Ga
I
/o
Al
p
P
SWG
Tr.
V
AV
Fo
d
Ad
do
Area of cross section

Compressive stress
Gage
Length (gage length in case of tensile specimens)
Original length
Increment of length
Pressure
Load
Steel wire gage
Trace (in analysis)
Volume
Increment of volume
Original volume
Diameter
Increment of diameter
Original diameter
MEANINGS OF SYMBOLS DENOTING PROPERTIES

NOTE: Some of these properties are defined on p. viii, and the
definitions are here referred to by number as Def. 1, Def. 2, etc.
A, B, C, D, etc. Thermal coefficients of volume expansion; v.
vol. I, p. 36.
a2
Capillary constant; v. vol. I, p. 35
A 1J A 2' A C3
An? Ar 2 J A rs
BHN
BMR
Ci?
dj 0
DLc
E
El
EL
ELC
EL&
EP
FL0
F. P.
G
IHN
IS
IS'
K
i Critical temperatures or ranges of steels

Brinell hardness number (Def. 12)
Bending modulus of rupture, kg/mm 2 (Def. 5)
Mean specific heat between t\ and ^C, joule/g
Specific gravity at 20 referred to water at 4
Deformation limit in compression, kg/mm 2
Young's modulus, kg/mm 2 (Def. 10)
Elongation, % (Def. 7), gage lengths indicated
by subscripts as follows: a = 2 in., b = 3 in.,
c = 4 in., d = 100 mm, f = 180 mm, g = 200
mm, k = 20 in., 1 = 66.67 X (cross section
area)1^, s = 4 X (cross section area)^
Elastic limit in tension, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2)
Elastic limit in compression, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2)
Elastic limit in shear (or torsion), kg/mm 2 (Def.
2)
Extrusion pressure, kg/mm 2
Endurance limit to fatigue, kg/mm 2 (Def. 176)
Freezing point, 0C
Modulus of elasticity in shear, kg/mm 2 (Def. 11)
Impact hardness number
Impact strength, kg-m, machines and specimen
type indicated by subscripts as follows: u =
Izod, B. E. S. A. Std. specimen; v = Charpy,
450V notch; w = Charpy, keyhole notch;
x = Charpy, Mesnager notch; y = Fremont
Square notch; z = U. S. N. Bureau of Aeronautics specimen (Def. 16)
Impact strength, kg-m/cm2, on cross section at
notch
Bulk modulus of elasticity, kg/mm 2
En plus des signes ci-dessus, les signes suivants sont utiliss

pour indiquer la position de F prouvette dans le lingot original,
dans la gueuse, dans la barre lamine ou la tle:
II
Longitudinal
7^- Tangen tiel
J_ Transversal
/* Radial
Dans le cas des cristaux isols, les signes suivants sont utiliss:
Crys. H Parallle Faxe du cristal
Crys. J_ Perpendiculaire Taxe du cristal
ABRVIATIONS ET SYMBOLES INDIQUANT LES VARIABLES DFINISSANT UN SYSTME ET LEURS UNITS
a
Surface de la section p
Pression
transversale
P
Charge
CS
Effort de compression
SWG Jauge en fil d'acier
Ga
Jauge
Tr.
Traces (en analyse)
I
Longueur (longueur entre
V
Volume
repres dans le cas AV
Accroissement de volume
d'prouvettes de tracVQ Volume initial
tion)
d
Diamtre
Io
Longueur initiale
Ad
Accroissement du diaAZ
Accroissement de Ionmtre
gueur
do
Diamtre initial
SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLES INDIQUANT LES
PROPRITS
NOTE: Quelques-unes de ces proprits sont dfinies page
viii et les dfinitions sont rfres ici par un nombre comme suit :
Def. 1, Def. 2, etc.
A, B, C, D, etc. Coefficients thermiques de dilatation cubique; v.
vol. I, p. 36
a2
Constante capillaire; v. vol. I, p. 35
ACl> A 2 A C3 1
A
A' A
\ Tempratures
ou intervalles critiques des aciers
F
A ri , Ar2, Ar 3
BHN
BMR
C*tl
dl
DLc
E
El
EL
EIc
-EXg
EP
FL0
F. P.
G
IHN
IS
'
Nombre de duret Brinell (Def. 12)

Module de rupture la flexion, kg/mm 2 (Def. 5)
Chaleur spcifique moyenne entre t[ et t2 C,
joules/g
Densit 20 par rapport l'eau 4
Limite de dformation la compression, kg/mm 2
Module de Young, kg/mm 2 (Def. 10)
Allongement en pourcent (Def. 7), longueur entre
repres indique par indices comme suit:
a = 2 in.; b = 3 in., c = 4 in., d = 100
mm, f = 180 mm, g = 200 mm, k = 20 in.,
1 = 66,67 X (section transversale) ^, s =
4 X (section transversale)^
Limite lastique la traction, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2)
Limite lastique la compression, kg/mm 2 (Def.
2)
Limite lastique au cisaillement (ou torsion),
kg/mm 2 (Def. 2)
Pression de matrice, kg/mm 2
Limite d'endurance la fatigue, kg/mm 2
(Def. 176)
Point de conglation, 0C
Module d'lasticit de glissement, kg/mm 2 (Def.
U)
Nombre de duret au choc
Rsistance au choc, kg-m. Machines et prouvettes types indiques par des indices comme
suit: u = Izod, B. E. S. A. Std. prouvette
type; v = Charpy, entaille en V 45; w =
Charpy, entaille en trou de cl; x = Charpy,
entaille Mesnager; y = entaille carre, Fremont; z = prouvette type du U. S. N. Bureau
Gelbhitze
In dem Vorangegangenen werden nach die folgenden Zeichen
hinzugefgt, welche die Stellung des Originalblockes, des gegossenen oder gewalzten Stckes, oder der Platte, angegeben:
Il
Lngs
J. Quer
TT Tangential
/* Radial
Bei Einkristallen bedeuten die Zeichen :
Cry s. II Gleichgerichtet zur Kristallachse
Cry s. J_ Senrecht zur Kristallachse
ABKRZUNGEN UND ZEICHEN DER SYSTEMVARIABLEN
UND DEREN EINHEITEN
a
Querschnitt (flche)
CS
(Druck-) (Press-) Spannung
Ga
Lehre
l
Messlnge im Falle der Zerreissproben
Zo
Ursprngliche Lnge
Al
Zunahme der Lnge
p
Druck
P
Belastung
SWG Stahldrahtlehre
Tr.
Spuren (in Analyse)
V
Volumen
AF
Volumzunahme
VQ
Ausgangs- oder Ursprungsvolumen
d
Durchmesser
Ad
Zunahme des Durchmessers
dQ
Ursprnglicher Durchmesser
ZEICHEN FR EIGENSCHAFTEN
BEMERKUNG: Einige dieser Eigenschaften sind definiert p. viii.
Sie sind unten noch durch die Bemerkung Def. l, Def. 2, u.s.w.
nher angegeben.
A, B, C, D, etc. Koeff, der Wrmeausdehnung des Volumens;
siehe vol. I, p. 36
a2
Kapillarittskonstante; siehe vol. I, p. 35
A01, A02, A03
\ Kritische Temperaturen oder UmwandlungsAn, Ar2, Ar3
/ punkte der Sthle
BHN
Brinellhrte (Kugeldruckhrte) (Def. 12)
BMR
Biegefestigkeit, kg/mm2 (Def. 5)
C\\
Mittlere spez. Wrme zwischen t( und /^C,
Joule/g
dlQ
Spezifisches Gewicht
DLc
Elastizittsgrenze beim Druckversuch, kg/mm 2
E
Young'scher Modul, kg/mm 2 (Def. 10)
El
Bruchdehnung in Prozenten der Messlnge (Def.
7), Lehren sind durch Indices angegeben und
zwar: a = 2 in., b = 3 in., c = 4 in., d = 100
mm, f = 180 mm, g = 200 mm, k = 20 in.
l = 66,67 X Querschnitt^, s = 4 X Querschnitt^
EL
Elastizittsgrenze beim Zugversuch, kg/mm 2
(Def. 2)
ELc
Dito beim Druckversuch, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2)
ELs
Schubelastizittsgrenze (oder Drehung), kg/mm 2
(Def. 2)
EP
Ausstossdruck, kg/mm 2
FL0
Dauerbruchgrenze, kg/mm2, (Def. 176)
F. P.
Erstarrungspunkt, 0C
G
Elastizittsmodul fr Scherbeanspruchung, kg/
mm 2 (Def. 11)
IHN
Schlaghrte
JS
Schlagfestigkeit, kg-m. Maschinen und Materialprobe sind durch Indices angegeben, und zwar :
u = Izod, B. E. S. A. Std. Probeform; v =
Oltre a queste indicazioni sono pure adoperati i segni seguenti a

indicare la posizione dei provini nel lingotto nel getto o nella
barra o lamiera originarii:
II
Longitudinale
TV Tangenziale
J. Trasversale
/
Radiale
Nel caso dei singoli cristalli si usano i seguenti:
Crys. u
Parallelo all'asse del cristallo
Crys. J_ Perpendicolare all'asse del cristallo
ABBREVIAZIONI E SIMBOLI INDICANTI VARIABILI CHE
DEFINISCONO UN SISTEMA E LORO UNIT
a
CS
Ga
I
lo
AZ
p
Area della sezione trasversale

Sforzo di compressione
Calibro
Lunghezza (calibro di
lunghezza nel caso di
provini di trazione)
Lunghezza originaria
Aumento di lunghezza
Pressione
P
SWG
Tr.
V
AF
VQ
d
Ad
do
Carico
Calibro per fili
Traccia (in analisi)
Volume
Aumento di volume
Volume originale
Diametro
Aumento di diametro
Diametro originario
SIGNIFICATO DI SIMBOLI INDICANTI PROPRIET

NOTA: Alcune di queste propriet sono definite nella p. viii, e
alle definizioni qui fatto riferimento con numeri: Def. 1, Def.
2, ecc.
A, B, C, D, ecc. Coefficiente di temperatura della dilatazione
cubica; v., vol. I, p. 36
a2
Costante di capillarit; v. vol. I, p. 35
ACI AC2, AC3
1 Temperature critiche o intervalli critici degli
An, A12, Ars
J acciai
BHN
Numero di durezza Brinell (Def. 12)
BMR
Modulo di rottura alla flessione, kg /mm2 (Def.
5)
Cil
Calore specifico medio tra t, e ti C, joule/g
dl
Peso specifico a 20 riferito all'acqua a 4
DLc
Limite di snervamento alla compressione,
kg/mm 2
E
Modulo di Young, kg/mm 2 (Def. 10)
El
Allungamento percentuale (Def. 7), i calibri
sono indicati a mezzo di indici scritti di sotto
a questo modo: a = 2 in., b = 3 in., c = 4 in.,
d = 100 mm, f = 180 mm, g = 200 mm, k
= 20 in., l = 66,67 X (l'area della sezione
trasversale)^, = 4 X (l'area della sezione
trasversale) ^
EL
Limite elastico alla trazione, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2)
ELc
Limite elastico alla compressione, kg/mm 2 (Def.
2)
ELs
Limite elastico al taglio (o torsione), kg/mm 2
(Def. 2)
EP
Pressione di matrice, kg /mm 2
FL0
Limite di durata alla fatica, kg/mm 2 (Def. 176)
F. P.
Punto di congelamento, 0C
G
Modulo di elasticit al taglio, kg /mm 2 (Def. 11)
IHN
Numero di durezza di resistenza ali' urto
IS
Resistenza ali' urto, kg-m. Macchina e tipo del
provino sono indicati con indici scritti di sotto
nella maniera che segue: u = Izod, provino
B. E. S. A. Std.; v = Charpy, con intaglio
V a 45; w = Charpy, con intaglio buco della
serratura; x = Charpy, con intaglio Mesnager; y = intaglio quadrato di Fremont; z =
provino dello U. S. N. Bureau of Aeronautics
(Def. 16)
IS'
Resistenza ali' urto, kg/cm2, sulla sezione utile
fri?
Mean thermal conductivity between t and

C, joules cm-2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)
LF
LV
Zv
LT
LCH
M
M. P.
MS
MSH
No. B
PL
PLc
Latent heat of fusion, kilo joule/g-atom

Latent heat of vaporization, kilo joule/g-atom
Latent heat of vaporization, kilojoule/g
Latent heat of transformation, kilo joule/g-atom
Ludwik cone hardness
Molecular weight
Melting point, 0C
Mean stress
Martens scratch hardness
Number of bends to fracture (Def. 15)
Proportional limit in tension, kg/mm 2 (Def. 1)
Proportional limit in compression, kg/mm 2 (Def.
PLs
Proportional limit in shear (or torsion), kg/mm 2

(Def. 1)
Proof stress, kg/mm 2
Endurance range, kg/mm2 (Def. 17 e)
Reduction in area, % (Def. 8)
Rockwell hardness number
Scleroscope hardness (Def. 13)
Mold shrinkage, %
Torsional modulus of rupture, kg/mm 2 (Def. 6)
Turner scratch hardness
Twist in torsion test, /cm, unless total twist is
given
Ultimate bending moment
Ultimate compressive strength, kg/mm2 (Def. 4)
Ultimate shearing strength (measured directly),
kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Ultimate shearing strength, (computed from
torsion test), kg/mm 2 (Def. 6, second equation)
Ultimate tensile strength, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Ultimate work of bending, kg-m
Specific volume, g"1
Vapor pressure
Yield point in tension, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3)
Yield point in compression, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3)
Yield point in shear (or torsion), kg/mm2 (Def.
3)
Thermal coefficients of linear expansion; v. p. 459
Surface tension; v. vol. I, p. 42.
Per cent compression (under stated load)
Tangential or fluid coefficient of viscosity; v.
vol. I, p. 42
Normal coefficient of viscosity
Poisson's ratio (Def. 9)
PS
R
RA
RHN
ScH
Shr.
TMR
TSH
Tw
UBM
UCS
USS
USSc
UTS
UWB
v
V. P.
YP
FPc
FPs
a, , 7, , etc.
7
e
77
C
X
fp
V d / (Temperature constant)
IS'
K
kft
LF
Lv
Zv
LT
LCH
M
M. P.
MS
MSH
No. B
PL
PLc
PLs
PS
R
RA
RHN
ScH
Shr.
TMR
TSH
Tw
UBM
UCS
USS
USSc
UTS
UWB
v
V. P.
FP
FPc
FPs
11
1 /d x \
- ( " J T ) (Pressure constant)
, /3, 7, 5, etc.
Compressibility (atmospheres)""1
7
e
77
of Aeronautics (Def. 16)

Rsistance au choc, kg-m/cm2 sur la section
l'entaille
Module d'lasticit apparent, kg/mm2
Conductibilit thermique moyenne entre t\ et
il C, joules cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)
Chaleur latente de fusion, kilo joules/g-ato me
Chaleur latente de vaporisation, kilojoules/gatome
Chaleur latente de vaporisation, kilojoules/g
Chaleur latente de transformation, kilojoules/gatome
Duret Ludwik cne
Poids molculaire
Point de fusion, 0C
Effort moyen
Duret Martens rayure
Nombre de pliages jusqu' rupture (Def. 15)
Limite de proportionnalit la traction, kg/mm 2
(Def. 1)
Limite de proportionnalit la compression,
kg/mm 2 (Def. 1)
Limite de proportionnalit au cisaillement (ou
torsion), kg/mm 2 (Def. 1)
Effort d'preuve, kg/mm 2
Amplitude d'endurance, kg/mm 2 (Def. 17e)
Striction, % (Def. 8)
Nombre de duret Rockwell
Duret au sclroscope (Def. 13)
Retrait au moulage, %
Module de torsion la rupture, kg/mm 2 (Def. 6)
Duret Turner la rayure
Torsion dans l'essai de torsion /cm, moins
que la torsion totale ne soit donne
Moment de flexion ultime
Rsistance la compression, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Rsistance au cisaillement (mesure directement), kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Rsistance au cisaillement (dduite de l'essai de
torsion), kg/mm 2 (Def. 6, deuxime quation)
Rsistance la traction, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Travail ultime de flexion, kg-m
Volume spcifique, g"1
Pression de vapeur
Limite d'tirage ou d'coulement la traction,
kg/mm 2 (Def. 3)
Limite d'tirage la compression, kg/mm 2 (Def.
.3).
Limite de cisaillement (ou de torsion), kg/mm 2
(Def. 3)
Coefficients thermiques de dilatation linaire; v.
p. 459
Tension de surface; v. vol. I, p. 42
Pourcent de compression (sous une charge donne)
Coefficient de viscosit, tangentiel ou fluide; v.
vol. I, p. 42
Coefficient de viscosit normal
Coefficient de Poisson (Def. 9)
fp
Vd-") (Temprature constante)
ft
V d 7 / ) (Pressin constante)
Compressibilit (atmosphres)"1
Charpy, V-Kerbe, 45; w = Charpy, Schlssloch-Rille; x = Charpy, Mesnager-Rille; y =

Fremont-Rille mit quadratischen Querschnitt;
z = Probeform des U. S. N. Bureau of Aeronautics (Def. 16)
Schlagfestigkeit, kg-m/cm2
Durchschnittlicher Elastizittsmodul, kg/mm 2
Mittlere Wrmeleitfhigkeit zwischen 2 und t\
C, Joule cm-2 sec-1 (0C, cm-1)
Schmelzwrme, Kilojoule/g-atom.
Verdampfungswrme, Kilojoule/g-atom.
Verdampfungswrme, Kilojoule/g
Umwandlungswrme, Kilojoule/g-atom.
Kegelhrte nach Ludwik
Molekulargewicht
Schmelzpunkt, 0C
Mittlerer Druck
Ritzhrte nach Martens
Zahl der Biegungen (Def. 15)
Proportionalittsgrenze beim Zugversuch, kg/
mm2 (Def. 1)
Dito beim Druckversuch, kg/mm 2 (Def. 1)
Dito beim Schubversuch (oder Drehung), kg/
mm 2 (Def. 1)
Prfspannung, kg/mm 2
Dauerbruchfestigkeit fr bestimmte Spannungswechsel, kg/mm 2 (Def. 17e)
Brucheinschnrung in % (Def. 8)
Rockwellhrtezahl
Skleroskophrte (Def. 13)
Schwindung in %
Drehfestigkeit, kg/mm 2 (Def. 6)
Ritzhrte nach Turner
Verdrehung in /cm beim Drehversuch
Biegungshchstmoment
Druckfestigkeit, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Scherfestigkeit, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Dito durch Drehversuch bestimmt, kg/mm 2
(Def. 6, zweite Gleichung)
Zugfestigkeit, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Grsstbiegearbeit, kg-m
Spez. Volumen, g"1
Dampfdruck
Fliessgrenze, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3)
Quetschgrenze, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3)
Fliessgrenze beim Scher- (Dreh-) versuch, kg/
mm 2 (Def. .3)
Linearer Wrmeausdehnungskoeffizient; siehe,
p. 459
Oberflchenspannung; siehe vol. I, p. 42
Prozent Zusammenpressung unter statischer
Belastung
Tangential- oder Viskositts-Koeffizient ; siehe
vol. I, p. 42
Normaler Viskosittskoeffizient
Verhltnis nach Poisson (Def. 9)
tP
^ (jT\ (TemP- Konst.)
t*
x (a?)
Kompressibilitt (atmosph.)"1
IS'
K
kll
LF
Ly
Iy
LT
LCH
M
M. P.
MS
MSH
No. B
PL
PLc
PLs
PS
R
RA
RHN
ScH
Shr.
TMR
TSH
Tw
UBM
UCS
USS
USSc
UTS
UWB
v
V. P.
YP
FP0
FPs
a, j 7, o, etc.
j
e
t]
(Druck Konst
-)
Modulo di elasticit alla compressione, kg/mm 2

Conducibilit termica media tra t\ e t2C,
joule cm~~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)
Calore latente di fusione, kilojoule/g-atomo
Calore latente di evaporazione, kilojoule/gatomo
Calore latente di evaporizione, kilo joule/g
Calore latente di trasformazione, kilojoule/gatomo
Durezza al cono Ludwik
Peso molecolare
Punto di fusione, 0C
Sforzo medio
Durezza alla scalfittura secondo Martens
Numero di piegature per arrivare a frattura
(Def. 15)
Limite di proporzionalit alla tensione, kg /mm 2
(Def. 1)
Limite di proporzionalit alla compressione,
kg/mm 2 (Def. 1)
Limite di proporzionalit al taglio (o torsione),
kg/mm 2 (Def. 1)
Carico di prova, kg/mm 2
Ampiezza di durata alla fatica, kg/mm 2 (Def. 17 e)
Riduzione di area percentuale (Def. 8)
Numeri di durezza Rockwell
Durezza scleroscopica (Def. 13)
Ritiro percentuale nella forma
Modulo di rottura alla torsione, kg /mm 2 (Def. 6)
Durezza alla scalfittura secondo Turner
Angolo di torsione espresso in gradi per centimetro, a meno che non sia data la torsione
totale
Carico di rottura alla flessione
Carico di rottura per compressione, kg /mm 2
(Def. 4)
Carico di rottura per taglio (misura direttamente), kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Carico di rottura per taglio (calcolato dal
saggio di torsione), kg/mm 2 (Def. 6, equazione secondo)
Carico di rottura alla trazione, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4)
Lavoro di rottura per flessione, kg-m
Volume specifico, g"1
Tensione di vapore
Limite di snervamento alla trazione, kg/mm 2
(Def. 3)
Limite di snervamento alla compressione, kg/
mm 2 (Def. 3)
Limite di snervamento al taglio (o torsione),
kg/mm 2 (Def. 3)
Coefficienti di temperatura della dilatazione
lineare; v. p. 459
Tensione superficiale; v. vol. I, p. 42
Compressione percentuale (sotto un carico
statico)
Coefficiente tangenziale o fluido di viscosit; v.
vol. I, p. 42
Coefficiente normale di viscosit
Rapporto di Poisson (Def. 9)
&p
"IrT") (Costante di temperatura)
$t
- ( -TT ) (Costante di pressione)
Compressibilit (atmosfere)"1
K
k\\
LF
Lv
/v
LT
LCH
M
M. P.
MS
MSH
No. B
PL
PLc
PLg
PS
R
RA
RHN
ScH
Shr.
TMR
TSH
Tw
UBM
UCS
USS
USSc
UTS
UWB
v
V. P.
FP
FPs
FPs
a, , 7, , ecc.
T
e
TTJ
x \d /P
EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS
CONTENTS
Introduction
Aluminium alloys. M. L. V. GAYLER
Lead alloys and tin alloys. O. F. HUDSON
Other non-ferrous alloys (including Cu-Fe).
Ferrous alloys. C. H. DESCH
PAGE
400
400
413
J. L. HAUGHTON 419
449
INTRODUCTION
The vapor phase is not considered, vapor pressure being very
small with respect to atmospheric pressure with few exceptions,
such as As.
The liquid phase is denoted by Liq., or if more than one liquid
phase exists, by Liq. I, Liq. II, etc.
Crystal phases are designated as follows :
A metal or intermetallic compound by its chemical formula.
A solid solution of A in B by (A, B).

If A is a compound, this does not mean necessarily that molecules
of A exist in solution; most X-rays data are to the contrary.
Crystals of the composition A, however, do separate from the solid
solution.
A solid solution of A and B in all proportions by [A, B].
A solid solution of A or B in the compound AxBy by (AxBy).
A series of different solid solutions by a, /3, y, O1 etc., their composition being stated if known.
A mixture of A and B by A +B.
A binary eutectic in a ternary system by e.
A ternary eutectic by E.
The eutectic temperature of binary alloys is indicated by a dot
and dash line.
All temperatures are in 0C, and unless otherwise indicated all
compositions are in weight %.
ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
M. L. V. GAYLER
LITERATURE
INDEX OF SYSTEMS
PAGE
Al-Ag (36)
401
Al-Au (27, 28, 29)
402
Al-Be (35)
402
Al-Bi (21)
401
Al-Ca (13)
401
Al-Cd* (22)
Al-Ce (46)
401
Al-Co (22)
401
Al-Cr (30)
402
Al-Cu (6, 11, ILI, 22, 45). 401
Al-Fe (32, 40)
403
Al-Hg (43)
403
Al-K* (42)
Al-Li (Li)
Al-Mg (23)
403
Al-Mn (30)
403
Al-Na* (34)
Al-Ni (22)
404
Al-Pb* (22)
Al-Pt (10)
404
* Two immiscible liquid phases.
PAGE
Al-Sb (5)
403
Al-Se ()
403
Al-Si (", ",37)
404
Al-Sn (21)
404
Al-Te ()
404
Al-Ti (16)
405
Al-Tl* (12)
Al-Zn (25, so.i, 30.2, 38,
39)
405
Al-Cd-Zn (4)
409
Al-Cu-Mg (i, 47)....405, 406
Al-Cu-Mn ()
406
Al-Cu-Ni (2, 3)
406, 407
Al-Cu-Sn (i)
408
Al-Cu-Zn (7, 26, 31, 40).407, 408
Al-Mg-Si (24)
408, 410
Al-Mg-Zn (is.i)
Al-Sn-Zn (33)
410
Al-Cu-Mg-Si (is, 20).409, 410,
411, 412

O) Andrews and Edwards, 5, 82: 568; 09. O*) Assmann, 95, 18: 51; 26.
( 2 ) Austin and Murphy, 47, 29: 327; 23. ( 3 ) Bingham and Haughton,
47, 29: 71; 23. ( 4 ) Budgen, 4, 125: 1642; 24. (5) Campbell and Matthews, 1, 24: 253; 02. ( 6 ) Carpenter and Edwards, 403, 1907 I: 204.
( 7 ) Carpenter and Edwards, 95, 2: 209; 12. ( 8 ) Chikashige and Aoki,
429, 2: 249; 17. ( 9 ) Chikashige and Nose, 429, 2: 227; 17.
(i) Chouriguine, 74, 9: 874; 12. (U) Curry, 50, 11: 425; 07. ( H i ) Dix
and Richardson, 80, Preprint 1534-E; 26. ( 12 ) Doerinckel, 93, 48: 185;
06. (i 3 ) Donski, 93, 57: 185; 08. ( 14 ) Edwards, 33, 28: 165; 23. (is)
Eger, 95, 4: 29; 13. C 1 5 1 ) Eger, 95, 53: 545; 23. O 6 ) Erckelens, 187,
20: 206; 23. (") Fraenkel, 93, 58: 154; 08. (i*) Gayler, 47, 28: 213; 22.
( 19 ) Gayler, 47, 29: 507; 23.
( 20 ) Gayler, 47, 30: 139; 23. ( 2 I) Qwyer, 93, 49: 311; 06. (22) Gwyer,
93, 57: 113; 08. ( 23 ) Hanson and Gayler, 47, 24: 201; 20. (24) Hanson
and Gayler, 47, 26: 321; 21. (25) Hanson and Gayler, 47, 27: 267; 22.
( 26 ) Haughton and Bingham, 5, 99: 47; 21. (27) Heycock and Neville,
62, 194: 201; 00. (28) Heycock and Neville, 62, 214: 267; 14. (29) Heycock and Neville, 5, 90: 560; 14.
( 30 ) Hindricks, 93, 59: 414; 08. ( 3 <>.i) Honda and Ishigaki, 159, 14: 219;
25. (30.2) lsihara, 159, 15: 209; 26. (") von Jares, 95, 10: 1; 19. ( 32 )
Kurnakov, Urasov and Grigorjev, 93, 125: 207; 22. ( 33 ) Losana and
Carozzi, 36, 53: 546; 23. (34) Mathewson, 93, 48: 191; 06. ( 3 S) Oesterheld, 98, 97: 6; 16. ( 36 ) Petrenko, 93, 46: 49; 05. (37) Roberts, 4, 105:
1383; 14. C 3 ) Rosenhain and Archbutt, 62, 211 A: 315; 11. ( 3 ) Rosenham and Archbutt, 5, 85: 389; 11.
( 4 0 ) Rosenhain, Archbutt and Hanson, 403, 1921 II: 699. ( 4 1 ) Rosenhain
and Lantsberry, 408, 1910 I: 119. ( 4 2 ) Smith, 93, 56: 109; 07. (43)
Smits and de Gruyter, Univ. of Amsterdam, O. ( 4 4 ) Stockdale, 47, 28: 273;
22. t*S) Stockdale, 47, Sl: 275; 24. (46) Vogel, 93, 75: 41; 12. ( 4 7 )
Vogel, 93, 107: 265; 19.
Al-Bi
D
AI-Ag
Ai-Co
Ca-Al
C3)
Ce-Ai
r)
Al-Cu
^6,n,22,45\
/See p. 609
AI-Au
(27,28.29)
AhCr
(")
Be-AI
AI-Fe
Mg-AI
n
/32.40)
Al-Sb
H
AI-Hg
AI-Mn
H
Ai-Se
(8)
Ai-Te
o
AI-Ni
Ai-Si
/M, 17, 37 \
AI-Pt
Al-SnI
1
p)
AI-Ti
AhZn
C6)
/25,36,39A
Mg-Al-Cu
Constitution of Alloys
Uptol27oMg,6%Cu
(W]
Mg-AI-Cu
Contours of bquidus Surface
Upto55%Mg,5Q%Cu
r;
Mg-Al-Cu
Contours of Secondary Separation
Surface
Upto55%Mg,50%Cu
/
(47)
Mg-AI-Cu
Contours of SolidusSurface
Upto55%Mg,50%Cu
AI-Mn-Cu
Contours of Liquidus Surface
Uptoli%Al,IO%Mn J
(41)
8/
P)
AI-Ni-Cu
Contours of Liquidus Surface
UptQlO%Nli,l2%Cu
^
D D
^ X-N
cg
COO
D CO^
Vl^
09
T
^ L^
I <- Q
^Si
I^
(3)
(*)
AI-Ni-Cu
Contours of OQCondary SeparationSurface
UDto !O 0 XoNi.l?%Cu
Al-Cu-Zn \
'
Contours of LiquidusX
Surface
\
Up to 15%Al, 10% Cu (2T
AI-Ni-Cu
Contours oFLiquidus
Surface
(2)
AI-Cu-Zn
Liquidus
(7,a6,3l,40,)
AI-Cu-Sn
Contours of Liquidus
Surface
C)
AI-Cu-Zn
Constitution of Alloys at300C
Up to 15% Al, 10% Cu
( 26 J
Mg-AI-Si
Contours of Secondary Separation Surface
Upto35%Mg,lt7oSi
/
PT
Al-Cd-Zn
Surface
4
()
Mg-Ai-Cu-Si
Constitution of Alloys having Cu :Mg=3 :1
Upto8%(Cu+Mg),4%Mg2Si
AhZn-Sn
Surface
Mg2Si-AI-Cu
Constitution
of Alloys at
25O0C and 50O0C
Upto6%Mg2Si/7%Cu
P8T
Al-I-Mg2Su-AI2Cu
Mg-Al-Cu-Si
Typical Isotherm showing
Composition of Alloys investigated upto4%Mg;4%Mg2Si;6%Cu
Mg-Al-Si
'1 24i Constitution of Alloys at 15O0C andSOOC,
'
UpTo35%Mg,ll%5i
Me-Al-Cu-Si
I
Const itution of AUoys having Cu:Mg=8:3
Upto7%(aM-Mg).4% Mg8Si
I
T)
NOTE:Point J' is at 4 % Mg.
Inter-field Boundaries
I QUAl2 Cu [ QUMg2Si
QC
BG'D'C'B' C'F'G'D'C'
CU-AI2Cu
oC+MggSi|
OCtAI2Cu-I-Me2Si
KSLGDCk'
OPGDCb'
Mg-AhCu-Si
Constitution of Solid Alloys at 25O0C.
r)
Field Boundaries in Planes of Tetrahedron

IAI-Mg2 Si-CuI Al-Cu-MgIAI-Mg1Mg^
_rt,
B'C'ATB
B'E'H'J'I'B'
A'F'j'A'T
oc+AUCu
K'C'B'T'K' T'N'H'E'B'T'
06'+Mg2Si
O'MA'C'O'
M'V'FA'M'
OC+Ai2CUtMg2Si I R'X'O'C'K'R' |
I
~
NOTE:Point B should be at 4 % Cu.
Inter-field Boundaries
06+Al2Cu
01+Mg2Si cUAI2Cu+Mg2Si
0 6 B E H 6 D C B CAFGDC
~
06+AI2Cu
KSLGDCK
06+Mg2Si I
I
I QPGDCO
Mg-AI-Cu-Si
Constitution of Solid Alloys at40O0C
r)
Field Boundaries in Planes of Tetrahedron

IAI-Mg2Si-CuI AI-Cu-MgIAI-Mg-Mg2Si
_OC BCAIB
BEHJIB
AFJAI
OC-I-AI2Cu
KCBTK TNHEBT
06+Mg8Si
OMACO
MVFAM
Q6+AI2Cu+MggSi| RXOCKR |
|
LEAD ALLOYS AND TIN ALLOYS

O. F. HUDSON
INDEX OF SYSTEMS
Pb
Pb-Ag (9, 20)

Pb-Al
Pb-As (15)
Pb-Au (43)
Pb-Bi (14, 16, 20)
Pb-Ca (i)
Pb-Cd (3, 14, 20, 23)
Pb-Co (26)
Pb-Cr (19)
Pb-Cu
Pb-Fe
Pb-Hg (20, 22)
Pb-In (25, 27)
Pb-K (40)
Pb-Mg (12)
Pb-Mn (46)
Pb-Na (31)
Pb-Pd (38)
Pb-Pt (6)
Pb-Sb (4, 8, 11)
Pb-Sn (20, 37)
Pb-Te (7, 24)
Pb-Tl (14, 25)
Pb-Zn (14, 41)
PAGE
414
400
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
434
449
414
414
415
415
415
415
415
415
415
415
4I6
4I 6
4I6
LITERATURE
Sn
Sn-Ag (36)
Sn-Al
Sn-Au (44)
Sn-Bi (23)
Sn-Cd (20, 29)
Sn-Ce (45)
Sn-Cu
Sn-Fe
Sn-Hg (")
Sn-K (40)
Sn-Li (30)
Sn-Mg (13)
Sn-Pb (20)
Sn-Sb (14, 46)
Sn-Tl (io)
Sn-Zn ()
Ternary Systems
Pb-Ag-Zn (2)
Pb-Bi-Sn (32, 39)
Pb-Cd-Tl (5)
Pb-Cu-Zn (34, 35)
Pb-Sb-Sn (28)
Pb-Sb-Zn (42)
Sn-Bi-Zri (33)

PAGE
416
404
416
416
416
416
433
452
416
417
417
417
417
416
417
418
418
4I8
418
417
418
(M Baar, 93, 70: 352; 11. (2) Bogitch, 34, 159: 178; 15. ( 3 ) Budgen, Cadmium, Its Metallurgy, Properties and Uses. London, Griffin, 1924. (*)
Dean, Hudson and Fogler, 45, 17: 1246; 25. ( 5 ) Di Capua, 36, 55: 280;
25. () Doerinckel, 93, 54: 333; 07. ( 7 ) Fay and Gillson, 8O1 31: 527; 01.
( 8 ) Fischer, 97, 6: 146; 25. ( 9 ) Friedrich, 192, 3: 396; 06.
(i) Fuchs, 93, 107: 308; 19. (H) Gontermann, 93, 55: 419; 07. O 2 ) Grube,
93, 44: 117; 05. ( 13 ) Grube, 93, 46: 76; 05. ( 14 ) Guertler, Metallography.
Berlin, Gebrder Borntraeger, 1910. < 15 ) Heike, 9, 6: 49; 14. C 1 6 )
Herold, 93, 112: 131; 20. (") Van Heteren, 93, 42: 129; 04. O 8 ) Heycock
and Neville, 4, 72: 383; 97. ( 19 ) Hindricks, 93, 59: 414; 08.
(20) Honda and Ishigaki, 109, 14: 219; 25. ( 2 2 ) Janecke, 7, 60: 399; 07. ( 23 )
Kapp, 8, 6: 754; 01. (24) Kimura, 429, 1: 149; 15. ( 25 ) Kurnakov and
Pushin, 93, 52: 430; 07. ( 2 6 ) Lewkonja, 93, 59: 293; 08. ( 2 7 ) van Liempt,
70, 45: 203; 26. ( 28 ) Loebe, 192, 8: 7, 33; 11. ( 29 ) Lorenz and Plumbridge, 93, 85: 228; 13.
(30) Masing and Tammann, 93, 67: 183; 10. ( 31 ) Mathewson, 93, 50: 171; 06.
( 32 ) Mazzetto, 95, 4: 273; 13. ( 33 ) Muzaffar, 4, 123: 2341; 23. ( 3 4 )
Niclassen, Forschungsarbeiten zur Metallkunde, 7: 9; 22. ( 35 ) Parr vano,
Mazzetti and Moretti, 36, 44 II: 475; 14. ( 36 ) Petrenko, 93, 53: 200; 07.
( 37 ) Rosenhain and Tucker, 5, 81: 331; 08. ( 38 ) Ruer, 93, 52: 345; 07.
( 39 ) Shepherd, 50, 6: 519; 02.
(40) Smith, 93, 56: 109; 08. ( 4 I) Spring and Romanov, 93, 13: 29; 97. (4 2 )
Tammann and Dahl, 93, 144: 1; 25. (43) Vogel, 93, 45: 11; 05. (44) Vogel,
93, 46: 60; 05. ( 4 S ) Vogel, 93, 72: 319; 11. ( 4 6 ) Williams, 93, 55: 1 ; 07.
Ag-Pb
Pb-Bi
()
r")
Pb-As
~TJ-
Ca^Pb
V)
Co-PbK26)
Cr-PbH
Au-Pb
Hg-Pb
22
()
In-Pb
C5)
Cd-Pb
("*)
Na-Pb H
K-Pb
Pt-Pb
Mg-Pb
n
Mn-Pb
(46J
Pb-Sb
(4,11)
Pb-SnI
Pd-Pb|
"FT1
Pb-Te
"F5T"
[Au-Sn
Sn-Bi
H
Cd-Sn
H
Tl-Pb
25
r )
Ce-Sn
~FT
Zn-Pb
(M.l)
Hg-Sn
(")
Ag-Sn
H
TI-Sn
Zn-Sn I
D
K-Sn
(40)
[Zn-Pb-SbI
Structure of Solid Alloys
(42)
e5 is nearly coincident with
E(Pb-Zn3Sb2-Zn)
g is on intersection of
primary crystallization
surfaces of Zn3Sb? and
ZnSb
Li-Sn
H
Mg-Sn
H
Sn-Sb
("-")
Pb corner of diagram
to larger scale.
Pb-Sn-Sb
06=(Sb,Sn) Sb OIO
@- (Sn1Sb) Sn 47-50
6=(Sn,Sb) Sn 0-10
Zn-Sn-Bi
* M.C.= Mixed Crystal Phase
(Temperatures are Primary
Freezing Points)
OTHER NON-FERROUS ALLOYS (INCLUDING CU-FE)
J. L. HAUGHTON
INDEX OF SYSTEMS
PAGE
428
PAGE
Bi-Ni (141)
Ag
Ag-As (si)
Ag-Au ( 6 l , 80.1,106)
Ag-Be (90)
Ag-Bi (ioo)
Ag-Ca (3)
Ag-Cd ( 5 8 , 1 0 2 )
Ag-Cr (53)
Ag-Cu (76)
Ag-Mg (146)
Ag-Mn (124)
Ag-Na (86)
Ag-Ni (loi)
Ag-Pd ( 8 0 . 1 , 1 1 l )
Ag-Pt (28)
Ag-Sb (ioo)
Ag-Se (98)
. Ag-Si (i)
Ag-Tl (ioo)
Ag-Zn (15,58)
As
As-Au (12l)
As-Cd (147)
As-Co (35)
As-Cu (36)
As-Mn (122)
As-Pt (34)
As-Tl (82)
As-Zn (37,50)
Au
Au-Bi ( 1 3 4 ) . . . . .
Au-Cd (117)
Au-Co (142)
Au-Cr (140)
Au-Cu (74)
421
421
421
42l
421
421
421
421
422
421
422
422
422
422
422
422
422
423
423
423
423
423
423
424
424
424
424
424
424
424
424
425
Au-Mg ( 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 6 ) . . . . 425
Au-Mn (94)
Au-Na (87)
Au-Ni (79)
Au-Pd (80.1, 112)
Au-Pt (28)
Au-Sb (134)
Au-Si (13)
Au-Tl (78)
Au-Zn (i 18 )
B
B-Ni (40)
Be
Be-Cu (90)
Bi
Bi-Ca (29)
Bi-Cd (33, 103)
Bi-Ce (137)
Bi-Co (O)
Bi-Cu (64)
Bi-Hg (105)
Bi-K (127)
Bi-Mg (42)
Bi-Mn (96)
Bi-Na (S)
425
425
425
425
425
425
426
426
426
Bi-Pb ( 5 8 )
Bi-Sb (24)
Bi-Se (92)
Bi-Si (143)
Bi-Sn (58)
Bi-Te (89)
Bi-Tl (75)
428
428
428
428
428
Bi-Zn ( 2 5 , 5 8 , 8 8 )
428
Ca
Ca-Cd (29)
Ca-Cu (3)
Ca-Hg (31)
Ca-Mg (3)
Ca-Sb (29)
Ca-Si (144)
Ca-Tl (3)
Ca-Zn (29)
428
429
.-
429
428
429
429
Cd
Cd-Cu (63)
Cd-Hg (9,58)
Cd-K (127)
Cd-Li (83)
Cd-Mg (3)
Cd-Na (70, 85)
Cd-Ni (141)
Cd-Pb (58)
Cd-Sb (69)
Cd-Sn (58)
Cd-Te (66)
Cd-Tl (71)
Cd-Zn (88)
Ce
Ce-Cu (45)
Ce-Mg (138)
Ce-Si (137)
Co
Co-Cr (80)
Co-Cu (lie)
Co-Mn (48, 8 0 . 1 ) . .
Co-Mo (107)
Co-Ni (80.1,115)
Co-Sb (81)
Co-Si (80)
Co-Zn (80)
429
429
429
429
429
430
430
414
430
416
430
430
430
430
430
430
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
432
Cr
426
426
Cr-Cu (53)
Cr-Ni (141)
Cr-Sb (143)
432
432
. . . 432
Cs
426
426
427
427
427
427
427
427
428
427
Cs-Hg (73)
432
Cu
Cu-Fe (113,114)
Cu-Mg (116)
Cu-Mn (U 6 )
Cu-Ni ( 4 3 , 5 8 , 8 0 . 1 )
Cu-P (57)
Cu-Pb (55)
Cu-Pd (UO)
Cu-Pt (28)
432
432
432
433
433
434
434
434
PAGE
PAGE
433 Na-Tl (71)
438
434 Na-Zn (84)
439
434
Ni
434 Ni-P (68)
440
Cu-Sn (5, 46, 56, 58, 60,
Ni-Pd (52,80.1)
439
60.1)
433 Ni-Sb (77)
440
Cu-Te (18)
435 Ni-Si (43)
440
Cu-Tl (26)
434 Ni-Tl (141)
439
Cu-Zn (4, 47, 1 2 3 , 1 2 8 ) . . . 435
Ni-V (40)
440
Hg
Ni-W (139)
439
Hg-Li (149)
435 Ni-Zn (141)
439
Hg-Mg (12)
436
Pd
Hg-Na (132)
436
Pd-Pt (80.1)
Hg-Pb (58)
Pd-Sb (119)
439
Hg-Te (97)
435
Pt
Hg-Tl (109)
436
441
Hg-Zn (105)
436 Pt-Sb (39)
Sb
In
441
In-Tl (72)
436 Sb-Se (20)
Sb-Si (143)
441
K
441
K-Li (83)
436 Sb-Tl (143)
441
K-Na (6)
436 Sb-Zn (145)
Se
K-Rb (80.1)
441
K-Tl (71)
436 Se-Zn (22)
K-Zn (127)
436
Te
Te-S (19)
441
Li
441
Li-Na (83)
437 Te-Zn (67)
Tl
Mg
441
Mg-Na (84)
437 Tl-Zn (133)
Mg-Ni (141)
437
V
Mg-Sb (42)
437 V-Si (40)
441
Mg-Si (135,144)
437
Ternary Systems
446
Mg-Tl (41)
437 Ag-Au-Cu (61)
442
Mg-Zn (42)
437 Ag-Au-Ni (16)
Au-Cu-Ni (17)
443
Mn
Mn-Ni (91,148)
438 Cd-Bi-Zn (88)
447} 448
Mn-Sb (143)
438 Cd-Mg-Zn (U)
447, 448
444
Mn-Si (27)
438 Cr-Cu-Mo (125)
443
Mn-Tl (3)
438 Cr-Cu-Ni (125)
Cr-Mo-Ni (126)
Mo
Mo-Ni (30)
438 Cu-Mn-Ni (93)
445,446
Mo-W (62,80.1)
438 Cu-Mo-Ni (30)
444
Cu-Ni-Zn (129)
445
Na
Na-Sb (85)
438 Mo-Ni-Si (104)
Cu-S(S)
Cu-Sb (14, 55, 108)
Cu-Se (38)
Cu-Si (120)
LITERATURE
( i ) Arrivaut, 34, 147: 859; 08. ( 2 ) Asahara, 210, 2: 253; 25. ( 3 J Baar,
93, 70: 352; 11. ( 4 ) Bailey and Genders, 47, 33: 191; 25. < 5 ) Bauer and
Vollenbruck, 95, 15: 119, 191; 23. () Bleiswijk, 93, 74: 152; 12. (7)
Bogitch, 34, 159: 178; 15. ( 8 ) Boremann and Wagemann, 139, 11: 276,
289, 330; 14. (9) Brijl, 7, 41: 641; 02.
( i ) Bruni and Sandonnini, 93, 78: 275; 12. ( 1 1 J Bruni, Sandonnini and Quercigh, 93, 68: 73; 10. ( 1 2 ) Cambi and Speroni, 22, 24 I: 734; 15. O 3 ) di
Capua, 22, 29 I: 111; 20. (14) Carpenter, 95, 4: 300; 13. ( 1 5 ) Carpenter
and Whiteley, 95, 3: 145; 12. ( i ) de Cesaris, 36, 43 II: 365, 609; 13. (i?)
de Cesaris, 36, 44 I: 27; 14. (18) Chikashige, 93, 54: 50; 07. () Chikashige, 93, 72: 109; 12.
(20) Chikashige and Fujita, 4&9, 2: 233; 17. ( 2 M Chikashige and Hikosaka,
429, 2: 239; 17. ( 22 ) Chikashige and Kurosawa, 429, 2: 245; 17. ( 23 I
Clotofski, 93, 114: 1; 20. ( 2 *) Cook, 47, 28: 421; 22. ( 2 S ) Curry, SO,
13: 589; 09. ( 2 6) Doerinckel, 93, 48: 185; 06. ( 2 ?) Doerinckel, 93, 50:
117; 06. < 2 8 ) Doerinckel, 93, 54: 333; 07. ( 2 9 ) Donski, 93, 57: 185; 08.
( 3 O) Dreibholz, 7, 108: 1; 24. (3l) Eilert, 98, 151: 96; 25. (32) Fay and
Gillson, 80, 31: 527; 01. ( 33 ) Fischer, 97, 6: 146; 25. ( 3 4 ) Friedrich,
192, 5: 148; 08. ( 35 ) Friedrich, 198, 5: 150; 08. ( 36 ) Friedrich, 192,
5: 529; 08. (37) Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 3: 477; 06. C 3 ) Friedrich
and Leroux, 192, 5: 355; 08. ( 39 ) Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 6: 1; 09.
( 4 0 ) Giebelhausen, 93, 91: 250; 15. () Grube, 93, 46: 76; 05. (42) Grube,
93, 49: 72; 06. ( 43 ) Guertler and Tammann, 93, 49: 93; 06. ( 4 4 ) Guertler
and Tammann, 93, 52: 25; 07. ( 4 S ) Hanaman, 95, 7: 174; 15. ( 4 6 )
Haughton, 47, 25: 309, 326; 21. ( 4 7 ) Haughton and Bingham, 5, 99:
47; 21. (48) Hiege, 93, 83: 253; 13. ( 4 9 ) Heike, 95, 6: 209; 14.
(50) Heike, 93, 118: 264; 21. ( 5 M Heike and Leroux, 93, 92: 119; 15. (52)
Heinrich, 93, 83: 322; 13. ( 53 ) Hendrichs, 93, 59: 414; 08. ( 5 *) Heycock
and Neville, 4, 72: 383, 1241; 97. ( 55 ) Heycock and Neville, 62, 189A: 25;
97. (56) Heycock and Neville, 62, 202A: 1; 03. ( 5 7 ) Heyn and Bauer,
93, 52: 129; 07. (58) Honda and Ishigaki, 159, 14: 219; 25. ( 5 9 ) litsuka,
429, 8: 179; 25.
( 6 0 ) Isihara, 47, Sl: 315; 24. (60.1) Isihara, 159, 15: 225; 26. ( 6 I) Janecke,
192, 8: 597; 11. (62) Jeffries, 80, 56: 600; 16. ( 63 ) Jenkins and Hanson,
47, 81: 257; 24. (64) Jeriomin, 93, 55: 412; 07. (65) Joyner, 4, 99: 195;
11. (66) Kobayashi, 93, 69: 1; 10. (67) Kobayashi, 95, 2: 65; 12. (68)
Konstantinov, 93, 60: 405; 08. ( 69 ) Kurnakov and Konstantinov, 93,
58: 1;08.
( 70 ) Kurnakov and Kusnetzov, 93, 52: 173; 07. (7l) Kurnakov and Pushin,
93, 30: 86; 02. (72) Kurnakov and Pushin, 93, 52: 430; 07. (?3) Kurnakov
and Shukovskii, 93, 52: 416; 07. ( 7 4 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93,
54: 149; 07. ( 7 ) Kurnakov, Zhemchuzhnui and Tararin, 93, 83: 200; 14.
(76) Lepkowski, 93, 59: 285; 08. (77) Lessew, 93, 49: 58; 06. (78) Levin,
93, 45: 31; 05. ( 7 ) Levin, 93, 45: 238; 05.
80
( ) Lewkonja, 93, 59: 293; 08. ( 8 0 -i) van Liempt, 70, 45: 203; 26. ( 81 )
Losev, 53, 43: 375; 11. (82) Mansuri, 47, 28: 453; 22. (83) Masing and
Tammann, 93, 67: 183; 10. ( 8 4 ) Mathewson, 93, 48: 191; 06. (85)
Mathewson, 93, 50:171; 06. (6) Mathewson, 95,1: 51; 11. ( 87 ) Mathew-
son, 95, 1: 81; 11. ( 88 ) Mathewson and Scott, 95, 5: 1; 14. ( 89 ) Mnkemeyer, 93, 46: 415; 05.
( 90 ) Oesterheld, 93, 97: 6; 16. ( 9 I) Parravano, 36, 42 H: 367; 12. ( 9 2) Parravano, 36, 43 I: 201; 13. < 93 ) Parravano, 95, 4: 171; 13. ( 94 ; Parravano,
36, 45 I: 293; 15. ( 95 ) Parravano and de Cesaris, 95, 2: 70; 12. ( 9 6)
Parravano and Perret, 36, 45 I: 390; 15. ( 9 7 ) Pellini, 36, 40 II: 42; 10.
(98 ) Pellini, 36, 45 1: 535; 15. (") Pellini and Quercigh, 22, 19 U : 445; 10.
O 0 0 ) Petrenko, 93, 50: 133; 06. ( 101 ) Petrenko, 93, 53: 212; 07. (102)
Petrenko and Fedorov, 93, 70: 156; 11. ( 103 ) Petrenko and Fedorov, 95,
6: 212; 14. (io*) Pfautsch, 95, 17: 48; 25. (i 5 ) Pushin, 93, 36: 201; 03.
O 0 6 ) Raydt, 93, 75: 59; 12. <io?) R ay dt and Tammann, 93, 83: 246; 13.
(i 8 ) Reimann, 95, 12: 321; 20. (109) ROOs, 93, 94: 358; 16.
(11) Ruer, 93, 51: 223; 06. ( U i ) Ruer, 93, 51: 315; 06. {"*) Ruer, 93,
51: 391; 06. (U 3 ) Ruer and Frick, 139, 11: 39; 13. (U 4 ) Ruer and
Goerens, 139, 14: 49; 17. (H5) Ruer and Kaneko, 192, 9: 419; 12. (")
Sahmen, 93, 57: 1; 08. (U 7 ) Saldau, 95, 7: 3; 14. (U 8 ) Saldau, 95, 30:
351; 23. (U 9 ) Sander, 93, 75: 97; 12.
(120) Sanfourche, 74, 16: 246; 19. (12l) Schleicher, 95, 6: 18; 14. (122)
Schoen, 192, 8: 737; 11. (i 2 3 ) Shepherd, 50, 8: 421; 04. (124) giebe,
93, 108: 161; 19. (125) Siedschlag, 93, 131: 191; 23. (") Siedschlag,
95, 17: 53; 25. (127) Smith, 93, 56: 109; 08. (128) Tafel, 192, 5: 342; 08.
(129) Tafel, 192, 5: 375; 08.
30
(i ) Urazov, 93, 64: 375; 09. ( I 3 I ) Urazov and Vogel, 93, 67: 442; 10. (132)
Vanstone, 83, 7: 42; 11. (l 3 3 ) von Vegesack, 93, 52: 30; 07. (134) Vogel,
93, 50: 145; 06. (l 35 ) Vogel, 93, 61: 46; 09. (136) Vogel, 93, 63: 169; 09.
(137) Vogel, 93, 84: 323; 14, (i 38 ) Vogel, 93, 91: 277; 15. (l 3 9 ) Vogel,
93, 116: 231; 21.
(140) Vogel and Trilling, 93, 129: 276; 23. O 4 M Voss, 93, 57: 34; 08. (142)
Wahl, 93, 66: 60; 10. (143) Williams, 98, 55: 1; 07. (144) Wohler and
Schliephake, 93, 151 : l ; 26. (i45) Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 49: 384; 06. (l 4 6 )
Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 49: 400; 06. (147) Zhemchuzhnui, 95, 4: 228; 13.
(i 4 8 ) Zhemchuzhnui, Urazov and Rikouskov, 93, 57: 253; 08. O 4 9 )
Zukowski, 93, 71: 403; 11.
Ag-As
Ca-Ag
5I
r;
()
Cr-Ag
Au-Ag
/61,106)
Ag-Bi
(10)
Ag-Cu
(76J
Mn-Ag
Ag-Cd
~~n
Be-Ag
Pt-Ae
M-Al
Na-Al
Ae-Sb
C00)
Ag-SeI
H
JNi-Ag
(101J
Pd-Ag
C")
Ag-Si
C)
Au-As
Ae-TI
(100J
C21)
Co-As
D
IAe-Zn
C)
Cu-As
Cd-As
147
( J
Mn-As
Au-Bi
Ti-As
Au-Cd
Zn-As
(37,5OJ
Cr-Au
(140)
Co-Au
Ni-Au
Au-Cu
(74J .
Mg-AuI
/130,131,J36\
Pd-Au
12
C)
Pt-Au
T5T"
Mn-AuP
Na-AuI
Au-SbI
Au-Si
Cd-Bi
C03)
B-Ni
(40)
Au-TI
D
Ca-Bi
(M)
Au-Zn
Be-CiJ
He-Bi|
Ce-Bi
K-Bi
Mg-Bi
(42J
Co-Bi
n
Cu-Bi
Na-Bi
H
Mn1Bi
r)
Si-Bi
3
r)
Bi-Te
Ni-Bi
Tl-Bi
(75J
Zn-Bi(2588I
Bi-Sb
Ca-CdI
Bi=SJ]H
Ca-SbI
29
(J
Ca-CuI
(3)
Cu-Cd
Ca-Mg
P)
Hg-Cd
(9)
Ca-TI
(3)
Li-Cd
H
Ca-Zn
H
Mg-Cd
(3)
Na-Cd
(70,85\
Cd-TI n
Cd-ZnP
Ni-Cd
Ce-CuI
Cd-Te
r)
Ce-Si
(137)
Cd-Sb
Me-Ce
O
Cr-Co
Ni-Co
Co-Cu
C116)
Co-Sb
H
ICo-Mn
ICo-Si
(8OJ
IMO-CO
r)
ICo-Zn]
Cs-He
Fe-Cu
/113,114)
Cr-Ni
O^Sb
Mg-Cu
Mn-Cu
n
Ni-Cu
(43)
Cu-P
Ti
Cu-SnJ
(5,46,56,60)
Cu_-S
(8J
ICu-Se
38
C )
Cujfb
<55)
Pd-Cu
Cu-Sb
/14,108)
Pt-Cu
n
Cu-TI P
Cu-S
(120)
Cu-Ie
C8)
Li-Hg
n
Hfffe
Cu-Zn
(4,47,123,128)
M-H
12
Na-He
()
Hg-Zn
C05)
Hg-Tl
r*)
K-LiH83)
Thin
K-Zn
K-TI
D
K-Na
(6)
Na-Li
(83)
Na-Me
Me-Si
Mg-Sb
Mg-Tl
Mg-Ni
Mg-Zn
H
Ni-Mn
Mn-Si
/91,148)
W-Mo
Mn-Sb
Na-TI
Mn-TI
(3J
Na-Sb
Mo-Ni
Na-Zn
(e4)
NJ-ZQ
n
Ni-Pd
Ni-TiIn
Pd-Sb
W-Ni
n
Ni-Sb.
Ni-P
r;
60
(J
Ni-Si
(43)
VHUi
Pt-Sb
H
Sb-Se
TI-Sb
3
r)
Zn-Te
Si-SbI
(143)
Zn-SdH
Zn-SbI
Te-S
(19)
V401Si
(J
Ag-Au-Ni. Liquidas surface.
Cu-Cr-Ni.
Liquidas surface.
Au-Cu-Ni.
Liquidus surface.
Cr-Cu-Mo.
Liquidus surface.
Cu-Mo-Ni.
Liquidus surface.
Cu-Ni-Zn.
Liquidus surface.
Cu-Mn-Ni.
Liquidus surface.
Cu-Mn-Ni.
Liquidus surface.
Ag-Au-Cu.
Cd-Mg-Zn.
Liquidas surface.
Bi-Cd-Zn.
Solidus surface.
Cd-Mg-Zn.
Solidus surface.
Bi-Cd-Zn.
Liquidus surface.
FERROUS ALLOYS
C. H. DESCH
INDEX OF SYSTEMS
PAGE
Fe-Ag* (39)
Fe-Al
Fe-As ( d )
Fe-Au (21)
Fe-B (5, i*, 59)
Fe-Be ( 34 )
Fe-Bi* (22)
Fe-C (3, 4, 6, is, si, 45, 47)
Fe-Ce (57)
Fe-Co (27, 46)
Fe-Cr (29, 37, 56)
Fe-Mn (27, 43)
Fe-N (10)
Fe-Ni (2, is, 16, 27, SB). ..
Fe.O (50, 54)
Fe-P (17, 24, 49, 52)
Fe-Pb* (22)
Fe-Pt (22);
Fe-S (28)
403
450
450
450
450
450
451
450
451
450
451
451
451
452
452
452
PAGE
Fe-Sb (25)
452
Fe-Si (i, 12, so, 32, 40) 453
Fe-Sn (21, 60)
452
Fe-Ti (26, 41)
453
Fe-Tl* (22)
Fe-V (27, 58)
453
Fe-W (36)
453
Fe-Zn (42, 55)
454
Fe-B-C (59)
454
Fe-C-Cr (28.1, 29, 33, 48) 455
Fe-C-Ni (23)
Fe-C-P (U, 51)
454
Fe-C-Si (19, 20)
454
Fe-C-Ti (53)
455
Fe-C-W (33, 36)
455
Fe-Cr-Si (7)
455
Fe-Mn-Ni (38)
455
Fe-X (18)
* Two immiscible liquid phases.
LITERATURE
(M Banberger, Einerl and Nussbaum, 77, 45: 141; 25. (2) Benedicks, 55, 7:
290; 11. ( 3 ) Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., O. ( 4 ) Carpenter
and Keeling, 140, 65: 224; 04. ( s ) Chiyevskii and Herdt, 4SI, I: 353; 15.
430, 98: 396; 16. ^ 6 ) Chiyevskii and Schulgin, 140, 95: 189; 17. (T)
Denecke, 93, 154: 180; 26. ( 8 ) Desch, O. ( 9 ) Friedrich, 192, 4: 129; 07.
(io) Fry, 77f 43; i271; 23. C 1 1 ) Goerens, 192, 6: 537; 09. ( 12 ) Guertler and
Tammann, 93, 47: 163; 05. O 3 ) Gutowsky, 192, 6: 731; 09. ( 14 ) Hannesen, 93, 89: 257; 14. ( 15 ) Hanson and Freeman, 140, 107: 301; 23. (*)
Hanson and Hanson, 140, 102: 39; 20. (*7) Haughton and Hanson, 140,
97: 413; 18. ( 18 ) Honda, 159, 13: 363; '25. (* 9 ) Honda and Murakami,
140, 107: 545; 23.
( 20 ) Honda and Murakami, 159, 12: 1; 24. ( 2 I) Isaac and Tammann, 98, 53:
281; 07. C 2 2 ) Isaac and Tammann, 93, 55: 58; 07. (23) Kase, 159, 14:
173; 25. ( 24 ) Konstantinov, 93, 66: 209; 09. ( 25 ) Kurnakov and Konstantinov, 93, 58: 1; 08. I2 6) Lamort, 139, 11: 225; 14. (27) van Liempt,
70, 45: 203; 26. (28) Loebe and Becker, 93, 77: 301; 12. (28.1) Meierling
and Denecke, 93, 151: 113; 26. < 2 9 ) Murakami, 159, 7: 217; 18.
( 30 ) Murakami, 159, 10: 79; 21. ( 3 M National Physical Laboratory, England,
O. (52) Oberhoffer, 77, 44:979; 24. ( 33 ) Oberhoffer, Daeves and Rapata,
77, 44: 432; 24. ( 34 ) Oesterheld, 93, 97: 36; 16. ( 3 S) Osmond, 74, 2:
798; 05. ( 36 ) Ozawa, 159, 11: 333; 22. ( 3 7) Pakulla and Oberhoffer,
Ver. deutscher Eisenhttenleute, Werkstoffausschuss, No. 68; 1925. ( 38 )
Parravano, 36, 42 II: 367; 12. 95, 4: 171; 13. ( 39 ) Petrenko, 93, 53: 212;
07.
( 4 0 ) Phragmn, 220, 1923: 121. ( 40 -i) Phragmen, 115, 122: 370; 26. ( 4 ^)
Portevin, 74, 6:1264; 09. < 4 2 ) Raydt and Tammann, 93, 83: 257; 13. ( 43 )
Rmelin and Fick, 139, 12: 41; 15. ( 44 ) Rumelin and Maire, 139t 12:
141; 15. ( 4 S) Ruer and Biren, 93, 113: 98; 20. (") Ruer and Kaneko,
139, 11: 33; 13. ( 4 ?) Ruer and Klesper, 139, 11: 257; 14. ( 4 *) Russell,
140, 104: 247; 21. ( 49 ) Saklatwalla, 140, 77: 92; 08.
( 50 ) Schnert, 93, 154: 224; 26. ( 5 I) Stead, 140, 91: 140; 15. (52) Stead, 140,
97: 389; 18. ( 53 ) Tamaru, 159, 14: 25; 25. ( 54 ) Tritton and Hanson,
140, 110: 90; 24. (55)von Vegesack, 93, 52: 30; 07. ( 5 6) V0n Vegesack,
93, 154: 30; 26. ( 5 7 ) Vogel, 93, 99: 25; 17. ( 58 ) Vogel and Tammann,
93, 58: 73; 08. ( 5 ) Vogel and Tammann, 93, 123: 225; 22.
(60) Wever and Reinecken, 226, 7: 21; 25.
IBe-Fe]
IFe-AsI
C)
Fe-B
/5,I4,59J
Influence of As on critical points i>

uncertain.
There are reactions of an unknown
kind below the solidus.
Fe-Au
D
Co-Fe
Fe-CK"3;
Fe-Mn
Ce-Fe
(57)
Cr-Fe
Fe-NI
Ni-Fe
Fe-O
/54,50\
/2,15,16,35)
Fe-P
/64,49,17.5*)
Fe-S
Fe-Pt
H
Fe-Sn
-psp
Fe-SbI
P5
F-Si
(12,30,32.40,40.1)
W-Fe
r)
Fe-Ti
/26,41)
V-Fe
Fe-Si-C
(11.51)
Fe-C-P
B-Fe-C
Note:- Very imperfectly surveyed.

Eutectica approximately determined, transformations in
solid state scarcely touched.
Fe-Zn
/42,55\
Cr-Fe-Cl
p.33.46)
Cr-Fe-Si
(7)
Fe-Tl -rC
~n
Note. Broken lines are

lsothermals of liquidus
surface.
In solid state, solid solution
phase is continuous over
whole field.
W-Fe-C
/33,3)
Ni-Fe-Mn
pj
DENSITY OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS

S. L. ARCHBUTT (SLA); C. BENEDICKS (CB); C. H. DESCH (CHD); D. HANSON (DH); O. F. HUDSON (OFH); C. H. M. JENKINS (CHMJ); P. D. MERICA (PDM); A. PORTEVIN (AP);
THOMAS K. ROSE (TKR); V. H. STOTT (VHS)
For values of density deduced from X-ray diffraction data, v. vol. I, p. 340
PAKT I. SOLID METALS. (Continued)
PABT I. SOLID METALS

Metal
Condition
Ag*
Cast or cast and compressed

Electrolytic
Cast, compressed and heated to redness in vacuo. . . .
Drawn, annealed
Hard drawn
Distilled (in vacuo]
Cast disc heated to redness
Same, struck
Reheated red
Struck again
Reheated (in vacuo)
Fine powder by precipitation or decomposition
of Ag2O and Ag2COa
Cold rolled (99.97 % Al ) . . .
Cast, pig (99.75% Al)
Cold rolled |-$ in
Cast (99.75% Al)**
Metallic
Yellow
Amorphous^
Black or gray
Cast or cast and compressed
Distilled, compressed by
IO atm
Drawn, annealed
Hard drawn
Precipitated from soin, by
CH2O
SO2
Cold rolled sheet
Same, annealed
Al
As
Au
B
Ba
Be
Bi
C
Graphite
Temp.,
0
C
O
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Cast
Cast, compressed
(Computed value)
Impurities negligible
t
*
10.50
T
Llt
'
(1,54,55,59,
65, 86, 93)
94
25
10.4914
O
20
20
10.55
10.4475
10.4410
(93)
(44)
(44)
20
10.4923
O
O
O
O
O
10.4624
10.502s
10.4894
10.5104
10.4977
9. 945 to
10.499
2.699
2.684t
2.703t
2.703t
5.73
(43)
93
1
J
20
20
15
(17)
t 18 )
(ls)
( 18 )
(49,ioo)
2.0
(21,47)
3.69
4.7
(49)
(21,47)
19.30
( 3 85, 86)
20
19.2685
(43)
20
20
19.2601
19.2504
(44)
(44)
20
19.3966
(5)
15
19.3587
(68)
O
O
20
25
20
20
20
19.296s
19.2858
2.3
3.5
1.84
9.80
2. 25 to
2.26
(86)
(,86)
(73)
(8)
(22)
(40)
(4)
2.255
2.232
20
1.55
20
20
-273
20
20
8.648
8.647
9.65
6.9
8.9
7.1
1.9o
20
8.94
TKR
Ga
Ge
Hf
Hg
Electrolytic: O2, 0.08 %;

P, 0.007 %; melted in
vacuo, rolled down 80 %;
20
normalized 100O0C
29.65
20
20
M.P.
7.90
5.9i
5.36
11.4
14.43
Os
Pb
SLA
CHD
Pd
20
7.3i
TKR
Rb
Rh
CHD
CHD
CHD
OFH
VHS
(50)
(81)
(7,52,60)
CHD
(20,43)
(54)
(32)
(62)
(14,45)
(79)
(31,75)
CHMJ
(26,43,64)
DH
(77)
Temp.,
C
C
O
20
t
<
22.4
0.86
15
6.1,6
20
0.53
Filings
Coop.
exp.
(58,63,89)
TKR
(31,75,76)
CHD
(48,62)
(75)
1.7429
(54,65)
CHD
CHD
AP
20
20
1.7388
1.642 / v '
7.2
(79) [CHD
10.2
(23)
CHD
0.97
(28,31,75)
CHD
6.9
(62)
CHD
20
19.94
19.94
16.34
0.05
22.48
(42,90)
11.3475
(20)
11.337
11.289 J ^ }
11.347s
8.90
Crystals
Ordinary
Radioactive
Ordinary
From Australian uranium
mineral
Cast
Cast, hammered
j..
Llt>
(13,25,39)
J.
16.34
O
11.296
11.87
12.1
PDM
TKR
OFH
(20)
(55)
TKR
(54,63,65,
73, 78)
Pr
Pt
Ru
Sa
Sb
Sif
Sn
(95)
(74)
(15,37)
(33)
(! 29, se,
Cast, hammered, slightly

impure
Mn||
Mo
Na
Nd
Ni
CHD
CHD
CHD
CHD
DH
CHD
CHD
Ed.
Ed.
96)
In
Ir
Condition
20
650
0.01
Fe
Metal
K
La
Li
Mg
( )
(3)
(93)
(93)
(93)
(46)
18
Coop.
exp.
C )
15
20
Graphite after compression

15
to 5000 atm
16
Graphite, fused in arc
Ca
Cd
CHD
20
Cast and hammered or

struck
In mass
Filings
Annealed wire
Hard drawn wire
Cast
Hard drawn wire
Cast and forged
Cast, pulverized
Pressed
Rhombohedral
Crystalline
White
Gray....
Sr
Ta *
Th
Ti
Tl
U
V
W
Zn
O
O
6.5
21.46
21.3351
(54,65)
21.3705
(54,65)
20
21.4408
20
21.4138
20
1.53
12.1
12.23
(75)
(88)
(30)
(63,103)
12.2
7.7?
6.620
6.69
(41,91)
(62)
(43)
(43)
20
20
2.4
7.30
5.85
2.6
16.6
4.5
20
20
20
to
CHD
TKR
TKR
CHD
OFH
(53)
(79,97)
(99)
(99)
(27)
(9)
CHD
OFH
CHD
CHD
(72)
CHD
(38)
CHD
11.849
(104)
18.7
(ioi)
5.9e
(37,61)
19.3
(24)
7.139
(20)
7.138l (20,0. ko 2,
7.1420
6.4
TKR
(44)
12.5
6.71
CHD
(44)
O
20
20
11.7
Different distillation fractions, variable isotopie

proportion
(62)
(58,63,78,
89, 92)
TKR
CHD
CHD
CHD
CB
12, 43, 102)
Zr
20
(98)
* For effect of annealing, v. ( 56 ).
t Reduced ad vacuum.
Probably not true allotropie forms.
1 AV
0
K
= 0.000123 per C between -70 and the M. P.
M. P. At
U No satisfactory determination on the homogeneous metal.
I" Probably the only true form.
** Corresponding to values given below for density of liquid metal.
CHD
PART II.LIQUID METALS

TV/T
Ai
Metal
A^
Al*
Bi
Cd
Temp.,
T -A
d:,t
Lit.
orf
C
*
M. P.
< T 4 6 ( 8 2 )
M. P.
9.51
(70,84)
1000
9.653
(34)
1025
9.633
(34)
1050
9.613
(34)
659
2.382
()
1000
2.289
(18)
271
10.24
(69)
8.02_-^-W)) I
(I-)
349
406
466
506
550
603
Cs
Ga
Hg
K
Mg
Na
Pb
Rb
Sb
Sn
Zn
7.94
7.88
7.82
7.78
7.74
7.69
28
1.84
29.8
6.09
v. infra.
62.4
0.83
650
1.572
667
1.560to
1.565
97.5
0.93
B. P.
0.74
327
10.88
38.5
1.47
631
6.55
232
6.97
418
6.92
455
6.87
510
6.79
574
6.72
661
6.65
800
6.57
918
6.53
Coop.
^
exp.
TKR
SLA
OFH
CHMJ
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(31)
(74)
CHD
CHD
(31)
(19)
(19)
CHD
AP
(28,31)
(71)
(66)
(31)
(66)
(66)
(67)
(67)
(67)
(67)
(67)
(67)
(67) I
CHD
OFH
CHD
OFH
OFH
CB
* 99.75% Al. Corresponding value for d at 20, 2.703.
LITERATURE
(i) Adams, Williamson and Johnston, I1 41: 12; 19. ( 2 ) Arnold, 93, 30: 209;
17. < 3 ) Arpi, 95, 5: 142; 14. ( 4 ) Arsem, 78, 20: 105; 11. (5) Averkieff,
93, 35: 329; 03. () Beilby and Beilby, 5, 76: 462; 05. (?) Biltz and
Hohorst, 93, 121: 1; 22. <*) Biltz and Httig, 98, 114: 241; 20. ( 9 ) von
Bolton, 0, 11: 45; 05.
(i ) Bureau of Standards, 363, No. 100; 21. (i i ) Burger, 208, 2:114; 22. O *)
Cohen and Helderman, 64P, 16: 565; 13. (i 3 ) Copaux, 6, 6: 508; 05. ^ 4 )
Copaux, 34, 140: 657; 05. ( 1S ) Dennis, Tressler and Hance, 1, 45: 2033;
23. (16) Dewar, ISO, 91: 216; 05. ( 1 7 ) Edwards, 78, 47: 287; 25. ( 1 8 )
Edwards and Moorman, 33, 24: 61; 21. ( 19 ) Edwards and Taylor, 80,
69: 1070; 23.
( 2 0 ) Egerton and Lee, 5, 103: 487; 23. ( 2 l ) Erdmann and Reppert, 13, 361:
1; 08. ( 2 2 ) Fichter and Jablczynski, 25, 46: 1604; 13. ( 23 ) Fink, 78, 17:
229; 10. ( 2 4 ) Fink, 78, 22: 499; 12. ( 2 S ) Fleming, O, 66: 50; 99. ( 2 6 ) .
Gaby-Ache, 6, 30: 326; 03. ( 2 ?) Glascock, 1, 32: 1222; 10. (2*) Griffiths
and Griffiths, 67, 27: 477; 15. ( 29 ) Grunmach, 63, 3: 134; 02.
(30) Grneisen, 8, 22: 801; 07. (3l) Hackspill, 34, 152: 259; 11. (32) Herz,
93, 105: 171; 19. (33) Hevesy, 137, 6, No. 7: 51; 26. ( 34 ) Hoffmann and
Stahl, 187, 19: 357; 22. (35) Hoffmann and Stahl, 187, 21: 22; 24. (36)
Hogness, Jf, 43: 1621; 21. (37) Hull, 2, 20: 113; 22. (3) Hunter, 1, 32:
330; 10. (39) International Nickel Co., New York, O.
40
( ) Johnston and Adams, 1, 34: 563; 12. ( 4 M JoIy, 34, 116: 430; 93. ( 4 2 )
JoIy and Vzes, 34, 116: 577; 93. ( 43 ) Kahlbaum, Roth and Siedler, 93,
29: 177; 02. ( 44 ) Kahlbaum and Sturm, 93, 46: 217; 05. ( 4 S ) Kalmus and
Harper, 45, 7: 6; 15. ( 46 ) Kohlschtter and Eydmann, 13, 398: 1 ; 13. ( 4 ?)
Kohlschtter, Frank and Ehlers, 13, 400: 268; 13. ( 4 8 ) Kremers and
Stevens, 1, 45: 614; 23. ( 49 ) Lashchenko, 4, 121: 972; 22.
( 5 0 ) Le Chatelier and Wologdine, 34, 146: 49; 08. ( 5 I ) LeIy and Hamburger,
93, 87: 209; 14. (52) Lengyel, Math. Naturw. Ber. Ungarn, 14, 180; 98.
(53) Linck, 93, 56: 393; 08. ( 54 ) Lowry and Parker, 4, 107: 1005; 15. (55)
McKeehan, 2, 20: 424; 22. ( 5 6 ) Mallet, 3, 4: 145; 77. ( 5 ^) Manchot,
93, 124: 333; 22. (5*) Matthey, 5, 28: 463; 79. <") Matthiessen, 62,
150: 177; 60.
(60) Moissan and Chavanne, 34, 140: 122; 05. (61) Muthmann and Riedelbauch, 13, 355: 59; 07. ( 6 2 ) Muthmann and Weiss, 13, 331: 1; 04. (63)
Mylius and Dieta, 25, 31: 3187; 99. ( 64 ) National Physical Laboratory,
England, O. ( 65 ) Parker and Lowry, 4, 107: 1160; 15. ( 66 ) Pascal and
Jouniaux, 34, 158: 414; 14. (67) Pascal and Jouniaux, 74, 11: 469; 14.
(68) Phelps, Royal Mint Laboratory, London, O. ( 69 ) Plss, 93, 93: 1; 15.
70
( ) Quincke, 8, 135: 621; 68. (71) Ramsay, 25, 13: 2145; 80. ( 7 2 ) Rentschler and Marden, Westinghouse Lamp Co., Bloomfield, N. J., O. ( 73 )
Richards, 1, 37: 1643; 15. ( 7 4 ) Richards and Boyer, 1, 43: 274; 21. (75)
Richards and Brink, 1, 29: 117; 07. ( 7 6) Richards and Daniels, 1, 41:
1732; 19. ( 77> ) Richards and Sameshima, 1, 42: 49; 20. ( 7 8 ) Richards
and Stull, 152, 76: 55; 07. () Richards, Stull and Brink, 152, 76: 29; 07.
( 80 ) Richards and Wadsworth, 1, 38: 221; 16. ( 81 ) Rishkevich and Kostermann, 9, 30: 86; 24. (2) Roberts, 5, 23: 481; 75.. ( 83 ) Roberts-Austen
and Rigg, 7th Annual Report, Royal Mint, London, 44; 76. 8th Annual
Report (recalculated), 44; 77. 9th Annual Report, 38; 78. ( 8 4 ) RobertsAusten and Wrightson, 3, 13: 360; 82. ( 85 ) Rose, 8, 75: 403; 48. ( 8 6 )
Rose, 47, 8: 86; 12. ( 87 ) Rose, Royal Mint Laboratory, London, O. ( 88 )
Sainte-Claire Deville and Debray, 6, 56: 385; 59. (89 ) Sainte-Claire Deville
and Debray, 34, 81: 839; 75.
( 90 ) Sainte-Claire Deville and Debray, 34, 82: 1076; 76. ( 9 M Sainte-Claire
Deville and Debray, 34, 83: 926; 76. ( 9 2 ) Stas, Oeuvres compltes, II: 719,
742; 94. ( 93 ) Stas, Oeuvres compltes (Oeuvres Posthumus) HI : 153; 94. ( 4 )
Timofeiev, 7, 86: 113; 13. ( 95 ) Tritton and Hanson, 140, 110: 90; 24.
( 96 ) Vicentini and Omodei, 23, 23: 38; 87. ( 9 7 ) Weiss and Engelhardt,
93, 65: 38; 10. ( 98 ) Weiss and Neumann, 93, 65: 248; 10. (") Wigand,
8, 27: 64, 99; 07.
(100) Zhemchuzhnui, 95, 4: 228; 13. ( 101 ) Zimmermann, 25, 17: 2739; 84.
(102) Freeman and Brandt, 31, No. 522; 26. (i 3 ) Rose, 47, 33: 109; 25.
(i 4 ) Richards and Smith, 1, 44: 524; 22.
HG, DENSITY OF LIQUID MERCURY

V. STOTT AND PHILIP H. BIGG
The density of mercury at O0C given in the table below is based
on the following values: 13.59547 g/ml (Guye and Batuecas, 4$,
20: 308; 23); 13.5956 g/ml (Marek, 238, 2: D; 83); 13.59545
g/ml (Thiesen and Scheel, 243, 18: 138; 98).
Densities at other temperatures were calculated by means of
the formula: Vt = F0[I + 10-6{l81.456* + 0.009 205*2 +

0.000 006 60S*3 + 0.000 000 067 320*4}] (Sears, 67, 26: 95; 13).
Chappuis' formula for the expansion of mercury between O
and 10O0C (Chappuis, 238, 16: 17) would give the same values
between these temperatures as those tabulated on p. 458.
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME IN MILLILITERS PER GRAM

t, 0C
( F . P
-38.87
-30
-20
-10
O
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Density | Volume || t, 0C | Density | Volume

t, 0C [ Density |
. ) 1 1 0 1 3 . 3 2 7 s 0 . 0 7 5 0 3 l 2 4 1
13.6919 0.07303e
45
13.485l 0.07415e
120
13.303?
13.669s
73154
50
13.4729
7422s
130
13.279?
13.6450
7328?
140
13.255s
13.6202
7342o
55
13.46Os 0.07429o
150
13.2319
13.595s
73554
60
13.448e
7435?
65
13.436s
74424
160
13.208o
13.5832 0.073620
70
13.424s
74492
170
13.184i
13.5709
7368?
75
13.4122
74559
180
13.16Os
13.558e
73754
190
13.136s
13.546s
7382l
80
13.40Oi 0.07462e
200
13.112?
13.5340
7388s
85
13.388o
74694
90
13.3759
7476l
210
13.0889
13.521s 0.07395s
95
13.3639
74829
220
13.065i
13.509e
74022
100
13.351s
7489e
230
13.04U
13.497s
74089
t, 0C | Density
Volume
7 e 0 . 0 7 6 8 1 9
250
12.993s
7696o
Volume ||
3 . 0 1
7516?
753Os
75439
75575
0.075712
75849
7598e
76124
76262
0.0764Oo
7654o
76679
260
270
280
290
300
12.97Oo
12.9462
12.9224
12.898e
12.874?
0.0771Oi
7724s
7738s
7752s
77672
310
320
330
340
350
357.1
(B. P.)
12.85Os
12.826s
12.802s
12.778?
12.754e
12.7374
0.0778Ie
77962
781Os
7825s
7840s
0.078509
LATENT HEAT OF PHASE CHANGES OF PURE METALS AND ALLOYS

M. L. GAYLER
CONTENTS
Latent heat of fusion of pure
metals.
Latent heat of vaporization of
pure metals.
Latent heat of transformation
of pure metals.
Latent heat of fusion of alloys.
MATIRES
Chaleur latente de fusion des
mtaux purs.
Chaleur latente de vaporisation
des mtaux purs.
Chaleur latente de transformation des mtaux purs.
Chaleur latente de fusion des
alliages.
Conversion Factors: 1 kilo joule per g = 238.9 cali6 g 1 = 430.1

BTU60 Ib-1 = 9.869 1-atm. g"1 = 2.778 X 10~4 kw hr g"1.
For other factors, v. vol. 1, p. 16.
TABLE 1.LATENT HEAT OF FUSION OF PURE METALS
Metal
LF
kil
ule
>
per g-atom
~~A^j

Al
9.82
Au
13.1
Bi
8.9s
Cd
5.2i
Cs
2.09
Cu
11.1
Fe*
Ga
Hg
K
Mg
Na
Ni
Pb
Pd
Pt
Rb
Sb
Sn
Tl
Zn
11.5
5.Set
2.34
2.4o
7.3
2.63
17.9
4.8e
16.1
22.0
2.18
19.8
6.67
6.15
6.9?
ro
PP ^
error, %
7 5
3
5
5
3
2
3
5
2
3
2
7
1
1
3
10
10
1
3
2
5
M. P., C
LiI
_
961
(23)
~~
657
(6,8,17)
1064 (23)
270
( 8 23)
321
(8 23)
28.5 (14)
1084
(6,15,23)
(23)
30
(i)
-38.7
(io, 13)
63.5 (")
650
(8,17)
97.61 (*, 14)
1450 (22)
327
(8.23)
( 20 )
(19)
38.7 (14)
630
(8,23)
232
(6,8,23)
(16)
419
( 23)
* Electrolytic Fe.
fl/F determined on super-cooled liquid at 13 and 140C. The mean of these
determinations is given and the author states that there is practically no difference in LF between O and 3O0C.
$ Method not stated.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Schmelzwrme reiner Metalle.
Verdampfungswrme
Metalle.
Umwandlungswrme
Metalle.
Schmelzwrme
der
rungen.
reiner
reiner
Legie-
INDICE
PAGE
Calore latente di fusione di
metalli puri
458
Calore latente di evaporazione dei metalli puri... 458
Calore latente di trasfor. mazione di metalli puri. 458
Calore latente di fusione di
leghe
459
TABLE 2.1LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION AT p MM HG

,, ,
Metal
LV, kilo joule

1
per g-atom
~ ~ B 4
Cd
84.7
Hg
53.3
Hg
57
Mg
172.7
Zn
99.8
App rox.
error, m
%
,.,
Lit.
TT
P, mm Hg
2 X 1 0 ~
2 X 10~3
2 X HT3
760
2 X 10~3
2 X 10~3
( 2 )
(21)
(21)
(U)
(21)
(21)
TABLE 3.LATENT HEAT OF TRANSFORMATION

Metal
Ag
As
Au
Fet
Mn
Ni
Sb
Se
Sn
Te
LT, kilojoule per

*T,C
Lit.
g-atom
(12)
(octohedral) +a
13.7*
(12)
a (rhombohedral)>/3 (amorphous gray)
4.18*
7 (amorphous brown) a (rhombo(12)
hedral)
14.0*
Amorphous > crystalline
4.2*
(3)
(12)
(dark) > (bright)
13.4*
(12)
7 (metallic) a (bright)
19.6*
725-785 (23)
1.53
a->/8
919
(23)
1.56
/?->7
1404
(23)
0.45
7-+S
a>
1070-1130 (23)
5.55
a-*
0.326 320-330 (23)
a (explosive) ordinary
9.97*
(5)
(12)
a (amorphous) (monoclinic)
4,39*
(12)
a (amorphous) 7 (crystalline)
5.98*
Amorphous metallic
23.7*
(2)
White > gray
2.22
O
()
Crystalline (sublimed) > amorphous. . .
101*
(2)
Transformation
* Difference between heats of oxidation,

t Electrolytic Fe.
TABLE 4.LATENT HEAT OF FUSION OF ALLOYS
LITERATURE
(M Berthelot, 34, 86: 786; 78. (2) Berthelot, B73, 2: 63; 97. ( 3 ) Berthelot
and Engel, 14, 21: 284; 90. (*) Brnsted, 7, 88: 479; 14. (5) Cohen and
Strengers, 7, 52: 129; 05. (6) Glaser, 192, 1: 103; 04. (?) Griffiths, 5,
89: 561; 14. ( 8 ) Awbery and Griffiths, 67, 38: 378; 26. () Grner, 15,
4: 224; 73. 112, 212: 527; 74.
(i) Koref, 8, 36: 49; 11. {") Kurbatov, 7, 43: 104; 03. () Petersen, 7,
8: 601; 91. (13) Pollitzer, 93, 17: 10; 11. 0) Rengade, 54, 156: 1897;
13. (15) Richards, 135, 68: 82; 93. (*) Robertson, 1*0, 18: 131; 02.
(17) Roos, 93, 94: 329; 16. (i) Schmidt, JS, 7: 164; 10. ( 19 ) Violle,
34, 85: 543; 77.
(20) Violle, 34, 87: 981; 78. (21) Wehnelt and Musceleanu, 88, 14: 1032; 12.
(22) White, 33, 25: 17; 21. (23) Wst, Meuthen and Durrer, 414, No.
204: 18.
LF, kilo- .
Alloy
Al2Cu
MgZn2
Monel metal (Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 2; Mn,
1.5)
Pig iron, 4.34 % C
Gray cast iron
White cast iron
joule per Appro*' M. P., 0C Lit.

error, %
g
0.31
7
590
(")
0.26
7
595
(")
0.284
0.246
0.09 5
0.14
1
12
12
(22)
( 18 )
1350-1400 ( 9 )
1050-1100 ( 9 )
THERMAL EXPANSION INCLUDING VOLUME CHANGE ON FUSION, SOLIDIFICATION

AND TEMPERING
J. S. CLARK
CONTENTS
Pure metals.
Solid alloys.
Liquid alloys and amalgams.
MATIRES
Mtaux purs.
Alliages solides.
Alliages liquides et amalgames.
Volume change on fusion and

solidification. " Mold shrinkage."
Changement de volume par

fusion et par solidification.
(Contraction dans le chssis
de moulage.)
Changement de volume par
revenu.
Volume change with tempering.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Reine Metalle.
Feste Legierungen.
Flssige Legierungen und Amalgame.
Volumnderung beim Schmelzen und Festwerden (Schwindung.)
Volumnderung bei der Anlassung.
INDICE
pAGE
Metalli puri
459
Leghe solide
. . 463
Leghe liquided amalgame. 474
Variazione di volume nella
fusione e nella solidificazione. (Contrazione di
volume nella forma) . . . . 474
Variazione di volume nel
rinvenimento
477
COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF PURE METALS

Definitions
LINBAB
CUBICAL
dl
dv
l length; V = volume; t = temperature, 0C.
LINEAR
CUBICAL
"* ~ ldt >'
' ~~ Vdt
I2 _ h - h
.t2_Vz-Vi
(Mean
It = I0(I -i- at+ t* + T*3 + ^ 4 + . . .);
"h Ii(t2 - ti) >
^h Vi(I2 -ti)
coefficients)
0
(True
coefficients)
y* = y (i + A* + B* + a + . . .)
TABLE 1.THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF METALS

Range, 0C
Metal
Ag-.
Al
106a*
109/3
10127 and 1O15O
5.9
{ "g;%>
-200to
300
18.7
-200to
O to
-170to
O to
-200to
-200
-100
O
300
O
900
O
16.1
19.6
19.5
20.5
22.65
11.55
18.2
Oto
Oto
Oto
20to
20to
20to
Oto
O to
10 to
-100 to
-100 to
Oto
100 to
300to
600
600
600
200
400
600
100
100
90
5
O
100
300
500
22.65
22.58
21.90
25.9
27.2
28.7
24.32
24.54
3.86
14.13
13.84
14.40
15.1
15.9
3.7
16.75
Proba
êrror of
{0.5
99.95
99.74
99.15
Hard drawn
Annealed
As
Au
f
]
[
21.6
2.768
}$'."] l)
Comp.t
Comp.t
(i)
(*4)
^Tei)
Comp.f
Comp.t
-37T
-36.677
0.03, 0
( +0 03 0
9.5
9.89
12.0
( 10.8 600
0.2
Sublimed; mixed crystals

-0.91I7
0.1
'
(37,50,80,84,91,125,
} )
(70)
(129)
(70)
(70)
(70)
(17)
(17)
( 50 )
(39, 40, so, 56, 98)
Comp.f
Comp.f
Comp.t
I Comp.t
TABLE 1.THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF METALS.(Continued]

Range, 0C
Metal
Bi
-183 to
-183 to
19 to
16 to
Oto
8 to
lOto
20
20to
lOto
20
20 to
O to
H
Il
Il
_L
J_
_L
Ca
C
Cd
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Co
H
Il
JL
J_
-160
60
-160
60
-160
60
-170 to
O to
6 to
25 to
Oto
- 78 to
O
200
300
600
900
Oto
(cale.)
(cale.)
(obs.)
(obs.)
Cr
98.3 (+Al, Fe, etc.)
Cs
<*
106a*
1012y and 10155
-250to -193
-193 to -183
-187 to
19
Oto 1000
25 to
300
3.9
6.8
12.3
20.0
16.7
Fe
Oto
700
11.45
100
300
500
700
20
Ga
In
Oto
Oto
Oto
Oto
-190to
>89Q
Oto
10 to
12.1
13.2
14.2
15.0
9.18
co. 23
18.3
~
24.75
"
Probab
^^rror
of
5 1 2 . 9 8
15
12.24
101
13.45
35
13.43
270
14.6
180
15.7
90
15.37
10.45
13.96
240
16.2
0.1
90
10.84
15.55
10.36
240
12.Ot
+0.1
21
25
Calculated from cubical coefficients
~ Graphite, v. Table 11
59.0
v. also Fig. 1
52.5
12.2
21.8
27.8
f
|| + 2a
32.0
\ Mean (CaiC'j
3
200
29.1
17.9
315
38
120
12.08
6.4
350
18.1
500
8.11
3.23
O
7.31
6.8
9.0
9.8
12.3
14.7
26
97
-" {-%
Cu, 99.6; Ni, 0.35..
Ir
lr
10/8
30
90
ISOto
800
-150to
800
-150to -50
- 50to
50
50to
150
150to
300
300to
800
1000
1250
1500
1750
641
b.41
5.64
6.40
6.92
7.3
7.8
9.02
9.60
10.18
10.76
Lifc
(56)
(39)
(56)
(13)
(138)
(91)
(50)
(16)
(")
(50)
(16)
("*)
( 15 )
"(")
(57)
(57)
(57)
(57)
(57)
(39,50)
(138)
(136)
(io)
(36)
(36)
(24)
(24)
. (24)
(24)
(24)
(64)
S^3
(88)
(8)
(88)
(84)
Idem, for Cu, 99.4; As, 0.54
(69)
aZsoFig. 2
3.3
7.0
( ~?'?
l l ^s
I
J
0.3
(41,63,74,130)
Comp.f
Comp.t
Comp.t
Comp.f
(39,68)
(63)
(H4)
(50)

211.9
3197
d.197
i -^3S7
j 2 ^
0.2, -150
600
0 .l,
(56,137)
(5,50,76)
Comp.t
Comp.j
Comp.t
Comp.t
Comp.j
(76)
(76)
(76)
(76)
TABLE 1.THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF METALS.(Continued)

Metal
K
Range, 0C
t
Oto
Oto
Oto
Oto
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
W, 1.85% (v. dsol

Table 34)
I
QUA fn Q Q Q f t f
??* -V
(+Fe, Si, Cu) ^
Na
-150to
-100 to
Oto
Oto
Oto
-190to
O to
-190to
Oto
25 to
25 to
25 to
500 to
600to
500to
IO6*
50
56
58
58
178
'.
500
25 to
O
100
300
500
20
300
20
400
100
250
500
600
700
750
10
250
25tQ
50Q
25to
-191 to
Oto
17
50
Oto
90
109/3
SSTS
79.7
70.4
72.0
51.2
31
25.0
15.0
69.7
51.7
23.4
26.4
28.5
29.6
23.03
21.61
5.1
5.1
5.2 '
5.4
5.6
6.2
6.4
6.3
3.7to5.0
4.4 to 5.1
4,7 to 5.7
37.2
12.1
5.7
1.3
10127 and 1O15O P^bêrror of
(65)
f n , , ,' , ,. ,
} ( 65 )
Calculated from cubical
1 CQefficients
[_(64)
Calculated from cubical coefficients ( 6 )
( 1.0, -100
(50,72)
-11.67
\ 0.5 from O to (56,123)
( 500
Comp.f
Comp.t
Comp.f
Comp.f
(36)
(36)
(36, 120)
(36,120)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
62.2
72.1
69
64
(35)
(65)
.
(13,14)
87

f
Ni
-200to
350
~
. , n. . f
Commercial, 94 to
%
[_
Os
-100 to
Oto
100 to
200to
350 to
500to
Oto
25 to
^^
25 to
10 to
O
100
200
300
550
1000
1000
100
^
600
90
11.6
13.3
14.7
15.9
ca. 19.0
13.46
18.2
12.9 to 13.5
13.8 to 14.6
14.9 to 15.7
5.70
Pb
-200to
150
28.3
(v. also Table 35)
12.54
8.75 \
320
19.5
25.2
30.6
33
-200to
100
11.60
-200to -100
-100 to
O
Oto
100
Oto 1000
9.75
11.10
11.93
11.67
''^
^ 00
\ 0.1,0
[ 0.4,300
10.9
12
( "^
^7
70
-150to
-16OtO
600
-50
8.786
7.97
(30,36,74)
(66,112)
Comp.t
Comp.t
Comp.t
Comp.t
(66)
(74)
(84)
(129)
(!)
(129)
(50)
(39,40, so, 56,88,113)
Comp.t
Comp.t
Comp.t
(138)
4.15
-8.67T
i rj o
-i rjno
1+010
"
'
2.19
f 0 . 1 , -100
Pt
(6, 55, 64, 65)

(58,63,136)
1-01
Pd
LO, -200
Critical region
3.31
-200
-100
100
O to
3.118 f -**
\ 4.095s
"|
I ( 50> 68> 74> 121)

Comp.t
Comp t
Comp.t
(74)
(5,50,68,74,103,121,
^f
"4' l i T >
0.1 fromlflft
100
to 600
Comp.t
TABLE 1. THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF METALS. (Continued)

Range, 0C
Metal
^(Continued)
- 50 to
50to
150to
300to
800
1000
Oto
O to
Rb
Rh
-180t0
Ru
Sb...
Il
U
J_
JL
J_
JL
Si
Sn, 99.9%
vvmw
f
\
Gray
a - i crystals
* i /I Il
Single
Ta
Tl
W
99.99
f
<
[
W, 99; Th, 1
Zn
99.99
Il
JL
_L
JL
IO6*
50
150
300
600
1670
38
10
-180to -100
-100 to
O
Oto
100
10 to
90
-190to
17
17 to
100
9 to
72
lOto
90
lOto
90
20
-18OtO
20
lOto
90
20
100 to
300
-191 to
18
O to
100
-163 to
18
10 to
90
20to
232
-163 to
18
20
20
-78 to
Oto
10 to
Oto
-190to
Oto
17 to
577 to
1377 to
20 to
27
1027
2027
-150to
30to
630to
830to
-170to
Oto
20to
-160to
-160
20
60
-220 to
O
400
90
294
O
400
577
1377
2227
675
502
630
830
2430
60
300
250
60
60
10/3
8.76
9.26
9.6
10.0
10.98
11.51
9.75
90
8 19
'
6.5
7.65
8.59
8.51
10.22
10.88
11.77
11.29
17.3
15.56
8.2
8.28
7.96
10.0
2.5
6 . 95
16
20.9
23 to 24
5.3
30 5
15 45
5.9
6.46
25.65
33
3.8
4.46
4.5
5.71
7.27
4.56
4.44
5.19
7.26
4.28
4.67**
4.00**
4.87**
29.5
35.4
39.5
57 to 64
6.6
12.6
15.6
13.5
1012T and 1O15S
Probab
^^rror of
Lit.
Comp.f
Comp.t
Comp.f
Comp.t
( 74 )
(15)
(126)
(64)
( _7 n
+0 1 < 100
CSO, 137)
4 217
'
{ Jt7,
S:k>-O-
14.05
.
2.9
-4.7
6.7
7.7
8.5
17,5
v. also Table 37
Ui37J
Comp.f
Comp.j
Comp.j
(50)
(56,137)
(56, 137)
(I)
(50)
(50)
(16)
(39)
(50)
(16)
(12)
(137)
(50)
(29)
(50)
(29,138)
(29)
(16)
(16)
(36)
(36)
(50)
(102)
(36)
0.73
(36)
(53)
(53)
(53)
(38)
(141)
(141)
(141)
0.58
^
(71.2)
]
f (52)
\lt = Wl + a(t - ti) +
\ (52)
9.45 J (t - *i)2]
I (52)
21.6
-4O7
(39,40,50,57)
10
(125)
(Cast)
(70)
(16,57)
v. also Fig. 1 (57)
(16)
(57)
2.37
(56, 57, 88)
0.9
57.0
* If only a is given and only one temperature, a = at-, if only a and a temperature range, a a^.
t Computed, using the above values of a, , y, .
i Practically constant between 20 and 24O0C.
J Probable error of It = 8 X 10~ %.

** Aged lamp filaments.
Critical temperature.
TABLE 2.THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION OF

METALS (SOLID)
Vt = V0 (I +At + BP)
Metal
Ca
Cs
Ga
Hg; v. p. 456
Range
Oto 210C
Q to 260G
Oto 3O0C
Li
f
Na
R,
D
/
\
1(M
10"B
75
291
55
Oto 5O0C
Oto 560C
O to 580C
Oto 1780C
-191 to 160C
Oto 780C
Oto 950C
Oto 8O0C
25 to IQO0C
O to 380C
1.6 to 17.50C
f
(
(
239
211.2
250
153.5
186.5
181.6
204
216
226
270
268.6
209
155
Lit.
(is)
(64)
("
280
242
Approx.
M. P.,
Metal
dj
I 174 I
1.572 (380)
(1.545 at
780)
Na
98
0.9287
278
275
260
39Of
Pb
327
10.65
129
10.69
120
Pb, electrolytic
10.71
130
(10.47 at 500+5)
Pd
i 1550 I (10.8)
I
I
Pt
j 1755 I (18.9)
I
I
Rb
I
38 I 1.472 | 339 I
Sb,99.9%
630
6.55 I
41
6.49 I 104
Sn, electrolytic 99.9%.
232
6.97
105
7.01
106
Li
Mg
185 I
650
08
Tl
I
Zn, electrolytic 99.9%.
Fig.l
Single Crystals
of Cd and Zn
/16,57)
TABLE 3.SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF

CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID METALS
Vt = Ve I l + A(t -e) + B(Z - O) 2 + C(t - 0)* + . . .], 0C
Metal
Approx.
M. P.,
1O6A
di'
1O9B
Range, 0C
1O9A
1O6B
Range, 0C
Lit.
ere
(65)
()
(64)
(6) '
(33)
(6)
(65)
(64)
( 5S )
(64)
(34)
92
TABLE 3.SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF

CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID METALS.(Continued)
Vt = V6 [1 + A(t - O) + B(t - 0)2 + CO - 0) 3 + . - ], 0C
106
286
120
I 185 to 235 |
(6)
650to 800
(44)
(US)
'
98 to 170
(68)
100 to 180 (64)
100 to 235
(6)
98 to 750 (no, n i )
325 to 357 (138)
327 to 825
(33)
327 to 522
(73)
(4)
I
I (io)
I
I (io)
I 40 to 140 | (64)
631 to 1074 I (ios)
700 to 1040 I
(IQ)
400 to 700
(U)
232 to 396
(73)
{ 1U12C =74671}
6.98
100
6.99
114
7.025
(6.95 at 3205)
300 I 11.032 I 150 |
|
419
6.59
147
I
6.92
217
-198 |
232t
988
232 to 1600
(1 2)
(33)
(138)
(117)
(4)
302 to 351 | (i<>2)
419 to 543
(73)
419 to 918
(ios)
The values in parentheses in the d^ column are very old single determinations and are probably only approximate.
* Gray pig iron,
t Based on Ramsay's value of density at B. P.
Fie2
Lit.
Cu ()
0^C
Ag
<*j8-5 = 10.33
Al 99.8
99.4
98.3
99.4
98.7 to 99.2
Au
Bi
Cd, electrolytic
Cu 99.9
Cs
9.51
9.32
658
2.382
658
2.384
658
2.405
658
2.41
658
2.399
I 1063 I (17.1) 1
275
10.07
10.00
10.055
10.03
320
7.99
8.02
(117)
Q i)
(43)
(43)
(43)
(105)
(9)
I
I (109)
269 to 472
(73)
270to 300
(138)
(117)
360to 630
(")
318 to 351
(138)
320to 544
(73)
960
1083
8.40
26
8.22
7.99
1.836
111
114
96OtOlIOO
650 to 1100
650 to 1100
650 to 1100
658 to 1000
658 to 882
142
125
124
120
121
170
137
j
fC, 0.1%
53
TJ)
Fe] C, 0.2-0.25%
1540 6.920.07
[ C. 3.3; Si. 2.76%* 1150
6.97
Hg; v. p. 457
|
|
j
K
62
0.8298
^120 1^ ~^j 1083 to 1295
(ios)
(117)
(9)
(42;
(42)
(64)
(64)
1083 to 1200
27 to 40
27 to 100
28 to 50
50to 123
199
379
395
341
348
(U7)
(4)
(H 9 )
j
299
280
285
268
210
j
62 to
70to
100 to
78 to
100
100
150
235
<
s
(6 )
( 64 )
(64)
(6)
COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF SOLID ALLOYS

First consult Table 4, which is a complete index of the section.
The arrangement is alphabetical under the chemical symbol of the
major constituent, as explained above, p. 360.
For definitions and symbols, v, p. 392.
TABLE 4.GENERAL TABLE
TABLE 4.GENERAL TABLE.(Continued)
Ag-Au; v. Table 38.

Ag-Cu
% composition
"
1\O.
Range, 0C
^ composition
...
%
IO6
, n i1.
Lit.
IU ^
Ag, 77; Cu, 23

| 1253 |
O to 800 | 18.0 |
| (84)
Ag-Hg-Zn; v. Table 32.
Ag-Pt; v. Table 38.
Al-Cr-Ni-Cu-Mn
Al, 95.5; Ni, 1.5; Cr,
1.5; Cu, 1.0; Mn, 0.5 1452
14 to 302
21.05 14.73^ (70)
Al-Cu; v. also Table 5 and Fig. 3

~ _ . A1 f
20to 100 22.2-24.6
20 to 20
\ r \ '
23.6-26.8
/ ; u u , l
^
2 0 t o 300 26 4_29 2
Al, 82; Cu, 18
15 to 100
21.9
AI, 70; Cu, 30
15 to 100
20.0
Al, 67; Cu, 33
15 to 100
16.2
Al, 50-0; Cu, 50-100..
15 to 100 15.7-16.5
Al-Cu-Mg-Si; v. also Table 6
A1 0,
AI O A A Q d
Al, y4.4-y*.8;
3.66-3.74;
0.36-1.08;
r
û,
Mg,
(Mn,
20to
2()to
10021.9-23.8
22.9-26.0
20()
20 to 30Q 2 4.7-26.9
20 to ^ 25 7_27 3
50g
Fe> Sl)
(70}
(70)
(70)
(83)
(85)
(85)
(85)
(70)
(70)
(70)
(70)
20 to 500 25.4-27.6
Al-Mg
O to 13
22.0
(70)
Al, 96; Mg, 3 (Fe, Sb)

824
Al, 85.9; Mg, 17.7 (Si,
Fe, Cu)
824
32 to 39
23.8
Al-Mn-X; v. Table 7.
Al-Cu-Si; Al-Mn; Al-Mn-Cu; v. Table 7.
Al-Si; v. also Table 8
"
TTT
20to 100 19.2-22.2
n c 0. . ,
2 0 t o 20
7 ^- A
20.2-23.2
87; bl> 1<J
(
20to 300 22.2-24.8
Al-Si-Cu; Al-Si-Mn-Cu; . Table 7.
Al-Zn; p. also Tables 9 and 10, and Fig. 4
AI
s
7n
IA
*
Al
f
20to
100^
24.3-33.3
'
Al 86; Zn, 14 to Al,
^
_
27 3
5;
Zn
'
"'(
20to 300 28.3-40.7
Al, 100; Zn, O to Al, (
25 to 250 27.1-32.6
O, Zn, 100
\
20 to 250 27.7-38.2
Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-Si; v. Table 7.
Au-Ag; v. Table 38.
Au-Cu; v. also Table 38
Au, 91.66; Cu, 8.33... |
\
0~k> 8 5 ~ j 1 4 . 5 7 j
Bi-Pb; v. Table 38.
Bi-Sn; v. Table 38.
C (Graphite) ; v. Table 11.
Cd-Pb; v. Table 38.
Co-Cr; v. also Table 12
Co, 55-80; Cr, 20-40
+ C, W
1344
20 to 600 13.6-16.5
Co. 55; Cr, 35; W, 10 1345 -94 to 19
10.2
Co-Cr-W-C (Stellite); v. Table 12.
Cr-Fe-C-Si; Cr-Fe-Si-C; v. Table 13.
Cu-Al; v. also Al-Cu and Fig. 3
Cu, 92.2; Al, 7.3; Zn,
0.4 (Rh)
103
20 to 300
15.57
Same, DC
20 to 300
15.79
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
100; Sb, 0
95; Sb, 5
90; Sb, 10
85; Sb, 15
80; Sb, 20
57; Sb, 43
33; Sb, 67
10; Sb, 90
O; Sb, 100
100; Sb, 0
405
405
Cu^Ni
-191 to 16
O to 500
Cu-Sb; v. also Fig.

25 to 100
25 to 100
25 to 100
25 to 100
25 to 100
25 to 100
25 to 100
25 to 100
25 to 100
100 to 300
("2)
()
(70)
()
()
37 2
95;
Cu, 60; Ni, 40

Cu, 60; Ni, 40
(')
12.22
14.81
3
16.3
19.2
20.2
20.0
19.2
14.5
11.5
9.1
10.0
16.4
(70)
(70)
( 12 S)
(125)
3.19^
| (5)
Ind.
Cu-Sb.(Continued)
T
,
Range, 0n^
C
10â
100 to 300
ITJ)
100 to 300
19.1
100 to 300 20.0-20,5
100 to 300 23.3-23.8
100 to 300 23.4-24.2
100 to 300 23.3-24.2
100 to 300 23.0-23.8
100 to 300 21.6-22.5
100 to 300 20.0-21.6
100 to 300
17.4
100 to 300
11.2
100 to 300
9.3
100 to 300
10.0
100 to 300
8.3
Cu-Si; v. also Table 15.
Cu-Si, 3
452
15 to 900
17.88
Cu-Si, 6
15 to 900
17.83
Cu-Si, 10
15 to 700
16.08
Cu-Si, 55
15 to 1000 I 3.87
Cu-Si-Fe; v. Table 15.
Cu-Sn
Cu, 95.4; Sn, 4.25; P,
0.37
1082
20 to 300
16.81
Cu, 94.9; Sn, 4.88; P,
0.12
345
20 to 300
16.63
Cu, 92.0; Sn, 7.67; P,
Cu, 96; Sb, 4

Cu, 93; Sb, 7
Cu, 85; Sb, 15
Cu, 68; Sb, 32
Cu, 61.4; Sb, 38.6
Cu, 60; Sb, 40
Cu, 55; Sb, 45
Cu, 50; Sb, 50
Cu, 45; Sb, 55
Cu, 28; Sb, 72
Cu, 3; Sb, 97
Cu, 1; Sb, 99
Cu, O; Sb, 100 cast....
Same, agglomerate
0.11
664
20 to 300
16.82
109/S and
(*)
(12)
(12)
(12)
Cu3Sb
O2)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)
O2)
O2)
(12)
(12)
(2J
(2)
(2)
(2)
3.59/3 ( 6 9 )
3.67/3 (69)
4.250 (69)
Cu, 89.7; Sn, 10.14

(R0)
664
20 to 300 I 17.13
3.70/3
( 6 ^)
Cu-Zn; v. also Tables 16, 17 and 38 and Fig. 6
Cu, 97-65; Zn, 3-35...
25 to 300 17.7-20.8
(69)
Cu, 60; Zn, 40
918
25 to 300 20.7-21.2
(69)
Cu, 88-62; Zn, 35-10;
Pb, 1.65-2.57
777
25 to 300 18.3-20.4
(69)
Cu, 56.39; Zn, 40.59;
Sn, 1.52; Fe, 0.96; 842,
Mn, 0.09; Pb, 0.09
845
(R h )
25 to 300 21.5-22.7
(69)
Cu-Zn-Pb; v. Table 16.
Cu-Zn-Sn; v. Table 17.
Fe-C; v. also Tables 18, 19, 20, 23, 28 and 31 and Fig. 7
F e with C , 3 - 4
661 -191 to 16
s T o C " )
Fe with C, 3.12; Si,
3.37
661
O t o 700
8.3
8.3/3
( 83 )
25 to 100
8.4
(130)
300to 400
15.6
(130)
400 to 500
14.3
(130)
Ferc,,os;Si, 661 --- n-i

b8
(129)
(129)
Fe with C, 3.04; Si,

1.65; P, 1.3; Mn, 0.2
Same, Tp, 1000; Qw
15
Fe with<1.4 C
Fe with<3.8 C
8.05
(**}
6.45^ ( 6 9 )
(68)
4.02^ ( 7 4 )
(85)
(85)
(85)
(85)
(85)
(85)
(85)
(85)
(85)
(12)
Lit.
Fe with C<1.5; Mn,

0.27-0.67
661
15 to 1000
13.34
15 to 1000
14.02
-200
5.8-8.4
C 20 to 1000 13.1-19.6
\ 25 to 600 14.3-14.6
[>Crit. temp. ca. 23
15 to 75
Fe-Co-Cr-C
20 to 100
100 to 200
Fe, 55.3; Co, 22.5;
200 to 300
Cr, 21.2; C, 0.7.
300 to 400
400 to 500
.
J
500 to 600
Fe-Cr-C; v. also Tables 13, 21,
Fe-Cr, 13, etc
20 to 600
Fe; Cr, 3.1-7.4; Si,
0.5-2.4
15 to 900
Fe-Cr-Mo-C; v. Table 28.
Fe-Cr-Si-C; v. Table 31.
Fe-Cr-V-C; v. Tables 28 and 29.
Fe-Cu-Cr-C; v. Table 28.
10.8-12.1
15.6
16.7
17.6
17.8
17.6
I 17.0
22, 28, 29 and 31
11.2-12.1
12.6-14.9
(:>
(2)
(2)
(23)
(21)
(22)
(22)
(20)
(129)
(129)
(129)
(129)
(129)
(129)
(22)
(2)
Fig. 3
o AI-Cu 35-IOO(85)
* AI-Cu 20-90 (st)
Sb-Cu 25-IOO(e5J
Fig.8
Ni-Steel
(22J
Fig.10
Ni-Steel
Fig.4
Al-Zn
25 -350 C ()
o ZO-250C (125J
A20-a50C( 70 )
Fig.9
Ni-Steel containing
0.1%C, 0.4%Mn
f3)
Fig5
Cr-Ni
(24)
Fig.12
Ni Steel
Fig.
Ni Steel
Fig.6
Cu-Zn
(26J
Fig.13
Effect of adding
l%Cror l%Mn
to N i Steel
/59,6OJ
Fig.7
SOFT AND HARD STEELS (140J
Hard
Soft
o Heated to 780C
A Quenched in oil from 850and tempered
9T630C
JJ Treatment not stated
a-Mean coeff of expansion,
between t-l2.5and t+12.5
TABLE 4.GENERAL TABLE.(Continued)
TABLE 4.GENERAL TABLE.(Continued]
Ni-Cu-Fe-Mn.(Continued)
Fe-Mn-C; v. also Tables 24 and 31

1
% composition
Range, 0C
105
^J^
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
855
800
19.6-23.8
855
O to 38
14.97 22.9^
(61)
855
O to 1000
24.5
(84)
Fe-Mo-C; v. also Table 30
with Mo, > 1.58... I 906 |
100 to 700 |ll. 8-16.3|
| (77)
Fe-Ni; v. also Tables 25, 27 and Figs. 8-13
with Ni, < 35
. 20 to 90011.3-16.9
with Ni, 35-100.. .
O to 800 10-18
f _
7
with Ni, 36.1;
] -200 to -20
0.25 J ^ g J (-)
made by Socit
_20Q
e
eV
r
S
7 S ^( ; T
T aKbl e o27
In-'
-100
_
^
!-06
Q 7Q
Com
P'*
Comp ,
0.44
Comp.*
var
'
- 20
OtO
Fe with Ni, 36.1;

Mn, 0.39; Cu, 0.39 \
("Invar")
|
100
Comp>5lc
1.5
(20,127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
(127)
100 to 200
2.8
200 to 250
4.8
250 to 300
9.6
727 [ 300 to 400
13.7
400 to 500 16.1
500 to 600
17.7
600 to 700
19.1
750
20.3
* Computed, using above values of a, , -y.

Fe with Ni, 31.4....
Fe with Ni, 37.3.... \
Fe-Ni, 34.8; Cr, 1.5.
Fe-Ni, 35.7; Cr, 1.7.
Fe-Ni, 36.4; Cr, 0.9. (
727 [
~t
O to
O to
O to
O to
O to
O to
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
3.395
8.85o ( 5 8 , 6 3 )
1.373
2.37* (58,63)
0.877
1.27 (58,63)
3.457
-6.47 (58,63)
3.580
-1.32- (58,63)
3.373
1.65- (58, 63)
4.433
-3.92^ ( 5 8 , 6 3 )
Fe-Ni-C; v. Tables 25, 26, 27, 28 and Figs. 8-13.

Fe-Ni-Cr-C; v. Tables 28, 29.
Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-C; . Table 29.
Fe-Ni-Si-C; v. Table 31.
Fe-Ni-V-C; v. Table 28.
Fe-Si; .Table 31.
Fe-V-C; v. Table 28.
Fe-X-Y-C (Alloy Steels); v. Tables 28. 29, 30.
Fe-W-C; v. also Table 30
Fewith W, 1.7-2.2....| 1416 |
100 to 700 112.0-16.2|
\ (Tt)
Fe-W-Cr-C; Fe-W-Cr-Mo-C; etc. (High Speed Steels); v. Table 30.

Hg-Ag-Sn-Cu-(Zn); . Table 33.
Mn-Si-Fe; . also Table 31
Mn, 68; Si, 19.55; Fe,
11.6
Same, Tp 600 Qw 15.
15 to 900
15 to 900
(2)
(2)
18.27
16.75
Mo (Commercial); v. Table 34.

Ni (Commercial); v. Table 35.
Ni-Cr; v. also Fig. 5
Ni, 90; Cr, 10
Ni, < 85; Cr, > 15
Ni, 87; Cr, 9; Fe, 1.5;
etc
Ni, 85; Cr, 10; Fe, 3;
etc..
t27)
9 0 O to 1000
12.80
O to 900 12.8-20.8
4.33/3
949
Oto
38
12.34
6.020 (61)
949
Oto
38
12.63
8.77/3
(61)
Ni-Fe-Cr
Ni, 60; Fe, 26; Cr, 12;
C, 0.6; Si, 0.4; Mn,
1.0 (cast)....
949
Ni, 60; Fe, 25; Cr, 12
(D0)
949
Ni-Fe-Si; v. Table 36.
laD
on
908
Range, 0C
Ni, 66.58; Cu, 29.57; (

fro009'
0.09,
wire,
c'ossi'
S 0.03,
003 Rh
R
S,
typical sam- j
O t o 600
9 9
Ot
10
100 to 200
200 to
300
^^ ^
10*
^Q^
Lit.
13.8
\'l^}
C129)
"-1
14.8
15 6
300 to 600
17.3
* Computed, using above values of a, /3, 7.
Ni-Cu-Mn; v. Table 14.
Ni-Fe; v. Fe-Ni.
Ni-Si; . also Table 36
Ni, 80.6; Si, 16.2; Fe,
2.5
1243
15 to 1000
12.20
Same, Tp 1000 Qw 15
15 to 1000
13.37
Ni, 75; Si, 17.01; Fe,
7.6
1243
15 to 1000
12.35
Same, Tp as above....
15 to 1000
13.20
Ni, 39; Si, 17.86; Fe,
28.3
1243
15 to 1000
16.88
Same, Tp 600 Qw 15
15 to 1000
12.39
Ni-Si-Fe; v. Table 36.
Pb-Bi; . Table 38.
Pb-Cd; . Table 38.
Pb-Sn; v. also Table 38
Pb, 100; Sn, O
..
15 to 110
29.3
Pb, 90.29; Sn, 9.71....
15 to 110
27.9
Pb, 87.5; Sn, 12.5
15 to 110
27.45
Pb, 81.64; Sn, 18.36...
15 to 110
26.6
Pb, 71.64; Sn, 28.36...
15 to 110
25.8
Pb, 61.98; Sn, 38.02...
15 to 110
24.7
Pb, 52.09; Sn, 47.91...
15 to 110
23.8
Pb, 42.07; Sn, 57.93...
15 to 110
21.7
Pb, 32.82; Sn, 67.18...
15 to 110
21.6
Pb, 30.5; Sn, 69.5
15 to 110
21.6
Pb, 22.53; Sn, 77.47...
15 to 110
21.4
Pb, 8.72; Sn, 91.28....
15 to 110
20.6
Pb, O; Sn, 100
15 to 110
21.8
Pt-Ir
Comp>s)e
Pt 90- Ir 10
i-t, yu, ir, iu
/
<
Pt% 880Q > Ir

I r > 20
2
*
i
\
Oto 38
OtolOOO
Comp.*
Comp.*
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
SnPb4
Sn4Pb
8.651 1.000
8.841 1.306/3
( 11 S)
( 11 S)
( 113 )
( 11 S)
( 11 S)
( 11 S)
( 11 S)
( 11 S)
( 11 S)
( 113 )
( 113 )
( 113 )
( 113 )
(5' 58 )
(31)
7 502
(68)
~ 1 9 0 t 16
'
OtolOOO
8.198 1.420
7 *)
Pt-Rh
|
O to 1500 1 8.79 | 1.610
| ( 31 )
Pt, 80; Rh, 20

|
Sb-Cu; v. Cu-Sb and Fig. 3.
Si-Cu; . Cu-Si and Table 15.
Si-Fe (Industrial Ferro-silicon); . also Table 37
Si, 75; Fe
15 to 1000
5.45
Si, 50; Fe
15 to 1000
16.23
Si, 32; Fe
15 to 1000
13.97
Si, 17.02; Fe
15 to 1000
14.45
'
Sn-Au; . Table 38.
Sn-Bi; . Table 38.
Sn-Pb; . Pb-Sn; . also Table 38.
Sn-Zn; . Table 38.
Zn-Al; . also Tables 9 and 10, and Fig. 4
7r, a* AI * f rn
U M M
' '
20to
10
24.3-33.3
to 2 27-3-37.2
20 to 300 28.3-40.7
Zn
100-0-Al 0-100
0-100
Zn, 100-0.Al.
25 to
j~(*)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(70)
(70)
(70)
25
2727.7-38.2
-l- 32 - 6
20 to 250
( 1(21 82 S)
)
Zn-Cu; . Fig. 6.
TABLE 5.AL-Cu ()
20 to 100
20 to 100
12.1
11.6
(67)
67
( J
Ni-Cu-Fe-Mn; v. also Table 14

M- 7 r
98 ^FP f
;/
etc.)
\ M
Mn Si
5; . j
% composition
Lit.
Fe with Mn, < 10....

Fe with Mn, 11.2
Fe with Mn, 14
25 to 100 13.7-14.5
30
14.9-15.2
^
^
(i")
()
25 to 600 15.9-16.7
-( 1 2 9 )
25to
to
16
18 4
(129)
.
A1
Ai
% composition
~
ou
C,.
fei
, - , , . . 20 to
Je Mn 10QOC
95.4 3.750.300.360.18
93.4 5.810.360.42
91.1 7.680.390.460.33
91.1 7.870.330.450.22
89.2 9.950.390.44
87.3 11.880.390.43
1O6Ot'2
1
20to 20to 20to
20 to
2QQOC 3CQOC 40QOC 50QCC
A^
100 T
*
after test
23.7 24.6 27.2 26.7 27.5

0.02
23.8 24.9 27.8 27.8 28.0 0.07
23.7 26.3 28.0 26.6 27.4 0.05
23.4 26.8 28.0 26.6 27.2 0.04
22.4 2 4 . 2 28.3 27.3 27.7 0.11
2 2 . 4 2 4 . 1 28.6 27.5 27.6 0.11
TABLE 6.AL-Cu-Mo-Si (DURALUMIN) ( 70 )

% composition
|
106f
Treatment
AI
Al
p Mg
M M
Pe
Ou
Mn i
^
bi
Sand cast
94.83.680.360.570.350.25
Rh (co. 410) 3.5 to 0.25in. thick94.43.74 1.08
0.520.30
Rc W 520 Qw V 120/2 d
94.43.741.08
0.520.30
Rd (contains 0.20% Ca)
Same, reheated
f 94.63.660.520.510.370.16
Same, Tp 500, Q
i
0
Same, reheated a n d quenched., j U 4 > d - D U
'
I
20 to
1QQOG
2T4
23.8
23.7
23.1
^3
23.2
22 2
-
q.
bi
1O8OtJj
|
*e
20 to
20 to
20to
20 to 20 to
20 to
sopo 4GO0C 50O0C
Al
Mn Cu
10QOC 20QoC 250oC
97.8
1.050.19 0.410.57
96.7
1.800.23 0.400.84 23.1 24.3 24.9 25.6 26.1 | ^7 '9*
96.2
93.9
89.6
87.1
91.3
88.3
88.7
83.7
84.6
93.0
86.4
85.8
85.6
1.081.91 0.300.51 23.6 25.2 26.7 26.9 26.8 27.5

0.012.20 3.330.55 23.4 23.9 24.2 24.4
2.43 7.420.53 21.7 22.5 23.0 23.4
2.33 9.960.60 20.7 21.7 22.2 22.7
4.41 3.750.57 22.4 23.4 23.8 24.1
4.53 6.610.57 21.5 22.3 22.8 23.1
6.62 4.080.64 21.8 22.9 23.4 23.6
6.29 9.450.53 20.6 21.6 22.0 2 2 . 2
4.5810.280.54 20.4 21.3 21.8 22.1
0.932.40 3.120.55 22.2 23.4 23.7 23.8
0.822.32 9.970.50 20.4 21.5 22.0 2 2 . 4
0.892.4910.220.56 20.8 21.5 22.0 22.3
1.172.47 10.180.701 20.4 21.5 22.0 22.3
ty ^
bl
95,0
92.0
89.5
4.150.520.33
7.280.470.27
9.810.500.22
20 to
IQO0C
22.2
21.8
21.1
9 4
s s 12.550.560.08
19 n ^ n ns /J121
- 1H!
86.8
20 to 20 to 20. to 300 to after

30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 60O0C
test
24.1
-0.01
23.5
0.00
22.9
0.00
21 2
2 1-7
24 5
22 -g
24 4
^ -Q
24 3
^ -Q
+0 09
+QQ2
86.8t 12.550.560.08 19.5 20.5 22.2 22.9 | 23.0 24.1 -0.01

* The values in this horizontal row were obtained on a second heating.
t This alloy, containing 86.81 % Al, etc., is modified by the addition, just
before casting, of 0.1 % metallic sodium, in accordance with the process described
by J. D. Edwards in U. S. Patent No. 1 410 461.
TABLE 9.AL-N ( 7 Q)
266
266
285
290
300
400
Al
AI
1QQOC
85.83
12.171.470.210.310.01
fi
22.57
Cu
OSi
20t
17
TVyr
Fe
Mn
5.29
rj
Zn
20 tO
20 tO
2QQOC
^0
J"
77.220.050.050,1 Nil ^
94.660.020.010.02 Nil
fef^
26.0
25.7
26.4
26.8
^0
26.0
25
-i
20 to
5QQOC
26^7
26.3
27.3
^9
2
^1
l
j after tegt
2"TS
+0.02
2 7 . 2 +0.03
27.3 -0.01
+0.06
^7
+Q Q2
+0.03
26 6
+- 05
O 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100

I
23.623.926.126.626.526.127.126.436.4
24.524.827.027.527.627.428.529.137.6
27.6
29.6
27.6
29.7
f 27.727.728.929.329.830.430.738.2
\27.6
80.130.830.038.0
29.029.430.1
38.3
30.633.4
/ 31'5
I 36.9
27.729.030.330.730.631.538.3
30.833.936.7 38.538.0
27.829.533.331.637.332.438.5
27.730.933.836.738.6
37.9
27.8
33.636.839.038.738.5
25.225.928.030.333.736.539.0
38.6
25.927.129.1
TABLE 11.C (GRAPHITE)

The most reliable determinations of the expansion of graphite
give results differing widely, probably owing Ix) the differences in
physical condition of the specimens used in the determinations.
Description of sample
Electric-arc carbon
from H. Moissan.
Acheson graphite.
l^6aî
% composition
20 to
4QQOC
10Oy
20 to
2QO0C
23.2
22.8
21.9
2/L6
AZ
20 to
3QQOC
"^
260
264
TABLE 8.AL-Si (70)

.
2o77
25.3
25.8
26.6
^
25.3
24 3
-
100
200
230
240
* 20 to 600.
106<*^
24^7
24.7
25.2
26.0
^ Q
24.1
23 5
-
^T^T^-^J^ Zn
23.7 25.6 26.0 25.7 26.3 j^s's*
% composition
20 to
25QOC
TABLE 10.AL-ZN; IO6?', BETWEEN 20 AND Z0C (125)

(Continued)
TABLE 7.AL-Cu-MN; AL-Cu-Si; AL-MN; AL-MN-Cu; AL-Si-Cu;

AL-SI-CU-MN ( 70 )
% composition
20 to
20QOC
^7
AZ
20 tO
3QQOC
x
after test
+0.01
Earlier determinations:
10 to 90 7.5
Batongol graphite. . .
Siberian graphite. . . . 98 % C, d = 1.8
20 to 300 3.8
* Partial report on research in progress (1926).
106a/2
Approximate
+%
No.*
TABLE 10.AL-ZN; IO6!', BETWEEN 20 AND J0C ("S)

Al-Zn alloys having 37.5-87.5% Zn exhibit anomalous expansion
above 25O0C. The italicized values indicate results obtained on
cooling, where different from those on heating.
For 100% Al, at = (23.0 + 0.0140 HT 6 I
T ,.
For 100% Zn, at = (35.4 + 0.0200 IQ- 6 J CJ'
5 (50)
(")
TABLE 12.Co-CR-W-C (STELLITE) (129)
^.02
* From 20 to 400, 106 is 27.6; from 20 to 500, 10" is 28.6.

t The values given in this horizontal row were obtained on a second heating.
Composition and
Range, 0C 106 10^jS Lit.
treatment
99. 97% C
-163 to -38 7.2
d\s = 2.216
a f t e r being
- 38 to 18 2.7
(29)
compressed to
(5-1O)IO3
kg/cm 2
O to 1500 0. 55 1.6 (?3)
Longitudinal
O t o 400 2.4*
C71-1)
Transverse
O to 400 3.5*
(71.1)
"1
2
3
4
4
composition, %
Co-Cr-W
80-20
55-40-3!
55-40-31
55-35-10
55-35-10
20
to 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 500 to 20 to 300 to 20 to

IQQ 0 C 20O0C 30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 60O0C 30O0C 60O0C 60O0C
l ST l IsTO T SIJ 5~2 TO UoT
13.4 15.2 16.0 16.3 17.5 20.2 15.0 18.0 16.5
12.2 13.1 14.0 14.3 15.4 17.9 13.2 15.8 14.6
11.0 12.3 13.6 13.8 13.3 16.9 12.4 14.7 13.6
Between -94 and +190C, a\\ = 10.2 X 10~&.
* Description: 1. Soft, mallable.

hammered. 4. Stellite No. 2.
t Alloy contains 2 % C.
2. Hard, malleable.
3. Hard malleable,
TABLE 13.CR-FE-C-Si AND CR-FE-Si-C (*)

Composition and treatment
1.
2.
2a.
3.
3a.
4.
4a.
Industrial Cr, 48; Fe, 30; Si, 17; C, 5

Industrial Cr, 47.6; Fe, 47.1; C, 2.84; Si, 2.2
Same Tp at 1000 in H2O at 150C
Industrial Fe, 46.5; Cr, 45.9; C, 6.67; Si, 0.95
Cr, 53.3; Fe, 39.1; C, 6.21; Si, 0.93
No
"^\^
^^^^^
0
Range, C " ^
loto 100
100 to 200
200 to 300
300 to 400
400 to 500
500 to 600
600 to 700
700to 800
SOOto 900
90OtOlOOO
15 to 1000
Wa\l
1 | 2 [ 2a [
3 | 3a [ 4 [ 4a
10.23
sT
9J7
7^52
< K 2 9 7 ^ 5 2 7.17
8.89 8.49 8.68 7.79 7.88 6.49
6.28
9.58 8.38 9.18 7.68 8.58 7.29
6.88
11.17 10.07 9.87 10.37 9.87 8.18 8.38
11.85 11.36 11.95 10.06 9.46 9.37
9.37
12.43 11.94 10.94 10.55 9.75 10.46 8.96
12.91 12.82 13.42 11.83 10.74 10.94
8.16
13.49 13.30 12.90 11.92 10.42 11.43 10.24
13.18 11.80 10.31 11.21 8.93 10.12
8.63
13.46 11.58 11.78 11.89 8.82 11.10
9.82
11.75 10.62 10.86 10.12 9.39 9.32
8.41
TABLE 14.Ni-Cu-Fs-MN (MONEL METAL) ( 1 ^ 9 )

~~~~
Mi
"
Uu
% composition
~ ~
" ~
*e Mn U bi
~
b
~
Fb
106ex^
25 0to 100to
200to 300 to 400to SOOto
IQQ C 20O0C 30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 60O0C
Treatment
Cast
139
fiO MW 4fi9 919 0O O 1 * 0 * 7 0 fm 9 29 Heated to 900oC

60.0532.462.212.000.150.870.0352.22
14 3
ast
/ V to
:'"
"X
','cooled
"\ 'A slowly
'\ "\
Heated
900
C"
and
Hot rolled
Same, heated to 87O0C
Hot rolled
Same, heated to 90O0C
Hot rolled
Same, heated to 87Q0C
66.1828.422.372.100.180.700.038
665829571791780150090030
66.58 29.57 1.79 1.780.150.090.OdO
7 *99A 7*1 741 ftftn < n n i o n rm
67.3228.731.741.660.310.190.035
AR K79Q m i finn i n u n u n 097
68.8729.031.600.ISjO.130.150.027|
TABLE 15.Cu-Si; Cu-Si-FE (2)

% composition and treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cu, 93.5; Si, 3.3; Fe, 2.6

Cu, 89.6; Si, 6.17; Fe, 3.7
Same Tp at 78O0C
Cu-Si with Si, 10
Cu-Si with Si, 55
15
15 0
16 8
'15 15
' 816 7
' 18^17 ' 7
7
18
3 '
l
' ]l'l
*'\ \l'l
13.9 15.0
15.7 \l'l
16.6 }l'l
17.8 !'!!
18.7
14.2 14.9 15.5 16.7 17.0 18.1
14.3 15.3 15.8 16.5 17.4 17.7
14.5 15.1 15.9 16.4 17.1 16.2
14.3 15.0 15.8 16.5 17.4 17.7
14.2 14.7 15.6 16.4 17.6 17.9
14.0 15.0 15.9 16.4 17.3 18.1
TABLE 15.Cu-Si; Cu-Si-Fs (2).(Continued)
% com
^^\L
^***1
Psition and treatment
\^^
fa
_
Range, 0C^ 1 | 2
3
4 | 5
Range. 0C"^ 1 | 2 | 3 I 4 | 5
60
l o t o 100 15.4110.5812.1014.94 6.58
f * 700 20.7221.8820.2915.85 5.88
i. Cu, 93.5; Si, 3.3; Fe, 2.6
700 to 800 21.8620.1522.0332.94 4.18
1QQ Q 20Q ^ ig 12 gg l Q8 ^ 2g 4 4g
^
H'.SQ
^
.
4.39
2.
Cu,
89.6;
Si,
6.17;
Fe,
3.7
SOOto 900 23.1917.5519.51
1.09
20Q to 3QQ
07
15 16 46
3. game Tp at 78O0C
\ 900 to 1000
0.09
300 tQ 400 14 65 lg g3 lg 52 l 73 4 3g
4. Cu-Si with Si, 10
15 to 1000
3.87
400 to 500 17 n 21 lg 20 77 19 3g 4 Q9
5. Cu-Si with Si, 55
15 to 900 17.88 17.83 18.49
500 to 6()0 20 46 21 83 ig 93 15 57 3 79
_^
[ 15 to 700
16.08
TABLE 16.Cu-ZN (COLD ROLLED BRASSES) ( 69 )

_ . _
% composition
Ind. No. ^ , Zn , Sn | pb
Metallurgical subdivision
I
I
raSS
aSS
400
1409
778
780
, ,,
!,eaaea orass a or p
o
, . .
-Brass containing
1134
620
401
1182
799
301
1316
336
339
?g2
frn
604
/ 6 0 0
^
16
Fe
Range, 0C
Wa
5QO
106a at
| 10Qo | 15Qo ! 20Qo | 25Qo
97.0 2.97 0.010.02 -49 to 301 16.48 3.6316.8417.2117.5717.9318.30

94.9 5.11
.01 .01
28 to 305 16.81 3.8917.2017.5917.9818.3718.76
90.3 9.70
.01 .03
26 to 302 17.01 3.7917.3917.7718.1518.5318.90
85.2 14.76
.01 .02 -50 to 300 17.03 5.1217.5418.0518.5719.0819.59
80.0 19.89
.05 .03
28 to 302 17.22 5.9017.8118.4018.9919.5820.17
75.3 24.64
.02 .03
28 to 300 17.58 6.2418.2018.8319.4520.0820.70
72.0 27.95
.01 .02
25 to 306 17.73 6.5218.3819.0319.6920.3420.99
70.3 29.66
.03 .03
19 to 301 17.75 6.5318.4019.0619.7120.3621.02
66.5 33.43
.04 .03 -50 to 301 18.26 5.6118.8219.3819.9420.5021.06
64.8 34.92 0 . .24 .03
20 to 299 18.15 6.4518.8019.4420.0820.7321.38
63.6 36.17 .17 .03
21 to 299 18.11 7.2518.8419.5620.2821.0121.74
62.1 37.71 g .17 .02
23 to 308 18.05 8.5518.9019.7620.6221.4722.32
88.3 10.00 S 1.68 .02
21 to 301 17.06 3.8917.4517.8418.23 18.6219.00
78.3 20.01 ^ 1.68 .03
22 to 301 17.48 5.2418.0018.5319.0519.5820.10
g ? 2g ^ ^ 1 65
Q3
20 to 304 17.91 6.5218.5619.2119.8720.5221.17
62.3 35.04
2.57 .06
21 to 302 18.26 6.5618.9219.5720.0320.8821.54
81.7 17.940.310.040.01
19 to 301 17.31 5.8017.8918.4719.0519.6320.21
7Q g 2S211 w
Q4
Q1
2Q to 301 17.94 6.9318.6319.3320.0220.7121.40
TABLE 17. Cu-ZN (MUNTZ METAL TYPE) ( 96 )

% composition
P *
65. OA
54. SB
54. TB
65. SA
64. 6A
55.5s
pi,
^6atl
|
^
20 to
10O0C
19.2
21.6
22.8
18.7
22.8
20.0
32.91.3 0.2
0.1
43.91.3 0.1
0.2
44.50.7 0.1
0.1
34.50.230.2
Tr.
35.40.060.04 <0. 04
44.50.070.05 <0. 04
TABLE 18. FE-C (!NGOT IRON, CAST IRON AND C-STEEL) ( 37 )
100 to
20O0C
20.0
21.8
19.4
20.0
22.2
21.0
200to
30O0C
22.0
22.8
23.5
22.0
21.9
23.6
SOOto
40O0C
22.5
29.6
27.5
22.5
22.2
28.0
1Q6<x
% composition
400 to I 500 to
45G0C 60O0C
23.5
24.5
35.0
30.5
39.2
26.9
23.0
23.7
23.4
23.6
35.0
27.0
' C
C
The transformation point, at which abnormal expansion of these brasses

occurs, is about 46O0C.
* A = -Brass; B = 0-Brass.
Si P
P Mn
Mn S
S Ni
Ni +
+ Co
Co Cu
Cu
bi
O. H
0.16
0.55
3.22
3.19
3.59
0.070.420.440.03
0.250.610.05
0.310.440.600.05
1.680.460.710.08
1.670.320.640.10
1.180.040.460.06
t*1
TnH,
0.53
0.03
0.07
0.54
0.48
0.10 0.16
0.04 0.13
Na
to
to0 ^
to0 ^
t00 ^
to0
^
0 ^
1341
724
889*
661
661
661
12.84
12.72
12.48
11.18
11.30
11.34
13.41
13.53
13.17
11/98
12.21
12.12
13.99
14.05
13.79
12.58
12.80
12.88
O to
14.74
14.70
13.29
14.37
13.93
13.35 14.22
8750C = 14.93
* Cast.
TABLE 19. FE-C (C STEELS) (<")

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS
Sample
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
C
0.05-0.06
0.09
0.22
0.33
0.40
0.56
0.65
0.81
| Mn
0.08
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.12
0.10
| Si
Tr.
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.09
0.06
P J S I Cu ||
Tr.
0.023 0.03
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.03 0.04
0.01 0.03 0.03
0.01 0.03 0.03
Tr.
0.023 0.02
0.01 0.03 0.03
Tr.
0.025 0.02
Sample
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
C
1.25
1.45
1.67
1.97
2.24
3.66
3.80
| Mn
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.16
| Si
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.05
P | S I Cu
Tr.
0.019 0.02
0.01 0.013 0.04
0.01
0.013 0.04
Tr.
0.015 Tr.
Tr.
0.015 Tr.
0.015 0.012 Tr.
0.015 0.01
Tr.
9.72
9.94
10.02
9.96
10.52
11.14
11.72
12.21
12.68
13.12
9.03 8.57
9.61 8.59
8.75
9.64 8.83
10.25 9.04
10.96 9.88
11.59 10.63
12.15 11.35
12.72 11.96
13.16 12.50
12.91
13.23
13.70
13.92
VALUES OF 106a^
^^^^^
Sample
^"^\^^
Range, 0C ^^--^
20to 50
20to 100
20 to 150
20 to 200
20to 250
20to 300
20 to 350
20to 400
20to 450
20to 500
20 to 550
20 to 600
20to 650
20to 700
20to 750
20to 800
20to 900
2OtOlOOO
70OtOlOOO
A
11.49
11.66
12.06
12.32
12.56
13.02
13.34
13.65
13.98
14.22
14.33
14.64
14.85
15.01
14.84
14.67
13.14
13.35
9.50
11.16
11.58
12.06
12.61
12.72
13.01
13.36
13.63
13.93
14.18
14.38
14.64
14.86
15.03
14.93
14.61
12.34
13.32
9.42
11.22
11.66
11.96
12.12
12.49
12.78
13.12
13.38
13.68
13.93
14.17
14.38
14.66
14.81
10.92
11.09
11.70
11.89
12.38
12.72
13.09
13.42
13.88
14.02
14.20
14.43
14.59
14.76
10.73
11.29
11.45
11.99
12.07
12.47
12.86
13.26
13.66
13.90
14.17
14.36
14.61
14.76
10.17
10.98
11.44
11.85
12.27
12.65
13.08
13.40
13.74
14.02
14.27
14.50
14.67
14.81
10.74
11.04
11.34
11.57
11.88
12.31
12.74
13.16
13.42
13.84
13.93
14.20
14.52
14.65
10.17
11.04
11.43
11.56
11.93
12.43
12.84
13.21
13.55
13.82
14.08
14.22
14.50
14.67
10.58
10.87
11.14
11.08
11.46
11.87
12.33
12.75
13.16
13.36
13.78
1399
14.22
14.41
9.67
10.13
10.38
10.58
11.16
11.67
12.18
12.68
13.13
13.48
13.78
14.04
14.24
14.42
10.02
10.44
10.51
10.28
10.83
11.38
11.88
12.34
12.82
13.15
13.38
13.66
13.93
14.24
12.93
12.48
13.16
9.40
11.33
11.53
13.08
9.29
11.72
12.35
13.25
9.91
12.46
13.54
14.38
13.47
12.68
13.87
14.76
15.00
14.22
15.05
15.70
17.90
14.78
16.64
17.43
24.10
15.13
17.63
19.50
29.74
15.02
17.57
19.61
31.45
TABLE 20. FE-C (C-STEEL RAILS) (i)

%
C,
S,
P,
Mn,
Si,
Cu,
Ni,
Cr,
Bessemer rails
composition
| IO*
0.50 -0.39
14.2
0.042-0.071
15.0
0.081-0.067
15.2
0.93-0.90
13.3
0.101-0.035
14.0
0.007-0.105
14.6
0.06 -0.12
15.1
0.00 -0.17
||
Open hearth rails
| t,C \\ % composition
| 106al
500
C, 0.66 -0.70
14.4
600
S, 0.033-0.057
14.7
700
P, 0.028-0.025
14.9
800
Mn, 0.66-0.72
14.3
900
Si, 0.160-0.079
15.0
1000
Cu, 0.016-0.026
15.7
1100
Ni, 0.00
16.2
Cr, 0.01
Abnormal expansion occurs between 700 and 80O0C.
O
8.43
8.71
8.76
8.49
9.35
10.11
10.92
11.52
12.12
12.62
14.13
15.04
15.86
20.24
TABLE 21. FE-CR-C (94)

Containing 0.6% C
\ tC
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
% Cr
O
0.5
1
2
3
5
10
20
Transformation
temp., 0C
790
785
777
787
802
830
837
845
106ioo
11.5
11.9
11.3
11.8
12.1
11.0
10.1
10.0
106a5oo
15.9
15.6
14.8
14.3
14.8
13.9
13.1
12.0
TABLE 22.FE-CR-C (STAINLESS STEEL) (1*9)

Range, 0C
20 to
20 to
200 to
400 to
600to
20 to
Hard
OTe
9.8
9.9
13.8
13.4
11.2
100
200
400
600
800
600
r^
| Annealed
0~3
10.7
12.3
13.3
13.6
12.1
TABLE 26.FE-Ni-C (NICKEL STEELS CONTAINING

0.9% C) (134)
__
ii
Composition
% Ni
Cr^ 3~
C,
0.3
Mn, 0.18
Si,
0.11
P,
0.02
S,
0.011
Abnormal expansion occurs between 825 and 8550C. The

hardened steel also exhibits irregular expansion between 200 and
40O0C.
TABLE 23.FE-MN-C (KRUPP'S CARBON STEELS) ( 77 )
% composition
75
1Q 15
C
I
Mn
"
0.14
0.39
11.88
0.18
0.34
12.11
0.31
0.65
11.73
0.44
0.67
11.65
0.56
0.30
12.08
0.64
0.27
11.79
0.75
0.35
11.55
0.80
0.30
11.70
0.94
0.35
11.50
1.02
0.36
11.49
1.30
0.40
10.94
1.50
0.36
10.83
20to
IQO0G
13
4
6
10
12
15
20
25
30
35
12
11
9
8
8
8
11
9
1.2
20 to
20to
3QO0C
50O0C
11.1 T7
11.1
11.8
9.6
8.5
9.3
10.4
11.2
12.4
7.7
10.5
10.8
9.3
8.2
9.0
9.4
10.6
9.4
12.0
20 to
70O0C
7
20 to
90O0G
11.4
10.5 11.3
8.2 13.7
7.1 12.9
7.7 14.2
8.6 14.6
8.8 14.4
8.5 13.6
11.4 14.8
13.8 16.9
TABLE 27.FE-Ni-C (!NVAR STEELS) (58,63)

^T"
Range, C
30.4
O to 110
llOto 164
164 to 220
O to 122
122 to 182
182 to 220
O to 142
142 to 220
O to 150
150 to 220
31.4
34.6
37.3
"*" " '+ ^

a
I
b
4.570
0.0235
- 4.29
0.104
11.3
0.008
3.395
0.015
-10.37
0.128
6.44
0.036
1.373
0.0047
- 7.18
0.065
3.457
-0.0072
0.72
0.011
Table 28. See p. 472.

TABLE 28A.STEEL AND IRONS OF TABLE 28 ABOVE THE CRITICAL
REGION (13)
93
TABLE 24.FE-MN-C (MN STEELS) ( )
9.8
14.7
16.2
12.0
16.8
500
15.4
14.8
14.8
14.7
15.2
15.3
15.7
15.7
15.5
15.6
15.8
800
18.0
21.9
19.9
19.6
20.1
19.6
20.4
21.0
21.2
21.9
22.6
23.5
23.5
23.4
22.0
23.8
Austenitic
Austenito-martensitic
100
12.6
12.3
11.5
11.6
11.8
12.8
13.4
13.5
12.9
12.5
Pearlitic or martensitic
Austenito-martensitic
Mn
0.11
0.31
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.6
2.0
3.0
5.0
6.9
7.9
8.8
Pearlitic or martensitic
Anomalous expansion of these Mn steels begins at about 65O0C.

TABLE 25.FE-Ni-C (Ni STEELS INCLUDING INVAR)
"^\^^ % Ni
tC
^^-^
50
100
150
200
250
300
106a<o
5
9.44
10.03
10.59
11.01
11.33
11.55
(87)
25
33
14.72 -0.18
15.86 - +0.09
16.75
0.80
17.40
1.93
17.81
3.50
17.98
5.50
106^ ( 8 2 )
%Ni I IQ6CX20
O
11.0
10
13.0
20
19.5
30
12.0
36
0.9
40
6.0
50
9.7
80
12.5
100
12.8
106a*2
No
,.
Heating&
23.4
3
4
5
6
7
22.7
22.8
24.0
24.1
24.0
Temp.
_ .
o~ Cooling
range, 0C
825 to 900
22.7
22.7
Increase
tength
Temp.
at 250C,
1
, '
0^
range, C
/i/m
900 to 725
-1202
900to 700 - 462
in
800 to 900 22.7 900 to 800

800 to 900 22.8 900 to 800
800 to 900 23.1 900 to 725
825 to 900 22.8 900 to 800
825 to 900 22.6 900 to 800
- 110
- 82
- 400
- 270
- 90
8
9
10
22.3 900to 550

21.9 900to 800
22.0
900to 805
- 680
- 198
+ 343
11
12
13
14
15
16
23.0 895 to 820
- 593
+ 98
+ 346
-727
+ 335
+ 18
22.2 800 to 900
22.8 900 to 700

22.7 900to 800
- 200
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
17
22.6 800 to 900

23.0 800 to 900
21.1 900 to 600

23.0 900 to 800
22.6
23.4
34.0
23.4
800 to 900
906 to 945
750 to 875
833 to 950
23.1
23.4
28.6
21.6
25
37.0
815 to 900
25.0 900 to 775
27
900 to 800
945 to 917
875 to 713
950 to 760
920
148
63
366
120
-430
+9040
TABLE 28. FE-U; FE-Cu-C; FE-Ni-C; FE-Si-C; FE-V-C (CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS, CAST IRON AND ELECTROLYTIC IRON) (13)
lO6^
% composition
No
'
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22*
23
24
25
26
27
~
C
Mn
*
P
Q.
Si
Cr
M,
... ,,
25 to 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 500 to 600 to 25 to 300 to 25 to
Miscellaneous lQ(y>c 20()OC ^^ 40QOC 5Q()OC ^0 7Q()OC 30()OC 60()OC 60()OC
Ni
0.35
1.420.0130.0570.20 1.00 0.11
0.49
1.210.05 0.0500.12
0.41
0.640.0520.0610.086
0.44
0.570.0130.0330.161
0.14
0.59
0.920.0240.0330.25
0.35
0.080.0100.0270.1101.17 0.14
0.36
0.460.0110.0290.09 0.57 0.12
0.168 0.010.0100.0260.1352.50 0.39
3.94
0.410 1.110.0530.0490.115
2.00
0.144 0.100.03 0.0350.0341.15 0.21
0.252 0.060.0120.0350.007
0.168 0.080.0100.0290.0380.92 0.24
0.122 0.050.0200.0400.8460.85 0.23
0.326 0.780.0140.0350.094
3.59
0.342 0.280.01 0.0430.0940.82 0.26
0.396 0.250.0120.0230.095
0.380 1.170.0550.0670.10
0.81
0.388 1.210.0100.0431.04
3.67
0.512 0.420.0160.0211.45
0.30-0.40
13.00
0.418 0.680.0120.0250.23
0.02
Nil Nil 0.0070.006 (Co, Cu, Ni, total 0.014)
1.28
0.37
0.19
0.20
1.100.05 0.05
0.5
0.5
3.08
1.68
0.14
34.52
0.09
0.19
3.70 0.1760.005- 0.05-
12.4
11.3
11.1
11.2
11.1
11.0
11.8
10.8
11.6
11.2
11.1
11.3
11.6
10.9
11.6
11.1
11.2
11.6
10.4
10.0
9.4
12.0
11.0
12.3
8.4
3.7
11.1
Cu, 1.85
Mo,0.64
Cu, 2.70
W, 3.96
W, 1.58
12.8
12.2
12.2
12.4
12.5
12.3
12.6
11.7
11.9
12.6
12.0
11.8
12.5
11.5
12.6
12.0
12.7
12.0
12.1
10.6
12.0
13.0
11.6
12.9
11.7
8.4
12.4
14.4
14.2
14.3
14.3
14.6
14.8
14.4
13.5
14.0
13.8
14.2
13.9
13.7
13.6
14.2
14.0
14.3
13.2
13.7
12.0
14.3
14.5
13.6
14.2
14.2
14.1
13.3
15.1
16.3
15.8
15.4
15.4
15.6
15.1
14.0
16.2
15.6
15.5
15.3
14.6
15.2
16.0
15.1
15.2
14.2
15.9
12.6
15.3
15.3
15.1
15.9
15.6
16.6
14.0
15.9
17.7
15.7
16.4
16.1
15.9
16.0
14.5
15.7
15.6
15.9
15.7
15.2
15.1
15.9
15.7
16.2
15.2
15.7
13.5
16.4
15.9
16.3
16.2
14.3
18.4
15.6
15.9 16.2
15.4 16.7
16.0 16.6
16.5 16.8
16.8 16.6
16.5 16.2
16.6 16.8
14.4
16.5 16.4
16.0 16.7
16.6 16.9
16.6 16.1
16.0 15.8
15.7
16.4 16.9
16.4 16.5
16.7 16.4
15.6
16.1
13.9 13.7
17.1 16.8
16.8 17.4
16.1
17.0
16.5 16.8
Growing
18.8 19.1
16.0 16.9
13.3
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.9
12.9
13.1
12.1
12.6
12.7
12.5
12.5
12.7
12.1
12.9
12.5
12.9
12.3
12.2
11.0
12.1
13.3
12.0
13.2
11.6
9.2
12.6
15.6
14.5
16.5 14.7
15.8
14.3
16.1 14.5
16.1 14.6
16.0 14.5
15.9 14.5
14.3 13.3
16.1 14.4
15.7 14.3
16.0 14.3
15.9 14.2
15.2 14.0
15.3
13.8
16.1 14.6
15.7 14.2
16.1
14.5
15.0 13.7
15.9 14.2
13.3 12.2
16.2 14.3
15.9 14.7
15.9
14.1
16.5 14.9
Growing
18.2 13.6
15.3
14.0
* Vacuum electrolytic iron.
TABLE 29.FE-Cs-C; FE-Cu-V-C; FE-Ni-CK-C(ALLOY

STEELS) (92)
IO6*!
% composition
^1
C
0.34
0.30*
0.50
0.32t
0.35
0.43
0.43J
0.40||
0.34H1T
0.44**
0.40tt
Si -a/r
Mn T
P
ci-
Cr TVTNi
/^
0.100.640.0120.0230.763.43
0.110.660.0250.0050.863.05
0.150.640.0150.0310.881.90
0.230.530.0130.0151.373.53
0.0 0.650.0080.0450.803.14
0.0 0.780.0150.0270.751.87
0.180.810.0310.0320.882.55
0.140.760.0060.0121.20
0.170.720.0090.0100.96
2.070.810.0120.010
0.570.780.0110.0150.78
* Contains 0.53 % Mo.

t 830 Q0 Tp 570.
J Contains 0.07 % V.
930 Q0 Tp 650.
C I Si I Mn
0.82 0.18 0.26
.47
.56
.16
.64
.05
.01
.66
.08
.08
.73
.69
.24
.20
.59
.22
.06
.63
.58
.22
.55
.25
.71
.33
.13
.23
.45
.15
.22
.38
.13
.24
.36
.19
.26
25 tO
25 tO
^^
11.37
11.67
11.72
11.83
11.73
12.00
11.65
11.60
11.76
12.52
12.76
12.49
12.57
12.70
12.78
12.79
12.87
12.89
13.04
13.10
13.51
13.83
moQ
II Contains 0.17 % V.
f 930 Q0 Tp 620.
** 930 Q0 Tp 590.
tt 830 Q0 Tp 590.
% Ag
68
68
67
TABLE 32.Ac-Ho-ZN (131)

Ag-Zn amalgam
% Zn I Wa2I H % Ag I % Zn
O
25.4
67
2
1
25.9
60
5
1
26.4
54
O
Wall
28.0
24.5
23.4
TABLE 33. HG-Ao-SN-Cu-(ZN), Ao-SN-Cu AMALGAMS '(54)

Composition of amalgam alloys
I A I B I
68
68
27
26
5
5
Zn
O
1
Total.. 100 100
Ag
Sn
Cu
Alloy D was made

composition C.
^"
Alloy alloy lOW.s
C I D I E
ratio
70
70
54
B
2.00 25.2-26.8
27
27
30
B
1.60 24.8-25.2
3
3
16
D
2.00 27.7
O
1
O
c
2.00 27.8-28.5
100 101 100
A
1.60 26.0-29.3
E
1.60 24.3-26.8
by the addition of 1 % Zn to the alloy of
TABLE 30.FE-Mo-C; FE-W-C; FE-W-CR-C (ALLOY STEELS) (77)

% composition
Ind.
106at at
0
0
I P I S ! Cr I W | Mo | V
No. 100C| 20O C | 30O C | 40O0C |
0.003 0.016 3.71 14.63 0.17 0.20 285 10.0 11.6
12.5 13.2
.014
1.03
1.17
748 11.5 12.3
13.2
14.25
.015
.012 3.73 14.06
0.11
942 11.1 11.9
12.6
13.2
.018
.016 3.43 16.81
0.11 1435
10.8
11.7
12.4
3.90 13.50
284 10.7 11.75 12.75 13.5
.016
.016
6.31
283 9.8 12.65 14.5
15.5
.028
.023 2.86 18.81
1015
12.15 13.2
13.75
.009
.024
0.69
906
11.8
12.8
13.75
.036
.003
1.58
906
12.2 13.6
14.6
.038
.011
1.71
1416
12.4 13.3
14.1
.022 .011
2.20
1416
12.3 13.1
14.0
.022
.011
2.07
1416
12.35 13.1
13.8
.023 .013
1.84
1416
12.0 12.9 13.8
50O0C |
13.75
15.25
13.65
13.1
14.1
16.1
14.3
14.6
15.5
15.0
15.0
14.75
14.8
60O0C | 70O0C
14.2 14.4
16.4 17.75
13.9
14.0
13.6
14.25
16.55
14.75
15.4
16.0
16.2
15.7
16.0
17.2
17.55
16.85
TABLE 31.FE-Cu-Si; FE-MN-Si; FE-Ni-Si; Fs-Si (STEELS CONTAINING Si, AND FERRO-SILICON) (2) (v. also Tables 36, 37)
% composition
\Range, C
Fe
Cr
Mn
Ni
1O6O^

\.
Si " C
7QO
0 0
^ j ^
^~
0.0 0.562.66
~
0.0 0 . 0 2 . 3 8 1 . 6 -
Ind. No/^^
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
^x 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 900 1000
TTTI
J 10.23 10.89 13.57 14.65 16.02 15.99 15.37 10.10 23.25 27.24 14.53
Udo
^ * 9.52 8.7813.6721.03 4.5711.8316.38 8.4218.9228.9712.61
f 10.94 10.49 12.07 14.5516.02 18.1816.26 17.92 17.00 14.90
| * 9.41 IQ.29 10.68 12.56 13.24 12.63 14.90 18.64 26.53 36.53 14.40
arc* ^Tn" o QQ~n~^

QIO~A^
85 0.0 V. 0.0 l . y i d . b d
{ 16.0011.8913.5717.6419.6019.6614.9619.4920.2511.73 16.53
\ *12.'7Q 14.28 15.26 18.42 20.38 17.16 15.35 18.59 16.78 15.66
16.54
~~~
92.43.12 0.0
89.57.4
1 1 A n ~ n ~ ^ n ~ n ^ 7 7 n ~ ^ f 13.05^ll^^^Û^
il.D u . u os
u . u i y . o U.DO
^ 113.2915.58 14.96 16.43 16.10 16.77 16.94 18.6921.33
n~n~ n n ~o~ A 9
7
O. 0.0 9.9 4.^70.58
85T
^
^^
~59T7~7^7930ôV
59 0.0 O.Z 22.b b . y d O . d O . 9
93.7Q.O
~~~
8tj
68f
0.2
T27
16.75
/ 10.8211.9814.3617.7311.9311.9212.9920.6125.61
^ 10.47 11.89 12.37 11.86 14.63 8.84 11.02 12.7520.30
15.41
13.29
( 11.05T782^76l57l19.1717.1522.2716.59 14.95 16.15

^
n 17 12 58 14 Q6 15 34 14 82 M 7Q 13 9g 16 Q3 2Q 37
~77
*^n7i
0.0 I.b53.041.d
71
_
32
/ 8 ' 47 9.2910.8712.7612.9414.3213.9016.4619.0114.62 13.34

\ *10.00 7.39 8.5814.1614.54 3.6813.0217.4727.6523.03
14.02
f 8.8210.1911.6714.2515.7317.0916.4716.9415.3317.18 14.45
\ *10.35 10.89 12.57 14.15 14.63 15.20 15.77 18.33 14.73 17.57 14.49
12.11 11.1812.8713.45 15.0214.7014.4815.0614.2416.00 13.97
AAI
bbl
* Values on this line for alloy: Tp 1000 Qw 15. t By difference.
J Tp 600 Qw 15.
Tp 900 Qw 15.
TABLE 34.Mo (COMMERCIALLY PURE) ( 71 )

% composition
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Description
~
*e
~
â
106^ (cooling)
lQ*a^ (heating)
100-y-
~~
25 to 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 25 to 250 to 25 to 500 to 500 to 250 to after

bl
w
IQQC 20O0C 30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 25O0C 50O0C 50O0C 250C 25O0C 250C
test
5.4
5.1
5.2
5.6
5.7
5.3
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.3 -0.010
0.030.03
1.85 4.9
5.1
5.4
5.7
7.4
5.1
6.3
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.6 -0.001
0.050.0140.0051.80
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.4
6.2
5.1
5.7
5.4
5.5
5.8
5.3 -0.007
4.6
4.8
5.2
5.9
6.4
4.8
6.0
5.4
5.0
5.3
4.6 +0.022
0.040.003
3.7
5.5
4.8
5.8
5.8
4.6
5.7
5.2
5.4
5.7
5.1 -0.009
5.0
5.0
5.2
5.0
3.4
5.1
4.4
4.7
5.5
6.0
4.9 -0.036
Cu
4.8
4.8
5.2
6.4
7.0
4.9
6.4
5.7
5.5
5.7
5.3 +0.009
0.110.003
0.014 4.5
4.6
5.1
5.1
6.5
4.7
5.6
5.2
4.8
5.5
4.1 0.017
0.030.004
0.006
4.5
4.3
4.4
6.1
7.2
4.4
6.2
5.3
5.1
5.3
4.8 0.012
Ingot, from fine powder

No. 1 swaged to 0.25 in. diam
Ingot, from coarse powder
Similar ingot to No. 5
Ingot, ' from coarse powder and
swaged to 0.25 in. diam
0.100.0170.005
0.110.0070.0100.005
4.6
4.8
3.7
4.9
5.1
4.7
5.2
5.4
4.9
6.5
5.9
4.9
7.0
6.7
5.8
4.8
5.0
4.5
6.5
6.1
5.2
5.7
5.6
4.9
5.2
5.6
4.0
5.3
6.0
3.8
4.9
5.1
4.2
0.026
0.002
0.043
TABLE 35.Ni (COMMERCIALLY PURE) (iso)
JNi
% composition
~
~ ~~
~
Iu * e Mn I
~
bi
"~~
b
106^
25 to 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 500 to 25 to 300 to 25 to
IQQ0C 2OQ0C 30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 60O0C 3QO0C 60O0C 60O0C
Treatment
13 2
UA
15 3
1 2 0 3 7 0 190 120 120027/ H o t r l l e d
'
'
^ 0^7 ^ ^ "_ U - U ^' \Annealed I h r at 87O 0 C... 13.3 14.5 15.4
9906
O
99
Ub 0
'
9902
99
UZ
-
15 5
16 9
UA
'
'
'
16.4 16.6 16.3
>W
db
14 5
15 4
16 9
16 5
16 8
14 4
16 7
Hot rolled
13
14 2
15 7
15 9
15 7
14 4
14 4
15 3
Hot r lled
Annealed ! hr at 870QC
1 1 13 5
14 8
^
'
'
13 5
14 3 15 8
12
Qd 91
^.ZL
IA AR A Q9 .14 .4b4.tfz CQ
97.0*
.3
.8 1.6
17 2
16 6
i 6'.p I 6' .6
'
'
'
16.3 16.9
'
16.5
15
15 6
'
14.5
16.6
14
'
-9
16.3 14.5
16.3
15
17.1
13.8
17.0
15.5
17.3
14.6
16.6
15.7
in non / Hot rolled

13.2 14.1 15.4 15.9 16.7 17.3 14.3 16.7 1
- 1 ^ -UuU j Annealed l hr at S70C... 13.3 14.1 15.4 15.9 16.6 17.6 14.3 16.7 15.6
<4l\ 14; <*24000, 16; JSS, 16; a8^, 20; a28540, 17f
<1
No marked abnormality is shown between 300 and 40O0C by first 5 samples; cf. pure Ni in Table 1.
* Spark plug electrodes (133).
15 4
14.5
12 9
18 22 26 020 /
-
-
'
'
'
'
_ _ _ " U ^ U \Annealed I h r at 90O0C... 13.3 14.2 15.6 16.3 16.2
15~44208
09 .10
15 .UJU
029 Ii
.15
.44;.US .UU
1QA
Hot r Ued
12 37 22 08 16 020
'
'
'
'
'
- 1 ^ _ _ _ _ - U Z U \Annealed I h r at 9QQ 0 C... 13.3 14.5 15.5 16.7
QR
76 17
9
^-/b _
9705
97.Uo
16 8
f These values are for lO**^-
TABLE 36.Ni-FE-Si; Ni-Si-FE (2)

6
Composition -^^^ No.

IO *
and
^^^^^^
k
0
treatment
Range, Q
1 | Ia | 2 | 2a | 3 3a
a
loto 100 8.58 8.82 8.58 8.8211.29 9.17
?.
100 to 200 9.0911.19 9.1910.2912.18 9.08
5fc?fe? o
200to 300 9.58 9.88 9.9811.3715.46 8.18
7V*~ S 300to 40 11-3711.7711.5612.3617.03 9.77
f*?S J 400to 500 13.2513.9512.7613.7417.7012.95
2gq2 500to 600 14.2215.1215.1214.2219.1613.23
5
Sa
I o, - o, o00*0 70 14.1016.0914.6 14.0020.7116.40
o H jHjoH
700 to goo 13.4916.6614.6814.0821.7516.86
SIe" 18?] 1 SOOto 900 12.4815.3413.4714.0617.6615.05
fc^fc^fc3
900 to 1000 15.33 14.93 13.05 18.39 14.87 12.66
^-JS^(ScOêS I 15 to 1000 12.2013.3712.3513.2016.8812.39
TABLE 37.Si-FE-C (2)
\^^ No.
Composition and
treatment
1. Cast Si with ca. 2% of
SiC + Tr. Fe-Si. Sudden increase in a between
700 and 805; anomaly
between 700 and 1000
2. Industrial SiC (crystallized)
3. Industrial Fe-Si with
75% Si
4. Industrial Fe-Si with
50% Si
106a|,
Range/^^ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
loto 100 6.006.586.94 9.17
100 to 200
5.185.394.79 8.78
200to 300 4.694.594.99 9.18
300to 400 4.294.194.8910.07
400to 500 3.894.394.9910.46
500to 600 3.994.284.9811.84
600to 700 4.884.185.6813.52
700to 800 10.464.386.6747.36
SOOto 900
3.282.985.2724.90
900to 1000
0.192.684.2715.96
15 to 1000
4.684.355.4516.23
TABLE 38.COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION OF ALLOYS

IN THE RANGE O TO 10O0C Vt = F0[I + A* + B*2] ()
6
TABLE 39.CUBICAL EXPANSION OP LIQUID ALLOYS AND AMALGAMS

(Continued)
Appro x.
M. P., 1O6A* Range, 0C Lit.
% composition
_C
Hg, 77.3; Sn, 22.7

Hg, 63; Sn, 37
Hg, 46; Sn, 54
Hg, 29.8; Sn, 70.2.
d[
103.5 125
:.. 131
121
166
117
193
113
200 to 30Oj (1^1)

200 to 300 (1^-1)
200 to 300 C19-1)
200 to 300 (* *)
Hg;Sn..j 13.3835 14.6

174.5 18 to 101 (1)
[ 13.1807 20.2
161.9 20 to 98 (91)
Hg, 95.1; Tl, 4.9
179
20 to 30 (115)
Hg, 83.0; Tl, 17.0
175
20 to 30 (11S)
Hg, 79.0; Tl, 21.0
.
161
20 to 30 (*)
Hg, 66.0; Tl, 34.0
140
20 to 30 (")
Hg, 58.1; Tl, 42.9
157
20 to 30 (115)
Hg, 86; Zn, 14
152
184
300 to 350 C19-1)
Hg, 80; Zn, 20
200
181
300 to 350 C19-1)
Hg, 77; Zn, 23
217
153
300 to 350 C19-1)
Hg, 60.6; Zn, 39.4
288
146
300 to 350 C19-1)
Hg, 50.7; Zn, 49.3
316.5 ca. 200 330 to 360 C19-1)
K, 39; Na, 231
I 4.5 | 286 | 10 to 100 (6S)
Pb, 90; Sb, 10
123
250
(138)
Pb, 64; Sn, 36
127
262 to 356 (1SS)
Pb, 13; Sn, 87
112
249 to 355 (*38)
Sn, 68; Cd, 32
123
175
(138)
Sn, 70; Tl, 30
118
200 to 300 (102)
Tl, 80; Sb, 20
|
! 227 | 200 to 225 | (102)
* If only one temperature is given, A = At; if a temperature range, A = A*2t Equal atomic weights of each.
VOLUME CHANGE ON FUSION AND SOLIDIFICATION,

"MOLD SHRINKAGE"
Arrangement.No definite arrangement is strictly followed in
this section. Its scope and content will be seen by inspection.
Composition
IQ A | IQ B || Composition | IQ A | IQ B
Ag, 4; Au
51.66
Bi, 44; Sn
37.93 27.1
Ag, 71.6; Au, 28.4... 44.13 13.0 Sn, 2; Bi
49.97 10.1
Ag; Au
49.16
Cd; Pb
90.05 13.3 TABLE 40.FUSION OF PURE METALS (Fs = VOLUME OF SOLID
Ag, 36.1; Au, 63.9... 48.84 55.2 Cu, 71; Zn, 29... 51.61 55.8
AT M. P.)
Ag;Au,4..
31.15118.5 Pb, 4; Sn
80.87 33.2
Approx.
v
Ag, 2; Pt
42.46 32.2 Sn, 4; Pb
62.0 98.8 Metal
M. P., 100^r P. E.
Lit.
0
Au, 2; Cu
40.15 64.2 Sn, 7; Au, 2
41.65 26.3
C
Bi, 24; Pb
38.68 21.8 Sn, 2; Au
39.44 28.9
960
4~5 0.5 (45, 118)
'
Pb, 2; Bi
84.62 15.9 Sn, 6; Zn
62.36 82.2 Ag
Al,
99
658
6.7
(^
43)
Sn, 4; Z n . . .
63.77 80.7
Al, 99.65
6.3
(45)
Au
1063
5.2
(45)
COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF LIQUID ALLOYS AND
Bi
270
-3.3
0 . 1 (u 45, 135, 138)
AMALGAMS
Cd
321
4.7 0.1 (45,138)
See also Tables 41-45; for definitions, v. p. 459.
Cs
26
2.5
0 . 2 (42, 64)
TABLE 30.CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID ALLOYS AND AMALGAMS Cu
1083 4.1 0.1 ( 9 , i o , 4 5 )
K
62.5
2.5
0.3 (13,45,64,65)
Approx.
Li
185
1.5
(138)
% composition
M. P., 1O6A* Range, 0C Lit.
Mg
650
4.2
(44)
^C
98
2.5
Q , 1 (6, 13, 14, 45. 65, 135)
Bi, 50; Hg, 50
162.7 134
163 to 280 (i-i) Na
Bi, 67; Pb, 33
138
130 (138) Pb
325
3.4 0.1 (46)
38
2.5 0.2 (45,64)
Bi, 57; Sn, 43
122
140 (138) Rb
630
1.4
(135)
^^
Bi, 70; Tl, 30
131
212-325 (*02) Sb.
Sn
232
2.7 0.1 (". 45, 135, 138)
Cd, 90; Zn, 10
153 | 265 | (138)
(300
3.1
(135)
Hg, 80; Pb, 20
102
161
250 to 300 (i9-1)
\
3.2
(45)
Hg, 66; Pb, 34
125
143
250 to 300 (!) Tl
(
4.3
(102)
Hg, 40; Pb, 60
193
139
250 to 300 ("-i)
420
6.5 0 . 5 (135)
Hg, 25; Pb, 75
236
135
250 to 300 (19.1) Zn
TABLE 45.SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-Ss ( 9 > 1 0 )
TABLE 41.SOLIDIFICATION OF PURE METALS ( 143 )
-100-$L_
^
^ .
% metal
Casting F. P.,
*
temp, C oc
O
IOo?
=
In
At F p
solid
'
* Final temperature is 15 to 2O0C.
TABLE 42.SOLIDIFICATION OF Bi-SN ( 9 10)

-100^K
800
A, for liquid Range, C
800C
to
_ _
r . r.
100
90
75
58
40
25
15
10
O
0.00012
0.00014
0.00014
0.00012
0.00011
0.00011
0.00014
0.000135
O.00104
93
85
77.5
65
54
18
O
F R
F.F. to 20 to 2O0C
::' :.
liquid
267.5 to 800
233 to 800
185 to 800
136.5 to 800
173 to 800
199 to 800
215 to 800
220 to 800
360 to 630
Range, 0C
*'
0.00014 1070 to 1200

0.00012 1035 to 1200
0.00013
950to 1200
0.00012
725 to 1200
0.00013
585 to 1200
0.00013
543 to 1200
O.000125 657 to 1200
I2OO C
At
- P P P P
to F. P. F. P.
1.73
2.04
3.24
5.43
7.6
6.7
6.5
FP
,
to
_ . ,
Total
0.00016
0.00012
0.00011
0.00011s
0.00012
O.OOOlls
O.OQQ1Q4
940tollOO
646 to 1100
670tollOO
665 to 1100
55OtOlIOO
58OtOlIOO
630 to 1100
to F. P.
170C
2.67 10.4
5.26
11.8
4.45 12.6
4.75 13.8
4.85 10.1
4.55
7.9
4.45
7.32
TABLE 46.SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SB, 81.6; AL, 18.4 ( 11 S)

_
Temp., 0C
-~t
700
800
900
1000
1025
1100
1135
1200
0.240
0.241
0.241
0.230
0.221
0.213
0.211
0.215
^4
^
liquid
Cu, 83.45; Zn, 16.24
4.25 5.08 11.06 Cu, 66.6; Zn, 32.9

3.85 5.80 11.7 Cu, 63.1; Zn, 36.24
4.06 4.51 11.8 Cu, 63.93; Zn, 35.25
9.63
Cu, 94.7; Sn 5.08
11.3
Cu, 89. 65; Sn, 10.23
16.1
Cu, 80.66; Sn, 19.08
(5.8) (4.3) 16.5
I2OO C
F
*' rP'
0.00020
0.00015
0.00016
0.00014
0.00011
0.00011
1084 to
1018 to
920 to
780 to
724 to
600 to
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
2.19
2.57
4.25
5.53
5.58
6.18
Casting
temp., 0C
Ti 0Ct commencement
of solidification
TEC
1000 to 1050
950
870to 950
900 to 1000
993
902
874
881
1000
904
928
990
0.3
0.03
0.03
0.033
1032
980
835
0.085
786 1.66
0.122 706 1.44
0.01 752 1.52
1068
1049
0.045
0.039
1080
1090
0.027
0.032
At
^
*+
JFr P
t0
0
Ti0C 1 1 T20C t
1035
1050
995 to 1150 996
900
760
Cu, 61.57; Ni, 16.1; Zn, 22.16

1100
Cu, 56.2; Ni, 20.4; Zn, 23.36 1065 to 1090
Cu, 51.4; Ni, 26.22; Zn, 22.3
1150
Cu, 46.1; Ni, 35.8; Zn, 18.0.1170 to 1200
% composition
Y 1200
Range,
C
B
'
% composition
2QOC
-100^r
to
to
92
82
71
62
35
85
72
61
51.5
30
10
O
^1200
0
TABLE 44.SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-SN ( 9 10)
% Cu
Range, C
6.2 -3.01 1.32

4.51
7.1
4.10
TABLE 47.SOLIDIFICATION OF MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS ( 143 )
7.6
7.17
7.35 -1.12 1.36 7.58
~ composition
...
mnA^*
%
, Castingr' , Arrest ~ 100-r
6.5
8.12
^
temp., 0C temp., 00C
I
5.95
8.32
Pb, 80.82; Sn, 18.27
650
25
0.56
7.5
10.85
Pb, 29.1; Sn, 70.01
550
174 0.44
7.4
13.4
Pb,
18.39;
Sn,
80.99
550
180
0.50
5.6
+2.7 1.64
9.99
Pb, 80.61; Sb, 19.2
560 to 750
239
0.54
Pb, 85.2; Sb, 14.68
450 to 500
232
0.56
Sn,
50.83;
Zn,
49.04
550
2
0.50
TABLE 43.SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-AL ( 9 10)
Sn, 85.4; Zn, 14.52
500
195 0.46
Sn, 95.15; Zn, 4.81
500
190 0.49
-,100-Â
% Cu
At
A1 for liquid
Total
state *
Al, 99.2
800 to 850 683
1.78
Bi, 99.8.....T
500
261
0.29
Cu, 99.16.... 1250 1060
1.40 1.42
Pb, 98.2
500 to 600 326
0.075
0.75
0.825
Sn,99.8toT500to550 225 CLOl to 0.15 ~
0.44 to 0.55
Zn, 97.3. .7777 650 to 750 416
0.08
1.32
1.40
%Bi
% Cu
_ . .
Total
Cu, 87.1; Sn, 2.68; Zn, 8.05;

Pb, 2.28
1020
955
1060 1025
1087
890
1085
P ,.
^ng
100O0C
' - 2O C
Cu, 81.06; Sn, 17.5; Zn, 1.53.. 950 to 100O0C
3.91 6^4
12.5
Cu, 88.75; Sn, 9.65; Zn, 1.6... 950 to 102O0C
5.06 5.52 12.85
4.25 4.79 13.28
Cu, 86.65; Sn, 9.84; Zn, 2.0;
100O0C
3.61 4.68 13.83
Pb, 1.44
3.28 5.88 14.76
Zn, 79.44; Sn, 14.48; Cu, 4.35;
13.35
Pb, 1.66
500 to 50O0C
Arrest
points,
t G
992, 895,
825, 685
873, 775,
737, 603
977, 890,
824, 745
965,840,
778, (848)
379
TE>C
lOOj T,C -10Oy*

973 2.17
870 1.98
877 1.97
879
1.9
917
2.025
924 2.05
949 2.03
1010
1.935
10Oy Tg,C -lOOj*
973
0.025
840
1.76
854
.024
756
1.50
955
^05S
726
1.47
944
.075 750
T7
374
1.02
TABLE 47. SOLIDIFICATION OF MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS ( 143 ).

(Continued)
p .
7* g
temp.
% composition
Arrest
points,
~
TABLE 48. SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-SN-X (BRONZES) ( 97 ).

(Continued)
,
.
TE, C$ 100^- TS,C-10o4*
i
t
Zn, 51.22; Sn, 45.84; Cu, 1.9;

Pb, 0.94
550to 56O0C
340
Pb, 78.89; Sb, 12.5; Cu, 8.45. 600 to 65O0C 250,230
Sn, 19.8; Pb, 58.84; Sb, 21.4. .
60O0C
263,238
Sn, 85.42; Sb, 9.45; Cu, 5.1 ... 500 to 55O0C
225
Sn, 90.2; Sb, 8.0; Cu, 1.85. ... 600 to 70O0C
228
Sn, 70.83; Pb, 9.21; Sb, 15.1;
Cu, 4.94
550 to 60O0C 259,187
334
266
247
225
226
0.73
0.55
0.49
0.51
0 .555
228
0.425
n on Q m r/ ,n /
1060
Cu, 80; Sn, 10; Zn, 10... I
^
Pn 82,
9- qSn,in10,
7 Zn,
8 8....
/ I 102^
Cu,
106
p n R84,
i . qSn,in 10;
7 Zn,
fi 6....
/ I
Cu,
rCu, 86;
ft QSn,in10;
7 Zn,
A 4....
/ I
TABLE 48. SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-SN-X (BRONZES) ( 97 )

Casting
temp., 0C
990
970
980
Cu, 92; Sn, 8
o
09 QSn,A4;
AI Al,
A 4 /
Cu, 92,
Cu 92Cu,
92,Sn
bn,7-7,BiBi,1 1
Q. R. -R- 0 ,
/
Cu,92,Sn,8,Bi,0.5....|
1020
^
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
1000
1080
1040
1030
1080
90; Sn, 8; Co, 2

90; Sn, 6; Co, 4
90; Sn, 4; Co, 6
90; Sn, 2; Co, 8
90; Co, 10
1
r 92,
OP- qSn,
fi 6,
V Fe,
9 2 /
Cu,
^
no oSn,K 5;A/r Mn,
o 3....
/ I
Cu, 92;
113
Cu, 90; Sn, 5; Ni, 5

Cu, 92, on, 8, F, 2
|
;
n
no oSn,n 7;
TJU Pb,
, 1/
Cu, 92;
1160
^
oo oSn,a 6;
-DU Pb,
o 2 / |
970
Cu, 92;
/|
102
P
Q9 Sn,
q 77;QK
Cu, 92;
Sb,i 1 / |
102
n 92;
QO Sn,
Q ft6;QK
o2
Cu,
Sb,
/ |
90;
nn aSn,Q 8;
-7 Zn,
o 2/
Cu,
P 90,
QH- qSn, fi-7n4
Cu,
6, Zn, 4
OSO
|
10
rCu, 90,
on-qSn,4 -4,7 Zn,
n 6 / ^
108
W10
25
20
60
-02
25
970
500
.015
200
970^
500
250
.06
1.58
500
^
100
^ .05
1.48
^
965
^
98
50
^"
98
^
55
fl?()
mQ
108
^0
500
60
970
^
97
^
100
995
500
9?()
50
50{)
20
^
l()
250
-035Q2
200
.07
04
-05035
^
A 47
^ ^43
1(X)
^ 58
1 45
-02504
20
1QQ
1 53
^
m
05
.02
20
20
Q5
-025Q2
-04
1 54
1 685
20
60
l 5Q
035
25
53
101
mQ
30
1>4
Q5
50
1.71
1>52
^
l
L57
Q5
lt59
Lfl6
3
ÎM
%Mn
-10Oy*
%Mn
1.00
1.61
2.65
3.45
4.19
5.15
0.90
1.02
1.07
1.01
1.26
1.31
6.62
9.89
11.15
17.51
30.30
"100T*
1.42
1.52
1.74
1.74
1.96
Total
3.56
3.70
3.63
3.60
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.12
3.40
3.24
3.85
3.85
3.95
4.00
4.25
3.89
% composition
C
i
Mn
I Graphite
2.87
0.55
3.39
1.00
3.16
1.61
3.25
2.23
3.33
2.65
3.12
3.45
2.94
4.19
2.69
5.15
2.65
5.83
2.60
6.62
2.15
8.35
2.10
9.89
1.98
10.30
1.85
11.15
1.14
17.57
30.30
Si
100^
I
2.45
2.46
2.35
2.35
2.39
2.48
2.44
2.40
2.34
2.40
2.38
2.45
2.41
2.48
2.54
2.96
0.161
.219
.116
.152
.159
.162
.178
.155
.161
.190
.165
.257
.241
.188
.281
.097
L7fi
^49
1.56
IQQQ
TABLE 51. EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON EXPANSION DURING

SOLIDIFICATION OF WHITE CAST IRON ( 28 )
1<52
1 47
^1M
1.43
Ql
-04^
\'
lAg
TABLE 50. EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON EXPANSION DURING

SOLIDIFICATION OF GRAY CAST IRON ( 28 )
^f
-03 ^
50
^^
25
30
50
lt?1
55Q
mQ
1 47
^g
87
54
-03^
50
100
1 50
^ 1<3
25
L38
P , ,1 80,
n - qSnfi
7 Znu1 14....
/I
Cu
1 6;
1M
-03
M
03
1M
1
96
20
'3^
1M
03
50
* Total shrinkage from F. P. to 2O0C.
^ 67
^ ^
im
970
r 92;
Q9 qSn, -8,w W,
n i u0.15...
/ I 116mQ
Cu,
20
48
mQ
102
P
o qSn,R 5;
o- Si,
o 3 / |
Cu, 92;
95
1 35
25
.63
.58
.70
.69
1
-25 ^
.47
-03^
93
94
42
.05
.05
.03
.05
.05
60
104
97
rCu, 92,
qo. GSn,Q.8,wW,
n 19
/ I
0.12...
25
50
P
Q9 QSn,^.5,
^ Sb,
* 3 J j 101 995
Cu, 92;
114
101
.05
W()
1.34
^38
104
Al
M
QQ
250
300
300
150
300
50
985
P 92;
QO Sn,
Q ^5,pu
Q3
Cu,
Pb,
150
-0.03
^
Pii RO7n Zn,

12 12....
/ I
Cu,
80,9nSn,R- 8,
-88 ^
04
92
200
^
500
^
TABLE 49. EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON SHRINKAGE OF GRAY

CAST IRON (28)
.54
.56
.51
-65
^
400
400
400
300
350
mQ
1080
101
O
|
m
500
101
-05
"
mQ
20
20
mQ
im
"
105
107
970
0.04
.06
.05
103
975
^
* In all the above alloys a slight increase in length always occurred before the
commencement of the shrinkage.
Shrinkage
-100 y
100 f*
250
200 .
200
50
980
n 92;
no QSn,o 3;
A/r Mn,
c 5....
/ I 116^0
Cu,
n
UO Q
-i
Ui, 92;
bn,e5;XT' Ni,
101
"
^
300
500
500
98
"
mQ
Pll
r,
i
7 T.
Cu, o
92;Sn,
7; Fe,
960
960
960
117
/^
Ex ans ion
P A
Final
Mold
" C temp., 0C temp., 0C
RP
P 88;
88 qSn,
in 10;
7 Zn,
9 2....
/ I102 ^
Cu,
* The total linear shrinkages given above take place during cooling from the
temperatures indicated in the table to atmospheric temperature (15 to 2O0C).
t Ti, Tz, arrest points.
J TE expansion begins.
TB shrinkage begins.
Recomposition
Ex a ion
Casting ^ 0 on Final
Mold
P^
Shrinkage
^ oc F. R, 0C ^ oc ^^ ^ ^. _10()AZ
% composition
1>fl4
C
3.19
3.24
3.28
3.05
3.09
3.19
3.12
% composition
Mn
I
0.43
0.82
1.48
1.67
2.37
2.82
3.50
Si
0.053
0.055
0.050
Al
J
0.022
.032
.058
.068
.066
.049
.034
100
TABLE 51.EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON EXPANSION DURING

SOLIDIFICATION OF WHITE CAST IRON ( 28 ).(Continued)
C
3.14
3.19
3.45
3.43
3.39
3.36
3.45
3.50
3.46
3.50
3.49
3.65
3.41
3.80
3.45
3.76
3.91
3.81
3.85
3.95
3.85
3.93
% composition
Mn
4.42
5.25
5.40
6.30
7.20
9.00
9.12
10.40
10.67
12.35
13.50
13.70
14.84
16.00
16.20
17.05
18.65
19.65
23.30
30.50
34.10
38.55
AZ
T
0.019
.015
.039
.058
.082
.058
.068
.058
.078
.087
.068
.053
.024
.068
.058
.339
.008
.029
.097
.097
.097
.102
0.061
0.083
0.081
0.068
0.072
0.085
0.100
0.120
0.173
0.156
0.155
CHANGES IN VOLUME DUE TO TEMPERING

TABLE 52.CHANGES IN VOLUME OF ALLOYS DUE TO TEMPERING
(101)
Heated Tempered
AF
^ oc
100 -y
to 0(~,
[ 1
\ 1000
Cu, 90.5; Al, 9.5
Cu, 86.5; Al, 13.5

Cu, 83.4; Al, 16.6
Cu, 74.1; Al, 25.9
Cu, 74.9; Sn, 25.1
Cu, 72.7; Sn, 28.1
Pi,
71 Q- Sn,
Qn 9*28.1
i
Cu, 71.9,
1000
-0.03
-0.08
IQQO
-0.16
1000
650
1000
900
1000
1000
1000
400
1000
650
1000
1000
700
700
700 ~~ 700
700
700
T|
0
TOO
7QQ
-0.55
-0.42
-0.58
-0.06
-0.15
-0.15
0.08
~0.10
-0.30
-0.22
6QQ
Fe with 0.58 C
Fe with 0.70 C
'
Fewith0.83C
400
900
f
<
I
f
<
(_
~
1000
1000
700
750
0.46
0.46
1000
800
0.47
1000
1000
1000
1000
900
1000
TOO
750
0.47
0.46
0.67
0.73
1000
800
0.75
1000
1000
1000
1000
900
1000
650
700
0.82
0.85
0.17
0.23
100
1000
1000
1000
% composition
100
Si
% composition
TABLE 52.CHANGES IN VOLUME OF ALLOYS DUE TO TEMPERING

( 101 ).(Continued)
75
800
900
1000
'96
0.99
1.10
1.13
Zn, 80.3; Cu, 19.7.

Zn, 75.5; Cu, 24.5
Zn, 74.5; Cu, 25.5
Zn, 57.8; Cu, 42.2
Same (reheated)
Zn, 47.4; Cu, 52.6
See also Table 12, p. 516.
Heated
to 0C
600
600
, . . " 600
800
800
" 800
Tempered ^ AF
UU
at 0C
~F
600
-0.08
600
-0.32
600 ~^40"
750
0.24
750
0.40
T50
0.16
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Ayres, 2, 20: 38; 05. ( 2 ) Baraduc-Muller, 74 7: 657; 10. ( 3 ) Bein, 88,
14: 1097; 12. (4) Benedicks, 34, 179: 389; 24. (5) Benot, 238, 6; 1888.
( 6 ) Bernini and Cantoni, 59, 8: 241; 14. (7) Bernini and Cantoni, 72,
47: 630; 14. ( 8 ) Borelius and Johansson, 8, 75: 23; 24. ( 9 ) Bornemann
and Sauerwald, 95, 14: 145; 22.
( 10 ) Bornemann and Sauerwald, 95, 14: 254; 22. ( 1 M Bornemann and Siebe,
95, 14: 329; 22. C 1 2) Braesco, 34, 170: 103; 20. ( 13 ) Bridgman, 2, Z:
153; 14. (14) Bridgman, 2, 6: 1; 15. C 1 5 ) Bridgman, 65, 56: 61; 20. ( 16 )
Bridgman, 197, 10: 411; 24. (17) Brislee, 135, 105: 3; 12. (i) Burgess,
Crowe, Rawdon, and Waltenberg, 32, No. 38; 14. (19) Cattaneo, 22, 7 I:
88; 91. (19-1) Cattaneo, 23, 25: 492; 89.
(20) Charpy and Grenet, 34, 134: 540; 02. (21) Charpy and Grenet, 34, 136:
92; 03. (22) Chevenard, 34, 159: 53; 14. (23) Chevenard, 34, 164: 916;
17. (24) Chevenard, 34, 174: 109; 22. (25) Chevenard, 34, 180: 1927;
25. (26) Chevenard, 74, 11: 841; 14. (27) Chevenard, 74, 14: 610; 17.
(28) Coe, 115, 90: 581; 10. (29) Cohen and Olie, 7, 71: 385; 10.
( 30 ) Colby, 2, 30: 506; 10. <si) Day and Sosman, 12, 29: 93; 10. (32) Day
and Sosman, 45, 4: 490; 12. 128, 2: 284; 12. (33) Day, Sosman and
Hostetter, 12, 37: 1; 14. ( 3 4) Deuss, 242, 56: 15; 11. ( 35 ) Dewar, 5,
70: 237; 02. (36) Disch, 96, 5: 173; 21. (37) Dittenberger, 98, 46: 1532;
02. (38) Dodge, 2, 11: 311; 18. ( 39 ) Dorsey, 2, 25: 88; 07.
(40) Dorsey, 2, 27: 1; 08. (41) Driesen, 139, 11: 129; 14. (42) Eckhardt and
Graefe, 93, 23: 378; 00. </*3) Edwards and Moorman, 33, 24: 61; 21. (44)
Edwards and Taylor, 80, 69: 1070; 23. (.45) Endo, 47, 30: 121; 23. (46)
Endo, 159, 13: 219; 24. (47) Fizeau, 34, 62: 1101; 66. (48) Fizeau, 84,
64: 314; 67. (49) Fizeau, 34, 66: 1072; 68.
50
( ) Fizeau, 34, 68: 1125; 69. ( 5 I) Fontana, 22, 3: 129; 94. (52) Forsythe,
NeIa Park Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, O. ( 53 ) Gpucher, 3, 48: 229; 24.
(54) Gray, 80, 64: 488; 21. (55) Griffiths and Griffiths, 67, 27: 477; 15.
(56) Grneisen, 8, 33: 33, 65; 10. (57) Grneisen and Goens, 63, 24: 506;
23. (58) Guillaume, La Convention du Metre. Paris, Gauthier, 1902. (59)
Guillaume, Les Applications des Aciers au Nickel. Paris, Gauthier, 1904.
60
( ) Guillaume, 84, 152: 189; 11. (61) Guillaume, in Recueil de Constantes
Physiques. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1913. (2) Guillaume, 84, 170:1433;
20. C 63 ) Guillaume, 67, 32: 374; 20. ( 64 ) Hackspill, 84, 152: 259; 11.
(65) Hagen, 8, 19: 436; 83. ( 66 ) Harrison, S, 7: 626; 04. (67) Hart, 80,
64: 554; 21. () Henning, 8, 22: 631; 07. (69) Hidnert, 31, No. 410; 22.
(70) Hidnert, 31, No. 497; 25. (7l) Hidnert and Gero, 31, No. 488; 24. (7l.i)
and Sweeney, U. S. Bur. Standards, O. (71-2) Hidnert and Sweeney,
_Hidnert
Q^
81, No. 515; 25. (72) Hodgman, 2, 15: 218; 20. (73) Hogness, 1, 43:
1621; 21. (74) Holborn and Day, 8, 4: 104; 01. (75) Holborn and Grneisen, 8, 6: 136; 01. (76) Holborn and Valentiner, 8, 22: 1; 07. (77) Honda,
159, 6: 203; 17. (78) Honda, 159, 7: 59; 18. (79) Honda and Matsushita,
159, 8: 89; 19.
(8) Jaeger and Scheel, 101, 40: 150; 19. (81) Johansson, 8, 76: 445; 25. (82)
Kaye, 5, 85: 430; 11. (83) Kikuta, 74E, 19: 579; 22. (84) Le Chatelier,
34, 108: 1096; 89. ( 8 S) Le Chatelier, 34, 128: 1444; 99. (86) Le Chatelier,
34, 129: 331; 99. (87) Lman, Blaschke and Werner, 243, 32: 155; 12.
(88) Lindemann, 63, 12: 1197; 11. (89) Ldeking, 8, 34: 21; 88.
(9) Lussana, 59, 2: 233; 95. ( 9 I) Lussana, 59, 19: 182; 10. (92) Mathews,
80, 67: 133; 22. (93) Matsushita, 159, 8: 79; 19. (94) Matsushita, 159,
9: 143; 20. (95) Matthiessen, , 15: 220; 66. (96) Meri a and Schad,
31 A, 14: 571; 19. (97) Miller, 192, 9: 63; 12. (98) Mller, 63, 17: 29; 16.
(99) Muraoka, 8, 13: 307; 81.
(loo) Murray, 47, 2: 101; 09. (loi) Oknoff, 74E, 14: 85; 17. (102) Omodei,
427, 16: 67; 92. (ios) Qnnes and Clay, 168, No. 95b; 06. 64V, 1906:
159. (104) Onnes and Clay, 168, Supp. No. 17: 07. 64V, 1907; 243.
(i 5 ) Pascal and Jouniaux, 34, 158: 414; 14. (106) Petruschevskii and
Alexiev, 427, 6: 145; 82. (io?) Playfair and Joule, 4, 3: 57; 46. (108)
Quadrio-Curzio, .BwZZ. Acad. Gioenia, Catania, 49: 16; 97. (i 9 ) Quincke,
8, 135: 621; 68.
( 1 1 O) Ramsay, 25, 13: 2145; 80. ( J 1 1 ) Ramsay, 427, 5: 163; 81. ( 1 1 2 ) Ran( 128 )' Smirnov, 34, 155: 351; 12. ( 12 9) Souder and Hidnert, 31, No.
426; 21.
dall, 2, 20: 85; 05. ( 113 ) Rauramo and Saarialho, 60, 54A: No. 24; 12.
C 11 *) Richards and Boyer, I1 43: 274; 21. ( 115 ) Richards and Daniels, 1,
( 13 ) Souder and Hidnert, 31, No. 433; 21. < 131 ) Souder and Peters, 32,
41: 1732; 19. (") Roberts, 5, 106: 385; 24. ( 1 1 T) Roberts and WrightNo. 157; 20. ( 132 ) Stadthagen, 486, No. 3: 21; 01. ( 133 ) Staley, 32,
No. 155; 20. (13*) Sutoki, 159, 10: 93; 21. ( 13 S) Toepler, 8, 53: 343;
son, 3, 11: 295; 81. 55, 24: 470; 81. (118) Sauerwald, 95, 14: 457; 22.
( 119 ) Sauerwald, Allendorf and Landschtz, 93, 135: 327; 24.
94. (136) Tutton, 5, 65: 161, 306; 99. ( 13 ?) Valentiner and Wallot, 88,
( 1 ZO) Schad and Hidnert, 2, 13: 148; 19. 31, No. 332; 19. ( 121 ) Scheel, 88,
16: 757; 14. ( 1 SS) Vincentini and Omodei, 22,31: 235, 294, 321; 87. 23,
9: 3; 07. ( 1 2 2 ) Scheel, 243, 28: 106; 08. ( 1 2 3 ) Scheel, 96, S: 167; 21.
23: 38; 87. 22, 4 II: 19, 39, 75; 88. ( 1 3 ) Voigt, 8, 49: 697; 93.
( 12 -4) Scheel and Heuse, 85, 9: 449; 07. ( 1 2 5 ) Schulze, 63, 22: 403; 21. (140) Werner, 248, 44: 315; 24. ( 141 ) Worthing, 2, 10: 638; 17. ( 142 ) Wrightson and Roberts, 1 35, 43: 81; 81. ( 143 ) Wst, 192, 6: 769; 09.
( 1 2 6 ) Selivanov, 53, 23: 152; 91. ( 1 2 7 ) Sieglerschmidt, 818, 38: 182; 20.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON, FE-Co, FE-Ti, AND TITANIUM

AND URANIUM STEELS
D. HANSON
CONTENTS
Electrolytic iron.
Young's modulus of Fe-Co.
MATIEKES
Fer lectrolytique.
Module Young de F-Co.
Brinell hardness of Fe-Ti.

Titanium and uranium steels.
Duret Brinell de Fe-Ti.

Aciers au Ti et FU.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Elektrolytisches Eisen.
Young'scher Modulus von
Fe-Co.
Brinell-Hrte von Fe-Ti.
Titan- und Uran-Sthle.
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTIC IRON

I Treat- I
% oomposltlon I ^ |
U U
'
P)
Tr ;Cu;aO 'J
^
-08''
^
__0.007*
__
_
296
OU
C, 0.031; Mn, i
.
^
f 21 000
\20 700
^
66
69
131
146
**
39
68
I U TS \ YP \ El& | RA
'
[ 775 Qw
350/2hC a
134 106.3 13 60.2
373
Fe-Ni-U-C, Ni-U Steel (7)
(5)
^
239
255
Treatment
Fe; Ni, 1.63; Cr, 0.61; U, ( M 200-/2 h C.... { J" ^

'
0.20; C 0.36; Mn, 0.78; ^0 QJ 20Qo/2 h c... .l J ^.3 U ^l
U
500 80 ( 8 )
70 10 ( 8 )
Composition,
hundredths %
Ni I U I C J M n I Si
Treatment
UTS
YP
El6. RA
775 Q0 300/2 h Cz
172 148 2.5 4.7
775 Qw 250/2 h Ca
134 121 11.543.4
f 790 Q0]
( 191 158 12 43.3
315 22 43 54 60 j 775 Q0 \ 250/2 h Ca.. . I 191 162 13 44.8
4
YOUNG'S MODULUS (TENSION) OF FE-Co ( )
[775 Q0J
( 186 148 12 47
315 40 57 62 58 790 Q0 250/2 h Cz
209 183 8.5 32.6
I
% composition of comO
"
I
T
O
,o
TT
/
780
Q
250/2
h
C
183 159 ~97s ST
22
0
0
a
#/10
% Co
#/10
ponents of alloy
322 32 3
48 64 \ 780 Q0 250V2 h Cz
181 161 9.034.1
I Fe
I
Co
f 775 Q0)
f 197 187 8.532.5
2129 40
2109 C
0.09
0.24
367 36 45 72 68 \ 775 Q0 \ 250/2 h Ca. . ] 206 170 9.031.1
0
[80O Q0J
[ 209 175 9.030.8
2101 70
1873 Si
.11
0.14
109
58
20
()
2071 80
1737 Mn
.31
Ni, 1.1
2132 90
1973 ' P
.03 Fe, 1.4
2161 100
2079
S .026
2175
Cu
.288
6
HARDNESS OF FE-Ti ( )
% Ti
I
BHN*
Il
% Ti
I
BHN*
0.00
96
11.73
327
0.75
144
14.51
350
3.33
214
15.56
360
4.50
242
19.42
405
7.30
312
19.90
472
8.92
373
21.50
484
* Ball diam. = 5 mm; 500 kg applied î min.
TITANIUM AND URANIUM STEELS

Fe-Cr-U-C, Cr-U Steel (7)
Composition,
hundredths %
Treatment
Cr I U I C I Mn I Si
78 I 17 I 36 I 53 I 25 I 835 Q0 300/30 Ca
T 850 Qw 250/2 h Ca
_ 7 ,7
875 Qw 250/2 h Ca
1
q1
qo
i
OL 5U o/
o/
875 Qw 350/2 h Ca
[900 Qw 250/2 h Ca
U TS
YP
El&
RA
i 170 |l43.4| 9.0J37.2

142.5 98.5)8.036.6
157.5107
10.542.2
130.6113.514 57.6
150.5 111.8|11 45.2
307 26 83 74 58
313 _36_ _25__46_ 20
Fe-Ti-C, Ti Steels (3)

!Class
295
Low carbon Ti steel
O
5
10
15
20
30
187 ___
'>
li
,
A100
0.007*
Nyt
20 700
* Other elements absent or trace.
t Previous treatment: Mlv Rh 80 % N.
% Co
% composition
High carbon Ti steel I

^ f*
J
Durezza Brinell del Fe-Ti . 478

Acciai al Ti e all'U
478
Fe-Ni-Cr-U-C, Ni-Cr-U Steel (7)
D U A r I 1 0 X 10 X 1OX 10 X , T . ,
BHN | VTg yp pL
^ RA L.t.
C, 0.029; Si, r Dp
0.004; S, 0.048;
A 600
P 0.0O37; M, A 800
INDICE
PAGE
Ferro elettrolitico
478
Modulo Young del F-Co.. 478
Composition, thousandths %
Til C | M n | Pl S I Si
4 I
879 106
HO
,S98137
170
XS
,.
47
Trt
{k;::;;
20 ,5 163
20
15 292 {*
^ Qw*
640 695 240
25 24 256 { ^
720
21
11 350 ( *' "

i. Qw
F
611 270
270 15 25 411
411 |
2575 611
j Q^
F
ox
346 /\ ~ ^.
^ Qw*
7i n 650
fi^n ^n
i 11
n
IAQ j
/F
8710
450 16
163
^
AAQH
Q*
4630 635
Q1K
315
IQ
13
iJ;
r i. {k:::::: . : ;i
2570 135
135 310
310 10
10 17
140 /
2570
17 140
J^
624 230
RA
{k;::;; jj .;.. s
F
325 760 230 15
BHN UTS Yf \ El
o
t18
* Quenched from 85O0C in cold water.
90
^3
45.234.617.5
68
66 2 45 2 Q 5 52
*
455
94 154
^07
'
-9
152 6 9
28
87.753.310
37
7 5 19
'
'
Oo t
212
90 458 810 5
12Q -3 7g -5 2 -
35
4
212
_ 89.857.8 9.5 34
366
248 117.562.5 8.5 30
477
132-580>3 0-Q
( 1 1 O) Ramsay, 25, 13: 2145; 80. ( J 1 1 ) Ramsay, 427, 5: 163; 81. ( 1 1 2 ) Ran( 128 )' Smirnov, 34, 155: 351; 12. ( 12 9) Souder and Hidnert, 31, No.
426; 21.
dall, 2, 20: 85; 05. ( 113 ) Rauramo and Saarialho, 60, 54A: No. 24; 12.
C 11 *) Richards and Boyer, I1 43: 274; 21. ( 115 ) Richards and Daniels, 1,
( 13 ) Souder and Hidnert, 31, No. 433; 21. < 131 ) Souder and Peters, 32,
41: 1732; 19. (") Roberts, 5, 106: 385; 24. ( 1 1 T) Roberts and WrightNo. 157; 20. ( 132 ) Stadthagen, 486, No. 3: 21; 01. ( 133 ) Staley, 32,
No. 155; 20. (13*) Sutoki, 159, 10: 93; 21. ( 13 S) Toepler, 8, 53: 343;
son, 3, 11: 295; 81. 55, 24: 470; 81. (118) Sauerwald, 95, 14: 457; 22.
( 119 ) Sauerwald, Allendorf and Landschtz, 93, 135: 327; 24.
94. (136) Tutton, 5, 65: 161, 306; 99. ( 13 ?) Valentiner and Wallot, 88,
( 1 ZO) Schad and Hidnert, 2, 13: 148; 19. 31, No. 332; 19. ( 121 ) Scheel, 88,
16: 757; 14. ( 1 SS) Vincentini and Omodei, 22,31: 235, 294, 321; 87. 23,
9: 3; 07. ( 1 2 2 ) Scheel, 243, 28: 106; 08. ( 1 2 3 ) Scheel, 96, S: 167; 21.
23: 38; 87. 22, 4 II: 19, 39, 75; 88. ( 1 3 ) Voigt, 8, 49: 697; 93.
( 12 -4) Scheel and Heuse, 85, 9: 449; 07. ( 1 2 5 ) Schulze, 63, 22: 403; 21. (140) Werner, 248, 44: 315; 24. ( 141 ) Worthing, 2, 10: 638; 17. ( 142 ) Wrightson and Roberts, 1 35, 43: 81; 81. ( 143 ) Wst, 192, 6: 769; 09.
( 1 2 6 ) Selivanov, 53, 23: 152; 91. ( 1 2 7 ) Sieglerschmidt, 818, 38: 182; 20.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON, FE-Co, FE-Ti, AND TITANIUM

AND URANIUM STEELS
D. HANSON
CONTENTS
Electrolytic iron.
Young's modulus of Fe-Co.
MATIEKES
Fer lectrolytique.
Module Young de F-Co.
Brinell hardness of Fe-Ti.

Titanium and uranium steels.
Duret Brinell de Fe-Ti.

Aciers au Ti et FU.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Elektrolytisches Eisen.
Young'scher Modulus von
Fe-Co.
Brinell-Hrte von Fe-Ti.
Titan- und Uran-Sthle.
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTIC IRON

I Treat- I
% oomposltlon I ^ |
U U
'
P)
Tr ;Cu;aO 'J
^
-08''
^
__0.007*
__
_
296
OU
C, 0.031; Mn, i
.
^
f 21 000
\20 700
^
66
69
131
146
**
39
68
I U TS \ YP \ El& | RA
'
[ 775 Qw
350/2hC a
134 106.3 13 60.2
373
Fe-Ni-U-C, Ni-U Steel (7)
(5)
^
239
255
Treatment
Fe; Ni, 1.63; Cr, 0.61; U, ( M 200-/2 h C.... { J" ^

'
0.20; C 0.36; Mn, 0.78; ^0 QJ 20Qo/2 h c... .l J ^.3 U ^l
U
500 80 ( 8 )
70 10 ( 8 )
Composition,
hundredths %
Ni I U I C J M n I Si
Treatment
UTS
YP
El6. RA
775 Q0 300/2 h Cz
172 148 2.5 4.7
775 Qw 250/2 h Ca
134 121 11.543.4
f 790 Q0]
( 191 158 12 43.3
315 22 43 54 60 j 775 Q0 \ 250/2 h Ca.. . I 191 162 13 44.8
4
YOUNG'S MODULUS (TENSION) OF FE-Co ( )
[775 Q0J
( 186 148 12 47
315 40 57 62 58 790 Q0 250/2 h Cz
209 183 8.5 32.6
I
% composition of comO
"
I
T
O
,o
TT
/
780
Q
250/2
h
C
183 159 ~97s ST
22
0
0
a
#/10
% Co
#/10
ponents of alloy
322 32 3
48 64 \ 780 Q0 250V2 h Cz
181 161 9.034.1
I Fe
I
Co
f 775 Q0)
f 197 187 8.532.5
2129 40
2109 C
0.09
0.24
367 36 45 72 68 \ 775 Q0 \ 250/2 h Ca. . ] 206 170 9.031.1
0
[80O Q0J
[ 209 175 9.030.8
2101 70
1873 Si
.11
0.14
109
58
20
()
2071 80
1737 Mn
.31
Ni, 1.1
2132 90
1973 ' P
.03 Fe, 1.4
2161 100
2079
S .026
2175
Cu
.288
6
HARDNESS OF FE-Ti ( )
% Ti
I
BHN*
Il
% Ti
I
BHN*
0.00
96
11.73
327
0.75
144
14.51
350
3.33
214
15.56
360
4.50
242
19.42
405
7.30
312
19.90
472
8.92
373
21.50
484
* Ball diam. = 5 mm; 500 kg applied î min.
TITANIUM AND URANIUM STEELS

Fe-Cr-U-C, Cr-U Steel (7)
Composition,
hundredths %
Treatment
Cr I U I C I Mn I Si
78 I 17 I 36 I 53 I 25 I 835 Q0 300/30 Ca
T 850 Qw 250/2 h Ca
_ 7 ,7
875 Qw 250/2 h Ca
1
q1
qo
i
OL 5U o/
o/
875 Qw 350/2 h Ca
[900 Qw 250/2 h Ca
U TS
YP
El&
RA
i 170 |l43.4| 9.0J37.2

142.5 98.5)8.036.6
157.5107
10.542.2
130.6113.514 57.6
150.5 111.8|11 45.2
307 26 83 74 58
313 _36_ _25__46_ 20
Fe-Ti-C, Ti Steels (3)

!Class
295
Low carbon Ti steel
O
5
10
15
20
30
187 ___
'>
li
,
A100
0.007*
Nyt
20 700
* Other elements absent or trace.
t Previous treatment: Mlv Rh 80 % N.
% Co
% composition
High carbon Ti steel I

^ f*
J
Durezza Brinell del Fe-Ti . 478

Acciai al Ti e all'U
478
Fe-Ni-Cr-U-C, Ni-Cr-U Steel (7)
D U A r I 1 0 X 10 X 1OX 10 X , T . ,
BHN | VTg yp pL
^ RA L.t.
C, 0.029; Si, r Dp
0.004; S, 0.048;
A 600
P 0.0O37; M, A 800
INDICE
PAGE
Ferro elettrolitico
478
Modulo Young del F-Co.. 478
Composition, thousandths %
Til C | M n | Pl S I Si
4 I
879 106
HO
,S98137
170
XS
,.
47
Trt
{k;::;;
20 ,5 163
20
15 292 {*
^ Qw*
640 695 240
25 24 256 { ^
720
21
11 350 ( *' "

i. Qw
F
611 270
270 15 25 411
411 |
2575 611
j Q^
F
ox
346 /\ ~ ^.
^ Qw*
7i n 650
fi^n ^n
i 11
n
IAQ j
/F
8710
450 16
163
^
AAQH
Q*
4630 635
Q1K
315
IQ
13
iJ;
r i. {k:::::: . : ;i
2570 135
135 310
310 10
10 17
140 /
2570
17 140
J^
624 230
RA
{k;::;; jj .;.. s
F
325 760 230 15
BHN UTS Yf \ El
o
t18
* Quenched from 85O0C in cold water.
90
^3
45.234.617.5
68
66 2 45 2 Q 5 52
*
455
94 154
^07
'
-9
152 6 9
28
87.753.310
37
7 5 19
'
'
Oo t
212
90 458 810 5
12Q -3 7g -5 2 -
35
4
212
_ 89.857.8 9.5 34
366
248 117.562.5 8.5 30
477
132-580>3 0-Q
Fe-U-C, U Steel(7*)
Composition,
hundredths %
I C . 1 Mn I Si I V
Tr.
Fe-U-C, U Steel (7*). (Continued)
Treatment
UTS
28
25
80
39
fifi
47
*n
ou
17
L
9*
to
T
/ 880 Qw 250/1 h C
du ir. ^ 880o QW 4Q0Oy1 h Ca
850 Qw 300/2 h Ca
130.4 114
25
2
2
2
12
5 4 . 2 3 4 . 0 3 0 61.8
! 42.132 66.4
56.1 44
13
30
46
33
41
51
51
24
24
18
18
36
34
23
61
68
63
10
28
(2)
144.4124
160.6145
144.9125
850 Qw 400/ 1 h Ca
9 35.4
3.0 7.3
8 31.5
Tr.
94.2 71.214 39.5

89.1 71.223 53.7
86.1 71.221 54.7
[260
816 Qw Tp ] 316
[371
152
43
55
56
Tr.
815 Q0 300/2 h Ca
47
80
80
Tr.
815 Q0 400/2 h Ca
63
34
64
53
72
54
875 Q0 500/2 h C
870-790 Q0 500/1 h Ca
875
900
190
190
63
63
77
77
75
75 Tr
Tr.
900
802 Qw
/^
8()0
875
(260
Tp I 316
[371
O
UU
U
300V2hC
80
76.1 59.122.558.1
YP
El&
RA
176.0158.310.542.8
153 141 12.548.1
132.3 120'.5 14.054.2
66.1 45.011.544.6
130.2107
118
f 790 Q0 300/2 h Oa
f 300/2 h Cf
870-790 Q0 j 300/2 h Cf
(350/2hC z
75 \ 850-775 Q0 350/2 h Ca
870-790 Q0 400/1 h Ca
1875]
r 104.0 80.3 14 35.1
8800
Ir* ^ n i o / i v r .
J 104-7 75.111.532.5
825ofQw400VlhCa..
9 8 3 78 . 117 . 551 . 7
875 Qw 400/2 h Cf
UTS
10.534.7
83. 2 14
40. 1
233 197
1.50.7
205
184
14 13
202 181 14.519.2
167 149.517.520.6
154.5128 10 31.1
173 157 . 5 7 24 . 7
40
850 770 Qo|
O / 450
/ 17
126 10 31 '5
850-770
o \J 2
2h
n C
Ca..|
125. 1 109.5 12.5 33. 1
96.8 67.116.537.3
( 850 Qw 400/1 h Ca
Tr. 4 900 Qw 300/2 h Ca
[ 825 Qw 400/ 1 h Ca
33
(2)
Treatment
312
/ 8 7 5 \0 4 0 O V I h C
/ 1^. 6 67. 1 9 16
\ 825 / Qw 4 71 h Ca- ' \ 98.2 77.212 28.5
1204
260
316
371
54
45
94.2 83.216 53.6
( 925 Qw 250/2 h Ca
Tr. I 900 Qw
i 900 Qw 250/2 h Ca
8250J
29
30.561
31
85
Qw
rr
36 Tr
\ 300/2
hO
C . . ^/121-3109.512
47.2
36
- 1 875
o Qw |300
/2 h
a
m 4 n2
10.547>2
65
46
13.5 54.4
56
[ 900 Qw 400/2 h Ca
220
RA
n / 8 5 0 Qw 3 0 0 / 2 h C . . . . : . 120
90.211 53
^ 85QO Qw 350o/2 h Cft
9 8 3 84.314.555.5
TA
21
21 65
65
El&
4*
85
85
YP
Composition,
hundredths %
I C I Mn I Si I V
4UU
JnC
-a
132.2116.512.530.1
189
197
174 8
14g
22 3
'
18 j
21 6
6 ' 2 6 9 > 1 8 ' 530.8
'
130.7117.410
130 7 92 3 n
32.5
132.3120.5 9 . 5 3 0 . 2
* Except where noted.
98.3 76.218 49.5
161.7148
11.043.3
150.0132.612.051.0
136.2126.713.552.0
114.1 118.7 15.559.3
197 181
8 34.0
175 160 10 40.3
144.4131.511 43.3
LITERATURE
O) Bouchayer, 439, 1923: 557. ( 2 ) Foote, 33, 25: 789; 21, ( 3 ) Guillet, 7^
1: 506; 04. ( 4 ) Honda, 159, 8: 51: 19. ( 5 ) Hutchins, Trans. First World
Power Conference, 4: 704; 24. ( 6 ) Lamort, 139, 11: 225; 14. ( 7 )
Polushkin, 74, 17: 421; 20. ( 8 ) Tritton and Hanson, 140, 110: 90; 24.
Ni AND ITS ALLOYS WITH C, CR, Cu, FE, AND MN

P. D. MERICA
CONTENTS
Ni.
Ni-Cr-Fe.
Ni-Cu-X.
Cupro-nickel, nickel-silver, etc.
Tensile properties and hardness
of Ni-Fe alloys.1
MATIRES
Ni.
Ni-Cr-Fe.
Ni-Cu-X.
Cupro-nickel, maillechort, etc.
Rsistance la traction et
duret des alliages Ni-Fe.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Ni.
Ni-Cr-Fe.
Ni-Cu-X.
Kupfer-Nickel, Neusilber, etc.
Festigkeitseigenschaften
und
Hrte der Ni-Fe-Legierungen.
Compression tests on Ni-Fe

alloys.1
Elastic properties of Ni-Fe and
Ni-Fe-Cr alloys.1
Density of Ni-Fe alloys.1
Essais de compression sur des

alliages Ni-Fe.
Proprits lastiques des alliages Ni-Fe et Ni-Fe-Cr.
Densit des alliages Ni-Fe.
Druckproben an Ni-Fe-Legierungen.
Elastizitt von Ni-Fe und NiFe-Cr-Legierungen.
Dichte der Ni-Fe-Legierungen.
Tensile, hardness and impact

tests on Ni-steels, Ni less
than 6%.1
Essais de traction, de duret et

de choc sur des aciers au Ni
(Ni moins de 6%).
Festigkeits- Hrte- und Kerbzhigkeitsprfung an NiStahl, Ni unter 6 %.
Torsion tests on Ni-steel.1
Essais de torsion sur l'acier au

Ni.
Rsistance au choc des aciers
au Ni.
Aciers forte teneur en Ni.
Alliages Ni-Mn.
Intervalles de recuit et de forgeage.
Intervalles critiques des aciers
au Ni.
Drehversuche mit Ni-StahL
Impact strength of Ni-steels.1

High-Ni-steels.
Ni-Mn alloys.
Annealing and forging ranges.
Critical ranges of Ni-steels.1
Furnished by T. H. Wickenden.
Schlagversuche mit Ni-Stahl.

Hochwertige Ni-Stahlsorten.
Ni-Mn-Legierungen.
Anlass- und Schmiede-Grenztemperaturen.
Kritische Punkte der Ni-Stahlsorten.
INDICE
PAGE
Ni
480
Ni-Cr-Fe
480
Ni-Cu-X
480
Rame-nichel, argentana, ecc 480
Comportamento alla trazione e durezza della
leghe di Ni-Fe
480
Prove di compressione sulle
leghe di Ni-Fe
481
Elasticit delle leghe di
Ni-Fe e di Ni-Fe-Cr.... 481
Densit delle leghe di NiFe481
Prove alla trazione, prove
di durezza e prove ali'
urto sugli acciai al Ni con
meno del 6 % di Ni
481
Prove di torsione sull'
acciaio al Ni
482
Resistenza all'urto degli
acciaio al Ni
482
Acciai ad elevato tenore in Ni 482
Leghe di Ni-Mn
482
Temperature di ricottura
e di fucinatura
482
Intervalli critici degli acciai
al Ni
483
MECHANICAL AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES
UCS: Flattens, does not fracture.

FP0 = 42-49 (AZ = -y2% Z 0 ).
TABLE 1,Ni
PL0 = 25-32.
Standard 99% commercially pure "malleable" Ni* containing
BHN, 10 mm ball
~
ScH
5 8
Co, 0.40; Fe, 0.40; Cu, 0.15; Mn, 0.15; C, 0.10; Si, 0.10 ( > >
d
VerSal
RHN
19, 29) j v% aiso references under separate items.
7^-J^
3000kg
500kg 7
Trt
. '
hammer
Shape
I TrtlT | UTS YPi \ PL | El& \ RA
A
1 1 0 - 1 3 0 9 0 - 1 1 0 1 5 - 2 0 6 5 - 75
[ Rh 46-56 18-28 11-21 40-6011 50-70 R
140-160 110-130
22-28
75-85
h
Bars.....
I RA|| 42-53 14-25 11-18 40-6Of t 50-70 R
130-300 110-300
20-55
90-110
0
( R0** 53-120 25-105 18-70 40-111 50-5
G8
110-130
90-110
15-20 60-70
/ " R A 42-53 14-25 ll-1830-45f
10~3 E = 16.8-18.3.
bneet or strip
j ^^ ^120 2&_1Q5 18_7Q 3Q_^
10-3 G = 6.3-7.0.
/ D A 42-53 14-25 11-1820-4Of
USS (to punch sheet or shear rod) = 35-46.
Wire
\ Dc** 53-120 25-105 18-70 20-lf
TMR = 39-46.
Castings
G8
35^49^14-21
20-35ft 20-50
PL8 = 14-21.
~ f Standard Izod : Specimens merely bend over.
dl = 8.80-8.90 (11,13,22).
{ Standard Charpy: Specimens fracture; IS = 14-28 kg-m.
Compressibility same as pure Ni (v. vol. III).
Twist: TT X diam. X no. of turns = 2.5-3.0 in. (for hot rolled
X. Load BHN1 10 mm
ScH
Elastic constants
alloy).
bal1
^\
universal RHN
" "
I
Ni, 55; Cu, 43.9; Mn, 1.00; C, 0.10 "Constantan" (7, 19)
Trt
X 3000kg|500kg hammer
10* kg/mm*
Lit.
A
Rc
G8
90-11070-90
110-300 90-300
90-110 70-90
8-12 35-50 E 20.4-21.8 ( is, 17,21,22)

12-50 50-110 G 7 . 2 - 7 . 7 (*<>)
8-12
X | 0.33
| (4)
* Indications of a few tests are that data apply equally well to pure Ni, but
data on pure Ni are too scanty to be useful. For specific gravity v. p. 456;
compressibility v. vol. Ill; viscosity v. vol. Ill; surface tension v. vol. III.
t Depends on gage of metal, larger for heavier gages.
By drop of beam or at Al % % lo.
By extensometer.
Il May be regarded as the normal or standard state.
U See p. 392.
** Ranges are large and depend on amount of cold work which varies from
5-95 % reduction of section.
11 Diam. = 0.505 in.
TABLE 2.Ni-CR-FE AND Ni-FE-Cs, "CHROMEL/' ETC. (i 9 )

% Ni
% Cr % Fe
82.5
77.5
5
20
fi77
61.0
io
12
I*
1*
^'
366
367
Trt IUTS
YP
El&
RA
BHN
d\ '
Rh 74-88 42-56 25-45 50-65 175-210 1

Rh 77-91 49-63 25-40 50-65 180-220 )
~^H~ 3%/
"Sh" 6^ 35=49 25^45 50^70 180-200 \8 10 8 2
6
25t
^j Q8 35_49 28-42 2-10
130-180 J ' " -
* Alloy contains also Mn, 1; C, 0.4; Si, 0.1.

t Alloy contains also Mn, 1; C, 0.5; Si, 0.5.
TABLE 3.Ni-Cu-X
No satisfactory systematic data exist on the mechanical properties of the Ni-Cu series. The available data on certain well known
commercial alloys are tabulated below.
There exist some data on Ni-Cu which indicate: (1) E is a
linear function of % Cu. (2) Hardness is a maximum between 35
and 50% Cu, its value at the maximum being a little greater than
that of pure Ni.
Ni, 68.4; Cu, 29.0; Fe, 2.0; Mn, 0.3; C, 0.2; Si, 0.1 "Monel metal"
(7>19)
Shape
I TrtT I UTS \ YPj \ PL | El* \ RA
Rh
60- 6725- 32 18-28 35-5011 45-65
Bars
RAU 46- 53 18- 28 14-21 35-50JJ
R0** 53-12028-10521-7035- I f f 45-50
,
,
.
RA
46- 53^^
18- 2814-2130-45f
Q,
Sheet or strip
^ ^
^_^ ^_ ^
R<
w-
Castings
20
DA 46- 53 18- 28 14-21 20-4Of

De** 53-120 28-105 21-70 20- If
G8
46-5621-28
25-35ft|
*ttll**tt For meanings v. footnotes to Table 1.

d= 8.80-8.90.
RA *V10 ^ ScH \RHN

3000 kg I 500 kg
A
42-49 14-21 40-60 50-70 100-120 80-100 12-16 55-65
R0.
49-99 21-88 40- 1 50- 5 120-300 120-300 16-50
dl = 8.85 0.05. 10~3 E = 14.8-16.2.
Trt
UTS YP El
TABLE 4.Cu-Ni, Cu-Ni-ZN, AND Cu-ZN-Ni*

(Cupro-nickel, Nickel-silver, Ambrac) ( 2 )
Condition
% comH d
position
Ni 1 Zn
UTS \YP\ El& I BHN UTS \YPl\ El& BHN
117Of
446
49
3
32
30
8.95 21.1
15 1
20
119Of
446
60
2
35
30
25
122Ot
446
37 13 38
20 5** 1150
136
60 53 5
160
35 15 35
70 8.84 28.6
18 17
111Ot
988
67
2
158
41
33
77 8.75 30.8
30 5
1220
135
74 67 2
190
46 20 28
85
25 20
113Ot
990
77
4
208
51
30
89 8.72 43.1
30 23
114Ot
991
91
2
51
35
8.74 48.2
10 25
101Ot
985
63
3
35
45
8.68
15 21
108Ot
987
63
5
35
40
15 28
103Ot
987
67
2
39
35
18 27
1055t
988
77
1
42
40
8.68 30.9
* For annealing ranges, D. Table 14.
t( 2 8 ). .
Stress at which AZ = > % I0.
10 mm, 500 kg.
U Electrical resistivity, microhm-cm.
t E = 8.4 X 103 kg/mm2.
** E = 13.4 X 103 kg/mm.
it
**
# -I
TABLE 5.TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF Ni-FE ALLOYS

(9 25) v. also Table 12
These alloys made out of 99.97% pure electrolytic Fe and
electrolytic Ni. Analyses showed: C well under 0.01%, S, Si, P
and Mn negligible.
A charge of electrolytic Fe was melted into an ingot and forged
under same conditions employed in preparation of alloys. Analysis of this gave: C, 0.047; Mn, 0.0; Si, 0.062; P, 0.016; S, 0.005.
All except last three compositions were annealed at 90O0C.
% Ni
I UTS
I YP
\
El&
I RA
|
ScH
0.25
35.4
26.7
35.0
69.7
14.5
0.50
39.0
28.5
36.5
70.2
14
1.00
42.1
30.8
33.7
68.8
14
2.00
45.3
34.3
34.2
65.4
14
3.00
49.7
38.9
27.5
67.6
14.5
4.00
49.3
36.6
28.4
66.7
14
TABLE 5.TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF Ni-FE ALLOYS

(9t 25) Vm aiso Table 12.(Continued)
%Ni
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.0
10.5
11.0
12.0
13.0
15.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
25
45
50
UTS
51.5
52.9
51.3
55.2
63.2
62.8
62.9
85.6
85.6
113.4
107.8
127.7
127.0
87.8
136.2
73.3
57.6
76.3
YP
41.0
39.7
40.9
44.5
50.7
50.5
48.6
69.7
68.7
90.0
88.8
96.8
81.7
78.0
86.2
39.6
38.4
53.2
El&
I
31.4
29.5
26.7
30.2
25.1
22.3
24.2
11.6
14.5
6.8
10.5
10.0
10.7
21.5
4.0
45.0
32.5
26.5
RA
68.1
64.2
58.5
64.4
60.2
59.1
57.2
34.6
35.8
18.2
35.8
34.4
38.7
62.5
4.2
68.3
65.0
63.7
TABLE 6.COMPRESSION TESTS ON Ni-FE

% Ni
% C
I % Mn I % Si
I
0.27
0.19
0.79
0.31
0.51
.14
.75
.20
0.95
.13
.72
.23
1.92
.14
.72
.21
3.82
.19
.65
.20
5.81
.18
.65
.31
7.65
.17
.68
.28
9.51
.16
.86
.20
11.39
.18
.93
.22
15.48
.23
.93
.24
19.64
.19
.93
.27
24.51
.16
1.00
.30
29.07
.14
0.86
.38
ScH
15.5
16
16
17
18
20
21
25
31.5
34
34
31
34.5
31
21
17
ALLOYS* ( 18 )
ELc
\
cf
35
50
35
50
32
49
43
47
44
41
63
37
63
33
110
3
158
1
126
1
126
3
79
16
38
41
TABLE 9.TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS ON NI-STEELS

(Ni <6%).* (Continued)
E =^
L
f
I
Im
Treatment
P = PL
Y=FP
El&
RA
BHN
56~9
56.8
66.2
66.3
62.4
64.3
59.2
64.3
34.3 Y
34.6 Y
38.7 Y
38.2 Y
45.2 Y
45.5 Y
41.IY
46.9 Y
101
21.0
21.8
23.6
25.5
26.2
24.2
24.7
2(TO
23.9
44.7
49.8
64.6
65.7
48.9
53.2
1.87V
2.34V
2.90V
2.67 V
4.36V
3.51V
2.98V
2.74 V
Ni, 2.30; C, 0.44; Mn, 0.43; Si, 0.48; S, 0.016; P, 0.017; Cu, 0.062 (23)^
GC A** tangential
GC A** longitudinal
65.3
65.7
39.2 Y
39.7 Y
12.1
12.0
14.2 I
13.2 ]
0.69V
0.74V
Ni, 3.59; C, 0.20; Mn, 0.69; Si, 0.18; P, 0.007; S, 0.013 (27)
A (0.505 in. diam.)
843
5l
138
136
105
81
(100
Qo Tp (J in. I 205
diam.)] 427
[538
39
112 E
102 E
88 E
67 E
3LO64~743
12.5
41.5 354
11.0
45.6 356
15.5
68
264
20.3
73
216
(3, 6, 24, 29)
A (1-1.5 in. diam.)

788-86O0QwTp
55
'650 76
600 84
j 500 96
400 118
300 146
-69.5 39
-81.5 59
- 91 71
-112.5 85
-134 105
-156 129
- 42JJ 31 -26.5
-67.526.5-22
- 77 23.5-20
-99 20 -17
-119 15 -12
-135 13 -12
56-55
69-60
67-60
61-57
57-50
54-48
160-170
200-225
226-248
290-302
340-360
370-444
Ni, 3.70; C, 0.36; Mn, 0.73; Si, 0.15; P, 0.007; S, 0.011 ( 2 7 )

O
43 O 0 T _ 4 2 7 o
843
Q0 T)) 427
7
3
|m
4~5
^Q
6L2
^g
342
50.5-59
35 - 41ft 34 -25.5 60-48 149-170 < !û

^10.Oy
650 62 - 77
41 - 66 34 -22.5 71-66 172-217
600 64 -82
43.5-72
70-62 180-230 j !fû
32.5-22
^lO./v
4 500 74.5- 93
400 91 -115
100 121 -135
55 - 81 28 -18
72 - 93 23 -14
70-58 215-260
68-47 257-318
15 -11.5 55-38 330-365/ û
96 -112
(10, 17)
% Ni | % Cr | IQ-3E
272
19.0
16.2 2.5 19.6
16.8 l
18.3
34.8 1.5 15.5
35.7 1.7 15.7
36.4 0.9 15.7
* Non-magnetic.
t Magnetic, transformation probably incomplete.
* Fairly pure Ni-Fe.
TABLE 9.TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS ON NI-STEELS

(Ni <6%)*
E = EL\
P = PL
El&
RA
BHN
Y = FP
Ni, 1.76; C, 0.26; Mn, 0.90; Si, 0.18; S, 0.02; P, 0.04 ( 14 )
G8 W 800/4 h Ca l h
67J5
39.4 E
5 1 4 5 .
Same, Tp 70OVl h C 6 h
61.0
36.9 E
21
22.5
G8 W 800/4 h Cf 18 h
64.8
36.6 E
28.5
39.8
Same, Tp 70071 h C 6 h
64.5
37.OE
33
52.8
Treatment
UTS
IS'i IJ,
kg-m
percm2
~~
1 V
7.5 V
8.2V
33V
4.5y
I ScH
Ni, 3.31-3.75; C, 0.15-0.20; Mn, 0.34-0.60; P, 0.006-0.023; S, 0.025-0.033 (3. 29)

A (1-1.5 in. diam.)
802-848 Q0 Tp
'650
600
500
400
300
50.5-56
53 -57.5
55 - 67
65 - 86
79.5- 97
83 -115
31.5-48JJ 35 -32
33 -42.533 -28
37 - 47 32 -26
48 - 66 27 -22
60 - 82 22.5-15
60.5- 93 22 -13
65-52
76-67
73-68
68-62
65-53
59-48
126-145
150-178
170-200
187-277
190-325
192-358
22-26
26-31
29-34
38-47
43-48
46-53
Ni, 3.16-3.65; C, 0.35-0.39; Mn, 0.48-0.65;

Si, 0.10-0.22; P, 0.009-0.041; S,
0.020-0.036 ( 3 > 6 28, 29)
A (1-1.5 in. diam.)
TABLE 8.DENSITY (gm/cm 3 ) OF Ni-FE ALLOYS* ( 7 )

% Ni
O
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100
100 d
787.5 789 802 806 763? 805 829 839 852 860 886
TTIT
^
Ni, 4.6-5.3; C, 0.12-0.17; Mn, 0.30-0.62; P, 0.008-0.046; S, 0.018-0.045 (*)
IO
% Ni |10-3ff|| % Ni |1Q-3#||
27.9 sT 39.4 oT
30.4 16.0 44.3 16.3
31.4 15.5 70.0 19.8
34.6 15.4 100.0 21.6
35.2 14.9
37.2 14.6
10.42U
6.78U
6.42U
9.74 U
11.46U
Ni, 3.36-3.70; C, 0.30-0.37; Mn, 0.57-0.70; P, 0.008-0.04; S, 0.020-0.045
TABLE 7.ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF Ni-FE AND Ni-FE-CR ALLOYS
% Ni |1Q-3#||
5.0 21.7
15.0 19.1
19.0 17.7
24.1* 19.3
24.lt 17.4
26.2 18.5
' '*
"
kg m
Ni, 2.73; C, 0.37; Mn, 0.54; Si, 0.18; S, 0.02; P, 0.015; Cu, 0.042 (j^
G0 A** tangential
Gc A** longitudinal
GC Fm tangential
G0 Fm longitudinal
Gc F Trtft tangential
GC F Trtft longitudinal
Gc Trtft tangential
Gc Trtft longitudinal
760-900 Q0 Tp
* Specimens 1 in. X 0.798 in. diam. (forged, unannealed).

AZ
- j - e = _ 100 -j- for 158 kg/mm2 ioa(j.
UTS
773-860 Q 0 Tp
67 -70 42-43. 5ft

650 73 - 81 43- 68
600 74.5-88 51- 72
500 86.5-101 76-88
400 109 -134
91-112
[300 135 -165 112-151
28
28
28
20
16
13
-25
-22
-21
-17
-12.5
-11
56-48
67-62
65-62
60-54
50-17
45-43
183-200
217-230
229-244
265-296
325-349
385-420
26-35
34-41
36-42
48-52
57-62
65-67
* The average effect of Ni up to 8 % upon an Fe-C alloy in the fully annealed

condition is as follows: 0.01 % Ni increases EL by 28 g/mm 2 , UTS by 29.5 g/mm 2 ,
RA by 0.005 %, decreases El by 0.010 % ( 1 J.
t Some data not clear as to whether PL, EL1 or YP is measured.
Subscripts to values of IS: u = Izod machine, v = Charpy machine.
Specimens 50 mm X 13.8 mm diam.
Il Specimens 30 mm sq. X 160 mm long, notch 2 mm radius.
f Taken from ring-casting 71.5 in. long by 10.9 in. diam.
** A = A 950/4 h Ca, W 600/6 h.
ft Trt = 800/1 h Qw Tp 675.
l Data not clear as to method, lower figure generally reported as EL, higher
as YP.
TABLE 10.TOKSION TESTS ON NI-STEELS ( 27 )

Treatment
(in 1 in. diam. )
Ni, 3.48;
8 4 3 0 Q 0 T p / 85.7
205
\ 90.3
843 Q0 Tp f 92.9
150
\ 88.2
f 53.2
A
\ 52.2
a
|
C, 0.19; Mn, 0.70;
58.7 17.0 56.7
60.8 16.5 47.4
65.3 16.5 49.1
62.5 17.0 53.5
34.4 23.5 67.0
35.1 23.0 65.1
T
|
(/cm) UIv
Si, 0.10; P, 0.009; S, 0.019
81.7 28JO
35^9\7
88.9
28.6
28.7
/
89.1 28.6
32.0
\_
88.6 28.6
42.8
J
51.9 21.4
64.3
53.3 25.2
51.9
/
g^
&L
TT"
*15Q2)
^ oVTo
i p olo
7 9
I 8
^1 63 - 2 18' 63 ' 7 76 ' 7 34'8
'
J96y b 55
I 83.3 63.2 17.5 63.5 79.4 34.0
8.5
f
^
j
Ni, 3.66; C, 0.30; Mn, 0.70; Si, 0.18; P, 0.011; S, 0.010
54.5
i
845 Q0 Tp f 80.1 61.1 19.5 66.0 69.9 39.4
650
\ 77.3 60.4 21.0 67.5 6,9.8 43.0
63.4
/
845 Q0 Tp f 92.8 71.7 16.5 59.2 80.8 45.9
79.6
i
425
\ 93.3 72.7 18.0 58.2 81.2 46.5
76.8
J
A
f 65.4 36.2 18.5 50.7 60.8 17.9
39.4
\
Af
\ I 64.5 [35.5| 15.0 52.7 58.9 16.2
39.6
/
* Diam. = 0.505 in.
t Broke near end.
TABLE 11.EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON IMPACT STRENGTH

OF NI-STEELS ( 3 )
Composition A = Ni, 2.9; C, 0.17; Mn, 0.34; Si, 0.05; P, 0.023;
S, 0.033.
Composition B = Ni, 3.65; C, 0.37; Mn, 0.65; Si, 0.17; P, 0.030;
S, 0.020.
Composition C = Ni, 6.00; C, 0.17; Mn, 0.34; Si, 0.39; P, 0.014;
S, 0.014.
Composition Composition Composition
Treatment
is
is
is
IS
is
is
Izod Charpy Izod Charpy Izod Charpy

N 860
12.3 14.7
5.0
4.5
10.7 10.5
860 Qw
4.0
3.9
0.6
0.8
4.3
4.6
(300 4.8
5.8
0.6
1.0
4.6
4.5
400 7.5
7.2
1.1
1.3
6.6
5.9
500 10.4 11.7
7.2
8.0
9.4 10.9
Same, Tp..] 600 14.3 16.7
10.0 13.0
13.7 15.2
650 15.6 20.4
11.2 14.3
14.1 15.2
700
9.8 10.6
725
8.6
9.8
860 Q0
8.9 10.1
0.8
1.0.
3.6
4.5
300 10.2 12.9
0.7
0.8
400 11.6 14.5
1.5
2.0
Same, Tp.. 500 13.3 16.8
6.9
8.7
600 14.5 18.2
10.1 12.3
13.8 16.2
650 15.1 20.4
11.3 13.6 |
For Ni, 3.5; C, 0.17 (845 Q0 760 Q0 Tp 232) IS (Izod) = 4.8.
For Ni, 5; C, 0.16 (845 Q0 730 Q0 Tp 232) IS (Izod) = 10.5.
TABLE 12.HIGH NI-STEELS
% c o m p o s i t i o n ^ ^ ^ yp
^
Ni
I C I Mn
25-28
0.30
60-65 25-35 30-35 50-60
30-35
[to
60-6728-3530-4040-60
35-38
J 0.50
70-81 45-5525-35 50
26
0.20 1.50 ~~Rh 55\2 8.4~50
vT
30
0.15 1.50 A* 59.4 19.7 47
69
32.3
0.12 2.30 A* 54.5 15.5 43
66
35.1
0.22 1.50 A* 59.7 21.1 42
67
36
0.08 0.50 A* 50.9 16.9 39
68
45
0.37 1.50 A* 66.4 24.6 44
51
50.7
0.17 1.25 Rh 69.6 34.1 39
68
* Annealed from above 79O0C.
^
(6)
(<*)
(6)
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
Data on hardness of Ni-Fe alloys are unsatisfactory.

Approximate values are, for Ni, 10-20%: BHN = 200-350,
ScH = 20-35; for Ni, 28-60%: BHN = 160-190, ScH = 16-24.
For Ni, 60-100%, hardness decreases continuously to that for
pure Ni.
TABLE 13.Ni-MN ALLOYS* ( 7 > 1 ^)
% composition
I
I
Mn I C I Fe I "sTT^" ^ *
*
**
3.00 0.060.620.220.018 52.1 16.5 14.1
51
60
3.58
.06 .62 .23 .018 52.3 16.7 15.8
50
62
4.40
.06 .73 .27 .021 53.1 19.3 17.6 43
63
5.06
.06 .72 .28 .020 54.5 18.8 15.8
48
62
6.78
.07 .89 .34 .020 57.6 21.8 21.4 50
66
6.84
.08 .91 .35 .020 57.1 22.1 21.9 36
50
9.18
.10 .95 .42 .021 59.1 23.1 22.5 48
62
9.24
.10 .94 .41 .020 58.9 23.0 21.8 48
64
* For alloys of the typical composition: Mn, 0.3 to 10; Fe, 0.4; Co, 0.4; C,
0.1; Si, 0.1 the values of UTS, YP, and PL increase approximately 0.7 kg/mm 2
for each additional 1 % Mn, while El and RA are not changed appreciably.
Although no data are available, the other properties may be accepted as substantially the same as for 99 % nickel if Mn content is not over 10 %. Alloys
containing 2-6 % Mn have tensile properties practically identical with those of
Ni containing 0.3 % Mn. These are commercially known as high Mn nickel,
spark plug wire nickel, magno-nickel, etc.
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Mold shrinkage = 2% of length for Ni, "Chromel," "Monel
metal/' and "Constantan" (5, 7, 19, 29).
TABLE 14.ANNEALING AND FORGING RANGES (5 7 19 29 )
,, . ,
Metal
Annealing range, 0C
Forging range, 0C
II
Ni
"Chro- "Monel "Con,

, , , ,
mei
metal stantan
500-700 600- 925 500- 700 500- 700
975-1200 975-1150 975-1150 925-1100
ANNEALING RANGES OF NICKEL SILVERS (Cu-Ni-ZN) (2)

^
XTrr Ind. Annealing
... Ni
Ind. Annealing
AT. _ . _
% Ni ^f% Zn
Jf %
% Zn AT
*
XT
No.
range, 0 C
No.
range, 00C
15
O
446
600-800
30
5
135
650-800
20
O
446
600-800
25
20
990
550-800
25
O
446
650-800
30
23
991
600-800
20
5
136
650-800
10
25
985
550-800
18
17
988
600-800
18
27
998
550-800
Annealing range depends on time and previous treatment,
especially cold work. Ranges given above for Ni and Monel
metal are the active annealing (softening) ranges. For Rh or
mildly Rc metal: A 800-90O0C; while for R0 over 20%: A 700800. Neither Ni nor Monel metal is subject to heat treatment in
the usual sense.
LITERATURE
O ) Abbott, 66, 17II: 11; 17. ( 2 ) W. H. Bassett, American Brass Co., Waterbury, Conn., O. ( 3 ) Benton, 2, 12: 36; 01. ( 4 ) British Engineering Standards Assoc., (Automobile Steel Research} Rep. No. 75; 1920. ( 5 ) Browne
and Thompson, 80, 64: 387; 20. ( 6 ) Bull ens, Steel and Its Heat Treatment.
New York, Wiley, 1918. (7) Bureau of Standards, 866, No. 100; 21. ()
Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 58: 23. (9 ) Burgess and Aston, Bull. Univ.
Wisconsin, No. 346; 10.
(io) Colby, 66, 3: 141; 03. (") Copaux, 6, 6: 508; 05. () Del Regno, 22,
31 II: 105; 22. (i3) Fleming, 5, 66: 52; 99. ( 1 ^) Giolitti, 33, 24: 117; 21.
( 1S ) Grneisen, 8, 22: 801; 07. ( 16 ) Guillaume, 149, 5: 255; 98. 07)
Guillaume, Congrs international des mthodes d'essai des matriaux de
construction. Paris, 1900. C 1 *) Hadfield, 153, 138: 1; 99. 0) International Nickel Co., New York City, O.
(20) Roch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15. (21) Koch and Dieterle, 8, 68:
441; 22. ( 2 2 ) Quoted from Landolt-Brnstein, BS: 288; 23. (23) Langenberg, 33, 25: 910; 21. (24) Parker, 430, 99: 1380; 17. (25) Roush, 33,
8: 468; 10. (26) Scott,Si, 16:195; 20. (27)Stagg, Impact Tests. Halcomb
Steel Co., Syracuse, N. Y. (2) Tafel, 192, 5: 375; 08. (29) O; from various
steel and automobile companies.
TABLE 15. CRITICAL RANGES OF NI-STEELS

_% composition
.^.
Ni
0.00
.00
2.00
2.04
2.68
2.90
3.00
3.46
3.313.75
3.353.70
3.163.65
4.615.32
Heating rate,
/sec
1 C ! Mn I
Si I
P
0.40 0.00
0.008 0.00
.40
.75
.22
.014
.38
.66
.16
.017
.35
.65
.17
.010
.35
.64
.24
.014
.40
.63
.28
.023
.37
.71
.22
.012
.29
.56
.28
.018
.15.34.006.20
.60
.023
.30- .57.008
.37
.70
.04
.35- .48- 0.10.009.39
.65
0.22
.041
.12- .30.008.17
.62
.046
I S
Range I Av.
0.00
0.09-0.210.15
.022 0.075-0.30 .16
.011 0.10-0.23 .15
.020 0.044-0.19 .12
.022 0.10-0.30 .19
.033 0.16-0.20 .18
.010 0.11 -0.26 .19
.028 0.052-0.16 .096
.025- \
.033 } Case (0.80 C)
.020.045
.020.036
.018.045
ACI, 0C
Beg.
733
726
696
699
691
686
688
684
I Max.]
736
732
710
709
704
701
703
695
Aca
Max.
End
746 767
748 759
723
721
716
714
717
710
678-701 (max.)/ 722738
710677-710 (max.) I 745
699-707 (max.) !716729
Ac3, 0C
Max. I End
788
809
783
802
738
758
742
758
737
758
726
743
729
750
730
750
Cooling
rate,
%ec
0.16
.14
.16
.13
.18
.19
.18
.074
Ar3, 0C
Beg. I Max.
767 745
743 729
691 670
697 678
672 654
670 644
668 641
677 648
An, 0C
Lit.
Beg. 1 Max.| End

708 704 694
681 672 654
642 630 599
644 634 608
621 611 576
617 606 572
616 609 567
610 598 576
(26)
( 2 )
( 2 *)
( 26 )
J732-794(max.)
583-631 (max.)
(3,29)
i 7 10-745 (max.)
584-610 (max.) ^* ^
Wl 6-729 (max.)
588-592 (max.)
^9 *'
670-692 (max.) T 73^ > 740-760 (max.)

Same, for case \ 725
555-576 (max.)
(29)
MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON AND OF STEELS

CONTAINING C, CR, CR-V, Cu, NI-CR, Ni-Cu, Ni-V AND V
W. H. HATFIELD, J. WOOLMAN AND O. PRIEST
CONTENTS
MATIRES
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Chemical analyses.
Carbon steels.
Cast iron.
Cr steels.
Cr-V steels.
Cu steels.
Ni-Cr steels.
Ni-Cu steels.
Ni-V steels.
V steels.
Elastic properties.
Specific gravity.
Specific heat and thermal conductivity.
Analyses chimiques.
Aciers au carbone.
Fonte.
Aciers au Cr.
Aciers au Cr-V.
Aciers au Cu.
Aciers au Ni-Cr.
Aciers au Ni-Cu.
Aciers au Ni-V.
Aciers au V.
Proprits lastiques.
Poids spcifique.
Chaleur spcifique et conductibilit thermique.
Chemische Analysen.
Kohlenstoffsthle.
Eisenguss.
Cr-Sthle.
Cr-V-Sthle.
Cu-Sthle.
Ni-Cr-Sthle.
Ni-Cu-Sthle.
Ni-V-Sthle.
V-Sthle.
Elastizitt.
Spezifische Wrme und Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
INTRODUCTION
Order of Accuracy of Results Quoted. The term "order of
accuracy" refers to the variations which are likely to arise from
the method of testing per se. These variations may be due to
slight changes in the apparatus, to the limits within which the
observations may be read, to the sensitiveness of the apparatus, and
to personal error. These do not affect the results in the same way,
some giving a constant error and others a proportionate error.
Variability of Results. It has not been possible to quote results
with the order of accuracy attainable for the various tests. Variations in data arise not so much from errors of observation, but
rather from slight differences in composition or small differences in
heat treatment. Differences in heat treatment may be due to
errors in temperature measurement or to varying rates of cooling.
The size of the sample treated is in many cases of utmost importance. In the data given all test pieces, except where otherwise
stated or indicated, were treated in the form of bars of about 1.5
INDICE
Analisi chimica
Acciai al carbonio
Ghisa
Acciai al Cr
Acciai al Cr-V
Acciai al Cu
Acciai al Ni-Cr
Acciai al Ni-Cu
Acciaiai Ni-V
Acciai al V
Propriet elastic he
Peso specifico
Calore specifico e
ducibilit termica
pAQa
484
487
497
506
509
. 509
510
513
513
514
515
516
con518
in. diameter or of square section. Other variations in the rate of

cooling may be due to the following causes:
In water quenching, to the temperature of the water.
In oil quenching, to different oils used, to their temperature and
condition.
In air cooling, to the conditions of the atmosphere (temperature
and nature of the draughts).
In furnace or slow cooling, to differences in the lagging.
In consequence of such possible variations, results by different
observers on the same type of material often vary by considerable
amounts, and for the same reasons in applying the results, one has
to bear in mind the variations that may occur due to the above
causes. The order of accuracy of the determinations and the
variability of the results are tabulated below. The latter are
quoted with a certain amount of reserve, but in most cases may
be depended on as being of the right order. The term " Variability of Results" is not intended to apply to those cases of brittle
steels where the test piece breaks prematurely.
ACCURACY AND VARIABILITY OF RESULTS

Carbon Steels.(Continued)
e = Probable order of accuracy of determination.

rj = Approximate variability of results.
Property
UTS, UCS
YP, YPc
PL, EL
PLc, ELc
EL, RA
USS
TMR
YP&
PL8, ELs
Tw
#,
_e_
%
1%
5%
2%
2
1%
1%
2%
5%
1%
2%
BHN1LCH
Sf #
d24
k
C
77
5 kg/mm 2
5 kg/mm 2
10 kg/mm 2
10 kg/mm 2
4
5 kg/mm 2
7 kg/mm 2
10 kg/mm 2
2%
1%
5%
5%
5%
0.1%
2%
2%
0.5%
4%
2%
Torsion Test Data.The maximum shearing strength is obtained

from tests on hollow specimens. In other cases, it has been calculated from results obtained on solid test pieces on the assumption
that at the breaking point, the stresses are uniform across the
section.
Bend Tests on Cast Iron.Owing to the nature of this material,
results of tests are very erratic, and the results quoted can only
be taken as typical of the corresponding analysis.
Impact Tests.In all cases, the actual energy to fracture the
test piece is given. In the case of many observers, the results
are quoted in energy units per unit area at the notch, but as results
on different sizes of test pieces are not strictly comparable, nothing
is gained by so reducing the results.
The different types of test pieces are indicated by subscripts,
for meaning of which see p. 396.
Approximate Variability of Results.Considerable variations are
obtained, in many cases even in the same test piece, on material
of similar composition and heat treatment. It is difficult, therefore,
to give an estimate of the reliability of application in this case.
The values quoted are, however, typical of the results to be
obtained.
Physical Data.Specific Gravity.With great care in observation, density measurements can be made to an accuracy of
below 0.01 %. It would appear, however, that most of the data
available have been determined with an accuracy not greater than
0.1 %.
TABLE 1.CHEMICAL ANALYSES
The analysis quoted for any given material, refers in most cases
to the type of that material, and the range of composition covering
that type has been given. It is to be understood that the actual
amounts of any element may vary within small limits from the
value quoted. In many cases where little published work is
available, the actual analysis of the steel has been given.
Carbon Steels
All these steels contain traces of S and P
Key
No.
1
2
3
4
5
C
<0.07
0.08
0.09
0.14
0.14
% composition
Mn
I
0-0.2
0.4-0.6
0.1-0.4
0.1-0.3
0.3-0.7
Si
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
0-0.3
0-0.3
Ind.
No.
341
Key
No.
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28*
29
30
31
32*
33
34
35
36
37
38
39f
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
C
O.8
0.18
0.23
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.40
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.55
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.63
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.67
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.78
0.79
0.81
0.84
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.89
0.90
0.93
0.94
0.98
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.10
1.11
% composition
Mn
I
0.7-0.8
0.1-0.6
0.4-0.6
0.4-0.6
0.1-0.2
0.17-0.26
0.75-0.95
0.4-0.6
0.4-0.6
0.7-0.8
<0.4
0.71
0.2-0.25
0.4-0.6
0.43
0.1-0.3
0.46
0.49
0.7-0.9
0.7-0.8
0.35
0.4-0.6
0.8-0.9
0.1-0.2
0.70
0.43
0.5-0.7
0.48
0.1-0.2
0.8-0.9
0.44
0.1-0.3
0.4-0.6
0.7-0.8
0.8-0.9
0.4-0.65
0.18
0.26
0.48
0.66
0.12-0.26
0.67
0.74
0.1-0.35
0.71
0.2-0.4
0.87
<0.3
0.5-0.65
0.07
0.7-0.8
0.19
0.3-0.5
0.45-0.6
0.2-0.4
0.43
0.4-0.6
0.2-0.35
0.2-0.4
0.35
0.23
Si
0.1-0.2
0-0.4
0.3
Tr.
Tr.
0.03-0.04
0.35
0.10-0.3
<0.3
<0.4
0.15
0.19
<0.1
<0.2
0.33
0.03-0.07
0.275
0.052
0.12
0.3-0.4
0.65
0.12-0.15
0.06-0.1
<0.10
0.34
0.24
0.2-0.3
0.12
0.03-0.08
0.2-0.3
0.86
<0.2
<0.49
0.20
0.1-0.2
<0.3
0.336
<0.06
0.08
0.07
<0.3
0.147
0.313
<0.100
0.322
<0.38
0.22
<0.3
<0.2
0.056
0.06-0.07
0.34
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
0.158
0.5
<0.2
<0.3
0.059
0.27
Ind.
No.
341
Carbon Steels.(Continued)
Key
No.
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
C
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.25
1.26
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.35
1.40
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
1.50
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.76
1.95
2.10
Chromium Steels
% composition
I
Mn
1
0.050
0.2-0.44
0.1-0.3
0.62
Ind.
No.
Si
0.094
0.2-0.3
<0.2
0.46
0.8
0.22
0.3-0.4
0.54
0.2-0.45
0.06
0.31
<0.1
0.26
Up to 0.2
% composition
KeyN
0.64
0.2-0.3
0.55
0.29
0.07
0.02
0.58
* Rails.
t Tram rails.
0.1-0.2
0.085
0.08
0.058
0.034
0.078
R. R. tire,
Tram tire.
Cast Iron
No7
Total
C
~ ~ 8 4 2 3
85
24
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
24-25
25
26-27
27
10 X % composition
Graph~
ite
9-11
20-25
13
20
9-10
19
14-16
8.5
27-29 16-20
27-29 16-18
29-30
4-7
29
24
5
29
29
5
30-31 2.5-4.5
29-31 17-21
30-31 26-28 6-10
31
11
20
32
15
30-32 21-24
4-8
28-35
<1.5
28-35
<4
32
Tr.
32
11
3.5
30-32 23-24 20-22
30-33
27
2-9
32-33 27-29
5-7
32-34 20-25
0-9
33-34 25-26
5-6
33.5 29-30
6
111
34-35 27-29
112
34-35 28-31
113
35
33
114 36-36.5 29-30
115
36.5 35
116
37.5 27.3
117* 35-38 30-32
118
35-38 32-33
119
45.7
J
* Chilled iron car wheels.
6
6-7
6.5
6-9
5
5
6-7
8
IndT
No.
18-22
29
10-16
17-20
10
Tr.
3.0
20-23
10-11
20
4.5
11-14
20-24 <1.8
12-15 <1.5
29
1.5
15
6-8
<1.0
8-19
1.1
15-23
10
13.5
0.5
13-20
1-2
6-8
<3.5
6-8
<0.7
4
Tr.
8
17-24
11-20
1-2
22-27
1.0
10-14 0.5-1.7
20-22 1-1.3
24-28
1.0
Analyses show traces of S and P in all these Cr steels excepting

Nos. 146, 170, 184, 185, 189, 191.
<12
<5
1.8
Tr.
1-9
<2
<2
Tr.
837
836
1477
<15
2-8
4-8
8-11
2.0
14-15 <1.4 1-4

19-25 <1.5 1.5-5.5
22-26 <1.0 3-5
12-15 1-1.6 1-4
29
6.2
13
16
1.0
4.9
5-6 2-2.2 3.4-3.7
13-15 1.4-1.91.3-1.6
j
661
2
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
Cr
Mn
Si
(K25
0.35
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.70
0.76
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.35
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.6
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
7.3
7.8
8.1
8.1
9.1
9.4
9.5
9.5
10
10.15
10.15
10.4
10.4
11.2
11.8
12-14
(T36
1.46
0.36
0.64
0.86
0.04
0.35
0.47
0.34
0.6
0.84
0.97
0.06
0.45
0.75
0.31
0.35
0.22
0.33
0.50
0.65
0.95
0.83
0.39
0.25
0.4
0.6
0.31
0.40
1.00
0.21
0.79
0.34
0.46
0.83
1.07
0.25
0.57
0.26
0.40
0.54
1.00
0.84
0.07
0.43
1.02
0.14
0.75
0.44
1.09
0.6
0.15
0.85
0.37
1.14
0.36
1.01
0.08
L34
0.2
0.32
0.10
0.03
Tr.
0.3
0.72
0.32
075
0.13
0.19
0.04
0.24
0.97
0.15
0.1
0.24
Tr.
0.72
0.34
0.75
0.25
0.2
0.2
0.24
0.2
0.2
0.35
0.18
0.2
0.2
0.06
0.22
0.7
0.12
0.16
0.14
0.1
Tr.
0.05
Tr.
Tr.
0.18
0.2
0.07
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
Tr.
Tr.
0.43
0.18
0.10
0.21
0.19
0.22
0.16
0.3
0.2
0.08
0.22
0.23
0.42
Tr.
0.11
0.08
0.19
0.19
0.12
0.20
0.25
0.14
0.3
0.41
0.12
0.43
0.37
0.34
0.88
0.24
0.45
0.14
0.06
Tr.
0.25
0.1
Tr.
Tr.
0.1
Tr.
<0.1
0.19
0.07
0.28
0.1
Ind.
No.
0.05
0.2
0.11
0.50
0.46
0.16
0.06
1137
1444
1444
1443
1323
Chromium Steels.(Continued)
KeyN
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
Key
No.
192
193
194
195*
196
197
198
199
200
Cr
0.30
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.3
Copper Steels.(Continued)
% composition
I C
Mn I Si
0.12
0.13
0.16
0.28
0.22
0.1
0.34
0.24
0.5
0.39
0.24
0.5
0.12
0.26
1.31
0.32
0.22
1.19
1.18
0.1
0.6
0.88 <0.1
0.03
0.47
0.64
0.24
0.85 <0.1
0.1
0.6
0.85 <0.1
0.20
Cr
12-14
12-14
12-14
12-14
12-14
12-14
12-14
15.0
15.0
16.0
19.5
20
23.7
29.5
Chrome Vanadium Steels
I
0.11
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.17
0.19
% composition
C
I
Mn
I
0.20
0.72
0.23
0.35
0.22
0.37
0.44
0.30
0.38
Si
0.25
Tr.
0.36
0.78
0.29
0.74
0.84
0.39
0.47
Tr.
Ind.
No.
]
\ 1324
I
|
[> 1324
J
1443
507
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
0.1 Tr.
0.21 Tr.
0.17 Tr.
0.06
0.06 Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Ind.
No.
Tr.
201
1.2-1.4 0.16-0.200.37-0.42 0.60-0.85 <0.3 <0.05<0.05
202
1.45
0.19
0.46
0.45
0.18
203
1.5
0.33
0.46
0.64
0.19 Tr.
Tr.
* Connecting rod.
Copper Steels
Analyses show traces of S in all these excepting Nos. 217, 219,
223, 235-237, 239, 240.
Key
% composition
Ind.
No.
Cu
I
C
I Mn
Si
I
P
No.
204
T
0.78
0.52
0.07
Tr.
205
0.2
0.13
0.50
0.25
Tr.
206
0.2
0.30
0.30
0.26
0.08
207
0.2
0.49
0.43
0.07
Tr.
208
0.2
0.50
0.02
0.07
0.20
209
0.2
0.50
0.79
0.27
Tr.
210
0.3
0.72
0.83
0.03
Tr.
211
0.4
0.29
0.34
0.26
0.08
212
0.4
0.49
0.46
0.08
Tr.
213
0.4
0.72
0.46
0.05
Tr.
214
0.5
0.16
0.09
0.22
Tr.
215
0.5
0.39
0.14
0.32
Tr.
216
0.5
0.42
0.93
0.06
0.07
217
0.5
0.57
0.02
0.31
218
0.5
0.97
0.49
0.18
Tr.
219
0.5
1.03
0.06
0.32
220
0.6
0.28
0.30
0.21
0.07
221
0.6
0.52
0.43
0.07
Tr.
222
0.7
0.28
0.26
0.27
Tr.
223
0.85
0.10
224
0.9
0.48
0.7
0.07
Tr.
225
1.0
0.16
0.07
0.21
Tr.
226
1.0
0.40
0.16
0.31
Tr.
227
1.0
0.54
0.32 <0.26
Tr.
228
1.0
1.00
0.30
0.29
Tr.
229
1.3
0.32
0.64
Tr.
Tr.
230
1.6
0.68
0.36
Tr.
Tr.
231
1.8
0.10
0.08
0.04
Tr.
Key N
- -
Cu
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.9
3.0
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.0
% composition
I Mn
I Si
0.17 0.11 0.21

Tr.
0.29 0.68 0.08 0.08
0.39 0.18 0.24
Tr.
0.22
0.59 0.32 0.07
0.17 1.04 0.15
1.07 0.31 0.34
Tr.
0.04 0.16
0.38
0.16 0.11 0.19
Tr.
0.37 0.14 0.22
Tr.
Nickel Chromium Steels

All these Ni-Cr steels contain traces of P and S.
% composition
Key No.
| Cr |
| Mn | Si
Ni
C
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
Key
No.
279
280
281
282
283
Ind.
No.
Ind.
No.
0.73
0.17
0.19
0.48
1.5-1.8 0.6
0.30
0.5
0.2
1.5-1.8 0.8
0.28
0.4
0.1
1.5-1.8 1.6
0.38
0.6
0.33
1.9-2.1 0.6
0.37
0.7
0.18
1.9-2.1 1.0
0.21
0.4
0.20
1.9-2.1 1.0
0.36
0.4
0.47
1.9-2.1 1.0
0.42
0.84 0.26
1.9-2.1 2.2
0.44
0.67 0.14
2.1-2.4 0.5
0.30
0.4 0.1-0.25
2.1-2.4 1.45
0.30
0.45 0.24
2.8-3.2 0.45
0.17
0.4
0.15
2.8-3.2 0.34
0.37
0.4
0.12
2.8-3.2 0.9
0.39
0.6
0.23
2.8-3.2 1.4
0.30
0.6
0.14
2.8-3.2 1.5
0.35
0.4
0.25
2.8-3.2 2.0
0.35
0.3
0.3
2.8-3.2 1.7
0.5
0.3
0.3
3.7
0.6
0.17
0.3
0.1
3.3-3.70.6-1.00.23-0.270.4-0.60.1-0.2
3.3-3.70.7-1.00.3 -0.340.4-0.70.1-0.14
3.3-3.71.4-1.6
0.26
0.3
0.1
3.7-4.1 0.9
0.38
0.7
0.15
3.7-4.11.4-1.6
0.14
0.4
0.1
3.7-4.11.4-1.6
0.31
0.4
0.1
4.0
2.0
0.27
0.5
0.13
4.7
1.5
0.35
0.6
0.2
5
1
0.2
0.3
0.06
5
20
0.3
0.1
0.08
9.6
23
0.40
16
3
0.5
0.8
0.4
23-25 1.3-1.5 0.9-1.0 1.7-2.0 0.4
23-25 1.3-1.5
0.5
0.24 0.4
30-33
2-3
0.6
0.04 0.25
36
12
0.75
Nickel Copper Steels

% composition
~Ni I Cu I C I Mn I Si I
ITO ( K 4 0 . 4 5
2.26
1.7 0.7 0.43
1.8 1.7 0.63
0.30
1.9 1.35 0.45 0.84 1.10
1-2
S I P
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
0.06
Tr.
Tr.
31
537
Ind.
No.
Nickel Copper Steels.(Continued]

Key
% composition
Ind.
No. ~Ni I Cu
C I Mn I Si
S l P
No.
284
2.0 1.3 0.76
285 2.1 0.17 0.15 0.91 0.15 Tr.
Tr.
286 2.1 1.2 0.43
287 2.3 1.0 0.56 0.48 0.37 0.07
288 2.4 0.20 0.16 0.77 0.14 Tr.
Tr.
289
2.45 0.55 0.49 1.03 1.25 Tr.
Tr.
290
2.45 0.6 0.58 0.90 0.23 Tr.
Tr.
291 2.45 0.8 0.53
0.21 Tr.
292
2.5 0.19 0.17 1.07 0.18 Tr.
Tr.
293 2.5 0.9 0.57 0.33 0.07 0.07
294
2.5 1.0 0.45
Tr.
295
2.55 0.6 0.46 0.82 1.30 Tr.
Tr.
296
2.6 0.36 0.50 0.78 1.25 Tr.
Tr.
297
2.7 0.6 0.57
0.44 Tr.
298 2.9 0.5 0.38
0.28 Tr.
299
2.9 0.6 0.51 1.04 1.35 Tr.
Tr.
300 3.0 0.7 0.76
0.24
0.1
301 3.45 0.27 0.43 0.27
Tr.
Tr.
302 3.6 0.5 0.44 0.50 0.03 Tr.
Tr.
303 3.9 0.30 0.53 0.79
0.06 Tr.
304 22.0 9.0 0.22
305 25
10
0.2
Iron and Monel Metal (M. M.)
Monel metal contains Ni, 67-68%; Cu, 24-26; Fe, 28-5; Mn,
1.6-2.2.
% composition
Key
No.
C
M. M.
try
M. M.
^Tey
M. M.
No.
No.
306
2
3I
6
316
6
307
0.15
2
312
8
317
18
308
0.10
3
313
10
318
20
309
4
314
12
310
0.67
4
315
14
Nickel Vanadium Steels
All these Ni-V steels have traces of P and S except No. 323
which has 0.111% S.
% composition
KeyN
Ni
I V
I C
I Mn r~T~
319
2.0
0.60
0.15
0.45 0.22
320
2.1
0.30
0.72
0.53 0.41
321
2.2
0.17
0.37
1.4
0.16
322
2.2
7.5
1.25
0.70 0.61
323
2.3
0.35
0.26
0.45 0.54
324
2.3
3.1
0.47
0.54 0.29
325
2.4
0.23
0.45
1.3
0.23
326
2.6
0.68
0.44
0.42 0.22
327
2.6
1.45
0.86
0.65 0.36
328
2.6
6.9
0.38
0.57 0.53
329
2.7
2.9
0.89
0.61 0.40
330
2.9
0.34
0.41
0.25 0.35
331
3.0
0.30
0.38
0.79
1.35
332
3.1
0.21
0.56
1.14
1.09
333
3.15
0.32
0.60
0.79
1.30
334
3.4
0.28
0.24
0.48
0.1
335
3.4
0.60
0.33
0.1
0.12
336
3.6
0.13
0.40
0.1
0.40
337
5.5
0.35
0.19
0.16 0.07
338
6.1
0.60
0.17
0.15 0.07
339
6.2
0.12
0.16
0.13 0.06
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
Vanadium Steels
% composition
V I C I Mn I Si
0.12 0.22 0.72
0.14 1.06 0.05 0.1
0.16 0.09 0.21 0.1
0.16 0.23 0.16 0.1
0.18 0.33 0.77 0.32
0.20 1.32 0.33 0.1
0.21 0.56 0.30 0.1
0.21 0.98 0.38 0.1
0.22 0.71 0.31 0.1
0.23 0.40 0.30 0.1
0.25 0.82 0.45 0.33
0.27 0.20 0.48 0.1
0.3
0.11 0.12 0.11
0.3
0.45 0.46 0.38
0.3
1.02 0.05 0.1
0.35 0.74
0.6
0.13 0.36 0.19
0.6
0.18 0.43 0.15
0.6
0.72 0.56 0.41
0.6
1.00 0.05 0.1
0.7
0.60 0.06 0.05
0.75 0.14 0.45 0.30
0.8
0.89 0.33 0.30
0.8
1.04 0.05 0.1
0.85 0.05 0.05 0.1
1.0
0.11 0.38 0.26
1.1
0.80 0.05 0.1
1.2
0.67 0.50 0.25
1.5
0.13 0.30 0.25
1.6
0.62 0.34 0.29
2.1
0.20 Tr. 0.22
2.3
0.63 0.07 0.09
2.9
0.95 0.22 0.42
3.0
0.19 0.86 0.29
3.0
0.67 0.70 0.36
5.0
1.08 0.45 0.46
5.4
0.38 0.20 0.61
5.8
0.93 0.11 0.21
7.4
0.13 Tr. 0.41
7.8
0.74 0.31 0.74
10.25 0.12 Tr. 0.54
10.25 0.86 0.56 0.99
10.25 1.07 0.12 0.32
13.5 1.10 0.12 0.47
S l P
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Ind.
No.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr. 0.08
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr. 0.07
Tr.
Tr.
Tr. 0.11
Tr 0.12
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
TABLE 2, PART I.CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES)

^Tey
No.
1
Treatment
UTS
YP
As cast
Cast, A 950
Before Dc
D0 14.8%
( 100]
f
^ 200
g 300
jH450Uomj
550
600
65O 0 J
(
Normalized
1| in. f 920 Qw
diam. \ 920 Q0
29.4
28.4
39.6
55.4
56.6
56.0
55.4
56.0
47.9
43.5
37.2
34.5
55.0
47.2
17.7
14.3
26.7
51.0
50.3
50.3
50.3
43.5
42.2
35.2
19.8
22.5
PL EL
El
20.5
31.6
34.7
33.0
39.4
36.2
34.6
17.3
11.0
11.310.1
24.5
32
36.5
17
21
20
21
26
28
30
42
37
30
35
RA
33
48
69
54
59
57
55
66
66
69
73
73
67
69
Lit.
(7, is,
68, us,
122)
TABLE 2, PART I.CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES).

(Continued)
?fy
No.
2
Treatment
Rh 14.3 mm diam.
C 13.0 mm
diam
12.0 mm
I diam
0
' 10.8 mm
diam
9.7 mm
[ diam
Rh 5.2 mm diam.
( 3.97 mm
diam
2.83 mm
diam
2.37 mm
diam
n I 2.00 mm
c
| diam
1.70 mm
diam
1.37 mm
diam
1.18 mm
( diam
A 800-900
750 \
[
850 [QO
\
950 J
(
Rh
(350
I 750
1 850
(lOOO 0
750 Qw
f350
b m
* N 550
P
[650
750 Q0 80
Same, J 350
Tp \ 550
850 Qw
[350
bame, ! 55QO
P
[650
850 Q0 80
Same, J 350
Tp \ 550
1000 Qw
[350
bame, I 55()0
P
[650
UTS
YP
PL
EL
El
29
RA
^y
Lit.
46
38.3
27.5 25.327.1
51.0
30.032.5
9.5
59.5 (
88
)
54
59.4
35.039.5
46
62.2
37.643.0
32
65.0
41.8
40.043.8
28.3 26.026.5
4
31
23
73
66.0
39.544.5
8.5
45
83.5
61.563.0
31
92.0
73.070.0
29
95.0
83.078.5
30
100.9
84.577.5
25
104.0
87.581.5
20
108.1
32.5
49.0
43.5
48.0
91.585.0
5
28
13
16.5
13
64
19.4 14.8
19.7 17.7
20.0 16.7
20.8 14.6
23.9 21.9
33.5 13.8
20.8 11.8
19.7 17.7
19.7 15.7
26.0 20.6
17.3 15.8
21.7 19.7
41.9 17.9
24.7 11.9
^ Q 21 ?
38
73
(97,128,
141
36f-44d
75
)
34f-42d
74
34f-41d
74
36f-43d
77
16f-20d
54
31f-39d
77
35f-43d
77
35f-44d
78
22f-28d
65
33f-41.5d 77
35f-44d
78
16f-20d
65.5
25f-32d
80
31f-40d
75
33.4
42.7
35.5
35.5
45.4
41.5
21.3
25.6
19.7
21.7
34.5
30.6
33f-42d
76
23f-29d
66
32f-41d
78
35f-43d
75
17f-25d
72
24f-31d
78
34f-36d
79
4Q ?
38.8
g() g
2J g
29.8 21.9
31f-41d
~~3
77
Treatment
0
UTS
YP
PL
EL
El
Lit.
39.5
37.9
37.6
31.8 21.9
31.6 28.6
33.7 29.7
N 900
Rh
33.7
38.6
22.1 22.1
23.6 23.1
Rh
42.6 30.7 25.5

32
66.5 ( 18 46 >
43.0 41.5
15
20
5 91
104
46.8 TJ. also Fig, 1
13
15
57.5
12
3
>
123
43.0 25.2 23.4
28c-30b
72
)
47.6
24.9
32
68
38.3 21.8
39.5
67
41.5 20.4 17.0
65
43.7 28.9 22.4
38
64
44.2 30.1 27.4
38
69
47.3 26.8 18.9
33
63
49.4 28.7 17.5
32
62
64.2
28
59
62.1
26
58
60.5 43.9 30.7
27
57
59.2 44.1 34.9
28
58
55.2 40.7 37.0
32
62
64.5
28
62
61.4
31
64
58.3
31
65
55.1
32
65.5
55.1
32
52.8 32.2
31
62~~
50.7 32.2
30
65
48.7 30.0
32
70
50.3 39.8
34
75.5
48.2 34.5
38
75.5
48.2 37.3
36
75.5
46.4 34.5
35
75.5
45.0 32.7
38.5
79.5
51.9
!Bars 1| in. [33.5 J 67
51.9
39.4 J diam. \34.5 [ 66
C 38.5%
RcJ 64.6%
[74.5%
670
760
866
1010
N 900
cT (700i
f
M 760 \Qw\
0
V
[82O J
(
900 Qw
300
400
500
600
900 H in. diam.
Qw
I in. diam.
Tp
1| in. diam.
760 Ie in.diam.
Qw 2 i in. diam.
790 [260
Q0 \ 540
Tp [ 650
866 Q0
[375
Same, I 460
Tp I 560
(650
900 Q0
Same, Tp 600...
N 920
920 Qw
Same, Tp 760 Qw
920 Q0
A 925
900 Q0 760 Q0,
260 Ca
Cast
Rh
Rh to 0.48 in.
diam
Rh to 0.44 in.
diam
31.5
]
I Bars Ii in.
| diam.
J
31f-39d
30f-38d
33f-43d
RA
100O Q0SO
Same, ( 350
Tp \55QP
25
80
78.5
67
61
35.9
32.2
32.9
33.9
33.3
56.4
34.0
32.5
33.4
44.3
32.8
32.3
61.8
41.5
^ g
17.8
17.7
19.7
19.7 __
15.8
13.8

(Continued)
45
44
72
69
80
73.5 ( 5 ^ 8 )
68
f s s e T ~ ( 18
1 22
51
1 32
64
I 31
65
38
63
48.7
72.7
63.0
56.6
35.3
17.9
40.3
23.2
36
69
31.6
43.3
18.6
27.0 22.327.8
19.5
39
21
68
46.7
44.5 42.142.2
22
68
50.8
None 48.949.5
14
63
89
(^26
41
61
88,104,
110
in
12

(Continued)
^Tey
No.
7
Treatment
[350
500-540....
680
750
800-820....
850
Cast A 950
AlOOO 0
750 Qw
f350
oame, I 55QO
P
[650
750 Q0 80
Same,/350
Tp \ 550
790 f 260
Q0 \ 540
Tp { 650
100O0Qw
[350
!,meM 550
P
[650
1000 Q0 80
Same,/350
Tp \550
D0
Do A 705
D0 A 845
42.6
40.9
39.7
48.5
39.8
41.5
30.7
44.6
56.3
43.2
41 g
42.8
49.3
42.0
41.0
65.2
62.0
59.4
61.8
57.4
58.1
52.4
51.3
53.8
51.9
61.0
39.8
40.5
Cast (v. also Fig.

2)
38.9
/Large.. 44.4
Cast, A ^ gmall
49 4
Rh
~~9
UTS
52.0
49.6
47.7
49.6
53.3
58.8
49.2
YP
PL
El
25.7 24.6
22.6
21.1
27.4 27.5
22.2
26.0 21.8
14.7
33.1 26.7
33.0 12.5
25.8 16.8
2 5.7 26.6
25.6 21.1
29.5 24.6
24.5 21.1
25.8 21.1
34.0
42.2
37.6
44.5 16^3
39.1 19.8
42.2 25.9
39.6 36.6
37.8 25.3
38.6 30.7
37.1 25.7
None
36.6
20.7 18.818.2
21.1 19.718.0
v. also Fig. 2
16.2 9.0
21.6 17.1
2 5.2 21.5
27.6
27.5
26.3
27.7
34.2
36.2
28.2
20.7
25.6
23.7
20.8
30.1
15.7
15.8
350
750
850
1000
750 Qw
f 350
Same, I 55QO
Tp
[650
75O 0 Q 0 SO 0
Same, ( 350
Tp \ 550
850 Qw
( 350
Same, ! 55()0
P
(650
850 Q0 80
Same,/350
Tp \550
1000 Qw
[350
S,meM 550
P
[650
100O0Q0SO0
Same,/350
Tp \ 550
50.8 27.6 17.7

51.2 29.8 23.6
48.2 27.9 25.6
50.0 26.8 21.7
73.4 41.6 15.8
119.8 101.0 29.7
7g g
61 3 49.4
65.2 45.4 35.6
66.0 43.3 15.7
68.0 42.4 21.7
64.0 39.3 31.4
76.0 48.4 16.8
116.2 83.4 33.8
73.4 50.6 39.7
67.4 49.5 41^6
68.6 46.7 37.7
71.1 47.4 37.5
66.9 45.4 41.4
R (v. Fig. 3)
760/30 Cf
500/30 Ca
700/30 Ca
As received
800/2Q
800/20Q
800/60 Q
950/2Q
950/20Q
950/60Q
43.1
41.9
42.6
40.3
45.7
61.2
72
71.2
101.3
120.3
128.1
4g 5
EL
2? Q
23
20.6
21.8
21.3
19.6
28.2
45.3
53.6
46
68.8
90
95.7
RA
30f-37d
61.5
48a-35c
63
47a-33c
66
31f-38.5d 62
46a-33c
64.5
30f-37d
60.5
31a
47
31f-38d
64
16f-19d
52
26.5f-33d
62
29f-36d
63
30.5f-37d
60.5
21.5f-26d
58
28.5f-35d
63
30f-37.5d 62
26
57
28
60.5
34
65
llf-17.5d 65.5
14f-20.5d 66
16.5f-21d
66.5
20.5f-32d
69
25f-33d
65
21f-27.5d 67.5
21.5f-29d
67.5
14a
49
41a
65.5
41a
63
12
31
35.5
Lit.
141
13.5(41,67,
49
ii)
53
57
58
57
59
63
5
10
7?
^y
Treatment
UTS
10
As received
800/2Q
800/20 Q
800/60 Q
46.5
58
62
58.6
11
R 5 SWG
Same, A
25 SWG wire
48.8
37.8
72.8
12
R (v. also Fig. 4).

750
800
A ] 850
950
1000
N 900
900 Qw
[300
Same, I 400
Tp i 500
[600
900 Q0
[300
Same, I 400
Tp 1 500 ...
( 600
51.9
51.6
53.2
50.5
53.2
53.9
55.9
13
25f-30d
51
26f-33d- 58
28f-35d
59
27f-33d
51
26f-32d
51
20f-22d
53
25f-31d
58
27.5f-35d
59
27f-33.5d 56
21.5f-27d
58
27f-33d
59
27f-34d
57
6f-8.5d 14
4f-6d
27
10f-15d
50
15f-20d
58
14f-20d
51
16f-21d
57
17f-23d
55
Uf-ISd
49
4f-7d
36
14f-18d
62
15f-20d
65
16.5f-22d
56.5
15f-20d
52
14f-19d
55
43a-38b-32c
42a-37b-320
44a-38b-33c
45a-41b-35c
29
4.5
2.5
2
2
3.5
3?

(Continued)
N870
870 Qw
(300
400
me
* M 500
P
600
{ 700
870 Q0
Same, f 300
Tp [400
67.7
69.3
69.3
69.3
67.7
63.0
YP
PL
EL
28.1
34.3
39
36.2
23.0
28.2
38.6
59.8
56.6
48.8
48.8
44.1
f
I
g
.2
^.
-S
^
J,
." 53.5 ~ 3 J ~ Q f ~
69.2
67.7
69.2
g
66.1 50.4
63.0 45.6
.
58.2 40.8
64.5
^
64.5
J
64.5
i
El
RA
Lit.
24
16
16.5
18.5
53
57
57
60
( 12 )
39
37
4
58
73
(97)
15g
26g
22g
21g
2Og
19.5g
32a
12a
15a
23a
28a
25a
26a
26a
27a
29a
30
( 113
114
51
)
52
50
46
44
59
3T"
32
44
58
64
55
57
59
60
64
34
24
24
25
27
29
33
28
28
28
~58~(*6 so.
56
",7S)
57
58
60
64
68
60
60
61
Fig.3 H
(26)
TABLE 2, PART I. CARBONSTEELS(TENSILEPROPERTIES).

(Continued)
?.ey
No.
13
14
Treatment
UTS
Same, [500....
Tp ^ 600....
Cont'd. ( 700... .
Rh 15 mm diam.
C 14.3 mm
diam
13.8 mm
diam
13.2 mm
J diam
D
\ 12.7mm
diam
11.2 mm
diam
8.2 mm
I diam
F, longitudinal...
F, transverse
63.0
61.4
56.6
48.7
45.6
42.5
39.4
J
32.8 25.726.2
29
31
34
30
61
63
68
59.5
62.8
26.526.2
13
49
68.0
29.531.4
43
73.0
33.734.0
4.5
39
74.6
39.038.8
4.5
35
86.4
48.946.0
25
96.6
44.6
40.1
57.055.4
21.5 18.6
17.0 12.6
v. also Fig. 30
Rh
55.1
55.0
52.6
53.1
48.7
57.3
61.8
54.7
53.7
54.1
54.8
53.7
53.3
350
750
A 850
900
1000
750 Qw
(350
^ m e 'j 550
p
[ 650
750 Q0 80
350
550
S me
* ' 65O0Cf
P
l/m...
650 Q w .
850 Qw
850 Q0 80
C 350
Same, I 460
Tp i 550
[650
870 Qw
(400
bame, I ^0
P
15
YP
28.0
29.5
28.4
26.5
21.3
34.2
40.3
27.2
27.5
29.6
28.1
28.2
26.6
PL
18.7
25.6
24.6
21.8
15.7
30.1
15.7
17.7
21.6
21.7
22.3
21.7
25.6
47.7 22.2 17.3

49.6 24.5 17.3
95.2
74.5 50.2 31.5
72.8 49.5 29.5
69.6 47.1
68.9 47.0 43.3
59.0 43.2
141.0 128.3 87.3
103.9
90.0 74.1
gg
Q7 Q
EL
El
RA
3
33.5
22.5
23
53
33.5
24f-30d
26f-31.5d
25f-31d
26f-32d
.
33a
26f-32d
19f-23a
25f-30d
24f-30.5d
25f-31d
34a
26f-32d
24f-31d
38a
35a
8a
23.5a
22.5a
23a
26.5a
30a
3a
7.5a
17&
Lit.
53
(**, ~*,
lllj
55
141>
55
146
54
)
51
57.5
52
55
55
52
55
55
55
lg
79.0
57.1 54.3
13a
26
55.4
32.4 25.2
33a
64
52.4
28.9 25.2
33a
65
52.1
28.9 22.1
35a
64
55.2
33.7 22.1
30a
61
49.7
28.7
18.9
38a
63
As cast
A 925 Cf
N 925 Ca
N 850
A 816
870 1
A 893 Qw, I
A 871 Tp
f
[482 J
Wire 5 mm diam.
A 800-900
750 Q0
850 Qw
950 Qw
100
200
300
400
53.6
56.1
59.7
55.8
40.5
23.6
29.0
32.2
32.9
21.7
14.0
26.1
28.5
31.8
26
27
28
30.5
15
34
(6 s
39.5 9S >
46
H6)
55
27
61.7
65.2
43.5
43.1
4
12
8
15
6
18
7
O
O
3
6
8.5
10
12
60
48
0_
O
12
27.5
36.5
48
(39)
63
62
17
62
62
62
65
71
2.5
27
I 600
900 Q0 650/120
Qw
'...
Same, but Cf
l c /m
1020 Q0, Tp
650/120 Qw
1250 Q0, Tp
650/120 Qw-...
Same, but Cf
l/m
62.8
47.9
74.4
120.7
145.3
168.6
155.6
134.4
111.2
Fig.4
Fig.5

(Continued)
KPV y
j^
16
~T7
18
Treatment
UTS | YP
PL EL
El
RA
Lit.
A 675/30
A1150/30
A1115/120
Rolled
40.1
41.7
40.6
46.2
21.0
15.0
13.8
27.4
19.7
11.2
11.8
26.3
62
54
55
61
A 900
850 Qw 600 Cf. .
[longitudinal.
F-J transverse
[radial
50.3
57.3
57.8
54.1
55.3
25.0
33.4
26.7
25.7
27.0
26
_.
26
2 2 7 2 7
20.2
18
19.6
23.5
39
(67, 89)
61
42~
31
36
Ascast
A 950
35.4
34.0
24.2
15.2
sTo
16
6~~ (7, s i )
21
29
32
32
64
68
69
53.2 25.5 21.1

52.7 29.7 27.4
50.6 28.1 24.4
31
30
32
49
53
50
61.4 30.8 23.6
29
50
900, f 600/2h Ca 60.5 38.7 34.6

Q0, ] 650/2h Qw 55.1 37.4 28.4
Tp ( 650/2h C8 54.1 37.2 29.9
"9Rolled
N 850
A 850
900/60 Ca,
760/60 Q0
^06' /Qw
54.3
/120 l C f l / m 5 2 > 1
28.7 20.4 *
' 18'7 &
24 4
35
34
(123)
(49, 68,
72, 94,
no)
36.8 26.7 ^
32.0 25.2
27
30
56
56
54.3
54.0
49.6
48.0
23.9
32.3
28.5
27.8
29
32
39
40
43
57~
63
65
20
Rh
54.8
32.2 31.6
33.5
58
(128)
21
Ascast
A 950
34.3
37.4
24.0
17.6
7.5
19
10
23
~CO
Rh
f 350
I 750
I 850
( 1000
750 Qw
[350
bame, I 5 5 0 0
65.1
69.0
64.5
64.4
65.8
55.5
65.9
^1
30.5
33.4
32.5
35.6
36.1
35.4
32.5
[650
75O 0 Q 0 SO 0
Same, ? 350
Tp \550
850Q W ...
Sam f 3 5 0
Ul '^550
P
[650
850 Q0 80
Same, ? 350.....
Tp \550
23
24
25
67.4
66.6
63.7
62.2
87.9
169 6
'
109.6
82.3
96.5
97.5
88.5
3J g
25
19f-23d
43
20f-24d
39
21f-26d
48
24t-28d
46
22f-27d
48
17.5f-21d
41
20f-24d
44
20f-25.5d 44
32.5
33.5
30.2
30.4
57.4
28.6
25.6
25.6
25.6
13.8
33 3
'
65.2
49.4
46.3
45.3
51.1
21.5f-27d
53
18f-22d
44
20f-25d
44
22f-26.5d 57
0.3f-0.6d
2.5
3f-3.5d 17
10f-14d
55
13f-19d
59
12f-15d
39
12f-14d
46
13f-17d
49
91.0
67.2
68.9
65.0
61.0
25.6
29.5
26.6
33.7
34.1
19.7
19.7
Wire 5 mm diam. 63.1

A 800-900
57.3
750 Q0
107.6
850 Q0
149.3
950 Q0
139.0
85O0I
80.0
950 / ^w
56.5
N 820
Tangential
Longitudinal
Radial
N 870
65.4
61.5
61.7
64.6
36.4 34.1
31.0 20.2
29.5
33.2 18.5
37.2
35.9 32.3
33.2
90.1
91.0
87.9
79.6
71.9
68.1
28
N
A 5 SWG rod....
ISSWGwire
17 S WG w i r e . . . .
71.2
68.4
141.7
157.5
29
Ascast
A 950
28.9
42.0
30
A 840
T 49.0
32
A 840
N 875
790 Qw Tp 650
Ca
Rh 5.37 mm diam.
f 4.37 mm
diam
3.60 mm
diam
DC { 3.00 mm
diam
2.48 mm
diam
1.98 mm
diam
25
22
25
12
47
29
38
21
(7, 72)
35
42
46
O
(72, no,
1")
PL
EL
61.6
61.8
60.0
55.6
52.3
48.3 47.6
El
RA
52
52
52
57
61
58
sT
17
2
1.5
3TTo (7,144)
55
20
5
3
20.5
3
16
29Ti
55.2
69.4
25.4
33.7 31.4
6
25
65.5
59.3 56.4
36.9 26.025.0
22
23
98.5
45.052.5
19
111.3
48.054.0
15
119.5
57.061.5
6.5
14
133.4
68.574.5
14
68.092.0
13
3
13
3
14
(7)
34
47
(4S)
2
2
(7)
28.9
16.9
142.2
33.3
39.8
26.4
18.0
35
As received
850 Q0 Tp 710
83.6
77.3
46.4
56.8
Ascast
A 950
29.6
25.9
T
15.5
74.5
76.5
66.5
150.5
106.4
107.4
101.8
93.1
79.4
40
FW 2 Ca
f
0
700
730
760
I 775
I 790
820
850
900
[1000
41
Rh 15 mm diam.
f 14.3 mm
diam
13.9 mm
diam
13.2 mm
Dc
| diam
12.7 mm
diam
11.2 mm
[ diam
To
2
73.5
74.5
68.2
65.4
55.6
(146)
F Test piece! 13.5

160mm
17
L
long
J
39.9
45.8 42.4
35.0
(7)
4 . 5 ( 4 6 **>
110
40
146
)
57
38
(v. Fig. 32)
As received
N 810
A 809
809 Qw
809 Q0
[375
Same, I 460
Tp
I 560
(650
Lit.
19
20
19
24
26
23.5
Ascast
A 950
39
12
()
60
37
O
0_
xT~
O
YP
34
~37
4.5
19
5
O
Q
O
O
21.5
23
28.5
0.5
816-819 Q0
375
460
560
650
775 Qw 650 Cf..
(i*i)
63.5
68.2
57.9
141.1
UTS
33
69.4 4 2 . 5 1
27
54.5( S)
Bara Ij in. diam. (v. also Figs. 4, 31, 50 and 51)
~ 2 7 A s received
N
A 816-819
816-819 Qw
Treatment
58
62.4
59.6
22
^Tey
No.
27
5S
n0 / Q w . . . .
0
J; J*0' \ Cf r/m
60Cf
900/60Cf
900 [600] , f
/30, <J680<4p -j
CaW [75O0J 8 [
12.6
31.1
26.6
27.1

(Continued)
19
22
25
O
16.5
16
16
20.5
24
84.0
19
57.96
3
54.5
6
54.3
5
56.6
6
58.8
5
59.0
8
61.5
7
62.1
7
62.7
7
63.4
5
Test piece 200 mm X 20 mm diam.
27
(67, i l l )
38
40
0_
40
43
46
52
62
34.5 ( 112
3
142)
8
4
8
5
13
7
7
7
7
80.9
49.4 27.426.8
17
26
97.0
31.030.0
15
101.4
31.731.9
105.8
39.339.0
111.5
39.039.8
2.5
122.0
50.749.6
2.5
(46)

(Continued)
^
!2
Treatment
Rh
f 350....
Same, I 750....
A
] 850....
[lOOO 0 ....
750 Qw
[350
bame, I 55()0
P
[650
750 Q0 80
Same, f 350
Tp \550
(350...
O T I 550...
w
P
^
[650...
850 Q0 80
Same, f 350
Tp \550
UTS YP PL EL
77.1
80.4
73.6
77.9
77.1
79.6
72.9
?4 7
73.2
74.2
86.0
71.6
155.3
111.1
85.8
115.2
118.1
106.3
34<4
34.4
34.4
33.5
33.4
94.5
72.9
78.8
82.7
70.9
25.6
31.5
23.7
38.6
38.1
17.7
15.8
29<5
31.5
28.6
29.5
28.5
55.8
78.8
63.1
55.1
55.1
59.1
RA
13f-15.5d 22
13f-16d
20
16f-19d
27
16f-19d
31
12f-20d
30
14f-16d
26
15f-17d
22
16f-19d
27
15f-18d
17f-21d
17f-20.5d
17f-21d
Of-0d
9f-13d
llf-15.5d
8.Sf-IOd
Sf-lld
llf-16d
Lit.
(1*1)
26
30
30
29
O
30
33
35
38
44
(v. Fig. 24)
_45
~47
34.4
36.4
33.6
41.7
44.1
37.4
35.4
El
As received
A 800
800 Q0
f 375
Same, I 460
Tp I 560
[650
89.6
78.4
129.1
125.3
123.9
103.9
87.5
46.2
32.6
70.0
85.0
80.8
74.2
63.7
15
17
2
4
10
17
20
21
24
O
~48
Sandberg Trt.*... 120.2

CaW2 850
91.7
Ca
90.1
92.8
14
13
11
16
18
10
49
,/R... 79.5
5 qwp
SWG rod J A
505
25 SWG wire
As cast
/1950
82.0
31.7
47.7
(i")

(Continued)
^y
~54
5
2
6
29.2
21.9
58
N 850
60
790 Cf
59.1
7on n / 650 c a 80 - 3
/WJ ^\450 Ca 128.5
Rh
f 350
I 750
i 850
{ 1000
750 Qw
[350
s
& me
^ '^550 0
P
[650
750 Q0 80
Same, ? 350
Tp \550
85O0Qw
Same, f 550
Tp \ 650
850 Q0
Same, f 350
Tp \550
(5)
6()
2
5
Sandberg Trt.*... 127.9

CaW2 840
92.8
Ca
97.8
81.6
13
20
15
23
Broke off close
~5
Rh 5.3 mm diam.
f 4.58 mm
diam
4.22 mm
diam
^ I 3.84 mm
c
| diam
3.43 mm
diam
3.03 mm
[ diam
(350
750
850
[lOOO0
750 Qw
(350
S,meM 550
P
[650
75O 0 Q 0 SO 0
Same, T 350
Tp \550
850
f550....
Qw Tp \ 650....
850 Q0 80
Same, f 350
Tp \55Q
81.2
52.3 24.526.0
19
36
101.4
38.536.0
24
109.0
38.543.0
20
121.0
45.544.0
20
126.2
48.546.5
18
6
llf-lld
12f-15d
13f-15d
12f-15d
12f-13d
llf-13d
13f-15d
13f-15d
12f-14d
12f-15d
13f~15d
7f-lld
llf-14d
7f-9d
9f-12d
8f-9d
16
15
21
25
21
17
18
30
21
19
21
19
27
53
30
50
29
128.0
48.046.0
94.8 45.3 38.4
87.2 40.5 34.5
91.9 45.4 39.5
94.3 48.2 44.2
91.6 43.3 17.8
90.2 45.3 27.6
87.9 39.3 33.4
89.1 40.4 31.5
89.6 41.4 34.5
88.5 40.3 31.5
89.3 39.3 34.4
125.3 106.6 98.7
95.6 81.8 69.0
140.8 82.4 74.8
140.0 94.6 63.1
126.0 86.6 75.5
52
N 825
95.6
51.2 32.9
13a
23
53
As received
800/2 Q
800/20 Q
800/60 Q
68.4
70.2
65.3
93.2
36.8
36.1
35.1
93.2
10
13
4
25
3
(s)
(46, I 4 i )
61
()
( 1 ZO)
15.0 mm
diam
14.3 mm
diam
D I 13.9 mm
c
| diam
13.2 mm
diam
12.7 mm
diam
YP
PL EL
70.3 25.2
106.7 65.7
97.7 48.8 39.4
111.8
87.9 34.6
113.1
96.0 37.8
118.1 105.5 75.6
118.1 102.3 77.3
110.2
81.8 69.2
91.4 56.7 50.3
81.8 39.4 28.3
65.1
129.1 96.9
138.9
136.1 93.8
112.7
90.3 68.2
A 5 SWG rod.... 80.0

15 SWG wire
164.0
34
43
57
~5
A 845
800 Q0 450 Cf..
Before Dc
D0 8.1 %
100
f
200
I
300
,
450
650
700
795 Qw
795 Q0
[375
Same, I 460
Tp I 560
[ 650
UTS
56
1 7 3 7 ~ (*. ^)
26
Treatment
93.5
El
RA
Lit.
13^
12a
15a
6a
5a
5a
5a
9a
14a
24a
O
4
12
14
19
19
13
(**> m,
26
122)
22
18
17
14
14
17
29
38
(T~
6
34
37
40
46
17a
1.5a
46
3
(97)
36.4
llrf
16
(?)
23.5 19.717.9
-5 4 2 . 4 4 2 . 6
68.2 71.8
25a
23a
10a
37
40
29
(no,
i*i)
51.0
47
98.1 46.1 34.5

102.3 47.2 43.3
94.2 43.4 31.5
91.8
45.5 40.5
107.6 56.1 48.1 ___
99.4 49.2 31.5
96.8 45.3 23.7
100.6 43.3 33.5
96.6 51.3 33.5
98.3 45.3 35.4
92.8 43.7 38.4
92.8 43.3 39.3
96.1
35.5
132.4 96.3 62.9
100.2 84.5 76.6
146.7 106.2 72.8
147.8 100.5 71.0
135.7 90.5 51.7
7f-7.5d
8.5f-9d
10.5f-13d
13.5f-15.5d
8.5f-8.5d
6f-10d
10f-11.5d
10.5f-11.5d
10.5f-11.5d
10f-11.5d
llf-12d
10f-12d
Of-Od
6f-9d
10f-13d
6f-8d
6f-8d
6f-8d
8.5
10.5
15.5
23.5
11
12.5
14.5
12.5
13.5
16
15
16
O
15
35
25
28
13
^_
(46)
103.0
54.5 27.2 27.5
116.0
32.332.7
121.0
37.936.9
126.5
38.0 37.5
131.0
140.2
150.0
110.1
89.9
74.5
44.2 43.3
62
815 Q0 i
0
825 0 Q 0 J P
815 Q0J585. ..
Tp
\655...
815 Qw Tp 700
79.8
79.8
72.1
49.2
56.3
7
6
7
12
14
63
As cast.
51.0 35.0
A 950
45.7 29.2
875 Qw Tp 450 142.0 106.1
875 Q0 Tp 450 140.6 118.7
2
4
9
8
64
N 815
780/30
Qw
Tp
843/30 538
Qw
15
788/30 min
Qo
788 Qsaltt
788 Qpb
843Qpb
2.5
8~7**)
13
9
22
34
2
2
23
20
91.4
80.8
38.7
70.3
14^
14.5a
22
25
98.4
61.2
7a
10
110.0
64.1
lla
16
100.5
92.1
96.0
55.9
49.4
50.1
8.5a
10a
lla
20
12.5
19
(7, 65)
(44)

(Continued)
y
^
^64
Treatment
UTS
110.0
125.5
131.9
124.9
82.7
63.3
>
71.0
78.6
83.6
82.9
56.3
44.4
TZTI
, / R . . 98.8
5 SWG rod I A
626
25 SWG wire
~68
PL I EL
Lit.
R 5 SWG rod....
25 SWG wire
Asreceived
A 790
790 Qw
790 Q0
[375
Same,] 460
Tp ] 560
[650
81.9 42.5 41.041.4

126.5 91.4 84.484.3
88.6 51.2 35.4
101.3 53.1 49.2
95.6 49.3 46.3
87.9 47.2 40.3
103.8 57.7 55.8
100.4 53.2 25.6
97.7 47.3 29.6
^2 4J 4
Qg 5
84.7
94.5
106.0 54.2
70.0 34.3
116.2
141.0 85.7
142.1 91.7
139.5 85.7
120.0 74.2
97.6 61.6
Normalized
78.7 37.0 34.6
F 900-800 A ]
750/300,
[ 62.2 30.7 28.3
A2 670/180
J
F
A
AJ"o
7 3
A s cast
^950.. f
76
Asreceived
A790.
790 Qw
790 Q0
[375
Same, I 460
Tp ] 560
[650
58 3
?ley
No.
~78
81
(* )
- ^17_
26 8
34.8 34.8
4 7 . 2 26.1
97.3 52.1
68.6 36.0
98.3
131.9 68.2
110.9 87.5
93.8 86.4
112.7 71.0
92.0 59.8
Sf-IOd
8.5
9f-9.5d 11
8f-9d
7.5
8.5f-10d
9.5
Qt-Od
~0~~
6f-6.5d 11
Sf-lld
30
8f-9d
15
6f-8d
20
4f-5d
11.5
14
15
(97>
1J1
6
)
3
24.5 40
O
2_
9
17
8
13
8.5
13
11.5 20.5
15.5 34
25
^Tey
No.
1
(")
3
4
19
20
27
32
-O
2.5
54
60
El
4
n
RA
Lit.
15
(^ 7 )
15
25 SWG wire
94.5 v. also Fig. 6
7._5
As cast
A 950
32.0 32.0
22.2 18.4
O
O
O
O
(7)
2
2
C 111 )
15.5 20.5
1
O
2.5
5.5
2.5
5.5
3.5
4
5.5
11
17
UCS YPC PLC ELC Lit-.
No.
Trea
*~
ment
Before DC
25 20.5
(
1 Cast
Dc 14.8%
48 30
122)
A 950
N
22
14.513.513.5
~~7~ ~~Cast
1
Rh
37
19.519
( ZS)
A 950
Rh
40.5 25 24.5
( 1 ZS) 18 Cast
N 815
41.5 26.525.52O - ( 1 1 Q)
A 950
Rh
57
32.529
( 1 ZS) 21
Cast
A Q ftrvO
775 Qw 650 Cf.. 54
42 39 40.5 ( 1 1 O)
N845
^sTo 36 33^5 34~ "(^) 5^!L
790 Qw 650 Ca.. 68.5 61.5 59.5 60
U
110
j^~~~^r
34
-100^Zo
62.5
63.5
62
62
56
58.5
51.5
e&
5? ^
OO 0
'
^f0. .,
ef
(122>
*
n
S'5363
IT ^
Cast
Do 8.1%
_
63_33
9500
0
79O Cf
48.5 21 16 16.5 (") -- -^0
790=
f455C a
None 75 74
*
^.
Q 0 T p \ 6 5 0 C a 68.5 51 45.547
*OU
Io
51
55
^
4
J5
O1
'
Io
R
35
3
500/30 Ca 35
9
R
70 20
Same
70
R 105 39
Same
105
* For analyses v. p. 484.
t Test piece 1.12 in. X 0.584 in. diam.
3 ( 2 6)
21
39.5
TABLE 2, PART III.TORSION TESTS ON CARBON STEELS

.
^6oy
1
(7)
3.5
Treatment
Compressive stressf7
= 157.5 kg/mm* ( )
~53~Ascast t
141
T7T" ^- A 9^ ^ 5
68/
N860
41
37.539
(HO) -6J- A 95Q -5J
73
Cast
33
790 Q0 460 Ca.. 78.5 72 73.5
7
A 95
82
Ascastt
156.5
( T"

.
81
Cast
17
TT
~~ 10
~ 1
A 950
53
N6" Trt- CS X ^ Treatment CS x f LU- 1-A950 58.5
s_
O
EL
/R... 88.8
5 SWG rod J A
659
I:**
26
PL
-,
.
, j j , f .,
Specimen loaded to failure
8a
11.5( 1 1 O*
1 1
9a
15
^ )
2.5f-2.5 d
4
3.5f-4.5d
4
10f-10.5d 12.5
15f-18d
25
4f-4d
4
5f-5d
6
6f-6.5d
5
5.5f-5.5d
6
20.5h
YP
TABLE 2, PART II.COMPRESSION TESTS ON CARBON STEELS*

v. also Figs. 14, 15, 16, and 27
52
~4
UTS
As cast
20.7 20.7
O
O (7)
A 950
20.2 20.2
O
O
* Sandberg treatment consists of cooling the tire at a certain rate through
the critical range of temperature, by subjecting it as it slowly revolves, to the
blast of a large quantity of moist air.
t 788/30 Qsait 538/15 C0.
J 788/30 Qpb 538/15 C0.
843/60 Qpb 538/30 C0.
44
39
30
30
48
61
4.5h
Treatment
82
[650
98.4 51.2 43.3
75O 0 Q 0 SO 0
98.3 51.1 45.2
Same, f 350
98.5 49.2 45.3
Tp \550
98.1 49.2 43.3
(350... 125.4
77\8
sou ^ w I 5 5 0 O 1413 113 g 64 g
P
0
J650 ... 103.6 82.1 77.3
850 Q0 80
147.1 108.4 78.9
Same,/350..... 143.8 92.6 70.1
Tp \550
131.0 85.2 54.3
72
RA
15
25
94.5
N
790 Q0 Tp 460.
Rh
350
750
850
[lOOO0
750 Qw
[350
feame, I 5500
13.5a
13
11
12a
19
33
69
El
843Y30 j
r 135.0
84.4
Ua
29.5
843/300 I ,J0 I 139.0
86.5
9.5a
23
760/30 f Jool 123.3
79.4
ll a
40
760/300 J
[ 135.2
93.8
8a 2 2 . 4
Following specimens wet ground after treatment
780/30
113.1
96.7
12a
31
Qw
Tp
843/30 538
116.8
89.7
10a
31
Qw
15
%
w
788/30 min
125.5
78.6
13a
39
_Qo
g
788 Qsaitt
100.9 0
60.1
14.5 35.5
788Qpbt
105.5 -| 58.0
15
37
76O0I 30 Q0,
(
788 I Tp 538, 1
816 [ 20 m C0 ]
8710J
[
840 /704/! h
Q0 Tp \704/5 h
~65
YP

(Continued)
4
5
6
7
8
Dimensions,
inches (d =
diameter)
N
2 XO.5d
A
12.06 X 2.95 d
Rh
2X|d
5 X 1.75d
Rh
2X1 d
N 900
1.75X|d
N 900
1.75Xfd
[700Q W .. 1.75X|d
Same 760QW.. 1 . 7 5 X f d
[82O 0 Qw.. 1 . 7 5 X f d
Sv
1.75X|d
Sv
1.75Xfd
G, Large
1.75X|d
Same, A
1.75X|d
G, Small, A
1.75Xfd
Treatment
USS* TMR
32C
31C
32.5C
33C
36C
39C
41.5C
42.5C
35.5C
40
32C
33.5C
34.S0
43
41.5
43.5
44
48
52
55.5
57
47
53.5
43
44.5
46
Twist,
YPS PL8 EL8 degrees Lit.
(total)
<To 9
8J5
(o, no)
12
8
12.5 10
( 1 ZS)
13.5 11.5
17 16
(65,128)
12
1070
17.5
913 "(")
18.5
971
15.5
1028
15.5
1050
14
551 T 7 )
18 ~^
585 T^7)
~9
350 T 7 )
17
650
15.5
700
TABLE 2, PART III.TORSION TESTS ON CARBON STEELS.

(Continued)
*7y
Dimensions,
inches (d =
diameter)
Treatment
13 FSv||
FSv _L
1.75Xfd
1.75X|d
IF A760C a
3.5X0.33d
15 G cast
G A 925 Cf
G N 925 Ca....
N 850
19 N815
2X0.5d
845 Qw Tp 565
Ca
li" Rh
24 R
77
N 820
Sv-rr
Sv||
Sv /
J}7_ N
TTT.
32 N 845
790 Qw Tp
650 Ca
U9~~ R
N 810
"58~N850
~60~ 79O0Cf
790 J455\ p
Q 0 Tp\ 650J a
~68~ N 860
790 Q0 W2 460
Cf
"TO" T760 Cf
'
USS*
TMR
Twist,
YPs PL8EL8 degrees
(total)
37C
38C
50
51
14.5
15
42.5
42
44
43.5C 58
508
533
17
24.5 17
18 18
20 17
22.5
16
4~~ 4
460
840
1025
548
2X|d
1.75X!d
1.75X|d
1.75Xfd
1.75X|d
1.75Xf d
1.75X|d
1.75Xfd
42.5 36 36
42c
56
24 22
46C
61.5 21.5
46C
61.5 24.5
44C
58.5
44.5C 59.5
45.5C 60.5
47.5C' 63.5
26.5 __
24
21 21
1.75 X |d
1.75X|d
1.75Xf d
None 36.537.5
78.5 27.5
70
_26
TABLE 2, PART IV.HARDNESS OF CARBON STEELS.*(Continued)

?fy
No.
5
Lit.
(67,72)
( 14 )
(65,95)
^
(UO)
6
(128)
518 (67,72)
434
256
346
300
300 (72)
( 1 Ô)
1.75X|d
2X0.5d
f 2X0.5d
\ 2X0.5d
58.5c
52.5C
56C
75.5 29.5
~
16 11 2
None 53 54.5
None 29.529.5
2X0.5d
28
182 (67)
320
12
184 T^)
( " O )
13
( 110 )
25.525^5
None 56.5 58
3.5X0.33~d
(14Q)
27
* Subscript c, Calculated on assumption of uniform stress throughout cross-section.
14
Treatment
900 Q0
Same, Tp 600
866 Qw
A 866
N 900
f 700 )
I
Same, Tp | 760 [ Qw ... \
[ 820 J
[
As received
N 920
920 Qw
Same, Tp 760 Qw
920 Q0
As received
A 858
858 Qw
Large casting
Same, A
Small casting, A
Rolled
A
A 80U
850
N 900
N 870 ]
T
870 Qw [ Ii in. diam. ]
87O0Q0 J
[
F Sv Il
F Sv Jj
v. Figs. 41 and 53
As received
A836-9000
836 Qw
836 Q0
ro
15
16
17
TABLE 2, PART IV.HARDNESS OF CARBON STEELS*
_^
18
^
Treatment
Before Dc
D 14.8%
Hwk 71 kg/mm
Normalized
BHN^

178
149
69-121
ScH
5
(
37
Lit.
62,
no, us,
*22)
(Hin.diam.)W920{Q :
Jg
As received (v. also Fig. 53)
12Oj:
21
(46)
N 900
95
21
(*)
;}fc*.^B....q~jg
^r-
19
BHN\
ScH
I
143-156
156
(v. also
170
Figs.
107
41,52)
122
20
125
22
146 25
143
24
96-144
22
137
223
183
170
118-121
Ill
(v. also
228
Fig. 41)
116
118
127
158
" ]
(V als
10U
150
'
Fig
JA 41)
159
e-^
143
196
179
128
20-21
109
19-20
144 1
134
255
207 (v
, also
,
169
900 Q0 6507120... <( T,

Cf
1020 Q0 65O0 Qw
fi
161
161
1250 Q0 650/120. ..{^ w s

( CfS
As cast
A 925 Cf
N 925 Ca
N 850..
Sv
A (v. Fig. 41)
F Sv [1
F Sv _L
F Sv /
( 600 Ca
900 Q0 Tp 2 h I 650 Qw
[ 650 C8
J^
157
141
143
163
156
163
161
147
143
143
173
161
158
N 815
132
N 850
156
A 850
145
900/60Cf
157
900/60 Ca
760/60 Q0
J
a mp Tn / 6507120 Qw ... 162
Same,
Tp j 650o/120 Cf 150
900 Q0, 65072 h..{g;
If8
'S-
Fi
Lit.
( 18 > 65,
in
)
(14,18,67,
139
)
(67, ill)
(67)
(is, 114)
(18,67)
(49, ill)
41
J
]
\ (v. also
J Fig. 6)
27
27
28
28
(57, 65,
*)
(103)
(67)
(81)
(49,68,72,
1
IO)
TABLE 2, PART IV.HARDNESS OF CARBON STEELS. *(Continued)

^y
19
Treatment
900/30 C
T
VT
Tp5h
( 60
C
680
*
[75O 0 J
BHN\
134 160
ScH
Lit.
135
137
24 N 820
170
29
(67,72)
Sv rv
170
Sv Il
179
Sv S
174
25 N 870 (v. Figs. 42 and 52) 192
Q8)
27 As received
170
( 110 > i l l )
A 816-819
158 (v. also
816-819 Qw
655 J Fig. 42)
816-819 Q0
261
775 Qw 650 Cf
197
30 R
228
36 (62)
32 As received
179J
(92, no)
N 845
193
24
790 Qw 650 Ca
227
30
33 v. Fig. 42
39 R
,
252
40
(59,62,67,
N810
223
35
ill, 139)
A 809
183
-27"
809 Qw
. 578
(v. also
809 Q0
311
Fig. 42)
40 F W 2 C a
...
241
(142)
41 v. Fig. 53
' 46 R
226
(v. also (76, ios)
A
174
Figs. 6,
790 Q Tp 420
418
29)
841 Q Tp 420
430
887 Q Tp 420
437
47 R
240
(v. also (Hi)
A 800
217
Fig. 42)
50 ~R
273 ~ 50
( 6 ^)
51 As received
255{ (v. also (25, 57)
Annealed
230 J Fig. 42)
54 Before Dc
268
(v. also (111J 122)
Dc 8.1%
293
Fig. 44)
56 A
181
(v. also (103)
717 Qw
217
Fig. 29)
58 N 850
286
40 (67)
59 N
286
(68)
60 79O 0 Cf
162
23
(110)
790 Q0 650 Ca
.. 227
31
790 Q0 450 Ca
380
51
61 v. Fig. 53
63 875 Qw Tp 450
402
(65)
875 Q0 Tp 450
402
64 N 815
217
32 (44)
780/30 Qw] T
( 258
42
843V30 Qw
?ooom
290
46
788730 Q 0 J * ' l 321
48
788 Qsait U
286
40
788 Qpb**
233
34
843 Qpbtt
263
34
843730
376
53
8437300 0 T
421
58
0
760730 ^ P
''
313
43
7607300
387
58
TABLE 2, PART IV.HARDNESS OF CARBON STEELS. *(Continued)

?fy
Treatment
BHN^
ScH
Lit.
No.
~ ~ 6 4 7 8 0 7 3 0 Qw
( 340
54
843730 Qw Tp538/15J
340
48
788730 Q0
( 329
48
7880QSaItTf
291
41
788 Qpb
266
37
760
288
43
788 30 min Q0 Tp
329
48
816
538720 C0
364
52
871
350
48
Last 9 samples wet ground after treatment (v. also Fig. 43)
65 "80O 0 Qw..:
600
( 12 Q)
66 As received
2771
( 92 )
67 ~A~(v. Fig. 29)
176
(103)
68 N
224
31
(110)
790 Q0 460 Ca
369
45
69 As received
288
t111)
A 790
196
790 Qw
555
790 Q0
402
72 N
286
( 37 )
F 900-800 A
189
F 750-700 A
179
76 As received
321
, ,
(25, ill)
A790
202 V1^
790 Qw
460
*' ;
78 R (v. Fig. 6)
285
(76)
t 10 mm ball; 3000 kg load.
t Ludwik cone hardness (90 cone, 3000 kg load): specimens as received.
^y
6a
6b
32
LCH
130
101
195
51
66
290
330
(2)
a, Calculated from diameter of impression, b, Calculated from depth.

Cf IVm.
Il Turner Scratch Test: No. 6 (as received) = 21; No. 39 (A 809) = 24 O 3 ).
1788/30 Qsalt 538/15 C0.
** 788/30 Qpb 538/15 C0.
ft 843/30 Qpb 538/30 C0.
A 750/5 h 670/3 h.
A670/4h.
TABLE 2, PART V.IMPACT STRENGTH OF CARBON STEELS*

TT
Treatment
AT
No.
I N "
1
^
920 Qwt
920 Qot
As received
3 A
4 N 900
5~~ (v. Figs. 47 and 52)
N 900
900 Qwt
900 Qot
Same, TpOX)O0
TQ
/T
JN
(Izod)
(other
V.T. j N
methods)
Lit.
o Q
0
f i
J 0 -v
f l 8 . 68.
v '
'
6.9
( J?'9w
(64)
^ \ 2.7 Z
7.0
12.4
11.2
11.6
10.4
13.0
13.3
110,118)
*3y
8.5w (33)
(65)
IS*
( 18 > 65)
17.0
21.5
18.0
17.5
TABLE 2, PART V.IMPACT STRENGTH OF CARBON STEELS.*

(Continued)
TT
r c?
Treatment
AT
No.
6
7
8
12
13
14
As received
N920t
920 Qwt
Same, Tp 760 Qw
920 Q01
v. also Fig. 17
A 925
900 Q0 760, Q0,
Tp 260 Ca
As received
Castings (large)
Same, A
Small, A
(v. also Fig. 47)
N 900t
900Qwt
900 Q0f
(v. also Fig. 48)
N870f
870 Qwf
870 Qot
17
18
19
24
(other
V, , v
methods)
4~8
ISV
11.1
14.3
3.3
4.4
5.9
5.7
12.7
16.3
/ffw
8.5
m -t
1
^' 5 *
3.5
0.9
2.9
2.6
1.2
IS*
6.3
6
1.8
1-9
4.3
3.5
Lit.
(67,89)
( 67 )
(67)
(18)
3.6
2.2
2.8
2.5
F Sv JL
1.8
3.1
2.5
3.2
90O Cf
900/1 h Ca, 760/1 h Q0
1.5
5.1
Same, 650V2h {g;";;
J;J
900/lh Q 0 ,650/2h Qw
Same, but Cf||
1020 Q0, 650/2 h Qw
W
ioKrko Q
n , 6
{rn
1250
5 0/o
/ 2uhJ| Q
5.1
5.4
1.7
^ 8
Q g
8.5
9.0
3.3
l 9
AS Cast
0.8
N 925 Ca
A 925 Cf
N 850
A
A 900 (v. Fig. 18)
900 Q0 Tp:
600/2hC a
650/2hQ w
650/2hC 8
2.5
1.8
4.5
4.3
Cf
1.8
3.3
4.0
5.9
Same, 650V2h{ g;,, ; ; ;
Ô
900 Q0, 65072U(^ 1 -
900/30 Ca :
(600i
f
Tp J680[ 5 h C8. J
( 750 J
[
N 820
SVTV
Sv||
Sv/*
4.3
4.7
5.0
3.9
0.8
0.5
0.8
(**)
(72, iio)~"
("O)
( 109 )
4.2
2_.7_
0.7
1.1
(67)
A 845
800 Q0 450 Cf
3.3
9.Ot
v. also Fig. 19
0.3
0.3
~N~850
N
'"(")
(67)
(68)
79O Cf..
f650Ca..
7QOo0
790Qo, TTpJ 4 5 5 0 Ca
63
87500Qw,
875 Q0
iT
o
/ T p 450
0.3
0.5
^
(UO)
1.5
(**)
1?
IS*
64
(*)
(*)
(49,68,72)
780730 Qw, Tp 538/15

0.3
788730 Q0, Tp 538715
0.3
If
0.5
II
0.4
843730 )
f
0.4
843/5 h [ Q0, Tp 538 ]
0.4
760730 J
(
0.4
Above samples not wet ground
780730 Qw, Tp 538715
(Ts
788730 Q0, Tp 538715
0.3
If
0.5
II
0.4
760
0.3
Ol
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
8 30 Q0, Tp 538
Q4
.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
871
(538
788 0O
Q 1 0TD
Ip
(44)
'73
0
0'
g
760
(316
538
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.5
64QO
03
Q5
704
316
649
o
oo
4
843
Q00, Tn
Tp 7040
0.4
0.5
-5
Q6
0.4
0.5
P.6
og
760
0.4
0.4
788 Q0,Tn
Tp
(67,72)
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
649
7040
7 ooo 0
ISW
0.4
0.4
0.4
Lit.
1X
60
( )
3.3
4.4
4.0
900/lhCf
900/1 h Ca, 760/1 h Q0
54
49
(33,65,95)
J&
39
650
[ 760 J
As received
N 810
/T
LSfz
l g
ISW
5J.
4.3
(other
No.
(Izod)
V,, j N
methods)
^25N870t
I
4.3 I
37^
v. Figs. 48 and 52
27 N
2.0
ISx
775 Qw 650 Cf
3J.
32 N 845
1.8
790 Qw 650 Ca
3.0
33 790 Q0
1.6
[205]
f
1.2
315
2.0
rp I 425 I n J
1.6
a
Same,Tp
Ca
^1
54()0
58
59
- 'y
l.lw
/&
4.7
7.4
{
I
*&
J O
Treatment
XT
/Aw
( 18 > 67 )
FSvII
15
-TT-
,,
(Izod)
/T

(Continued)

(Continued)
TT
ey
XT
Treatment
No.
"""64
68
72
7" C
,,
(Izod)
/T
T v 704
, 7 r uI o5 /h3 0 m OQT4o
843 Q0, Tp
(other
V, , v
methods)
0~
Q ^
Lit.
EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON ( 27 )

A, * G
I 100 I 200 250 | 300 | 350 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700
K. No. 90, UTS =| 26 | 25 |24.5| 25 | 26 | 27 | 25 | |
K. No. 106, UTS =|16.5|16.5|
| 17 |
[ 17 | 17 | 15 | 13
I
I K. No. 90 |K No. 100 I K. No. 106
W 25 times to 450 | UTS = \ 23.5 | 21
| 15
W 25 times to 550 | UTS = I 22
| 20.5 |
12
Above samples wet ground after treatment |

N 860
OJ^
(UO)
790 Q0 460 C a . . . . . . . .
Q.3Z
N
0.2
(37)
F 900-800, A 750/5 h,
A 2 670/3h
0.2
F 750-700, A 670/4 h
0.2
* For meaning of subscripts v. p. 396.

t Bars 1î in. diam.
Test piece 30 mm 2 , diam. of bottom of notch = 4 mm.
Tested in the Guillery machine.
Il Cooled at 1 per minute.
IF I - 788/30 Qsalt 538/15 Q0.
II = 788/30 QPb 538/15 Q0.
TABLE 3.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON*!

v. also Figs. 7, 7a, 8, and 20
^y
~~84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
Kev
y
'
100
ScH UTS BMR%

52-58
62
54-62
17
12.5
18.5
19
40-43 9-19
63
26
48-53 26
40-45 20-31
,
TT
Hardness
28(
28.5i
29i
39.5m
34i
45i
34.5i
28-5Oi
Lit.
^y
32)
(32)
(32)
(135)
(32)
(32)
(32)
(32)
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
m M
..
Tensile properties
BHN I ScH UTS

187 37-50 24
El
\ RA
ScH UTS BMRl

56-61
||
31
56-60
40-60
31-40
65
50
Lit.
20
43-59i
( 3 2)
26.5
41m
(137)
23.5
34] (32)
18.5 42-56i (32)
14-29
38i
(32)
22.5
34]
(32)
26
47i (32)
21
46i (32)
Compression Bendproperties
ing
UCS \ PL BMR%
lOO^f
50
34-47
Fig.7H
Cast Iron
Fig.7a
Ef feet of Temperature on
Properties of Cast Iron
Lit.
(27, 32,
124, 1 3 5 )
101**
102** 101-145
103
104
105
106 160-220
30-46
6a - 2att
( 63 )
25-41 15.0a - 4.5aft
IS11 = 0.1
( 63 68 )
57
20.5
41.5i (32)
58
24.5
49i
( 3 2)
43
26.5
4Oi
(32)
38 16-28 ca. O
JJ 63-105
36
(21, 78,124,
145)
107
108
109
110
192-200
23.5
203-21340-501
TSH = 36 J
207-21733-36 16.5
180
22
111
112
113
149-207
160-217
192
18
21
22.5
0.2
0.0
35m
Machined 32. S0
Unmachined 45m
31
33.5m
(iso, 137)
(32, 135,
139
)
(68,145)
O 37)
64.5 34.5 33.Sn (21, 124)

27-47m (137)
37.5m (137)
114 131-176
16
68
27
31.5n (21, 124)
115
19
(130)
116
27
54m (135)
117 110-15130-4016-21
44-58
( 1 3 I)
118 [105-143 24 I 15
(PL = 7)
611" 32.5 3On
( 1 2 4)
* For analyses v. p. 485. For effect of Mn and Si content on cast iron v.
p. 525.
t All specimens "as cast" except where noted.
$ Meaning of subscripts to values of BMR: 1= 1 in. sq., span 12 in.; m = 1%
in. diam., span 12 in.; n = 10 X 10 X 65 mm, span 30 mm; o = 0.862 in. sq.,
span 12 in.
For high temperature tests, v. Figs. 7, 7a, 8 and 20.
Il BHN = 175.
If 16 mm X 16 mm diam.
** No. 101, Trt = A 840-880; YP = 19-28; No. 102, Trt - A 770-840,
YP = 16-31.5.
11 For both El and RA.
n Torsion tests: Soft, (BHN = 92), USS = 14.51
Fine grained (BHN = 150), USS = 24 [ TMR * 24.5 (78).
Hard fine grained (BHN = 217), USS = 28 J
TSH = 21-23.
Fig. 8
*T.C. = total carbon; G. = graphite.
Cast Iron

(Continued)
TT
ey
XT
Treatment
No.
"""64
68
72
7" C
,,
(Izod)
/T
T v 704
, 7 r uI o5 /h3 0 m OQT4o
843 Q0, Tp
(other
V, , v
methods)
0~
Q ^
Lit.
EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON ( 27 )

A, * G
I 100 I 200 250 | 300 | 350 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700
K. No. 90, UTS =| 26 | 25 |24.5| 25 | 26 | 27 | 25 | |
K. No. 106, UTS =|16.5|16.5|
| 17 |
[ 17 | 17 | 15 | 13
I
I K. No. 90 |K No. 100 I K. No. 106
W 25 times to 450 | UTS = \ 23.5 | 21
| 15
W 25 times to 550 | UTS = I 22
| 20.5 |
12
Above samples wet ground after treatment |

N 860
OJ^
(UO)
790 Q0 460 C a . . . . . . . .
Q.3Z
N
0.2
(37)
F 900-800, A 750/5 h,
A 2 670/3h
0.2
F 750-700, A 670/4 h
0.2
* For meaning of subscripts v. p. 396.

t Bars 1î in. diam.
Test piece 30 mm 2 , diam. of bottom of notch = 4 mm.
Tested in the Guillery machine.
Il Cooled at 1 per minute.
IF I - 788/30 Qsalt 538/15 Q0.
II = 788/30 QPb 538/15 Q0.
TABLE 3.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON*!

v. also Figs. 7, 7a, 8, and 20
^y
~~84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
Kev
y
'
100
ScH UTS BMR%

52-58
62
54-62
17
12.5
18.5
19
40-43 9-19
63
26
48-53 26
40-45 20-31
,
TT
Hardness
28(
28.5i
29i
39.5m
34i
45i
34.5i
28-5Oi
Lit.
^y
32)
(32)
(32)
(135)
(32)
(32)
(32)
(32)
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
m M
..
Tensile properties
BHN I ScH UTS

187 37-50 24
El
\ RA
ScH UTS BMRl

56-61
||
31
56-60
40-60
31-40
65
50
Lit.
20
43-59i
( 3 2)
26.5
41m
(137)
23.5
34] (32)
18.5 42-56i (32)
14-29
38i
(32)
22.5
34]
(32)
26
47i (32)
21
46i (32)
Compression Bendproperties
ing
UCS \ PL BMR%
lOO^f
50
34-47
Fig.7H
Cast Iron
Fig.7a
Ef feet of Temperature on
Properties of Cast Iron
Lit.
(27, 32,
124, 1 3 5 )
101**
102** 101-145
103
104
105
106 160-220
30-46
6a - 2att
( 63 )
25-41 15.0a - 4.5aft
IS11 = 0.1
( 63 68 )
57
20.5
41.5i (32)
58
24.5
49i
( 3 2)
43
26.5
4Oi
(32)
38 16-28 ca. O
JJ 63-105
36
(21, 78,124,
145)
107
108
109
110
192-200
23.5
203-21340-501
TSH = 36 J
207-21733-36 16.5
180
22
111
112
113
149-207
160-217
192
18
21
22.5
0.2
0.0
35m
Machined 32. S0
Unmachined 45m
31
33.5m
(iso, 137)
(32, 135,
139
)
(68,145)
O 37)
64.5 34.5 33.Sn (21, 124)

27-47m (137)
37.5m (137)
114 131-176
16
68
27
31.5n (21, 124)
115
19
(130)
116
27
54m (135)
117 110-15130-4016-21
44-58
( 1 3 I)
118 [105-143 24 I 15
(PL = 7)
611" 32.5 3On
( 1 2 4)
* For analyses v. p. 485. For effect of Mn and Si content on cast iron v.
p. 525.
t All specimens "as cast" except where noted.
$ Meaning of subscripts to values of BMR: 1= 1 in. sq., span 12 in.; m = 1%
in. diam., span 12 in.; n = 10 X 10 X 65 mm, span 30 mm; o = 0.862 in. sq.,
span 12 in.
For high temperature tests, v. Figs. 7, 7a, 8 and 20.
Il BHN = 175.
If 16 mm X 16 mm diam.
** No. 101, Trt = A 840-880; YP = 19-28; No. 102, Trt - A 770-840,
YP = 16-31.5.
11 For both El and RA.
n Torsion tests: Soft, (BHN = 92), USS = 14.51
Fine grained (BHN = 150), USS = 24 [ TMR * 24.5 (78).
Hard fine grained (BHN = 217), USS = 28 J
TSH = 21-23.
Fig. 8
*T.C. = total carbon; G. = graphite.
Cast Iron
Fig.9
Fig.lO
Flg.ll
(")
RgJ3
Fie.l2(42)
(71)
21
Fig.l4
F'-14 (21)
KN 3
io \/
C 0.09%
Fig.15
\
\
KN 14
"0I
v Y^-
^M
0ff
"^~"X
X
<<o
S?
0
t,-c-*1400 i
!eoo i
IO
^X \*s^~*\
^^^^r?)oô \
82
-vi^p\
RH
21)
Fig.16 ((21
R8-I6
)
^<DJ?^\\V
5O4E
\\
|2QQ i
"1_^^^
|40Q l
1600 |
|80Q |
"|iob"<n
K N 60
140
____
'^^^
C 0.94%
'
'
^^.
'
^k
0PL
-c^
0..J?
^r
\\
N^
\ %
%
20
t ,0C-*
1200 I
1400 I
-^r
^^-KV
805
>>.
Fig.17
loo
^-*
FiRg. is
50*1:
sol
/
/
- io y
201
A 900
\
8500W 6007ih Cf
\
-KX)V^000Ib
'
50
4
t
20/
oooflKjof^
Nv
N^-
KN-i8
nn \ \
17
C 0.36%
-^0
nH \. .
Fig. 17
KN 6
C 0.18%
o A 925 Cf
90O0Q0 760XihQ0260/ihCa
^ 4
-0El
^/
co*/
/
^v
-f/
^^ ^:'^^^
r > <
^ " ^^^^^^
|600 j
|800 j " UOOO
-1
70^
^
\\\
t, c.~^
L20
~
o
~
" ^x ^
'\v\
9O/ 'o
90
70
^NX^_^^ "
N,r*^^^;
iSosrnsgfrt
ieoo i
^ --CL.
CO^
\Xv
^V,
%A\
^ 0VXX
\\\
io
C 0.32%
\o \"
(21)
ilOO
'
|20Q
|3QO |4QQ |5QQ
Fig. i9
Fig-19
n
n
K N 54
C 0.82%
o A 845Cf
80O0Q0 450% h Cf
^ Large Charpy Test Piece
'
' "
^y
[100
1200
[300 |400
|500
.IQQoV^gO^^
jlQQ
|eOQ
'
|30Q
|4QQ
|50Q
Fig.21
KN 248
Fig.20
Cast Iron KNIO?
(89)
Ni2-Crl-C0.2
Fig-23
89
Fig.22
( J
KN 249 N 2 - G - I - C 0 . 4
Fig.24
Effect of Reheating
Cold Worked Carbon Steel
KN45 C 0.67%p)
Fig.25
Tensile Tests (122)
Effect of Annealing after Cold Drawing
Fig.26
Effect of Annealing on Rolled Cr-VSteel
KN 199 CrU-V0.17-00,30%
Fig27
Compression Tests
Effects of Annealing after Cold Drawing
Fig.29
Effect of Quenching Temperature on Hardness
Fig.28
Effect of Quenching on Cr-V Steel
Fig.31
Effect of Tempering 0.45%C Steel
Fig.3E
Effect of Tempering 0.53% C Steel
Fig.30
Effect of Tempering Carbon Seel Wire
Fig.37
Effect of Tempering Oil Quenched l3%Cr Steels
Fig.34
Effect of Tempering Rolled Cr-Steel (&)
K N128 Cr I-C 0.34-%
Fig.33
Effeet of Tempering 1.02% OSteels
Rg.35
'
Effect of Tempering Cr-Steel (2)
Fig.36
Effect of Tempering Cr -Steel (2)
Fig.39
Effect of Tempering Cr-V Steel
Fig.38
Effect of Tempering 13% Cr Steel (71)
Oil Quenched from 95O0C
Fig.40
Fig.43
Effect of Heat Treatment on

Properties of Cr and Ni-Cr Steels (122)
Ef feet of Tempering cn 102% C Steel

KN 64 (44\
Fig.4l
Effect of Tempering on Hardness
of C-Steels
Fig.44
Effect of Tempering on C Steels
Fig.45
Effect of Tempering on
Hardness of CrSteels
Key No. Origina! Condition
FiS.42
C. Steels
Fig. 46
Effect of Tempering on Hardness of
Nj-V Steels
Fig. 48
Effect of Tempering on Impact Strength
Fig.47
Impact Strength
Fig. 50
Fig.49
Effect of Tempering on Impact Strength of Cr Steels
Effect of Size of Heat Treated Piece

on Properties
C-Steel KN25 C0.45%(18)
Fig.51
Effect of Size of Heat Treated Piece on
Properties
C-Steel KN ?5 C 0.45%
(18)
TABLE 4, PART I.CR STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT

TESTS)
For compression tests v. Fig. 40
Subscript c indicates rate of cooling through critical range
^y
Treatment*
BHN UTS
120 931 C 8 0.7 c /m...

/700\
/ 143
aS
\600/
\ 161
f 735/140Ca. 39
\ 550/20 Q w ... 184
1070 C8 4c/m. .. 123
121 A 790
79O 0 Qw
790 Q0
[375
Same, I 460
Tp I 560
{ 650
122
Fig'.sa
Effect of Size of Heat Treated Piece

on Properties
123
931 C8 0.7c/m ..
T f 700/60 C a ...
\ 600/60C a ....
f735/140Ca
\ 550/20 Qw . .
1070 C8 4 c /m.. .
165
178
152
194
133
A 800/1.5 d Cf 3 d
124 ^Ca"
125 Ca
126
212
627
418
387
430
375
321
931 C8 0.7c/m...
f 700/60 C a ...
\ 600/60 C a ... .
f735/140C a
\ 550/20 Q w ...
1070 C8 4 0 /m...
52JL
58.2
64.6
54.6
67.8
51.7
127
Effect of Cold Drawing CarbonSteelWire
Original State Hot RoIled
El&
18.5
Lit.
(io*)
2 O T o ( i " )
56.0
63.0
67.1
59.0
69.4
54.5
33.4
42.4
45.3
41.8
49.8
32.7
31
35
31
37
28
34
~68.0
32.2
24.5 40.5
47
68
64
68
57
51
(ios)
12.3
10.3
12.5
7.7
4.25
(9)
119
109.1
PL =~79.1 16.5~
~ 35.4 ~"PZ/ = 22.5~ 75
53.6
60.8
65.8
58.3
72.5
52.7
33.9
45.0
49.0
40.7
52.5
31.0
33
32
27
34
25
34
1000 Q0 Tp f Q w 198
650/120
\ CH 192
66.6
63.9
43.0
41.7
28
28
2O
f 350
\ 515
931C80.7c/mor
Vi:
f700/60 Ca...
\ 600/60 C a ....
III or F
IV or Fa
R (v. Figs. 34 and
45)
RW815C a
___ RW 815 Cf
ISf
ISX
15.9
13.2
15.0
7.5
5.5
3.5 6
3.5
2.5
4
11
13.3
167
180
157
214
126
A 850/60 Cf
850 f 500 I
Q0 Tp \ 275 /
RA
3 1 4 7
35
68
31
64
37
68
28
57
34
51
74.5 36.5
127.5 _
141.6 86.2
137.7 93.5
138.4
97.7
125.4 77.9
112.1 67.1
66 8
QOO 0 O f 60 a 193
'
1 ^'J 120 Qw 194 64.1
P
[ 120 C8 192
63.5
900 T 600]
f 199
67.7
Q0 J 5 5 0 f r \ 215 71.6
a
Tp ( 500 J
{ 216
71.8
_ 0 f 650 ]
f~8563.6
Q I 600 ( l 2 0 J 193
J*0 ] 550 [C a I 210
66.8
P
[50O 0 J
[
70.6
Fig.53
YP
28^0
36.3
47.6
38.5
50.3
31.8
45>2
27
~T )
_(119)"~
53.5"
(51, 79,
108
70
19.0
)
65
16.2
69
20.0
58
7.5
53.5 6.25~
ISn
PL
67
6.35
28.3
67
5.5
34.6
69
7t35
42.3
42.3
45.2
50.2
49.4
41.4
30
30
27
24
23
31
70
70
65
59
59
70
42.0
46.4
28
25
65
62
S^H = 32
ScH = 54
ScH = 70
34 6
'
7.35
31.5
6.8
34.6
T36.2
4.7
42.5
3.9
44.1
(Tei36.2
5.7
4.3
37.8
39.4
(?)
ISX$
128
130
A 800/1.5 d Cf 3~d
131
Ca
132
Ca
135~
>
136
931Cs0.7c/mor
F7
f 70O 0 I
r
\6000/OUâ\
III or F
IV or Va
125
167
196
151
209
54.4
63.6
70.5
61.7
74.9
28.0
48.8
55.3
47.8
57.9
32
31
27
33
26
174
162
146
67.6
64.9
57.1
40.7
39.2
32.7
24.5 54.5
28
59.5
26
50
68.2
29.6
22.5 39
132
56.5
PL =132
PL = 43
47
69
66
70
63
6.5
16.4
13.1
18.0
13.6
(87, 108)
ScH
23
23
22
(9)
(H9)
7.5
(119)
58
v. Figs. 35, 36 and 49
184
189
211
163
240
54.4
63.6
70.5
61.7
74.9
28.0
48.8
55.8
47.9
57.9
32
31
27
33
26
47
69
66
70
63
5.5
18.0
12.9
18.5
12.2
(51,79,
los)
TABLE 4, PART I.CB STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT

TESTS) .(Continued)
^y
Treatment*
BHN UTS
YP
El&
136 900/30 Ca
183
100OVQo Tp f Q W 210
71.3 53.8
650/120
\ C3 207
69.9 52.4
( 650/60 Ca 22511
73.5 56.4
650/120 Qw 205
69.9 52.7
650/120 C8 200
67.7 51.5
ZI0
600/120Ca 229
78.7 60.5
p
550/120Ca 257
84.2 68.1
[500/360Ca 255
84.3 67.7
820 f 650 )
f 9 8 6 7 . 2 49.4
Q0 \ 600 \ * \ 223 73.8 57.0
Tp [55O 0 J a [ 244
81.4 64.3
137
138
As received
95O 0 Ca
A 950 35 h Cf....
850 [400]
f
Qw J 5 5 0 0 [ c a i
0
Tp [70O J
i
150
150
115
375
305
195
As received
79
. , f 805 205
As received, I 8500ig5
[960 146
931C80.7c/mor
VI\
139
/700\ ftnr f 200
0
a
\600 /
H 248
III or F
170
IV or F0
253
950Ca
187
A 950/35 h C f . . . 116
850 f 400]
T 418
Qw J 5 5 0 l c a j 347
Tp ( 700 J
[ 241
139
As received
900C a
A 95Q/35 h Cf. ..
800 [ 400 ]
f"
Qw J 5 5 0 [ c J
Tp [ 700 J
[
196
242
149
454
382
As received
290
900 Ca
298
A 950/35 h Cf. .. 226
son f
\
(
:: J 5 5 0 l r J 415
J 1 700| a 1 265
TP I
J
l
141 As received
319
900 Ca
262
~
! 77805 205
AB received, I 85QO 200
25
25
25
26
25
23
21
20
26
23
21
RA
64
64
69
69
69
65
58
57
70
64
61
ISi
(li, ios,
107
2(J 5
57.3 23.0
73.8 60.1
88.1 76.6
65.5 53.5
88.7 78.7
71.8 44.1
47.8 22.7
157.4 144.8
125.4 119.4
86.3 74.0
96.1 66.1
59.3 20.2
176.6 164.2
141.1 133.9
98.3 89.8
145
151.8 148.0 10 32.5

98.4 89.4 21
56
===== = ====
7Q 3
42 Q
96.0 55.0 _9
3 5 7 0 6
931 C8 0.7c/m or
F/
/
T /700l
1
IeOO0J600^t
III or V
IV or Va
18
gl
( 960 270
FA J_
143
107.0 88.2 16
40
78.5 50.5
21.5 62
O 60 O 0 TD /600
960 Q o T P - J 6 5 0 O 4 7 7
A 950/35 h Cf. .. 205
800 [550]
r 402
Qw i 700 [ CaJ
____Tp__i
J
(
142 FA II
148
C1 5
107
X
140
112.0 81.8 H)
73.0 39.4 23
(ii, ios,
107
>
108
'
H9)
63.2 29.6 32
63.5
150.6 145.6
8.5 28
99.3 90.5 20
52
_^__^^.==.
77
33-56 18.5( 3S )
20.5
63
30-53 13-21
(
162
212
270
172
300
1000 Q0 Tp / Qw 253
650/120
\C 8 244
67.0 29.8
75.8 65.0
100.2 85.5
66.1 56.0
96.4 85.0
84.7 69.4
80.7 | 65.5
25
25
147
C105
107
)
20
55.5
28
55.5
9
30
13 42.5
21
61.5
4.0
12.0
9.2
16.5
7.5
JAu
67
68
108
UTS
YP
El8.
f 209 71.1 58?!

\255 85.2 70.1
246 80.8 63.8
236 77.9 61.2
[296 97.6 81.7
I 342 116.0 102.0
[391130.7 119.3
225
77.3 63.3
281
95.6 84.4
325 110.3 100.2
78.1 64.7
69.3 59.0
27
23
25
25
20
16
14
25
20
18
25
29
RA
LS11
PL
70
10.4
47.2
69
8.7 53.6
70
9.0 39.4
70
4.55
48.8
61
sTS64.5
56
1.8 7 7 . 2
47
0.7 93.0
65
12.7
52.0
60
3.9 61.5
59
77.2
68 13.6
71 15.4
^^
IS*%
28
51
4-5
27
69
15.0
22
62
12.0
31
72
17.5
19
57 11.0
26 62.5
37
70.5
9.5 37
15
52
22.5 67
BHN
931 C8 0.7c/m or
W
f700corT
\600 or F O ....
f700i p
a
a
\600j
*"
108)
54.8 28.3 23.5
Treatment*
145 900|'690/120\r
Q J6500/60 J a
]650/120QW
Tp [650/120 C8..
900( 600/120i
9<J 550/120 |-Ca
Tp [500/36oJ
f 650)
T
820 6 0 O 0 ^ C a J
Q0
55O0J
(
Tp
700
750
(ios,
107)
26.5
ni
*y
ISU
PL
~8^237.8
5.7 45.7
9.3 50.4
9.1 40.9
8.6 45.7
7.6 52.0
5.0 58.3
3.5 59.8
~9~3
44.1
7.5 48.8
4.4 56.7
52.6 33.0
52.0 25.2
107.9 105.4
91.4 86.6
64.9 50.4
73.8
^ 4
Lit.

TESTS) .( Continued}
162
173
287
(182
\252
As received, ( 850
A
\ 960
960 Q0 Tp
610/60
931 C8 0.7c/m...
f700i
(
T
1 600 1 60
1700 i Ca
a
\ 600 J
II 780/120 C8...
1070 C8 4c/m. . .
67.3 29.2
71.5 63.5
101.2 80.9
66.0 53.4
81.5 68.9
137
163
50.6 23.6
35
61.1 29.9 26
191
254
163
142
88.6
55.2 26.1
65.9 53.5
87.1 79.4
65.4 51.4
83.9 70.5
59.0 52.0
46.7 28.5
931 C8 0.7c/m 166

or FJ
f700i
T
IeOO0IoO
J
/700 [ Ca I 186
a
\ 600 J
^261
III or V
Tre
IV or Va
281
66
56
66
56
68
55
37
^
[960 228
960 Q0 Tp 650. .
960 Q0 500/60
C, Tp2 650
311
84
2
42
Ca
Ca
850 Q0 Tp 700..
153
931 C80.7c/mor
VI
165
T / 7 0 0 Un r /
1
IeOO 0 / 6 0 Ca \
/700\
(
a
a
\600/
\
Ilia or V
IV or Va
154
155
As
received I
As received,
156
PL
8.15
48.8
3.7
53.6
(U)
PI/7T56.5
PL = 84.4
15
54.8 24.6 36
58
-
93.9 83.6
71.8 55.9
88.1 76.7
68.6 50.4
100.8 89.4
28
18
25
20
31
18
7.5
62
(UQ)
ISU
21
f^2Q2
931 C 8 0.7c/m...
r/700i
1
XeOO0J60^8"
f 187
T f700i 60
a
\600 & / Ca \ 248
74 4
g g
"^0
^ g
<n)
57
9 . 2 5 (2)
73
5.1
(ios)
65
IS^
56
66 14.0
57
5.9
68.5 15.1
55
7.1
59.4 25.4 31.5 64

805
( 960 228
960 Q0 Tp 650/60
960 Q0 500V60 C
Tp2 650
16.2
5.7
15.0
8.1
15
IO
71 7
(log)
22
70.3 51.3
190
270
180
278
^To
25
g
60.3
133.3
152
67
72
61.5
72 17.4
65
8.9
73.5 22.0
67
6.5
70.7 57.8
95.1 87.9
70.3 56.5
93.5 78.3
68.1 58.0
94.8 85.0
26
18
26
20
30
18
4.5
(2,51,
15.5
8.1
i8)
17.8
5.9
(U, 108)
67
~78
^
150
19
32
29
19
28
22
35
36
45
67
57
69
58
57.8 27.6 31
149 7
'. , f 805 192
AB received, I 5 0 0 2 2 5
151
24
27
18
29
19
^_
26^
^
()
(")
82.9 41.0 19
119.2
12.5
R 777 Vr-uo
BHN-ZW
52.8 21.3
65~7"~55^2
87.1 79.2
66.4 54.2
88.1 77.1
34
67
29~" 72
21
63
28
71 18.7
|22
63
8.1
(ios)

TESTS).(Continued)

TESTS) .(Continued)
?fy
No.
156
Treatment*
( 780 1 2 0 J
Il|740J C8 \
( 550/120 Qw..
1070 C8 4 c /m...
157
158
"
BHN
'
YP
El&
RA
LSxJ
175
56.6 45.2
60.1 45.2
129.4 105.5
53.6 25.2
36
30
15
34
931 C8 0.7c/m
or VI&192
( 700
T
1 600 60
/700
Ca
205
a
\ 600 J
[ 263
III or V
203
IV or Va
. 287
59.7 31.1
76.6 61.1
96.5 87.9
77.3 59.4
90.7 72.7
74.3 53.6
101.8 91.9
32
69
8.5
26 60.5
18
52
25
61.5 8.9
19
53.5 5.1
29
63 10.2
18
50
0.05
(108)
36
(io)
51.7
^ 52'8
83.8 74.8
29
70
f 700 60
? 187
a
\600/ Ca \ 240_
( 780 120 7" 158
II \ 74O 0 J C8 \ 166
[ 550/20 Q w ... 348
1070 C8 4c/m. . . 136
66.9 54.4
84.7 76.0
58.0 42.6
59.0 45.5
130.0 94.0
52.7 24.2
20
28
21
34
30
14
34
64
72
66
73
72
46
65
5
9
r 500
850 Q0 Tp I 600
( 700
. , ( 805 200
A
As received, I 5 0 0 1 6 0
144.7 130.0
92.1 77.3
76.6 55.5
69.1 59.8
^ Q ^^
IO
18
23
25
^
30.5 ISU
(2 1 ^ )
50
2.1
60.5 10.4
18.7
10.3
20.7
21.1
5.05
1.7
124.3 PL 60
TT"
~"(119)
163 â
15OTeT
"TTJ"
~7119)
164 ~7
64.3 56.7
30
62.1 33.0 32
^0 ^
^
<")
~65~As
(805 f 223 83.1 53.5 18
received, A \ 850 [ J 207 73.8 37.8
23.5
[960J [l96 68.3 37.8 25
C11)
162 "Ot
TTT
f 805 75
. , .4 850 174
received, A |96QOm
PL = IOO
960 Q0 500/60
Tp2 650
255
166
Ca
167
Ca
168
[500
875 0 Q 0 Tp \ 600
[700
171
Ca
172
A
As
received
As received,
.TT
143.0 ~~PL = 130.0

94.1? PL = 79
J)
Iu
149.0 132.8
9
89.3 73.1 18
72.4 52.7 22
25
50
57
4.0
11.4
ZZI 1 3 9 > 3
~58.5
54 8
PL = 102
26.0 29
56.5
^ -^
[960 200
50.9 28.4 28.9
~
3
1
^^
1
32 Q
174 "T
'. , ( 8 0 5 5 3 6 5 . 0 28.3
Aa received, 85Q0143
^5
? 2
67.1
31
27
37.8 26
( 119 )
(2)
_2
805
II5 0 0 1^~
90
[960 140
( 119 )
4.5
IS111
Lit.
67.7 50.4 21
48
6.8^
Q")
41
56
47
Tes
2.8
3.2
(2)
177
AlOOO 0
f 950
143
Ac
\850
143 I
1000 Q0 750/6 h
[
Cf
165 J
48.8
26.8
40
74.5
v. also Figs. 9,
37, and 49
8.85
13.85
(*o, 71)
v. Fig. 25
950 Q0 /650 Qw 217** 77.2 62.7ft 22

Tp
\250 Qw 444ti 168.0 149.5 _7
184
900 Ha Tp 700..
f 700
Same,
I 800
tested at | 900
[ 1000
186
.TT
C119)
(9)
C 11 )
(J1)
o 7 ,o 0 Tn
0/0
0 lp
C111)
32.5
26.5
26.5
11.5 28.5
RA
93.5 72.4
19
83.6 70.3 21
78.7 57.7 24
187
"
T
El0,
'
Figs> 37> 45>
80.1 61.4
69.2 34.6
66.8 33.0
68.6 31.5
21
33
30
23
55
6.65
59.5 1.1
(65, 7 i )
50
(2, n,
122
)
|| ||
v. also Figs.
10 and 25
Vm Figs
182 ZZZZZZZZZ
* llf 38> 45> 49
.
ZZZZ!
183 975 Q0 Tp 700. . 255 | 88.1 |~70.3tt 2TTs" 53.0 | 2.8
(
v. also Figs. 11, 38, 45, 49
63.3 33.0 25
95.0
17
YP
900 Ha Tp 70O TT
180 ZZZZIZZZZ IZZ

181 As received, D c ...
T8050
185
A l 850
190
[960
192
72
15.5 5
BHN UTS
0
178
6 1
103.3 93.7
26.8
11.0
Treatment*
T T O f 6 5 0 0
900HaTp j 700
[750
179
T\600j
/ 7 0 0 b\ na r\J
820 Q0 T p 650..
Same,
( 700
tested at \ 900
23.4
74.5 23.5
73 19.2
46
5.1
63
1.5
931C80.7c/m...'
161 As
( 805 [223 78.2 42.5
received, A< 850 [ S 210 74.3 37.8
\960J j 202 70.0 37.8
820 Q0 Tp 650. .
122.4 114.2
Same,
( 700
29.0
tested at \ 900
11.80
960 Q0 Tp 650. . 350
173
^y
Lit.
154
173
344
135
[960 170
960 Q0 Tp 650. .
960 Q0 500/60,
Tp2 650
286
160
UTS
188
190
191
As cast
R or F..
r 500
J 600
| 700
[ 750
^^
91.6 64.3 15.5 30.5 1.0
20.8
2.5
12.4
3.5
11.8
5.0
6.0
6J_1
69.2 32.8 20
ISU
()
132.9 106.2
4
5
(2)
92.8 69.6 13.5 37.5 5.1
71.0 45.7 20 40.5 9.7
74.5 49.9 23
50
8.0
~89.5
.TT
36
O)
76.7
16
26.5
()
77.3 54.8 12.0 21.5
(9)
28-63 21-56
56-91 46-78
()
2-0 3-0
26-8 50-10
* Italicized numerical values are for the alternative treatments (as indicated
by footnote).
t For meaning of subscripts v. p. 396.
Tested on the Guillery machine.
Meanings of treatments denoted by Roman numerals are: I = 950/30
Ca 860/30 Q0 Tp; Ia = 950/30 Ca 870/30 Ca Tp; II = 1065/30 Ca 850/60
Q0 Tp; III = 950/60 Ca, 825/30 Q0 735/255 Ca 630/120 Ca; IHa = 915/60
Ca 820/30 Q0 750/255 Ca, 620/140 Ca; IV = 950/60 Ca 825/30 Q0
625/30 Ca; V = 1000/20 Ca, 830/30 Q0 745/60 Ca; Va = 1000/20
Ca 830/30 Q0 600/20 Qw; VI == 1020 C8 2c/m; VIa = 1070 C8 4c/m.
II ScH = 41.
f Charpy machine, type of specimen not stated.
** ScH = 35.
11 PL = 47.2.
Jt ScH = 64.
PZ/ = 14.2 on 2 in., 11.0 on 8 in., EL = 11.0 on 8 in.
Ul PL = 53.2.
( I l l 900 H0 Tp 500, ISU = 1.1.
900 H0 Tp 600, JSU = 2.1.
900 H0 Tp 700, IS11 = 4.15.
TABLE 4, PART II.SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS ON CR STEELS

Tests on air cooled specimens on Fremont shear machine (119)
Key No
USS
|124|131|132|141|144 |l5l|l62|l63 |167 |171

I 49| 57| 19| 56| 36.5| 56| 40| ^1.5| 39.5| 671
TABLE 4, PART II.SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS ON CR STEELS.

(Continued)
Torsion tests
1
^y
127
128t
179
Treatment
USSC*
TMR^
YP8 PL8
0^
Lit.
A850/60C f .... 48
65
20" 33.8 (*7)
850 Q0 / 500/60 70.5
94
72 17.7
Tp
\ 275760 103.5 138
90
4.7
A850/60C f .... ~ ~ 4 4 5 8 ^ 5 ~ 2 5 5 C K 4 ( 87 )
850 [515)
f 61.5
82
63.5 26.4
Qw 570 60 j
59
79
57 28.7
Tp [ 62O 0 J
[ 56.5
75.5
54
39.4
950 J 650 Qw ~~52
69
41
107.5 (65)
Q 0 Tp 1250 Qw 90
120
79.5
15.3
TABLE 6.COPPER STEELS.(Continued)

IP
No.
212
Treatment
A
Dc
D0
D0 4 SWG
D0
D0
AC > 24 h
Dc
D0
Dc
A2D0
Dc
Dc
A2D0
Dc
AC > 24 h
D
Dc
D0:
A2Dc....
Dc
A2Dc.
A 2 De
>
A2D0
A
D0
D0
AO 24 h
Dc
Dc
Dc
A2D0
D0
Dc
A2D0
A
D
D0
AO 24 h
D
D0
D0
A2Dc
Dc
De
A2D0
A2 D0
213
216
* Stress assumed uniform throughout cross-section,

t TMR = 1.333 USSc.
Size of specimen unknown.
Specimen 1% in. X % in. diam.
TABLE 5.CR-V STEELS

See also Figs. 12, 26, 28, and 39
218
?Tey
Treatment
BHN
ScH
UTS
YP
El&*
RA
Lit.
No.
192 Âs rolled
43.5 ~34~3~ 38
63
(126)
194 As rolled
56.7 37.0 28
45
<126)
A 620
56.1 35.9 30.5 55.5
195 As received
302
42
96.1 59.9 15.5 45.5 (53)
927 Q0 870 Q0
Tp 650
300
48
101.8 94.9 18
_62
196 As rolled
76.5 57.0 24
56.5 (126)
A 650/30
79.1 60.2 23
56.4
A850/30
61.1 44.1 26
65
198 A 800-900
114.2 71.7
9
44
(126)
Q0 Tp
126.5 84.9 12.5 46
199 S 1200/12h f 750
65.4 42.5 23
~38(126)
C1nW2
1950
88.7 59.2
49.5
500 Q0 Tp 350. .
84.6 61.3 26
51
690 Q0 Tp 350. .
82.8 59.8 26
51
690 Q 0 Tp 600..
83.5 60.3 25
50
870 Q0 Tp 350. .
93.5 78.4 23
51
900 Q0 Tp 600..
84.5 68.4 22
56.5
1000 Q 0 Tp 350.
92.1 79.5 20
37.5
200 As rolled
104.2 66.9 16.5 40.5 (*26)
A 800/30
83.6 61.9 23.5 52
201 850 Q0 Tp 650..
93.5 70.9 18
50
(71)
202 850 Q0 Tp 420. . 444
63 169.0 140.9
8.5 24
(65)
203 "850 Q0 Tp 650 Ca 255
41
89.0 "TTt 22
60.5 (65)
_
. . , 4 XT i n o /(As received): USSc= 72.5, TMR= 971 ....
From torsion tests: No. 193^.
USSC= 51.5, TMR= 69/ <">
No. 203, (850 Q0 Tp 650 Ca): USSC = 61.5, TMR = 82, FPs == 58, Total
Tw = 532 (65).
Impact strength: No. 202, 7>S(Izod) = 1.9, ISW = 0.81 65
No. 203, JS(Izod) =4.8
J
* For key Nos. 192, 194, 196, 199, 200 specimens are 2 in. X 0.75 in. diam.
and for key No. 198 specimens are 2 in. X 0.375 in. diam.
t PI/ = 60.8.
221
224
227
233
TABLE 6.COPPER STEELS

Cold drawn copper steels ( 133 > 134 > 143)
"^
No.
204
207
210
Treatment
Dc
Dc
D0
A
Dc
Dc
D0.....
Dc
Dc
^
mm
4.37
3.23
2.34
(5 SWG)
3.25
1.93
5.59
2.95
1.83
Diam
'
mm
(5 SWG)
3.25
1.85
5.21
2.92
1.30
(5 SWG)
4.70
3.81
3.07
2.77
2.13
1.83
1.65
1.02
(5 SWG)
4.70
3.81
3.07
2.77
2.13
1.83
. ...
1.42
0.99
5.44
3.25
1.85
(5 SWG)
4.70
3.81
3.07
2.77
2.13
1.83
1.65
5.49
3.25
1.88
(5 SWG)
4.70
3.81
3.07
2.77
2.13
1.83
1.65
1.02
UTS
74^8
66.6
112.2
93.7
141.9
205.4
64.9
86.4
99.2
113.5
75.9
91.4
103.9
67.8
98.4
89.9
114.2
128.2
151.3
91.4
111.5
125.2
146.8
154.4
86.1
71.7
105.5
64.5
86.0
100.0
107.3
81.3
101.7
104.7
72.7
92.1
66.7
100.8
65.5
82.4
94.5
103.1
88.2
105.8
107.3
76.0
106.6
~El~
I^
3.5k
3
2
11
2
3
2.5
3
2
3.5
2
1.5
8
3
3
4
3.5
2.5
3
3
2
15k
14
3
3
4
3
2
3
2
12.5k
2
2
3
3.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2
1.5
Cast, rolled and forged copper steels
UTS
~~
129.1
158.0
194.5
83.8
69.5
93.5
128.0
165.4
207.6
5^
5.5k
5k
18k
5k
4.5
3.5
KPV
N^
Treatment
205 As cast
A 800
AlOOO 0
A 1200
206 F
CR Qw Tp DR
CAQ 0 TpDA
208 R
209 G
Diam.* BHNi UTS YP

A
A
A
A
B
B
B
D
~A
EQ. RA
Torsion data
~~
Lit.
36.8 18.3 24d 53 Specimens 100 ( 82 )

37,4 17.9 22d 59.5 mmX 18 mm
39.0 24.728 d 67
diam. (asrolled)
38.1 20.2 28.5d 64
60.0
13d 48.5
(")
103.0
16d 45
82.5
23d 48.5
120 39.2 28.425f 42
(83)
170 61.2 31.5 17d 20
(82)
TABLE 6.COPPER STEELS.(Continued)

Cast, rolled and forged copper steels
y
?f
No.
211
Treatment
Diam.* BHNi UTS YP
F
Q w Tp
Q 0 Tp
B
B
B
El%
RA
62~7)23d s
97.9
10.5d58
75.7
15d 56
214 R
A 900
87O0Q
Same, Tp 300-350.
B
B
B
B
146
143
311
311
215 R
A900
87O0Q
Same, Tp 300
216 R
B
B
B
B
202
166
627
460
"
110 mm ball, 3000 kg load.

a = 2 in., d = 100 mm, f = 200 mm, k = 20 in., b = 1 in.
TMR = 1.333 USSc.
Torsion data
T
Lit.
7
= 39.5
= 52.5
= 31
= 77
( 17 )
65.5 48.620 d 48.5 USSc = 43

54.7 33.423.5 d 43
TMR = 57.5
76.5 76.5 1.5d
YPa = 33
139.0135.1 1.5d
Tw = 19.6
73.3~39^9~~ 20.5
( 17 )
47.1 38.725.5d
41.526.923d
67.049.716d
72.2 51.2 8.5d
66
60
53
60
USSc
TMR
FPs
Tw
( 133 )
B
B
B
B
255
228
817
555
83.5 62.1 12d 22.5 USSC = 68.5 ( )

72.3 41.1 16.5d 43
TMA = 91.5
FPs = 54.5
158.0158.0 Od J)
Tw = 27.2
219 R||
286
102.8 71.7 5.5d 4
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
235
332
79.4 48.016d 34
108.0 76.0 8d 27
66.3
20d 55
103.8
lld 57
83.6
15d 55
68.2
17.5d 61
112.2
9d 66
81.5
13d 62
220
222
223
225
226
As cast
R
A 900
87O0Q
Same, Tp 300
R
A 900
87O0Q
Same, Tp 300
.'
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
227
28.8
1Ob
146 49.5 41.526.5 d 60
146 49.0 38.626d 57
311 92.8 83.3 5.5 d 26
277 69.0 52.9 11.5d 66
207 64.5 45.2 20.5d 47
196
60.6 40.9 20d 40
600 102.5102.5 1.5d
495 166.5149.0 3.5d 7.5
R
A 830
83O0Q
Same, Tp 350
228 R
B
B
418
223
800
600
364
A825
8250Qh
229 B~
B
B
277
311
231 IQOO 0 Ca
232 R
A 900
87O0Q
Same, Tp 300
233 R
A...
234 R
A 900
87O0Q
Same. Tp 300
235 As cast
238 R
B
B
B
B
240
241
242
USSc = 76.5
TMR = 102
FPs = Sl
Tw=IS
^ ^m
^5 ^
| 1.5| 8 |22 | 38.5J 49.5| (*T
TABLE 7, PART I.NICKEL CHROMIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS)
^y
Treatment
BHN UTS YP
El
46
37.5
USSC
TMA
FP
7^
USSc
TMR
FPs
T7W
243 Rh
244
245 85O0Ca
85O0Q0
O7)
Same,
Tp
302
302
291
262
223
212
101
71
97.5 69
94.5 67
85
69
72.4 58
69
444
157
f 50O Qw 410
85O0QwTpIH 600Qw 340
[650Qw 311
85O0QoII
[300
400
15
T ! ' J500 Qw
Pl1
600
[65O0J
246
W2 825 C
8250Qh
As cast
B
B
277
311
43
17
R
A900
87O0Q
Same, Tp 300
B
B
B
B
84.0 63.7 14d

107.5 86.9 4d
72.0
5b
1.5
TO
USSc = 74
TMR = 98.5
FPs = 66.5
Tw = 16.2
300
400
500 Q
600 ^w
650
700
85O0CaJl
0
85O0Q0
q
e>
êoy
~247
O7)
( 134 )
USSc = 55.5
TMR = 74
FPs = 49
Tw = 29.6
26
85.5 76.5 13
( 17 )
(6)_
USSc = 47
TMR = 62.5
FPs = 44
Tw = 70.2
255
~63~
101
80
74
( 12 )
= 41.5 ( 17 )
= SS
= 29
= 92.5
= 48
(")
= 64
= 40.5
= 44.6
34.8 30.830.5a 62
202
174
311
As received
174
[50O0Qw 302
850Qw Tp J600Qw 255
[ 650 Qw 229
( 17 )
USSc = 71
( 17 )
TMR = 94.5
FPs = 59
Tw = 24.8
110.0 69.3 6d
7
USSC = 69
( 17 )
TMR = 92
80.0 56.5 16.5d 32
FPs = 54.5
92.5 70.0 8d 31
Tw =10.8
TUTIO^35~~~
' (134)
58^5
58
25.5
34
35~
36
31.5
40
R
A 900
87O0Q
Same, Tp 300
* Diameters of tensile
mm, D = 20 mm.
I ^ C o m p r e s s i v e stress
No.
kg/mm 2
231 I % compression
96.0 55.3 12.5d 17

75.5 42.4 8.5d 18
62.5 47.4 16d

49.5 41.325d
112.0106.0 5d
111.0102.4 6.5d
78.2 56.521.5
74.3
20
269 79.6 68.5 lld
207
61.5 45.6 18d
800 75.0 75.0 Id
495 167.0155.0 2d
57.6
Ib
375 117.0 97.5 1.5d
B
B
B
B
COMPRESSION TEST ON CYLINDER 28.47 X 14.33 MM DIAM.

(1000 Ca)
RA
LSut
/fivt|
Lit.
17
217 R
A830
83O0Qw
Same. Tp 300-350.
W2 825 C
8250Qh
F
CR Qw Tp DR.
CAQ 0 TpDA
F
CR Qw Tp DR
CAQ 0 TpPJU
I) Broke near head.
( 17 )
532
477
444
401
321
293
512
foOO 0
364
"\650Q W 255
Treatment
BHN
100O Q0Tp (Qw... 241

6507120 \C8 ... 234
675/120 Ca 238
650/120 Qw 245
"
650/120C8 242
r* 6507360 Ca** 227
1P
6007120 Ca 270
5507120 Ca 300
f 6507120 Ca 244
" ^01 6007120 Ca 270
P
[5507120Ca 301
FA, 850 Q0 Tp 660
Ca
224
( 12 )
(* 7 )
(12)
255 77.1 69.5 13d 46.5 USSc = 58

O7T
183 50.3 46.022 d 63
TMR = 77.5
351 137.9106.0 7d 29.5 FPs = 61.5
325 100.0 85.5 lld 52
Tw = 18.3
B
302 97.1 81.8 lld 23.5 USSc = 68.5 ( 1 7 )
B
212
68.5 56.5 16d 42
TMR = 91.5
B
782 100.2100.2 ld
FPs = 65
B
782 173.0157.9 1.5d 1.0
Tw =18.3
specimens: A = 10 mm, B = 13.8 mm, C = 14.33
61.5
(*28)
56
45.5 ~ 3 3 6 5
88 ~8
58
71
25
66
63
27
69
T7"*)
"~
10.3 11.6 7^*)

6.9
8.1
11.6 13.3
12.9 15.0
16
16
17
21
27
34
47
54
62
68
55
29
_70
110
12
38
0.7
0.9
134
110
101
116.5 12
102.5 17
90
18
39
45
50
0.7
1.1
5.0
1.1
1.3
3.9
204.5
181
162
137
112
102
2
128
11
135
11
124.5 12
101
17
91
20
5
36
36
39
47
52
0.55 0.8
0.4
.7
.3
.6
.4
.9
1.0 1.6.
5.4
5.3
192 183
5
129 115
13
89.5 72.5 23
8
40
59
UTS YP
PL
El
80.5 63
oOTs21
79.5 63 55
20
80
63.5 53.5
21
82
67.5 53.5
19
81
65 58
19
76.5 60
52
21
91
77
63
18
99.5 86.5 69
14
81
65
58
21
90 75.5 63
18
100 86.5 71
15
75.5 56
49
20
2.4
2.3
3.2
3.0
4.4
4.8
9.7 10.0
12.5 14.0
12.9 15.5
( 18 )
0.55
0.4
5.65
RA
51
46
45
46
46
45
39
39
47
41
37
51
LSuf
Lit.
7.05 (O)
8.3
6.8
6.8
1.0
7.2
4.85
1.95
6.8
4.7
1.95
4.3
__
._ __ __ __ __. __ __ ^wf
248 A 900790 Cf
TT . also 46
28
30.5 59
61.0 7")
Same, 870 Q0 760 Fig.
___ /60 Q0 260760 Ca. 21 57.3 35.5
21
_67
95.0
249
A 900790 Cf
. also
Same, 825 Q0 Tp Fig.
600760 Cf
22
250 1000 Q0 Tp f Q w . . . 262

6507120 \ C 8 . . . 257
Q
J
P
6757120 Ca
650/120Qw
650/120C8**
6507360 Ca
6007120 Ca
5507120 Ca
243
258
252
236
289
325
62.510
21
86.2 71
20
58
89~ 72.5 ~ 5 8 2 1
87.5 70.5 63
21
84
69
63
87.5 72.5 58
84.5 70
66
80
65.5 61.5
96.5 83.5 72.5
109
97
86.5
~22
20
20
22
17
13
13.6 7**)
34.2
LSu
50
50
7/75 7*0)
0.4
55
50
50
47
49
39
7^5
7.9
0.55
7.9
2.35
0.7
TABLE 7, PART I.NICKEL CHROMIUM STEELS* (TENSILE,

HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS).(Continued)
*fy
Treatment
BHN UTS YP
No.
250 820 ( 6 5 0 ] T ~ 2 5 5
85
73.5
Q 0 ] 600 [l20 CaJ 296
96.5 84.5
0
Tp [55Q J
( 323
108 97
900 Ca 650/2 h Qw 248
83
64
251
1000 Q0 Tp/Q w ... 263

650/120 \C8... 255
f 6757120 Ca 243
650/120QW 258
Q
650/120 C8 ** 250
,f
650/360Ca 236
P
600/120Ca 304
550/120 Ca 342
820 650
T 255
Q0 600 [l20 C a j 300
0
Tp 55O J
( 338
F A 900, 850 Q0 Tp
660Ca
235
89 72.5
87 71
83.5 69
87
71
84
71
80 66.5
102 88
115.5 103
84.5 73
100 87
114 103
79
65
252 1200Q0Tp/Qw ... 228

75.5 59.5
6507120 \C B ... 216
72.5 56
0
100O Q0Tp /Qw... 200
64 46
650/120 \C8... 195
63.5 47.5
[6507120 Q w .. 205
6~7~~ ~49~~
900 650/120C8** 197
65 48.5
Q0 6757120 C a .. 225
76.5 60.5
Tp 6507360 Ca** 221
72.5 55
[6007120 C a . . 256__ 84
70
F A 815,/625 Ca
69 52.5
805Q0Tp\680 Ca
62.5 45
PL
El
RA
ISut Lit.
54
47
23
56
7\2
2.6
1.0
8.15
56.5 18
64.5 15
64.5 13
57
20
66
6
63
20
77
10
_88
5
68
20
80
10
91
6
43
37
37
50
15
40
19
9
46
25
19
6.2 ( 80 )
0.3
5.1
6.4
0.4
6.4
1.0
0.4
5.4
1.1
0.7
62
20
47
43
43
63
63
65
65
39
55
42
49
56
1.95
6.5 (51,80)
8.3
7.6
3.05
ITJF
4.4
6.1
6.8
3.6
3.75
5.65
253 9 0 O 0 Q 0 T p / Q w . . . . 250
6507120 \ C 8 . . . . 245
100O0Q0Tp ( Q w . . . 259
6507120 \Cs ... 250
120O 0 Q 0 Tp /Q w ... 265
6507120 \Cf ...258
83~ 66 ~53
21.5 ~55
T7")
81.5 64.5 53.5 21
51
0.6
85 68.5 53.5 20
~494~6~
82 66 35
20
51
0.6
4.2
ISvt
OA
254 82O0Ca
820 Q0
56.5 33 IJlT"
88 ~60?
el
85
60?
7.2
80 61.5 9.5
72.5 56.5 13.0
64.5 50.5 15.0
60
45.5 17.3
PL
32
20
20
21
24
28
31
70~5 ~52
68.5 52
74 51
71
53
66.5 39.5
9
21
22
23
22
ff16*
P
~163tt
262
300
255
400
241
500 Qw 223
600
192
650
179
255 120O0Q0Tp f Q w . . . . 208

6507120 \C 8 **.. 199
90O 0 Q 0 Tp /Qw .... 227
6507120 \C 8 **... 219
F 815 Q0 Tp 650 Ca
F A 815, 815 Q0 Tp
650Ca
47
_45
51
51
44
286
269
311
262
258 100O0Q0Tp / Q w . . . 253

6507120 \C 8 **.. 247
[6757120 Ca... 240
900 6507120 Qw... 253
Q0 6507120C8**. 249
Tp 6507360 C a ... 239
6007120 C a ... 280
5507120 C a ... 313
850 Q0 66072 h C a ..
[650]
f 258
00
m 9? j 60O 0 J-CaJ 289
P
0
[55O J
{ 314
F A 900, 850 Q0, Tp
660Ca
237
(is 62)
6^35 7*)
5.25
6.35
5.8
4.4
D. Fig. 13
256
257 825
f600I 0 f
Q0 Tp \ 650/^w\
~845f600l
/
___ Q0 Tp \ 650 J ^ w \
34
39
36
44
31.5
65
11.8
53
5.8
60
6.9
63
8.3
67 10.25
71 13.0
72 14.1
02
9 5 J 3 1 8 ^ 5
54
9.4 ( 28 )
93 77.5
22
61 11.1
106.5OO
16.5 ^55
JTT
91.5 79
23
61.5 10.5
84.5
83.5
78.5
84.5
84
82
94
104.5
80
86.5
94.5
105
67 55
19
67 61.5 17
60 ~ 4 9 1 0
67.5 56.5
18
67.5 63
10
65.5 61.5 19
80
69.5 13
93 82
13
63
55
19
72 67.5 18
83 72.5 13
94.5 85
14
43
34
~5
45
14
46
26
38
42
41
24
37
5.55 ( 80 )
0.3
5.25
5.95
0.3
4.85
0.8
0.55
5.4
1.0
0.55
1.95
Treatment
BHN UTS\ YP
259 As received
95O0Ca
A 950
69
22
74
18
86.5 9
50.5 21
~ 4 9
44
20
31.5 24
36
23
~38
24
39.5
24
50.5
19
49
22
55
17
42.5
20
36
24

[250...
85O 0 Q 0 Tp { 300...
(350...
PL
147.5137
141 125
67.5 33
177 170
172 166
162.5 148
262a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
I
RA
(Ts
3C5
11
31
27
53
11 43.5
10
39
11
41
260 F 9 0 0 Q 0 T p / Q w . . . 2 9 7 9 6 ^ 5 ~76~~ ~55

6507120 \C 8 ... 282
93.1 75.5 66
261 F900Q 0 Tp/Q w ... 209
6507120 \C8 ... 200
El
17
15
67.5 52.5 36
21
65 51 42.5 21
IS^
Lit.
(7)
37
31
4~85 "(sTj
2.9
56
55
5.7 7")
5.4
850 Ca
N 820
321 113 86.5

15
41
0.8 (4,18,47,
321 113 86.5 g J,
15
41
0.8 50 sl
[200
321 111.5 88 ^J
15
46
1.1 80 109
110
300
321 111 95.5 ?^-H_ 15
48
0.4
>
400
I 302 105.5 89.5 J * 16
51
0.7
me>
yw
*
J500
| 277
94.5 80 ^g 18
54 2.35
P
600
255
85 71
g^-g 22
60 6.65
0
a
65O J
241
82 67.5 fr
23
62 8.85
0
[79O C8**.. 167**** 61.5 42 40
33
67
6.9
0
100O Q0Tp f Q w . 240
79 58.5 44
19
~40 9.15
6707120 \ C S . . . 230
77 58 42.5 19
39
2.8
f Q w - - . 245~~
'a...245
JC8**. .237
o (1) Tp2 650 C8**
235
p (n)Tp 2 650Q w
235
q 900 Q0 675/2 h Ca 234
r 90O 0 Q 0 Tp f Qw ... 245
s
6507120 \CS** . . 240
t
(r) Tp2 670 Qw
226
u 900Q065076hCa.. 226
v 900Q060072hCa.. 264
w 900 Q 0 55072hC a .. 286
x 850Q 0 Tp/Qw . . 2 4 5
y
650
\C S **..24Q
z 850QW Tp / Qw . . 2 3 O
aa
6757495 \C8**. . 220
bb
f400Q w 388
cc
500 Qw 331
dd
550Ca 287
00
ee T % J600Q W 285
p h
ff
600Ca 270
gg
650Ca 243
hh
[65O0C8** 224
(hh) Tp2 650 Q0
218
Jj 820 Q0 705,/Qw 220
kk
75 Ca 600 \CS** 217
II 820 Q0 705, / Qw 223
mm 75 Q0 600 \CS** 214
nn 820Q0788Q0, f C8 247
00
Tp2 650
\Q W 246
pp 820 Q0 788 C 8 **....
~78~ ~ef~ 45.5

~23
55
TjT
78 6 2 . 5 4 9
25
58 4.15
77 61.5 50
20
47
0.7
75
59
49
22.5
52
0.7
74 57 42.5 20
45
9.0
80 53 41
17
34
5.7
81 64 46
21
54
6.1
80 63.5 53
23
58
1.1
77~~ 53.5 31.5
16.5 ~32 6.25
76 60 47
20
43
6.4
88 76 63
18
42
1.8
94
84.5 69
15
37
1.0
76.5 61 49
21
56
8.3
76 60.5 52
22.5 56 1.25
73 49 30.5 24
48
9.0
71 48 33
25
52
5.1
135 122.5
14
50
0.8
115 105.5
18
54
2.8
94 85 69.5 4
7
1.1
97.5 89 81 20
61
6.5
88 77 64.5 12
25
1.9
80.5 67.5 56.5
18
43
5.7
74
60 47
16
32
1.8
72
57.5 47
19
49 5.95
75 53.5 31.5
21
50
5.1
74 50 31.5 21
43
2.2
76.5 58 39.5 21
51
5.7
73.5 54.5 42.5
19
45 2.35
79.5 73
71.5|I|| 24
69
80
70.5 60.5UU 23
_69
l.olT 40
33
67
v. also Fig. 13
263a 100O0I p
T 229
e
80O0J s c /m \ 209
b
c IQOO 0 Ca
296
d 900 Ca Tp/Qw... 220
e
6507120 \C a . .. 217
78.5
72.5
99.5
74
73.5
m
n
f
g
h
1
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
1ft nnn
650720
80O0Ca
296
100O0Q0Tp f Q w . . . 267
7007120 \Cs**. . 237
100O0Q0Tp f Q w . . . 310
5507120 \C8**. . 311
100O 0 Q 0 Tp/Qw-. . 40
4007120 \CS**. . 397
900 Q 0 675/2hC a .. 242
900 Q 0 Tp/Qw . . . 247
6507120 \C8** . . 245
900 Q0 650/6 h Ca 244
45
41.5
63.5
55.5
56
30
34.5
16
41
45.5
100 64 20.5
9~~ 50.5 23.5
78 50 20.5
99 88 71
100.5 88 67.5
134 123 82
133 123 74
82^5 54.5~33
83~~ 67 ^47
82.5 _67_ _58
82 65.5 53.5
22
27
16
25
25
51
61
41
66
66
2.8 (18, **,

5.8 47, so,
1.8
5l, 65,
9.4 69,71,
9.4 o, I09 f
18
43
2.35 110)
19
47
6.1
26
62
9.4
20
56 6.35
15
28
1.8
12
41
0.8
8
_22
0.8
24 ~ 55 6.25
25
66 10.25
25
65 3.45
25
65 9.95
TABLE 7,
ey
?l
No.
PART I.NICKEL CHBOMIUM STEELS* (TENSILE,

Treatment _______^__
BHN UTS YP
PL
El
RA
7Sut
Lit.
263
q 900 0 Qo600/2hC a 262
r
[530]
***321
s !?V*M 600 kwftt 275
P
t
(65O0J
248
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
bb
jc
82O0Q0
Same,
Tp
(20O 0 I
300
400
I 500 [Q W I
] 600
650
70O0J
{
[70O0C8**..
495
469
436
388
331
285
269
240
236
264 900QoTp/Q w . . . 247

650/120 \CS** . . 234
90.5 77.5 _66

J53
110 100 90
18
98 88 74
21
89
78 60.5 24
182.5
168.5
152.5 126
134 118
112 102
94.5 85
89.5 75.5
85
51
25
78 50
33
81
78
66
54
62
66
26
26
4
70
_69
2
85O0Ca
82O0Ca
Same,
Tp
200
300
400 Q
500 Qw
600
650
400]
500 I
620o
268
Wgf 795 Ca
W8ait795Ca
Wgf 825 C
269
I 262
255
270 900 Q0 Tp/Q w . . . 245

___ 65Q/120 \Cf** . . 239
273
274
90 | 74
, 28,
7l)
21.5 54.5
6.9
19
47
7.5
19
54
7.3
18
49
7.2
is^
13.8 24
40
2.5 (is, so,
39
2.35 2,65,
44
2.35 ?i)
48 1.65
52 1.95
56
4.7
65 10.4
j>7 11.5
52 2.35
56
5.1
279
~
82
("237
\ 214
( 203
100O0Qw
." ~^^_ 77
~. 196
PL
I El
RA
/Swt| Lit.
95O0Qw
1 75 1 45 I
\ca. 160
| 30
C? 1 )
| 7.5 (7*)
( 20 )
Scleroscope hardness = ca. 19
* See Table of Chemical Analyses, p. 486

t For meaning of subscripts, v. p. 396.
PL = 23.5.
ScH = 40.
f Bars 3 in. diam.
** C8 = Cooled at 0.3 per min. between 600 and 400.
tt ScH = 28.
Large size Charpy test piece.
ScH =36; EL = 82.5.
Il u ScH = 28; EL = 70.
n ScH = 29; EL = 60.5.
*** ScH = 50.
ttt ScH = 45.
U ScH = 38.
ScH = 69.
Il (I II On 75 mm diam.
ff f 15 mm diam.
**** ScH = 22.
tttt Additional values of impact strength for steels Nos. 262 and 263.
KN
262
Trt I a I b I c | d | e | f | g | h | bb | ce | ee~
ISy I 1.3 I 1.2 I 1.3 I 0.6 I 0.8 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 10.1 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 6.9~
Trt I 1 I m I n I o | p | Trt
/^v I 7.6 I 2.5 |0.55| 0.4 I 7.1 I ISx
| j | k | 1 | m
| 12.0 | 5.0 | 11.0 | 5.3
T r t | n | o | p | r | s | t | x | y | z ( a a | e e
J^Sx I 0.8 I 0.6 I 9.8 I 7.8 I 2 5 8.9 | 10.2 | 1.8 I 12.0 | 7.6 | 6.3
Trt I jj I kk I 11 I mm | Trt | nn | oo | pp
IS* I 7.6 I 4.2 I 8.2 I 4.3 [ Jz | 7.5 | 7.8 | 6.9
Nos. 262j to 262aa tested

on the Guillery Mach.
KN I Trt I u I v I w I x I y I z I aa I
263 ~LSfv I 1.6 |.2.9 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 3.5 | 8.9 | 12.8 |
TABLE 7, PART II.COMPRESSION TESTS ON Ni-CR STEELS
57 11.9
144.5 2.4
11
38
141
2.55 13
34
143.5 2.65 12.5 39
PL
2.0 (2)
2.0
2.15
(3)
8
35
8JT5~49~~
80 45.5
75
36.5
70
33
38
95O0Ca
70
29
95O0Cf
63
27
0
90O Qw
_____ 74.5 JJO
As f 3 0 0 i f
79~ 42
recei-Uo0 0 L nn J
80.5 49.5
OUyw
ved, |500[
]
70.536.5
0
Tp [60O J
{ ____ 61.5 37.5
Tp 4007360 Qw
73
49.5
Tp 350/120 Qw
74 39.5
900QwTp400/60..
7L5 33
^y
Treatment
.^
^m.,
ucs
YPC
PLc ELC
Lit.
243 I Hot rolled

| 3.5 | 0.75 | 45 |28 |26.5|
| (128)
262 830 Ca A 788/30 Cf.. 3
0.75
43 39.5
(ios, no)
83O 0 QoOOO 0 Qo
3
0.75 9 3 . 5 9 1 . 5 8 6 87
830 Q0 788 Qo/Cf
3
0.75 70.5 70 68.769
650/60
\Q W
3
0.75 70
68.564.564.5
269 v. Fig. 40
Specimens 0.564 in. X 0.564 in. diam. Loaded to 315 kg/mm2 (28)
~ 8 5 8 ~ 36
80 55 36
1000]
HOO[QO
120O0J
275 As received, R
173.5103 38
161.0109 55.5
152.0128 93.5
145.0140.5104
132.5115.5 91.5
110.0 102.5 89
95.5 75.5 _61
f 100
200
_ J 300
Same, Tp<j 40()
I 500
[600
~27T A s forged
115O0Q0
(S*)
BHN UTS YP
BHN: 900 Qw = 187; 1000 Qw = 187: 1100 Qw = 293
278 As for service
ScH = 45
430~~ 183
444
186
430
183
83O0Ca
8.6
5.0
Treatment
ScH = 44
.
269
277
-477
180. 133
2.3
13
477 76~ 139
2.3
10
477 174. 132
2.6
U
444
162. 128
2.0
12
418
141. 126
2.1
14
351
116. 105.5 3.7
18
277
94. 82
11.7 23
262
85
72.5 14.6 _25
f 418
143 137
2.8
13
j 364
123 112
5.8
16
> Qw I
65O0J
= =
7.9
3.6
6.8
9.0
14
37
1.5
14.5 50
2.8
14.5 53 0.55
16
54
1.1
19
56
3.9
22.5 62 8.15
24
65 10.25
18
45
5.0
20
37
9.55
67.5 53.5
64.5 56.5
S~ eTo ~
100
190.5121.5 52
200
174 136
90
300
158 129 111
400
145 121 102
~ ~ T /600.... 3 0 5 ~ 9 0
820
Wo 1 P^ 65 QQ.... 293
104 jtf
/600....
300
05~ ~93~
MO ^0 1 P^ 650 Q
293 103 8 8 5
267
^y
276
~265~ 83O0Qo

24
24
62
65
7
52IHIII
/^t (136)
52fff 24.5
22
37
35 42.5
47
48.5
73
_68
8.2
6.1
(28, si)
(136)
Key No
| 257 | 257 | 263 | 263 | 265
Treatment
[ 825 Q0 | 845 Q0 [ 824 Q0 | 845 Q0 | 824 Q0
Permanent set...I 23% | 25% 12.7% | 10.2% | 2.8%
TABLE 7, PART III.TORSION TESTS ON Ni-CR STEELS

^.eoy
Treatment
243
Rh (2 in. X I in. diam.).

Rh (2 in. X I in. outside
diam. X i in. inside
diam.)
257
OOKor
T /600
825Cj0Ip^6500
61 5
5Q 5c
7Q
5Q 5
MVQ
TT,/6600
845 QoTp^
500
66 5c
'
5Qo
89
7Q
67 5
'
5Q
ût (S2)
45 to 25 57 to 46 5.5 (71)
57
58
48.5 51
62
_59
40.5 51
35
51
29.5 43
28
44.5_
40
52
47.5 J>2
58
54
262
830 Ca 788/30 Cft

830 Q0 788/30 Q0 650
Cft
Same, but 650 Qwt
830 Q0 600 Q01
I USS* TMR\ FP8 PL3 EL8 ^^ Lit.

32.5C
43.519.5 17
17
- c
(ias)"
_1^
82.56T5
884
886
(*)
1094
1104
25.5 24
( 1 OS,
)
110
44 44.5
44 44
59.5 51 51.5
TABLE 7, PART III.TORSION TESTS ON Ni-Cn STEELS.

^
(Continued)
***
1 0
^263
Treatment
850o-0
T
P
265
USS*
[530]
I 67.5o
J600[Q W :H 62.5c
( 650 )
{ 57.5C
825 Q0 Tp 650
/600
845 Q0 T
Tp|65QO
s ,,o n
69.5C
70C
65 5c
TMR YP8 PL8 EL8

90.561.5
83 58.5
76.5 51
92.558.5
93 66.5
87
58
Jotf Lit.
twist
310 (28,
6
440
^)
600
1050
954
886o
(28)
830 Q0 Tp 620
61.50 82.551.5
399 ( 6 S )
820 Hat
106C
141 88
27
* Subscript c calculated on assumption of uniform stress throughout section.
t Specimen 2^ in. X H in. diam.
Specimen 1% in. X s in. diam.
267
TABLE 8.Ni-Cu STEELS*

^Tey
No.
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
Treatment
As cast
As received
As cast
As forged
800 Ca
80O 0 Q 0 TpJ
As forged
As rolled
As forged
As forged...
As rolled
780 Ca
780 Q0 TpJ
760 C
760 Q0 Tp
As forged
850 Qw Tp 400
As rolled
As forged
As cast
800 Ca
800 Q0 Tpt
780 Ca
780 Q0 Tp J
As forged
777
As forged
850 Qw Tp 400
780 Ca
780 Q0 Tpt
As forged
As received
Annealed
Tp0
As rolled
Annealed
/425---R
1 - o n0 T
gio
^ l p \315....
As received
Annealed
Tp0
As received
As received
As forged
Annealed
As received
As received
As forged
Annealed
As received
As forged
Annealed
As forged
Annealed
TABLE 8.Ni-Cu STEELS.*(Continued)

Key No. | Trt | ScH \ UTS \ YP \ El \ RA \ Lit.
33
F
37
104.5
98L13
37
(22)
A
33
105.4 101.1 16
52
314
F
39
130.1 110.6 13
40.5 (22)
A
33
106.4 102.5 12
39
315
F
40
117.1 101.4 7
16.5 (22)
A
34
106.5 103.1 10
38
316
F
41
129.3 114.2 10
27 (22)
A
33
107.5 96.8 11
40.5
317
F
41
144.0 119.5 7.5 17.5 (22)
A
38
114.0 91.2 10.5 16
318
F
42
143.0 131.3 6
7 (22)
A
42
108.9 I 89.0 4
1
BHN\ ScH UTS

YP
PL
El RA Lit.
I
^7
Treatment
IS\\
139
60.2 42.9
25
42.5 ( 8 *)
93
67.7 37.1
57
( )
283 800 QoI
[
TO
149 ___ 64.5 43.0
28
47
(84)
0
289
78O
Q
0.8
s
0
99.0 69.0
TJT 18
( <)
290 76O00 Q 0 1 1 7 5 3 1
0.5
320 37 105.5 90.1 56.2 lit 27
(23)
295 80O Q0 P
/ *
i.i
546 57 220.3 192.2
7.5t 36.5
296 78O 0 Q 0
0.4
104.8 79.9
11
24.5 ( 5 *)
299 78O 0 QoJ
[
0.5
307
61.1 40.7
20.5 45
(58)
77.6 58.1
22
48
(54)
t Dimensions of test piece = 2 in. X 0.3 in. diam.
92.9 60.5
11.5 23
( 5 *)
Tp 175/3 h.
300
54.5 36.5
25
54
(")
Broke in thread.
326 35 122.0 120.8 38.7 6| 15
(23)
Il Izod machine. Specimens 0.45 in. diam. Area of notch 0.12 in.2 ( 23 ).
550 60 142.1?
105.5
TABLE 9.NICKEL VANADIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND
279 37 98.2 92.5 49.9 11.Sf
(23)
IMPACT TESTS)
642 70 176.9?
98.4 2Of
1
y
79.2 56.2
19
38
( 5 *)
^
Treatment
BHN UTS YP PL El^ RA ISl
Lit.
88.6
55
58
19
N
900
C
...
170
60.3
44.620
70
Z
U
Z
(
)
8
62.4 39.1
20
47
( )
850 Qw
311 115.3
96.6 9 43.5 ISy
90.1 56.0
12.5 17
( 5 *)
320 I N 900 C8
|235 | 95.7
| 48.0| 7 | 8 |6
|(55)
166
70.3 53.8
20
33
( 8 *)
~32 850 Ca
89.5 64.4 40.015 3 2 ~ ~ ( 7 1 )
292 38 101.0 94.4 49.2 12t 38
(23)
*nn T /600....282
94.2 55.6
12 21.5
555 63 230.5 196.1 130.7 4.5f 8
OQU ^Q 1 P ^ 700 Q
235
91.0 70.0 47.116 29
23
285 38 103.7 92.5 59.8 12f 45
( )
p. Figs. 29 and 46. BHN = 600 (Qw); 532 (Q0); 269 (Ca); 255 (Cm)
578 68 209.4 183.8
If _2
322 I N 900 C8
|277 | 89.6J
| 4 6 . I l l |25.5| 6
I (55)
88.9 56.7
14
2sl>~(&*)
323 N 900 C8
187
66.3
55.221.557 I 31
(SS)
54
70.7 49.5
18.5 33
( )
850 Qw
387 117.0
97.0 8 44
11
129.6
324 N 900 C8
217
72.3
64.016 48
16
(55)
396 40 108.4
49.2 If
(23)
850 Qw
269 137.0
132.2 4 16.5 6
530 52 176.9
98.4 If
14
"25 850 Ca
101.5 70.0 44.711.516.5
(71)
93.6 93.6
1
O (54)
T /650.... 302 104.0 61.9 38.810 21.5
0 P
62.4 41.6 30.8 16.5 29
( 132 )
^
\700.... 241 97.2 77.8 52.611.520
61.6 40.5 34.5 21.5 33
p. Figs. 29 and 46. BHN = 600 (Q w ); 578 (Q0); 285 (Ca); 265 (Cm)
70.3 49.2 43.2 19.5 36
326 N 900 C 8 ..
166
77.Q(EL = 56.2) 16 61
6
I (56)
81.0 50.9
22
51 ( 1 0 1 )
850 Qw
375
3
75.4 44.8
25
48
327 ! N 900 C8
|255 | 96.2|
| 55.4J 5 | 8 . 5 | 5
| (**)
121 3 108 3
13
49
140.6 130.1
12
46
328 N 900 C8
183
60.8
44.817.538
5
(S)
850 Qw
156
54.9
40.318 40
9
85.1 60.8 35.6 3
5
( 132 ) .
83.7 58.0 46.9 14.5 39
329 I N 900 C8
J235 | 84.8|
54.8| 7 |l2 | 5 | ( 5 S )
60.6
59.4 O
_0
330 N 950 C8
196
69.2(EL = 52.0) 20 46
6
(56)
71.0 40.3
42.5 61.5 ( 31 )
850 Qw
460
2
31
67.5 36.4
42
54
( )
~331 840 Ca
255 102.1 61.4 35.916 47 | ISU\\
(23T
16 49.9 34.6
22.5 62.5 (")
840 Q0 Tp^
** 202.8
91.4 9 37.5J 1.2
17_ 44.3 28.3
30
64
332 I 827 Q0 Tp 205
|512tt|205.8|l57.9|ll9.5| O | 3.5| 1.2 | ( 2 3 )
31
53.1 44.7
28
65.5 ( )
333 800 Ca
302J 97.7 72.5 58.319.548.5
(23)
52.8 45.4
25.5 71.5 ( 31 )
8OQ 0 Q 0 Tp^
627 241.3 194.2
5
8
0.8
18 57.8 44.7
28
65
(22
"334 Rf in. diam
107.3 79.1
17a 36
(8T"
3
21_ 61.6 50.1
24
60
^)
800 Ca
85.6 72.9
22a 51
1Oc
106.1 84.4
8
16
(3M
22 59.0 50.9
25
54
(22)
R 3 X f i n . plate
111.6 64.5 ~ (20a \ 12 r g
jj
^
l
i O y
24_ 75.5 63.9
19
49.5
~ ^ 3 ~ 5 N 900 C8
183
73.0
57 19 "4~^ 8
(56)
27 75.6 64.5
20
53
(22)
850 Qw
. . . 4 6 0 129.0
129
O J 2
3
26 72.4 61.9
20 62.5
TABLE 9.NICKEL VANADIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND TABLE 10.VANADIUM STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT
IMPACT TESTS).(Continued)
TESTS) .(Continued)
BHN\ UTS YP
PL Eli RA ISyI
Lit.
^y
N 900 C8
850 Qw
179
402
67.8
49.021
8
3
( 56 )
348
N 900 C8
850 Qw
338 N 900 C8
850 Qw
1*39 N 900 C8
850 Qw
192
293
235
321
166
302
76.0
157.0
78.2
151.2
61.0
154.0
10
8
8
5
20
9
(56)
^
336
Treatment
337
44
57.618 48
148 11 48
61.817.545
144 10 46.5
49.024.544
146 10 46
( 56 )
(56)

t Dimensions of test pieces; 100 mm X 13.8 mm diam. except for Nos. 331333 where they are 2 in. X 0.300 in. diam. and for Nos. 321, 325, 334, dimensions
2 in. X 0.564 in. diam.
For meaning of subscripts v. p. 396.
ScH = 38.
Il Test piece 0.35 in. diam. Area of notch = 0.074 in.2
1 Tp 175/180.
** ScH = 43.
ScH = 26.
tfScH = 69.
ScH = 60.
TABLE 10.VANADIUM STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT

TESTS)
540
595
Same, Tp- 650
705
760
Hardness
ScH
44
55
58
38
37
35
32
28
341
R fin.*
BHN 106.9
67.7
6.5a
()
342
As received
900 Ca
A 950 Cft
C 400 Ca
^50
500 C
Qw Tp [ 70()0 Caa
166
104
82
116
121
116
60.0
39.5
36.2
42.6
48.5
44.2
52.8
27.7
20.8
28.9
30.5
32.1
24a
36a
39a
33a
35. 5a
35a
70
74.5
73
79
77.5
75
(i<>6,
io?)
As received
900 Ca
A 950 Cft
[40O 0 Ca
850o
*5
50O 0 Ca
QwTp
700oCa
143
126
94
157
159
145
63.7
50.4
40.0
59.8
61.8
56.2
46.4
33.4
19.5
40.9
41.5
39.0
23a
32a
37. 5a
31. 5a
29. 5a
31a
55
62
62
67
66
69
56.8
55.9
62.3
IS^
26.2 15.8 23.5 29.5 0.9
28.1 22.5 27.5 43
2.1
36.9 35.5 26.4 47
2.6
Key
No.
340
343
344
345
346
347
Treatment
815 Q0
870 Q0
925 Q0
As cast
A 925 Cf
925 Ca
As received
900 Ca
A 950 Cft
[400 Ca
*f
50O 0 Ca
QwTp
l700Ca
As received
900 Ca
A 950 Cft
f 400 Ca
850o
^50
SOO 0 Ca
QwTp
(700Ca
As received
900 Ca
A 950 Cft
f 400 Ca
*5
50O0Ca
QwT P [ 7 0 0 0 C a
348
156
152
162
As received
900 Ca
A 950 Cft
252
202
136
286
266
212
UTS
YP
97.7 79.4
137.2 118.2
142.0 121.0
87.1 80.6
83.3 74.1
74.5 68.9
61.9 53.6
53.1 42.8
PL
El
RA
IS
Lit.
(53)
3
4.5
7
14
15
15
18
20
350 N 900 Cs
850 Qw
351
352
286
600
354
10. 5a 17
23a
45.5
26a
43
16. 5a 44.5
18a
51
24. 5a 57.5
(i<> 6
107)
9.5a
11. 5a
18a
11. 5a
13a
19. 5a
13a
19. 5a
20a
( 1 O*)
18
20.5
27.5
33.5
35.5
44
23
32
28
ISy
18^41.5
23a
48.5
32a
39
43.8~~820
103.0 6
12
140
156
R f in.*
68.0
41.1~2
41.4 20
85.9 65.9
92.3
118.2
(8)
15C
( 23 )
1.41111
56.5 18.9
34.5 _____
7a
7.5
22a
41.5
119
(8)
(9)
N 900 Cs
850 Qw
217
217
57.7
73.1
43.4 15.5 58
49.2 17.5 61
19
11
362
N 900 Cat
850 Qw
332
555
96.2
130.1
56.2~119
112.2 3
10
4
O
(55,
n9)
(55,
119
(8)
7.5a _9
41. T 32.1
(8)
(55,
3
O
361
132.2 ~927e
(ss,
"9)
~2
13
47.4~~820
105.1 9
20
134.6 102.1
R 1 in
4.3ft
8.5a 10
69
63
52.9
68.5
(55,
(U 9 )
( 23 )
52
45
356
286
512
(8>
128)
{ 31* }51'5
21
31
~59
163
(55>
")
43.8
30.2 ~24
62.530
54.6 _____ 49.2 22.5 66.5 10
120.0
N 900 C8J
850 Qw
(*<>
107)
3
O
69.7 53.1
N 900 C8J
850 Qw
Lit.
'
R3X|in
364
R f in.*
365
N 900 Cs
850 Q w .
366
R j in.*
367
N 900 C81
850 Qw
286
532
368
N 900 C8
850 Qw
159
156
369
N 900 C8
850 Qw
262
321
94.9
112.2
64.1 ~ ~ 9 3 1 ~ ~
101.1 13
13
3
3
( 5 S,
l19)
370
N 900 Cs
850 Qw
159
156
50.4
55.4
39.4~568
42.3 12
60
25
25
(55,
U9)
286
652
91.4
105.3
2
O
( 5S ,
U9)
217
207
372
N 900 C8
850 Q w
373 N 900 Cs
___ 850QW
37a
61.1
95.6
sTi To
61.8 12
128.4 85.0 __.
371 950/6 h C 12 h
(106)
RA
41
39.5
50
355 780 Ca
217 82.0 54.5 42.1 7.5
780 Q 0 TpIf... 340 106.1
77.3 2.5
( 9 S)
93.7
72.4
55.2
105.0
95.6
79.1
88.5
115.3
El
I^
16a
21a
75.4 58.9 36.9 23a

51
57.1 44.4
29.5a 59.5
363 R f i n . *
(106)
PL
R (bar)
800 Ca
360 950/6 h C 12 h
3.5
32
44.5
9
23
35
YP
353 820 Ca
208Il 75.3 55.7 49.9 22
820 Q 0 TpIf... 196** 81.1 67.0 59.7 12
359
(los,
107)
UTS
131.0 103.9
125.2 90.7
88.8 64.5
349 As received
~ 2 2 8 8 4 . 5 61.4
900C a
196
66.8 45.8
A 950 Cft
120
48.5 25.8
(400Cal36
*5U
50O0Ca 227
Qw lp
[ 700 Ca 195
358 N 900 C8J

850 Qw
4.5 a
17a
28a
4.5 a
9.5a
17a
109.9 61.4
100.8 48.8
63.2
25.2
146.4 112.0
142.2 100.8
95.0 66.1
110.8
69.3
86.1 47.2
65.2 26.7
5
^w
BHN
( 400 Ca
] 500 Ca
P
[700C a
357 R 3 X f i n . . . ..
104.5 59.8
83.1 45.3
59.4
25.2
146.4 119.6
134.4 89.8
95.9 63.0
61.4
46.0
22.7
80.2
74.0
56.7
Treatment
87.5
121.3
58.3 ~8
101.3 5
56.4
71.7?
55.1
10a
44.8~9
52.1 14
22.1
~(*)~
72~
71
60
(5S,
20
12
119
26
6.5
(5S,
3
O
119
(5S,
** 9 )
72.5 30
67
18
(9)
24.5a 52
48.1 ~ ~ 9 3 4
75.6 11.5 18.5
(8)
17.5
~99
4 7 2 ^ 8 ~26
45.6
29.5 21
74~ ~22
61
(ss,
374 N 900 Cs
850 Q w .
~262
321
85.2
99.7
58.2^6
67.7 3
28.5 ~ ~ 3 (
6.5 O
5 S
375 N 900 Cs
850 Qw
255
578
98.9
95.3
55.3 T
58.7 11
25
41
(55)
376
N 900 Cs
850QW
143
121
46.5
44.3
25.5 ~7
61 ~ ^ 6 ( 5 5 ,
26.3 26.5 58.5 3
i19)
377
950/6 h C 12 Jb
109
99
43.8
42.5
24.8^0
25.9 30
143
105
51.7
45.8
28~9 ~2034
35.8 27.5 41
378 N 900 C8
_____ 850 Q w
379
N 900 CS
850 Q w
i.
52.6 26.8
25a
5
O
53
Q3~
65
119
119
0>)__
2
3
(55,
n)
3
2
(ss,
119)
TABLE 10.VANADIUM STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT

TESTS) .(Continued)
^Tey
Treatment
No.
380 N 900 C8
850 Qw
BHN
118
124
46.5
46.9
25.3 31
26.2 22
381 N 900 C8J

850 Qw
179
187
62.5
58.2
31.6 12
37.5 O
42.3 17.5 33
O
UTS
382 950/6 h C 12 h
YP
PL
El
53.1 23.6
RA
53
56
23a
ISy
Lit.
^
4
(55,
2
*19)
(55,
"*>)
TABLE 11.ELASTIC PROPERTIES.(Continued)

?fy
No.
7
(9)
31.5
(9)
383 Same
58.3 28.3
10a
10
Compression test on No. 351 (hot rolled):
UCS = 71, YPC = 45,PLC = 38kg/mm2( 128 ).
* Diameter.
t A 950/18 h Cf.
Tensile specimen 100 mm X 13.8 mm diam.
Tensile specimen 2 in. X 0.300 in. diam.
|[ ScH = 24.
1 Tp 175/3 h.
** ScH = 27.
ft ISu- Specimen 10.09 mm diam., area at notch = 52.6 mm8.
J ScH = 22.
ScH = 40.
U H ISu' Specimen 11.4 mm diam., area at notch = 77.8 mm2.
350
352 358
361
55.5 23 50.5 30
Key No
USS
373
24
^y
374 376
40 24
Treatment
USS
362
52
365
29
367
43
368
24
13
369
38
372
44
14
16
Tw Lit.
9
344
As cast
40
16
11.5 697 ( S)
A 925 Cf
44.5 24
21.5 694
925 Ca
48
27
24.5 1045
351 Hotrolled*
56cf 31.5 24
(*28)
* 2 in. X ^ in. diam.
t Calculated on assumption of uniform stress throughout section.
19
Treatment
W~2E
1(T2
Lit.
83
79.5
(90,110)
Carbon Steels
1
Normalized
Annealed
2~ Rh 14.3mm*
13.0mm
12.0mm
n
10.8mm
9.7mm
Rh 5.20mm*
[3.97mm
2.83mm
2.37mm
D I 2.00mm
I 1.70mm
1.37mm
1.18mm
[ 0.98 mm
3~~ Forged
A 850
850 Qw
850 Q0 80
1000 Qw
Same, Tp 550
1000 Q0
5~ Rolled
A670/30
190
196
192
190
187
200
215
210
210
200
198
200
201
200
208
206
211
206
207
207
208
210
209
79f
( > >
141)
(123)
206
205
202
198
199
200
200
201
199
~~204
218
[213
I 220
(
204
26
Forged
Annealed
Hardened
226
213
211
41
34
198
199
197
198
36
15
Same, TpJ 6 5 0 0
Rolled
[ 675 )
A] 1150 [30
[ 900 J
Annealed
N 815
845 Qw 565 Ca....
Lit.
82T(2974'
141
)
82
(141)
210
85O 0 Q 0 SO 0
Same, Tp 550
Rh 15.0mm*
( 14.3mm
13.8mm
D I 13.2 mm
] 12.7mm
11.2mm
( 8.2mm
1"76O0Cf
10"2G
207
Rh
A 850
850 Qw Tp 550
850 Q0 Tp 550
~27
32
(46)
rr /550
206
200
199
206
200
199
22
TABLE 11.ELASTIC PROPERTIES

?fy
No.
A 900
850 Qw
Same, Tp 550
850 Q0 80
Same, Tp 550
900 Q0
a
378 379 380 381 (N 90 Cs)

Fremont machine
24
27
27
31
used(119)
YP8 PL&
Treatment
10~2#
Carbon Steels
8~~ 850 Qw
TABLE 1(M.SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS ON VANADIUM STEELS

Key No
USS
"775 Qw 650 Cf
N 845
790 Qw Tp 650
Rh 5.37mm*
( 4.36 mm
3.60mm
D 3.00mm
2.48mm
1.98mm
205
202
193
208
199
200
Forged..
Annealed
Hardened..
lth 15.0mm*
14.3mm
13.9mm
D 13.2mm
12.7mm
11.2 mm
750 Qw
Same, Tp 350
750 Q0 80
230
214
208
209
207
205
205
201
200
205
214
206
(46)
~83(*4Q)
(86>123)
(v. also
Fig. 23)
82
82.7
83
84
(74, no)
(141)
"T^)
85.5 7")
82
(46 no)
85
(")
(46,141)

KevJ
XT
No.
1(T2#
Treatment
1(T2G

Lit.
45
A 900
900 Q0
51
A 850
750 Qw Tp 650
Rh 5.30mm*
4.58 mm
4.22 mm
n
3.84mm
3.43 mm
209
204
214
204
82
78
209
200
219
212
205
197
200
~~~~~
"A 900 (v. also Fig. 23). .T

F
A
H
211
217
203
59
A 900
90O 0 Qo
206
193
Rh
A 790 Cf
A 850
750 Qw
850 Qw
208
60
64
68
70
75
(46,141)
80.5
T* )
7")
82.7
78.7
( 74 )
"
(S
141
)
(46)
201
199
199
200
197
198
T
~
215
208
200
4
5
7
8
9
*
86.5
202
202
199
192
10
13
As cast
A 770-840
As cast
As cast
As cast
As cast
83
(124)
17.6
(63)
84.3-105.545-57.7 (21)
85
(21.124)
64.5
(124)
71
(124)
Treatment
15
16
83,8
80.0
83.5
82.0
"(74)
O 5 74,
no
141)
18
19
20
21
80.0
84.0
82.0
"O40)
(5)
24
26
~~79
75
Normalized
900 Qw
Annealed
Cold worked
Same, Tp 600
Rh or 900 Qw
Normalized
"A or 850 Qw
NlOOO 0
800-1000 Qw
Annealed
850 Qw
Annealed
Annealed
Normalized
85O0Q0...:
77
A 900
900 Q0
201
189
78
F
A
206
208
(5)
29
32
80
F
A
213
207
(5)
33
* Diameter.
t X (obs.) = 0.314.
J X (obs.) = 0.265-0.275.
Lit.
dj
Lit.
Carbon Steels
84
204
193
200
209
10~2
TABLE 12.SPECIFIC GRAVITY

For changes in volume due to tempering, see p. 477
205
199
197
\650
Rh 15.0 mm*
14.3 mm
13.9mm
D 13.2 mm
12.7mm
12.3mm
A 900
900 Q0
F
A
N 860
750 Qw
Same, Tp 650
850 Qw Tp 650
900 Q0
Same, Tp 460
"A760Ct
F
A
"()
100
102
106
111
114
118
^7
83.5
450
79O 0Qo
O lTD/
79Q
p
61
(141)
200
192
56
58
10~2#
Treatment
Cast Iron
Carbon Steels
~~42Rh
750 Qw
Same, Tp 350
750 Q0 80
?fy
No.
(74)
34
36
NlOOO 0
750-1000 Qw
Annealed
850-1000 Qw
Annealed
Annealed
850 Qw
1000 Qw
f 200/4 h
a
Same T
' PI 450-600
NlOOO 0
700 Qw
900 Qw
1000 Qw
Annealed
N 1000
750-1000 Qw
F or A
800 Qw
Annealed
Cold worked
Same, annealed
N 1000
750-1000 Qw
Annealed
F or A
800 Qw
7.87
7.866
7.87i
7.85s
7.85?
7.862
7.874
TT861
7.85e
7.849
7.85s
7.84l
7.86s
" 7.854
7.854
( us)
Q5)
(19 71,
103, 116)
( i5 )
(H 5 )
( 1S )
(l 5 )
( i5 )
(7l)
7.842
7.840
7.82l
7.86?
7.83e
7.834
7.85s
7.83l
7.840
7.850
7.860
7.839
7.83s
7.83s
7.822
7.85s
7.83?
7.789
7.81?
7.786
'. . . 7.85?
7.799
7.824
7.822
7.79?
7.860
7.8Oo
7.757
(H5)
O 5 ios)
(ls)
( 15 )
(i2)
(15,96,
us)
(U 5 )
(l5)
(l5)
(46)
(U 5 )
Q5)
(15)
TABLE 12.SPECIFIC GRAVITY.(Continued)

^7
Treatment
dj
TABLE 12.SPECIFIC GRAVITY.(Continued)
"
Carbon Steels
37
38
39
41
43
45
46
49
51
53
56
58
60
62
63
65
~66
67
68
69
70
73
75
76
^7
Lit.
1S
Annealed
"Hardened
Normalized
750-1000 Qw
Annealed
850 Qw
Annealed
850 Qw
R0 greatly
Same, A 600 or N
Normalized
Annealed....
750 Qw..'
900-1000 Qw
Annealed
Annealed
Cold worked
Normalized
Annealed
750 Qw
1000 Qw
765 Qw
900-1000 Qw
For A
800 Qw
Annealed
850 Qw
1000 Qw
Hardened
Annealed
Annealed
N 1000
750 Qw
1000 Qw
Annealed...
765 Qw
900 Qw
F or A
800 Qw
r- /200/4 h
a
Same,Tpj
60()0/lh
7.860
7.81
7.84s
7.80s
7.829
7.77?
7.854
7.789
7.83o
7.83e
7.84s
7.852
7.784
7.77e
7.85i
7.84
7.835
7.839
7.849
7.76s
7.752
7.74
7.73
7.83s
7.749
7.82
7.75
7.76
7.76
7.84o
7.83s
7.79
7.71
7.66
7.82
7.76
7.71
7.826
7.77s
7.78s
( )
(*)
(115)
100O0Q0
/200/4 h
a
Same,
Tp|6000/1}i
7.82l
7.83l
? ^
1100 Qw
/200/4h
Q
Same,
Tp| 6 0 Q O / l h
7.729
7.759
y ^
Hardened
Hardened
Annealed
For A
800 Qw
Hardened*
"Annealed
7.79 (19)
7.75 Q 9 )
7.83?
Q5)
7.819
(15)
7.740
7.71s
7.83i "(")
( 15 )
( 15 )
(3. 71)
(is, 103,
115
)
7 8 ~ A s forged
Annealed
800 Qw
79
Annealed
80
As forged
Annealed
750 Qw
1000 Qw
83
Annealed
(ios)
(15, 115)
(19)
( 1S )
(1S)
(115)
7.82
(15, 71)
7.82s
7.73
7.82s
(i5)
7.79s
(is, us)
7.80s
7.439
7.37s
7.802 (15)
101
102
103
A 840-880
A 770-840
As cast
106
As cast
7.6
7.6
7.587.73
7.037.20
()
()
( 78 )
(21,78)
Chromium Steels
1
145
169
178
4
1
}
( 7.76(j
|- Heated to cherry red, and Qw \ 7.76
J
[ 7.70
_
1000 Q0
7.73
(71)
Same, Tp 820 Qw
7.73
180
0
25
95O
O lTu(
Q w
95U Mo
p
\750Qw
100O0Q0
Same, Tp 820 Q w . . . . .
1000 Q0
Same, Tp 820 Qw
As received
15
( )
Lit.
Cast Iron
(1S)
(15,46)
(19, 102,
115
)
J420
Treatment
182
183
191
7 755
'
^
7.77
7.68 (")
7.70
7.72
()
7.74
7.60 (36)
Chrome-Vanadium Steels
203
85O 0 Q 0
Same, Tp 650 Qw
230
231
236
237
239
Hardened
As rolled
Hardened
Hardened
Hardened
7.817
7.839
()
Copper Steels
10
( S)
(is, 102)
7.83s
(19)
7.87 (6)
7.84
(19)
7.85
(9)
7.75 (19)
Nickel-Chromium Steels
7 g24
262
263
267
If
lit
I Tp 600 Qwt
II Tp 600 Cf t
830 Q0
Same, Tp 600
I Qw 600 Qw, 600 Cft
I Cf 600 Cf, 600 Qwt
II Qw 600 Qw, 600 Cft
II Cf 600 Cf, 600 Qwt
820Ca
820 Q0 630 Qw
* From a very high temperature,

t I = 1000 Q0 650/2 h Qw.
II = 1000 Q0 650/2 h Cf.
7.84e
(5)
7.84e
7.849
7.850
7.83
(51,71)
7.85
7.8475
7.8469
7.8470
7.8466
7.82 ~(")
7.83s
TABLE 13. THERMAL PROPERTIES

Cj00 = mean specific heat between O and
10O0C, joules g'1
kl = mean thermal conductivity between O and 10O0C, joules cm"2
sec-1 (0C, cm-1)
TABLE 13. THERMAL PROPERTIES.

(Continued)
^
51
53
^y
Treatment
Cj00
/cj00
Lit.
Carbon Steels
1
3
4
5
7
13
14
20
25
31
37
38
43
46
49
A 778
0.59s (13,19,
Hardened
0.47s
24)
Normalized...
0.57?
As forged
0. 47s 0. 59s (71,73)
Annealed
0.47s
I Normalized...!
l0.46o| (13)
Annealed
0.43i (
900 Qw
0.4770.422 129)
As forged
0.47?
(73,
Annealed
0.4720.44s 129)
900 Qw
0.44s
As forged
0.48s
(73)
A 650 or N.. 0.48l
As forged
0.35e (129)
A 900
0.39s
900 Qw
0.310
lAsforged
|0.489|
| (73)
As forged
0.339 (129)
A 900
0.372
900 Qw
0.322
As forged
0.494
(73)
Normalized. . . 0 . 48s
A 650
0.47?
As forged
0.419 (24,
Annealed
0.439 129)
900 Qw
0.31s
As forged
0.49s
(19,73)
Annealed
0 . 489
Hardened
0.489
!Annealed
I
Io.43i| (129)
As forged
0.49s
(73)
Normalized. . . 0 . 494
Annealed
0.489
I Annealed
]0.393)
i (129)
57
60
62
64
66
68
69
70
73
74
78
109
111
113
119
123
Treatment
Cj00 fcj00 Lit.
As forged
0.422 (129)
Annealed
0.422
As forged
0.5Oe
(13, 19,
Normalized. . .
0.43i 73)
750 Qw
0.498
As forged
0.51o
(73)
A 650 or N . . 0.49s
As forged
0.39s (24,
Annealed
0.402 129)
830 Qw, O0.. .
0.2Oi
!Hardened.... 10. 51ol
I (73)
As forged
0.51o
(73,
Annealed
0.5020.38i 129)
As forged
0.51s
(73)
A 650
0.49s
As forged
0.51s
(24,73)
A960,Cf24h
0.43s
830 Qw, O 0 .. .
0.184
Normalized...
0.41o (13,19)
Hardened. . . . 0.51s
Normalized...
0.34s (is,i 9)
Hardened. . . . 0. 51 o
I Annealed
I
10.35el (129)
As forged
0.51s
(73)
A 650
0.502
As forged
0.51o
(73,
0.51o0.347 129)
Annealed
Cast Iron
I As cast
0.54s
(73)
I A650/24h..0.544
I As cast
i
IO. 62s! (85)
As cast
0.57s
(73)
.
r 5 min 0 . 56o
J 10 min 0.552
l 60 min 0.48s
As cast
0.58l
(73)
A 650 /24 h.. 0.57s
Chromium Steels
A 900
0.414 (ioo)
H 1100
0.372
LITERATURE
O) Aitchison, 368, 14: 31; 20. (2) Aitchison, 113, 112: 805; 21. (3) Aitchison, 417, 12: 113; 23. < 4 ) Andrews, Greenwood and Green, 140, 100: 231;
19. (5) Anon., 355, 132: 656; 21. (6) Arnold, 140, 47: 107; 94. (7)
Arnold, 140, 59: 175; 01. ( 8 ) Arnold, 140, 91: 442; 15. (*>) Arnold and
Read, 140, 83: 249; 11.
(10) Arnold and Read, 140, 85: 215; 12. (U) Austin, 140, 107: 419; 23. C 12 )
Ball and Wigham, 140, 37: 123; 89. (13) Barrett, Brown and Hadfield,
434, 8: 109; 04. (14) Batson, 403, 1923: 401. (15) Benedicks, Thesis,
Upsala; 1904. ( 16 ) Bregowsky and Spring, Proceedings of the International
Association for Testing Materials, 7: 1; 12. (*7) Breuil, 140, 72: 1; 07.
(18) British Engineering Standards Assoc. (Automobile Steel Research*),
Rept. No. 75; 1920. (19) Brown, 434, 9: 59; 09.
(20) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 58; 1923. (21) Bureau of Standards, 365,
No. 101; 1924. (22) Burgess and Aston, 33, 8: 452; 10. (23) Burgess and
Woodward, 32, No. 207; 1922. (24) Campbell and Dowd, 140, 96: 251;
TABLE 13. THERMAL PROPERTIES.

(Continued)
^
Treatment
Cj 00
^000
Lit.
129 A 900
0.402 (ioo)
H 1100
0.36s
140 A 900
0.397 (ioo)
H 1100......
0.364
141 W C A Q w . . . . 0.540
(19)
Ca
0.389
145 I W C A Q w . . . . l 0 . 5 4 o l
| (i)
146 A 900
0.372 (ioo)
H 1100
0.23s
153 A 900
0.30s (ioo)
H 1100
0.184
169 ! W C A Q w - . . . 10.5021
1 (i)
170 A 900
0.21s (ioo)
H 1100
0.16s
178 1000 Q0
0.184 (71)
Same, Tp 820
Qw
0.48l 0.197
180 950 /250 Qw
0.167 ( 7 I)
0
Q0 1 75O Qw 0.4940.192
182 1000 Q0
0.130 (71)
Same, Tp 820
Qw
0.4890.180
183 100O0Q0
0.48l 0. 13o (71)
Same, Tp 820
Qw
0. 50e 0.15l
Copper Steels
230 Hardened . . . . 0 . 53s
(i 3, 1 9)
Air cooled
0 . 494
236 Hardened. . . . 0.53s
(13, 19)
Air cooled
0 . 52s
237 I Hardened.... |0.53i|
i (i 9 )
239 I Hardened.... 10.489 1
I (19)
Nickel Chromium Steels
266
A 718
0.25l (24)
Same, W 830
Qw, 0
0.222
276 100O0Qw
I
|0.1l7|(7i)
278 I As received... IO.5l4lO.10sl (20)
17. (25) Campbell and Johnson, IJ1O, 106: 201; 22. (26) Campion, 140,
63: 378; 03. (27) Campion and Donaldson, 435, 15: 211; 22. (28) Carlisle,
140, 102: 115; 20. (29) Carrington, 115, 117: 69; 24.
( 30 ) Charpy and Grenet, 34, 174: 1273; 22. (31) Clamer, 66, 10: 267; 10.
33, 8: 527; 10. (32) Coe, 140, 87: 361; 13. (33) Cornu-Thnard, 34,
169: 272; 19. (34) Crawford, 68, 32: 348; 12. (35) Cubillo, 140, 88: 248;
13. (36) Cutler Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., Bull. No. 221. (37) Desch
and Roberts, 140, 107: 249; 23. (38) Devries, 66, 13 II: 554; 13. (39)
Dickenson, IJ1O1 106: 103; 22.
( 40 ) Firth-Brearley Stainless Steel Syndicate. ( 41 ) Flinterman, 78, 31: 69;
17. (42) French, 212, 2: 409; 22. 32, No. 205; 21. (43) French, 33, 26:
1207; 22. 27: 211; 22. (44) French and Johnson, 32, No. 206; 22. (45)
Gessner, 77, 40: 781; 20. (46) Goerens, 417, 3: 320; 11. (47) Greaves,
140, 100: 329; 19. (48) Greaves, 436, No. 45; 20. (49) Greaves and Coe,
436, No. 48; 20.
(50) Greaves, Fell and Hadfield, 140, 100: 340; 19. ( 5 I) Greaves and Jones,
140, 102: 171; 20. (52) Greenwood and Sexton, Iron, Its Sources, Properties
and Manufacture. London, Griffin, 1920. (53) Grotts, 33, 19: 241 ; 18. (54)
Guess, in Rep. Royal Ontario Nickel Comm., 414; 1917. ( 5S ) Guillet, 140,
68: 118; 05. ( 56 ) Guillet, IJ1O, 70: 71; 06. (") Guillet and Cournot,
84, 174: 384; 22. (58) Haberkalt, Oester Woch. Off enti. Baudienst, 20:
815, 828, 843; 14. 10, 4: 1338; 22. ( 5 9 ) Hadfield, 14O1 107; 170; 23.
( 60 ) Hall, 438, 42: 160; 20. ( 61 ) Hanemann and Khnel, 77, 33: 1686; 13.
( 62 ) Hardness Tests Research Comm., 403, 1916: 677. ( 63 ) Hatfield,
Cast Iron in the Light of Recent Research. London, Griffin, 1918. 140, 96:
307; 17. (64) Hatfield, 403, 1919: 347. ( 6 S ) Hatfield, 368, 14: 503; 20.
(66) Hatfield, 368, 15: 465; 21. (67) Hatfield, J&1, 28: 52; 21. <)
Hatfield, 355, 134: 639; 22. ( 69 ) Hatfield, Dictionary of Applied Physics,
5: 542; 23.
(70) Hatfield, Dictionary of Applied Physics, 5: 554; 23. (7l) Hatfield, BrownFirth Research Laboratories, Sheffield; O. ( 72 ) Hatfield and Duncan, 411,
36: 321; 20. (73) Honda, 437, 1: 71; 22. (74) Honda and Hasimoto,
169, 10: 75; 21. (75) IUmer, 438, 42: 487; 20. (76) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23.
(77) Jger and Diesselhorst, in Taschenbuch fr Eisenhttenleute; 1922.
(78) Johnson, Materials of Construction, p. 688. New York, Wiley, 1918.
(79) Jones, 436, No. 51; 1921.
(80) Jones, 436, No. 55; 1922. ( 81 ) Jones, 436, No. 61; 1923. ( 82 ) Junkers,
77, 41: 677; 21. ( 83 ) Kaiser, 77, 41: 333; 21. (84) Kalmus, Canada Mines
Branch, Summary Rep., 1912: 17. ( 85 ) Kaye and Laby, Table of Physical
and Chemical Constants. New York, Longmans, 1921. (86) Kikuta, 159,
10: 139; 21. ( 8 7 ) Kottman, Central Steel Co., Masillon, Ohio; O. ( 88 )
Khnel, 95, 3: 225; 13. ( 8 9 ) Langenburg, 417, 12: 75; 23.
( 90 ) Larard, 153, 179: 332; 10. ( 91 ) Lea, 403: 1924; 1053. ( 9 2 ) Leon, 77,
27: 1822; 07. ( 93 ) Leonard, Eng. Inst. Canada, 32: 361; 18. ( 9 4 ) Lessells,
403, 1924; 1097. ( 9 5 ) Lessells, 212, 5: 144; 24. ( 9 6 ) Levin and Dornhecker, in Taschenbuch fr Eisenhttenleute, 1922. ( 9 7 ) Longmuir, 140,
87: 93; 13. ( 9 8 ) Lynch, 212, 2: 12; 19. (") Malcolm, 212, 5: 256; 24.
( 1 0 ) Matsushita, 159, 9: 243; 20. ( 1 0 I) Matthews, 66, 10: 274; 10. ( 10 2)

Maurer, 74, 5: 11; 08. ( 1 OS) M'Cance, 140, 89: 192; 14. ( 104 ) McKinney, 33, 23: 294; 20. ( 105 ) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 81: 246; 10.
( 1 OB) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 83: 294; 11. (io?) McWilliam and
Barnes, 140, 91: 125; 15. ( 108 ) Moore, 436, No. 35; 1920. ( 109 ) Moore
and Jasper, 86, No. 136; 1923.
( 110 ) Moore and Kommers, 86, No. 124; 21. (l 11 ) Nead, 80, 38: 2341; 16.
( 112 ) Oberhoffer, 77, 17: 891; 97. ( 11 S) Oberhoffer, 93, 81: 156; 13. ( 114 )
Oberhoffer and Weisgerber, 77, 40: 1433; 20. ( 115 ) Oknof, 139, 11: 1;
13. ( 116 ) Paglianti, 192, 9: 217; 12. (l17) Ferrine and Spencer, Columbia
School of Mines Quarterly, 35: 194; 14. (118) Pomp, 77, 40: 1403; 20.
( 11 S) Portevin, 417, 1: 230; 09.
(!2O) Portevin, 34, 159: 51; 14. 4180, 122: 206; 14. 74, 14: 9; 16. (*2i)
Primrose, 307, 110: 18; 25. ( 122 ) Rees, 140, 108: 273; 23. C 1 23) Rogers,
140, 67: 484; 05. ( 124 ) Ronceray, 435, 15: 26; 21-22. ( 125 ) Roush, 33,
8: 468; 10. ( 126 ) Sankey and Smith, 4OS, 1904; 1235. ( 1 2 7 ) Schwartz,
Nat. Malleable Casting Co., Cleveland, Ohio; O. ( 128 ) Seely and Putnam, 86, No. 115; 1920. ( 129 ) Simidu, 159, 6: 111; 17.
( 1 SO) Smalley, 435, 15: 688; 21-22. ( 1 Si) Snodgrass and Guldner, 86, No.
129; 1922. ( 132 ) Stansfield, in Rep. Royal Ontario Nickel Comm., 43A;
17. ( 1 SS) Stead and Evans, 140, 59: 89; 01. <134) stead and Wigham,
140, 60: 122; 01. ( 1 SS) Strand, 32, No. 172; 1920. ( 1 SB) Strauss and
Maurer, Krupp pamphlet. ( 13 7) Swan, 423, 31: 82; 24. ( 1 SS) Sykes,
212, 6: 138; 24. ^39) Turner, 140, 79: 426; 09.
( 14 ) Turner, 115, 92: 115; 11. ( 141 ) Wahlberg, 140, 60: 234; 01. ( 142 )
Whiteley and Braithwaite, 140, 107: 161; 23. ( 143 ) Wigham, 140, 69:
222; 06. ( 1 4 4 ) Yaneske, 140, 107: 173; 23. ( 14S ) Young, 435, 16: 142;
18-19. ( 14 *) Young, Pease and Strand, 255, 86: 227; 14.
MN-, Si-, AND MN-SI-STEELS; FE-SI-ALLOYS; AND EFFECT

OF MN AND Si ON CAST IRON
ROBERT A. HADFIELD
CONTENTS
Tensile, hardness, and impact
tests on rolled or forged Mnsteels.
Effect of cooling medium on
properties of Mn-steel.
MATIRES
Rsistance la traction des
aciers au Mn lamins et
forgs.
Effet du milieu refroidissant sur
les proprits de l'acier au
Mn.
Effect of liquid air temperature

on Mn-steel.
Effet de la temprature de l'air

liquide sur l'acier au Mn.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
von
gewalzten oder geschmiedeten Mn-Sthlen.
Einfluss des Mediums, in dem
die Erkaltung vor sich geht,
auf die Eigenschaften von
Mn-Stahl.
Einfluss der Temperatur der
flssigen Luft auf Mn-Stahl.
Compression tests on forged

Mn-steel.
Tensile properties of cast Mnsteel.
Essais de compression sur l'acier

au Mn forg.
Rsistance la traction de
l'acier moul au Mn.
Druckversuch mit geschmiedetem Mn-Stahl.

von
gegossenem Mn-Stahl.
Transverse tests on cast Mnsteel.

Tensile properties of Fe-Si.
Essais de flexion transversale

sur l'acier moul au Mn.
Fe-Si.
Poids spcifique de Fe-Si.
aciers au Si lamins ou
forgs.
Effet de la temprature de Fair
liquide sur l'acier au Si.
Querproben bei gegossenem

Mn-Stahl.
von
Fe-Si.
Dichte von Fe-Si.
von
gewalzten oder geschmiedeten Si-Sthlen.
flssigen Luft auf Si-Stahl.
Properties of Si-Mn-steel.

au Si forg.
Proprits de l'acier moul au
Si.
Proprits de l'acier au Si-Mn.
Druckversuche mit geschmiedetem Si-Stahl.

Eigenschaften von gegossenem
Si-Stahl.
Eigenschaften von Si-Mn-Stahl.
Effect of Mn content on malleable cast iron.
Effet de la teneur en Mn sur la

fonte mallable.
Einfluss des Mn auf schmiedbarem GUSS.
Specific gravity of Fe-Si.

Tensile properties of rolled or
forged Si-steels.
on Si-steel.
Si-steel.
Properties of cast Si-steel.
PAGE
INDICE
Comportamento alla trazione degli acciai al Mn
laminati o fucinati
520
Influenza del mezzo raffreddante sulle propriet
dell'acciaio al Mn
522
Influenza della temperatura dell'aria liquida sull'
acciaio al Mn
522
Prove di compressione sull'
acciaio al Mn fucinato. 522
Comportamento alla trazione dei getti di acciaio
al Mn
522
Prove di traverso su getti
di acciaio al Mn
522
Comportamento alla trazione del F-Si
523
Peso specifico del F-Si. . 523
Comportamento alla trazione degli acciai al Si
laminati o fucinati
523
Influenza della temperatura dell'aria liquida sul!'
acciaio al Si
524
acciaio al Si fucinato.. . . 524
Propriet dei getti di
acciaio al Si
524
Propriet dell'acciaio al
Si-Mn
525
Influenza del contenuto di
Mn sulla ghisa malleabile
525
68: 118; 05. ( 56 ) Guillet, IJ1O, 70: 71; 06. (") Guillet and Cournot,
84, 174: 384; 22. (58) Haberkalt, Oester Woch. Off enti. Baudienst, 20:
815, 828, 843; 14. 10, 4: 1338; 22. ( 5 9 ) Hadfield, 14O1 107; 170; 23.
( 60 ) Hall, 438, 42: 160; 20. ( 61 ) Hanemann and Khnel, 77, 33: 1686; 13.
( 62 ) Hardness Tests Research Comm., 403, 1916: 677. ( 63 ) Hatfield,
Cast Iron in the Light of Recent Research. London, Griffin, 1918. 140, 96:
307; 17. (64) Hatfield, 403, 1919: 347. ( 6 S ) Hatfield, 368, 14: 503; 20.
(66) Hatfield, 368, 15: 465; 21. (67) Hatfield, J&1, 28: 52; 21. <)
Hatfield, 355, 134: 639; 22. ( 69 ) Hatfield, Dictionary of Applied Physics,
5: 542; 23.
(70) Hatfield, Dictionary of Applied Physics, 5: 554; 23. (7l) Hatfield, BrownFirth Research Laboratories, Sheffield; O. ( 72 ) Hatfield and Duncan, 411,
36: 321; 20. (73) Honda, 437, 1: 71; 22. (74) Honda and Hasimoto,
169, 10: 75; 21. (75) IUmer, 438, 42: 487; 20. (76) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23.
(77) Jger and Diesselhorst, in Taschenbuch fr Eisenhttenleute; 1922.
(78) Johnson, Materials of Construction, p. 688. New York, Wiley, 1918.
(79) Jones, 436, No. 51; 1921.
(80) Jones, 436, No. 55; 1922. ( 81 ) Jones, 436, No. 61; 1923. ( 82 ) Junkers,
77, 41: 677; 21. ( 83 ) Kaiser, 77, 41: 333; 21. (84) Kalmus, Canada Mines
Branch, Summary Rep., 1912: 17. ( 85 ) Kaye and Laby, Table of Physical
and Chemical Constants. New York, Longmans, 1921. (86) Kikuta, 159,
10: 139; 21. ( 8 7 ) Kottman, Central Steel Co., Masillon, Ohio; O. ( 88 )
Khnel, 95, 3: 225; 13. ( 8 9 ) Langenburg, 417, 12: 75; 23.
( 90 ) Larard, 153, 179: 332; 10. ( 91 ) Lea, 403: 1924; 1053. ( 9 2 ) Leon, 77,
27: 1822; 07. ( 93 ) Leonard, Eng. Inst. Canada, 32: 361; 18. ( 9 4 ) Lessells,
403, 1924; 1097. ( 9 5 ) Lessells, 212, 5: 144; 24. ( 9 6 ) Levin and Dornhecker, in Taschenbuch fr Eisenhttenleute, 1922. ( 9 7 ) Longmuir, 140,
87: 93; 13. ( 9 8 ) Lynch, 212, 2: 12; 19. (") Malcolm, 212, 5: 256; 24.
( 1 0 ) Matsushita, 159, 9: 243; 20. ( 1 0 I) Matthews, 66, 10: 274; 10. ( 10 2)

Maurer, 74, 5: 11; 08. ( 1 OS) M'Cance, 140, 89: 192; 14. ( 104 ) McKinney, 33, 23: 294; 20. ( 105 ) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 81: 246; 10.
( 1 OB) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 83: 294; 11. (io?) McWilliam and
Barnes, 140, 91: 125; 15. ( 108 ) Moore, 436, No. 35; 1920. ( 109 ) Moore
and Jasper, 86, No. 136; 1923.
( 110 ) Moore and Kommers, 86, No. 124; 21. (l 11 ) Nead, 80, 38: 2341; 16.
( 112 ) Oberhoffer, 77, 17: 891; 97. ( 11 S) Oberhoffer, 93, 81: 156; 13. ( 114 )
Oberhoffer and Weisgerber, 77, 40: 1433; 20. ( 115 ) Oknof, 139, 11: 1;
13. ( 116 ) Paglianti, 192, 9: 217; 12. (l17) Ferrine and Spencer, Columbia
School of Mines Quarterly, 35: 194; 14. (118) Pomp, 77, 40: 1403; 20.
( 11 S) Portevin, 417, 1: 230; 09.
(!2O) Portevin, 34, 159: 51; 14. 4180, 122: 206; 14. 74, 14: 9; 16. (*2i)
Primrose, 307, 110: 18; 25. ( 122 ) Rees, 140, 108: 273; 23. C 1 23) Rogers,
140, 67: 484; 05. ( 124 ) Ronceray, 435, 15: 26; 21-22. ( 125 ) Roush, 33,
8: 468; 10. ( 126 ) Sankey and Smith, 4OS, 1904; 1235. ( 1 2 7 ) Schwartz,
Nat. Malleable Casting Co., Cleveland, Ohio; O. ( 128 ) Seely and Putnam, 86, No. 115; 1920. ( 129 ) Simidu, 159, 6: 111; 17.
( 1 SO) Smalley, 435, 15: 688; 21-22. ( 1 Si) Snodgrass and Guldner, 86, No.
129; 1922. ( 132 ) Stansfield, in Rep. Royal Ontario Nickel Comm., 43A;
17. ( 1 SS) Stead and Evans, 140, 59: 89; 01. <134) stead and Wigham,
140, 60: 122; 01. ( 1 SS) Strand, 32, No. 172; 1920. ( 1 SB) Strauss and
Maurer, Krupp pamphlet. ( 13 7) Swan, 423, 31: 82; 24. ( 1 SS) Sykes,
212, 6: 138; 24. ^39) Turner, 140, 79: 426; 09.
( 14 ) Turner, 115, 92: 115; 11. ( 141 ) Wahlberg, 140, 60: 234; 01. ( 142 )
Whiteley and Braithwaite, 140, 107: 161; 23. ( 143 ) Wigham, 140, 69:
222; 06. ( 1 4 4 ) Yaneske, 140, 107: 173; 23. ( 14S ) Young, 435, 16: 142;
18-19. ( 14 *) Young, Pease and Strand, 255, 86: 227; 14.
MN-, Si-, AND MN-SI-STEELS; FE-SI-ALLOYS; AND EFFECT

OF MN AND Si ON CAST IRON
ROBERT A. HADFIELD
CONTENTS
Tensile, hardness, and impact
tests on rolled or forged Mnsteels.
Effect of cooling medium on
properties of Mn-steel.
MATIRES
aciers au Mn lamins et
forgs.
Effet du milieu refroidissant sur
les proprits de l'acier au
Mn.

on Mn-steel.
Effet de la temprature de l'air

liquide sur l'acier au Mn.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
von
gewalzten oder geschmiedeten Mn-Sthlen.
Einfluss des Mediums, in dem
die Erkaltung vor sich geht,
auf die Eigenschaften von
Mn-Stahl.
flssigen Luft auf Mn-Stahl.

Mn-steel.
Tensile properties of cast Mnsteel.

au Mn forg.
l'acier moul au Mn.
Druckversuch mit geschmiedetem Mn-Stahl.

von
gegossenem Mn-Stahl.
Transverse tests on cast Mnsteel.

Tensile properties of Fe-Si.
Essais de flexion transversale

sur l'acier moul au Mn.
Fe-Si.
Poids spcifique de Fe-Si.
aciers au Si lamins ou
forgs.
Effet de la temprature de Fair
liquide sur l'acier au Si.
Querproben bei gegossenem

Mn-Stahl.
von
Fe-Si.
Dichte von Fe-Si.
von
gewalzten oder geschmiedeten Si-Sthlen.
flssigen Luft auf Si-Stahl.
Properties of Si-Mn-steel.

au Si forg.
Proprits de l'acier moul au
Si.
Proprits de l'acier au Si-Mn.
Druckversuche mit geschmiedetem Si-Stahl.

Eigenschaften von gegossenem
Si-Stahl.
Eigenschaften von Si-Mn-Stahl.
Effect of Mn content on malleable cast iron.

fonte mallable.
Einfluss des Mn auf schmiedbarem GUSS.
Specific gravity of Fe-Si.

Tensile properties of rolled or
forged Si-steels.
on Si-steel.
Si-steel.
Properties of cast Si-steel.
PAGE
INDICE
Comportamento alla trazione degli acciai al Mn
laminati o fucinati
520
Influenza del mezzo raffreddante sulle propriet
dell'acciaio al Mn
522
Influenza della temperatura dell'aria liquida sull'
acciaio al Mn
522
acciaio al Mn fucinato. 522
Comportamento alla trazione dei getti di acciaio
al Mn
522
Prove di traverso su getti
di acciaio al Mn
522
Comportamento alla trazione del F-Si
523
Peso specifico del F-Si. . 523
Comportamento alla trazione degli acciai al Si
laminati o fucinati
523
Influenza della temperatura dell'aria liquida sul!'
acciaio al Si
524
acciaio al Si fucinato.. . . 524
Propriet dei getti di
acciaio al Si
524
Propriet dell'acciaio al
Si-Mn
525
Mn sulla ghisa malleabile
525
CONTENTS.(Continued}
MATIRES.(Suite)
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS.
(Fortsetzung)
Effect of Si content on malleable cast iron.

Effect of Mn content on properties of cast iron.
Effet de la teneur en Si sur la

fonte mallable.
Effet de la teneur en Mn sur les
proprits de la fonte.
Einfluss des Si auf schmiedbarem GUSS.

Einfluss des Mn-Gehaltes auf
die Eigenschaften des Gusses.
Effect of Mn content on hardness of cast iron.

duret de la fonte.
Einfluss des Mn-Gehaltes auf

die Hrte des Gusses.
Effect of Si content on properties of cast iron.
Effet de la teneur en Si sur les

proprits de la fonte.
Einfluss des Si-Gehaltes auf die

Eigenschaften des Gusses.
Effect of casting temperature

and annealing on cast irons of
different Si content.
Effet de la temprature coule

et du recuit sur les fontes de
diffrentes teneurs en Si.
Einwirkung der Giesstemperatur und des Ausglhens auf

GUSS
verschiedenen SiGehaltes.
INDICE.(Continuazione) PAGE
Si sulla ghisa malleabile. 525
Mn sulle propriet della
ghisa
526
Mn sulla durezza della
ghisa
527
Si sulle propriet della
ghisa
527
Influenza della temperatura di colata e di ricottura su ghise a tenori
diversi di Si
528
TABLE 1.TENSILE, HARDNESS, AND IMPACT TESTS ON ROLLED AND FORGED MN-STEELS*
C < 0.3 %
39
8
0.5 1.0 3.4]
(
346
48
8
0.8 0.7 1.6
358
50
12
0.8 2.7 3.0
386
58
13
0.6 2.7 3.7 [ F, A 750/3 h Cz
402
58
14
0.9 2.6 3.5
436
60
8
0.6 2.6 4.3
367
69
13
0.9 3.1 2.4 J
(
424
83 ~2Q~
3
"F
528
110 <10 <21 <7 <4 R, A 860||
386^f
129
10
37
2
2 F, N 1000
507
130
7
F
425
170
10.4
F
;....
498
210
23.6
F
558
313 <10 <21 <7 <4 R, A 860||
652^f
410 <10 <21 <7 <4 R, A 860|!
842T
540
15
3 7 7 F , WF Qw
622
550 <10 <21 <7 <4 R, A 860||
I0401f
560
~"IZ
aa
610
~.
1050
1290
<10
<10
<21
<21
<7
<7
<4
<4
F
/F, A926V15
\Same, W2 955 Q w f f . . .
"F
'.
/ F , A 926715
\Same, W2 955 Q w f f . . ..
F, A 870/15, W2 900
Q w ft
R, A 860Il
R, A 860||
1290
1570
!uTo
<10 <21
<7
<4
F
F, A 86O0II
501
887
27.6
"
TT"
X1
*
JJTi
~
~
10
*
81
22
lbd5
1985
<10
98
230
~T~ 77
^0 ^ 0
<3 <5
F A9270
7"
38
<3~7<7/
' _ *
\Same, W 955 Q w t t . . .
TJT
3350
77" 77
^0 ^ 0
<
<
<21
<7
<4
29.6
| 50 | 9.4| 9.8| 8
v. also Figs, l and 2
40
. " 008
" I Z 7 4
*
15
R, A 860||
Û
f F, W 659 Qw
\ F, W 700 Qw
F
7" <
77 <
77 / F' A 8700/15
(
\ Same, W2 816 Q 0 ft
-y __ Vp ")
V=EL\
P = PLJ
10 X JSZf
10XA
610 Y
365
720
360
720
330
620
320
640
300
610
350
700
320
680
315
457
435
797
350
650
IS = 39.0**
/S = 36.0**
IS = 28.1**
250
632
250
424
50
O
285
381
(29)
(29)
(29)
(29)
(29)
(29)
(29)
(14. 17)
(2)
(i)
(io)
(io)
(io)
(2)
(2)
(13)
(2)
720 E
458 P
617 P
843 E
618 P
696 P
IS = 3.05**
13
13
121
420
IS = 3.05**
17
26
20
33
(to)
(so)
339 E
299 Y
358 E
282 E
287 E
408 E
545 Y
324 Y
720
808
1008
1183
1059
1074
651
912H
884If
298 P
485 Y
312 Y
121
10
65
650
1004T
299 E
596 Y
LS = 12**
175
206
736
198P
840
866
239 P
351 Y
614
C, 0.3-0.6%
753
878
890
865
H04
Lit4
166
400
300
202
O
46
135
495
335
342 E
IS = 28.1**
471 E
443 E
152
7177177777
438P
954 P
(io)
(30)
(30)
(2)
(2)
()
(2)
(3)
(2)
(IQ)
502
85
65
70
204
170
443
466
()
(14, 17)
(30)
TABLE 1.TENSILE, HARDNESS, AND IMPACT TESTS ON ROLLED AND FORGED MN-STEELS.*(Continued)
389
40
~~^>
* /J
1AoQ
1*0*
^
4
*
. ft
w
F
A 870
/ >
/15
900
(Same, W2 900 Q w f h . .
520
/F, A 870/15
710
I game; w 2 900Q w tt....
770
C, 0.6-0.9%
78
6
2
3 R, A 860||
672
87.3
F
1150
78
8
2
4~~ R, A860||
778
85
9
2
4
R, A860||.
832If
"
~ 77~77~ /F, A870715
906
lb
<0
<0
'*
\Same, W2 7880ff i t . . .
1195
80.4
F
1054
86
11
2
3
R, A 860|[
901
85
13
2
2~~ R, A 860||
9391[
81
9_
2
2
R, A 860||
753
~^~ <*
fF,A870/15
980
7o
1R
7
1
*
^ <0 <0
\Same, W 2 788 11 11-..
1252
87 ~8
2~ 2
R, A 860||
8601[
76.2
F
866
:
70
F
566
61
30
7
7
F
514
85
37
9
6 F.....
619
82
19
5
3
R, A 860||
786f
C > 0.9%
93.4
F
1010
41
50
83
116
~T7I
i?5b
"200
221
310
385
440
44U
498
510
720
937
1229
1511
300
T^
462
402
1J
8fi8
*b*
1007
1121
1200
127
IZ1
95
100
96
1268
1208
S~ 77" 77"
_ <d <0
in 77~ ^
iu
<ô ^.o
598
F
^T <q
^1 <0
IQ ^
/F,A870'/15
<5
<5
\ Same, W 2 900 Q w f t . . . .
<^
/F,A870/15
1U
<0
<
y Same, W2 900 Q w t t - . . .
17
4
3 R, A 860||
19
4
3 R, A 860||
F
1338
94
94
14 <(3
<3
14
107
27
1522
1522
150
15
14
14
1959
93
21
I"F' A 87/15
\Same, W2 900 Q w f t . . . .
2 R, A 860
F
F 1 WTFQ 1 T
F 7 WTFCa
Same
3 R, A 860||
77.
<5
<
-y
VP ^l
E =EL\
P = PLj
274 P
260 P
219 P
219 P
10 X JBf
10 X AA
17
17
163
183
Lit. J
Q 4, 17)
26
20
190
226
425 Y
150
| 205
595 E
IS = 3.05**
548 Y
50
60
406 Y
105
117
3 7 8 P 1 0 8
135
1014 P
142
333
791E
LS = 3.05**
476 Y
80
107
622 Y
50
52
533 Y
20
21
417 P
54
66
894 P
33
40
535 Y
20
20
602 E
414 E
IS = 10**
394 E
55
440 E
35
80
441 Y
5
7
(30)
(30)
(3)
(i)
(3)
(2)
(55)
(io)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(30)
(2)
()
()
(14, 17)
(14'17)
(2)
827 E
IS = 3.05**
(IQ)
910
473
1234
677
665H
703
896
378 P
298 P
676 P
318 P
474 Y
547 Y
618 E
46
53
33
85
13
13
79
141
10
14
10
8
IS = 28.1**
(30)
786
24
1024
730
693
701
622
638
822Y~
Y
318 Y
438 Y
389 Y
17
471
30
10
120
10
40
235
27
392
31
195
(30)
(2)
(3)
(IQ)
( 30 )
(3)
(H)
(2)
* t), also Tables 2-6.

t Dimensions of test pieces: (l* 2 3 ) 2 in. X 0.564 in. diam.; ( 6 ) 8 in. X
0.5 in. diam.; (3. 1 O) not stated; ( 13 ) 2 in. X 0.798 in. diam.; ( 1 4 1 ^ ) 8 in. X
0.75 in. diam.; ( 2 9 ) 10 cm X 2 cm diam.; (30) 1.2 in. X 0.30 in.
See also (16. is, 19, 27, 34).
Steels of commercial importance.
Il R, A 860/36 h C 3 days.
1 Brinell hardness number given in this table: (Treatment = 1000 Qw).
Mn
110
313
410
550
1050
C I BHN \\ Mn | C | BHN 1| Mn I
<10
143
1290 <10
302
498
<10
430
1570 <10
192
1511
<10
418
1985 <10
235
1007
<10
418
1160
85
650
1959
<10
444
310
85
600
** Impact test on Fremont machine.

tt For 30 min.
Q0 W3 594/30 Ca.
C
87
82
95
93
I BH~
286
196
179
192
TABLE 2.EFFECT OF COOLING MEDIUM ON PROPERTIES OF

FORGED MN-STEEL ( 14 > 17)
TABLE 5.TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF CAST MNSTEEL (22)*

Treatments: a = G; = G, A 900/60; y = G, A 900/60 Qw
Test pieces, 8 in. X Y in. diam.
15.
^^^^
Treatment
^^--^^^
F
F, WF Qw
F, WFQ0
F, WF Ca
AT
^ ^.
No.andTrt
Hundredths of %
'
j
p C1
10 X 10 X 10 X I 10 X 10 X 10 X
10 X 10 X
Q.
(a
b
Mn
bl
* b
UTS El UTS I El UTS El UTS El
1
I
6 9 5 5 2 3 7 8 7 4
5
365
IfT] 296
16
332
23
(y
722
47 44
432
16
387
16
392
31
421
47
790
50 28
466
70
447
78
fa
937
T 30 7 7 514
55
613 148
602 148
594 156
2 \
1060
85 28
529
39
644 172
663 188
644 172
[y
1401*
85 28
573
16
1057 444
865 266
755 141
a
915
O~ ^
4
2
6
6
51 7 2
1011*
95 21
605
55
646
195
619 141
3t I 0
1260* 110 16
619
23
849 273
792 281
584 109
(y..
1281*
92 _42
616
55
958 367
908 328
761 195
[a
1998
9~ 32
359
Nil
4t|0
2169
210 46
567
86
525
109
531 117
~~
' ^ _ ^ ^
Treatment
' "--^^^^^
Hundredths of %
^"^-^
_
10 X
q.
Mn
_
UTS
1448*
110
32
620
1506
124
16
776
1840
154
16
807
1855
183
26
669
1910
160
26
I 811
F, WF Qw
10 X 10 X 10 X
EL El
UTS
509
8
999
514 23
954
509
8
838
559
4
875
558
8
922
10 X
EL
353
351
367
399
558
F,WFC a
10 X 10 X
El
UTS
375 769
312 739
101 611
54
46 641
10 X 10 X
EL El
446 47
381 23
414
8
451
* Steels of commercial importance.
TABLE 3.EFFECT OF LIQUID AIR TEMPERATURE ON FORGED

MN-STEELS (13)
Hundredths of %
Tensile tests*
Treatment, ,. p. 392
Mn
o
*
15
16
15
41
78
36
"O~
166
JOU
540
1008
1527
223|
381
468
700
1153
1264$
1522
Si
/ 1 1 0 2 Ca 777 Cf..
^
\Same.Qia
3.7 1102 0 C a 777Cf....
63
1048 Qw
^^ 1048 Qw
J7
1102 0 C a 777Cf....
1102 0 C a 777Cf....
10
Same, Wa 614 Cf...
1048QW
1048 Qw
f 994 Qw
1048 Qw
123
4 620 Qia
831 Qia
i 994 Qia
"5~ 14
1048 Qw
1
M ca^0
.
UTS\ El
104
7?5
109 _9
104 Nil
93 1
61 5
80 17
104 10
117 10
66 15
88 10
102 40
88 30
88
1.3
91 11
104 38
93 25
J^gg^,
At
BHN
~182 Ct
UTS El
139 Nil
Jm
at m.
2Q0C
~
10
194
20
191
96
82
72
106
118
129
84
120
101
96
Nil
Nil
2.5
p,
atm
2.5
Nil
J^
Nil
20
4Q
Nil
2.5
Nil
2.5
101
2.5
_
^
_182C
^f"
363
BH
372
* Test bars, 2.00 in. X 0.180 in. diam.

t Tests carried out in liquid air.
J Steels of commercial importance.
TABLE 4.COMPRESSION TESTS ON FORGED MN-STEELS ( 17 )*

Composition, hundredths of %0
-~
'
:
-^
Mn
C I Si I P
S
93761
1229
85
1375
85
31
37
23
7
9
9
7
6
8
Treatment
ELC
AZf
-100^1
IQ
F
F, WF Qw
F, WF Qw
39.5
53.5
70
20.10
17.05
16.65
* v. also (l, l),

t Reduction in length due to applied stress of 157.5 kg/mm 2 .
(y.
(a
St | 0
[7
[a
6f \
[7
[a
7t|0
[T
(a
8t]0
(y
(a
9tj0
[T
[a
10 I
(y
fa
11
y
XT
J^Q
1
2
31
4t
5t
6t
7t
8f
91
10
11
10
X 10 X
^
yp
10 X
m
10 X K1T^
RA BHN
439
400
554
457
405
580
466
418
592
454
421
594
479
325
279
535
119
304
315
700
113
302
196
610
147
335
292
625
115
307
305
668
116
324
192
620
165
350
294
639
115
312
303
700
115
342
160
622
154
347
279
659
119
317
303
701
118
350
141
561
157
362
287
642
123
430 320 308 718 123
680
350
155
530
179
503
383
279
681
132
457
328
302
726
132
758
443
152
482
230
503
380
280
677
134
463
335
298
703
135
783
465
163
478
237
580
408
259
547
156
520
340
274
723
159
... 1090
603
90
446
274
597
4
260
468
162
551
347
262
667
165
1106
627
67
417
289
652
428
212
434
197
647
351
188
606
198
1158 639
49
266
326
725
446
88
394
211
761
367
154
531
218
1171 649
31
189
Thousandths of %
Mn
I C
Si I P
285
109
319
63
440
125
286
67
675
126
303
67
785
99
311
40
1020
98
316
41
1270
100
313
99
1315 101
303
102
1765
102
309
103
1835
99
324
108
2230
90
301
102
2470
92
294
110
S
46
50
46
52
49
45
47
56
59
58
51
* Specimens 20 cm X 2 cm diam.
t Steels of commercial importance.
TABLE 6.TRANSVERSE TESTS ON CAST MN-STEEL* ( 17 ); cf. (18)

Mn
32
76
231
Composition, hundredths of %
I
C
I
Si
I
P
I
15
1
9
23
4
9
40
15
7
S
11
7
7
* Test bars 2% in. square, loaded at center, bearings 2 ft. apart.
BMR
49
84
122
TABLE 6.TRANSVERSE TESTS ON CAST MN-STEEL* ( 17 ); cf. (18)

(Continued)
Mn
389
643
695
830
1476
1762
2345
Composition,
C
I
35
34
52
62
115
140
215
hundredths of %
Si
I
P
I
9
6
30
11
37
8
35
10
25
12
91
10
65
9
oi^r
S
7
11
7
4
7
6
2
BMR
18
30
54
71
72
92.5
106.5
*Test bars 2% in. square, loaded at center, bearings 2 ft. apart.
TABLE 8.SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF PURE FE-SI-ALLOYS ( 28 ); v. also

(9, 15, 21)
Prepared from pure soft wrought Fe and pure Fe-Si, only very
small amounts of impurities present. Determination by
pycnometer.
Si, %
0.2
2.0
7.5
15.0
20.0
21.9
Il Si, %
7.883
7.784
7.352
7.032
6.696
6.546 I
24.8
27.2
29.3
40.2
46.8
51.8
dl
||
6.432
6.248
6.198
5.378
4.876
4.406 I
Si, %
<
65.9 3.367
79.4 2.787
93.4 2.363
95.0 2.322
100.0 2.309
Fig. I
Properties of 1% Mn, Low C Steel (6)
Fig.2
Properties of I % Mn, Low C Steel (6)
.Mn 098- C 0.15-Si 0094-P0098-S 0.008
TABLE 7. TENSILE PROPERTIES OF FE*-Si- ALLOYS ( 38 ); cf. (31)

^--^
Trt
% Si ^^^^
0.001
.001
.001
.010
.048
.068
.091
.148
.205
.230
.242
.309
.400
.472
.563
.673
.698
.822
1.71
1.741
2.73
3.40
3.55
4.39
4.44
4.92
6.57
As forged
UTS
I
YP
31.5 25.2
32.8
31.2
28.7 26.8
31.8
29.5
32.9
30.1
30.9
25.8
30.7
25.0
31.7
27.1
35.0
29.9
33.4 29.0
35.9
40.8
39.2
53.7
Av 970 C 3O0A
UTS
I
YP
60.6
69.8
73.9
52.5
58.6
66.2
35.3
3.6
35.3
3.6
,, .
Thousandths of %
Si-C-Mn-P-S
mi
25.4
11.5
24.6
24.6
24.6
24.9
24.7
27.3
11.3
14.2
14.3
10.1
11.2
17.6
26.9
28.4
29.6
30.1
12.8
15.3
18.3
12.1
28.7
31.8
47.9
TABLE 9. TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF ROLLED AND

FORGED SI-STEELS
v. also Tables 10-12
24-44-36-14-30
180-140-140-50-80
200-140-140-51-80
59. 7f
64.5
59. 7f
51.2
9.1
9.1
* Pure electrolytic Fe, melted in vacuo, % C = ca. 0.01. Test pieces ca.
2.5 in. X 0.5 in. diam.
IAN 2 1030.
10 X
UTS
[R, N 1000 C a .. . 356
\ R, A 950f
356
[F
386
F
520
F, A (180)11
394
P
10 X
EL
183
313
317
346
239
10 X
El
430
470
402
301
376
Hardness
T.
10 X T = TSH Lit.*
RA B = BHN
670
(4,5)
715
683
545
(is)
607
20 T
-ft***;-:.:S ^
If3I
H*
{^j^y.; -
700-180-210
730-180-210
870-180-210
F
...536
F, A (180)f
465
F, A (180)1"
449
[F
586
! F, W 850 Qw. . . . 739
(F,W950/4h.... 473
[R, N1000C a ... 482
I R, A 950f
429
(F
485
932-209-Tr.-24-20
31.8 18.7
30.2 16.2
31.8 18.4
38.1 25.2
38.8 32.1
47.7 34.8
54.5 40.2
Tensile tests
Treatment,
v. p. 392
1020-38-79-19-38
394
299
299
377
416
334
334
317
427
m
f t o Wn-9i 17
1106-835-570-21-17
/jF^ w ^ Q^
1600-190-280
1520-190-280$
F
591 441
F, A (180)1[
520 394
IF
566 452
F,W850Q W .... 731 640
F, W 95074 h.... 452 303
F,W950/8d.... 534 433
295 545
340 527
255 426
(12)
( 1 S)
20 T
( 15 )
()
146 B
262 B
355 668
403 763
368 674
104
625
^
^
(4,5)
293B
^
311 .506
351 545
1940-80-110-20-2Ot
F, N ca. 1000|| . . . . 500 321 360 624
2090-968-407-32-22
2090-968-407
32 22
F
/^
^ m<3 ^
2110-200-250-40-60$
2130-200-250-40-60J
F
F, A (18O)U
1054
^ 769
^
622 488
536 402
(12)
(15)
24 T
159 B
196 B
()
2?? B
^
185 280
365 600
(12)
()
(
^
(15)
24 T
TABLE 9.TENSILE PBOPEBTIES AND HABDNESS OF ROLLED AND

FOBGED SI-STEELS.(Continued)
Thousandths of %
Q r Mn P Q
Sl C Mn P S
- " ""
Tensile tests
10 X 10 X
EL El
337 245
312 398
440 280
504 176
378 61
432 42
345 355
462 155
2690-200-250
2670-200-250
2903-38-61-18-41
29033879-1938
2903 38 79-19 38
Treatment,
^ O09
V P m
' '
[R, NlOOO 0 Ca...
JR,A950t
[F
F
F 5 A(ISO)IT**
R, N1000 Ca
/R.A950t
\F
10 X
UT8
514
473
558
670
504
493
534
586
3390-210-290J
3360-210-290
F
F, A (45)1f
748 552
614 473
2125-(C-Mn, eta 176)
[R,Nioooc a ...
J R, A 950t
[F
4180-250-36OtF
4230-250-360
F, A (15)1f
4900-260-290-40-60
F
4800-260-290-40-60
F, A (O)U
~~
[R, N l O O O 0 C . . . .
4885-40-72-21-27
\ R, A 950f
[F
~~~
(F
5120-277-380-34-9
\y,'W850Qw.'.'.
4026-(C, Mn, etc. 242)
"575
687
659
772
599
756
394
~572
654
657
618
627
30 T
22 28
NU_ _Nil
709
O
2
6.4 9.8
3
7
394
4
NiT ~NU
Nil Nil
Nil Nil
526
528
F, A
394 394
[R, NlOOO 0 Ca... ~ 2 5 4 N
5998-(C, Mn, etc. 249)
-I R, A 950f
419
[F
315
" ~~~ [R, N1000Ca... ~326
7470-(-)-210-19-11
-JR, A 950f
332
[F
377
5
i l
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
_.,.
Lit.*
(4 5)
( 15 )
( 4 > 5)
( 15 )
111 142
89 93
NT"NUT
5530-260-290
'
Hardness
10 X T = TSH
RA V = BHN
288
659
454
244
66
26 T
42
600
146
(45)
(l 5 )
33 T
( 15 )
36 T
(45)
248 B
311B
( 12 )
( 13 )
(45)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
"\^% composition Si, 0.79; Mn, 0.21; Si, 2.67; Mn, 0.25;
^^\^^
G, 0.18
C, 0.20
CS_
^"^-^ Z, in.* I d, in.t
l, in.* | d, in.f
O
1.0
0.798
1.009 0.798
15.8
0.996
0.799
1.009 0.798
31.5
0.992
0.800
1.008 0.800
47.3
0.947
0.822
0.992
0.808
63.0
0.853
0.890
78.8
0.814 0.894
0.901 0.850
94.5
0.731 0.950
110.3
0.658 1.002
126.0
0.598 1.056
141.8
0.547 1.115
157.5
0.503
1.153 0.622
1.035
~"-\% composition Si, 3.46; Mn, 0.29; Si, 4.49; Mn, 0.36;
^^\^^
C, 0.21
C, 0.25
CS
^^^. I, in.* I d, in.t | I9 in.* | d, in.f
O
1.009 0.799
1.008 0.799
15.8
1.009 0.799
1.008 0.799
31.5
1.009 0.799
1.008 0.799
47.3
1.005 0.800
1.005 0.800
63.0
0.990
0.806
157.5
0.646
1.012 0.683 1.003
* I = length,
t d = diameter.
(4>5)
TABLE 12.PBOPEBTIES OF CAST SI-STEELS (25)

5
* Dimensions of test pieces: C ) 2 in. X 0.564 in. diam.; (** ) 2 in. X 0.580
in. diam.; ( 1 2 ) not stated; ( 13 15) 2 in. X 0.798 in. diam.; v. also (32, 34, 35).
t Annealed for 40 h and cooled over 170 h.
Steels of commercial importance.
Treatments: a = G; = G, A 1100/10 h; 7 = ft C8 9001000 Qw ; = G, A 900/1 h Qw.

M
A THNo. andTrt
d = 7.733.
il Bar 5 in. long X % in. diam. bent 180, radius = Me in.
^f (x) = bars i n X M in' cross section bent cold through x, radius =
H in.
** Broke at end in bend test.
TABLE 10.EFFECT OF LIQUID AIB TEMPEBATUBE ON FOBGED

SI-STEEL (13)
Tensile tests* (bars 2.00 in. X 0.18 in. diam.)
^
rr^___
*'C
% composition
Si
I
C
I
Mn
I
2.28
0.67
0.50
2.67
0.20
0.25
2.77
0.34
3.03
0.07
0.064
3.89
0.11
0.02
ca. 20
-182
UTS I El
\\ UTS \ El
97.6 15
97.6 O
67.7 17
92.9 O
81.9 17
92.9 O
61.4 22
67.7 O
69.3 2.5
39.4
O
* Treatment: W 1102 Ca W 2 777 Cf.
Brinell hardness number

No. I: Si, 2.28; C, 0.67; Mn, 0.5.
No. II: Si, 3.05; C, 0.11; Mn, 0.08.
^ \ ^ ^ N o .
^^*-^^^
p, atm.
^*"^^
10
20
40
15
TABLE 11.COMPBESSION TESTS ON FOBGED SI-STEELS ( ); v.

also (i)
I
At ca.
2O0C
305
299
307
II
At
-1820C
374
396
401
At ca.
2O0C
187
197
206
At
-1820G
328
305
343
7
d
a
7
8
'a.
7
[5
'a
7
o
'a
7
o
a
j
7
o
'et
7t
7
5
~X
~ * ^
,
~ X RA
O ~ X BHN^
Ri/Vt
^
yp
--.
443
392
524
573
430
398
554
625
457
432
616
679
485
443
660
699
551
513
756
724
562
524
814
776
587
545
820
820
320
269
345
365
335
287
354
450
346
318
384
450
378
318
400
450
420
324
406
452
446
336
524
455
469
335
540
457
300
275
110
175
295
273
106
156
283
260
100
156
282
215
97
148
277
190
75
132
262
185
22
120
232
182
22
112
575
675
570
652
670
695
540
576
580
687
470
576
550
645
331
550
450
560
162
440
4
500
39
335
395
490
32
320
130
118
160
162
131
122
200
205
144
126
203
205
150
136
216
210
168
152
258
230
180
174
269
250
182
176
278
258
TABLE 12.PROPERTIES OF CAST SI-STEELS (25).(Continued)

N
Thousandths of %
C
I Mn I P
120
410
33
100
300
41
110
230
44
110
360
40
150
500
43
150
560
45
120
290
40
Si I
240
370
670
950
1250
1730
2350
1
2
3
4
5
6*
7*
S ~
64
49
44
43
42
40
58
I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4
5 I 6 I 7"
|7.86l|7.853|7.835|7.810|7.774|7.733'7.702
No.
dji
* Test pieces 20 cm X 2 cm diam.

t 10 mm ball, 2000 kg load.
I Steels of commercial importance.
As cast (G).
104
210
224
237
240
~~
Trt
A
i7^23~32~
119402310 02 Tr"
Ir. /^ N f l o o ,_ ;
520
520
A
11840
432 17
17 Tr
11840 4J2
Ir. /^ N90Q o
1
2007121028
12007121028
620
620 I
101
234
126
153
269
202
212
196
107
107
248
269
248
300
'
525184025
525184025
15
15/
21
11
15
24
16
11
10
13
JN9QQO
12 <^
/ A WT
12
Thousandths of %
I Mn I Si I P I
~7W 7 200
745
762 5112 1118
840 1031
573
873
461 1351
922 10080
721
930 1972 1028
934 3084 1446
960 12096
876
153
m
7 4
725
40520
482 190
244
725
^
528
717
421
153
269
293
^
832
27
60
223 25
^M^
248
19
m m
m
175
539
544 100
22
m
53
87
^
^
Treatment ( 26 ); c/.
07)
10 X
UTS
10 X
EL
10 X
USS \\
10 X
EL8
13
24
20
13
18
15
11
A 850/180
A 850/180
A 850/180
A 850/180
A 850/180
A 850/180
A 850/180
A 850/180
566
866
1183
1150
978
1054
1010
896
44
602
685
595
482
791
829
618
490
608
454
430
490
460
485
482
142
460
340
298
139
309
334
156
* 10 mm ball, 3000 kg load.

t Tensile specimens, 10 cm X 1.38 cm diam.
Guillery machine, Fremont test piece 8 X 10 X 10 mm.
Forged and annealed at 950 and 1200.
Il Fremont machine, test pieces 6 mm X 8 mm cross section.
UTS*
f 41.3
36.1
32.5
T 45.1
2.600.410.0780.042 \ 36.9
[ 33.6
[ 44.6
3.180.320.0890.042 I 37.2
[ 33.2
[ 44.8
2.580.440.0750.044 I 40.8
[ 34.7
T 46.5
3.110.440.0780.054] 40.5
[ 34.5
f 46.9
2.760.470.0680.044 \ 41.6
[ 34.7
_>___
0.13 3.060.450.0710.041
0.26
0.38
0.78
10 X 10 X 10 X 10 X rc ,
UTS EL
JCTt RA IS
476 274 145 305 32
107 498 287 175 582
655 444 35
396 16
583 448 130 ^42~ ~4~
602 465 140
572 6
1 155 1 155 0_
0_ O
747 227 120
172 30
791 233 100 147 27
706 205 150
186 30
559 405 147
305 18
558 407 155
572 28
1 070 1 070 10
50 4
1032 6 9 5 O
O O
945 498 50
60 7
1 078 925 0_
O 1
l96~~ ~698
~13
~9~
492 l90~
100 16~
125 15
m
799
A
4<M QfiO 960
S7 Tr
450
37/Tr.
^^
IUK
565
572
572
BHN
fA
1 728 457 32 8 | N 900
[85O0Qw
*
2 072 1 352 19
8 N 900
[85O 0 Qw.
TA
14 400 911 24 Tr. \ N 900
[85O 0 Qw
fA
2 150 781 32 10 j N 900
[85O 0 Qw
fA
14 760 1 880 29 Tr. \ N 900
[85O0Qw
490
490
% composition (before
annealing)
Mn I C I Si I P I S
0.66
TABLE 13.PROPERTIES OF FORGED SI-MN-STEELS ( 11 )

Composition, thousandths o?%
C I Mn I Si I P I S
TABLE 14.EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON TENSILE STRENGTH AND

ELONGATION OF MALLEABLE CAST IRON ( 24 )
0.80
36
0.94 2.760.390.0680.050 j
[
f
1.05 2.580.510.0560.054 <
[
(
1.12 2.900.410.0870.038 j
(
[
1.32 2.820.330.0720.038 \
[
f
1.52 2.990.450.0760.044 ]
g
[
(
1.74 3.300.360.0970.040
[
42.4
35.6
50.9
45.1
38.0
50.4
45.7
38.4
48.5
46.6
40.7
53.1
50.3
43.2
52.1
48.1
43.2
3.5
5.0
13.0
4.5
6.0
14.5
~3~0
4.8
14.0
3.0
6.5
15.5
2J5
5.5
13.5
2.7
6.5
15.0
__
Annealing time,
hrf
95
130
260
95
130
260
95
130
260
95
130
260
95
130
260
95
130
. 260
_
6.0
13.5
2.3
6.0
14.5
270
5.0
15.5
1.5
3.0
16.0
2.0
3.0
14.3
1.5
2.0
ll.Q
130
260
95
130
260
95
130
260
95
130
260
95
130
260
95
130
260
El*
* Test pieces 100 mm X 12 mm diam.

t Annealed with forge, scale at 98O0C.
TABLE 15.EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON GENERAL MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF MALLEABLE CAST IRON (23)
Composition, hundredths W*d Anneal- 10Zd*
before .
after 10 X
nf C7
f%
anneal- "* 1^* anneal- UTS
Si I C |Mn| P I S
ing
**
ing
95
7786
398
130
378
17 325 11 6.5 5.2 Porous
175
7761 362
225
350
260
7770 328
95
7785
402
130
377
23 332 12 6.1 5.4
7745
175
7767
364
225
348
260
7766
331
95
7699 444
130
372
30 309 12 6.0 5.0
7746
175
7683
364
225
350
260
7676
336
10 X
W
10 X 10 X Dt/X7C
RA LSJ *
40
100
108
184
191
~39
94
99
161
180
40
94
98
162
174
24
^
240
260
370
415
225
245
350
380
220
240
345
355
40
80
105
24
36
75
98
~25
36
72
79
107
90
92
84
2~
99
96
87
123
101
96
94
88
TABLE 15. EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON GENERAL MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF MALLEABLE CAST IRON ( 23 ). (Continued)
Composition, hundredths
of %
Si I C I Mn I P
38
44
50
55
58
67
71
75
81
81
83
94
105
108
306
316
12 5.7
12
6.2
J S
4.9
5.8
d\
HW}
Annealbefore
after 1OX 1OX 1OX 1OX
ing time,
BHNl
annealanneal- UTS El\ RA
ing
7742
7730
hr*
( 95
130
4 175
225
[ 260
( 95
130
-I 175
225
[260
^__
130
\ 175
225
[ 260
f 95
130
j 175
225
[260
ing
7633
425 31
372 80
7614 366 88
353 140
7594 332 161
7625 ~436 ~~3
388 71
7607 373 84
351 140
7607 342 161
443 "31
7632
394 72
7606 377 79
358 139
7602 343 157
760!43~~28
377 58
7566 372 66
353 126
7546 342 148
24
210
225 36
300 72
340 84
26
185
190 35
260
69
315 72
22
190
190 33
265 65
310 69
22
130
145 33
210 58
250 64
125
106
102
94
91
127
107
104
99
92
128
111
104
100
94
131
113
104
101
96
t Test pieces 100 mm X 12 mm diam.

I Small Charpy machine (25 kg-m max. energy), specimens 80 X 10 X 10
mm ; impact length 60 mm notch, 2 mm deep X 3 mm wide.
TABLE 16.EFFECT OF MN ON PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON

Mn
Graph- Com.,
,. ,
ite
bined
Total
23322
200
201
107
Ts2
24.4
49.2
25.8
46.8
TA
4
312 12 6.2 6.8 7709
23
56
71
^
^
29
21
129
7484
5
79
130
385 58 130
112
93
311 13 6.1 5.9 7716 | 175
7502 369 68 150 33 129
96
225
355 123 240 55 102
171
[ 260
7460 344 149 270 58
96
( 95
7440 432 ~ ~ 2 5 2 2 133
130
373 47
115
113
5
327 12 6.8 5.6 7705 \ 175
7384 366 57 125 32 133
17
225
344 123 220 46
97
31
[ 260
7357 339 138 240 53
93
49
f 95
7473 407 22
19 136
55
130
378 47 130
117
65
316 13 5.7 6.4 7701 \ 175
7497 377 62 135 33 111
78
225
351 118 230 47 100
80
[ 260
7435 339 134 245 57
99
84.6
98
T~95
744 424~ 25
22 133
106
130
377 45 125
117
120
325 14 5.6 5.7 7700 \ 175
7463 373 58 135 33 112
134
225
355 110 230 47 101
141
{ 260
7398 342 128 235 55 101
155
95
7343 432 20
19 137
193
130
364 39
110
196
317 13 6.8 5.4 7689
175
7268 366 57 135 33 108
222
225
353 108 190 46
99
260
7299 __
339 123
213 ^
51 ^
96
_
_____
_
253
210
92
183
138
194
69
215
65
195
79
212
78
215
64
210
88
328
302
321
263
280
274
290
279
298
324
332
334
324
319
13 5.8
14 5.3
14 5.6
14
14
6.0
6.6
6.0
6.7
5.6
5.7
5.2
7686
7687
7682
7675
7664
130
175
225
260
95
130
175
225
260
95
130
175
225
260
95
130
175
225
260
95
130
175
225
260
7386
7328
7384
7356
7328
7353
7339
7299
7291
7267
7257
7248
7190
372
369
353
339
409
361
361
350
337
419
374
376
355
344
429
373
373
348
336
425
356
350
40
52
111
126
22
39
56
108
127
22
39
5J
110
123
22
36
50
100
108
25
33
45
344
317
96
98
* Annealed with forge, scale temperature = 98O0C.
110
130
210
215
50
90
33
100
100
130
111
112
101
98
138
113
116
103
99
133
114
116
104
101
132
111
107
130
43
46
103
98
21
105
125
190
220
100
105
200
220
80
95
165
170
32
47
48
19
33
47
71
19
35
47
50
21
BHNi ScH
Lit.
58
07
45
CO"
(37)
(37)
47
43
(7)"
(7)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
50
C7T
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
65.5 ( 7 )
Graphite, 1.4-1.8 %
279
272
247
7727
UTS* BMR*
308 |l03
736
156
116
169
78
12 6.6 6.7
Graphite, <1.4 %
~3509
ITe
9.3
16
297
Si P
2242.71.6 15.6
1573.50.3 26.0
1502.20.6 25.8
28.4
45.8
44.6
183
178
Graphite, 1.8-2.2 %
1009.0
1629.31.5
1376.21.0
1552.90.5
1533.10.3
1714.10.6
1573.00.3
1542.90.7
1496.21.0
20.0
15.9
25.7
33.1
32.8
32.5
32.0
33.1
29.3
34.7
33.7
43.2
53.4
58.0
58.2
60.1
59.6
47.3
188
215
213
214
225
221
240
45.4
38.3
50.6
48.5
53.6
60.2
59.4
60.2
175
176
175
180
200
203
202
Graphite, 2.2-2.6%
225
225
238
259
243
240
252
236
5330
98
323
74
312
66
325
71
314
58
298
62
314
65
301
O
1553.81.0
1766.11.0
1573.41.4
1306.30.8
1577.50.9
1483.61.0
1456.41.3
20.9
21.7
32.0
26.8
32.5
35.0
34.2
34.8
26.2 43.8
51.5 (7)
233
82
315
102
230
258
228
77
80
80
307
338
308
1436.10.8 34.5
1603.30.6 26.8
1396.41.4 35.6
61.0
48.0
62.4
209
187
215
(37)
(37)
(37)
225
72
297
155 2.6 0.5 32.0
57.1
217
C37)
233
222
259
78
70
81
311
292
340
1455.71.1 36.2
1592.90.4 26.6
1603.00.9 22.8
56.6
52.5
45.1
222
227
197
(37)
(37)
(37)
234
242
69
78
303
320
242
169
263
289
283
276
270
264
261
260
271
261
61
30
22
54
56
47
43
67
73
83
324
319
305
330
326
311
304
327
344
344
~32302
52
312
83
310
100
310
136
344
148
312
172
329
188
338
209
335
246
328
84
91
77
55
59
94
63
36
51
57
386
403
387
365
403
406
392
374
386
385
~37
54
61.1
63
90
102.3
103
124
146
173
24.4 40.5
28.7 40.0
43
(7)
42.5 (7)
Graphite, 2.6-3.0 %
1503.80.5
1522.7
225
1663.01.2
1623.31.0
229
150
1573.81.2
1553.41.0
1593.81.1
23.3
23.5
19.1
26.2
27.7
24.4
23.8
27.6
27.3
28.1
46.2
34.0
29.5
47.3
47.7
34.8
38.4
475
48.7
46.9
173
190
188
191
(37)"
(7)
(?)
(37)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(37)
(37)
(37)
26.8
28.2
26.9
27.3
26.0
28.0
30.4
29.5
30.1
32.8
127
132
126
125
128
132
137
140
146
158
(3^7
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
(37)
31
31
173
184
38
40
Graphite, >3.0 %
1564.11.1
1343.01.0
1653.31.4
1823.00.9
1702.90.9
1773.81.2
1853.60.8
1883.61.4
1792.51.4
1853.01.0
12.8
13.5
12.4
13.1
12.4
13.2
13.1
12.8
14.8
15.0
* Test pieces: Tensile, 6 in. X Y in. diam.; bending, 15 X l in. sq.,

tested on 12 in. span ( 7 ). Tensile, 10 cm X 2 cm diam.; bending, 60 cm X 3 cm
diam. (37).
TABLE 17.EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON HARDNESS OF CAST

IRON (8)
TABLE 18.EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON CAST IRON.(Continued)

C, 2.8 to 3.2% (7)
White cast iron
Mn
0.03
1.48
2.82
4.40
5.40
6.30
7.20
9.12
10.67
12.35
13.50
16.00
16.20
18.65
23.30
30.50
34.10
38.55
Si
% composition
I
Si
I
0.040
SCH
C
3.15
3.28
3.19
3.14
3.45
3.43
3.39
3.45
3.46
3.50
3.49
3.80
3.45
3.91
3.85
3.95
3.85
3.93
0.083
0.081
0.072
0.100
0.120
0.173
0.156
0.155
58
60
65
70
73
80
59
58
54
52
58
67
64
60
70
70
71
72
Gray cast iron

% composition
Mn
C
Total I Graphite ] Combined
0 7 5 5 3 J 6 2 7 8 7
CL79
1.00
3.70
3.39
0.31
1.61
3.63
3.16
0.47
2.23
3.60
3.25
0.35
2.65
3.60
3.33
0.27
3.45
3.70
3.12
0.58
4.19
3.80
2.94
0.86
5.15
3.12
2.69
0.43
5.83
3.40
2.65
0.75
6.62
3.24
2.60
0.64
8.35
3.85
2,15
1.70
9.89
3.83
2.10
1.73
10.30
3.95
1.98
1.97
11.15
4.00
1.85
2.15
17.57
4.25
1.14
3.11
~ ScH
2~A520~
2.46 37
2.35 40
2.35 38
2.39 33
2.48 42
-2.44
53
2.40 55
2.34 56
2.40 58
2.38 63
2.45 66
2.41 67
2.48 65
2.54 87
TABLE 18.EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON CAST IRON
C, 1.8 to 2.2% (33)

s.
~~19
45
96
196
251
296
392
474
733
980
103^0
. Mn r~ Cylin- TurnTotal I Graphite

ders
ings
198
38
1 4 3 2 5 7560 7719
200
10
21 33 5 7510 7670
209
24
26 33 4 7641 7630
218
162
60 28 3 7518 7350
187
119
75 26 5 7422 7388
223
143
70 34 4 7258 7279
201
181
84 33 3 7183 7218
203
166
95 30 5 7167 7170
186
148
136 29 3 7128 7138
181
112
195 21 4 6978 6924
E/W TSH UTS UCS

1814
2017
2192
1657
1791
1487
1100
1316
1036
980
72
52
42
22
22
22
27
32
42
57
15.9 118.6
19.4 144.0
20.0 144.0
24.7 96.6
23.0 121.6
19.2
90.6
17.8 75.1
16.1 72.8
8.3 78.1
7.6 53.7
Test bars 16 in. X 1 in. diam.; cast upright, cooled in molds, tested with
skin on.
,
.Total I Graphite
322
3
40
50
80
100
111
131
162
203
224
312
304
328
280
305
302
288
279
25
177
215
161
195
210
180
173
Mn
1.8
SCH
UTS
1.1 57
1.3
1.4
4
2
1.6
9.3
1.1
1.5
2.7
1.6
BMR
20.5
56.5
58
47
49
47
43
40.5
45
41.8
21.6 41.3
15.9 35.9
20.0 34.7
14.2 31.2
14.2 33.4
15.9 33.7
22.5 32.6
15.6 28.4
* 6 in. X % in. diam.

115 in. X l in. sq., 12 in. between supports.
C, 2.9 to 3.25%; Mn, < 0.2%; P, < 0.05%; S, < 0.05% (2Q)
Hundredths of %
I
Hundredths of %
UTS
51
Total
53
63
66
88
99
110
143
151
168
171
172
173
180
180
195
290
290
290
290
290
300
298
300
295
300
307
300
302
315
298
Gr
fh-
UTS
Total
ite
ite
T\
35.9
196
323
268
23.5
Tr.
22.8 197
297
147
19.5
Tr.
21.1
205
312
250 23.6
Tr.
27.4 207
325
275
13.4
Tr.
28.5 219
325
275 24.6
Tr.
25.2 231
310
255
13.2
28
17.6 236
329
280 15.4
Tr.
18.3 241
313
240 22.7
65
18.0 250
305
230 20.6
Tr.
14.8 250
325
285 14.3
247
20.0 267
290
250 16.7
10
18.9 282
306
255 12.9
11
17.3 294
307
255 12.9
260
16.9 305
307
260 13.7
120 30.9
C, 2.66 % to 4.05 %* (36)
Hundredths of %
C
Total I Graphite
54Jj
405
229
"
80
85
95
118
122
130
1371F
155
168
178
183
217
225
.
Sl
340
319
395
290
322
336
399
286
342
323
397
340
256
185
177
263
125
172
228
260
146
196
199
259
214
145
BHN
UTS
BMRl
166
12^8 29.9
206
211
116
244
216
187
114
236
201
202
111
183
246
20.2
40.6
21.3
46.5
7.2 19.8
29.9
53.4
23.5
49.0
16.2
35.8
7.7 18.0
24.7 45.8
18.6
35.1
20.3
43.0
8.2 18.4
15.1
34.0
23.5
53.4
225**
320
281
124
14.2
241
290
228
161
19.5
282tt
263
159
235
20.5
32311
263
236
130
18.0
28.4
36.7
42.5
35.3
* Mn, P, S content low except where noted.

t 10 mm ball, 3000 kg load.
If Mn, 12; P, 2.7; S, 1.1.
J 10 cm X 2 cm diam.
** Mn, 12; P, 4.5; S, 1.
60 cm X 3 cm diam.
ft Mn, 12; P, 6.3; S, 0.7.
Il Mn, 17; P, 2; S, 1.6.
Mn, 11; P, 7; S, 0.7 (hundredths of %).
TABLE 19. EFFECT OF CASTING TEMPERATURE AND ANNEALING

ON CAST IRONS OF DIFFERENT Si CONTENT (MN, <0.2%;
P, <0.03%;S, < 0.04%) (20)
Hundredths of %
C
Total
I Graphite
325
Tr.
129
328
321
325
Tr.
326
320
326
26
326
16
152 \
326
10
327
320
331
323
323
223
333
325
170
329
219
327
321
330
180
330
324
331
251
332
261
200 <
332
326
330
250
329
320
330
257
327
321
230
329
255
335
328
330
260
334
327
g.
te:t&,C*
UTS
1250
1250:1000
1403
1403:1000
1201
1300
1403
1300:1000
1403:1000
1180
1180:1000
1250
1250:1000
1403
1403:1000
1154
1215
1215:1000
1366
1366:1000
1135
1135:1000
1215
1215:1000
1300
1306:1000
19.4
21.4
21.1
31.0
11.8
17.0
18.6
19.4
22.1
17.8
16.1
16.9
12.6
16.9
17.8
13.2
14.5
15.8
14.3
10.6
12.0
16.7
16.2
11.0
15.6
15.1
TABLE 19. EFFECT OF CASTING TEMPERATURE AND ANNEALING

ON CAST IRONS OF DIFFERENT Si CONTENT (MN, <0.2%;
P, <0.03%;S, <0.04%) (^].- (Continued]
0.
250
Hundredths of %
C
Total
I Graphite
[
320
240
332
324
I
327
245
I
331
325
320
240
(
329
324
tg: k, 0C*
UTS
1210
1201:1000
1243
1243:1000
1290
1290:1000
13.4
8.7
11.8
5.8
14.8
6.5
* tg = casting temperature, t& = annealing temperature.
LITERATURE
(M Arnold, 14O1 (I) : 107; 94. (2) Arnold and Knowles, 140, (H): 76; 11. ( 3 )
Arnold and Read, 140, (I): 169; 10. (*) Baker, 46, 34: 498; 05. ( 5 )
Baker, 140, (H): 312; 03. () Campbell, 140, (H): 359; 03. (7) Coe,
140, (I): 361; 13. {*) Coe, 140, (H): 105: 10. ( 9 ) Frilley, 74, 8: 457; 11.
(10) Quillet, 34, 137: 480; 03. {") Guillet, 140, (II): 1; 06. (12) Quillet,
74, 1: 46; 04. (13) Hadfield, 140, Cl): 147; 05. O*) Hadfield, 140, (H):
41; 88. (15) Hadfield, 140, (H): 222; 89. (i) Hadfield, 153, 93: 77;
87. (17) Hadfield, 1 53, 93: 1; 88. (i) Hadfield, 80, 23: 148; 94. (19)
Hanemann and Schulz, 77, 34: 399, 450; 14.
(20) Hatfield, 140, (II): 157; 06. ( 21 ) Hengstenberg, 77, 44: 914; 24. (22)
Lang, 192, 8: 15; 11. (23) Leuenberger, 77, 37: 513, 601; 17. (24) Leuenberger, 77, 41: 285; 21. (25) Paglianti, 192, 9: 217; 12. (26) Portevin,
417, (I): 230; 09. ( 2 7 ) Potter, 80, 50: 437; 14. (2) von Schwarz, 139,
11 : 80; 13. ( 29 ) Stateler, 93, 81 : 61 ; 13.
(30) Strauss, 212, 4: 665; 23. ( 3 I) Turner, 4, 51: 122; 87. (32) Turner, 133,
1888: 69. (33) Turner, 4, 47: 577, 902; 85. (34) Wahlberg, 140, (I):
243; 01. (35) Wahlberg, 77, 21: 460; 01. (36) Wst and Kettenbach,
139, 11: 65; 13. (37) Wst and Meissner, 139, 11: 97; 13. (3) Yensen,
119, 34: 2455; 15.
STEELS CONTAINING AL, As, B, CE, SB, TA, OR ZR

W. ROSENHAIN AND EDITH OWER
CONTENTS
MATIRES
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INDICE
Tensile properties and hardness

of Al-steels.
duret des aciers TAl.
und
Hrte der AI-Stahlsorten.
Compression tests on Al-steels.
Essais de compression sur des

aciers l'Ai.
Poids spcifique des aciers
FAl.
Proprits mcaniques des
aciers FAs.
Proprits
mcaniques des
aciers au B.
Duret des aciers au B.
aciers au Ce.
Proprits
mcaniques des
aciers au Sb.
Poids spcifique des alliages
Fe-Sb.
aciers au Ta.
Proprits
mcaniques des
aciers au Zr.
Druckversuche mit AI-Stahlsorten.

Spezifisches Gewicht der AIStahlsorten.
Mechanische Eigenschaften der
As-Stahlsorten.
Mechanische Eigenschaften von
B-Sthlen.
Hrte von B-Sthlen.
Ce-St hlen.
Sb-Sthlen.
Spezifisches Gewicht von Fe-SbLegierungen.
Ta-Sthlen.
Zr-Sthlen.
Comportamento alla trazione e durezza degli

529
acciai alFAl
Prove di compressione
529
sugli acciai alFAl
Peso specifico degli acciai
alFAl
529
Propriet meccaniche degli
acciai all' As
529
530
acciai al B
Durezza degli acciai al B. 531
531
acciai al Ce
531
acciai alFSb
Peso specifico delle leghe di
Fe-Sb
531
acciaiai Ta
531
acciai allo Zr
532
Specific gravity of Al-steels.

Mechanical properties of Assteels.
Mechanical properties of Bsteels.
Hardness of B-steels.
Mechanical properties of Cesteels.
Mechanical properties of Sbsteels.
Specific gravity of Fe-Sb-alloys.
Mechanical properties of Tasteels.
Mechanical properties of Zrsteels.
PAGE
TABLE 1.TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF AL-OTEELS
Trt
verirr, s- -^ *H**.
C, < 0.10%
\w.*.* 13 {&;:::::: .S S::SS:|(4)

*- "I"h 2 lfe:::::::: 5 S:iS:! ill (4)
C, 0.10-0.15%
I
1083
113 Tr.
70
16
I f F
14 J Q t
(At
I 105
159
51
40.8|33.6| 30 165.2 (*)

51.240.8 15 20.8
39.831.5 26 60.1
^rfc^ TT 7- |g= ITES2P3^r
TABLE 2.COMPRESSION TESTS ON AL-STEELS ( 7 )

Test pieces (as forged) subjected to compressive stress of 157.5
kg/mm2.
100 X % composition
~~
I
Al " ~M
1
, AT ,
,
.
Z0*
do*
-100r lOO^rAl
I C I Mn I Si I P I S
^
IQ
o
5
22
7
9
0.99700.7970 51.00 1.24
66
18 14 16 3 9 1.00250.7965 49.08 1.17
116
26 11 15 4 8 0.99850.7960 47.22 1.13
160
21 18 18
1.000 0.7972 48.10
1.14
224
24 32 18
1.00110.7969 45.40 1.11
560
22 22 20 3 8 0.99920.7966 36.57 1.04
* Io = original length, do = original diameter.
TABLE 3.SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AL-STEELS

% composition*
d\Q
Llt
Al
I
C
Cast
I Forged ~
*
0.72
0.17
7.755
(7)
0.61
0.20
7.781 (7)
1.60
0.21
7.6237
(7)
2.24
0.24
7.554
(7)
5.6
0.22
6.6726
(7)
0.45
0.24 7.73
7.77
(")
1.80
0 . 2 0 7.62
7.67 (")
2.75
0 . 2 0 7.44
7.58 C 11 )
3.60
0.23 7.35 7.48 (")
4.6
0 . 2 0 7.27
7.40
(")
0.23
0.30 7.78
7.79 (")
0.95
0.28 7.70
7.72
(")
2.70
0.30 7 . 4 5
(U)
C, 0.15-0.20%
.0
. . .0 . U |fc-- :;:::
ae, iso u. u. SQ o
^j^"
fc--;;;;;;
0
,_ 10 1A
jrao^ ITo^ UIo
*!_!!_
/F
| A
44.134.640.060.7 (?)
ju 28.3 47.1 64.9
8
8
22
22
F
^/ Qf
118
U3
44-527.928
_48.9
3JJ _7J> 66.7
JL3 (4)
83 140 24
17
TF
JQt
[At
143
192
131
50.734.421 45.9
47.333.5 2 O
44.333.5 2 O
2045
2045
168 Tr.
Tr Tr
168
Ir.
5077
168
(4)
C, 0.20-0.25%
"~~~~
~
" "
ÎSoô ^To Jh,
/F
|At
45.733.036.762.9 (7)
JI0.4 81.5 405.8
<0
on
JMo^ JOo jlp ô
/F
|At
44.133.938.454.5 (7)
JtOJ 28.3 40.5 62.0
JUL ^! JU*
{It.::::::::
^3Ii ^
- - * ** - {It.::::::::
KSIKJl
^ - - o - fc::::::::: KKKKJl
5600
220220200
3o 80 |fc;
fc42,^
"
C, 0.20-0 25% (castings)

Diam.,
mm
45o
18Oo
275o
36Oo
46Oo
24o
2Oo
2Oo
23o
2Oo
54o
45o
5Oo
47o
5Oo
12o
2Oo
23o
2Oo
18o
23
23
22
23
22
25
22
20
20
20
GA
GA
GA
GA
GA
22~955.724.719.017.0
16.3 54.326.813.017.0
16.3 51.925.210.0 0.0
14.7 51.326.8 2.5 0.0
22.9 50.525.2 3.1 0.0
(")
C 11 )
C 11 )
C 11 )
(")
C, 0.25-0.30%
~
1160
23o
95o
27Oo
TTT ]
I
/F
o Ûo Jloo ^ ^ (AJ
3Oo 4Oo 1Oo 27
28o 5Oo 15o 23
3Oo 125 o I 22 o 25
znz i
22
20
23
51.936.232.151.5 (7)
^_733_034.453_0
16.3 60.824.914.013.5 C 11 )
16.3 55.125.213.015.0 ( 1 I)
21.1 63.031.5 8.5)0.0 (")
GA
GA
GA
C, 0.30-0 75%
zz
45 736~ O~l4"5~ 8
1052 669_ r J98 8
12
F
F
~~
83.3 45.7 T" ?! ( 4 )

88.8 46.6 _9__ 20_5 ( 4 )
J TTg-^JÊIflE^:
7.0 eoa UO 2 5 eao .5 fc-;;;;;;! ^
;fe g | g "
14
24
A$
F
1000 X % composition
.
I C I Mn I Si I CuI P | S
~^1^ S8168 17
228
277
92.545,2
()
88.8 46^7 IT^ UTi (4)
^^ TTfc:::::: g ^l^~^
* Test pieces ( 6 ) are 2 in. X 0.7979 in. diam. ; dimensions of others not stated.
t 850 Qw. J A 900 /4 h.
YP
El
RA Lit.
{^: fizi g:; fi o
{% %;;.; g:;(8)w
{A ;:::;;;;; 5;8';t5:,' g :
277 76.4o ^ 19620 eo

.Q5 7S431 57182 57
549
77443
,I
754S9
52192 18
Q22QO
16
52
{A....;...; 39.527.3 .. .I (.,
60 {A....;.;.; ..I ; 53.0 C)
j j^j j^^:Sjj_^Sj^_
II
S1433
1425
SQ429
4919S 23
49192 26
55 I A . . . . . . . . . 44.0.. .. . O
51
(^;;;;;;:;; g;^; g; <8>
20
Ca
42.6 27.9f 28.5 34.1 (')
1621
S3434 4Q 18826 ^:::::;:;; SIH:? SiTeTi (t)
2240
253.
S3429 ^{t:::::::^^^,";:;"
S6446 55192 52 {^ :;:::;;:; s:;*;; ;:jg a <"
1943 7943.
2841
Trt,**.p.392 UTS
C, <0.3 %
2841
C, >0.75%
1094 796 208 362 13
4650 85~ 22~ !
2
! 24
TABLE 4.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AS-STEELS

As
1570 _40 10 _30 J^ 30
BHN
228
212
* For complete analyses, v. Table 1.
47.{^ : : : : : : : : : Si4^1;;; i;
84440 55 189 21 50 / A
_^ _ _2f1^ _ J^_ \Q...
36.535.5 1.88 0.0 ()

44.1 39.2 4.14 1.1
S130 S5446 5S19317 *{:::::::; S:I,y ;:7 H

32S4
S5442
i. 68S52
5986
17
461521 s
{^ : : : : ; ; : : 3g ; I35.I
Q^ 0.0 (.,
40 {-;;;;;;;;; ;; j; ;
TABLE 4.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AS-STEELS.

(Continued)
A8
93
178
185
193
197
208
266
272
274
278
293
301
328
334
340
367
618
672
1000 X % composition
I C IMn |8i| P I S
360
360
355
405
365
360
400
360
395
425
355
365
365
356
400
395
355
TABLE 4.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AS-STEELS.

(Continued)
i
i
El
''"-P- 392 V] YP
** LitC. > 0.45 %
72.422.7 17 43 (1O)
243 495 UOo 177 63 50 R
89.332.0 12
25
( 10 )
1
57.5 20
( O)
278 490 lilo 156 77 40 R
83.631.0 10
12 ( 1 O)
57.5 18.5
(10278
)
500 109o 156 63 46 R
84.4 30.0 12
20
( 1 O)
78.728.5 13
28 (1O)
296 500 108o 195 87 34 R
88.6 33.5 11
19
( 1 O)
72.921.0 19 47 (10)
317 515 109o 141 91 40 R
87.235.0 11
16 ( 1 O)
58.3 19.5 (10)
329 505 117o 125 86 44 R
85.832.0 13
20
( 1 Q)
80.227.5 13
33 (1O)
*A = A 880/90 C3 (in absence of air); Q = 910/40 Qw; Ca = R (1 in.
72.421.5 17
41 (1O)
diam.), W > 1000, Ca; R = from head of a rail,
72.424.0 17
32 (1O)
t These values are for elastic limit.
77.328.5 22
29 (1O)
Contains 0.003 % Al. d24 = 7.8690.
60.4 14
(10)
Test pieces from rolled bars, 2 in. X 0.564 in. diam.
72.426.5 16 43 (10)
59.9 15.5
(10)
COMPRESSION TEST OF 0.04% C-STEELS CONTAINING As C 1 )
74.522.0 16
36 (10)
10
100 X % composition
^x.
CS
% compression
78.729.0 15
35 ( )
80.032.0 15 27 (10)
31 5 63<0 94 5 126 0 157>5

10
As
C Mn Si Al P S T r t * \ '
'
*1
59.5 16
( )
62.5
20
(10771
)
"
"
"
~
"
o /N
3.015.531.4 44.6 53.0
157
4
1
3
3
3
2
\H.
0.912.327.0 40.3 49.1
* N = normalized; H = W > 1000 Qw (test pieces 28.7 mm X 14.32 mm
diam.).
*.*-P- 392 ^S YP | El RA Lit.
C, 0.30-0.45 %
1140 115 89 26 R
102o 123 55 40 R
10Oo 122 68 36 R
117o 147 74 26 R
12Oo 109 64 34 R
10Io 125 55 40 R
lilo 168 77 34 R
12Oo 103 88 36 R
112o 150 87 46 R
121o 153 83 36 R
94o 127 62 36 R
112o 94 94 40 R
10Oo 131 77 38 R
12Oo 109 97 36 R
116o 141 99 40 R
UOo 141 97 34 R
10Oo 125 72 40 R
930 94 84 44 R
As
1000 X % composition "

I C | M n I Si| P I S
Trt
TABLE 5.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF B- AND NI-B-STEELS

Boron steels difficult to roll at ordinary rolling temperature (UOO0C). Ingots for ( 2 ): specimens rolled at 960, but some plates
showed cracks.
B
% composition
I C I Ni I Al I Mn I Si I
'
BHN ScH ^ ^ 1^ ,2 Lit.

kg/m kg-m/cm
pL
B-Steels
^^
0-0760.232
.... 0.O12 { ^0.Q,
_ jjj
j .
........ ....0.24 <...<..{g~Tp :j" ..-:;":;y, g

^^
oô.iea ..0.5 O....{Q.Q.
*.*___,*,.* ^ <^<^ {Z^
^^
'-""^-
.. ..
0.1550.475
0.4060.595
S''.
I'Z
. "'
Jl
,SjjSj I ? JS J5.
^_
TOL^
..6000.7. o.,.8 .o J^
,g:;
:;:;g;;
js_
OMÔM,.
^ ^
<*>
0.018
0^005 {^,.^
........ 0.33 <..M<...{y;^ g:;-

0.3700.283
0.2950.292
0.020 0.020 N
0.023 ^ 0.016 ~N^
-;:;"o:;g g
50.9 34.517.027.0
54.0 39.018.022.8
Ni-B-Steels
0.09 0,6 3.000.020.S4 L2Q <0.015 <0.035 { ^Tp ^

0.30 O.S 3.000.020.77 .SO <O.O 5 <0.035 {"^^
g
g;- Jj^g
tjs__
1.94
3.0s
g
*
N 82
63 7 45 7 38 710 820 8 175
O0.50
50 0.19
O W 3.05
3 05 Tr
O 67 0.41
O 41 <0.015
<0 015 <0.035
<0 035 j/g2()0
'
'
Tr. 0.67
Qo ^^ 150.7119.3 79.4 4.3 5.9 387 52
(5)
(5)
O
^^ ^_
2
0.99 ( )
7^^;^ ~ô^^^ U^Tp8 r^sTii'a'a'^^r^

o... o. .,8o.-o2o.e7.. <... <o.TO {y;^ j;:;in 0 :;:;"7;i g
75 <"
..OS |..69 ...... O.se <0.,.5 <0.035 (y^Tpi "'.Si'^^ S g
0.88
* In ( 2 ) specimens are 2 in. X 0.3 in. diam. PL by Berry strain gage.

t Machine and type of specimens not stated.
'"
Tests made on Izod machine. Spcimens: 0.35-0.45 in. diam., 45 V

notch, 0.13 in. deep, bottom radius = 0.01 in.
Tp = Tp0 175/3 h, C^
TABLE 7.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CE- AND NI-CE-STEELS ( 2 )

Cef
% composition*
C I Ni I Mn
|
j
I Si
IS'J
kg-m/cm 2
Ce-Steels
N 84
020
U
U
'^
039
U
>
^
06
U
b 8
U075
70
\i840
Q0 Tp||
035
U
00
0 44 U0
U
0 6w9
u
U027
Z/
( N 82
\820QoTp||
001
U.Ui
0
4 5 2z.Vo
95
U.40
006
U.UO
O 41 j.su
2 80 u.7d
O 7^
U.41
010
U.IU
'3lT
0.19B
55T
'
0.35s
0
4 6 2J.9U
90
U.4b
\042295
}
\044300
j
'
'22T
\074995
'
'
90.1
59 5
'
132.7
Ni-Ce-Steels
098
55
0.98 1
1.55
115
i N 8484Q
o
|
QQ Tp||
'
19
50
' 6 ' 3
59.7
' 8 * 5
84.3
15 6
'
N780
123 9
163
0.7
418
3L1
185
10.0 248
17
32
25
128
1U 5
228.2
'
N 805
120 2
'
\8Q5Q 0 Tp||
2.75
52
72 6
38
9 5
6A
10
'
203.0
52
321
7.3
17 8
217
'
10.4 222
41
1.54
66
57
5 5
'
58.3 5.5
17 3
3 2
36
352
7 6
16
187
34
'
'
11.0 600
'
81
'0
70
'3
^- 5
36
(Broke in shoulder)
58 3.73
1.54
37
2.08
51
124.8 108.6 64.0 2.5

2.1
108.4
49.2 1.0
396
176.8
98.4 1.0 14.1 530
( N 780
\ 780 Q0 Tp||
1.54
4 8
26
' 37.2
555 24
8.5
'
'165.2'
' 4.6
219.5
129.3
76 7
0 2 5 l780
l 0 QoTp||
54
42 2
7 6 37 6
285
3
'
'123.0
7.2 555
209.3' 172.0
7.5
89 4
56 2
37 2
21
'
'
'
'
142.3 104.7 45.7 8.6
OQl 1 3 o (
\ 800 Q0 Tp||
26
^'1 94 ' 4145.1

218.8
080 1 N 78
\780QoTp||
19*
'
N80
n 89
39 8
N 84
10
1 70 i
-8
1.7U
|
84Qo QQTp||
0.51 2.90 1.04

( +Cu 0.62)
I
65 8
82
071
30 i^N
U.71 1
l.dU
82 QOQ 0 TpH
Io SQ 2 65 n o n
0.66s
0.03
0.07s
' *
5.41
1.46
40
52
1.01
48
1.01
* These steels contain <0.015 % P, <0.035 % S.

t Where two values are given for % Ce, subscripts T and B refer to samples taken from top and bottom of ingot respectively (in amounts over 0.30 %, Ce
segregates very badly).
J Tensile specimens 2 in. X 0.30 in. diam.
Izod machine used. Specimens 0.30 in. to 0.45 in. diam., 45 V notch, 0.13 in. deep, bottom radius = 0.01 in.
H Tp = Tp0 175/3 h Ca.
TABLE 8.PROPERTIES OF SB-STEELS ( 12 )
TABLE 6.HARDNESS or B-STEELS* ( 3 )

% B
0.4
0.73
1.21
1.93
2.41
3.26
4.32
2.3
4.27
2.76
4.32
I % Nil BHN [I % B| % Ni \BHN^ \\ % B| % Ni| BHATf'

100 X % composition
108.5 0.78 4.75 242.5 2.1 10.7 435
Sb
C I C u | M n | Si I P I ^" UTS YP m RA d*
175
0.85 4.72 242.5 2.5110.0 454
2
10
6 37
4 Tr.
7
35.420.033.575.0
227
1.32 4.80 341.5 3.3810.4 571.5
5
11 16 56
4 Tr. 5
34.420.530.175.0 8.2
242.5 2.18 5.0 521.5 4.2410.0 712
t Test pieces 56 mm X 5.65 mm.
214
2.52 4.7 356
(K6920.0 385.5
318
3.15 4.93 521.5 2.1719.81 400.0
TABLE 10.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TA-STEELS ( 6 )
560
4.41 4.81 521.5 1^0422.0 208?
1.3 227
2.39 7.0 418
E4225.0 ~4
1
571.5 0.7110.2 355
3.925
296
2.1 250
0.8410.2 370
2
712
I 1.3l|l0.25 419
O
150 170 150 IQ 1 N
42.630.431 68.8107
* Prepared from Swedish iron containing: C, 0.1; Mn, 0.14; Si, 0.014; P, 0.08;
0 150 170 150 19
- J875 Q. 20
62.145.715 73 153
S, 0.012; ferroboron containing B, 19,56; C, 0.17; and pure Ni.
îTC; IrtN-"-3" 4" ^
0^^ {8 75.,.20. s:;g:;5..g- a
110 mm, 3000 kg.

9
TABLE 9.SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FE-SB-ALLOYS ( )

% Sb.. 18.80 |38.80 |44.98 |56.88 |60.80 |64.58 |74.31 [81.52
dl
I 7.800| 8.120J 8.1591 8.298J 8.071J 8.300| 7.912J 7.211
0
600 180 220 24 J
/N
0.600.180.220.24
8750^20,
65846613
11.050.160.280.16
n ^ n i A n 9QO i |/ N
87go Qw ^0
70049110
* All contain traces of P and S.

t Dimensions of test pieces not stated.
45.331.128
47.831.528
67.4112
74.9155
62.3 116
55.8169
TABLE 11.PROPERTIES OF ZR- AND NI-ZR-STEELS ( 2 )
Zr
A . , rrIl Cn T^Trffi
I Ni I Mn I Si I Al
I Ti
TrM. p. 3 9 2 U T S
Y~P
*M
BW
&ff
/S
.kg-m/cm"
? ,
Zr-Steels
U
0 2 SJ 15O0 J M
-^
0
0 5 /J N 9Q
U6. b1l 1
l . JSOTr
U ir. 0
U.05
Q0 Tp
900
~o l200
oO
~37O
50~73<T20~3 J/ N 860
- 37
0.500.730.020.03
860 QQ 0 Tp 1
0 9220
9 0 136
0
6 0 0 3 44
"PU"-*
N860
0691
7 0 Tir.r U.07
007J
U.TO
1.70
| 860 oQoT p
0
030
45
U-U*
0-45
0
67050002002
0-070.500.020.02
/| 8N2852o5Q
o T p
0
0 00130
0 449
2
O 7R1
Tr
T
761 55
'
0
1 0-447
7
-1110
n , = ,10
'
65
'
95.3
81
N81
O
7 5 0 5 4 0 0 7 0 02
0.750.540.070.02
J 8 1/0 QQ
0 TpI
010051
0.100.51
N840
0 8 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 4j /^
0.801.15^.090.04
0 Q<> Tp
22 5
'
22 5
'l
33
71.0
'
35.1
37.4
39 3
'
81
'
1S4.1
206
'
16
'
0.5
27.4
81 5
189
39 8
'
8.5
52 3
'
22 7
'
2.2
8.0
20.3
4.5
ll
18 7
'
0.25
0.0'
35
1.76
27
2.49
31
2.66
241
212
2 7
292
27
27
29
31
28
186
25
509
54
197
27
454
43
38 6
228
29
4
-
95.6
1.0
5 2
375
32
'
2.0
520
2.70
31
'
1.5
'
56.2
16
185
32.0 269
1.5
35A
37 2
17
19.8 286
19
165.9 144.8 88.6

7 8
142.5'
^0
M 7
2 7
'
187
12.5
26.8
19 5
'
21 8
'
103.6
5.08
25
'
30.1
228
'
'
38.0
5.0
'
179
'
21.3
196
24 5
29 5
53 8
22 8
22
27
'
'9.0
24.6
77 8
860
0
9 0-556
6
-0090
33 7
104.5 90.2 52.7 1.5
0 7 8 0 8 5 0 15002 |I o
0.780.850.150.02
Q0 Tp
800
,1,, n , o n n, /
24 5
'
'
63.2
5.0
'
115.6
N80
n n
30 2
69 6
0-550.440.130.01 {860o QQ Tp
10 0
16.9 '9.5
'8 43
'6
98.6
64.6
860
O' 150 ' 42
2L1
'
- - 0 3 \860QoTp
27
35 5
75
Tr
O 10 /^ Q
Ir. 0.10
QO Tp
860
O Ol / N
'
135.4
N 86
06315
O.M1.6
24
-8
69.9
O 77T 70 Tr n Ofi / N 8 6 0
0.771.70
Tr. 0.06 J 8 6 0 OQ 0 TpI
0
5600 00-**
33
Q-
55 7
31 6
19 7
28 5
6
8
179
'
'
'
'
69.7
43.8 16.2
23.5
55.0 187
44
Ni-Zr-Steels
N 830
O
120 393 150001 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 2 J/ QQ
Tp
0.120.393.150.901.050.010.02
830
0
1
182
2
O
I S O 4S2 000 871 100 170 11 |I N 8o
0.130.432.000.871.100.170.11
820 Qo Tp
98 2
'
206.3
78
0
2 5 0 513 0 0 0 7 2 1 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 /J N
0.250.513.00^.721.200.04^.01
7 8 0 QQ 0 TpI
37 9
-
188.0
^7'1
204.7
^1
42 9
19 5
'
'
116.6
7.0
42 2
'
81.9
'
3.0
-4.5
512
44 9
265
'
24.1
477
U 6
'
4.0
255
440
39
31
37
2.32
20
36
* All steels contain < 0.015 % P and < 0.035 % S.

t Tensile specimens, 2 in. X 0.3 in. diam.
$ Izod machine specimens 0.30-0.45 in. diam., 45 V notch, depth = 0.13 in., radius of bottom = 0.01 in.
Tp = Tp 175V3 h Ca.
LITERATURE
(1) Arnold, 140, 45: 107; 94. ( 2 ) Burgess and Woodward, 32, No. 207 J
22. ( 3 ) Chiyevskii and Mikhailovskii, 74, 14: 16; 17. 4SI, 1: 547; 15.
( 4 ) Guillet, 74, 2: 312; 05. (3) Quillet, 34, 144: 1049; 07. (6) Guillet
34, 145: 327; 07. (7) Hadfield, 140, 37: 161; 90. () Liedgens, 77, 31:
2109; 12. (9) Maey, 7, 38: 292; 01.
( 10 ) Mitinsky, 4SI, 1: 650; 13. 10, 4: 1324. ( 1 M Riley, 140, 36: 161; 90.
( 12 ) Schleicher, 77, 42: 781; 22.
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS WITH Cu, MG, MN, Ni, Si, SN, AND ZN
CONTAINING MORE THAN 50% Al (. also p. 542)
S. L. AKCHBUTT
CONTENTS
Tensile properties.
Compression tests.
Shear and torsion tests.
Hardness.
Impact hardness.
Impact strength.
Elastic properties.
Specific gravity.
Mold shrinkage.
MATIRES
Essais de compression.
Essais de cisaillement et de torsion.
Duret.
Duret au choc.
Rsistance au choc.
Proprits lastiques.
Poids spcifique.
Retrait au moulage.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INDICE
PAQB
Festigkeitseigenschaf ten.
Druckproben.
Dreh- und Scherversuche.
Propriet alla trazione.... 533

Prove di compressione.... 538
Prove di taglio e di torsione 538
Hrte.
Schlaghrte.
Schlagprobe.
Schwindung.
Durezza
Durezza all'urto
Resistenza all'urto
Propriet elastiche
Peso specifico
Ritiro nella forma
539
539
540
540
541
542
TABLE 11.PROPERTIES OF ZR- AND NI-ZR-STEELS ( 2 )
Zr
A . , rrIl Cn T^Trffi
I Ni I Mn I Si I Al
I Ti
TrM. p. 3 9 2 U T S
Y~P
*M
BW
&ff
/S
.kg-m/cm"
? ,
Zr-Steels
U
0 2 SJ 15O0 J M
-^
0
0 5 /J N 9Q
U6. b1l 1
l . JSOTr
U ir. 0
U.05
Q0 Tp
900
~o l200
oO
~37O
50~73<T20~3 J/ N 860
- 37
0.500.730.020.03
860 QQ 0 Tp 1
0 9220
9 0 136
0
6 0 0 3 44
"PU"-*
N860
0691
7 0 Tir.r U.07
007J
U.TO
1.70
| 860 oQoT p
0
030
45
U-U*
0-45
0
67050002002
0-070.500.020.02
/| 8N2852o5Q
o T p
0
0 00130
0 449
2
O 7R1
Tr
T
761 55
'
0
1 0-447
7
-1110
n , = ,10
'
65
'
95.3
81
N81
O
7 5 0 5 4 0 0 7 0 02
0.750.540.070.02
J 8 1/0 QQ
0 TpI
010051
0.100.51
N840
0 8 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 4j /^
0.801.15^.090.04
0 Q<> Tp
22 5
'
22 5
'l
33
71.0
'
35.1
37.4
39 3
'
81
'
1S4.1
206
'
16
'
0.5
27.4
81 5
189
39 8
'
8.5
52 3
'
22 7
'
2.2
8.0
20.3
4.5
ll
18 7
'
0.25
0.0'
35
1.76
27
2.49
31
2.66
241
212
2 7
292
27
27
29
31
28
186
25
509
54
197
27
454
43
38 6
228
29
4
-
95.6
1.0
5 2
375
32
'
2.0
520
2.70
31
'
1.5
'
56.2
16
185
32.0 269
1.5
35A
37 2
17
19.8 286
19
165.9 144.8 88.6

7 8
142.5'
^0
M 7
2 7
'
187
12.5
26.8
19 5
'
21 8
'
103.6
5.08
25
'
30.1
228
'
'
38.0
5.0
'
179
'
21.3
196
24 5
29 5
53 8
22 8
22
27
'
'9.0
24.6
77 8
860
0
9 0-556
6
-0090
33 7
104.5 90.2 52.7 1.5
0 7 8 0 8 5 0 15002 |I o
0.780.850.150.02
Q0 Tp
800
,1,, n , o n n, /
24 5
'
'
63.2
5.0
'
115.6
N80
n n
30 2
69 6
0-550.440.130.01 {860o QQ Tp
10 0
16.9 '9.5
'8 43
'6
98.6
64.6
860
O' 150 ' 42
2L1
'
- - 0 3 \860QoTp
27
35 5
75
Tr
O 10 /^ Q
Ir. 0.10
QO Tp
860
O Ol / N
'
135.4
N 86
06315
O.M1.6
24
-8
69.9
O 77T 70 Tr n Ofi / N 8 6 0
0.771.70
Tr. 0.06 J 8 6 0 OQ 0 TpI
0
5600 00-**
33
Q-
55 7
31 6
19 7
28 5
6
8
179
'
'
'
'
69.7
43.8 16.2
23.5
55.0 187
44
Ni-Zr-Steels
N 830
O
120 393 150001 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 2 J/ QQ
Tp
0.120.393.150.901.050.010.02
830
0
1
182
2
O
I S O 4S2 000 871 100 170 11 |I N 8o
0.130.432.000.871.100.170.11
820 Qo Tp
98 2
'
206.3
78
0
2 5 0 513 0 0 0 7 2 1 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 /J N
0.250.513.00^.721.200.04^.01
7 8 0 QQ 0 TpI
37 9
-
188.0
^7'1
204.7
^1
42 9
19 5
'
'
116.6
7.0
42 2
'
81.9
'
3.0
-4.5
512
44 9
265
'
24.1
477
U 6
'
4.0
255
440
39
31
37
2.32
20
36
* All steels contain < 0.015 % P and < 0.035 % S.

t Tensile specimens, 2 in. X 0.3 in. diam.
$ Izod machine specimens 0.30-0.45 in. diam., 45 V notch, depth = 0.13 in., radius of bottom = 0.01 in.
Tp = Tp 175V3 h Ca.
LITERATURE
(1) Arnold, 140, 45: 107; 94. ( 2 ) Burgess and Woodward, 32, No. 207 J
22. ( 3 ) Chiyevskii and Mikhailovskii, 74, 14: 16; 17. 4SI, 1: 547; 15.
( 4 ) Guillet, 74, 2: 312; 05. (3) Quillet, 34, 144: 1049; 07. (6) Guillet
34, 145: 327; 07. (7) Hadfield, 140, 37: 161; 90. () Liedgens, 77, 31:
2109; 12. (9) Maey, 7, 38: 292; 01.
( 10 ) Mitinsky, 4SI, 1: 650; 13. 10, 4: 1324. ( 1 M Riley, 140, 36: 161; 90.
( 12 ) Schleicher, 77, 42: 781; 22.
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS WITH Cu, MG, MN, Ni, Si, SN, AND ZN
CONTAINING MORE THAN 50% Al (. also p. 542)
S. L. AKCHBUTT
CONTENTS
Tensile properties.
Compression tests.
Shear and torsion tests.
Hardness.
Impact hardness.
Impact strength.
Elastic properties.
Specific gravity.
Mold shrinkage.
MATIRES
Essais de compression.
Essais de cisaillement et de torsion.
Duret.
Duret au choc.
Rsistance au choc.
Proprits lastiques.
Poids spcifique.
Retrait au moulage.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INDICE
PAQB
Festigkeitseigenschaf ten.
Druckproben.
Dreh- und Scherversuche.

Prove di compressione.... 538
Prove di taglio e di torsione 538
Hrte.
Schlaghrte.
Schlagprobe.
Schwindung.
Durezza
Durezza all'urto
Resistenza all'urto
Propriet elastiche
Peso specifico
Ritiro nella forma
539
539
540
540
541
542
The following properties of pure Al are given elsewhere: specific

gravity, p. 456; compressibility, vol. Ill; viscosity, vol. Ill; surface tension, vol. III.
TABLE 1.TENSILE PKOPERTIES
Al
%
.. *
Treatment
composition*
Al, 99.97.... 1 Wk. A
Al, 99.6;Fe, ( R, J in. thickf

0.14; Si, j R, rod*
0.19
[
G8, 0.56 in.
G8, 450 C8
Al, 99.54;
G8, 450 Qw
Fe,0.14;Si,
Qm, 1 in.
*^;
Nat
:
J
Rc sheet.. i
Rh, I in.
Rh, H i n .
DA, H in.
D0, H in.
J in. thick
Same, A 500
& in. thick
game) A 500o
,foin, thick
Same, A 500
Rd sheet
Rd bars
Dd wire
R, f in. diam.
UTS
I
5.96
YP
|
PL
El
3.9
3.0
3.8
3.6
10.24
6.9
11.34
10.2
11.69
11.0
13.70
13.4
13.16
12.4
9.31
4.2s
14.45 13.5
9 29
4.7
14.71 13.2
9.18
4.0
15.5-24.6
19.7-24.6
17.6-38.7
15.90
(
Al, 99.30.. {
[
Al, 99.24;
Fe, 0.49; Si,
0.15[[
f G8, ein.
9.5
2.81
Al, 99.20.. J Wkd, 75%
15.8
12.7
[ Same, A
9.5
3.2
Al, 99.07
Strip, A f t
9.0-10.1
-98.46;
R0, 50%
14.2
Fe,0.70-0.98; Rc, 200-300 % 15.0-18.1
0
8i, 0.23-0.56 I Same, A 40O H
10.99
60a | 95
Lit.
[ (JO)
34-86b
(8)
55-87b
______
24a
39.4 (?
19.Oa 27.4
22.Oa 33.8
37. Oa 60.7
4.41-6.43
4.7-6.3
7.72
7.21
7.95
8.23
RA
~~ 35.5a
30.5a
23.Oa
19.5a
10.6b
41.Ob
6.3b
31.Ob
3.7 b
36.3b
l-7a
7.92
16a
0.7
24**
7.0
13
1.4
40
4.6-3.9 40-38i
11.5-12.0 9-lli
14.2-17.6 2-1.5i
5.0
4Oi
79.4
81.2
82.1
73.3
20-30 ( )
30-40
40-50
65.4 ( 2 2 )
(H)
(U)
* Al content by difference.
t Single crystal, test piece 1 X H in. cross-section,
t Single crystal, test piece 0.564 in. diam.
Dimensions are for diam. after indicated mechanical treatment, test piece,
0.564 in. diam.
U Contains 0.12 % Cu.
1 Stress at AZ = H % lo** Gage length = 4 X diam.
ft 0.5-10 mm thick from 40 mm slabs.
Jt Optimum conditions for completely annealed product (Grard).
Al-Cu* (7)
Treatment
| UTS\ YP \El*j RA \\ UTS YP \El^ \ RA

I
Cu, 0.86%
Il
Cu, 1.90%
G8, to shape
8.06 4.112.512.1 7.20 5.2 5.518.4
/450 C8
8.24 3.910.511.8 7.32 5.2 6.022.7
bame
\450Q w
8.95 4.413.021.5 7.89 5.7 7.0 9.1
Gm, lin, diam
| 9.64J 4.9|l5.5|33.3J|l2.88| 6.l|l7.Q|26.4
f j in. diam
14.72 8.730.072.917.1610.127.561.7
h
\ I in. diam
16.4912.028.573.3 22.6620.219.058.2
DA, in
16.9016.119.071.7 21.7220.316.559.4
D0, Min
20.2719.214.563.3 23.6222.113.046.5
I Cu, 0.93% (sheet) || Cu, 1.57% (sheet)
Rc, i in. thick
18.8 17.3 7.0
21.7220.5 5.3
Same, A 5 0 0 . . . . . . . . 12.9 5.828.7
15.78 7.124.7
Rc, TV in. thick
20.4 18.1 4.7
25.5 20.0 5.3
Same, A 500
12.7 6.031.7
16.42 7.225.3
Rc, A in. thick
19.2 18.4 3.3
23.8921.7 3.3
Same, A 500
13.4 5.429.2
16.70 6.525.7
Al-Cu* (7).(Continued)
Treatment
UTS]YP El^ \RA\\ UTS \YP El^ \RA

Cu, 2.77%
u
Cu, 3.76%
8.22 5.8 4.511.011.80 7.7 5.0 7.3
8.76 6.8 5.0 7.311.84 7.7 4.012.0
8.41 7.2 5.0 8.011.10 9.0 4.012.2
13.54| 7.7|l0.5|24.6||l5.12 8.510.5|21.5
21.8710.626.552.226.5 14.220.038.2
26.1 19.716.044.626.8 18.321.049.8
Drewhollowt
26.6 24.4 8.021.8
28.0 |25.8| 9.5|27.6 31.5 29.1 7.520.8
I Cu, 2.36% (sheet) || Cu, 3.74% (sheet)
22.2421.1 4.3
24.5823.5 4.0
15.25 7.928.6
16.95 6.824.0
23.3718.3 5.3
27.7 26.5 4.0
18.26 7.625.3
17.32 8.021.0
26.54 24.1 4.0
29.2525.0 4.0
18.53 7.124.7
18.36 7.724.7
I
Cu, 4.97%
U
Cu, 6.15%
10.60 8.2 4.0 5.012.16 9.6 || 3.5
12.36 8.7 4.0 1.211.4610.2 3.0 5.0
11.51 9.8 4.0 1.112.7611.0 3.5 1.5
|15.15| 9.3 6.0| 9.7||l5.62 8.3 5.0|10.6
23.1014.019.536.9 25.7814.318.033.8
23.8616.419.536.4 27.2020.615.533.6
|27.9 |25.0| 6.0|20.8||
|
| |
I Cu, 4.74% (sheet) | Cu, 5.34% (sheet)
25.22J23.3 2.0|
||21.36|l9.7| || |
23.8922.5 4.7
20.9019.4 ||
24.9121.7 4.6
21.2219.5 2.0
26.4023.2 4.0
26.0222.5 [J
18.79 7.618.7
19.16 8.821.7
I
Cu, 6.91%
I]
Cu, 8.08%
9.67 8.2 2.0 1.611.6510.2 || 2.0
9.18 9.1 Il 1.211.15 9.3 Jj 1.6
12.14 9.6 3.0 1.612.6512.0 3.0 1.7
14.84| 9.6| 4.0| 4.6||l6.76|ll.3| || | 1.6
24.21 14.213.511.5 23.0813.217.523.3
25.2819.214.527.6 24.11 17.317.527.6
|
j
[
||25.9 [24.3J 5.5J15.0
G8, to shape
/45O 0 C 8
e
\450Qw
Gm, lin, diam
/ f i n . diam
h
\ | i n . diam
DA, Jf in
D0, Hin.
Rc, i in. thick
Same, A 500
Rc, A in. thick
Same, A 500
Rc, A in. thick
Same, A 500
G8, to shape
/45O 0 C 8
s
e
\450Q w
Gm, lin, diam
K / f i n . diam
h
\|in. diam
Dc,
tfin
R0, Jin, thick
Rc, rV in. thick
Same, A 500 (?)
R0, aV in. thick 1[
Same, A 500
G 8 ,toshape
/45O 0 C 8
s
e
\450Q w
Gm, lin.diam
Rh, fin. diam
Rh, I in. diam
Dc, j-in.diam
^""^^^
% Cu**
^\^^
10.7 16.0 19.9 29.0 31.7
Treatment ^""^\
G, to shape
g 10.51 11.52 10.61 9^92
9.45
Gm, 1 in. diam
& 13.68 9.86 11.64 14.86 14.26
* Prepared from notch bar Al of analysis: Al (by diff.), 99.54; Si, 0.25; Fe, 0.14;
Na, 0.07.
t Test pieces, 2 in. X 0.564 in. diam. for rounds and 3 in. X 1 in. wide for
sheet.
Also true for alloys containing >3.76 % Cu.
. For 3.76 % Cu, D0 to ff in. diam.
Il Broke outside gage marks.
1 Extra annealing at 0.07 in. thickness.
** El8. = 0.0 for all.
Al-Cu-Mn (27).(Continued)
Trt*
% composition
| UTS \ YP \ El*
' G. \ ,. ,, TT1
J 12.7s Ts
5
Gm ) C", 2.15; Mn, 1.91
^ ^ 12 g fi
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT AND AGING ON AL-Cu (16)

% Cu* I
Treatment
| UTS \ El&
I Gm, 1 in. diam
16.8
12
3 95
'
V20 6d
W500/24hQ
W5UU/24h
^ \ VlOO0 l h
4.04
striptW5oo{g
V5d;
24 9
'
W500V24hO/ V 2 6 d
[ W 5 0 0 / ^ 4 h t j \ V100 l h
4.98
14.5
/ Gm' 1in' diam*

\ Same, Trt, V
RW500/lhQV
7.75t
L 11 (Gr.
r
8.00
8.08t
~2f1
nom.
No*'^ '
(U.'S. A.)
o
L 8
1113S L 8
11-135 L 8
12.48t L 8
'
Gs, 0.5 in. diam.

G8, 0.6 in. diam.
G m , 1 in. diam.
\
_fi
I Cu, 2.89,M
Mn, 1.76
f 12.0s
\ip.7i
/~1
4 10 AT 1 AO
I Cu,
4.13; Mn, 1.92
18.6
G8
23 4
7t
Gm
G'm
PL
7.0
\ El& JLiT.
7.0 ( 1 M
14
'
26.8
25.0
35.8 (strip 0.1 in. th.)~ 25
11.5
13 ?
(16)
(i)
3.9
^
7.1*
10.2
11.3
T G8 \ t . ~
7~~12.6
7.9
<
" > 1 m. diam. <
[ GmJ
J^ 13.4-15.3
f
T 13.5 mean
G.,lin.d,am. j U.6-14.3
t . ,.
/ 19.!mean
Gm. I m . diam. | 17 5_2Q g
( ^ I*"1"'
\ G m J (max. IS)
(16)
13.4
11.6s
16.8s
(M
4.25
1.0
(")
(7)
23
1
( )
1 1 1-1. o
T" (M
2.2-3.5 1
1
2.5-4.41-2.5
"
13.4
\
1.5
* Proof stress, max. Al = Yi % lot Nominal Fe and Si content each 0.20 %.

Broke outside gage marks.
Fe and Si content each > 1 %.
Al-Cu-Mg-Si and Al-Cu-Fe-Mg

Treatment
| UTS \ YP \ PL \ El& \ RA \ Lit.
Al; Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.70; Mn, Tr.; Fe, 0.28; Si, 0.28
.
(495 0 Q
35.9
15.916
50 (21)
K 2 m ana 4950 Q 1(X)o/2 h 35 3
13.129 48
1 in. diam. 370o/20 Cf
17 g
4 7 25
61
GB
Gm
Al-Cu-Mn (27)
% composition
| UTS \ YP
7 - Mn
90fi
j1 T
Cu,1 91.27,
Mn,
2.06
gL}"-.^"-^
a}<x, ; ^L
10 76
|' g
'9
Q 7
* G 8 = Cast to shape.
l.O
27
|'
27
^'
lg
3.5
5
1Q
^'
3 g
\ YP \ PL \ El& \ RA \ LT
15.9
18.5 39.5 (27)
19.1 11.316.0 37.6
17.8
6.0 11.2
13.9
20.0 32.8 (2?)
20.2 11.315.0 38.0
Drew hollow
18.2 5
3 24.0*
(")
41. i 23
14 22.0*
{!T]T~"1T
[ 15.6 8.35
14.6s
6.3
^ Cjm J
G m , 1 in. diam
1.0
^
(*)
* Gage length = 4 X diam.

t Contains Si, 0.20; Fe, 0.20 (nominal).
Nominal content, max. allowable Fe and Si, each 1 %.
Al-Cu-Mn-Mg-Si; Duralumin
Treatment
| UTS \ YP \ PS* \ El \ RA \ Lit.
Al; Cu, 3.5-5.5; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Mg, 0.5
<T
~
. , /Alloy H
36.0 19.1 I
25^
(9)"
Sheet, 7 mmiUthickj^ ^ p
^g
^ Q j
17^
Other alloys give intermediate values
| 62.0 | 54.0 |
Sheet, Rc, 7-2 mm (681 D)
(1)
Al; Cu, 3.5-4; Mn, 0.5-1; Mg, 0.5
3.0a |
|(9)
Sheet, 10 mm thick
40.0 20.0
2Od
( 14 )
Same, A 350
20.0
6.9
14d
Same, 375 Q 2
40.0 23.0
22a
Rod, 5.1-12.7 mm diam
| 43-46 j 27-31 |
| 14-24t |
| (13)'
Al; Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 0.4-0.7; Mg, 0.4-0.7; Fe, 0.75; Si, 0.60
Rod < 2| in. diam
39.4
23.6
15a
20 (*)t
Rod > 2f in. diam
26.8
21.3
15a
18
Sheet < 0.02 in. thick
Sheet 0.02-0.048 in. thick
Sheet > 0.048 in. thick
j
> +
Forged connecting rodsi
R (rod) C(-8O XlO m) J
(i)
10.1
9.6
| UTS
.25.9
26.8
28.9
24.8
26.0
14.13 o.9ot{ MU-.*

14.O
^5
G m = l in. diam. Test piece diam. = 0.564 in.
% Cu I % Mn I
Treatment
f Rh, Ii in. diam
2.06 1.94] Rh, H in. diam
[ DA, H in. diam
f Rh, 11 in. diam
2.89 0.94-j Rh, H in. diam
[ DA, ^f in. diam
4.5
0.70
Wk, A
Also 0.80 % Si Wk, Trt
Al; Cu, 4.0; Fe, 2.0; Mg, 0.50

G8 \ - . ,.
,
17.2 14.6
2.0
jf ^
Qm I I m . diam. bar
7 ^1
g 2
Trt*
5g
{^t
\ YP \
12,7*
G8 I 1 . ,.
/
10.7
Qm J l m. diam. I
lg gs
4
?9
a}^3. 2 s ; M n ,o. 98
17>3
, .. ~ I
T G8 I 1 . ~
J
o.7t Cu. 6 % . . I G m
jlin.diam.|
5Q
COMMERCIAL Ai1-Cu
4.5t p
nom.
'
4.98t
J 10.8s
7.9
| lg Oo
'
gj
'
22.5
Treatment
1 UTS
G8 (0.5 in. diam.)
23
Trt
G8 \ r, 0 1 1 ,,
ft.Gn ) Cu. 3.11; Mn, 0.57
{g:;; > j:;
* Alloys prepared from notch bar Al of analysis: Al (by diff.), 99.62; Si, 0.19;
Fe, 0.19.
t 0.10 in. thick from 1 in. diam. cast bars.
J On 1 inch.
|
1Q ^
S. l^^.-Mo.q^
17
stripW 5 oo{^ V 5 d ;;;- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; g;*
%Cu 1
Name
4.0
Cu, 4%
13 3
1
)|
- 5
^9 -
\ ^
O^
I
Cu. onfi
2.06; TVT
Mn, 11.94
25
f Gm, 1 in. diam

'
26 4
'
27.2
striptW5oo{g f V 5 d ;;;;;; : ;;;
4 91
Gs
G
18.4
V20 6d
W50 / 2 4 h
^[ W500V24ho(
^ \ VlOO0 l h
4.53
18
y ; ; ; ; ; ; ; g;j
f Gm, lin. diam

4 38
13
'
25.0
39.4
39.4
39.4
/ 40.8
| ^
41.1
23.6
23. 6
23.6
33.4
30.2
21.5
8a
12a
15a
16^
14"
26.5a
(23)
(26)
* Stress at Al = ^ % Zo.
t British Standard Specifications, minimum values.
J Test pieces from web.
Al-Cu-Ni-Mg-Si
\ El&
4
' 7g
{ J:i: : i
{ ;;; ;:; ?
Treatment
| UTS \ YP \ PL \ El& \ RA \ Lit.
Al, 92; Cu, 4.0; Ni, 2.0; Mg, 1.5; Fe, 0.20*; Si, 0.20* "Y" alloy
G8, 1 in. diam. bars
| 16.5 |
| 0.5 |
(23)
G8, W 500-520 f Qb V 10 da.... 25.2
(6h)
I Ca V 10 d a . . . . 22.8
21.3
Gm, 1 in. diam. bars

22.8
Gm, W 500-520 f Qb V 10 da... 31.5
(6h)
\ C a V 1 0 d a . . . 29.9
"7.3
25.2
23.6
0.5
1.0
11.0
2.5
5.0
2.0
3ZU
Fig.l
Rg.Sr-26)
Tensile Strength of Wrought Al Alloys
Rolled %in.diam., 30min.exposure
to high temperature
Tensile Strength of Pure Wrought Al

(Al 99.57%)
(2)
Rg^C'5'*)
Ten s i le Strength of
Cast Aluminium Alloys
Bars I inch dia.,chill cgst-SOmms exposure
before test
Fig.4rM)
Elongation of Wrought Al Alloys

Rolled % in.diam.,30 mm. exposure
to high temperature
Fig. 6
Hardness of ChiJl Cast JU
99.20% pure
(IOmm ball, 500kg)
Fig.5H
Ageing of LS Alloy-Tensile Strength of Cast Bars., Im dia.

(Zn 13-Cu 2.5)
Al-Zn(25). (Continued)
Al-Cu-Ni-Mg-Si.- (Continued)
Treatment
| UTS \
Rh, I in. diam
27.7
Same, Trt 530
38.6
Rivet, f in. diam., Trt 520
40.3
Sheet: 0.05 in. ( Trt 520
41.0
thick
\Rc, Trt 520
42.4
44.1
0.018 in. thick, Rc, Trt 520
25.2
0.064 in. Trt, A 350-400
Al. 90.9; Cu, 4.0; Ni, 2.12; Mg, 1.56;
G8 \ , . ~
T
7 17.3
> 1 in. diam. bars
<
(^
Lfm J
YP \ PL \ E& \ RA \ LitT
18.9
20
30 (23)
24.3 12.1
25
33
24.7
25f
26
27^1
19
PS
25.2 15.4
18
27.6
33.1
17
29.9
12.6
16
Fe, 0.42; Si, 1.03 "Y" alloy
7V9
7 O T
Û. o
o.o
l.U
Al, 92.3; Cu, 4.04; Ni, 1.77; Mg, 1.47; Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20
Gs \ t . ,.
/ 17.3
2
> I m . diam
1 91
9
jrm )
G8
Qm
(^
Jl. o
~
O)
Al, 88; Cu, 8.02; Ni, 1.98; Mg, 1.46; Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20
. ,.
/ 16.85
0.5
I I m . diam....
| ^J
0.5 |
"^
(i)
* Nominal content,
t On 1 in.
Stress at AZ = ^ % IQ.
Al-Cu-Zn-Sn
% composition
| Trt* | UTS \ YP \ PL \ El& \ Lit."
Cu, 6.79; Zn, 0.96; Sn, 0.83; Fe, 0.25; Si, f G 8 T T T O oTs
70 OT
0.20 "L 11 "
\ Gm
9.3 6.3
2.0
Cu, 6-8;Zn f > 1.0;Sn,0.5-2.0;Fe, > 1 ; f G8
13.1
1.9 3.0 (i)
Si, > 1 "L 11"
\ G m 13.1
2.4 3.0
Cu, 9; Sn, 2.0; Zn, 1.5; Fe, > 1; Si, > 1 ( ^3 ( " ^
I G m I 17.3 I
0)
* Bars 1 in. diam.
Al-Mg-Si and Al-Mn

Nominal %
composition
Mg, 0.60; Si, 1.0
Treatment
R, 75 % reduc- f A
tion
\Trt
R, 75%reduc-j A
tion
\H
Mn, 1.2
UTS
YP
10.90 3.5
34.5024.6
12.30 4.9
20.3816.2
PL
El* RA
2.130.0
11.2 18.0
2.140.0|
8.4 10.0|
Lit.
Zn, 5.21 %
8 T 2 T 2 5 T O
10.4
4.4
29.0
11.8
6.8
33
14.1
11.65f
26
10.0
4.1
43
15.4
14.3t
19.5
Zn, 9.27%
13.4
7.9
9.0
12.3
6.1
11.0
14.8
7.7
36
16.3s
10.1
33
17.6
11.0
38t
17.5
15.4
19.0
25.7
23.1
T1S
Zn, 11.0%
14.8
10.1
8.0
16.1
7.9
16.0
17.8s
8.2
38
21.7
14.8
33
29.8
26.5
13.0
Zn, 13.69%
16.85 I
777
T5I
G8, 1
Gm, 1
Rh,
Rh, 1
A 400
Dd, tf
G8, 1
Gm, 1
Rh, 1
Rh,
Rh,
Dd, if
Dd? /TJ
G8, 1
Gm, 1
Rh, 1
Rh, i
Dd, A
Gm, 1
Al-Zn(ZS)
~
yp
G 8 ,!
Rh,
Rh, 1
A 400
Dd, H
O1)
RA
67
66
77
65.8
70
67
68.3
56.5
64
63.7
Gm, 1
G8, 1
Rh, f
Rh, i
A 400
Rh, J
Dd, M
G8, l
Gm, l
Rh,
G8, l
Gm, l
Rh,
Rh, l
Da, H..
Gm, l
G8, l
Rh, 1
Rh, i
Dd, &
G8, l
Gm, l
Rh, 1
Rh, l
A 400
Dd, M
...|
Gm, l
G8, l
Rh, l
Rh,
Dd, A
G8, l
Gm, l
Rh, |
Rh, l
Dd, A% Zn
RA
Zn, 13.24%
13.4
9.6
11.Of
5.6
20.2f
Zn, 14.29%
18.4
I
9.1
I
Zn, 15.05%
17.5
15.1
25.8
10.7
26.05
13.41
21.0
6.7
28.2
18.3
26.0
17.5t
Zn, 16.08%
20.0
17.3
18.0
8.3s
25.2
11.65
Zn, 16.85%
19.1
6
21.4
9.1
31.3
20.8
28.5
17.8f
30.9
27.4
Zn, 18.39%
21.6
13.9
Zn, 19.67%
2Ts
9T5
31.9
19.5
34.4
25.6
40.4
24.8
Zn, 20.15%
2OTe
15.7s
21.7
12.3
35.7
27.3
33.7
19.5t
29.5
18.6
35.1
31.4t
Zn, 22.74%
21.3
| 14.3
|
Zn, 24.50%
25T7
39.0
31.2
37.8
32.0
42.4
38.1
Zn, 26.05 %
27\3
T7J6
27.9
16.7
42.7
39.4
37.6
31.8t
42.2
34.7t
16.7
21.5
22.6
17.8
23.2
(U)
* Gage length = 4 X diam.
Treatment*
(diam. in.)
Treatment*
(diam. in.)
Treatment
| UTS
4.0
35
31
37
19.0
59
52
63.7
43.5
8.5
2.0
33
32
37
31t
20
53
54
60.4
58.5
42.1
3.5
6.5
31
58
TO
5.0
22
25
13
36
45
24.5
7.0
2^5
21
30t
9^0
47
54.7
TO
4.0
20
26
22
13
3.5
36
46
27.5
26.5
[
TO
20
27t
7.0
39
46.6
2X)
4.0
16 28
20
41
8.0
\ YP
Ela
on oo |/ GS |ll m
i -. d i7a m
30.23
Gm
/i
|| 26.1
^2
2T8
^
o* no / GS l i '
} \ 27.9
18.4
0.5
l I 27.6
21.4
0.5
36
j-
'2 \ k r m - d i a m
1.5
3Q
Al-Zn (25).(Continued)
% Zn I
Treatment
M 07 / G I il m d,rl a m
40 27
'
Gm/
A* 7K /
44.75
^
n in. A'
diam
* Il
[ IjTm J
/
{
28 8
\/
29'1
Al-Zn-Cu (^.(Continued)
}
YP
18 3
25.7
/in A /| GS | ll m
i . d i1-a m
49.66
Gm
UTS
17.5
14 2
lu. O
I{2 0^
To
'
JL.U
2T5
4.0
g Q
1Q
* Diameters after specified mechanical treatment given, test pieces 0.564 in.
diam.
t-P-^'s of specimens are as follows:
;i"r-2^n
1 rt
^^~--^^
R h ^ 1 in
Dd, in. ...
El on 1 in.
5.21
13.24
7 ~ 9 0 7 1
10.2
13.4
15.05
16.85
20.15
26.05
11.0
15.8
12.6
15.8
25.2
24.4
| UTS'
YP
\ El& \
RA
Zn, 9.91; Cu, 0.94
G8, 0.56 in. diam

Gm, lin. diam
Rh, f i n . diam
Rh, I in. diam
16^2
16.9
20.5
21.4
9 ~
7.4
9.5
12.4*
8 ~ ~
19
29
24
59.2
50.8
L2
6~~
7.6
11
15.0 23
15.1* 24
39.2
42
Zn, 9.96; Cu, 2.75
G3, 0.56 in. diam

Gm, lin. diam
Rh, fin. diam
R h ,!in.diam
18.0
20.2
26.3
26.8
Zn, 13.99; Cu, 1.64

Al-Zn (24)
% Zn
10
20
31.6
40.6
50.7
Treatment
!-O
0.5
5
'
oU . 1
Ela
Sand cast 2 cm diam.

UTS
\
PL
11.0
4.4
14.2
5.0
17.8
5.0
21.4
12.9
19.5
I
13.7
El
7.5
2
1
1
0.5
Forged 2 cm diam. from 5 cm diam. Gm billets

As
forged
|| Annealed 300/1 h~
% Zn
UTS
PL \ El \ RA \\ UTS \ PL \ El \ RA
5.3
12.9 10.9 19 64
9.1
2.4 30 74
10.2
17.2 10.1 34 55 14.0 4.3 38 65
16
23.9 17.2 23 47 21.9 7.1 28 41
21
29.6 21.1 I 14 I 27 29.8 | 10.7 | 15 | 37
G8, 0.56 in. diam

Gm, lin. diam
Rh, f in. diam
Rh, I in. diam
| UTS
...|13.7
15.0
18.9
17.3
YP
\ El& \
RA
o~3
2.8
12.0
10.4
12
23
27
29
56.8
61.6
13
25
29
22
64.0
61.6
Zn, 4.76; Cu, 0.87
G3, 0.56 in. diam

Gm, 1 in. diam
Rh, f i n . diam
Rh, |in. diam
TO
12.6
16.4
18.9
O
4.2s
9.9
14.2
G8, 0.56 in. diam

Gm, 1 in. diam
Rh, Jin. diam
Rh, I in. diam
3~5
16.2
20.8
18.6
3 U 7
7.4
14
11.5
25
11.5
26
44.8
50.8
Zn, 4.64; Cu, 3.92f

G8, 0.56 in. diam
Gm, 1 in. diam
Rh, f i n . diam
Rh> in. diam
2T9
18.4
22.2
20.9
7\25
4.6
11.7
13.2
4
14
23
20
39.2
42
10
19
25
30
64.0
57.2
Zn, 7.38; Cu, 1.76
G3, 0.56 in. diam

Gm, 1 in. diam
Rh, f i n . diam
Rh, j in. diam
15.6
15.9
20.5
20.6
36.4
54.8
22.2 15.3
3
21.6
9.3
6.5
37.3 23.3 21
33.1
19.8* 20
33.6
36.4
Zn, 18.45; Cu, 0.8OJ

G8, 0.56 in. diam
Gm, l i n . diam
Rh, f i n . diam
Rh, I in. diam
7\9
5.2
12.8
12.3*
G8, 0.56 in. diam

Gm, lin. diam
Rh, f i n . diam
Rh, I in. diam
23.1
22.4
38.9
38.1
11.7
13.1
30.1
26.0*
4~~
2
22
24
39.2
39.2
25.4
29.1
39.9
38.1
18.3
12.8
32.9
25.8*
3
11
21
24
39.2
36.4
Zn, 23.48; Cu, 2.67

G8, 0.56 in. diam
Gm, 1 in. diam
Rh, f in. diam
Rh, I in. diam
28.7
31.8
sTs
10.1
2
4
46.6
31.7
18
33.5
* Values of PL are:
% Zn
% Cu
PL
Zn, 4.71; Cu, 2.67
G3, 0.56 i n . diam

G01, lin. diam
Rh, f i n . diam
Rh, lin, diam
4~~
16
23
24
Zn, 18.95; Cu, 1.66
Zn, 3.50; Cu, 2.31
G8, 0.56 in. diam

Gm, 1 in. diam
Rh,fin.diam
Rh, lin, diam
9Ts
9.9
17.0
19.8
Zn, 14.74; Cu, 2.50
Al-Zn-Cu (26)
Treatment
22.7
23.9
33.7
32.8
I 7.38 j
9.91 i
9.96 i
I 1.76 I
0.94 I 2.75 |
I 8.7
I 12.6 [ 13.7 |
14.74 j
2.50 |
18.9 |
18.45 i
0.80 |
20.6 |
18.95
1.66
1.92
t Contains also Fe, 0.10; Si, 0.14.

Contains also Fe, 0.16; Si, 0.12.
Commercial Al-Zn-Cu
% composition |
Treatment
|
UTS
\ YP \ PL \ El8. \ Lit.
Al, 80.5-85; Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5-3, "L 5" alloy
G8, 1 in. diam.
16.5
2~8
2
OT
Zn,
12.5-14.5;
G8 new, f in. diam. f 17.3-23.3
2-4 (*)
Cu, 2.5-3; Fe,
22 tests (12 melts) \ 20.6 (mean)
3 (5)
> 1; Si, > 1 (v.
Gm, 1 in. diam.
19^4
4~4
4~ ()
Fig. 5)
Gm new, I in. diam. f 18.3-23.3
4-7 ()
24 tests (12 melts) \ 20.8 (mean)
5.0 (5)
Zn, 12.58; Cu, f G8 new, 1 in. diam.
19.1
5
(i)
2.69*
\ G m / (for max. IS]
18.7
7
Zn, 13.5; Cu, / G8 /
,.
\
To
TTl
4.0 (23)
2.5*t
\ G m ^w,lm.diam.|
^5
?1
50
Commercial Al-Zn-Cu.(Continued)
% composition
Treatment
I
Al, 77; Zn, 20; Cu, 3
/ Rh, Ii in. diam.
Same, A 20O0C
Rh, I in. diam.
Rh, 0.104-0.048 in.
thick
Same, A 20O0C
Rc, 0.104-0.048 in.
Zn, 20; Cu, 3; I thick
O 20 '2;
Sl>
' 0-063 in. diam.

Same, A 250
D, 0.0125 in. diam.
Same, A 250
E, 2| in.
diam.
E, li in.
diam.
Zn 2052- Cu f Rh, 1 in. diam.

313
'
'
H(rod)C(-80'/10m)i
TABLE 2.COMPRESSION TESTS.(Continued)
UTS
\ YP \ PL \ El* \ LT
"A" alloy
42.5 28.4 19.5 17$ (23)
39.1
23.6
21
42.5 28.8
21
42.8
26.6PAlI = 19
28-33
35.0 19.4
26
46.8
41.0
T
43l
32.6
43.0
32.6
43.6
28~8
8
14C
2
9~
41.1
24.9
22
43.0
^
27.1
^
17
^ (..,
* Contains Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20.

t Nominal composition.
J RA = 30 %.
RA = 36 %.
Sl AZ = M % h.
Al-Zn-Cu-Fe and Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Mn

Treatment
I UTS \ YP \ PL
\ El* \ RA \ Lit.
Al, 86.5; Zn, 10.0; Cu, 2.0; Fe, 1.5 (nominal)
G9, 2 X in. diam
| l 9 . l | 8.5*| 4.9 | 4 . 0 |
| (U)
Al; Zn, 18; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.35; Mn, 0.35f "G" alloy
Rh, 0.04-0.05 in. thick 400 Q
54.5 48.2 38-39.5*19
(23)
E, 4 X I in. Rh, same
52.0 40.2
17
Al; Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.5; Mn, 0.5 "E" alloyt
Rh, I in. diam
46.8 37.3
15
(23j
Same, 350 Q
59.6 51.8
34.8 12 13.4
E. I in., R h , in., 400 Q
777. 64.1 34.0
_9
Rh, 0.04-0.05 in. thick
51.0 38.6
18
Same, A 250
39.8 22.8
20
Same, 400 Q
60.2 46.2 44-49* 15
E, \ in., Rh, 0.04-0.05 in., 40O0Q . . . . 61.4 31.5 ^^^ 1?
R (rod) C(-80/10 m) J
69.0 55.8
13.0 ( 2 7 )
Rh, I in. diam.
}
( 56.7 38.9
16 21.4 7^*)
Rh, 0.04-0.05 in. thick f ,j '
1 55.8 47.9 39-44* 19
E, 4 X f in., same
J al o y '
[ 52.8 45.7
15
* Stress to produce set of ^ % lo.
t Contains also Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.75, otherwise similar to "E" alloy.
J Contains Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20.
TABLE 2.COMPRESSION TESTS

% composition*
"
UCS
PLc
Lit.
% composition*
Zn, 14.29
Zn, 15.05
Treatmentf
G8, 1 in.
Rh, I in.
G3, 1 in.
G1n, lin.
Rh, I in.
Gm, lin.
Rh, I in.
G8, 1 in.
Gm, 1 in.
YPC
Lit.
16.1 (25)
19.4 14.3
(25)
25.5
277(25)
18.9 14.0
24.3 17.2
28.5 23.9
(25)
28.9 25.7
28.7 26.2
(25)
26.8 23.3
(25)
/ G *> l i n \ Rh, |in.

Gm, 1 in.
G1n, 1 in. ~
Gm, 1 in.
f G8, 1 in"
Zn> 55 07
'
\ Gm, lin.
Zn, 10; Cu, 2; Fe, 1.5 G8 (new)
^TO
2^2
^T
36.7 33.2
31.3 26.6
(25)
32.9
31.8 ~ (25)
38.0 ~29.8
(25)~ .
30.9 29.8
(25)
37.2 36.2
66
(U)
PL0
20.811
15.0
(23)
23.0(| 18.1
19.5|| 14.2
If
14.9
f
I
(
(
\
Zn, 16.08
7
^n>mb7
Zn, 20.15
Zn, 22.74
2450
^^ 5U
Zn, 30.23
Zn, 40.27
Zn, 44.75
Zn
Zn, 20; Cu, 3; Fe,

0.20; Si, 0.20 "A"
[ Rh, If in.
E, f,R h , Jin.
E, IJ in.
E, 2 in.
* % Al by difference.
t Dimensions are diameters, unless marked otherwise.
J W 495/30 Qb V.
Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 0.4-0.7; Mg, 0.4-0.7; Fe, 0.75, Si, 0.60.
il Test pieces 2.75 in. X 0.5 in. diam.
U Length > 4 X diam.
TABLE 3.SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS

% composition*
Al, 99.24
M, 99.20
'
A1 , = ?)' }
A1(%
Treatment!
R, fin.
Ir**!*
[ Same, A
JG
f
-R
R, f i n .
18.00
8.0 ( 2 2 )
USS
9.7
"TT
\ PLsI \ Lit.
(22^
7.0
8^
(T
11.2
\ R
i_! xr
'2 '
Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.70; wô/ono
iv/Tr,
T?O n 0.28,
9 J RvV 495/30Qb
Mn ^TV
Tr.,. Fe,
2hy
bi, 0.28
t
^w 370720 cf
Cu, 4.5; Mn, 0.70;) Wk, A

Si, 0.80
\ Wk, Trt
ca 16
Al QQ 90
/ R 7 5 %
'
FP ca. 13 (U)
Cu, 3.85; Mg, 0.8; [ Gm, 3.5 mm||
Al W U
> "*
\ R, 75% A
ca. 10
YP ca. 3
Mn, 0.4; Fe, 0.5;
< Same, Trt||
Al(% = ?)
G
47
(6)
Si, 0.9; Zn, 0.04
[ G8, 42 mm Trt
Cu, 8 " L I l " . . . .
G8
49
(u)
Duralumin If
Wk
Cu, 3.25; Mg,
R, J-I, N
35.2
14.66
(21)
Duralumin**
D, fin.
0.7; Mn, Tr.; Same, 495 \
9
19 1 ,
35 2
12 15
Fe, 0.28; Si,
QV
/
'
'
Mg, 0.60; Si, 1.0... { ^
0.28
370/20 Cf
18.7
4.82
m A
Mn
12
' H
Mn? 1
^
\i Wk,
Duralumin
R, 1 in. sq. { ^f I1*0^
J^
Zn, 9.27
}
% composition* | Treatment! | UCS \ YPC \ Lit.
11.0
Ip
.
Rh, lin.
Zn, 9.27
Rh, I in.
13.9s
11.5
(25) 15.05
16.08
J
12 6
(25)
7n 1U)
110
/ 0 ^ 1 ln'
Zn
Zn, 24.50
Rh, li in.
'
\ Rh, f i n .
14.5 10.2
Al, 99.24
UCS
20.5
^n A
i 7
18.7
i^ Q
33 2
g g
^;40
55
11.2
25.3
15.4
22.4
24.3
30.0
25.9
7 7
23 ;2
9
^1
10.5
16.31
19.5
(21)
()
(15)
(9)
(23)
^
(11)
(25)
22 8t
32.5 j
32.5J
(25)
TABLE 3.SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS.(Continued)
TABLE 4.HARDNESS.(Continued)
% composition*
Treatment! | USS \ PLst | Lit.
Zn, 10
)
f 6 7 0 5
(24)
20
9.0
31.6
[ G3, 2cm
10.1
40.6
10.4
50.7
J
9^9
Zn, 13.5; Cu, 2.5ft
Gm, 1 in.
20.2H
( 23 )
( Rh, If in.
34.2t
9.46 (23)
Zn, 20; Cu, 3; Fe,
Rh, 0.046 in.||
34.5J
0.20; Si, 0.20;
\ Rh, 0.061 in.Jj
36.7Jt
"A" alloy
Dd, 0.063 in.
27.3
[ Same, A 250
27.7
t Dimensions are diameters unless marked otherwise.
From torsion test.
Torsional modulus of rupture.
|| Thickness.
t Alloy 681 A: Cu, 3.5-5.5; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Mg, 0.5.
** Rivet wire: Cu, 3.92; Mn, 0.51; Mg, 0.37; Fe, 0.36; Si, 0.41.
tt Contains Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2.
Punching test.
TABLE 4.HARDNESS
% composition*
|
Treatmentt
Al, 99.97
T Wk, A
Al, 99.24; Fe, 0.5; Cu; Si R, f in.
f G8, ein.
Al, 99.20
\ Wkd, 75%
J^ Same, A
A1 <9900
Ai, <yy.uu
/ G8
^ Sheet, A
| BHN \ d-P% \ ScH \ Lit. '

16
B
(10)
45
B
( 22 )
23
B
(U)
39
B
17
25
B
6
21-24 B
22-26
B
~ 10 mmJl A
Same, Wk0 150-200 %
A l , 99.07-98.46; F e , ~~l mml1 A , ^
0.70-0.98; Si, 0.23- { Same, Wk0 \ 7
13( %
0.56
2mmilA
^n / 50%
i S a m e ' W k c \300%
Cu, 4.0 (nom.)
G8, $ in.
25
41
70-75
Cu, 4.5; Fe, 0.20; Si, j ^ \ 1 in. V 8 mo.
0.20 (nominal)
Cu. 8.00 "L 11".
BW
510 Q Tp 160*1
n
/I GG '.l ilin.
Cn
2 4 8 - TL 8
8" ft
tt
Cu, 1
12.48
/I
Gs lin
'
'
Gm>lin.
Cu, 4.0; Mg, 0.5

(nom); Fe, 0.20
G8, 1 in.
(")
^
"
5.5
11.5
16_
B
^
(U)
*
100
(")
65
(")
G8, in.
Pn
11 1VL8"**
Cu, 11-13
L8
(6)
B
B
,
6-9
4-6
67
~91
80-84
81
(1)
55
LCH
(1)
87,94
(i)
ScH
Cu, 3.5; Mg, 0.7; Mn,( f J0^ N

Tr.;F,0.28;Si.0.28{ gg. % V
100
*
B
g
19
g
B
B
15
30
Cu, 4.5; Mn, 0.7; Si, ( Wk, A

0.8
\_ Wk. Trt
43
95
p-"*-***
"5" 1
{ LZ'"'i"p"
"""IJl7Sg
G8, 1 in.
Same, Trt
Cu, 4.0; Ni, 2.0; Mg,
G m , 1 in.
1.5; Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20 \ Same, Trt
"Y" alloy
Rh, I in., Trt
in. ||, Trt
G8, 1 in.
C200
Cu, 4.0; Ni, 2.12; Mg, Same, J \ 300
1.56; Fe, 0.42; Si1J
[400
1.03 "Y" alloy
G m , 1 in.
Q
T / 200
Same J
' \300
k
P-""
45 B
88,91
B
107
B
83, 88
B
102- B
106
96||||
B
10911H _E
70,73
60, 62
45, 47
17,17
76
65, 70
49,57
()
(U)
^
^
(23)
M^ 0 ^ ^
(nominal)
1.0/
\
Mn. i.2 (nominal)
R.T5%{^
Rh, liin.
Rh, lîn.
Rh, Ijin.
Rh, liin.
Rh, l|in.
Rh, lem.
Rh. Ijin.
G8, 20 cm
G8, 20 cm
G8, 20 cm
G8, 20 cm
G8, 20 cm
27.0~~B
96.0 B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
53.1
48.3
62.2
65.2
63.5
51.5
87.8
91.7
98.4
118.7
120.0
70,80
60-85
Rh, 1 i in.
Rh, 1 i in.
Rh, 1 i in.
Rh, 1 i in.
Rh, l i i n .
Rh, 1 i in.
Rh, 1 i in.
Rh, 1 i in.
Rh, 1 i in.
Rh, 1 i in.
Rh, 1 i in.
G8, 1 in.
G m> 1 in.
G m , 1 in.
G., V 7 yrlf
Same, Tp 350
G8 \ 1- in
. new
n
'
Gm )C
Rh, 1| in.
T
1{
G8, j in.
9~ (U)
33
35
56
62
88
105
162
156
40
81
85
85
78
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
B
B
68
88
64
68
A^64
114
B
B
B
B
nB
B
70
10
Q,
5.0
6.7
9.1
( 2S )
(2S)
15.0
18.0
25.0
10.3 ( 2 4 )
32
30.5
34.8
36.8
6.2 (26)
6.3
9.5
7.6
6.5
7.3
10.7
12.3
16.5
18.7
19.6
(M
LCH
77
(i)
(23)
(23)
(23^
(23)
(U)
f Dimensions are diameters unless otherwise indicated.
Ball diameters and loads are as follows: A = 10 mm, 1000 kg; B = 10 mm,
500 kg; C = 9.52 mm, 1000 kg; D = 2.5 mm, 62.5 kg; E = 2 mm, 40 kg.
Magnifier hammer used.
II Thickness.
1F Rh, IH in. diam., W 510/1 da, Q V 2 d, Tp 160/20 h.
** Contains Fe, >1; Si, >1.
ft Contains Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2.
Il Cu, 3.5-5.5; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Mg, 0.5.
Cu, 3.5-4; Mn, 0.5-1; Mg, 0.5.
|| i| Treated at 520.
tH Y* in. sq. Tp = W 350/30 C8.
TABLE 5.IMPACT HARDNESS ( l )

% composition
IHN*
10 mm
Cone
,
ball
Name Trt
P I 19
A. Fe,
PO 0.20,
O9n.o:i
Cu,
12.48,
Si, non
0.20
(i)
\BHN\ d-P% \ LCH \ Lit.

60
B
65
(i)
U__5
50-55
B
(*)
48-60
B
ScH
7^/A
/0
'
\ Trt
Zn, 5.21
9.27
13.24
Zn, 15.05
16.85
20.15
24.50
Zn, 10
20
31.6
40.6
50.7
Zn
[
Cu
3.5
2.31
4.76
0.87
4.71
2.67
4.64
3.92
7.38
1.76
9.91
0.94
9.96
2.75
14.0
1.64
14.74
2.5
18.45
0.8
18.95
1.66
Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, (
2.5-3** "L 5"
\
7n 19 ^s-r-n 9 RQ++
Zn 12.58, Cu, 2.69ft I
[
Zn, 13.5; Cu, 3.5ft/
"TL 5*
lI^
Zn, 20; Cu, 3 ft
*j'
Zn, 10; Cu, 2; Mg, 1.5
(nom.)
67, 74
% composition*
|
Treatmentt
Cu, 6.8; Zn, 1.0; Sn, ( G8, lin.
0.8ft "L 11"
\ Gm, 1 in.
Cu, 6-8; Zn, > 1; Sn, ( G8, lin.
1-2** "L 11"
\ Gm, 1 in.
Cu, 4.0; Fe, 2.0; Mg, 1.5f

|
Cu, 6.79; Zn, 0.96; Sn, 0.83; 1
Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20
j
Zn, 12.58; Cu, 2.69; Fe, 0.20; \
Si, 0.20
/
T 8
L
Gs
/J^
^-IOl
103-107
1QQ
1Q5_n8
| G8 | 113 | 117
/G 8 70-79
69-72
\G m
73
69
/ G8
99
103
\ Gm
91
81
* IHN energy of blow (kg-m) -f- volume of indentation (cm3),

t Nominal.
TABLE 6.IMPACT STRENGTH

% composition*
Treatment!
| Lit.
^-
n 2y/
y
I (22)
^
^
<"^
"'^
. 146V
0.028V
.095V
0.087U
.09Ou
0.012V
.033V
Cu. 3.25; M8, 0.7; Mn, { ^

Tr,. Fe, 0.28; Si, 0.28 \ g^ff^
^
%
<">
Cu, 2.1; Mn, 1.9

| Rh, I in.
Cu, 2.9; Mn, 0.9
| Rh, I in.
Cu, 14.1; Mn, 0.9; Fe, f G8, 1 in.
0.2; Si. 0.2
\ G8, 1 in.
|
|
Cu, 3.5-4; Mg, 0.5; MnJ 10 mm J ^ ^

0.5-1 -Duralumin
| thick | f^ 2
>t
Duralurmn
<-
*ns
<-
9*
0 4 A/r
0 4 7 AT
K> f in
lrt J
(^T
(')
0.57 U
0.76U
0.008V
.016V
| (27)
| (2?)
(1J
(14)
*'*'
^y'
"U
O. Uy '
[-182
Cu, 3; Mn, 1; Mg, 0.5;/

FeI); Si, !'
I
OT
j|.2y
^
Cu, 3.6; Mg, 0.5; Mn, f

(
0.5; Fe, 0.6; Si, 0.6 J "
f 20
\ 150
f
5.V
0.76V-0.70W
0.67V-0.68W
(23)
20
0.43V-0.33W-1.78X
(2?)
^â^^^^^'lig: ::%
TU
07Q F ,1 s"'! lM
0.79; Fell; Si, 1.178
f
R
' *in' Trt J
15
[ 240
0.32 V -0.23 W -1.24 X
(23)
0.30V-0.24W
0.16V-Q.11W
Cu, 2; Ni, 1.47; Mg, (

f 20 0.39V-0.27W-1.65X
0.95; Mn, 0.4; Fe[I; SiJ Rh, I in. Trt J j 150
0.35V-0.25W
0.751
i
(240
0.17y-0.13w
Cu, 4.0; Ni, 1.77; Mg, f G8, 1 in.
0.017V
1.47** "Y"
\ Gm, 1 in.
0.042V
Cu. 4; Ni. 2; Mg, 1.5**.. .. | Gm, Trt
|
0.50U
Cu 408- Ni 203- Me f
1
60 FeJl.
Fell Si.
S/ 0.25
O 25'"Y-'
1.60,
Y [^
Rh
f 2 .26v-0.22w-1.20x
15
' * ta' Trt J [240
0.24
0.15VV-0.17
-0.11W
W
Cu 4 3 5 - N i 1 7 7 - M z f
f 2 0-24V-0.18W-1.05X
R
in Trt J
150
t1.59;
co Mn,
^' n0.4;
i \JFe;r?
1
*'
*
1
- 190.13
v-- 16
w
ft|
[240
-0.09
V
cu.^.^z.i^.fg^t
g:^:
Cu, 6.8; Zn, 0.96; SnJ G8, 1 in.

0.83** "L 11"
\ Gm, 1 in.
Cu, 6-8; Zn, > 1; Sn, f G8, 1 in.
0.5-2 "L 11"
\ Gm, 1 in.
Zn,S:21
Rh,|in.
9.27
Rh, I in.
13.24
Rh, I in.
15.05
Rh, 1 in.
16.85
Rh, I in.
20.15
Rh, 1 in.
26.05.
Rh, I in.
0.051V
0.082V
0.28U
0.29 U
0.56 U
.60U
.75U
.80U
.80U
.80U
.57U
:
Zn, 15
j-
J - 20
i
80
[-180
n.V
11.2y/
10.Oy'
9.3 y >
(23)
-, :-:
v
| Lit.
()"
I . Sy'
Zn, 12.6; Cu, 2.7; Fe; f G8, 1 in.

Si** "L 5"
\ Gm. 1 in.
Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5-f G8, 1 in.
3 "L 5"
\ Gm, 1 in.
Zn, 20.3; Cu, 2.9; Fe-/ .... _ A _ / 20
Si** "A"
\ R > g i n ' Trt J1150
Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.5; } _ 7 . _ A _ / 20
Mn, 0.5 "E"
\ R> ? m- Trt J 1150
f
20
-."o,,!..
ISl (kg-m)
2.5y
2.5y
1.9y
- 182
(x)
0.146V
0.20Oy
0.43U|1||
0.57U||||
0.53V-0.47W
0.66V
0.31V-0.30W
0.44V-0.36W
10.Oy
O)
(23)
(23)
(6)
:j;
8.1y'
t Dimensions are diameters unless otherwise marked.
Meaning of subscripts (C. S. = Cross section of specimens) :
O
L . j.
Subscript
i..
Machine
^C., CS.,
i mm
X T .i.
Notch
Depth,
mm
u
v
w
x
y
y'
z
Izod
Charpy
Charpy
Charpy
Charpy
Guillery
Charpy
5 X 5
5 X 5
10 X 10
10 X 10
10 X 10
10 X 10
90 V
45 V
45 V
Mesnager
Mesnager
USN
1
1
2
2
2
5
Radius,
mm
2.3
0.25
0.25
1
l
l
Duralumin type.
I! Fe 0.2.
IT Magnali te type.
** Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2.
11 Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.79.
Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.25.
Fe, >1; Si, >1.
HII Unbroken.

% composition
|
Treatment*
| IO"2 E \ Li~
Al, 99.24
R, | in.
71 ~^)~
07"
(23)
( 23 )
M' 9.20
Al (% = ?)
Cu, ll-13f "L 8"
Cu, 4.22; Ni, 2.05; Mg, { Rh

^ , f ^ ''T^V ^
0.52; Mn, 0.4; Fe; Sift \ ** * "" ** J { ^0
g;^^
Cu. 8; N, 2; Mg, 1.46*. {^t
Zn, 30
-180
13. Iy/
32.3U
1
Cu,5.7;Fe,0. 2 ;Si,0. 2 ..{i S"
G m , 1'
in.
Cu, 7.75; Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2 f G8,Th^
"L 11"
\ G m , 1 in.
Cu, 11-13; Fe, > 1; Si, f G8, 1 in.
> 1 "L 8"
\ G m , 1 in.
Cu, 12.5; Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2 ? G8, 1 in.
"L 8"
\ G m , 1 in.
Treatmentf
20
-20
- 80
11.ay'
Al, 99.1-98.4; Fe, 0.7-1; f 10 mm thick,A

Si. 0.2-0.56
j Same. Wk 8 (Jg*
< t T~v
J^ '
oU
-182
I R, f in.
Al, 99.24
IS$ (kg-m)
^
~ ^
Al, 99.67; Fe, 0.06; Si, 0.25 J
TABLE 6.IMPACT STRENGTH.(Continued)

% composition*
([
TTT
f
j
[
d 75
?
' A
t'
Same,
B or D
G8, 1 in. ,
Same, J 250
Gm, lin.
(11)
Z
70
68.9 (6)
75-83
(i)
57-64
75-84
(19)
Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.7; MnJ f't~*' y

TT--TTO
i QSi,
i n0.28
9
l^
%Jb v
Tr.,
Fe, n0.18,
370o Cf
J'J
/o.y
75.5
O)
Cu, 2.1; Mn, 1.9

TTT R,h, fin.
Cu, 2.9; Mn, 0.9
Rh, I in,
Cu, 4.5; Mn t 0.7;Si, O.S.... _Wk
Cu-Mn-Mgt" Duralumin" Wk
73.1 ~(^T
75.6 (27J
70
(V*)
70.3
(23)
(!)
C v f ; N i > 2 ; M g , 1.5(:Lrts200
(23)
(25)
(T
I Rh J
G8, lin.
Cu, 4; Ni, 2.1; Mg, 1.56; Same, J 250
Fe, 0.4; Si, 1.0 "Y"
Gn,, 1 in.
. Same, J 250
Cu, 6-8; Zn, > 1 ; Sn, 0.5- f G8, 1 in.
2.OfLIl"
\ Gm, 1 in.
_
.01
/ R. i n 7
Zn
'5'21
\ Dc,Min.
&
(")
[75
74.5 ()
71
76.6
74.5
68
(i)
64
6
3.7
(25)
63.7

|
Zn I 3 2 4
/n 13 24
'
Chill Castlf Commercial Alloys (t 23)
Treatment*
| 10~2 E \ Lit.
/ B*, U n . 6 3 ^
(Sf
1 D0>tfin.
63.5
% composition
'
n u5
7n 15
Zn
/ R '* i n \ Dc, Hin.

Rh, Jin.
Zn,20.15
9
Zn, 26.05
n
(\ ^'L
Dc, M m.
Rh, j in.
7r, 7QQ.
7
Zn,
7.38, p
Cu, 1
1.76
R
/|
f c >p8 n . .
c> tf in
Zn
/in, 991-Cu
9.91, Cu, 094
.94
f|
Rh, 1 ,in.
DC i| Jn.
67.9
68.4
Zn 9 96-Cu 2 75
/to, IMK), Ui, 2.75
f ^, I in.
j DC, i| Jn.
68.4 (26)
66.4
' -
Zn, 16.85
Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5-3f| G8, 1 in.

"L 5"
\ Gm, 1 in.
Zn, 14.74; Cu, 2.50
Rh, | in.
s-, .S^c., . o {g;: Lt.

Zn, 18.95; Cu, 1.66
Zn, 20; Cu, 3f " A"
Z
Mgt2t;'ECU' 2'5;
69 4
( 2S )
62.1
63.1 (2)
7
U
T
63.1
61.9
68
68
(i)
TT1^
|
Cu1 3.25; Mg, 0.7; Mn, j * *

Tr, Fe, 0.28,-Si, 0.28. | 4^0 % V
Rh, If in.
OTse
1.90
2.77
3.76
4.97
6.15
(26) 6.91
8.08
U Ji in. diam.
** Cu, 3.5-4.5;
0.4-0.7.
ft Each 0.5 %.
Sheet, ^ in. thick.
Treatment t
Gm, 4 in. sq.
AI OQAA v n i* QRc, 2-0.02 in.
H, 99.64; Fe, 0.15; Si, Samej A 450o/14 h
Dc, wire
Same, A
A 1 OQ 50
f Dd, No. 10 SWG
A1 m
'
\ Same, A
Al, 99.37; Fe, 0.28; SiJ Dc, 0.064 in.
0.35
\ Dc, A
.
Al, 99.33; Fe, 0.38; Si, f R0, 0.080 in. thick
0.29
\ Same, A
f" ~G
Al, 99.25
] Liq., 658.70C
[ Liq., IQOO0C
Al, 99.11; Fe, 0.56; Si, 0.33 Gpi, 4 in. sq.
G8U
G m
Rhtt
2?72
2.73
2.75
2.77
2.78
2.81
2.82
2.85
2773
2773
2.75
2.75
2.77
2.77
2.79
2.79
2.81 2.81
2.83
2.83
2.85
2.85
2.88
2.88
Al-Zn (25)
67.9
(26)
-_^___^
T^t
68 (23)
^T
__
G4
GmH
Rh
C
/o 7^n
;-^
69
"^T
5.21
2.737
2.783
2.800
9.27
2.810 2.848
2.867
10~2 G Lit.
13.69
2.910 2.944
13.24
2.914
24.2
(22),
14.29
2.956
2.987
25.8 ~76)~
15.05
2.956
2g
3.017 3.029
16.85
2.973
20.15
3.061 3.082
3.093
26.05
3.176 3.208 3.241
PT"^
30.23
3.283
3.352
g;g.
36.02
3.325
3.424
40.27
.
3.414 3.627
26.4
(24)
44.75
3.621 3.753
3.920
49.66
3.906
Mn, 0.4-0.7; Mg,
2.06
2.89
d\
\ Lit.
2.703
(3)
2.709
2.710
2.703
2.706
2.70311 T^T
2.705||
2.702
(3)
2.705
2.708
(3)
2.709
2.72711 (12)
2.405||
2.31111
2.706
(3)
>ctt
2773
2.75
2.77
2.79
}
.
\%S P'
J
Da ft
2.800
2.868
2.940
2.985
3.035
3.088
Al-Cu-Mn (27)
%Cu
TABLE 8.SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Al (Commercial)*
% composition!
^^--^^
(26)
68.4
' { ER. I in. 350 Q V
* Dimensions are diameters.

t Contains Fe, >1; Si, >1.
Cu, 3.5-5.5 ; Mn, 0.5-0.8 ; Mg, 0.5.
Contains Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20 (nominal).
.
Jj 1 in. diam.
Al-Cu ( 7 )
(25)
26
69.4 < )
MP
Zn, 20; Cu, 3 "A"
(25)
70 3
Rh, I in.
Rh, If in.
% composition
|
Treatment*
Al, 99.24
R, I in.
Al (% = ?)
G
Cu-Mn-Mg,** D u r a - f
lumm"
l
% composition
| Name |
dl
Cu, 11-13; Fe, > 1 ; Si, > 1
L~8
2.83-2.94
Cu, 4; Fe, 2; Mg, 0.5 (nominal)
2.80
Cu, 14; Mn, 1.0; Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2 (nominal)...
2.98
Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5; Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2
Y
2.79
Cu, 6-8; Zn, > 1; Sn, 0.5-2**
L 11 2.87-2.93
Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5-3**
L5
3.0
^JM^\
794
0.94
G4
Gm11
Rh
Dctt
2.71
2.72
2.80 2.77
2.67 2.74 2.79
2.79
Al-Zn-Cu (26)
%Zn
sT
4.76
4.71
4.64
7.38
9.91
9.96
13.99
14.74
18.45
18.95
23.48
"~~~~^-^
Trt
%CT^^-^
273
0.87
2.67
3.92
1.76
0.94
2.75
1.64
2.50
0.80
1.66
2.67
Gat
27i
2.77
2.82
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.92
2.99
3.02
3.08
3.08
3.22
Gm
Rh
^
27s 2.83
2.79
2.80
2.83
2.85
2.84
2.87
2.86
2.88
2.88
2.90
2.94
2.96
3.00
3.02
3.03
3.06
3.09 3.11
3.10 3.12
3.21 3.26
Wrought Commercial Alloys
LITERATURE
Q
% composition
I Name |
d\
| Lit.
Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Mg, 0.5...
[[Jj2.75-2.83
(i)~
Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5IfU
Y
2.80
(23)
Zn, 20; Cu, 3IfTf
A
3.10
(23)
Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.5; Mn, 0.5...
E
3.10
(23)
Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.70; Mn, Tr.***
2.80
(21)
* For specific gravity of pure aluminium, v. p. 456.
t % Al by difference.
Dimensions are diameters unless otherwise indicated.
Thickness.
U Corrected to in vacuo.
T[ G, 1 in. diam.
** Contains Fe, >1; Si, >1.
ft To 1 Ke in- diam.
G to shape (0.56 in. diam.).
To % in. diam.
KII Duralumin.
1[1 Contains Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2.
*** Contains Fe, 0.28; Si, 0.28.
TABLE 9.MOLD SHKINKAGE ( 26 )

% composition*
_
100-7

( l ) Aeronautical Research Committee. Reports of the light alloys sub-committee.
London, H. M. Stat. Off., 1921. ( 2 ) Aitchison, 868, 18: 557; 24. 44O9
24: 424, 447, 470, 494; 24. (3) Brislee, 83, 9: 162; 13. (4) British Engineering Standards Association, British Standard Specifications.
( s ) British
Gov't. Airship Works, O. ( 6 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 101; 24.
( 7 ) Carpenter and Edwards, 403, 1907: 57. ( 8 ) Carpenter and Elam, 5,
100: 329; 21. () Cohn, 372, 89: 643; 10.
(10) Edwards, 78, 47: 287; 25. (U) Edwards, J. D., Aluminum Co. of America,
N. Y. C., O. (12) Edwards and Moorman, 33, 24: 61; 21. O3) Escard,
L'Aluminium dans Vindustrie, p. 260. Paris, Dunot et Pinat, 1921. ( 14 )
Grard, Aluminium and its Alloys. New York, Van Nostrand, 1922. ( 15 )
Guillet, 74, 21: 734; 24. (16) Hanson and Gayler, 47, 29: 491; 23. (* 7 )
Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. ( 18 ) Jenkin, Report on Materials of Construction
used in Aircraft and Aircraft Engines. London, H. M. Stat. Off., 1920.
( 19 ) Merica and Karr, 32, No. 139; 19.
(20) Martin, 47, 31: 121; 24. (21) Moore, 66, 23 II: 106; 23. (22) Moore,
66, 23 II : 66; 25. ( 23 ) National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England,
O. (24) Portevin, 74, 8: 721; 11. (25) Rosenhain and Archbutt, 403,
1912: 319. (26) Rosenhain, Archbutt and Hanson, 403, 1921: 699. (27)
Rosenhain and Lantsberry, 403, 1910: 119.
*o
Cu, 12, L 8
Cu, 14; Mn, 1
Cu, 7; Zn, 1; Sn, 1, L 11
Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5, "Y" alloy (23)
Zn, 13.5; Cu, 2.5, L 5
1.25
1.21
1.19
1.29
1.27
* Nominal composition, all contain Fe, 0.20 and Si, 0.20 (nominal).
t Bars cast in sand between faces of steel template and measured when cold.
PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS OF ALUMINIUM WITH

FE, MG, MN, Ni, Ni-Cu, Si, AND Si-Cu
L. AITCHISON
Density.
Tensile properties.
MATIRES
Densit.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Dichte.
Zugfestigkeit.
Annealing temperature.
Mold shrinkage.
Temprature de recuit.
Retrait au moulage.
Anlass-Temperatur.
Schwindung.
CONTENTS
Wt. %
FeI
2
4
7
11
Mg 0. 5
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Mg 2
4
5
10
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
I dl I BHN
I UTS I 10~2 E \
Al-Fe (R, A) (S, 13)
2.73
29
10.7
66
2.76
33
11.8
66
2.80
37
12.6
66
2.85
38
12.6
68
2.93
44
12.6
68
Al-Mg(R, A) (1-3, is, 14)
2.69
30
10.2
66
2.69
33
12.6
66
2.68
39
15.8
65
2.65
54
18.9
64.5
2.63
69
28.4
63
Al-Mg (G8) (1-3, is, 14)
2.68
34
12.6
64.5
2.65
35
12.6
63
2.63
36
14
63
2.57
40
16
61.5
INDICE
PAGE
Densit
542
542
Temperatura di ricottura. . 543
Ritiro nella forma
543
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. (Continued)

El
Wt. %
<
I BHN
I UTS
I IO-2 E \
El
64.5
63
63
61.5
2
2
2
2
Al-Mg (Gm) (1-3, 13, 14)
34
33
29
18
8
Mg 2
4
5
10
36
35
33
22
20
Mn 0. 5
1.0
1.5
2.5
5.0
8.0
3
3
3
3
2.68
2.65
2.63
2.57
Al-Mn
2.71
2.73
2.75
2.78
2.82
2.86
40
19
60
19.5
65
19.5
80
22
(R, A) (3, 13)
30
11
33
12.5
35
12.5
39
13.5
46
14
50
15
66
66
66
66
66
66
33
30
28
22
18
17
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.(Continued)
MOLD SHRINKAGE
1
2
I BHN I UTS I 10~2 E \ El \ RA

Al-Ni (R, A) (3, 8, 11, 13)
2.72
34
11.8
66
32
52
2.75
38
12.5
66
30
50
3
4.5
6
8
2.77
2.80
2.82
2.85
% Ni
44
44
45
47
10
I 2.91 I
% Ni
5
8
1
5
1
5
%Si
Al-Mg (1-3, 13, 14)
<
53
14
15
15
15
66
66
66
66
I 16.5 I
27
25
22
16
66
dlQ
I BHN
I UTS
I YP
Al-Ni* (Gm) ( 3 8 n 13)
2.71
34
10
4
2.80
45
15
6.3
2.86
Al-Ni-Cu* (Gm) 1% Cu (U)
2.73
37
13.4
4.7
2.83
45
17
7
Al-Ni-Cu* (R, A) 2% Cu (")
2.77
53
16.5
6.3
2.82
60
19
7
dy
I BHN
I UTS
^\^V
12
\ El
RA
~~~~"
Trt
^1 AZ / G 8
- 1 0 0 T 0 Jk
8
10
13
% Si
1
1.5
2
5
10
15
9
11
21
36
% Ni
BHN
28
30
30
35
40
47
-____
%Mn
-~^_
UT
~
'
21.0
19.3
l 5
.T
19
6
29
8
30
25
57
36
63
63
60
17.2
% Si
THERMAL PROPERTIES
ANNEALING TEMPERATURES
25O0C for Al-Mg (R, A).
2750C for Al-Fe, Al-Mn, Al-Ni (R, A), Al-Ni-Cu (R, A).
300 for Al-Mg (G8 and Gm), Al-Ni (Gm), Al-Ni-Cu (Gm),
Al-Si.
17.0
16 6
16 3
13
16
-0
Al-SJ (G3M) (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12)
% Si
-100^
16.3
io
10
13
16.0
16.0
AI-S (Gm) (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12)
% Si
-100^
15.2
14.4
Io
* IO-2 E = 66.
3
16 9
-100 T
to_
El
45
43
41
35
27
17
AI-S (G8) (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12)
El"
9
8
8
17.0
Al-Ni-Cu (Gm) 1% Cu (U)

1
% Ni
5.5
5.5
2
63
61
60
17.2
-100^
o
\1Q~*E\
17.2
to
PL
UTS
9.5
9.9
10.3
11.8
12.6
14.2
-10o4
2.65
40
12.6
2.4
2.63
44
12.6
2.4
2.60
50
14.5
3.2
Al-Si (G8M) (1-3, 5-7, 9, io, 12)
2.63
47
15.7
3
2.62
50
15.9
4.7
2.60
50
18.9
4.7
Al-Si (R, A) (1-3, 5-7, 9, io, 12)
I
Al-Ni (G m ) (3, 8, 11, 13)
Al-Si(G 8 ) ( 1 - 3 , 5 - 7 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 2 )
5
8
13
18.2 17.6 16.5 14.7 14jT

17.2 16.6 15.5 13.8 13.5
Al-Mn (3, 13)
AZ/ G8
I Q \ Gm
45
42
35
24
% Si
-100^-
to
Al-Si-Cu (G8) 2% Cu (*)

3
6
17.1
10
13.3
I
15.8
16.0
LITERATURE
O) Aitchison, O. ( 2 ) Alloys Research Committee, Inst. Mech. Eng., llth
Report, 1921. Abstract 403, 1921: 699. ( 3 ) Anderson, 423, 30: 562; 23.
(4) Dix and Lyon, 47, 32: 27; 24. (S) Edwards, 33, 27: 654; 22. ( 6 )
Fraenkel, 93, 58: 154; 08. ( 7 ) Frilley, 74, 8: 457; 11. () Gwyer, 93,
57: 113; 08. ( 9 ) Jeffries, 33, 26: 750; 22.
(10) Portevin, 74, 6: 951: 09. O 1 ) Read and Greaves, 47, 13: 100; 15. O*)
Roberts, 4, 105: 1383; 14. ( 13 ) Schirmeister, 77, 35: 649; 15. ( 1 4 ) WiIm,
192, 8: 225; 11.
PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM AND OF ITS ALLOYS WITH MORE THAN 50%

MAGNESIUM
ALBERT M. PORTEVIN
Mg-Al-Cu
Mg
YP
Treatment
F
DA
| UTS \
\ El
\
23.6
18-22
8-13
8-12t
/
14.1
~~~
S8
v aZso
\
10.7
5
-ir A
under
~
12 4
4
M-A 1
_
IQ1
r
U
/^
G
R/83
RA
Lit.
(2)
(21,22)
(2)
(18)
TTTT
(18)
(16)
13
E
%A1|%CU
met; UTS YP
*
10.71
1
I DA I 30.5 I 20 I 8.5
8
I
9
I
I 28
I 20 I 5
Lit
UTS
Lit
'
^
"
| (* 4 ) Il D0 20 % | 30 | (21, 22)
I ( i ) |l
I
I
of Pure Magnesium
UCS = 27.1 kg/mm 2 (3).

ELc = 1.18 - 5.80 (metal WH2 600/60)*(H).
E = 4260 kg/mm 2 (28).
G = 1700 kg/mm2 (19).
K = 2800 kg/mm 2 (19).
ScH = 18 for G8 (8).
BHN = 29.4BV (25); 28.6Cx (27); 22-25C(v-z) (15).
Log BHNi - log BAV2 = 0.0012 (*2 - h) (U); v. also Fig. 1.
From experiments at B. P. of air at 10, 15, 50 and 70 C,
gy= = 1.57 (IT).

For specific gravity, ^. p. 456; for compressibility, v. vol. Ill;
for viscosity, v. vol. Ill; for surface tension, v. vol. III.
Mg-Ag
I 9.8 I 36.0 I 41.5 | Lit.
I 48.5 | 104.7 | 136.2 | (25)
2.5
~
_
4.5
5
6.12
11
11.18
15
28
Treatment
"DA
f FA 450....
\Gm
DA
DA
10V
^7Q
10V
^p
10V
El
231
133
15Oi
231 105-148 95-150
85
82
10
248
150
173i
254
142
18Oi
X PL
WX
RA
Ui
f Al, 0-5, sp. vol. =

| 0.575-0.0026 Al
I (23)
f Al, 6-11, E = 4400
I kg/mm* (M
(21.22"
(26)
(26)
(21. 22)
(21, 22)
()
C1)
(L S)
(18)
( 18 )
(26)
(26)
(20)
~Ghm
Gm
(L 5)
(26)
(21, 22,
26
)
Gm
134-146 30-135
119
119 ~
55
55
10s
O
31
3?4
O" Al, 7; BHNCZ = 50
0.2
D
R
T
184 58 29
181 54 23
184 45 24
10 X UCS
10 X El9.
10 XPL
10 X UTS
0.2
155 98 20 299
165 67 45 302
145 98 37 239
Mg-Al-Ni
% Al j % Ni I Trt I 10 X UTS \ 10 X YP \ 10 X El | Lit.

8.6
I 0.7 I DA
295
| 165 | 13Oi | ( 20 )
Mg-Cd
'
D
295-309
RA 300
290 262-270 75- 8Oi 88-129
28
46
Ghm
143-154 83-85 45- 5Oi
Gm
181
50 % A I l ( Q A ) L U g Q g )
G8
100
_~1
69.0-71.0
fGm
235
133
5-10
8
83.0-84.8
\ FA400/30.
200
150
20_ 15
91.0-91.8
DA
280
220
8Oi
777
2.0 1.0 0.5

1.0 1.0
3.8 2.0
_J
5.5
F
R
D
Ghm
DA
DA
222
177
5O8
69
180-183 176 91 7.5-1O8
152-181 176
70
44 JL9
358
31
206
206
118
124
75i
113i
(i)
(i)
(i)
(i)
BHN-f (27)
175
225
250
301
289
336
293
360
293
360
299
344
314
324
315
304
319
311
432, E = 4260
8.3
8.0
2.0
%Cd
14
54
35
101
44
84
56
74
56
74
63
40
77
20
91
10
112
5
31.1; BMR =
BJ
Lit.
O
174
60
28
100
2
174
45
19
169
4
175
50
22
184
5.8
176
53
22
197
6
176
53
24
197
8
177
60
28
178
10
179
66
32
161
12
180
71
34
148
15
182
75
38
117
Al, 8 (Dowmetal A): UTS = 21.8, UCS =
kg/mm2 (5).
Sand cast; annealed 2 hr at 800 ().
% Al
"
Wfl
10 X RA
Tensieproprties_
i^x IPX IPX
Mn
10 X El
BHNczi ScH
Zn
10 X P L
dy
Cd
10 X YP
%A1
HardneS8
Cu
10 X UTS
Sand cast ( )
100 X
Wi1
Al
ScH
Name
8
BHNcz
% composition
Mg-Al
100 X rf24
Mg-Al-Cu-Cd, Etc., Dowm tais D, R and T (G8) (8)
Trt
I 3.4
I 40.1
%Cd
%Ag
BHNBV
16.1
19.6
31.9x
34.9CX
r 46cz s
23.7j j ^^
. ( 2 1 , 2 2 ) 34.1
(21, 22) 45.1
42.6CX
51.9CX
53.7
64.9X
Cd, 0-6: sp. vol. = 0.575-0.0047 Cd (23).

Cd, 1: JS = 4400 kg/mm 2 (*).
Mg-Mn
Mn, 0-4; specific volume = 0.575-0.0043 Mn (23).
Mg, 98.8; Si, 1.2 (DA)

UTS = 29 kg/mm2; YP = 22.2 kg/mm 2 ; El1 = 5 % (20).
Mg-Sn (QA)
Sn, 4: LCH = 57.0-60.0; Sn, 8: LCH = 68.0-70.0; Sn, 15:
LCH = 79.0-79.5 (!).
Mg-Cu
%
RA 300
171-189162
1O8
f G8
179 43
26
109
3515a
4
I QA
LCH = 62.0-64.5 Cu 4 (G s )isDowmetalS
4.5
DA
209 146
45i
Lit.
composition
3.02
LCH = 77.0-80.3
234
'
% Zn
2.5
3.8
5
/
\
Trt
f
K
Y
Jl
^3
120
20
219
1
2Oi
? ^
U6 31
Mg-Zn
I UTS |
23.0
23.7
18
17
14.3
Trt
DA
DA
G8
Gm
G8
%Zn
246
YP
11
12
I BHNi
45cz
67CY
47CY
/
41cz
\
Lit.
(21.22)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
BHNcz
Treatment
* * X Ela
UTS Yp
4.24 0.42 179 51-48**

4.62 .20 178 51-50**
4.37 .62 179 63-59**
"Electron" 181-183
283 119 19
253 189 19
289 189 13
232 13 15
IS
Cbarpy
Lit.
2
10 X 10 X kg-m/cm
RA
(13)
UCS YP
352
363
377
(4)
(4)
(4)
95
47
132
16
(6,7)
0-1.0
* Heated in hydrogen.
f Subscripts to Brinell hardness Nos.:
.,, ,
. A
Subscripts
v
A
B
C
Ball diam.,
mm
l
5.564
10
,
. .
Subscripts
_
U
V
W
Load,
.
kg
1 0
50
116
_ ,
. I
Load,
Subscripts
,
I
kg
X
2 0 0
Y
250
Z
I
500
Tested at 30O0C ( 8 J.
G,Q W .
Il Round bars, 7-6 mm diam.
^f Cylinders, 7.85 mm X 7.85 mm diam.
** Exterior and transverse section, respectively.
LITERATURE
Mg-Zn, 4.3; Al, 1.6;

Cu, 0.74 (D) "Electron" Metal (i)
Al
Zn
Eh
UTS
Treatment
ScH
for (QA) (16)

62.0-65.8
77.0-78.7
103-104
vol. = 0.575-0.0043 Zn
Mg-Zn-Al (21, 22)
Composition
\ 10 X El \ Lit.
17Oi
(21>22)
145i
(21,22)
748
(8)
30
(i)
40
(18)
23
%Zn
I
LCH
4
8
15
Zn, 5-15, is "electron;" Zn, 0-5: sp.
(23); Zn, 4: E = 4400 kg/mm2 (i).
( Dc 30%
^?' n I 1 Dc 10 %
AJ, u. o l
l DA
36
E = 4400 ( 2 1 > 2 2 )
kg/mm 2 (2 1, 22)
(M
(21,22)
Cu
Compression^
(i) Aitchison, 47, 29: 17; 23. ( 2 ) Anon., 115, 127: 402; 19. ( 3 ) Anon.,
Htte, 1: 496; 20. (*) Beckinsale, 47, 26: 375; 21. (5) Bureau of Standards, Tests Tn 1027/20. ( 6 ) Bureau of Standards, Tests Tn 1109/20.
( 7 ) Bureau of Standards, Tests Tn 0504/21. ( 8 ) Dow Chemical Co.,
Midland, Mich., O. ( 9 ) Edwards and Taylor, 80, 69: 1070; 23.
(io) Ewald, 8, 44: 1213; 14. (U) Faust and Tammann, 7, 75: 108; 10. (12)
Guillet, 74, 19: 359; 22. (13) Hanszel, 98, 65: 925; 21. (i*) Ito, 159,
12: 137; 23. () Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 03, 45: 1004; 13. (*)
Ludwik, 157, 13: 156; 16. (i7) Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19. .( 18 ) Maybrey,
Congrs international de fonderie, Paris, Sept., 1923. ( 19 ) Recueil de constantes physiques, p. 171. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1913.
(20) Portevin, O. (2i) Portevin, 439, 76: 486; 23. ( 2 2 ) Portevin and de
Fleury, International Air Congress, London, June, 1923. (23) Portevin
and Le Chatelier, O. ( 2 4 ) Schiibel, 93, 87: 81; 14. (25) Smirnov and
Kurnakov, 169, 14: 678; 11. 10, 2: 750; 13. (26) Thorne, 47, 29: 26; 23.
(27) Urasov, 169, 14; 11. 10, 2: 750; 13. (28) Winkelmann, B76, I:
557; 08.
RA
Cu 0-13. SD.
voi. = 0.5750.0052 Cu (23)
12.7 DA
13.64 Ohm
(16)
El3
DA
^11 ^-14
PL
211
YP
QA
UTS
Zn
(i)
(8)
( 16 )
(21, 22)
Tensioni!
100 X
#ATAUt
10 X UCS
100 X RA
10 X El
10 X PL
10 X YP
10 X UTS
ScH
BHN
100 X d\
% Cu
Treatment
'
Mg-Zn-Cu, "Electron" Metal
32 3.5 3 2 DA 45 25.3 i
f 7 11.013.4
27 8
ITs ~5~ DA ~50~ to i 23 j to to
to
23 17
5 2 DA 50 2 7 . 7 ;
I 10 12.516.3
ZINC AND ITS ALLOYS CONTAINING MORE THAN 50% ZN

C. BENEDICKS
CONTENTS
MATIRES
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Elastic properties.
Compressibility of Zn alloys.
Proprits mcaniques.
Proprits lastiques.
Compressibilit des alliages de
Zn.
Densit des alliages de Zn.
Kompressibilitt der Zn-Legierungen.
Dichte der Zn-Legierungen.
Density of Zn alloys.
INDICE
TABLE I. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Zn
Tested in liquid air
Single
I A 100 I A 200 I A 200 I A 300
crystal
UTS 1 12-261 17 1 15-301 27 | 15* | 14f | 6-16* | 5* | 3 |2.2-2.5
rt
Lit.
I Ô) I (41)
*A 30 m.
I (38)
|A 5 m.
(36, 37)
| (48) |
(35)
PAGB
Propriet meccaniche
Propriet elastiche
Compressibilit delle leghe
di Zn
Densit delle leghe di Zn .
YP = 9 3 kg/mm2 (40).
Extrusion Pressure = 75 kg/mm2 ( 29 ).
PL and EL: None defined (6* n 13); cf. however O*).
EL = 5-30 % on 150 mm
RA = 5-60 %
J { ' }'
For UTS and El vs. (,0C; v. Fig. 1; v. also ( 38 45 ).
545
546
548
548
TABLE 1.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.(Continued)

A at: *,C
,45, UTS
El&
~Obs. BHN
rj
ti
46
31*
40
61f

For UTS, YPc, BHN of Al, 0-11; Cu, 0-10; v. Figs. 6 and 7.
Zn-Cd
Values of LCH (30) ; . also Figs. 5, 6,p. 549, 550; (17) and (49)
I
I 70 I 100 150 I 200 I 250 300 |350|380
|17.615.715.7|15.4|17.0|12.4|10.25.5J5.2
|30 [41 |42 J38 J13 11
9 2 J3
Red. BHN
TT
rz r
46
35
40
52
Ball diam.
mm
10
10
10?
5
* Rate of indentation = 0.25 mm/min,
, ,
Load, kg
~
Lit.
500
50-100
500
500
(12)
(29)
(31)
(7)
"""
^T-JSLS^
1
2
4
8
lrt
-___ 0.25 0.5
Q
|63-65|74-75|89-91 |94-95 |85~89|78^79
A 26QV2-3 h
65-73|79-85|94-10098-103|96-98|85-89
For USS, v. Fig. 8, p. 550.
Zn-Cu; v. also (20, 21, 25, 26, 43)
t Rolled.
HT = BHN reduced to 10 mm, 500 kg by formula: HT =
H ^T^rV
( )> where P = radius of ball, P = load (kg), x = 3700
x
~r *
Po
for 140 < P < 500. Reduction to 10 mm, 3000 kg not performed
as being uncertain. Concerning reduction, v. also ( 3 ).
Trt
BHN*
I G I Wkc|A 80| A 100 A 125| A 250

I 38 I 64 64 | 51
j 43 | 43
Temp.,0C
BHN}....
1-50 -25| O | 25 | 50 | 75 |100| 125

88 I 78 I 69 | 61 | 54 | 47 [ 4l| 36
39
24
* 1 mm ball; 5 kg load ( ).
t Faired values ( ).
LCH = 62 2 (31).
ScH = 10 (31); 11 (42) ; 10.8 (9); v. also Fig. 2.
For some typical hysteresis diagrams, v. Fig. 3.
For: specific gravity, v. p. 456; compressibility, v. vol. Ill;
viscosity, v. vol. Ill; surface tension, v. vol. III.
Zn-Al; v. also (20, 21, 25, 26, 43)
Zn, 94; Al, 6 (A, *,C)
t,C
I UTS I El&
23.2 66
70
27.5 60
100
2 2 . 3 54
150
22.2 49
^ ^ T r
% Al^-^
IO
20
25
30
200
25.0 24
250
300
350
380
28.3 21
2 3 . 8 43
2 2 . 7 43
22.3 42
45
( )
_
35
t G 8 (**)
UTS I YP \ El&
24.3 16.710.3
29.1 26.6 6.7
29.0 1 2 . 7 1 0 . 1
27.9 16.9 4.3
|
Gm (44)
UTS \ YP \ El&
22.3 17.8 1.9
29.3 22.5 1.5
31.7 21.3 2.2
28.3 13.5 2.7
26.5 11.8 3.5
2 6 . 3 16.0 0.6
Hot r oiled ( 4 S)
Temp., C
IHN*
O
2
4
6
8
15
UTS\ El&\BHN\
30.7 39
66
33.2 37 103
34.1 28 104
38.2 50
33.2 38 110
37.3 47 103
^""^
Tft
A
(A, I9 C)
% C^^ G
*,CI UTS\ El& \\
\BHN\BHN
28.8 36
O
35 35
70 28.6 34
3.5
64 56
100 27.4 35
5.0
74 61
150 27.2 38
8.7
57 65
200 29.2 35
14.3 64 73
250
300
350
380
21.5
21.7 37
22.5 40
21.7 33
(45)
19.4 102 102

25.0 189 143
44.7 188 174
49.5 93 93
(26)
Zn, 51.97; Cu, 48.03 (15)

I 16 I 300 I 450 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 760 | 82
I 166 I 174 I 169 I 132 I 62 | 38 | 26 | 22
*For method, v. ( 14 ).
LUDWIK CONE HARDNESS OF ZN-MG, ZN-SB, AND ZN-SN ( 30 )

\Trt
"
A
|\Trt
~~]
A I
^
350/2-3h Wt.%^^
^
f/2-3h *
87^90
76-79
Sb 1
47-50 51-53
92-99
87-97
2
51-52.5 54-55 J
101-103 102-103
Sn 4
42-43 40-42
111-116 128-129
8
40-41 38-39 J
TABLE 2.ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF ZN

E
G
I 10 480| 10 300| 9 600|8 000-13 000| 8 090|

|
[
I 3 800 3 880J
j
[ 3IQOJ 160QJ 2990
Lit.
(28) (52) I (40)
(18)
I (41) (50) j (47) j (23)
| Chill cast (4 ^]"

0
^^:
^n 9^' 0Û,
*Cold rolled alloys ( 4 5 )
Wt.%^^
28.3 16.6 2.6 26.7 9.4 1.6
45
28.3 15.0 2.7 24.4 10.7 1.1Mg 0.25
50
29.2 20.3 4.1 34.0 8.0 1.1
0.5
A1> ^50. For IS of (GS) or (Gm)t ^ Fig> 5.
1
For BHN of (Q) or (A), v. Fig. 4; v. also Figs.
2
6 and 7.
Zn-Al-Cu; v. also (20, 21, 25, 26, 43)
RTTAf
(48)
% Cu* UTS I El*
0
9.1
O
1
24.8 54
3
34.0 13
40
A1
5
2
4~
lrt
LCH of Zn-Al, Q, or A Vr\IL
^"^--l| '
360/2-3 h (30).
Q
I 61-64 | 82-85 86-91 | 74-80
A 360
I 64-66 | 78-83 88-90 | 74^76
77TQ VP
Cu UTS 7Pu BHN

O
3.4 0.0
40
1.75 4.3 22.5 60
4.1 13.9 22.5 75
6.7 18.2 23.7 82
8
21.0 23.2 85
10.5 22.7 30.0 100
I X
Temp., C
G.
I 18 21 48 | 52 63 | 67 | 82 | 97 |
|3110|3100|2980|2890|2810|2790|2620|2440| (SQ)*
UTS\ El&\BHN\ UTS\BHN\ UTS\ UTS\ UTS

-I
1 TCT
31.5 31
83 47.3 99
8.7 11.5 20.7 -r-jT = 0.0035 per 0C (53) (very uncertain extrapolation).!
Ju QC
18.9
33.0 51 115 56.0 129 22.0 24.7 28.0 *V. also (23, 27, 51).
36.5 57 107 45.0 134 22.3 28.4 26.6 t v. also (34).
35.2 50 123
27.8 28.3
34.0 44 129 43.4 146 30.2 30.8 34.1
19
Cold rolled
||Zn, 97; Al,2; Cu, 1 (annealedat I0C)
% Al
I % Cu| UTSI El* [I *,C I UTS\ El& \\ t,C \ UTS \ El*
2
1
30.8 39
29.0 45 250 28.0 6
4
1
35.7 32
70 27.5 40 300 25.3
4
3
31.3 17 100 29.2 35 350 27.6 8
6
1
35.3 4 150 27.3 39 380 22.8 5
(45)
200 29.3 15
(45)
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF A SINGLE CRYSTAL ( )

<p = angle between axis of tension and hexagonal axis.
y
3.6J4.7 22 I 23 I 30 I 37 I 48 I 56 I 81 I 81 I 88
IQ-1^
|359|356|
|472|539|675|878|ll62J1230J1267|ll78
10"1G
[374J377|350|328J333|324|289| 315 464J 473| 479
K = bulk modulus = 10 100 kg/mm 2 (52).
X = 0.3 (52); x = 0.33 (cale, from G and E) (47).
Fig.2
Pure Zn
Fig.
Pure Zn
(10J
10
( J
Fig.3
Hysteresis Diagrams
for Pure Zn. (13)
Fig.4
Zn-AI
(5)
Fig.6
Zn-AI-Cu
Fig.5
Zn-Al
4
(48J
()
Fig.8
Density of
Zn-Cu
Fig.7
Zn-AI-Cu
TABLE 3.COMPRESSIBILITY OF ZN ALLOYS* ( 32 )

Wt. %
Al 5
25
50
CdIO
40
Cu 10
30
50
Pb 220
Fb
i
1
Temp., C
19.0
15.4
18.0
21.5
22.5
6.0
25.2
20.5
| Range, atm. [ IQ
1-1050
1-1050
1-1050
1-1050
1-1050
1-1050
1-1050
1-1050
6
x
^2100
1-2100
104
LITERATURE
per atm.
1.9
2.3
1.8
1.7
2.8
1.8
1.5
1.9
1>6
3.3
* For compressibility of pure Zn, v. vol. III.
TABLE 4.SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ZN ALLOYS

For specific gravity of pure Zn, v. p. 456
Chill
% Al I
9.59
19.40
25.37
30.78
34.65
40.80
44.85
50.30
Zn-Al (44)
I
Zn-Cu
cast I Sand cast v. Fig. 8. The low values obtained
df I % Al| dlQ
by many investigators in the range
6.120 9.696.182 5'3% 0^ are due to shrinking
5.38020.035.458 'fefs ?* PoroBrty. Values of
5.008 24.98 5.043 (55) are checked by X-fay analygls4.76830.584.707
4.38335.204.487
AK-QKW^
4.12340.374.290
^n, 00, E>D, 00 ( )
4.10345.023.992 *,C I 20 [ 600 700 | 800 | 900
3.92050.383.906 d 6.56 6.20 6.14|6.07 6.01

C 1 ) Arnold, 92, 30: 209; 17. (2) Bamford, 47, 26: 155; 21. (3) Batson, 403,
2: 463; 18. < 4 ) Bauer and Heidenhain, 95, 16: 221; 24. (5) Bauer and
Vogel, 95, 8: 101; 16. (6) Bauschinger, 161, 20: 1; 91. ( 7 ) Benedicks and
Christiansen, 220, 108: 361; 24. () Benedicks, Dias., Upsala, 1904. ()
Benedicks and Westgren, Metallografiska Institutet, Stockholm, O.
(i) Bingham, 47, 24: 333; 20. (U) Brezina, 63, 24: 338; 23. (*) Brinell,
Tekn. Tidskrift avd. /. mek. o. elektroteknik, 30: 69; 00. ( 1 ^) Dalby,
62, 221:117; 20. (U) Edwards, 47, 20: 61; 18. (* 5 ) Edwards and Herbert,
47, 25: 183; 21. 0) Faust and Tammann, 7, 75: 108; 11. (") Glasunov
and Matveev, 95, 5: 113; 14. (18) Grneisen, 8, 22: 801 ; 07. (19) Grneisen and Goens, 96, 26: 235; 24.
(20) Quillet and Bernard, 47, 15: 407; 18. (21) Hanson and Gayler, 47, 27:
267; 22. (22) Hoffmann and Stahl, 187, 21: 22; 24. (23) Iokibe and Sakai,
3, 42, 397; 21. 159, 10: 1; 21. (24) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. (25) Jaresf
95, 10: 1; 19. (26) Johnson, 47, 20: 233; 18. (27) Katzenelsohn, Diss.r
Berlin, 1887. (28) Kiewit, Diss., Gttingen, 1886. ( 29 ) Kurnakov and
Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 45: 1004; 13.
(30) Ludwik, 93, 94: 161; 16. (31) Ludwik, 77, 40: 1547; 20. (") Lussana,
69, 19: 182; 10. (33) Maey, 7, 38: 289; 01. ( 34 ) Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19.
( 35 ) Mark, Polanyi and Schmid, 96, 12: 58; 23. ( 36 ) Martens, Mitt, aus
den kgl. techn. Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin Ergnzungsheft, 4: 1; 89. ( 37 )
Masing and Polanyi, 96, 28: 169; 24. < 38 ) Mathewson, Trewin and Finkeldey, 80, 64: 305; 21. (39) Matveev, 74, 8: 708; 11.
(40) Meyer, 424, 53: 538; 05. ( 4 I) Moore, 86, No. 52; 11. (42) O'Neill,
58, 111: 430; 23. (43) Portevin, 74, 8: 720; 11. (44) Rosenhain and
Archbutt, 403, 2: 319; 12. (45) Rosenhain, Haughton and Bingham, 47,
23: 261; 20. (46) Sauerwald, 95, 14: 457; 22. (47) Schaefer, 8, 5: 220; 01.
(48) Schulz and Waehlert, 187, 16: 195; 19. ( 49 ) Stone, 40, 12: 11; 18.
80, 60: 303; 19.
(50) Sutherland, 3, 32: 31; 91. ( s *) Tomlinson, 5, 40: 343; 86. ( 52 ) Voigt,
8, 48: 674; 93. (*3) Wahlberg, 220, 56: 79; 01. (54) Wassmuth, 75, 115:
223; 06. ( 55 ) Weber, 8, 62: 666; 20. (*) Westgren and Phragmen, 3,
50: 311; 25.
* M. P. =510C.
CADMIUM AND ITS ALLOYS WITH AG, As, Au, Bi, Cu, HG, MG, PB, SN, TL, AND ZN
C. H. M. JENKINS
Cd (v. also Fig. 1)
| UTS \ El \ RA \
Treatment
Gm, 1 in. diam
8.5
52
80
Rc, V 12 mo
7
95
>90
R0, V 12 mo, 300/1 d
6.1
64
85
Li~
(7.3)
(7.3)
(7.3)
10- J^ = 7.0701 ,17.

10-3G = 2.45o J ( } *
#ocAEVabs. = 2.50 (by damping of wires) (13).
T>TTTIT
fI AfJL
21-24
fas lÔitSljJ
rast
4rt \ditS
iI
^ .-.
-,
-.-i
fj-v/^k 1
Compound Cd-Ag: BHN = 74 (10 mm ball, 200 kg) ().

Cd-As
Cd-Au
For hardness v. Fig. 2.
Cd-Bi
Nu
0.52
0.54
1.00
BHN = <[21
o-i (worked,
/ i j agedj - i1 mo)
\ rJ10 mm ball, 500
' kg.
Changes in hardness occur at atmospheric temperatures. Prsent values of BHN of worked material are unsatisfactory ( 2 6).
Log BHNi - log BHN2 = 0.00295 (fc - *i); between -450C
and +1420C (10 mm ball, 500 kg) (7).
For effect of temperature on properties, v. Fig. 1.
For: density, v. p. 456; compressibility v. vol. Ill; viscosity, v.
vol. Ill; surface tension v. vol. III.
cd _ A
For density v. Fig. 7.
^^
TTTT
1-03
i L qc
-yo
2.00
2.86
2
Ô
4.83
Cd-Cu
Cast material (7-1)
^
j
J1
g ' 35
38
11.4
12.2
13.7
48
44
19
13.25
. b
1414
15.2
15 .45
14 9
15.5
42
fi
91 1
^
18
3
4
^J
5g
76
66
51
76
o6
13
2
3
O
O
.
Rolled material, aged 3 mo at room temperature (8)
Nil
8.8
58
> 90
Nil
9.0
59
>90
O 54
10 4
50
>-QO
^90
Q '^
1Q ^
90
1-00
1 0
^
2
2.00
2
-86
11.8
U -8
44
67
13 7
50
13.1
38
13.85
21
Continued on p. 049
>90
>90
68
64
10
Fig.1
Properties of Cadmium
at high temperatures
Fig.2
Hardness of AirCd
C8)
Fig.4
Hardness of Mg-Cd
(A380C)
C6)
Fig.3
Hardness of
Cd-Bi Cd-TI
(3.1,4)
Fig.5
Hardness of Cd'Zn
(5)
Cd-Cu.(Continued)
Annealed rolled material (annealed for 6 wk at 25O0C.
tion by rolling, 70%) (7-1)
% Cu
Nil
Nil
0.52
0.52
1.03
1.03
1.95
1.95
2.90
2.90
UTS
6.9
6.85
11.35
11.2
12.75
12.9
14.2
13.7
14.5
14.0
El
54
61
50
58
38
50
36
37
24
25
Continued on p. 551
Reduc-
RA
86
87
74
80
68
70
42
42
15
25
Fig. 9
{7.4}
Fig. 6
Hardness of Cd'Zn
(9)
Fig. IO
Elongation of Cd-Zn
(,4)
Fig.7
Density of Cd-As
C5)
Fig.8
Shearing Strength
of Cd-Zn Solder Films
Film3/8inx&in between Vs
in.x 3/16 in. Mild Steel Plates
tested in double shear (3J
2 Two observations
Fig:n
Hardness of Cd-Zn
,7.4)
Fig. 14
Hardness of Zn-Cd
Fig.12
,74)
Fig. 12.Tensile strength of Cd-Zn.

Cd-Cu.-- (Continued)
VOa
_
BHN
Max.
*
Min.
Mean
Cast material
Fig. 13
Elongation of Zn-Cd
O
0.52
1.03
1.95
2.90
4.83
2
36
39
42
46
57
4
32
36
38
44
51
24~5
34
38
41
45
54
Material annealed for 6 wk at 25O0C

O
0.54
1.00
2.00
2.86
4.81
26
33
36
39
44
52
25
32
34
38
40
49
25To
33
35
38.5
41.5
50
* 10 mm ball, 500 kg applied 3 min.
Cd-Hg
For density v. Fig. 10, p. 590.
Cd-Mg
Compound Cd-Mg: BHN = 52 (12) (I0
v. also Fig. 4.
Cd-Pb-Sn*
% Pb
90
85
80
75
I % Cd I % Sn
10
O
10
5
10
10
10 I 15
dl
I UTS
11.09
3.51
10.67
10.35
4.03
10.26
4.14
* Solders.
Cd-Tl
mm
ball, 200 kg);
El
37.5
52.3
41.7
\ Lit.
(*)
O)
(i)
(*)
LITERATURE
Cd-Zn (7.2); v. also Figs. 5, 6, 8-14.

% Cd I UTS
I
82.6
15.75
82.6
11.6
94.0
9.45
94.0
11.4
El
30
68
5
60
RA
35
90
5
90
(For a key to the periodicals see end of the volume)
Treatment
As cast*
A 250/6 wf
As cast*
A250/6wf
* Casting conditions: Poured at 27O0C into cold cast iron mold 1 in. diam.
t Material reduced 70 % by cold rolling and annealed for 6 wk at 25O0C.
(M Burgess and Woodward, 88, 109: 8; 19. (2) Cook, 47, 29: 119; 23. ( 3 )
Deeley, 47, 34: 193; 25. C 3 - 1 ) di Capua, 22, 32 II: 343; 23. < 4 ) di Capua
and Arnone, 22, 33 I: 28; 24. < 5 ) Glasunov and Matveev, 95, 5: 113; 14.
(6) Greenwood, 83, 17: 681; 21. (7) Ito, 169, 12: 137; 23. < * ) Jenkins,
47, 34: 103; 25. ( 7 - 2 ) Jenkins, 47, 34: 204; 25. ( 7 - 3 ) Jenkins, National
Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 7 - 4 ) Jenkins; 47, 36: Preprint, 26.
() Ludwik, 98, 59; 657; 15. ( 9 ) Ludwik, 93, 94; 161; 16.
( 1 O) Ludwik, 7, 91; 232; 16. ( 11 J Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47; 197; 15. ( 12 )
Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 45; 1004; 13. O3) Mallock, 5, 95; 429; 19.
(is) Zhemchuzhnui, 95, 4; 228: 13. (16) Urasov, 169, 14; 675; 11. < 17 )
Voigt, 8, 49: 717; 40. ( 1 8 ) Soldau, 53, 46: 1011; 14.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS WITH

AG, As, Bi, CD, FE, Mw, O, P, SB, AND Si
D. HANSON
CONTENTS
MATIRES
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INDICE
Tensile (compressive) and elastic properties.
Rsistance la traction (compression) et proprits lastiques.

Duret.
Densit.
Druck-und Zug-Festigkeit und

elastische Eigenschaften.
Comportamento alla trazione (compressione) e

propriet elastiche
552
Durezza
554
Densit
554
Hardness.
Density.
Hrte.
Dichte.
TENSILE (COMPRESSIVE) AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES

Cu (v. also Figs. 1-4 and pp. 558-560)
Tensile properties of electrolytic Cu (RA 700/30) ()
Wt. % composition
I t, 0C I W2UTS \ El*
~
T Room
2277
58
Composition,
hundredths %
As I
O
I Ag
RA
72.7
*-015;Sl-Tr
{ -- "MUT -T--T-
o
n n i f i Si,
^- Tr
T
Q2, 0.016,
om
/ *-^
|
2273
^-53.6
76.8^-
Compression of Cu cylinder 54.07 mm X 27.73 mm diam. ( 25 )

P = Load, kg; A = cross-section area, mm2; A 0 = original cross
section area, mm2.
P/Ao
-IQOAZ/Zo
P/A
16.8 25.3 33.7 42.150.759.067.475.884.2

0.94 1.32 8.41 20763OTe39.1 46.251.655.9
16.7 24.9 30.8 33.435.035.936.236.637.1
USS = UTS9 same variations (24).

Electrolytic, annealed, 10~2# = 123 - 131 (, 20, 23).
E = E0 (1 + at), where a = -3.59 X 10~4 (6, 26).
Pure, 10-2G = 43.2 (16).
X = 0.31 - 0.34 (1, , 20).
Composition,
hundredths %
As I
O
I Ag
UTS
YP
El
RA
53
75
94
137
180
T
25.2
24.9
24.4
25.7
24.4
4~2
13.4
12.6
12.6
12.6
16.1
27*
29*
21*
25*
28*
20*
V aiso
'
5 ^ 6 4 ~ 2
6.3
9.4
5.8
17.5
4.8
29
22/7
22.9
24.0
24.1
El
Cu-As-O (4)
26
12
0.7
24.4 14.8
40
94
15
0.8
25.4 13.6
54
194
20
0.5
26.0
9.8
62
Composition, hundredths %
Trmct
;
:
UTS
As
I
O
I
Cu-As-Bi-O (R0A DR/W Q) (13)
42
5.5
Bi 5.1
23.8
40
6.8
7.3
22.8
39
8.4
9.7
23.2
47
7.3
12.4
23.3
Cu-As-Sb (A800/15) (14)
36
I
6.5
I Sb 20
||
23.5 |
Cu-As-Si-Fe (is)
34
Fe 3.5
Si 2
24.4
36
6
20
24.6
35
7
15
25.1
39
13
22
25.7
38
13
36
25.5
35
24
80
28.8
37
5
0.0
25.5
69
43
0.0
27.0
Composition,
hundredths %
Cd I Fe
I Q
!\
Cu-As-Ag-O (RcA DR/30 Q) (13)

30
42
45
42
YP
RA
79
70
80
El
42b
4Oh
33b
35b
48b
43
50
40
37
41
37
46
48
* Gage length = 1 in.
Cu-As (Rh to Y% in. diam., Q) (17)

.~
UTS
PAGE
3
&
~
V
35b
'.
43b
If8'
1
43b
^'4'
50
100
200
300
400
700
1100
1400
UTS
YP
Cu-Cd (G) (5)

17.0 2.4
20.5 2.4
22.1 1.81
22.1 2.44
21.3 2.44
15.8
2.5
11.0
3.0
7.1
3.2
El
CS*
14
13
13
11
10
5
5
17.0
20.4
22.1
22.1
21.6
16.5
11.0
7.2
LITERATURE
Cd-Zn (7.2); v. also Figs. 5, 6, 8-14.

% Cd I UTS
I
82.6
15.75
82.6
11.6
94.0
9.45
94.0
11.4
El
30
68
5
60
RA
35
90
5
90
(For a key to the periodicals see end of the volume)
Treatment
As cast*
A 250/6 wf
As cast*
A250/6wf
* Casting conditions: Poured at 27O0C into cold cast iron mold 1 in. diam.
t Material reduced 70 % by cold rolling and annealed for 6 wk at 25O0C.
(M Burgess and Woodward, 88, 109: 8; 19. (2) Cook, 47, 29: 119; 23. ( 3 )
Deeley, 47, 34: 193; 25. C 3 - 1 ) di Capua, 22, 32 II: 343; 23. < 4 ) di Capua
and Arnone, 22, 33 I: 28; 24. < 5 ) Glasunov and Matveev, 95, 5: 113; 14.
(6) Greenwood, 83, 17: 681; 21. (7) Ito, 169, 12: 137; 23. < * ) Jenkins,
47, 34: 103; 25. ( 7 - 2 ) Jenkins, 47, 34: 204; 25. ( 7 - 3 ) Jenkins, National
Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 7 - 4 ) Jenkins; 47, 36: Preprint, 26.
() Ludwik, 98, 59; 657; 15. ( 9 ) Ludwik, 93, 94; 161; 16.
( 1 O) Ludwik, 7, 91; 232; 16. ( 11 J Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47; 197; 15. ( 12 )
Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 45; 1004; 13. O3) Mallock, 5, 95; 429; 19.
(is) Zhemchuzhnui, 95, 4; 228: 13. (16) Urasov, 169, 14; 675; 11. < 17 )
Voigt, 8, 49: 717; 40. ( 1 8 ) Soldau, 53, 46: 1011; 14.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS WITH

AG, As, Bi, CD, FE, Mw, O, P, SB, AND Si
D. HANSON
CONTENTS
MATIRES
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INDICE
Tensile (compressive) and elastic properties.
Rsistance la traction (compression) et proprits lastiques.

Duret.
Densit.
Druck-und Zug-Festigkeit und

elastische Eigenschaften.
Comportamento alla trazione (compressione) e

propriet elastiche
552
Durezza
554
Densit
554
Hardness.
Density.
Hrte.
Dichte.
TENSILE (COMPRESSIVE) AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES

Cu (v. also Figs. 1-4 and pp. 558-560)
Tensile properties of electrolytic Cu (RA 700/30) ()
Wt. % composition
I t, 0C I W2UTS \ El*
~
T Room
2277
58
Composition,
hundredths %
As I
O
I Ag
RA
72.7
*-015;Sl-Tr
{ -- "MUT -T--T-
o
n n i f i Si,
^- Tr
T
Q2, 0.016,
om
/ *-^
|
2273
^-53.6
76.8^-
Compression of Cu cylinder 54.07 mm X 27.73 mm diam. ( 25 )

P = Load, kg; A = cross-section area, mm2; A 0 = original cross
section area, mm2.
P/Ao
-IQOAZ/Zo
P/A
16.8 25.3 33.7 42.150.759.067.475.884.2

0.94 1.32 8.41 20763OTe39.1 46.251.655.9
16.7 24.9 30.8 33.435.035.936.236.637.1
USS = UTS9 same variations (24).

Electrolytic, annealed, 10~2# = 123 - 131 (, 20, 23).
E = E0 (1 + at), where a = -3.59 X 10~4 (6, 26).
Pure, 10-2G = 43.2 (16).
X = 0.31 - 0.34 (1, , 20).
Composition,
hundredths %
As I
O
I Ag
UTS
YP
El
RA
53
75
94
137
180
T
25.2
24.9
24.4
25.7
24.4
4~2
13.4
12.6
12.6
12.6
16.1
27*
29*
21*
25*
28*
20*
V aiso
'
5 ^ 6 4 ~ 2
6.3
9.4
5.8
17.5
4.8
29
22/7
22.9
24.0
24.1
El
Cu-As-O (4)
26
12
0.7
24.4 14.8
40
94
15
0.8
25.4 13.6
54
194
20
0.5
26.0
9.8
62
Composition, hundredths %
Trmct
;
:
UTS
As
I
O
I
Cu-As-Bi-O (R0A DR/W Q) (13)
42
5.5
Bi 5.1
23.8
40
6.8
7.3
22.8
39
8.4
9.7
23.2
47
7.3
12.4
23.3
Cu-As-Sb (A800/15) (14)
36
I
6.5
I Sb 20
||
23.5 |
Cu-As-Si-Fe (is)
34
Fe 3.5
Si 2
24.4
36
6
20
24.6
35
7
15
25.1
39
13
22
25.7
38
13
36
25.5
35
24
80
28.8
37
5
0.0
25.5
69
43
0.0
27.0
Composition,
hundredths %
Cd I Fe
I Q
!\
Cu-As-Ag-O (RcA DR/30 Q) (13)

30
42
45
42
YP
RA
79
70
80
El
42b
4Oh
33b
35b
48b
43
50
40
37
41
37
46
48
* Gage length = 1 in.
Cu-As (Rh to Y% in. diam., Q) (17)

.~
UTS
PAGE
3
&
~
V
35b
'.
43b
If8'
1
43b
^'4'
50
100
200
300
400
700
1100
1400
UTS
YP
Cu-Cd (G) (5)

17.0 2.4
20.5 2.4
22.1 1.81
22.1 2.44
21.3 2.44
15.8
2.5
11.0
3.0
7.1
3.2
El
CS*
14
13
13
11
10
5
5
17.0
20.4
22.1
22.1
21.6
16.5
11.0
7.2
Fig.l
Tensile strength of Copper

at high temperatures
Composition
hundredths %
I
Fe
|
O
UTS
El
RA
Cu-Fe (RA700/30) (io)

"
20
~40
II
70
v. also
Fig
5
Dig. o
o
9b
*A! -
0.3
OT" T^
\16.9
IT
/26.5
U 8
'
\18.1
-7
25 2
0
I
'
0.55
\19.1
138
138
O 44
'
180
'7
209
J
9
O8 8
U
/22.8
\16.5
22.4
TT
57s
51.78
6O8
^"
(B)
(A)
(B)
6 8
50.8s
51.7s
51.4,
(A)
45s
82
(A)
79
(B)
I 30 ' 4
\23.2
/31.2
\25.7
(B)
(A)
(B)
l 34 ' 8
\27.3
'
(A)
(B)
(A)
(A)
(B)
73
63
73
68
80
83
42.5. 88
^09
2O8
29.O9
24.6,
33 7s
279
81
79
82
79
80
-}o.
(A) Tested at room temp.

(B) Tested at 25O0C.
Fig4
Fig.2
Effeet of
Annealing
Temperature
C9)
Elongation of Copper at
high temperatures
Composition,
hundredths %
Mn
I
P
Trt
UTS
El
Cu-Mn (RA 500 C8 or Q) (21)

T
15
12
1
lI 4
19
19
21
1
29
2 2
2 2
Fig.3
Effect of Rolling on Electrolytic Copper
O^ 0.071-AsO -Ag 0.0005
~
^
'*
fC.
\Q
/C 8
\Q
32.6
34.2
33.2
34.4
45.5
45
45
44.5
/C
\Q
33 9
33.6 44
34.7 44
34.5 44.5
34.8 44
34.7 44.5
35.5 44
34.4
44 5
44
40
20
2
'
/C 8
\Q
/C 5
\Q
/C 8
\Q
61
24
*
/C'
\Q
34 8
44 5
98
21
Z
1
(8
\Q
36 7
44 5
'
43
2^3
*
9 ,
2 6
'
/ Ca
\Q
/C 8
\Q
38 6
^
40
134
134
M
149
^
'
'
35.8
'
37.8
'
43
42 5
'
40.0 40.5
39.1 40.5
40.8 40
Cu-O (RA700/30) (")

^C
I UTS
I
%O I
El8
5
'
15.86 58
22.7 56
RA
(20
I 250
~~~~~~ / 2 0
22 57
\ 25
/20
\ 250
/20
\25Q
~~~~ /20
U<
^ \250
~ J 20
'36 \250
16 27
50 8
65tl
'
'
23.2
52.5a 64.7
17.05 56.4 67.8
24.20
49.2 56.4
17.2 52
66
24.53 "US
42.5
17.0 48.8 58
26.2 34
~~38
17.8 47.2 62.8
004
n nQ
U UU
71 4
'
69.5
70.2
HARDNESS OF Cu AND ITS ALLOYS WITH AG, CD, FE, MN, O, P

AND Si.(Continued)
% composition |
BHN
RA 500 Q
P 0.014
74
.042
74
.092
74
173
74
.399
77
.563
77
1.06
96
|| % composition |
BHN
Cu-Si (22)
A 800-900/1 h
si 1.7
59
2.2
71 .5
2.6
73
2.7
82
3.8
I20
Scleroscope hardness of pure Cu (A), 6-8; (R0 66%), 22-24 (4, 7).
* 10 mm ball/500 kg load; others 5 rnm/500 kg.
t Contains 0.12-0.2% P.
Cu-P (21)
(R)
UTS I
36.1
38.6
39.5
39.6
42.7
46.4
53.4
% P
0.014
.042
.092
.173
.399
.563
1.062
El ~
4.3
3.9
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.3
2.0
(RA 500 C8)

UTS I El
23.0 46.5
23.0 46
23.5 45
24.3 42
25.4 41
26.9 40
28.7 40
(RA 500 Q)
UTS \ El
24.6 45
25.1 44
25.1 43
25.7 41.5
26.2 40
28.8 40
31.8 38
HARDNESS OF Cu AND ITS ALLOYS WITH AG, CD, FE, MN, O, P

AND Si
% composition I
BHN
|l % composition |
BHN
Cu (electrolytic)
I
Cu-Mn-Pf.-(Continued)
(G) (U)
I
28-30*
RA 500 C8
(Dp) (U) I
58^66
Mn 0.04
74
74
lg
Cu-Ag (22)
29
77
A 750-770/24 h
.40
77
Ag 4.2
63
-61
81
5.5
72
-98
84
Cu-Cd(GH 5 )
55
Cd 0.5
9'?,
14
2
66
Cu-Fe (G) (IQ)

Fe 0.06
28
.2
28.2
.4
35
.73
44
.96
45
1 38
45
1.80
49.5
2.09
49
Cu-Mn (A) (22)
-^7-2
TU
153
108
31.1
140
Cu Mn Pt (21
- >
RA 500 Q
Mn 0.04
77
.29
84
.40
77
.61
81
1.34
88
I '.49
88
Cu-O (G) (U)
00.015
30
no
OQ
.036
33
.06
34
-08
36
-17
43
-28
53
.36
57
Cu-P (21) R
P 0.014
96
042
I0I
.092
112
.173
118
f693
i'n?
in
L^
1*2
RA 500 C8
PQ.014
3
042
65
.092
68
.173
70
.399
74
.563
77
1.06
84
SPECIFIC GRAVITY* OF COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS WITH FE, MN,

P AND O
Annealed high conductivity Cu, d = 8.86-8.92 (variable with

oxygen content and soundness of ingot) ( 6 > 9> n 12). For
density of pure Cu, v. p. 456.
Cu-Fe(U)
%Fe
H
8.92
8.92
8.92
8.92
8.92
8.91
8.90
8.90
0.06
.2
.4
.73
.96
1.38
1.8
2.09
Cu-Mn-Pl
Cu-P
J1
% Mn
0.04
.19
.98
1.49
. I
RAf
8.90
8.92
8.92
8.91
8.91
8.91
8.91
8.90
d
8.905
8.903
8.860
8.820
8.945
8.938
8.903
8.758
% P
0.012
.021
.021
0.026
T4
.173
.399
1.062
Cu-O (U)
-
0.015
.016
.04
.06
.09
.17
.28
j*6
B
8.917
8.92
8.907
8.910
8.884
8.825
8.8
8.75
RAt
8.912
8.91
8.905
8.901
8.882
8.842
8.8
8.76
* All specific gravity values for alloys refer to rolled or worked material.
Densities of castings mainly unreliable owing to irregular unsoundness.
t R, A 700/30.
LITERATURE
Fig.5
Effect of Annealing
Temperature on Cu-Fe
RdAt/l5
(i) Amagat, 34, 108: 1199; 89. (2) Bengough, 47, 7: 123; 12. ( 3 ) Bengough
and Hanson, 47, 12: 56; 14. (*) Bengough and Hill, 47, 3: 34; 10. ( 5 )
Budgen, Cadmium and Its Alloys. London, Griffin and Co., 1924. ( 6 )
Bureau of Standards, 365, 73: 32, 38; 18. ( 7 ) Caesar and Gerner, 40,10: 208;
16. ( 8 ) Carrington, 3, 41: 206; 21. ( 9 ) Bellinger, 459, 58: 889; 11.
(10) Hanson and Ford, 47, 32: 335; 24. (U) Hanson, Marryat and Ford, 47,
30: 197; 23. ( 1 2 ) International Electrotechnical Commission, Publication
No. 28: 4; 14. ( 13 ) Johnson, 47, 4: 163; 10. ( 1 4 ) Johnson, 47, 7: 240; 12.
(15) Johnson, 47, 10: 275; 13. ' ( 16 ) Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15.
(17) Lewis, 135, 83: 3; 01. ( 18 ) Macnaughton, 140, 109: 409; 24. (1)
Mathewson and Thalheimer, 80, 55: 446; 16.
(20) Morrow, 3, 6: 417; 03. (") Hunker, 192, 9: 185; 12. (22) Norbury, 47,
29: 423; 23. ( 2 3 ) Searle, 3, 49: 193; 00. ( 2 ^) Thurston, Materials of
Engineering, Part III. New York, Wiley, 1910. ( 2 5 ) Unwin, Testing of
Materials of Construction. London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1910. (26)
Wassmuth, 75, 115, II A: 223; 06.
(10)
PROPERTIES OF BRASSES AND OF PB, SB, SN AND THEIR ALLOYS

O. F. HUDSON
For specific gravities of the pure metals v. p. 456; for compressibilities, v. vol. Ill; for viscosities, v. vol. Ill; for surface tension,
v. vol. III.
Cu-ZN, SIMPLE BRASSES*
8
k t BHN ScH
Cu \^ Lit
(1)
Trt ^"^^
90 G8
Rd
R8
80 G8
Rd
R8
70 G9
Rd
R8
UiT G8
Rd
R8
65 I
60 us
(12,
(13)
13)
13-17)
17)
RA
(13-
~ "U***" ~55~
60
56
G8
80
52
Gm
G8
95
90
Gm
16
47 __ J.9_
35
45
39
55
60
47
J7_ _6_
UCS I^
Shr.
(4)
(1)
UT
5.5 2.1
27
6.9 1.87
42
6.2 1.79
15)
45 12
22
25
120 41
39
5
~43~ 11
25
45_
8.62 45
12
25
30_
30
145
50
47
10_
30
~ 45 12
28
50
85
8UO 45 ~2~
28
16
35
35
__ 145 50
47 _47_ _24_
15
50
.~ ~ 45 12 " 28
9 6
70
75
~48~ 13
28
30
30
~
145 50
50
15_
50
43
16
31
60
70
As rolled, ELs = 20; annealed, ELs = 6 (from torsion teste)
8.40 70 20
36
20
20
25
7JJ^ 2.29
C 13 )
53
6.2 2.34
20
31
10
16
2.37
6.2 2.50
J?UL ZZ
G8
Gm
El&
8/75
Rd
50
UTS I YP PL
(5, 6, (13) (13) (6, !3-
95
8.30
77_
90
EFFECT OF ROLLING ON HARDNESS OF BRASS

Cu, 66.65; Pb, 0.3; Fe, 0.08 (24) .
I 2
I 4
I 8
I 12
I 15
I 25
| 50
I 9.7 I 12.7 I 15.2 | 17.3 | 21.5 | 27.4 |.38.2
* 7 = Per cent reduction in rolling.
|k, 0 C*|
[(2O)
285
Cu, 71; Zn, 28.53; Pb, 0.25;
350
Fe, 0.20; Sn, 0.02 (i in.
400
diam.)t ( 15 )
500
725
[920
(20)
320
405
500
Cu, 69.4; Zn, 30.44; Fe, 0.15;
570
Pb, 0.005; Sn, trace (i in. \ 630
diam.)t (15)
660
702
765
808
'
[900
% composition
YP \ UTS \ Ela \ RA
33.9 39.4 35
65
32.9 40.3 35
66
28.8 39.7 38.5 53
25.5 38.7 46
53.5
9.1 32.9 67.5 74.5
6.8 29.1 80
75
5.8 28.7 78
63
49.6 49.9 19.0 65
43.1 51.8 19.5 65.5
17.8 39.5 55
75.5
19.5 36.5
72
15.1 36.9 60
77
10.2 33.1 65
75
10.1 32.3 76.5 80
8.0 31.5 76
77
6.5 31.2 79
70
5.4 29.0 81
75
5.2 27.9 83.5 70
% composition
|<A,C*| ScH \ UTS [ El9. \ RA

(20) 34.5 62.5
6
34.8
19 5
40 6
38
54 4
P 7 0.08
n n (cross-section
f'
; ' n0.5
, ' \ 45
Fe,
55
in A
XO
n it (24)
in.
u. l iin.;?
^ ;
QQQ
16 3
37 5
48
60
61 4
^-4
[750
7.5
Pn fififi*.^ 9 S Q 7 - P K Hl.
2.50
Elastic properties of brass, composition not stated: 10-2JSJ = 79-92 (G8); =

92 (Rd); = 100(R3)(S); 10-2^ = 36; X = 0.327(22).
* Mechanical properties of brasses vary widely with condition. Data given
are typical of alloys in the indicated conditions.
t For chill castings.
Standard 120 ft. Ib. specimens with 11, 23, and 46 ft. Ib. tups.
USS = 24(G) (9); EL8 = 8.5(R8) (13).
7*
ScH
EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON -BRASS
35
'
12 8
g-5
'
34 5
g j -
29.7
58
g
'
67
56.7
a-Brass (24), composition not stated. Ra, 40%: UTS = 53.9;

El = 11.1. A 200/30: UTS = 55.1; El = 10.0.
* Annealed 30 min. at A,C.
t RdJ 50 % reduction.
ANNEALING TEMPERATURES FOR SIMPLE BRASSES

For 70/30 Brass: A 650 10 gives complete softening and
moderate grain size (13 ).
For 60/40 Brass: A 650 for final treatment but for subsequent
hot working, reheat up to ca. 800 (13.).
For 70/30 or 60/40 Brass: To remove dangerous internal stress,
A 250 (28, 29).
EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON BHN OF Rd -BRASS (2)

Cu, 68.48; Zn, 31.47; Pb, 0.02; Fe, 0.03, annealed 30 min at tAf 0C
r^r^^J*
IA,
O ^^^
20
200
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
20 2
36 6
50 9
59-1
110
109
106
104
103
102
102
88.3
82.6
75.2
75.0
70.4
65.9
61.7
55.8
50.6
46.0
43.9
41.3
142
148
143
140
137
106
100
88.8
74.6
71.2
70.5
66.2
61.3
55.4
51.5
48.9
45.9
43.1
41.1
158
169
166
155
130
93.3
91.2
86.4
79.6
76.5
74.1
69.1
62.0
56.8
52.1
49.7
46.4
43.1
42.0
163
172
171
154
124
l, U.UO
(5T
134
27.7 8.011.7 (32)
^3 50.2
6Q g 3 1 9 1 7 > Q 2 0 0
o^^^^M^g;;;;;.::::"^ i ailOS:;(32)
Cu^Zn.aÂM.oojg::;;:;::: % %< .0%'
Cu, 57; Zn, 42; Al, 1
Cu, 55; Zn, 41; Al, 4
138
57 3
'
58.2
25 2 1 6
021
' 27.0
- 33.5
'
18.4
40^0_
60.0
50
16.5
(">
(5)
(5)
Cu-Zn-Fe, Fe-brasses
Cu, 60; Zn. 38.2; Fe, 1.8
Cu. 59 .3 7;Z n.3 9 .6S ;F e.0. 95 {g;; :;:::::
40.3 "Aich's metal"
(*T
^ ^
cu.^zn.ss.sê.^lg;;;::::;;^ a : *a : g;M"'cu.^zn.ao.ê.^g;;:;;;;;: g g;g ; ;(")

4
Cu, 55.04; Zn, 42.36; Fe, 0.83; Sn, 0.83; I

"Sterro metal"
1 ?!
^ D0
fc610;
brass
39
19 5 25
( 13 )
19* 50
39 20 30
8* 44
19 35 40
= 10 500-13 400 kg/mm 2 (2?)
Cu, 59.95; Zn, 39.38; Sn, 0.47; Fe, 0.20Jg 1 ^

Cu, 59.17; Zn, 37.63; Sn, 2.98; Fe, 0.22. .G 136
Cu. 58.9; Zn. u ; Sn. !,..ZZ^f
(32)
33.4 26.0 1.5 3.2 (32)
" g j Jf g" JT^
Cu, 58.82; Zn, 38.76; Sn, 2.11; Fe, 0.31. .G 114

41
19 13 15 (32)
Cu, 58.7; Zn, 39.6; Sn, 10; Fe, 0.34; Pb, f
40.8 18.032 36 ()
0.4; "Durana"
\
E - 7 430 kg/mm^
* These values are for PL.
PB
Treatment
Cast
Rolled
Annealed
UTS\ Lit. \\BHN\ W~*E \ IQ- 3 Gj X | Lit"

1.25 (23) 4.2
(7)_
2.1 (19)
1.5-1.7 0.55 (K43 (5)
1.8 ( 19 )
1.80
(35)
*{5.i:SSi _ }^_~1EL
Pr, A 100
1.7* (5)
3.8
(7)_
ScH = 2 (ordinary hammer); ScH = 3 (magnifier hammer)

( 31 ).
For CS = 1.5 kg/mm 2 , Al = -32% Z 0 i m
ELC = 0.07 kg/mm 2 .
J ( }'
* Ela = 67%.
PB-BA-CA
E
j.ff
( UTS = 9.1 kg/mm 2 ]

(Ba + Ca) 1-2%; "Ulco metal" El
= 5% on 1 in. [ (9).
(RA = 1 %
J
Tio 1 Qn- n n 70/ BHN = 31.2u; 26.5v \ ,,.,>.
,
31 wllere
Ba, 1.80, Ca, 0.79Âcff = 7.5; 13.Sn )( )'
u = 500 kg; v = 1000 kg; m = magnifier hammer.
10 4G
~*
I ~
(H u
18.9 1.186
0.387
Cu. 73.85; Zn, 25.90; Fe. 0.25 | H ^ A6100 7 1
^
Q^
Cu. e,Q8; ZD. 32.45; Fe. 0.4.
28 25 25 ( 3 2 )
33 36 47
27 22 20 (32)
27 28 30
(20)
^' ^
^.5
59.8
ELc
50
55
57
58
(5)
56.2
143
52 7 (32)
~ ~~~ ~~
TO
Cu, 62; Zn, 37; Sn, 1; "Naval brass"] Rd
[ R8
Cu, 60; Zn, 40; Sn, 0.7-1.1
ff
cu.e9.42;Zn.24.68;A1.5.9o{g::v;:;;; %; j ;: a (>1)
P 58.26;
^S2fi Zn,
7n 38.56;
* * . Al,
Al 2.18
2 1 Sj /
Cu,
F
41.7
cu.e9.79;Zn.26.a7;M3.M{g;;;--:::;l^l^^.yofy6l^
Cu. 62.9; Zn, 33.3; AI, 3.8
,4 345
91.9
0^58.6;
Zn. 38.5; Al, 1.5; Mn, 0.5; V, J Do
~^35_612 14
(20)
88.
6
83.
8
Cu, 58.15; Zn, 35.18; Mn. 4.10; Al, 2.24; f O 165
63
38 14 15
(32)
79.Fe,
00.25; P, 0.08
\ F 159
68
39 18 21
77.
457.23; Zn, 37.9: Al, 2.59; Mn, 2.08; f G 65 65 30 18 20 (32)
Cu,
69.
10.20
Fe,
\ F 159
66
31.5 24 25
62.
055.02; Zn, 41.9; Mn, 2.04; Fe, 0.75; Sn,
Cu,
143
21
53.516
( 13 )
57.0.15;
2 Al, 0.09
52.4
Cu-Zn-Sn- (Fe ), Sn-brasses
49.2
70; Zn, 29; Sn, 1; "Admiralty condenser Mechanical properties sub- ( 13 )
46.Cu,
4
tube brass"
stantially those of 70/30
Cu-Zn-Al, Al-brasses
rCu.fio
I Q 7n
9 A1 ,.Jo
69.13;
Zn.9q
26.32;
Al, 4.55|F
40 g
Cu-Zn-Mn-Al, etc., High tensile brasses
44.1
50
90
Cu, 59.45; Zn, 35.85; Mn, 3.49; Al, f G 114

0.98; Fe, 0.22; P, 0.01
\ F 134
Cu,
93.
359.45; Zn, 36.6; Mn, 1.97; Al, 1.56; ( G 38
Fe, 0.40; P, 0.02
\ F 148
\BHN\ UTS \ YP \ El& \ RA \ Lit.
33.0
\BHN\ UTS \ YP \ El9. \ RA \ Lit.
Cu, 5^42; Zn. 39.8; Mn, 1.48; Fe. 0.25;

oi, 0.05
)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS BRASSES
Cu, 70.5; Zn, 26.4; Al, 3.1
Cu. 58^42; Zn, 39.25; Mn, 2.0; Fe, 0.25; 1 G
* 7 = Per cent reduction in rolling.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS BRASSES.(Continued)
(2i)
-OfI- I^
Cu-Zn-Mn, Mn-brass
| BHN\ UTS j YP \ El& RA \ Lit.
Cu, 59.6; Zn, 38.0; Mn, 2.1
G
41
14 50
("J
Cu. 57.6; Zn, 41.0; Mn, 1.16
G
42.5 16 50~" ___ ( 12 )
Cu, 58.95; Zn, 39.92; Mn, 1.01; Fe, 0.24; ( G 80
39.4 15.951 49.7 (32)
Si, 0.05
IF
41.6 15.947 57
Pb, co. 97.5; Ba, <2; Ca, <1; Hg, 0.25

0
^, C
BHN
I 25 I 50 I 100 I 150
I 29.6 I 27.2 | 20.9 | U.cT "^ ^" W
PB-SB (CAST) (U)

%Sb
0.0
2.6
3.9
4.5f
5.0
6.1
7.4
8.1
9.9
12.6
14.0
19.6
24.7
UTS
1.25*
3.16
3.71
4.36
4.42
4.75
4.96
5.24
5.39
5.17
4.94
4.40
4.26
Ela
SB
15
19
35.5
28.5
21.8
19.3
21.5
15.5
11.0
8.8
1.8
1_3
RA
21.6
25.0
34.5
27.5
23.3
21.0
22.1
13.6
10.6
9.3
1.5
0.4
* (23).
t Density = 10.5 ( 5 ).
Thickness,
0.89
1.07
1.27
PB, 92; SB, 8,* HARD

mm |
UTS
\
3.89
3.82
4.16
PB (R) (5)
El
\
14.8
15.2
19.0
ScH
3-4
3-4
3-4
* Density = 10.71 ( 5 ).
PB-SB-SN (33)
v. also Pb-Sn-Sb-Cu
Pb, 88.8; Sb, 7.5; Sn, 3.7
UTS = 5.7
83.3
9.8
6.9
8.7
78
7
15
6.23
PB-SN
%Sn I
Trt
I
UTS
\
BHN
\
Lit.
O
G
1.25*
4.2
(6)
10
10.1
(34)
20
12.2
(34)
30
14.5
(34)
33.3
7.63
(33)
40
15.8
(34)
50
TJ.
18.0
(33,34)
*(23).
PB-SN-SB-CU, BEARING ALLOYS (3(n

v. also Pb-Sb-Sn
P/TZr^lCu < """"* n"7

80
5 15
10.04 25t 7.4 2.8 21.1 5.7
63.5 20 15 1.5 9.33 25J 8.7 0.0 19.2 6.3
48.5 I 40 10 1.5
22 7.2 0.0 17.8 5.8
* FPc at AZ = -0.2 % Zo, UCS at AZ = -0.5Z0.
t BHN = 10 at 10O0C.
IBHN = 11 at 10O0C.
UTS = 1.1 kg/mm 2 (wire 0.36 mm diam.) (3).

E = 7950 kg/mm2, G = 2020 kg/mm 2 (from bending tests on
wires) (3).
SN
Treatment
UTS\ El9 \BHN\ CS* | ELG | LitT
Rolled
2.5
^ 19 ,
Annealed
1.7
_ _
Pr,A100
1.9 ~86~ 5.0 3 . 6 \
m
Cast...
5 . 2 2 . 8 / -8 ( > _
E = 4000 - 5500 kg/mm2. G = 1700 kg/mm 2 C* 9 ).
* A Z = - 3 2 % Zo.
SN-PB (23, 33, 34)

% Pb
BHN
I O I 10 I 20 I 30 34 | 40 ||
I 5.2J13.3|15.2|15.8|16.7|14.6||
% Pb
UTS
| O |~37~
J2.46|7.64
Composition
\BHN\ UTS\El&\ UCS*\ YP^
Sn-Pb-Sb-Cu, bearing alloys (30)
Sn, 80; Pb, 6; Sb, 11; Cu 3
32 <TO 0.0 27.6
60
28.5 10
1.5 27 7.9 0.0 20.2
Sn-Sb-Cu, bearing alloys (30)
5.7
6.3
Sn, 93; Sb, 3.5; Cu, 3.5

25 3.0 11.6 23.1
5.7
86
10.5
3.5
33 10.2 7
26.8
6.9
78
11
11
37 11.5 0.0 18.0
7.1
Sn, 91; Sb, 4.5; Cu, 4.5: d\* = 7.34; Sn, 89; Sb, 7.5; Cu, 3.5:
î8 = 7.39.
* FPc at AZ = -0.2
% Z0, UCS at AZ = -0.5Zo.
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Bamford, 47, 26: 155; 21. (2) Bassett and Davis, 80, 60: 428; 19. (3)
Bridgman, 2, 9: 138; 17. (<) Bunting, 47, 31: 47; 24. (5) Bureau of
Standards, Test Tn 0217 b22; 1922. (6) Charpy, 420, 1: 180; 96. (7)
Coe, 47, 30: 309; 23. ( 8 ) Cowan, Simpkins and Hiers, 75, 40: 27; 21. (9)
Frary and Temple, 33, 19: 523; 18.
( 1 0 ) Frye, C. E. Pocket Book, p. 496. N. Y., Van Nostrand, 1918. (") Gurevitch and Hromatko, 33, 25: 62; 21. (12) Harris, 47, 28: 327; 22. (i 3 )
Hudson, O. ( 14 ) Hudson and Bengough, 54, 27: 43, 654; 08. O 5 ) Hudson
and Bengough, 47, 4: 92; 10. (16) Htte, l, p. 495. Berlin, Ernst und Sohn,
1920. C 17 ) Johnson, 47, 20: 233; 18. ( 18 ) Johnson and Jones, 47, 28: 299;
22. (19) BS, 1: 81, 87.
( 2 0 ) Law, Alloys. London, Griffin, 1919. (21) Lea, Collins and Reeve, 47, 29:
217; 23. ( 2 2 ) Love, Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1892-93. (23) Marks, 77, p.
551. (24) Mathewson and Philips, 80, 54: 608; 17. (25) Matsuda, 159,13 :
401, 419; 25. (26) Matsuda and Shiba, 159, 13: 413; 25. (27) Merica and
Woodward, 32, No. 82; 17. (,28) Moore and Beckinsale, 47, 23: 225; 20.
27: 149; 22. (29) Moore, Beckinsale and Mallinson, 47, 25: 35; 21.
30
( ) Mundey, Bissett and Cartland, 47, 28: 141; 22. (31) Rolfe, 47, 25: 171;
21. (32) Smalley, 440, 21: 56, 75, 101, 124, 149, 173; 22. (33) SternerRainer, 95, 13 : 368; 21. ( 34 ) Vickers, Metals and their Alloys, p. 664. N. Y.,
Baird and Co., 1923. (35) Winkelmann, B76, I1 Pt. 1: 557; 08.
PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL COPPER, ORDINARY, PHOSPHOR, AND ZINC

BRONZES AND COPPER-BASE BEARING ALLOYS
S. L. HOYT
CONTENTS
Mechanical properties :
Commercial copper.
Cast tin bronzes.
Phosphor bronze.
Bearing alloys.
Zinc bronzes.
Admiralty gun metal:
Effect of arsenic.
Effect of lead and arsenic.
Effect of antimony.
Red bronze:
Effect of antimony.
Effect of lead.
Impact strength.
Other properties :
Specific gravity.
Elastic properties.
Mold shrinkage.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Mechanische Eigenschaften :
Handelskupfer.
Zinnbronze, gegossen.
Phosphorbronze.
Lagermetall-Legierungen.
Zinkbronzen.
Schiffsgeschtzmetall :
MATIEBES
Proprits mcanique:
Cuivre de commerce.
Bronzes d'tain couls.
Bronze de phosphore.
Alliages coussinets.
Bronzes de zinc.
Bronze canon amricain:
Arsen hltig.
Arsen und Blei hltig.
Influence d'arsenic.
Influence d'arsenic et de
plomb.
Influence d'antimoine.
Bronze rouge :
Influence d'antimoine.
Antimon hltig.
Rotguss :
Einfluss des Antimongehaltes.
Einfluss des Bleigehaltes.
Schlagfestigkeit.
Andere Eigenschaften:
Schwindung.
Wrmeleitfhigkeit.
Influence de plomb.
Rsistance au choc.
Autres proprits:
Poids spcifique.
Proprits lastique.
Retrait au moulage.
INDICE
PAGE
Propriet meccaniche:
Rame di commercio
558
Bronzi allo stagno colato 559
Bronzo al fosforo
560
Leghe per cuscinetti... . 561
Bronzi di zinco
563
Bronzo da cannoni (Admiralty) :
Effetto di arsenico
566
Effetto di arsenico e
di piombo
566
Effetto di antimonio.. 568
Bronzo rosso:
Effetto di antimonio. . 568
Effetto di piombo
569
Resistenza ali' urto
Altre propriet:
Peso specifico
Propriet elastiche
Ritiro nella forma
Conducibilit termica.. .
570
570
571
572
572
Cu, COMMERCIAL COPPER

See also Figs. 1 and 2 and p. 552
% Cu
99.9
<99.5
99.6
Description and treatment

Normalized* pure copper
Cast
/ A 54071 w Qw
Q
bame
\ WR Qw
Pure sheet copper
Soft, 0.13-0.79 mm thick
Soft, 0.81-9.51 mm thick
Hard, 1.83-9.51 mm thick
Hard, >9.51 mm thick
Cast
Same, Rd 40%
Annealed at 50O0C
D0 50%; v. also (36)
Cast boronized copper
Fire-box copper, R, A
Special stay bolt Cu, A
UTS
~21-28
14.2
16.6
18.0
El
RA
BHN
40-60
17.2 b
22.6 b
28. 5b
40-60
30-40
ScH
Lit.
(13)
(*5)
( 48 )
26.OJ
25.3 j
28.1||
26.4JJ
17.6
35.2
24.6
35.2
17.0
23.0
27.0
* Best normalized by casting, rolling, drawing, followed by annealing at 500.
For properties of cold drawn copper wire, v. Fig. 2.

For tensile requirements of copper wire, v. Fig. 1.
PL
770
14.1
26.0
S1O
f No definite PL.
20.0||
25.OJj
8.0||
15.OJj
20
5
50
9
48.5
35-38
35-38
J Maximum.
60
8
60
74.5
45-50
45-50
|| Minimum.
40
94
42
(*)
6
18
(5*)
(33)
Fig. I
Tensile Requirements of Copper Wire
Note: P L averages 50% of UTS for medium hard drawn
.wire, 55% of UTS for hard drawn wire over 8.25 mrn in
diameter, and 60 % of UTS for smaller hard drawn wires.
Cu-SN, BRONZE
Cast in graphite mold ( 4S ); v. also Figs. 3-8
% Sn I
Treatment
I UTS \
2
Ghm
19.4
A 540/1 w Qw
20.3
4
Ghm
22.9
A 540/1 w Qw
25.2
WAQw
22.6
6
Ghm
24.1
A540/l w Qw
23.8
WAQw
23.9
8
10
13
16
Ghm
28.8
A 540/1 w Qw
WAQw
Ghm
A 540/1 w Qr
A400/lwCf
WAQw
Ghm
A 540/1 w Qw
A 400/1 w Cf
WAQW
W 620 Qw
24.9
25.9
29.5
30.4
28.6
31.4
29.0
31.7
26.8
29.5
33.3
Ghm
27.8
A 540/1 w Qw
A 40071 w Cf
WAQw
W 620 Qw
35.2
28.6
41.4
38.3
Elb
21.8
31.0
20.5
23.2
18.5
15.3
21.8
20.0
11.5
25.1
20.5
12.7
36.4
24.7
21.0
5.1
32.8
lO.o
8.3
17.5
1.5
19.6
2.0
9.5
9.0
Cu-SN, BRONZE.(Continued)
Cast in graphite mold ( 45 ); v. also Figs. 3-8
% Sn I
Treatment
| UTS \
19
Ghm
37.7
GC a .
26.3
Gm (cold)
23.0
A 540/1 w Qw
38.7
A 400/1 w Cf
28.5
WAQw
44.1
W 620 Qw
47.0
W 720745Qw
45.7
22
Ghm
:
31.6
A 54071 w Qw
39.1
A 61071 h Qw
40.0
A 40071 w Cf
17.6
A 40071 h Ca
Cracked
W 700 Ca
12.4
WAQw
44.5
W 700 Qw
39.9
25
Ghm
9.9
A 54071 w Qw
17.7
A 40071 w Cf
11.7
W 63071 h Qw
22.2
W 60071 h Qw
25.8
W 70071 h Qw
23.6
30 Ghm
ll.i*
A 40071 w Cf
2.5*
* Some specimens of this composition broke while being gripped.
For properties of cold drawn bronze, v. Fig. 2.
Elb
2.9
0.3
0.2
0.5
6.3
6.5
5.0
0.4
5.3
0.05
1.3
1.0
Nil
0.8
0.4
1.1
Rg.2
Effect of Cold Drawing
on Copper and Low Bronze
Fig.4
Crane Hard MeTaI
Cu87; Sn 12.5 (Cast)
(")
Cu-SN-P, PHOSPHOR BRONZE

See also Figs. 9 and 10
%Sn
%P
^6X
Treatment
3.77
4
( T 6 D (rod)
Tr.
G
Wk
Wk, A
R0, A
D
D, A
4.7*
Tr.
G8
1.2
Gm
4.9
0.1
R
6
Tr.
G
D
D, A
!Of
0.4
G8
Gm
10
Tr.
G
Ghm
10-12 0.1-0.3 612 G
11
0.3
1359 G
15t
0.6
G8
^
Gm
* Malleable, typical analysis: Cu, 94.0; Sn, 4.7; P, 1.17; As, 0.15; Pb, 0.11;
(Sb, Fe, Al, Zn), Tr.
t Typical analysis: Cu, 89.8; Sn, 9.3; P, 0.44; As, 0.39; Pb, 0.03; (Sb, Fe, Zn),
Tr.; Al, O.
Typical analysis: Cu, 84.8; Sn, 14.3; P, 0.6; Sb, 0.15; Fe, 0.1; Pb, 0.08;
As, 0.06.
Minimum.
UTS
p p
El
5670
41.7Y
17.5
23
11 Y
" 15-20
39
31.5
32
84-112
28-35
24.3
5.7P
22
34.1
6.Op
12.7s
45.7
28.2p
30.0
23
UY
15-20
84-112
28-35
20.9
6.3p
6.0
23.8
5.Op
4.0
23
12.5-14P
15-20
30
24.6
14.1Y
10
24.6-28.4 15.8-17.3Y
6-10
17.6
8.SY
3.0
23.6
9.5Y
1.0
RA
BHN
ScH
Lit
( 42 )
57
50-60
80
18.2
12.4
56.8 20.4 (42)

69.1 16.2
37
(14)
8.5
4.9
10-17
70
84
7-9
80
1.8
80
1.5 94
21
20
(42)
(**)
25
24
(47)
(56)
(42)
^
Fig.3
Hardness of Cu-Sn Alloys
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER-BASE BEARING ALLOYS AS

CAST (CAR JOURNAL BEARINGS) (16)
Fig.5
Effect of Temperature on
Hardness of Bronzes
Cu
95
90
85
80
75
70
% compositon
I Sn I Pb I Zn
5
5
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
10
10
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
10
15
5
10
5
15
10
20
5
10
15
25
10
20
10
5
5
15
5
10
10
5
15
5
UTS
El
PLC
29.4
28.5
27.4
26.8
22.0
23.0
19.8
24.4
16.4
23.6
22.4
19.0
22.0
21.0
16.4
17.2
22.0
19.0
17.4
20.0
19.8
34.5
34.5
15
36
19.5
9.5
15
23
15.5
3.5
8.5
10
19
13
15.5
1.0
2.5
6
14
10
20
12.7
13.4
17.6
12.7
12.7
15.5
12.7
11.3
11.3
19.0
16.2
12.0
13.0
13.4
10.5
19.0
20.0
16.2
11.6
13.0
12.3
eat
70.3 kg/mm*
31
32
26
33
36
26
32
34
39
21
29
28
32
19.5
22
32
30
&J?
23
15
23
14
14
19
16
18
14
21
21
18
19
18
12
25
21
15
12
20
15
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER-BASE BEARING ALLOYS AS

CAST (CAR JOURNAL BEARINGS) ( 16 ).(Continued)
Cu
70
65
% composition
I Sn I Pb I Zn
10
10
10
10
5
20
5
15
10
30
15
5
10
UTS
***
PL
19.0
19.3
19.8
21.1
13.9
6
14.8
1.5 28.1
1.5 18.3
4.7 20.4
12
10.5
e at
70.3 kg/mm*
WEAR AND FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER-BASE BEARING

ALLOYS
Mean values from service tests on the Pennsylvania R. R. C 21 1 )
19
28
23
22
10
17
17
Cu
89.2
87.5
79.7
79.7
79.2
77.0
77.0
Fig.6
Hardness of
Well Annealed Bronzes
/35)
% composition
I Pb I Sn I P
10.0
12.5
9.5 10.0
0.8
9.5 10.0
7.0 10.0
12.5 10.5
15.0
8.0
Index
No.
As
0.8
1326
0.8
0.8
556
553
Relative
wear
1.42
1.47-1.53
1.00
1.01
1.15
0.92-0.93
0.865
LABORATORY TESTS ON THE CARPENTER MACHINE* ( 16 )

% composition
Cu I Pb I Sn I Zn
95.0
4.9s
9.4s
90.7
85.8
14.9
90.8
4.8
4.6
85.1
10.6
4.6
81.3
14.1
5.2
75?
20?
5?
68.7 26.7
5.2
64.3
31.2
4.7
83.3
10.3
5.3
2.1
79.8 10.3
4.7
5.4
77.4
11.4
5.6
6.5
74.3 10.5
4.7 11.0
Friction,
kg
7.3
5.9
5.9
6.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.2
8.2
8.4
8.4
8.4
84
Temp,
rise,
0
C
29
28.5
28
29.5
31
32
32
32
35.5
38
36.5
38
38.5 |
Wear
in mg
4.96
11.45
18.14
3.51
2.46
2.12
1.80
1.32
0.84
2.69
3.02
3.06
5.48
Relative
wearf
0.49
1.13
1.79
0.35
.24
.21
.18
.13
.08
0.27
.30
.30
| .54
* Total number of revolutions = 100 000; speed = 525 r.p.m.; bearing 3%

in. diam. X 3>3 in. long; load = 0.7 kg/mm2; lubrication, Galena coach oil fed
by cotton waste.
t Comparison with above results on basis of ( 3 8 i) according to which wear of
Cu-Sn is approximately proportional to Sn content, more exactly to % of 5
constituent.
CU-PB-SN, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BEARING BRONZES (As CAST)

See also Fig. 11
Cu
85
80
80
79.7
79.7
77
77
73
70
70
67
64.75
64
62.5
60.67
58.5
55
50
% composition
Pb I Sn I Zn* I P I S*
5
10
0.25 0.70J 0.05
10
10
0.50 0.70 0.05
10
10
2.00 0.05* 0.05
9.5
10
Tr.
9.5
10
0.8
15
8
0.50 0.25* 0.05
15
8
0.2
20
7
0.50 0.05* 0.25
20
10
ca. l
25
5
0.50
Nil
0.25
24
9
ca. l
30
5
30
5
Ni, 1 .0
30
7.5
S, ca. l
32.97
4.60
Ni, 2.1
35
6.5
S, ca. l
40
5
S, ca. l
I 50
I
Index
No. UT8
211 19.7
212 17.6
213 15.5
16.8
1326 21.1
214 14.1
553 16.9
215 12.7
55
216 10.5
55
456 12.2
34 15.0
55
469 12.8
55
55
L
* Maximum in the alloys of ( 6 ), also: Fe, >0.25; Sb, >0.50; Al, O.

t 10 mm, 500 kg; v. also infra.
Minimum.
RA
12.5a
8a
8a
2.9||
6
10a
11
7a
RWAT+
^
60
55
50
55.0
BHN
nr?
UCS
12.6
10.5
8.8
48
56.8
8.4
14.8
7.7
16.2
7.0
21.8
53.7
13.7
45.0
31.9
10.5
9.8
45
64.6
5a
6.5||
10.la
3.0a
40
8.20
0.35
nr
DLc
41.3
40.0
Tit
*
70.3 26
70.3 29
45.3
52.0
21.8
r<u
CS
39.5
Llt
(6,33)
(6,33)
(6)
(21.1)
(33)
(6)
(21.1,33)
(6)
(3.1)
(6)
(3.1)
(33)
44
(33)
(3.1)
30.4
(33)
(3.1)
(3-2)
(33)
|j On 8 in.
Load producing = 0.1 % in specimen 1 in.2 cross-section by 1 in. long.
,F'g-7
Scleroscope Hardness of
Cu-Sn Alloys (*)
CU-SN-ZN, ZINC BRONZE

See also Fig. 12
% compositionTreatment
Cu I Sn I Zn
90
6
4
Dc, 3.5-3 mm diam
400
Dc, A 600 I h C a
800
400
D, A 600 l h Q w
800
90 I 9.5 I 0 . 5 J G
88 I 8 I 4 I G8 at 1100-1140
88 I 8
4* I G
I UTS
T P P L
El
\ RA
BHN
57.3
9.5
53.1
17.3
38.4
51.8
32.7
51.3
52.3
22.0
39.3
51.3
34.0
51.0
I 22.5 |
J
|
|
[
30.4 |
| 8.4 | 36a
I 28.0 |
|
23-26 I 14r-17.5|
[ 25-30 |
| 55-75 |
Continued on p. 565.
ScH I Lit.
(53)
[
| (**)
|(*8)
Fig.8
Impact Hardness of Bronzes
(34)
Impact
Hardness No.~. ,-.nei^^.
Y
Vol. of Depression
Cu-SN-ZN, ZINC BKONZE.(Continued)

See also Fig. 12
% composition
Cu
Sn
Zn
88
10
2
~~87
~86
86 | 13
85
5
Treatment
UTS
YP
PL
El
RA
BHN
ScH
G8 at 1200
26.8
16.4
14.0
77
Ml2, G8 at 1200
26.8
14.0
17.2
79
G s atl060t
24.6
28.0
62
Gm at 1060
23.6
4.0
86
G8
30
11-12.5
G (U. S. N. Spec. G)
24.7
13.7 7.4
22.5 23.1
G (U. S. N. Spec. Pc-2)
25.8
12.5 7.2
25.5 31.7
For effect of heat treatment on this alloy v. infra.
5 G8 at 1200
26.5
iT
sTT
8~
Ml2, G8 at 1200
24.4
13.1
15.6
83
5 G8
16-24
! 2.5-8
55-75
Gm
16-22
2.5-8
75-90
| 1*| G
I 26
| 14-17.51
| 4-8
| 85-120
10 G8 at 1200
25.2
12.3
25.0
69
|
Ml2, G8 at 1200
24.4
12.1
23.4
69
* Contains trace of P.
16
14
Lit.
(40)
(39)
(46)
(")
18(41)
19
(20,2l)
|
QS)~
15 (4l)
15
f In dry sand.
Fig.9
Fig.lO
Cast Phosphor Bronze
Cu,89.5; Sn110.2; R 0.035
Cu-Sn-P
Effect of Heat Treatment
(11J
EFFECT OF CASTING TEMPERATURE AND HEAT TREATMENT OF

Cu, 88; SN, 10; ZN, 2
"Admiralty bronze/' "U. S. Government bronze Spec. G;"*
v. also Fig. 12
Treatment
| UTS \ El&
1050 29.7
20.5
1120 30.9
20.5
^ ^1
^Q
n 4. . j
j ,
Cast m dry sand at:
1255
1120
1220
1255
28.0
34.7
34.9
23.9
15.5
5.5
60
15.0
RA \ BHN
IsTs
14.0
^
13.0
4.0
7,0
12.1
Treatment
|
G8 (dry sand)t at
.ca. 1060
Same heated slowly f 500}
(
to
JoOO0I0 I
yw
|700( |
( 800 J
(
G8 to sizej
495
540
Same heated 30 min
E
'
^ Qw
705
760
J^
\ BHN \ Lit.
62
A39)
77
65
61
74
(*6)
13-17.5
8-11
[
11.7
6.5-7.5
Lit"
(29)
[495]
G8, heated 30 min j 540 1
at:
) 595 j ^0
[65O 0 J
(29)
G8, heated 30 min

at:
f 495}
540
595
t 650 J
UTS \
El&
\ RA
24.6
28.0
12.9
12.0
10.2
7.5
7.7
3.0
14.2
5.5
30.2
11-12.5
31.2
9.4
31.7
15.6
{
1
|
[
(
26.1
31.3
33.5
26.7
29.3
33.7
35.8
[ 30-35.5
9.4
18.8
28.0
28.0
9^4
26.5
53.0
25-50
(46>
"
(46)
EFFECT OF CASTING TEMPERATURE AND HEAT TREATMENT OF

Cu, 88; SN, 10; ZN, 2.(Continued)
Treatment
UTS \
El&
\ RA
27.1
'24.O
500 23.8
26.5
600 25.7
28.5
700 28.4
37.5
800 24.4
31.0
495 26-29 12.5-15.5
540 32.0
18.8
37.5-81
Sand cast, annealed 30 min 595 31.0
at:(Cf>24h)
650 29.8
28.0
705 32.5-35 37.5-50
760 29.5-31
32.9
Chill cast
23.6
4.0
500 19.4
7.5
600 30.9
25.0
700 31.5
30.0
800 27.1
22.5
Chill cast
25.2
6
7
[500 24
7.5
16
27
19
i j 30
OA mm
xat:J 6
19^
Same annealed
I ^ ^_^
2Q
G8t
CU-SN-ZN-PB, EFFECT OF ADDING LEAD TO ZINC BRONZES ( 49 )
\ BHN \ Lit~
63
(39)
65
61
60
60
(46)
86
80
75
74
70
(29)
(39)
[ 800
19
17
18
* For effect of other casting conditions, v. ( 4 ).
t Specimens % in. diam. X 2 in. gage length, machined before heat treatment.
J Gaged portion: 0.5 in. diam.
Gradually heated to *,C, cooled at moderate rate to 40O0C, then cooled slowly.
Cu-Sx-ZN-As, EFFECT OF ADDING As TO ADMIRALTY GUN METAL
(^)
% composition
Trtt
U
Cu I Sn I Zn I As I Pb I F7 '" C
YPl U
88.14
9.971.670.040.080.07 1220
G8
27.3 15.4
16.7
1250
Gm
22.8
18.7
4.5
88.20 10.281.34 .04 .08 .05 1240
Ml2G8
23.8
15.8
11.0
Ml2G1n
23.0
16.5
4.3
1280
87.74 10.301.39 .42 .08 T5 1220
G8
26.3 'l5.0
9.0
1250
Gm
23.8
18.3
4.5
87.98 10.351.08 .42 .08 .08 1250
Ml2G8
23.9 15.1
11.0
1280
Ml2G1n
23.2 17.0
3.4
88.20 9.890.58TO .12 .12 1220 ~G^
23.5
15.5
TTs"
1240
Gm
23.9
18.7
5.0
88.35 9.860.491.01 .12 .12 1240
Ml2G8
24.2 15.5
10.1
MI 2 Gm
23.6 17.6
3.8
1280
* tc = casting temperature.
t Bars cast vertically 1 in. diam. X 15 in. long; sand cast ones in green sand.
All molds preheated.
By dividers.
Test piece diameter = 0.798 in. All values in this table are means from two
test pieces.
% composition
^
Cu I Sn Zn I Pb
88 10.0"2
O TOO-1140 G8
88 8.0 4
O 1100-1140 G8
90 6.5 IT 0.5 1090-1125 G8
1170-1200 G8
1090-1200 Aj:
~9CT 6.5~$T 1.5 1080-1136 G3
1170
G8
1080-1170 A|
"9(T 6.5~T 2.5 1100-1140 G*
1150-1200 G8
1100-1200 Aj:
90 5.5 4 (UT 1060-1120 G8
1160-1180 G8
1060-1180 At
90 5.5~3 1.5 1060-1140 G8
1160-1180 G8
1060-1180 At
90 5.5 2 2.5 1100-1120 G8
1160-1180 G8
1240-1260 G8
1100-1260 A
90 ~L5 5 0.5 1100-1140 G8
1150-1180 G8
1100-1180 Aj:
90 4.5 4 1.5 1100-1140 G8
1180
1100-1180
G8
Aj:
I pj.
30.3 9.2
30.4 8.4
28.6 9.6
26.4 9.1
25.1 9.3
28.6 8.6
25.2 7.3
29.0 9.6
27.8 9.3
23.6 8.7
24.4 9.8
26.6 8.7
26.5 8.1
26.1 9.3
25.4 7.5
21.7 6.8
25.7 8.4
25.2 7.6
23.7 7.0
20.9 6.7
23.5 7.3
24.4 6.4
23.0 6.5
22.6 6.7
23.6 6.3
20.2 5.8
22.3 I 7.2
29.7
36.0
37.6
28.1
24.9
35.3
25.5
37.2
27.2
18.6
20.1
29.3
31.6
24.2
31.4
22.8
28.5
23.9
23.3
15.5
22.2
29.4
27.4
28.8
26.5
18.3
24.2
24.3
28.0
34.1
29.7
23.2
31.8
32.5
33.6
27.7
19.7
23.5
30.4
32.4
27.3
28.4
18.6
26.7
22.6
23.4
16.6
22.8
25.3
24.4
21.9
22.9
18.8
20.6
* tc = casting temperature.
t Shoulder type test piece 0.505 in. diam. X 2 in. gage length.
W 600/30 Cf >12 h.
VV
Cu-SN-ZN-PB-As, EFFECT OF ADDING PB TO ARSENICAL ADMIRALTY GUN METAL ( 41 )
o. i s i'JTTT'. i *"*
87.72
9.97
1.54
0.48
0.17
0.08
88.23
10.04
0.98
.47
.18
.05
87.30
10.05
1.16
.50
.86
.07
87.84
10.00
0.72
.47
.91
.04
86.58
10.04
1.33
.48
1.46
.06
87.39
9.95
0.62
.48
1.48
.05
86.23
10/12
1.42
.47
1.68
.06
86.27
10.17
1.30
.49
1.67
.06
* All alloys contain traces of Sb and Ni.

t tc casting temperature.
G8 in green sand, all molds preheated. Castings 1 in. diam.
1210
1210
1220
1220
1220
1220
1210
1210
1220
1220
1210
1210
1200
1200
1230
1230
Trtt
G8
Gm
Ml2G8
Ml2Gm
G8
Gm
Ml2G8
Ml2G1n
G 8 ....
Gm
Ml2G8
Ml2Gm
G 8 ...
Gm
Ml2G8
Ml2G1n
""
23.3
26.9
26.8
24.7
24.7
24.7
27.6
25.0
25.0
22.5
27.6
21.9
24.9
22.5
25.5
28.3
By dividers (extension = 0.01 in.),

|| Test piece diameter, 0.798 in.
U 10 mm, 500 kg.
Tri
16.4
16.7
13.7
17.5
15.2
18.0
15.9
16.8
15.4
16.0
14.6
15.4
14.8
17.2
12.9
15.1
*l""l"
11.5
5.0
15.0
5.0
12.5
4.5
16.5
5.5
15.0
3.5
19.5
3.5
10.5
2.5
13.5
3.0
74
91.0
74
92.0
70
87.6
71
91.0
66
82.6
69
85.0
69
89.0
69
89.0
8.5
9.0
8.5
9.0
7.0
8.0
7.5
8.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.0
FI6.II
BRINELL HARDNESS OF
ANNEALED LEAD BRONZES
Fig.B
U.S. Government Bronze
Fig.l3
U.5.N. Valve Bronze
Spec.6 (east)
Cu,87.6;Sn,l0.4; Zn,l.3;Pb,0.4
Cu.87;Sn.7.7;Zn.3.6;Pb,l.2
(Cast)
("J
(")
Cu-SN-ZN-S, EFFECT OF ADDING SB TO ADMIRALTY GUN METAL (40)

% composition*
Cu I Sn I Zn
Sb | Ni | Fe [ " P b " * Ct
87.85 10.34 1.46 0.08 0.11 0.02 0.10 1240
1280
89.44
9.55 0.55 .09
.11
.08
.11
1225
1250
88.38
9.74 1.08
J5
U
T02~ .11
1220
1250
88.38
9.73 0.93
^49
J^J9
TOT^ 1215
1240
87.96
9.43 1.31 1.00
T
^02
J3S~ 1240
1270
88.10
9.43 1.17 0.96
10" .07
.10
1220
1245
87.88
8.74 1.50 1.53
J9
^03^07
1270
1310
88.39
8.80 0.89 1.58
10
^T .07
1230
I
I
I 1270
* All alloys contain trace of As.
t tc = casting temperature.
J Bars cast 1 in. diam. X 15 in., sand cast ones being in green sand.
were vertical and preheated.
Trt
G8
Gm
Ml2G8
Ml2G1n
G8
Gm
Ml2G8
Ml2Gm
G8
Gm
Ml2G8
Ml2G1n
G8
Gm
Ml2G8.
Ml2G10
Molds
"~~
I
^
*"
^
26.9 16.4 12.8
71
23.8 16.1
2.4
81
26.0
14.6 17.0
77
24.7 15.9
4.5
76
23.9 17.3
9.2
73
23.8 16.7
2.0
82
26.0 15.1 13.8
79
23.7 16.5
3.4
80
23.8
16^9
6?8
82
21.5 17.8
2.3
86
21.9 14.7
6^9
8
21.4 19.5
2.0
85
18.9
A7l
sTo
~79
21.1 18.2
1.3
95
18.3 14.9
s T s 8 1
20.3 17.0 | 2.0 | 93
UTS
'
ScH
**
15.4
14.8
14.7
14.9
15.6
15.5
15.8
15.8
16.5
15.8
16.5
16.2
16.7
16.6
16.6
17.1
By dividers.
II Test piece diameter = 0.798 in. Each value mean from 2 test pieces.
Tf 10 mm, 500 kg; mean of 6 determinations,
** Each value mean of 14 determinations.
Cu-SN-ZN-Ss, EFFECT OF ADDING SB TO 86:9:5 RED BRONZE ( 21 )

^
~ m
Bff
casting
( Core
Ts
2^5
58
Shell
18.5 4.0
"86
9
5
0.1
Core
17.0 3.0
61
Shell
17.4 3.0
85.25* 8.50* 5.62* 0.4*
Core
f s T s 7 0 6 3
Contains 0.2 % Pb
I Cast in green sand, 30 mm diam. X 160 Shell
16.8 2.0
~86
9
5
0.5
I mmlongll
Core
19.0 2.0
71
Shell
21.0 3.0
~86
9
5
1.0
Core
3J
2^0
70
Shell
13.0 2.0
~86
9
5
3.0
Core
iTTo
70
97
j
Shell
13 O
1.0
"86
9
5
O
1
[24.0
7^5
65
86
9
5
0.1
25.5 7.0
73
BaI.
11.6* 4.0* 0.2* -, ...
. ,,
. .
, 10
23.3 4.5
78
BaL 11.3* 4.5* 0.43* ChU1 ^ h *S ^ Sand> 18 \ Core only \ 24.3
7.0
74
BaI. 11.0* 4.7* 0.8* mm diam' X 18mm long11
80
86
9
5
1.0
25.3 5.5
73
86
9
5
3.0
J
[16.5
<2
77
86
9
5
O
1
20.5 4.0
81
86
9
5
0.1
24.5 4.5
77
86
9
5
0.3
, 10
,.
^10n
. I
. J 20.5
2-3
75
r,,.11
Chill cast, 18mm diam. X 180 mm long** < Core only <
QA
0
n .
ou
y
o
u. o
i. o
oy
86
9
5
1.0
22.3 2,5
84
86
9
5
3.0
J
[
[13.3
94
Cu
~86~
% composition*
I Sn I Zp I Sb
9
5
O
* By analysis, other values nominal.

t 10 mm, 500 kg.
Twist in degrees.
Energy of blow = 12.5 kg-cm.
Treatment
|| Tensile specimens 8 mm diam., torsion specimens 7 mm diam. X 140 mm long,

f Tensile specimens 15 mm diam., torsion specimens 15 mm diam. X 100 mm long.
** Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 120 mm long.
ft Bad break.
Number
of blows
470
505
390
235
25
~95
500
230
450
325
540
230
465 470
280
42
340
35
10
330
3227ft
350
2328ft
550
830ft
!'
ou f f
360
6Of f
90
CU-SN-ZN-PB, EFFECT OF ADDING PB TO 86:9:5 RED BRONZE (20). See also Figs. 13 and 14
% composition
Cu I Sn
Zn
Pb
84.40* 8.63* 6.50* 0.17* ]
84.14
8.91 4.95 1.0
82.9*
8.65* 6.76* 1.71*
ir*TTT60-*-2ir*
Treatment
'
^
casting
( Core
Shell
Core
Shell
Core
Shell
57.8
62.7
60.5
63.0
62.5
61.5
5.2
630
UO . O
Core
~~
Shell
Core
Shell
Core
[_ Shell
Remelted and chill cast as above f t
Core only
14.2 2.2
18.0
5.0
15.0
3.0
19.5
5.2
14.3 2.0
16.8
3.3
2270
7\8
20 9
2 5
'
14 9**
2 .5
13.5** 0.7
0
<3
21 5
<3
143** < Q
Core only
16.4**
21.4
20 O
'
<3
<3
<3
ZiZi .U
^Co
19.8
^^
<3
_
21 4
<3
80
lo. U
^Co
<jA
17.1**
16.6
<3
<3
81
87
P
l
oore only
3
Melted third time and chill cast as abovef f... Core only
j)
O
Similar, Pb =
7
6.0
2.7
4.0
1.5
3.0
O.O
6.23*
_
2
.
18.0
19.6
13.8
17.0
15.2
18.0
17.0
8.18* 6.35* 5.89*

J
"86
9
5
O
84.28 8.82 4.90 2
1!
82.56 8.64 4.80 4
80.84 8.46 4.70 6
0
.
2
8
*
i
2
2 22*
Similar, Pb = . .. . o 44* Chill cast, 18 mm diam. X 160 mm longfj.. .
Similar, Pb =
BHN\ I Tw%
iy . &
79.5*
o. O /
~El
OLLeIi
8.55 4.75 5.0
6.23*
0.49*
2 JQ*
Similar, Pb = . . . . 0 ' ._,
~W~S
Castinsand,30mmdiam.Xl60mmlong||| ~gre
81.53* 8.54* 6.42* 3.52*

81.70
Chill cast, 18 mm diam. X 160 mm long... Core only
J)
* By analysis, other values nominal,
t 10 mm, 500 kg.
Twist in degrees.
IP-A**
110**
220
270
285
59.0 235
60.5
65.0 320
62.0
62.5 185
61.5
77
2
76
25
73
295
74
390
82
260
89
325
QI
285
83
83
80
No. of
blows
3070
238
360
122**
160**
340
34**
o4
82
_
_
'
2
78**
olo
295
260
53**
99 A
<r"**
V>\
17'-?
^l.o
<o
OA
ZQO
IUo
[20.0
<3
84
320
260
Tw%
Number
*
ofblows
**'*
ftQ
J^
|| Tensile specimens 8 mm diam., torsion specimens 8 X 5 X 40 mm.

1[ Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 10 mm diam. X 80 mm long.
** Bad break.
ft Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 120 mm long.
Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 20 mm long.
CU-SN-ZN-PB-SB, EFFECT OF ADDING SB TO LEADED 86:9:5 RED BRONZE (21)

% composition*
Part of
-^ I Q . g l T>K I QK
Treatment
UTS
El
BHN\
Cu I Sn I Zn I Pb I Sb
casting
86
9
5
2.0 O
.
f Core
20.7 13
\ _n
Shell
21.0 7.5 / 6
86
9
5
2.0 0.1
Core
21.5 7
Shell
23.0
6.5 J 6 2
84.55*8.25*4.74*2.05*0.4*
Core
21.5 13
)
I Cast in green sand, 30 mm diam. X 160J Shell
22.5 10.5 J
86
9
5
2.0 0.5
mm long||
1 Core
7X)
2:5
\
Shell
19.3
4
J65
86
9
5
2.0 1.0
Core
17.5 2.5 \,_.
Shell
19.0 _4
J70
82.20*8.00*4.58*2.08*2.90*
Core
16.1
3.0 TTT
J
Shell
16.0
1.5 J 8 0
315
39Q
355
0_
27Q
15
CU-SN-ZN-PB-SB, EFFECT OF ADDING SB TO LEADED 86:9:5 RED BRONZE (21).(Continued)

% composition*^
Cu I Sn I Zn I Pb | Sb
2.0 O
2.1* 0.2*
BaI. 8.7 5 i 2 . 1 * 0 . 4 *
86
5
I
Treatment
^
casting
r, . j '
,
Aw i*n
CastA m dry sand, 10
18 mm dmm. X 160 mm ^6 Qnly
2.0 0.75*
[ 2 . 0 3.0
(5.0 O
5.5* 0.2*
^5.5*0.42*
g11
, . ,
, 10
,.
1ftn
Cast m dry sand, 18mm diam. X 160mm
ng
j 5.5* 0.74*
[ 5.0 3.0
* By analysis, other values nominal.

t 10 mm, 500 kg.
Twist in degrees.
Core only
(16.2
19
-
kg ?
El
4.0
-
^
18.7 2.0
[ 13.5
1.0
(21.7
7.6
22.2 4.7
^
184
18.4
[ 17.6
1.8
1.8
BHN^ \ Tw% ?umber

J
+ of blows
62.5 550
35-45
67
75
620
^
^ 145_220
72.5 515
22
72.5 60
1
65
570
383
64
570 584
^ ^^^
6g 5
74
I 70
340
143
195 | 54
|| Tensile specimens 8 mm diam., torsion specimens 7 mm diam. X 40 mm long,

*![ Tensile specimens 15 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 160 mm long.
** Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 120 mm long.
IMPACT STRENGTH
% composition
;
Cu I Sn I Zn
Description and
IS,
treatment
kg-m
T 2 0 20.6t i
99.9
Tested at
l~ ^0 ^ j
99.8
Fire box plates
84
i?ngitudinal
Transverse
A 650 or 650 Q
Machine
Guillery
TV<t
Lit.
piece*
A
(24)
[-182 20.lt J
16
J0:" ) Fremont
5.3-6. 6 J
t
1240 2.9
Iz d
U470?:95
<10901.2-1.4
Cast, test- / -80 to 375 0.21
^,
Charpy
ed at
\470
0.35
1.5 Annealed,
/-80
0.7 \
tested at
\ 350-850 P.! / Charpy
2
Casting
temperature Diameter
<)
Fig.14,
Steam Metal (Cast)
Cu,86;Sn,5.7;Zn,5;Pb.3
(")
94.5
88
4
10
{:5 ?:L185
1100
1100
1200
2.0 in.
2.0 in.
2.0 in.
0.4-0.8
Izod
1.9-2.5
1.4-1. 7 J
*A = Mesnager specimen; B = bars 10 mm 2 cross-section, with saw cut,

3 mm deep; C = standard B. E. S. A. specimen; D = small Charpy test piece,
t Unbroken.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY*
% composition
T
Cu I Sn I Pb I Zn
*
100
D, A 500
99.6
G
Bd, 40%
A 500
90
80
70
10
~20
30
95
89
T9~
11
80
88
"IO
10
88
80
8
10
G
G
G
P, 0.1
P, 0.3
R
G..
IQf
"
2
4
10
G
G8
Gm
G
G8
* v. also Fig. 2 and 16 and pp. 456, 554.

t Phosphor bronze.
<
***'
8.89 ( 1 ^)
8.85 ( 1 ^)
8.89
8.90
14
8.78~ ( )
8.81 "( 14 )
8.84 (**)
8.6
8.5
"(U)
(56)
9.1
8.4-8.8
8.6
8.5
8.85
(I*)
(29)
(14)
(39.1)
Fig. 15
Effect of Temperature
on the Elastic Moduli of Cu
ELASTIC PKOPERTIES
See also Fig. 15
% com
Cu
I
Sn
100 Nominal*
Psltlon
Pb
93
88
89
88
7
12
4
5
Ni, 4
Ni, 5
88
10
86.5
85.4
10.2
12.6
Zn
10~3#
Description and treatment

_
Electrolytic Cu
Cast
Drawn
Annealed
Hard drawn
12.1-12.3
10.85
12.65 3.96
13.19 13.2
9.8
4.24
9.8
3.7
10.6
4.06
10.5
12.2
Cast..
Cast
0.1
0.6
3
2
Gov. bronze specification
3.3
1.Ot
10'3G
{g .
^ JrCZ
10'3K
Lit.
( 13 )
(57)
(44)
(44)
(7)
0.33 (30,57)
(so, so)
( 57 )
(12)
(12)
)
|>0.60
J
12.0
(1?
o .o
>
31
( )
(31)
9.1
10.4
* For Cu: E = Eo (1 - 3.59 X 10- t) at ordinary temperatures ( 5 M. G = Go (1 + 2.3 X IQ-* t) from O to 15 O 3 ). E0o&bs./EQOc = 1.37 ( 32 ).
t Phosphor bronze.
Fig.16
Specific Gravity of
Cu-Sn Alloys
MOLD SHRINKAGE; v. also p. 475

% composition
Al
;
j
:
Irt
100-r
Lit.
Cu I Sn I Pb I Zn
I
9 4 . 7 5 7 1 G
Tee (58)
92
8*
G
1.54 (37)
89.7 10.2
G
1.44
(58)
89
lit
G
1.04 (56)
80.7
19.1
G
1.52 (58)
85-70 10-5 5.25
G3
2.08
(6)
88.8
9.7
1.6 G
1.47 (58)
88
10
2
G
1.50 (37)
G3
1.08 (39.1)
80
10
10
G
1.34 (37)
G8
1.03 (39.1)
86.7
9.8
1.4
2
G...
1.47 | ( 5 8 )
* Phosphor bronze.
t Stone's English gear bronze, contains 0.3% P.
% composition
i
;
Cu
I Sn
100
L 0C
Treatment
I As
Annealed (electrolytic C u ) . . . < . _
I OÔ
f
99.6
~88
88
~i
0.39 Annealed
12
Jc
QA
J4^
O'co
O . O.J
O
14
^22
"
777
TT
v
7 94.5 0.539
As cast (phosphor bronze).. 1 43^
Q 728
10 2
As cast (Gov. bronze)
Âscast
OQ K n ^73
{&& Q72Q
"ULlSf
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Addicks, 80, 36: 18; 05. (2) Alkins, 47, 23: 381; 20. ( 3 ) Alkins and
Cartwright, 47, 26: 203; 21. ( 3 -M Allan, JlfetoZ Ind. (N. Y.), 8: 67, 10.
(3-2) Allan, Metal Ind. (N. Y.), 9: 295; 11. ( 4 ) American Society for Testing
Materials, Spec. B1-15. ( 5 ) American Society for Testing Materials,
Spec. B2-15. () American Society for Testing Materials, Spec. B31-21.
( 7 ) American Steel and Wire Co., Chicago, 111., O. (.*) Arnott, 88, 17 I:
209; 22. ( 9 ) Baucke, 95, 3: 195; 12.
(l) Bauer and Vollenbruck, 95, 16: 426; 24. (U) Bregowsky and Spring,
Valve World, 10: 3; 13. O 2 ) Bureau of Standards, TN 0805 f 18; 18. ( 13 )
Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 73; 22. ( 1 4 ) Bureau of Standards, 365,
No. 101; 24. (16) Clamer, 4O1 9:241; 15. C 1 ?) Comstock, 33, 22:1113; 20.
( 18 ) Corse, Research Service, Inc. Washington, D. C., O. ( 19 ) Corse and
Comstock, Trans. Soc. Automotive Eng., 11 II: 271; 16.
(20) Czochralski, 95, 13: 171; 21. ( 21 ) Czochralski, 95, 13: 276; 21. ("*)
Dudley, 143, 133: 81, 161; 92. ( 2 2 ) Giolliti and Marantonio, 36, 40 I:
51; 10. ( 2 3 ) Guillet, 74, 21: 295; 24. (24) Guillet and Cournot, 74, 19:
215; 22. (25) Heape, 47, 29: 467; 23. ( 2 7 ) Isihara, ^55, 11: 207; 22. (28)
Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. ( 2 9 ) Karr and Rawdon, 32, No. 59; 16.
(30) Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15. ( 3 I) Lea, 153, 209: 394; 20. ( 3 2 )
Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19. ( 33 ) Marks, B77. (33.1) Martens, 312, 8: 236;
90. (34) Matsuda, 159, 13: 401; 25. (35) Matsuda and Shiba, 159, 13:
413; 25. ( 36 ) Matthewson and Thalheimer, 80, 55: 446; 16. (37) Von
Miller, 192, 9: 63; 12. (38) Munker, 192,9: 185; 12. (38.1) Portevin and
Nusbaumer, 423, 21: 517; 12. ( 39 ) Primrose and Primrose, 47, 9: 158; 13.
(.39.1) Patch, 66, 17 I: 182; 17.
( 4 0 ) Rolfe, 47, 24: 233; 20. ( 4 1 ) Rolfe, 47, 26: 85; 21. () Rolfe, 440, 20:
413, 437; 22. () Rudeloff, 812, 16: 117; 98. (**) Searle, 3, 49: 193; 00.
( 4 5 ) Shepherd and Upton, 50, 9: 441; 05. ( 4 ) Smart, 80, 64: 293; 19.
( 4 7 ) Society of Automotive Engineers, Spec. 64; 22. ( 4 ) Society of Automotive Engineers, Spec. 68, 69; 22. < 4 9 ) Staley and Karr, 80, 64: 420; 19.
( 50 ) Thurston, Materials of Engineering, Part III, p. 342. New York, Wiley,
1907-10. (Si) Wassmuth, 75, 115: 223; 06. ( 5 2 ) Webbert, 440, 11:
189; 17. (53) Weidig, Verh. d. Vereins zur Befrderung des Gewerbfleisses,
90: 455, 525; 11. ( 54 ) Weintraub, 33, 8: 629; 10. (55) Weintraub, 40, 6:
138; 12. (56) Wilson, Foundry, 48: 915; 20, (") Winkelmann, B76. (58)
Wst, 192,*-. 769; 09.
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM BRONZES

W. M. CORSE
CONTENTS
Cu-Al
Tensile properties at high temperatures.

Brinell hardness at high temperatures.
Brinell hardness.
Torsional strength.
Dynamic strength.
MATIRES
Cu-Al
Proprits moyennes.
Rsistance la traction (Al
<14%).
Rsistance la traction
hautes tempratures.
Duret Brinell hautes tempratures.
Duret Brinell.
Rsistance la torsion.
Rsistance dynamique.
Specific gravity (Al < 14 %).
Poids spcifique (Al < 14%).
Specific gravity and compressibility.

Specific gravity (Al, 0-100%).
Poids spcifique et compressibilit.

Poids spcifique (Al, 0-100%).
Effect of cold rolling and

annealing on Cu, 93; Al, 7.
Effet du laminage froid et du

recuit sur Cu, 93; A, 7.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Cu-Al
Durchschnittseigenschaften.
(AI
<14%).
bei
hohen Temperaturen.
Brinell-Hrte bei hohen Temperaturen.
Brinell-Hrte.
Torsionsfestigkeit.
Festigkeit bei dynamischer
Beanspruchung.
Spezifisches
Gewicht
(Al
<14%).
Spezifisches Gewicht und Kompressibilitt.
Spezifisches Gewicht (Al, O100%).
Einfluss des Kaltwalzens und
Ausglheris auf Cu, 93; Al, 7.
Effect of heat treatment on

rolled Cu, 90; Al, 10.
Effet du traitement thermique

sur Cu, 90; Al, 10 lamin.
Einfluss der Wrmebehandlung

auf gewalztes Cu, 90; Al, 10.
Effect of heat treatment on cast

Cu, 90; Al, 10.

sur Cu, 90; Al, 10 coul.

auf gegossenes Cu, 90; Al, 10.
Average properties.
Tensile properties (Al < 14%).
INDICE
Cu-Al
PAGE
Propriet medie
573
Propriet alla trazione (Al
< 14%)
574
Propriet alla trazione a
temperature elevate.... 575
Durezza Brinell a temperature elevate
576
Durezza Brinell
576
Resistenza alla torsione.. . 576
Resistenza dinamica
576
Peso specifico (Al < 14 %) 576
Peso specifico e comprimibilit
576
Peso specifico (Al, 0-100%) 576
Effetto della laminazione a
freddo e della ricottura
sulla lega Cu, 93; Al, 7. 576
Effetto del trattamento
termico sui prodotti
laminati di lega Cu, 90;
Al, 10
577
termico su getti di lega
Cu, 90; Al, 10
577
MOLD SHRINKAGE; v. also p. 475

% composition
Al
;
j
:
Irt
100-r
Lit.
Cu I Sn I Pb I Zn
I
9 4 . 7 5 7 1 G
Tee (58)
92
8*
G
1.54 (37)
89.7 10.2
G
1.44
(58)
89
lit
G
1.04 (56)
80.7
19.1
G
1.52 (58)
85-70 10-5 5.25
G3
2.08
(6)
88.8
9.7
1.6 G
1.47 (58)
88
10
2
G
1.50 (37)
G3
1.08 (39.1)
80
10
10
G
1.34 (37)
G8
1.03 (39.1)
86.7
9.8
1.4
2
G...
1.47 | ( 5 8 )
* Phosphor bronze.
t Stone's English gear bronze, contains 0.3% P.
% composition
i
;
Cu
I Sn
100
L 0C
Treatment
I As
Annealed (electrolytic C u ) . . . < . _
I OÔ
f
99.6
~88
88
~i
0.39 Annealed
12
Jc
QA
J4^
O'co
O . O.J
O
14
^22
"
777
TT
v
7 94.5 0.539
As cast (phosphor bronze).. 1 43^
Q 728
10 2
As cast (Gov. bronze)
Âscast
OQ K n ^73
{&& Q72Q
"ULlSf
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Addicks, 80, 36: 18; 05. (2) Alkins, 47, 23: 381; 20. ( 3 ) Alkins and
Cartwright, 47, 26: 203; 21. ( 3 -M Allan, JlfetoZ Ind. (N. Y.), 8: 67, 10.
(3-2) Allan, Metal Ind. (N. Y.), 9: 295; 11. ( 4 ) American Society for Testing
Materials, Spec. B1-15. ( 5 ) American Society for Testing Materials,
Spec. B2-15. () American Society for Testing Materials, Spec. B31-21.
( 7 ) American Steel and Wire Co., Chicago, 111., O. (.*) Arnott, 88, 17 I:
209; 22. ( 9 ) Baucke, 95, 3: 195; 12.
(l) Bauer and Vollenbruck, 95, 16: 426; 24. (U) Bregowsky and Spring,
Valve World, 10: 3; 13. O 2 ) Bureau of Standards, TN 0805 f 18; 18. ( 13 )
Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 73; 22. ( 1 4 ) Bureau of Standards, 365,
No. 101; 24. (16) Clamer, 4O1 9:241; 15. C 1 ?) Comstock, 33, 22:1113; 20.
( 18 ) Corse, Research Service, Inc. Washington, D. C., O. ( 19 ) Corse and
Comstock, Trans. Soc. Automotive Eng., 11 II: 271; 16.
(20) Czochralski, 95, 13: 171; 21. ( 21 ) Czochralski, 95, 13: 276; 21. ("*)
Dudley, 143, 133: 81, 161; 92. ( 2 2 ) Giolliti and Marantonio, 36, 40 I:
51; 10. ( 2 3 ) Guillet, 74, 21: 295; 24. (24) Guillet and Cournot, 74, 19:
215; 22. (25) Heape, 47, 29: 467; 23. ( 2 7 ) Isihara, ^55, 11: 207; 22. (28)
Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. ( 2 9 ) Karr and Rawdon, 32, No. 59; 16.
(30) Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15. ( 3 I) Lea, 153, 209: 394; 20. ( 3 2 )
Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19. ( 33 ) Marks, B77. (33.1) Martens, 312, 8: 236;
90. (34) Matsuda, 159, 13: 401; 25. (35) Matsuda and Shiba, 159, 13:
413; 25. ( 36 ) Matthewson and Thalheimer, 80, 55: 446; 16. (37) Von
Miller, 192, 9: 63; 12. (38) Munker, 192,9: 185; 12. (38.1) Portevin and
Nusbaumer, 423, 21: 517; 12. ( 39 ) Primrose and Primrose, 47, 9: 158; 13.
(.39.1) Patch, 66, 17 I: 182; 17.
( 4 0 ) Rolfe, 47, 24: 233; 20. ( 4 1 ) Rolfe, 47, 26: 85; 21. () Rolfe, 440, 20:
413, 437; 22. () Rudeloff, 812, 16: 117; 98. (**) Searle, 3, 49: 193; 00.
( 4 5 ) Shepherd and Upton, 50, 9: 441; 05. ( 4 ) Smart, 80, 64: 293; 19.
( 4 7 ) Society of Automotive Engineers, Spec. 64; 22. ( 4 ) Society of Automotive Engineers, Spec. 68, 69; 22. < 4 9 ) Staley and Karr, 80, 64: 420; 19.
( 50 ) Thurston, Materials of Engineering, Part III, p. 342. New York, Wiley,
1907-10. (Si) Wassmuth, 75, 115: 223; 06. ( 5 2 ) Webbert, 440, 11:
189; 17. (53) Weidig, Verh. d. Vereins zur Befrderung des Gewerbfleisses,
90: 455, 525; 11. ( 54 ) Weintraub, 33, 8: 629; 10. (55) Weintraub, 40, 6:
138; 12. (56) Wilson, Foundry, 48: 915; 20, (") Winkelmann, B76. (58)
Wst, 192,*-. 769; 09.
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM BRONZES

W. M. CORSE
CONTENTS
Cu-Al

Brinell hardness at high temperatures.
Brinell hardness.
Torsional strength.
Dynamic strength.
MATIRES
Cu-Al
Proprits moyennes.
Rsistance la traction (Al
<14%).
Rsistance la traction
hautes tempratures.
Duret Brinell hautes tempratures.
Duret Brinell.
Rsistance la torsion.
Specific gravity (Al < 14 %).
Poids spcifique (Al < 14%).
Specific gravity and compressibility.

Specific gravity (Al, 0-100%).
Poids spcifique et compressibilit.

Poids spcifique (Al, 0-100%).
Effect of cold rolling and

annealing on Cu, 93; Al, 7.
Effet du laminage froid et du

recuit sur Cu, 93; A, 7.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Cu-Al
(AI
<14%).
bei
hohen Temperaturen.
Brinell-Hrte bei hohen Temperaturen.
Brinell-Hrte.
Torsionsfestigkeit.
Beanspruchung.
Spezifisches
Gewicht
(Al
<14%).
Spezifisches Gewicht und Kompressibilitt.
Spezifisches Gewicht (Al, O100%).
Einfluss des Kaltwalzens und
Ausglheris auf Cu, 93; Al, 7.

rolled Cu, 90; Al, 10.

sur Cu, 90; Al, 10 lamin.

auf gewalztes Cu, 90; Al, 10.
Effect of heat treatment on cast

Cu, 90; Al, 10.

sur Cu, 90; Al, 10 coul.

auf gegossenes Cu, 90; Al, 10.
Average properties.
Tensile properties (Al < 14%).
INDICE
Cu-Al
PAGE
Propriet medie
573
Propriet alla trazione (Al
< 14%)
574
Propriet alla trazione a
temperature elevate.... 575
Durezza Brinell a temperature elevate
576
Durezza Brinell
576
Resistenza alla torsione.. . 576
Resistenza dinamica
576
Peso specifico (Al < 14 %) 576
Peso specifico e comprimibilit
576
Peso specifico (Al, 0-100%) 576
Effetto della laminazione a
freddo e della ricottura
sulla lega Cu, 93; Al, 7. 576
termico sui prodotti
laminati di lega Cu, 90;
Al, 10
577
termico su getti di lega
Cu, 90; Al, 10
577
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS.
(Fortsetzung)
CONTENTS.(Continued)
hardness of cast Cu, 90; Al,
10.
MATIRES.(Suite)
sur la duret de Cu, 90; Al,
10 coul.

auf die Hrte von gegossenem Cu, 90; Al, 10

hardness and resistance to
bending of cast Cu, 90; Al, 10.

sur la duret et la rsistance
la flexion de Cu, 90; Al, 10
coul.

auf die Hrte und Widerstand gegen Biegung von
gegossenem Cu, 90; Al, 10.
Cu-Al-Fe
Average properties.
Tensile properties and hardness.
Tensile properties and Young's

modulus.
Hardness at high temperatures.
Cu-Al-Fe
Proprits moyennes.
duret.
Effet de la dimension de la
pice moule.
module de Young.
Duret hautes tempratures.
Cu-Al-Fe
und
Hrte.
Einfluss der Ausmasse der
Gusstcke.
und
Young'scher Modulus.
Hrte bei hohen Temperaturen.
Effect of heat treatment.
Effet du traitement thermique.
Einfluss der Wrmebehandlung.
Cu-Al-Mn
Tensile properties.
Hardness
and
torsional
strength.
Dynamic strength.
Cu-Al-Mn
Rsistance la traction hautes
tempratures.
Duret et rsistance la torsion.
Cu-Al-Mn
Festigkeitseigenschaften.
bei
hohen Temperaturen.
Hrte und Drehfestigkeit.
Elastic properties.
Specific gravity.
Effect of annealing cold rolled
sheet.
Effect of annealing cold drawn
bars.
Effect of heat treatment on Cu,
89; Al, 10; Mn, 1.
Proprits lastiques.
Poids spcifique.
Effet du recuit sur des feuilles
lamines froid.
Effet du recuit sur des barres
tires froid.
sur Cu, 89; Al, 10; Mn, 1.

Beanspruchung.
Einfluss des Ausglhens auf kalt
gewalztes Blech.
Einfluss des Ausglhens auf
kalt gezogene Stangen.
auf Cu, 89; Al, 10; Mn, 1.
Cu-Al-Ni
Mechanical properties and
specific gravity.
Cu-Al-Ni
Proprits mcaniques et poids
spcifique.
Cu-Al-Ni
Mechanische
Eigenschaften
und spezifisches Gewicht.
Hrte bei hoher Temperatur.
Effect of rate of cooling on

hardness.
Effet de la vitesse de refroidissement sur la duret.
Einfluss des Khlungsgrades

auf die Hrte.
Cu-Al-P
Cu-Al-Si
Cu-Al-P
Proprits mcaniques.
Cu-Al-Si
Cu-Al-P
Cu-Al-Si
Hrte bei hohen Temperaturen.
Effect of size of casting.
Cu-Al
PROPERTIES OF Cu-AL, AL > 15%
The alloys of this series between 15 and 90% Al do not appear
to be of any technical value. From 15 to 18% Al they are very
hard and very brittle. From 20 to 65% Al they diminish in
hardness, but are so brittle they can be powdered easily in a mortar,
which makes them of some use in weighing out quantities to make
up alloys. This excessive brittleness ceases at about 67% Al (3).
INDICE.(Continuazione)
termico sulla durezza di
getti di lega Cu, 90; Al,
10
577
termico sulla durezza e
sulla resistenza alla
piegatura di getti di lega
Cu, 90; Al, 10
578
Cu-Al-Fe
578
Propriet medie
Propriet alla trazione e
durezza
578
Effetto delle dimensioni del
getto
578
Propriet alla trazione e
modulo di Young
578
Durezza a temperature elevate
579
termico
579
Cu-Al-Mn
Propriet a temperature
580
elevate
Durezza e resistenza alla
580
torsione
Resistenza dinamica
580
Propriet elastiche
Peso specifico
Effetto della ricottura su
lamiere laminate a freddo
Effetto della ricottura su
barre tirate a freddo....
termico sulla lega Cu,
89; Al, 10; Mn, 1
Cu-Al-Ni
Propriet meccaniche e
peso specifico
Durezza a temperature elevate
Effetto della velocit di
raffreddamento
sulla
durezza
Cu-Al-P
Propriet meccaniche
Cu-Al-Si
Durezza a temperature
elevate
580
580
580
581
581
581
583
583
583
583
TABLE 1. AVERAGE PROPERTIES ( 13 )

Treatment
Cu
Al
95
5 Rd sheet. ,
R8 sheet
8 Rd sheet
R sheet
10 G8
Wk d rod
Wk8 rod
92
90
UTS
YP EIRA BHN
70
39
91
42
46-53 14-21
88
55
10
75
4
60
20 21 90-100
5
36
dj
J
1
J
DLG = 13-14
TABLE 2.TENSILE PROPERTIES* (AL < 14%) ( 3 ).(Continued]

Treatmentt
^* El^
RA
TABLE 2.TENSILE PROPERTIES* (AL < 14%) (3).(Continued)

Treatmentt
^2* ?P*
El
RA
Cu, 94.90; Al, 5.07; Si, 0.018; Fe, 0.006

G8
285
68
75J)
G8, WSOO 0 C 8
296
57 65.5
G3, WSOO 0 Qw
293
79
66.5
Gm
285
112 60.5
Gm, W 800 C5
284
80
61.0
Gm, W 800 Qw
301
90
80.0
Rh Ii in. diam
387
107 79.0 77.0
Rh if in. diam
416
180
69.2 77.8
373
82
79.0 82.0
W /800C.
me>
\800 Qw
371
98
83.0 78.8
Cu, 98.95; Al7 1.06; Si, 0.010; Fe(Tr.)
Dc H in- diam..
479
375
G8
211
47 52.0
0
Cu,
94.20;
Al,
5.76;
Si,
0.027;
Fe,
0.010
G8, WSOO C 8
. 203
50
46.0
G
280
76
6770
8
Gm
186
82 53.0
G8, W 800 C8
306
60 65.0
G m , W 800 C8
203
71 57.0
G8, W SOQ 0 Qw
285
85
52.5
Gm, W SOO0Qw
199
53.5
296
95 61.0
Rh Ii in. diam
247
106 59.0 90.9 Gm
Gm, W 800 C5
307
88 74.0
Rh M in. diam
250
109
61.0 88.6
Gm,
W
800
Qw
323
129
49.0
~
/800
C
240
69
67.0
91.9
w
8
frame, W | 8QQ oQ w
243
68
63.5 90.8
Rh if in. diam
~448
186
74.2 76.9
80O0C8
419
124
77.5 71.0
D0 Jf in. diam
285
273
42.0 88.8
SOO 0 Qw
393 109 84.5 75.6
w
frame, w 60()o Cf
42g
148
77 Q
75 Q
Cu, 97.88; Al, 2.10; Si, 0.018; Fe, 0.004
Cu, 99.86; Al, 0.10; Si,
G8
G8, WSOO 0 C 8
G8, W 90O 0 Qw
Gm
Gm, WSOO 0 C 8
Gm, WSOO 0 Qw
Rh if in. diam
W /800C S
bame> W
\ 800 Qw
0.000; Fe, 0.000

181
60 46.0
179
66 40.0
168
46
40.0
182
65 46.0
174
77 44.0
178
63
47.5
228
109
65.5 90.7
223
69
62.0 92.5
221
69
65.0 91.8
G8
G8, WSOO 0 C 8
G8, WSOO 0 Qw
Gm
Gm, W 800 C3
Gn, WSOO 0 Q..
Rh Ii in. diam
Rh M in. diam
~
w / 800 C8
frame, W I gOQO Qw
Cu, 96.98; Al, 2.99; Si,
G8
G8, W 800 C8
G8, W 800 Qw
Gm
Gm, W 800 C8
Gm, W 800 Qw
Rh Ii in. diam
Rh H in. diam.
800 C3
~
800 Qw
w
bame, W 600o Cf
54 53.5
55 46.5
68
47.0
71 54.5
76
56.0
68
55.0
101 61.0 90.0
136
56.5 89.7
69
66.0 90.0
^ 5 gg g
264
6g
0.024; Fe, 0.008
229
60 60.0
233
58 60.5
233
77
58.5
217
107 60.0
230
69 73.0
235
74
53.0
299
124 67.0 88.8
312
183
57.3 86.1
284
76
73.0 90.0
285
87
69.0 88.8
90O 0 Cf
D0 Jf in. diam
213
221
221
216
219
219
271
275
262
292
311
351
Cu, 95.92; Al, 4.05; Si, 0.019;

G8
263
G8, W 800 C8
268
G8, W 800 Qw
260
Gm
269
Gm, W 800 C8
258
Gm, W SOO0Qw
279
Rh Ii in. diam
346
Rh H in. diam
375
800 C8
339
Q
w/
bame
> W \800 Qw
335
900 Cf
373
95
86.0 70.0
Cu, 93.23; Al, 6.73; Si, 0.026; Fe, 0.016
G8
294
76
G8, WSOO 0 C 8
297
76 64.0
G8, W 800 Qw . . . . >
313
99
51.0
Gm
315
69.0
Gm, W 800 Qw
298
82
42.0
Rh Ii in. diam
412
118 82.0 75.4
Rh M in. diam
455
164
71.0 75.0
418
112 82.5 73.5
W /800C 8
bame? W
\800 Qw
401
117 83.0 72.0
Cu, 92.61; Al, 7.35; Si, 0.027; Fe, 0.017
G8
336
104 71.0
G8, WSOO 0 C 8
317
93 81.0
G8, WSOO 0 Qw
'. . 315
106
70.0
Gm
340
84.0
Gm, W 800 C3
318
95 80.0
Gm, W 800 Qw
312
115
79.0
Rh Ii in. diam
432
147 80.0 75.3
Rh it in. diam
468
167 72.5 74.3
[SOO 0 C 8
401
117
80.5 74.8
log
66 Q
89 g
Same, W {800 Q w . . . .
402
126
82.0 74.8
91
82.5 83.6
[90O 0 Cf
376
112
92.0 72.0
331
44.0 86.1 Dc Jf in. diam
495
388
48.0 58.8
Fe, 0.011
Cu, 91.85; Al, 8.12; Si, 0.012; Fe, 0.012
55
83.0
G8
393
121 58.0
62 68.5
G8, WSOO 0 C 3
349
109 69.0
79
60.0
G8, WSOO 0 Qw
410
124
62.5
77 82.0
Gm
433
153 62.0
68 89.0
Gm, WSOO 0 C 8
350
115 59.0
80
81.0
Gm, WSOO 0 Qw
393
132
61.0
5
71.0 81.8
Rh Ii in. diam
487
154 70.0 64.5
178 67.0 83.3
Rh M in. diam
524
205
51.5 60.4
96
73
Q
430
128
80.0 70.0
w /800 C8
- 85-7
\ 800 Qw
448 1118
74.0 69.3
101 79.0 84.8 bam6'
TABLE 2.TENSILE PROPERTIES* (AL < 14%) ( 3 ).(Continued)

Treatmentt
J^*
^* EIA
Cu, 91.28; Al, 8.67; Si, 0.032; Fe, 0.021

G8
.
443
154
48.0
G8, W 800 C3
370
139
48.0
G8, W 800 Qw
484
184
35.0
Gm
~ 4 8 5 5 5 J 3
Gm, W 800 C8
427
139
63.0
Gm, W 800 Qw
470
153
54.0
Rh H in. diam
578
175
38.0
80O0C3
473
180
65.0
0
'600 Q W
596
48.0
Same, W 700 Qw
554
54.0
800QW
551
199 51.0
900 Qw
618
40.0
Cu, 90.58; Al, 9.38; Si, 0.021; Fe, 0.019
G8
479
53
3673
G3, W 900 C8
369 169 17.3
G8, W 800 Qw
601 328
9.5
Gm
Gm, W 800 C8
Gm, W 800 Qw
Rh Ii in. diam
Rh Jl in. diam
(60O0Qw
J 700 Qw
feame
' W I 800 Qw
[90O 0 Qw
Dc H in. diam
Cu, 90.06; Al, 9.90; Si,
G8
G8, W 800 C8
G8, W 800 Qw
Gm
G1n, WSOO 0 C 8
Gm, W 700 Qw
Gm, W SOO Qw
Gm, W 900 Qw
Rh l in. diam
Rh if in. diam
800 C8
30O0Cf
40O0Cf
500Cf
60O0Cf
w J 700 Cf
bame W
'
) 800 Cf
90O 0 Cf
60O0Qw
70O0Qw
SOO 0 Qw
900 Qw
600 Qw
700 Qw
R
w
Kbl W
'
80O 0 Qw
900 Qw
Dc H in.diam
536
165 43.5
433 178 27.0
561 295 28.0
589
233
40.0
599
279
34.0
614
251
38.5
607
262
35.5
615
301
32.0
668
292
25.5
612
457
32.0
0.027; Fe, 0.017
499
788
582
416
601
f 607
j 60g
709
552
600
449
600
499
537
500
502
413
346
608
585
717
854
602
626
686
812
692
178
210
353
195
260
200
217
279
577
214
233
247
230
369
323
247
238
200
210
268
246
413
659
268
285
511
627
637
TABLE 2.TENSILE PROPERTIES* (AL < 14%) (3).(Continued)
RA
50.7
64.9
61.2
66.7
59.6
51.7
47.2
31.9
20.0
50.0
30.5
46.3
41.4
33.6
50.8
42.9
42.7
39.3
46.3
21.7
H
3.0
30.5
5.0
25.0
32.0
22.0 28.5
22 Q
3.0 10.8
31.5 30.5
28.8 30.8
6.5 10.2
27.0 33.1
2.5
2.9
9.5 13.1
9.0 14.5
9.0
11.3
13.5 21.6
6.0
8.8
29.0 35.7
20.5 27.0
11.0
16.8
2.5
7.0
22.2 30.0
15.4 20.6
7.0 14.3
3.0
4.8
13.0 22.2
Treatmentt
^*
^* El^
Cu7 89.17; Al, 10.78; Si, 0.031; Fe7 0.015

G8
465
222
9.0
G8, W 800 C8
460
425
2.0
G8, W 800 Qw
559
468
2.5
Gm
579
266
9.0
Gm, W 800 C8
453
372
0.0
Gm, WSOO 0 Qw
510
421
3.0
Rh Ii in. diam
551
284
12.5
Rh U in. diam
609
243
14.0
479 291
1.5
q
w J 800 C8
bame?
ISOO 0 Qw
569
189
5.0
Cu, 88.32; Al, 11.73; Si,
G3
G8, WSOO 0 C 8
G8, WSOO 0 Qw...
Gm
Gm, W 800 Qw
Rh Ii in. diam
Rh U in. diam
Q
p W/80Cs
'
0.028; Fe, 0.010

401
221
305
305
391
265
482
233
395
197
506
299
533
199
385
\ 800 Qw
401 189
Cu, 86.92; Al, 13.02; Si, 0.043; Fe, 0.013
G8
311
311
G8, WSOO 0 C 8
249
249
G8, W 800 Qw
365
220
Gm
395
395
Gm, W 800 C8
260
260
Gm, WSOO 0 Qw
409
186
Rh H in. diam
585
RA
12.1
18.6
4.0
13.3
5.0
1.0
5.0
6.0
5.0 .
5.5
4.2
8.5
15.4
1>0
'7
6.0
10.6
1.0
2.0
4.5
0.0
0.0
4.0
2.0
1.9
* The alloys in this table were made up of 99.98-99.99 % pure Cu and 99.70 %
pure Al. A specimen of 99.96 % pure Cu, Rh to 1 ^Ke in- an(l C8 from 80O0C had
the following properties: UTS = 22.3, YP = 7.9, El = 56.0, RA = 67.8. The
ductility is greatly increased by adding only 0.1 % AI. Additional properties of
the commercially important Al bronzes are given in the following tables.
t Treatments in detail are: G8, in small test piece size; G m , in 1 in. diam. size
and machined down. The mechanically worked specimens are from a Gm
20 X 3 in. diam. ingot. This was machined to 2^K6 in. diam., W 800 R to
IX in- diam. One portion Rh to 1îe i*1- diam.
J By dividers.
Test piece 0.564 in. diam., 2 in. gage length except where noted.
I! Broke in threads, fracture coarsely crystalline.
U These specimens were machined to test piece size ($i in. diam.) before
heat treatment.
TABLE 3.TENSILE PROPERTIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
20
150
Cu, 95; Al, 5 Cast

Cu, 90; Al, 10 Cast
(2, 15)
(2,15)
UTS I YP I El& I RA I UTS \ El& \ RA
24.7 19.5 56.3 46.9 29.1
9.4
13.1
22.7
78.1 31.4
230
315
400
510
540
25.2 11.0 65.7 61.7 29.7 12.5 4.8

17.3 12.9 45.3 38.4 27.0 11.5 11.6
4.5 4.5 0.0 0.0 18.8 1.6 2.9
18.2 3.1 6.7
4.4 4.4 0.0 0.0
t,C
TABLE 3*.TENSILE PROPERTIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.

(Continued)
*,C
Cu, 93; Al, 6.7 (Rh)*

(23; c/. 27 )
UTSj
El&
20
45.5
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
37.3
32.6
30.3
28.2
21.0
17.2
Cu, 90; Al, 10 (R h )*( 2 3 )

cf. (27)
I UTSj
I
El* .
71.0
60.0
25.5-29.0
24.5-25.0
17.5
14.0-18.0
9.0-10.0
14.0
57.4
50 O
52.6
51.7
37.8
35.1
19.1
14.3
550
28.8
35.0-38.0
21.5
18.5-40.0
27.5-33.0
29.0-48.0
30.5-32.5
42.0-92.5
10.2
TABLE 7.DYNAMIC TESTS ( 3 ).(Continued)

No. of bends*
Condition
% Al ~~. "
~
IS-\ (Izod)
u?ter
f in. diam.
f8 in. sq.
T i test

H
Izod
9.90
11.73
13.02
657
TABLE 8.SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AL-BRONZES (3)
0.10
1.06
2.10
2.99
4.05
5.07
5.76
6.73
7.35
8.12
8.67
9.38
9.90
10.78
11.73
13.02
TABLE 4.BRINELL HARDNESS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES ( 12 )

%
/c Al r^^r-US 20 250 350 450 550 650 750 850 950
Impurities
3.82 Si, 0.09
39.433.831.431.431.422.417.63T2
4.07 Si, 0.08
38.129.628.429^229 2*^417^2
6.75 Sn, 0.27
34.9 34.431.4 3T43T8 29?7 16^5 "8T2
9.76 Fe, 0 . 2 2 . . . . 76.77T 65.1 6~ 40^5 254 472 ~7
2~9
TABLE 5.BRINELL HARDNESS (3)
0.10
2.99
5.07
7.35
9.90
11.73
13.02
13.50
15.38
1034
300()
78
109
113
123
180
213
332
372
411
66
102
124
134
210
269
349
437
539
UTS
~-~___
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
G8
G8
22.8
31.2
41.6
46.8
60.0
53.3
58.5
* Tests, except last two, made on 1 M 6 in. diam. hot rolled bars.
= 9.516 mm.
Ball diam.
TABLE 6.TORSIONAL STRENGTH* (3)

% Al
0.00
0.10
1.06
2.10
4.05
6.73
7.35
9.90
11.73
"
USSc I
19.8
25.2
26.0
27.2
31.0
36.4
37.2
36.8
39.5
TMR
I
26.4
33.7
34.7
36.3
41.4
48.6
49.6
49.3
52.7
UTS
22.4
24.7
27.1
34.6
41.2
43.2
55.2
50.6
| Twist, /crn
359
681
570
506
304
213
180
31
6.7
* Specimens machined from !} in. bar, hot rolled to 0.624 in. diam. X 3.0 in.
long, except for 2.1 % Al which is 2.8 in. long.
0.10
2.99
5.07
7.35
287
332
632
1395
443
456
814
1373
T23
1.70
1.96
2.13
>
8.90
8.77
8.61
8.47
8.31
8.18
8.07
7.96
7.86
7.78
7.69
7.61
7.56
7.45
7.34
7.23
8.92
8.78
8.62
8.47
8.31
8.18
8.07
7.95
7.85
7.78
7.69
7.61
7.56
7.45
7.35
7.23
* Rolled to 1 Me in. diam.
TABLE 9.COMPRESSIBILITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF Cu-AL

ALLOYS ( 14 )
%Alca.
5
7
13
20
43
50
63
90
IQ 8 X*
103
119
81
118
160
250
231
210
C
I
16
15
20.5
19
19
20.5
26
26
Il
*,C I
<*4*'
17.4
8.16
14.7
7.95
20.4
7.29
19
5.61
18.2
4.40
23
4.06
25.2
3.57
25.2
2.83
* Average between 1 and 1000 atm.
TABLE 10.SPECIFIC GRAVITY (*)

%A1
O
7
12.5
14.7
df
Il
8.92
7.83
7.30
6.97
dl
Il
6.93
6.08
4.88
4.26
%A1
15.0
22.5
35
46
%A1
64
82
100
d?
3.68
3.09
2.69
TABLE 11.EFFECT OF COLD ROLLING AND ANNEALING ON

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu, 92.99; AL, 7.03 ( 17 )
/TT7Si
Rh 16 mm, R0 8 mm
Condition
Rh 20 mm, Rc 8 mm
after
lzod test Rh Rc A 500
Rh Rc A 600
7^7*
-L'I
TT K v
Unbroken
8.90
8.79
8.54
8.44
8.29
8.16
8.04
7.94
7.85
7.79
7.73
7.64
7.60
7.45
7.19
6.98
Treatment (rolled plate)
TABLE 7.DYNAMIC TESTS (3)

No. of bends*
% A l ~~~ ~
~
/Sf (Izod)
t in. diam.
| in, sq.
ÂT^-Û
* For exact composition v. Table 2. Specimens hot rolled to He in. diam.

t Mean values.
1 Tii
Broken
* Tests made on Arnold machine, bars 5.5 in. long.

t Tests bars 2 X % X Ke in. For both tests, bars were machined from hot
rolled 1 JKe in. diam. bars.
% Al ""ITTT^^_Load, kg
0.62
0.54
0.12
783
74.0
79.6
50.5
46.0
-L'I
74.4
80.2
50.6
54.7
10
9
46
57
IT
BHN
-M
9
4
111
75
183
205
111
75
* On 50 mm.
t L, T specimens taken parallel and perpendicular to direction of rolling,
respectively.
TABLE 11.EFFECT OF COLD ROLLING AND ANNEALING ON

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu, 92.99; AL, 7.03 ( 17 ).
(Continued)
Ann
'cn
UTS*
temp., C
( R O T o T s
100
76.3
155
77.2
180
77.2
210
78.6
230
79.7
260
79.7
285
79.7
El*
8
7
8
7
6
6
6
5
Ann
.
- _
temp., c C
305
335
360
385
410
460
510
UTS*
7970
76.9
67.4
62.7
55.4
52.3
51.1
El*
6
6
13
17
30
40
40
* Rh 16 mm, R0 8 mm (||).
Ann, temp., 0C |
BHNi
\\ Ann, temp., 0C |
(Rh)
70
120
170
195
215
240
265
205
204
206
209
210
209
216
217
290
315
340
365
390
415
465
515
BHN\
222
218
192
152
138
123
114
111
t Rh 20 mm, Rc 8 mm ( |[).
TABLE 12.EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON ROLLED Cu, 90;

AL, 10* (* 9 )
Treatment
R A 750/90
R W 500)
R W 600
0
RW700 0
"^w
RWSOQ0J
R800/10Qw||
400
500
Win
bame, w i u m 60QO
700
R900/20Q W
400
500
<*
Win
bame, w i u m ^0
700
| UTS | YP |ffZif| BHN\ ScH%\ /

49
14 1251[ 19.23.5**
f 48
13 1251 18
3.2**
61
20.5121 27
7**
60
22 122f 2 6 . 5 8 * *
72
9 148If 46.7 6.1**
69.223.3 8 184ft 49
6.2J
73.923.4 2.5205ft 55
3.8JJ
62
29 512
162
tt 42.5 4.6J
59.222.321.7144ft 38
8.6
51.2
13.5 12Oft 32 10.5
67.739.7 3.5223ff 44
4JJ
64.145.5 2.2208ff 69.7 5.7
60.634.412.0152ft 46
8.6J
60.7|27.7 26.5 133ft 41.612.5
57.6,29 22.7129ft 40.114.4
* Cu, 89.84; Al, 9.95; Zn, 0.11; (Si, Fe), Tr.

t Test pieces 10 mm square cross-section.
$ Hardened steel point.
Guillery machine.
Il Heated in salt bath.
1 10 mm, 1000 kg.
** Copenhagen test piece.
ft 10 mm, 2000 kg.
%% Mesnager test piece.
TABLE 13.EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON CAST Cu, 90; AL, 10

(7'26)
~ ~ Z T r t A*
BHN
(G3)
118
370
425
121
480
540
128
595
112
650
121
T r t B*
BHN
230
178
157
140
133
125
~ T r t A*
?
BHN
705
133
760
163
815
205
870
240
925
240
980
200
Trt B*
BHN
115
110
108
* Trt A = Wt0 Qw ; Trt B = W 870 Qw Tp t] BHN: 10 mm, 1000 kg.
TABLE 13.EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON CAST Cu, 90; AL, 10

(7, 26).(Continued)
Treatment
G8
800 Qw
90O 0 Qw
/500
frame, lp| ^0
Treatment
G8
90O 0 Qw
Same, Trt
UTS
\
42.2
68.9
66.8
60.5
^2
EL
\
10.5
21.8
38.7
34.4
2 8.8
El
28.5
8.0
3.5
12.0
22.7
| UTS
EL \ El3.
RA
BHN
52.0 13.9 19.5 23.7 100
74.0 28.5 1.0
0.8
262
68-64 40-27.5 5.5-14 9-18.5 158-140
TABLE 14.EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON HARDNESS OF CAST

Cu, 90; AL, 10* ( 6 )
~
BHN] (heat A), BHN\ (heat H),
ocrl
at:
at:
Tempering
temp., 0C
Heat Heat 3000 1000 500 3000 1000 500
A
H
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
None
43-5446-55 248 249 206 248 244
150
48-5556-58 241 249
235 238
205
50-5552-56 241 238
241 249
260
53-5753-58 262 260
255 249
315
46-5357-61 262 260
269 260
400
49-6056-62 262 260
269 260
480
30-3234-36 170 165
179 171
565
23-2723-26 163 159 136
159 143
650
21-2222-24
133 124
138 130
760
19-2019-20
121 100
121 109
870
18-1920-21 131 113 100 134 117 109
* Disks 24 in- thick cut from tensile test stubs of cast alloy having: UTS =*
45-53; YP = 15-18; El = 17-23 %; RA = 16-26 %. Stubs W 900/20-30
Qw Tp t CcaOt 10 mm ball.
~
! "
ScHi
B H N (3000 kg)~
Tempering temp., C* ^ ^ | ^ p -^ ^ ^ ^
None
150
205
260
315
345
370
400
425
455
480
510
55-59
58-61
54-57
55-59
54-57
56-61
55-58
59-61
52-55
57-61
54-57
58-62
48-52
55-58
48-50
50-53
36-39
42-44
25-27
38-42
21-24 29-31
20-22
26-28
_
_-,
Air cooled
Tempering temp., C ^ | ^None
150
205
230
260
315
345
370
400
425
60-65
62-66
249
62-67
260
62-66
63-70
60-66
59-62
48-55
285
279
255
255
205
255
269
248
277
241
269
269
277
262
286
262
286
277
286
269
269
196
255
183
223
179
202
170
196
Cooled in CaO
^ | ggjy[|
59-66
* Same treatment as above except where air cooled.

t On flattened surface of edge of disks % in. thick.
J On faces of same disks.
On flats filed on tensile test stubs.
Il Load = 1000 kg.
61-63
260
60-63
65-70
60-64
244
278
272
TABLE 15.EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON HARDNESS AND

ENDURANCE TO REVERSED BENDING OF CAST Cu, 90; AL, 10
(22)
TABLE 17.TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF SAND CAST

ALLOYS* ( 1 ^)
% Al
Cu, 90.5; Al, 9.5
Quench temp.,0C*
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 Room
No. bendst
230 400 34Q 12 850 500 600 200
BHN (10 mm, 500 kg).. ~86 ~89 ~80 """74 67 65 66 63 70
* 900 C8 W t Qw.
t Arnold machine.
[
[
I
i
[
[
I
1
[
f
Cu, 90; Al, 10
Treatment
I No. bends |
650
600
550
130
630
1050
5
7
50
300
300
400
G, A 500
650
800
900 Qw
[400
Same, A \ 500
[eOO 0 ....
0
70
QOO
O A
yuu ^w
A| 80()0
*
470
800 Qw
2
2
10
400
500
bame, A ^0
700
700 Qw
( 400
Same, A ] 500
[600
60O 0 Qw
./400
a
Same A
' \500
500 Qw
Same, A 400
BHN
130
123
119
100
^
80
143
100
27Q
80
355
6
150
86
100
93
86
74
86
80
86
84
86
400
400
300
84
40
20
Cu-Al-Fe
TABLE 16.AVERAGE PROPERTIES ( 13 )
J J
Treatment
UTS
YP
El
RA
10
% Fe
2
3
4
5
6
8
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
I UTS I
3774
44.3
52.4
53.7
51.7
54.5
52.4
40.1
44.8
57.0
57.7
48.8
55.0
57.4
58.3
54.1
58.1
60.7
62.3
56.6
60.1
60.8
FPf I PL \
ULO07
13.3 12.2
16.4 15.0
16.6 15.5
17.4 15.2
17.8 15.1
18.0 16.6
13.7 11.5
14.5 12.8
18.3 17.0
18.5 17.4
16.4 13.0
18.1 15.7
19.9 18.0
20.0 18.6
16.9 13.9
18.8 16.0
20.2 18.3
21.1 19.3
23.2 20.7
23.5 21.8
25.2 22.4
El9. \ RA \BHN%
5670 54~2
70~
39.0 35.6 70
38.0 32.2 80
38.5 35.7 89
29.0 26.9
31.5 27.6
27.5 27.6
45.0 43.4
70~~
39.0 39.2 80
36.5 32.9 109
35.0 32.0 109
43.0 35.7 77
30.5 27.4 109
26.0 26.9 109
23.0 23.8 109
24.5 25.2 94
21.0 19.2 100
20.0 20.5 109
17.0 18.5 119
12.5 16.9
13.0 14.7
11.5 12.4
* All specimens J in. diam., sand cast,

t By dividers.
10 mm ball, 500 kg load applied 30 sec.
TABLE 18.PROPERTIES OF LARGE AND SMALL CASTINGS ( 8 )

v. also Table 21
Treatment and description
UTS \
YP
\ El \ RA
Cu, 89.0-89.5; Al, 9.5-10.0; Fe, 1.0
G (semi-chill) 1.25 in. diam. 53.4-55.5 13.4-14.1 * 28-30 27-31
Large gear
45.1
18.1
12.0 14.7
Small bars cast with large 37.9-49.2 17.6-21.1 10-20 12-23
Machined from same large
casting
36.5-40.1 16.2-18.3 12-1414-20
G i in. sq. unmachined
53.1
14.5
24 22.4
G i in. diam. unmachined
(av.)
54.1
16.9
24.5 25.2
Cu, 88; Al, 9; Fe 3
49.2 I
21.1
I 20 I
*PL.
DLC BHN
TABLE 19.TENSILE PROPERTIES AND YOUNG'S MODULUS ( 5 )
Treatment and test

YP PL EL El RA 10 10-27?
UTS
E
method*
Cu, 89; Al, 10; Fe, 1

G8, method A
51.2 18.8 8.9 7.922.022.7
G8, method B
51.1
9.1
29.026.1 102
G8, method C
51.6 18.7 7.7 6.020.521.6 109
G8, Trt, method A
65.2 40.321.818.312.614.8
G8, Trt, method C
57.5 36.323.921.1 9.016.5 105
Cu, 86; Al, 10; Fe, 4
U. S. master spcification (No. 173) for Al-bronze ingots: Cu, G8, method A
56.7 22.612.411.218.018.6
85-89; Al, 7.0-9.0; Fe, 2.5-4.5; Sn, <0.5; other elements, <0.25. G8, method B
49.9
14.4
9.010.4 112
2
2
UTS < 52.7 kg/mm ; FP < 21.1 kg/mm ; El* < 30%.
G8, Trt, method A
70.3 41.825.420.516.017.2
Proposed U. S. master specification for Al-bronze castings:
* Method A: Berry strain gage used for E, EL, PL and YP1 in one position
Desired: Cu, 88; Al, 9.0; Fe, 3.0; Sn, O; other elements, O. Per- only. Method B: Mean of three strain gage readings taken, gages
120 apart.
missible: Composition, UTS, and El& as for ingots.
Method C: Special extensometer giving mean of strains on opposite sides used.
10 1 G8
"10"T Wkd rod
Wk8 rod
T IT G8
~8~ T Wkd rod
Wk8 rod
46-53 14-21 24
27 13-14 92-96
91
5
_63
30
46-56 25-32 20-40 20-40 10-13 95-120
88
5
51
50
TABLE 20.BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER* AT HIGH

TEMPERATURES ( 12 )
x
y0Pi
^v '
No.^x I 20 250 350 450 550 600 650 700 800 900 950
If
125 84.5~82.580~69T854
34J520" TsJJ
2t
JnTs 125.2 H T J S O ^ T J T e T s ^ T s
* 10 mm, 500 kg.
t No. 1: Al, 7.64; Fe, 2.12; Mn, 0.49.
No. 2: Al, 10.55; Fe, 4.22; Mn, 0.74.
TABLE 21.EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON SAND CAST ALLOYS*

(4'9)
Treatment
Sizefl C/!T | PL \ El \ RA BHN%
G8
A
52.0 13.9 19.523.7 100
600 Qw
~A
55.9 10.8 2^022.2
850 Qw
A
68.4 28.0 1.0 0.0 240
850 Ca 10s Qw
A
73.9 2 8 ^ 5 T O "OTs 2621|
850 Ca 20s Qw
A
64.3 23.3 2.0 5.7 229||
850 Ca 30s Qw
A
51.4 16.6 5.0 9.4 150
850 Ca 45s Qw
A
50.9 11.0 _TO 12.2
0
Ca
85O
S5U O
q w> W650/15l
W b O O /15 j C f --
A
A
500730Cf
575/20 Cf
850 J610/15Cf
Qw, W 1 650/15 Cf
A
A
A
A
67.5 39.8 5.5 9.1 158

66.1 32.4 8.011.2 143
68.0 30.4 10.512.6 140
6 4 . 1 2 7 . 6 14.018.5 143
56.216.4
1
^nO
O C f t )J
OOU j v-^
6 9 24 7
13 014 9
13
'
'
'
143
66 Q 30.2 12.5 12.3
23.021.7
104
G8
"77.
600 Cf
63O 0 Cf
wo
J 6 5 0OC
Cf
Sou
^w, w
VM
650
B
D
D
C
650 Cf
650 Cf
B
B
B
~40.3 12.7 2^55JD~

65.6 37.7 10.013.5
6 2 . 2 3 0 . 4 13.014.2
52
14 517 6
' 24 ' 3 12.515.7
59 8 2 8 7
55.0 27.9 9.515.0

52.5 28.3H 9.013.5
38.8 16.0 9.011.2 109
TABLE 22.TENSILE PROPERTIES* ( 25 ).(Continued)

Treatment!
|10 X UTS\1Q X YPt\ El* \ RA
Rh M in. diam.II
675
363
22.5 33.6
A550/lh
589
340
5.0
A 80071 h
545
. 241 31.0
A900/6h
501
203
29
550/1 h Qw
621
321
16.0
880/1 h Qw
717
381
11.5
Dc Jf in. diam.[I
788
662
16.0
Cu, 88.00; Al, 9.99; Mn, 2.01 and (Cu, 88.30; Al,
G8
542
208
A550/lh
507
173
A850/lh
630
205
550/1 h Qw
534
195
850/1 h Qw
647
284
850/15 Qw
646
208
Gm
583
265
Rh Ii in. diam
637
287
Rh H in. diam.||
659
284
Rh H in. diam
642
337
A 550/1 h
614
350
A850/lh
559
230
A900/6h
536
195
550/1 h Qw
662
301
850/1 h Qw
819
397
Dc ff in. diam
~
820
644
G8
Gm
Rh Ii in. diam
Rh H in. diam
Cu, 89.91; Al, 9.16; Mn,

484
534
572
603
0.93
76
205
257
335
9.82; Mn, 1.88)

24
~~
15
12
11
5
_JT
25
~
35.0 31.3
24
29.0 32.0
7.5
26.5
24
25.0
3.5
10.0
46.51[
46.0
45.0 46.0
41.5 54.0
Cu, 88.99; Al, 9.06; Mn, 1.95

G8
494
167
40.01[
GSA
Gm
523
223
30.0
* Cu, 88.63; Al, 10.67; Fe, 0.91.
Rh
Ii
in.
diam
585
265
43.5
47.2
t A = cast to size 0.493-0.521 in. diam., 2 in. gage length. B = Trt in
Rh JHJ- in. diam
613
321
42.0 48.0 .
2 X 4 X 9 in. block size. C = Trt in 2% in. diam. size. D = Trt in 1% in.
diam. size.
Dc U in. diam
667
581 ~ 23.5 ~40.8
10 mm, 500 kg except those marked ||.
Cu, 88.06; Al, 9.10; Mn, 2.84 and (Cu, 88.11; Al, 8.91; Mn, 2.98)
I! 10 mm, 3000 kg.
Adopted as proper quenching temperature.
G 9 JI
498
170
24**
1 This value is a YP.
A 55071 h
492
204
35
Cu-Al-Mn
A900/lh
426
164 49
TABLE 22.TENSILE PROPERTIES* ( 25 )
55071 h Qw
501
227 31.5
v. also Table 26
900/1 h Qw
620
271
9
900715 Qw
567
249
11.5
Treatment!
110 X UTS\W X YPt\ El* I RA
Gm||
542
233 26
^^
Cu, 89.54; Al, 10.03; Mn, 0.43
R
h
l
i
i
n
.
d
i
a
m
.
i
l
609
284
43.5
46.0
G8
517
225
24
Rh H in. diam.Jj
630
315
39^0 43.6
Gm
567
251
24
Rh
649
303
40.0
Rh Ii in. diam
635
294
24.5
A 55071 h
646
350 27.0
Rh Jf in. diam
621
309
31 29.2
A 900/1 h
501
199 43.0
Dc H in. diam
728
662
13
18.8
A 90076 h
487
196 37.5
Cu, 89.10; Al, 9.89; Mn, 1.01 and (Cu, 89.06; Al7 10.02; Mn, 0.92) 55071 h Qw
492
320 39.0
G8||
563
22
22.5
90071 h Qw
689
314
23.0
A550/lh
446
200 15.0
D0 H in. diam
693
613 22.0 40.0
A800/lh
459
208 17.0
Cu, 86.89; Al, 9.33; Mn, 3.78
550/1 h Qw
501
214
18.5
G8
506
93
20.0
800/1 h Qw
650
205
6.0
Gm
624
238 32.0
800/15 Qw
599
208
__7
Rh li in. diam
6
265
34.0
38.4
Gm[I
629
252
25.0
Rh
M
in.
diam
639
286
35.0
38.0
RhHin.diam.il
600
270
26.5 32.4
Dc M in. diam
689
641
21.0 34.0
Rh in. diam
658
291
30
TABLE 22.TENSILE PROPERTIES* ( 25 ).(Continued)
G8
Gm
Rh Ii
Rh H
Dc H
G8
Gm
Rh Ii
Rh H
D0 if
Treatment t
110 X UTS\W X YPl\ El* \ RA
Cu, 88.04; Al, 8.02; Mn, 3.94
454
18011 31.5
521
208
50.0
in. diam
561
257
49.0
56.0
in. diam
590
295
45.0
54.0
in. diam
~ 624
~ 549 35.0
55.2
Cu, 87.16; Al, 7.92; Mn, 4.92
441
177
30.0
479
195
28.0
in. diam
571
277
52^054.8
in. diam
577
304
45.0
51.2
in. diam
649
~ 548 30.0
49.2
* Alloys contained small amounts of Fe and Si which should be deducted from

.figures for Al; amounts are given for only three alloys in original paper.
t For more detailed statement of treatments v. footnote to Table 2. There
was no material difference between G8 to shape and G8 machined.
By dividers.
Tests on alloy in parentheses, are indicated by IJ in column 1 of this section.
If Discrepancy between two tests of ca. 13 %.
** Broke outside gage marks.
TABLE 23.TENSILE PROPERTIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES ( 2S )

T^*
UTS
200
250
300
350
400
450
62.4
62.2
57.3
51.9
35.8
27.2
200
250
300
350
400
450
62.3
61.6
58.3
49.3
31.8
22.0
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
62.4
62.0
56.1
46.8
32.2
20.4
14.5
Al, 9.89; Mn, 1.01

I
YP
I
24.1
29.6
30.7
30.6
21.8
18.4
Al, 9.99; Mn, 2.01
30.3
31.6
26.3
26.8
22.1
15.6
Al, 9.10; Mn, 2.84
29.8
32.8
31.0
29.3
21.3
14.4
El3.
28.0
35.0
45.0
45.0
41.5
35.5
40.5
47.0
37.0
36.0
39.5
56.0
38.0
TABLE 24.HARDNESS AND TORSIONAL STRENGTH OF HOT ROLLED

ALLOYS* ( 5 )
UTS USS0 TMR *
10.03
10.02
9.82
9.16
9.06
0^3
0.92
1.88
0.93
1.95
70
158
164
146
165
199
190
193
171
184
27
27
27
23
24
637~53577
60.0 34.6
63.7 37.6
57.2 34.6
58.5 37.5
4770
46.2
50.2
46.2
50.1
26.3
26.6
35.8
40.3
46.3
8.91
9.33
8.02
7.92
2.98
3.78
3.94
4.92
158
165
159
149
187
186
170
169
25
25
22
22
60.9
60.1
56.1
57.1
50.1
47.6
50.1
51.4
43.9
33.4
66.6
72.4
37.5
35.7
37.5
38.5
* From 1> in. diam. bars, torsion pieces 3 X 0.624 in. diam.
t A = 1034 kg, B = 3000 kg, ball diam. = 9,52 mm.
Reversed bend test

% Al
I
% Mn
No. bends t
10.03
0.43
877
10.02
0.92
1104
9.82
1.88
933
9.16
0.93
741
9.06
1.95
738
8.91
2.98
680
9.33
3.78
694
8.02
3.94
441
7.92
4.92
423
Single blow impact
Impact bending test
T O + /T
J\
% TVT
Mn ISi
(Izod)
/w
Al
% Al
^y
37 /
^7 \
Wt. of
^
i
Tup, kg
2779
2.14
T-,Ht.n Of
Fall, cm
57
2.57
^2
'92
9 82
9.82
1 88
1.88
2 79
1 37 |
/
'
1.37
^
5 U
8 91
8.91
2.98
2 98
1.44
1 44 j/
2 79
5 U
1002
10
2
'
^
762
12 713
6
^' ^
"' ^
i i No.
blowss
918~
10 006
^
^
* Test pieces taken from hot rolled bars Ke in. diam. For fatigue endurance
limits v. p. 595.
t Test piece % in. diam., Arnold machine.
Notched specimen 2 X H X Ke in.
Test piece ^ in. diam., V notch, bottom diam. = 0.4 in., Bairstow machine.
36.5
43.0
47.0
40.0
57.0
51.0
* Held at this temperature 30 min before testing.
%A1 K M n 1^l gy ScH
TABLE 25.DYNAMIC STRESS TESTS ON HOT ROLLED ALLOYS* ( 2S )
% Al
10.02
9.82
8.91
9.89
9.99
8.91
TABLE 26.ELASTIC PROPERTIES* ( 25 )

I
% Mn
I
1Q~3 E
\
1
Rh7 to î e in. diam.
0.92
97o6
1.88
9.7?
2.98
10.4?
DC, to 1 ê m - diam.
T
97Io
2.01
9.2s
2.98
10.40
PL
12.8
14.5
19.2
19.4
19.4
24.1
* By Ewing extensometer.
TABLE 27.SPECIFIC GRAVITY (<g) (^ 5 )

%A1
^Jn^-^
G8
Gm
Rh
10.03
10.02
9.82
9.16
9.06
8.91
9.33
8.02
7.92
0.43
0.92
1.88
0.93
1.85
2.98
3.78
3.94
4.92
7.62
7.53
7.62
7.64
7.57
7.57
7.52
7.64
7.65
7.55
7.51
7.51
7.55
7.63
7.57
7.63
7.73
7.76
7.54
7.52
7.53
7.61
7.60
7.59
7.56
7.67
7.63
Dc
7.56
7.52
7.59
7.60
TABLE 28.EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON PROPERTIES OF COLD

ROLLED SHEET ( 24 )
%
Al
~~
^
Mn
Trt*
UTS
YP
El}
'
BH N %
*
fR
4771
\A
/R
\A
fR
\A
/R
\A
35.3
42.2
27.9
42.2
31.8
43.6
33.7
5Te
145
16.4
41.9
9.1
41.3
15.8
43.0
16.1
45
9
55
11.5
50
12
48
83
137.5
60
141.5
72.5
140
78.5
TABLE 28.EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON PROPEKTIES OF COLD

ROLLED SHEET ( 24 ).(Continued)
Al
~~
_
~~
_
~
_
~~
_
Mn
I
_
~
_
T"
Trt
UTS
f R
\A
/R
\A
/R
\ A
T~ [ R
\ A
JR
_ [A
fR
\A
Treatment
* R = Gphm Rh (1.5-% in.) PWRC 0.14 in.

t On 2% in.
J 5 mm, 300 kg.
El
UTS
YP
PL El&*
RA
BHN ScH | df
b< ^j
BHN
^
Cu, 93.96; Al, 5.10; Ni, 0.94 and (Cu, 93.94; Al, 5.06; Ni, 1.00)3:
56^2
557oTs
82
Gm
30.3 8.7
92.1 69.1 59 10.5
42.1
17.8 55
95 R A 900|1
35.9 8.3
94.6 76.1 64 10.5
746
36.0 10.4**
85.6 73.8 56ft U - O
862
55.3 54.0 16.5
174.5R, W 900 Qwt
Rc
44.4 28.5
63.1 78.1 113 18.5
580
4 0 . 2 13.1 70 84.5
Cu, 92.68; Al, 4.94; Ni, 2.38
49.0
45?2
27 162.5
Gm
!
59 11.0 8.14
41.4 18.9 57 89.5
R A 900||
36.0 8.7
90.2 71.0 66 11.0 8.17 671
61.4
6CK2
2
R, W 900 Qwf
39.1 11.3
77.8 71.4
6 2 f f l l . 5 8.16 738
R0
47.4 35.4
55.0 66.7 124 210 8.16 354
4 6 . 9 21.6
58
Cu, 89.84; Al, 5.32; Ni, 4.84 and (Cu, 90.04; Al, 4.91; Ni, 5.05)
62.7 61.0 17.5
195
29.4 8.8
86.5 73.4 60 12.0 8.15
43.3
11.0 71 75.5Gm
R A 90O0 H
. 4 0 . 3 14.8
70.0 60.2 80 12.5 8.18 445
55.9
53.7
28
184
R,W900Ca
37.5 12.0
81.0 68.7
4 4 . 2 16.5 9.556
52
46.1
18.1 I 65 99.5R A 900
YP
TABLE 31.PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS CONTAINING UP TO 10% AL,

15% Ni (21).(Continued)
R
900 ^
OwIFI . . . ^
/ 3
^1 U - 9
it, W yuu
3g 0 12 0**
R0
49.0 37.0
A = A 650/30 Ca.
86 8
'
6 385
72 4
'
71
61ft 12.0 8.18 400

50.0 72.3 136 23.0 8.17 229
Cu. 87.48; Al, 5.21; Ni, 7.31 and (Cu, 87.30; Al, 5.39; Ni, 7.31)
TABLE 29.EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON SCLEROSCOPE HARDNESS OF

COLD DRAWN BARS* (22)
% A1
10.02
9.82
8.91
25
40
^Sn^^L^ 20
0.92 34.5 34.5 34.5

1.88
34
33.5 33
2.98 29
29
29
55
70 90
25
20 6~
25
19 18
21.5 16 15
* Specimens exposed 30 min to each temperature in succession.
TABLE 30.EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES OF

ROLLED Cu, 88.80; AL, 10.02; MN, 1.11; ZN, 0.05; (Si, FE),
Tr. (19)
Treatment
RA
R W 500
R W 600 , 0
m
R W 700
^w
R W 800
R 800/10 Qw
'400
500
Win
bame, w i u m ^0
700
R 900/20 Qw
'400
Same W l O m 50
bame, W l O m ^0
700
| UTS \ YP \ El1* \ BHN | ScHt | ISi

48.5 13
120 37.2 3.61f
47.1 11
122 38
2.5H
57
13 128 35
6.8T
59
16
123 28
8H
__ 64.2
2.2 187 53
5fl
68.7 2370 ~2^2 2221| 58.2 5**
80.123.3 l
231JI 69.5 3.8**
61.124 12
16211 41.7 6.2**
61.422.531.7 138J| 35.0 15.6**
48.421.532
124|| 35.2 16.8**
66.1
O
2031| 40.2 9.7**
65.842
1
228|| 84.6 4**
59.132.312
167|| 49.5 9.7**
45 14.9**
Q2Q^
2 1.2140||
60 27 25.1 128|| 39.4 17.7**
* Test pieces 10 mm square.

t Hardened steel point.
Guillery machine.
10 mm, 1000 kg.
||10 mm, 2000 kg.

*[f Copenhagen test piece.
** Mesnager test piece.
Cu-Al-Ni
15% Ni (21)
Treatment
UTS
YP
PL
El&*
RA
BHN ScH d?
Cu, 94.98; Al, 5.02 and (Cu, 94.88; Al, 5.12)

Gm
R A 900||
R, W 900 Qwt
R0
29.5 7.9
34.9 8.2
35.9 10.1**
42.8 27.4
be^sf
~~
68.0 58.2 58
9.0
82.5 78.9 61
8.5 8.18 741
78.6 73.3 52ft 11.0 8.18 1045
64.0 75.1 114 17.0 8.17 773
Gm
32.2 11.7
79
59
77 13.5 8.15
Gm A900t
52.535.9
10.5 19 171
R A 900eH
61.4 37.8
25.6 26.8 167 27.0 8.19 193
R,W900C a .
42.6 18.3
63.9 69.9
R A 90O0U
64.5 39.4 25.217
21
R W 900 O
/46.917.9**
52.1 65.1
t, w yuu S J w . . . . ^ 4 3 2 12 9
92ft 17.0 8.18 258
6363
69
57.2 49.0
R0
28.8 41.0 156
27.5 8.18 150
Cu, 87.32; Al, 5.34; Ni, 7.34

R0 in. diam
A 100/30 m
A200/30m
A
0 T 30.m
U
\68h
A420/30 m
84.1 81.1
79.1 77.7
76.4 74.8
75.0 72.9
73.1 69.0
70.6 67.4
9.512
14.212
23.613
42.512
45.724
50.420
_38
43
41
48
58
47
[15 m
30m
A 500 { I h
4h
[ 6h
76.9 72.9
77.3 73.2
80.2 76.4
79.7 69.6
78.6 67.7
58.321
52.017
55.121
47.321
36.221
45
41
49
36
_35
[60O 0 I
[ 68.8 55.6 37.823
A\ 700 ^3O m . . . { 61.9 46.5 31.534
[ 800 J
( 52.5 26.5 23.650
38
51
_64
T .
Rgm
,.
/ Q w - . 41.0 12.6 ~6~~372
- d i a m - \ C s t 65.1 39.4 26.822
69
23
-D .
,.
/ Q . . 4 5 . 2 13.9 6.368
R e1m . d i a m . | C w
^928
s 6Q g 3Q y
70
^
900 Qw (ein. diam.) 45.2 13.9

[600/30 61.2 36.5
600/2 h 64.2 40.9
p' P | 700/30h65.3 35.4
a
800/30 51.6 20.3
[815/30 46.8 15.1
Rc I in. diam
61.5 57.9
Rh in. diam
69.3 63.5
R0 i in. diam
84.1 81.1
70
25
20
32
43
67
43
52
38
6.368
25.217
28.413
23.628
13.444
9.567
28.320
47.320
9.512
177
235
234
Cu, 85.03; Al, 5.55; Ni, 9.42

Gm
|44.5 |23.6 |
|39~. 7 | 39.0 |ll5 | l 7 . 0 J 8 . 1 3
Cu, 79.90; Al, 5.20; Ni, 14.90
Gm
___^
|65.4 |55.3 |
| 4.7 JlO.O |l73
Cu, 87.16; Al. 6.62; Ni. 6.22
Gm
32.0 10.1
77
70
69
G m A 900 Cs
50.6 25.2
19.5 25
147
Gm, W 900 Qw TpI) I) 48.2 29.8
8.5
17
Cu, 87.45; Al, 6.93; Ni, 5.62
Rc in. diam
89.0 87.2 18.9 9
32
[ 100}
r 85.2 82.8 22.112
38
A ] 200 f 30
< 84.3 83.1 31.5 9
38
[30O 0 J
( 83.3 82.2 53.612
.43
A 300/68 h
8 2 . 7 80.0 56.714
47
|37.0|8.14|

BHN ScH dl , N' ,
bendst
Cu, 87.45; Al, 6.93 'Ni, 5.62.(Continued.)
[420
r 81.0 78.9 48.9 14
47
500
83.8 79.5 39.4 17
38
A J 600 30
70.9 57.3 25.228
40
700
63.6 44.1 23.633
53
800
59.4 32.4 23.647
60
_, , " ~ .
/Q w .7. 42.6 13.2 7.1 80.5 75
R | i n . d i a m . | C a t t 5Q ^ ^ 4 16 5 29 5 35
Treatment
,.
/Q ...
n i .
R
\ m. diam. < nw S R
( C8
900 Qw (i in. diam.)
f 600/30
Same, Tp I 600/2 h
Ca
i 700/30
[ 700/30
Fc I in. diam
Rh in. diam
Rc i in. diam
RC I in. diam., W
300 Ca
UTS
YP
46.0 13.6
n _ _ 60.5
25.7
46.0 13.6
62.5 29.0
65.2 35.4
68.1 35.8
61.0 24.3
60.0 54.5
77.3 72.6
89.0 87.2
PL Ela*
6.373
-^
16.536
6.373
18.934
22.822
20.526
15.836
20.527
47.320
18.9 9
RA
69
>
34
69
32
20
25
33
47
47
32
Treatment
UTS
-YP
PL
El9*
RA
BHN ScH
d24,0
N
'
bendsf
Cu, 82.82; Al, 9.70; Ni, 7.48

Gm
179 35.0 7.60
R A 900||
61.3 29.6
13.1 15.1 162 26.0 7.57 54
K,W900Ca
67.2 26.8
15.2 14.1
R, W 900 QwII
78.1 31.5**
6.3
5.5 209 4 0 . 0 7.58
RC
82.0 75.3
12.3 16.3 231 43.0 7.57 54
Cu, 79.94; Al, 9.92; Ni, 10.14 and (Cu, 80.39; Al, 9.61; Ni, 10.00)t
Gm
60.6 39.5
2JS
4.6 182 35.0 7.53
'
GmA||
58.630.4
15.0 17.8
R A 900
173 28.0
R, W 900 Qw^f
214 45.0
Cu, 75.34; Al. 10.04; Ni. 14.62 and (Cu, 74.26; Al, 9.99; Ni, 15.75)t
Gm.....
46.0 26.0
3~2
5.5 182 32.0,7.60
R, W 900 QwIf
205 45.0|
* Diam. = 0.564 in.
t No. of bends, Arnold machine.
Data for the alloy in parentheses are marked in this section.
IJ A 900/15 Cf, (900-450/90 m).
U Trt 1 in. diam. W 900/15 Qw.
** By extensometer, all others by autographic recorder.
ft Load = 1000 kg.
Jt C 900-700/35 m.
C 900-700/200 m.
||i|Tp700/30C a .
176
241
237
59.7 53.2 36.222

51
Cu, 87.58; Al, 7.39; Ni, 5.03
Gm
34.8 12.9
50
56
84
G m A 900 C 8
4 7 . 6 20.8
24.5 34
132
0
G m , W 90O QwTpIIII 48.8 30.2
8
15
Cu, 85.18; Al, 7.88; Ni, 6.94
Gm
40.1 15.1
69
56
87
G m A 900 Cs
52.9 26.2
17.5 28
150
G m , W 900 Qw Tp|[[[ 49.3 36.9
4
9
Cu, 87.45; Al, 7.91; Ni, 4.64
Rc i in. diam
85.2 82.7 9.515
36
C 100i
[ 8 4 . 3 81.1 14.2 12
36
A J 200 V 30
\ 88.7 86.6 15.8 9
29
{ 30O0J
( 88.5 87.6 42.5 9
35
A 300V68 h
88.4 87.4 47.3 14
_38
~ ' 4 2 0 8 5 . 4 84.3 52.013
38
500
83.2 80.0 48.815
38
A 600 30
70.6 55.5 33.129
47
700
67.2 4 2 . 7 31.539
47
800 J
64.1 35.5 29.9 46
_47
_, . . ~
/ Q w ... 42.5 13.9
7.175
70
Rim
- * a m - \ (Ut 56.3 22.7 13.433
37
_, , . ,.
/ Q w - . . 4 7 . 7 14.3 7.174
59
R , m . d i a m . j C s 5Q Q ^ ? ^ 6 3 7
3g

900 Qw U in. diam.) 47.7 14.3 7 . 1 7 4

59
600/30 62.2 26.2 15.836
34
600/2h63.8 31.5 17.326
22
700/30 67.4 31.8 17.324
25
800/30 62.5 25.0 12.630
31
R0 1 in. diam
64.0 58.4 2 5 . 2 2 3
42
189
Rh \ in. diam
78.8 73.2 50.422
47 231
Rc I in. diam
85.2 82.7 9.515
36
249
|
Cu, 89.94; AI, 10.06 and (Cu, 90.00; AI. 10.00)%
Gm
47.918.3
19.4 27.2135 20.0 7.54
R A 900[|
40.5 22.7
9.0
10.4 127 20.5 7.54 38
R, W 900 QwII
84.3 55.1**
2.3
3.9 257 62.0 7.54
Rc
69.8 66.1
9.0
12.4 186 33.0
231
Cu, 89.14; AI, 9.82; Ni, 1.04 and (Cu, 89.48; Al, 9.56; Ni, 0.96)t
Gm
55.920.2
20.2 21.5 150 33.0
R A 900|I
139 22.0
R, W 900 QwII
211 56.0
Rc
214 39.0
Cu, 87.66; Al, 9.88; Ni, 2.46
Gm
176 36.5 7.55
R A 900||
50.2 28.5
12.3 13.0 158 27.0 7.54 57
R 900 QwIl
71.4
5.4
5.4 206 49.0 7.54
R0
80.8 58.1
13.0 11.0 207 38.0 7.56 165
Cu, 85.11; Al. 9.94; Ni, 4.95 and (Cu, 85.26; Al, 9.56; Ni, 5.18)t
Gm
62.6 31.3
7.2 10.1199 41.0 7.56
R A 90O 0 Il
54.5 28.4
16.2 17.4 151 25.0 7.63 147
R, W 900 Ca
65.7 28.5
12.9 10.0
R, W 900 Qwt
73.3 28.4**
4.2
5.5 251 53.0 7.63
Rc
81.0 63.3
12.1 8.4 216 40.0 7.63 145
Fig.!
Brinell Hardness Tests
on Cu-AI-Ni Alloys( 81 )
Ffg.2
Impact Hardness
of Aluminum Bronze (16)
Impact HardnessNo. Energy Absorbed
Vol.of Depression
TABLE 32.BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER* AT HIGH

TEMPERATURES ( 12 )
Cu-Al-P
TABLE 34.Cu-AL-P ALLOYS (20)
% Al I % Nif I /,0C |20| 250 I 350 [450| 550 |600|700| 800 900 |950
7.22
4.01
|89|83.8|81.9| 79|76.5| 65| 39|21.5|l2.5| 9
'
'\ %P
5.12
no"
5 02
'
__
* 10 m, 500 kg.
t Trace of Fe present.
o'cP"
1054
4.970.06
5.20 0.25
4.960.25
5.14 0.52
5.30 0.75
5.28 1.02
Figure 3
Hardness of Al BronzeH
Trt
UTS
FPt
I *l
RA BHNi ScH
[bids
Gm
/A
\ Pc
29.5 7.968.058.2
38.5 9,579.179.0 77
42.9 27.4 64.0 75.1 114
8J5
9.0 741
17.0 773
(Gm
\A
[De
39.1 10.175.977.1 75
49.3 37.845.470.4 149
~~9^0
9.0 736
27.0 668
28.5
33.8
31.5
24.7
9.0
10.0
12.5
13.7
___
1045
Gm
1042 Gm
"G^
1030 "G^ ^
1038 J A
[Pc
f Gm
10.070.03
JA
[Pc
10.27 0.18 1025 Gm
9.95 0.40
Gm
9.70 0.50 1019 G m
10.06
8.535.231.5
9.935.237.8
10.719.620.8
14.5 9.713.0
74
79
89
94
48.5 24.6 5.1 7.0 127

69.6 66.1 9.0 12.4 186
51.4 26.0 6.8 5.5
71.8 69.9 6.7 8.4
42.8 8.8 8.313.4
40.8 Jô 11.1 17.0
29.5 9.1 3.9 9.2
158
196
156
130
133
21.5 38
33.0 231
19.5
23.0 36
35.0 327
24.5
20.0
22.5
* A = A 800/10 Cgm.
t By autographic recorder.
10 mm, 300 kg.
Distinct smell of PH3 on turning down.
Cu-Al-Si
TABLE 35.HARDNESS (BHN) OF Cu-AL-Si ALLOYS (*2)
% AI r
-\^~""-~~^
:oc
/o ^
>5l^
20 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 9
2.54
5.61
59.451 48.440.232.4 2015 OJ6

34.425.823.629.426.1 2817.214.56.3
2^59
1.31
LITERATURE
TABLE 33.BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COOLED

AT DIFFERENT RATES ( 21 )
% Al ^J>\" Qw
5.32
784
73
5.21
7.31
87
5.34
7.34
88
6.93
5.62
91
7.91
4.64 91
T = Time in minutes
10
35
50
95
145
71
77
97 6 7 29
84 154 176 168 148 159
83 156 180 167 156 152
90 148 152 152 140 139
87 129 129 131 137 146
taken to cool from 900 to 700.
20
12(T
145
148
137
125
(!) Bornemann and Sauerwald, 95, 14: 145; 22. ( 2 ) Bregowsky and Spring,
Valve World, 10: 3; 13. ( 3 ) Carpenter and Edwards, 403, 1907: 57. ( 4 )
Comstock, Foundry, 47: 189; 19. v 5 ) Comstock, 83, 22: 1113; 20. ( 6 )
Comstock, 80, 71: 806; 25. (7) Corse, 80, 9: 194; 15. ( 8 ) Corse, O. (9)
Corse and Comstock, 66, 16 II: 118; 16.
( 10 ) Corse and Comstock, 40, 10: 119; 16. C 1 1 ) Greaves and Jones, 47, 34:
85; 25. ( 1 2 ) Guillet, 74, 21: 295; 24. (^ 3 ) Kent, Mech. Eng. Handbook,
10th ed., p. 500. N. Y., Wiley, 1923. ( 1 4 ) Lussana, 59, 19: 182; 10. ( 15 )
Marks, Mech. Eng. Handbook, 2nd ed., p. 574. N. Y., McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1924. ( 16 ) Matsuda, 169, 13: 401; 25. ( 1 ^) Matsuda,
159, 14: 343; 25. ( 18 ) Matsuda and Shiba, 159, 13: 413; 25. ( 19 )Portevin
and Arnou, 74, 13: 101; 16.
(20) Read, 47, 10: 344; 13. ( 2 I) Read and Greaves, 47,11: 169; 14. 26: 57; 21.
(22) Reader, 47, 29: 297; 23. (23) Rosenhain, 403, 1907: 290. ( 2 4 )
Rosenhain and Hanson, 47, 21: 253; 19. (25) Rosenhain and Lantsberry,
403, 1910: 119. (26) Seidell and Horowitz, 33, 21: 179; 19. (27) Upthegrove and White, 66, 24 II: 88; 24.
AG, Au, Ho, IR, Os, PD, PT, RH, Ru, AND THEIR ALLOYS
THOMAS K. ROSE
CONTENTS
Elastic properties.
Effect of temperature on elastic
properties.
MATIRES
Proprits mcaniques.
Proprits lastiques.
Effet de la temprature sur les
proprits lastiques.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Temperatureinfluss auf die elastischen Eigenschaften.
Compressibility of Ag-Au alloys.

Specific volume of alloys.
Compressibilit des alliages AgAu.

Volume spcifique des alliages.
Specific gravity of alloys.
Poids spcifique des alliages.
Surface tension of amalgams.
Tension superficielle des amalgames.

Temprature de recuit et de
trempe.
Kompressibilitt von Ag-AuLegierungen.

Spezifisches Volumen von Legierungen.
Spezifisches Gewicht von Legierungen.
Oberflchenspannung der Amalgame.
Anlassungs- und Abschrekkungs-Temperaturen.
Annealing and quenching temperatures.
(Da) (2> 6 14' 18' 50' 74' 101) II (A,R) I BHN.. . I 25 | 38 |5l|68
t, 0C
-252 -182 15 100 200 (24) UTS... . 8.5 10.5 1530
UTS
64
5331 2318.5
El
31 12 4 4
%Au
MSH
O
I 50.8
Trt
G8
Gm
I UBM* \No. B*\ UWB* \ LSf | FP0 | Lit.

1.91 11.8 30.4
2.4
(")
1.99 17.1 53.9 2.74 1.9
/G8
t Gm
Trt
ScHi
Lit.,
A at:
For:
ScHi
(G) BHN
10
5.8
6.3
20
40
MSH v . Ag-Au
*, 0C
BHN
10
20
40
19.8 25.7 37.5

27.4 33.2 41.1
(G8
I Gm
49.9
53.5
ScH
\ BHN^ \ Lit. |
(Dd)
18
60
(87) UTS = 43
21-24 63
(74)
G8
Gm
GmR (1.125 in. to b in. thick) (*7)
I 125 i 150 | 300 | 460

105 | Lit.
30m
Ih
30 m 30 m 120 h (78)
31
16
14.5 7 16.5
10 b
ScHi
BHN^
I 500
54
135
Trt
i -38
O I 40 I 80
I 140 I Lit.
I 37.5 I 36.0 j 34. 6| 33.5 | 32.0 | (29)
I 200
I 27.1
I Lit.
I (39)
I 250
60
157
I 125
68
170
53
181
42
83
183
Ag, 92.5; Cu, 5.75; Cd, 1.75 (*7)
= 30 (24.6-42) (15> 24, 29, 39, 43, 45, 49, 87),
Ag-Al; for BHN v. Fig. 2
Trt^^\^
(78,87)
I
18
I 29.3
I Lit.
| (44)
I 50
| 97.4
I UBM* No. B* UWB* \ /Sf | YP0

3.46 10.8 59.4 1.88 12.3
3.37 3.4
2.21 20.2
100 ^
\__
Lit.
(R, A) BHN = 30 (24.4-37) (i 5, 24, 42, 85).

(Rd) BHN = 89.7 (24).
t, 0C
BHN\\
Trt
Gs
Gm
10.2 18.7 33.9 (7)

11.5 20.5 35.3
Gm I G8 I Rd
7-12 I 8 I 48
I 30
| 90.9
I UTS \ FP I PL I El& \ RA
22.2 12.8 7.4 41 54.6
17.2 13.4 6.2
6.75 15.8
Trt
Trt
I
I
15
I 72.8
Ag-Cu ; v. also Fig. 3 for BHN

Ag, 92.5; Cu, 7.5 (standard or sterling silver) ( 87)
I UTS I FP I PL I El&
HA \ Lit.
10.8 2.4 0.74 41
37.7 (7,91) G8
Gm
11.5 3.3 1.8
59.5 66.7
~TrT\-C^\-
Tensione superficiale degli

591
amalgame
Temperature di ricottura e
di immerzione
591
For LCF v. Fig. 5.
(DA)
t, C. . I 15 I 100 I 150 I 200 | 250 1 300 1 350 | 400 | 460
( 2 , 4 8 , i o i ) UTS..\17\ 16 13.6|11.4 8 . 9 | 7 . 1 6 . 0 | 5 . 2 | 4 . 8
Trt
Peso specifico delle leghe. 589
TABLE 1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. (Continued)

Ag-Au
TABLE I. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Ag
G8
Gm
INDICE
pAQB
Propriet meccaniche
584
Propriet elastiche
588
Influenza della temperatura sulle propriet elastiche
588
Compressibilit delle leghe
di Ag-Au
,
589
Volume specifico delle leghe 589
G3
Gm
TrT^^-^Z^7
f G8
vô <
\ Gm
ScH
22
23
10
BHN^
73
74
20
17.4 22.7 37.8
18.3 23.8 35.8
40
51.7
60.1

GmR (1.125 in. to b in. thick)
Fig.l
Tensile Strength of
Hard DrawnWiresof
PtandPdAlloys
IQ3 b
ScHl
BHN*g
I 500 I 250 I 125 | 53

|
53
57
67
134
150
164
173
Trt
YP I PL
\ Ela \
9.9
3.6
4.0
8.9~ 2.5
9.0
I UTS
I
20.7
~13.3
Trt
G
Gm
I UBM* I No. * | UWB* \ ISj

3.25
12.1
59.4
2.40
3.58
25.1
138.3
2.74
G3
Gm
42~
75
173
RA
49.7
21.4
FPc~~
10.7
11.0
Ag-Cu (G), 10 X BHN (9.5 mm Ball); Effect of Rate of Cooling

(42)
CU
-T^><^
5.2 13.0 23.0
28.2
33.0
50
Load ^"^s^
100 kg
415 A 607 Cq 600 Cq 1169 Cq 520 C8 572 C8 56001
500 kg.... 7. 356 A 763~C^ 945 Cq 618 Cr 425 A 1005 Cq 725 Cq
Fig.3
Brinell hardness of Ag-Cu
Fig2
Bnnell hardness of Ag-Al alloys
(lmm Bail,5kg Load)
and of Ag-Mg alloys (5.56mm Ball.SOkg Load)
^^TT^-^^
7.5,8.310.016.520.028.0
Lit.
J. re
"-__
l
C
56 71 73 75 76 77 (7)
20 23 23.528.5 31 28.5
f Rd.
{ A
Ag, 83.5; Cu, 16.5 (G), BHN = 68; (10 mm, 1000 kg) (24)
Ag-Cd; Ag-Mg; Ag2Te
Compound
Ag-Cd
Ag-Mg v. also Fig. 2
Ag2-Te
BHN
74.1
68-76
25.8
Lit.
(45)
Ag-Pd; for UTSv. Fig. 1

~ in
^ 1 1 N f P1 kg
Ag3-Sn /(10
mm ball)
I ^
UCS of Ag-Sn amalgams v. (19).
50
g
100
^6
200
^1
Lit.
(4)

Au, Pure
(Dd) ( 2 . 6 14, ioi)

f, 0C
UTS
I~
irt
cg*t
Trt
[I
-182 15 100 200 DA.

31.7 25 15.813.1 G

(4, 35, 75)
I UTS\ Lit. ~
10
(ioi)
11.0 (*> 73)
RA, RA, RA, RA, RA,

^ 107 115 122 129 150
|5|30| 24 I 17 I 8 I 7 I 6 [(79.80)
I
I
I
[
Trt
G
Dd~
G
Au (impure) (Gm) ( 73 ) ; v. also Fig. 5 for LCH

100 X %
20 Ag I 19 Al I 21 Bi I 20 Cd 119 Cu I 29 In
UTS
11.2 13.9 0.8
10.8 12.9 12.55
EIb
33.3 2 5 . 5 T c a . O 44.0 43.5 26.5
RA
I 46
O
72
100 X %
UTS
Elb
RA
I 20 K
<0.8
ca. Q
O
100 X %
UTS
EIb
RA
I 20 Sb I 20 Sn I 19 Te
9.0 9.75 6.1
12.3 ca. O
54
O
I 20 Li I 20 Mn| 24 Pb | 20 Pd | 20Rh
13.9 12.55 6.5
11.2 12.2
21.0 29.7 4.9
32.6 25.0
60
ca. O 75
%^\\Trt
position
Cu I
27.5
25
40
48
66
36
^v^
Ag
10
25
10
AQ
ScHi
44
48
% composition
Au, 50; Cu, 48; Al, 2
Au, 50; Cu, 48; Ni, 2
Rd
BHN
159
245
ScH
20
22
BHN
88
91
Trt
C8
C8
C8
C8
Cr
I BHN \\ % Ni | Trt
| BHNU
13.6
23.5
Cq
235
84.0
23.5 Q,A72h
140
191.5
30
C8
183
205
40
C8
159
150
Au-Pt
For UTS v. Fig. 1.
Rd
A 250
A 450
41
49
47
49
41
43
7
10
10
11.5
39
Au-Ag-Cu (nuggets) ( 104 )

Cu
0.23
0.50
3.4
160
205
123
AQ
Au-Ni (42)
%Ni
O
9.5
20
23.5
23.5
ScH (79)
% composition
Au
Ag
92.46
6.82
89.25
9.30
79.3
17.3
75
73
75
For effect on scleroscope hardness of small amounts of Ag, Cu,
Trt
Au, 58; Cu, 30; Ag, 12, (Dd) UTS = 102.0 (9)
I 19 Tl 20 Zn 20 Zr
9.75 11.8
8.6
28.4 12
15
74
I
O
I 15
I 35
I 50
I Lit.
I 44.5 I 78.1 [ 88.7
97.4 | (44)
A^__
% Ag
^-^
8.3
25.0
50.0
62.5
Rd
Au-Cu-X (G) (99)
H, V. (").
Natural
33.0
44.5
34.0
BHN
| (A) | (Pr)
19.2
19.5
38-42
20.8
Cu-Au-X (8Q)
^\_ Trt p
"
A \~ Trt
d
%Comp>^
650 %Comp>^
Au I Ag
ScHl
Au I Al
20 50
36
86
40
4
25 20
31
81
40
6
25
15
29
78
AU
Ni
25 10
25 71
-~
g
25
9 28
72
25
2 5
40 30
65
%
l*
40
10
34 94 46
4Q
2 5
40
21
Au-Cd
~
Au-Cu
%Cu....
O I 10 |20|30| 40 I 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 |90|Lit.
IS**
|ll.5ft 16.5| 2 I 3 | 4 . 5 | 9 . 5 J 8 |ll.5|9.5 7 | (64)
I
O
I 15
I 35
I 44.5 I 65.5 j 93.0
84
38
40
40
5'
10
22
26
"
A~
650
ScHi
90
22~~66
<21
W
f.
f0
23
25
32
72
83
93
43
40
Hg-X (amalgams)
Effect of time on hardness || || (90)
For BHN v. Fig. 2, p. 549.
%Cu
MSH
(78)
Rd
|
A
65
23
69
29
For BHN; v. Fig. 4
Au-Cu-Ag (99)
Au-Ag
~~"--^.
G
23
(Gm) EIb = 30.8 (73); for LCJET, v. Fig. 5.

(RA) BHN = 25 (13.6-33) ( 1 S* 24, 42, 46, 64) ; (Rd) LCH = 61
79
( ).
''%Ag
MSH
ScH
UTS
28.3
45.8
35.1
%Cu
I
8.3
10.0
"
16.6 ~
50
107.1
Lit.
(44)
~
H
B
a
mL in g"
0.25
6
24
48
~^
%Cd
23.9
5T
%Pb
12.1
31.2
31.2
13.6
13.6
U
S!
%Sn
15.4
21.3
22.6
23.2
TiTO%Zn
25.5
76.0
76.0
TABLE 1.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.(Continued]

Hardness of Tl-Hg
BHN*** (68)
"
^-^_Load
%Hg
^
5 k
Fig. 6
Effect of Temperature on
Modulus of Rigidity
100 k
TT
1
3
5
7
9
11
3.19
4.15
4.99
3.60
3.66
3.18
4.85
5.12
3.85
3.93
3.36
Fig.4
Brinell hardness of Au-Cu
Fig.5
Hardness,LudwikCone
Effect of Annealing Temperature on
\
Hard RolledGold
-^\
(79)
Fig.7
Density of Ag-Cu
cast and compressed

I
For effect of time on hardness of other, less hard amalgams of
Ag; v. also Fig. 6
Cd, Pb, Sn, Zn; also for hardness of amalgams of Cu (BHN, max.
Trt...I
Dd
I
D
AI
Lit. || Trt = D I Lit.
at 35% Cu) and Ag-Sn amalgams (BHN1 max. at 60% Ag, 22%
0
t,
C
.
.
JL5_
100
200
J^
(20,
21, 59, Q = 2650
(21, 27, 28,
Sn), v. (90).
For UCS of Ag-Sn amalgams, v. ( 19 ).
E
79 7274 6374 73Oo 93f 95'
(247o-294o) 33' 38' 41'
101)
63, 82, 89,
Ir
94
)
BHN oi cast Ir = 172 (io).
X = 0.37 (DA) (1. 7, 22, 34, 47, 81, 83, 93);X = 0.39 (Dd) (93).
Pd
1
UTS of hard drawn wire = 38 ( ^); = 27.4 (9).
Ag, 66.6; Pt, 33.3 (93,95)
BHN of cast Pd = 49 ().
(Dd): E = lOOOo, G = 302s. (A): E = 1051o, G = 3699, X =
For UTS of Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, v. Fig. 1.
0.42.
Pt
Au; v. also Fig. 6
BHN (103)
Trt..'.. I G I Dd I
A
I
Lit.
Il Trt = D
I
Lit.
~~~~~~^~r~~-____ôad ^
100
200
Source or Trt
____
Heraeus
31
Russian
40
Pure (Hm)
60
Pure (A)
24
UTS of Dd wire = 34 (9. 1. 47, 56, ioi) ; of A wire
t, 0 C . . . "
15 100 200 (20* 21, 59,
E
7580 8* 5584 5408 5482 60' 93' 96'
= 0.42 (34, 47).
Ir
E = 52700 (Dd) (20).

Pd ; v. also Fig. 6
T r t . . . . I Dd
Trt
G
A 300 | A 650 | Lit.
BHN
I 117 I 121 I 46
| QQ)
Nuggets: Natural state, BHN = 105-108; annealed, BHN =
86-88 (104).
Pt-Ir (BHN)
% Ir
-^_
^-___^
I A I
Lit.
12oOOt975o ( 2 0 , 2 1 , 3 7 , 8 2 ,
98, 101, 102)
Lit.
4500
(21,37,38,82,
(4000-5210) 101)
X = 0.39 (33, 47).
Pd saturated with H 2
# = 13.2% (10-21%) < E for pure
(10.0-16.5%) < G for pure Pd (37).
Pd. 0 = 12.7%
lOJJt 15 20 25 30 Lit.
117
170
220 280330370400 (*)
TTT 47tllOttt 150 190 230 270 310
rr^!^HX)
% Ir ^^^.
1
25
2.5
32
89, 96)
101)
34
46
64
26
= 24.5
(9, 47, 101).
^r~^
lrt
Hwk
A 1150
G = 2 6 o o ( 2 0 , 27, 28,
(2495-395o)
33, 38, 41,
200
27
35
Pt ; v. also Fig. 6
Trt
I Dd I
A
I
Lit.
Il Trt = D
I
Lit.
t, 0 C....
ca. 15 100 200
(20, 22, 55,
Q = 65so
(21, 27, 28,
E
170oo 152oo 1417s 12904 59, 82, 93,
(615o-693o)
38, 41, 63,
Li^
(103)
For UTS of Pt-Ir, Pt-Pd, v. Fig. 1.

Pt-Os
Os has about 2.5 times the hardening effect of Ir (10).
Pt-Rh
Pt, 90; Rh, 10 (A); BHN = 90 (io).
Rh
BHN of cast Rh = 139 (io).
Ru
BHN of impure cast Ru = 220 (i).
* Sankey machine: Test piece, % in. diam; length between jaws = 1.75 in.;
angle of bending = 45% deg. No. B = Number of bends.
t Charpy machine: Standard 10 X 10 mm specimen, 40 mm span, 5 mm
keyhole notch.
Magnifier hammer.
BHN determined with 10 mm ball, 400-100 kg load, or with smaller ball
and equivalent loads. In all cases loads are less than the standard P = 30 D2.
Ij 10 mm; 500 kg.
I 3.96 mm, 210 kg.
** Guillery machine.
ft Test piece bent, no sign of fracture.
I 9.52 mm ball, 500 kg load.
Contains 1 % Ni.
U H At 2O0C.
II 2 mm ball, 8.7 kg load.
*** 10 mm ball, BHN = load -r- area of impression,
ttt 10 % Ir (G) BHN = 170.
J$ A 1000.
95, 101, 102)

X = 0.38 ( 2 2
33
82, 94)
47).
Pt, 85 ; Rh, 15
G = 6600 (28) v. also Fig. 6.
Rh
E = 30000 (Dd) (20).

* (778o-863o).
t (100oo-143oo).
(16080-17900).
(149oo-156oo).
TABLE 3.EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ELASTIC PROPERTIES

See also Fig. 6 '
Metal
ffoabsAEVc
G0 - <9ioo
T
Lit.
100
Lit.
Eo
Go
33
20 27
3.97 I
( )
7
(
-A for 100 = 7.65 %
28, 33, 38)
(82)
Metal 100
~Ig
Au
ir
__
I Ag I Au I Pd I Pt I Rh I Lit.
I 1.37 I 1.32 I 1.27 I 1.27 I 1.18 I (55)
Eo -Ei00
3.6
(33,97,
(2.92-4.09)
101)
Z^ZZZZ
(27,28,
Xo-Xioo T
ICO
Lit.
Xo
14
(7, 33)
25
(33)
33, 38, 82)
4 " (2) ZZZZZ
( 3 3 , 82)
(82~)
(20, 37, 38,
82, 101)
Pt
-A-E for
100 =
(0.14-1.78)
( 2 7 , 28,
3
8 82)
0.73%
Rh
377
(20, 2 1 , 2 2 ,
82, 82)
^3~3)~
TABLE 4.COMPKESSIBILITY OF Aa-Au ( 4 )

For compressibility of pure metals, v. vol. III.
100 X % Ag
IQsx
* v~Q~Ap
TABLE 6.SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF ALLOYS.(Continued)

_ .of pure
_ _
_ v. p. 456
For specific_gravities
metals,
O 116 586 1415 2317 3399 4773 6771 8555 9649

^40^"m~T~3ll3 130 134 146
where Ap = l atm
'
TABLE 5.SPECIFIC VOLUME OF ALLOYS

Rangef
of obSystem
10 a* 10 b*
servations, %
Ag-Au
9500 -4309 0-100
Ag-Bi
~ 9550
630 0-100
Ag-Cd
TT 9700 ~L034 17-46
Ag-Cu
TT 9480
1760 0-100
Ag-Pb
TT 9551 -760 0-10Q~
I 9533 -1386 0-40
Ag.Pd
Agrcl
\ 9244 -844 60-100
Au-Cu
5191 6050 0-100
Au-Pb
TTT 5191
3599 0-100
Au-Sn
'~ 5191 8520 O-UKT
Hg-In
7385
5830 0.4-ITO"
Hg-Pb
TT 7368 ~422 0-100~
[ 7368
6345 0-100
Hg-Sn
\ 7368
6212 0-100
I
.
T1
/ 7368
1238 0-43
118-11
\ 7674
772 80-100
f 7368
6556" 0-48
Hg Zn
"
1 7006
7212 60-100
Ir-Pt
4461 190 0-100
s
In tersection t
Max.
error,
%
+0.2
-0.4
-0.4
+0.7
+0.7
+0.7J
0.2/
+0.7
-1.0
-1.5 ~
Q. 04 '
-1.0
-0.9
+0.8
Lit.
(53)
(53)
(54)
(53)
(53)
^
(53)
(53, 57)
(53)
(70)
(53)
(53)
(io, 26,
40
)
0.1 \ fifi/
(66,70)
-0.2/
\
( 6 8 )
+0.5
/i254U
+0.1/ 56
^ )
0.2
(53)
* Specific vol. = a + bx, where x = % by weight of second metal in formula

of the alloy system.
t Per cent of second metal.
Where the results are best represented by two straight lines, the point of
intersection is given.
Line determined from data given in literature reference.
TABLE 6.SPECIFIC GKAVITIES OF ALLOYS

For specific gravities of pure metals, v. p. 456
~
Treatment.
,
.
description
. .
% composition
Test Ref.
temp., temp.,
or^
\-S
Ag-Au
Ag, 67.5; Bi, 32.5..
51
49
Ag-Cd
Ag, 92.5; Cu, 7 . 5 . . .
v. Fig. 8 and Table 5

G v. also Table (
Gj
5
\
v. Table 5
Ud
A 700
Coin
Ag, 83.5; Cu, 16.5 G
(v. also Fig. 7 and A
Table5).
AR
ARA
ARAR
ARARA
Same, struck
French coin
Ag, 80.0; Cu, 20.0. Canadian coin
A*
71 9- Cu
1/
Ag, 71.9,
Uu, 28
28.1
I
15.1 15.1
13.2 13.2
15
15
13
18.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
15
15
lten
10.323
10.197
13
13
,.
Lit.
(26)
(26)
4 1 0 . 3 4 8 5 (78)
4
10.2469 ( 7 8 )
10.37
(77, 86)
18.5
9.99932
(61)
18.5 10.00206
18.5 10.20244
18.5 10.20251
18.5 10.20759
18.5 10.21648
18.5 10.21636
10.16-10.20 ( 8 6 )
10.13
(86)
9.0554
IQ.Oll
Netherlandsgulden
Ag, 50.0; Cu, 50.0. English coin

Ag, 50; Cu, 41 ; Ni, 9 English coin
,.
a*
(")
(86)
9.640-9.642 ( 8 6 )
9.60-9.61 ( 8 6 )
~
...
% composition
Ag, 67.6; Pb, 32.4..
51.1
48.9
Ag-Pd
Ag, 100; Sb, O
85.4 14.6
74.6 25.4
69.5 30.5
Ag, 78.8; Sn, 21.2..
Ag, 73.16; Sn, 26.84
(Ag3Sn) Contraction of sp. vol. =
5%(19).
Treatment,
.
. .
description
G v. also Table (
Gj
5
\|
v. Table 5
All alloys show
expansion, max.
being at 25.4 %
Sb
G
Filings
,
temp., temp.,
oc
....
a*
.,
Lit.
13.5
13.8
10.800
| 10.925
10.49
10.017
9.682
9.356
14.8 ÛZ
9.953
25
~~l
9.80
(57)
(54)
(26)
( 1 6 > 36,
51
)
(36)
5
( M
(Si)
( 51 )
(Si)
| (53)
(26)
" ( 5 *)
Same, A 100
25
4
9.89
In mass
O
4
9.8690
Filings
O
4
9.7772
Same, A 100/2 h
O
4
9.8033
Same, A 350/5 h
O
4
9.8441
Ag, 70.8; Sn, 29.2. . Maximum contraction of specific vol.
Ag, 65; Sn, 35
Q
12.9
9.507
Ag, 54.7; Zn, 45.3.. G
8.744
Au-Ag
v. Fig. 8 and Table 5
Au
Ag
Cu
87.5 7.5
5.0 Struck in coin press
17.14
( 86 )
62.5
15 carat gold wret
13.22-14.08 (86)
Au, 65.4; Bi, 34.6.. G
16
~~4.844
~( 2 6 )
Au, 91.6; Cu, 8.3. . British coin
15
17.48
(8, 76,
86)
90
87.5
10
Scandinavian coin
O
4
12.5 Egyptian coin
v. also Fig. 8 and Table 5
Au-Pb and Au-Sn... v. Fig. 9 and Table 5
Hg-Ag
v. Fig. 10 and Q)
Hg, 67.1; Au, 31.9..
Hg, 32.5; Bi, 67.5.. ~
Hg-Cd
'v. Fig. 10
Hg-In
v. Table 5
Hg-K, Hg-Li, HgNa
v. Figs. 11 and Ua
Hg, 98.98; Pb, 1.02. v. also Table 5 and 20
4
99.316
0.684 Fig. 12
20
4
99.603
0.397
20
4
Hg, 99.79; Sn, 0.21. v. also Table 5
20
4
99.70
0.30.
20
4
99.55
0.45.
20
4
Hg-Tl
v. Table 5
Hg, 99.02; Zn, 0.980 v. also Table 5
25
4
98.544
1.456
25
4
98.083
1.917
25
4
Ir-Pt
v. Pt-Ir
Pd, 60.7; Pb, 39.3. .
Pt1 95; Ir, 5
A, struck repeatedly O
4
90 10
0
4
85
15
A, struck AR
O
4
66.6733.33
10
5
95
v. also Table 5
13
Pt, 48.5; Pb, 51.5..
Pt, 48.9; Tl, 51.1.. G, pulverized
14
14
17.17n
16.794
(8)
( 86 )
15.412
10.45
( 13 )
(13)
13.536
13.539
13.541
13.529
13.519
13.513
(67)
(7)
13.4490
13.4054
13.3628
(12)
11.225
21.474
21.55
21.594
21.874
22.384
15.736
15.65
(3I
()
(81, 8 8 )
(81)
(81)
(*)
(3)
(23)
* If test temp, only is given, d is mass-density g/cm 3 ; if rf. temp, is given

also d is specific gravity, referred to HzO at this rf. temp,
t See Index No. 635.
Fig.8
Fig. IO
Density of Au-Ag and Au-Cu
Density of Ag and Cd
Amalgams
Legend Ag-Hg
Fig.ll
Density of amalgams of
K,Na,Li
Fig.9
Density of Au-Pb
6 and Au-Sn
e )
Fig. "2
Density of Lead Amalgams
TABLE 8.ANNEALING AND QUENCHING TEMPERATURES

Fig.lla
Density of amalgams of
K.Na.Li
TABLE 7.SURFACE TENSION OF AMALGAMS IN SATURATED WATER

VAPOR AT ca. 180C (*)
For surface tensions of pure metals v. vol. Ill
Ba,
i
I
Ca,
Cd,
Cs,
K,
Li,
7.
Z0*
100
230
250
230
230
230
300
300
300
80
200
150
150
275
275
300
140
175
250
300
150
4
450
301
I Lit.
150
(78)""
265
(S)
450
()
550
(78)
600
(78)
650
(78)
650
(78)
700
(78)
700
(78)
2
(78)
280
(5. 79)
200
(79)
225
(79)
450
(79)
450
(79)
450
(79)
150
(79)
300
(79)
500
(78)
700
(78)
300
( 6 2, 79)
650
(10)
1000
( 1 ^)
1150
(I)
1150 (10)
1150
(IQ)
Au, 80; Cu, 20 to Au, 70; Cu, 30: Quench from 600 (46).
(Au + Ag), 80; Cu, 20 to (Au + Ag, 60; Cu, 40: Quench from
500 (99).
* to, 0C of beginning of softening.
t *so, 0 C of completion of softening in 30 minutes.
Pure commercial.
Softens completely at 300 in 384 hr.
^ dyne/
W^0
a*-cm* ^ dyne/
cm
'
cm
LITERATURE
0.0153
0.0656
435.5 Na, 0.00015 0.0655
435.5
0.0838
.0639
424.7
0.00067
.0639
424.2
(i ) Angenheister, 8, 11: 188; 03. ( 2 ) Baudrimont, 34, 31: 115; 50. ( 3 ) Bauer,
0.122
.0639
424.7
0.00222
.0631
418.8
112, 200: 285; 71. ( 4 ) Beckmann, Diss., Upsala; 10. 10, 2: 1; 11. (5)
0.00045
.0694
461.0
0-0490
.0596
393.3
Beilby, 33, 3: 806; 04. (<*) Beilby and Beilby, 5, 76: 462; 05. (7) Bock,
O 0022
.0728
483.5
0.0670
.0594 391.3
8, 52: 609; 94. ( 8 ) Broch, Norwegian NyL Mag. fr Natursk, Christiana;
1876. 10th Ann. Rept. Warden of Standards, London, 1876. 433, 8: 42;
0.0074
.0742
492.3
O>1240
.0591 386.4
77. ( 9 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 101: 72, 128; 24.
0.00020
.0659
436.5 Pb, 0.226
.0639
424.7
10
( ) Carter, 78, 43: 397; 23. C 1 1 ) Grace, Calvert and Johnson, 3, 18: 354; 59.
0.00100
.0689
458.0
0.936
.0626 415.9
( 1 2 ) Crenshaw, 50, 14: 158; 10. (13) Crookewit, 13, 68: 289; 48. (14)
0.00154
.0709
471.8
1.410
.0625 414.9
Dewar, 135, 71: 199; 95. (i) Edwards, 47, 20: 86; 18. (i) Fenchal,
Dental Cosmos, 52: 30; 10. ( 1 ^) Frilley, Thesis, Paris, 1910. ( 18 )Geibel,
0.00274
.0713 473.7 Rb, 0.00157
.0654
434.5
93, 70: 240; 11. 0) Gray, 47, 29: 139; 23.
0.00851
.0733
490.4
0.00313
.0651 432.5
( 2 0 ) Grneisen, 8, 22:801; 07. ( 2 i ) Grneisen, 8, 25: 825; 08. (22) Grneisen,
O 5 5 9 ^ 0 6 6 4 ~ 440.4
0.00778
.0555
368.8
8, 33: 1239; 10. (23) Hackspill, 34, 146: 820; 08. (24) Hanriot, 74, 10:
595; 13. (25) Hoitsema, 93, 41: 63; 04. (26) Holzmann, 6S1 150: 177; 60.
1.204
.0675
446.3
0.04660
.0504
334.5
(27) Horton, 62, 204: 1; 05. (28) lokib and Sakai, 159, 10: 1; 21. (2)
2.376
.068 447.2 Sn, 0.176
.0656
435.5
Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23.
(30) Jones, 204, 35: 164; 11. (31) Kahlbaum, Roth and Siedler, 93, 29: 177;
0.00083
.0644
427.6
0.412 .0642
425.7
02. (32) Karmarsch, 112, 226: 335, 441, 561; 77. (33) Katzenelsohn,
0.00160
.0607
403.1
0.868
.0644
425.7
Diss., Berlin, 1887. (34) Kaye and Laby, Table of Physical and Chemical
0.00280
.0577
383.5 Sr, 0.00027
.0680
452.2
Constants. Longmans, New York, 1921. (3 5 ) Kempe and Smith, Engineer"
0.01310
.0505
335.4
0.00162
.0713 470.8
ing Year Book, 31: 258; 24. (36) Knight, 4, 105: 639; 14. (37) Koch,
8, 54: 1; 17. (") Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15. (39) Krth, 68,
0.00071
.0657
436.0
0.00372
.0725 481.6
8: 417; 07.
0.00184
.0610 405.1 0.0153
.0753
500.2
(.40) Kupffer, 13, 40: 285; 1829. (41) Kupffer, Mem. l'Acad. St. Petersb. 5:
0.00680
.0591 392.3 Tl, 0.0238
.0660
438.1
233; 53. (42) Kurnakov and Achnazarov, 169, 24: 129; 15. 10, 4: 1356;
22. (43) Kurnakov, Pushin and Senkovskii, 93, 68: 123; 10. (44) Kurna0.01350
.0586
388.4
0.0986
.0680 451.2
kov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 60: 1; 08. (45) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui,
0.01500
.0577
382.5
0.490
.0683 453.1
53, 45: 1004; 13. ( 4 6 ) Kurnakov, Zhemchuzhnui and Zasedatelev, 47,
0.0002
.0657
436.0 Zn, 0.661
.0660
437.1
15: 305; 16. ( 4 7 ) Landolt-Bornstein, B3, Berlin; 23. (*) Le Chatelier,
34, 109: 24; 89. (49) Le Grix and Broniewski, 74, 10: 1055; 13.
0.0019
.0665
441.4 1.221 .0669
440,4
( 5 0 ) Lindemann, Nernst's Festschrift, 1912: 258. ( 5 I ) Lowry and Parker, 4,
0.0056
.0678
450.2
1.750 .0671 440.4
107:1160;15. (52) Maey, 7, 29: 119; 99. (53) Maey, 7, 38: 289; 01. (4)
0.0140
.0678
450.2
Maey, 7, 50: 200; 05. () Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19. () Marks, Mechan.
Wt.,? %
x
Au,
% composition
Ag.
AgJ
Au, 37.5
Cu, 7.5
Cu, 8.3
Cu, 10.0
Cu, 16.5.
Cu, 20.0
Cu, 28.1
Au
Ag (etc.), 0.03
Ag, 0.004
Ag, 0.25
Ag, 8.3
Ag, 25.0
Ag, 50.0
Cu, 0.01
Cu, 0.25
Cu, 8.3
Cu, 10.0
H2, 0.002
Pt
Ir, 0.1...
Ir, 10
Ir, 20
Ir, 25
a'-em*
ical Engineers' Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Incj, New

York, 1916. (57) Matthiessen, 62, 150: 177; 60. ( 58 ) McKeehan, 2,
20: 424; 22. (59) Mercadier, 34, 108: 344; 89.
(0) Meyer, 8, 59: 668; 96. ( i ) Pannain, 36, 40 I: 431; 10. (62) Phelps,
47, 12: 125; 14. (63) Pisati, 69, 1: 181; 77. 2: 137; 77. 4: 152; 78. 5:
34, 135; 79. < 6 4 ) Portevin and Durand, 74, 16: 150; 19. (65) Richards
and Bartlett, 1, 37: 470; 15. (66) Richards and Daniells, 1, 41: 1732; 19,
(67) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 7, 72: 165; 10. ( 68 ) Richards and
Smyth, 1, 44: 524; 22. (69) Richards, Stull, Brink and Bonnet, 1\52, No.
76: 56; 07.
(*0) Richards and Wilson, 7, 72: 129; 10. (") Roberts, a, 23: 481; 75. ( 7 2 )
Roberts-Austen, 433, 7: 44; 76. (73) Roberts- Austen, 62, 179: 339; 88.
(74) Roberts-Austen, 403, 1897: 31. (75) Roberts-Austen and Hill, 433,
16: 51; 85. (76) Roberts- A us ten and Rigg, 433, 7: 44; 76. (recalculated)
8: 44; 77. 9: 38; 78. ( 7 7 ) Rose, Precious Metals, p. 129. Constable, London, 09. (78) Rose, 47, 8: 86; 12. (79) ROse, 47, 10: 150; 13.
( 8 0 ) Rose, Royal Mint Laboratory, 1916, O. ( 81 ) St. Deville and Debray, 34,
81: 839; 75. ( 8 2 ) Schaefer, 8, 5: 220; 01. 7, 17: 153; 23. (3) Schaefer,
8, 9: 665, 1124; 02. (4) Schmidt, Diss., Freiburg, 1911. ( 8 S ) Smirnov
and Kurnakov, 169, 14: 623; 11. JfO, 2: 751; 13. ( 8 6) Smith, Royal
Mint Laboratory, O. ( 8 7) Smith and Turner, 47, 22: 149; 19. ( 8 8 )
Stas, Oeuvres Compltes, 2: 719, 742; 94. ( 8 9) Sutherland, 3, 32: 31; 91.
(90) Tammann and Mansuri, 93, 132: 65; 23. () Thompson, 83, 11: 104;
15. (92) Timofeiev, 7, 78: 299; 10. (93) Tomlinson, 62, 174: 1; 84. (94)
Tomlinson, O, 40: 343; 86. (95) Tomlinson, 5, 42: 362; 87. 43: 88; 88.
(96) Voigt, 8, 43: 674; 93. (97) Wassmuth, 8, 13: 182; 04. (98) Wassmuth, 75, 115 IIA: 223; 06. (99) Watson, Royal Mint Laboratory, 1924,
O.
(ioo) Weiss, Zeit, deutsch. Geol. Ges., 34: 817; 83. ( 1 O 1 ) Wertheim, 6, 12: 385;
44. 23: 52; 49. (*2) Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik, 1-1 : 1908.
(103) Zhemchuzhnui, 134, 13: 14; 16. 10, 4: 1357; 22. (i<>4) Zhemchuzhnui, 03, 51: 417; 19.
GRAPHITE (v. also p. 468)

V. H. STOTT
Ultimate tensile strength = 2 kg/mm 2 ( 4 5).
Young's modulus
= 836 kg/mm 2 ( 4 5).
LITERATURE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
dl = 2.25 to 2.26 (*).
d = 2.255 (after compression to 5000 atm.) (3).
d6 = 2.232 (after fusion in arc) (6).
M. P. = 3500 10O0C (2).
V. P. at triple point = 0.25 atm. (2).
(i) Arsem, 78, 20: 105; 11. (2) Fajans and Rishkevich, 218, 12:304; 24. (3)
Le Chatelier and Wologdine, 34, 146: 49; 08. (*) Pirani and Alterthum,
9, 29: 4; 23. ( 5 ) Pirani and Fehse, 9, 29: 168; 23. () Rishkevich and
Kostermann, 9, 30 : 86; 24.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF As, B, CA, CE, Co, CR, GE, IN, K, LA, Mo, NA, PR,
TA, TH, AND W AND THEIR ALLOYS, AND OF ALLOYS CONTAINING
BA, GA, Li, MN, RB, Si, SR, Ti AND V
C. H. DESCH
For specific gravity of the pure metals, v. p. 456; surface tension,
v. vol. Ill; viscosity, v. vol. Ill; compressibility, v. vol. III.
TABLE 1.TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CA, Co, Mo, TA, TH AND W
Metal I
Treatment
| UTS \ El \ RA \ Lit.
Ca Cast
6.12* 6f
(19)
Co CastJ
24
(34)
Annealed
26
Drawn wire.
68
5
8
Mo Drawn wire (v. also Figs. 1,
2, 3)
180-220
(15)
Sheet
70Il
43
(68)
Ta
Hard drawrTwire
93
( 61 )
Th 15rawn wire
~ 56.3
( 5S )
W
Hammered
150
4
28 (")
Drawn wire
420
( 3 ^)
Drawn to mm diam. :
( 16 )
0.45
186
0.18
240
0.145
256 v. also
0.10
339 Fig. 4
0.028
411
Rolled sheet
335
Single crystal wires
* Probably too high due to impurity.
t On 5 cm.
UCS = 87; YPG = 30 kg/mni2.
YPC = 39 kg/mm2.
11 YP just below UTS; PL = 46.
100
TAB LE 2.HARDNESS OF As, B, CA, CE, Co, CR, GE, IN, K, LA,
Mo, NA AND PR
Metal
As
B
Ca
Ce
Co
Cr
Ge
___
diam. L?ad>
ScH
. E,P' 2 Lit.
kg
kg/mm
mm
I
!Metallic.
|147
| 10 [1000 |
|
| Q*)
I Usually described as nearly as hard as diamond.
|
|
42*
10
500
19-20
(5)"
28.0
5
90
26 (rolled)
l*)
9 (fresh
(23)
cut)
Cast
2 4 1 0 1600
(34)
86
10 1000
(14)
Electrolytict
270-311
(44)
91
10
500
T^)
I Between 6 and 6.5 on Mohs'
| ___^
()
_ scale
_ of hardness.
__
__
Treatment
BHN
0.037
La
Mo
37
47
0.07
Na
10
10
1.6
0.25
500
12 (rod)
35 (sheet)
10
3.2
0.3
,
Pr
Electrolytic!
*. also (i*).
t Probably contained Ha.
About 99.7 % pure.
25
10
500
^)
0*
^)
(36)
(68)
(68)
(î
3
^)
(71)
ical Engineers' Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Incj, New

York, 1916. (57) Matthiessen, 62, 150: 177; 60. ( 58 ) McKeehan, 2,
20: 424; 22. (59) Mercadier, 34, 108: 344; 89.
(0) Meyer, 8, 59: 668; 96. ( i ) Pannain, 36, 40 I: 431; 10. (62) Phelps,
47, 12: 125; 14. (63) Pisati, 69, 1: 181; 77. 2: 137; 77. 4: 152; 78. 5:
34, 135; 79. < 6 4 ) Portevin and Durand, 74, 16: 150; 19. (65) Richards
and Bartlett, 1, 37: 470; 15. (66) Richards and Daniells, 1, 41: 1732; 19,
(67) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 7, 72: 165; 10. ( 68 ) Richards and
Smyth, 1, 44: 524; 22. (69) Richards, Stull, Brink and Bonnet, 1\52, No.
76: 56; 07.
(*0) Richards and Wilson, 7, 72: 129; 10. (") Roberts, a, 23: 481; 75. ( 7 2 )
Roberts-Austen, 433, 7: 44; 76. (73) Roberts- Austen, 62, 179: 339; 88.
(74) Roberts-Austen, 403, 1897: 31. (75) Roberts-Austen and Hill, 433,
16: 51; 85. (76) Roberts- A us ten and Rigg, 433, 7: 44; 76. (recalculated)
8: 44; 77. 9: 38; 78. ( 7 7 ) Rose, Precious Metals, p. 129. Constable, London, 09. (78) Rose, 47, 8: 86; 12. (79) ROse, 47, 10: 150; 13.
( 8 0 ) Rose, Royal Mint Laboratory, 1916, O. ( 81 ) St. Deville and Debray, 34,
81: 839; 75. ( 8 2 ) Schaefer, 8, 5: 220; 01. 7, 17: 153; 23. (3) Schaefer,
8, 9: 665, 1124; 02. (4) Schmidt, Diss., Freiburg, 1911. ( 8 S ) Smirnov
and Kurnakov, 169, 14: 623; 11. JfO, 2: 751; 13. ( 8 6) Smith, Royal
Mint Laboratory, O. ( 8 7) Smith and Turner, 47, 22: 149; 19. ( 8 8 )
Stas, Oeuvres Compltes, 2: 719, 742; 94. ( 8 9) Sutherland, 3, 32: 31; 91.
(90) Tammann and Mansuri, 93, 132: 65; 23. () Thompson, 83, 11: 104;
15. (92) Timofeiev, 7, 78: 299; 10. (93) Tomlinson, 62, 174: 1; 84. (94)
Tomlinson, O, 40: 343; 86. (95) Tomlinson, 5, 42: 362; 87. 43: 88; 88.
(96) Voigt, 8, 43: 674; 93. (97) Wassmuth, 8, 13: 182; 04. (98) Wassmuth, 75, 115 IIA: 223; 06. (99) Watson, Royal Mint Laboratory, 1924,
O.
(ioo) Weiss, Zeit, deutsch. Geol. Ges., 34: 817; 83. ( 1 O 1 ) Wertheim, 6, 12: 385;
44. 23: 52; 49. (*2) Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik, 1-1 : 1908.
(103) Zhemchuzhnui, 134, 13: 14; 16. 10, 4: 1357; 22. (i<>4) Zhemchuzhnui, 03, 51: 417; 19.
GRAPHITE (v. also p. 468)

V. H. STOTT
Ultimate tensile strength = 2 kg/mm 2 ( 4 5).
Young's modulus
= 836 kg/mm 2 ( 4 5).
LITERATURE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
dl = 2.25 to 2.26 (*).
d = 2.255 (after compression to 5000 atm.) (3).
d6 = 2.232 (after fusion in arc) (6).
M. P. = 3500 10O0C (2).
V. P. at triple point = 0.25 atm. (2).
(i) Arsem, 78, 20: 105; 11. (2) Fajans and Rishkevich, 218, 12:304; 24. (3)
Le Chatelier and Wologdine, 34, 146: 49; 08. (*) Pirani and Alterthum,
9, 29: 4; 23. ( 5 ) Pirani and Fehse, 9, 29: 168; 23. () Rishkevich and
Kostermann, 9, 30 : 86; 24.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF As, B, CA, CE, Co, CR, GE, IN, K, LA, Mo, NA, PR,
TA, TH, AND W AND THEIR ALLOYS, AND OF ALLOYS CONTAINING
BA, GA, Li, MN, RB, Si, SR, Ti AND V
C. H. DESCH
For specific gravity of the pure metals, v. p. 456; surface tension,
v. vol. Ill; viscosity, v. vol. Ill; compressibility, v. vol. III.
TABLE 1.TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CA, Co, Mo, TA, TH AND W
Metal I
Treatment
| UTS \ El \ RA \ Lit.
Ca Cast
6.12* 6f
(19)
Co CastJ
24
(34)
Annealed
26
Drawn wire.
68
5
8
Mo Drawn wire (v. also Figs. 1,
2, 3)
180-220
(15)
Sheet
70Il
43
(68)
Ta
Hard drawrTwire
93
( 61 )
Th 15rawn wire
~ 56.3
( 5S )
W
Hammered
150
4
28 (")
Drawn wire
420
( 3 ^)
Drawn to mm diam. :
( 16 )
0.45
186
0.18
240
0.145
256 v. also
0.10
339 Fig. 4
0.028
411
Rolled sheet
335
Single crystal wires
* Probably too high due to impurity.
t On 5 cm.
UCS = 87; YPG = 30 kg/mni2.
YPC = 39 kg/mm2.
11 YP just below UTS; PL = 46.
100
TAB LE 2.HARDNESS OF As, B, CA, CE, Co, CR, GE, IN, K, LA,
Mo, NA AND PR
Metal
As
B
Ca
Ce
Co
Cr
Ge
___
diam. L?ad>
ScH
. E,P' 2 Lit.
kg
kg/mm
mm
I
!Metallic.
|147
| 10 [1000 |
|
| Q*)
I Usually described as nearly as hard as diamond.
|
|
42*
10
500
19-20
(5)"
28.0
5
90
26 (rolled)
l*)
9 (fresh
(23)
cut)
Cast
2 4 1 0 1600
(34)
86
10 1000
(14)
Electrolytict
270-311
(44)
91
10
500
T^)
I Between 6 and 6.5 on Mohs'
| ___^
()
_ scale
_ of hardness.
__
__
Treatment
BHN
0.037
La
Mo
37
47
0.07
Na
10
10
1.6
0.25
500
12 (rod)
35 (sheet)
10
3.2
0.3
,
Pr
Electrolytic!
*. also (i*).
t Probably contained Ha.
About 99.7 % pure.
25
10
500
^)
0*
^)
(36)
(68)
(68)
(î
3
^)
(71)
TABLE 3.PKOPERTIES OF Co-CR AND STELLITE

Typical compositions of stellile
Fig. I
Variation of Tensile strength of
Mo Wire with Temperature
Wires 0.625mm.diam.
Co I Cr I W I Mo I Fe I Si I Mn I V I C | Remarks | Lit.
34.6 26.312.7 9.410.10.780.721.01.79
(1914)
(2)
55.6 33.6 9.1
Tr. 0.170 O 1.48
(1917)
(21)
54.932.99.1
1.00.29
Stellile 2
( 54 )
'52.923.817.6
5.20.62
Stellile 3
( 54 )
59.5 10.8 O 22.5 3.10.772.04
0.87
(26)
38 30 16
4 (Ni, 10)
2-5
"Akrite"
(S)
Brinell hardness of stellile
/,0C
15 TOO 200 I 350 475 630 TOO 800 Lit.
BHN*.... 512 495 430 430 387 364 351 332 (21)
As
Quenched Quenched
,-.
received
1300
1000
Stellile 2
545
495
564
(26)
Stellile 3
590
594
Co, 75; Cr, 25: UTS = 67 kg/mm 2 ; EL = 56 kg/mm 2 ; El =
3% O 4 ).
* These data apparently for second alloy in above table.
Fig. 4
Tensile Strength of Single - Crystal wires of W
Wires from 0.05 to 0.19 mm diam.
Different wires show discontinuities atlhe
same temperatures, at which other physical
properties change in the same way. All points
lie close to the curve drawn.
Fig.2
(I8)
Venation of Ductility of Mo Wire

with Temperature
Wires 0.625mm.diam.
(63)
TABLE 4.HARDNESS OF ALLOYS

..
.,.
% composition
As, 57; Cd, 43

Mn, 80; Si, 20
Mn, 66; Si, 34...
Mo, 88.9; C, 11.1
Si, 54; Ti, 46
Zr, 61.5; Si, 38.5
% composition
Fig.3
Variation of Reduction of Area
of Mo wires with Temperature
Wires 0.625 mm diam.
Ce, 87; Cu, 13

Ce, 54; Cu, 46
Co, 90; W, 10
. 0~
t, C
Mohs> scaje
Hardness,
T .,
20
15
15
20
22
22
3.5-4
6.5
8.5
7-8
4-5
6
(73)
(43)
()
(51)
(29)
(29)
Lit,-
| BHN \ Lit.
61* (23)
152* (23)
282f
(35)
* 5 mm ball, 110 kg load.

t Maximum hardness for 25 % Co.
TABLE 5.EXTRUSION PRESSURE OF IN-PB AND K-Rs

In-Pb (aperture 2.81 mm diam.) (38)
%In
EP
O
5.8 14.1 27.0 35.8 45.2 56.4 84.3100
10.6 14.7 18.2 21.0 23.7 21.0 18.2 11.5 3.1
K-Rb (t = 220C, aperture 2.86 mm diam) (37)
% R b O 9.4|12.8|26.7l31.2|55.7 67.2|85.6l 90 I 96 !IPO
l Q f f P l O . 9 2 . 2 J 2 . 4 | 2.8| 2.6| 2.4| 2.1| 1.9| 1.5| l . l ] 0 . 8
TABLE 6.ELASTIC PROPERTIES OP TA AND W

Ta
W
TABLE 7.SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF ALLOYS.(Continued)
E = 1.9 X IQ4 kg/mm 2 (4)

E = 3.62 X IO4 kg/mm 2 at 2O0C 1 dE/dt = constant
= 3.31 X IO4 kg/mm 2 at 100O0C J (io)
Nearly same value v. (16 18 > 72 ).
G = 1.51 X IO 4 kg/mm 2 at 2O0C
dG/dt is negative, amount varying with recrystallization
of the wire (*8. 31, 58, 72).
K = 2.82 X IO4 kg/mm 2 at 270C 1 , ?2 ,
= 3.62 X IQ4 kg/mm 2 at 6420C J ( }
X ==0.17 (independent of temperature) ( 18 ).
TABLE 7.SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF ALLOYS
% composition
As, 55.5; Ca, 44.5
As, 62.8; Cd, 37.2
57
43
55.7
44.3
49.5
50.5
As, 71.4; Co, 28.6
65.6
34.4
56.0
44.0
45.9
54.1
As, 68.4; Cr, 31.6
59.0
41.0
B, 62; Ca, 38
B, 57; Sr, 43
Ba, 73; As, 27
Ba, 67.7; B, 32.3
Ca, 55.3; Mg, 44.7
Co, 91.5; B, 8.5
Co, 89.27; Ni, 10.73
79.54
20.46
69.77
30.23
60.43
39.57
Co, 79.2; P, 20.8
Co, 80.8; Si, 19.2
67.6
32.4
51
49
Cr, 82.5; B, 17.5
87.7
12.3
Cr, 91.4; C, 8.6
86.7; 13.3
Cr, 50.8; W, 40.1; C, 9.1
Ga, 90; In, 10
K, 68.3; Na, 31.7
La, 85.3; C, 14.7
Mn, 97.0; C, 3.0
93.28
6.72...
Mn, 77.4; Mo, 22.6
69.5
30.5
53.4
46.6
36.4
63.6
22.3
77.7
Mn, 80; Si, 20
66
34
49.3 50.7
Mo, 94.1; C, 5.9
88.9
11.1
t, 0C
15
20
20
20
20
O
O
O
Q
22
16
15
15
15
15
25
20
|
I
,.
15
15
25
21
22
20
4.5
20
O
O
O
O
O
15
15
13
20
d\
2.5
5.8s
5.86
5.92
5.9?
770
7.3
7.6
T1S
6.2
6JL3
2.2
3^
4.1
4.36
1.7
7.9
8.87
8.7s
8.77
8.72
6.6
7.3
6.3
5.3
6.1
6.7
6.9
6.6s
8.4
5.9s
0.89o
5.0
6.9s
6.89
7.3
7.8
8.4
8.6
8.7
6.2
5.9
6^2
8.9
8.4
Lit.
(41)
( 7 S)
(U)
()
(53)
(53)
(*i)
(53)
(2)
(")
(3)
(7*)
(42)
( 66 )
(12)
(56)
(52)
()
(22)
(46)
(62)
% composition
Mo, 77; Fe, 23
63
37
53
47
46
54
Mo, 62.8; Si, 37.2
Na, 85.78; Hg, 14.22
79.9
20.1
77.73
22.27
71.0
29.0
58.7
41.3
56.35
43.65
51.0
49.0
S i , 96.5; A l , 3 . 5
85
15
57
43
Si, 58.7; Ca, 41.3
Si, 89.1; Cr, 10.9
75.8
24.2
70
30
65.3
34.7
62
38
57.8
42.2
52.4
47.6
51
49
Si, 90.5; Cu, 9.5
69.6
30.4
68
32.
51.6
48.4
50.4
49.6
Si, 95.0; Fe, 5.0
79.4
20.6
61.5
38.5
51.8
48.2
50.1
49.9
Si, 71.8; Li, 28.2
Si, 66.8; Ni, 33.2
57.3
42.7
52.6
47.4
Si, 54; Ti, 46
Sr, 54; As, 46
Ta, 80.4; Si, 19.6
Th, 90.6; C, 9.4
Th, 80.5; Si, 19.5
V, 81; C, 19....
W, 93.88; C, 6.12
W, 73.6; Fe, 22.4; C, 4 . O . .
W, 76.5; Si, 23.5
Zr, 61.5; Si, 38.5
/,0C
O
O
O
Q
Q
17
110
17
110
110
17
110
d\
| Lit.
9.4
(67)
9.0
9.2
8.9
5.9
(3Q)
1.12s
(6S)
1.17
1.23s
1.28
1.57
1.716
!
1.79
2 ( i 7 )
2.4
2^5
2.5
(49)
=
2J5
(I 7 )
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
4.0
4.7
4.8
2To
O7)
3.0
3.1
3.6
.
3.9
18
2?4
(25, 60)
18
2.7s
18
3.9
18
4.4
18
4.7
^^^
1.1
(48)
sTs
O7)
3.9
4.2
22
~ 4.0
(29)
15
3.6
(41)
O
8?8
(30)
18
970
(50)
16
7.9s
(28)
5.4
(46)
18.5
15.6
(57, 69)
18
13.4
( 7 Q)
O
9.4
(7)
22
4.9
(29)
(1)
LITERATURE
(43)
(4 7 )
(Sl)
(i) Arrivant, 34, 143: 285, 465; 06. (2) iltz and Hohorst, 93, 121: 1; 22.
( 3 ) Bloch, 6, 26:5; 12. (*) van Bolton, 9, 11: 45; 05. ( 5 ) Brace, 47, 25:
153; 21. (6) Browning and Uhler, 12, 41: 351; 16. ( 7 ) Defracqz, 54, 144:
848; 07. ( 8 ) Dennis, Tressler and Hance, 1, 45: 2033; 23. () Dieckmann
and Hanf, 93, 86: 291; 14.
( 10 ) Dodge, 0, 11: 311; 18. O 1 ) Ducelliez, 84, 147: 424; 08. (") Edwards,
47, 20: 61; 18. ^ 13 ) Fink, 78,17: 229; 10. ( 14 ) Fink, 75, 22: 499; 12. ( 1S )
Frilley, 74, 8: 457; 11. 0) Giess, 808, 3: 322; 23. O?) Goodwin, 1, 27:
1403; 05. ( 1 S) Coucher, 5, 48: 229; 24. (^) Guillet and Godfroid, 74,
15: 339; 18.
(20) Hagen, 8, 19: 436; 83. ( 2 1 ) Hanaman, 95, 7: 174; 15. f 2 2 ) Haynes, 45,
2: 397; 10. ( 23 ) Hengstenberg, 77, 44: 914; 24. v 2 4 ) Hibbard, 0, No.
100: 61; 15. ( 2 S ) Hirsch, 75, 20: 57; 11. C 2 *) Hnigschmid, S^, 142: 157;
06. (27) Hnigschmid, 34, 143: 224; 06. ( 2 8 ) Hnigschmid, 57, 28: 1017;
07. C 2 *) lokib and Sakai, S, 42 : 397; 21.
(30) du Jassoneix, 34, 143: 1149; 06. ( 3 1 ) du Jassoneix, 34, 145: 240; 07. ( 32 )
Jeffries, 80, 60: 588; 19. <,33) Jones, S3, 22: 9; 20. ( 34 ) Kalmus and
Harper, 45, 7: 6; 15. ( 3 5 ) Kreitz, 187, 19: 137; 22. ( 36 ) Kremers and
Stevens, 1, 45: 614; 23. ( 3 ?) Kurnakov and Nikitinskii, 93, 88: 151; 14.
( 38 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 64: 149; 09. ( 39 ) Kurnakov and
Zhemchuzhnui, 200, 11: 1; 14.
(40) Lebeau, 34, 128: 95; 99. ( 41 ) Lebeau, 34, 129: 47; 99. ( 4 2 ) Lebeau,
34, 132: 556; 01. ( 4 3 ) Lebeau, 34, 136: 89, 231; 03. <, 44 ) Macnaughtan,
140, 109: 409; 24. ( 4 S ) Moissan, 34, 122: 1297; 96. ( 4 6 ) Moissan, 34,
123: 148; 96. ( 4 7 ) Moissan, 34, 125: 839; 97. ( 48 ) Moissan, 34, 134:
1083; 02. ( 4 9) Moissan and Dilthey, 34, 134: 503; 02.
( 5 0 ) Moissan and Etard, 34t. 122: 573; 96. <, 51 ) Moissan and Hoffman, 34,
138: 1558; 04. ( 5 2 ) Moissan and Kouznetzov, 34, 137: 292; 03. ( 53 )
Moissan and Williams, 84, 125: 629; 97. ( 54 ) National Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 55 ) Rentschler and Marden, 2, 25: 589; 25. ( 56 ) Ruff
and Foehr, 93, 104: 27; 18. ( 5 7 ) Ruff and Wunsch, 93, 85: 292; 14. ( 5 )
Schriever, 2, 23: 255; 24. ( 5 ) Schulz, 95, 16: 337; 24.
( 6 0 ) Schwarz, 139, 11: 80; 13. () Siemens, 325, 19: 590; 09. (* 2 ) Stadeler,
192, 5 : 260; 08. ( 63 ) Sykes, 80, 64: 780; 20. ( 64 ) Tajime, Nagaoka Anniv.
Voi, 1925: p. 413. ( 6 5 ) Vanstone, 83, 7: 42; 11. (66) Vigouroux, 34,
142: 635; 06. (?) Vigouroux, 34, 142: 889, 928; 06. (68) Western Electric. Co., O. (69) Williams, 34, 126: 1722; 98.
(70) Williams, 34, 127: 410; 98. ^ 1 ) Wierda and Kremers, 78, preprint; 25.
(72) Worthing, 2, 12: 199; 18. (73) Zhemchuzhnui, 95, 4: 228; 13. (*4)
Zhemchuzhnui and Schepelev, 93, 64: 245; 09.
FATIGUE OF METALS AND ALLOYS

H. J. GOUGH
CONTENTS
Composition of alloy.
MATIRES
Composition des alliages.
Endurance limits.
Reversed direct stresses.
Limites d'endurance.
Efforts direct alternatifs.
Reversed bending stresses

(rotating beam).
Reversed plane bending
stresses.
Reversed torsional stresses.
Efforts de flexion alternatifs

(arbre rotatif).
Efforts de flexion plane alternatifs.
Efforts de torsion alternatifs.
Direct stress, various mean

stresses.
Effort direct, efforts moyens

varis.
Torsional stress,
mean stresses.
various
Effort de torsion,
moyens varis.
Direct stress at
temperatures.
various
Effort direct des tempratures varies.
Reversed bending stress at

various temperatures.
efforts
Effort de flexion plane des

tempratures varies.
The data on fatigue of metals and alloys are arranged according to the following scheme:
1. The chemical sj^mbols of the principal constituents of each
non-ferrous alloy are arranged in order of descending magnitude
of their proportions in the alloy. Thus section 3 (Al-Cu-Mg-Si)
contains alloys whose largest constituent is Al; the next largest
Cu and the third largest is Mg, any other elements present having
minor effect on the properties (v. also Introduction, p. 358). The
sections are numbered consecutively.
2. The steels are arranged in the same manner except that C is
written last in the type formula.
3. The different sections, each containing alloys of the same
type formula are arranged in alphabetical order.
4. The alloys within each section are arranged in descending
magnitude of proportion of largest constituent if this is given
by analysis, if not, in order of ascending magnitude of proportion
of second constituent; they are numbered consecutively in each
section.
5. In the figures, the composition number of any alloy is the
combination of its section number and number within the section.
Thus the Al-Cu alloy containing 12% Cu has the composition
number 2:4.
6. In Tables 2-9, the alloys follow the same arrangement as in
Table 1, which should be consulted for exact composition.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Zusammensetzung der Legierungen.
Ermdungsfestigkeit.
(Zug-bezw. Druck)-Wechselspannungen.
Wechselbiegespannungen.
Wechselbiegespannungen (in
gleicher Ebene).
Wechseldrehspannungen.
(Zug-bezw. Druck)-Wechselspannungen mit verschiedenen Mittelwert.
Drehspannungen mit verschiedenem Mittelwert.
(Zug- bezw. Druck)-Wechselspannungen bei verschiedener Temperatur.
Ebenengleiche Biegespannungen bei verschiedener Temperatur.
INDICE
PAQE
Composizione delle leghe. . 595
Limiti di durata
599
Sforzi assiali invertiti. . . 599
Sollecitazioni per flessione rotante
Sollecitazioni per piegatura invertita
Sollecitazioni di torsione,
invertite
Sforzo assiale, valori varii
medi delle sollecitazioni
Sforzo di torsione, valori
varii medi delle sollecitazioni
Sforzi assiali a varie temperature
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4.550.56
8.0
12.0 0.69
12.6 0.82
0.82
605
606
607
607
608
Sollecitazioni per piegamento a varie temperature

608
TABLE 1.COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS

Comp.
% composition, Al +
No. ~Cu I Fe Mg I Mn I Ni
Si
Zn
1. Al
0.12|0.49|
I
I
I 0.15|
2
(99.6% Al) Single crystals*
_
_
_ 2. Al-Cu _
_
2
3
4
5
601
0.82
0.38
0.05
0.37
Tr.
3. Al-Cu-Mg-Si
3.250.280.70 Tr.
0.28 ]
f
3.61 .74 .700.60
.48
3.75 .60 .26 .69
.40
n
3.88 .45 .78 .64
.26 \ . ' \
alumms
4.0
.501.0
1.0
4.18
.66
0.19
4.28 .54 .420.62
.34 J
5.0
.75 .5
.75
6.0
.75 .5
M)
&
3~~
2, 5
_
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3,9
3
3
3,9
3, 9
TABLE 1.COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS.(Continued}

Comp. '
% composition, Al +
No.
" Cu I Fe I Mg I Mn I Ni I Si I
Zn
* &
4. Al-Cu-Ni-Mg
1
2.0
1.0
1.5 0.6 "Magnante" 3,9
3
2 4 . 0
1.0
1.0
3
4.0
1.50
1.0
3
4
4.0
1.500.50 2.0 0.75 Ind. No. 1491 3,9
5
4.00.201.500.50 2.0
.20 Modified"Y" 3,9
alloy
6
470~ ~20ToO
270
^2O
" Y " 3 ,9
7
4.0
1.5
2JO
alloy
3
6. Al-Cu-Zn
8.7 0.57
(h33
5 ? 3 3
2
9.5 .75
.35
5.5
3
6. Al-Mg
1
I
|0.8 |6.2 "Aeromin"! 0.30|
3,9
7. Al-Mg-Si
1
I 0.15|0.54|0.55|0.006
0.56|
3
8. Al-Si
1
5.0
3
2
8.0
3
3
0.30
8.5
3
4
0.45
11.04
3
5
12.65
3
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
6
7
Comp.
No.
2
3
4
5
6
Comp.
No.
~~~I
2
3
4
0.5
0.35
(Ca',0.05;Na,0.006) 12.7
2, 8
3
3
Comp.
No.
5.21
9.26
11.0
16.85
26.0
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
7/73
11.4
12.1
15.9
20.0
3
3
3
3
3,9
20.3
25.0
3,9
3
I
13.0
I
13.75
9. Al-Zn
10. Al-Zn-Cu
3.041.23
_J>n__ 0.29
2.070.62
0.05 0.27
2.170.73
0.06 0.30
3.0
2.5 0.200.5 0.5 "E" 1.0
alloy
2.9 0.20""A" alloy
0.25
3.0 0.20 "B"alloy
0.25
TABLE 1.COMPOSITION OP ALLOYS.(Continued)

Comp.
% composition
No. "Cu
Al I Fe I Mn
Ni | Si | Zn Table
13. Cu-Al, Al-Bronzes
99.86 0
.
1
0
2
2
96.98 2.99 0.008
0.024
2
3
94.90 5.07 .006
.018
2
4
94.85 5.62 .065
3, 5
5
92.61 9.90 .017
.027
2
6
90.91 9.10 .002
3, 5
7
90.5210.01 .002
3,5
8
90.22 9.78
3
9
90.06 7.35 .017
.027
2
10
89.8110.06
3
11
89.0 10.0 1.0
3
12
87.1210.4 2.92
3, 5
14. Cu-Al-Mn
1
89.0610.2 0.01 0.92
0.01
2
2
88.30 9.82 .03 1.88
.34
2
3
88.11 8.91
.02 2.98
.02
2
16. Cu-Al-Ni
1
87.45 7.91
4.64
2
2
87.45 6.93
5.62
2
3
87.32 5.34
7.34
2
16. Cu-Mn
1
196.2 I
I 0.18 I 3.58 |
|
|
| 2
% composition
Cu
Al I Fe I Ni I Pb I Sn I Zn
11. Cu, Electrolytic or Commercially Pure
99.993
0.0052
<0.002
99.992
.0058
<0.002
99.991t
.008
<0.001
99.98
.02
99.96
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
99.895
% composition
Cu
O I Fe I Ni I S I
12. Cu, Oxygenated
99.954 0.0360.002 0.00150.0002 These also
99.94
.049 .002 .0015 .0002 contain
99.90
.094 .002 .0015 .0001 0.001 Ag,
99.75
.240 .002 .0015 .0005 0.0015As,
0.002Sb
* *
5
5
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
Ta le
3
3
3
3, 5
3
| 3,~5~
3
3, 5
3
Comp.
% composition
No. ~Cu I Fe I Mn| P I Pb I Sn I
Zn
21. Cu-Sn, Bronzes
96.12
0732
3.54 1 Phos.
2
95.74
.048
4.20 /bronze
3
95.610.031
.056 0.002 4.66
T~2
\ 3
5
4.05(^ h S >
{ bronze
4.89
5.06
1 3
J
3
3
?hS>
bronze
1 3
J
95.57 .09
.39 <0.01
5
6
94.96
95.0
.026
89.39 .08
3
3
3
3
% composition
Cu I Fe I Mn I Ni I C I Sn
|
Zn
17. Cu-Ni
80.340.270.1219.230.03
80.03 .16
19.43
78.92 .190.2620.61
Cupro-nickel
53.77 .52 1.14 44.68 .11
Constantan
53.71 .660.8944.77 .078
18. Cu-Ni-Cr
|58.93|l.04|l.6l|34.15| +(Cr, 4.14; Si, 0.13)
19. Cu-Ni-Sn
|69.82|0.27|
|29.08|0.07 | 0.95 I
20. Cu-Ni-Zn
74.010.340.7519.750.07 i
5J7
60.08 .20
10.89J German silver
29.05
2
3
4
5
0.01
.13 <0.01 10.6 I

{
22. Cu-Zn, Brasses
81.0 0.05
<0.01
73.28 .135
.026
72.36 .13
(S =
.13
0.035%)
71.69 .13
.017
70.08 .05
<0.01
Tab G
19.06
26.61
27.46
3
3
2
28.24
29.99
5
3
~6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
2
3
4
5
% composition
I Fe I Mn I P I Pb
I Sn
Zn
22. Cu-Zn, Brasses.(Continued)
69.850.04 |
j
TrI
30.11
66.3 (Navalbrass, a) 0.25 1.20 32.2
65.0
I
I
34.6
61.20 (Naval brass)
0.10 0.43 38.27
60.81 .002 (Naval
.002 0.85 38.32
brass)
60.25 .02
.02
39.61
59.78 .03
.08
40.11
59.65 .164 (Muntz
.20 0.10 40.11
metal)
58.5 .87 (Naval brass, , /8) 0.50 40.1
58.19 .65
(Mn
0.02 1.04 40.10
bronze)
58.0 .80
(Muntz metal)
Tr.
41.2
56.851.50 0.20| (Mn bronze) 0.32 40.90
22.5. Cu-Zn-Pb, Leaded Brasses
61.600.03
0.06
38.31
61.54 .04
0.53
37.89
61.03 .03
1.58
37.89
59.58 .03
2.61
37.78
59.40 .03
3.43
37.14
TABLE 1.COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS.(Continued)
Comp.
No.
"Cu
Comp.
No.
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3,5
2, 6
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
Comp.
No.
~C I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Comp.
No. "
% composition, Fe +
I Mn I P I S I Si23. Fe, Commercially Pure
0.012 Armcoiron 0.070.0140.0170.0172,3,5
.02 1 T
, .
/ .03 .005 .042 .02 2,3,4,5
.023/ In g QtirQn I .037 .002 .031 .005 3
.029 ]
.07 .219 .024 .127
2
.039 w
,
Tr. .018
Tr.
2
.045 wrougni
Q 1 7 0 2 3 4 2, 3
Q Q24
24
lr n
.06
.12 .25 .023 .13

3
I .195 J
I .005 .054| .011 .086 2
% composition, Fe+
T KI
C I Cr I Mn I Ni I P | S | Si
24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels
0 . 0 6 5 ( T 4 0 . 1 3 5 0.010 0 . 1 4 8 2
2
.11 0
.73 0.12 .02
.018 .10
3
3
.13 S
.70
.046 .042 .18 2 , 3 , 5
4
.13 3 ~ .30
.028 .017 .028 2,6
5
.14 ^ l
.68
.045 .04
.19
3
6
. .14 "S
.53
.008 .056 .17
3
7
.15 3 g>
2, 3
8
.15 IVg
.30
.018 .034 .06
3
9
.16 ^ *2
2
10
.17 5 Jj!
.10
.013 .012 .021 2
11
.17 . E
.46
.023 .032 .12
3
12
.18 g
.37
.013 .039 .06
3
13
.19 g
.60
.052 .047 .024 2
14
.19 ~
.65
.025 .049 .05
3
15
.20
.67
.025 .090 .03
3
16
.20 0.06
.58 0.18 .044 .034 .18
3
17
.21 .017 .82
.206 .06
.08
.08
3
18
.24
.83
.033 .043 .33
2, 6
19
.24
.45
.009 .051 .007 3, 5
20
.25
.65
.05
.03
.06 2 , 3 , 5
21
.25
1.18
.031 .04
.25
3,5
22
.26
0.54
.027 .031 .05
3
23
.27
.58
.055 .038| .065 2,6
24
25
26
% composition, Fe +
C I Cr I Mn I Ni I P I S
Si
*
24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels.(Continued)
0.29
0.52
0.01 0.051 0.17 3
.29
.75
.057 .046 .037 2,6
.30
.05
.04
3
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
.31
.31
.31
.32
.33
.34
.34
.35
.36
36
.37
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
.47
.67
.86
.58
.59
.68
.56
.013
.04
.078
.049
.049
.045
.026
.66
.02
.37
.58
.032
.38
.69
.025
.38
.57
.033
.40
.77
.40
.05
.41
.54
.017
.42
.62
.02
.44
1.05
.446
0.47
.067
.45
.45
.54 0.12 .017
.46
.68
.13
.015
.48
.60
.010
.49
.46
.017
.51
.59
.053
.52
.56
.037
.53
.48
.017
.57
.60
.058
.60 0.09 .77
.03
.011
.60 57
.69
.039
.62 Jl
.23
.011
.63 S.>
.56
.055
.645 |
|
.26
.028
.65 P1S
.11
.03
.71 !*
.72
.11
.029
.72 ^
.26
.015
.77 7 1.55
.037
.79 |
|
| .30
.015
.81 d?M
.32
.012
.93 oJ-E
.38
.017
.97 ê_E
.31
.18
.019
1.02
.24
.012
1.20
.021
125
% composition, Fe +
.03
.048
.091
.052
.051
.023
.021
.16
.14
3
3
3
.22
3
.22 2 , 3 , 5
.055 2,6
.072 2
2
.041 .25
3
.035
.030
.048
.029
.08
.024
.03
.16 2,3,4,5
.066 2,6
.04
3,5
4
3
.14
5
.17
3
.30
4
.063 2
2
.15
3
.11
5,7
.19
3
.12 2-5,7,9
.083 2,6
.24 3 , 4 , 5
.12
2,3
.121 2,6
.21
3
.20
3
.186 2 , 6
.111 2,6
.062 2
.14 2,3,5,8
.44
3
.163 2,6
.18
3
.182 2,6
.16
3,5
.03 2,3,4,5
.13
3
.145 3,9
.19 2-5,7
2, 3
.044
.016
.021
.038
.029
.038
.029
.037
.034
.007
.04
.031
.038
.010
.020
.032
.032
.047
.032
.031
.045
.020
.029
.021
C mp
- ~C'
No. graphite
^
com- Mn
P
S
bined
25. Fe-C, Cast Iron
77
0.56 0.95 0.045 0.037
2
1.97
.46
.27 1.48
.069
3
I 2.10
.47
.77 0.060
.029
Comp.
% composition, Fe+
No.
Ce
C
Mn I Ni
P | S |
26. Fe-Ce-C, Ce-Steels
1 I Q'gJ" JO.38 0.68
Si
2.49
2.07
2.30
Table
2, 8
2
2
Si
0.35

Comp.
% composition, Fe +
T
No. "C"r I C I Mn I
Ni
| P | S | Si
27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels
Stainless steels, excepting No. 1
0.940.35 0.62
07354
2
11.71 .085 .32
0.13
0.0190.042 .594 2
3
11.78 .08 .07 Cu, 0.05 .017 .007 .11
3
4
12.33 .247 .36
.012 .075 .09
2,3
5 12.26 .42 .27
0.20
.016 .058 .056 3,5
6
12.9 .32 .30
.3
.026 .03 1.36
3
7
13.18 .09 .03 (Stainless iron)
0.06
3,5
8
13.34 .08 .06
0.12
0.017 .003 .08
3
9
13.31 .21 .59
.13
.017 .017 .79
3
10
14.31 .104 .447
Tr.
.006 Tr. .935
2
11} 14.99 .85 .39
.26
.020 .005 .16
3,5
12
15.21 .40 .28
.18
.017 .058 .59
3,5
13j 15.81 .61 .39
.24
.018| .035 .03 | 3, 5
Comp.
No.
1
Comp.
No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
% composition, Fe+
Ce
| C | Mn | Ni | Si lab
28. Fe-Cr-Ce-C, Cr-Ce-Steels
I 0.981 0.41-0.50 I 0.41 | 0.64 |
| 0.27 | 4
Cr I
% composition, Fe +
Cr I Mo I C I Mn I P I S I
29. Fe-Cr-Mo-C, Cr-Mo-Steels
0.55 0.39 0.42 7 5 0 7
.73 .28 .15
.36
.76 .18 .39
.49 0.034 0.035
.79 .34 .22
.59
.85 .20 .31
.44
.034 .035
.88 .30 .40
.65
.89 .36 .41
.63
.95 .10 .40
.52
.033 .024
.95 .39 .52
.71
.95 .68 .40
.62
.95 .73 .25
.48
1.03 .19 .50
.48
.030 .039
1.04 .09 .42
.53
.032 .023
Comp. I
No. I Cr j V
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.93
.93
.95
.99
1.00
1.16
1.46
1.48
13.47J
% composition, Fe+
C I Mn I P I S I
30. Fe-Cr-V-C, Cr-V-Steels
0.16 0.41 0.67 [C. No. Ni I
.20 .40
.64
5
0.20
.20 .44
.49
6
.173
.19 .55
8
.19
.16 .45
.56 0.016 0.030
.23 .24
.30
.046 .044
.23 .53
.50
.005 .038
.33 .46
.64
.31
.28
.27 .03
.04
.01
Si
0.13
.31
.13
.29
.22
.19
4
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
4
4
3
3
b
4
4
3
3
3,5
3
3
3
3
Comp.
No.
~Mo I C
2
3
4
5
6
0.34
.37
.67
.73
1.05
3.00
% composition, Fe+
I
I Mn I P I S I Si ~
31. Fe-Mo-C, Mo-Steels
0.44
1 7 2 9 0 . 3 3
.38
0.71
.35
.41
0.72
.42
.43
1.24
.46
.46
0.75
.43
.36
0.65
.30
Comp.
No.
1
Si~
9
.12
.195
.14
.22
.12
.28
.26
.16
.40
.19
.24
.25

Comp.
% composition, Fe+
No.
Ni I C I Cr
Mn I P I S I Si
32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels
1
2.93 0.38 0.23 0.62 0.032 0.03 0.19
2,8
2
2.96 .39
.55
.031 .039 0.11
3
3
3.00 .41
.70
2.47
4
4
3.06 .39
.61
.024 .019 0.14
3,5
5
3.12 .12
.30
.022 .022 .037 2,6
6
3.25 .38
.28
.027 .024 .063 2,6
7
3.35 .31
.64
.026 .028 .13 3,5,7
8
3.41 .41 0.18
.75
.02
.02
.25
2-7
9
3.56 .1423*
-50
.029 .021 .19 2,6
10
3.60 ~ . 4 2 4 ' j j j
.70
.017 .016 .12
3,5
11
3.70 .291^
.66
.005 .046 .14
3
12
3.74 .28j|J
.578 .014 .047 .195 5,7
13
4.70 .50 . g
.32
.023 .027 .233 2,6
14
4.84 .14 g S^
.29
.009 .018 .16
3
15
5.10 .!Soll
-16
-038 .038 .187
3
16
5.76 .11 0.10 I .20
.033| .03l| .18 | 3
4
4
4
4
4
4
% composition, Fe +
Ce
I C I Mn I S j Si
33. Fe-Ni-Ce-C, Ni-Ce-Steels
I 2.86 0.33 to 0.58 I 0.43 | 0.91
| 2.54 |
Ni I
Comp.
No.
"NT I Cr I
34.
1
0.47 1.10
2
1.23 0.65
3
1.36 .65
4
1.41 .81
5
1.45 1.10
6
1.75 0.99
7
2.49 .83
8
2.56 .83
9
2.93 .69
10
3.00 .48
11
3.15 .58
12
3.18 .96
13
3.33 .84
14
3.33 .87
15
3.33 .18
16
3.45 .76
17
3.48 .78
18
3.6
.6
19H 4.30 1.40
20
4.65 0.29
21
19.70 8.31
% composition, Fe +
C I Mn I P I S I Si '
Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels
0.43 0.63 0.012 0.038 0.22
.47
.64
.36
.368 .681 .012 .013 .13
.46
.82
.015 .020
.41
.64
.009 .033 .20
.49
Nos. 10, 11
.37
.63 are case hard- .28
.36
.65 ening steels
.33
.19
.20
.33
.45
.39
.47
.24.41
.32
.32
.30
.30
.16
.37
.65
.60
.46
.40
.56
.43
.33
.49
0.021 0.028
.022 .033
.007 .052
.019
.018
.03
.32
.28
.18
.025
.025
.03
.15
.15
.12
.23
.17
.22
.11
.02
.02
.015 .041
.033 .044
Stainless
Q*^ s
metal" J
^ 16
4
G
3
4
5,7
3
3
3
4
4
2
3
3
3
2
3,4,5,7
3,9
3
3
2,6
3
3
3
> 5> 9
Comp.
% composition, Fe +
a e
No. ~Ni I Cr I C
Cu I Mn I P I S I Si
35. Fe-Ni-Cr-Cu-C, Ni-Cr-Cu-Steels (Stainless Steels)
12.1919.01 0.80 0.05 0.860.0170.045 1.70

3
2
15.8815.95 .38 .08 .71 .020 .048 2.36
3
3 22.90 5.42 .24 .78 .80 .010 .027 1.65 3,5
4 25.2717.71 .39 .12 .66 .018 .030 1.44
3
5 25.8117.32 .70 .05 .72 .018 .060 3.08
3
6 28.20 8.38 .45 .67 .49 .012 .022 1.39| 3,5
Comp.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
% composition, Fe +
Cr I Mo I C I Mn I P I S I Si
37. Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-C, Ni-Cr-Mo-Steels
1.27 0.67 0.83 0.41 0.64
0.41
1.28 .68 .31 .39 .66
.27
2.39 .86 .75 .50 .63
.44
2.44 .82 .37 .44 .66
.43
2.45 .88 .35 .46 .61
.32
2.49 .79 .76 .41 .60
.31
2.52 .83 .34 .53 .65
.36
2.53 .78 .75 .38 .61
.48
4.83 .96 .89 .27 .350.0150.02
.13
Ni
Comp.
% composition, Fe+
No. "Ni I Cr I V I C I Mn | P | S
Si
38. Fe-Ni-Cr-V-C, Ni-Cr-V-Steels
1 . 2 0 0.75 0.24 0.39 0.71
0.28
2
2.52 .84 .20 .40 .61
.28
3 I 3.30 .60 .10 .30
0.0340.022 .31
& e
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
T ,
a G
4
4
2,3
Comp.
% composition, Fe+
rp
No.
~Ni I Mo I
I C I Mn I P I S I Si
* *
39. Fe-Ni-Mo-C, Ni-Mo-Steels
1/70 0.12
0.41 0.460.0370.020 0.22
3
2
2.95 .70
.37 .52
2.50
4
Comp.
'No.
1
% composition, Fe+
TW
|. C I Mn I P
S | Si
* G
40. Fe-Ni-V-C, Ni-V-Steels
2.94| 0.12
I 0.36| 0.5ll
I
2.42 4
Ni I V
Comp.
% composition, Fe+
No. "Ni I Zr I
I C
Mn
P | S | Si""
41. Fe-Ni-Zr-C, Ni-Zr-Steels
l
3.00l 0.24l
0.43l 0.57
I
| 2.40
Comp.
No.
1
% composition, Fe +
Mn I C I
j P I S
42. Fe-Si-Mn-C, Si-Mn-Steels
I 1.97| 0.651 0.55 (Springsteel) 0.024| 0.0371
Si
Comp.
No.
Comp.
% composition
No. ~Mg I Al I Cu I Zn I Fe I Mn
44. Mg, Commercial
99.96
72
2
99.89 Tr. 0.02
0.03
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Ni
* The mechanical properties depend to some extent on the relative positions

of the specimen and crystallographic axes,
t By difference.
J 5 has 0.04 Cu, 11 has 0.03 Cu, 13 has 1.10 Cu.
U" Air hardening steel.
Electron metal.
11 Contains 0.024 P.
TABLE 2.ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED DIRECT

STRESSES
Key No.*
3
5,7
4
% composition
I Cu I Fe I Mn I C I S I Si
48. Ni, Commercial
99.32
0^2
T5 0.016 0.023 2,3
2
99.070.159 .59 0.184 .044 .025 .008 3,5
3
99+
3
4
98.95 .12
.50
.10
.25
.175 .06
3,5
5
98.70 .23
.74
.16
.099 .16
.06
3
49. Ni-Cr
1
79.7 0.13| 0.88 I
| 0.09 0.012 0.10 2,8
+Cr, 19.04; Mg, 0.05
50. Ni-Cu
76.6621.28 1.40 0.26 0.26 0.006 0.065

3
2
72.9123.56 1.73 1.94 .216 .007 .075 3
3
69.0828.07 1.56 1.01 .18
.005 .02
3
4
68.9527.29 2.22 1.38
.20
.019 .08
3,5
5
67.7428.64 1.75 1.62 .21
.019 .01
3
6
66.8129.65 1.53 1.79 .18
.015 .02
3
7
66.7829.54 2.10 1.44 .16
.039 .02
3,5
8
66.0 30.0 2.10 1.30 .19
.03
3
9
65.2830.53 2.12 1.53
.027 .14
2
10
55.2344.18 0.44 0.36 .016 .009 .002 3
4 has trace Al; 1 has 0.023 P; 4 has 0.19 P; 5 has 0.014 P; 7 has
0.019 P; 8 has 0.04 P; 10 has 0.006 P. 1-7 are Monel metals.
61. Ni-Cu-Mn
68.7428.16 0.56 2.35 0.10 0.008 Tr.

2, 8
2|| 67.5126.23 1.39 4.31 0.20 0.028 0.40
3
Comp.
No. ~V
1
2
3
% composition, Fe +
Cr I C I Mn
P | S | Si
43. Fe-V-C, V-Steels
0.16 0.12 0.57 0.74 0.04 0.03
.16
.504 .79
.017 .031 0.23
.20
.50
.84
.16

Comp.
% composition
No.
"Mg I Al I Cu I Zn I Fe I Mn I "sT"
46. Mg-Al
1
95.77 4.20
0.03
2
95.31 4.40
.03 0.26
3
94.0 6.0
4
93.26 6.70
.04
5
92.90 6.80
.04 0.26
6
91.23 8.68 0.026
.041
0.023
46. Mg-Cu
1 |90.31|
I 9.65 I
I 0.04 |
|
47. Mg-Zn
1 |94.72| Tr. 0.41 | 4.38 1 0.25 |
i 0.24 |
Treatment
Approximate composition
Endurance limit
Tensile strength
2
3
4
% composition, Fe +
i fini p
Ni I Cr I Ce I C I Mn I P I S I Si
36. Fe-Ni-Cr-Ce-C, Ni-Cr-Ce-Steels
1.02 0.84 0.12 0.54 0.84
( K 4 8 4
1.17 .77 .25 .41 .63
.33
4
2.46 .92 .19 .36 .66
.34
4
2.47 .95 .24| .43 .58
.35
4
Endurance
limit,
kg/mm2-FZ/o
[Def. 17(6)]
Comp.
No.
Millions of
reversals, 10~%t
Lit.
1. Al
I Si
Tab e
I A, single crystal
Al, 99.6
| 6 Hj: | 2.52| 0.38 | ( 9 - 5 )
8. Al-Si
0.02
0.06
3
3
6A G m M
B G m M, 2507180 Ca
C G8M
Si, 12.7
10HJ
10 HJ
10 Hj:
6.0
4.7
7.1
(h27 (22)"
0.24 (22)
0.36 (22)

STRESSES.(Continued)

STRESSES.(Continued)
J^
Treatment
10"6W FLo y^| Lit.
Na*
Treatment
38
45
46
5OB
51
53A^
54~
57
58
59
60
62
64
66
69
As received, R
As received
Asreceived
1)25720 Ca
Asreceived
925720 Ca
Asreceived
Asreceived.
Asreceived
Asreceived
N 800
Asreceived
Asreceived
Asreceived
795/15 Cf, 860/15 Gt0 . . .
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
"
2
3
5
9
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
Zn, 5
9
11
17
26
1
1
1
1
3J9
5.3
6.8
7.9
9.4
0.28 (23)'
.32 (23)
.37 (23)
.28 (23)
.24 (23)
13. Cu-Al, l-Bronzes

Al, 0.1
3.0
5.1
9.9
10.0
7.3
0.32 ( 4 )
13.4 .43 (4)
16.2 .39 ( 4 )
16.2 .35 (*)
22.3 .37 ( 4 )
1
1
1
1
14. Cu-Al-Mn
1 Rh
2 Rh
3 Rh
Al, 10; Mn, 1

Al,10;Mn,2
Al. 9; Mn. 3
1
1
1
Ts
19.5
19.5
07:29C24)
.30 (*4)
.31 ( 24 )
15. Cu-Al-Ni
IA
B
2A
B
IT"
900QW
900 Qw 700730 Ca
900QW
900 C8 (900-700 in 200 m)
900 Qw 700/30 Ca
HJ 17.7
Ht 19.7
HJ 16.9
H^ 20.4
Ht 23.2
(2T"
[10 Hj |11.8
| 0.42 | (27)
Al, 7.9; Ni, 4.6

Al, 6.9;Ni,5.6
Ni. 7.3; Al. 5.3
(2)_
Mn.3.6
21. Cu-Sn, Bronzes

1 I As received, R (P-bronze)...|
Sn. 3.5; P, 0.032
22. Cu-Zn, Brasses

~3
7
14A
B
IeT
B
As received, R
As received, R (naval brass,
a)
As received (naval brass,a)
A
As received (Muntz metal)..
A
Zn, 27.5
)
Gaph
Zn, 41.2
2Ht
2 Ht
2Ht
2 Ht
2H|
13.8
18.9
18.5
19.7
17.3
10 H
15 6
0^53
1Q
lg ?
.38 (")
.42 (* 2 )
.45 (* 2 )
.38 (i 2 )
.42 (* 2 )
T? QQ 7 n n mo /
Fe, 99.87; C. 0.012 (
2A
4
5
6
As received. Ab (ingot iron)

As received]
A
I ,
...
F
Wrought non
As received J
Fe. 99.88; C, 0.02

C, 0.03
.04
^
.195
As received
N850
..Rh
A
As received, R
As received, R
As received, Rh
Rh A 900
As received
A
As received, R
As received, R
As received, R
850/15Ca
As received
F
As received
A
As received
810715Cf0
845/15QW) 570 Ca (sorbitic)
C, 0.07
C.0.13
.13
.15
.16
.17
0,0.19
119
C, 0.24
.24
C, 0.25
.27
.29
.33
C. 0.34
.34
.35
.37
0,0.37
.37
.37
1.70
f 0.56 6Ht 1 5 . 0 0 . 4 3 (")
- 1.97Cmb' . 4 6 6 H t 7.9
.47 <i)
2.1OJ
[ .47 8Ht 12.9
.41 (12)
~2
4
10
Cr, 11.7; C, 0.09

Cr, 12.3; C, 0.25
Cr, 14.3; C, 0.1
N
Asreceived
Asreceived.R
10Ht 32.0
10Ht 36.2
IQHt 32.4
OU
.46
.53
(2^T
()
( 2 ?)

Asreceived
Asreceived, R
As received, R
830/30Cf> 5907120Cf..
830/15 Q0 650/120 Cf..
830730/Cf, 810715 Qw \
(500); Sh W8 590760 Cf.. j
D 785760Cf
~9A~ As received, R
B A750
13 Asreceived,R
Ni, 2.93; C, 0.37

10Ht 31.2
0~43(27)
Ni, 3.12; C, 0.12
1
22.8 .50 ( 25 )
Ni, 3.25; C, 0:38
J
30.9 .61 ( 2S )
i
.
J
l
O
3L
^36~ ( 2 O)
N
4
r n41
' 0^1' ^ "-*1
\ IQ
26.0 .31
( 2 O)
^'6
^
10
25.7 .36 ( 2S )
Ni, 3.56; C, 0.14
27J
^54~ (2.5)
1
26.5
.54 ('*)
Ni. 4.70; C, 0.50
~2
29.8
.47 ( 2 S)
34. Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels
(*)~
(27)
10
11.9
17.0
Ht 15.2
^
.40
.45
.50
^
( 2 Q)
( 26 )
(* 2 )
\J}
15.1
.37
( 26 )
10
2

1
T~
4
7
9
10
13A
B
18A
B
20
23
25
31
32
33
34
36
37A
B
C
2
10Hi
10
27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels (Stainless Steels)
23. Fe, Commercially Pure

IA A 1000/30 Cf \
.
B N 950
JArmcoiron
lte
1
5
|lO Ht |l9.2 | 0.47 (27) 6
~8A~
B
2
10 Ht 13.2 3 5 ( ^ "
C
32.2
Zn, 40.1
2! O T U ( 2 5 Y
22.4 .32 ( 26 )
23.3
.35 ( 2 ?)
14.1 .22 ( 20 )
20.3 .29 ( 25 )
10_
16.9
(20)
26.8 .36 ( 2S )
1
22.4 .31 ( 25 )
1
28.0 .39 ( 2 S)
2
24.9 .33 ( 2 )
10HJ 30.2
.38 (9)
1
21.2 .24 ( 25 )
1
23.6 .38 ( 2 S)
10
24.6 .26 ( 2 O)
10
19.3 .24 ( 2 Q)
C, 0.38
.44
.45
0,0.49
.51
.53
C, 0.57
.62
.63
C, 0.64
.65
.72
.79
.93
1.20
25. Fe-C, Cast Irons
IAscast
2 Ascast
3 Ascast
(2)
16. Cu-Mn
1 |A
==~ Lit.
9. Al-Zn
1
2
3
4
5
1O-6W FLa
2
10 HJ
8Ht
Ht
10 HJ
2
1
1
1
1
8 Ht
1
1
IQHt
1
2
3 HJ
Ht
10
10
14.9 0.43 (2<0~

21^7
~45~ ()
20.5
.51 O 2 )
17.2
.50 ( 2 )
19.7
.44 ( 2 ?)
21.1 .46 ( 2 ^)
18.5 .41 (25)
17.1 .40
22.7 .38 (25)
20.7 .36
19.4
.42 ( 9 )
21.2 .41 ( 2 S)
21.6 .40 ( 25 )
22.1
.27 (U)
22.8 .39 ( 2 S)
16.2 .35 ( 2 )
27.5
.41 (12)
23.2
.41 (29)
17.6 .34 (20)
14.8 .29
10
23.2
.32
~9
13
18
Not stated
Not stated...
Not stated
Ni, 2.93; Cr, 0.68; C (-)

Ni, 3.33; Cr, 0.84; C (-)
Ni, 3.6; Cr, 0.6; C, 0.3
8 Ht 39.6
8 Ht 40.9
8 Ht 36.2
(K42
.49
.45
( 2 ^T
( 29 )
( 1 S)

1
"Spec. S2 British Air Ministry"

Ni. 3.3; Cr. 0.6; V, 0.1; C, 0.3 10 Ht 42.8
0.45 ( 22 )
48. Ni, Commercial

1 |Rh
Ni.99.32
|3Ht|20.5 | 0.40 | (^3)
49. Ni-Cr
1 I Rh
Cr, 19.04
|lOHt|23.6 | 0.29 | ( 2 ^)"
50. Ni-Cu
9
I As received, R
1 I As received, R
Cu, 30.5
|lOHt|21.2 | 0.38 | ( 27 )'
51. Ni-Cu-Mn
Cu,28;Mn,2.4
|lOHt|25.1 | 0.40 | ( 22 )
* The key number is the same as the composition number where data are
given for only one condition or treatment; while if data are given for more than
one, the letters A, B, C, . . . are added to the composition numbers to distinguish the different treatments given.
t The number given in this column denotes the maximum number of millions
of reversals of stress for which the fatigue stress was investigated. It does not
denote the number of reversals at which the curve Fatigue Strength vs. Number
of Reversals becomes parallel to N axis, although in many cases this has occurred
at a smaller number of reversals.
t The H in column 4 denotes results obtained on the Haigh electromagnetic
machine; in other cases the stresses are produced by inertia of unbalanced rotating weights or by calibrated springs.
Values will depend to some extent on the relative positions of the specimen
and crystallographic axis.
IA
B
C
2
3~~
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3A
B
4A
B
5
6A
B
C
TABLE 3.ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDING

STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES).*(Continued)
i
J* o'
Lit.
1. Al
Al, 99.24
I 170 I 7.4 | 0.47 | Q 9 )
2. Al-Cu
70O0G8
Cu, 2.0
40
3.5 0.21 (* 7 )
Tp
Cu, 4.6
100 11.3 .27 ( 16 )
70O0G8
Cu, 8.0
100
4.2
.31 (")
Gm
Cu, 12.0
7
4.2
.21 (is)
G8
Cu, 12.6
15
5.1
.42? (*S)
3. Al-Cu-Mg-Si
505/7.5Qb
Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.7
400
9.8 0.27 C 19 )
/495730 Qb (2 h) \
( 400 8.4 .23
Same Tp
' \370720 Cf
J
.{ JOO__H__43_
F, W 500/60 (niter) Qw
150760 (oil) Ca
Cu, 3.6; Mg. 0.7
100 10.6 .31 ( 7 )
F
Cu, 3.75; Mg, 0.26
10
8.5
.31 ( 7 )
F, 500/60QW, 100/6d....
Cu, 3.88; Mg, 0.78
10 14.0 .38 ( 7 )
Rh,t 480/QW, V
Cu, 4.0; Mg, 0.50
2
16.6 .41 (13)
As received
Cu, 4.18; Mg, 0.66
12 14.9 .32 (^ 4 )
Tp, "duralumin"
Cu, 4.3; Mg, 0.42
200
12.0 .28 (i)
R h ,480Q w ,V
Cu,5.0; Mg.0.75
3
16.6 .40 (13)
Rh.t 480 Qw. V
Cu, 6.0; Mg, 0.75
3
16.1 .36 (*3)
4. Al-Cu-Ni-Mg
Rh, "magnalite"
Cu, 2; Ni, 1.5; Mg, 1
4
14.2
(13)
R h ,480Q w
Cu, 4; Ni, 1; Mg, 1
10 15.5 0.43 (22)
Rh, 480QW
Cu, 4; Ni, 1; Mg, 1.5
10 16.0 .45 ( 2 2 )
R h ,t480Qb,V
1
f
3
14.2 .40 (is)
R h ,480Qb,V
1 Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5 I
3
16.3 .45 (13)
Rh,t520Qb,V
I
"Y" alloy
1 10
16.0 .41 (is)
520/360 Qb. V 5 d
J
{ 20
11.0 .35 ( 9 )
5. Al-Cu-Zn
Gm
Cu, 8.7; Zn, 5.3
6
7.1 I 0.37 (")
G8
Cu, 9.5; Zn, 5.5
6
3.7 | .26 (is)
6. Al-Mg
|Rh,t ("aeromin")
|
Mg, 6.2
| 3 10.3 | 0.30 | (")
7. Al-Mg-Si
|Tp
I
Mg, 0.55; Si, 0.56
I 50 | 8.5 | 0.28 | (16)
8. Al-Si
G8
Si, 5.0
50
4.2 0.32 (3)
G8M
Si, 8.0
50
5.6
.35 (3)
GmM
Si, 8 5
10
6.6
.34 (22)
GmM
Si, 11.0
10
6.7
.31 (22)
G8M
Si, 12.7
10
5.0
.29 (22)
G 8M
Si, 13.0
50
5.8
.33 (3)
GmM
Si, 13.8
10
7.7
.42 (22)
10. Al-Zn-Cu
705 G8
Zn, 7.7; Cu, 3
O
(TO ( K 2 9 ( 7 T
G8
Zn, 11.4; Cu, 2
8
3.7
.19 (15)
Gm
Zn, 12.1; Cu, 2
8
4.7
.23 (is)
G8
Zn, 16.9; Cu, 3
70
4.1
.17 (* 7 )
Rh. 3507Q, V ("E" alloy)
Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5
2
15.3 .26 (13)
Rht ("A" alloy)
Zn, 20.3; Cu, 3
2
13.7 .33 (13)
RhJ ("B"alloy)
Zn. 25; Cu, 3
2
16.5 .35 (")
As received
Cu, 99.99
1
11.3 (3 (Te)"
R0W 650760 Cf
100
7.4
.33
As received, DC
Cu, 99.98
68
8.8
.31 (16)
DC 650760 Cf
C
6.7
.31
A
Cu, 99.96
30
8.2
.36 ( 9 )
EW520/30Cf
Cu, 99.90
100
7.1
.31 (20)
E W 700/30 Pw
400
7.0
.31
E W 700730 Pw D0 (0.5 in.
diam.)
300
7.0
.18
1 |R
1
2
3
4
5
Endurance limit,
kg/mm^Lo
[Def. 17(6)]*
Endurance limit
Tensile strength
Key No.f
Treatment
Millions of -6
reversals, 10 nt
TABLE 3. ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDING

STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES)*
Treatment
12. Cu, Oxygenated

1
(
0.04% O
2 I Rh, D (4 stages) inter.05
3 f mediate anneals at 60O 0 C...
.09
_4j
.24
4A As received, R
Al, 5.6
B R, 650760 Cf
6A As received, R
Al, 9.1
B R. 705760 Cf.....
7A Asreceived.R
Al, 10.0
JB^ R, 650/60 Ca
8T G
Al, 9.8
B G, 900 Qw 650730 Cf
10_ E W 900 Qw 620730 Cf.. ~
Al, 10.1
UA G8
Al, 10.0
_B_ G8, Q 850, Tp 630
12A~ As received, R
Al, 10.4
B R. 650760 Cf
17. Cu-Ni
IA R0
Ni, 19.2
B R0, 760760 Cf
2 As received, R
Ni, 19.4
3 As received ("cupro-nickel")
Ni, 20.6
4A As received, Rh
Ni, 44.7
B 785760 Cf ("constantan")...
5A
As received/Rc
B ** recelvea\Rc.790760 Cf
Ni 44 8
'
18. Cu-Ni-Cr
Ni, 34; Cr, 4
IA As received, F
B 815/60Cf
IA As received, D0
B 815760 Cf
IA As received, Rh
B 760760 Cf
2 As received, D0 ("German
silver")
19. Cu-Ni-Sn
Ni, 29; Sn, 1
20. Cu-Ni-Zn
Ni, 20; Zn, 5
Ni. 11; Zn, 29

21. Cu-Sn, Bronzes
J2_ As received, R(P-bronze)....
Sn, 4.2
R
^ Asreceived/
B ^ reCelVed\Rc65Q76Q Cf
5A Pw, D (I in. diam.) 700/30
Pw, D (I in. diam.) 700/30
PW
B Same. DC, 1 in. diam
6A As received, D 0 ...
B 650760 Cf
7A
B
IA
B
G
2A
B
5A
B
C
D
E
6
8
Asreceived/ Rc
\R c .590760Cf
ASreCeiVed
T D0
As received- D0 235/60 Cf
[DC 540760 Cf
As received, D0
650760Cf
R0
R0 230790 Cf
As received R0 235/90 Cf
R0 260790 Ct
R0 650790 Cf
A
As received, R0
9
R
\Navalbrass
/
10_ Rh/ NaValbraSS
I
11 G, W 780, E 700 (1 in.) W
550730 Pw, D (I m.) W
550730 Pw
^*~*
Sn, 4.9
Sn, 5.1
SM^6
22. Cu-Za, Brasses
Zn, 19
Zn, 26.6
Zn, 30
Zn, 30.1
Zn, 34.6
Zn, 38.27
Zn. 38.3
Zn, 39 6
'
TfJ
10"^f FLo* ^0 Lit.
50
'50
50
50
12.9 0.49 (8)

12.3 .47 (8)
13.0 .49 (*)
11.6 .41 (8)
70
C
70
C
50
50
60
70
60
10
10
60~~
C
3~4
10.7
17.2
12.9
20.7
14.1
15.5
18.3
23.9
19.0
23.2
24.6
22.1
(K26
.26
.28
.28
.35
.32
.37
.34
.44
.35
.37
J5~
.35
50
C
75
40
50~~
C
12.7
11.2
16.2
16.4
24.3
24.3
0.36
.36
]J4~
.46
^49~
.49
()
(i)
(16)
(* 9 )
(* 9 )
(5)
_J
()
( 1 ^)
(2)
(9)
O)
40~ ~IoT ~42~ 1^T

10 19.7 .40
50
C
23.9 0.35 0)
24.6 .35
50
C
23.6 0.38 (1S)

15.8 .38
30
C
16.2 0.40 ( 1 ^)
14.6 .40
60
12.0
50
20.4 0.44 ( 16 )
.29
( 16 )
~ ^^ ~~^ "<">"
30 15.9 .47 (i>
1000
400
~~70
C
16.2
19.0
TO
14.6
.50 (20)
.32
!3~ ()
.43
30~ 19.0 ~3? ~(^)

30
19.0 .40
100
100
100
20
C
100
100
100
100
100
60
12
16.2
18.3
12.3
12.0
11.1
12.3
14.1
14.1
15.2
22.1
14.2
16.5
UO(T 11
60
13.0
400
0.29
.32 (*)
.40
.34 ( 1 ^)
.34
^24~ (16)
.27
.27
.29
.33
!45~ ( 9 )
.43 (U)
^T T^9T
.31 (M)
20.4 .41 (20)

&"o"
WA
Treatment
10~6nf FLo*
r-..-p.
UTo
Lit.

TTT
? 6
Wiz;
22. Cu-Zn, Brasses. (Continued)
Treatment
10~6nf FLo*
7^^
UTS
IJt.
24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels. (Continued)

Rh 870 Qw
C, 0.32
10 58.5 0.41 (i)
B
^ 5 0 0
15.5
B
^ 0.41
^ (..)
500
200
10 41.4 .43
1
_
W
I
300
10 39.9 .46
13A
f 25O0I
Zn, 40.1
60
11.3 .21 (i)
Same, Tp 400
10 45.5 .44
B Qi Tp \ 344 [ Muntz metal
100 13.0
.23
500
10 42.1 .42
600
10 39.3 .50
C
[4250J
100 12.7 .27
5A As received, Rh
(
Zn, 40.1
70
13.0 .24 ()
850715 Ca
C. 0.33
250 27.6 .47 (")
B 650/60 Cf, (Mn bronze) \
C 11.6 .24
N850
C, 0.36
12 26.8 .45 ( 9 )
17 960 G (Mn bronze)
Zn. 40.9
150 12.0 .24 Q)
8507Q0. Tp 600
12 29.9 .41
22.5. Cu-Zn-Pb, Leaded Brasses
A
C, 0.37
21.1 .37 ( 29 )
810715Cf0
0,0.37
100 23.2 .46 ( 2 O)
1 Dd
Zn, 38.3; Pb, 0.06
50
UA 0^35 (T
2 Dd
Zn, 37.9; Pb, 0.53
50
16.2 .40 (8)
845715 Qw, 570 Ca (sorbitic)
100 40.1 .56
3 Dd
Zn, 37.9; Pb, 1.58
50
16.2 .40 ()
8
4 Dd
Zn, 37.8; Pb, 2.61
50
15.1 .37 ( )
39A 845730 Cf (v. also Figs. 1 and
5 Dd
Zn, 37.1; Pb, 3.43
50
13.7 .34 (*)
2)
0,0.38
10 21.4 .44 ( 2 <>)
B 845730 Ca
10 22.5 .41
C 930712OQ0, 845730Cf....
'
10 20.7 .41
IA A 1000/30 Cf (Armco iron).
C, 0.012
100
19.8 0.67 ( 9 )
D
[670730Cf....
10 23.6 .42
~2K As received, A b
C, 0.02
100 18.3 .61 (20)
E 845730 Q0 \ 540730 C f . . . .
10 23.6
.39
B A
100 23.2 .66

b , W815715Qw
1ZT l} rIngot.iron
F
[430730Cf....
10 23.6 .37
16
3A Rh
0,0.023
100 16.5 .53 ( )
G 9807300 Q0, 845760 C f . . . .
\
10 20.7 .42
Ja_ 900/60QW
J
10
17.6 .54
H
[670760Cf....
10 25.0 .43
~6~ F
\_
...
7
C, 0.045
100 16.2 .49 (20)
J o 4 o /fino J 590760 Cf....
10 27.8 .46
7
Ww
7 As received / WrOUght irn-' \
C, 0.06
12 18.4 .51 (")
K
( 540760 C f . . . .
10 29.2 .43
L
[430760Cf....
10
27.1 .40
2A N 900
C, 0.11
10
UTi
~44(4)
4~ As received
0,0.40
12 29.1
.46 ( 9 )
43 As received
.42
12 27.3 .42 (9)
B N 900, W 760 Qw
10 27.8 .58
47T N
0,0.45
12 28.8 .44 (9)
ZT N 8 5 Q - - - - "
C, 0.13
250 25.7 .53 ( 9 )
B H0 850, Tp0 600
12 34.9 .46
~5A~ Rh 89O0Q0
C, 0.14
10 34.4 .45 (15)
49 A 870
.48
100 24.6 .43 ( 16 )
B
200
10 33.6
.44
C
300
10 32.7 .45
5oT 815730Ca
C, 0.49
100 22.5 .42 ( 2 <>)
B 925720 Ca
100 23.2 .36
D Same, Tp 400
10 29.6 .44
E
500
10 29.6 .45
C 925720 Ca. 775 Qw. 650 Cf
100 33.8 .50
_F_
600
10 25.4 .43
D 925720 Ca, 790715 Q0TT.
100 45.7 .51
T~ As received
0,0.14
100 17.4 .43 (i)
E
760730Ca
100 26.0 .43
7 A
.15
18.0 .52 (29)
F
650730 Ca
100 35.2 .53
4
8 N 900
.15
10
18.4 .55 (* )
G Same, Tp 540730 Ca
100 40.0 .53
H
430730 Ca
100 45.0 .53
UT~ R 900, H 770
0,0.17
12 29.4 .47 (J>)
J
315730Ca
100 47.8 .54
12 Rh
.18
100
19.7 .46 ( 2 i )
52T 845715 Ca
C, 0.52
100 29.5 .42 ( 2 <>)
14 R 880, H 770
J.9_
12_ 28.0 .46 ( 9 )
JL Same. 790715 Qw. 650 Ca..
100
38.7 .49
5A~ As received, DC
0,0.20
100 28.8 .47 (21)
53T
760730 Ca
C, 0.53
100 27.4 .44 ( 2 <>)
B Dc, 845/15Cf
100 17.6 .43
C
650730 Ca
100 37.3 .56
C DC, 700/15Cf
100 20.4 .51^
D 925720 Ca,
540730 Ca
100 41.5 .53
leT As received
0,0.20
12 22.1 .45 (**)
E 790715Q0
425730 Ca
100 45.7 .50
7~ Rh
0.0.21
100 23.4 .47 (* 6 )
F
315730 Ca
100 47.1 .52
9~ As received
0,0.24
10
17.9 .42 (16)
G
205730 Ca
100 47.8 .51
B 870/30Cf O. a/so Figs, land
H 925720 Ca> 790715 Q0
100 47.1 .52
2)
10
15.8 .41
55"
[400
0,060
10
74.0 .43 (22)
C 870/30Ca
10
17.2 .40
B
I 450
10
65.4 .46
0
P
D
[700/30 C f . . . .
10 17.9 .42
C ^ ' ]500
10 59.7 .48
E 870o/300 590730Cf....
10 17.9 .39
D
[55O0
10 59.2 .50
F 8 7 0 7 3 0 ^ 0 I 480730 C f . . . .
10 20.7 .44
56~ N 810
C, 0.60
10
28.4 .37 (**)
G
[3700/30 C f . . . .
10 19.3 .40
60 N 800
0,0.65
12 32.3 .41 ()
H
[670760Cf....
10 21.4 .46
61 Not stated
.71
10 30.2 .34 ( 1 ^)
J 900760 Qw \ 540760 C f . . . .
10 22.2 .40
63 A 730
/77
100 27.4 .35 (* 6)
K
[430760Cf....
10 20.7 .37
65A 790730Cf
C, 0.81
10 22.2 .35 ( 16 )
20~ As received. R
.T
C, 0.25
12 19.5 .43 ( 9 )
B 8007120 Ca
10 27.1 .35
16
2J~ F
0,0.25
10_ 25.0 .47 ( )
6eT ~_ [79075C
C1 0.93
100 21.4
^36~ ( 20 )
C
22A DC
C, 0.26
12 30.1 .47
(*)
^P 7QnmO /650/30Ca
100 39.4 .49
22B
[B 250
C, 0.26
12 29.0 .46 C 1 )
D 15Ca[790/15Qo \455730Ca
100__68_.9__52_
C DC] B 400
12 29.9 .48
67_ 790760Cf
C, 0.97
10 22.9 .37 Q)
D
[B 550
12 28.4 .49
68_
790730
Cf,
790730
Q
C,
1.02
10_
73.9
( 20 )
0
24~ A650
0,0.29
100 21.1 .43 ( 16 )
69 795715 f 860715 Cf0
C, 1.20
100 35.2 .43 ( 2 )
26 As received, Rh
.30
12 26.3 .45 (9)
B Cf
\ 800 Q0,460715 Ca
100 64.7 .51
27
8307Qo, A 650
.31
100 21.1 .42 (16)
28 N 850
.31
12 20.2 .36 ()
29
As received, Rh
.31
12 33.9 .51 (9)
12
^TSf
'^ in
(1 m.), 550/30
Dcein
3OA
B
C
D
E
F
3~
35
B
36~~
37F
C
TABLE 3.ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDINO


_l
o
p^jz;
Treatment
10~6nf FLo*
frmci Lit.
UTS
TTT
2? o
W^
Treatment
(. also Figs. 1 and 2)
795715 Cf, 770730 Q0,

430730 Ca
100
100
100
100
100
100
73.9 0.48 (*<>)

75.2 .48
76.0 .48
71.7 .47
47.8 .49
37.6 .45
100
60.1 .47

IA
B
C
D
_J^
T~
~5A
B
6
7
~8~
9
1"
B
[ 4807120 C a ... Cr, 12; C, 0.08 (v. also Figs.

0800/000 J 540 /120Ca...
3and4)
7
0
^ 1 5957120 C a ...
[ 7057120 C a ...
9807120Cf
As received
'
Cr, 12; C, 0.25
/540760C a ,...
\650760 C a ....
Asieceived
As received, Rh
As received
To PL ^ 42
r 480760 C a . . .
900760 Qw \ 565760 Ca ...
Qnno/ftnn
9/b<4w
Cr, 12; C, 0.42

Cr, 13; C, 0.32
Cr, 13.2; C, O . i l l
Cr, 13; C, 0.08
Cr, 13; C, 0.2
Cr, 15; C, 0.85
[ 650760 c a ...
D As received, A
2[480760Ca....
B 900760 Qw ] 565760 C a ....
C
[650760 C a ....
D As received. A
10
10
10
10
10
12__
Cr, 15; C, 0.4
5UJ0~440*7
54.1 .47
42.9 .56
30.7 .54
21.8 .49
37.8 .48 (")
10
10
12
100
12
100
10
10
61.9
43.9
33.8
34.5
21.2
33.0
73.1
63.4
.51
.51
.44
.44
.45
.48
.45
.54
10
10
10
10
10
35.1
59.4
43.9
41.8
34.8
.45
.51 (16)
.51
.52
.45
io
(U)
(U)
(2Q)
(14)
( 16 )
( 16 )
si.o .55
10
10
80.5 0.57 ( 16 )
38.3 .55
3A 870760Cf
Cr, 0.76; Mo, 0.18; C, 0.39 10
B 870a/600 /480760Cf....
10
87U/bU w
C
^ \590760 Cf....
10
5A 870760Cf
Cr, 0.85; Mo, 0.20; C, 0.31 10
B 870o/600 /480760Cf....
10
_C_ 87Q/6QQw \590760 C f . . . .
10
~8~ To PL^42
Cr, 0.95; Mo. 0.1; C, 0.4 100
27.1 0.45 (16i

47.9 .56
48.1 .50
25.7 .44 ()
51.0 .44
44.6 .45
33.0 .51 (* 6 )
2" 870760 Cf
B O 70 O 7600 /480760Cf..,.
C 5 / U / D U W w \590760 Cf...
34.8 .45
61.9 .51
53.1 .49
( 16 )
47,5
( 16)
13A 900760 Qw, 480760 C a ....

B As received, A
Cr, 16; C, 0.6
29. Fe-Cr-M.o-C, Cr-Mo-Steels
"J3~ToPLg77
Cr, 1.0; Mo, 0.2; C, 0.50
10
10
10
CM; Mo, 0.1; C, 0.4

100
Cr, 0.95; V. 0.2 ; C. 0.44
H, Tp
IA 900760 Cf
B
QOO'/fiOO / 480 /60Cf....
C WU/OUWw \590760 Cf....
T~ Sv
"(P ToPL^42
7
To PL g 77
~8~ 85O0Q0, 650Ca
9
As received, Rh
2A N 810
J^ 850 Q0, 620 Qw
T" As taken from servicel
Cr, 1.0 ; V, 0.2; C, 0.55
Cr, 1.0; V, 0.16; C. 0.45

Cr, 1.2; V, 0.2; C, 0.24
Cr, 1.5; V. 0.2 ;C,0.53
Cr, 1.5; V, 0.33; C, 0.46
Cr. 13.5; V, 0.3; C, 0.03
Ni, 3.0; C, 0.4
Ni. 3.1 ; C. 0.4
Fig.l
ON FATIGUE ENDURANCE
OF CARBON STEELS
(By Rotating Beam Machine)
Fig.3
Effect of H eat Treat ment
ON FATIGUE ENDURANCE
OF SOME ALLOY STEELS
CBy Rotating Beam Machine)
ir-.
,.
Fig.4
'

ON ENDURANCE RATIOOFALLOYSTEELS
For Explanation v Fig.3
Rg2
ONENDURANCE RATIOOF
CARBON STEELS
For Explanation v. Fig.l
I0~6n1 FLo* 777^ Lit.

t/2o
27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels.(Continued)

69C 795720 Cf, 885/15 Q0
D
205730 Ca
E
345730 Ca
F Same, Tp 495730 Ca
G
650730 Ca
H
760730Ca
.48
51.7 0.52 (*)

.44 ( 1S )
.47
.56
.44 (*)
.45 (I)
.46 ( 16 )
W 43.3
.49 ( > < )
200
28.2 .49 (* 9 )
10
10
10
10
10
100
100
31.3
66.4
64.7
32.0
25.4
47.0
10
33.9 I 0.43 0*7
10_ 34.7
.44
10 31.3 .47 ( 16 )

S^ 1 T
.o
WS5
Treatment
10~6f FLo*
32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels.(Continued)

7A 900/120 Q0, 800/30 Cf....
Ni, 3.4; C, 0.3
10
C 800760 Cf
10
D 800/30Ca
10

FLo
JT^ Lit.
UIa
28.5 0.48 (i)

34.8 .48
29.9 .47
; ^{SS:::: *-.-*.- ;:; 3
G
H
J
K
L
M
_N_
"sT
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
T
B
C
D
E
F
T~
14
15
16
800760 Q0,590/60 Cf
/570730C f ....
/* V \510730 C f . . . .
800760 Q0 480730 Cf
[650760Cf....
800760 Q w ^ 590760 Cf....
(480760Cf....
830730 Cf,
r5907120 Cf
830715Q0 \6507120Cf
830730 Cf, 810715, C to
500. Qw, Sh, W8 590760 Cf
785760Cf
830730 Cf, 790715 Q0
f 205730 C
315730 Ca
Same, TpJ 430730 Ca
540730Ca
[650730Ca
790760 Cf
790730 Q0,620730 Cf
790760 Q0, 480760 Cf
[590760Cf....
790760Qw-! 540760Cf....
[480760Cf....
To PL ^42
N 860, 76O 0 Qw
N860
R.H730 0
O00O7300
OUU U
1 To PL ^42
4 Sv
_L To PL = 7 7
6A 845760Cf
Ni, 3.4; C, 0.4
(. also Figs. 3 and 4)
Ni, 3.6; C, 0.4
.
Ni, 3.7; C, 0.3
,4.8:0,0.14
Ni, 5.10; C, 0.13
Ni. 5.76; C. 0.11
33.7
41.8
44.6
38.3
38.7
41.5
45.3
45.0
44.3
.49
.38
.41
.46
.56
.51
.45
.52 (20)
.53
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0~~
10
10
~~
10
10
100
10
6
12
45.0
38.0
84.4
78.8
68.9
62.6
54.8
45.7
35.9
41.8
46.7
50.6
52.4
52.0
32.4
41.8
37.7
41.5
.55
.53
.41
.40
.43
.52
.53
.54
^45~
.48
.56
.54
.50
.48
^5~
.44
.66
.51

Ni
Cr
C
0.47 1.10 0.43 100 27.6
1.41 0.81 .46
10 44.6
1.45 1.10 .41 100 38.6
1.75 0.99 .49 10 35.1
B
845'/6O O Tn/59
c 845/60.Q w Tp| 48()0
10
11
12A
B
14A
B
C
D
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
100
100
R850,H770
R840 0 ,H770 0
To PL^ 42
ToPLg 77
A, 830 Q0, 330 Q0
A, 830730 Q0, 790 f 650760 Cf

Q 0 Tp
\650760 Qw
A 830730 Ca, 790730 Cf
15A
830V30C, 790/150 /425''30 Ca

B 830/30Cf>79Q/15Qo \650730 Ca
16 850 Q0 Tp 600
17 H, Tp
UA H (fully)
*
M fr .1.Fi1P. 8
% Same, Tp J
and 4) "Ai,
(i)
(*)
(* 4 )
(2)
(*)
0.42 (i)
.45 (16)
.41 (*)
~T ( 16 )
10
50 6
'
'50
^ 59A__.51_
3.00 .48
3.15 .58
3.18 .96
.19
.20
.33
3.33 .87
.24
12
12
100
100
100
100
100
100
48.8
46.5
28.1
42.2
47.8
45.7
47.1
34.4
.47 ()
.38 ( 9 )
UST ( 16 )
.45
.49 ( 20 )
.57
.59
.56
^T ~78~ "TiT ~~ ~53jT ~46~ "^T

J<LJU_^_
3.45 .76
.32
12 44.2 .45 ( 14 )
3.48 .78
.32
12 52.0 .50 ( 9 )
4.30 1.40 .30
12
71.6 .42 ( 9 )
[I
g
E
j600J hardengsteel
_U_
20 R 820, H 760
4.65 0.29 .16
12
21A Rh (2 passes); R0
19.7 8.31 .33
10
B Same, W 940730 Cf (stainless steel,
cyclops metal)
80
35. Fe-Ni-Cr-Cu-C, Ni-Cr-Cu-Steels (Stainless
1 As received, A
Ni, 12; Cr, 19; C, 0.8
10
2 As received, A
Ni, 16; Cr, 16; C, 0.4
10
3 As received, A
Ni, 23; Cr, 5.4; C, 0.25
10
4 As received, A
Ni, 25; Cr, 18; C, 0.4
10
5 As received, A
Ni, 26; Cr, 17.3; C, 0.7
10
6 As received, A
Ni, 28; Cr, 8.4; C, 0.45
10
E*
'II
;
_55^ _.50_
47.2 .50 ( 22 )
38.7 .48 ( 20 )
39 4
.50
Steels)
46.0 0.53
45.0 .49
35.2 .52
38.0 .46
39.0 .52
41.1 .53
( 16 )
( 16 )
(i)
( 16 )
(i6)
( 16 )
3>2l
Treatment
10~6nf FLo*
fjif^,
kit.

9 (Notstated
|Ni,4.8;Cr, 1; Mo,0.9;C,0.3 | 12 | 51.2 | 0.42 | (*)
3 To Specification S2, British
Air Ministry
Ni,3.3; Cr, 0.6; V, 0.1; C, 0.3 12 53.5 0.56 ( 2 2 )
IA ToPL^42
Ni, 1.70; Mo, 0.12; C, 0.4 100 32.8 0.44 (i)
B To PL g 77
100 40.1 .43
42. Fe-Si-Mn-C, Si-Mn-Steels
IA ToPL^42
Si, 2.0; Mn, 0.65; C, 0.55 100 34.5 0.44 I (*)
B To PL g 77
(Spring steels)
100 43.6 .39 I
IA 870760 Ca, 840745 Qw,
650760, C to 480 C a ....
V, 0.16; C. 0.57
100 40.1 0.53 O 9 )
B 870760 Ca, 650730 Ca,
8707120 Qw. 700760 C a ..
JLOO_ 36.6 .51
C 870760 Ca, 650760 Ca.~
~50
43.0 .54
44. Mg, Commercial
1 IE
Mg, 99.96
150
JTo 0.24 I (* 9 )
2 I R h .Mg, 99.89
20
7.1
.30 I ( 22 )
45. Mg-Al
1 IE
Al, 4.2
600
8.4 0.34 (*)
2 E
Al, 4.4
100 10.6 .39 ( 19 )
3 Rh
Al, 6.0
20 11.3 .36 (")
4 E.....
Al, 6.70
600
9.2
.31 ()
_5_ E
Al, 6.80
80 10.6 .35 ( 19 )
~ F, longitudinal
Al, 8.7
60
10.5 .36 ( 19 )
B F, transverse
60
9.1
.43
C As cast
60
8.8
.45
46. Mg-Cu
1 |E
I
Cu, 9.65
I 600 I 7.7 i 0.28 | (*9)
47. Mg-Zn
1 I As received, electron metal..|
Zn, 4.38
| 200 | 12.0 | 0.47 | (*)
48. Ni, Commercial
1 Rh
Ni,99.32
12 20.5 0.40 (")
2A As received, Rh
Ni, 99.07
400 16.9 .40 (")
J2B 760760 Cf
300 22.2 .41
]T Dd 870 Cf
Ni, 99+
200 19.7 .41 ( 2 Q)
4A As received, R0, A 288
Ni, 98.95
100 28.1 .24 (")
B
288760Cf
60 28.1 .24
C
288760Cf
'
70 28.1 .25
D R0W 595760Cf
70 34.4 .34
E
760760Cf
30 19.0 .37
F
870760Cf
50 17.9 .36
~5A~ ~
. /D 0
Ni, 98.7
60~ 26.4
.37 (16)
B AsreoeiYe(i \D e .870760Cf
60 20.4 .37
50. Ni-Cu
IA As received, Rc
Cu, 21.3
f 500 21.1 0.34 (16)
B R0,870760 Cf
50 18.3 .33
2A As received, Rc
Cu, 23.6
100 23.9 .35 ( 1 ^)
_B_ R0,870760 Cf
C 20.7 .35
jT Rh. A 760
Cu, 28
70 26.4 .43 (*)
4 As received,:B
Rh
Cu,27.3
.,
.
.
;
I
500
22.5 .36 ( 2 <>)
!
\ Monel metals <
5A
(De
Cu,28.6
60 24.3 .37 (16)
B As received] D0,290760 Cf
60 25.3 .37
_C
[Pc, 870760Cf
60 19.7 .35
JL. As received. Rh
Cu. 29.7
100 29.5 .47 ("*)
7A Rh
Cu, 29.5
400 26.7 .42 (i*)
B 870760Cf
J
I C 22.9 .42
_8_ Rh
Cu, 30
75 26.3 .42 (1S)
T As received, Rh
Cu, 44.2
50 18.7 .40 ( 16 )
B Same, 815760 Cf
40
16.9 .38
51. Ni-Cu-Mn
2A
. ,/Rh
I
Cu, 26.2; Mn, 4.3
60 i 27.4 0.43 (16)
B A8reCeiVed \R b> 870760Cfl
C I 26.6
.43
* Stresses computed by usual formulae of beam theory, t See footnotes to corresponding columns in Table 2. $ 22.5 mm diam. C, calculated value. (Author assumes FLo/
UTS the same for the different treatments.) Il Stainless iron, f Battleship propeller shaft.

2A j As received, Ab (ingot iron). I
0,0.02
I 2
__
37B
40~
44A
B
5OB
C
52"
B
810/15 Cf0
870 Qw, 420/60 Ca
Q /400760 Ca
^0 \450760 Ca
925720 Ca
Same. 775 Qw, 650 Cf
845/15Ca
Same, 790/15 Qw, 650 C a .
24. Fe-C, C-Steels

0,0.37
0,0.40
0,0.44
0,0.49
0,0.52
| 16.2 | 0.54 | (20)
2
2
2
2
2
2__
2
2
21.0 0.42 ( 2 0 )
48.0 .40 ( 8 )
62.5 .48 (8)
60.0 .50
19.5 .31 (20)
27.5 .40
22.5 .33 ( 2 )
31.0 .40
66B u[790/15Cf
C
o- 790V15 Q /650/30Ca
D g [ 7 9 u / 5 y \455730Ca
0,0.93
2
2
2
20.0 .34
31.0' .38
48.5 .37
( 20 )
69A 795715 Cf, 860715 Cf0
0,1.20
31.5
.38
(20)
2
2
56.0 0.44
49.5 .45
(8T
2
2
2
55.0 0.40
56.0 .51
40.0 .45
(8T
IA
B
/ 360760 Ca
^ \420760C a
26. Fe-Ce-C, Ce-Steels

Ce, 0.4-0.6; C, 0.38
"
f 425760 Ca
B 90O 0 Qo] 525760 Ca
_C
[625760 Ca

Cr, 0.94; C, 0.35
'
'
28. Fe-Cr-Ce-C, Cr-Ce-Steels
IA
[425760 Ca
Cr, 0.98; Ce, 0.41-0.50;
2
0
B 90O Qo] 525760Ca
0,0.41
2
_C
( 625760 Ca
2
29. Fe-Cr-Mo-C, Cr-Mo-Steels
IA
f 425760 Ca
Cr, 0.55; Mo, 0.39; C, 0.42 2
B 925 Q 0 ] 525760 Ca
2
C
[ 630760 Ca
2
~2A~
[425/60Ca
Cr, 0.73; Mo, 0.28; C, 0.15 2
B 925 Qw] 525760 Ca
2
__C
l625/60C!a.
2
_
[425/60Ca
Cr, 0.79; Mo, 0.34; C, 0.22 2
B 850 Qw ] 525760 Ca
2
__C
[625760Ca
2
~6A~
f 425760 Ca
Cr, 0.88; Mo, 0.30; C, 0.40 2
B 82O0 Q 0 ] 525760 Ca
2
C
[ 625760 Ca
2__
7A 900 Q0, 525760 Ca
Cr, 0.89; Mo, 0.36; C, 0.41 2
B 840 Ca
2
~9A~
f 425760 Ca
Cr, 0.95; Mo, 0.39; C, 0.52 2
B 815 Q0] 525760 Ca
2
C
[625760Ca
2_
T
[425760 Ca
Cr, 0.95; Mo, 0.68; C, 0.40 2
B 90O0Qo] 525760 Ca
2
C
[625760 Ca
2
0
D 82O Ca
2
UA
[425/60Ca
Cr, 0.95; Mo, 0.73; C, 0.25 2
B 925 Q0] 525760 Ca
2
__C
[600760Ca
2
T
A
f 425760 Ca
Cr, 0.93; V , 0.16; C , 0.41
2
0
B 90O Qo] 525760 Ca
2
C
[ 625760 Ca
2
D 900Ca
2
Â
[ 425760 Ca
Cr, 0.93; V, 0.20; C, 0.40
2
B 90O0Qo] 525760 Ca
2
__C
[625760Ca
2
31. Fe-Mo-C, Mo-Steels
1 875 Q0,450760 Ca
Mo, 0.34; C, 0.44
2
2A
Mo, 0.37; C, 0.38
~2
0 f 360760 Ca
w
B
^ \420760 Ca
2
C 840Ca
2_
3A
/ 420760 Ca
Mo, 0.67; C, 0.41
2~
yw
B
\500/60Ca
2
C 840Ca
2
5JTO(K39(8T
50.5 .48
41.5 .49
67.0 0.46
64.5 .53
55.5 .61
43.0 .39
48.5 .55
36.5 .54
56.2 .58
52.5
.55
40.0 .49
69.0 .48
61.1 .52
49.0 .52
60.0 .48
45.5 .50
70.5 .48
64.5 .49
42.0 .45
68.0 .44
60.0 .42
62.5 .51
47.0 .45
60.5 .46
57.0 .46
50.5 .48
62^00~42
52.0 .40
52.0 .48
46.0 .52
69.0
!oT
55.5 .48
43.5 .43
TABLE 4.ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED PLANE BENDING STRESSES (UPTON-LEWIS MACHINE).*(Continued)
&a
Lit.
Endurance
limit,
kg/mm2-FLo
[Def. 17(&)J*
Endurance limit
Tensile strength
Key No.f
Treatment
Millions of
reversals, 10~6nf
TABLE 4. ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED PLANE BENDING STRESSES (UPTON-LEWIS MACHINE)*
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8T
(8)
69.0 0.50 (8)~"

67.5 .46 (8)
59.5 .45
35.0 .48
64.0 .46 ( 8 )
64.5 .52
38.0 .45
Treatment
10-6nt FLo*
jp=^
Lit.
31. Fe-Mo-C, Mo-Steels.(Continued)

4A
/475760 Ca
Mo, 0.73; C, 0.4
2
67\5 ( K 5 ( 8 T
B
^1550760Ca
2_ 60.0 .47
UA
(425760 Ca
Mo1 1.05; C, 0.46
2
69^0" .45 (8)
B 900 Q0] 500760 Ca
2
67.5 .48
C
[600760Ca
2
67.5 .49
D 900 Ca
2
52.0
.53
6A
f425/60 Ca
Mo, 3.0; C, 0.36
2
73.0 .48 ( 8 )
B 900 Q0] 500760 Ca
2
76.0 .55
_C
1575760 Ca
2
81.0 .65
Â
[415760 Ca
Ni, 3.0; C, 0.41
2
77^5 < h 4 3 ( 8 T
B 860 Q0] 510760 Ca
2
63.5 .47
C
[595760 Ca
2
60.0 .50
8A 830730Cf, f 5907120 Cf..
Ni, 3.4; C, 0.41
2
37.0 .43 ( 2 <>)
B 830715 Q0\6507120 Cf..
2
32.5 .39
D 785760 Cf
2
31.5 .44
33. Fe-Ni-Ce-C, Ni-Ce-Steels
IA
f 595760 Ca
Ni, 2.86; Ce, 0.33-0.58;
2
53.5 0.45 (8T
B 860 Q0 ] 455760 Ca
C, 0.43
2
58.5 .42
_C
1425760 Ca
2
67.5 .40
2
825 Q0, 525760 Ca
Ni, 1.23; Cr, 0.65; C, 0.47
2
58.5 0.52 (8)"
_7_ 865 Q0, 475760 Cf
~ Ni, 2.49; Cr, 0.83; C. 0.37
2
60.0 .50 (8)
8A
O 10 O 0 /525760 Ca
Ni, 2.56; Cr, 0.83; C, 0.36
2
48.0
.45 (8)
B 1U ^\6250/60Ca
2
46.0 .52
14A A, 830 Q0, 330 Q0
Ni, 3.33; Cr, 0.87; C, 0.24
2
36.5 .37 ( 2 <>)
B A, 83073OQ0, /Cf
2
32.5 .41
C 79O0Q0, 650760\Qw
2
35.0 .44
36. Fe-Ni-Cr-Ce-C, Ni-Cr-Ce-Steels
IA sino 0 /525760 Ca
For compositions . Table 1 2
53.0 0.46 (8)
B
^0\420760 Ca
2
68.0 .45
2 825 Q0, 525760 Ca
2
58.0 .55 (8)
3 805 Q0, 500760 Cf
2
56.5 .50 ( 8 )
4 810 Q0, 525760 Ca
2
54.0 .50 (8)
IA
Q f 625760 Ca
For compositions v. Table 1
2
52.0 0.41 ( 8 )
B
^0\425/60 Ca
2_ 70.5 .45
_2_ 825 Q0, 525760 Ca
'.
2__ 62.0 .52 (8)
3A
[630760Ca
2
49.5 .43 (8)
B 790 Q0 ] 525760 Ca
2
61.0
.42
_C
[430760 Ca
2__ 72.0 .43
4 8650Q0, 625760Cf........
~
2
48.5 .43 (8)
_5_ 810 Q0,625760 Ca
2
56.0 .51 ( 8 )
6A
[650760 Ca
2
50.5 .46 (8)
B
625760 Ca
2
58.5 .49
C
525/60Ca
2
70.5 .49
00
D
^ 425760 Ca
2
67.5 .44
E
325760 Ca
2
70.5 .41
_F
150760 Ca
2
95.0 .43
7 790 Q0,610760 Ca
2
47^0
10" (8)
8 790 Q0, 635760 C a ..2
50.5 .44 (8)
1 825 Q0, 525760 Ca
For compositions v. Table 1
2
62.0 0.55 (*)
2A 810 Q0, 625760 Ca
~~2
5JT
!9" (8)
B 805 Q0,560760 Cf
2
50.0 .44
C 810 Q0, 425760 Ca
2
70.5 .48
2A
/620760Ca
Ni, 2.95; Mo, 0.70; C, 0.37
2
65.0 0.52 (8)
B *W ^595760Ca
2
65.0 .50
40. Fe-Ni-V-C, Ni-V-Steels
IA
[610760 Ca
Ni, 2.94; V, 0.12; C, 0.36
2
67.5 0.52 (8)
B 870 Q0] 510760 Ca
2
74.0 .51
_C
[400760Ca
2
70.5 .38
41. Fe-Ni-Zr-C, Ni-Zr-Steels
1 I 860 Q0. 370760 Ca
I Ni, 3.00; Zr, 0.24; C, 0.43 | 2 | 77.0 | 0.39 | (8)
3A 900 Ca
V, 0.20; C, 0.50
2
46^0 J32 (8T
B o, n o n /555760Ca
2
53.0 .51
C **" ^[475760Ca
2
56.5 .47
* See footnote to Table 3.
t See footnotes to Table 2.
Lit.
Endurance
limit,
kg/mm2-FI/o
[Def. 17(0)]*
Endurance limit
Tensile strength
Treatment
Millions of 6
reversals, 10" TIf
Key No.f
TABLE 5. ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED TORSIONAL

STRESSES*
1. Al
2
1
2
I A, single crystal}
| 15 | 1.17| 0.22 | ( 9 - 5 )

.
. ,/Rc
Cu, 99.993
30
A**^
Qu, 99.992
10

4A As received]
Al, 5.6
6A As received
J
Al, 9.1
h
7A As received
]
Al, 10.0
12A As received J
Al, 10.4
17. Cu-Ni
4A
-^/Rh
Ni,44.7(constantan)
B A3rCCelVed \Rh,790760Cf
18. Cu-Ni-Cr
IA ! As received. F
|
Ni, 34.2; Cr, 4.1
20. Cu-Ni-Zn
IA .
. ./Rh
Ni, 20; Zn, 5
B ^ received \R h .76076QCf
3 I As received, Rc
4 As received, R0.
13A
[250
B Qi, Tp^ 344
__C
[425
IA
2A
~3
19A
:20
21
31
37B
39A
B
C
D
E
F
42
-48
.5OB
C
,52AT
B
60
65A
21. Cu-Sn, Bronzes

|
Sn, 4.66
22. Cu-Zn, Brasses
(|
Zn, 28.2
J Zn, 40.1 (Muntz metal)
';
A 1000730 Cf, Armco iron;.
C, 0.012
As received, Ab, ingot iron..
C, 0.02
24. Fe-C, C-Steels
N 850
f 7 3
As received
.24
As received, R
.25
F
.25
850/15Ca
.33
810/15 Cf 0
.37
845/30 Cf
.38
845730 Ca
9307120 Q0, 845730 Cf....
f670/30 Cf....
84573OQ0] 540730Cf....
[430730Cf....
As taken from service
.41
850760QW, 4807120Cf.... %C 1
.46
925720Ca
.49
Same, 775 Qw, 650 Cf
845715 Ca
.52
Same, 790715 Qw. 650 Ca..
N800
.65
790730 Cf
.81
>66B & [790715Cf

C
-1790/150 /650/30Ca
D o |/90/15Qio\455730Ca
.93
30
20
40
60
30
20
30
30
4.2
2.8
0.15 (16)
.13 (")
TABLE 5.ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED TORSIONAI,

STRESSES. *(Continued)
JJ 3'
Treatment
2
B
C
D
13A
B
[480760 C a ....
90076OQwI 565760 Ca....
{650760 Ca....
As received, A
900760QW, 480760 C a ....
As received, A
Cr, 15; C, 0.4
'
JSv....
9.1
0.22 ( 16 )
.25
| 70 | 8.4 | 0.21 | ( 16 )
20
6
20
30
6.3
3.9
5.3
6.0
0.19 (") '

.07 ( 16 )
.09
.12
10
10
T
8.8
0^38
.30
(^T
( 2 Q)
O
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
!(To1
9.8
.23
11.0
.24
11.6 .22
15.9 .27
11.2 .22
12.7 .26
12.3 .23
11.2 .22
15.1 .26
11.6 .19
14.4 .22
10.2 .18
20.0 .22
14.1 .22
18.3 .27
15.5 .22
22.2 .28
15.2 .19
13.4 .21
(T"
( 16 )
(9)
(16)
(U)
(20)
( 2 O)
10
10
10
11.5 .19 (20)

20.4 .25
36.5 .28
D
1OA
C
D
F
12
3
14A
B
C
D
21A
3
6
2
2A
4B
F
(16)
(*)
(20)
(20)
()
Q6)
69" 795715/860715 Cf0

1.20
10 17.2 .21 (20)
B Cf
\ 800 Q0.460715 Ca
I
10 33.7 .27
27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels (Stainless Steels)
5A ,o/ftn n /540760 Ca....
Cr, 12; C, 0.42
10
30.2 0.39 (16)
B WU/DU ^ w \650760C a ....
10 26.0 .31
Y~ As received, RhU
Cr. 13; C, 0.1
40
18.3 .23 ( 2 Q)
UAT
[480760 Ca~
Cr, 15; C, 0.85
10 45.7 .28 (16)
B 900760 Qwj 565760 Ca....
10 41.5 .35
C
{650760 Ca....
10 26.0 .28
D As received. A
10 15.1 .19
j4__
7A
10
10
10
10
10
Jj7^
Lit.
2sl (K24
21.1
.24
21.1 .26
16.9 .22
33.0 .24
15.5 .21
(16)
(1)

I Cr, 1.0; V, 0.16; C, 0.45 | 10 | 15.1 [o.21 | (16)

As taken from service^
Ni, 3.05; C. 0.4
900712OQ0,800730Cf....
Ni, 3.35; C, 0.3
840760 Qw, 485760 Cf
800760Cf
[620730Cf....
880730 Q0 \ 570730 C f . . . .
[510730 C f . . . .
800760 Q0. 480730 Cf
830730Cf, /5907120 Cf
Ni, 3.4; C, 0.4
830715Q0 \6507120Cf
830730 Cf, 810715 Qw,
C to 500, Sh 590760 C f . . .
785760 Cf.
790760Cf
Ni, 3.6; C, 0.42
790760 Q0,480760 Cf
7QOVfU)O / 59 0/60Cf....
/W/bU
** w \480/60Cf....
840760 Qw, 4807120 Cf....
Ni, 3.7; C, 0.3
_4_
7.9 0.16 ( )
7A
16
7.0
.11 ( )
B
9.1
.16 ( 1 6 )
C
12.0 .17 ( 16 )
F
H
J
10.2 0.21 0)
12.0 .24
^K
8A
60 | 13.7 | 0.20 | ( 16 ) B
C
16
9.1
Cr, 16; C, 0.6
10"6Wf FLo*
10_
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
ZZZZZ
16.5 JK25_ (16)
14.4 .24~ (16)
37.2 .36
19.7 .27
26.4 .33
33.7
.30
31.6 .29
24.6 .30
26.0 .30 ( 2 O)
25.3 .31
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
23.2
.28
20.4
.29
15.8 .20
26.7 .32
32.7 .35
33.0 .31
25.3 .24
O6)
O8)

_^
840760 Qw, 4807120 Cf.... Ni, 1.36; Cr, 0.65; C, 0.37
10 32.3 0.29 (16)
A 830 Q0, 330 Q0
Ni, 3.3; Cr1 0.87; C, 0.24
10 26.7
~AT ( 2 O)
A 830730 Q0,/650760 Cf
10 22.1 .28
79O0Q0
\650760Qw
10
23.9 .30
A, 830730 Ca, 790730 Cf...
.
10 17.6 .29
Rh (2 passes), Rc (cyclops Ni, 19.7; Cr, 8.3; C, 0.33
10 26.1 .23 ( 2 O)
metal)
35. Fe-Ni-Cr-Cu-C, Ni-Cr-Cu-Steels (Stainless Steels)
As received, A
Ni, 23; Cr. 5.4; C, 0.24
10
14.8 0.22 (16)"
As received, A
Ni, 28; Cr, 8.4; C, 0.45
10 15.5 .20 (16)
795760 Qw. 4807120 Cf.... I
V,0.16;C,0.5
| 10 | 30.2 | 0.30 | (')"
48. Ni, Commercially Pure
As received, Rh
Ni, 99.07
70
14.1 0.33 (*)"
R0,288760Cf
Ni, 98.95
20
13.0 .11 (16)
Rc, 870760 Cf
20
12.0 .24
.
50. Ni-Cu
As received
Cu, 27.3
10
14.0 0.22 ( 2 O)
Rh
Cu, 29.5
20
13.4 .21 (16)
* Stresses calculated by usual formulae of theory of elasticity,

t See footnotes to Table 2.
The mechanical properties depend to some extent on the relative positions of the specimen
and crystallographic axis.
Submarine crank-shaft.
Il Stainless iron.
1 Battleship propeller shaft.
24. Fe-C, C-Steels

R h ....
C, 0.13
8A~ As received
C, 0.24
C, 0.24
23
As received, R
C, 0.27
25
As received, R
C, 0.29
32~ Asreceived
C, 0.34
38
Asreceived, R
C, 0.38
51
Asreceived
C 1 0.51
54
Asreceived
C, 0.57
57
Asreceived
C, 0.62
58
Asreceived
C, 0.63
62
Asreceived
C, 0.72
64
Asreceived
C.0.79
~5
Asreceived, R
Ni, 3.1; C, 0.12
Asreceived, R
Ni, 3.25; C, 0.38
8H
8H
8H
8H
8H
8H
8H
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-19.2
-14.7
- 8.2
0.0
+7.8
15.5
20.1
OTO 22.7 59.2 .765 C)

15.1 15.1 59.2 .51
0.0 20.7 57.6 .72 (25)
14.6 14.6 57.6 .505
0.0 21.2 51.5 .825(25)
16.2 16.2 51.5 .63
T 21.7 54.7 .79 ()
16.7 16.7 54.7 .61
T 22.8 TsTs .78 (")
17.1 17.1 58.5 .585
0.0 23.3 62.0 .75 (25)
17.6 17.6 62.0 .57
0.0 20.3 70.4 .585(25)
15.2 15.2 70.4 .43
OTO 26.8 ~73.6 .73 (25)
20.2 20.2 73.6 .55
0.0 22.4 "72Te .62 (2~5)
17.6 17.6 72.6 .485
To 28.0 81.0 .69 (25)
21.4 21.4 81.0 .53
0.0 21.2 89.0 .475(25)
18.3 18.3 89.0 .41
0.0 23.6 63.1 .75 (25)
16.7 16.7 63.1 .53
8A
8B
830V30Cf,830715Q0
590/120 Cf
830/30Cf,830/15Q0
650/120Cf
8D
785/60Cf
9A
Asreceived, R
Ni, 3.4; C, 0.41
Ni, 3.56; C, 0.14
_
13
Asreceived, R
Ni, 4.7; C, 0.50
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
1
1
1
Lit.
* See footnotes to Table 2.
TABLE 7.ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER CYCLES OF TORSIONAL

STRESS WITH VARIOUS MEAN STRESSES
Key No*
46.00.955 (25)
46.0 .795
50.41.23 (25)
50.4 1.10
50.40.875
50.4 .71
87.0 .71 (20)
87.0 .70
78.6 .66 ( 2 <>)
78.6 .79
78.6 .65
71.5 .72 (20)
71 .j .605
50.01.08 (25)
50.0 0.69
63.4 .94 (25)
63.4 .825
Treat*
^J-J
24. Fe-C, C-Steels

48
5OB
5OC
69A
69B
7B
8A
0.0 22.8
18.3 18.3
0.0 30.9
14.2 27.6
22.1 22.1
27.3 17.9
0.0 30.9
3.4 30.4
0.0 26.0
3.4 31.0
11.0 25.6
0.0 25.7
9.3 21.6
0.0 27.0
17.3 17.3
0.0 29.7
21.6 21.6
80.91.04 (15)
80.90.895
80.9 .685
80.9 .665
80.9 .495
80.9 .36
80.9 .39
80.9 .28
80.9 .15
Lit
39.70.77 |(12)
39.7 .85
39.7 .93
39.71.03
39.70.97
39.7 .85
39.7 .695
8 H -15.8 42.2
8H
0.0 36.2
8 H +23.8 27.6
8 H 28.3 26.8
8 H 31.5 20.0
8 H 39.4 14.6
8 H 47.3 15.7
8 H 53.9 11.3
8H
66.3 6.1
R/TS
15.3
16.9
18.5
20.5
19.3
16.9
13.8
Ni, 3.6; Cr, 0.6; C, 0.30
UTS, ultimate tensile

strength, kg/mm*
45.31.01 ()
45.30.955
45.3 .825
45.3 .73
45.3 .665
45.3 .61
A/2, endurance2 half

range, kg/mm [Def.
22.9
21.6
18.9
16.5
15.1
13.8
Treatment not stated
JIf, mean2 unit stress,

kg/mm
2 H - 9.5
2 H -5.1
2H
0.0
2 H +6.3
2H
9.8
2 H 12.2
18
Millions of reversals,
10-n*
Cu, 58.5; Zn, 40.1
R/UTS
22. Cu-Zn, Brasses

14A As received, R
Naval brass, a/3
A/2, endurance
half range
[Def. 17(e)l
UTS, ultimate
tensile strength
M, mean unit 2
stress, kg/mm
Treatment
10~6 X number
of reversals*
TABLE 6. ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER CYCLES OP DIRECT STRESS

WITH VARiou MEAN STRESSES. (Continued)
I Key No.*
Lit.
R/UTS
UTS, ultimate
tensile strength
A/2, endurance
half range
[Def. 17(e)]
M, mean unit 2
stress, kg/mm
Key No.*
Treatment
IO"6 X number
of reversals*
TABLE 6. ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDEB CYCLES OF DIRECT STRESS

WITH VARIOUS MEAN STRESSES
8B
8D
12
805/60Qw,480/120Cf...
C, 0.46
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10_
0.0
14.1
20.4
925/20Ca
C, 0.49
0.0
3.4
13.0
925/20 C, 775 QWf 650
ITO
Cf (sorbitic).
17.6
795/15Cf,860/15Cfo....
C, 1.20
10 TO
HÎT^
795/15 Cf, 800 Q0,4607
10 IU)
15 Ca
20 31.3
840760 Qw, 485760 Cf.... Ni, 3.35; C, 0.31 10 0.0
10 17.9
10 33.4
10 44.6
830/30 Cf, 830/15 Q0, Ni, 3.4; C, 0.4
10 TO
590/120 Cf
10 24.6
830/30 Cf, 830715 Q0,
10 TO
6507120 Cf
__ 10 5.5
785760Cf
10 0.0
10 4.9
10 20.0
840760 Qw, 4807120 Cf... Ni, 3.74; C, 0.28
10 TO
10 23.9

840760 Qw, 4807120 Cf... Ni, 1.4; Cr, 0.65;
10 0.0
C, 0.37
_?_i?
14D As received, A, 830730 Ca, Ni, 3.3; Cr, 0.87;
10 0.0
790730Cf
C, 0.24
10 3.9
10 16.2
43. Fe-V-C, V-Steel
3
795760 Qw, 4807120 Cf... V, 0.16; C, 0.50
20.0 92.70.43 ( 1 6 )
21.1 92.7 .455
20.4 92.7 .44
14.0 64.3 .435 ( 2 O)
13.5 64.3 .42
13.0 64.3 .405
18.3 ~JxTl .54 ( 2 O)
17.6 68.1 .52
17.2 82.2 .42 ( 2 O)
17.2 82.2 .42
33.7 126.5 .53 ( 2 <>)
31.3 126.5 .50
37.3
33.4
33.4
23.6
26.0
24.7
25.3
21.9
20.4
19.7
20.0
25.3
23.9
102.50.73 ( 16 )
102.5 .65
102.5 .65
102.5 .46'
86.9 .60 ( 2 O)
86.9 .57
~7sT8 ~M5
78.8 .555
71.4 .57
71.4 .55
71.4 .56
UOJTs "~49~ (j
103.5 .46
32.3
30.6
17.6
15.8
16.2
112.60.575(16)
112.6 .545
61.4 .58 (20)
61.4 .52
61.4 .53
10 0.0 30.2 100.90.60 ( 16 )

10 28.5 28.5 100.9 .565
10 |37.2 27.4 100.9 .545
6.0
4.4
1.00
0.735
(^T
30.7
23.5
TOO
0.765
()""
5 H
180 IQH
N 800
0,0.65
20 1OH
305 IQH
Rh, 35O0Q V, "E" alloy....
Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5
: 6
Rh "A" alloy
Zn, 20.3; Cu, 2.9
As cast
Graphite, 1.70; combined

C, 0.56, "granfin"
20
350
500
6 H 1 5 j O TOO
6H 13.4 0.895
6 H 14.2
.945
(**
5OB 925/20Ca
C, 0.49
68
C, 1.02

" A s received
Ni, 2.9; C, 0.4
20
370
H
IQH
377 TOO
25.9 0.82
18
200
300
400
600
700
1OH
1OH
1OH
1OH
1OH
IQH
23.6 1.00
24.8 1.05
27.9 1.18
27.9 1.18
24.8 1.05
24.0 1.01
("T
49. Ni-Cr
1
As received, Rh
Ni, 80; Cr, 19
(FLo) 0/(FLo)20
Millions of
reversals, 10~6/i*
Endurance limit
kg/mm^Lo
[Def. 17(o)]t
Temp., 0C
Key No*
TABLE 9.ENDURANCE LIMITS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES.

REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES)
Cu, 4.0; Mg, 0.5
Rh, 480Q W V
Cu, 5.0; Mg, 0.75
R h ,480Q w V
Cu, 6.0; Mg, 0.75
Rh ("magnalite")
48O 0 QhV
48O 0 QhV
52O 0 QhV
Rh ("aeromin")
20
150
20
150
20
150
2
2_
2
3_
3~
3
Lit
6 ~ 6 T O O O3)
11.3 0.68 __
16.6 1.00 ( 13 )
12.5 0.75
16.1 1.00 O 3 )
7.9 0.49
4. Al-Cu-Ni-Mg
Cu, 2.0; Ni, 1.5; Mg, 1.0 20
4
150
4_
f 20
3
150
3__
"Y" alloys, Cu, 4; 20
3~
Ni, 2.0; Mg1 1.5
150
3
20 ~10
150
3
14.2
11.0
14.2
10.3
16.3
12.9
16.1
13.2
1.00 ( 13 )
0.78
1.00 O3)
0.73
1.00 (1^)
0.79
1.00 O 3 )
0.82
6. Al-Mg
Mg, 6.2
(*)
21
290
380
425
470
540
620
~2~.
165
305
480
565
8
20
10
10
10
12
15
10
10
10
10
12
25~3JOO
27.4
.08
29.5
.17
31.0
.22
29.6
.77
23.9 0.94
16.9
.67
73.8 1.00
68.4 0.93
60.5
.82
52.8
.72
38.0
.52
(20)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
80
13
20
10
53^5
57.7
52.9
47.9
40.9
52.1
52.7
47.1
43.6
38.7
39.4
36.6
32.4
26.1
(l 3)
20
150
3
3
10.3 1.00
8.6 0.84
()
TOO
1.08
0.99
.90
.76
1.00
1.01
0.90
.84
.74
1.00
0.93
.82
.66
(")
()
( 20 )
LITERATURE
3. Al-Cu-Mg
1 R h , 480 QWV
5~3TOO
8.0 0.52
13.7 1.00
7.1 0.52
830730 Cf, 790715 Q0, Ni,3.3;Cr,0.18;C,0.41 20

425/30 Ca
240
345
470
("7
540
15B 830/30 Cf, 790715 Q0,
~20~
650730Ca
240
345
470
540
21B Rh (2passes),Rc, 940730Cf Ni, 19.7;Cr,8.3;C,0.33 20
(" cyclopsmetal")
260
470
|565 I
t See footnote to Table 3.
Ni, 69; Cu, 28; Mn, 2.4

5 1 O H 25.1 TOO
100 1OH 21.0 0.84
200 1OH 20.0
.80
300 1OH 20.0
.80
500 1OH 18.4
.73
600 IQH 14.1
.56
Approximate
composition
2
2
2
2

ISA
TrpRtmpTit
lreatment
790/30 Cf, 790730 Q0

("spring steel")
("T
51. Ni-Cu-Mn
1 As received, R
20
150
20
150
24. Fe-C, C-Steels
25. Fe-C, Cast Irons

1
Lit.
10. Al-Zn-Cu
~5

60
(FLo) to /(FLo)20
Millions of
reversals, \Q~*n *
Endurance limit
kg/mm 2-FLo
[Def. 17(6)]t
Treatment
Temp., 0C
8. Al-Si
Si, 12.7
6A GmM
TABLE 9. ENDURANCE LIMITS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES.

REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES).
(Continued)
Key No.*
Lit.
(FLoW(F1Lo)20
Millions of
reversals,
10-6*
Endurance
limit,
kg/mm2- FLo
[Def. 17 (O)]
Treatment
Temp., 0C
Key No.*
TABLE 8. ENDURANCE LIMITS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES,

REVERSED DIRECT STRESSES
( 13 )
O) Aitchison, Engineering Steels. London, Macdonald and Evans, 1921. ( 2 )

Aitchison and Barclay, Engineering Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys. London,
Frowde, Hodder and Stoughton, 1923. (3) Basch and Sayre, 423, 32 I:
350; 25. (*) Carpenter and Edwards, 403, 1: 57; 07. 115, 83: 253; 07.
( 5 ) Corse, 66, 17 I: 190; 17. ( 6 ) Elmendorf, 422, 41 II: 811; 14. (7) Gibson, 66, 20 II: 115; 21. ( 8 ) Gillett and Mack, 66, 24 II: 476, 609, 760; 24.
( 9 ) Gough, Fatigue of Metals. London, Scott, Greenwood and Son, 1924.
115, 114: 291 ; 22. 299, No. 743; 21. 299, No. 864; 25. Gough, National
Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 9 - 5 ) Gough, Hanson and Wright, 62,
226: 1; 26. 299, No. 1024; 26.
( 10 ) Gough and Hanson, 5, 104: 538; 23. (U) Gough and Tapsell, National
Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 1 Z) Haigh, 481, 23: 17; 15. 47, 18:
55; 17. Aero. Res. Comm. Kept. No. E. F., 78; 23. ( 13 ) Hankins, 299, No.
789; 21. Aero. Res. Comm. Light Alloys Subcomm. Rept., 274; 17. ( 1 ^)
Hatfield, 481, 28: 52; 21. 368, 15: 465; 21. ( ) Lea, 413, 23: 545; 19.
403, 2: 762; 21. Lea and Budgen, 899, No. 920; 24. 0) McAdam, 33,
25: 1081; 21. 66, 23 II: 56; 23. 818, 6: 393; 24. "66, 24 H: 273, 574; 24.
818, 7: 54, 217, 581; 25. 80, preprint, Oct., 1925; preprint, Feb., 1926.
07) Merica and Karr, 66, 19 II: 297; 19. O*) Merica, Waltenburg and
McCabe, 66, 21: 922; 21. ( 1 9 ) Moore, 66, 23 H: 106; 23. 25 H: 66; 25.
24 II : 547; 24.
(20) Moore and Jasper, 86, No. 136; 23. No. 142; 24. No. 152; 25. (2 )
Moore and Kommers, 86, No. 124; 21. (22) National Physical Laboratory, England, 354, and O. (23) Rosenhain and Archbutt, 403, 2: 319; 12.
(24) Rosenhain and Lantsberry, 403, 1: 119; 10. (25) Smith, 140, 2: 246;
10. (*) Stanton and Bairstow, 153, 166: 78; 05. (27) H. J. Tapsell,
National Physical Laboratory, England, O. (28) Woodvine, 417, 13: 197;
24.
AI-Cu
/6,TI,22,45\
Fe-CK1-13)
Temperatures revised by comparison with (3^1)
SPECIAL PROPERTY-TABLE
The following tables are arranged to facilitate the selection of a
metal or alloy having an extreme (high or low) value of a given
mechanical property at room temperature. The bold-face numbers represent a scale of values of the property in question. The
numbers in the interval between any two scale values are page
numbers by means of which the reader may locate an alloy having
a value (of the property in question) which lies within this interval.
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH, UTS9 kg/mm2 (DEF. 4)
Ferrous: 241: 479, 513. 230: 513, 530, 531. 220:478, 479, 509,
510, 513, 531, 532. 200: 478, 479, 502, 503, 505, 509, 510, 512,
532. 180: 479, 507, 511, 512, 513, 530, 531. 175: . . . 20:488,
497, 498, 508, 526, 527. 10: 488, 490, 497, 498, 508, 523, 527. 3.
Non-ferrous: 420: 592. 160: 585, 592. 112: 560, 573, 575, 576,
578, 579, 581, 582. 80: 481, 560, 575-579, 581, 582, 583, 585,
592. 70: 534, 538, 555, 556, 575-585, 592. 60: 538, 546, 554, 555,
556,560,563,574-585,592. 50: . . . 5:533,535,545,546,547,
549, 551, 553, 556, 557, 567, 570, 584, 592, 593. 1:586, 593. O.
2
YIELD POINT IN TENSION, YP9 kg/mm (DEF. 3)

Ferrous: 203: 479, 513, 531. 190: 478, 479, 510, 513. 180: 478,
479, 511, 530, 531. 170: 478, 479, 503, 507, 511, 531. 160: 478,
479, 481, 510, 513. 151: . . . 2 0 : 478, 480, 482, 488, 489, 490,
491, 493, 508, 514, 523. 10: 482, 523. 3.6.
Non-ferrous: 88: 581, 582. 70: 575, 579, 581-583. 60: 481,
534, 538, 555, 556, 560, 575, 577-582. 40: . . .3.9: 533, 534,
536, 537, 543, 552. 1.8.
REDUCTION IN AREA, RA, % (DEF. 8)

Ferrous: 100: 488, 490, 498. 80: 478, 481, 488, 498, 523.
. . . 2 . 2 : 491, 492, 493, 510, 513, 521, 529, 530, 531, 532.
479, 510, 513, 521, 524, 531. 0.0: 490, 491, 492, 493, 497, 508,
513, 520, 524, 529, 530, 532.
Non-ferrous: 100: 592, 593. 95: 533, 548, 549, 553, 574.
533, 536, 548, 549, 552, 553, 555, 560, 574, 581, 583. 77:
2.0: 533, 545, 556, 557, 560, 562, 575, 579. 0.4: 575, 579,
593. 0.0.
PER CENT ELONGATION, El (DEF. 7)
75:
1.0:
510,
80:
...
586,
Ferrous: 76: 488, 498, 512. 60: 478, 482, 488, 490, 498, 512.
50: . . . 1.0:491,492,493,501,503,510,513,520,521,523,524,
525, 530, 531, 532. 0.5: 478, 490, 491, 492, 493, 508, 513, 521, 522,
523, 524, 525, 529, 530, 532. 0.0.
Non-ferrous: 160: 547, 576. 95: 533, 535, 548, 551, 555, 557,
573-576, 581-583. 70 : ...
1.0:480, 533, 534, 536, 537, 544, 545,
546, 551, 55&-561, 565, 567, 568, 570, 575-577, 579, 581, 586. 0.0.
BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER, BHN (DEF. 12)
Ferrous: 817: 495, 510, 514, 531. 600: 495, 506, 510, 513, 514,
521, 523, 530, 531. 570: 495, 503, 510, 513, 514, 523, 530, 531.
650:513,514,531. 520:506,510,513,514,532. 509:. . . 9 9 :
478, 494, 525, 526. 90: 478, 514, 525, 529. 80: 478, 494, 529.
51.
Non-ferrous: 640: 576, 588. 390: 561, 576, 588. 300: 480, 567,
576, 577, 579, 581, 582, 586-588, 592, 593. 220: 480, 556, 576, 577,
581-583, 586, 588. 190: 480, 546, 556, 576, 577, 581-584, 586.
175: 480, 539, 546, 556, 577, 580-582, 584, 585, 588. 160: 480,
10: 556, 557, 561, 576.
539, 554, 556, 577, 579-587. 154: ...
3.0.
RFRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES
In all literature references cited in International Critical Tables

the name of the journal or publication is indicated by means of a
Key Number corresponding to the list given below. The numbers
which follow this key number in a literature citation are, in the
order named: (1) the volume, (2) the page, and (3) the last two
figures of the year. Thus 64V, 31: 253; 22, indicates Verslag
Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol.
31, page 253, 1922. Series numbers are not given. Key Numbers
referring to books and other non-serial publications are preceded
by the letter B, and the volume number is given in Roman
numerals. Thus, BlO, IV: 191; 18 indicates Doelter, Handbuch
der Mineralchemie, page 191 of Vol. 4 of the 1918 edition. The
Key Number O is used to indicate "private communication from."
Le nom du journal ou de la publication de toutes les rfrences

bibliographiques cites dans les Tables Critiques Internationales
est indiqu au moyen d'un nombre-cl correspondant la liste
donne ci-dessous. Les nombres qui suivent ce nombre-cl dans
un renvoi bibliographique indiquent dans Tordre suivant: (1) le
volume, (2) la page, et (3) les deux derniers chiffres de l'anne.
Ainsi 64 V1 31: 253; 22, indique Verslag Koninklijke Akademie
van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, vol. 31, page 253, 1922.
Les numros des sries ne sont pas donns. Les nombres-cls se
rapportant des livres ou des publications non priodiques sont
prcds de la lettre B et le numro du volume est donn en
chiffres romains. Ainsi, BlO1 IV: 191; 18 indique Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 du volume 4 de l'dition de
1918. Le nombre-cl O est employ pour indiquer " communication prive de."
DAS LITERATURVERZEICHNIS
INDICAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE
In allen Literaturstellen, die in I. C. T. verzeichnet sind, ist der

Name der Zeitschrift oder der Publikation mit Hilfe einer Schlsselnummer', entsprechend der unten folgenden Liste, angegeben.
Die Zahlen,, welche diesen Schlsselnummern bei einem Literaturzitat folgen, bedeuten der Reihe nach: (1) der Band, (2) die
Seite und (3), die letzten zwei Zahlen des Jahrganges. So bedeutet
.z. B. 64Vy 31: 253; 22, Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Band 31, Seite 253, ]922. SerienNummern werden nicht angegeben. Der Schlsselzahl wird ein
B vorausgesetzt, wenn sie Bcher, oder eine andre nicht periodische
Verffentlichung bezeichnet. Die Bandnummer wird durch
rmische Ziffern angegeben. Es bedeutet z. B. also BlO, IV:
191; 18, Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Seite 191, des 4
Bandes, der Auflage des Jahres 1918. Die Schlsselzahl O wird
gebraucht, um anzuzeigen, dass es eine "private Mitteilung" ist.
In tutte le indicazioni bibliografiche che si incontrano nelle

''Tabelle Critiche Internazionali" il nome del giornale o della pubblicazione espresso con un numero chiave riportato nell'elenco dato
pi oltre. I numeri che, nella citazione, vengono dopo il numero
chiave sono disposti con l'ordine seguente: (1) il volume, (2) la
pagina, e (3) le ultime due cifre del millesimo. Cosi 64V1 31:
253; 22, indica la Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Voi. 31, pagina 253, 1922. I numeri di
serie non vengono dati. Quando un numero chiave preceduto
dalla lettera B si riferisce a libri o ad altre pubblicazioni non
periodiche, e il numero del volume viene allora scritto in cifre
romane. Cosi BlO, IV: 191; 18 indica Doelter, Handbuch der
Mineralchemie, pagina 191 del IV0 volume dell'edizione 1918.
Il numero chiave O indica " Comunicazione privata da , . . "
KEY TO THE PERIODICALS

Data regarding the libraries which receive many of these periodicals may be found through the following sources :
United States and Canada: " Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, 1926" (Chemical Abstracts, Ohio State Univ.,
Columbus, Ohio); " Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the
United States and Canada, 1925-1927" (H. W. Wilson & Co., New
York City); "A Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals in Canadian
Libraries, 1924" (McGiIl Univ., Montreal, Canada).
Great Britain: "A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published
an the Years 1900-1921 " (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1925).
Holland: " Chemisch Jaarboekje tevens Jaarboekje der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, Vol. 3." (Amsterdam, D. B.
enten, 1920.)
1. Journal of the American Chemical Society.
2. Physical Review.
3. London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science.
4. Journal of the Chemical Society, London. (Memoirs of the
Chemical Society; continued as Quarterly Journal; later
Journal.)
5. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

5B. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). B. Biological
Sciences.
6. Annales de chimie et de physique. See also Nos. 14 and 16.
7. Zeitschrift fr physikalische Chemie, Stchiometrie und
Verwandtschaftslehre.
8. Annalen der Physik. [Journal der Physik, 1790-1794.
Neues Journal der Physik, 1795-1796. Annalen der Physik,
1799-1819; Annalen der Physik und der physikalische Chemie,
1819-1824 (Gilbert). Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
1824-1899 (Poggendorff, Wiedemann). Annalen der Physik,
1900(Drude, Wien and Planck).]
9. Zeitschrift fr Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische
Chemie.
10. Tables annuelles internationales de constantes et donnes
numriques.
11. American Chemical Journal. (Combined with No. 1 in 1914.)
12. American Journal of Science. (American Journal of Science
and Arts, 1820-79; known also as Silliman's Journal of
Science.)
13. Annalen der Chemie, Justus Liebig's.

14. Annales de chimie.
15. Annales des mines ou receuil de mmoires sur l'exploitation
des mines et sur les sciences et les arts qui s'y rattachent.
16. Annales de physique.
20. Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik.
22. Atti della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti
classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali.)
23. Atti della reale accademia delle scienze di Torino.
24. Atti del reale istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti.
25. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft.
27. Bulletin de la socit chimique de France. (Before 1908 was
Bulletin de la socit chimique de Paris.)
28. Bulletin de la socit chimique de Belgique. (Before 1904
was Bulletin de l'association belge des chimistes.)
29. Bureau of Mines, Bulletins.
30. Bureau of Mines, Technical Papers.
31. Bureau of Standards, Scientific Papers.
31A. Bureau of Standards, Bulletin.
32. Bureau of Standards, Technologie Papers.
33. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. (Name changed
July, 1918 from Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering.)
34. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sances de l'acadmie des
sciences, de l'institut de France.
36. Gazetta chimica italiana.
37. Helvetica Chimica Acta.
38. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. (Continues No.
81.)
40. Journal of the American Institute of Metals. See No. 329.
42. Journal de chimie physique.
43. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Imperial University.
45. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. (Name changed
Jan. 1923 from Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.)
46. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (London).
47. Journal of the Institute of Metals (London).
49. Journal de pharmacie et de chimie.
50. Journal of Physical Chemistry.
51. Journal de physique et le radium. (Formed from Le radium
and Journal de physique, thorique et applique.)
52. Journal fr praktische Chemie.
53. Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. (Chemical part.)
54. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.
55. Kolloid-Zeitschrift. (Formerly Zeitschrift fr Chemie und
Industrie der Kolloide.)
56. Mechanical Engineering. (Formerly Journal of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers.)
57. Monatshefte fr Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften.
58. Nature, London.
59. Nuovo Cimento.
60. versikt av Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Frhandlingar.
(Discontinued with Vol. 64, 1921-22.)
62. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Series A, Physical and Mathematical.
63. Physikalische Zeitschrift, vereinigt mit dem Jahrbuch der
Radioaktivitt und Elektronik. See also No. 200.
64P. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam.
64V. Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te
Amsterdam.
65. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
66. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials.
67. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London.

68. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
69. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of
Canada.
70. Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas.
71. Rendiconti dell'accademia dell scienze fisiche e matematiche.
(Classe della societ reale di Napoli.)
72. Rendiconti reale istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere.
74. Revue de mtallurgie.
74E. Revue de mtallurgie, Extraits.
75. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien,
mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse.
76. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
/
77. Stahl und Eisen.
/\
78. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society.
80. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining andMetallurgical Engineers.
81. Transactions of the American Ceramic Society. (Continued in 1917 by No. 38.)
82. Transactions of the Ceramic Society (England).
83. Transactions of the Faraday Society.
85. Transactions of the Optical Society (London).
86. University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletins.
88. Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin.
See also No. 96.
89. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der physikalisch-technischen Reichsanstalt.
91. Zeitschrift fr analytische Chemie.
92. Zeitschrift fr angewandte Chemie.
93. Zeitschrift fr anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. (Name
changed in 1915 from Zeitschrift fr anorganische Chemie.)
94. Zeitschrift fr Krystallographie. (Name changed in 1921
from Zeitschrift fr Krystallographie und Mineralogie.)
95. Zeitschrift fr Metallkunde. (Formerly Internationale Zeitschrift fr Metallographie.)
96. Zeitschrift fr Physik. (Verhandlungen der physikalischen
Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1882-1898; Verhandlungen der
deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1899-1902; Berichte
der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1903-1919; Zeitschrift fr Physik, 1920.)
97. Zeitschrift fr technische Physik.
98. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure.
100. Sprechsaal, Zeitschrift fr die keramischen, Glas- und verwandten Industrien.
101. Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift.
102. Cramique.
103. Keramische Rundschau.
104. Berichte der deutschen keramischen Gesellschaft.
105. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology.
106. Revue gnrale de l'lectricit.
107. Electrical World.
109. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Annual
Reports.
112. Dinglers polytechnisches Journal.
114. Electric Journal.
115. Engineering.
117. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society.
119. Proceedings of the American Institution of Electrical Engineers. (Discontinued in 1919.)
120. General Electric Review.
121. Electrician.
122. Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
See No. 56.
124.
125.
128.
129.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
148.
149.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
166.
168.
169.
172.
173.
174.
176.
182.
Silikat-Zeitschrift.
Archiv fr Elektrotechnik. (Supplement to No. 101.)
Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences.
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports.
Bulletin de l'acadmie des sciences de l'union des republiques
sovitiques socialistes. (Formerly Bulletin de l'acadmie
imprial des sciences de St. Petersburgh; name changed in
1917 to Bulletin de l'acadmie des sciences de Russie; prsent
name dates from 1925.)
Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. (Name
changed in 1921 from Chemical News and Journal of Physical
Science.)
Chemiker Zeitung.
Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser.
Societas scientiarum fennica. Commentationes physicomathematicae.
Ferrum.
Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London.
Journal of Biological Chemistry.
Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Japan. (Formerly Journal of Chemical Industry, Japan.)
Journal of the Franklin Institute.
Zeitschrift fr die gesamte Klte-Industrie.
Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. (Bibliothque
brittanique, 1796-1815; Bibliothque universelle des sciences,
belles-lettres et arts, 1816-1835; Bibliothque universelle de
Genve, 1836-1845; Supplment la bibliothque universelle
de Genve. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles,
1846-1847; Bibliothque universelle de Genve. Archives
des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1848-1857; Bibliothque
universelle, revue suisse et trangre. Archives des sciences
physiques et naturelles, 1858-1861; Bibliothque universelle
et revue suisse. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1862-1877; Bibliothque universelle. Archives des
sciences physiques et naturelles, 1878.)
Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications.
Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Iowa Geological Survey, Bulletin.
Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines.
U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin.
New York State Museum, Bulletin.
Science Reports of the Thoku Imperial University. Series
I, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry.
Arkansas Geological Survey, Annual Reports.
Mitteilungen aus dem kniglichen technischen Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin. See also No. 312.
Mitteilungen aus dem mech.-tech. Laboratorium der technischen Hochschule in Mnchen.
Minnesota, Geological and Natural History Survey.
Colorado, Biennial Report Capitol Managers.
Science.
Communications from the Physical Laboratory at the University of Leiden.
Annales de l'Institut Polytechnique Pierre-le-Grand, Petrograd.
International Congress of Applied Chemistry.
Analyst, London.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Chemisch Weekblad, Amsterdam.
Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London. (Continued as
No. 4.)
184.
185.
186.
187.
American Journal of Pharmacy.

Chemisches Centralblatt.
Bulletin de la classe des sciences, acadmie royale de Belgique.
Metall und Erz, Zeitschrift fr Metalhttenwesen und Erzbergbau, einschl. Aufbereitung.
188. Nachrichten von der kniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gttingen. Geschftliche Mitteilungen; mathematisch-physikalische Klasse.
189. Centralblatt fr Mineralogie, Geologie und Palontologie.
19OB. Neues Jahrbuch fr Mineralogie, Geologie und Palontologie, Beilage Band.
192. Metallurgie. (Divided into Nos. 139 and 187.)
197. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
198. Revue gnrale des sciences pures et appliques.
199. Le Radium. (Merged into No. 51 in 1920.)
200. Jahrbuch der Radioaktivitt und Elektronik. (Combined
with Physikalische Zeitschrift in 1924-)
201. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
204. Photographic Journal.
205. Biochemische Zeitschrift.
208. Physica, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde.
209. Japanese Journal of Chemistry.
210. Scientific Papers, Institute of Physical-Chemical Research,
Tokyo.
212. Transactions of the American Society for Steel Treating.
216. Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata. (Annali di
chimica applicata, 1914; continued as Giornale di chimica
applicata; combined with Giornale di chimica industriale,
Mar1Ch1 192O1 to form Giornale di chimica industriale ed
applicata.)
218. Naturwissenschaften.
219. Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan.
220. Jern-Kontorets Annaler, Stockholm.
223. Journal of General Physiology.
226. Mitteilungen aus dem Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fr Eisenforschung zu Dsseldorf.
227. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine.
230. Biochemical Journal.
231. U. S. Public Health Service, Public Health Reports.
238. Travaux et mmoires du bureau international des poids et
mesures.
242. Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Zrich.
243. Zeitschrift fr Instrumentenkunde.
244. Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers.
248. Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical
Society.
251. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne.
252. Chemische Umschau auf dem Gebiete der Fette, OeIe,
Wachse und Harze. (Before 1916 Chemische Revue ber
die Fett- und Harz Industrie.)
253. Lubrication.
255. Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. (Continued as No. 329.)
257. Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, London. (Before 19OS1
Imperial Institute Journal.)
258. Le cuir. Edition technique. (Name changed Nov., 1923 to
Le cuir technique.)
259. Collegium.
260. Indian Forest Records.
261. Journal of the American Leather Chemists' Association.
262. Journal of the International Society of Leather Trades'
Chemists. (Before Oct., 1925, Journal of the Society of
Leather Trades' Chemists.)
263. Leather Trades' Review.
264. Ledertechnische Rundschau. (Technical supplement of

Der Lederindustrie.)
265. Queensland Agricultural Journal.
267. Philippine Journal of Science.
273. Berichte der pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft. See No. 293.
275. International Sugar Journal.
276. Chemical Age, London.
279. Zeitschrift fr Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel
sowie der Gebrauchsgegenstande. Zeitschrift fr Untersuchung der Lebensmittel.
285. Journal of Mathematics and Physics.
287. Kolloidchemische Beihefte.
290. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.
291. Arbeiten aus dem Reichsgesundheitsamte.
293. Archiv der Pharmazie. (Combined with No. 273 in 1924 to
form Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der deutschen
pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft.)
295. Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers' Association.
296. Kunststoffe, Zeitschrift fr Erzeugung und Verwendung
veredelter oder chemisch hergestellter Stoffe.
299. British Aeronautical Research Committee. Reports and
Memoranda.
306. Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers.
307. Iron and Coal Trades Review.
308. Fortschritte der Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Ptrographie.
309. Bulletin of the Lewis Institute, Structural Materials Research
Laboratory, Chicago.
310. Transactions of the National Lime Manufacturers'
Association.
311. France-Belgique. (Revue de l'ingnieur et index technique
merged with this in 1922.)
312. Mitteilungen aus dem Materialprfungsamt und dem KaiserWilhelm-Institut fr Metallforschung zu Berlin-Dahlem.
(Mitteilungen aus dem kniglichen technischen Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin, 1883-1903; in 1904 became Mitteilungen
aus dem kniglichen Materialprfungsamt zu Gross-Lichterfelde West; later becoming Mitteilungen aus dem kniglichen
Materialprfungsamt zu Berlin-Lichterfelde West; name
changed in 1919 to Mitteilungen aus dem Materialprfungsamt
zu Berlin-Lichterfelde West; name changed in 1920 to Mitteilungen aus dem Materialprfungsamt zu Berlin-Dahlem;
present name dates from 1923.)
313. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Reports of Investigations.
314. Tonindustrie-Zeitung.
315. Memorial des poudres. (Formerly Memorial des poudres et
salptres.)
317. Chemische Industrie. (Combined with No. 92 in 1921;
separated again in 1923.)
324. Canadian Chemistry and Metallurgy.
325. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain.
329. Mining and Metallurgy. (Transactions of the American
Brass Founders' Association, 1908-11; Transactions of the
American Institute of Metals, 1912-16; Journal of the
American Institute of Metals, 1917-18; discontinued in 1918
and incorporated with Bulletin of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers; with No. 148, 1919, this Bulletin became
Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; with No. 154, 1919, name changed again to
Mining and Metallurgy.)
338. Researches of the Electro-technical Laboratory, Tokyo.
340. Philippine Agriculturist.
341. Journal of Agricultural Research.
342. Annales de chimie analytique et de chimie applique et
revue de chimie analytique runies.
343. Zeitschrift fr ffentliche Chemie. (Suspended at end of

1922.)
344. Apotheker Zeitung.
345. Bulletin des sciences pharmacologiques.
346. Malayan Agricultural Journal. (Formerly Bulletin of the
Department of Agriculture, Federated Malay States.)
347. Pharmaceutical Journal and Pharmacist.
348. Cotton Oil Press.
349. Seifensieder-Zeitung und Rundschau ber die Harz-, Fettund lindustrie mit dem Bleiblatt: Der chem.-techn.
Fabrikant.
350. Les matires grasses.
351. Journal of State Medicine, London.
352. Milchwirtschaftliche Zentralblatt. (Name changed in 1912
from Milch-Zeitung.)
353. Academia Caesarea Leopoldino Carolina Germanica naturae
curiosorum.
354. National Physical Laboratory, Collected Researches and
Reports, London.
355. The Engineer, London.
356. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts.
357. Anales de la associacin qumica Argentina. (Name changed
Jan., 1921 from Anales de la sociedad qumica Argentina.)
358. Journal of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists and
Record of Transactions.
359. Petroleum Age. (Petroleum; name changed to Petroleum
Magazine, and then back to Petroleum; in Sept., 1921 combined with Petroleum Age to form Petroleum Age including
Petroleum; name changed back to Petroleum Age, Dec.,
1925.)
360. National Petroleum News.
361. Petroleum, Zeitschrift fr die gesamten Interessen der
Minerall-Industrie und des Minerall-Handels.
(Formerly
Petroleum, Zeitschrift fr die gesamten Interessen der
Petroleum-Industrie und des Petroleum-Handels.)
362. Chemick Listy pro vedu a prumysl.
363. Petroleum Review. (Replaced by No. 364.)
364. Petroleum Times. See No. 363.
365. Bureau of Standards, Circulars.
366. Feuerungstechnik.
367. Oesterreichische Chemiker-Zeitung.
368. Proceedings of the Institution of Automobile Engineers,
London.
369. Gornyi zhurnal.
370. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
Boston.
371. University Geological Survey of Kansas, Reports.
372. Verein zur Befrderung des Gewerbefleisses, Verhandlungen.
373. Chemisch-technisches Repertorium. (Supplement to No.
136.)
374. Oil and Colourman's Journal.
375. Polytechnisches Centralblatt.
376. Automotive Industries.
377. Bulletin de Ia section scientifique de l'acadmie Roumaine.
378. Chimie et industrie.
379. Journal of the Japanese Ceramic Society.
380. Gesundheits-ingenieur.
381. Automobile Engineer and Internal Combustion Engineering.
(Automobile Engineer, London, 1910 to Oct., 1912; Internal
Combustion Engineering, Oct., 1912 to Jan., 1914; present
name since Jan., 1914-)
382. Refrigerating Engineering. (Transactions of the American
Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 1905-13; American
Society of Refrigerating Engineers Journal; present name
dates from Julyy 1922.)
383. Revue gnrale du froid et des industries frigorifiques.

384. Le gnie civil, Paris.
385. Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating
Engineers.
386. Canada Department of Mines.
387. Mineral Industry.
388. versigt av Frhandlingar kongl. Svenska VetenkapsAkademien.
389. South African Journal of Industries. (United with the
Official Labour Gazette of the Union of South Africa in 1925
to form the South African Journal of Industries and Labour
Gazette.)
390. Indian Forest Bulletin.
391. Indian Forester.
392. Indian Forest Pamphlet.
393. American Society for Testing Materials Standards.
394. Fuel in Science and Practice.
395. Engineering and Mining Journal-Press. (Formed in April,
1922 by the combining of Engineering and Mining Journal
with Mining and Scientific Press; name changed July, 1926 to
Engineering and Mining Journal.)
396. Gas Journal. (Formerly Journal of Gas Lighting and Water
Supply.)
397. Gas- und Wasserfach. (Name changed Jan., 1922 from
Journal fr Gasbeleuchtung und verwandte Beleuchtungsarten sowie fr Wasserversorgung.)
398. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society.
399. Colliery Guardian and Journal of the Coal and Iron Trades.
400. Beama.
401. Revue de l'industrie minrale. (Bulletin de la socit
de l'industrie minrale; name changed Jan., 1921 to Revue
de la socit de l'industrie minrale; name changed to Revue
de l'industrie minrale.)
402. Technique moderne.
403. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
404. Engineering News-Record. (Formed by the combining of
Engineering News with Engineering Record.)
405. Glckauf, Berg- und Httenmnnische Zeitschrift.
407. Jornal de Sciencias Matematicas, Physicas e Naturaes,
Lisbon.
408. Journal de mathmatiques pures et appliques (Paris).
(Continues Annales de mathmatiques pures et appliques;
present name dates from 1836.)
409. Bayerisches Industrie- und Gewerbe-Blatt. (Kunst- und
Gewerbe-Blatt, 181568; present name dates from 1869.)
410. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 1819-26; Edinburgh New
Philosophical Journal, 1826-64; Quarterly Journal of Science,
1864-70; Quarterly Journal of Science and Annals of Mining, Metallurgy, Engineering, Industrial Arts, Manufactures and Technology, 1871-79; Monthly Journal of
Science and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Industrial Arts, Manufactures and Technology, 1879-85.
411. Proceedings of the North East Coast Institute of Engineers
and Shipbuilders.
412. Horseless Age. (Merged into Motor Age in 1918.)
413. Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society. (Annual Report
of the Royal Aeronautical Society, 1866-96; superseded by
Aeronautical Journal; later Journal of the Royal Aeronautical
Society.)
414. Mitteilungen ber Forschungsarbeiten auf den Gebiete des
Ingenieurwesens hrsg. vom Vereine deutscher Ingenieure.
415. Journal of the Textile Industry.
416. Brennstoff-Chemie.
417. Iron and Steel Institute Carnegie Scholarship Memoirs.
418. Pottery Gazette and Glass Trade Review.

419. Ohio Journal of Science. (Name changed Nov., 1915 from
Ohio Naturalist.)
420. Bulletin de la socit d'encouragement pour l'industrie
nationale.
421. Journal of West Scotland Iron and Steel Institute.
422. American Machinist.
423. Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Association.
(Journal of the American Foundrymen's Association, 18961904.)
424. Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fr Berg- und Httenwesen.
(Merged into Montanistische Rundschau.)
425. Deutsche Mechaniker-Zeitung. (Beiblatt zur Zeitschrift fr
Instrumentenkunde. )
427. Physikalische Berichte. (Beibltter zu den Annalen der
Physik und Chemie; Beibltter united with Fortschritte der
Physik and Halbmonatliches Literaturverzeichnis to form
Physikalische Berichte.)
428. Repertorium fr Experimental-Physik fr physikalische
Technik fr mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde. (Before 1867 was Repertorium fr physikalische
Technik fr mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde; also known as Carl's Repertorium.)
429. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial
University. (Before 1914 was pwt of Memoirs of the
College of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Imperial
University.)
430. Iron Age.
431. Revue de la socit russe de mtallurgie.
433. Annual Report of the Royal Mint, London.
434. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society.
435. Proceedings of the Institution of British Foundry men.
436. Reports of the Research Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich.
437. Japanese Journal of Physics.
438. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
439. Mmoires et compte rendu des travaux de la socit
ingnieurs civils de France.
440. Metal Industry and the Iron Foundry (London).
441. India Rubber Journal.
442. Annals of Botany.
443. Archief voor Rubbercultuur in Nederlandsch-Indie.
445. Zeitschrift des Vereins der deutschen Zucker-Industrie.
(Before 1898 was Zeitschrift des Vereins fr die Rubenzuckerindustrie.)
446. Zeitschrift fr die Zuckerindustrie der Cechoslovakischen
Republik. (Formerly Zeitschrift fr die Zuckerindustrie in.
Bhmen.)
447. India Rubber World.
449. Caoutchouc et gutta percha.
450. Transactions of the Institution of the Rubber Industry.
456. Gummi-Zeitung.
459. Electrical Review and Industrial Engineer. (Formerly Electrical Review and Western Electrician.)
460. Deutsche Zuckerindustrie, Wochenblatt fr Landwirtschaft,
Fabrikation und Handel.
468. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, Handlingar.
469. Bulletin of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
(Tokyo).
470. Memoirs of the College of Engineering, Kyushu Imperial
University.
471. Army Ordnance.
472. Papier-Fabrikant (Tech.-Wiss. Teil).
473. Cellulosechemie.
B3. Landolt-Brnstein, Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. 5th

ed. Berlin, Springer, 1923.
B4. Singer, Die Keramik im Dienste von Industrie und Volkswirtschaft. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1923.
B5. Rieke and Gary, Die Prfung von Porzellan, 1922. Reprinted
from 104, 3: 5; 22.
B6. Gilchrist and Klinefelter, High Voltage Porcelain Insulators.
Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, Special
Pub. 1690, 1925.
B7. Peek, Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engineering.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1915.
B8. Rziha and Seidener, Starkstromtechnik. Taschenbuch fr
Elektrotechniker. 5th ed. Berlin, Ernst, 1922.
BlO. Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie. Leipzig, Steinkopff,
1912B12. Friese, Das Porzellan als Isolier- und KonstruktionsMaterial in der Elektrotechnik. Klosterlausnitz, 1904.
B26. Hirschwald, Handbuch der bautechnischen Gesteinprfung.
Berlin, Borntraeger, 1912.
B27. Hermann, Gesteine fr Architektur und Sculptur. Berlin,
Borntraeger, 1914.
B28. Johnson, Comparison of Experiments on American and
Foreign Building Stones. New Haven, Hamlen. Reprinted
from American Journal of Science and ArIs1 11: 1; 51.
B29. Merrill, Stones for Building and Decoration. 3rd ed. New
York, Wiley, 1903.
B30. Popplewell and Carrington, Properties of Engineering
Materials. London, Methuen, 1923.
B31. Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission, Die naturlichen

Bausteine und Dachschiefer der Schweiz. Berne, 1915.
B32. U. S. Ordnance Department, Tests of Metals and Other
Materials. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894.
B33. U. S. Geological Survey, The Stone Industry in 1903.
Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903.
B61. Ullmann, Encyclopdie der techn. Chemie. Wien, Urban
and Schwarzenberg, 1914-23.
B68. Abraham, Asphalt and Allied Substances, Their Occurrence, Mode of Production, Uses in the Arts and Methods of
Testing. New York, Van Nostrand, 1920.
B71. Mellor, Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry.
London, Longmans, 1922B72. Bunsen, Gasometrische Methoden. 2nd ed. Braunschweig, 1877.
B73. Berthelot, Thermochimie. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1897.
B74. Rieke, Das Porzellan. Hannover, 1910.
B75. Socit d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Contribution l'tude des argiles et da la cramique. Paris,
Chapuy, 1906.
B76. Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik. Leipzig, Barth, 19058.
B77. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook. 2nd ed. New
York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1914.
B79. de Vries, Estate Rubber. Batavia, Drukkerijen Ruycrok,
1920.
IMPORTANT NOTICE
ANNUAL TABLES OF CONSTANTS AND NUMERICAL DATA
CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL
Published by an International Committee, under the authority of the International
Research Council and the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry
/
TVHE data given in International accessible source of reference to the
JL Critical Tables are based upon de- original determinations.
terminations published previous to JanThrough special arrangements made
uary 1924.
with the International Commission in
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with future progress in physical of International Critical Tables will be
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will be published in 1928.
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Table of Contents
Volume III
P-V-T Relations for One-Phase Systems (Density, Specific Gravity, Thermal Expansion and
Compressibility).
P-V-T Relations in the Gaseous State for Substances Which Are Gases at 0 and 1 Atmosphere
Part I. Standard Density
A-Table: Elements and Atmospheric Air
Part II. Thermal Expansion and Compressibility
P-V-T Relations for Gas Mixtures
N2, Nitrogen
Compressibility
Low Pressures
High Pressures
Empirical Formulae
Virial Coefficients
Thermal Expansion
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
11
17
17
17
17
17
18
19
19
Density and Thermal Expansion of Non-metallic Elementary Substances under Atmospheric

Pressure
I. The Liquid State
II. The Crystalline State
20
20
21
Density and Thermal Expansion of Inorganic Compounds in the Liquid (Including Vitreous)
State under One Atmosphere
B-Table
Density and Specific Volume of Water
Density and Thermal Expansion of Liquid Organic Compounds under Atmospheric Pressure
Units
Methyl Alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol
Density-Temperature Equations
Table 1. Density-Temperature Equations Based on Reliable Data
Table 2. Density-Temperature Equations of Unknown Reliability
Density-Temperature Data for Various Complex Compounds
22
22
24
24
25
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
28
30
33
Table 3. Accurate Values for Densities of Liquid Organic Compounds at Particular

Temperatures
33
The Liquid (Including Vitreous) State under Pressures Higher than Atmospheric. (Density,
Thermal Expansion and Compressibility)
A-Table: Non-Metallic Elements
The Compressibilities of Certain Liquids
35
35
35
35
40
Density and Thermal Expansion of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State, under
Atmospheric Pressure
I. Oxides
II. Halogen Compounds
III. Sulfides
IV. Sulfates
V. Nitrates
VI. Carbonates
VII. Metallo-Organic Compounds
VIII. Various Silicates
IX. Other Compounds
Density and Thermal Expansion of Organic Compounds in the Crystalline State
C-Table
Compressibility of Crystals
1. Non-Metallic Elementary Substances
Compressibility of Pure Metals
Cubic Compressibility of Pure Metals
Hg, Mercury
Linear Compressibility of Pure Metals (Ed.)
Compressibility of Crystalline Compounds, Minerals and Rocks
Crystalline Materials (More Than One Component)
Rocks
43
43
43
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
47
47
49
50
50
51
Density (Specific Gravity) and Thermal Expansion (under Atmospheric Pressure) of Aqueous
Solutions of Inorganic Substances and of Strong Electrolytes
Introduction
Systems Containing One Solute
51
52
54
H2O2 [JAB] CdBr2 [GS]
54
CdBr2 NaI [JAB]
66
NaBrO3 [JAB] CsNO3 [JAB]

Systems Containing More Than One Solute
Density of Saturated Solutions
Temperature of Maximum Density
81
95
104
107
Densities (Specific Gravities) and Thermal Expansion of Aqueous Solutions of Organic

Compounds
Density of Certain Aqueous Organic Solutions
111
115
A. Solutions Containing One Solute Only. Aqueous Solutions of Methyl, Ethyl, and Propyl
Alcohols, Glycerol and Formic and Acetic Acids
B. Solutions Containing More Than One Solute. Both Solutes Are C-Compounds
115
125
Density and Thermal Expansion of Homogeneous Non-Aqueous Mixtures in the Liquid or

Crystalline State (Non-Aqueous Liquid or Solid Solutions)
Introduction
Sec. I. At Least One Component Is an Elementary Substance
2. Systems of More Than Two Components
130
130
131
131
132
Sec. II. All Components Are Chemical Compounds None of Whose Key-Formulae Begins with
16. Standard Arrangement
Sec. III. All Components Chemical Compounds
Sec. IV. All Components Are Chemical Compounds Having Key Formulae Beginning with 16
133
133
135
135
135
142
143
1. Two-Component Systems; CCl4 C2H6O2
143
1. Two-Component Systems; C2H7N C6H5NO3
162
179
1. Two-Component Systems; C6H5NO3 C6H6O

Phase Equilibrium Data
Vapor Pressures of P, S, Se, Te and the Halogens
The Liquid State up to One Atmosphere
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere
Vapor Pressures of the Atmospheric Gases
I. Vapor Pressures up to Two Atmospheres
1. Two-Phase, CrystalVapor, Sublimation Pressures
2. Two-Phase, LiquidVapor
II. Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere
Vapor Pressures of the Metals
Vapor Pressure of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State
C-Table
The Vapor Pressures of Ice and Water up to 100C
196
199
201
201
201
202
202
202
203
203
203
204
207
207
208
210
Vapor Pressures of Chemical Compounds in the Liquid State for Pressures up to Two
Atmospheres
213

Vapor Pressures of Organic Liquids
C-Table
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities Above One Atmosphere
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Volumes for H2O, NH3, CO2 and SO2 above One Atmosphere
213
215
215
228
228
233
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere, Two-Phase, LiquidVapor,
Organic Compounds
Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities of Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen Derivatives
Hydrocarbons
Halogen Derivatives
Correction of Boiling Points to Normal Atmospheric Pressure
Critical-Point Data
Adsorption at Solid Surfaces and Solubility of Gases in Metals of the Platinum Group
Introduction
Gases on Charcoal
Gases on Glass and Silicates
Gases on Silica Gel
Adsorption of Liquids
Adsorption on Charcoal from Solutions
Adsorption on Crystalline Substances
Adsorption on Glass
Adsorption on Gels from Solution
Adsorption on Fibers
Adsorption on Miscellaneous Materials
Adsorption and Solubility of Gases in Metals of the Platinum Series
Solubilities of Gases in Liquids
Mathematical Relations and Conventions
Solubilities of Gases in Water
A-Table: Elementary Gases and Atmospheric Air
Solubilities of Gases in Non-Aqueous Pure Liquids
C-Table: Solubilities of Organic Compounds
The Solubility of Gases in Molten Metals and Alloys
The Solubility of Gases in Solutions
Table
Solubility of Gases in Colloidal Solutions in Water
Partial Vapor Pressures from Alloys, Amalgams and Solutions of Metals in Liquid Ammonia
237
237
244
244
245
246
248
249
250
250
251
251
251
251
252
252
252
252
253
253
254
255
255
255
258
261
261
264
265
270
271
271
281
284
Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Systems at Constant Temperature, Two Components Volatile, Partial

and Total Vapor Pressures
I. Two-Component Systems
II. Three-Component Systems
Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Isothermal Systems, Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Aqueous Solutions
The Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of Commercial Acids
Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of HCl
Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide
284
284
291
292
292
293
299
300
301
301
302
Vapor Pressures, Normal Boiling Points, and Latent Heats of Vaporization for Aqueous
Solutions of H2SO4
302
Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of HNO3, mm Hg

The Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH, HBr and HI
Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points and Vapor Compositions for the System
H2OH2SO4HNO3
Variation of Boiling Point with Composition, for Liquid Mixtures of Volatile Constituents
A-B-Table: Standard Arrangement
Non-Aqueous Mixtures
C-Table: C-Compounds
Constant-Boiling (Azeotropic) Mixtures
Two-Component Mixtures with Minimum Boiling Point
Effect of Pressure upon Azeotropic Mixtures
Two-Component Mixtures with Maximum Boiling Point
Three-Component Mixtures
Boiling-Point Elevations, Non-Volatile Solutes
Introduction
The Solvent Is an Elementary Substance
The Solvent Is a Chemical Compound
The Solvent Is an Inorganic Compound
The Solvent Is an Organic Compound
Four- and Five-Component Systems
304
306
306
308
309
309
311
312
314
318
318
322
323
323
324
324
324
324
325
328
328
330
347
349
P-T-X Relations for Systems of Two or More Components and Containing Two or More Phases
(L-V, LI-LII-V and S-L-V Systems)
Two-Component SystemsNon-Aqueous
Two-Component SystemsAqueous
Non-Aqueous Systems Containing Three or More Components
Systems Containing Three or More ComponentsAqueous
Relative Efficiencies of Drying Agents
Phase-Equilibrium Data
Solubility of Liquids in Liquids. Two Component Systems
Sec. 1. The A-Component is H2O
Sec. 2. The Key-Formula of Neither Component Begins with 16. Standard Arrangement
351
351
351
358
361
374
376
385
386
386
387
393
Sec. 3. The A-Component Key-Formula Does Not Begin with 16; the B-Component KeyFormula Begins with 16
Sec. 4. Both A- and B-Component Key-Formulae Begin with 16
394
394
Phase Equilibria for Three-Component Systems Containing Two Liquid Phases, the Complete
Composition of at Least One of which Is Known
Explanation of Diagrams and Tables
Metallic Systems
Aqueous Systems
Non-Aqueous Systems
Special Tables
398
398
400
400
403
403
Phase-Equilibrium Data for Condensed Systems Containing Two Liquid Phases with a Third
Component in Distribution Equilibrium Between Them, the Two Liquid Phases Being Practically
Non-Miscible; Distribution Coefficients
Symbols, Units and Conventions
A-B-Table: Aqueous Systems
C-Table: Aqueous Systems
Miscellaneous Table
418
418
419
422
433
P-V-T Relations in the Gaseous State for Substances which Are Liquid or Solid at 0 and 1
Atmosphere
A-Tables: Elementary Substances
B-Tables: Chemical Compounds
Compressibility of Solutions
Aqueous Solutions
435
435
436
439
439
440
441
INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES

P-V-T RELATIONS FOR ONE-PHASE SYSTEMS
(DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, THERMAL EXPANSION AND COMPRESSIBILITY)
COMPLETE INDEX
INDEX COMPLET
GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS
INDICE COMPLETO
Systmes un constituant
Einkomponenten-Systeme
Sistemi ad un componente
PAGB
Stato gassoso.*
Tutte le sostanze che a
O0C e 1 atmosfera sono
gassose
3
Tutte le sostanze che a
O0C e 1 atmosfera sono
liquide o solide
435
Liquidi e loro vapori saturi
densit ortobare).
The gaseous state. *

All substances which are
gases at O0C and 1 atm.
All substances which are liquid
or solid at O0C and 1 atm.
Liquids and their saturated vapors (orthobaric densities).
Elementary substances.
P, S, Se, Te and the
halogens.
H2, N2, O2 and the zerogroup elements.
Chemical compounds.
-Table.
The liquid (including vitreous
state under atmospheric
pressure^ (thermal expansion) .
Non-metallic.
Metallic.
Chemical compounds.
-Table.
The liquid (including vitreous)
state under pressures higher
than atmospheric (density^
thermal expansion and compressibility).
Non-metallic.
Metallic.
Chemical compounds.
-Table.
* See also Vol. I, p. 102.
t This chapter covers only data
showing the variation of density or
volume with temperature. For additional density data at single temperatures, see Vol. I, p. 98-314 and
338-347.
Gasfrmiger Zustand. *
L'tat gazeux. *
Alle Stoffe die bei O0C und l
Toutes les substances qui
0
Atmosphre Gase sind.
sont des gaz O C et 1 atm.
Toutes les substances qui
sont liquides ou solides
O0C et 1 atm.
Liquides et leurs vapeurs saturantes (densits orthobares).
Substances lmentaires.
P, S, Se, Te et les halognes.
H2, N2, O2 et les lments
du groupe zro (gaz
nobles).
Composs chimiques.
Table .
L'tat liquide (y compris l'tat
vitreux) sous la pression
atmosphrique^ (dilatation
thermique).
Non-mtalliques.
Mtalliques.
Composs chimiques.
Table .
L'tat liquide (y compris l'tat
vitreux) des pressions
suprieures la pression
atmosphrique (densit, dilatation thermique et compressibilit).
Non-mtalliques.
Mtalliques.
Composs chimiques.
Table .
* Voir aussi Vol. I, p. 102.
t Ce chapitre ne comprend que les
donnes indiquant la variation de la
densit ou du volume avec la temprature. Pour d'autres donnes de
densit une seule temprature,
voir Vol. I, p. 98-314 et 338-347.
Alle Stoffe die bei O0C und l

Atmosphre flssig oder
fest sind.
Flssigkeiten und deren gesttigte
Dmpfe (Dichte der Dmpfe
und Flssigkeiten im koexistierenden Zustand).
Elementare Stoffe.
P, S, Se, Te, und Halogene.
H2, N2, O2 und Edelgase.
Elementi
P, S, Se, Te, ed alogeni 202
H2, N2, O2 e gas nobili 203
Chemische Verbindungen.
-Tabellen.
Der flssige (einschliesslich dem
glasigen) Zustand unter Atmosphren Druck^ (thermische Ausdehnung).
Elementare Stoffe.
Nichtmetalle.
Metalle.
-Tabellen.
Der flssige (einschliesslich dem
glasigen) Zustand
unter
Drucken hher als eine
Atmosphre (Dichte, thermische Ausdehnung und
Kompressibilitt).
Elementare Stoffe.
Nichtmetalle.
Metalle.
-Tabellen.
Composti
Tabella
228
Liquidi (compresi i vetri)
alla pressione atmosferica^
(dilatazione
termica).
Elementi.
Non metalli
20
Metalli.... Voi. II, p. 457
Composti.
. Tabella
22
Liquidi (compresi i vetri)
a pressione pi elevate
dell'atmosferica (densit, dilatazione termica e compressibilit).
* Siehe auch Bd. I, S. 102.

t Dieser Abschnitt enthlt nur
Angaben ber die nderung der
Dichte oder des Volumens mit der
Temperatur. Weitere Angaben ber
Dichten bei einzelnen Temperaturen,
siehe Bd. I, S. 98-314 und 338-347.
* Vedi anche Vol. I, p. 102.

t Questo capitolo contiene solo
notizie sulla variazione della densit
e del volume in funzione della temperatura. Per ulteriori notizie sulle
densit a singole temperature, vedi
Vol. I, p. 98-314 e 338-347,
Elementi.
Non metalli
Metalli
Composti.
Tabella
35
46
35
INDEX.(Continued)
MATIRES.(Suite)
The crystalline state under atmospheric pressurei (thermal expansion).

Non-metallic.
Metallic.
Chemical compounds.
-Table.
The crystalline state for pressures higher than atmospheric (density, thermal
expansion and compressibility).
Non-metallic.
Metallic.
Chemical compounds.
-Table.
L'tat cristallin la pression

atmosphrique^, (dilatation
thermique).
Non-mtalliques.
Mtalliques.
Composs chimiques.
Table .
L'tat cristallin des pressions
Non-m et alliques.
Mtalliques.
Composs chimiques.
Table .
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS.(Fortsetzung)
Kristalliner Zustand unter Atmosphren Drucki (thermische Ausdehnung).
Elementare Stoffe.
Nichtmetalle.
Metalle.
-Tabellen.
Kristalliner
Zustand
unter
Atmosphre (Dichte, thermische Ausdehnung und
Kompressibilitt).
Elementare Stoffe.
Nichtmetalle.
Metalle.
-Tabellen.
Systems of More Than One

Component
The gaseous state.
The liquid state under atmospheric pressure.
Aqueous solutions.
Solutions containing one
solute only.
Systmes de plus d'un

constituant
L'tat gazeux.
L'tat liquide la pression
atmosphrique.
Solutions aqueuses.
Solutions ne contenant qu'
un corps dissout.
Systeme mit mehr als einer

Komponente
Gasfrmiger Zustand.
Flssiger Zustand unter Atmosphren Druck.
Wssrige Lsungen.
Lsungen mit nur einem
gelsten Stoff.
A--Table.
-Table.
Solutions containing more
than one solute.
A--Table.
(T-Table.
Non-aqueous solutions.
Non-metallic liquids.
Table 2K-.
Table (L.
Solutions contenant plus
d'un corps dissout.
Table 2V-.
Table (L.
Solutions non-aqueuses.
Liquides non-mtalliques.
^--Tabellen.
(T-Tabellen.
Lsungen, mehrere gelste
Stoffe enthaltend.
^--Tabellen.
(T-Tabellen.
Nicht wssrige Lsungen.
Nichtmetallische Flssigkeiten.
Legierungen und Amalgame.
Flssiger Zustand unter Drucken
hher als eine Atmosphre
(Dichte, thermische Ausdehnung und Kompressibilitt).
Alloys and amalgams.
Alliages et amalgames.
The liquid state under pressures

higher than atmospheric
(density, thermal expansion
and compressibility).
L'tat liquide des pressions

Liquides non .mtalliques.
Non-metallic liquids.
The crystalline state under atmospheric pressure.
Non-metallic " solid solutions."
Alloys.
The crystalline state under pressures higher than atmospheric.
Non-metallic " solid solutions."
L'tat cristallin la
atmosphrique.
"Solutions solides"
talliques.
Alliages.
L'tat cristallin des
suprieures la
atmosphrique.
11
Solutions solides"
talliques.
I See also Vol. I, p. 98-314 and

338-347.
Voir aussi Vol. I, p. 98-314 et

338-347.
pression
non-mpressions
pression
non-m-
INDICE.(Continuazione)
PAGE
Stato cristallino alla pressione atmosferica (dilatazione termica).

Elementi.
Non metalli
Metalli. . . Voi. II, p.
Composti.
Tabella
Stato cristallino a pressioni
all'atmosfesuperiori
rica (densit, dilatazione termica e compressibilit).
Elementi.
Non metalli
Metalli
Composti.
Tabella
21
456
43
46
46
49
Sistemi con pi di un
componente
Gas
Liquidi alla pressione atmosferica.
Soluzioni acquose.
Soluzioni contenenti
una sola sostanza
disciolta.
Tabella -
Tabella (L
Soluzioni contenenti
pi sostanze disciolte
Tabella -
Tabella (L
Soluzioni non acquose.
Liquidi non metallici..
17
51
Ili
95
125
130
Leghe ed amalgame...
Vol. II, p. 358
Liquidi a pressioni superiori
ad una atmosfera (densit, dilatazione termica e compressibilit).
Nichtmetallische Flssigkeiten.
Kristalliner Zustand unter Atmosphren Druck.
Nichtmetallische feste Lsungen.
Legierungen.
Kristalliner
Zustand
unter
Atmosphre.
Nichtmetallische feste Lsungen.
Stato cristallino alla pressione atmosferica.

Soluzioni solide non metalliche
130
Leghe
Voi. II, p. 358
Stato cristallino a pressioni superiori ad una
atmosfera.
Soluzioni solide non
metalliche
50
Siehe auch Bd. I, S. 98-314 und

338-347.
Vedi anche Vol. I, p. 98-314 e 338347.
Liquidi non metallici
439
P-V-T
RELATIONS IN THE GASEOUS STATE FOR SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE GASES AT

0 AND 1 ATMOSPHERE
S. F. PICKERING
PAGE
Density and molai volume under standard conditions

Thermal expansion and compressibility
Elementary gases and atmospheric air, 2\-Table
Chemical compounds, -Table
Gas mixtures
3
3
3
11
17
PART I. STANDARD DENSITY
l1
Formula
POô(O 0 , Oatm.)
+ x " Piî(Q0, u.) ' v,
Formula , ,_j
weight, ^J* f .
M
' 1An
_ M(I
Lit.
ds
+ X)
1 -f X
Lit.
DO
2\-Table.Elements and Atmospheric Air

A
39.91
1.7832
(55, 71,112, i.o009o (54, ss, ioo) 22.401
Cl2
F2
H2
70.916 3.214
( 61 )
38.000 1.696
( 78 )
2.0154 0.08988 ( 42 92 > 93 0.99939 (**, ^ 9 *
124)
He
4.00
0.1785
131)
16 42 50
131,
Kr
N 2 (chem.)
82.9
28.016
0.99954 (*
20.2
32.00
22.410
>
> 22.398
97)
140)
3.708
(91,139)
1.2505? (37,82,87, 1.00047 ( 4 9 , 5 2 , 5 4 , 22.413
88, 146)
N 2 (atm.)
Ne
O2
51
54, 99, 1 3 8 )
9 54
55
74, 125,
37, 58, 60,
59, 67, 74,
69, 84, 89,
145)
90, 92, 94,

122,
145,
Rn
Xe
Air
9.73
5.85l
1.2929
222
130.2
134,
153)
(3*)
(91, 139)
( > *** 41 1.0006i
34
(54, 55)
46, 68, 86,

107, 114,
136)
A-Table.Chemical Compounds
Standard arrangement (v. p. viii)
Cl2O
HCl
HBr
HI
SO2
H2S
H2Se
H2Te
NO
N2O
NH3
86.916
36.4657
80.9237
127.9397
64.065
34.0804
81.2154
129.5154
30.008
44.016
17.0311
3.89
1.6392
3.6445
5.789i
2.9269
1.539
3.670
4.49*
1.3402
1.977s
0.7710
NOCI
PH3
PF5
POF3
AsH3
SbH3
CO
CO2
65.466
34.0471
126.024
104.024
77.9831
124.7931
28.000
44.000
2.992
1.5294
5.81
4.8
3.48
5.3Of
1.2504
1.9769
16.0308
26.0154
28.0308
30.0462
44.0616
58.077
46.0462
34.0231
50.4811
0.7168
1.173
1.2604
1.3566
2.020
2.673
2.1098
1.5402
2.3076
C 33 )
(24,122)
(so, 120)
( 30 > 148 )
(40, 122)
( 12 )
(23)
( 32 )
(37, 45, 122)
(47, 77, H6)
(48, 75, no,
122,
CH4
C2H2
C2H4
C2H6
C3H8
ISO-C4Hw
(CHs)2O
CH3F
CH3Cl
(i")
(o, 120)
(^8)
(U. )
(? 4 )
( 23 )
22.411
22.411
22.432
22.414
22.369
22.391
I.OOII (5,9,59,123)22.420
1.0074 (9, 39, 117) 22.420
i.oiSi
(74)
22.423
154)
O* 3 )
( 132 )
(76)
(77)
( 31 )
<127)
(77, lis)
27 48 68
( >
115,
13
1.0074
1.00929
1.015
l.024o
1.010
1.012
.0005
.007Oe
^0-C4H9F
COS
CH3NH2
(CHs)2NH
(CHg)8N
SiH4
Si2H6
SiF4
SiH3Cl
SiH3(CH3)
SiH2(CH3),
SiH2Cl(CH3)
SiHCl2(CH3)
GeH4
(CHi)1B
Formula
. Ux 1/r
weight,
M
92.5273
60.065
31.0465
45.0619
59.0773
32.0908
62.1662
104.06
66.5411
46.1062
60.1216
80.5565
115.0068
76.4108
55.8893
* 3/air 3. f 15, 754 mm.
d8,
nj
gl *
.A
O , IA
n
2.58
2.72
1.396
1.966
2.580
1.44
2.85
4.684
3.03
2.08
2.73
3.64
5.3
3.420
2.5^
J 21/air 21.
T .,
Lit.
(^)
(133)
(*$)
(95)
(95)
(128)
(128)
(36)
(129)
(129)
(129)
(129)
(129)
(26)
(130)
17.
PART H. THERMAL EXPANSION AND COMPRESSIBILITY

o,* = T-, the coefficient of expansion at constant pressure,
146)
1.2568
(107
)
0.9002
( 139 )
0.999e (53,54, loi) 22.430
15 22 34
1.42904 ( > > 1.00094 ( 1( >> 44 52 > 22.4137
114,
.
Formula
O23)
(44)
22.404
22.414
Po, between 0 and tt 0C

o.t = T-~)
the coefficient at constant volume, V0, between 0
tpo
and t, 0C
2K-Table.Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air
A, Argon
100 (53, 55)
p m
Oto
Oto
Oto
Oto
Oto
Oto
He
fe
5O0C
IQO0C
15O0C
20O0C
30O0C
4OQ0C
0
0.3660 0.3660
1
0.3678 0.3676 0.3675 0.3673 0.3672 0.3671
5
0.3716 0.3711
10
0.3826 0.3804 0.3793 0.3780 0.3772 0.3761
15
0.3826 0.3811
20
0.4004 0.3955 0.3930 0.3903 0.3881 0.3860
25
0.3934 0.3908
30
0.4176 0.4104 0.4064 0.4026 0.3986 0.3955
35
0.4038 0.4001
40
0.4348 0.4251 0.4195 0.4146 0.4089 0.4047
45
0.4138 0.4091
50
0.4507 0.4390 0.4321 0.4259 0.4187 0.4135
55
0.4235 0.4177
60
0.4662 0.4525 0.4442 0.4369 0.4282 0.4218
65
0.4327 0.4259
70
0.4813 0.4656 0.4556 0.4473 0.4371 0.4298
75
0.4886 0.4720 0.4610 0.4524 0.4415 0.4336
80
0.4456 0.4372
100/3 (53, SS)
119)
( 64 )
.0024
(64)
(126, iso)
(57, ISO)
>010
4
9 44
( )
.0078o
( )
(is, 12 6)
135
C )
( 106 )
(> ll)
1.0254
(7 9)
(5)
1.018l
( 3 )
(8, 11, 144) 1.Q244 (8,n,i4,i44)
22.418
22.400
22.413
22.379
22.416
22.410
0
1
5
10
15
O to
5O0C
O to
IQO0C
O to
15O0C
O to
20O0G
0.3676
0.3675
0.3675
0.3674
0.3801
0.3794
0.3796
0.3790
O to
30O0C
O to
40O0C
0.3660
0.3674
0.3728
0.3796
0.3863
0.3660
0.3674
0.3727
0.3794
0.3860
O to
5O0C
~200.3957
25
30
0.4109
35
40
0.4255
50
0.4397
60
0.4539
65
0.4609
100/3 = 0.3671,
i
-Jf
A
i 4!
II
fe
A, Argon.(Continued)
100/8 ( 53 > 5S)
O to
O to
O to
IQO0C
15O0C
20O0C
0.3940 0.3937 0.3930
0.4085
0.4081
0.4070
0.4228
0.4371
0.4224
0.4360
0.4209
O to
30O0C
0.3931
0.3998
0.4066
0.4112
0.4158
O to
40O0C
0.3926
0.3991
0.4055
O to 20, p at 0 = 0.76 m (ioo).
s?
g
^
A
i 4*
II
2 000
-0.083 6 000
2 500 -0.034 7 000
3000
0.000 8000
4 000 -1-0.049 9 000
5 OOP I 0.085 10 000
I
J
A
0.112 11 000
0.134 12 000
0.152 13000
0.167 14 000
0.180 15 QQO
i 45
I
a
-
1-3
0.190
0.201
0.209 \ (i, 20)
0.217
Q.224J |
p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and l atm.; range, O to 100 atm.

(53, 54, 55)
0
-10O C
- 5O0C
O0C
+ 5O0C
10O0C
15O0C
20O0C
30O0C
4QO0C
pv = 0.6346 - 0.022872p - 0.041021p - 0.09130p

pv = 0.8178 - 0.021687p + 0.0679p2 + 0.O9IOOp4
pv = 1.0010 - 0.03986p + 0.05237p2
pv = 1.1842 - 0.03492p + 0.05179p2
pv = 1.3674 - 0.03192p + 0.05161p2
pv = 1.5506 + 0.0452p + 0.05124p2
pv = 1.7338 + 0.03208p + 0.05112p2
pv = 2.1002 + 0.03501p + 0.0646p2
pv = 2.4666 + 0.03683p
Leiden Temperature Scale (v. Vol. I, p. 54)
v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. ( 1 OO)
P)
*~'
pv
atm.
^
+20.390C
21.783 1.0627
27.320 1.0606
34.487 1.0582
37.673 1.0535
49.604 1.0483
61.741 1.0420
-87.050C
16.178 0.6432
21.651 0.6282
33.296 0.5965
41.094 0.5752
51.533 0.5446
61.830 0.5159
P)
*_' | rpv
atm.
H-18.390C
37.264 1.0526
49.586 1.0471
62.489 1.0405
-102.510C
14.864 0.5813
19.790 0.5642
32.394 0.5205
40.976 0.4878
45.088 0.4706
51.398 0.4435
56.882 0.4194
62.239 0.3939
-115.860G
-115.860C
31.323 0.4478 53.204 0.2957
37.788 0.4138 57.493 0.2442
41.908 0.3880 61.626 0.1929
46.648 0.3547
50.324 0.3244
P)
P)
f'
;'
pv
atm.
^pv atm.
0.0O0C " -57.720C
20.576 0.9856 17.872 0.7602
26.070 0.9808 25.228 0.7465
31.572 0.9774 35.127 0.7300
36.743 0.9725 46.209 0.7115
49.871 0.9620 62.079 0.6845
62.230 0.9526
-109.880C
-113.8O0G
14.443 0.5504 31.001 0.4622
18.653 0.5359 38.005 0.4276
31.515 0.4838 42.682 0.4001
39.166 0.4493 47.655 0.3689
43.718 0.4254 51.752 0.3389
49.515 0.3944 52.188 0.3358
54.250 0.3658 55.763 0.3062
59.616 0.3297 55.991 0.3030
58.898 0.2765
-116.620C ~ -116.620C
13.863 0.5235 46.496 0.3478
17.697 0.5065 50.259 0.3147
30.681 0.4470 50.447 0.3119
37.250 0.4113 54.922 0.2615
41.943 0.3806 60.669 0.1831
f'
epv
atm.
-119.2O0G""
13.766 0.5123
17.378 0.4970
30.303 0.4299
34.052 0.4090
37.641 0.3887
37.923 0.3836
-121.21C~
13.754 0.5033
17.225 0.4882
30.122 0.4215
34.070 0.3981
37.465 0.3734
45.282 0.3040
47.094 0.2769
49.865 0.2130
50.885 0.1525
f'
pv
atm. ^
-119.2O0C
43.006 0.3441
47.272 0.3023
51.679 0.2321
53.044 0.1929
54.244 0.1610
f'
pv
atm. ^ J
-120.240G
30.809 0.4242
33.776 0.4078
37.836 0.3812
41.668 0.3516
44.510 0.3265
f'
pv
atm. r
-120.24~
47.705 0.2877
50.351 0.2438
52.253 0.1864
53.191 0.1569
-130.380G
^139.620G
-149.6Q0CT"
12.773 0.4662 11.986 0.4262 11.150 0.3820
15.664 0.4511 14.586 0.4100 12.788 0.3691
22.861 0.4096
25.519 0.3918
28.878 0.3711
H2, Hydrogen
p,
,
.
2
Kg/cm
toooo
3O0C
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 000
13 OQO
19 20
?S^*(
' )
VP^/Ot 1
- fp) cmVg
I
-2.25
0.00
1.12
1.84
2.35
2.77
3.09
3.38
3.63
3.86
4.09
4.32
650G
3O0C
0.00
1.14
1.88
2.44
2.88
3.21
3.46
3.68
3.88
4.04
4.21
2.43
3.04
3.66
4.30
4.85
5.40
5.95
6.47
6.97
7.45
7.89
8.28
650C
3.18
3.84
4.47
5.08
5.66
6.23
6.82
7.38
7.93
8.47
9.00
* Assuming ^3000 = 11.64 and 12.17 cm3/g at 30 and 65 respectively (Amagat).
p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm.; range O to 100 atm.* (Si,

53, 54, 138, 147)
0
-207.9 C
-1830C
-15O0C
-10O0C
- 5O0C
O0C
+ 2O0C
5O0C
10O0C
2OQ0C
pv = 0.2388 - 0.021077p + 0.06242p2 +

0.062704p3 - 0.081785p5
pv = 0.3299s - 0.03247p -f 0.06381p2
pv = 0.4506s + 0.03132p + 0.05200p2
pv = 0.6336 + 0.03408p -J- 0.0690p2
pv = 0.8165 + 0.03540p + 0.0650p2
pv = 0.99938 + 0.03624p -f 0.0a20p2
pv = 1.0726 -f 0.03645p + 0.0612p2
pv = 1.1824 + 0.03676p
pv = 1.3653 + 0.03695p
pv = 1.7310 + 0.03701p
* At O and 20 ( 1 3 8 ) covers a range from O to 200 atm.
^P
atm.
Leiden Temperature Scale

v = 1.0000 at O0G and 1 atm. (IQg)
P)
P)
P)
pv
*_'
pv
:_
pu
pv
^
atm. ^
atm. ^
atm. ^
0
0
-182.74 G I -203.97 G
-103.570C I -139.890C
38.414 0.6376 29.8000.4954
45.000 0.6402 35.1320.4976
51.489 0.6433 40.1720.4991
20 159
'
22.995
23.010
26.255
26.281
29.530
'3274 16.0700.2425
0.3272 19.3350.2412
0.3273 21.7640.2400
0.3271
0.3271
0.3270

H2, Hydrogen.(Continued)
v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm.
pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm.
(l 05) .(Continued)
(2 9) .(Continued)
^
pv
atm.
-212.730C I
14.571 0.2074
16.539 0.2057
18.443 0.2039
-225.370C I
10.898 0.1566
12.424 0.1541
13.685 0.1520
-236 280C I
?'
pv
atm.
-217.320C
13.2880.1889
15.0520.1871
16.8120.1851
13.1990.1890
14.8750.1872
16.5580.1853
-231.380C
9.4720.1315
10.2910.1296
11.4020.1268
-238 290C
8 663 O 1093
8.3100.0998
?'
pv
^
pv
atm.
atm.
-217.330C | -225.360cT
53.52 0.1635 43.47 JO.1185
56.52 0.1642 48.68 0.1191
55.85 0.1225
-231.4O0C | -236.310C
0.0952 17.91 0.0668
23 44
o 0889 18 62 0.0632
26 40
0.0872 21.89 0.0525
27.43
28.54 0.0856 22.45 0.0524
30.28 0.0837 23.00 0.0518
31.11 0.0831 24.11 0.0517
32.29 0.0826 24.83 0.0519
-^^^~^^^81 zz Hf2; s S'S

^ 4 ' 04
Values of pv
Each individual value in this table has been experimentally
determined (151,152,156)
P,
atm.
^
atm.
299.1 | 399.3
50
1.0330
1.2182 1.4026
1.7684
1.0639
1.1336
1.2045
1.2775
1.4226
1.5665
1.7107
1.2521 1.4359
1.3272 1.5105
1.3986 1.5836
1.4720 1.6563
1.6160 1.7999
1.7582 1.9415
1.9006 2.0839
1.8030 2.1700
1.8804 2.2502
1.9556 2.3240
2.0295 2.3977
2.1726 2.5394
2.3157 2.6762
2.4568 2.8125
"
P
1
500
1000
1100
1200
O0G
1.0000
1.3565
1.7260
1.8007
1.8690
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
'
-^1 **** U.U4U
39.42 0.0838 34.77 0.0607

42.37 0.0858 40.64 0.0675
43 QQ Q 0911
-238.290C | -239.910C
P
| 99.85 | 198.9
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
13.62 0.0288
13.77 0.0286
S
14 05
_243 880C
0-0286
14.25 0.0286
>0767
6.191
14.45 0.0286
6.192
-,;6^
14.78 0.0288
15.59 0.0294
6.392
0.0752
6.604
0.0735
23 Q5
0 0421 17 67 0.0317
6 619
'
-0734
25.87 0.0453 20.94 0.0357
0
pv = 1.0000 at O C and 1 atm. 29 79 Q.0499 23.43 0.0388
( 29 )
38.08 0.0598 24.08 0.0396
p,
t p,
43.47 0.0665 25.86 0.0419
PV
pv
atm.
45.50 0.0690 28.76 0.0455
atm.
-217.330C I -225.360C
- 239.920C 29-25 0.0462
3 4 . 2 4 0 . 1 6 9 5 28.75 0.1280 1 2 . 9 6 0 . 0 4 3 4 31'62 -0491
36.98 0.1677 33.38 0.1231 13.01 0.0408 33'^ -0509
40.21 0.1659 36.83 0.1205 13.03 0.0397 38'38 -0576
47 94
44.09 0.1645 38.13 0.1198
'
-0693
48.33 0.1637 39.51 0.1192
51.46 0.0735
pv
I 50
i.oooo
- '-y "'rr S.2 S:SS:SSS

239.90 C I
241.88 U
7.512 0.0940 6.8210.0858
7.843 0.0924 6.8200.0858
8.155 0.0910 7.1170.0840
9 0.0542
17.60 0.0401
18 00
'
-0391
18.95 0.0390
20.07 0.0395
20.90 0.0402
22.79 0.0420
pv (3)
15.40G
2.5141
2.6054
2.6800
2.7625
47.30C
1.7780
1.8535
1.9248
1.8930
1.9635
2.0334
1.9383
2.0048
2.0700
2.1352
2.2006
1.9929
2.0608
2.1270
2.1920
2.2542
2.1027
2.1714
2.2395
2.3072
2.3732
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2.2644
2.3275
2.3890
2.4496
2.5102
2.3184
2.3835
2.4450
2.5074
2.5707
2.4372
2.5004
2.5614
2.6229
2.6840
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2.5714
2.6340
2.6950
2.7547
2.8134
2.6323
2.6940
2.7525
2.8145
2.8701
2.7473
2.8092
2.8700
2.9289
2.9889
2800
2900
3000
2.8686
2.9260
2.9812
3.0375
3.0464
3.1059
IOOCE (142)
Virial Coefficients of Hydrogen

pv = A -j- B/#; Leiden temperature scale; v = 1.00000 at O0C and
latm. (l)
T, 0K
90.23
69.86
20.55
20.53
18.16
16.65
15.64
14.50
18.22
A
0.33019
0.25562
0.07518
0.07516
0.06647
0.06094
0.05725
0.05306
0.06666
B
-0.000120
-0.000194
-0.000470
-0.000474
-0.000505
-0.000527
-0.000553
-0.000581
-0.000506
atm
'
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Oto
+10O0C
0.3661
0.3665
0.3646
0.3637
0.3629
0.3620
0.3611
0.3602
0.3594
0.3585
0.3576
0.3567
0.3558
Oto
0
Oto
Oto
Oto
+2Q G
-770C
-1040C
-1470C
0.3655
0.3647
0.3639
0.3631
0.3623
0.3615
0.3608
0.3601
0.3593
0.3586
0.3578
0.3571
0.3658
0.3652
0.3646
0.3640
0.3635
0.3629
0.3623
0.3618
0.3613
0.3608
0.3602
0.3596
0.3661
0.3656
0.3652
0.3648
0.3644
0.3640
0.3635
0.3631
0.3626
0.3621
0.3616
0.3611
0.3666
0.3667
0.3668
0.3669
0.3670
0.3670
0.3669
O.3668
0.3666
0.3663
0.3659
0.3654
H2, Hydrogen.(Continued)
Po, atm.
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
O to
-1830C
QQ" ( 142 )
O to
O to
-19Q0C
-2050C
O to
-2120G
0.3674
0.3680
0.3688
0.3697
0.3704
0.3710
0.3715
0.3721
0.3724
0.3727
0.3728
0.3728
0.3678
0.3685
0.3696
0.3707
0.3716
0.3724
0.3731
0.3738
0.3742
0.3746
0.3748
0.3749
0.3691
0.3711
0.3732
0.3754
0.3774
0.3792
0.3808
0.3821
0.3830
0.3835
0.3838
0.3841
O to
15.40C
0 5 0 .
200
0.345
300
0.323
400
0.300
500
0.278
600
0.260
700
0.244
800
0.231
900
0.220
1000
0.210
1200
0.190
1500
0.176
1800
0.161
2000
0.153
2400
0.141
0.138
2500
2800
0.131
0.128
3000
Po* atm.
0.3685
0.3701
0.3717
0.3734
0.3751
0.3766
0.3779
0.3789
0.3796
0.3802
0.3806
0.3808
IQQq (3)
O to
99.2 to
99.20C 200.20G
3 6 0 0 . 3
0.332
0.242
0.314 0.231
0.295
0.221
0.278
0.214
0.261
0.204
0.249
0.196
0.237
0.189
0.226
0.182
0.218
100/9 (3)
, O to
O to
O to
15.40C 47.30C 99.20C
5 7 0 . 3 7 3
0.383
0.383
0.380
0.379
0.376
0.371
0.357
0.346
0.342
0.321
0.321
0.319
0.347
0.335
0.334
0.318
0.317
0.305
0.325
IQQq (*9)
<caQOC
IQOff (49)
^ = QOC
ca. 1
I 0.36604 - 0.00012p | 0.36604 + 0.00017p
O0C
0.3660
P1 respectively
IQQq
I O to IQO0C
I
0.3661
^
ra Hg
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
O to 5Q C
0.3662
0.3660
0.3654
0.3645
0.3636
0.3626
0.3616
0.3606
0.3596
0.3585
0.3574
0.3563
p0 = 1 atm. ( 70 )
I
100)8
I
O0C
| 0 to IQO0G
|
0.3662
|
0.3663
1QQ<* ( sl 53)
|
O to IQO C
0.3662
0.3660
0.3651
0.3641
0.3630
0.3619
0.3608
0.3596
0.3585
0.3573
0.3561
0.3550
O to 5O0C
0.3551
0.3539
0.3526
0.3513
0.3500
0.3498
m Hg
55
60
65
70
75
76
80
O to 5O0C
0.3662
0.3663
0.3670
0.3678
0.3685
0.3692
0.3698
0.3704
0.3709
0.3714
0.3719
0.3723
0.3726
0.3729
O to 20O0C
0.3520
0.3506
0.3493
0.3480
0.3467
100/3 (Si, 53)

O to IQO0C I
0.3662
0.3663
0.3668
0.3674
0.3680
0.3686
0.3691
0.3696
0.3701
0.3705
0.3710
0.3714
O to 20O0C
0.3660
0.3661
0.3665
0.3669
0.3673
0.3677
0.3681
0.3684
0.3688
0.3691
0.3694
He, Helium (, 20)

^ 3 OOO Vp,
(pv)t, p
cmvgat
' *,
*-;<>
cm8/g
"*
cm3/g*
(^yf;
5*
0.00
0.77
1.23
1.54
1.77
1.96
2.10
2.22
2.33
2.41
2.48
2.55
2.60
0.613
0.598
0.589
0.584
0.581
0.579
0.578
0.576
0.575
0.574
0.572
0.571
0.570
5.54
4.77
4.31
4.00
3.77
3.59
3.44
3.32
3.21
3.13
3.06
2.99
2.94
2.88
3.29
3.72
4.15
4.56
4.96
5.34
5.73
6.09
6.49
6.88
7.25
7.61
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 000
13 000
14 000
15 OOP
60 0
* Based on the value of v3000 obtained by extrapolation from an unpublished

equation of Key es ( 63 * 5 ).
p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm.; range, O to 105 atm.

(52, 53, 54, 147)
-258.O0C
-252.80C
I O to IQO0C
0.3538
0.3525
0.3513
0.3501
0.3488
0.3486
0.3453
v_
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
,kg/cm*
*> _
* PO = constant pressure for a and initial pressure for .
I
p,mHg
IQQq (51 53)
Pi
O to 20O C
0.3660
0.3658
0.3648
0.3635
0.3623
0.3610
0.3597
0.3584
0.3572
0.3559
0.3546
0.3532
-208.O0C
-183.O0C
-15O0C
-10O0C
- 5O0C
O0C
+ 5O0C
10O0C
20O0C
30O0C
40O0C
pv = 0.0555s - 0.03797p + 0.045437p2 0.067513p3 + 0.083796p4

pv = 0.07460 - 0.031642p + 0.041853p2 0.O6UOSp3
pv = 0.2384? + 0.035508p + 0.05238p2 0.07141p3
pv = 0.32992 + 0.036229p + 0.06735p2
pv = 0.4507 + 0.03509p + 0.06259p2
pv = 0.6336 + 0.03531p + 0.06165p2
pv = 0.8165s + 0.03532p + 0.0794p2
pv = 0.99945 + 0.03529p
pv = 1.1824s + 0.03524p
pv = 1.3654 + 0.03508p
pv = 1.7312 + 0.03494p
pv = 2.0970 + 0.03468p
pv = 2.4628s + 0.03452p
He, Helium.(Continued)
pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (109)
P
r>
P)
ri
pV
pV
Pi
ri
Virial Coefficients of Helium

pv = A + E/vj Leiden temperature scale; v = 1.00000 at O0C and
1 atm. (1)
P
ri
atm.
^
atm. ^
atm. ^
-205.310C I -212.060C | -217.410C j
43.987 0.2690 40.113 0.2421 36.351 0.2202
47.605 0.2707 42.770 0.2433 38.669 0.2213
50.301 0.2721 42.749 0.2432 41.026 0.2224
45.220 0.2444
T
atm.^ ~
-258.330C
8.614 0.0513
9.168 0.0511
9.728 0.0510
PJ
*
pv
atm.
^
0
-70.32 C
22.82 0.7541
24.89 0.7556
28.77 0.7584
28.78 0.7584
33.92 0.7609
35.29 0.7629
41.13 0.7645
43.39 0.7667
56.27 0.7731
-142.010C
20.54 0.4911
24.58 0.4932
24.88 0.4932
24.88 0.4933
28.20 0.4954
28.76 0.4957
28.77 0.4958
34.06 0.4988
41.52 0.5027
53.06 0.5088
-201.510C
20.10 0.2716
29.69 0.2769
^Hg
J;g SS
-235.910C
36.68 0.1498
40.32 0.1515
50.34 0.1562
50.35 0.1561
55.16 0.1585
-249.870C I -252.630C
0.0896
0.0902
0.0902
0.0909
0.0918
0.0925
Pi
^
pu
atm.
^
0
-258.78 C
15.43 0.0490
16.01 0.0491
16.65 0.0492
17.30 0.0493
17.78 0.0494
v = 1.0000atO0Cand 1 atm. (97)

~
~
pv
atm. PV
atm.
-103.570C
-182.750C
20.5800.6314 13.7510.3379
24.1000.6330 16.0190.3390
29.1850.6360 18.1890.3402
33383 0 6384
:
-103.57
, = O 6203 + 0^337
' I Q O 7^0 v
0.03176
pv = Q.3306+-^
22.53 0.0773
23.84 0.0777
25.31 0.0782
26.97 0.0788
28.26 0.0792
A
0.25572
0.07520
0.07516
0.07508
0.06669
0.06096
Oto
0
Oto
0
B
+0.000100
-0.000004
-0.000009
-0.000009
-0.000024
-Q. 000024
Oto
p,
'
-268.880C |
0.27090.0145
0.35510.0140
0.38000.0140
0.66240.0127
0.99280.0107
atm
-269.69 C |
0.23230.0113
0.26080.0110
0.35310.0104
p,
-269.370G
0.15500.0129
0.16160.0129
0.24930.0125
0.27480.0123
0.27570.0123
atm
n'trmn'nrvr
U.57dU.UlU7
-270.520G
0.03080.0091
0.04860.0087
0.06490.0086
Oto
Oto
5O C
IQO C
20O0C
3OQ0C
40O0G
O0.36600.36600.36600.36600.3660
1* 0.3658
0.3658
0.3658
0.3658
0.3658
10
0.3635
0.3634
0.3633
0.3632
0.3633
20
0.3609
0.3608
0.3606
0.3605
0.3605
30
0.3584
0.3582
0.3579
0.3578
0.3578
40
0.3558
0.3556
0.3552
0.3551
0.3551
50
0.3532
0.3529
0.3526
0.3524
0.3525
60
0.3506
0.3503
0.3501
0.3498
0.3499
70
0.3481
0.3477
0.3475
0.3473
0.3474
80
0.3455
0.3450
0.3450
0.3447
0.3448
* At co. p = l m Hg, 100 = 0.36604 - 0.00019p ( 4 9 ).
100/3 (52, 53)
~~
O
l*
10
20
30
40
50
60
O to
5O0C
0.3661
0.3661
0.3660
0.3658
0.3656
0.3655
0.3653
0.3652
O to
IQO0G
0.3661
0.3661
0.3658
0.3656
0.3653
0.3650
0.3648
0.3645
O to
20O0G
0.3661
0.3660
0.3656
0.3652
0.3648
0.3645
0.3640
O to
30O0G
0.3660
0.3660
0.3655
0.3649
0.3643
0.3638
O to
40O0C
0.3660
0.3660
0.3654
0.3648
0.3641
* At ca. p = l m Hg, 100/3 = 0.36604 - 0.00004p (*).
Kr, Krypton
v = 1.000 at O0C and l atm. (l 13)
p, atm.
. = 1.0000atOCandlatm.(e8)
37.02 0.3482
-225.010C I
43.44 0.1952
43.47 0.1951
48.58 0.1976
55.06 0.2008
25.27
26.93
26.95
28.84
31.12
32.84
Pi
*_'
pv
F
atm.
0
-256.04 C
18.74 0.0617
19.61 0.0619
20.63 0.0622
21.70 0.0625
22.50 0.0627
IQQg (52, 53)

1

pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (18)
,P
pu
atm.
^
0
-37.4O C I
24.46 0.8758
26.87 0.8774
26.88 0.8770
30.24 0.8791
31.35 0.8796
37.43 0.8842
37.44 0.8834
37.55 0.8834
46.55 0.8874
-103.640C I
21.34 0.6321
21.54 0.6320
24.12 0.6337
27.66 0.6362
27.69 0.6360
32.40 0.6388
32.62 0.6388
35.31 0.6403
39.52 0.6422
49.96 0.6479
-183.320C I
20.61 0.3391
23.21 0.3407
23.22 0.3407
T1 0K
69.86
20.55
20.53
20.51
18.22
16.65
atm. ^
-252.65"C~
12.411 0.0748
13.196 0.0749
13.903 0.0750
|
pv
|
p, atm.
|
pv
11.20G
|
237.30C
2 5 . 8 8 1 . 0 1 2 5 0 . 9 3 1 . 8 8 2
27.91
1.008
54.82
1.880
30.31
1.000
59.36
1.874
33.15
0.993
65.12
1.868
36.60
0.980
71.20
1.862
40.89
0.968
79.25
1.859
46.29
0.953
89.53
1.856
49.58
0.940
104.09
1.877
53.72
0.937
57.81
0.918
63.07
0.901
69.46
0.884
72.10
0.863
0.841
87.39
101.74
0.821
N2, Nitrogen; v. p. 17
O2, Oxygen
Ne, Neon
p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and l atm.; range, O to 95 atm. ( 53 >
^( 3 )
54, 147)
-207.90C
pv = 0.2388s - 0.021231p + 0.05177p2 +

0.09894p3
pv = 0.3318 - 0.03365p + 0.05225p2
pv = 0.4507s + 0.054p + 0.05136p2
pv = 0.6337 + 0.03288p + 0.O6SOp2
pv = 0.8166 + 0.03407p + 0.0635p2
pv = 0.9995 + 0.03530p
pv = 1.3653 + 0.03584p
pv = 1.7312 + 0.08609p
pv = 2.0970 + 0.03631p
pv = 2.4629 + 0.03607p
-182.50C
-15O0C
-10O0C
- 5O0C
O0C
+ 10O0C
20O0C
30O0C
40O0C
P)
atm.
n
o
O
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
P" (3)
O
o
O
o
|P
O
^
IQ
^
Ci
o
Oi
*o
rH
Oi
o
rH
P>
j.
atm.
O
o
O
~
r^
oC3
^
IO
iI
1 . 0 0 0 0 1 .
0.9265 1.0045 1.3750
0.9140 0.9945 1.4000 1.8190
0.9625 1.0420 1.4530 1.8850
1.0515 1.1250 1.5320 1.9610
1.1560 1.2270 1.6220 2.0500
1.2690 1.3370 1.7200 2.1420
1.3855 1.4515 1.8270 2.2415
1.5030 1.5660 1.9340 2.3430
1.6200 1.6820 2.0415 2.4465
1.7355 1.7980 2.1510
0 0 0 0
500 1.1570
1000 1.7360 1.8000
1200 1.9620 2.0268
1400 2.1798 2.2470
1600 2.3960 2.4640
1800 2.6073 2.6793
2000 2.8160 2.8880
2200 3.0217 3.0932
2400 3.2244 3.2976
2600 3.4229 3.4996
2800 3.6176 3.6946
3000
3.8880
p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and l atm.; range, O to 100 atm.
(52, 67)
O0C
2O0C
5O0C
10O0C
0

v = 1.0000 at O0C and l atm. (28, loi)
P)
?
pv
atm.
^
+20.0O0C |
22.804 1.0835
25.015 1.0852
26.575 1.0863
29.090 1.0872
32.572 1.0897
34.887 1.0902
35.423 1.0917
37.812 1.0928
39.168 1.0928
P)
f
pv
54.149
59.717
65.021
^
Q 9QQ
1.10Od 79.1081.0392
1.1026 84.6621.0408
1.1059
Q-T 9Q*
1 1990
1 Ii A
-182.6O C |
32.067 0.3210
32.988 0.3208
36.438 0.3205
36.880 0.3205
41.371 0.3196
42.533 0.3194
49.943 0.3189
pv
Pi
^
OC
0.03994p + 0.05219p2
0.03753p + 0.05150p2
0.03491p + 0.06170p2
0.03160p + 0.05137p2
^ = 1.0010-5^+5^
pv
^ = 1.07425-5^^+5^?^
atm.
^
atm.
^
atm. ^2O0C
V_
V^
0
0
0
0.0O G
-182.6O C | -200.08 C
22.0641.0089 50.514 0.3186 46.5170.2394
pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (96)
23.5551.0103 63.320 0.3179 46.5290.2392
P)
P)
P)
P)
*
pv
*
pv
^
pv
;'
pv
25.8671.0121
47.9510.2388
atm.
^
atm.
atm.
atm. ^
28.4681.0135
61.6570.2338
0
0
0
-40.01 C I -80.0O C
-116.03 C | -117.010G
30.7901.0147
67.4560.2317
39.7531.0168
73.8500.2302 5.755 0.8462 6.445 0.6926 3.841 0.5616 4.493 0.5555
44.8921.0196
79.9230.2293 7.385 0.8432 7.300 0.6902 4.533 0.5596 5.385 0.5517
8.559 0.8416 7.918 0.6892
5.965 0.5496
59.7771.0265
-208.1O0C | -213.080C
6.389 0.5478
66.1041.0307 24 071 O 2151 23 086 O 1925 9.382 0.8403
2 ' 79'SsI-SIS
Uo. ^s 1.1ZZU
-103.Ql0C |
35.558 0.6304
36.697 0.6302
40.610 0.6324
42.107 0.6329
55.136 0.6369
58.583 0.6384
78.110 0.6481
P
f
pv = 1.0010 pv = 1.07425 pv = 1.1842 pv = 1.3674 -
28:844 :21U
ô:i9ii
0>2 088 26.6730.1893

^856 Q 2041 29.3650.i862
41.798 0.2010 32.4410.1829
58.472 0.1897 37.4180.1776
64.451 0.1867 53.8960.1611
31 948
69 692
-141.220G
33.8400.4846
37.7070.4852
38.5810.4853
43.3190.4869
49.8810.4875
51.9160.4878
66.4710.4927
78.5580.4970
-200.080G
26.2140.2494
28.4020.2483
31.4170.2469
34.2680.2451
34.2850.2451
39.8430.2425
39.8910.2423
1844
59 7690
1565
'
'
'
74.532
0.1822 66.2710.1522
79.228 0.1804 72.8580.1503
79.6980.1491
p, atm.
|
pv
:
'
-217.520C
(T730
21 34Q
22 997
O 1707
^
^1683
2^
Q ^52
0.1607
30.042
32.795
0.1564
49.930
0.1393
53.528
0.1353
59.618
0.1301
64.975
0.1269
71.649
0.1253
79.417
0.1256
-102.490G I -109.990G
-118.580C [ -124.950G
4.759 0.6105 5.594 0.5788 3.799 0.5520 2.882 0.5316
5.783 0.6076 6.218 0.5767 5.910 0.5433 3.715 0.5276
6.507 0.6051 6.684 0.5745 6.254 0.5421 5.160 0.5213
7.029 0.6037
5.688 0.5190
-113.940C I -116.010C
6.013 0.5171
5.470 0.5642 4.506 0.5594
-135.290C | -145.390C
6.092 0.5613 5.422 0.5557 3.550 0.4878 3.375 0.4492
6.501 0.5597 6.008 0.5534 4.838 0.4816 5.007 0.4387
6.486 0.5512
5.599 0.4773
p, atm. I pv
-152.560C
3.251 0.4213
4.636 0.4117
4.854 0.4102
v = 1.0000 at O0G and

p, atm. I
pv
\
O0C
I
36.20
0.9685
38.77
0.9661
46.90
0.9590
47.15
0.9589
54.74
0.9528
1 atm. (137); Leiden temperature scale

p, atm. |
pv
\ p, atm. |
pv
15.60C
I
2O0G
34.10
1.0322
35.61 1.0499
44.19
1.0252
40.49
1.0467
56.70
1.0168
46.10 1.0427
51.38 1.0392
57.04
1.0358
62.43
1.0329

v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (104)
?'
pv
f'
pv
e
atm.
atm.
-40.050C I -80.03~
21.142 0.8218 21.0100.6550
28.034 0.8112 27.2950.6388
34.794 0.7992 33.4750.6221
41.818 0.7898 34.1780.6213
49.255 0.7806 39.2400.6086
55.425 0.7713 43.2470.5976
61.030 0.7642 44.6130.5949
50.4300.5772
61.8800.5464
-102.460C I -109.970G
20.118 0.5594 20.0100.5244
26.932 0.5344 25.3300.5022
31.601 0.5155 29.9770.4804
37.564 0.4910 35.4270.4544
42.513 0.4710 38.9790.4346
48.720 0.4420 45.6870.3989
54.588 0.4127 51.1300.3618
60.474 0.3811 56.2000.3220
56.6550.3174
60.8670.2770
-113.970C I -116.Ql0G
20.149 0.5044 22.3000.4835
24.462 0.4847 27.8490.4560
28.893 0.4624 32.6480.4297
33.731 0.4370 37,4680.4012
^0'
Oto
15.60C
0.538
0.561
0.528
0.450
0.388
0.341
0.301
0.270
0.248
0.233
0.212
0.190
0.174
0.165
0.148
0.145
0.137
0.134
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1500
1800
2000
2400
2500
2800
3000
P
m '
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
IQQ" (3)
Oto
99.50C
0.486
0.534
0.512
0.459
0.405
0.357
0.320
0.288
0.261
0.241
1QO<* ( 52 )
Oto
Oto
5O0C
IQO0C
0.3660
0.3660
0.3679
0.3676
0.3752
0.3739
0.3842
0.3817
0.3932
0.3894
0.4019
0.3971
0.4107
0.4047
0.4193
0.4123
?>
pv
*>
pv
atm.
| atm.
^
-113.970C | -116.Ql0CT
33.758 0.4369 43.9470.3541
37.979 0.4133 50.4450.2836
43.890 0.3739 50.5060.2816
48.304 0.3385 52.4460.2477
51.059 0.3061 53.4690.2213
52.543 0.2951 54.2000.1959
54.066 0.2672 54.3190.1638
56.761 0.2073 54.6350.1792
58.518 0.1754 55.0500.1667
p, atm.
|
pv
-116.990C
20.264
0.4891
22^298
0.4783
26.413
0.4579
30248
0.4371
34 117
O 4144
37.210
0.3958
43.662
0.3458
48.344
0.2936
49.507
0.2790
51.297
0.2388
52.072
0.1745
52.218
0.1671
52.343
0.1989
52.649
0.1776
53.000
0.1587
1(
W (3)
Oto
Oto
15.60C
99.50C
0.480
0.492
0.570
0.613
0.641
0.696
0.691
0.731
0.697
0.740
0.737
99.5 to
199.50C
0.300
0.297
0.280
0.264
0.245
0.226
0.212
0.198
0.705
0.679
0.668
0.657
0.602
0.580
0.538
O
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 /
Oto
5Q0C
0.3660
0.3677
0.3739
0.3817
0.3894
0.3970
0.4044
0.4117
100 (52)
Oto
Oto
5O0C
IQO0C
0.4279
0.4199
0.4364
0.4274
0.4446
0.4347
0.4530
0.4420
0.4614
0.4492
0.4696
0.4563
0.4777
0.4632
0.4856
0.4701
0.4935
0.4768
P
m g
6
3 ( 52 )
Oto
IQO0C
0.3660
0.3676
0.3734
0.3809
0.3882
0.3956
0.4028
0.4101
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
100/3 (52)
Oto
Oto
5O0C
10O0C
0.4190
0.4174
0.4262
0.4247
0.4337
0.4322
0.4411
0.4396
0.4488
0.4472
0.4565
0.4642
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
p, respectively p0 = 1 atm. (7)
100
I O to IQO0C
I
0.3672
O0C
0.3675
I
I
|
O0C
0.3672
100/3
| 0 to IQQ0G
|
0.3671
Xe, Xenon
v = 1.000 at O0C and 1 atm. ("S)
p, atm.
25.65
26.62
27.68
28.79
30.07
31.40
32.92
34.57
pv
| p , atm. |
pv
\ p, atm. |
pv
11.20C
I
237.30C
0.697
36.39
0.628
53.53
1.397
0.691
38.42
0.612
57.97
1.389
0.685
40.69
0.598
63.21
1.377
0.677
43.24
0.576
69.62
1.375
0.670
46.22
0.552
77.54
1.359
0.659
49.39
0.522
88.15
1.354
0.650
53.20
0.437
102.55
1.357
0.640
Air
pv (3)
P,
0
atm.
1
OC
1.0000
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
0.9730
0.9840
1.0100
1.0490
1.0975
1.1540
1.2145
1.2765
1.3400
1.4040
1.4700
1.5365
1.6020
1.6690
1.7345
1.7990
1.8640
1.9280
1.9920
15.7O C
1.0389
1.0555
1.0855
1.1260
1.1740
1.2250
1.2835
1.3460
1.4110
1.4740
1.5375
1.6015
1.6670
1.7340
1.800Q
1.8655
1.9300
1.9960
2.0600
P)
1
500
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
OC
1.0000
1.3400
1.9990
2.1329
2.2596
2.3842
2.5081
1.4030
1.4310
1.4670
1.5110
1.5585
1.6085
1.6625
1.7200
1.7815
1.8440
1.9060
1.9670
2.0300
2.0930
2.1555
2.2180
2.2830
2.3490
2.4150
pv
~"
99.4O0C
200.40C
1.8430
1.8860
1.9340
1.9865
2.0410
2.0960
2.1530
2.2110
2.2700
2.3300
2.3900
2.4515
2.5130
2.5750
2.6370
2.7000
2.7640
2.8280
(3)
15.70C
2.0615
2.1912
2.3196
2.4440
2.5676
45.1O0G
2.1765
2.3067
2.4360
2.5610
2.6838
Air.(Continued)
.
;
Pv ( 3 )
P
0
'
'
OC
I
15.70C
I 45.1O0C
5 2 . 6 3 1 0 2 . 6 9 0 2 2 . 8 0
1600
2.7528
2.8112
2.9320
1700
2.8738
2.9325
3.0540
1800
2.9916
3.0510
3.1725
1900
3.1103
3.1692
3.2927
2000
3.2260
3.2860
3.4100
2100
3.3400
3.4209
3.5248
2200
3.4540
3.5156
3.6388
2300
3.5661
3.6294
3.7547
2400
3.6804
3.7428
3.8688
2500
3.7912
3.8550
3.9837
2600
3.9000
3.9650
4.0963
2700
4.0081
4.0770
4.2052
2800
4.1146
4.1860
4.3148
2900
4.2195
4.2934
4.4225
3000
4.3230
4.3980
4.5285
p in aim.; pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm.; range, O to 100 atm. (53)
O0C
pv = 1.0006 - 0.03603p + 0.05302p2
0
5O C
pv = 1.1838 - 0.03141p + 0.05217p2
10O0C
pv = 1.3668 + 0.03159p + 0.05179p2
15O0C
pv = 1.5500 + 0.O3SSOp + 0.06135p2
0
20O C
pv = 1.7328 + 0.03550p + O.OslOSp2
?*
t
' 15.70C
7 2 1 0 0 0
200
0.475
300
0.436
400
0.370
500
0.327
600
0.294
700
0.265
800
0.241
900
0.223
1000 0.206
1200 0.177
1500 0.144
1800 0.124
2000
0.116
2400
0.108
2500
0.107
2800
0.110
300
-110
P,
100 (S3, ss)
m Hg
O to 5O0C | O to 10O0C I O to 15O0G
!
0.3674
0.3673
0.3676
I0
0.3803
0.3785
0.3769
20

^0Vi
i
/,no N
P = 1.0000 at O
G and 1 atm. (ios)
p,
p,
PV
atm. pV
atm.
20.0O0C
I -70.090C
28.548 1.0654 52.8100.6611
34.103 1.0637 58.8600.6533
42.747 1.0613
57.300 1.0598
61.426 1.0595
-84.08C I -10348C
:
ISS 2:J70:459?9
48 4000 4882
:
p, atm.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
* p = 29 atm.
t
IQO0C
0.375
0.383
0.392
0.402
0.410
0.418
0.425
0.431
0.437
0.441
0.445
0.449
30
40
p
p,
atm. pv
atm. P
-122.030C j -129.970C
34.122 0.4232 30.9610.3864
36.736 0.4112 33.4580.3717
39.458 Q.3985 35.7290.3580
-135.0O0C I 140.0O0C
28.877 0.3627 27.0550.3374
31.113 0.3476 30.1740.3106
S-S olS SiSS'S 33'009 '333-
50
60
70
^
^
J
' J Q50C PV
-145.05 C
25.033
0.3126
26.721
0.2947
27.876
0.2805
atm
(Mo
160C
0.376
0.387
0.398
0.408
0.419
0.429
0.438
0.446
0.452
0.458
0.462
0.465
0.468
Oto
-350G
0.430
0.442
0.454
0.467
0.479
0.489
0.497
0.501
100 (3)
|
1000 (3)
t 9 9 . 4 to
t O to
99.40C
200.40C
15.70G
99.40C
. 4 4 4 0 . 4 4 6 0 . 4 6 2
0.455
0.287
0.541
0.552
0.422
0.275
0.616
0.600
0.371
0.261 0.621 0.617
0.331
0.241 0.637
0.617
0.294
0.222 0.616
0.269
0.207
0.244
0.194
0.605
0.226
0.182
0.214
0.171
0.567
0.504
0.467
0.439
0.417
0.403
40
50
60
65
-3943
0.4078
Q ^3
0.4315
0.4412
0.4502
0.4543
O to 5O0C
J-JJJ
'3876
0.3978
0.4224
0.4309
0.4385
0.4418
0.4156
0.4230
0.4295
0-4325
(
O to IQQ0C
J.38TB
S:S2 *S
0.4080
0.4216
0.4351
0.4486
0.4557
lOOa, constant pressure (141)

t
t
t
-78.50G -103.50G
-13O0G
0.401
0.420
0.438
0.457
0.476
0.494
0.512
0.527
0.537
0.545
0.550
0.551
'3904
0.4019
Q ^
O.^
0.4201
0.4337
^
-1350G
0.410
0.427
0.434
0.462
0.477
0.461
0.508
0.544
0.487
0.569
0.619
0.512
0.610
0.622
0.536
0.612
0.557
0.607
0.572
0.579
0.580
0.577
0.571
Q 4Q7?
O to 20O0C
0.3672
0.3760
'3855
0.3947
Q 4(m
0.4106
0.4172
0.4230
0-4255
' ':
O to 15O0C | Q to 20O0C
0.3674
0.3674
SSI
O.
0.4186
0.4322
S:2
0.4048
0.4178
0 to
-14O0G
t
-1450C
0.440
0.492
0.632
0.450
0.519*
v = 39 cmVg
I
v=
f, 0C
I p, atm. I f, 0C
75.14
32.522
69.65
75.21
32.509
75.86
80.16
33.371
79.86
84.73
34.153
89.42
89.51
34.925
94.03
93.81
35.628
100.32
100.32
36.703
104.94
105.66
37.584
110.81
110.78
38.397
115.88
115.95
39.234
121.29
121.25
40.047
127.01
A -Table, Chemical Compounds

Standard arrangement
NH3, Ammonia (63)
44 cm3 /g
|
P = 49 cm3/g
|
v = 54 cm3/g
|
0
0
I p, atm. |
S, C
| p, atm. |
t, C
| p, atm. |
28.992
62.00
25.709
61.96
23.891
29.951
69.68
26.750
69.69
24.825
30.547
75.81
27.532
75.24
25.475
31.863
79.77
28.059
79.69
25.955
32.522
84.81
28.689
84.66
26.536
33.416
89.37
29.262
84.60
26.511
34.057
94.09
29.858
89.35
27.058
34.864
100.37
30.638
94.06
27.574
35.532
105.02
31.201
100.38
28.274
36.261
111.18
31.953
104.88
28.757
37.011
115.91
32.508
111.05
29.422
121.14
33.142
115.94
29.938
126.66
33.788
121.21
30.507
131.91
34.384
126.55
31.070
132.00
31.632
t; = 59 cm3/g
t, C
| p, atm.
55.70
21.597
60.31
22.105
65.98
23.075
73.57
23.553
73.83
23.576
79.16
24.114
79.71
24.172
83.22
24.537
88.06
25.022
92.82
25.514
97.61
25.992
103.46
26.561
109.25
27.125
115.10
27.699
119.34
28.084
123.92
28.526
128.81
29.016
134.89
29.549
140.47
30.079
146.23
30.629
152.47
31.203
158.70
31.780
164.31
32.292
0
v is expressed in cm3/g (75)

^\^^ v
t, 0 C " ^ ^
-35
-30
-20
-10
O
+ 5
10
15
25
30
35
p, atm.
13QQ
I 50Q I30Q I 2QQ i 15Q I 115 I85~

p (kg/cm2)
0.8935
0.9110
0.9512
2.5017
1.03052.6116
4.3267
4.4212
6.573
1.12882.87884.7000 6.866 8.905
9.10511.499
11.770
QOC
F. oooo
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
350
400
450
500
550
0.1050
0.1530
0.2020
0.2490
0.2950
0.3405
0.3850
0.4305
0.4740
0.5170
0.5595
0.6445
0.7280
0.8090
0.8905
0.9700
1QOC
0.1145
0.1630
0.2130
0.2620
0.3090
0.3550
0.4010
0.4455
0.4900
0.5340
0.5775
0.6640
0.7475
0.8310
0.9130
0.9935
2QOC
0.6800
0.1800
0.2285
0.2785
0.3260
0.3725
0.4190
0.4655
0.5100
0.5545
0.5985
0.6850
0.7710
0.8550
0.9380
1.0200
^-\_v 1300 I 500 I 300 I 200 | 150 | 115 | 85T1T

t, C ^ ^
p (kg/cm2)
50
1.22633.14035.1504 7.571 9.88512.56616.245
100
1.41993.65496.0256 8.91911.73015.05119.745
150
1.61284.16396.885410.23113.51017.41923.026
200
1.80504.66957.737611.52415.25719.733 26.204
250
5.17358.584712.80716.98622.01429.322
300
9.4291 14.084 18.703 24.278
p} respectively pQ 1 atm. ( 70 )
WQa
I
iooa
-
,
0
0
0
QC
I O to IQO C |
OC
| O to IQO0C
0.386
|
0.380
|
0.380
|
0.377
COa, Carbon dioxide

Values of pv (3)
i 5QOC
3QOC
4QC,G
0.7750
0.2190
0.2550
0.3000
0.3460
0.3930
0.4400
0.4875
0.5335
0.5775
0.6225
0.7090
0.7950
0.8800
0.9630
1.0465
0.8500
0.6200
0.3090
0.3350
0.3770
0.4215
0.4675
0.5130
0.5580
0.6040
0.6485
0.7365
0.8230
0.9075
0.9900
1.0740
0.9200
0.7470
0.4910
0.3950
0.4190
0.4570
0.5000
0.5425
0.5865
0.6330
0.6765
0.7650
0.8515
0.9365
1.0210
1.1035
6QOC
0.9840
0.8410
0.6610
0.5100
0.4850
0.5055
0.5425
0.5825
0.6250
0.6675
0.7100
0.7980
0.8840
0.9690
1.0540
1.1370
7QOC
1.0430
0.9180
0.7770
0.6430
0.5750
0.5730
0.5955
0.6285
0.6670
0.7070
0.7485
0.8325
0.9180
1.0035
1.0880
1.1720
8QOC
1.0960
0.9880
0.8725
0.7590
0.6805
0.6515
0.6600
0.6815
0.7135
0.7515
0.7900
0.8725
0.9560
1.0400
1.1240
1.2085
QQOC
1.1530
1.0515
0.9535
0.8580
0.7815
0.7410
0.7315
0.7460
0.7690
0.8015
0.8375
0.9135
0.9660
1.0775
1.1610
1.2430
P, atm.
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
IQOO
Q0(,
1QOC
1.0495
1.1275
1.2055
1.2815
1.3i580
1.4340
1.5090
1.5830
1.6560
1.0730
1.1530
1.2320
1.3105
1.3870
1.4625
1.5385
1.6115
1.6850
2QOC
CO2, Carbon dioxide.(Continued)

Values of pv (3)
i 3QOC i 4QOC i 5QOC i
1.0995
1.1800
1.2590
1.3395
1.4170
1.4935
1.5685
1.6430
1.7160
1.1275
1.2075
1.2890
1.3700
1.4475
1.5245
1.6000
1.6740
1.7480
1.1570
1.2375
1.3190
1.4000.
1.4790
1.5570
1.6325
1.7065
1.7800
6QOC
1.1865
1.2680
1.3500
1.4315
1.5105
1.5885
1.6650
1.7395
1.8140
p, atm. I IQQ0C
| 1370C
| 1980C
| 2580C
|| p, atm.
_
j2 0 6 5 1 . 3 8 0 0 4 5 0
75
1.1180
1.3185
1.6150
1.8670
500
100
1.0300
1.2590
1.5820
1.8470
550
125
0.9470
1.2050
1.5530
1.8310
600
150
0.8780
1.1585
1.5295
1.8180
650
175
0.8320
1.1230
1.5100
1.8095
700
200
0.8145
1.0960
1.4960
1.8040
750
225
0.8175
1.0835
1.4890
1.8035
800
250
0.8355
1.0810
1.4870
1.8060
850
275
0.8600
1.0885
1.4875
1.8115
900
300
0.8900
1.1080
1.4935
1.8200
950
350
0.9615
1.1565
1.5210
1.8465
1000
400
1.0385
1.2175
1.5630
1.8830
7QOC
1.2190
1.3010
1.3825
1.4640
1.5435
1.6225
1.6995
1.7745
1.8475
| IQO0C
1.1190
1.2005
1.2830
1.3655
1.4475
1.5285
1.6100
1.6890
1.7680
1.8460
1.9230
1.9990
Q0Q0 -
8QOC
1.2540
1.3360
1.4170
1.4985
1.5780
1.6575
1.7345
1.8100
1.8840
[ 1370C
1.2880
1.3620
1.4400
1.5180
1.5960
1.6760
1.7565
1.8355
1.9150
1.9940
2.0720
1.2900
1.3725
1.4535
1.5335
1.6140
1.6925
1.7710
1.8470
1.9210
| 1980G
1.6160
1.6775
1.7450
1.8120
1.8835
1.9560
2.0330
2.1080
2.1860
2.2600
2.3350
1.3265
1.4085
1.4900
1.5705
1.6505
1.7285
1.8075
1.8845
1.9590
|
2580C
1.9280
COMPRESSIBILITY IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF SATURATION

y
j p} atm. | pv [j
v
j p, atm. | pv
p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (62)
31.890C
[j
34.020C
v
I p, atm. I pv
v
p, atm.
pv
0.010086
63.87
0.6442
0.010067
65.18
0.6562
25 5
5
c
2
8 1 5 0 C 0 . 0 0 9 3 1 4
65.99s 0.6147 0.009337
67.29s 0.6283
'63.12 0.5411
0.007807
66.75 0.5212~
.008570
67.94s 0.5823 0.008560
69.49
0.5948
0.008573
"" " s s- JS! SS "S :SS ISi S:S !:S5

28 15 G
0.009338
0.008565
-
63.44 0.5924
65.19 0.5583
S'SSS
'
U UUbbM
S'X
OS.du
n SS
U.4b4
BORDER CURVE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OP THE CRITICAL

PQINT (62)
Beginning condensation
t ^ C l
v
I p, atm
~^
0.005594 71.47
30.82
0.004833 72.72s
0
End condensation
t, 0C I
v
p atm.
30.11 0.003328 71.53
30.81 0.003725 72.74
Critical temperature = 30.98 C; critical pressure = 72.93 atm.;

critical volume = 0.00443; v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (62)
1
i
it
i
1
i
V
. V . I P' atm"
P?
o
I P' atm ' I ??_
0
0
Critical isothermal (30.98 C) || Critical isothermal (30.98 C)
0.01006863.360.63790.00395972.960.2888
0.009314
65.39
0.6090
0.003656
72.99s 0.2669
0.008582
67.22
0.5769
0.003296
73.53
0.2423
0.007809
69.08s 0.5395
0.003230
73.89
0.2387
0.007031
70.73
0.4973
0.003051
75.43
0.2302
71.95 0.4515
0.002862 79.43
0.2273
0.006275
0.005483
72.74s 0.3988
0.002721
86.10
0.2343
0.005102
72.87
0.3718
0.002593 95.70
0.2482
0.004777
72.93
0.3484
0.002509 106.18
0.2664
0.3211
0.002435 119.35
0.2906
0.004403
72.94
0.004254
72.98
0.3104
0.002362 138.65
0.3275
0.006267
73.03s
0.4577
0.006255
75.34
0.4712
76.6Os 0.4236
77.57s 0.3624
78.38s 0.3113
81.11
0.2630
86.16
0.2546
95.02
0.2609
105.95
0.2770
119.53
0.3000
136.66
0.3316
73 94
0.005117
0.004742
0.004364
0.003942
0.003610
0.003228
0.002883
. 002717
J-JgJJJ
74.24
74.44
74.56
74.69
75.00
76.20
82.02
89.90
%
0.3799
0.3530
0.3254
0.2944
0.2707
0.2460
0.2365
0.2443
J;g
122.79
136 71
'
37.090C
64.56
66.90
69 20
71.73
74.11
76.40
78.58s
80.47
82.11
83.89
88.89
103.08
119.27
136.01
0.2995
O 3249
':
__
[J
41.950C
0.7013
0.011546
64.85
0.6752
0.010794s 67.28
O 6471
O 010047
69 81
0.6135
0.009211
72.78
0.5788
0.008486
75.48
0.5394
0.007640
78.57
0.4940
0.006915
81.31
0.4446
0.006181
84.04
0.3917
0.005320
87.18
0.3365
0.004530
90.13
0.2871
0.003778
94.10
0.2885
0.003087 105.01
0.3112
0.002817 117.96
0.3393
0.002642 134.85
0.002439
O 002377
:
0.010863
0.010093
o 009339
0.008554
0.007810
0.007059
0.006287
0.005525
0.004770
0.004011
0.003230
0.002799
0.002609
0.002495
0 4087
0.005529
0 005528
0.004672
0.003971
0.003243
0.002955
0.002746
0.002614
0.002510
0.002426
0.7487
0.7262
O 7014
0.6704
0.6405
0.6003
0.5622
0.5194
0.4638
0.4082
0.3555
0.3242
0.3323
0.3563
v
0.012311
0.011572
0.010787s
0.009970
0.009232
0.008442
0.007678
0.006899
0.006118
0.005380
0.004570
0.003823
0.003129s
0.002864
I P1 atm. I pv
Il
v
| p , atm. | pv
48.1Q0C
[j
57.750C
65.20
0.8027
0.013174
66.27 0.8730
67.69
0.7833
0.012356
69.20 0.8550
70.52
0.7607
0.011586
72.18 0.8363
73.61
0.7339
0.010807
75.42 0.8151
76.61
0.7073
0.010009
78.99 0.7906
80.07
0.6760
0.009271
82.49 0.7648
83.38
0.6402
0.008482
86.62 0.7347
87.07
0.6007
0.007668
91.16 0.6990
90.90
0.5561
0.006930
95.79 0.6638
94.78
0.5099
0.006113 101.32
0.6194
99.62
0.4552
0.005372 107.06 0.5751
105.50
0.4033
0.004596 114.45 0.5260
119.38
0.3736
0.003795
126.10 0.4786
135.56
0.3883
0.003421 135.81 0.4647
m^
0.518
0.998
1.377
IQOa (25)
j
lOOff (25)
O to
Oto
O to
Oto
Oto
4O0C
IQO0C
2O0G
4Q0G
IQO0G
0.3710 0.3707
0.3754 0.3741 0.3734 0.3730 0.3726
0.3791 0.3770
respectively p0 = 1 atm. ()
^
10Qc
100/3
*
I
| O to IQO0C |
O0C
| O to IQO0C
| 0.3722
|
0.3723
[
0.3711
O to
2O0C
0.3713
0.3760
0.3797
Q0C
0.3750
VALUES OF pv
v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (62)
- i 25.550C
v \
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
0.1806
380
0.1886
400
0.2084
420
0.2442
440
0.3118
28.150C
0.5467
0.4839
0.2058
0.2043
0.2140
0.2379
0.2780
30.980C
31.890C
34.020C
37.090C
41.950C
48.1O0C
0.6355
0.5653
0.5037
0.4499
0.4039
0.3646
0.3314
0.3041
0.2806
0.2611
0.2448
0.2333
0.2273
0.2305
0.2427
0.2690
0.3199
Q.6411
0.5715
0.5094
0.4566
0.4106
0.3716
0.3387
0.3109
0.2875
0.2680
0.2521
0.2410
0.2321
0.2401
0.2530
0.2800
0.3230
0.6538
0.5844
0.5240
0.4708
0.4254
0.3863
0.3494
0.3226
0.3021
0.2825
0.2677
0.2590
0.2554
0.2588
0.2742
0.3031
0.6719
0.6036
0.5440
0.4918
0.4466
0.4081
0.3754
0.3477
0.3243
0.3052
0.2915
0.2835
0.2863
0.2900
0.3073
0.3376
0.6997
0.6335
0.5746
0.5237
0.4796
0.4416
0.4094
0.3819
0.3597
0.3423
0.3302
0.3245
0.3255
0.3362
0.7349
0.6712
0.6135
0.5640
0.5212
0.4847
0.4536
0.4264
0.4048
0.3872
0.3763
0.3737
0.3817
Values of (
'p,
atm.
50
60
75
85
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
400
500
600
800
1000
(Fto
IQ0C
"' 905
800
654
637
544
522
474
423
416
337
322
268
253
224
214
175
10 to
2O0C
1259
1043
872
728
630
550
493
449
408
364
314
.274
*247
216
184
20to
3O0C
394
2166
1425
1159
772
613
550
501
461
401
311
266
255
215
180
30 to
4O0C
97
1557
18310
9079
2128
1666
922
728
625
459
418
352
280
261
218
183
40to
5O0C
823
1081
2048
4965
5899
1791
1114
842
695
511
432
346
313
255
223
191
57.750C
0.8583
0.7903
0.7285
0.6743
0.6273
0.5864
0.5521
0.5226
0.4991
0.4812
0.4692
7T^~~T\~ ) at various pressures (3)

50 to
6O0C
695
853
1258
1813
3462
2911
1575
1061
850
656
495
382
323
274
219
184
60 to
7O0C
600
705
916
1222
1755
2608
1855
1335
977
672
542
384
322
287
224
198
70 to
8Q0C
508
604
762
921
1229
1804
1835
1370
1083
697
554
414
330
287
228
197
80 to
9O0C
520
560
643
753
928
1304
1484
1374
1083
778
601
419
329
283
226
198
90 to
IQO0C
464
521
595
696
802
1037
1247
1228
1134
865
627
426
349
293
233
204
100 to
1370C
137 to
1980G
198 to
2580G
485
369
260
601
420
279
864
945
934
794
662
466
364
302
234
234
525
565
798
616
570
465
386
317
243
313
330
343
358
364
341
NO, Nitric oxide

po ( 21 )
0
0
+9.O C | -2O C | -4O0G | -6O0C | -78.60C
Pt
atm.
1
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
0.962s
0.950
0.938
0.926
0.913s
0.902s
0.892
0.881s
0.862
0.862
0.854s
0.854s
0.843
0.837s
0.9475
0.931
0.913s
0.897
0.880s
0.863s
0.845s
0.849s
0.813s
0.800
0.787
0.776
0.767
0.758
0.936s
0.913s
0.889s
0.864s
0.838s
0.812s
0.789
0.768
0.747s
0.727
0.711
0.692
0.674s
0.659
0.9215
0.891
0.859s
0.824s
0.785
0.764s
0.707s
0.662
0.617
0.576
0.545
0.528
0.518
0.524
0.893
0.779
0.779
0.709s
0.642
0.573s
0.520
0.475s
0.441
0.419
0.424
0.433s
0.443s
0.452s
CH3Cl, Methyl
v = 1.0000 at O0G and
PJ atm.
I
pv
I
69.90C
I
15.065
1.0251
15.425
1.0190
15.76
1.0115
16.10
1.0062
16.44
0.9966
.
99.950G
17.67
18.26
19.02
19.86
20.76
21.82
23.15
25.14
25.94
26.66
27.55
30.71
CH4, Methane (64)*

3
cm"j,
/g
I
35.104
30.089
25.074
20.059
15.045
10.030
9.026
8.024
I
35.104
30.089
25.074
20.059
15.045
10.030
9.026
8.024
?'
P"
?'
P"
atm.
^
atm.
^
O0C
IJ
5O0C
Il
1.00 1.0000
36.37 0.9156
44.55 1.1216
41.89 0.9040
51.55 1.1124
49.21 0.8849
61.20 1.1005
59.85 0.8610
75.35 1.0840
76.47 0.8251
98.34 1.0611
107.25 0.7715 143.66 1.0334
117.08 0.7579 159.21 1.0306
129.73 0.7465 179.03 1.0303
15O0G
II
2OQ0C
60.70 1.5282 68.66 1.7286
70.68 1.5252 80.09 1.7283
84.64 1.5220 96.22 1.7303
105.63 1.5196 120.42 1.7324
140.95 1.5208 161.76 1.7454
214.59 1.5436 250.03 1.7985
240.62 1.5576 280.55 1.8161
275.10 1.5831 321.92 1.8525
?'
P"
atm.
IQO0G
52.63 1.3250
61.17 1.3200
72.96 1.3120
90.56 1.3028
119.88 1.2935
179.61 1.2920
200.51 1.2980
At 16.80G
227.58 1.3096
(*7)
O0G
0.369
p (mm) | 760 | 1200 | 1650 | 2100 | 2800

py
I 1.0000| Q.9796| 0.9648| 0.9533| 0.9335
p, respectively p0 = 1 atm. ( 70 )
IQQq
I
IQOff
I O to IQO0C I
O0C
| 0 to IQO0G
I
0.389
I
0.392
|
0.385
O0G
0.403
C2H2, Acetylene ("Q)

,
y atm
'
* See ( 1 5 S ) for revision of this table.
p, m Hg
0.760
I
1.1519
1.1438
1.1338
1.1210
1.1108
1.0902
1.0698
1.0361
1.0220
1.0112
0.9952
0.9309
chloride
1 atm. (56, 65)
PJ atm.
|
po
84.950G
16.19
1.0909
16.586
1.0834
17.09
1.0734
17.61
1.0665
18.13
1.0561
18.74
1.0477
19.36
1.0368
19.40
1.0367
20.00
1.0239
20.68
1.0106
21.49
0.9969
22.24
0.9813
115.O0C
18.26
1.2231
20.12
1.2000
21.57
1.1805
22.99
1.1627
28.99
1.0785
33.53
0.9499
38.30
0.9172
40.66
0.8665
O0C
1.0057
1.0000
0.9891
.9708
.9530
.9360
.9194
.9026
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
I
t
\
IQQq
I
100/3
I Lit.
I O to IQO0C I 0.3683 | 0.3680 |
(64)
p, respectively pQ 1 atm. ( 70 )
IQQq
I
100/3
I O to IQO0C I
O0C
| 0 to IQO0G
I
0.3680
0.368
|
0.3677
P
I
250G
1.0989
1.0937
1.0841
1.0684
1.0531
1.0385
1.0255
1.0139
C2H4, Ethylene
/ 105(z;,2 - vtl) \
Values of ( Vt T.tz
TT i at various pressures (3)
\ i( - *Q /
"
P1 atm.
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
250
t
100C
948
661
533
420
377
354
306
lOto
2QOC
20to
3QoG
4976 I
1714
893
696
566
468
419
346
1622
3826
1195
769
619
539
467
362
30to
40oG
40 to
50oC
1135
3500
1427
967
689
555
486
382
50 to
6QOC
902
2136
2040
1122
799
640
508
406
60 to
70oG
744
1355
1790
1252
917
679
583
439
80oG
671
1019
1407
1353
925
744
611
461
70 to
QQOC
585
834
1109
1171
945
746
614
464
80 to
90 to
539
743
945
972
941
746
620
492
502
663
847
875
883
781
629
493
100oG
137 5oG
100 to 137.5 to
198 5oG
406
516
641
728
733
699
643
509
332
387
438
478
504
517
506
456
"
I
p, atm.
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
P atm
'
'
1
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
p, atm. I
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
54
56
58
60
65
70
75
80
90
100
OTolOto
1QOC
267
239
212
199
195
177
152
151
148
138
2QOC
3QOC
302
265
241
231
227
177
167
154
149
142
2O C
O0C
0.5955
0.5330
0.1610
0.1570
0.1580
0.1600
50C
0.6490
0.6155
0.1755
0.1810
0.1945
0.1695
0.2050
0.2025
0.2145
0.2425
0.2565
0.2535
0.3100
g()OC
336
296
261
241
224
199
178
166
149
145
0.6290
0.3600
0.4850
0.6095
0.7325
0.8520
0.9690
1.0840
1.1975
1.3075
1.4165
1.5250
1.6325
1.7375
1.8420
1.9460
2.0495
2.1530
2.2535
2.3535
0.5730
0.5470
0.5150
0.4770
0.1890
0.1850
0.1855
0.1875
0.1900
0.1645
4QOC
305
273
254
234
226
200
177
159
149
142
QC
I
1.0000
0.1755
0.3100
0.4405
0.5650
0.6870
0.8055
0.9229
1.0365
1.1465
1.2555
1.3640
1.4725
1.5785
1.6835
1.7865
1.8880
1.9900
2.0905
2.1900
2.2890
I
C2H4, Ethylene.(Continued)
40 to
50 to
60 to
70 to
20 to I 30 to
4O C
6QOC
347
297
263
243
230
199
187
167
149
145
0.8140
0.4705
0.5505
0.6690
0.7880
0.9075
1.0250
1.1405
1.2550
1.3670
1.4770
1.5865
1.6930
1.7995
1.9050
2.0100
2.1140
2:2175
2.3200
2.4215
|
7.50C
0.6735
0.6425
7QOG
351
303
269
249
232
210
185
167
160
147
392
354
322
281
240
206
191
172
159
146
IQO0C
1.0770
0.8465
0.7760
0.8380
0.9370
1.0475
1.1580
1.2725
1.3865
1.5000
1.6115
1.7215
1.8305
1.9365
2.0420
2.1495
2.2555
2.3595
2.4635
2.5660
|
2Q0C
90 to
137 5oC
10QOC
387
335
304
266
242
207
184
173
159
146
Values of pv (3)
6O C
|
8O0C
IQ0G
80 to
QQOC
409
358
324
284
270
216
193
174
157
150
| 137.50C
1.1920
1.0050
0.9240
0.9460
1.0315
1.1330
1.2420
1.3560
1.4660
1.5775
1.6855
1.7950
1.9035
2.0115
2.1190
2.2245
2.3300
2.4345
2.5390
2.6425
|
3O0G
100 to 0 137.5 to
198.5 C
417
352
303
271
243
212
187
172
165
157
| 198.50C
1.3736
1.2466
1.1780
1.1740
1.2284
1.3100
1.4060
1.5104
1.6150
1.7212
1.8290
1.9376
2.0450
2.1526
2.2604
2.3684
2.4762
2.5848
2.6916
2.7980
|
4O0G
397
344
303
275
251
215
188
164
145
1.6520
1.5800
1.5400
1.5368
1.5690
1.6276
1.7010
1.7900
1.8858
1.9846
2.0868
2.1910
2.2950
2.3990
2.5030
2.6060
2.7104
2.8104
5O0C
0.6685
0.6085
0.6370
0.5675
0.6030
0.5100
0.4670
0.3300
0.2150
0.2075
0.5620
0.2060
0.2090
0.2125
0.5180
376
303
274
250
234
203
184
170
157
147
0.9535
0.6680
0.6490
0.7440
0.8560
0.9720
1.0875
1.2020
1.3175
1.4310
1.5420
1.6520
1.7610
1.8670
1.9720
2.0775
2.1820
2.2865
2.3900
2.4925
|
8QOC
0.5075
0.4700
0.4200
0.2900
0.2400
0.2290
0.2270
0.2285
0.2315
0.2655
0.2785
0.3305
0.7320
0.6980
0.6840
0.8300
0.6290
0.5975
0.5610
0.5235
0.4805
0.4300
0.3310
0.3110
0.3110
0.3165
0.3370
0.3600
0.7310
0.8140
0.8865
0.6905
0.7810
0.8595
0.6195
0.5500
0.4830
0.4300
0.3990
0.3915
0.4030
0.7285
0.6805
0.6310
0.5805
0.5390
0.4875
0.4710
0.8170
0.7430
0.7045
0.6660
0.6060
0.5665
C2H4, Ethylene.(Continued)
PJ atm.
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
73
I
pv ( )
24.950C
1.0000
0.9745
0.9443
0.9198
0.8818
0.8495
0.8143
0.7764
0.7364
0.6940
0.6467
0.5949
0.5360
73
py atm.
|
po ( )
24.950G
65
0.4681
70
0.4076
75
0.3666
80
0.3493
85
0.3445
90
0.3466
95
0.3524
100
0.3596
105
0.3679
110
0.3774
115
0.3875
120
0.3975
125
0.4081
Il
Il
pj respectively p0 = 1 atm. ( 70 )
O0G
0.376
IQQg
I O to IQO0G
I
0.3734
I
I
|
O0C
0.373
100/3
| 0 to IQQ0G
|
0.3721
COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF VAEIOUS GASES AS CALCULATED

BY LEDUC ( 70 )
P1 respectively po = 1 atm.
Gas
c
CO
NO
N20
HCl
C2H2
PH3
H2S
Cl2
G2N2
SO2
(CH3)20
innr
c
100C
ini?r
100C
Exper mental
values
IQOo;
100/3
to
IQO0C
to
IQO0G
0.36740.3671 0.3671 0.36720.3669* 0.3667*

0.3677 0.3673 0.3673 0.3671
0.37610.37310.37330.37180.372* 0.368*
0.3769 0.3733 0.374 0.3720
0.3771 0.37380.37400.3725
0.379 0.375 0.376 0.374
0.382 0.377 0.378 0.376
0.390 0.383 0.383 0.380 0.383f 0.381t
0.396 0.387 0.387 0.383 0.388* 0.383*
0.398 0.388 0.389 0.384 0.390* 0.384*
0.400 0.391 0.390 0.387
* Regnault, 20 to 10O0C ( 118 ).

t Pier (Hi).
LITERATURE
O) van Agt and Onnes, 64P1 28: 674; 25. 168, No. 176b. ( 2 ) Amagat, 6, 19 :
345; 80. ( 3 ) Amagat, 6, 29: 68; 93. ( 4 ) Batuecas, 42, 16: 322; 18. ( 5 )
Batuecas, 132, 20: 441; 22. ( 6 ) Batuecas, 34, 179: 440; 24. ( 7 ) Batuecas,
34, 179: 565; 24. ( 8 ) Batuecas, 34, 180: 1929; 25. 181: 40; 25. 132,
23: 343; 25. ( 9 ) Batuecas, 42, 22: 101; 25.
( 10 ) Batuecas, Maverick and Schlatter, 42, 22: 131; 25. (U) Baume, -4-2, 6: 1;
08. O 2 ) Baume and Perrot, 42, 6: 610; 08. ( 13 ) Baume and Perrot, 42,
7:369; 09. 34, 148: 39; 09 ( 14 ) Baume and Wourtzel, 42, 10: 520; 12.
( l s ) Baxter and Starkweather, 197, 10: 479; 24. ( 16 ) Baxter and Starkweather, 197, 11: 231; 25. ( 17 ) Bodareu, 22, 23 I: 492; 14. ( 1 8 )Boksand
Onnes, 448, 1: 81a; 24. 168, No. 17Oa, 24. (* 9 ) Bridgman, 197, 9: 370; 23.
( 2 0 ) Bridgman, 70, 42: 568; 23. ( 21 ) Briner, Biedermann and Rother, 37,
8: 923; 25. (22) Bruylants and Bytebier, 186, 1912: 856. ( 23 ) Bruylants
and Dondeyne, 186, 8: 387; 22. ( 2 4 ) Burt and Gray, 135, 103: 161, 170;
11. (25) Chappuis, 238, 13; 1907. ( 26 ) Corey, Laubengayer and Dennis,
1, 47: 112; 25. ( 2 7 ) Crafts, 34, 106: 1662; 88. ( 28 ) Crommelin, Martinez
and Onnes, 64P1 22: 108; 20. 168, No. 154a; 18. ( 29 ) Crommelin and
Swallow, 448, 1: 53a; 24. 168, No. 172a; 24.
( 30 ) Cuthbertson and Cuthbertson, 62, 213: 1; 13. ( 3 t ) Dumas, 6, 33: 337;

1826. 44: 288; 1830. 8, 9: 293; 1827. ( 32 ) Ernyrei, 93, 25: 313; 00. ( 33 )
Garzarolli-Thurnlackh, and Schacherl, 13, 230: 273; 85. ( 34 ) Germann, 34,
157: 926; 13. 42, 12: 66; 14. 60, 19: 437; 15. ( 3S ) Germann and Booth,
Bull. Western Reserve University, 19: 15; 16. ( 36 ) Germann and Booth,
60, 21: 81; 17. ( 37 ) Gray, 4, 87: 1601; 05. (38) Gray and Ramsay, 6,
84: 536; 11. ( 39 ) Guye, 42, 6: 769; 08.
( 40 ) Guye, 136, 36: 402; 12. ( 4 I) Guye, 42, 15: 561; 17. ( 42 ) Guye, 42, 16:
46; 18. ( 43 ) Guye and Batuecas, 37, 5: 532; 22. ( 4 4 ) Guye and Batuecas,
42, 20: 308; 23. ( 4S ) Guye and Davila, 34, 141: 826; 05. ( 4 ) Guye,
Kovacs, and Wourtzel, 42, 10: 332; 12. ( 4 7 ) Guye and Pintza, 34, 139:
677; 04. ( 48 ) Guye and Pintza, 34, 141: 51; 05. 463, 35: 569; 08. ( 49 )
Henning and Heuse, 96, 5: 285; 21.
( 50 ) Heuse, 26, 15: 518; 13. ( 51 ) Holborn, 8, 63: 674; 20. ( 52 ) Holborn and
Otto, 96, 10: 367; 22. (*3) Holborn and Otto, 96, 23: 77; 24. ( 54 ) Holborn
and Otto, 96, 33: 1; 25. ( 55 ) Holborn and Schultze, 8, 47: 1089; 15. ( 56 )
Hoist, 462, 6: 48; 15. 168, No. 144: 14. ( 5 7 ) Howarth and Burt, 83, 20:
544; 25. ( 58 ) Jaquerod and Pintza, 34, 139: 129; 04. 463, 35: 589; 08.
( 59 ) Jaquerod and Scheuer, 34, 140: 1384; 05.
( 60 ) Jaquerod and Tourpaian, 149, 31: 20; 11. ( 6 ) Jaquerod and Tourpaian,
42, 11: 3; 13. ( 62 ) Keesom, 64V, 12: 391, 544, 616, 621; 03. 168, No. 88;
03. ( 63 ) Keyes, 382, 7: 371; 21. ( 63 - 5 ) Keyes, Mass. Inst. Tech., O.
( 64 ) Keyes, Smith and Joubert, 285, 1: 191; 22. ( 65 ) Kuenen, 18, 26:
354; 93. () Kuypers, 448, 1: 69a; 24. 168, No. 169b: 24. ( 7 ) Kuypera
and Onnes, 18, 6: 277; 23. 168, No. 165: 23. ( 68 ) Leduc, 6, 15: 5; 98.
( 69 ) Leduc, Recherches sur les gaz. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1898. 238,
16; 1917.
( 7 0 ) Leduc, 8, 5: 180; 16. () Leduc, 34, 167: 70; 18. ( 72 ) Martinez and
Onnes, 18, 6: 253; 23. 168, No. 164: 23. ( 73 ) Masson and Dolley, 5,
103: 524; 23. ( 7 4 ) Maverick, Thesis, Geneva, 1923. ( 7S ) Meyers and
Jessup, Bureau of Standards, O. ( 76 ) Moissan, 34, 101: 1490; 85. ( 7 7 )
Moissan, 34, 102: 1245; 86. ( 7S ) Moissan, 34, 138: 728; 04. ( 79 ) Moissan
and Meslans, 34, 107: 1155; 88.
( 80 ) Moles, 42, 14: 389; 16. () Moles, 42, 14: 434; 16. ( 82 ) Moles, 42, 19:
283; 21. (83) Moles and Batuecas, 42, 17: 586; 19. ( 84 ) Moles and
Batuecas, 132, 18: 211; 20. ( 85 ) Moles and Batuecas, 42, 18: 353; 20.
( 86 ) Moles, Batuecas and Paya, 132, 20: 34; 22. ( 87 ) Moles and Clavera,
132, 20: 550; 22. ( 88 ) Moles and Clavera, 42, 21: 10; 24. ( 89 ) Moles and
Crespi, 132, 20: 190; 22.
( 90 ) Moles and Gonzalez, 42, 19: 310; 21. (91) Moore, 4, 93: 2181; 08. ( 92 )
Morley, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 29: No. 980; 95. ( 93 )
Morley, 11, 17: 267; 95. ( 94 ) Morley, 7, 20: 68; 96. ( 9S ) Muller, 6t
20: 116; 10. ( 96 ) Nijhoff and Keesom, 64P, 28: 963; 25. 168, No. 179b.
( 97 ) Onnes, 64P, 10: 445; 08. 168, No. 102; 08. ( 98 ) Onnes and Boks,
448, 1: 189a; 24. 168, No. 17Ob; 24. (") Onnes and Braak, 64P, 10: 204,
413; 08. 168, No. 10Oa; 08.
( 10 ) Onnes and Crommelin, 64P, 13: 614; 11. 168, No. 118; 11. ( 1 0 I) Onnes
and Crommelin, &4P, 18: 515; 15. ( 102 ) Onnes, Crommelin and Smid, 64Pt
18: 465; 15. ( 103 ) Onnes, Dorsmann and Holst, 64P, 18: 458; 15. (i<> 4 )
Onnes and Kuypers, 448, l:65a; 24. 168, No. 169a; 24. (i 5 ) Onnes and
Penning, 18, 6:277; 23. 7: 157; 23. 168, No. 165b; 23. (i) Ouedinoff,
28, 23: 266; 09. ( 107 ) Paya and Moles, 132, 20: 247; 22. (i<> 8 ) Penning,
18, 7: 172; 24. ( 109 ) Penning and Onnes, 18, 7: 166; 24. 168, No. 165c; 23.
01) Perman and Davies, 5, 78: 28; 06. ( 11 M Pier, 7, 62: 385; 08. ( 112 )
Ramsay and Travers, 6, 64: 183; 98. ( l 1 3 ) Ramsay and Travers, 62',
197: 47; 01. 7, 38: 679; 01. ("*) Rayleigh, 5, 53: 134; 93. ("*)
Rayleigh, 5, 62: 204; 97. (") Rayleigh, 5, 74: 181; 04. ( l i 7 ) Rayleigh,
62, 204: 351; 05. 0) Regnault, 6, 5: 52; 42. ( 119 ) Regnault, 151, 21:
107; 47.
O 2 0 ) Reiman, 42, 15: 293; 17. O 2 I ) Roth, 8, 11: 1; 80. O 2 2 ) Scheuer, 75,
123 II A: 931; 14. ( 12 S) Schlatter, Thesis, Geneva, 1923. (124) Schultze,
8, 48: 269; 15. ( 1 2 S) Smith and Taylor, 1, 45: 2107; 23. ( 126 ) Stahrfoss,
42, 16: 175; 18. ( 127 ) Stock and Guttman, 25, 37: 885; 04. O 2 8 ) Stock
and Somieski, 25, 49: 111; 16. ( 129 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 52: 695; 19.
(i 30 ) Stock and Zeidler, 25, 54: 531; 21. ( 131 ) Taylor, 2, 10: 653; 17. ( 132 )
Ter-Gazarian, 42, 7: 337; 09. (133) Than, 6, 15: 459; 68. ( 134 ) Thomsen,
93, 12: 1; 96. ( 135 ) Timmermans, 42, 18: 133; 20. ( 136 ) Treuthardt, 34,
172: 1598; 21. ( 137 ) van Urk and Nijhoff, 448, 1: 73a; 24. 168, No. 169c;
24. ( 13 S) Verschoyle, 5, 111: 552; 26. ( 139 ) Watson, 4, 97: 810; 10.
( 14 ) Watson, 4, 97:833; 10. ( 141 ) Witkowski, 3, 41: 288; 96. (i 42 )Witkowski, 180, 1905: 305. O 4 3 ) Wourtzel, 34, 155: 152; 12. 42, 11: 29; 13.
( 144 ) Batuecas, 132, 24: 528; 26. ( 1 4 S) Baxter and Starkweather, 65,
12: 699; 26. ( 1 4 6 ) Baxter and Starkweather, 65, 12: 703; 26. ( 1 4 7 )
Holborn and Otto, 96, 38: 359; 26. ( 1 4 8 ) Moles and MiravaUes, 182, 24:
356; 26. ( 1 4 9 ) Onnes and van Urk, 168, No. 169; 24.
( 15 ) Sameshima, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1: 41; 26. O 5 I) Bartlett, 1, 49:
687; 27. (152) Bartlett, 1, 49: 1955; 27. (153) Moles, 36, 56: 915; 26.
(i 5 4 ) Moles, 132, 24: 717; 26. (iss) Keyes and Burks, 1, 49: 1403; 27.
( 156 ) Bartlett, Cupples and Tremearne, Fixed Nitrogen Research Lab., O.
P-F-T7 RELATIONS FOR GAS MIXTURES

Components
-i
A. j
"A
A
A
O2
t, range
Jo
C ^
N2
C2H4
N2
O2
O2
H2
H2
CO2
C2H4
CO2
N2
H2O
H2O
HCl
HCl
NH 3
CO2
PH3
CO2
A t 24.950C
-200 to -1830C
At 24.950C
At 20 and
-Ulto -12O0C
9 to 250C
At 24.950C
15 to 320C
O and 2O0C
0-30O0C
98 to 20O0C
98 to 20O0C
24 to 540C
20 to 520C
T .,
Lit.
p, range
U p t o 1 2 5 atm.
Up to 1200 mm
Up to 125 atm.
32 to 56 atm.
(")
(8)
(i i )
( 1 O)
Components
j
t, range
HCl C2H6
SO2 CH3Cl
SO2 (CHa)2O
Natural gas
Natural gas
p, range
13 to 53 C
32 to 78 atm.
56, 77, 1090C

150C
19 to 240C
6 to 37 atm.
Up to 40 atm.
Up to 48 atm.
Lit.
(12)
(3)
(2)
(4* 5)
(7)
LITERATURE
58 to 140 atm.
()
Up to 125 atm.
C 11 )
30 to 120 atm.
( 1 ^)
24 to 205 atm.
( 14 )
Up to 1000 atm. (16,I7)
1 atm.
(15)
1 atm.
(15)
Up to 80 atm.
O)
30 to 96 atm.
(6)

2
3
(*) Briner, , 4: 476; 06. ( ) Briner and Cardoso, 34, 144: 911; 07. ( )
4
Brinkman, Diss., Amsterdam, 1904. ( ) Burrell and Robertson, 80, No.
181: 16. (5) Burrell and Robertson, 80, No. 158; 17. () Dorsmann,
7
8
Diss., Amsterdam, 1908. ( ) Earhart and Wyer, 188, 88:695; 16. ( )
Hoist and Hamburger, 64V, 24: 798; 15. 64P, 18: 872; 16. () Keesom,
64P, 6: 532; 04. 168, No. 88; 03.
(i) Kuenen, Verschoyle and van Urk, 64P, 26: 49; 23. 168, No. 161: 22.
(") Masson and Dolley, 6, 108: 524; 23. () Quint Gzn, 7, 89: 14; 01.
3
14
O ) Verschaffelt, 18, 11: 403; 06. ( ) Verschoyle, 5, 111: 552; 26. O*)
Maass and Mennie, 5, 110: 198; 26. 0) Bartlett, 1, 49: 687, 1955; 27.
(17) Bartlett, Fixed Nitrogen Research Lab., O.
N2, NITROGEN
LOUIS DECOMBE
COMPRESSIBILITY
Unit of v v at 16 and 1 atm.
Low Pressures
At 160C and between p = 76 and 152 cm Hg, = 1 + 3 X
10- (p -
Po)
(13).
At 14.9 C and between p0 = H and p = 1 atm., ^-

pv = 1.00015
( ).
Between p = 1 and 1.4 m Hg and with unit of v = v at O0C and
l m Hg, pv = 1.000571 - 0.000571p, at O0C; and pv = 1.366966
+ 0.000347p, at 10O0C (4).
15
Between p = 1 and 27 atm., and 4.1 and 5.20C,
PO "o
= 1+
A (^ - l) + B (^ - lY> where logio (-A) = 4.8389375 and

logic B = 6.8476020 (!).
High Pressures
MEASUREMENTS BY AMAGAT ( 1 ); cf. ( 19 > 2)
Volume unit = v at 0 and 1 atm.
pv
pv
P atm
'
'
0 I 16.0 143.6 P ' atm '
0 I 16.0 I 43.6
1 1.0000
1600 2.8456 2.90883.0264
100 0.9910
1700 2.9665 3.03283.1509
200 1.0390
1800 3.0861 3.15363.2715
300 1.1360
1900 3.208153.27653.3962
400 1.2570
2000 3.3270 3.39803.5170
500 1.3900
2100 3.4461 3.51753.6361
600 1.5260
2200 3.5640 3.63663.7554
700 1.6625
2300 3.6823 3.75363.8720
800 1.8016 1.8648
2400 3.8004 3.87243.9924
900 1.9368 2.00162.1186 2500 3.9200 3.99004.1100
1000 2.0700 2.13402.2420 2600 4.0378 4.10544.2276
1100 2.203852.26822.3782 2700 4.1553 4.22284.3416
1200
2.3352 2.40002.5140 2800 4.2700 4.33864.4576
1300 2.465452.52852.6455 2900 4.3558 4.45444.5733
1400 2.5942 2.65582.7748 3000 4.4970 4.56754.6890
1500 2.7202s 2.7810 2.8995
PV,
P,
PV,
P,
PV,
P,
Pv1
16.0 atm. 16.0 atm. 16.0 atm.
16.0
1.0000
65 0.9897 301.0050 240 1.0783
0.9987
70 0.9900 135 1.0076 250 1.0867
0.9971
75 0.9904 140 1.0103 260 1.0954
0.9957
80 0.9908 145 1.0131 270 1.1048
0.9945
85 0.9914 150 1.0160 280 1.1145
0.9933
90 0.9921 160 1.0221 290 1.1243
0.9923
95 0.9930 170 1.0284 300 1.1340
0.9914 100 0.9941 180 1.0349 320 1.1552
0.9907 105 0.9953 190 1.0414 340 1.1765
0.9901 110 0.9967 200 1.0483 360 1.1990
0.9897 115 0.9984 210 1.0555 380 1.2215
0.9895 120 1.0004 220 1.0627 400 1.2445
0.9896 125 1.0026 230 l.Q7Q3| 430 1.2785
VALUES OF patm. AT CONSTANT v
v,
PJ atm.
V1
P1 atm.
const.
Q 116.0 143.6
const. Q |16.03 | 99.45 [ 199.5
0.002070 1000 1088 1239 0.009910100 07
46
192
.001946 1200 1298 1474
.005195150 162
225
299
.0018135 1500 1613 1812
.004330200 217
307
414
.001714s 1800 1937 2168
.003786250 273
392
530
.0016635 2000 2150 2401 .003414300 328
474
644
.0015835 2400 2572 2858
.003142350 383
556
758
.001525 2800 2990
.002940400 439
637
869
.002780450 494
718
.002652500 548
797
.002543550 602
875
600 656
957
MEASUREMENTS BY BARTLETT ( 19 > 20)
PJ
atm.
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
P,
atm.
1
50
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
P"_
Q I 50 | 99.85 | 198.9
1.0000
0.9846 1.1888 1.3888 1.7683
0.9846 1.2046 1.4114 1.8071
1.0362 1.2742 1.4958 1.9073
1.1335 1.3711 1.5971 2.0169
1.2557 1.4870 1.7112 2.1407
1.5214 1.7473 1.9650 2.3914
1.7959 2.0155 2.2273 2.6510
2.0641 2.2825 2.4942 2.9165
[ 299.8 | 399.3
2.1978 2.5729
2.3119 2.6944
2.4279 2.8166
2.5498 2.9422
2.8034 3.1949
3.0615 3.4559
3.3195 3.7196
P-F-T7 RELATIONS FOR GAS MIXTURES

Components
-i
A. j
"A
A
A
O2
t, range
Jo
C ^
N2
C2H4
N2
O2
O2
H2
H2
CO2
C2H4
CO2
N2
H2O
H2O
HCl
HCl
NH 3
CO2
PH3
CO2
A t 24.950C
-200 to -1830C
At 24.950C
At 20 and
-Ulto -12O0C
9 to 250C
At 24.950C
15 to 320C
O and 2O0C
0-30O0C
98 to 20O0C
98 to 20O0C
24 to 540C
20 to 520C
T .,
Lit.
p, range
U p t o 1 2 5 atm.
Up to 1200 mm
Up to 125 atm.
32 to 56 atm.
(")
(8)
(i i )
( 1 O)
Components
j
t, range
HCl C2H6
SO2 CH3Cl
SO2 (CHa)2O
Natural gas
Natural gas
p, range
13 to 53 C
32 to 78 atm.
56, 77, 1090C

150C
19 to 240C
6 to 37 atm.
Up to 40 atm.
Up to 48 atm.
Lit.
(12)
(3)
(2)
(4* 5)
(7)
LITERATURE
58 to 140 atm.
()
Up to 125 atm.
C 11 )
30 to 120 atm.
( 1 ^)
24 to 205 atm.
( 14 )
Up to 1000 atm. (16,I7)
1 atm.
(15)
1 atm.
(15)
Up to 80 atm.
O)
30 to 96 atm.
(6)

2
3
(*) Briner, , 4: 476; 06. ( ) Briner and Cardoso, 34, 144: 911; 07. ( )
4
Brinkman, Diss., Amsterdam, 1904. ( ) Burrell and Robertson, 80, No.
181: 16. (5) Burrell and Robertson, 80, No. 158; 17. () Dorsmann,
7
8
Diss., Amsterdam, 1908. ( ) Earhart and Wyer, 188, 88:695; 16. ( )
Hoist and Hamburger, 64V, 24: 798; 15. 64P, 18: 872; 16. () Keesom,
64P, 6: 532; 04. 168, No. 88; 03.
(i) Kuenen, Verschoyle and van Urk, 64P, 26: 49; 23. 168, No. 161: 22.
(") Masson and Dolley, 6, 108: 524; 23. () Quint Gzn, 7, 89: 14; 01.
3
14
O ) Verschaffelt, 18, 11: 403; 06. ( ) Verschoyle, 5, 111: 552; 26. O*)
Maass and Mennie, 5, 110: 198; 26. 0) Bartlett, 1, 49: 687, 1955; 27.
(17) Bartlett, Fixed Nitrogen Research Lab., O.
N2, NITROGEN
LOUIS DECOMBE
COMPRESSIBILITY
Unit of v v at 16 and 1 atm.
Low Pressures
At 160C and between p = 76 and 152 cm Hg, = 1 + 3 X
10- (p -
Po)
(13).
At 14.9 C and between p0 = H and p = 1 atm., ^-

pv = 1.00015
( ).
Between p = 1 and 1.4 m Hg and with unit of v = v at O0C and
l m Hg, pv = 1.000571 - 0.000571p, at O0C; and pv = 1.366966
+ 0.000347p, at 10O0C (4).
15
Between p = 1 and 27 atm., and 4.1 and 5.20C,
PO "o
= 1+
A (^ - l) + B (^ - lY> where logio (-A) = 4.8389375 and

logic B = 6.8476020 (!).
High Pressures
MEASUREMENTS BY AMAGAT ( 1 ); cf. ( 19 > 2)
Volume unit = v at 0 and 1 atm.
pv
pv
P atm
'
'
0 I 16.0 143.6 P ' atm '
0 I 16.0 I 43.6
1 1.0000
1600 2.8456 2.90883.0264
100 0.9910
1700 2.9665 3.03283.1509
200 1.0390
1800 3.0861 3.15363.2715
300 1.1360
1900 3.208153.27653.3962
400 1.2570
2000 3.3270 3.39803.5170
500 1.3900
2100 3.4461 3.51753.6361
600 1.5260
2200 3.5640 3.63663.7554
700 1.6625
2300 3.6823 3.75363.8720
800 1.8016 1.8648
2400 3.8004 3.87243.9924
900 1.9368 2.00162.1186 2500 3.9200 3.99004.1100
1000 2.0700 2.13402.2420 2600 4.0378 4.10544.2276
1100 2.203852.26822.3782 2700 4.1553 4.22284.3416
1200
2.3352 2.40002.5140 2800 4.2700 4.33864.4576
1300 2.465452.52852.6455 2900 4.3558 4.45444.5733
1400 2.5942 2.65582.7748 3000 4.4970 4.56754.6890
1500 2.7202s 2.7810 2.8995
PV,
P,
PV,
P,
PV,
P,
Pv1
16.0 atm. 16.0 atm. 16.0 atm.
16.0
1.0000
65 0.9897 301.0050 240 1.0783
0.9987
70 0.9900 135 1.0076 250 1.0867
0.9971
75 0.9904 140 1.0103 260 1.0954
0.9957
80 0.9908 145 1.0131 270 1.1048
0.9945
85 0.9914 150 1.0160 280 1.1145
0.9933
90 0.9921 160 1.0221 290 1.1243
0.9923
95 0.9930 170 1.0284 300 1.1340
0.9914 100 0.9941 180 1.0349 320 1.1552
0.9907 105 0.9953 190 1.0414 340 1.1765
0.9901 110 0.9967 200 1.0483 360 1.1990
0.9897 115 0.9984 210 1.0555 380 1.2215
0.9895 120 1.0004 220 1.0627 400 1.2445
0.9896 125 1.0026 230 l.Q7Q3| 430 1.2785
VALUES OF patm. AT CONSTANT v
v,
PJ atm.
V1
P1 atm.
const.
Q 116.0 143.6
const. Q |16.03 | 99.45 [ 199.5
0.002070 1000 1088 1239 0.009910100 07
46
192
.001946 1200 1298 1474
.005195150 162
225
299
.0018135 1500 1613 1812
.004330200 217
307
414
.001714s 1800 1937 2168
.003786250 273
392
530
.0016635 2000 2150 2401 .003414300 328
474
644
.0015835 2400 2572 2858
.003142350 383
556
758
.001525 2800 2990
.002940400 439
637
869
.002780450 494
718
.002652500 548
797
.002543550 602
875
600 656
957
MEASUREMENTS BY BARTLETT ( 19 > 20)
PJ
atm.
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
P,
atm.
1
50
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
P"_
Q I 50 | 99.85 | 198.9
1.0000
0.9846 1.1888 1.3888 1.7683
0.9846 1.2046 1.4114 1.8071
1.0362 1.2742 1.4958 1.9073
1.1335 1.3711 1.5971 2.0169
1.2557 1.4870 1.7112 2.1407
1.5214 1.7473 1.9650 2.3914
1.7959 2.0155 2.2273 2.6510
2.0641 2.2825 2.4942 2.9165
[ 299.8 | 399.3
2.1978 2.5729
2.3119 2.6944
2.4279 2.8166
2.5498 2.9422
2.8034 3.1949
3.0615 3.4559
3.3195 3.7196
MEASUREMENTS BY HOLBORN AND OTTO ( 11 )

Volume unit = v at 0 and l m Hg
Pi
m
Hg
pv
-130
;
I
-100
-50
i
I
+50
100
150
200
400
300
"O0.524460.634340.8174?1.0006o1.1836s1.366821.5499e1.7330s2.099342.4655s
1
0.51975
.63129
.81593
l.OOOOo
1.1836?
1.3671s
1.55064
1.7339s
2.1005s
2.4669e
5
0.9976s
1.18370
1.3687o
1.5534o
1.7376s
2.10542
2.4725o
10 0.47496
.60359
.80255
.995Os
1.1839i
1.37074
1.5569s
1.7422s
2.11154
2.4794?
15
.99269
1.1843l
1.37294
1.5606o
1.7469e
2.1177o
2.4864s
20
0.41826
.57249
.7888l
.9906o
1.1849o
1.37529
1.5643e
1.75174
2.12389
2.49352
25
.9887s
1.1856?
1.3778o
1.5682s
1.7566o
2.13012
2.5006i
30
0.35164
.54171
7763s
.9872s
1.18664
1.3804?
1.5722o
1.76154
2.13639
2.5077s
35
.9859s
1.18780
1.3833o
1.5762s
1.7665e
2.1427o
2.5149o
40
0.2806e
.5123s
.7652e
.98494
1.1891s
1.38629
1.5804?
1.7716e
2.1490s
2.5221i
45
.98420
1.19069
1.3894s
1.5847?
1.77684
2.1554s
2,5293e
50
0.2343e
.486Oo
.7558o
.98374
1.1924i
1.3927s
1.5891?
1.78209
2.1618s
2.53664
55
.98354
1.1943s
1.3961s
1.5936?
1.7874s
2.1683o
2.5439?
60
.46465
.74822
.9836l
1.19644
1.3998o
1.59829
1.79284
2.1748o
2.55134
65
.9839s
1.1987s
1.4035?
1.603Oi
1.7983s
2.1813s
2.5587s
70
.45076
.7428s
.9845?
1.20122
1.4075o
1.60784
1.8039o
2.1879o
2.5662o
75
.9854s
1.20390
1.41159
1.6127s
1.8095e
2.1945l
2.57369
80
.44719
.740Oo
.98662
1.2067e
1.41584
1.61782
1.8152s
2.2011s
2.58152
MEASUREMENTS BY KAMERLINGH ONNES AND URK ( 14 )
Volume unit = v at 0 and 1 pressure unit. Pressure unit = 759.778 mm Hg at 0 at the pavilion of Breteuil
P
+20.00 I
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
1.0682
1.0679
1.0676
1.0673
1.0670s
1.0668s
1.0667
1.0666
1.0665
1.0665
1.0665s
1.0667
1.0668
1.0670
1.0672
1.0674
0.00
0.9890
.9883
.9876s
.9870
.9864s
.9859
.9853s
.9848
.98435
.9839
.9835s
.9832
.9829
.9826
pv
I -23.62 | -50.26 | -81.10 | -102.25 | -121.19 | -131.27 | -141.53 | -144.46 ( -146.32
0.3400
0.4225
0.3605
0.3395 I .3260
0.4700
.4135
.3470
.3247
.3090
0.5590
.4625
.4045
.3332s
.3080 ;
.2895
0.6523
.5540
.4550
.3945
.3180
.2892 j .2670
0.7832
.6489
.5490
.4475
.3845
.3015
.2675
.2385
0.8920
.7812
.6455
.5441
.4400
.3745
.2825
.2400
.1800
.8909
.7792
.6422
.5392
.4325
.3635
.2615
.2000
.1063
.8899
.7773
.6389
.5344
.4250
.3525
.2360
.1425
.8890
.7754
.6356
.5296
.4175
.3415
.2065
.1225
.8880
.7736
.6324
.5249
.4100
.3300
.1750
.1207 !
.8871
.7717
.6293
.5202
.4025
.3175
1 -14858
.8861
.7699
.6262
.5156
.3055
-^
i
28
.8852
.7681
.6232
.5109
.2940
0.2625
29
.8842
.7664
.6202
.5063
.2825
; -2502
30
.8833
.7648
.6173
.2715
: 0*2325
30 4
.8824
.7632
.6145
.2610
'
0.2207
.8815
.7616
.6118
.2517
30.8
0.1900
.8806
.7600
.6092
.2432
.8796
MEASUREMENTS AT 680C BY BRIDGMAN (3)

P1 kg/cm I v, cmVg | pv* \\ P1 kg/cm2| v, cm3/g | pv*
2 500
1.356
4.11
9 000
1.003
10.94
3 000
1.290
4.68 10 000
0.982
11.91
4 000
1.201
5.82
11 000
.964
12.84
5 000
1.138
6.89 12 000
.948
13.78
6 000
1.093
7.95 13 000
.933
14.70
7000
1.056
8.95 14000
.920
15.60
8000
1.026
9.94 15000 |
.908
16.50
2
* Volume unit = v at O0C and l kg/cm*.
Empirical Formulae
FORMULAE OF HOLBORN AND OTTO (")
Pressure unit = m Hg. Volume unit = v at 0 and l m Hg
pz; = A + Bp + Cp2 + Dp4 + Ep6
(1)
(*&)\
(2)
x 10i = B X 10 = a + be + - + -3
\ ap /P o
e e
t, 0C | A | IQ3B | IQ6C |
IQ9D
| IQ12E
_i 30 I0.52446 -4.68594 -24.4699 -20.2026
8.4248
_100 0.63434-3.04600-3.0667
+1.8603
-
50
|0.81747 -1 .54934 + 5 .7092
0.2438
FORMULAE OF HOLBORN AND OTTO ( 11 J.(Continued)

t, 0C
+ 50
100
150
200
300
400
A j HPB I
1.00060 -0.60716
[1.18368-0.01514
|l. 36682+0.36057
1.54996 0.67717
l. 73308 0.90133
2.09934 1.21257
2.46558 1.38086
O C E q u a t i o n (2)
5.4056
357.46
3.7959
b
9.36
3.1510
e
-1044.84
2.1389
e
- 242.53
l. 5778
= t + 273
0.7510
100
0.8082
FORMULA OF R. BECKER ( 2 )
Based upon the measurements of Amagat at O and 160C and
between O and 3000 atm. Holds accurately up to the highest
pressures and yields correct values for tc and dc.
RT
9
. %\
pss-jr(/il+v*
)-*
+.
tf+*
I
R
I
k
\
a
I
x
1
1* I ^
10.0018011 0.00250 |1.34 X 10~17|
2f I 8.31 X IQ 7 I 40.3 |1.26 X IQ12I 384 X IO17 |
0
5
5
"
* For p in atm. and volume unit = v at 0 and 1 atm.

t For 1 g-mole, p in baryes and v in cm3.
FORMULA OF VERSCHOYLE (18)

Pressure unit = 759.778 mm Hg at O0C at the pavilion of
Breteuil.
Volume unit = v at 0 and 1 pressure unit, pv = A + Bp +
Cp*.
For t = 0, A = 1.00049, B = 0.4961 X 10~3, C = 3.334 X IO"6.
For * = 20, A = 1.07370, B = -0.2798 X 10~3, C = 2.800 X
10~6.
For range, and deviation graph, see Fig. 1.
/, C
+ 20
O
- 23.62
- 50.26
- 81.10
-102.25
-121.19
-131.27
-141.53
-144.46
-146.32
400
300
200
150
100
+ 50
O
- 50
-100
-130
Kamerlingh Onnes and Urk (17)

I
A
I
IQ3B
1.07370
-0.24448
1.00041
-0.40996
0.913901
-0.74651
.816309
-1.10626
.703330
-1.74585
.625850
-2.34448
.556465
-3.11693
.519539
-3.60025
.481953
-4.21676
.471218
-4.38627
.464395
-4.54174
Holborn and Otto (*Q)
2.46522
1.04930
2.09903
0.92142
1.73283
0.68491
1.54973
0.51457
1.36662
+0.273995
1.18368
-0.01150
1.00045
-0.46137
0.81735
-1.17733
0.63425
-2.31462
0.52438
-3.56079
Thermal Expansion
-, at the constant pressure pi, cm Hg

v it
L*JiI^ a^ constant volume, the initial pressure being pit
pit
cm Hg
53.05 179.35 100.19100.19100.19138.68
Pl
t,C
100
100
20 ~40~ 100 100
107a =
~36 77036~75036 73236 778
107ff =
36 685 36 72036 75436 75236 744 ~7*T"
At t = 100 C
pi
107/3
j>l
IQ6/?
pi
IQ7Cg
^pI
107/3
79.35
36 718 98.5 3 673 79.2 36 701 65.4 36 696
53.3
36685 74.4 3670 75.7 36699
52.9
36 681 55.0 3 668 41.5 36 659
39.2
36 677 31.4 3 665 39.5 36 656
^
Const.
press,
atm.
200
300
400
500
Virial Coefficients
v-A0+?+ +
Pressure unit = 759.778 mm Hg at O0C, at the pavilion of Breteuil.

Volume unit = v at O0C and 1 pressure unit
2.2523
1.7599
2.0487
2.1797
2.5627
2.5954
3.3371
4.0822
4.2354
5.2703
Lit.
(5)
Lit.
(6)
pi
110.5 51.1 22.0 I pi
IQ7CX 36 742 36 679 36 630 107/3
MEASUREMENTS BY
FIG. 1.
IQ6C
2.3284
2.0655e
3.057
2.680
3.513
4.167
5.367
5.724s
6.455
6.911
6.664
106 A t
IT AJ
-
! i
Const.
press,
atm.
0-100 I 100-200 I
433
280
600
402
267
700
358
250
800
315
235
900
Lit.
(7)
Lit. (12)
110.51 51.1 22.0 Lit.
36 752 36 675 36 626 ()
AMAQAT (*)
IO6 Av
I
105 AU
~ ^y
Const.
^
press,
.
atm.
0-100 I 100-200
0-16 | 0-44
282
219
1000 193
191
256
204
1500 140
151
236
189
2000 133
131
218
179
2500 111
108
3000
98
98
IQ6 Ap
P at 0, Const.
P A*
(atm.)
vol.*
M
0-100 I 100-200
100 0.009910
462
315
1
200
.005195
537
349
300
.003786
582
359
400
.003142
595
364
500
.002780
596
600
.002543
597
* Volume unit = v at 0 and 1 atm.
p at 0,
Const.
(atm.) . vol.*
1000
1200
1500
1800
2000
2400
2800
0.0020700
.0019460
.0018135
.0017145
.0016635
.0015835
.0015250
1Q5 Ap
P M
Af
0-16 I 0-44
550
548
510
524
471
477
475
469
468
460
448
437
424
Values of (j\
fj
aim.
10
25
50 100 150
at 160C
200
250 300 350 400 450
0.040.100.210.450.7351.0731.4051.732.052.352.61
MEASUREMENTS BY HOLBORN AND OTTO ( 9 > 10)
Py
Values of 107(^ VQ)/vQt
m Hg 400 I 300 [ 200 | 150 | 100 |+50 | -50|
O 36604366043660436604366033660236604 36604
I 1 1 36674 3668s 36699 36709 3671s 36734 36814 3687i
5 3695e 3701l 37084 37134 3718s 3729i
10 37295 374Oi 3754? 3764e 37756 37960 38692 3934i
15 37619 37776 3799s 3814o 383Os 3860?
20 37930 3813s 3841s 38614 38834 3922s 4074i 422Os
25 38225 3847e 3882e 3906s 39344 3982e
30 38504 388Oi 3921e 39502 39832 4039s 4272e 4512s
35 3876s 391Os 3958e 3991? 403Oi 4094e
40 3901? 3939? 3993? 40309 4074s 41467 4460s 47982
45 39249 3966s 4026s 40682 41174 4196o
50 39464399194057841029415754242446342 50597
55 39664 4015s 4086s 4135e 4195s 42864
60 3984e 4036s 4113? 4166i 4231s 4327s 47862 5276i
65 40012 40564 41384 4194s 42647 43657
70 40160 4074o 41609 422Os 4295e 44009 49102 5421s
75 40292 40897 4181s 42439 4324s 4433s
80
4998s 5467s
-100|
36604
36942
402Oe
44444
49524
550Os
5859s
1*
v
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
-130
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Values of IQ7 (pt PO) /p0t; const, vol. (9)

400 I 300 I 200 I 150 | 100 | 50
36604
36604
36604
36604
366Os
36602
3672s
36729
36732 3673s
3673i
36732
3721s
37234
37249
3725s
37252
37279
3782s
3786s
37894
3791i
37904
3796o
38432
38484
38534
3856i
38554
3863s
39040
39105
3917s
39209
39207
393Os
3964s
39724
3981i
39854
3986o
3997s
40255
40330
40444
4049s
40512 4063s
40935
41072
4113i
4116i
4129e
41696
4176s
41812 4195o
42316
42390
4245s
4259s
431Os
4323s
43735
43864
44487
4509s
I 45709
* Volume unit = v at 0 and l m Hg.
LITERATURE
O) Amagat, 6, 29: 68; 93. (2) Becker, 96, 4: 393; 21. ( 3 ) Bridgman, 65, 59 :
173; 24. (4) Chappuis, 238, 13: 1907. (*) Chappuis and Harker, 238, 12:
1902. ( 6 ) Day and Clement, 12, 26: 405; 08. ( 7 ) Eumorfopoulae, 5, 90:
189; 14. () Henning and Heuse, 96, 5: 285; 21. () Holborn and Otto,
96, 23: 77; 24.
( 1 O) Holborn and Otto, 96, 30: 320; 24. ( 1 M Holborn and Otto, 96, 33: 1; 25.
O 2 ) Keyes, Townshend and Young, 285, 1: 243; 22. O 3 ) Leduc and Sacerdote, 34,125: 297; 97. O *) Onnes and van Urk, B60, p. 69. 168, No. 169d;
24. 0 s ) Rayleigh, 7, 52: 705; 05. O 6 ) Regnault, 151, 21: 329; 47. 0 7 >
van Urk, B60, p. 79. 168, No. 169e; 24. O 8 ) Verschoyle, 5, 111: 552; 26.
O 9 ) Bartlett, 1, 49: 687, 1955; 27. ( 20 ) Bartlett, Cupples and Tremearne,
Fixed Nitrogen Research Lab., O.
DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF NON-METALLIC ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES

UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
A. W. PORTER
The values given are density in g/ml = specific gravity, Z/4
(in vacuo) and coefficients of expansion.
I. THE LIQUID STATE*
H.dlK = 0.084404 - 223 X 10~6 TK - 21.83 X 10~ T2K,

where TK is the absolute temperature on the Leiden scale (Vol. I,
p. 54) on which the triple point is 13.95 and 51.4 mm Hg (d =
A.1.37396 at -183.15 (49). * (^jj) p=latm = 4.65

0.15 at -183 (3, 49) ; y. further p. 203.
0
20
25
30
r
3.187s
3.1193
3.1023
3.084s
0.07709) and the B. P. is 20.35 (d = 0.07085) (58). ^w(~^\
TOo0 = Lll(1' 62' 63' 81) cf' (18' 66)

Cl,-4 = [(1.468 - 2.89 X 10'3J - 5.3 X 10~6*2) 1 %] between 100 and 144; liquid under its own vapor pressure above
the B. P. (36, 41, 60) ; Vm further p. 202.
T (f24i} *>
"^T
M, 0Cf I ~!o^ T3,? 5-10 15-2025-3035-4050-6070-80 Lit.

33.6 to O
in* AV
~~~
^f~r
1.49 1.7931.9782.0302.1902.2602.6903.460(36)
-^__
*,G H -40 I -30 I -20 I -10 I O I +10 | 20 | 30
1ft3 r\V
^^
Ut
1.53 1.58 1.65 1.75 1.87 1.99 2.12 2.26
*, G H 40
I 50
I 60
I 70
I 80
I 90
I 100 | Lit.
i^~ 2.42 2.59 2.78 3.01 3.33 3.76 4.30 ()

V
at I
io Ay
F.1.14 at -200 (54); 1.108 at B. P., -1870C (24). =

ca. 3, between -210 and -1870C (24).
* For orthobaric densities, v. p. 202, 203.
t Atmospheric pressure.
V \ Af /P-P
= 12.6 between TK = 13.99 and TK = 20.39 (58); v. further p.

203. The above value at the B. P. is confirmed by Augustin (2).
He.0.1255 at -268.880C (56); v. further p. 203.
t, 0C
1Q7
4.004
110
3.99i
150
12Q
~3.96o
130
3.929
140
3.89s
180
i 184.35
B. P.
d{
3.864
3.826
3.79e
3.73e
3.706
Kr.-2.155 at ca. -146C () ; v. further p. 204.
N.0.8084 0.003 at the B. P., -195.780C; d\ = 1.1604 IO3 AF
0.00455 (t -f 273) (range -182 to -210); ^ - between -184
and -205 =6.0 (3, 50) ; y. further p. 204.
Ne.-1.204 at B. P., -245.92 (15); y. further p. 204.
in 3 AV
O.1.44? at the B. P., -182.95C; ^- -~ between -182
and -210 = 4.0 (3, 48).
t, 0C
dj
t, 0C
d\
-210
1.2726
-190
1.176?
-205
1.2489
-185
1.1527
-200
1.224s
-182
1.138s
-195
1.20Os
Lit.
(3)
t, 0G
d\
t, 0G
-210.4
1.2746
-129.9
-182.0
1.1415
-123.3
-154.51
0.9758
-120.4 "
-140.2
0.8742
Lit.
N.1.026s at -252.5 (22).

O.1.4256 at -252.5 (22).
P.Much confusion in results and conclusions of different investigators; v. especially ( 8 13).
0.6779
0.6032
(*8)
3
Type
10 dF
O8 (Ozone).1.71 0.05; -y ^ =2.0 at -183; = 2.5 at White: octahedral
rhombic
B. P., -112.4; \ = 0.512 + 456 X 10~6 (t + 273.1) + 3.93 X
Pi
Yellow
IQ"6 (t -f 273.1)2, from -213 to -830C (73, 77).
Red: Pn
p (28, 32, t, 0C 44.5 100 ^ 40
100 200 280
light red by heat at 280
59. 69)
::
pyromorphic
'
d\ |1.745|1.69| 1.485 ||1.7492|l.6949|l.6027|l.5287
by heating red at 360
^~~ = 52,(50-60) (64).
dl
0.7781
Rn,-4.40 at B. P. -620C (io).

S.d\13 = 1.8114 (84); dl46 = 1.4579 to 1.5130 (mean 1.480)
(68).
_
t |
115.1
| 122.2 |
134.0
| 138.2 |
145.5
dj Jl .8084-1.8094|l .8028|1.7921-1.7938|l .79051l .7807-1.7846
t \
151.5
1156.91
158.5
I
161.0
| 16JTO"
d\ 11.7761-1.7794ll. 7747|l. 7710-1.7739|1.7704-1.7733|1.7724
|
278.5
|
357.0
|
445.0
| LJtT
| 1.7072-1.7119 | 1.6563-1.6620 | 1.5994-1.6140 | (35)
t
430
439
465
487
490
|156.9-158.5|158.5-161|161-165 165-171.3|171.3-178^3
~ ^
282
135
178.3-184
127
|
170
184-210
298
3 8
344
[239.5-278.5[ 278.5-357 | 357-445 [
366
T" ^7
366
338
'
'
Xe.-3.063 at B. P., -106.9 C (59); v. further p. 204.

II. THE CRYSTALLINE STATE
A,1.65 0.02 at 4O0K (from crystal structure) (78).
Br.Reliable data lacking; Pierre ( 62 ) finds ca. 6% decrease in
volume on crystallization.
C (Diamond).d\Q varies with the specimen 3.47 to 3.56 ( 85 ).
For graphite, v. Vol. II, p. 592.
-163.6
3.519(^2)
t (26)
I
I
^j-'jg
-38
3.510(12)
20
0.89
I
I
18
3.514(12)
40
1.18
I
|
Room
3.518 (5)
50
1.32
H.0.08077 at -262.0 (58); 0.0763 at -259.9 (22); the former

value implies a contraction of 4.8 % on crystallization.
I.Iodine.
(40) I (4) I (71) I
(6)
4 I 19 I 20 I 40 I 50 I 60 | 70 80 90 100 | 107
4.933 4.911|4.940JJ4.918J4.903J4.886J4.87l|4.856|4.8414.830J4.825
20
(?)
(13)
(46)
(9)
106 ATT
Type
Rhombic
M. P., 112.80C
XT 4.
Monoclinic
M. P., 1190C
A
U
Amor hous
P
Soluble in CS2.
Insoluble in CS2
dj
I t, 0G | Lit.
2.0989
-188
(21)
2.0522
17 (21)
2.06
(5)
2.07
( 7 2)
2.135
(25)
2.01-1.99
(61)
2.0784
O (63)
2.070
Rm. (19)
2
* ir
*
^
Crystalline
from
CS
2
(35); cf (53 61)
^
18
20
( 26 ). ^- ~j = 11.52, -188 to 17 (21); cf. (39).
Lit.
18
S,Rhombic: ~ *~ = 64.13 at 40; mean 0-100 = 67.48
Natural
T"'^T
O
O
Lit.
(3)
( 83 )
(44,45)
()
(44,45)
(44, 45)
(32)
(32)
(85)
(13)
f - V g - 125, O to 40 (64).
194
[ 210-239 .J~~
t, 0C I
13
13
See also (7, 27, 28, 37, 42, 76, 79, 82).
|115-134|l34-138.2|138.2-145.5|145.5-151.5|151.5-156.9
^6 ~
d\
\
1.8177
1.8272
1.83
1.828
2.34
2.16
2.18
2.37
2.296
2.28-2.31
Hittorf s metallic
{ 2'.!5-2.33
Metallic
.'. . . 2.19-2.23
Violet (by heating red at 560)
2.36
Black (by heating metallic to 200 at
12 OOOatm.)
2.69
t | 171.3 I 178.3 |
184.0
|
210.0
|
239.5
d{ |1.7705|1.7681|1.7632-1.7651Jl .7505-1.7511J1.7307-1.7341
t
dj
2-06
046
1.96
1.94
/1.87
\ 1.92-1.93
1.86
1.89
Rm
ld
( )
(47)
Rm.
()
(61)
(61)
(19)
(*)
(s)
Rm.
Rm.
Rm.
Se.See the literature for details.

Type
Soluble in CS2-metalUe
dj
{ ^*
Insoluble in CS2-crystalline
Soluble in CS2-crystalline
,
A
Amorphous
4.80
4,455
4.46
4.47
4.302
4.26-4.28
4 ^
4.28
Heated not higher than necessary for
crystallization
Melted
Then heated to 125
4.5-4.6
4.80
4.77
4.57
I -t, 0C I Lit.
17
Rm.
17
Rm.
>
( 85 )
(14)
()
(74)
(14)
(74)
(61)
20
(72)
I 19
(39)
(39)
(39)
(4)
Se.(Continued)
T^
c
oâz
*'
7"
Llt
TdI
O
- 40
- 80
-120
-160
O t o 100
40
43.9
40.4
36.9
33.5
32.4
37.92
36.80
(23)
Te.Varies with mode of preparation, v. (11J 16> 17).

Type
I
d\
U 0C I Lit.
Amorphous
6.022-6.150 25
(")
Amorphous
5.85 -5.87
( 16 > 17)
Amorphous, ppt
5.97 -6.08
(5)
Same, preheated to 430
6.04-6.20
(5)
Cast, cooled slowly
6.30 -6.39
(5)
Same, preheated to 430
6.29-6.34
(5)
Pptd. from alk. soins
6.07 -6.21
(5)
Pptd. from alk. soins., preheated to
430
6.06 -6.16
(5)
Cast, quickly cooled
6.10 -6.22
(S)
Pptd. from alk. soins
5.95 -6.06
25
(")
Crystalline needles
6.310
(16, 17)
Crystalline
6.235
20
(34)
6 281
19
r
*
ir
/
( 4 )(67)
Crystalline...
| 6 246
lg 2
1 f)6 Al
T dt
= 16 75 at 40 ; mean (0 100
'
~ ) = 17-32
LITERATURE
(26
)'

O) Andrews and Carlton, 1, 29: 688; 07. ( 2 ) Augustin, 8, 46: 419; 15. ( 3 )
BaIy and Donnan, 4, 81: 907; 02. ( 4 ) Beckmann and Faust, 93, 84: 103;
13. ( 5 ) Beljankin, 136, 25: 1002; 01. ( 6 ) Billet, 167, 8: 46; 55. ( 7 )
Boeseken, 70, 26: 289; 07. ( 8 ) Bridgman, 1, 36: 1344; 14. ( 9 ) Bridgman,
8, 3- 153; 14.
( 10 ) Chaumat, 10, 1: 265; 12. O 1 ) Cohen and Kroner, 7, 82: 587; 13. ( 12 )
Cohen and Olie, 7, 71: 385; 10. 168, No. 113; 11. (13) Cohen and Olie,
7, 74: 10; 10. (*) Coste, 34, 149: 674; 09. ( l s ) Crommelin and Onnes,
64P, 18: 515; 15. 168, No. 147d; 15. ( 16 ) Damiens, 6, 18: 282; 22. ( 17 )
Damiens, 34, 174: 1344; 22. C18 ) Darby, Jf, 40: 347; 18. ( 19 ) Deville, 34,
25: 857; 47.
C 2 ) Dewar, 5, 70: 237; 02. ( 2 *) Dewar, 325, 17: 418; 02. ( 22 ) Dewar, 5,
73: 251; 04. ( 2 3 ) Dorsey, 2, 27: 1; 08. ( 2 4 ) Drugmann and Ramsay, 4,
77: 1228; 00. ( 2 S ) Engel, 34, 112: 866; 91. ( 2 6 ) Fizeau, 34, 68: 1125; 69.
( 27 ) Gladstone and Dale, 3, 18: 30; 59. ( 28 ) Hess, 63, 6: 186; 05. ( 29 )
Hittorf, 8, 126: 193; 65.
( 3 0 ) Inglis and Coates, 4, 89: 886; 06. (31 ) Johnson and Mclntosh, 1, 31: 1138;
09. ( 32 ) Jolibois, 34, 289: 287; 09. ( 33 ) Jolibois, Thesis, Paris, 10. 10,
1: 4; 12. ( 3 4 ) Kahlbaum, Roth and Siedler, 93, 29: 177; 02. ( 35 ) Kellas,
4, 113: 903; 18. ( 36 ) Knietsch, 13, 259: 100; 90. ( 3 7 ) Kopp, 13, 93:
129; 55. ( 38 ) Kruyt, 7, 64: 513; 08. ( 39 ) Kruyt, 93, 64: 305; 09.
( 4 0 ) Ladenberg, 25, 35: 1256; 02. ( 41 ) Lange, 92, 1900: 683. ( 4 2 ) Leduc, 34,
113: 259; 91. ( 4 3 ) Lenher and Morgan, 1, 22: 28; 00. ( 4 4 ) Linck, 93,
56: 393; 08. ( 4 5 ) Linck and Mller, 25, 41: 1404; 08. ( 4 6 ) Marckwald and
Helmholz, 93, 124: 81; 22. ( 4 7 ) Maquenne, 34, 100: 1499; 85. ( 4 8 )
Mathias and Onnes, 64P, 13: 939; 11. 168, No. 113; 11. ( 49 ) Mathias,
Onnes, and Crommelin, 64P, 15: 667; 12. 168, No. 131a; 12.
( 50 ) Mathias, Onnes and Crommelin, 64P, 17: 953; 15. 168, No. 145c; 15.
( 51 ) Mathias, Crommelin and Onnes, 34, 175: 933; 22. 168, No. 162b;
22. ( 5 2 ) Mathias, Crommelin and Onnes, 6, 19: 231; 23. ( S3 ) Melcher,
128, 4: 431; 14. ( 54 ) Moissan and Dewar, 34, 125: 505; 97. ( 5S ) Onnes,
64P, 13: 1093; 11. 168, No. 119; 11. ( 5 ) Onnes, O. ( 57 ) Onnes and
Boks, 168, No. 170: 24. B60: 215; 24. ( 58 ) Onnes and Crommelin, 168,
No. 137a. 64V, 21: 214; 13. B60\ 24. ( 5 9 ) Patterson, Cripps and
Whytlaw-Gray, 5, 86: 579; 12.
( 60 ) Pellaton, 42, 13: 426; 15. ( 61 ) Petersen, 7, 8: 601; 91. < 62 ) Pierre, 6,
20: 5; 47. ( 63 ) Pisati, 25, 7: 361; 74. ( 64 ) Pisati and de Franchis, 36,
4: 497; 74. ( 65 ) van der Plaats, 70, 5: 34; 86. ( 66 ) Plotnikov and Rokotyan, 7, 84: 365; 13. ( 6 7 ) Priwoznik, M on. des Museums fr Geschichte der
Oesterr. Arbeit., No. 2; 1893. 25, 26, Pt. 4: 580; 93. ( 68 ) Ramsay, 4, 35:
463; 79. ( 6 9 ) Ramsay and Masson, 25, 13: 2147; 80.
( 7 0 ) Ramsay and Travers, 7, 38: 641; 01. ( 7 1 ) Richards, 65, 39: 579; 04. ( 72 )
Richards, Stull and Brink, 152, No. 76; 07. ( 73 ) Riesenfeld and Schwab, 96,
11: 12; 22. ( 7 4 ) Saunders, 50, 4: 483; 00. ( 7 5 ) Schrotter, 6, 24: 406; 48.
( 7 6 ) Schrotter, 8, 81: 299; 50. ( 7 7 ) Schwab, 7, 110: 599; 24. ( 78 ) Simon
and Simson, 96, 25: 160; 24. ( 7 9 ) Sinits, Meyer and Beck, 87, 26: 268; 17.
( 80 ) Stock and Gomolka, 25, 42: 4510; 09. ( 81 ) Thorpe, 4, 37: 172; 80. ( 82 )
Troost and Hautefeuille, 25, 7: 482; 74. ( 83 ) Vernon, 3, 32: 365; 91. ( 84 )
Vicentini and Omodei, 22, 4 I: 718, 805; 4 II: 19, 39, 75; 88. ( 8S ) Wigand,
8, 22: 64, 99; 07.
DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE LIQUID

(INCLUDING VITREOUS) STATE UNDER ONE ATMOSPHERE
G. P. BAXTER
-TABLE
Standard arrangement (v. p. viii)
H2O
H2O2
d1 = do + at + b2 + . . . (range, 0 C)
1
Z
v. p. 24
d\ = 1.4632 - 0.00117* + 0.0552 (-12 to 20)
HCl
HClO4
d\ = 0.923 - 0.00318 (-104 to -83)

dl = 1.806 - 0.001927 (20 to 50)
(77)
(91, 93)
HBr
dl = 1.549 - 0.00885t (-88 to -69)
77
( )
HI
d\ = 2.371 - 0.012 (-50 to -36)
(77)
Substance
2
A-T ABLE.(Continued)
ICl
dl = 1.4350 - 0.0025 - 0.O51122 (-50 to -10)
503
f dl = 1.998 - 0.00466 (15 to 46)

-j d\ = 1.9962 - 0.003235 - 0.042152 (15 to 46)
^ d\ = 1.9982 - 0.003193 - 0.042222 (15 to 46)
H2SO4
dl = do + a + b 2 + . . . (range, 0C)
(84)
(28)
( 41 )
(72)
(44)
(8)
SO3HCl
(7V)
19
C
49,
35
51,
37
58,
62, 73)
i1
H2Se
H2Te
NO
Lit.
df4 = 1.7094 - 0.001596 + 0.06672 - 0.08473

(O to 136)
dl = 1.7055 - 0.001634 + 0.05142 - 0.08953
(12 to 111)
SOCl2
dl = 1.6767 - 0.001951 + 0.06652 - 0.071173
(O to 69)
( dl = 1.7081 - 0.0021 + 0.051072 - 0.071813
SO2Cl2 I
(O to 70)
. ( d* = 1.7045 - 0.00160 (O to 50)
d\ = 1.8585 - 0.001796 - 0.06312 - 0.0r2253
(O to 100)
dl = 1.872; d\ = 1.837
( 48 )
d\ = 0.866 - 0.001629 (-82 to -63)

d\ = 1.854 - 0.0398 (O to 76)
Substance
^2
f d\ = 3.1822 - 0.002914 - 0.07612 - 0.08433

j
(24 to 90)
I dl = 3.278 - 0.00327 (24 to 100)
502
H2S
Lit.
d4 = 1.873; d8 = 1.839
dl = 1.7847 - 0.001615 + 0.051212 - 0.0s413
(O to 100)
d-*2 = 2.12
d-*> = 2.57
d-i5o.2 = 1.269
< 84 )
(38)
(84)
(**)
(60)
( 84 )
(Tl)
(4)
( 71 > 84 )
(2M
( 22 )
(l)
-TABLE.(Continued)
d1 = do -f a + b2 + . . . (range, 0C)
Substance
i
11 NO 2
N2O
N2O3
-TABLE.(Continued)
c*4 = 1.4903 - 0.00238 - 0.06482 - 0.06373

(O to 20)
(85)
d = 1.496 - 0.00148 (-5 to 15)
(24)
( )
(9S)
(26)
d = 1.450 - 0.0017 (-8 to 2)
24
I d = 0.6387 - 0.001365 - 0.05163 (-50 to -33)

HNO 3 / ^ = 1^5300 ~ O-0014' < to 30)
t d = 1.5501 - 0.00203 + 0.0552 (4 to 24)
12
PH 3
PCl3
87
34
( )
(57)
<89)
( 84 )
( 82 )
( 82 )
SiBr4
SiH3Br
Si3H9N
d{ = 2.8128 - 0.00268 + 0.064452 -f- 0.09643

d^60 = 1.72
<Ci6 = 0.895
( 84 )
( 81 )
( 83 )
(77)
d\ = 0.693 - 0.036i (-106 to -80)

d = 1.6162 - 0.001828 + 0.067062 - 0.072383
(-36 to 75)
d[ = 1.6128 - 0.001869 + 0.06184<2 _ o.087923
I
(O to 76)
d\ = 1.6128 - 0.001733 + 0.05322 + 0.07233*
(-SOtoO)
. d\ = 1.6094 - 0.00134 + ().06122 (-90 to O)
( 61 )
POCl3
(84)
Hg12
f84)
16
32 AgCl
( 32 )
f66)
(78)
(40)
J^-5 _ o OAK
AgClO3
AgBr
1
(31)
AS
^ ;
(39)
d{ = 4.438 - 0.00229 (250 to 350)
BiBr3
d\ = 5.248 - 0.0026 (272 to 330)
CO
d4 = -0.0052 - 0.0042 (-205 to -185)
(45)
(67)
(42)
( 32 )
(61)
SbBr3 < d 4
- 3-845
i d490 = 3.6926; dj = 3.6807
BiCl3
(4S)
d{ = 6.175 - 0.00145 (600 to 800)

d383 = 5>625
d* = 2.36
d[ = 5.312 - 0.00195 (214 to 290)
HgBr2
di = 2.2050 - 0.002159 - 0.073952 - 0.094433

(-15 to 130)
d\ = 2.2050 - 0.002186 -f 0.062112 - 0.082733
(O to 129)
AsBr3 <f di = 3.4694 - 0.002948 + 0.052482 (50 to 100)

I d** = 3.540
SbH3
<_~ 25 = 2.26; d~ = 2.34
SbCl3
d\ = 2.8131 - 0.001636 - 0.00322 (75 to 150)
{
d[ = 5.627 - 0.00144 (522 to 740)
PbBr2
PbI2
GaCl3
TlNO 3
(4
32
/ô
t>02
J d\ = 1.2927 - 0.00148 - 0.063062 (-111 to O)

1
d\ = 1.2931 - 0.001508 (O to 45)
d\ = 5.928 - 0.00338 (240 to 340)
(65)
( d\ = 6.060 - O.O322 (255 to 355)

I rf2oo = 5.287
/ d* = 5.267 - 0.0392 (628 to 783)
I d451 = 4.9X9
(65)
( 67)
(46)
d\ = 4.2626 - 0.001742 (223 to 247)

/ d* = 6.023 - 0.00103 (681 to 819)
< d427 __ 5 595
(25)
(46)
d* = 6.139 - 0.00101 (597 to 801)
(46)
d 527 = 5t522
AgNO 3
90
(32)
(7)
(61)
!
VOCl3
d*
= 1.3561 - 0.002213 - 0.0542 (O to 36)
47,
56, 61,
74,
84)
CNCl
is SiO2
SiH4
d~^ -
1.24
$ = 1.222 - 0.0018 (O to 45)

For other C-compounds, v. p. 27
Vm voi. iv, p. 19
rfjiM
= 0.68
(79)
(50)
(80)
(2)
d\ = 1.8766 - 0.00245 + 0.05285642 (O to 80)

B2Os
C^48 = 1.7955
(18)
(U)
~ ~t < 15 X 10-6 (below 240); > 200 X 1Q-
84, 86,
(30)
(55)
d\ = 1.9586 - 0.001908 + 0.05162 - 0.0873

(-47to25)
(S3,
d\ = 1.9610 - 0.001880 - 0.06332 - 0.09773
(O to 116)
(84)
d\ = 1.8653 - 0.0018 - 0.0722 - 0.08263 (O to 125) (43, 63, 6,
(above 240)
88, 92)
COS
(17)
(54)
d_ = 1.633 - 0.03125 (900 to 1100)
(6, is, 20,

30, 33,
75,
dj186 = 1.539
(67)
(25, 32, 67)
(76, 87)
23, 27, 29,
AlCl3
.m
AIrJr
3
AlI3
77 CaCl2
SrCl2
(6?)
dl - 4.2070 - 0.001112 (239 to 410)
Ni(CO) 4
(84)
(36)
(67)
T, / / 4 = 1.4937 - 0.001853 (O to 60)

Fe(CO)s \ 1R
I d 4 = 1.4644
d\ = 1.2931 - 0.001475 - 0.077 - 0.07194s

(-35 to 60)
d\ = 1.2922 - 0.001487 + 0.062172 - 0.071823
(O to 45)
d{ = 1.2918 - 0.00139 + 0.0642 (-110 to O)
( 4S )
(5)
(65)
^ ,^, ( d{ = 3.731 - 0.0s685 (600 to 800)

CdCl2 <
2nn
I dj = 3.299
HgCl2
d\ = 5.021 - 0.002218 (280 to 335)
( )
(84)
( 84 )
PbCl2
( 61 )
84
( 61 )
(94)
SnI4
(84)
(84>
d\ = 4.145 - 0.00245 (145 to 275)
( 61 )
( 84 )
( 61 )
(32>
l = 3.674 - 0.001253 (290 to 400)
d\ = 2.2671 - 0.00257 + 0.06732 - 0.O 7 III 3

(-19 to 113)
d[. = 2.2788 - 0.002643 + 0.051372 - 0.07123
(O to 113)
(M
(13)
O 6)
( 16 )
22 SnCl2
( 36 )
(87)
i d\ = 1.7116 - 0.001839 + 0.O61662 - 0.08553

(O to 105)
d\ = 2.9249 - 0.002477 + 0.06752 0.08523
(O to 100)
PBr3
d\ = 2.9249 - 0.002415 - 0.0662 + 0.081953
(100 to 175)
d\ = 2.9231 - 0.002458 + O 063782 - 0.082813
(O to 158)
POBrCl2 d\ = 2.1207 - 0.002128 + 0.06882 - 0.08573
(12 to 134)
PSCl3
d\ = 1.6682 - 0.001681 + 0.06482 - 0.0s483
(O to 124)
is AsF3
d[ = 2.6659 - 0.003839 + 0.054352 (O to 60)
^T142 = i-523
rf?09 - 1.98
rf7106 = 2.20
GeH4
Ge 2 H 6
Ge3H8
(84)
d\ = 1.7609 - 0.00166 - 0.06812 + 0.0S1583

(-22 to 135)
d\ = 1.7604 - 0.001729 - 0.066542 - 0.0S5783
(O to 135)
(10)
d = 1.349 - 0.00242 (-48 to O)
(*0)
( 81 )
SiH2Cl2
SiH3Cl
( )
(4>
Lit.
= 1.5237 - 0.001975 - 0.067142 - 0.07493

(-32 to 59)
d = 1.5241 - 0.002038 - 0.06408f2 - 0.071493
(O to 57)
d7122 = 1.42
^113 = 1.145
57
NOCI
l Si2H6
Si2HeO
d = 1.490 - 0.00209 (O to 22)

d{ = 1.4905 - 0.00204 - 0.06932 (O - 21)
d_ 8 - 4 = ! 2257
/ d = 0.6386 - 0.00134 - 0.0413652 (-78 to -33)
d l = do + a + b2 + . . . (range, 0 C)
l
_z
d~M = 0.686
<T8<> = 0.881
Substance
Lit.
^2
d* = 1.85 - 0.0027 (200 to 230)

/ d* == 2.87 - 0.0023 (100 to 225)
<
OQ K
I 49'5 = 2.754
(f = 3.70 - 0.0025 (200 to 240)
dl = 2.37 - 0.034 (850 to 1000)
d = 3.11 - 0.0347 (850 to 1000)
( 7 O)
(9)
()
(31)
(9)
(2)
(2)
LITERATURE
-TABLE.(Continued)
Substance
= do -{- at + b< -f . . . (range, C)
Lit.
^2
BaCl2
LiF
di = 3.72 - 0.036 (1000 to 1050)

dl = 2.201 - 0.0s474* (887 to 1058)
(2)
(32)
LiCl
di = 1.762 - 0.03432 (626 to 985)
(!2, 32)
LiBr
di = 2.93 - 0.037* (above 547)
Li2SO*
LiNO3
di = 2.346 - 0.03402< (853 to 1112)

( di = 1.919 - 0.03547* (288 to 546)
I d* = 1930 _ a08549j (260 to 309)
(12)
(12, 32)
(32)
(25)
Li2CO3
NaOH
NaF
NaCl
NaBr
NaI
Na2SO4
d* - 2.927 - 0.03795 (785 to 954)

di = 3.441 - 0.001061t (675 to 724)
di = 2.495 - 0.0348* (900 to 1046)
d\ = 2.114 - 0.0367< (320 to 550)
t
d\ = 2.134 - 0.03702< (343 to 492)
d[ = 2,545 - 0.0344 (905 to 1007)
d[ = 2.305 - 0.034* (893 to 1048)
d[ = 3.235 - 0.0363< (804 to 1063)
d\ = 4.409 - 0.03795 (917 to 1330)
d* = 0.708 + 0.00152 (972 to 995)
^ = 3 543 _ 0 00133i (995 to 1083)
(59)
3 KOH
KF
KCl
di = 2.25 - 0.001 (380 to 440)

di = 2.477 - 0.03666* (913 to 1054)
di = 1.971 - 0.0358* (785 to 958)
(52)
(32)
(2, 12, 32,
Carnallite
KBr
KI
K2SO4
KNO 3
KPO3
K2CO3
K2Cr2O7
K2MoO4
K 2 WO 4
RbF
RbCl
RbBr
RbI
Rb2SO4
RbNO3
CsF
CsCl
CsBr
CsI
Cs2SO4
CsNO3
d\ di =
di =
di =
di =
di =
di di =
di =
di =
di di =
di di =
di =
di =
di =
di =
di =
di =
di =
di =
(3)
(12, 32, 45)
(32)
(32)
(25, 32, 45)
(32)
(12)
(32)
(32)
(32)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)
O 2)
(32)
(32)
(32)
(32)
(32)
(32)
82
i
di
di
=
=
=
=
2.071 - 0.0334* (800 to 1000)

2.11 - 0.0363< (340 to 440)
2.506 - 0.03564< (1017 to 1214)
1.959 - 0.0352* (809 to 1010)
(12)
(52)
(32)
(2, 12, 32,
45)
(
NaNOid <
\
NaPO3
Na2CO3
Na2MoO4
Na2WO4
f
NaaAlFe^
(12, 32)
(32)
(12, 32)
(32, 45)
(25)
(2, 32)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(59)
69)
1.945 - 0.0341 (570 to 780)

2.708 - 0.038 (751 to 945)
3.159 - 0.00104 (700 to 751)
2.472 - 0.03545 (1100 to 1300)
2.097 - 0.0870* (352 to 564)
2.455 - 0.0343 (988 to 11%6)
2.314 - 0.0346 (911 to 1036)
2.564 - 0.03698 (420 to 497)
2.964 - 0.03644 (964 to 1324)
3.871 - 0.0376 (991 to 1361)
3.707 - 0.00101t (820 to 1006)
2.701 - 0.000818 (734 to 822)
3.460 - 0.0011 (697 to 780)
3.577 - 0.00111 (700 to 800)
3.260 - 0.0s665 (1101 to 1307)
2.782 - 0.0397 (348 to 555)
3.611 - 0.00124 (720 to 824)
3.489 - 0.00108 (661 to 741)
3.997 - 0.001342 (662 to 743)
3.953 - 0.001215 (639 to 701)
3.867 - 0.038 (1040 to 1220)
3.270 - 0.001115 (445 to 575)

O) Adwentowski, 180, 1909 II: 742. ( 2 ) Arndt and Gessler, 9, 14: 665; 08.
(3) Arndt and Kunze, 9, 18: 994; 12. ( 4 ) Aten, 7, 66: 641; 09. ( 5 ) Aten,
7, 73: 578; 10. ( 6 ) Aten, 7, 88: 321; 14. ( 7 ) BaIy and Donnan, 4, 81:
907; 02. ( 8 ) Berthoud, 42, 20: 77; 23. ( 9 ) Biltz and Voigt, 93, 126:
39; 23.
( 10 ) Briner and Pylkoff, 42, 10: 640; 12. ( 11 J Briscoe, Robinson and Stephenson, 4, 1926: 70. ( 12 ) Brunner, 93, 38: 350; 04. O 3 ) Corey, Laubengayer
and Dennis, I1 47: 112; 25. ( 1 4 ) Cragoe and Harper, 31, No. 420: 287; 21.
O 5) Dawson, 4, 97: 1041; 10. ( 16 ) Dennis, Corey and Moore, 1, 46:
657; 24. ( 17 ) Dewar and Jones, 5, 76: 558; 05. ( 18 ) Ditte, 34, 85: 1069;
77. ( 19 ) Drucker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367; 11.
( 20 ) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. ( 21 ) de Forcrand and Fonzes-Diacon, 34, 134;
171; 02. (22) de Forcrand and Fonzes-Diacon, 34, 134: 1209; 02. (23)
Friedburg, 135, 47: 52; 83. (24) Geuther, 13, 245: 96; 88. (25) oodwin
and Mailey, 2, 25: 469; 07. ( 26 ) Grunmach, 8, 15: 401; 04. 63, 5: 677;
04; 25, 37: 1198, 04. ( 27 ) Haagen, 13, 131: 117; 64. ( 28 ) Hannay, 4,
26: 815; 73. (29) Hubbard, 7, 74: 207; 10. 2, 30: 740; 10.
(30) Isnarde, 96, 9: 153; 22. ( 3 I) Izbekov and Plotnikov, 93, 71: 328; 11.
(32) Jaeger, 93, 101: 16; 17. (33) Jaeger and Kahn, 64P, 18: 269; 15. (3*)
Keyes, 382, 2: 20; 16. ( 3 S) Knietsch, 25, 34: 4069; 01. ( 36 ) Krber.
8, 37: 1014; 12. ( 37 ) Kohlrausch, 8, 159: 233, 240; 76. ( 38 ) Kopp, 13,
95: 307; 55. ( 3 ^) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksman, 53, 47: 558; 15.
( 4 0 ) Kurnakov, Perel'muter and Kanov, 169, 24: 399; 15. 10, 4: 13; 21. ( 4 1 )
Lange, 92, 12: 275; 99. ( 42 ) Lecoq de Boisbaudran, 135, 44: 166; 81. 34,
93: 294, 329, 815; 81. ( 43 ) L'Hte, 34, 101: 1151; 85. ( 4 4 ) Lichty, 1,
34: 1440; 12. ( 4 S ) Lorenz, Frei and Jabs, 7, 61: 468; 08. ( 46 ) Lorenz and
Hochberg, 93, 94: 288; 16. ( 47 ) Lowry, 4, 105: 81; 14. ( 48 ) Maass and
Hatcher, 1, 42: 2548; 20. ( 49 ) Marignac, 6, 39: 184; 53.
( 50 ) Mauguin and Simon, 14, 15: 18; 21. ( 51 ) Mendelejeff, 25, 17: 2536;
84. ( 5 2) Meyer and Heck, 7, 100: 316; 22. ( 53 ) Moles and Gomez, 7,
80: 513; 12. ( 5 *) Mond and Langer, 4, 59: 1090; 91. ( 5S ) Mond and
Nasini, 7, 8: 150; 91. ( 56 ) Nasini, 25, 15: 2878; 82. ( 5 7 ) Pascal and
Gamier, 27, 25: 309; 19. ( 58 ) Pascal and Garnier, 315, 20: 17; 23. ( 59 )
Pascal and Jouniaux, 9, 22: 71; 16.
( 60 ) Pavlevski, 25, 30: 765; 97. ( 61 ) Pierre, 6, 15: 325; 45. ( 2 ) Pound, 4,
99: 698; 11. ( 63 ) Prandtl and Bleyer, 93, 65: 152; 10. ( 6 4 ) Prandtl and
Boriniski, 93, 62: 24; 09. (s) Prideaux, 4, 97: 2032; 10. ( 66 ) Retgers,
7, 11: 328; 93. ( 67 ) Rodwell, 62, 173: 1125; 82. ( 68 ) Roscoe, 62, 158:
1; 68. ( 69 ) Sackur, 7, 83: 297; 13.
( 70 ) Samsoen, 34, 181: 354; 25. ( 71 ) Sanger and Riegel, 65, 47: 673; 11. ( 72 )
Schenck, 13, 316: 1; 01. ( 73 ) Schertel, 52, 26: 246; 82. ( 7 4 ) ScMfF, 25,
14: 2761; 81. 19: 560; 86. ( 7 5 ) Schwers, 4, 101: 1889; 12. ( 76 ) Seitz,
Alterthum and Lechner, 8, 49: 85:16. (77 ) Steele, Mclntosh and Archibald,
7, 5rf: 129; 06. ( 78 ) Stock and Guttmann, 25, 37: 885; 04. ( 79 ) Stock and
Kuss, 25, 50: 159; 17.
( 80 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 49: 111; 16. ( 81 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 50:
1739; 17. ( 82 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 52: 695; 19. ( 83 ) Stock and
Somieski, 25, 54: 740; 21. ( 84 ) Thorpe, 4, 37: 327; 80. ( 85 ) Thorpe, 4, 37:
141; 80. ( 86 ) Timmermans, 117, 13: 310; 12. ( 87 ) Timmermans, 28,
32: 299; 23. (88) Tyrer, 4, 105: 2534; 14. ( 89 ) Veley and Manley, 5, 62:
223; 97.
( 90 ) Voigt and Biltz, 93, 133: 277; 24. (") Vorlnder and Schilling, 13, 310:
369; 00. ( 92 ) Wullner, 8, 133: 1; 68. ( 93 ) van Wyk, 93, 48: 1; 05. ( 94 )
Dortmann and Hildebrand, 1, 49: 737; 27. ( 9S ) Mittasch, Kuss and
Schlueter, 93, 159: 1; 26.
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME OF WATER

V. STOTT AND PHILIP H. BIGG
1. DENSITY OF WATER IN G PER ML BETWEEN O0C AND 4O0C
The values given below are the means of those given by P. Chappuis, $38, 13: D 40; 07, and those of M. Thiessen, K. Scheel, and
H. Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 68; 00. The last column gives the average differences, expressed in units in the seventh decimal place, of the
values tabulated in the preceding columns from the values of which they are the mean.
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
I 0.0 I 0.1 I 0.2 I 0.3 I 0.4 I 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | Diff. X IQ7
0.9998679 0.999874e 0.99988Ii 0.9998874 0.999893s 0.999899s 0.999905s 0.9999100 0.999916s 0.99992Ie
1
9267
9315
9363
9408
9452
9494
9534
9573
9610
9645
O
9679
9711
9741
9769
9796
9821
9844
9866
9887
9905
O
9922
9937
9951
9962
9973
9981
9988
9994
9998
*0000
O
1.0000000
*9999
*9996
*9992
*9986
*9979
*9970
*9960
*9947
*9934
O
0.9999919 0.9999902 0.999988s 0.9999864 0.9999842 0.9999819 0.999979s 0.9999769 0.999974l 0.9999712
1
968i
9649
961 e
958i
9544
95Oe
9467
942e
9384
934o
1
929s
924s , 92Oo
915o
9099
904e
8992
893e
8879
882i
2
8762
87Oi
863s
8574
8509
8442
8374
83Os
8234
8162
3
8088
801s
793e
7859
778o
7699
761?
7534
745o
7364
5
727?
7189
7099
70Os
691s
682o
6724
6627
6529
642s
6
6328
622s
612i
6017
591i
58Os
5694
558s
547s
536i
2
5247
5132
501e
489s
478o
466o
453s
441s
429i
416e
O
404o
391s
3784
365s
3524
339i
325s
312s
2987
285o
1
2712
2572
2432
229o
2147
20Os
185s
171i
1564
141s
1
126s
Ills
096i
0808
065s
0497
034o
0182
002s
*9862
2
0.9989701 0.998953s 0.9989374 0.9989209 0.998904s 0.998887e 0.9988707 0.998853s 0.9988307 0.998819s
6
8022
784s
767s
7497
7319
714i
696i
678i
6599
641e
9
6232
6046
5861
5673 ' 54ss
5295
51os
49is
4720
4526
14
43si
4136
39ss
3740
3541
3341
3Uo
2937
27ss
2529
18
2323
21i7
1909
17oi
1490
12so
lOes
08ss
0641
0426
22
02io
*9993
*977s
*95se
*93ss
*91i4
*8892
*86e9
*8444
*82i9
25
0.9977993 0.9977765 0.9977537 0.99773o8 0.9977077 0.9976846 0.99766l3 0.99763so 0.9976145 0.99759io
27
5674
5437
5198
4959
47i8
4477
4235
3991
3747
3502
29
3256
30o9
2760
25n
22ei
20io
17ss
15os
12so
0995
30
0739
0482
0225
*99ee
*97oe
*944s
*91s4
*892i
*86s7
*8393
31
0.9968128 0.9967861 0.9967594 0.9967326 0.9967057 0.9966786 0.99665is 0.9966243 0.9965970 0.9965696
30
5421
5146
4869
4591
43is
40ss
37ss
3472
3190
2907
29
2623
2338
2052
17ee
1478
1190
09oi
06io
03i9
0027
28
0.9959735 0.9959440 0.9959146 0.9958850 0.99585540.9958257 0.9957958 0.9957659 0.9957359 0.9957059
25
6756
6454
6151
5846
5541
52ss
4928
4620
43i2
4002
23
3692
0861
20
0542
0222
*99oi
*95so
*92ss
*89ss
*86i2
*82se
*79ei
*763s
0.9947308 0.9946980 0.9946651 0.9946321 0.9945991 0.99456eo 0.9945328 0.9944995 0.99446ei 0.9944327
3991
36ss
33i9
29si
2643
23o3
1963
!622
12so
09ss
0594
0251
*99oe
*95eo
*92i4
*88e7
*85is
*8l70
*7820
*74?o
0.9937119 0.9936767 0.9936414 0.993606l 0.9935707 0.993535l 0.9934996 0.9934639 0.9934282 0.9933924
3565
32oe
2846
24s4
2123
17eo
1397
10s2
06es
0302
0.9929936 0.9929568 0.992920l 0.9928833 0.9928463 0.9928093 0.9927722 0.992735l 0.9926978 0.9926605
6232
5857
5482
51oe
4730
4352
3974
3595
32ie
28se
I
2455
;
3380
3068
27S5
2442
2127
18l2
1495
1178
19
17
16
16
18
' 22
28
36
42
2. VOLUME, IN ML, OF 1 G OP WATER BETWEEN O0C AND 4O0C

Computed from Table 1
0
CI
0.0
I
0.1
I
0.2
I
0.3
I
0.4
I
0.5
|
0.6
|
0.7
|
0.8
|
0.9
0 1.0001322 1.000125s 1.000119o 1.0001127 1.000106s 1.000100s 1.000094s 1.0000892 1.0000837 1.000078s
1
0734
0685
0637
0592
0548
0506
0466
0427
0390
0355
2
0320
0289
0259
0230
0204
0179
0156
0134
0113
0095
3
0078
0063
0049
0038
0027
0019
0012
0006
0003
0000
4
0000
0001
0004
0008
0014
0022
0030
0040
0053
0067
5
008i
009s
0117
0137
0159
0182
02Oe
0232
0259
028s
6
0319
035i
0384
0419
045e
0494
0533
0574
0617
066i
7
0706
075s
08Oi
085i
0902
0954
10Os
1064
112i
1179
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1239
13Oo
191s
198s
2724
281s
3674
377e
475s
487i
596s
609i
729s
7433
874s
889s
1.0010309 1.0010473
199s
2167
3787
3973
1362
142e
149i
2064
2142
222i
29Os
299s
308e
388i
398s
409i
4987
51Os
522s
6219
6349
648o
7574
771e
7859
9047
92Oi
935e
1.001063s 1.001080s 1.001097o
2343
2519
2697
41eo
4348
4537
155s
162e
169e
1767
1839
2302
2384
2467
255i
2637
318i
327s
3374
347s
357s
4199
43Os
4417
4529
464i
534s
546s
558s
5712
5837
661s
6747
6882
701s
715s
80Os
8149
829e
8444
8592
9512
9669
982s
9987
*0149
1.0011137 1.001130e 1.001147e 1.0011647 1.0011819
287e
305e
3237
3419
36Os
4727
4918
51io
53os
54os
2. VOLUME, IN ML, OF 1 G OF WATER BETWEEN O0C AND 4O0C.(Continued)

C|
0.0
I
0.1
I
0.2
I
0.3
I
0.4
I
0.5
0.6
|
0.7
0.8
|
0.9
"91.00156941.00158901.00160881.00162861.00164871.00166871.00168891.00170931.00172961.0017502
20
7708
79i6
8124
8333
8544
87se
8968
9182
9397
96i2
21
9830
*0048
*0266
*0486
*0708
*0930
*ll53
*1377
*1603
*1828
22
1.0022056
1.0022285
1.0022514
1.0022744
1.0022976
1.00232os
1.0023442
1.0023676
1.00239i2
1.0024148
23
4386
4624
4864
5104
5346
5589
5832
6077
6322
6569
24
68i6
7065
73i4
75es
78i7
8069
8322
8577
8833
9089
25
9346
9605
9864
*0l24
*0387
*0649
*09l2
26
1.0031974
1.0032243
1.00325i2
1.0032782
1.0033052
1.0033325
1.0033598
27
4699
4976
5255
5535
58l5
6097
28
29
30
75i7
1.0040428
3432
78o4
1.0040725
3736
8093
1.0041022
4043
83si
1.0041320
4350
8671
1.00416i9
46ss
8962
1.00419is
49ee
31
6523
7153
7469
6838
32
9704
33 1.0052972
34
6324
35
9761
36 1.0063279
37
6879
38 1.0070559
39.
43i7
_40
*0028
1.0053303
6664
*01o9
1.0063636
7244
1.0070932
4697
*03oi
*0676
1.0053636 1.0053969
7005
7346
*04s7
*08o7
1.0063993 1.00643si
7609
7975
1.00713o4 1.0071678
5077
54eo
*ll76
*1442
*1708
1.0033871
1.0034Ue
1.0034422
6379
6662
6947
7232
9253
1.00422i9
5277
9546
1.0042521
5587
9839
1.0042824
5898
*0l34
1.0043127
62n
7786
8104
8422
*10oi
1.00543o3
7688
*lls8
1.00647io
8341
1.0072052
5841
*1327
1.0054637
8032
*15io
1.0065070
87o9
1.0072428
6225
*16s4
1.0054973
8376
*18e2
1.0065430
9077
1.0072804
6609
8741
9062
*19s3
1.00553io
87n
*22is
1.0065791
9447
1.00731si
6993
9382
*23n
1.0055647
9067
*2570
1.0066153
98i7
1.0073559
7379
*264i
1.0055985
94i3
*2924
1.0066516
*01s7
1.0073938
77es
8152
3. DENSITY OF WATER IN G PER ML BETWEEN 4O0C AND 10O0C

The values given are from M. Thiessen, 89, 4: 32; 18
0
CI
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0
0.99224
0.98807
0.98324
0.9778l
0.97183
0.96534
O.9583s
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I
4.0
0.99186
0.99147
0.99107
0.9906e
0.98762
0.9871s
0.98669
0.9862i
0.98272
0.9822o
0.98167
0.9811s
0.9772s
0.9766e
0.97607
0.9754s
0.9712l
0.9705?
0.96994
0.9693o
0.96467
0.96399
0.9633o
0.9626i
4.
0
CI
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0
I
1.0
1.00782
1.0082l
1.01207
1.01254
1.0170s
1.0175s
1.02270
1.02330
1.02899
1.0296s
1.03590
1.03663
1.04343
2.0
1.0086i
1.013Oi
1.01813
1.0239o
1.03032
1.0373e
3.0
I
4.0
1.009Oi
1.00943
1.01349
1.0139s
1.01867
1.01923
1.02452
1.02513
1.03099
1.0316s
1.0381o
1.03884
G/ML AND ML/G
J. F. Mohler, I9 35: 236; 12

I9 G
O
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
5.0
|
6.0
|
7.0
0.99024
0.98982
0.9894o
0.98573
0.9852s
0.9847s
0.98059
0.9800s
0.9795o
0.97489
0.97429
0.9736s
0.9686s
0.968Oo
0.96734
0.96192
0.96122
0.9605i
8.0
0.9889e
0.9842s
0.97894
0.97307
0.9666s
0.9598i
9.0
0.98852
0.9837s
0.9783s
0.9724s
0.966Oi
0.95909
VOLUME, IN ML, OF 1 G OF WATER, BETWEEN 4O0C AND 10O0C

Computed from Table 3
5. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME OF WATER BELOW O0C,
Density
0.9999
0.9998
0.9997
0.9996
0.9994
0.9992
0.9990
0.998?
Volume
1.0001
1.0002
1.0003
1.0004
1.0006
1.0008
l.OOli
1.0013
5.0 .
1.0098s
1.0144s
1.01979
1.0257e
1.03237
1.03959
6.0
1.0102s
1.0149s
1.0203e
1.02639
1.0330e
1.0403s
7.0
1.01072
1.0154s
1.0209s
1.02703
1.0337e
1.041Ii
8.0
[
9.0
l.Ollle
l.Olloi
1.016Oo
1.01652
1.02154
1.0221o
1.0276s
1.0283s
1.03447
1.0351s
1.0418s
1.0426s
t, 0C
I
Density
|
Volume
^ ~ 8 0 . 9 9 8 5 1 . 0 0 1 s
- 9
0.9982
1.001s
-10
0.9979
1.002l
-11
0.997e
1.0024
-12
0.997s
1.002?
-13
0.9969
1.003l
6. EFFECT OF DISSOLVED AIR ON THE DENSITY OF WATER
Between the temperatures 50C and 80C the density of water
saturated with air was found to be 0.000003o g/ml less than
the density of air-free water (Chappuis, 23S1 14: D 63; 10).
DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
ROGER F. BRUNEI^ AND KATHARINE VAN BIBBER
CONTENTS
CH3OH, Methyl alcohol.
C2H5OH, Ethyl alcohol.
Density-temperature equations
based upon reliable data.
Density-temperature data of
unknown reliability (Lit. rf.
only).
MATIRES
CH3OH, Alcool mthylique.
C2H5OH, Alcool thylique.
quations densit-temprature
bases sur des donnes dignes
de confiance.
Donnes densit-temprature
dont l'exactitude n'est pas
connue (ref.-bibl. seulement).
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
CH3OH, Methylalkohol.
C2H5OH, thylalkohol.
Dichte-Temperatur Gleichungen auf Grund verlsslicher
Beobachtungen.
Dichte-Temperatur Angaben
unbekannter
Genauigkeit
(nur Literatur).
Density-temperature data for

various complex compounds
(Lit. rf. only).
Donnes
densit-temprature Dichte-Temperatur
Angaben
fr verschiedene komplexe
pour des composs complexes
Verbindungen (nur Literavaris (rf. bibl. seulement).
tur).
Accurate density data at single

temperatures.
For other density data at single
temperatures, see Vol. I, p.
176.
Valeurs prcises de la densit

pour une seule temprature.
Pour d'autres valeurs de densit
une seule temprature, voir
Vol. I, p. 176.
UNITS
d = density in g/ml = specific gravity 2/4 (in vacuo), t = 0C.
Methyl Alcohol
Klason and Norlin (n) give values for d{ as follows :0, 0.80999;
10, 0.80069; 15, 0.79601; 20, 0.79134; 30, 0.78184.
These values are checked by other investigators as follows:
At 0 to 0.00001 by Young and Fortey (283), at 15 to 0.00001 by
Gyr (86) and Doroshevskii (47) ; at 10 to 0.00004 and at 20 to
0.00001 by Loomis (137). Values of Dittmar and Fawsitt ^ 2 ),
Young (281), Timmermans ( 252 ), and Tyrer (257) are higher, but
do not agree with each other.
The following equation reproduces the above values to 0.00002:
d*4 = 0.80999 - 0.039253f - 0.06412.
Extrapolation by this equation to 60 gives values which are
probably the best available. They run nearly parallel to those of
Dittmar and Fawsitt ( 42 ) but about 0.0003 lower.
Timmermans gives for the range 94.5 to +15:
d = 0.81015 - 0.0210041* - 0.0518022 - 0.071657*3.
The value at 0 is probably in error, but the values for lower
temperatures are the best available.
Genaue Dichten bei einzelnen

Temperaturen.
Fr andere Dichten bei einzelnen Temperaturen, siehe
Bd. I, p. 176.
INDICE
PAGB
CH3OH, Alcool metilico... 27
C2H5OH, Alcool etilico.... 27
Equazioni densit-temperature basate su osservazioni attendibili
28
Dati di attendibilit sconosciuta sulla variazione
della densit con la temperatura (letteratura soltanto)
30
Dati sulla relazione della
densit con la temperatura, per diversi composti complessi (letteratura soltanto)
33
Dati precisi di densit a
singole temperature
33
Per altri valori di densit
a singole temperature,
vedi Vol. I, p. 176.
Timmermans ( 253 ) gives the following equation for temperatures below 0 without specifying in the reference quoted the
range for which it holds :
d[ = 0.80625 - 0.03845 + 0.0629*2.
Young's value for d\ is used.
DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS
Table 1 gives the parameters of the equation:
dt = [d. 4- 10~3 a(t - t9) + 10~6 (t - k) 2 -h IO-9 y(t - k)3]
10~4 A.
Except where indicated by giving ts as a subscript in Column

3, I9 = O0C. Where the density at O0C has not been determined,
a value has in many cases been arrived at by extrapolation. Such.
values are enclosed in parentheses and are given as a basis for
calculation only.
Except in the case of a few common compounds which are
difficult to investigate or which have been investigated over an
unusual temperature range, equations have not been calculated
unless there are checks to establish their reliability. Such checks
are either determinations by different investigators or determinaEthyl Alcohol
tions on duplicate specimens by the same investigator. Such
Osborne, McKelvy, and Bear ce ( 166 ) give the following values checks are rarely available over a wide temperature range, but
for ethyl alcohol saturated with air, which supersede all earlier the extent of agreement at particular temperatures indicates at
determinations: 10, 0.79784; 15, 0.79360; 20, 0.78934; 25, least the probable degree of purity of the material used. The
probable limit of error indicated is based upon the degree of
0.78506; 30, 0.78075; 35, 0.77641; 40, 0.77203.
concordance of such checks. The values given by the equad\ = 0.78506 - 0.038591(i - 25) - 0.0656( - 25)2 0.085(* - 25)3. tions are likely in many cases to be more nearly correct than
These values are about 0.00004 lower than those of Winkler indicated, in the neighborhood of room temperature, less reliable
(275) and those of Klason and Norlin (Uo). See (166) f or an
at more remote temperatures. It cannot be safely assumed that
specimens of a substance differing even slightly in purity will give
exhaustive review of earlier work.
Riiber ( 221 ) has more recently determined the density at 20 as parallel density-temperature curves.
Except where the density-temperature curve is practically
0.789334 0.000003 (dj for water taken as 0.998232).
The following equation reproduces the above values to 0.0001, linear, the equations have been calculated by the method of
and then follows the results of Young ( 2 i) up to 80 to 0.0002, least squares. Many of them are based upon a composite set of
although this degree of reliability at the higher temperatures can- values from different sources where these fall upon a smooth
curve. Equations quoted directly from the literature are indinot be claimed for it :
cated in the table.
d\ = 0.80625 - 0.03846U + 0.O6IoOi2 - 0.0885*3.
The equations cannot be used with any degree of certainty for

values outside of the temperature range upon which they are
based.
Equations covering temperatures below the melting points
of the substances refer to measurements upon undercooled
liquids.
As regards the method of formulating the density-temperature

relationship, it may be noted that Krber (121) and Timmermans ( 253 ) have shown the possibility of basing calculations on
extrapolated values for the density at absolute zero. Albertosi
( 49 ) proposes the equation d* = A BT1, where T = absolute
temperature.
TABLE 1.DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS BASED ON RELIABLE DATA

,
Formula
__
Name
a.
&
-0.7
-0.690
- .5309
CCl2O
CCl4
CHCl3
CHN
CH2O2*
CH3If
CH3NO
CH 3 NO 2
Carbonyl chloride
Chloroform
Hydrocyanic acid
Formic acid
Methyl iodide
Formamide
Nitromethane
1.435
1.63255
1.52643
0.7205
1.2441
2.3343
(1.1517)
(1.1645)
-2.377
-1.9110
-1.8563
-1.45
-1.221
-2.670
-0.8405
-1.337
C2Cl4
C2H2Br4
C2H2Cl2O2
C2H2Cl4J
C2H3N
C2H4Br2
C2H4Cl2
C2H4O
C2H4O2
C2H4O2
C 2 H 6 BrU
C2H5It
C2H5NO
C2H6
C2H6N2O
C2H6O2
C2H6S
C2H7N
C3H2N2
C3H4
C3H5ClO
C3H6N
Tetrachloroethylene
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane
Dichloroacetic acid
Acetonitrile
Ethylene bromide
Ethylene chloride
Ethylene oxide
Acetic acid
Methyl formate
Ethyl bromide**
Ethyliodide
Acetamide
Ethane
Dimethylnitrosamine
Glycol
Ethylmercaptan
Ethylamine
Malonic nitrile
Allylene
tt-Epichlorohydrin
Propionitrile
(1.6475)
(3.0087)
(1.5919)
1.586925
0.8035
(2.2223)
1.28248
0.8968
(1.0724)
1.00319
1.50138
1.98049
0.998685
0.5612-100
1.0242
1.1257
0.8623
0.7057
(1.0850)
0.7062~5
1.2031
0.80200**
0.8020
-1.62
-2.230
-1.375
-1.530
-1.055
-2.090
-1.4217
-1.348
-1.1229
-1.4174
-2.0644
-2.217
-0.81
-1.307
-0.867
-0.5713
-1.077
-1.112
-1.124
-1.245
-1.218
-1.017
-0.991
C3H6NO
CuHeOtt
Lactonitrile
Acetone
C3HeO2
C3H6O2
C3H7I
C3H7I
C3H7N
C3H7NO
C3H8
C3H8OJJ
C3H8O
C3HsO3
C3H9N
C4H4N2
C4H4S
C 4 H 7 NIIII
C4H8Cl2S
C4HsO
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C4HsO2
Ethyl formate
Methyl acetate
n-Propyl iodide
Isopropyl iodide
Allylamine
Propionamide
Propane
n-Propyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
Glycerol
n-Propylamine
Succinonitrile
Thiophene
n-Butyronitrile**
Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid**
Ethyl acetate**
C4H8O2
C4H3O3
C4Hi0
C4Hi0N2O
C4HwO
C4Hi0O
C4HwO
Methyl propionate
Methyl lactate
n-Butane
Nitrosodiethylamine
n-Butyl alcohol
Isobutyl alcohol
Ether
C4Hi0O4S
C4Hi0S
C6H4O2
C6H5N
C 6 H 7 NO 2
Diethyl sulfate
Diethyl sulfide
Furfural
Pyridine
Ethyl cyanoacetate
1.0048
0.81248**
0.81248
0.94802
0.95932
1.7844
1.7439
0.7838
0.9437100
0.6259-so
0.8201
0.8014
1.2727
(0.7344)
0.988060
1.08717
0.8092
(1.2950)
0.82551
(0.9780)
0.96820
0.92454
0.92450
0.93871
1.1160
0.601
0.9598
0.82390
0.8169
0.73629**
0.73629**
1.1717
0.8563
1.1808
1.00304
1.0817
- .8438
- .1142
- .100
- .2506
- .2710
- .845
-1.948
-0.953
- .8135
-1.156
-0.8183
- .809
- .5506
- .6133
- .80
-1.124
-0.909
-1.058
-1.022
-0.9831
- .9849
-1.168
-1.1987
-1.1891
-1.160
-1.28
-0.874
- .699
- .751
-1.1044
-1.1138
-0.9936
- .9612
-1.064
-1.000
-1.022
+ .126
-1.77
+0.075
-1.15
-8.81
+3.8
error
Lit.
Range, 0C
*
0.005
-140 to +50
.00021
O to 40
.0001U -53to+55
.005
O to 15
.002
O to 40
.002
O to 40
.001
O to 75
.001
O to 100
Data
"^*
employed
(4)
(is, 279)
(250, 257)
(255)
(77)
(44)
(256)
(93)
Confirmatory
*
(6)
(45,59)
(191,266)
(172)
(267)
(iss, 264) ; c/.
(274)
-0.0889
- .78
- .138
- .20
- .933
-.32
+ .0058
- .776
+ .2673
-1.55
-1.83
-2.766
-2.25
-2.7
+2.66
+2.5
-6
+2.29
-2.0
-8.62
+3.0
+10.9
-12.8
-0.246
- .483
- .553
.002
O to 90
()
( 229 )
.001
O to 70
(2*9)
( 1 7 2)
.002
O to 100
(ios, 231)
(188)
.001
25 to 90
(268)
(39,285)
.00011 -45to+65 (56, 252, 266 }
.0011
O to 30
(12, 254)
.00021
O to 74
(257)
(ios, 250)
.001
-50to+20
(i")
0*7)
.0011
9 to 100
(257)
(163)
.00051
O to 100
(285)
(i83,250)
.003
-119 to +34
(253)
(182,257)
.002
O to 63
(257)
(44,182,189)
.003
85 to 120
(256)
(14, 54)
.001
-108 to -74
(142)
0)
.001
O to 75
(256,264)
.001
O to 136
(232)
(6i, 265)
.001
O to 80
(O)
(isi, 259)
.00051
O to 15
(iss, 250)
.001
33 to 107
(268)
(24)
-55 to -13
(143)
.002
O to 115
(229,247)
(103)
-90 to O
(253)
.0005
O to 100 (24, 56, 253,
266)
- .518
- .315
- .858
-1.063
-0.405
-1.25
-0.80
-6.2
-0.42
+ . 15
+1.08
-0.27
-1.016
-8.4
-0.98
-6.09
-16.5
+1.270
-0.93
- .32
- .46
- .080
+1.036
-1.95
-0.3265
+ .419
.6
- .39
- .32
- .28
- .4772
-1.237
-0.453
- .668
- .179
+ .355
+ .115
+20
-0.0106
-8
-0.50
.002
.0002
.0011
.0011
.001
.00051
.0011
.001
.005
.0011
.00051
.001
.001
.002
.0005
.002
.001
.00051
.001
.00051
.00005
.00011
.001
.0015
.005
.001
.00041
.00051
.0001
.00011
.002
.0011
.00051
.00051
.002
O to 60
-83 to +25
O to 50
O to 100
O to 100
O to 52
O to 25
O to 25
80 to 120
-78 to -24
O to 100
O to 25
O to 280
O to 45
60 to 110
O to 50
O to 98
15 to 90
O to 50
25 to 81
-45 to +18
O to 40
-83 to O
O to 100
-75 to +125
-24 to +35
O to 75
O to 47
O to 50
-120to O
O to 70
O to 75
O to 99
O to 75
-45to+18
O to 70
(256,264)
(252)
(183,239,252)
(285)
(183)
(285)
(218,252)
(61, no, 204)
(20,183,249)
( 18 S)
(24)
(256)
(54)
0*3)
(274)
(25, 67, iss)
(25,46,283)
(i34)
(80)
(ioo, 169)
(256)
(103)
( 93 )
__ (24,53,61)
("O)
(103)
(56)
(85,89)
(273)
(89)
(145, 207, 250)
(21,61,70,149)
(252)
(61)
(261)
(252)
(285)
(64, 211)
(^6)
(204)
12
( 7)
(222)
(256)
(24)
(3, 26, 214)
(218)
(160)
(25,48,67)
(2*4)
(252)
(244)
(252)
(264,268)
(30)
0<>)
(25, i e i )
(22,235,264)
(144)
(252)
(55,286)
(264,268) |
(24)
TABLE 1.DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS BASED ON RELIABLE DATA.(Continued)
Formula
Name
d,
a
-1.005
-0.85
- .940
- .923
-1.1223
-1.0704
-1.0986
-1.094
-1.126
-0.9258
- .9719
- .9714
.9467
- .9398
-1.345
-1.0664
-1.0606
-1.164
-1.4814
-0.98721
-1.0636
-0.8188
- .86534
- .852
- .9540
-l.ls
-1.145
1.044
-0.8879
- .7587
-1.036
-0.9024
-1.031
-1.055
-0.8763
- .8486
- .826
- .8758
C5H8O2
C8H8O3
CsH10O
C6H10Of f
C5HwO2
C6H10O2
CsHwO2
C6Hi0O2
C6HwO3
C 6 HuN
C6Hi2
Acetylacetone
Levulinic acid
Diethyl ketone
Methyl propyl ketone
Ethyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate
Methyl isobutyrate..
n-Propyl acetate
Ethyl lactate
Piperidine
2-Methylbutane
C6Hi2
w-Pentane
CeH5Br***
C6H6CItIt
Bromobenzene
Chlorobenzene
CoH6F
C 6 H 6 ItJJ
CeH6NO2
CeH6
CeHeO
CeH7N
Fluorobenzene
lodobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Benzene
Phenol
Aniline
0.9971
1.1564
0.8337
0.8261
0.9124
0.92006
0.91131
0.90835
(1.0553)
(0.9791)
0.63943**
0.63930
0.64537**
0.64539
52231
12782
.12795**
0466
86059
(1.22300)
(0.90005)
(1.0920)
1.03893
CeHi0O
C6H10Os
CeHi0O4
CeHi0O4
C6HioOe
CeHi2
CeHi2O
CeHi2O2
CeH12O2
CeHi2O2
CeHi2O2
CeHi4
CeHi4
CeHuN
C7H6N
Cyclohexanone
Ethyl acetoacetate
Glycol diacetate
Diethyl oxalate
Dimethyl d-tartrate
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Isobutyl acetate
sec.-Butyl acetate
Ethyl n-butyrate
Ethyl isobutyrate
Diisopropyl
n-Hexane
Di-w-propylamine
Benzonitrile
(0.9625)
(1.0456)
(1.1266)
(1.1017)
1.2925
0.79707
(0.9627)
0.89200
(0.8905)
0.8997
0.89060
0.67948
0.6769
(0.7553)
1.02279
C7HeO
C7H7Br
C7H7NO2
C7H8
Benzaldehyde
p-Bromotoluene
m-Nitrotoluene
Toluene
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7Hi2O
C7H12O
C7Hi2O4
C7Hi4O
CVHi4O2
C7Hi4O2
C7H14O2
C7Hu
CsH7N
C8H8O
C8H9NO
CsHio
CsHi0O
C 8 HnN
Benzyl alcohol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
Benzylamine
Methylaniline
o-Toluidine
p-Toluidine
o-Methylcyclohexanone
p-Methylcyclohexanone
Diethyl malonate
o-Hexahydrocresol
Heptylic acid
Ethyl isovalerate
d-sec.-Butyl propionate
n-Heptane
Benzyl cyanide
Acetophenone
Acetanilide
w-Xylene
Phenetole
Dimethylaniline
C8H14O6
CsH14Oe
CsH14O*
C8H16O?
C8H18
C9H7N
C9H10O2
C9H12
Diethyl malate
Diethyl d-tartrate
Dimethyl dimethoxysuccinate
d-sec.-Butyl butyrate
n-Octane
Quinoline(l(lU
Ethyl benzoate
n-Propylbenzene
+0.40
- .662
- .766
+0.203
- .714
- .712
-0.438
+1.512
-0.408
- .695
- .4495
- .6243
- .24
- .2463
+ .717
-1.074
-0.4234
- .09944
- .0376
- .670
+ .0929
__
Limit of
error
<>c
Data
Confirmatory
employed
(103,264)
(69)
(1^3)
(23, ise)
(32,61,78,233)
(157)
(183,248)
(285)
(13,146,229)
<28i)
(218)
(285)
(65)
3
(* )
(2ii)
(277)
(ioi)
(60, 131, 185)
(252)
(252,281)
(252)
(252,281)
(*3)
(2so, 278)
(257)
(13,278)
(252)
(iso,278)
(189)
(278)
(177, 189)
(257)
(133, 189, 250)
(13, 281)
(is, iss, 189)
(257)
(29,233,246,
- 7.08
.000311
- 7.53
+ 0.76
.53
.OOOSf
.0005f
.0005If
+5.28
.00If
.00If
.0002f
.OOQ2f
.001
.0002f
O to 75
O to 75
O to 53
O to 54
O to 100
O to 100
O to 100
O to 40
7 to 108
O to 80
-123 to +15
-50to+100
123 to +15
-53to+100
O to 80
O to 73
-45 to O
O to 90
O to 150
O to 58
11 to 72
40 to 150
O to 99
.001
.OOOSf
8 to 92
17 to 74
.OOOSf
.002
.0003f
.OOOSf
.0003If
.002
.OOOSf
.0005
.000If
.000If
.001
.00If
13 to 95
(233)
(53,183)
60 to 135
( 151 )
(170, 171, 202)
79
O to 65
( )
(,219)
16 to 90
()
(21)
13
O to 40
( )
(64, es, 218)
65
38 198
15 to 85
O )
(
)
O to 69
( 13 )
(65, 70, 130)
13
65
O to 40
( )
( ); cf. (*)
O to 100
( 2 Si)
(34)
2
O to 100
( Si)
(2Si)
O to 60
(256)
(iss)
O to 60 (189,250,256,
-7.31
+1.19
+0.37
-22.5
-2.213
-
1.90
0.001
.002
.001
.0005f
.0005f
.0002f
.0002
.001
.0005
.0005If
Lit.
R
252)
.7351
.416
.972
- .313
-2.1
-0.46
- .500
- .5010
-1.084
-0.74
- .14
+1.55
-4.59
+0.164
(9S)
(233)
(6,219)
(189, 245)
266)
1.0620
(1.4313)
(1.1765)
. . 0.88448**
0.88412
(1.0609)
1.0654
(1.0495)
1.0487
(0.9981)
1.0027**
1.0149**
0.9702*
(0.9424)**
(0.9312)**
1.07593
(0.9459)**
(0.9323)
0.88540
(0.8883)
0.70048
1.0325
1.026721-***
1.026112
0.88151
0.9852
0.9726
- .875
1.25
-0.937
- .9159
- .92248
- .7683
- .84
- .7639
- .75
- .8207
- .803
.833
- .8340
.8640
- .8028
.9948
- .8590
.7474
- .9815
1.070
-0.8476
- .794
.8467
.820
- .8515
.9224
.8140
.117
+
+
.368
.0152
.459
.43
.471
.3
.432
.242
.04
.410
.705
-1.017
-0.313
+ .07
+ .1880
.37
.596
. 109
-
.002
.OOOSf
.001
- 4.223
5.23
1.73
.216
.000Sf
.001
.0005If
.0003f
.00051
.00If
.0005f
.000Sf
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.002
.0002f
.001
.0002f
.003
.0005f
.00If
.00If
O to 100
30 to 100
17 to 100
-95 to +18
O to 99
O to 100
O to 150
9 to 153
O to 100
O to 100
O to 158
11 to 158
40 to 175
15 to 90
17 to 90
O to 100
39 to 90
O to 80
O to 40
17 to 125
O to 100
O to 50
21 to 114
120 to 160
O to 100
O to 80
O to 177
( 189 )
(iss, 189)
(172)
(252)
(257)
( 189 )
( 16 )
(16,265)
( 19 )
( 189 )
(57)
(S7)
( 18 )
( 9S )
< 95 )
(272)
(9S)
(52)
( 13 )
( 198 )
( 2 Si)
(189,266)
(56)
(256)
( 2 5 7)
( 18 )
( 19 57)
1 12 2)
(228)
(13,217,252)
( 2 ^ 8 , 266)
(19, 218)
(189, 218)
( 189 )
(256)
( 189 )
( 189 )
(57, 128)
()
()
(53, iss)
(,225)
(61, 139)
(6S)
( 16S )
(35,247)
(51,256)
(189;
(83)
(189, 218)
8S
( , 112)
(126, 152, 189,
246)
(1.1480)
1.2254
1.13056"
(0.8861)
0.71848
1.1090
(1.0651)
0.8780
.9227
1.007
1.052
-0.877
.8239
- .7542
- .9046
.8115
.804
1.09
+0.4459
- .1265
- .2423
.366
5.293
0.80
.001
20 to 60
(154,263)
.0005
-23 to +160
(169, 170)
.02
60 to 153
( 179 )
.001
13 to 126
( 198 )
.001
O to 130
(281,284)
.00If
O to 200
(ie, 140)
.00If
4 to 69
(126, 130)
.OOOSf
O to 160 (61, 189, 219,
229)
(ioo)
(209)
(22)
(35, 36)
(189,208)
(189, 213)
TABLE 1.DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS BASED ON RELIABLE DATA.(Continued)
"
.r,
.
Formula
._
Name
C9Hi2
Pseudocumene
C9Hi3N
C9H2O
n-Nonane
GH2iN
Tri-n-propylamine
CioHs
Naphthalene
CioHu
Cymenefff
CwHi 4 N 2
Nicotine
Ci0Hi4O
S-Methyl^-hydroxyisopropylbenzene..
CioHisN
Diethylaniline
CioHie
d-Pinene****
CioHisOs
Dipropyl d-tartrate
Ci0H20O
J-a-Menthol
CwH22
n-Decane
Ci0H22
2,6-Dimethyloctane
CnHi 2 O 2 fraws-Ethyl cinnamate
CnH 24
n-Undecane
Ci3Hi0O
a-Benzophenone
Ci3H28
n-Tridecane
Ci4Hi6N
Dibenzylamine
CuH30
n-Tetradecane
CuH32
n-Pentadecane
Ci6H34
n-Hexadecane
CnH36
n-Heptadecane
CwH38
n-Octadecane
C20H42
n-Eicosane
.
d,
(0.8923)
0.9447**
0.7333
0.7730
0.977980
0.8734**
(1.02385)
(0.9894)
0.9508
0.862420
(1.1563)
0.8840
0.7455
0.73880
(1.0667)
0.7563
1.0800"
0.7716
(1.0428)
(0.7787)
(0.7832)
(0.7879)
(0.7913)
(0.7757*0)
O. 7827"
-0.8036
- .828
- .75
- .7660
_ .7670
- .785
- .7041
- .7741
- .785
- .83
- .9391
- .765
- .7293
- .7302
- .861
- .745
- .790
- .704
- .753
- .69
- .70
- .688
- .639
- .7024
- . 666
-0.170
- .33
- .455
- .45
- .755
- .275
- .964
- .224
- .259
-
.245
.371
.515
.05
.12
.072
.35
.13
.025
Limit of
error
0.0003
.0005
.0005f
.001
.0OH
.00If
.00If
.001
.001
.002
.001
.001
.0005
.OOOSf
.001
.001
.001
.0005If
.002
.001
.OOOSf
.0005U
.0005f
.OOOSf
.0005f
- .29
+ .395
~
Range, n0C
10 to 95
O to 151
O to 99
O to 75
82 to 177
O to 83
20 to 98
25 to 70
O to 158
20 to 93
15 to 167
40 to 80
O to 100
O to 80
10 to 100
O to 100
25 to 100
O to 99
20 to 75
O to 99
10 to 99
18 to 99
22 to 100
28 to 99
36 to 99
Data
Confirmatory
employed
1 8 9
(
) ( 1 3 , 23)
(")
O89)
123
( )
(37J
(ios, 256)
(57,128,228)
(2)
(38)
(22,189)
105
( )
<*06)
(4)
(61, 189)
(so, 57, 189)
( 151 )
(?)
(173)
(94, 170)
(isi, 19 0)
(23)
(63,133)
(64,69)
( 189 )
( 3 )
(23)
(223)
(57)
(14, ios, 189)
( 123 )
(256)
( 189)
( 123 )
(124)
123
( )
(123)
( 123 )
(123)
(123)
* Vm (68, 191, 266) f or values not agreeing with this equation, but probably less
reliable.
t The values recorded in the literature for methyl and ethyl iodides are
particularly discordant.
J De Pauw ( 41 ) gives d\5 1.5891 for material purified with particular care.
The equation given, based on the values of Tyrer, although reproducing
his values and those of Nasini and Bresciani ( 163 ) with an error in most cases less
than 0.0001, is apparently based on values determined with impure acid. The
acid of the latter authors melted at 16.1. Bousfield and Lowry ( 17 ) obtained
with very pure acid a M. P. of 16.60 0.005 and a density at 18 and 20,
0.0007 lower than the values given by the equation. These values are probably
correct. The following equation:
Dt = (1.0695) - 0.0210092f - 0.0e339*2 - 0.08574<3
based on the values of Ramsay and Young ( 21 ) gives a value at 20 very close
to that of Bousfield and Lowry, but their values do not fall on a smooth curve,
and their value at 13.11 determined by pycnometer does not fall on the curve
given by the above equation. Subtraction of 0.0007 from the values given by
the equation in the above table should be nearly correct in the interval 15-30.
U Tyrer ( 2 5 7 ) gives values for 031 running nearly parallel to those of
Timmermans, but 0.003 lower. The values of the latter may be, however, more
accurate than is indicated above.
f See Table 3 for accurate values for the density at particular temperatures.
** Equation quoted from the literature cited.
11 The wide divergence in values given for acetone is probably due to the
failure of many investigators to realize the difficulty in drying it; v. (25, 2 5 2 ) %

The two equations given agree and are probably correct to 0.0002 from 0 to 25,
Jt Young's values were used in calculating the equation, but the value of
d was so altered that the equation gives a value at 25 which is probably more
reliable than Young's. This is a questionable procedure, but the equation is
probably at least as accurate as indicated.
The equation is based on the values of Gerlach since these are the only ones
covering a wide temperature range. Data to be found in ( 109 > 169) may be
more reliable over narrower temperature ranges.
Il I) The data in the confirming references in the table would indicate an
accuracy of at least 0.0005 for this equation, but widely divergent values (256)
are also to be found.
ITf This equation gives a value for 101.7 differing by only 0.0014 from that
given by the specific volume equation of Thorpe and Jones ( 2 4 8 ).
*** Equation accurate to 0.0002 for 0 to 40.
ttt Equation accurate to 0.0001 for 0 to 40.
t The values of Meyer and Mylius ( 15 ) run nearly parallel to those given
by the equation, but 0.0005 to 0.001 lower.
The density of dimethyl racemate runs uniformly about 0.001 lower than
that of the d-tartrate ( 1S1 ).
Il Il IJ The accuracy of this equation at temperatures up to 40 is probably
considerably greater than indicated in the table.
f f f Values of Bolle and Guye ( 16 ) lie about 0.0015 below the-equation and
run up to 150.
**** Densities and expansion of d-, I- and d/-pinenes are nearly the same
(ISi) 1 The values of these investigators are higher than those of most others.
Table 2 gives references to data covering a considerable temperature range for which there are either no checks or checks which
are not in agreement. The first reference usually indicates the
data covering the widest temperature range. Subsequent references refer either to further similar data or to checks at particular
temperatures, but no complete list of such checks is attempted.
The checks are in all cases unsatisfactory.
Following the table is a list of papers giving additional data
for large classes of substances, of which only the simpler representatives have been included in the table.
TABLE 2.DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS OF UNKNOWN

RELIABILITY
Formula
CHBrCl2
CH3Cl
CH4S
C2HBr3O
C2HCl3
C2HCl3O
C2HCl3O2
C2HCIs
C2H2
C2H2Cl2
C2H2Ch
C2H3Br3O2
CjH3ClO2
C2H4
C2H4O
C2H5BrO
C2H6BrO
C2H5ClO
Name
| Range, 0C I
Lit.
Bromodichloromethane
25 to 70
(269, 102)
Methyl chloride
-40 to +40
(238,260)
Methylmercaptan
O to 78
O )
Bromal
25 to 100
(58)
Trichloroethylene
17 to 75
(6,258)
Chloral
25 to 85
( 58 *4 2 4 7 )
Trichloroacetic acid
75 to 125
(ios, 188)
Pentachloroethane
15 to 90
( 9S 2 4 7 )
Acetylene
-82 to -55 ( 1 4 2 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 8 )
cts-1, 2-Acetylene dichloride
15 to 45
( 7 1S )
trans-1, 2-Acetylene dichloride.. .
15 to 45
( 9 7 > 1S )
Bromal hydrate
40 to 100
( 5 *)
Chloroacetic acid
40 to 125 (3, 103, iss)
Ethylene
-114 to -69
(142, 143)
Acetaldehyde
O to 50
O**)
2-Bromoethyl alcohol
O to 30
(2 2 )
O to 20
( * i )
2-Chloroethyl alcohol
O to 20
(<>)
TABLE 2.DENSITT-TEMPEKATUEE EQUATIONS OF UNKNOWN

I Range, 0C |
Formula
Name
Oto 20
Chloromethyl methyl ether
C2HsClO
-41 to +12
Methyl ether
C2H6O
l o t o 83
C2H6O4S
Methyl sulfate
OtO 6 0
C2H6S
Methyl sulfide
50to 90
C3H4Br2O2
-78 to +19
C3He
Propylene
25 to 81
1, 2-Dibromopropane
C 3 H 6 Br 2
-120to +20
Allyl alcohol
C3H6O
15 to 96
Propionic acid
C3H6O2
O t o 20
n-Propyl bromide
C3H7Br*
25 to 70
3-Chloro-l, 2-dihydroxypropane. .
C3H7ClO2
80 to 120
Lactamide
C 3 H 7 NO 2
60 to 153
Urethane
C 3 H 7 NO 2
Oto 51
Methylethyl ether
C3H8O
25 to 80
Allyl isothiocyanate
C 4 H 6 NS
12 to 68
Methyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate. .
C4HeCl2O2
O t o 77
Acetic anhydride
C4H6O3
11 to 57
2-Aminocrotonic acid
C 4 H 7 NO 2
O
tOlOO
n-Propyl formate
C4H8O2
OtO 20
w-Butyl bromide
C4H9Br*
56 to 99
Methyl urethane
C 4 H 9 NO 2
11 to 45
Butyl nitrite
C 4 H 9 NOa
lto 76
d-sec. -Butyl alcohol
C4H10O*
25 to 80
Diethyl sulfite
C4Hi0O3S
69 to 143
dZ-Erythritol
C4Hi0O4
12 to 67
Diethyl sulfate
C4Hi0O4S
Oto 40
n-Butylamine
C 4 HuN
Oto 50
Isobutylamine
C 4 HuN
Oto 50
terf.-Butylamine
C 4 HnN
16 to 57
Ethyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate . . . .
C5H8Cl2Oa
24
to 154
2, 2-Dimethylacrylic acid
CsH8O2
10 to 50
n- Valer onitrile
CsH9N
11 to 109
Isobutyl isothiocyanate
CsH9NS
20to 70
n-Valeric acid
CsHi0O2
18 to 61
Isovaleric acid
CsHi0O2.
21 to 94
rf-sec.-Butyl formate
CsHi0O2.
O t o 40
Isobutyl formate
CsHi0O2
13 to 57
Ethyl carbonate
CsHioOs
-16 to +130
Methyl M-methoxypropionate .
CsHi0O3
10 tO 70
Glycerol acetate
CsHioO
16 to 109
Methylpropylketoxime
CsHiiNO
13 to 75
Isoamyl nitrite
CsHnNO2
12 to 61
d-sec.- Amyl alcohol
CsHi2O*
25 to 80
tert.-Amyl alcohol
CsHi2O
15 to 71
c?-Methyl isopropyl carbinol
CsHi2O
OtO 78
Ethyl propyl ether
CsHi2O
O t o 50
n-Amylamine
C5Hi3N
OtO 60
Isoamylamine
CsHi3N
Oto 30
tert.-Amylamine
C5Hi3N
O t o 60
Trimethyl ethyl Bilicane
C6Hi4Si
75 to 125
3-dinitrobenzene . . .
CeH3ClN2O4 tt-4-Chloro-l,
75 to 125
CeH3Cl2NO2 2, 4-Dichloronitrobenzene
75 to 125
C6H3ChNO2 2, 5-Dichloronitrobenzene
75 to 125
CeH3Cl2NO2 3, 4-Dichloronitrobenzene
75 to 125
CeH3Cl3O
71 to 155
p-Bromochlorobenzene
CeH4BrCl
53 to 125
C6H4BrNO2 o-Bromonitrobenzene
24 to 125
CeH4BrNO2 m-Bromonitrobenzene
133 to 164
CeH4BrNO2 p-Bromonitrobenzene
100 to 140
CeH4Br2
p-Dibromobenzene
57 to 151
p-Chloroiodobenzene
CeH4ClI
45 to 125
CeH4ClNOa o-Chloronitrobenzene
25 to 125
C6H4ClNO2 m-Chloronitrobenzene
85 to 135
CeH4ClNO2 p-Chloronitrobenzene
63 to 161
CeH4Cl2
p-Dichlorobenzene
25 to 75
/-FI uoronitrobenzene
CeH4FNO2
30to 75
p-Fluoronitrobenzene
CeH4FNO2
75 to 125
o-Iodonitrobenzene
CeH4INOa
SOtolOO
m-Iodonitrobenzene
CeH4INO2
120 to 160
o-Dinitrobenzene
CeH4N2O4.
120 to 160
ra-Dinitrobenzene
CeH4N2O4
72 to 138
2, 4-Dinitrophenol
CeH4N2O6
10 to 150
o-Chlorophenol
CeH6ClO
ca. 210
Nitrobenzene
CeH6NO2*
40to 80
o-Nitrophenol
CeH5NO3
100 to 150
m-Nitrophenol
C0H5NOa
120 to 160
p-Nitrophenol
CeH5NO8
OtO 50
Triazobenzene
CeH6N3
77 to 159
! p-Chloroaniline
CeH6ClN
Lit.
(UO)
(141)
(241)
(10,248)
(158)
( 143 )
( 61 )
( 1 2 1 > 3)
(188> 149J
( 110 )
(268)
(257)
(256,84)
( 10 )
( 13 )
(75)
( 5 0 71)
(158)
(281,13)
(110,136)
(228)
(241)
(194)
(268)
(83)
(241)
O 0 3 159)
O 0 3 185 )
(103)
(7S)
( 81 )
(153)
( 16 )
(52)
(236)
( 2 0)
( 13 )
(241)
(176)
(153,268)
(16)
(24M
(194)
(58)
(198,195)
(10,43)
O03)
(103,256)
( 103 )
(28)
( 103 )
(103,99)
(103,99)
(103,99)
( 103 )
( 2 4 O)
(103,242)
Formula
CeHeN 2 O 2
CeH6S
CeH7ClO4
CeH7ClO4
CeH 8 N 2
CeH8O4
CeH8O4
CeH8Oe
CeHi0O
CeHi 0 O 4
CeHi0O4
CeHi0O4
CeHnN
CeHnN
CeHi 2 O 2
CeHi2O3
CeHi 2 O 3
CeHi4
CeHi4O
CeHi4O
CeHi4O
CeHi 4 O
CeHi 5 N
CeHi 5 N
CeHi 5 N
CeHi5O4P
CeHi6Si
CeHi6Si
CeHi8Si2
CiHsNO
CvHsNS
CiH7Br
CrH7I
C 7 H 7 NO
C 7 H 7 NO
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 2
C 7 H 7 NO 3
C7H8N2O
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7H8N2O2
C7Hi0O4
C 7 Hi 0 O 4
CrHi2ChO2
C 7 Hi 2 O
C 7 HuO
C 7 Hi 4 O
C 7 Hi 4 O 2
C 7 Hi 4 O 2
C7H16O
C7Hi6O
C7Hi6O
C7H16Si
(83,103,242)
(242)
( 103 )
( 2 4 O)
(103,242)
(83,103,242)
( 1Q 3)
(103,107)
(03, 9)
(103,9)
(103)
( 103 )
( 103 )
( 103 )
( 83 )
( 19 )
( 106 )
( 19 )
( 103 )
( 103 )
(31,189)
( 2 4 O)
C 7 Hi 7 N
C7H18Si
C7H18Si
C7H18Si
C8H4Cl2O2
C8H7N
C8H7N
C8H7N
RELIABILITY.(Continued]
Name
I Range, 0C |
Lit.
m-Nitroaniline
120 to 160
(l03)
Thiophenol
25 to 75
(268)
Methyl chloromaleate
25 to 75
(268)
Methyl chlorof umarate
25 to 75
(268)
Phenylhydrazine
20 to 60
(256)
Dimethyl f umarate
106 to 160
(243)
Dimethyl maleate
20 to 135
(243)
Glyceryl trif ormate
5OtOlOO
( 103 )
5 to 90
( 8 I* o, 91)
Mesityl oxide
Dimethyl Buccinate
25 to 75
( 103 183)
Glycol diacetate
14 to 74
(233)
Methyl Z-1-acetoxypropionate . . .
-7 to +141
( 1 7 6)
Capronitrile
24 to 75
(103)
Isobutylacetonitrile
20 to 60
(2S6)
25 tO 90
(52,135)
Caproic acid
Paraldehyde
15 to 75
( 72 233 )
n- Propyl lactate
2 to 122
(204)
OtO 40
(13,3-1)
2-Methylpentane (isohexane) . . . .
Z-Ethylpropyl carbinol
13 to 104
(197)
rf-Ethylisopropyl carbinol
18 to 63
(19S)
d-Methylbutyl carbinol
17 to 133
(194)
d-Pinacolyl alcohol
16 to 99
0")
n-Hexylamine
Oto 40
(l03)
103
2-Hexylamine
O t o 50
( )
Triethylamine
O t o 50
(103)
Triethyl phosphate
15 to 83
(241)
Dimethyldiethylsilicane
O to 91
( 28 )
Trimethylpropylsilicane
Oto 85
(28)
Hexamethylsilicoethane
12 to 94
(28)
Phenyl isocyanate
O t o 50
( 31 )
Phenyl thiocyanate
25 to 50
(13M
o-Bromotoluene
4 to 75
O 0 3 189 )
p-Iodotoluene
40 to 164
( 24 )
Benzamide
130 to 170
(256)
60 tO 105
(256,189)
Formanilide
o-Hydroxybenzamide
140 to 170
( 256 )
16 tO 101
(172,242)
o-Nitrotoluene
20 to 121
(242)
m-Nitrotoluene
55 tO 125
(103,189,230)
p- Nitrotoluene
p-Nitroanisole
75 to 125
(103)
20 to 90
( 2 5 6 !03)
Nitrosomethylaniline
160 to 200
O03)
p-Nitromethylaniline
3-Nitro-o-toluidine
100 to 140
(103)
5-Nitro-o-toluidine
140tol80
(103)
3-Nitro-p-toluidine
120 to 160
(103)
Dimethyl citraconate
26 to 78
(243)
Dimethyl mesaconate
20 to 80
(243)
Isobutyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate.
16 to 65
(75)
m-Methylcyclohexanone
17 to 90
( 9 S 6 2 2 S )
39 tO 90
(95,6,225)
ra-Hexahydrocresol
p-Hexahydrocresol
39 to 90
(956)
d-jS-Amyl acetate
18 to 91
O98)
14 to 109
O 1 )
Isoamyl acetate
d-Ethylbutyl carbinol
13 to 127
(197)
d-Methylamyl carbinol
20to 64
(194)
17 to 74
( 1 9 S)
d-Propylisopropyl carbinol
Dimethylcyclopentamethylenesilicane
Oto 80
(28> 27)
Oto 40
( 103 )
n-Heptylamine
Dimethylethylpropylsilicane
Oto 81
( 28 )
Trimethylbutylsilicane
Oto 85
(28)
Trimethylisobutylsilicane
Oto 49
( 28 )
o-Phthalyl dichloride
33 to 181
O67)
o-Tolunitrile
20to 95 ( 2 5 6 189 2 4 2 )
18 tO 80
(256,242)
w-Tolunitrile
30 tO 176
(57,189,242,
p-Tolunitrile
256)
C8H7NO
C8H8N2O6
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H9NO
CsH9NO
CsH9NO
C8H9NO3
CsHiof
Mandelonitrile
4, 5-Dinitro-l, 2-dimethoxybenzene
p-Methoxybenzaldehyde
Phenylacetic acid
Phenylacetamide
Benzcmto'aldoxime, O-methyl ether
Benzanttaldoxime, N-m e t h y l
ether
p-Nitrophenetole
Ethylbenzene
20 to 60
(256)
140 to 180
25 to 75
O03)
(103,189)
77 tO 130
(53,230)
160tol80
14 to 72
(256)
(241)
103 to 151
75 to 125
Oto 40
(241)
O03)
( 13 > 189 2 1 5
220, 2 7 1 )
TABLE 2.DENSITY-TEMPEBATURE EQUATIONS OF UNKNOWN RELIABILITY.(Continued)

Formula
C8Hi0O
C8Hi0O2
C8HnClO4
CsHnN
CsHuBrOe
CsHi4
CsHi6O2
CsHi6O2
CsHnBr
CsHi8
CsHisO
CsH20Si
C8H20Si
CsH20Si
C8H20Si*
C9Hi0OS
C9HwS2
C 9 HuNO
C 9 HnNO 2
C9Hi2J
C9Hi2O
C9Hi4Oe
C9Hi4Si
CsHnBrO2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9Hi8O2
C9H22Si
Ci0H9BrO2
CwH9BrO2
CieHioO
"Ci0Hi0O2
Ci0Hi0O2
CwHi2O
CwHi2O
Ci0Hi2O2
Ci0Hi3NO
Ci0Hi4
Ci0Hi4O
Ci0Hi4O
Ci0Hi4O
Ci0Hi4O6
CioHifl
Ci0Hi6O7
Ci0Hi6Si
Ci0Hi6Si
Ci0Hi8Cl2O2
CioHisO
CioHisOe
Ci0H20O
Ci0H20O2
Ci0H23N
Ci0H24Si
Ci0H24Si
CuHioO2
CnHi 2 N 2 O
CnHi2O
CnHi 4 O 2
CuHi6
CiiHie
CuH20
CuH26Si
Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 O
Ci2HioO
Ci 2 HuN
Ci2Hi2Cl6O8
Ci 2 Hi 2 O
Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2
Ci2Hi8
Ci2Hi8O6
Ci2Hi8O8
Ci2H20O2
Ci2Ha0Si
Ci2H2IClQ2
Name
d-Methylphenyl carbinol
o-Dimethoxybenzene
Ethyl chloromaleate
n-Ethylaniline
Diethyl bromoisosuccinate
n-Hexylacetylene
d-/3-Amyl propionate
d-/3-Hexyl acetate
Z-2-Bromooctane
2, 5-Dimethylhexane
d-Methyl-n-hexyl carbinol
TrimethylisoamyJ silicane
Dimethylethylisobutylsilicane . . .
Dimethyldi-n-propylsilicane
Tetraethylsilicane
Ethyl thiobenzoate
Ethyl dithiobenzoate
#-Methylacetanilide
JV-Phenylurethane
Mesitylene.
J-Ethylphenyl carbinol
Glycerol triacetate
Trimethylphenylsilicane
Z-Amyl bromobutyrate
Pelargonie acid
d--Amyl w-butyrate
d-sec.-Butyl valerate
d--Octy\ formate
Triethyl-n-propylsilicane
Methyl a (/3)-bromocinnamate . . .
Methyl a (0)-bromoallocinnamate
Benzylideneacetone
Methyl cinnamato
Methyl allocinnamate
p-Anethole
d-1, 2, 3, 4 - Tetrahydro - naphthol
d-Methylbenzylcarbinyl formate.
JV-Ethylacetanilide
Trimethylphenylmethane
d-Benzylethyl carbinol
Methyl d-methylbenzylcarbinyl
ether
Z-Methylphenylethyl carbinol . . . .
Diallyl tartrate
d- (Z, dZ)-Limonene
Diethyl monoacetyl-d-tartrate . . .
Dimethylethylphenylsilicane
Trimethylbenzylsilicane
Heptyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate. . .
Msopulegol
Di-sec.-propyl tartrate
Z-Neomenthol
d-7-Nonyl formate
Diisoamylamine
Triethylbutylsilicane
Triethylisobutylsilicane
Ethyl phenylpropiolate
Antipyrine
Benzylidenemethyl ethyl ketone . .
d--Butyl benzoate
Pentamethylbenzene
Trimethylbenzylmethane
Nonylacetylene
Triethylisoamylsilicane
Azoxybenzene
Range, 0C |
13 to 80
25 to
75
25 to 70
O to 158
25 to
25 to
18 to
18 to
14 to
75
70
96
125
53
O to 276. 8
25 to 46
OtO
81
Oto
Oto
Oto
Oto
Oto
105 to
60 to
80
48
91
15
25
145
105
4 to
95
14 to
25 to
Oto
25 to
20 to
18 to
13 to
12 to
Oto
20 to
20to
70
75
66
90
50
96
128
134
67
135
95
Lit.
O94)
(103,61,189)
(268)
(57,189)
0<>3)
(2 69 )
O98)
( 198 )
(i 9 4 )
(281,282)
94
(i )
(28)
28
( )
( 28 )
(2 8 )
( 213 )
(213)
(256)
(256)
(189,57,219)
O")
O03)
(2 8 )
(269)
( 52 )
O98)
(i 9 8 )
(200)
(2S)
( 243 )
(2 43 )
60 to 200
(81,82,189)
36 to 90
20 to 80
(213)
(2 4 3)
11 to
99
61 to
22 to
60 to
Oto
O to
155
152
105
90
142
O96)
(200)
(256)
(27)
(i")
27 to 132
O to 136
15 to 168
10 to 90
20to 71
Oto 67
Oto 90
13 to 79
18 to 172
14 to 150
Oto 30
20 to 154
Oto 50
Oto 89
Oto 70
25 to 75
66 to 140
(i 9 2 )
( 199 )
(173)
(ISi)
(i 4 7 )
(2S)
( 28 )
(75)
(i")
(173)
(201)
(200)
(103)
(28)
(2S)
(268)
(83)
18 to 200
18 to 128
75 to 197
Oto 92
20 to 70
Oto 79
44 to 92
5OtOlOO
30 to 100
Diphenyl ether
60 to 125
Diphenylamine
Diethyl di-(trichloroacetyl) tar15 to 131
trate
Z-Methyl-a-naphthyl carbinol ....
14 to 138
25 to 75
Isopropyl hydrocinnamate
Z-Methyl-3-terJ.-amy !benzene . . . . -20 to +100
25 to 90
Triethyl aconitate
67 to 180
16 to 132
Isopulegyl acetate
O t O 81
Triethyl phenylsilicane
38
to 95
Menthyl chloroacetate
(163,228)
(81,5,82)
8
(u )
(S7)
(27)
(269)
(28)
(241)
(i 3 )
( 49 )
(18,103,256)
(175)
(i")
(268)
( 33 )
(269)
(228,147)
93
(i )
(28)
(72)
Range, 0C |
Name
Lit.
17 to 132
(i 1 7 )
Z-Menthyl acetate
18 to 170
(74)
Di-n-butyl d!-tartrate
75 to 98
(i 7 3 )
Diisobutyl d-tartrate
98 to 146
(173)
Diisobutyl Z-tartrate
-15 to +115 (234)
Saccharose
5OtO 90
(52.61)
Laurie acid
Oto 99
(i 23 )
n-Dodecane
Oto 50
(io 3 )
Triisobutylamine
2, 4, 2', 4'-Tetrachlorobenzophen145 to 185
(i 3 )
one chloride
87 to 145
( 2 4 I)
Phenyl carbonate
Ci3HwO3
54 to 210
(57)
Ci3Hi2
Diphenylmethane
10 to 80
(i 8 )
Ci3Hi3N
JV-Methyldiphenylamine
25 to 75
(268)
Ci3HuO2
Isobutyl phenylpropiolate
60 to 200
(81)
Ci3Hi6O
Benzalpinacolin
O t o 75
C 27 )
Ci3H20
Triethylphenylmethane
25
to
75
(268)
Ci3H24O4
Di-Z-amyl malonate
40 to 137
(83)
CuHi0O2
Benzil
CuHi2O2*
5 to 100
(!!,ni)
Benzyl benzoate
Ci4Hi4
76 to 210
( S7 )
Dibenzyl
Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O
74 to 139
( 24 M
o-Azoxytoluene
Ci4H20O2
Z-Amyl hydrocinnamate
20to 75
( 2<58 )
25 to 75
{8)
Di-Z-amyl chlorof umarate
Ci4H23ClO4
Ci4H23N
Diisobutylaniline
25 to 75
(i 3 )
25 to 75
C28)
CuH24O4
Di-Z-amyl maleate
25 to 70
(268)
Ci4H26O4
Di-Z-amyl Buccinate
25 to 90
<29)
CuH26O4
Diethyl sebacate
30to 60
(IS4)
Ci4H26O5
Diamyl malate
Ci4H26O6
Diisoamyl tartrate
14 to 175
(17S)
25 to 75
(268)
Ci6H26O4
Di-Z-amyl citraconate
25 to 75
(268)
CuH26O4
Di-Z-amyl mesaconate
Ci5H33N
20to 75
< 2S )
Triisoamylamine
Ci6Hi6NO2
173 to 225
(i<> 3 )
Anisaldazine
36 to 93
(i 4 7 )
Diethyl phenylacetyl-d-tartrate . .
Ci6H20O7
Ci6H22Cl4O8 Diisobutyl di-(dichloroacetyl) tar18 to 157
(i 75 )
trate
14 to 202
(174)
Ci6H26O8
Diisobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate . . . .
15 to 99
("S)
Ci6H30O6
Di-Z-amyl d-dimethoxysuccinate. .
Ci6H32O2
Palmitic acid
60to80(?)
( 224 )
Ci6H33I
18 to 138
(61)
w-Cetyl iodide
31 to 146
(U 6)
d-a-Naphthyl-n-hexyl carbinol . . .
Ci7H22O
Ci7H34O2
Margaric acid
60to 80
( 224 )
48 to 82
(i8)
Ci8Hi5As
Triphenylarsine
Ci8HuO4P
Triphenyl phosphate
58 to 89
(24M
5OtOlOO
(1*8,268)
Triphenylphosphine
Ci8Hi5P
25 to 100
(168,268)
Ci8H16Sb
Triphenylstibine
Ci8Hi8O6
Dibenzyl tartrate
15 to 170
(i 7 3 )
25 to 75
(268)
Ci8H26O4
Di-Z-amyl phthalate
41 to 131
( 74 )
Ci8H34O6
Di-n-heptyltartrate
60to80(?)
< 2 2 4)
Ci8H36O2
Stearic acid
32 to 99
(is)
Ci9H40
w-Nondecane
C20Hi6Br2O8U Dimethyl di-o-bromobenzoyltar15 to 93
(73)
trate
C20Hi6Cl2OSf Dimethyl di-o-chlorobenzoyltar15 to 140
<73)
trate
C20Hi6I2OsIf Dimethyl di-o-iodobenzoyltar15 to 140
( 73 )
trate
C20Hs8O4
25 to 90
(26)
Diisoamyl sebacate
C20H38O6
54 to 135
(74)
Di-n-octyl d-tartrate
C20H38O6 ** Di-0-n-octyl e?-tartrate
36 to 100
O 73 )
95 to 135
()
C2iH2iN
Tribenzylamine
C2IH23NO3
Ethyl 1-methyl-p-ethoxybenzal95 to 160
(3)
aminocinnamate
C2IH38O6
Tricaproin
50 to 100
<03)
4 O t O 99
(123,62)
C2iH44
Heneicosane
25 to 75
(267)
C22H42O3
Isobutyl ricinoleate
C22H46
44 to 99
(i 23 )
n-Docosane
Diethyl diphenacetyl-d-tartrate . .
loto 98
<47)
C24H26O8
C26H30O8
Diisobutyl dibenzoyl-d-tartrate . .
17 to 100
O 78 )
91 to 158
C27)
C26H54
n-Hexacosane
Tricaprylin
50 to 100
(i 3 )
C27H50O6
95 to 158
<22T)
C30H62O
Melissyl alcohol
50 to 65
(255)
C32H64O2
Cetyl palmitate
Tricaprin
C33H62O6
OOtolOO
O 3)
C39H74O6
Trilaurin
75 to 125
<)
75 tO 125
(103,226,267)
C5IH98O6
Tripalmitin
SOtolOO
(103)
C57Hi04O6
Triolein
75 tO 125
(103, 22, 267)
C57Hu0O6
Tristearin
CeoHi22
115 to 190
( 2 27)
Hexacontane
Formula
Ci2H22O2
Ci2H22O6
Ci2H22O6
Ci2H22O6
Ci 2 H 22 OuII
Ci2H24O2
Ci2Hz6
Ci2H27N
Ci3HeCl6
* See Table 3 for accurate values for the density at particular temperatures.
t As may be seen in the articles referred to, there appear to be two sets of
values for ethylbenzene differing by about 0.006.
The values in the two references given check each other well, but most values
recorded are lower.
IO6 AF
T "AI
(3 to 10 0) = 800>
Il Densities of the undercooled liquid dissolved in paraffin.

If Densities of the m- and p-chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-derivatives over approximately the same temperature ranges are also given by these authors.
** Pickard and Kenyon ( 1 9 4 ) give densities at 17 for esters of d-/3-n-oetanol
with d-, I-, and c?Z-tartaric acids.
DENSITY-TEMPERATURE DATA FOR VARIOUS COMPLEX COMPOUNDS

The following articles contain density determinations over
a considerable range of temperature for large numbers of compounds, only part of which, usually the simpler ones, have been
listed in Table 2.
Bygden ( 27 ). Thirty-one alkyl and aryl substituted silicanes
over varying temperature ranges. Where the range exceeds
50, they have been listed in the table.
Hall ( 87 ). Esters of d-0-oetanol with dibasic acids from
oxalic to undecanedicarboxylic, and a few mixed esters with one
methyl or ethyl radical.
Hall (88). Esters of Z-menthol with dibasic acids from malonic
to decanedicarboxylic.
Kenyon (113). Esters of d-y-nonanol, acetate to dodecoate,
myristate, palmitate, starate; acetates of active y-carbinols,
hexanol to octadecanol.
Kenyon and Pickard (115). Esters of d-methylbenzyl carbinol,
acetate to dodecoate, myristate, palmitate, starate. Esters of
d-n-hexyl-a-naphthyl carbinol, acetate to undecoate (116).
Esters of menthol with acetic, oxalic, phenylacetic, and substituted benzoic acids (117). Esters of various active alcohols
with benzoic and a.- and /3-naphthoic acids (118).
Kenyon and McNicol C 114 ). Ethers of d-/3-oetanol with n-alkyl
radicals, methyl to nonyl.
Phillips ( 192 ). Ethers of d-methylbenzyl carbinol with n-alkyl
radicals, methyl to nonyl.
Pickard and Kenyon (194). Alcohols CH3.CHOH.R,, R representing n-alkyl radicals from ethyl to undecyl, together with some
esters and halides. Alcohols, (CH3)2CH.CHOH.R, R representing n-alkyl radicals, methyl to octyl and decyl (195). Six
aliphatic esters of l-ac-tetrahydro-2-naphthol ( 196 ). Alcohols,
CH3.CH2.CHOH.R, R representing n-alkyl radicals, propyl to
tridecyl and pentadecyl ( 197 ). Many esters of active /3-n-alkyl
alcohols with acids from acetic to stearic, but not complete
series (198).
Pickard, Hunter, Lewcock, and de Pennington (193). Esters
of Z-isopulegol with fatty acids, acetate to dodecoate and
myristate.
Wood, Such, and Scarf ( 277 ). Esters of Z-lactic acid with
n-primary alcohols, methyl to nonyl.
TABLE 3.ACCURATE VALUES FOR DENSITIES OF LIQUID ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS AT PARTICULAR TEMPERATURES
This table gives densities at particular temperatures which
have a probable error of 0.0005 or less. The probable limit of
error is based upon the concordance of check determinations as
in Table 1. The checking values must in some cases be obtained
by interpolation. In the case of some substances, values which
have been determined with particular care are included, although
' not confirmed by other investigators. No limit of error is indicated in such cases.
Table 3 cannot lay claim to any degree of completeness. It
contains values which have been found in the course of work
upon the temperature coefficients. The complete list would,
however, probably not be a long one.
Formula |
Name
| 10<A
Lit.
1.6326
1.594120
1.5264
0.7770'S
2.18052
1.1676
1.28243"
1.0492520
1.00320
1. 597620
2.030220
0.7057o
0.795815
d\
2
2
1
2
5*
2
1
2
5
2
(13, 250)
(13,45)
(250, 257)
( s 252, 266)
(12, 254)
(1*2. i3)
(250, 257)
(17)
(250, 289)
(UO)
(HO)
(185,250)
(183,252)
0.784425
(183,252)
CCh
CHCl3
C2H3N
C2H4Br2
C2H4Cl2
C2H4Cl2
C2H4O2
C2H4O2
C2H6BrO
C2H6IO
C2H7N
C3H6O
Chloroform
Acetonitrile
Ethylene bromide
1, 1-Dichloroethane
Ethylene chloride
Acetic acid
Methyl formate
Iodomethyl methyl ether
Ethylamine....
Acetone
C3HeO2
C3H7Br
C3H7I
C3H7I
CsH8O
C3H8O
C3H8O3
C4H8Br2
C4HsO
C4HsO2
C4H8O2
C4H9Br
C4Hi0O
Ethyl formate
!...0.916125
n-Propyl bromide
1.362615
n-Propyl iodide
1.747120
Isopropyl iodide
1.714915
w-Propyl alcohol
0.800125
Isopropyl alcohol
0.781Q25
Glycerol
1.264115
1, 2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane.... 1.773015
Methylethyl ketone.
0.82551
Isobutyric acid
0.948220
Ethyl acetate
0.924540
0.9005620
0.8944625
w-Butyl bromide
1.30350
n-Butyl alcohol
0.809720
C 4 HwO
C4Hi0O
C4H10O
0.805925
0.797925
0.8025425
0.736280
5
3
(183, 285)
O i o, 189)
(HO)
5
(20, 183)
l
(25,67,183)
2
(25)
3
(ioo, 109)
(132)
(250)
5
(61, 252)
0.5f
( 252 , 261)
0.5
(261)
0.5
(261)
3
(Uo, 136)
3
(i 8 21*. 218^
287)
Isobutyl alcohol
sec.-Butyl alcohol
Ether
C4HwS
C 4 HnN
C6H4O2
Ethyl sulfide
Diethylamine
Furfural
C5HoN
Pyridine
.'
2
1
l
0.1
(26)
(25)
(25)
(244,252,280)
0.7193015
0.7135220
0.5
0.5
(244,252)
(244,280)
0.7076725
0.837020
0.7000*5
1.159420
0.5
4
5
5
(244)
(io, 25, 56)
(136,185)
(22,144,235)
1.154325
(144,235,264)
1.003040
0.978125
(252)
2%
0.82610
-0.91250
0.898320
0.856525
0.639360
0.645380
0.805Q25
1.521930
1.10632o
1.022620
1.830820
1.1229
3
2
5
3
1
1
1
3
5
2
1.203220
0.878820
1.038940
1.0212625
1.072825
0.779020
0.9325
0.871120
0.878920
1.46520
0.67950
0.67700
0.802725
1.000525
2
2
2
3
5
3
2
2
(252,286)
22
( > i g 7 248)
(252,284,285)
(2is, 281)
(isi, 18S)
(252,281)
(252, 281)
(25)
(250, 278)
(13, 257, 278)
O 50 i 9 2 Si)
(i 9 278)
(2so, 257)
C6Hi0O
C6Hi0O2
C5Hi0O2
C 6 HnN
C 6 Hi 2 .
C 6 Hi 2
C6Hi2O
C6H6Br
C6H5Cl
C6H5F
C6H6I
CeH 5 NO 2
Methyl propyl ketone

Ethyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate
Piperidine
2-Methylbutane
n-Pentane
sec.-Amyl alcohol
Bromobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Fluorobenzene
lodobenzene
Nitrobenzene
C6H6
C6H7N
CeHwO3
C6H10O4
CeHi2
CeHi2O
CeHi2O2
CeH12O2
CeHi3I
CeHi4
CeH14
CeH14O
C7H6N
Benzene
Aniline
Ethyl acetoacetate
Diethyl oxalate
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Isobutyl acetate
Ethyl n-butyrate
n-Hexyl iodide
Diisopropyl
n-Hexane
Methylisobutyl carbinol
Benzonitrile
2
2
1
3
C7HsNO
C7H7Br
C7H8
Phenyl isocyanate
p-Bromotoluene
Toluene
1.094820
1.3813<o
0.884480
5 '
5
2
0.865820
(13,217,257)
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H9N
C7H9N
o-Cresol
w-Cresol
p-Cresol
Phenyl methyl ether
Methylaniline
o-Toluidine
1.048220
1.034120
1.034520
1.01237
0.982525
0.994025
5
5
5
(19, 218)
(189, 218, 265)
(i 9 218)
(252)
(57,189)
(57, 189)
(189,257)
(13,257,281)
(252, 257)
(233,245)
(53, 183, 233)
(7, 219)
(95, 219)
(13, 218)
(13, 217)
(43, HO)
(34,281)
(2Si, 281)
(25)
(2*, 1 i9,
256)
3
3
(24, 31)
(158, 189)
(13, 252)
TABLE 3.ACCURATE VALUES FOR DENSITIES OF LIQUID ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS AT PARTICULAR TEMPERATURES.(Continued)
Formula |
Name
C7Hi6
C8H8O
CsHio
CsHio
CsHioO
CsHuN
C8Hi6O2
n-Heptane
Acetophenone
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Phenetole
Dimethylaniline
Octoic acid
C8HwN
CsH20Si
C9H7N
C9Hi0O2
C9Hi2
C9Hi8O2
Diisobutylamine
Tetraethylsilicane
Quinoline
Ethyl benzoate
n-Propylbenzene
Nonoic acid
C9H20
CwH8
CioHu
CwHi 4 N 2
CwH2OO2
n-Nonane
Naphthalene
Cymene
Nicotine
Decoic acid
d^
0.6879'
1.0238325
0.864320
0.861120
0.962125
0.956220
0.91012o.02
| 1O4A |
5
2
1
3
2
3
5
0.886250-27
CwH22
2, 6-Dimethyloctane
CuH22O2 Undecoic acid
CiiH24
n-Undecane
CiZHwO2 Laurie acid
CuH28
CuHi2O2
Ci6H32
Ct8H34
CnH36
Ci8H38
Ca)H42
n-Tridecane
Benzyl benzoate
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
n-Eicosane
'
0.744420
0.7673419-93
1.090025
1.042025
0.861620
0.88135o-i7
0.908715
0.722115
0.9623io
0.857Q20
1.009320
0.8884*5-05
0.877350.17
0.723920
0.888930
0.874150.15
0.745215
0.8744.io
0.870750.26
0.77180
1.112125
'. 0.7761io
0.775718
0.776622.5
0.77702
O. 778Q36-7
Lit.
(35, 247, 281)

(56, 156)
( 81 218, 276)
133
( 189, 220)
( 7 > is, "2)
O 9 216)
(76)
(57)
5
(89, 18S)
0.5
( 1 O*)
2
(189,208,245)
5
(189,213)
3
(71, 189, 219)
(76)
5
5
3
3
( 37 12 S)
(2, 128, 228)
(22, 133,189)
/-105,206)
(76)
(64,133)
(76)
10
(12S, 223)
(76)
( 123 )
(ill)
( 12 3)
( 123 )
(123)
(123)
(123, 124)
3
2
3
3
3
* The equation of Thorpe ( 2 4 7 ) with rfj = 1.2018 reproduces the values of

Perkin ( 18S ) and Patterson and Thomson ( 182 ) and is probably accurate to
0.001 or better from O to 30.
t It is possible that the values are more accurate than here indicated.
Hartley, Thomas and Applebey ( 92 ) give a lower value and claim that
higher values arise from presence of water, but Timmermans (252) attributes the
lower values of well-purified products to presence of homologues. His own
values were obtained with synthetic material.
No checks are available, but the material had the highest M. P. recorded
and should be pure.
LITERATURE
O) Ahlstrm and Aschan, 25, 39: 1441; 06. ( 2 ) Alluard, 13, 113: 150; 60.
( 3 ) Atkins and Wallace, 4, 103: 1461 ; 13. ( 4 ) Atkinson, Heycock and Pope,
4, 117: 1410; 20. ( 5 ) Auwers, 25, 45: 2764; 12. (*) Auwers, 13, 410: 257;
15. ( 7 ) Baker, 4, 101: 1409; 12. () Baker, 4, 103: 1653; 13. ( 9 )Beekman, 70, 23: 225; 04.
( 1 0 ) Berthoud and Bruns, University of Neuchtel, Neuchtel, Switzerland, O.
(li) Bingham and Sarver, 1, 42: 2011; 20. O 2 ) Biron, 53, 40: 1609; 08.
(l 3 ) Biron, 53, 42: 135; 10. O 4 ) Bloch, 7, 78: 385; 12. (is) Beseken and
Bastet, 70, 32: 184; 13. (l6) Bolle and Guye, 42, 3: 38; 05. (l 7) Bousfield
and Lowry, 4, 99: 1432; 11. ( 18 ) Bramley, 4, 109: 10; 16. ( l 9 ) Bramley,
4, 109: 434; 16.
(20) Brown, 5, 26: 238; 77. ( 2 I) Bruhl, 13, 203: 1; 80. ( 2 2 ) Bruhl, 13, 235:
1; 86. (23) Bruhl, 52, 50: 119; 94. ( 2 4 ) Bruhl, 7, 16: 193; 95. (25)
Brunei, 1, 45: 1334; 23. (26) Brunei, Crenshaw and Tobin, 1, 43: 561;
21. (27) Bygden, 25, 48: 1236; 15. ( 2 S) Bygden, Thesis, Upsala, 16. ( 29 )
Campbell, 83, 11: 91; 15.
(3) Cari us, 52, 2:262; 70. ( 31 ) Carothers, /, 45: 1734; 23. ( 32 ) Chancel, 34,
99: 1053; 84. ( 33 ) Charrier, Callotti and Zappelli, 36, 52 II : 317; 22. ( 34 )
Chavanne and van Risseghem, 28, 31: 87; 22. ( 3 S ) Chavanne and Simon,
34, 168: 1111; 19. ( 36 ) Clarke, 1, 33: 520; 11. ( 37 ) Clarke, 1, 37: 2536;
15. ( 38 ) Clough and Johns, 45, 15: 1030; 23. ( 39 ) Cohen, Meester and
Moesveld, 70, 42: 779; 23.
<*0) Dasannacharya, 1, 46: 1627; 24. ( 4 I) De Pauw, Diss, Utrecht, 22. ( 4 2 )
Dittmar and Fawsitt, 174, 33: 509; 88. ( 43 ) Dobriner, 13, 243 : 1; 88. ( 4 4 )
Dobriner, 13, 243: 23; 88. ( 4 S) Dobroserdov, 53, 44: 679; 12. ( 4 *) Doroehevskii, 53, 41: 958; 09. ( 4 7 ) Doroshevskii, 53, 43: 46; 11. ( 48 ) Doroshevskii and Dvirzhanchik, 53, 40: 908; 08. ( 4 9 ) Dow Chemical Co.,
Midland, Mich., O.
(SO) Drcker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367; 11. ( 5 1 ) Drcker and Moles, 7, 75:
405; 11. ( 5 2 ) Dunstan, 4, 107: 667; 15. ( 5 3 ) Dunstan, Hilditch and Thole,
4, 103: 133; 13. ( 54 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 97: 1935; 10. ( 55 ) Dunstan,
Thole and Hunt, 4, 91: 1728; 07. (56) Dutoit and Friederich, 27, 19:
321; 98. ( 5 7 ) Dutoit and Friederich, 149, 9: 105; 00. ( 58 ) Efremov, 53,
50: 364; 18. ( 59 ) Egerton and Lee, 5, 103: 487; 23.
(60) Eijkman, 25, 25: 3069; 92. ( 6 I) Eijkman, 70, 12: 157; 93. ( 62 ) Eijkman,
70, 15: 52; 96. ( 63 ) Eijkman, Oeuvres Posth., p. 443. ( 6 4 ) Eisenlohr, 7,
75: 585; 11. ( 65 ) Elssser, 13, 218: 302; 83. (66) Emmerling and Lengyel,
13, Supp. 7: 101; 70. ( 6 7 ) English and Turner, 4, 105: 1656; 14. ( 6 8 )
Ewins, 4, 105: 350; 14. ( 69 ) FaIk, 1, 31: 86; 09.
(70) FaIk, 1, 31: 806; 09. (71) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. ( 7 2 ) Frankland and
Barrow, 4, 105: 990; 14. ( 73 ) Frankland, Carter and Adams, 4, 101: 2470;
12. ( 7 4 ) Frankland and Garner, 4, 115: 636; 19. ( 7 S) Frankland and
Turnbull, 4, 105: 456; 14. ( 7 6 ) Garner and Ryder, 4, 127: 720; 25. ( 7 7 )
Garner, Saxton and Parker, 11, 46: 236; 11. ( 78 ) Gartenmeister, 7, 6:
524; 90. ( 7 9 ) Gay, 16, 6: 36; 16.
( 8 0 ) Gerlach, 167, 38II : 2089; 85. ( 81 ) Getman, 11, 44:145; 10. ( 8 2 ) Getman,
11, 45: 539; 11. ( 83 ) Grinakovskii, 53, 45: 1210; 13. ( 8 4 ) Guye and
Baud, 34, 132: 1553; 01. ( 8S ) Guye and Mallet, 149, 13: 274; 02. ( 8 6 )
Gyr, 25, 41: 4322; 08. ( 8 ?) HaU, 4, 123: 32; 23. ( 88 ) Hall, 4, 123: 105;
23. ( 89 ) Harkins, Clark and Roberts, 1, 42: 700; 20.
( 90 ) Harries, 25, 32: 1326; 99. ( 9 I) Harries, 13, 330: 185; 04. ( 9 2 ) Hartley,
Thomas and Applebey, 4, 93: 538; 08. ( 9 3 ) Henry, 186, 1906: 732. ( 9 4 )
Hernquist, Diss., Upsala; 14. ( 9S ) Herz and Bloch, 7, 110: 23; 24. ( 9 6 )
Herz and Rathmann, 136, 36: 1417; 12. ( 9 7 ) Herz and Rathmann, 136,
37: 621; 13. ( 98 ) Hofmann, 25, 22: 699; 89. (") Holleman, 70, 23: 357;
04.
(i) Holmes, 4, 103: 2147; 13. ( 101 ) Homfray and Guye, 42, <1: 505; 04.
(i 2 ) Jacobson and Neumeister, 25, 15: 599; 82. (i 3 ) Jaeger, 93, 101:
1; 17. (i 4 ) Jaeger and Dijkstra, 64P, 27: 403; 24. (ios) Jephcott, 4,
115: 104; 19. (i 6 ) Jezewski, 165, 1921A: 110. (i 7 ) Jungfleisch, 6, 15:
186; 68. (i 8 ) Kahlbaum, 7, 26: 577; 98. (i 9 ) Kailan, 91, 51: 81; 12.
(n) Karvonen, 175, 3A: No. 7; 12. ( H i ) Kendall and Monroe, 1, 43: 115;
21. (u 2 ) Kendall and Wright, 1, 42: 1776; 20. O 13 ) Kenyon, 4, 105:
2226; 14. ( i 1 4 ) Kenyon and McNicol, 4, 123: 14; 23. ( 11S ) Kenyon and
Pickard, 4, 105: 2262; 14. (") Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 105: 2644; 14.
(U 7 ) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 107: 35; 15. (U*) Kenyon and Pickard, 4,
107: 115; 15. ( 119 ) Klason and Norlin, 167, 58 II: 173; 05-8.
(120) Knops, 13, 248: 175; 88. (i) Krber, 8, 37: 1014; 12. O 2 2 ) Kopp,
13, 94: 257; 55. O 23 ) Krafft, 25, 15: 1687; 82. O 2 4 ) Krafft, 25, 19:
2218; 86. ( 12 S) Krasuskii, 53, 34: 287; 02. (126) Kremann, Weingast and
Gugl, 57, 35: 1235; 14. O 2 7 ) Kuenen and Wisser, 168, No. 136: 13.
64V, 21: 22; 13. O 2 8 ) Kultasev, Diss., Dorpat, 15. (l 2 9 ) Kurnakov,
Krotkov and Oksman, 53, 47: 558; 15.
(l 30 ) Kurnakov, Perel'muter and Kanov, 169, 24: 399; 16. ( 131 ) Kurnakov
and Zhemchuzhnui, 169, 18: 125; 12. ( i 3 2 ) Lambrette, Diss., Brussels, 23.
0 33 )Landoltand Jahn, 7, 10:289;92. ( t 3 4 ) Lebo, 1, 43: 1005; 21. O 3 *)
Lieben and Rossi, 13, 159: 70; 71. O 36 ) Lievens, Diss., Brussels, O. O 3 7 )
Loomis, 7, 32: 578; 00. ( 138 ) Louguinine, 6, 11: 453; 67. ( 139 ) Lumsden,
4, 87: 90; 05.
(I 4 O) Lumsden, 4, 91: 24; 07. O 4 I ) Maass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. O 4 2 )
Maass and Mclntosh, 1, 36: 737; 14. (l 4 3 ) Maass and Wright, 1, 43: 1098;
21. ( 1 4 4 ) Mains, 33, 26: 779; 22. ( 14S ) Marshall, 4, 89: 1350; 06. O 4 6 )
Mathews and Faville, 50, 22: 1; 18. ( i 4 7 ) McCrae and Patterson, 4, 77:
1096; 00. ( 148 ) Mclntosh, 50, 11: 306; 07. ( 1 4 9 ) Merry and Turner, 4,
105: 748; 14.
(ISO) Meyer and Mylius, 7, 95: 349; 20. ( 1 5 I) Mitchell and Smith, 4, 103:
489; 13. (l 5 2 ) Morgan, 1, 33: 672; 11. ( 153 ) Morgan and Chazal, /,
35: 1821; 13. ( 154 ) Morgan and Cramer, 1, 35: 1834; 13. ( 15S ) Morgan
and Egloff, 1, 38: 844; 16. O 5 6 ) Morgan and Lammert, 1, 46: 881; 24.
(is 7 ) Morgan and Stone, 1, 35: 1505; 13. ( 158 ) Mller, 7, 86: 177; 14.
(159) Mussell, Thole and Dunstan, 4, 101: 1008; 12.
(160) Naccari and Pagliani, 427, 6: 87; 82. ( 1 6 I) Nasini, 25, 15: 2878; 82.
(162) Nasini and Bernheimer, 36, 13: 317; 83. ( 163 ) Nasini and Bresciani,
36, 43 II: 281; 13. (164) Nasini and Bresciani, 170, 9: 341; 13. (165)
Norris and Green, 11, 26: 293; 01. ( 166 ) Osborne, McKelvy and Bearce,
SlA, 9: 327; 13. ( 167 ) Ott, 13, 392: 245; 12. ( 168 ) Pascal, 34, 156: 1904;
13. ( 169 ) Patterson, 4, 79: 167; 01.
(i 70 ) Patterson, 4, 85: 765; 04. O 7 I ) Patterson, 4, 85: 1116; 04. ( 1 7 2 )
Patterson, 4, 93: 1836; 08. O 7 3 ) Patterson, 4, 103: 145; 13. O 7 4 )
Patterson, 4, 109: 1139; 16. ( 1 7 S ) Patterson and Davidson, 4, 101: 374;
12. ( 1 7 6 ) Patterson and Forsyth, 4, 103: 2263; 13. ( 1 7 7 ) Patterson and
MacDonald, 4, 93: 936; 08. ( 178 ) Patterson and Moudgill, 68, 39: 18;
18. ( 1 7 9 ) Patterson and Patterson, 4, 107: 142; 15.
(18) Patterson and Pollock, 4, 105: 2322; 14. (lsl) Patterson and Taylor,
4, 87: 33; 05. ( 182 ) Patterson and Thomson, 4, 93: 355; 08. O 8 3 )
Perkin, 4, 45: 421; 84. O 8 4 ) Perkin, 4, 51: 808; 87. (18S) Perkin, ^,
55: 680; 89. O 8 6 ) Perkin, 4, 61: 800; 92. ( i 8 7 ) Perkin, 4, 63: 488; 93.
(188) Perkin, 4, 65: 402; 94. O 8 9 ) Perkin, 4, 69: 1025; 96.
(I 9 O) Perkin, 4, Bl : 292; 02. O 9 1 ) Petterson, 52, 24: 293; 81. (^ 2 ) Phillips,
4, 123: 22; 23. ( 193 ) Pickard, Hunter, Lewcock and de Pennington, 4,
117: 1248; 20. ( 1 9 4 ) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 99: 45; 11. (I 9 S) Pickard
and Kenyon, 4, 101: 620; 12. (i 9 ) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 101: 1427; 12.
( 197 ) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 103: 1923; 13. ( 198 ) Pickard and Kenyon,
4, 105: 830; 14. ( 199 ) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 105: 1115; 14.
(200) Pickard, Kenyon and Hunter, 4, 123: 1; 23. ( 201 ) Pickard and Littlebury, 4, 101: 109; 12. ( 2 2) Pictet, 167, 35: 854; 82. ( 203 ) Pierre and
Puchot, 6, 22: 234; 71. ( 2 0 4 ) Pierre and Puchot, 13, 163: 253; 72. ( 2 0 5 )
Polowzow, 7, 75: 513; 11. ( 2 0 6 ) Pribram and Glcksmann, 67,18: 303; 97.
(207) prjce> ^ no; IUQ- 19. (208) Prilezhaev, S, 42: 1387; 10. ( 2 0 9 )
Purdie and Irvine, 4, 79: 957; 01.
( 21 ) Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 790; 86. ( 211 ) Rayman, D/ss., Budapest, 06.
( 212 ) Read and Hook, 4, 117: 1214; 20. ( 213 ) Reid, 172, 25: 423; 12.
( 2 1 4 ) Reilly and Ralph, 117, 15: 597; 19. ( 215 ) Richards and Barry, I,
37: 993; 15. ( 216 ) Richards and Carver, I, 43: 827; 21. ( 2 1 7 ) Richards
and Coombs, l, 3 : 1656; 15. ( 218 ) Richards and Mathews, l, 30: 8; 08.
( 219 ) Richards and Shipley, I, 38: 989; 16.
( 22 ) Richards, Stull, Mathews and Speyers, l, 34: 971; 12. ( 2 2 1 ) Riiber, 9,
29: 334; 23. ( 2 2 2 ) Ronalds, 4, 18: 54; 65. ( 2 2 3 ) Ross and Leather, 173,
31: 284; 06. ( 2 2 4 ) Ruttan, 172, 25: 431; 12. ( 2 2 5 ) Sabatier and Mailhe,
34, 140: 350; 05. ( 2 2 6 ) Scheij, 70, 18: 169; 99. ( 2 2 7 ) Schenck and Kintzinger, 70, 42: 759; 23. ( 2 2 8 ) Scheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. ( 2 2 9 ) Schiff, 13,
220: 71; 83.
(230) schiff, 13, 223: 247; 84. ( 2 3 I) Schreiner, 93, 122: 201; 22. ( 232 )
Schwere, 186, 1908: 814. ( 233 ) Schwere, 42, 9: 15; 11. ( 2 3 4 ) Schwere, 4,
99: 1478; 11. ( 23S ) Schwere, 22, 20 II: 398; 11. ( 2 3 6 ) Schwere, 4, 101:
1889; 12. ( 237 ) Seubert, 25, 22: 2519; 89. ( 2 3 8 ) Shorthose, B40. ( 239 )
Squibb, 1,17: 187; 95.
( 24 ) Sugden, 4,. 125: 1177; 24. ( 2 4 1 ) Sugden, Reed and Williams, 4, 127:
1525; 25. ( 2 4 2 ) Sugden and Wilkins, 4, 127: 2517; 25. ( 2 4 3 ) Sugden and
Whittaker, 4, 127: 1868; 25. ( 2 4 4 ) Taylor and Smith, 1,44: 2450; 22.
( 2 4 5 ) Thole, 7, 74: 683; 10. ( 2 4 6 ) Thole, 4, 103: 317; 13. ( 2 4 7 ) Thorpe, 4,
37: 141; 80. ( 2 4 8 ) Thorpe and Jones, 4, 63: 273; 93. ( 2 4 9 ) Thorpe and
Rodger, 62, 185A: 397; 94.
(250) Timmermans, 28, 24: 244; 10. ( 251 ) Timmermans, 28, 25: 300; 11.
( 2 S 2 ) Timmermans, 117, 13: 310; 12. ( 253 ) Timmermans, 186, 32: 299;
23. ( 254 ) Timmermans and Martin, University of Brussels, Belgium, O.
(255) Tromp, 70, 41: 278; 22. ( 2 5 6 ) Turner and Merry, 4, 97: 2069: 10.
(257) Tyrer, 4, 105: 2534; 14. ( 258 ) Veley, 5B, 82: 217; 10. ( 259 ) Vespignani, 36, 331: 76; 03.
(260) Vincent and Delachanal, 27, 31: 11; 79. ( 261 ) Wade and Merriman,
4, 101: 2429; 12. ( 262 ) Waiden 7, 20: 569; 96. 263 ) Waiden, 7, 55:
1; 06. ( 2 ^ 4 ) Waiden, 7, 65: 207; 06. ( 2 6 5 ) Waiden, 7, 59: 385; 07. ( 266 )
Waiden, 7, 65: 129; 08. ( 2 6 7 ) Waiden, 7, 75: 555; 11. ( 2 6 8 ) Waiden and
Swinne, 7, 69: 700; 12. (269) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 82: 271; 13.
(270) Wallace and Atkins, 4, 101: 1958; 12. ( 2 7 1 ) Weger, 13, 221: 61; 83.
(272) Wiens, 13, 253: 289; 89. ( 2 7 3 ) Wilkinson and Wernland, l, 42: 1382;
20. ( 2 7 4 ) Williams, l, 47: 2644; 25. ( 2 7 5 ) Winkler, 26, 38: 3612; 05/
(276) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. ( 2 7 7 ) Wood, Such and Scarf 4, 123: 600;
23. ( 278 ) Young, 4, 55: 486; 89. ( 2 7 9 ) Young, 4, 59: 911; 91.
(280) Young, 8, 33: 153; 92. ( 281 ) Young, 117, 12: 374; 10. ( 2 8 2 ) Young and
Fortey, 4, 77: 1126; 00. ( 283 ) Young and Fortey, 4, 81: 717; 02. ( 284 )
Young and Fortey, 4, 83: 45; 03. ( 28S ) Young and Thomas, 4, 63: 1191; 93.
( 2 8 6 ) Zawidzki, 136, 30: 299; 06. ( 2 8 7 ) Zoubov, 53, 30: 926; 98.
THE LIQUID (INCLUDING VITREOUS) STATE UNDER PRESSURES HIGHER THAN

ATMOSPHERIC. (DENSITY, THERMAL EXPANSION AND COMPRESSIBILITY)
Louis AND JEAN DECOMBE
Except as otherwise noted below, the tables in this section
constitute a complete index of substances for this subject.
Abbreviations and Units.The quantity recorded in the follow 10 6 /dV\
ing tables, except as otherwise noted, is = y ( Lo r =
10 /Vi - F \
i
2 i according as a single pressure or a pressure range
Vi \ p* pi /T'
is given. The pressure unit is the megabarye. (C/. Vol. I, p. 34,
"barye.")
To convert megabaryes
|| To convert "per megabarye"
Multiply
Multiply
by
0.987
14.50
1.019?
Toatm
To lb./in.2
To kg/cm 2
by
To per atm
1.013
To per (lb./in.2) .. . 0.0689
To per (kg/cm 2 )... 0.9806
(T-TABLE, CARBON COMPOUNDS

CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride,
cf. Tables 5 and 9
Pi, P2
t, 0C
mega
baryes
1-100 90
100-200 88
20 (23)
200-300 82
300-400 74
4QQ 5QQ
W
29.4
99
24.6 (10)
For metallic elements, v. p. 46

VALUES OF AT 20 (23)
Pl, p2
1 0-100 |100-2QO|200-300|300-40Q|400-5QO
(62s) t
57
~ 5 4 5 1
49
(116) (108) (100) (89) (83)
Br
Cl*
* Estimated; not directly measured,
f Extrapolated.
Substance
H2O
H2SO4, coned
NH3
HNO3, dl = 1.403.
PCl3
CO2
| t, 0C | pi, p>2 \
\ Lit.
v. page 40.
12.6
1-163 co. 33
(l)
12.6
1-224 ca. 37
(l)
O
1-32
ca. 35
(9)
v. page 40.
v. Tables 1 and 2, p. 37, 38.
yo
98.1
oo
- Q/% f\
294.3
392.4
79
73
('<>)
400^500
g^gg
(4 }
45 *
f*
300-500
100-500
41
43
* Extrapolated.
CHCl3, Chloroform, v. also

Table 5
1-100 (93)*
100-200 88
20 (23)
200-300 79
300-400 72
400-500 (67)*
91.5
QO
294!3
77
^4 72
490.5
588.6
62
CS2, v. p. 41
CHBr3, Bromoform
1-100 (5O)*
100-200 47
20 (23)
200-300 43
20 (22)
24.6
67
CO2, v. Tables 1 and 2
VALUES OF BETWEEN 1 AND 14 700 MEGABARYES ( 7 )

H, > 31 at -260; He, > 38 at -271.6; N, > 15 at
-205.
A-TABLE, INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ô. i
190.2
fO-5
588 6
-
A-TABLE, NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS
CHCl 3 .(Contd).
p ^2
t, 0C
mega
baryes
100-300 83~
20 (22)
300-500 70
100-500 76
100 [B. P.
8-9
208
60] (2)
19-36 203
25 (H) I 1-6 |1Q5
^-^
66
61
Extrapolated.
CH3I, Methyl iodide, .

Table 5
CH8NO2, Nitromethane (13)
^
^ ^ 5
24.85
1-9.1 71
CH4O, Methyl alcohol, , p.
C2C^, Tetrachloroethylene
10
58 5
^S
69~~
- (14) 1 ^-S 93
98 J
1-5.3 123
C2H4, Ethylene, v. Table 2
C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide
( 55
10
i_5. 3
64o ( i4)
76
[ 96
100
02U4Br2.(Continued)
t, 0C
20 (23)
Pij P*
megabaryes
100-300
300-500
100-500
54~
49
52
0 (1O)
100-300 67.5
300-500 58
100-500 63
29.4
76
98.1
71
196.2
66
294.3 61.5
392.4
58
490.5
55
588.6 52.5
14.9
C4H8O2, Propyl formate

100-300 87
20 (22)
300-500 72
100-500 79.5
C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol
'
I ((24)
;
17.4 j
C2H5Br, Ethyl bromide,

v. p. 41
mega
baryes
I 1-10.1 I 22
C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate,

cf. Table 5
100-300 90
20 (22)
300-500 75
100-500 83
B. P. = 72
13.3 [(2)8.2-37.9 103
99.6 0 J
8.2-37.6 247
3 050
C2H4O2, Acetic acid,

v. Table 5
i, 0C
PlJ Pi
t, C
C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride,

cf. also Table 5
10\ fl4.
. - I 07
1-5.3 I 11Q
76 o}(")
20 (22)
CoHioO2, Valeric acid
C3H8O3, Glycerol
d\l'b = 1.245 (i?)
20 (22)
1 1-81/
1
82
^ - I 89
100-300 76.5
300-500 64
100-500 70
C2H6Cl, Ethyl chloride,

v. p. 41
C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol,

v. p. 42
C2H5I, Ethyl iodide,

v. p. 41
C 4 Hi 0 O, ieri.-Butyl alcohol
100-300 89
20 (22)
300-500 70
100-500 80
C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether,
v. p. 42
C2H5NO3, Ethyl nitrate ()

0
I 1-24 |co. 71
C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol,
v. p. 41
C2H6O2, Glycol
20 (22)
100-300
300-500
100-500
34
32
33
C3H6O, Allyl alcohol,

cf. Table 3
1- 507 68
507-1013 50
9.6 (3)
1013-1520 42
1520-2026 36
2026-2533 31
C3H6O, Acetone, v. p. 42
C3H6O2, Methyl acetate,
cf. also Table 5
B. P. 58
14.3 (2) 8.2-38 95.5
99.7 0 J
8.4-37.5247
100-300 87.5
20 (22)
300-500 73
100-500 80
C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol,
v. p. 42
C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol (24)
5.65
1-8.1 94
17.85
1-8.1 102
C6HiQ, Isoamylene (25)

16.7
0.4-18.2168
34.7
0.2-18.2206.5
C5H10O, Diethyl ketone
100-300 84
20 (21)
300-500 70
100-500 77
C 5 Hi 0 O 2 , Isobutyl formate
100-30086~~
20 (22)
300-500 72
100-500 79
C5H10O2, Ethyl propionate
100-30087^5
20 (22)
300-500 72.5
100-500 80
C 5 HiQO 2 , Methyl n-butyrate
1 0
O I (14)
62 0 J ^ j
88
1-53/
0
^ j 132
100-300 84
20 (22)
300-500 70
100-500 77
C6HioO2, Methyl isobutyrate
100-30089~"
20 (22)
300-500 74
100-500 81
20 (22)
Pli P
megabaryes
100-300
300-500
100-500
77~~
64
70.5
C6H12, Pentane
B. P. 30-35 (2)
13.1
9-26 177
13.1
9-37.5 170
99.4
9-13.5 532
99.4
9-38 522
C6Hi2, Isopentane, v. Tables
4 and 5
C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol,
v. p. 42
C6Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol
100-30084
20 (22)
300-500 69.5
100-500 77
C6H6Br, Bromobenzene,
v. Table 9
C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene, v.
also Tables 5 and 9
13.3 }
( 66
35.4 [(25) 0.4-18.2 j 76
0
100.4 J
[ 126
C6H6F, Fluorobenzene
13.9]
f 87
35.4 1(28) 0.4-18.2J 101
99.7 J
[ 187
C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene,
v. Table 5
C6H6, Benzene, cf. also
Table 5
0 (9)
I 1-26 \ca. 72
6
I (24)
17.9 0 J ( )
12.9]
34.9 [(25)
99.9 0 J
99.3 (2)
1-8 (
82
1 90.5
0.4-18
86
2-18 99
4.5-19 187
8-38 1185
100-300 78
20 (20, 21) 300-500 66.5
100-500 72
1-51
96
1-101
94
( }
1-253 90
1-507
77
29.4
91
98.1
85
196.2
79
24.6 (10)
294.3 73.5
392.4
68
490.5
63
588.6
60
C6H7N, Aniline, cf. also
Table 5
!7-950I
f 44
24.74 0 J ^ }
\ 45
C6Hi0O, Cyclohexanone
Pi P
t, 0C
mega
baryes
100-300 58~~
20 (21)
300-500 51
100-500 54
C6Hi0O4, Ethyl oxalate,
v. Table 5
C6Hi2, Cyclohexane, cf.
also Table 5
20 (21) I 100-200 I 93
C6Hi2O, Cyclohexanol
3416}(21)100-30{
C6Hi2O2, Isoamyl formate

100-300 80
20 (22)
300-500 68
100-500 74
C6Hi2O2, Isobntyl acetate
100-300 8~~
20 (22)
300-500 72
100-500 I 80
C6Hi2O2, Ethyl n-butyrate
100-300 85
20 (22)
300-500 71
100-500 78
10 )
f 92
62.5 [(14)
1-5.3J 134
97 J
{ 182.5
C6Hi2O2, Ethyl isobutyrate
100-300 90
20 (23)
300-500 75
100-500 82
C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Methyl n-valerate
10 )
(90
63 [(14)
1-5.3] 132
IQO 0 J
( 181
C6Hi2O2, Methyl isovalerate
100-300 i 84
20 (22)
300-500 70
100-500 I 77
C 6 Hi 2 O 3 , Paraldehyde
12.13 0 I n ,.
( 81
17.91/(13) 1 ^- 1 J 87
C6Hi4,
B. P., 66-72
13i, 2 v
99 JU
B. P., 68
23 (5)
20 (22) ; cf.
(2 5)
Hexane
9-38 141
8.6-38 |351
f-1 1157
100-300 117.5
300-500 91
100-500 104
C6Hi4, Isohexane
100-300 119
20 (22)
300-500 93
100-500 106
C7H8, Toluene, cf. also

Tables 5 and 7
t, 0C
U
F
66 [ (14)
10O0J
0
0 (20)
20 (21)
C7Hi6, Heptane
B. P. = 90-94
Pi9 Pz
megabaryes
)
( 7 8
1-5.3J 113
1 148.5
100-300 66
300-500 58
100-300 74
300-500 64
100-500 69
C7UsO, Benzyl alcohol

17.850I1
f 46
25.02/()
* 9 ^ 1 I 47
100-300 43
20 (22)
300-500 38
100-500 41
C7H8O, Phenyl methyl ether,
anisole
1 1 . 8 7 0 I n , , ! n i / 60
1
17.95f ( 1 3 )
^- 1 J 62
C7H8O, o-Cresol
100-300
20 (22)
300-500
100-500
44
42
43
C7H8O, m-Cresol
100-300
20 (22)
300-500
100-500
45.5
41.5
43.5
17 780
JC")
25.29 J ( )
1-91/ 49
1 50
C7H8O, p-Cresol
100-300 44
20 (22)
300-500 42
100-500 I 43
C7H9N, Methylaniline
100-300 i 45
20 (22)
300-500 40.5
100-500 43
C7H9N, o-Toluidine
100-300 44
20 (22)
300-500 39
100-500 41
C7H9N, w-Toluidine
100-300 45
20 (22)
300-500 41
100-500 43
C7H9N, p-Toluidine, v.
Table 8
C7H12O4, Ethyl malonate,
v. Table 5
C7Hi4O2, Ethyl valerate
10 1
(94.5
62.5} (14) 1-5.3 137
100 J
[ 180
t, 0C
Pi9 P*
mega
baryes
f 1 2 0
8 38
"
i 266
1 3 . 8
99.5} (2)
B. P. = 93
23 (5)
I ca. 0.07-11132
C8Hi0, Ethylbenzene,
v. also Table 9
100-300 71
20 (21)
300-500 61
100-500 66
17 89
- 1(13) 1i_9 1i / 81
25.28 0 J ( }
^ - I 84.5
C8Hi0, Xylene, v. Tables 5,
6J
C8HnN, Dimethylaniline
100-300 52
20 (22)
300-500 45
100-500 48
C8HnN, Ethy!aniline
100-300 50
20 (22)
300-500 45
100-500 47
C8HiBO2, Butyl butyrate
UFl
( 89
63 (14)
1-5.3] 128
100 J
[ 168
C8Hi8, Octane
100-300 97.5
20 (22)
300-500 78
100-500 88
23 (5)
co. 0.07-1J120*
C8H18, 2, 5-Dimethylhexane
100-300 105
20 (22)
300-500 84.5
100-500 95
C8H18, 2-Methylheptane
100-300 101
20 (22)
300-500 82
100-500 91
C8Hi8, 3, 4-Dimethylhexane
100-30094~I
20 (22)
300-500 74
100-500 84
C8Hi8, 3-Ethylhexane
100-300 96
20 (22)
300-500 78
100-500 87
C9Hi2, n-Propylbenzene
100-300 69.7
20 (21)
300-500 60.1
100-500 64.9
C9Hi2, Isopropylbenzene
100-300 70.3
20 (21)
300-500 60.4
100-500 65.4
*B. P. = 117.
C9Hi2, Cumene/y. Table 7
CioH2o02, Amyl valerate
C9Hi2, Pseudocumene,
v. also Table 9
t, 0C
20 (21)
Pi, Pz
megabaryes
100-300
300-500
] 100-500
t, 0C
10 )
62.7 (14)
99 J
64
56
60
C9Hi2, Mesitylene
100-300 67~~
20 (21)
300-500 58
100-500 63
C9Hi8Og, Butyl valerate
1
0
( 9 1
63.5 [ (14) 1-5.3] 128.5
100 J
U171
C9Hi8O 2, Amyl butyrate
""70
85~~
63.5 [(14)
1-5.3 121
97 J
155
C9H2o, Nonane
B. P. = 137 (5)
23
\ca. 0.07-1|111
C9H2Q, 2, 4-Dimethylheptane
100-300 96
20 (21)
300-500 79
100-500 87
C9H2O, 2, 5-Dimethy!heptane
100-30095~~
20 (21)
300-500 77
100-500 86
Ci 0 Hi 4 , tert.-Buty!benzene
\ 1 0 0 - 3 0 0 6 8 ~ ~
20 (21)
300-500 59
100-500 63
Ci0Hi4O, Thymol, v. Table 8
CioHisN, Diethylaniline
100-300 54
20 (22)
300-500 47.5
100-500 51
TABLE 1.-CO2.
Pit P*
megabaryes
1-5.3
87
120
[ 154
Ci0H20O2, Capric acid,

v. Table 8
Ci0H22, Decane
B. P. = 160 (5)
23
ca. 0.07-1|104
CnHi 4 O 2 , Butyl benzoate
1(Fi
( 58
64 [(14)
1-5.3] 79
IQO 0 J
[ 97
CnH24, Undecane
B. P. = 181 (5)
23
|co. 0.07-11 96
Ci 2 HnN, Diphenylamine,
v. Table 8
C12Hi6O2, Isoainyl benzoate
1
0
f5 7
65 (14)
1-5.3] 76.5
IQO 0 J
[ 91
Ci2H2B, Dodecane
B. P. = 199 (5)
23
\ca. 0.07-11 90.5
Ci3H28, Tridecane
B. P. =. 219 (5)
23
ca. 0.07-1I 86
Ci4H30, Tetradecane
B. P. = 238 (S)"
23
|ca. 0.05-11 82
CiOH32, Pentadecane
B. P. = 260 (5)
23
\ca. 0.07-1 78
Ci6H32O2, Palmitic acid,
v. Table 8
Ci6H34, Hexadecane
B. P. = 280 (5)
23
ca. 0.07-1I 74
in 6 /AV\
VALUES OF = -~- (-} (16)
v. also Table 2
^
\
^ -37 -30 -20 -10
13.8220
14.5
20.7
27.6
35.9
41.4
44.8
55.2
56.55
63.45
69
75.9
82.8
89.7
96.6
+5
10
15
20
25
30
305
290
550
490
900
275
400
680
260
340
520
1 050
1 400
1 730
8301 1201 5002 360
4 060
245
290
400
650
5 940
900 1 190 1 740 2 900 5 070
230
260
320
540
720
215
230
290
430
570
16 500
940127019303200 7400
4 900
730 910 1 200 1 740 2 750
TABLE 2.VALUES OF pv
The volume unit is the volume of the gaseous substance at 0 and
1 atm. (4)
p, atm.
1
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
350
400
450
500
550
600 .
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
I
I
0
1.0000
0.1050
0.1530
0.2020
0.2490
0.2950
0.3405
0.3850
0.4305
0.4740
0.5170
0.5595
0.6445
0.7280
0.8090
0.8905
0.9700
1.0495
1.1275
1.2055
1.2815
1.3580
1.4340
1.5090
1.5830
1.6560
CO2, v. also Table 1

10 I 20 | 30
0.1145
0.1630
0.2130
0.2620
0.3090
0.3550
0.4010
0.4455
0.4900
0.5340
0.5775
0.6640
0.7475
0.8310
0.9130
0.9935
1.0730
1.1530
1.2320
1.3105
1.3870
1.4625
1.5385
1.6115
1.6850
0.1800
0.2285
0.2785
0.3260
0.3725
0.4190
0.4655
0.5100
0.5545
0.5985
0.6850
0.7710
0.8550
0.9380
1.0200
1.0995
1.1800
1.2590
1.3395
1.4170
1.4935
1.5685
1.6430
1.7160
0.2190
0.2550
0.3000
0.3460
0.3930
0.4400
0.4875
0.5335
0.5775
0.6225
0.7090
0.7950
0.8800
0.9630
1.0465
1.1275
1.2075
1.2890
1.3700
1.4475
1.5245
1.6000
1.6740
1.7480
|| C2H4
|| 0
1.0000
0.1755
0.2425
0.3100
0.3750
0.4405
0.5040
0.5650
0.6270
0.6870
0.8055
0.9229
1.03651.1465
1.2555
1.3640
1.4725
1.5785
1.6835
1.7865
1.8880
1.9900
2.0905
2.1900
2.2890
CO2
P1 atm. I
Ij
O5
35
37
50
C2H4, Ethylene
pv
pv
P>atm
'
0.0750
0.0790
0.1050
4i
42
43
44
46
47
48
49
so
52
10
45
0.1050
0.1145
50
20
57
60
0.1480
0.1520
30
71
72
74
75
78
80
0.2300
0.2230
0.2190
0.2190
0.2205
0.2225
Q
0.1610
0.1570
0.1580
0.1600
0.1645
0.1695
0.1755
0.1810
56
60
75
go
100
0.2025
0.2425
0.2565
0.3100
0.1890
0.1850
0.1855
0.1875
0.1900
0.1945
0.2050
0.2145
0.2535
TABLE 3.CsHeO, ALLYL ALCOHOL

Volume of the liquid in terms of its volume at 0 and 1 atm. taken
as unity ( 4 )
p, atm.
1
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
I 9.60 |
1.0097
1.0015
0.9941
0.9872
0.9808
0.9748
0.9692
0.9638
0.9588
0.9543
0.9499
0.9455
0.9412
0.9372
0.9334
35.45 ||
1.0371
1.0031
0.9962
0.9898
0.9837
0.9779
0.9725
0.9674
0.9625
0.9579
0.9535
0.9494
p, atm.
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
| 9.60 | 35.45
0.9296 0.9454
0.9260 0.9415
0.9225 0.9378
0.9192 0.9342
0.9159 0.9307
0.9128 0.9273
0.9097 0.9241
0.9068 0.9209
0.9039 0.9178
0.9011 0.9147
0.8984 0,9118
0.8957 0.9090
0.8931 0.9063
0.9036
TABLE 4.C5Hi2, ISOPENTANE

Values of the specific volume (cm3/g) at t, 0C and p megabaryes ( 27 ); v. Table 5
^7^-\^
16
1 . 5 8 7 1 1.5854 1.5838
15.6
1.6012 1.5994 1.5976
30
1.6388 1.6366 1.6344
40
1.6681 1.6655 1.6630
50
1.6984 1.6953 1,6924
60
1.7312 1.7277 1.7244
70
1.7666 1.7625 1.7585
80
1.8038 1.7992 1.7948
90
1.8477 1.8420 1.8364
100
1.8896 1.8825
110
1.9417 1.9334
120
2.0037 1.9922
130
2.0630
140
2.1512
150
160
170
180
185
187.8
I (Critical point) |
32
1.5820
1.5959
'1.6322
1.6605
1.6896
1.7210
1.7547
1.7904
1.8309
1.8760
1.9253
1.9815
2.0485
2.1290
2.2317
1.5806
1.5941
1.6300
1.6581
1.6868
1.7179
1.7510
1.7861
1.8255
1.8695
1.9176
1.9713
2.0350
2.1105
2.2035
2.3285
2.5252
1.5790
1.5923
1.6280
1.6556
1.6841
1.7148
1.7474
1.7820
1.8203
1.8634
1.9102
1.9615
2.0230
2.0940
2.1782
2.2900
2.4485
2.7230
3.1830
H*
48
*$*
H4
64
H4
1.5773 1.5757 1.5742 1.5726 1.5711 1.5696 1.5682 1.5667

1.5906 1.5889 1.5872 1.5856 1.5839 1.5821 1.5806 1.5791
1.6260 1.6240 1.6220 1.6202 1.6184 1.6166 1.6149 1.6131
1.6533 1.6510 1.6487 1.6465 1.6444 1.6423 1.6402 1.6382
1.6814 1.6788 1.6763 1.6739 1.6715 1.6691 1.6668 1.6645
1.7116 1.7086 1.7057 1.7027 1.6999 1.6971 1.6944 1.6916
1.7440 1.7405 1.7372 1.7339 1.7306 1.7275 1.7244 1.7212
1.7780 1.7740 1.7700 1.7663 1.7625 1.7589 1.7552 1.7516
1.8154 1.8106 1.8060 1.8014 1.7974 1.7934 1.7893 1.7749
1.8576 1.8516 1.8460 1.8406 1.8356 1.8306 1.8256 1.8008
1.9029 1.8961 1.8895 1.8830 1.8771 1.8710 1.8652 1.8596
1.9527 1.9445 1.9365 1.9287 1.9215 1.9150 1.9083 1.9015
2.0115 2.0005 1.9910 1.9810 1.9715 1.9630 1.9540 1.9463
2.0787 2.0650 2.0520 2.0405 2.0287 2.0185 2.0085 1.9987
2.1565 2.1385 2.1210 2.1050 2.0912 2.0780 2.0655 2.0537
2.2575 2.2305 2.2062 2.1852 2.1657 2.1485 2.1322 2.1180
2.3882 2.3450 2.3080 2.2777 2.2512 2.2270 2.2057 2.1872
2.5835 2.5005 2.4405 2.3985 2.3550 2.3245
2.7345 2.6050 2.5270 2.4645 2.4165
2.8585 2.6770 2.5790 2.5075 2.4550 2.4115 2.3745 2.3445
TABLE 5.ADIABATIC COEFFICIENT

In this table is recorded the mean adiabatic coefficient [a =
y (
between 1 and 2 megabaryes, together with the

W*/&V\ 1
= y ( A /
thermodynamically
computed therefrom ( 12 > 26 ).

PfM
P1*4'
CHCl3, C2H4Cl2,
t, 26c tt Chlor- Ethylene
t / -j
form
chloride
v( J)
chloride
a \
O
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
62
67
72
78
84
92
100
108
I
90
97
105
113
122
132
145
158
a I
C2H4O2,
Acetic
acid
<* \
58
85
62
92
67 100
73 109
79.5118
86 129
93.5141
48
51
55
59
64
69
75
81
89
<* \
69
74
80
86
92.5
100
108
118
128
C4H8O2,
Eth l
y
acetate
69
95
72* 87.5* 75 104
75
91
82 113
80.5 97
90 124
86 104
99 135
93 111
108 148
100 119
118.5162
107 128
132 179
115 137
*At 150C.
/C
>
(26)
O
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
C6H6Cl,
Chloro,
benzene
C6H6NO2, r _.
Nitro' C<H*
,
Benzene
benzene
p-,
Î1*8'
Toluene
r TT *
0
^?1*
w-Xylene
a \
a \
a I 0
<* \
49 66
52 70
55 74
59 79
63 84
67 89
72 95
77 101
82 108
36
38
40
43
45
48
50
44
47
49
52
55
55
<* I
55
60
65
71
77
84
92
101
110
81 58
78 57
74
87 62
84 61 79.5
94.5 67
90 65
85
102 71.5 96 69
90
110 77 103 74.5 96
119 83 111 80 103
128 90 120 86 110
141 97 129.5 92 118
154.5 v. also 99 126
Table 7
* v. also Tables 6 and 7.
C6H7N, Aniline (26)

I
53
56
60
63
67
t, 0C I
CH3I, Methyl iodide ()
^-J
C3H6O2, Methyl acetate (12)
n ^
^*
JJ
fi^
JjJ
. .
7 rp
K1 .
C5_
Hi2, TIsopentane,
v. also
Table
4.
0.4
^
3
C6Hi0O4, Ethyl oxalate
22 '7
49
^
25
09
24 ' g
83
48
O
10
20
30
40
32.5
34
36
38
40
I
t, 0C
42
45
47
50
53
*, C
Il
41
43
45
48
50
O 8
C6Hi2, Cyclohexane
C7Hi2O4, Ethyl malonate
"I
50
60
70
80
90
f
<
134
lg
AQ
^
178
222
65
74
110
5 g
TABLE 6.C8Hi0, XYLENE. AT 20 (22)

v. Tables 5 and 7
m
Pi, Pi
I
QI
I
100-300
66
69.5
300-500
57
60
100-500
61
65
P72
62
67
TABLE 7. = Q (1 + a* + bi2); O TO 10O0C; 1-4 MEGABARYES
( 18 )
Toluene
Xylene
Cumene
fr
I
a
I
b
76
0.00657 0.04174
72.4 0.00220 0.04644
71. e
0.00253 0.04521
TABLE 8.VALUES OF (6)

\~
f
^\^^
Pit 7>2 ^^-^
20-101
20-203
20-304
20-405
C7H9N, p-Toluidine. M. P. =43;

B. P. = 198
28 I 65 I 100 I 185 | 310
55
66
80
132
360
55
64
79
125
312
55
63
78
118
266
54
61 I 77
111
223
\~
?
^"\^^
Pi, p ^^^
20-101
20-203
20-304
20-405
Ci0H14O, Thymol. M. P. = 53.5;

B. P. = 233
28 I 64 I 100 I 185 | 310
65
74
95
151
402
62
70
89
142
334
59
67
84
133
295
56
64
79
125
263
\~
F
^\^^
Pi, P2 ^^^^
20-101
20-203
20-304
20-405
C10H20O2, Capric acid. M. P. = 30;

B. P. = 269
30
I
65
I
100
I
185
72
90
112
184
70
86
106.5
173
68.5
83
101
161
67
81
96_
149
\~
^"\^^
Pi, P2 ^"^^
0-101
0-203
0-304
0-405
0-506.5
Ci2HnN, Diphenylamine. M. P. = 54;

B. P. = 310
~65
I
100
I
185
I 310
61
63
108
199
60
62
102
187
58
62
97
174
57
61
91
161
56
I
60
86
148
^Z~
?
^""\^^^
Pi> Pz ^"^^
20-101
20-203
20-304
20-405
C16H32O2, Palmitic acid. M. P. = 62;

B. P. = 350
100
I
185
98
150
94
142
90
135
87
127
TABLE 9.COMPRESSIBILITIES ACCORDING TO BIRON ( 6 - 5 )

v = a + jr, at O0C. Pressure unit, the atm. Volume unit =
v at O0C and zero pressure. Author estimates error <0.0001.
Formula |
Name
| a | b | c | pi, pz
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride. . 0.80365 2264.0 444.54 0-314.3
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride. . 0.76862 2728.3 631.10 0-595.7
C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene
0.76671 3625.5 845.78 0-486.4
C6H5Br Bromobenzene
0.84855 2494.0 377.72 0-481.8
C7H8
Toluene
0.819502268.7409.510-589.6
C8H10
Ethylbenzene
0.85745 1755.0 250.18 0-494.7
C 9 Hi 2
Pseudocumene
0.83285 2408.0 402.50[0-596.0
LITERATURE
O) Aim, 6, 8: 257; 1843. ( 2 ) Amagat, 6, 11: 520; 77. (3) Amagat, 6, 29:
68, 505; 93. ( 4 ) Amagat, 6, 28: 5; 13. ( 5 ) Bartoli, 72, 28: 1141; 95. 36,
26 I: 466; 96. ( 6 ) Barus, 12, 39: 478; 90. ( 6 - 5 ) Biron, 63, 44: 65; 12.
(7) Bridgman, 65, 59: 173; 24. () Carnazzi, 59, 9: 161; 05. () Colladon
and Sturm, 6, 36: 113; 1827.
O) Dolezalek and Speidel, 7, 94: 72; 20. C 11 ) Drecker, 8, 20: 870; 83. O 2 )
Gay, 6, 6: 36; 16. ( 13 ) Hebeisen, 8, 77: 216; 25. ( 14 ) de Heen, 186, 9:

550; 85. ( 15 ) Hyde, 5, 97: 240; 20. ( 16 ) Jenkin, 5, 98: 170; 20. ( 1 7 ) de
Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90. ( 18 ) Pagliani and Palazzo, 170, 19: 273; 84. ( 1 9 )
Protz, 5,31: 127; 10.
( 20 ) Richards, Bartlett and Hodges, 1, 43: 1538; 21. ( 21 ) Richards and
Shipley, 1, 38: 989; 16. ( 2 2 ) Richards, Stull, Mathews and Speyers, 1,
34: 971; 12. ( 23 ) Richards and Stull, 1, 26: 399; 04. ( 2 4 ) Rntgen, 5,
44: 1; 91. ( 2 ^) Suchodski, 7, 74: 257; 10. ( 2 ) Tyrer, 7, 87: 182; 14.
( 2 7 ) Young, 67, 13: 602; 95.
THE COMPRESSIBILITIES OF CERTAIN LIQUIDS

P. W. BRIDGMAN
The values recorded below
are the relative volumes in terms
of the volume at 0 and 1 An.
The values are nearly all taken
from the papers of Bridgman,
to which the reader is referred
for additional literature references and for the methods by
which the data of other observers have been incorporated
into the final tables.
Les valeurs donnes ci-dessous sont les volumes relatifs

par rapport au volume 0
et sous 1 An. Les valeurs sont
presque toutes tires des mmoires de Bridgman auxquels le
lecteur s'adressera pour connatre les sources bibliographiques supplmentaires et les
mthodes au moyen desquelles
les valeurs d'autres observateurs ont t incorpores dans
les tables finales.
Les donnes de Seitz et
The low temperature data of
Seitz and Lechner ( 4 ) recorded Lechner (4) relatives de
below do not join smoothly basses tempratures inscrites
en bas ne s'accordent pas conwith those of Bridgman at 0.
venablement avec celles de
Bridgman 0.
H2O, WATER (2)
P, atm. I -15 I -10 I -5 | 0 | +10 |. 20
O
1.0017 1.0006 1.0000 1.00011.0016
500
Freezes 0.9788 0.9776 0.9769 0.97780.9804
1 000
.9581
.9572
.9566 .9591 .9619
1 500
0.9386
.9399
.9391
.9286 .9424 .9456
2 000
.9215
.9223
.9233
.9223 .9277 .9712
2 500
.9073
.9083
.9096
.9080 .9147 .9183
3 000
.8949
.8962
.8975
.8954 .9028 .9065
3 500
.8840
.8852
.8865
.8842 .8919 .8956
4 000
.8742
.8751
.8763
.8739 .8818 .8855
4 500
.8658
.8670
.8648 .8725 .8762
5 000
.8573
.8585
.8565 .8639 .8675
5 500
.8509
.8491 .8558 .8593
6 000
.8438
.8423 .8481 .8517
6 500
Freezes
.8373
.8361 .8409 .8444
7 000
.8340 .8374
XJ
8 500
9 000
9 500
10 OQQ
I P^ atm. I -20 I
2 000 0.9208
2 50
'9^4
I 3 000
.8941 [
8274
-*j
'8185
.8128
8076
.8027
P, atm. I 30 I 40 | 50 | 60 [ 70 | 80
O 1.0041 1.0076 1.0128 1.0168 1.0224 1.0287
500 0.9831 0.9867 0.9915 0.9967 1.0014 1.0071
1 000
.9652
.9689
.9732
.9780 0.9831 0.9884
1 500
.9492
.9529
.9571
.9617
.9667
.9717
2 000
.9347
.9386
.9428
.9472
.9521
.9568
2 500
.9200
.9257
.9300
.9343 ' .9390
.9437
3 000
.9083
.9139
.9183
.9225
.9270
.9315
3 500
.8974
.9030
.9074
.9115 .9159
.9203
4 000
.8872
.8931
.8974
.9012
.9055
.9097
4 500
.8779
.8838
.8880
.8919
.8959
.9001
5 000
.8692
.8752
.8792
.8832
.8869
.8913
5 500
.8611
.8671
.8710
.8750
.8790
.8830
Die unten angegebenen Werte

sind relative Volumina, ausgedrckt in Volumen bei 0 und
l An. Die Werte stammen
beinahe alle aus den Arbeiten
von Bridgman, wo weitere
Literatur und die Methoden zu
finden sind, nach welchen die
Einfgung fremder Beobachtungen in die Endtabelle
erfolgte.
I valori qui sotto riportati

sono i volumi relativi, riferiti
ai volumi a 0 e a 1 An. I
valori provengono quasi tutti
dai lavori di Bridgman, nei
quali si trovano ulteriori notizie
sulla letteratura, e la indicazione dei metodi seguiti per
riunire i dati degli altri osservatori nelle tabelle finali.
Die von Seitz und Lechner

(4) fr tiefe Temperaturen
angegebenen Zahlen fgen sich
denen von Bridgman bei 0
nicht glatt an.
I dati di Seitz e Lechner ( 4 )

per le temperature basse non si
recollegano bene con quelli di
Bridgman a 0.
P, atm.
6 000
6 500
7 000
7 500
8 000
8500
9 000
9 500
10 000
10 500
11 000
11 500
12 000
H2O, WATER (2).(Continued)

I 30 I 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80
0.8535 0.8595 0.8634 0.8674 0.8713 0.8752
.8464
.8523
.8562
.8602
.8641
.8679
.8395
.8456
.8494
.8534
.8572
.8610
.8331
.8391
.8430
.8469
.8507
.8545
.8270
.8330
.8369
.8408
.8446
.8481
.8232
.8273
.8312
.8351
.8389
.8425
.8177
.8219
.8258
.8297
.8335
.8371
.8125
.8168
.8207
.8245
.8282
.8318
.8077
.8119
.8158
.8196
.8233
.8268
.8030
.8071
.8110
.8148
.8185
.8220
.8023
.8062
.8101
.8137 .8172
.7977
.8016
.8055
.8091
.8126
.7931
.7970 | .8009 [ .8045
.8080
PCL3, PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE (3)

P, atm.
I 20
40 | 60 | 80
1
1.0234
1.0485
1.0742
1.1039
500
0.9852
1.0029
1.0226
1.0443
1 000
.9577
0.9722
0.9880
1.0040
1 500
.9363
.9488
.9622
0.9758
2 000
.9184
.9297
.9414
.9531
2 500
.9034
.9135
.9242
.9347
3 000
.8902
.8997
.9096
.9192
3 500
.8784
.8873
.8967
.9053
4 000
.8679
.8763
.8853
.8933
4 500
.8585
.8664
.8750
.8825
5 000
.8499
.8574
.8657
.8728
6 000
.8348
.8418
.8494
.8561
7000
.8218
.8285
.8353
.8420
8 000
.8105
.8167
.8230
.8292
9 000
.7999
.8057
.8120
.8179
10 000
.7902
.7957
.8020
.8077
11 000
.7816
.7867
.7930
.7983
12 000
.7741
.7789
.7849
.7898
F, aim.
1
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
4 500
5 000
6000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 OOP
P, atm.
1
500
1 OOP
^
CS2, CARBON DISULFIDE ( 3 > 4 )

I 20 |
40 |
60 |
80
1.0235
1.0490
1.0774
1.1092
0.9854
1.0051
1.0243
1.0458
.9567
0.9734
0.9887
1.0061
.9338
.9483
.9615
0.9762
.9151
.9277
.9397
.9525
.8994
.9105
.9215
.9327
.8852
.8953
.9055
.9154
.8730
.8820
.8916
.9003
.8620
.8702
.8790
.8870
.8521
.8596
.8679
.8754
.8429
.8501
.8578
.8649
.8265
.8337
.8405
.8468
.8119
.8196
.8258
.8316
.7990
.8070
.8130
.8188
.7875
.7954
.8014
.8071
.7774
.7844
.7906
.7962
.7686
.7741
.7802
.7857
.7609
.7646
.7706
.7758
I -IQO0I -80 | -60 | -40 [ -20 | 0
0.8994 0.918150.937250.9571 0.978051.0000
.8830 .8992 .9155 .93225 ' . 94955 0.96725
.88345 .8980 .9125 .9273 .9425
CH8OH, METHYL ALCOHOL (3, 4)

P1 atm.
I 20 I 40
| 60
| 80
1
1.0238
1.0483
1.0737
1.1005
500
0.9811
0.9987
1.0182
1.0400
1 000
.9494
.9651
0.9808
0.9993
1 500
.9256
.9393
.9526
.9672
2 000
.9064
.9189
.9306
.9429
2 500
.8906
.9019
.9124
.9231
3 000
.8763
.8870
.8966
.9065
3 500
.8636
.8733
.8824
.8915
4 000
.8523
.8613
.8700
.8782
4 500
.8420
.8505
.8587
.8663
5 000
.8325
.8407
.8487
.8559
6 000
.8163
.8240
.8314
.8381
7 000
.8023
.8099
.8163
.8231
8 000
.7907
.7973
.8039
.8102
9 000
.7797
.7859
.7920
.7981
10 000
.7696
.7756
.7816
.7875
11 000
.7605
.7664
.7728
.7785
12 OOP
.7527
.7587
.7652
.7709
P, atm. I -IQO0I -80 | -60 | -40 | -20 | 0
1
0.8939 0.914550.9352 0.9561 0.9775 1.0000
500
.8727 .8904 .9076 .92455 .9418 0.95955
1 OOP
.8556 I .8713 .8865 .90115 .9159 .93085
P, atm.
1
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
4 500
5 000
6 000
"C2H6BR, ETHYL BROMIDE (3)

I 20 I 40
| 60
| 80
1.0275
1.0578
0.9776
0.9990
.9460
.9624
0.9800
0.9988
.9216
.9358
.9492
.9626
.9022
.9151
.9268
.9381
.8857
.8981
.9088
.9187
.8714
.8830
.8931
.9020
.8590
.8697
.8791
.8873
.8479
.8577
.8666
.8742
.8380
.8469
.8554
.8625
.8289
.8372
.8453
.8519
.8131
.8206
.8276
.8339
C2H6BR, ETHYL BROMIDE (3).(Continued)

P1 atm.
I 20 I 40 | 60
|
7 000
0.7991
0.8064
0.8126
8 000
.7868
.7937
.7995
9 000
.7756
.7820
.7879
10 000
.7656
.7715
.7775
11 000
.7568
.7623
.7685
12 OOP
I .7495 I .7546
.7606
80
0.8189
.8056
.7935
.7825
.7730
.7648
P, atm.
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
4 500
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 OOP
C2H6CL, ETHYL CHLORIDE (3)

I 20
I 40
| 60. | 80
0.9696
0.9931
1.0179
1.0358
.9253
.9419
0.9618
0.9797
.8964
.9107
.9268
.9411
.8749
.8874
.9010
.9128
.8569
.8680
.8800
.8904
.8415
.8515
.8623
.8715
.8283
.8375
.8475
.8557
.8167
.8253
.8346
.8422
.8061
.8143
.8230
.8302
.7965
.8045
.8125
.8194
.7796
.7870
.7944
.8008
.7654
.7726
.7795
.7856
.7533
.7602
.7666
.7728
.7423
.7488
.7549
.7611
.7320
.7382
.7442
.7501
.7228
.7283
.7344
.7397
.7148
.7192
.7255
.7301
P, atm.
1
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 PPP
3 5PP
4 PPP
4 5PP
5 PPP
6 PPP
7 PPP
8 PPP
9 PPP
IP PPP
11 PPP
12 PPP
C2H6I, ETHYL IODIDE (3)

I 20 I 40 | 60
| 80
1.0214
1.0438
1.0677
1.0935
0.9774
0.9958
1.0156
1.0351
.9475
.9640
0.9799
0.9946
.9257
.9390
.9521
.9637
.9070
.9188
.9298
.9397
.8913
.902P
.9114
.92P2
.8777
.8873
.8956
.9P34
.8659
.8744
.8819
.8886
.8555
.8632
.8698
.876P
.846P
.853P
.8593
.8651
.837P
.8439
.85PP
.8551
.82P7
.8277
.8336
.8381
.8P63
.8135
.8189
.8232
.7937
.8PP7
.8P57
.8P99
.7825
.7891
.7938
.7981
.7725
.7785
.7832
.7877
.7635
.7691
.7742
.7786
.7554
.76P8
.7664
.77P6
F, atm.
1
5PP
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 OOP
3 5PP
4 PPP
4 5PP
5 POP
6 POP
7 PPP
C2H5OH, ETHYL ALCOHOL (3, 4)

I 2P | 4P0
| 6P | 8P
1.P212
1.P438
1.P679
1.P934
P.9782
P.9943
1.0121
1.0319
.9479
.9608
0.9760
0.9922
.9247
.9358
.9482
.9615
.9059
.9159
.9266
.9380
.8899
.8991
.9088
.9187
.876P
.8848
.8935
.9P25
.8634
.8718
.88PP
.8884
.8517
.8599
.8678
.8756
.841P
.8491
.8567
.864P
.8314
.8394
.8467
.8536
.8149
.8225
.8291
.8354
.8PP9
.8P8P
.8139
.8196
C2H6OH, ETHYL ALCOHOL ( 3 > 4 ).(Continued)

P, atm.
I
20
I
40
|
60
|
80
8 000
0.7888
0.7953
0.8005
0.8061
9000
.7776
.7836
.7884
.7940
10000
.7671
.7726
.7776
.7830
11 000
.7574
.7626
.7682
.7734
12 OOP
.7485
.7535
.7600
.7648
P, atm.
1
500
1 OOP
I -100 I -80 | -60 | -40 | -20 | 0

0.902150.9212 0.940350.9597 0.979451.0000
.8815 .89775 .91385 .92985 .9458 0.96205
.8652 .87935 .8935 .90765 .9216 .9356
C3H7OH, n-PROPYL ALCOHOL (3)
P, atm.
1
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
4 500
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 OOP
20 I 40 | 60 | 80
1.0173
1.0390
1.0612
1.0865
0.9770
0.9936
1.0108
1.0305
.9483
.9624
0.9760
0.9913
.9280
.9396
.9513
.9634
.9124
.9222
.9322
.9424
.8991
.9079
.9167
.9258
.8876
.8957
.9039
.9120
.8773
.8849
.8925
.8999
.8677
.8752
.8824
.8893
.8588
.8664
.8732
.8796
.8507
.8582
.8647
.8706
.8365
.8436
.8495
.8548
.8243
.8308
.8365
.8414
.8138
.8196
.8249
.8301
.8043
.8096
.8148
.8203
.7958
.8010
.8058
.8114
.7883
.7931
.7976
.8031
.7814
.7858
.7899
.7952
C4H9OH, ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (3)
P1 atm.
1
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
4 500
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 OOP
20 I 40 | 60 | 80
1.0195
1.0406
1.0625
1.0880
0.9740
0.9909
1.0079
1.0262
.9470
.9601
0.9740
0.9883
.9253
.9366
.9484
.9607
.9078
.9180
.9280
.9385
.8929
.9020
.9111
.9203
.8798
.8880
.8968
.9052
.8680
.8756
.8840
.8919
.8575
.8647
.8728
.8802
.8480
.8550
.8630
.8697
.8494
.8462
.8540
.8602
.8242
.8307
.8375
.8433
.8113
.8178
.8242
.8298
.8001
.8065
.8126
.8181
.7898
.7961
.8021
.8075
.7802
.7864
.7923
.7976
.7712
.7773
.7832
.7884
.7631
.7691
.775P
.7799
LITERATURE
O) Bridgman, 65, 47: 345; 11. ( 2 ) Bridgman, 65, 48: 309; 12. (3) Bridgman,
65, 49: 3; 13. ( 4 ) Seitz and Lechner, 8, 49: 93; 16.
CsHuOH, AMYL ALCOHOL C3)

P1 atm.
I 20 I 40 | 60 | 80
1 .
1.0181
1.0374
1.0583
1.0814
500
0.9788
0.9946
1.0108
1.0288
1 000
.9511
.9643
0.9773
0.9915
1 500
.9307
.9417
.9529
.9644
2 000
.9138
.9237
.9330
.9427
2 500
.8993
.9084
.9166
.9254
3 000
.8869
.8955
.9028
.9110
3 500
.8758
.8840
.8910
.8986
4 000
.8658
.8737
.8807
.8877
4 500
.8568
.8644
.8713
.8780
5 000
.8488
.8560
.8627
.8690
6000
.8348
.8414
.8475
.8531
7 000
.8225
.8288
.8340
.8396
8 000
.8116
.8173
.8218
.8273
9 000
.8015
.8065
.8108
.8160
10 000
.7918
.7964
.8010
.8060
11 000
.7831
.7874
.7927
.7972
12 OOP
.7754
.78PP
.786P
.79P2
(C2Hs)2O, ETHER (3, *)
P1 atm.
I
2P I
4P0
|
6P | 8P
1
1.P315
1.P669
5PP
P.9668
P.9884
1.P123
1.P369
1 PPP
.9337
.9498
P.9683
P.9874
1 5PP
.9P7P
.9195
.9336
.9484
2 PPP
.885P
.8952
.9P69
.9189
2 5PP
.8663
.8756
.886P
.8962
3 PPP
.85P3
.8594
.8688
.8776
3 5PP
.8366
.8454
.8539
.862P
4 PPP
.8246
.8329
.84P7
.8481
4 5PP
.8139
.8218
.8292
.836P
5 PPP
.8P44
.8121
.8189
.8252
6 PPP
.7883
.7953
.8P17
.8P7P
7 PPP
.7743
.78P6
.7865
.7917
8 PPP
.7613
.767P
.7725
.7779
9 PPP
.7492
.7545
.7597
.7652
IP PPP
.738P
.7431
.7482
.7535
11 PPP
.7275
.7325
.7377
.7427
12 PPP
.7178
.7225
.728P
.7326
P, atm.
1
5PP
1 PPP
P1 atm.
1
5PP
1 PPP
1 5PP
2 PPP
2 5PP
3 PPP
3 5PO
4 000
4 500
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 OOP
I -IPP0I -8P I -6P | -4P0 | -2P | P

P.875P P.8969 P.92P15 P.94465 P.971P5 1.0000
.85285 .87P75 .8888 .9P745 .9263 P.9464
I .83565| .85P85 866P | .8812 .8964 .9126
(CHa)2CO, ACETONE (3)
I 2P
I 4P0
[ 6P
| 8P
1.P279
1.P585
1.P925
P.9818
1.PP32
1.P282
.9526
P.97P6
P.9894
1.PP82
.9286
.9441
.0594
P.9736
.9P76
.9217
.9347
.9467
.89PP
.9P28
.9141
.9253
.8748
.8868
.8968
.9P73
.8619
.8729
.8821
.8920
.8504
.8607
.8694
.8786
.8402
.8498
.8583
.8666
.8309
.8398
.8482
.8558
.8143
.8225
.8306
.8370
.7997
.8072
.8148
.8209
.7866
.7935
.8003
.8066
.7815
.7876
.7939
.7707
.7764
.7821
Freezes
.7607
.7665
.7715
.7515
.7577
.7617
DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE, UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
J. R. CLARKE
I. Inorganic Compounds (A-Table)
This section includes only substances for which density values
reliable to four decimal places, or values over a temperature range,
are available. For less accurate values at individual temperatures, v. Vol. I, p. 106.
(Zn1 Fe)O-(Al 1 Fe) 2 40 = 5.96. A(20-70) = 19.4 (is , 33)

Os: Kreittonite
I)
I '-axis I 7/-axis | '"-axist | Lit.
Al2O3-BeO:
[
Chrysobery!... . \
^4O
5.16
6,01
6.02
O4]
A
12.2
10.1
22.0 (33)
(Prefused) = 11.40 + 9.2 - 120), 120 to 270 ( 2 4 )
MgO
40 = 10.43, A(20-70) = 26.7 (is, 16, 33)
Periclase
5
MgO-Al2O3: Spinel.. W = 5.93, A(20-70) = 19.5 (i 16, 33)
(Mg, Fe)O-Al2O3:
40 = 6.03, A(20-70) = 19.7 (is 16, 33)
Pleonaste
The quantities recorded in the table below are the following :

1
a = -j- :n at t0', or a = ^ over the range AZ0.

A = IO9 (resp. IO9 ~\ i.e., IO9 X the rate of change of a with
t, at t (resp. over A).
d\ = the density in g/ml at t the specific gravity at t referred
to H2O at 40C.
dj, a, b and c, = the parameters of the equation: d\ = dj(l 10~5
at 10~7 b2 10~9c3), valid over the range indicated; b and c
are zero when not given.
Arrangement
The compounds are arranged in groups, as follows: I. Oxides; II.
Halogen compounds in the order, F, Cl, Br, I; III. Sulfides; IV.
Sulfates; V. Nitrates; VI. Carbonates; VII. Metallo-organic compounds; VIII. Various silicates; IX. Other compounds. For organic
compounds, v. the (T-Table, p. 45.
FIG. 1.Curve A from Sawyer(43-5). Curve B from Andrews(2'5).

II. HALOGEN COMPOUNDS
I. OXIDES
H2O
H 2 O 2 ...,
/
\
Sb2O3: Senarmontite
f
C 2
\
SiO2
TiO2: Brookite
AS2Us
Anatase
Rutile
ZrO2
,
SnO2: Cassiterite. . .
PbO2
ThO2
ZnO: Zincite
Cu 2 O: Cuprite
dl - 0.9168 0.0005;* For see Fig. 1

dl6 = 1.6436 (36)
dl = 3.873, a = 12 (0-50) (5)
40 = 41.26, A(20-70) = 67.9 (17, is, 33)
40 = 19.63, A(20-70) = 5.7 (17, i 8, 33)
t, 0C -80 -90 -100 -110 -120|-130|-183| I 3 5
d\ 1.565 1.581 1.594 1.607 1. 618|1.627Jl. 66s] J^ ' '
r. Vol. IV, p. 19.
Values of 17.5 jj a> b and c axes (a) 14.4939, (b) 19.2029,
(c) 22.0489 C 4 4 )
< = 8.19 ||, = 4.68 J_; and A(20-70) = 31.1 |[, = 29.5
to opt. axis C 3 3 ); cf. ( 4 4 )
40 = 7.14 JL, = 9.19 || ; A(20-70) = 11.0 X, = 22.5 || to
principal axis (17, is, 33 ) ; c/. (44)
(36-5)
4 = 3.2 J., = 3.9 ||; A(20-70) = 7.6JL, = 12 || to principal axis A 17 18 33 )
(25-93) = 7.9 0.6 C 3 9 )
(36.5)
a40 = 3.2 JL, = 3.9 |J; A(20-70) = 7.6 _L, = 12 |] to principal axis (17, is, 33)
o*0 = 0.93, A(20-70) = 21. dmax. at -430C ( 1 S, 16, 17,
18, 21, 22, 33) ; cfm (43)
Fe2O3: Hematite... 40 = 7.61 || = 7.71 JL; A(5-80) = 4.90 U, = 11.4 JL to

opt. axis. C 3 ); cf. (17, 18, 33)
Fe3O*: Magnetite... = 8.46, A = 28.9 C 1 4 33 )
(Fe, Zn, Mn) 0.Fe2Oa: Franklinite.... 40 = 8.1, A(20-70) = 9.4 O 4 , 33 )
Al2O3: Corundum. . . 4 0 = 6.2 |[; =5.4 JL; and A(20-70) = 20.5 ||; = 22.5 to
principal axis. ( 14 is, 16, 33) ; c/. (V0I. IT, p. 87)
Al2O3-ZnO: Gannite. 40 = 5.95, A(20-70) 18.3 (i 4 is, ie, 33)
5Al2O3,2FeO,4SiO2.H2O: Staurolite
4 = 7.0s, A = 31.5 ( 1 4 )
* Estimate by Howard T. Barnes on basis of critical examination of all available data. For discussion and bibliography see ( 3 > 5 ) and his forthcoming book
on The Physics of Ice.
f
CaF2:
Fluorite (54, 55) I
> K I
* - - - 1 a<5250-60) = 556-734 < 4 0 )
265.7
18.53
255.6
17.5s
231.4
16.7s
209.8
16.04
186.9
14.6s
156.3
13.02
124.9
10.26
94.4
7.17
a = 19.34 ( )
40 = 19.11 and A(20-70) = 28.8
(21,22,33)
NH4Cl
dl = 1.5256 (26). 40 =, 62.55 and A(20-70) = 297.5
PbCl2
AgCl.
PrCl3
MgCl2.6H20
CaCl2.6H2O
CaCl2.2MgCl2.6H2O
LiCl
NaCl
(Prefused) dl = 5.899, a = 8.8 (0-50) (S); cf. ( 4 ?)

4o = 32.94, A(20-70) = 122.8 (19t 20 33)
dl6 = 4.0203 ( 5 )
dl = 1.5907 (28)
dl = 1.7182 (2)
d\ = 1.6655 (28)
dl = 2.0678 (26)
dl = 2.1680, a = 11.2, b = 0.5 (-184 to 50) (6, 7, 12,
KCl
a* =* 1.9920, a = 10.5, b = 0.4 (-184 to 70) (27) ; cf.

(19,20,33,40). dl = 1.9786 (large crys.) = 1.9841
(small crys.) (29, so)
dl = 2.8057, a = 12.6, b = -6 (0-50) ( 6 )
dl = 3.9887, a = 15.9, b = -4 (0-70) (6)
4" 2.3467, a = 18, b = -3 (0-44) (2)
4* = 2.4284: ( 4 2)
dl = 6.676, a = 9.5, (0-50) (5)
40 = 34.7, A(20-70) = 38.3 (i> 20, 33)
4 = 3.3535 ( 4 I )
^ = 3.213, a = 12. b ^ 0.3 (-184 to 50) (6, 27)
(19, 20, 33)
27,
RbCl
CsCl
KClOs
LiClO*
PbBr2
AgBr.
CaBr2
NaBr
S ) ; c/. (19, 20, 33, 40); a (20 to 80K) = 10.8 ( 3 4 )
t ot' along bisector of acute angle, " along bisector of obtuse angle formed by
optic axes, "' along the normal to the plane of optic axes.
4 = 2.756, a = 11.4, b = 0.45 (-184 to 50) (. 2 ^) 1 C/.
KBr
(19,20,33)
RbBr
CsBr
PbI 2
CdIa
Hgl
AgI
NaI
RbI
CsI
d4 = 3.358, a = 11 (0-50) ()
4 = 4.449, a = 14 (0-50) ()
a" = 33.6, A(20-70) 58.4 (* 20)
a 40 = 29.16, A(20-70) = 175 ( 19 > 2 0 )
40 = 2.39, A(20-70) = 200 (19> 20)
a* = -3.97 ||; = 0.65 J_; and A = -42.7 ||; = 13.8 _L
principal axis (is, 20, 31, 33)
f 4 = 3.665, a = 13.5s (0-50) ( 4 )
\ 4 = 3.6587, a = 14.1, b = 2.1 (-184 to 0) C 2 ?); a =
I 12.7 (-79 to 0) ( 2 7)
4 = 3.133, a = 12.6, b = -2.5 (0-50) (6)
4 = 3.1265, a = 12.7, b = 0.4 (-184 to 20) ( 2 ?); a =
11.5 (-79toO) (27)
a = 42.65, A(20-70) = 167.6 ( 19 > 20 33 )
dl = 3.560, a = 12, b = -4.5 (0-50) (6)
4 = 4.525, a = 14.6 (0-50) (6)
III. SULFIDES
Sb2S3: Stibnite
CS2
PbS: Galena
ZnS: Sphalerite
40 = 1.53, A(20-70) = 21.9 ( 1 4 )

4116'7 = 1.5539 ( 3 2 )
40 = 20.14, A(20-70) = 5.4 (21, 22, 33)
a = 6.70, A(20-70) = 12.8 (> 33)
40 21.511; A(20-70) 15 and 4 = 17.9 J.; A = 6.3
(9,33)
HgS: Cinnabarite. | Red sublimed: d\ = 8.203, a = 42, b = -33 (16-78)

(46)
Black sublimed: d\7 = 8.0395 (<)

3Ag2S-Sb2S3:
Pyrargyrite
MnS: Alabandite...
MnS2: Hauerite
f
FeS2: Pyrite ( 54 \
55)
[
Pyrrhotite: Fe5S6 f
to FeI6Sn
\
[
CuFeS2:
Chalcopyrite
NiS2-NiSb2:
Ullmannite
(Fe, Co, Ni)S 2 (CoNi-pyrite):
Kobaltnickelkies..
5Cu2S.2(Cu, Fe)- [
8.2Sb2O3:
^
Tetrahedrite
[
40 = 0.911|; A(20-70) = 105 and *> = 20.1, _L; A =

-23.1 O* 33)
4 o = 15.2, A(20-70) = 21.7 (". 33)
4Q = 11.1, A(20-70) = 88.9 Q 4 , 33)
0
K 2 6 8 . 7 2 3 7 . 4 2 1 4 . 8 1 5 5 . 0 I 129.7108.0
a
8 43
7 73
7 09
5 16
3 92
2 95
Also, 4o = 9.1 and A(20-70) = 18 ( 2 1 > 22 , 33)
1
2.35||
31.20_L
A(20-70)
86.4||
-16.5J_
K 2 Sb 2 (SO 4 ).
K 2 Zn(SO 4 ) 2 ,6H 2 0...
KA1(SO4)2.12H2O...
K 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O..
f
J
w , Qn
Kb2feU4
]
[
4 = 3.3396 (37)
4 = 2.2458 (si)
Alum, di = 1.7541, a = 3.8 (13-56) (M
4 = 2.0337 (5i)
Values of (0 to 96), || the three axes ( 4 8 > 4 9 )
a-axis
33.85 -f 0.0214
b-axis
31.95 + 0.0182
c-axis
35.90 + 0.0414
Rb2Zn(SO4)2.6H2O. .
Rb2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O.
Cs2Zn(SO4)2.6H2O...
Cs2Mg(SO4)2.6H20..
4
4
4
4
TiNO3
I
AgNO3: Prefused...
LiNO3
NaNO3
f
KNO 3
{
I
I
RbNO 3
33
4 = 11.12, A(20-70) = -1.5 O*, 38)

4 = 10.4, A(20-70) = 15.9 ('*, 33)
Three samples (** 33) :
a4
=9.22
8.71 7.33
A(20-70) =20.7
22.5
23.4
Na2SO4-IOH2O
Na 2 Sb 2 (SO 4 J 4
K2SO4
dl
dl
4
dj
Form I
Tr.
I c?o I a I b i Range
V ~~ r 5.5767 17.3
4.2 I
0- 70
II
f i/? KO 5.5393 11.6 5.5
81-142
1
5
III
J
'
( 5.5812 35.3 -0.48 144-200
(20 to 150) = 77 ( 2 S)
4 = 2.3658 ( 2 )
4 = 2.2663, a = 12 (0-45) ( 2 )
dl = 2.1126, a = 18.1, b = 2.56 tO-50) ( 2 ) "j
4 = 2.1106, a - 18.1, b - 2.56 (0-122) () /'**
o
1 Iz/.o L/
dl = 2.1106, a = 28.06 (130-155) ( 8 )
J
2
4 = 3.1119 ( )
4 = 3.1063, a = 19.3, b = 2.58, c == -0.5 (0-158)
*Tr. = 161.40C
Form II, 4= 3.0979, a = 27.5, b = 2.23 (164-219)
(8)
4 = 3.6432 ( 2 )
4 = 3.6524, a = 20.5, b = -2.1, c = 1.62 (0-134)
Tr. - 1510C
Form II, 4 = 3.6479, a = 28 U51-172) ()
VI. CARBONATES
2CuC03.Cu(OH)2:f
Azurite
\
v Ci-J .*
/
FeCO3: Sidente.. <
TVT n/r
-x /
MgC03:MagneS1te^
r rn r i *
oaous: calcite...
IV. SULFATES
(NEU)2SO4
4 = 1.7637 ( 2 ) = 1.7716 (52) = 1,7681 (50)
Sb2(SO4J3
dl = 3.6246 (37)
(NH^) 2 Sb 2 (SO 4 )*.... d = 3.0948 (37)
ZnSO4
46'2 = 1.9661 (M
CuSO4-SH20
4 = 2.2895, a = 9.6 (15-45) (*)
MnSO4-SH2O
c/ 4 ' 5 = 2.1996 ()
FeSO4.7H20
d%A = 1.8988, d f ' 6 = 1.8959 O)
MgSO4.7H2O
dl = 1.6812, a = 12 (14-32) ( 1 J 2)
CaSO4.2H2O:
f } = 41.63 with A(20-70) = 93.6 || b-axis
Gypsum
j af = 1<57> a* = 29.33 || to the other two axes of the
I thermal ellipsoid (21, 22)
SrSO4
40 = 52.62, A(20-70) = 34.5 ( 1 ^)
f 40 = 54.18, A(20-70) = 28.5 ( 1 ^)
BaSO4: Barite... | ^ . 4i46fl2 (10)
= 1.4697, a = 14, b = -15 (0-24) (2)
= 3.2298 (37)
= 2.6563 (large crys.); = 2.6574 (small crys.) (29, 30)
= 2.6673, a = 10.5, b = 0.7 (20-60) (i 2)
u
I
(0 to 96) (48, 49)
a-axis
36.16 + 0.0144
b-axis
32.25 + 0.0141
c-axis
36.34 + 0.0413
( 51 )
(5M
(51)
(si)
Values for three crystal forms ( 8 )
4 = 17.1, A(20-70) = 17 O*)
2.5905
2.3859
2.8753
2.6760
V. NITRATES
/
Lit.
I
=
=
=
=
'
(
CaCOs: Aragonite.j
I
CaMg(COs)2:
f
Dolomite
\
K2CO3
a\Q = 12.59 with A(20-70) = 20.3

f = 20.8; 4 = -0.98 ( 2 i 22, 23)*
40 = 19-2 with A(20-70) = 25.5 ||; and 4 = 6.05 with
A(2o-70) - 917 (14, 33^
* = 21.3 with A(20-70) = 33.91|; and 40 = 5.99 with
A(20o_70o) 24<3 ( i 4 , 33)
4 = 2.7710, 4 = 2.7102 ( 12 )
(2 to 81) = 25.1353 + 0.0118, || opt. axis; and =
-5.5782 + 0.00138, J. opt. axis ()
^ 40 = 2 21 + Q Q160(i _ 40)f jj opt axig; and = _ 5>40+
0.0087( - 40), _L opt. axis ( 21 22 > 23 )
a(50 to 60) = 1.447 ( 40 )
f t = 34.60 + 0.0337 ^j
20-70j 2 = 17.19 ~h 0.0368 J( 2 I, 22 , 33 )t
i3 = 10.16 + 0.0064 J
40 = 20.60 with A(20-70) = 36.8 ||
40 = 4.15 with A(20-70) = 19.3 J_ (33)'
45 = 2.3296 ( 10 )
VII. METALLO-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Sn(C6Hs)4
Sn2(CeHs)6
Sn 5 (CeH 5 )I 2
ISn(CeHo) 3
KNaC4H406.4H20:
Rochelle salt
d\ =
d\3'9
42'8
4'
1.4922, a = 20, (5-38) ( 11 J

= 1.5147, df'1 = 1.5098 (")
= 1-6088, d"'1 = 1.5967 (")
= 1.7617, 4' 6 = 1.7665 ( 1 M
-10 to +20: i = 59.9, 2 = 38.1, 3 = 44.8 ( 53 )
VIIL VARIOUS SILICATES

T rn . *
/ "4 = 4-43 with A(20-70) 14.1 ||
ZrSiO4. Zircon.... j ^40 = 2 33 with A(2Q-700) = 19.1 _L (". 22 )
f
ai
tx2
3f
Lit.
(AlF)2SiO4: Topaz j
I 592
4.84 4.44 ( 8 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 3 3 )
a4o
I A(20-70) I 18.3
15.3
16.8
3MnO.Al2O3.3SiO2:
Spessartite
a*0 = 8.24, A(20-70) = 21.4 (33)
3Fe(XAl2O3-SSiO2:
Almandite
a = 8.37, A(20-70) = 18.0 (33)
TTXT A B- n
f 6 to 320: || opt. axis, a = 8.624,
A(20-70) = 5.625;
0
HNaAl 3 BSi 2 On:
^=3
A(20-70 ) - 4.490 (35)

Tourmaline....
^
^
o_
a40 =
A(20
700) = 32 0
( o = 3.79, with A(20-70) = 18.3 1 (33)
2B
Si
'- ;
PhenaClte
Be8Al2(SiOa)6:
Beryl
A(20-70)
2.99 JL
21.311
23.01
^^
Ca6(AlOHF)Al2(Si04)S;
Vesuviani te
*
A(20-70) |
/
\
LITERATURE
~
<33>
,.
<">
Jf ,gff ^g* }3 specimens | ( 33 )
7.4011
17.4 ||
8.39 _L
16.7 J_
<*> = 3.91, A(20-70) = 16.9 (Uf 33)

d}8'6 = 2.7320, df* e = 2.7216 (M
lt = Z 0 (I + 2.118 X 10-** + 2.741 X 10~2) (10-412)
( 5 ?)
( \\ opt. axis, a -1.348, A(2-80) = 4.12

< J_ opt. axis, 0*0 = 1.002s, A(2-80) = 4.57
[ 40 = -1.06 ||; 1.37 JL ( 15 16 > 2 1 2 2 33 )
3CaO.Al203.3Si02: ,
G r0 ssula ri te....{
dl5 = 2.1600 (38)
\,( 1144 ,)
IVIgAl2(SiO4)S:
Pyrope
a g.27, A(20-70) = 21.0 ( 33 )
3CaO.Fe2O3.3SiO2:
.
Melanite } Z f
^
I 7.34 7.35 1
'.
1
A(20'-70*) 14.3 17.4 J 2 *Ps
40
Aplome j I
a
7.43 7.45 I 0
.
J 5 ( A(20-70)
7.0 17.8 | 2sPec*me"s
1
/^
33
HCa2(Al,
Fe)3Si3Oi3:/ I (I b-axis = 9.13, A(20-70) = 25.5 (21, 22, 33)*
Epidote
\ j 3.34; J - 10.86
KAlSi3O8:
Adularia
(NH 4 J 2 Cr 2 O 7
6MgO.MgCl2.8B2O3: Boracite... .
K 2 CrO 4
SiC: Carborundum.
/ - -2-01> A(20-70) - 13 (, 22,33)

\ 2 = 19.06; aj = -1.50
IX. OTHER COMPOUNDS

CoAs2: Smaltite.... a*" = 9.19, A(20-70) = 16.4 ( 33)
CoS2CoAs2:
Cobaltite
a*o = 9.19, A(20-70) = 17.0 (*> 33 )
* ai along b-axis, 2, 3 along other two axes of the thermal ellipsoid,
t ai along bisector of acute < ; a 2 along bisector of obtuse < ; as along normal
to plane containing optic axes.
O) Andreae, 7, 76: 491; 11. ( 2 ) Andreae, 7, 82: 109; 13. ( 3 ) Bckstrm,

388, 51: 545; 94. (3.5) Barnes, 69, 3 IH: 3; 09. ( 4 ) Baxter and Brink, J 1
30: 46; 08. ( 5 ) Baxter and Hawkins, I 1 38: 266; 16. (.6) Baxter and
Wallace, 1, 38: 259; 16. (7) Bedson and Williams, 25, 14: 2556; 81. ( 8 )
Bellati and Finazzi, 24, 69 H : 1151 ; 10. ( 9 ) Benot, 238, 6; 88.
C 1 ) Berkeley, 4, 91: 56; 07. O 1 ) Beseken and Rutgers, 70, 42: 1017; 23.
O 2 ) DeFoe and Compton, 2, 25: 618; 25. O 3 ) Ditte, S4, 85: 1069; 77.
O 4 ) Fizeau, Annuaire pour Van 1888 (Paris, Bureau des longitudes).
0s)
Fizeau, 8, 126: 611; 65. (16) Fizeau, 34, 60: 1161; 65. O 7 ) Fizeau, 8,128:
564; 66. O 8 ) Fizeau, 34, 62: 1101, 1133; 66. < 19 ) Fizeau, 8,132: 292; 67.
( 2 0 ) Fizeau, 34, 64: 314; 771; 67. (21) Fizeau, 8, 135: 372; 68. (") Fizeau,
34, 66:1005, 1072; 68. ( 23 ) Geiss, 8, 76:403; 25. ( 24 ) Goodwin and Mailey,
78, 9: 89; 06. ( 2 S) Quinchant, 34, 149: 569; 09. (26) Haigh, 1, 34: 1137;
12. ( 2 7 ) Henglein, 7, 115: 91; 25. ( 28 ) van't Hoff, Kenrick and Dawson,
7, 39: 27; 01. ( 2 ) Johnston and Adams, I 1 34: 563; 12.
3
( O) Johnston and Adams, 93, 76: 274; 12. ( 3 I) Jones, 1, 31: 191; 09. ( 32 )
Krber, 8, 37: 1014; 12. (33) Liebisch, Physikalische Kristallographie,
p. 92 (Leipzig, Veit) 1891. C 34 ) Lindemann, 63, 13: 737; 12. ( 3S ) Lindman, 426, 46: No. 6; 16. 427, 2: 709; 21. (35.5) Maass and Barnes, 5,
111: 224; 26. (36) Maass and Hatcher, l, 42: 2548; 20. ( 3 - s ) Merritt,
78, 50: Preprint; 26. ( 37 ) Metzl, 93, 48: 140; 06. ( 38 ) Moles and Gonzalez, 132, 21: 204; 23. ( 39 ) Palmaer, 9, 29: 415; 23.
( 4 0 ) Pulfrich, 8, 45: 609; 92. ( 41 ) Richards and Hnigschmid, I1 32: 1577;
10. ( 42 ) Richards and Willard, l, 32: 4; 10. ( 43 ) Rntgen, 213, 1912:
381. ( 4 4 ) Schrauf, 94, 9: 433; 84. ( 4 S) Spangenberg, 94, 57: 494; 23.
C 46 ) Spring, 93, 7: 371; 94. ( 47 ) Timofejew, 7, 78: 299; 11. (48) Tutton,
62, 192: 455; 99. ( 4 9 ) Tutton, 94, Sl: 426; 99.
( 50 ) Tutton, 94, 38: 602; 04. (Si) Tutton, 94, 41: 321; 05. ( 52 ) Tutton,
94, 41: 381; 05. ( 53 ) Valasek, 2, 20: 639; 22. (54) Valentiner and Wallot,
88, 16: 757; 14. ( 5S ) Valentiner and Wallot, 8, 46: 837; 15. ( 5 6 ) Weidmann, 8, 38: 453; 89. (5 7 ) Weigel, 188, 1915: 309.
DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE

CRYSTALLINE STATE
J. S. CLARK
This section includes only substances for which density values
reliable to four decimals or values over a temperature range are
available. For less accurate values at individual temperatures
v. Vol. I, p. 176.
(T-TABLE
Formula
Name
'
^c**"
Methyl alcohol
C2H3Cl3O2
Chloral hydrate
C2H5Br
C2H5I
Ethylbromide
Ethyl iodide
C2H6O6
C3H6O
Acetone
C4HeO4
Dimethyl oxalate
C4Hi0O
C 6 H 6 NO 2
C6Hi2O5
C6Hi2O6
Ethyl ether
Nitrobenzene
Quercitol
Glucose
CsHeO2
Phthalide (stable form)
' C
Lit
I44;^;1?? <;>
{--;- (;;
^ ^^ZZZZTI
CHÔ Urea.
CH4O
- 94.9
0.9673- 94.9 ( 3 )
{ J ; ^J "1^
-125.5
-118
1.8832-125.5
2.4046-118
J J ' ^^ ~1^
-99
-117.6
8.7
225
Formula
^^
0.9686-99
(3)
<^ 1.4JoU
' AnAr\ -\-i i1/T
/i
\
(l )
0.9212-117.6 (3)
1.2229
0.0 ()
1.5845
13
(7)
1.5620
18
()
f1.4084
17.5 ( 5 )
\ 1.4051
30.0 ( 5 )
[1.3990
44.1 (5)
^cf"
* C
C8H16O2
Octoicaoid
!6.2
';
C9H18O,
Nonoioaoid
!3.8
10
};;
Lit
g
W
C10H8
Natene
CioHuO
Thymol
51.5 0.9689
24.4 ()
ClHM0,
-Capncacid
31.2 J;^
1.0431
CuH.0,
| Ci2H22On
(3)
(*)
Name
Undecylic acid
28.25
0.9905
1.5877
Sucrose
<J>
^
0.12 (2)
%
25
18
<J>
(2)
()
C12H41O2
Ci2H28ClN
Lauricacid
-{SS
S
g|
Tetrapropylammonium
I 1.0334
3
(<)
chloride
\ 1.0296
13
(*)
The values from ( 2 ) are densities in air. Information on this point is lacking
for the other values in the table.
LITERATURE
(i) Dewar, 135, 91: 216; 05. ( 2 ) Garner and Ryder, 4, 127: 720; 25. ( 3 )
Krber, 8, 37: 1014; 12. ( 4 ) M'David, 68, 30: 515; 10. ( 5 ) Mller,
7, 86: 177; 13. ( 6 ) Nasini and Bernheimer, 36, 15: 59; 85. ( 7 ) Prunier,
34, 85: 808; 77. ( 8 ) Timmermans, 64V9 13: 508; 10. ( 9 ) Varga, Diss.,
Budapest, 1911.
COMPRESSIBILITY OF CRYSTALS
P. W. BRIDGMAN
1. NON-METALLIC ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES
Q
106
y\
V1 - F 2
P - P1 Per atm-
C, diamond, = 0.16, room temp., 4000-10 000 atm. (i).

H, hydrogen. Density of solid at -259.9 and 14 500 atm. >
0.1301. 0.1301 X 0.58 = density of liquid at -259.9 and 1 atm.
Whence, for solid hydrogen, > 29 ( 2 ).
I, iodine, = 13.2, 2O0C, 100-500 atm. (3).

P, red phosphorus, = 9.3, 2O0C, 100-500 atm. (3).
P, white phosphorus, = 20.8, 2O0C, 100-500 atm. (3).
S, sulfur, = 13.1, 2O0C, 100-500 atm. (3).
LITERATURE
C 1 ) Adams, 128, 11: 45; 21. ( 2 ) Bridgman, 65, 59: 173; 24. ( 3 ) Richards, 1,
37: 1643; 15.
COMPRESSIBILITY OF PURE METALS

W. ROSENHAIN, SPECIAL EDITOR
C. BENEDICKS (CB); C. H. DESCH (CHD); D. HANSON (DH); C. H. M. JENKINS (CHMJ); P. D.
MERICA (PDM); T. K. ROSE (TKR); P. W. BRIDGMAN (PWB)*
T
Linear
"3
-u-r. <? = ~ T ^
compressibility,
^p'
t, 0C
__
_
30
Cubic compressibility, = ^- 5
KO or
A =irî
A' =ir^n
JSoLdPJp-O
/3oL^Jp-o. wo
P
Co
' = 3<p (for any substance)
^ P=
JLrî
P
/3'oLdPJp-o
A' -JH
' ~ 'oL 3* JP-O. *-fo
_Cr
Cs I
P, or AP, atm.
30
30
20
20
I = length, V = volume, P = pressure in normal atmospheres.

Where a range of P is given, values are a mean over this range.
I
I
10<v3
Remarks
_
3.692
11 600
3.223/ 3y
0.557\ , ^
11 600
.506/ ^
99-493
| 0.9
| Hg standard t
99-493
| 62
Hg standardf
5
v. also Fig. 1 ( )
Lit. P'
L.Xp.
I7~
"
... _ ,
(3)
Ed
"
| ( 9 ) | CHD
( (9) | CHD~
( }
Ed
CUBIC COMPRESSIBILITY OF PURE METALS

w
g
t, 0C
Âg
30
30
20
20
ca. 20
-191
16
134
166
30
30
20
20
ca. 20
191
15
125
As I
20
___
_
30
20
20
ca. 20
B I
20
IS
20
20
20
ca. 20
C**|
20
"Ca
30
30
20
Al
20
ca. 20
P, or AP, atm.
O
11 600
99-493
0-9870
_
_.
Stresses within
elastic limit
106/3
1.020
0.911/
1.02
0.98
.93
.732
^
^
Remarks
Lit.Exp.
P'
Compressibi Iity of the Alkali Metals
(
3
) TKR
**
^ }
9
Hg standardf
( )
Fe standard
O)
From E and X
(6)
Mallock,s
^^
(7)
.891 J
1.384
,
(3)
Ed
1.298/ 3
J
i 1.76 J method
I
99-493
| 4.5s
I Hg standardf
I ( 9 ) | CHD
_
o.603\
(8) TKR
11 600
,552/3^
99-493
.65
Hg standardf
(9)
0-9870
.58
Fe standard
I1)
Stress < EL t
.61
From E and X
(6)
I
99-493
I 0.3
1 Hg standardf
I ( 9 ) 1 CHD
99-493
JTO
Hg s t a n d a r d f C 9 ) Ed.
O
3.04 \ _ ^ , ,,
...
9870
2.60 / Fe standard*
M
Stress < EL^
3.2
From E and X ( 6 )
I
99-493
| 3.0
| Hg standardf
I ( 9 ) I Ed.~
O
5.885 , ^
Z _,,
(3)
Ed
11600
5.300/ 3^
'
99-493
5.8
Hg standard t
C 9 ) CHD
(5)
O
11 600
99-493
0-9870
99-493
Stress < EL^
;}*-*
2.1
Hg standard t
2-4
From E and X
( CHMJ
(9)
(.6)
* Data marked " Ed. " have been added by the editorial office.
FIG. 1.
I
g
*, 0C
P, or AP, atm.
Cu
30
30
20
20
ca. 20
JQJ
17.5
O
11600
99-493
0-9870
113
165
tresses within
elastic hrnit
10^/3
Remarks
0.756
.689/3^*
.76
Hg standardf
.76
Fe standard J
f .75
From E and X
742
^ l Mal]ock,s
g43
( .856J
methodll
Lit. C,pExp.
...
(3)
C9)
; O)
U6)
; (7)
DH
J
Jg
___
t, 0C
P, or AP, atm.
30
20
20
a. 20
-190
18
128
â
10^/3
0.606
.
....
Stresses w^hm
elastic limit
Oi
99-493
99-493
~ G e 3 0
30
.698 J
1.6-2.4 Solid
4
Liquid
"
O
11 600
Lit. fP<
Exp.
Z
.555/ 3*
.61
Hg standardf
.61
C, 0.2%J
.63
From E and X
.626
I Mallock,s
^
method|1
11 600
99^493
0-9870
165
20
M. P.
Remarks
1.423 j
1.255/
TT"
(8)
9
( )
(*)
(6)
Ed
(3)
v ;
In |
20
99-493
1 2.7
| Hg standardf
| (*) I CHD
O
11600
99-493
Mg I
Mn|
20
20
j
I
V f o 3 0
30
20
NaI
20
~N
"Pb
99-493
99-493
5
11 600
99-493
Stress < ELU"
O
11 600
Pd
"Pt
Rb I
~Rh
| Hg standardf
| Hg standardf
9870
0.542l
.491/ *
.435 Hg standard!
.58
From E and X
2.381
2.077 j 3<f>
^* } Fe standard*
20
a. 20
99-493
Stress < EL^
2.36
2. o
30
30
20
ca. 20
30
30
20
co. 20
-189
16.8
133
O
11 600
99-493
Stress < ELl"
O
11 600
99-493
0.5361
.485/
.55
.58
0.372
.328/
.385
.4Os
.385}
.405
^ \
164
20
....
tresses withm
elasuc limit
J
i
SbJ
30
30
20
Se I
20
Si I
~Sn
2.9
0.85
O
0.358\ ,
,
11 600
.328/ 3^
99-493
.465 Hg standard!
99-493
| 15.8
| Hg standard!
v. also Fig. l (5)
30
20
a. 20
30
30
|
|
20
I
30
30
20
20
20
ca. 20 \
-190 /
Hg standard!
From E and X
3
3
(3)
| ( 9 ) | Ed.
I ( 9 ) CHD
~
TT"
'
( 9 ) CHD
| ( 9 ) | CHD
(8)
Ed
PDM
( 3)
^ }
()
Ed.
()
Ed.
Z
IT"
(
> EtL
(i)
(9)
(6)
| Hg standard!
nwr.
CHD
( )
| ( 9 ) I Ed.
0.303
.266/ 9
.27s
Hg standard!
(3)
Ed.
CHD
! - 7 O i 1 3 , , , , .
1.45 / Fe standard1.7
. Hg standard!
,^^
^
(9)
P, atm. I -20 I -10 |
( )
c^^
CB
| +10 | 20
1
1 000
2 000
3 000
0.99638
.99268
.98904
.98549
0.99819
.99441
.99071
.98710
1.00000
0.99614
.99237
.98871
1.00181
0.99786
.99403
.99032
1.00362
0.99959
.99569
.99194
4 000
5 000
.98204
.98361
.98024
.98517
.98177
.98675
.98332
.98833
.98486
.98003
.97688
.97387
.97101
.98154
.97836
.97534
.97246
.96831
.96974
.96718
.96476
6
7
8
9
000
000
000
000
^
^
^
^
^ .97701
.97851
^^^--^_^ .97539
^^^--^__
Freezes
10 000
11 000
12 000
I P1 atm
I
-30 I
o.99457
1 000
99095
TKR
2 OOP
.98738
TKR
(9)
(6)
Solid Mercury
Along the melting curve the compressibility of the solid is about
10% less than that of the liquid with which it is in equilibrium.
(7)
(7)
I 2.3
.,
(3)
P. W. BRIDGMAN
Relative volumes (2)
()
(6)
.417 J
99-493
| 40.5
| Hg standard!
| (9)
v. also Fig. 1 ( 5 )
O
I 0.384
(3)
11 600
I
.318/ 3y*
99-493
| 2.43 | Hg standard!
| (9)
99-493
| 12.2
| Hg standard!
j ()
99-493
I 0.32s | Hg standard!
| (9)
O
2.017 \
^
(3)
11 600
1.780/ 3^
O
1.91 \ , , ,,
...
9870
1.66 / ê
rtandardj
(i)
99-493
1.9
Hg standard!
(9)
- /1.9
From#andX
()
tresses < EL1F J ^ 2
Mallook,fl
0.495
.489/ 3**
.54
Hg standard!
Lit. ^xP'
Hg, MERCURY
( )
(8)
Remarks
* Metal crystallizes in cubic system, test pieces assumed isotropie.

! Based on /SHg = 4.00 X 10~ at 2O0C.
$ Based on /Sp6 = 0.606 X 10~ at 2O0C.
computed from elastic constants E and X. E from tensile test, X from
tensile test and torsional vibration test.
Il Mallock's method ( 8 ) gives directly from deformation of tube under
internal pressure.
^f Stresses within elastic limit.
** Graphite.
method I)
O
9870
99-493
10*/3
nwr.
CHD
( }
(3)
Mallock's
^^
TRT?
TKR
| () | CHD
*
Hg standard!
From E and X
*
Hg standard!
From E and X
20
20
20
( 1 0 ) CHD
I ( 9 ) I Ed.
O
8.979
,
11 600
6.566/ ^
99-493
9.1
Hg standard!
v. also Fig. l ( 5 )
O
11 600
99-493
99-493
O
11 600
99-493
Zn
| Hg standard t
30
30
20
30
30
Ô
20
30
30
20
(?)
| 4.00
v. infra.
Li
Ta
99-493
K |
P, or AP, atm.
"TI I
0.277 | *
(
.244/1*
i 32.1
| Hg standard!
v. also Fig. l (5)
t, 0C
Ed.
20
30
30
20
DH
Hg|
TS
| CHD
TKR
| Ed.
| Ed.
| CHD
Ed
'
LINEAR COMPRESSIBILITY OF PURE METALS (Ed.) (3, 4)
Vo^r- V _ oo (*oj - O_&r

ap DJT
hp2
1
Vo
ô
between O and 11 600 atm., except for alkali metals where higher
powers of P are needed to express results.
a ahp
"--MFA> -JLFÎ Ap
2b
- 'ldpjf.0-^
A' =ir^n =if!?

*
'ldt]p,
a, dt
(Tables on p. 48-49)
LINEAR COMPRESSIBILITY OF PURE METALS.(Continued)

Cry SU
Metal
Drawn rod, annealed at bright red heat
t, 0C
'
I f 30
< ,_.
Hard drawn
,
,
,
'
,
Hard drawn and annealed
~301.384
3/7
3 0 1.378 3 . 7
^7
?5
3?
. \
system*
Ag
Al
al
^
ratio
Treatment
Ascast
Au
B.
(
,
Drawn rod, annealed at bright red heat | g r
[short rod
, , ,^~, f . , x
Extruded cylinder (v.tnjra.)
{ O
75
;
^ , .
...
,, , . , , , ,,
Cast m graphite mold, chilled at bottom
Cd
1.89 _ .
1 020
' _
Extmded
Unicrystalline casting
3 n3
7o
.Z. (JoO
1.464 8.0
1.501 8.5
0.885
4. Os
Co
Swaged, drawn at bright red heat, annealed at red heat
<
30
?5
30
.T>
/*.
* C 1
Ge
06
Ir
T
Ll
T
^~
C
O
Mg
Mn
M
TTI
C J ât Jred Uheat4

Swaged
VÂA cold..
u
Extruded
"I
-^r-
-pi
pi
c\
~~~~~~"^
n
DraWnWlre
2~9
^g
2
-9
2 g
2
.758
'8
76.5
K .
5 5
7.65
'
11.1 \
fi
7.5/
7.3
k 4 7 T ~
^
3.7
o\i
0.8s
o .4
18.4 \
18.6 /
11.1
no
11. ^b
10.9
11.3
9.1s
>
. J
777
7
-7
-55
7.6s
^4K5
'
aio
.lo
O
2.2O
i
o
7.2
!04.O
^
6
23.2
l
^
7 J
_ ,
7.1
^'l
2.8
773
7.25
5.9
5.9

'6
8 979
30
75
/30
J75
'6
75
^fJ?
'
.
9.6 .
30
o.096
j?
10.2 \
10.3/
10.1J
^
1.423
1.409
277
O-^
3.2
oA
2.4
7K
7o
-^
._
'
5 6
,
2.1
7&
7 9K
TT~
'
^ K
^-^
6 Q
JJ'J | 0.3e
2.9
3.7
0 .
9.5
99
[ 75
oTss
5.3s
^
AO
(3^
~~~
7 . ^ 5 J
QA
{/7g
1.624 Extruded at 50O0C, annealed at 30O0C
^756
^
'743
75
/80
\75
/J3 0
LaSt
Swaged
2i. 2i
753
30
4.\
9 2 1
>
'
. QUO
^1
75
fPure ("Best Select')
f^
'
I /7 o
' Same,
o
i J
annealed
11.7
1O4A',
n'
y. D
30
75
30
{JJ J^
1O6AV
o a
5.885
50.4
6.043
56.3
2.018 11.4
Extruded (probably impure)
C
ri
3Q
Z . Zo4
Cu
r.
5.3
5.45
3.3
2.2
2.2
29^9
o'oo/
Ce
~
TTI
~
Commercial drawn rod
T: . O
1.387
1.421
0.596
.589
.603
3.652
/O
, ,
47
'
1 . UO l
__
/30
\75
30
10b
30
75
I 30
"' ' ' ' \ 75
30
30
Cast in graphite mold, chilled at bottom

Ca
Ca
10a
^
7.2s
l-*
^
^'^
19.Z
0.358
O
.359 1.3
.373 1.1
.374 1.1
12.4 J
2 2
'6
(3^
'5*2
^2
f'1
1.2
Chill cast, forged, drawn, and annealed at bright red heat. . . . < K
(^ 7o
' Q
. ooo
'
2.2
'
7.95
2.8s
99% Ni; drawn, annealed at bright red heat
I 75
.545
2.2
8.1
Cast in graphite mold, bottom chilled
^
7o
^^
Z.olo
Jf^
Io. y
Jf^
15.0
Same, extruded 1.5-0.75 cm diana.,, annealed at 23O0C
^ 441
^3 ' i
107
Massive, annealed 2 hours at 80O0C, cooled slowly
30
75
30
^K
/o
O 536
'
. o Jo
545
' _._
. o4y
22
'
J.I
22
'
2.2
82
'
7.95
81
'
o. O
( 75^n
^79
376
IQ
19
in 9
10 1 f
Drawn wire, annealed at bright red heat
5.6
56
3.3
1.6
2A
Metal
T"
Pt
Cr ta
f
system*
~
C
,
Rh
_,
C
QI
Sb
TT
H
âl
ratio
~
*, 0C
106a
1012b
'
O
0.315
T
| 75
^
Q
Treatment
'
.
~
Drawn wire, annealed
, ,
,, ,
a
Swaged
at red heat
^ x .
,. x
, , , .n , , , , ,
Cast in graphite
mold, chilled
at bottom
30
/o
30
^
CmIl cast (v. iftfra.)
30
~ x .m graphite
,. x mold,
,, a-nnealed
, , at. 1Knor
i
Cast
150 C
a
_^
7o
Ô
rp
r,
H?
Ta
TIj:
U
^
TV
tI
Zn
^757
1.7 "4
9 017
'
D. 14
If) 9
T> n j tap
*
Boiled
130
{
75
-998
30
0.303
0.495
.508
1.09
1.06/
5 4
IQ
K Q
5 85
'
- |I -2.5
oR
1.6
.325
^
'
18.3 1
00
| 2.2
4 8
30
6 6
iy Q
16
o ^3.4
10 2
2 7
305
5.2
1.Q5
'_
O.o5
10 1
235
?5
K 0
1 Q
1.8
6 3
0.27
.27
987
75
8.7
.
13.1
^0
Q Q
77.4
76>g
0.0
14.8 \
^5 |
10 6
8.454
^
/30
" \ 75
.
Prawnwire....
5 52
Drawnwire
fr.tn/ra.)
13 g
^ 077
/30
{^
,, . - s
a
Swaged
1.7
10.6
^5
,
1.5K
10.5
^1
n
0.7
1.860 v. infra
* For data on crystal structure, . Vol. I, p. 340. C = cubic, H = hexagonal.

t Said to be not cubic.
For Tl remelted and extruded from 1.2-0.6 cm:
"^\^^
^ ^ \ ^ < , 0C
P. atm.
^ A , , , 0>ynor
,
Extruded
at 27O0C
g ng
1
Extruded at 125, aged at 15O0C (v. infra.)
1.517 6.6
a n
i.ozy
o./
2.108 13.8
1OU',
0 . 0
Q Q |
.384 2.85
^ 2 g5
/30
J75
9
2 647
10U'P
10Q
^^^--^
30
-0.978
+1.872
2.700
3.505
3000
6 000
9 000
12 OOP
V,
I
75
-1.011
+1.908
2.724
3.554
For cast Zn: 10/3' = 0.9-2.4. For cast and extruded Zn: 10/S' = 0.861.28. For unicrystalline casting of Zn, measurements in mutually perpendicular
directions gave: 10/3'i = 0.498; 106/3'a = 1.59; 10/3r3 = 2.14. Mean 10/3 =
1.41.
1
^
Bi
Axis Diof reerf. tion

Hex.
Sb
Trig.
3QC
1.592 11.1
0.6624 4.39 2 - 917
750C
22 43
'
1.580
0.7044
11.6
840
2.989 31.13
y
1.648 20.5 I
1.637 18.0
J.
0.5256 4.56l2'699 31'6
0.5091
3.04 2 ' 655 25'3
Sn Tt.
H
0.6719 4 . 0 7 1 R 7 f i 1 f t
0.6956I
3.91
JL
0.6022 4.2O 1 ' 876 13"6
0.6144J
4.26 1 ^ 924 13'7
Te Trig.
|| -0.4137-9.6
-0.51321-13.2 I
X
2.748 52.75^082101'1
2.777 | 53.6T 04185 ' 6
W I Cubic I
I
|0.318 1.4 I
j
|0.318| 1.5
Zn Hex. ||
1.298 5.32
1.355 7.82
J.
0.1946 l.ll 1 ' 687 8-8 0.2025
1.47 1-760|*1-86
LITERATURE
12
VALUES FOR SINGLE CEYSTALS (Eo.) ( )

^-aP-hP I
rp
AV
~- = AP - BP2
in
kg/cm2; range, O to 12 000 kg/cm2
rO

C 1 ) Adams, Williamson and Johnston, jf, 41: 12; 19. (2) Bridgman, 65, 47:
345; 11. (3) Bridgman, 65, 08: 166; 23. (-*) Bridgman, 65, 59: 109; 23.
( 5 ) Bridgman, 2, 27: 68; 26. (6; Grneisen, 8, 25: 825; 08. (7) Grneisen,
8, 33: 1239; 10. () Mallock, 5, 74: 50; 04. ( 9 ) Richards, I9 37: 1643; 15.
(i o) Richards and Boyer, 1, 43: 274; 21. (ii ) Richards and Sameshima, 1, 42 :
49; 20. O 2 ) Bridgman, 65, 60: 305; 25.
COMPRESSIBILITY OF CRYSTALLINE COMPOUNDS, MINERALS AND ROCKS

L. H. ADAMS
The compressibility is here defined by the equation :
~-
9V
( \
FoVoFJ
1
in which (for a given temperature t) V is the volume at the pressure

P1 and F0 is the volume at P = 1 and (unless otherwise specified)
at the temperature t, as given in the third column. The compressibility depends upon the temperature and also on the pressure; its variation with temperature is given by the expression,
the same as given in the third columnand at a specified pressure, P = I. The unit of pressure is here the megabarye, Vol. I,
p. 34, and hence the values of are expressed in reciprocal megabaryes. It may be noted that 104Tp f -^r J is the relative change of
, in %, for 100 change in temperature.
Similarly, 104o~(^p)
Ap = a ~ f ^) , and with pressure by the expression, A = o~(^p) '
is the relative change of , in %, for 100 megabaryes change in

pressure.
The change of a, the thermal expansibility, with pressure is
in which /30 is the value of at a specified temperatureusually
readily calculated from the values for > for if

Po dt
i /)/?
l /dV\
= nUJy
we have the mathematical identity
(*\
\dPJt
='
fW\ .
\dt JP
For most solids ( T^ ) is independent of temperature within

pQ\or/1
the error of experiment. Hence it follows that o\ot
( ^r /) p is independent of pressure. It also happens that for most solids the
variation of I ~^F> ) with pressure is too small to be measurable.
(\dr J t
Usually is measured by determining the difference between
the compressibility of the given substance and that of a reference
substance of known compressibility, commonly iron or mercury.
The values of given here have, when necessary, been recalculated to
the basis /?Hg = 4.0 X 1(T6, and 0pe = 0.59s X 10~6, at t = 20
and P = 1 (5 8 13). For Hg, 104^ ~ = -0.32 and 104^ =
18. Thus at t = 20, P = 300, 106/3 = 3.97, and at t = 0, P =

125,7 1060 = 3.85.
4
For Fe, 104Po
~ ^|
= -0.072 and 10PQ
-^
=
or
at
6
2.2. Thus at * = 27, P = 7000, 10 p" = 0.569.
Where possible the value of is given at t = 25, P 1, but
in certain cases when the values of the temperature and pressure
coefficients of are unknown and the temperature and pressure
at which has been determined vary too widely from t = 25,
P = I, it has been necessary to give at the particular pressure
and temperature at which it was measured.
-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT

In addition to the values recorded below, the compressibility
of the solid along the P, T1 melting curve may be obtained from
the compressibility of the liquid and the observed compressibility
difference, for which see Vol. IV, p. 9.
I
Formula
H2O
H2O
14 Sb2S3
Bi2S3
C6Hs
C10H8
SiO2
Name
|
e l ^
Ice VI
Stibnite
Bismuthinite
Benzene
Naphthalene
Quartz
t I P | 10 /3 |-10*A*| IQ Ap
T 30012
10 7500 4.7
O 125 1.50
O 125 3.32
O
132.9
2.6
7o
25
118.5
1.5
17
25
1 2.7s 0.20
2
Lit.
( 6 '7,18)
(6.7)
(12)
(12)
C 11 . 15)
(U)
(3, 10,
I
Formula
|
Name
31 CuFeS2
Chalcopyrite
CoAsS
Cobaltite
Al2O3
Corundum
3BeO.Al2Os-6SiO2 Beryl
76 MgO
CaF2
Fluorite
| t | P | 10<ff |-10*A<| 1 Q * A / J U t .
O 125 1.29
(2)
25
1 0.77 0.08
4
(io, 12)
O 125 0.40
(i2)
O
1 0.60
(12, 21)
O 125 0.72
(i2)
25
1 1.23 0.11
6
(10,12,
21)
CaCl2
CaBr2
CaSO4
CaSO4.2H2O
CaCO3
Anhydrite
Gypsum
Calcite
20
20
O
O
25
300
300
125
125
1
4.36
4.84
1.84
2.50
1.36 0.06
(ls)
( 1 ^)
O 2)
O 2)
( 4 > o.
12, 21)
25
1 1.55
O 125 1.22
25 7000 1.06
20 300 3.32
20 300 4.11
25
1 1.59 0.10
O 125 1.75
20 300 2.7?
20 300 3.66
O 125 1.80
O 125 2.03
25
1 1.53 0.12
25
1 3.50 0.20
2
7
(12)
(i 2)
(3)
(1^)
(i 9)
(io, 12)
(12)
(19)
O 9)
( 1 2 > 21 )
(12)
(20)
( 1 ^, 19,
LiBr
25
1 4.30
(i 7, i.
LiI
LiAl(SiOs)2
NaCl
25
25
25
1 7.2
1 0.6s
1 4.18 0.20
(17, 19)
( 1 O)
(*. 11
CaCO3
CaCO3-MgCO3
CaSiO3-MgSiO3
SrCl2
SrBr2
SrSO4
SrCO3
BaCl2
BaBr2
BaSO4
BaCO3
81 LiF
LiCl
Aragonite
Dolomite
Diopside
Celestite
Strontianite
Barite
Witherite
20)
0.25
20)
Spodumene
12, 16,
20, 21)
NaBr
NaI
NaNO3
KF
KCl
25
25
O
25
25
1
1
125
1
1
5.09
7.1
3.84
3.30
5.65
0.26
0.20
0.27
1
5
KBr
KI
K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2
RbCl
RbBr
25
25
25
25
25
1
1
1
1
1
6.68
8.56
1.8s
7.40
7.97
0.32
0.39
0.15
6
6
25
l 9.54 0.43
(16, 20)
(!6)
(i2)
( 2 O)
( 12 , 16,
20)
RbI
CsCl
CsBr
CsI
Orthoclase
(Low-pressure
form)
(Low-pressure
form)
25
(Low-pressure 25
form)
25
l 5.9
l 7.0
(16, 20)
(16, 20)
(3, 12)
(17, 19)
(17, L9,
20)
(17, 19,
20)
(!7, 19)
(i7, 19)
l 9.3
(17, 19)
0.35
7
12,21)
TiO2
ZrO2-SiO2
SnO2
PbCl2
PbS
PbSO4
PbCO3
TlCl
TlBr
TlI
ZnO
ZnS
ZnS
CdCl2
32 AgCl
AgBr
AgI
Ag2S
AgNO 3
MnCO3
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
FeSz
Rutile
Zircon
Cassiterite
Rhodochrosite
Hematite
Magnetite
Pyrite
O
O
O
20
25
O
O
20
20
20
O
25
25
20
20
20
20
25
O
O
O
O
25
125
125
125
300
1
125
125
300
300
300
125
1
1
300
300
300
300
l
125
125
125
1
1
0.59
0.86
0.49
3.4
1.91
1.94
1.91
4.9
5.3
6.9
0.78
1.30
1.36
5.95
2.40
2.74
4.11
2.7
3.67
1.3
0.60
0.55
0.70
Marcasite
Arsenopyrite
Siderite
Ilmenite
25
O
O
O
1
125
125
125
0.82
0.99
1.00
0.56
Galena
Anglesite
Cerussite
Zincite
Sphalerite
Wurtzite
Argenti te
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.06
(12)
(12)
O2)
(19)
6.7 (io, 12 )
(12)
(12)
()
(i 6 )
(i 6 )
(12)
-4.1 (io, 12)
(12)
(1 Q )
(i)
(H, 16)
(16)
(io, 12)
(12)
(i 2)
(i2)
-1
(io, 12)
1
(3, i
12)
FeS2
FeAsS
FeCO3
FeTiO3
(i 2)
O2)
(i 2)
O2)
CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS (MORE THAN ONE COMPONENT)

Composition
(MgSiOs)88(FeSiO3)I2
(MgSiOs)7O(FeSiOs)30
(Mg2SiO4J9O(Fe2SiO4) 10
AbI8An22*
Ab48An62*
Or9IAb9*.
Name
Enstatite
Hypersthene
Olivine
Oligoclase
Labradorite
Microcline
Phlogopite micat
ActinoliteJ
Augite
Castironl]
Cast iron
Tourmalinelf
Topaz**
Opal (Mexican)
\t | P | 10fiff j -IQ4At | Lit.

25 7000 1.00
(3)
25 7000 0.98
(3)
257000 0.81
(2)
25
1 1.74
0.12
(3)
25
1 1. 5
0.17
(3)
25
11.9
0.15
(3)
25
1 2.34
0.17
(3)
257000 1.29
(3)
257000 1.01
(3)
252000 0.88
0.2
(3)
25 300 1.4s
C1)
O 125 0.82
(12)
25
1 0.6i
(21)
O 125 6.1
(')
* An is written for CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2. Ab is written for Na2O.Al2Os.6SiO2.

Or is written for K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2.
t Essentially R3Mg3Al(SiO4)3 where R = H, K, Mg, F.
J Essentially CaO.3(Mg, Fe)O.4SiO2.
Essentially CaSiOs-(Mg, Fe)SiO3 (diopside), with Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
Il Soft gray cast iron. Density at 23, 7.193.
f Essentially H9Al3(BOH)2Si4Ow with Fe, Mg, Ca, F, Na, K.
** Essentially Al(F, OH)2SiO4-
ROCKS
At high pressures the compressibilities of most rocks depend
mainly on the composition; on the other hand, at pressures
below 2000 megabaryes the compressibility may be abnormally
high and depends on the degree of compactness of the particular
sample.
1 AR
In most instances ~p at pressures above 2000 mega-
baryes is independent of pressure (within the error of experiment),

but at pressures below 2000 it may change rapidly with pressure.
I
Rock
Ohio sandstone.
Serpentine (talc schist)
Talc
In the table here given TT-R refers to pressures higher than the
/JO Ol
Rock
I P I
Westerly granite
2000
Westerly granite
300
Washington granite
2000
Stone Mt. granite
2000
Baveno granite
300
Peterhead granite
300
Lily Lake granite
300
Quincy granite
300
Stanstead granite
300
Montreal nepheline syenite.... 300
Sudbury diabase
7000
Sudbury diabase
300
Palisade diabase
2000
New Jersey basalt
2000
Basalt
1
New Glasgow gabbro
2000
New Glasgow gabbro
300
New Glasgow anorthosite
500
Mt. Johnson essexite
300
Balsam Gap dunite
7000
Colorado marble
7000
Black Belgian marble
300
Carrara marble
300
Vermont marble
300
Tennessee marble
300
Montreal limestone
300
Solenhofen limestone
6000
106<3 I - IQ4A* I IQ4Ap | Lit.

2. Oo
O. Io
(3)
3.2
(l)
2.2s
0.29
(3)
1.9?
O. !2
(3)
3.2
C1)
3. o
C1)
3.2
C1)
3.4
(1J
3.7
O)
2.3
(*)
1.2s
(3)
1.36
C1)
1.8
0.3
(3)
2.4
0.4
(3)
1.59
0.1?
O . o (9)
1.34
0.2
(3)
1.5
C1)
1.7
(*)
2. i
(1J
0.81
(2)
1.36
(3)
1. 7
(* )
2.4
C1)
2.7
(1J
2.4
C1)
2.3
O)
1.36
9
(9)
106ff I -IQ 4 AtIlO 4 Ap Lit.

8
(l)
1.79
0.3
(l)
1.86
0.3
(9)_
COMPRESSIBILITIES OF A SERIES OF TYPICAL PLUTONIC ROCKS (3)

Average composition (by volume)
T, ,
Rock
n/D
pressures for which is given. In all cases the temperature is

approximately 25.
I P I
140
2000
1
<"
Granodiorite
o
Svemfce
Diorite
~ ,
Ande^
Ortho.
Quartz .
sine,
clase ., .
Ab2Am
11
65
^-0
10
n SS
l:ll
OOf) 1 QO
20
52
10
nn
90
Lb
a radonte,
...
AbiAn2
Gabbro
.
,.I
P,
. ... AmphiBiotite . .
megabole
,
baryes
50
ite
40
Pyroxenite...
50
Hyper- Olivine
A,
sthene
XQ QOO l'62
2 000
15
^ *'
Metal.. .
he iron
g Q00 j
2 0
10 000
2 000
10 000
2 000
50
10
Pallasite
50
Siderite
20
10000 I.'l2
2 000 1 03
10 000 O ! 96
50
Dunite
1.86
10 000 1.64
10
50
Peridotite....
50
10
-93
0.87
0.84
0.79
O 72
10 ooo o.'es
2 000 0.59
\ 10 000 0.56
LITERATURE
(i) Adams and Coker, 152, No. 46; 06. ( 2 ) Adams and Gibson, 197, 12: 275;
26. ( 3 ) Adams and Williamson, 143, 195: 475; 23. (*) Adams, Williamson
and Johnston, 1,41: 12; 19. ( 5 ) Bridgman, 65, 47: 345; 11. ( 6 ) Bridgman,
65, 47:439; 12. ( 7 ) Bridgman, 65, 48: 310; 12. () Bridgman, 65, 58: 166;
23. ( 9 ) Bridgman, 12, 7: 81; 24.
O) Bridgman, 12, 10: 483; 25. (") Essex, 93, 88: 189; 14. (12) Madelung
andFuchs, 8, 65:289; 21. (l3) de Metz, 8, 47: 706; 92. (U) Richards and
Bartlett, 1, 37: 470; 15. ( 15 ) Richards, Bartlett and Hodges, 1, 43: 1538;
21. ( 16 ) Richards and Jones, 1, 31: 158; 09. ( 17 ) Richards and Saerens,
1, 46: 934; 24. 0) Richards and Speyers, 1, 36: 491; 14. (l) Saerens,
28, 33: 17; 24.
(20) Slater, 2, 23: 488; 24. 65, 61: 135; 26. ( 2 I) Voigt, 8, 31: 474, 701; 87.
34: 981; 88. 35: 642; 88. 39: 412; 90.
DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY) AND THERMAL EXPANSION (UNDER ATMOSPHERIC

PRESSURE) OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND
OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES
L. J. GILLESPIE, SPECIAL EDITOR
J. A. BEATTIE [JAB], B. T. BROOKS [BTB], L. J. GILLESPIE [LJG], GEORGE SCATCHARD [GS]7
WALTER C. SCHUMB [WCS] AND RALPH F. TEFFT [RFT]*
CONTENTS
MATIRES
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Introduction.
Systems containing one solute.
Introduction.
Systmes ne contenant qu'un
corps dissout.
Systmes contenant plus qu'un
corps dissout.
Densit des solutions satures.
Temprature del densit maximum.
Einleitung.
Systeme mit einem gelste
Stoffe.
gelste Stoffe.
Gesttigte Lsungen.
Temperatur des Dichtemaximums.

one solute.
Density of saturated solutions.
Temperature of maximum density.
* The tables for which the respective Cooperating Experts are responsible are
marked with the initials indicated above, following the formula of the compound,
thus, BaCh [GSl. When a different Cooperating Expert has been responsible
for collecting the pertinent literature references, this is indicated in a similar
manner by his initials following the list of reference numbers,
INDICE
PAGE
Introduzione
Sistemi contenenti un solo
soluto
Sistemi contenenti pi di
uno soluto
Soluzioni sature
Temperatura del massimo
di densit
52
54
95
104
107
* Les tables pour lesquelles les experts cooprants respectifs sont responsables
sont marques avec les initiales indiques ci-dessus suivant la formule du compos, ainsi, BaCh [GS]. Lorsqu'un expert cooprant autre que celui mentionn
ci-dessus a t charg de recueillir les rfrences bibliographiques convenables,
cela est indiqu d'une manire similaire par ses initiales suivant la liste des
nombres de rfrences.
ROCKS
At high pressures the compressibilities of most rocks depend
mainly on the composition; on the other hand, at pressures
below 2000 megabaryes the compressibility may be abnormally
high and depends on the degree of compactness of the particular
sample.
1 AR
In most instances ~p at pressures above 2000 mega-
baryes is independent of pressure (within the error of experiment),

but at pressures below 2000 it may change rapidly with pressure.
I
Rock
Ohio sandstone.
Serpentine (talc schist)
Talc
In the table here given TT-R refers to pressures higher than the
/JO Ol
Rock
I P I
Westerly granite
2000
Westerly granite
300
Washington granite
2000
Stone Mt. granite
2000
Baveno granite
300
Peterhead granite
300
Lily Lake granite
300
Quincy granite
300
Stanstead granite
300
Montreal nepheline syenite.... 300
Sudbury diabase
7000
Sudbury diabase
300
Palisade diabase
2000
New Jersey basalt
2000
Basalt
1
New Glasgow gabbro
2000
New Glasgow gabbro
300
New Glasgow anorthosite
500
Mt. Johnson essexite
300
Balsam Gap dunite
7000
Colorado marble
7000
Black Belgian marble
300
Carrara marble
300
Vermont marble
300
Tennessee marble
300
Montreal limestone
300
Solenhofen limestone
6000
106<3 I - IQ4A* I IQ4Ap | Lit.

2. Oo
O. Io
(3)
3.2
(l)
2.2s
0.29
(3)
1.9?
O. !2
(3)
3.2
C1)
3. o
C1)
3.2
C1)
3.4
(1J
3.7
O)
2.3
(*)
1.2s
(3)
1.36
C1)
1.8
0.3
(3)
2.4
0.4
(3)
1.59
0.1?
O . o (9)
1.34
0.2
(3)
1.5
C1)
1.7
(*)
2. i
(1J
0.81
(2)
1.36
(3)
1. 7
(* )
2.4
C1)
2.7
(1J
2.4
C1)
2.3
O)
1.36
9
(9)
106ff I -IQ 4 AtIlO 4 Ap Lit.

8
(l)
1.79
0.3
(l)
1.86
0.3
(9)_
COMPRESSIBILITIES OF A SERIES OF TYPICAL PLUTONIC ROCKS (3)

Average composition (by volume)
T, ,
Rock
n/D
pressures for which is given. In all cases the temperature is

approximately 25.
I P I
140
2000
1
<"
Granodiorite
o
Svemfce
Diorite
~ ,
Ande^
Ortho.
Quartz .
sine,
clase ., .
Ab2Am
11
65
^-0
10
n SS
l:ll
OOf) 1 QO
20
52
10
nn
90
Lb
a radonte,
...
AbiAn2
Gabbro
.
,.I
P,
. ... AmphiBiotite . .
megabole
,
baryes
50
ite
40
Pyroxenite...
50
Hyper- Olivine
A,
sthene
XQ QOO l'62
2 000
15
^ *'
Metal.. .
he iron
g Q00 j
2 0
10 000
2 000
10 000
2 000
50
10
Pallasite
50
Siderite
20
10000 I.'l2
2 000 1 03
10 000 O ! 96
50
Dunite
1.86
10 000 1.64
10
50
Peridotite....
50
10
-93
0.87
0.84
0.79
O 72
10 ooo o.'es
2 000 0.59
\ 10 000 0.56
LITERATURE
(i) Adams and Coker, 152, No. 46; 06. ( 2 ) Adams and Gibson, 197, 12: 275;
26. ( 3 ) Adams and Williamson, 143, 195: 475; 23. (*) Adams, Williamson
and Johnston, 1,41: 12; 19. ( 5 ) Bridgman, 65, 47: 345; 11. ( 6 ) Bridgman,
65, 47:439; 12. ( 7 ) Bridgman, 65, 48: 310; 12. () Bridgman, 65, 58: 166;
23. ( 9 ) Bridgman, 12, 7: 81; 24.
O) Bridgman, 12, 10: 483; 25. (") Essex, 93, 88: 189; 14. (12) Madelung
andFuchs, 8, 65:289; 21. (l3) de Metz, 8, 47: 706; 92. (U) Richards and
Bartlett, 1, 37: 470; 15. ( 15 ) Richards, Bartlett and Hodges, 1, 43: 1538;
21. ( 16 ) Richards and Jones, 1, 31: 158; 09. ( 17 ) Richards and Saerens,
1, 46: 934; 24. 0) Richards and Speyers, 1, 36: 491; 14. (l) Saerens,
28, 33: 17; 24.
(20) Slater, 2, 23: 488; 24. 65, 61: 135; 26. ( 2 I) Voigt, 8, 31: 474, 701; 87.
34: 981; 88. 35: 642; 88. 39: 412; 90.
DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY) AND THERMAL EXPANSION (UNDER ATMOSPHERIC

PRESSURE) OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND
OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES
L. J. GILLESPIE, SPECIAL EDITOR
J. A. BEATTIE [JAB], B. T. BROOKS [BTB], L. J. GILLESPIE [LJG], GEORGE SCATCHARD [GS]7
WALTER C. SCHUMB [WCS] AND RALPH F. TEFFT [RFT]*
CONTENTS
MATIRES
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Introduction.
Systems containing one solute.
Introduction.
Systmes ne contenant qu'un
corps dissout.
Systmes contenant plus qu'un
corps dissout.
Densit des solutions satures.
Temprature del densit maximum.
Einleitung.
Systeme mit einem gelste
Stoffe.
gelste Stoffe.
Gesttigte Lsungen.
Temperatur des Dichtemaximums.

one solute.
Density of saturated solutions.
Temperature of maximum density.
* The tables for which the respective Cooperating Experts are responsible are
marked with the initials indicated above, following the formula of the compound,
thus, BaCh [GSl. When a different Cooperating Expert has been responsible
for collecting the pertinent literature references, this is indicated in a similar
manner by his initials following the list of reference numbers,
INDICE
PAGE
Introduzione
Sistemi contenenti un solo
soluto
Sistemi contenenti pi di
uno soluto
Soluzioni sature
Temperatura del massimo
di densit
52
54
95
104
107
* Les tables pour lesquelles les experts cooprants respectifs sont responsables
sont marques avec les initiales indiques ci-dessus suivant la formule du compos, ainsi, BaCh [GS]. Lorsqu'un expert cooprant autre que celui mentionn
ci-dessus a t charg de recueillir les rfrences bibliographiques convenables,
cela est indiqu d'une manire similaire par ses initiales suivant la liste des
nombres de rfrences.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Sources of Data.Each table is the result of a critical examination of all pertinent data. The reference numbers are in some
cases marked according to the weight assigned to the authors'
values, thus, * some weight, ** greater weight. When such
distinction is made, references not specially marked have not been
utilized, or contain data of less reliability.
Literature reference numbers which follow the symbol a contain
thermal expansion data.
Abbreviations and Units.The quantities recorded in the tables
are temperature in 0C, Wt. % of the solute, and density of the
solution in g/ml (= specific gravity, E/4). The Wt. % refers to
the formula given except when water of hydration is shown, in
which case it refers to the anhydrous substance. Densities and
per cents are throughout based on weights in vacuo, unless otherwise indicated.
Interpolation.In general, at least up to 20 or 30 %, linear interpolation may safely be employed throughout the tables for a given
temperature. By forming the first and second tabular differences,
the error introduced by linear interpolation can easily be estimated: It may reach about J of the second tabular difference.
No general statement can be made as to whether the accuracy of
the original data warrants a refinement over linear interpolation.
If desired, the interpolation formula may be used, or the convenient
and accurate method (a).
(a) To find the density of a solution containing Wi Wt. % of
solute at 00C when B is given in the table. Form the function
Sources des donnes.Chaque table est le rsultat d'un examen

critique de toutes les donnes convenables. Les nombres de
rfrences sont dans certains cas marqus selon le poids assign
aux valeurs des auteurs, ainsi, * un peu de poids, ** poids plus
grand. Lorsqu'une telle distinction est faite, les rfrences qui
ne sont pas spcialement marques n'ont pas t utilises, ou elles
contiennent des donnes moins dignes de confiance.
Les nombres de rfrences bibliographiques qui suivent le
symbole a contiennent des donnes de dilatation thermique.
Abrviations et units.Les quantits mentionnes dans les
tables sont : la temprature en 0C, le % poids du corps dissout, et
la densit de la solution en g/ml ( = poids spcifique, J/4). Le
% poids se rapporte la formule donne except lorsque l'eau
d'hydratation est mise en vidence, auquel cas le % poids se
rapporte la substance anhydre. Les densits et les pour cent
sont partout bass sur les poids dans le vide, moins d'une autre
indication.
Interpolation.En gnral, on peut employer sans danger
dans les tables et pour une temprature donne, l'interpolation
linaire au moins jusqu' 20 ou 30%. On peut trouver de suite
les cas o l'interpolation linaire introduit des erreurs, en formant
la premire et la deuxime diffrence tabulaire: l'erreur due
l'interpolation linaire peut atteindre % de la deuxime diffrence
tabulaire. On ne peut tablir d'une faon gnrale si la prcision des donnes originales justifie une correction aprs avoir fait
l'interpolation linaire. On peut utiliser si l'on veut ou la
formule d'interpolation ou la mthode prcise et convenable (a).
(a) Pour trouver la densit d'une solution contenant TFi %
poids de corps dissout O0C lorsque 0 est donn dans la table,
il faut former la fonction
F
F
ds 1
=~~W~'
where ds is the density of a solution of W Wt. % solute at 0.

Construct the graph, F against W, and interpolate F for TTi.
(6) To find the Wt. % of solute, TFi, from the density, when 6 is
given in the table. Construct the graph, F against ds 1.
Divide ds 1 by the interpolated value of F.
(c) To find the density of a solution of O0C, when B is not given
in the table. It is better to define the function
EV
ds w
W '
where dw is the density of water (v. p. 24) at t. Construct

the graphs, F' against W1 for the two given temperatures which
enclose the temperature 0, and by interpolation construct the
graph for the temperature 0. Check by constructing the graphs of
F' against t for the two given values of W which enclose TFi, and
interpolate the graph for TFi.
(d) To find the density of a solution containing C grams (resp.
moles, formula wts., equiv. wts.) of solute per liter of solution at
/0C. Construct for t a graph of TF X ds against ds, and obtain
by interpolation the value of ds for which TF X ds= Ko C
(resp. Jfo X Mj where M is the mol. wt., formula wt., equiv. wt.,
as the case may be). This is the value sought.
"^
o ds est la densit d'une solution
contenant TF % poids de corps
dissout 0j construire le graphique, F par rapport TF et interpoler F pour TFi.
(b) Pour trouver le % poids de corps dissout, TFi, partir de la
densit, lorsque 0 est donn dans la table, il faut construire le
graphique, F par rapport ds 1 et diviser ds 1 par la valeur
interpole de F.
(c) Pour trouver la densit d'une solution 00C1 lorsque O n'est
pas donn dans la table, il est prfrable de dfinir la fonction
w - ds ~~ dw*
*
TF~
o dw est la densit de Peau (v. p. 24) t. Construire les graphiques, F' par rapport TF, pour les deux tempratures donnes entre
lesquelles se trouve la temprature B, et par interpolation construire le graphique pour la temprature 0. Vrifier, en construisant les graphiques de F' par rapport t pour les deux valeurs
donnes de TF entre lesquelles se trouve TFi, et interpoler le
graphique pour TFi.
(d) Pour trouver la densit d'une solution contenant C grammes
(resp. mol. gr., formule poids, quiv. poids) de corps dissout par
litre de solution C, construire pour t un graphique de TF X ds
par rapport ds et obtenir par interpolation la valeur de ds pour
laquelle TF X ds = Ko C (resp. Ko C X M1 o M est le poids
mol., la formule poids, l'qui v. poids, suivant le cas). On obtient
ainsi la valeur cherche.
EINLEITUNG
INTRODUZIONE
Quellen.Jede Tafel ist das Ergebnis einer kritischen Prfung

aller zweckdienlicher Daten. Die Literaturzahlen sind in einigen
Fllen mit Zeichen versehen, welche das Gewicht bezeichnen das
den Angaben der Autoren beigelegt worden ist, z. B.* einiges
Gewicht,** grsseres Gewicht. Ist eine solche Auswahl getroffen,
so sind Angaben, die nicht besonders bezeichnet sind, nicht verwendet, oder enthalten Werte von geringerer Verlsslichkeit.
Literaturzahlen die dem Zeichen a folgen, enthalten Daten fr
die thermische Ausdehnung.
Abkrzungen und Einheiten.Die Zahlenangaben der Tafeln
beziehen sich auf Temperaturen in 0C, auf Gewichtsprozente (Wt.
%) des gelsten Stoffes, die Dichte der Lsung in g/ml (= Spezifisches Gewicht, /4). Die Gewichtsprozente (Wt. %) beziehen
sich auf die angegebene Formel, ausgenommen, wenn Hydratationswasser angegeben ist, in diesem Fall beziehen sie sich auf
den wasserfreien Stoff. Dichte und Prozente beziehen sich
durchwegs auf das Gewicht im Vakuum, ausser es ist anders
angegeben.
Interpolation.Bis mindestens zu 20 und 30 % hinauf kann man
in allen Tafeln bei bestimmter Temperatur sicher linear interpolieren. Ob dies einen Fehler verursacht, kann leicht durch
Bildung der ersten und zweiten Tafeldifferenz gefunden werden.
Der durch die lineare Interpolation sich ergebende Fehler wird
kaum % der zweiten Tafeldifferenz ausmachen. Es kann keine
allgemeine Aussage darber gemacht werden, ob die Genauigkeit
der Originalwerte eine Verfeinerung ber diejenige der linearen
Interpolation zulsst. Wenn ntig, so kann man die Interpolationsformel verwenden oder die bequeme und genaue Methode (a).
(a) Es ist die Dichte einer Lsung zu finden, die Wi Gewichtsprozente (Wt. %) des gelsten Stoffes bei 00C enthlt, wenn 0 in
der Tafel sich vorfindet. Ist ds die Dichte einer Lsung die W
Gewichtsprozente (Wt. %) des gelsten Stoffes enthlt, so berechne
man F nach der Gleichung
Origine di dati.Ogni tabella il risultato dell'esame critico

di tutti i dati relativi. In alcuni casi, per ricordare il valore
attribuito ai singoli dati, si son fatti seguire i numeri di riferimento da annotazioni come queste: * alcuno valore, ** pi di
valore. Quando fatta una distinzione tra le varie citazioni,
quelle senza contrassegno speciale non sono state utilizzate,
oppure contengono dati di minore attendibilit.
I numeri di riferimento della letteratura, quando sono preceduti dal simbolo a, contengono dati di dilatazione termica.
Abbreviazioni e unit.Le quantit riportate nelle tabelle sono
temperature in 0C, percentuali in peso di soluto, e densit delle
soluzioni in g/ml ( = peso specifico, /4). La percentuale in
peso si riferisce alla formula data tranne che non sia inclusa in
questa l'acqua di idrataziune, nel qual caso si riferisce alla sostanza
anidra. Le densit e le percentuali sono sempre riferite a pesate
nel vuoto salvo che non sia indicato diversamente.
Interpolazione.In genere, almeno fino al 20 o 30%, si pu
adoperare con sicurezza la interpolazione lineare in tutte le tabelle
per una data temperatura. Si pu vedere se la interpolazione
lineare introduce errori formando le differenze prime e seconde:
l'errore dovuto alla interpolazione lineare appena potrebbe eccedere
% delle differenze seconde. Non si pu stabilire in maniera
generica se l'accuratezza dei dati originali consente una precisione superiore a quella che da la interpolazione lineare. Se si
desidera, si pu adoperare la formula di interpolazione oppure
si pu ricorrere al metodo preciso (a).
(a) Si desideri la densit di una soluzione contenente Wi percento in peso di soluto a 00C, quando 0 dato nella tabella. Si
ricava allora
p = *L=
*
W
und trage F und W im Koordinatenpapier auf, woraus sich F fr
das gegebene Wi ergibt.
(o) Es sind die Gewichtsprozente TTi (Wt. %) einer Lsung aus
der Dichte ds zu finden, wenn 6 in der Tafel sich vorfindet. Man
trage F und ds l im Koordinatenpapier auf und dividiere
ds l durch den interpolierten Wert von F.
(c) Es ist die Dichte einer Lsung bei 00C zu finden, wenn 6
sich nicht in der Tafel vorfindet. Es ist am besten die Gleichung
EV _ ds dw
* " W
zu verwenden, in welcher dw die Dichte des Wassers (siehe p. 24)
bei t bedeutet. Man trgt zuerst im Koordinatenpapier F' und
W fr zwei B einschliessende Temperaturen auf, durch Interpolation kann man dann die Kurve fr 6 konstruieren. Trgt man
in gleicher Weise F' als Funktion von t fr zwei Werte von W auf,
welche TFi einschliessen, so erhlt man durch Interpolation Wi.
(d) Es ist die Dichte ds einer Lsung zu finden, welche C Gramme
(bezw. Mole, Grammformelgewicht, quivalentgewicht) in l
Liter bei J0C gelst enthlt. Man entwerfe wie oben eine Kurve
mit W X ds und ds wodurch man durch Interpolation einen Wert
fr ds erhlt. Es ist dann W X ds = Ko C (bezw. Ko C X M
wo JIf gleich ist dem Molgewicht, Grammformelgewicht oder
quivalentgewicht). Dies ist der gesuchte Wert.
ds
~
= ^r->
dove ds la densit della soluzione con W percento in peso di

soluto a 0; si riporta in un diagramma la variazione di F rispetto
a TF, e si interpola F per TFi.
(b) Si desideri ricavare il percento in peso di soluto, TTi, dalla
densit, quando 0 dato nella tabella. Si riporta in un diagramma
F rispetto a ds 1, e si divide ds 1 per il valore interpolato di
F.
(e) Si desideri la densit di una soluzione a 00C, quando 0 non
dato nella tabella. Si calcola il valore di
, ds dw
* = W ~ '
dove dw la densit dell'acqua (v. p. 24) a t, si traccia la curva
che rappresenta il variare di F' rispetto a W per le due temperature
che comprendono la temperatura 0, e per interpolazione si costruisce il diagramma per la temperatura 0. Si fa la riprova costruendo i diagrammi che danno i valori di F' rispetto a t per i due
valori di W che comprendono Wi1 e si interpola il grafico per Wi.
(d) Si desideri stabilire la densit di una soluzione contenente C
g (oppure moli, pesi corrispondenti alle formule, pesi equivalenti)
di soluto per litro di soluzione a 20C. Si traccia per t un diagramma che rappresenta come varia W X ds con dj e si ricava per
interpolazione il valore di ds per il quale W ^ ds = % Q C (oppure
K o C X Mj dove M il peso molecolare, il peso corrispondente
alla formula, o il peso equivalente a seconda dei casi). Questo
il valore cercato.
SYSTEMS CONTAINING ONE SOLUTE

Standard arrangement
H 2 O 2 [JAB] (399)**; (77, 90) [LJG]
-i
%l
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
;-jaij-^-j
%
I d*
1.0038 1.0022| 20
1.0078 1.0058 22
1.0157 1.0131 24
1.0236 1.0204 26
1.0316 1.0277 28
1.0395 1.0351 30
1.0475 1.0425 35
1.0555 1.0499 40
1.0635 1.0574 45
1.0716 1.0649 50
dt
-j5;
/o I
joi
^
1.0797 1.0725 55 1.2322
1.0879 1.0802 60 1.2559
1.0962 1.0880 65 1.2804
1.1046 1.0959 70 1.3056
1.1131 1.1040 75 1.3314
1.1216 1.1122 80 1.3576
1.1431 1.1327 85 1.3842
1.1648 1.1536 90 1.4112
1.1868 1.1749 95 1.4385
1.2092 1.1966 100 1.4660
d<
-i[Tin
d<
3*i
1.2188
1.2416
1.2652
1.2897
1.3149
1.3406
1.3667
1.3931
1.4197
1.4465
HClO, fJABH288,
HF [JAB] (148, 296, 648)**;
5 14)**.
( 1 6 S - 2 6 7 ' 6 6 )
.JH
^r
-^
HClO4 [LJG] ("i. 514, 658)**; (521, 529)

: J1 j
-^ p, -jj , j
"4
Il % l
O4
-gj
1 1.0050 1.0020 0.9933 26 1.1738 1.1697 1.1490

2 1.0109 1.0070 0.9986 28 1.1900 1.1851 1.1645
1.0169 O 9906 30 1.2067 1.2013 1.1800
4 x 0228
1 Q34g
l 027Q
l 02Q5
32 ^2239
1-21g3
t 196Q
^0320 34 ^2418 ^2369 1<213Q
g l ^n
l Q372
L0440 36 1.2603 1.2542 1.2310
1Q IQ597
1M75
^0680 3g ^2794 j 2732 l 249Q
12 ^0726
j Q6go 4Q ^2991 ^2927 ^2680
u ^0869
^3460 j 31go
w ^0996
1 0810
4g ^3521
lg t U36
l Q940
5Q j 41Q3
t 4Qlg
l 3730
^4636 ^'^20
2Q ^1279
l 1Q70
55 ^4733
^1205 ^ ^6389 j 529g ^4960
22 j U2g
24 1.1581
1.1345
(529)*- (327)
65 1.6059
1.5986
1.5620
70
1.6680
1.6290
1.6736
[LJGl
<
ll%
.' ^5
75
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
| 100
io :S! i: S i:S i :SS i:S ^....iiîiîi^n.^ I.T^H.TT
15
20
1.060 1.053 74 1.262

1.080 1.070 76 1.262
l'nl
40
45
50
55
60
65
1.159
1.130
84 1.246 14 1.0856
1.178
1.143 86 1.233 16 1.0991
1.198
1.155 88 1.213 18 1.1130
1.217
90 1.178 20 1.1273
1.235
95 1.089 22 1.1419
1.248
100 1.0005 24 1.1568
1S
4
6
1.0222
1.0344
1.0208
1.0328
10 'S
^0449
i :!S :S S 1:SS S S
^*~
<
^7720 i-7^ "*> 1 î 0 L7098
I^6-T^5-^7868-r7676-
Br [JAB] (325, 565)** [LJG]

%
0-5
d\5'b& . . 1.0033
d\*'5 . . 0.9982
1.0
1.0074
1.0016
1.5 | 2.0 I 2.5 | 3.0

1.0113 1.0150 1.0185 1.0218
1.0051 1.0088 1.0125
HCl [JAB] ( 3 4 8 > 3 4 9 ), OL (368)**- (20, 391, 556, 5 5 7 , 6 5 3 ) * (18, 43, 44, 98, 106, 125, 144, 167, 170, 197, 200, 204, 214, 221, 224, 239,
247, 273, 306, 312, 313, 318, 319, 321, 323, 327, 333, 340, 344, 354, 378, 385, 387, 409, 418, 451, 463, 483, 491, 514, 519, 528, 529, 551, 589,
592, 593, 596, 628, 645, 654, 6 6 0 ) ? a (151, 211, 466, 555, 609, 6 1 0 )
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
| -50C
1.0048
1.0104
1.0213
1.0321
1.0428
1.0536
1.0645
1.0754
1.0864
1.0975
1.1087
1.1200
1.1314
1.1426
1.1537
1.1648
O0C | +1O0C | 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | IQO0C
1.0052
1.0048
1.0032
1.0020
1.0006
0.9970
0.9929
0.9881
0.9768
0.9636
1.0106
1.0100
1.0082
1.0069
1.0055
1.0019
0.9977
0.9930
0.9819
0.9688
1.0213
1.0202
1.0181
1.0167
1.0152
1.0116
1.0073
1.0026
0.9919
0.9791
1.0319
1.0303
1.0279
1.0264
1.0248
1.0211
1.0168
1.0121
1.00.16
0.9892
1.0423
1.0403
1.0376
1.0360
1.0343
1.0305
1.0262
1.0215
1.0111
0.9992
1.0528
1.0504
1.0474
1.0457
1.0439
1.0400
1.0357
1.0310
1.0206
1.0090
1.0634
1.0607
1.0574
1.0556
1.0537
1.0497
1.0453
1.0406
1.0302
1.0188
1.0741
1.0711
1.0675
1.0656
1.0636
1.0594
1.0549
1.0502
1.0398
1.0286
1.0849
1.0815
1.0776
1.0756
1.0735
1.0692
1.0646
1.0598
1.0494
1.0383
1.0958
1.0920
1.0878
1.0856
1.0834
1.0790
1.0743
1.0694
1.0590
1.0479
1.1067
1.1025
1.0980
1.0957
1.0934
1.0888
1.0840
1.0790
1.0685
1.0574
1.1177
1.1131
1.1083
1.1059
1.1034
1.0986
1.0937
1.0886
1.0780
1.0668
1.1287
1.1238
1.1187
1.1162
1.1135
1.1085
1.1033
1.0982
1.0874
1.0761
1.1396
1.1344
1.1290
1.1264
1.1236
1.1183
1.1129
1.1076
1.0967
1.0853
1.1505
1.1449
1.1392
1.1365
1.1336
1.1280
1.1224
1.1169
1.1058
1.0942
1.1613
1.1553
1.1493
1.1465
1.1435
1.1376
1.1318
1.1260
1.1149
1.1030
32
1.1593
34
1.1691
36
1.1789
38
x 1885
40
1 1980
3.38% ( 588 )
(348, 349, 586)**

~
J17.15
0.2
' 4
0.6
0.8
1.0
^
0.999 802
1 000 819
^
1.001 830
1.002 837
1.003 842
Jj
^
1.2
IA
1.6
1.8
2.0
J17.15
^
1.004 845
1 005 846
^
1.006 845
1.007 842
1.008 837
^0.9669
0.9606
0.9537
0.9456
~t
i
110
120
130
140
HBr [JAB} (288, 483, 5 5 7 ) * * ; (514)* ; (12, 29, 43, 44, 244, 319, 321,
327, 340, 463, 490, 519, 520, 547, 589, 600)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
dj
1.0073
1.0146
1.0295
1.0448
1.0604
1.0764
1.0928
1.1097
1.1272
1.1453
1.1640
i:5
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
_65
6%
1.0068
1.0139
1.0285
1.0435
1.0589
1.0747
1.0910
1.1078
1.1251
1.1430
1.1615
!'.SS
1.2235
1.2446
1.2663
1.3243
1.3877
1.4564
1.5305
1.6100
1.6950
L7854
<
1.0053
1.0124
1.0269
1.0417
1.0568
1.0723
1.0883
1.1048
1.1219
1.1396
1.1579
:i2
1.2206
1.2415
1.2630
1.3208
1.3838
1.4521
1.5257
1.6047
1.6892
1^792
<g
1.0041
1.0111
1.0255
1.0402
1.0552
1.0707
1.0867
1.1032
1.1202
1.1377
1.1557
1
2
4
6
8
%
d\5-5
/O
1
2
4
04
%
l
2
4
6
8
^4
1.0042
1.0114
1.0262
'SS
'S
!'S
;-062 S
J:S5
!S
7
i.uy/u
1 1148
T'":?
1.1331
i1.1521
1 rri
i ITI n
'925
l'm
ISl
1.2tol
-, OCQI
1
99Q
i.^^y
1.3460
1.4143
1.4880
LZ
14
i*
16
io
18
on
22
24
26
OC
.O
o
35
40
45
J:S!
7
i.uy^/
1 1122
;
';^Q
1.1303
i i^rki
1.1491
l IACT
ISl
l'lwl
'23
l.MA
l ociri
1
97SS
i.j/8
1.3416
1.4096
1.4829
^4
:S
i.uyi
1 1091
i1.127
1970
i i ^ zo
1.1456
i 1A/1Q
1850
'SS
'227?
1.2277
i ocf)5
\frU
i.j/d/
1.3357
1.4029
1.4755
10
12
14
16
18
^4
I)
1.0944
1.1161
1.1388
1.1623
1.1865 |
20
22
24
26
28
-^
r-j
^4
Il
1.2116
1.2376
1.2647
1.2931
1.3230
30
32
1.3545
1.3875
rL JAnJ / 23 i)**
; (59i)* ; (9, 253, 254, 549, 602) [LJG]
^ } 9^ } '^
_
!
I 1 I 2 | 4 | 6
8 | 10
| 1.0040| 1.009l| 1.019l| 1.0292| 1.0393| 1.0493
"
H2SO4, see p. 56-57
- >* ^
H2S2O8 [JAB] (i)

% \ d\4 \\ %
I
1.059 18
l 005
0
1.011 12
1.072 20
^022
14
1.085 22
24
1 034
16
1<0 Q9
j 046
d\4
\\
i.uyu^
1 1074
i 19 w
1.1252
t iôrr
1.1437
i IAOO
' S
1203?
l'SI
1.2254
1 9/17Q
l'Wl?
i.jvij
1.3329
1.3998
1.4720
1.0674
12
[LJG]
\ d\* \\ % \ d\<
1.113 26 1.173
1.127 28 1.189
1.142 30 1.205
1.157 35 1.245
463> 663) [LJQ]
^5
[I % I
1.0858
14
ff
[I % I
1.0495
10
^
Il %|
1.0072
6
1.0153
1.0054
1.0127
1.0277
125
%|
1
1.0070
1.0144
1.0296
^4
70
^ [JAfi] (m) . (123>
"O
1.0075
1.0150
1.0305
120
1.2134
1.2340
1.2552
1.3118
1.3736
1.4405
1.5127
1.5902
1.6731
1.7613
HI[JAB] (288, 483)**; (557)* ; (12, 43, 44, 224, 327, 340, 4 6 3 , 6 0 0 )
^4
HIO4 [LJG] (594)

-p
rp
H2S2 6 [LJG]; with 4 05% d = 1 0234 (529)
:2X
1.2161
1.2367
1.2580
1.3150
1.3772
1.4446
1.5173
1.5953
1.6787
1^7675
r-:
1.0076
1.0165
1.0349
1.0539
1.0737 |
so
"Z
-^
1.1047
16
d\*
1.1242
1.1443
1.0321
H2SeO4 [JAB] (149)** ; (91, 663)[LJG]
^j
^
[p^j
j
p^
1.0059
26
1.2229
52
1.549
ô
T8T^T
; 1.0291
;; 30S 1.2653
i'S 56S 1.614
5'S 82S 2.174
Im
1.U44/
^
l" 1.U7D
1
^ 1.09dl
14
1 1101
^
16
1 1276
^
18
1 1455
^
ZU
l lOotf
22
1 1829
^
^ X 2Q26
8
1 0605
oz
i.z/4:
0
i.b^y
4 z.zzb
86 2 278
^3101 60 1^685
'
OO 1 . OO4
D^
L .7 ZZ
Z . J
38
1.0573
04
1.761 90 J. 386
40
1 3819
66
1 802
92
2 436
^
^
'
42
1 4073
68
L844
94
2 483
^
'
44
1 4336
70
1 887
96
2 527
^
^
40
1.40UV
/Z
l.CiZ
/.O/U
48
1 4892
74
1 978
10
^
^
2'611
1 5186
52
^
15 2^
34
H2TeO3 [JAB] (602) [LJG]

%
dl5
I l
I 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10
| 1.008 | 1.017 | 1.034 I 1.050 | 1.066 | 1.083
HIO3 [JAB] (245, 288, 358)**; (594)*; (327, 5 1 7 , 529) [LJG]
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
dl
1.0085
1.0172
1.0352
1.0539
1.0733
1.0934
1.1141
1.1354
1.1572
ff
1.0071
1.0157
1.0334
1.0517
1.0706
1.0900
1.1100
1.1306
1.1519
df
1.0055
1.0139
1.0314
1.0495
1.0682
1.0875
1.1073
1.1277
[l
%
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
dl
1.1796
1.2026
1.2263
1.2507
1.2759
| "<~
1.1740
1.1969
1.2206
1.2450
1.2700
1.2956
1.3218
,1.39Oo
'l.464o
N2H4, Hydrazine [JAB] (152)**; (78)

%l
l
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
4
1.0002
1.0013
1.0034
1.0056
1.0077
1.0099
1.0121
1.0143
Il %
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
^
Il % l
^
Il %
^
1.0164
35
1.035 75 1.043
1.0186
40
1.038 80 1.040
1.0207
45
1.042 85 1.036
1.0228
50
1.044 90 1.030
1.0248
55
1.046 95 1.022
1.0267
60
1.047 100 1.011
1.0286
65 1.047
1.0305
70
1.046
H 2 SO 4 [JAB] (156), a (370, 371)**; ( 2 0 , 2 4 7 , 2 4 8 , 335, 340, 341, 344, 348,349, 390, 392, 393)*; (47, 60, 86, 98, 104,106, 144, 197,204,
214, 221, 224, 261, 279, 286, 311, 318, 319, 320, 323, 350, 351, 353, 387, 418, 419, 451, 463, 482, 485, 489, 494, 519, 529, 547, 551, 557, 592,
593, 596)^ a (151, 203, 355, 359, 409, 466, 489, 547, 555)
%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
I O0C I
1.0074
1.0147
1.0219
1.0291
1.0364
1.0437
1.0511
1.0585
1.0660
1.0735
1.0810
1.0886
1.0962
1.1039
1.1116
1.1194
1.1272
1.1351
1.1430
1.1510
1.1590
1.1670
1.1751
1.1832
1.1914
1.1996
1.2078
1.2160
1.2243
1.2326
1.2409
1.2493
1.2577
1.2661
1.2746
1.2831
1.2917
1.3004
1.3091
1.3179
1.3268
1.3357
1.3447
1.3538
1.3630
1.3724
1.3819
1.3915
1.4012
1.4110
1.4209
1.4310
1.4412
1.4515
1.4619
1.4724
1.4830
1.4937
1.5045
1.5154
1.5264
IQ0C I 150C I 2O0C I 250G

1.0068
1.0060
1.0051
1.0038
1.0138
1.0129
1.0118 1.0104
1.0206
1.0197
1.0184
1.0169
1.0275
1.0264
1.0250
1.0234
1.0344
1.0332
1.0317 1.0300
1.0414
1.0400
1.0385
1.0367
1.0485
1.0469
1.0453
1.0434
1.0556
1.0539
1.0522
1.0502
1.0628
1.0610
1.0591
1.0571
1.0700
1.0681
1.0661
1.0640
1.0773
1.0753
1.0731
1.0710
1.0846
1.0825
1.0802
1.0780
1.0920
1.0898
1.0874
1.0851
1.0994
1.0971
1.0947
1.0922
1.1069
1.1045
1.1020
1.0994
1.1145
1.1120
1.1094
1.1067
1.1221
1.1195
1.1168 1.1141
1.1298
1.1271
1.1243
1.1215
1.1375
1.1347
1.1318
1.1290
1.1453 1.1424
1.1394 1.1365
1.1531
1.1501
1.1471 1.1441
1.1609
1.1579
1.1548 1.1517
1.1688
1.1657
1.1626
1.1594
1.1768
1.1736
1.1704
1.1672
1.1848
1.1816
1.1783
1.1750
1.1929
1.1896
1.1862
1.1829
1.2010
1.1976
1.1942
1.1909
1.2091
1.2057
1.2023
1.1989
1.2173
1.2138
1.2104
1.2069
1.2255
1.2220
1.2185
1.2150
1.2338
1.2302
1.2267
1.2232
1.2421
1.2385
1.2349
1.2314
1.2504
1.2468
1.2432
1.2396
1.2588
1.2552
1.2515
1.2479
1.2672
1.2636
1.2599
1.2563
1.2757
1.2720
1.2684
1.2647
1.2843
1.2805
1.2769
1.2732
1.2929
1.2891
1.2855
1.2818
1.3016
1.2978
1.2941
1.2904
1.3103
1.3065
1.3028
1.2991
1.3191
1.3153
1.3116
1.3079
1.3280
1.3242
1.3205
1.3167
1.3370
1.3332 1.3294
1.3256
1.3461
1.3423
1.3384
1.3346
1.3553
1.3515 1.3476
1.3437
1.3646
1.3608
1.3569
1.3530
1.3740
1.3702
1.3663
1.3624
1.3835
1.3797
1.3758
1.3719
1.3931
1.3893
1.3854
1.3814
1.4029
1.3990
1.3951
1.3911
1.4128
1.4088
1.4049
1.4009
1.4228
1.4188
1.4148
1.4109
1.4329
1.4289
1.4248
1.4209
1.4431
1.4391
1.4350
1.4310
1.4535
1.4494
1.4453
1.4412
1.4640
1.4598
1.4557
1.4516
1.4746
1.4703
1.4662
1.4621
1.4852
1.4809
1.4768
1.4726
1.4959
1.4916
1.4875
1.4832
1.5067
1.5024
1.4983
1.4940
1.5177
1.5133
1.5091
1.5048
3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C "

1.0022
0.9986
0.9944 0.9895
0.9779
0.9645
1.0087
1.0050
1.0006
0.9956
0.9839
0.9705
1.0152 1.0113 1.0067
1.0017 0.9900
0.9766
1.0216
1.0176
1.0129
1.0078
0.9961
0.9827
1.0281
1.0240
1.0192
1.0140
1.0022
0.9888
1.0347
1.0305
1.0256
1.0203
1.0084
0.9950
1.0414
1.0371
1.0321
1.0266
1.0146
1.0013
1.0481
1.0437
1.0386
1.0330
1.0209
1.0076
1.0549
1.0503
1.0451
1.0395
1.0273
1.0140
1.0617
1.0570
1.0517
1.0460
1.0338
1.0204
1.0686
1.0637
1.0584
1.0526
1.0403
1.0269
1.0756
1.0705
1.0651
1.0593
1.0469
1.0335
1.0826
1.0774
1.0719
1.0661
1.0536
1.0402
1.0897
1.0844
1.0788
1.0729
1.0603
1.0469
1.0968
1.0914
1.0857
1.0798
1.0671
1.0537
1.1040
1.0985
1.0927
1.0868
1.0740
1.0605
1.1113 1.1057
1.0998
1.0938
1.0809
1.0674
1.1187 1.1129
1.1070
1.1009
1.0879
1.0744
1.1261
1.1202
1.1142 1.1081
1.0950
1.0814
1.1335 1.1275
1.1215
1.1153
1.1021
1.0885
1.1410
1.1349
1.1288
1.1226 1.1093
1.0957
1.1486
1.1424
1.1362 1.1299
1.1166 1.1029
1.1563
1.1500
1.1437
1.1373 1.1239
1.1102
1.1640
1.1576
1.1512 1.1448
1.1313
1.1176
1.1718 1.1653
1.1588
1.1523
1.1388
1.1250
1.1796
1.1730
1.1665
1.1599
1.1463 1.1325
1.1875
1.1808
1.1742
1.1676
1.1539
1.1400
1.1955
1.1887
1.1820
1.1753
1.1616
1.1476
1.2035
1.1966
1.1898
1.1831
1.1693 1.1553
1.2115 1.2046
1.1977
1.1909
1.1771
1.1630
1.2196
1.2126
1.2057
1.1988
1.1849
1.1708
1.2278
1.2207
1.2137 1.2068
1.1928
1.1787
1.2360
1.2289
1.2218
1.2148
1.2008
1.1866
1.2443
1.2371
1.2300
1.2229
1.2088
1.1946
1.2526
1.2454
1.2383
1.2311
1.2169
1.2027
1.2610
1.2538
1.2466
1.2394
1.2251
1.2109
1.2695
1.2622
1.2550
1.2477
1.2334 1.2192
1.2780
1.2707
1.2635
1.2561
1.2418
1.2276
1.2866
1.2793
1.2720
1.2646
1.2503
1.2361
1.2953
1.2880
1.2806
1.2732
1.2589
1.2446
1.3041
1.2967
1.2893
1.2819
1.2675
1.2532
1.3129
1.3055
1.2981
1.2907
1.2762
1.2619
1.3218
1.3144
1.3070
1.2996
1.2850
1.2707
1.3308
1.3234
1.3160
1.3086
1.2939
1.2796
1.3399
1.3325
1.3251
1.3177
1.3029
1.2886
1.3492
1.3417
1.3343
1.3269
1.3120
1.2976
1.3586
1.3510
1.3435
1.3362
1.3212
1.3067
1.3680
1.3604
1.3528
1.3455
1.3305 1.3159
1.3775
1.3699
1.3623
1.3549
1.3399
1.3253
1.3872
1.3795
1.3719
1.3644
1.3494
1.3348
1.3970
1.3893
1.3816
1.3740
1.3590
1.3444
1.4069
1.3991
1.3914
1.3837
1.3687
1.3540
1.4169
1.4091
1.4013
1.3936
1.3785
1.3637
1.4270
1.4191
1.4113 1.4036
1.3884
1.3735
1.4372
1.4293
1.4214
1.4137
1.3984
1.3834
1.4475
1.4396
1.4317
1.4239
1.4085
1.3934
1.4580
1.4500
1.4420
1.4342
1.4187
1.4035
1.4685
1.4604
1.4524
1.4446
1.4290
1.4137
1.4791
1.4709
1.4629
1.4551 1.4393
1.4240
1.4898
1.4816
1.4735
1.4656
1.4497
1.4344
1.5006
1.4923
1.4842
1.4762
1.4602
1.4449
H2SO 4.(Continued)
I O0C I IQ0C I 150C I 2Q0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C
1.5375
1.5287
1.5243
1.5200
1.5157 1.5115
1.5031
1.4950
1.4869
1.4708
1.4554
1.5487
1.5398
1.5354
1.5310
1.5267
1.5225
1.5140
1.5058
1.4977
1.4815
1.4660
1.5600
1.5510
1.5465
1.5421
1.5378
1.5335
1.5250
1.5167
1.5086
1.4923
1.4766
1.5714
1.5623
1.5578
1.5533
1.5490
1.5446
1.5361
1.5277
1.5195
1.5031
1.4873
1.5828
1.5736
1.5691
1.5646
1.5602
1.5558
1.5472
1.5388
1.5305
1.5140
1.4981
1.5943
1.5850
1.5805
1.5760
1.5715
1.5671
1.5584
1.5499
1.5416
1.5249
1.5089
1.6059
1.5965
1.5920
1.5874
1.5829
1.5785
1.5697
1.5611
1.5528
1.5359 1.5198
1.6176
1.6081
1.6035
1.5989
1.5944
1.5899
1.5811
1.5724
1.5640
1.5470
1.5307
1.6293
1.6198
1.6151
1.6105
1.6059
1.6014
1.5925
1.5838
1.5753
1.5582 1.5417
1.6411
1.6315
1.6268
1.6221
1.6175
1.6130
1.6040
1.5952
1.5867
1.5694
1.5527
1.6529
1.6433
1.6385
1.6338
1.6292
1.6246
1.6155
1.6067
1.5981
1.5806
1.5637
1.6648
1.6551
1.6503
1.6456
1.6409
1.6363
1.6271
1.6182
1.6095
1.5919* 1.5747
1.6768
1.6670
1.6622
1.6574
1.6526
1.6480
1.6387
1.6297
1.6209
1.6031
1.5857
1.6888
1.6789
1.6740
1.6692
1.6644
1.6597
1.6503
1.6412
1.6322
1.6142
1.5966
1.7008
1.6908
1.6858
1.6810
1.6761
1.6713
1.6619
1.6526
1.6435
1.6252
1.6074
1.7128
1.7026
1.6976
1.6927
1.6878
1.6829
1.6734
1.6640
1.6547
1.6361
1.6181
1.7247
1.7144
1.7093
1.7043
1.6994
1.6944
1.6847
1.6751
1.6657
1.6469
1.6286
1.7365
1.7261
1.7209
1.7158 1.7108
1.7058
1.6959
1.6862
1.6766
1.6575
1.6390
1.7482
1.7376
1.7323
1.7272
1.7221
1.7170
1.7069
1.6971
1.6873
1.6680
1.6493
1.7597
1.7489
1.7435
1.7383
1.7331
1.7279
1.7177
1.7077
1.6978
1.6782
1.6594
1.7709
1.7599
1.7544
1.7491
1.7437
1.7385
1.7281
1.7180
1.7080
1.6882
1.6692
1.7815
1.7704
1.7649
1.7594
1.7540
1.7487
1.7382
1.7279
1.7179
1.6979
1.6787
1.7916
1.7804
1.7748
1.7693
1.7639
1.7585
1.7479
1.7375
1.7274
1.7072
1.6878
1.8009
1.7897
1.7841
1.7786
1.7732
1.7678
1.7571
1.7466
1.7364
1.7161
1.6966
1.8095
1.7983
1.7927
1.7872
1.7818
1.7763
1.7657
1.7552
1.7449
1.7245
1.7050
1.8173
1.8061
1.8006
1.7951
1.7897
1.7842
1.7736
1.7632
1.7529
1.7324 1.7129
1.8243
1.8132
1.8077
1.8022
1.7968
1.7914
1.7809
1.7705
1.7602
1.7397
1.7202
1.8306
1.8195
1.8141
1.8087
1.8033
1.7979
1.7874
1.7770
1.7669
1.7464
1.7269
1.8361
1.8252
1.8198
1.8144
1.8091
1.8038
1.7933
1.7829
1.7729
1.7525
1.7331
1.8410
1.8302
1.8248
1.8195
1.8142
1.8090
1.7986
1.7883
1.7783
1.7581
1.7388
1.8453
1.8346
1.8293
1.8240
1.8188
1.8136
1.8033
1.7932
1.7832
1.7633
1.7439
1.8490
1.8384
1.8331
1.8279
1.8227
1.8176
1.8074
1.7974
1.7876
1.7681
1.7485
1.8520
1.8415
1.8363
1.8312
1.8260
1.8210
1.8109
1.8011 1.7914
1.8544
1.8439
1.8388
l.337
1.8286
1.8236
1.8137
1.8040
1.7944
1.8560
1.8457
1.8406
1.8355
1.8305
1.8255
1.8157
1.8060
1.7965
1.8569
1.8466
1.8414
1.8364
1.8314
1.8264
1.8166
1.8071
1.7977
1.8567
1.8463
1.8411
1.8361
1.8310
1.8261
1.8163
1.8068
1.7976
1.8551
1.8445
1.8393
1.8342
1.8292
1.8242
1.8145
1.8050
1.7958
1.8517
1.8409
1.8357
1.8305
1.8255
1.8205
1.8107
1.8013
1.7922
%
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
S9
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
H2SO4.- (Continued)
(346)
%
I
d\'
0.005
1.0000140
0.01
1.0000576
0.02
1.000 1434
0.03
1.000 2276
0.04
1.000 3104
0.05
1.000 3920
0.06
1.000 4726
0.07
1.0005523
0.08
1.000 6313
0.09
1.000 7098
0.10
1.000 7880
0.15
1.001 1732
0.20
1.0015514
0.25
1.001 9254
0.30
1.002 2961
0.35
1.002 6639
0.40
1.003 0292
0.45
1.003 3923
0.50
1.003 7534
(348,
%
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
349, 586)**
3 00
^ '
I
d\*-
0.999810
0.999028
1.000185
0.999400
1.000 912
1.000 119
1.001 623
1.000 820
1.002 326
1.001 512
1.003 023
1.002 197
1.003 716
1.002 877
1.005090
1.004227
1.006 452
1.005 570
1.007 807
1.006 909
1.009 159
1.008 247
1.010 510
1.009 583
1.011860
1.010918
1.013 209
1.012 252
1.014 557
1.013 586
1.015 904
1.014 919
H2SO4.(Continued)
% (588)
l
d\
^20
^30
<40
0.9562
0.9488
0.9408
0.9322
0.9616
0.9544
0.9466
0.9382
0.9672
0.9602
0.9526
0.9443
0.9730
0.9662
0.9588
0.9506
0.9790
0.9724
0.9653
0.9571
HNO3, see p. 58-59

NH3, see p. 59
NH OH Hydroxylamine
! 1
i_
% l <g Il % I <S Il
1 1.0002
12
1.0235
2 1.0023
14
1.0278
4 1.0065
16
1.0322
6 1.0107
18
1.0366
8 1.0149
20
1.0410
IQ 1.0192
22
1.0454
[JAB] (15)**; (79)
% I <ff
Il % I ^0
24
1.0499
45
1.0997
26
1.0545
50
1.1122
28
1.0591
55
1.1249
30
1.0637
35
1.0755
40
1.0875
HNO 3 [JAB] ( 6 0 > 9 8 > 6 2 1 > 6 2 3 > 6 2 4 ), a ( 2 3, 370, 463, 555, 622)** ; (110, 394, 557)*. (44, 78, 106, 144, 197, 214, 221, 224, 247, 313, 318,
319, 321, 323, 344, 347, 352, 378, 386, 463, 483, 485, 504, 514, 519, 529, 551, 574, 592, 596, 628, 649, 660)^ a (151, 211, 372, 545, 605)
%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
I O0C
1.0058
1.0117
1.0176
1.0236
1.0296
1.0357
1.0418
1.0480
1.0543
1.0606
1.0669
1.0733
1.0797
1.0862
1.0927
1.0992
1.1057
1.1123
1.1189
1.1255
1.1322
1.1389
1.1457
1.1525
1.1594
1.1663
1.1733
1.1803
1.1874
1.1945
1.2016
1.2088
1.2160
1.2233
1.2306
1.2375
1.2444
1.2513
1.2581
1.2649
1.2717
1.2786
1.2854
1.2922
1.2990
1.3058
1.3126
1.3194
1.3263
1.3327
1.3391
1.3454
1.3517
1.3579
1.3640
1.3700
1.3759
1.3818
1.3875
1.3931
1.3986
1.4039
1.4091
I 50C
1.00572
1.01149
1.01730
1.02315
1.02904
1.03497
1.0410
1.0471
1.0532
1.0594
1.0656
1.0718
1.0781
1.0845
1.0909
1.0973
1.1038
1.1103
1.1168
1.1234
1.1300
1.1366
1.1433
1.1501
1.1569
1.1638
1.1707
1.1777
1.1847
1.1917
1.1988
1.2059
1.2131
1.2203
1.2275
1.2344
1.2412
1.2479
1.2546
1.2613
1.2680
1.2747
1.2814
1.2880
1.2947
1.3014
1.3080
1.3147
1.3214
1.3277
1.3339
1.3401
1.3462
1.3523
1.3583
1.3642
1.3700
1.3757
1.3813
1.3868
1.3922
1.3975
1.4027
IQ0C
I 150C I 2O0C
1.00534
1.01099
1.01668
1.02240
1.02816
1.03397
1.0399
1.0458
1.0518
1.0578
1.0639
1.0700
1.0762
1.0824
1.0887
1.0950
1.1014
1.1078
1.1142
1.1206
1.1271
1.1336
1.1402
1.1469
1.1536
1.1603
1.1670
1.1738
1.1807
1.1876
1.1945
1.2014
1.2084
1.2155
1.2227
1.2294
1.2361
1.2428
1.2494
1.2560
1.2626
1.2692
1.2758
1.2824
1.2890
1.2955
1.3021
1.3087
1.3153
1.3215
1.3277
1.3338
1.3399
1.3459
1.3518
1.3576
1.3634
1.3691
1.3747
1.3801
1.3855
1.3907
1.3958
1.00464
1.01018
1.01576
1.02137
1.02702
1.03272
1.0385
1.0443
1.0502
1.0561
1.0621
1.0681
1.0742
1.0803
1.0865
1.0927
1.0989
1.1052
1.1115
1.1178
1.1242
1.1306
1.1371
1.1437
1.1503
1.1569
1.1635
1.1702
1.1770
1.1838
1.1906
1.1974
1.2043
1.2113
1.2183
1.2249
1.2315
1.2381
1.2446
1.2511
1.2576
1.2641
1.2706
1.2771
1.2836
1.2901
1.2966
1.3031
1.3096
1.3157
1.3218
1.3278
1.3338
1.3397
1.3455
1.3512
1.3569
1.3625
1.3680
1.3734
1.3787
1.3838
1.3888
1.00364
1.00909
1.01457
1.02008
1.02563
1.03122
1.0369
1.0427
1.0485
1.0543
1.0602
1.0661
1.0721
1.0781
1.0842
1.0903
1.0964
1.1026
1.1088
1.1150
1.1213
1.1276
1.1340
1.1404
1.1469
1.1534
1.1600
1.1666
1.1733
1.1800
1.1867
1.1934
1.2002
1.2071
1.2140
1.2205
1.2270
1.2335
1.2399
1.2463
1.2527
1.2591
1.2655
1.2719
1.2783
1.2847
1.2911
1.2975
1.3040
1.3100
1.3160
1.3219
1.3278
1.3336
1.3393
1.3449
1.3505
1.3560
1.3614
1.3667
1.3719
1.3769
1.3818
| 250G
| 3O0G
1.00241
1.00778
1.01318
1.01861
1.02408
1.02958
1.0352
1.0409
1.0466
1.0523
1.0581
1.0640
1.0699
1.0758
1.0818
1.0879
1.0940
1.1001
1.1062
1.1123
1.1185
1.1247
1.1310
1.1374
1.1438
1.1502
1.1566
1.1631
1.1697
1.1763
1.1829
1.1896
1.1963
1.2030
1.2098
1.2163
1.2227
1.2291
1.2354
1.2417
1.2480
1.2543
1.2606
1.2669
1.2732
1.2795
1.2858
1.2921
1.2984
1.3043
1.3102
1.3160
1.3218
1.3275
1.3331
1.3386
1.3441
1.3495
1.3548
1.3600
1.3651
1.3700
1.3748
1.0009
1.0061
1.0114
1.0168
1.0222
1.0277
1.0333
1.0389
1.0446
1.0503
1.0560
1.0618
1.0676
1.0735
1.0794
1.0854
1.0914
1.0974
1.1034
1.1094
1.1155
1.1217
1.1280
1.1343
1.1406
1.1469
1.1533
1.1597
1.1662
1.1727
1.1792
1.1857
1.1922
1^1988
1.2055
1.2119
1.2182
1.2245
1.2308
1.2370
1.2432
1.2494
1.2556
1.2618
1.2680
1.2742
1.2804
1.2867
1.2929
1.2987
1.3045
1.3102
1.3159
1.3215
1.3270
1.3324
1.3377
1.3430
1.3482
1.3533
1.3583
1.3632
1.3679
| 4O0C
0.9973
1.0025
1.0077
1.0129
1.0182
1.0235
1.0289
1.0344
1.0399
1.0455
1.0511
1.0567
1.0624
1.0681
1.0739
1.0797
1.0855
1.0913
1.0972
1.1031
1.1090
1.1150
1.1210
1.1271
1.1332
1.1394
1.1456
1.1519
1.1582
1.1645
1.1708
1.1772
1.1836
1.1901
1.1966
1.2028
1.2089
1.2150
1.2210
1.2270
1.2330
1.2390
1.2450
1.2510
1.2570
1.2630
1.2690
1.2750
1.2811
1.2867
1.2923
1.2978
1.3033
1.3087
1.3141
1.3194
1.3246
1.3298
1.3348
1.3398
1.3447
1.3494
1.3540
| 5O0C
0.9931
0.9982
1.0033
1.0084
1.0136
1.0188
1.0241
1.0295
1.0349
1.0403
1.0458
1.0513
1.0568
1.0624
1.0680
1.0737
1.0794
1.0851
1.0908
1.0966
1.1024
1.1083
1.1142
1.1201
1.1260
1.1320
1.1381
1.1442
1.1503
1.1564
1.1625
1.1687
1.1749
1.1812
1.1876
1.1936
1.1995
1.2054
1.2112
1.2170
1.2229
1.2287
1.2345
1.2403
1.2461
1.2519
1.2577
1.2635
1.2693
1.2748
1.2802
1.2856
1.2909
1.2961
1.3013
1.3064
1.3114
1.3164
1.3213
1.3261
1.3308
1.3354
1.3398
| 6O0C
0.9882
0.9932
1.9982
1.0033
1.0084
1.0136
1.0188
1.0241
1.0294
1.0347
1.0401
1.0455
1.0509
1.0564
1.0619
1.0675
1.0731
1.0787
1.0843
1.0899
1.0956
1.1013
1.1070
1.1127
1.1185
1.1244
1.1303
1.1362
1.1422
1.1482
1.1542
1.1602
1.1662
1.1723
1.1784
1.1842
1.1899
1.1956
1.2013
1.2069
1.2126
1.2182
1.2238
1.2294
1.2350
1.2406
1.2462
1.2518
1.2575
1.2628
1.2680
1.2731
1.2782
1.2833
1.2883
1.2932
1.2981
1.3029
1.3077
1.3124
1.3169
1.3213
1.3255
| 8O0G
0.9767
0.9816
0.9865
0.9915
0.9965
1.0015
1.0066
1.0117
1.0169
1.0221
1.0273
1.0326
1.0379
1.0432
1.0485
1.0538
1.0592
1.0646
1.0700
1.0754
1.0808
1.0862
1.0917
1.0972
1.1027
1.1083
1.1139
1.1195
1.1251
1.1307
1.1363
1.1419
1.1476
1.1533
1.1591
1.1645
1.1699
1.1752
1.1805
1.1858
1.1911
1.1963
1.2015
1.2067
1.2119
1.2171
1.2223
1.2275
1.2328
.2377
1.2425
1.2473
1.2521
1.2568
1.2615
1.2661
1.2706
1.2751
1.2795
1.2839
1.2881
1.2922
1.2962
\ IQO0C
0.9632
0.9681
0.9730
0.9779
0.9829
0.9879
0.9929
0.9980
1.0032
1.0083
1.0134
1.0186
1.0238
1.0289
1.0341
1.0393
1.0444
1.0496
1.0547
1.0598
1.0650
1.0701
1.0753
1.0805
1.0857
1.0910
1.0963
1.1016
1.1069
1.1122
1.1175
1.1228
1.1281
1.1335
1.1390
1.1440
1.1490
1.1540
1.1589
1.1638
1.1687
1.1735
1.1783
1.1831
1.1879
1.1927
1.1976
1.2024
1.2073
1.2118
1.2163
1.2208
1.2252
1.2296
1.2339
1.2382
1.2424
1.2466
1.2507
1.2547
1.2587
1.2625
1.2661
%
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
I 50C I IQ0C
1.4078 1.4007
1.4128 1.4055
1.4177 1.4103
1.4224 1.4150
1.4271 1.4196
1.4317 1.4241
1.4362 1.4285
1.4406 1.4328
1.4449 1.4371
1.4491 1.4413
1.4532 1.4454
1.4573 1.4494
1.4613 1.4533
1.4652 1.4572
1.4690 1.4610
1.4727 1.4647
1.4764 1.4683
1.4800 1.4718
1.4835 1.4753
HNO 3 .(Continued)
150C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C ||
% |
1.3936 1.3866 1.3795 1.3725
83
1.3984 1.3913 1.3841 1.3770
84
1.4031 1.3959 1.3887 1.3814
85
1.4077 1.4004 1.3932 1.3857
86
1.4122 1.4048 1.3976 1.3900
87
1.4166 1.4091 1.4019 1.3942
88
1.4210 1.4134 1.4061 1.3983
89
1.4252 1.4176 1.4102 1.4023
90
1.4294 1.4218 1.4142 1.4063
91
1.4335 1.4258 1.4182 1.4103
92
1.4376 1.4298 1.4221 1.4142
93
1.4415 1.4337 1.4259 1.4180
94
1.4454 1.4375 1.4296 1.4217
95
1.4492 1.4413 1.4333 1.4253
96
1.4529 1.4450 1.4369 1.4288
97
1.4565 1.4486 1.4404 1.4323
98
1.4601 1.4521 1.4439 1.4357
99
1.4636 1.4555 1.4473 1.4391
100
1.4670 1.4589 1.4507 1.4424
50C \ IQ0C | 150C | 2O0C | 250C | 3O0C

1.4869 1.4787 1.4704 1.4622 1.4540 1.4456
1.4903 1.4820 1.4737 1.4655 1.4572 1.4487
1.4936 1.4852 1.4769 1.4686 1.4603 1.4518
1.4968 1.4883 1.4799 1.4716 1.4633 1.4548
1.4999 1.4913 1.4829 1.4745 1.4662 1.4577
1.5029 1.4942 1.4858 1.4773 1.4690 1.4605
1.5058 1.4970 1.4885 1.4800 1.4716 1.4631
1.5085 1.4997 1.4911 1.4826 1.4741 1.4656
1.5111 1.5023 1.4936 1.4850 1.4766 1.4681
1.5136 1.5048 1.4960 1.4873 1.4789 1.4704
1.5156 1.5068 1.4979 1.4892 1.4807 1.4722
1.5177 1.5088 1.4999 1.4912 1.4826 1.4741
1.5198 1.5109 1.5019 1.4932 1.4846 1.4761
1.5220 1.5130 1.5040 1.4952 1.4867 1.4781
1.5244 1.5152 1.5062 1.4974 1.4889 1.4802
1.5278 1.5187 1.5096 1.5008 1.4922 1.4835
1.5327 1.5235 1.5144 1.5056 1.4969 1.4881
1.5402 1.5310 1.5217 1.5129 1.5040 1.4952
NH3 [LJG] (197, 503) y (670)**. (665)*; (44, 98, 106, 167, 253,
328, 378, 395, 463, 483, 519, 529, 664, 667, 669, 670, 671), a (211,
NH 4 NO 3 [JAB] (36, 106, 449, 483, 660), a (203, 375)** ; (222,

223, 224, 225) f a (570, 608)*; (1, 190, 195, 2 1 8 , 229, 307, 328, 342,
336, 664)
385, 508, 519, 529, 530, 543, 570, 5 7 3 , 592) ; a (271)
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
i -i5c
0.977
0.970
0.964
0.958
0.952
0.947
%
~J
2
I 150C
Q 9948
O9905
0.9822
-IQ0C
0.9943
0.9906
0.9834
0.9766
0.9701
0.9638
0.9576
0.9517
0.9461
0.9406
0.9353
0.9300
0.9249
0.9199
0.9150
0.9101
-50G
0.9954
0.9915
0.9840
0.9769
0.9701
0.9635
0.9571
0.9510
0.9450
0.9392
0.9335
0.9280
0.9226
0.9174
0.9122
0.9070
2O0C I 250C
Q 9939 Q 993
O9895 0.'988
0.9811
I Q0C
0.9959
0.9919
0.9842
0.9767
0.9695
0.9627
0.9561
0.9497
0.9435
0.9375
0.9316
0.9258
0.9202
0.9148
0.9094
0.9040
45
5
n'ol^
n 0*01
n QKIQ
no,*n
n'oI?
n Iw
n om
n o, QA
n'ol!
n Q^
no!
noli
M
*
n'ot^
n'olia
n'SX
n'oool
n'SS
| IQ0CT"
0.9955
0.9913
0.9832
0.9753
0.9677
0.9604
0.9534
0.9467
0.9402
0.9338
0.9275
0.9214
0.9155
0.9097
0.9040
0.8983
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
Determined in a sealed tube

(665)
%
d\*
0.980
l
in
19
\A
+50C
0.9958
0.9917
0.9837
0.9760
0.9686
0.9616
0.9548
0.9483
0.9420
0.9357
0.9296
0.9237
0.9179
0.9123
0.9067
0.9012
55
6
Q5
7
0.849
0
32
^
'815
'796
O.77Q ,
^
'733
on
n OOKQ
n oooo
'711
99
?!
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
n'o?on
n'o 90
0.9129
0.9069
0.9010
0.8951
0.8892
0.8832
0.8772
0.8712
n'^S
n'o m
0.9101
0.9040
0.8980
0.8920
85
9
0
^
0 666
40
0.8651
95
100
^
0.642
0.618
O 0 C, | IQ0C | 2O0C
250C | 3O0C [ 40cT
1.0043 1.0039 1.0023 1.0011 0.9996 0.9961
1.0088 1.0082 1.0064 1.0051 1.0036 1.0000
1.0178 1.0168 1.0147 1.0132 1.0116 1.0079
1.0268 1.0254 1.0230 1.0214 1.0197 1.0158
1.0358 1.0340 1.0313 1.0297 1.0278 1.0238
1.0448 1.0427 1.0397 1.0380 1.0360 1.0319
1.0539 1.0515 1.0482 1.0464 1.0443 1.0400
1.0630 1.0603 1.0567 1.0548 1.0527 1.0482
1.0721 1.0691 1.0653 1.0633 1.0612 1.0565
1.0813 1.0780 1.0740 1.0719 1.0697 1.0649
1.0905 1.0870 1.0828 1.0806 1.0783 1.0734
1.0997 1.0960 1.0916 1.0894 1.0870 1.0820
1.1090 1.1051 1.1005 1.0982 1.0958 1.0907
1.1183 1.1142 1.1095 1.1071 1.1047 1.0994
1.1277 1.1234 1.1186 1.1161 1.1136 1.1082
1.1371 1.1327 1.1277 1.1252 1.1226 1.1171
1.1613 1.1565 1.1512 1.1486 1.1458 1.1402
1.1862 1.1810 1.1754 1.1727 1.1697 1.1640
1.2118 1.2062 1.2003 1.1975 1.1943 1.1885
1.2380 1.2320 1.2258 1.2229 1.2195 1.2136
5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | | % | 5O0C | 6O0C
~%
1 0.9919 0.9870 0.9755

'9958 '9908
'9793
1 0036
^
0-9^ 0.9869
2
4
10U4
8
1(
>
12
14
^ 0352
^ 0433
i'0515
l 05Qo
^
18
l 0063
0 9946
^0193 1 ^ 014222 1 ^ 0024

1-0272 1-O I 1-0102
I-0301
1
^0381
1-0*02
l ^44
^0181
^ 0261
1.0342
l 0424
20 1.0682 1.0627~T7o50^
1 0767
1 0711 1 0589
^
^
^
24 1.0852 1.0796 1.0673
1.0882 1.0758
26 1.0938
22
28 1
^1025 1^0968 1^0844

30 1.1113 1.1055 1.0931
35
40
I 1342
C
#
I-1281
^154
^1579 1^1515 * 1385

45 1.1822 1.1757 1.1623
^0 l 2072 , 200f i igA
%(iso)...
d ie
8O0C
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
i ^00314 | 1.00730 1.01145 | 1.01560 | 1.01975
'
7.769%f (256)
I
O
I 10
I 20
I 30
I 40
50
I 1.03490 | 1.03314 | 1.03044 [ 1.02695 | 1.02308 | l.OlSe'
I For 3945 % NH4NOs, df = 1.01451 ( 256 ).
NH4Br [JAB] (229, 287, 483)**; (36, 166, 190, 519, 543, 573, 596)
NH4F [JAB] (288)**; (36, 190)

Of I
% I
1
2
/71
4
1.0034
1.0085
II
H
C/
%
I
I
4
6
/71
4
1.0178
1.0265
I!
Il
07
%
^!8
^4
8
10
1.0346
1.0420
II
H
O/
%
CT
4
1.0487
1.0547
%|
<ff
ff
[I % I
d\*
ff
Il % I
<ff
df
1 1.0043 1.0027 14 1.0822 1.0799 28 1.1782 1.1753

2 1.0100 1.0084 16 1.0950 1.0927 30 1.1933 1.1901
4 1.0215 1.0198 18 1.1081 1.1058 32 1.2088 1.2053
NH4Cl [JAB] (548) ? a (219)** ; (551)*; (1, 36, 38, 45, 86, 87,
6 1.0332 1.0314 20 1.1215 1.1191 34 1.2247 1.2209
101, 105, 106, 144, 190, 199, 215, 218, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 229,
8
1.0451 1.0432 22 1.1352 1.1327 36
1.2369
247, 261, 278, 328, 344, 347, 378, 385, 425, 447, 449, 477, 483, 519,
10 1.0572 1.0552 24 1.1492 1.1466 38
1.2533
529, 533, 543, 573, 592, 596, 618, 644)^ a (38, 151, 211, 271, 609)
12 1.0696 1.0674 26 1.1635 1.1608 40
1.2702
% I O0C
I IQ0C
I 2Q0C
I 250G
| 3O0C
NH4I [JAB] (287)**. (36, 190, 225, 229, 342, 378, 483, 511, 519, 543,
1
1.0033
1.0029
1.0013
1.0002
0.9987
618)
2
1.0067
1.0062
1.0045
1.0033
1.0018
%|
d\*
I]
% I
a?
Il % I
(ff
% I
d\ ~
4
1.0135
1.0126
1.0107
1.0093
1.0077
6
1.0201
1.0189
1.0168
1.0153
1.0136
1 1.0050
10
1.0652
20
1.1407
30
1.2265
8
1.0266
1.0251
1.0227
1.0212
1.0195
2 1.0114
12
1.0795
22
1.1570
35
1.2745
10
1.0329
1.0311
1.0286
1.0270
1.0253
4 1.0244
14
1.0942
24
1.1737
40
1.3264
12
1.0391
1.0370
1.0344
1.0327
1.0310
6 1.0377
16
1.1093
26
1.1908
45
1.3823
14
1.0451
1.0428
1.0401
1.0383
1.0366
8 1.0513
18
1.1248
28
1.2084
16
1.0510
1.0485
1.0457
1.0439
1.0422
NH4HSO4 [JAB]; 66.67%, d\5 = 1.4429%; tff = 1.4387% (483)
18
1.0568
1.0541
1.0512
1.0494
1.0477
(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 [JAB] (204, 505), a (375, 587)** ; (106, 155)*; (1, 36,
20
1.0625
1.0596
1.0567
1.0549
1.0532
101, 190, 221, 223, 224, 225, 328, 342, 405, 425, 477, 483, 517,
22
1.0681
1.0651
1.0621
1.0603
1.0587
519, 529, 533, 573, 592, 615, 618, 642)
24 I 1.0736
1.0705
1.0674
1.0657
1.0641
% I
Q0C
I IQ0C
I 2O0C
I 250C
[ 3O0C
0
0
0
0
0
% I
4O C
I 5O C
I 6O C
I 8O C
| IQO C
1
1.0061
1.0058
1.0041
1.0030
1.0015
1
0.9952
0.9910
0.9861
0.9749
0.9617
2
1.0124
1.0119
1.0101
1.0089
1.0074
2
0.9982
0.9940
0.9891
0.9780
0.9651
4
1.0248
1.0240
1.0220
1.0207
1.0191
4
1.0041
0.9999
0.9950
0.9842
0.9718
6
1.0372
1.0360
1.0338
1.0324
1.0308
6
1.0100
1.0058
1.0009
0.9903
0.9784
8
1.0495
1.0480
1.0456
1.0441
1.0425
8
1.0158
1.0116
1.0067
0.9963
0.9849
10
1.0618
1.0600
1.0574
1.0558
1.0542
10
1.0216
1.0174
1.0125
1.0022
0.9912
12
1.0740
1.0719
1.0691
1.0675
1.0658
12
1.0273
1.0231
1.0182
1.0081
0.9975
14
1.0861
1.0837
1.0808
1.0791
1.0774
14
1.0329
1.0287
1.0239
1.0140
1.0036
16
1.0980
1.0954
1.0924
1.0907
1.0889
16
1.0385
1.0343
1.0296
1.0198
1.0096
18
1.1098
1.1070
1.1039
1.1022
1.1003
18
1.0441
1.0399
1.0353
1.0255
1.0155
20
1.1215
1.1186
1.1154
1.1136
1.1117
20
1.0496
1.0454
1.0409
1.0312
1.0213
22
1.1332
1.1302
1.1269
1.1250
1.1231
22
1.0551
1.0509
1.0465
1.0369
1.0271
24
1.1448
1.1417
1.1383
1.1364
1.1345
24
1.0605
1.0564
1.0520
1.0426
1.0327
26
1.1563
1.1531
1.1496
1.1477
1.1458
Values of c^f- 004 (373)
28
1.1677
1.1645
1.1609
1.1589
1.1570
30
1.1791
1.1757
1.1721
1.1701
1.1681
0.01% I 0 . 0 2 % 1 0.03% I 0 . 0 4 % | Q.05~
35
1.2072
1.2037
1.2000
1.1980
1.1960
0.998 265930.998 2998s|0.998 33343JO.998 3666s|0.998 39973
40
1.2350
1.2314
1.2277
1.2257
1.2237
5.2733 % (27)
45
1.2626
1.2589
1.2552
1.2532
1.2512
JO
I
~f
I
^2O
I
326
I
3 3 0 i
340
i
350
50
1.2899
1.2862
1.2825
1.2805
1.2785
4
I
4
I
4
I
^4
I
4
I
I
4
1.01769| 1.01654| 1.01454| 1.01322] 1.01171J 1.0082l| 1.00397
0
0
0
0
% I 4Q G
I 5O C
6Q G
|
8O C
10O0C
150
%( )
I
0.5
I
1
I
2
I
3~
1
0.9980
0.9939
0.9890
0.9777
0.9644
2
1.0039
0.9997
0.9948
0.9836
0.9705
d\
I 1.00063 I 1.00225 J 1.00544
1.00859
4
1.0155
1.0113
1.0064
0.9953
0.9826
N2H5Cl, Hydrazine hydrochloride [JAB]; 7.60%, df = 1.0295 (15)
6
1.0271
1.0228
1.0180
1.0070
0.9946
NH4OCl, Hydroxylamine hydrochloride [JAB] (15)
8
1.0387
1.0344
1.0296
1.0187
1.0066
~~c71^720
[I
^
i
320
fj
^
i
320
[i
^
j
320
% I ^4
Il % I ^4
I) % I #4
Il % I 4
10
1.0503
1.0460
1.0412
1.0304
1.0185
1 1.0026
6
1.0246
12
1.0509
18
1.0770
12
1.0619
1.0576
1.0527
1.0421
1.0303
2 1.0070
8
1.0334
14
1.0596
14
1.0734
1.0691
1.0642
1.0537
1.0421
4 I 1.0158
10
1.0422
16
1.0683
16
1.0849
1.0805
1.0757
1.0653
1.0539
N2H6Cl2, Hydrazine dihydrochloride [JAB] (15)
18
1.0963
1.0919
1.0872
1.0768
1.0656
20
1.1077
1.1033
1.0986
1.0883
1.0772
%
I
1
I
2
I
4
I
6
I
8
I
10
22
1.1191
1.1147
1.1100
1.0997
1.0888
df
I 1.0026 I 1.0070 1.0158 1.0247 | 1.0338 | 1.0431
24
1.1304
1.1260
1.1214
1.1111
1.1003
NH4ClO3 [LJG]; with 2.54%, df = 1.00831 (529)
26
1.1417
1.1373
1.1327
1.1225
1.1118
NH 4 ClO 4 [LJG] (291, 414)**; (529)*
^
28
1.1529
1.1485
1.1439
1.1338
1.1232
C/\\
3 5 i
320
i
325
Il o/ I
^5
i
^72O
i
325
a
/0\ I
4
I
#4
I
^4
11 % I
#4
I
&4
I
#4
30
1.1640
1.1597
1.1550
1.1451
1.1346
1
1.0039 1.0029 1.0018
8 1.0386 1.0370 1.0355
35
1.1919
1.1876
1.1829
1.1731
1.1629
2
1.0088 1.0077 1.0065
10 1.0489 1.0470 1.0455
40
1.2196
1.2153
1.2107
1.2011
1.1910
4
1.0186 1.0173 1.0160 12 1.0594 1.0572 1.0557
45
1.2471
1.2429
1.2384
1.2290
1.2189
6
1.0285 1.0271 1.0257 14 1.0701 1.0676
1.0660
50
1.2745
1.2704
1.2660
1.2568
1.2466
a
12
14
^1S
#4
I
I
(150)
(NH 4 )SO*.(Continued)
%
I
di
1.00500
i.
1.01097
1.01689
NH4HSeO3 [LJG]; with 4.87%, df = 1.0305 (463)

(NH4)2Se03 [LJG]; with 4.08%, df = 1.0255 (463)
1.02277 ~1^86T
HPO
(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 6 [LJG]; with 2.45%, df = 1.00968 (529)

___
(NH4)2S208 [JAB]; (6Q2) [LJG]
%
df
1
1.0042
2
1.0093
3
1.0144
* ^W, d? =
'
4
1.0195
L0141 with L954
^l 7, 602)
^ =
L1083 with 16 23
'
H3PO3 [LJG] (463, 660)

dj0
%
1.1336 30.66
%
df
%
4.10 1.0179 ^6.77
d 6 - 8
%
1.1609 73.69
d 2 *- 6
1.4665
H3PO4 [LJG] (338, 525) ? a (203)**. (349, 514), a (247)* ; (98, 144, 253, 254, 340, 463, 517, 526, 536, 551, 634, 635, 660)
0
G
O
10
20
25
30
40
1%
I 2%
I 4%
I 6%
I 8%
I 10%
I 12%
I 14%
|
1.0057
1.0113
1.0226
1.0339
1.0454
1.0571
1.0690
1.0811
1.0054
1.0109
1.0219
1.0330
1.0442
1.0557
1.0673
1.0792
1.0038
1.0092
1.0200
1.0309
1.0420
1.0532
1.0647
1.0764
1.0026
1.0079
1.0187
1.0295
1.0405
1.0517
1.0631
1.0747
1.0012
1.0065
1.0172
1.0279
1.0388
1.0499
1.0612
1.0728
0.9976
1.0029
1.0135
1.0241
1.0349
1.0459
1.0571
1.0685
16% |
1.0934
1.0914
1.0884
1.0866
1.0847
1.0803
18%
I
20%
1.1061
1.1192
1.1039
1.1167
1.1008
1.1134
1.0990
1.1115
1.0969
1.1094
1.0925
1.1048
C
10
20
25
30
22% I 24% I 26% I 28% | 30% |

1.1298
1.1431
1.1567
1.1705
1.1846
1.1263
1.1395
1.1529
1.1665
1.1805
1.1243
1.1374
1.1507
1.1643
1.1782
1.1222
1.1352
1.1484
1.1620
1.1758
65% I 70% I 75% I 80% I 85% I 90% |

1.481 1.533
1.475 1.526 1.579 1.633 1.689 1.746
1.471 1.522 1.575 1.629 1.685 1.743
1.468 1.519 1.572 1.626 1.682 1.738
1.730
1.723
1.715
C
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
d? (349) Il %t I
%t I
<ff (349)
[I
%t
I fi* (349)
0.1
0.2
0,999 221
0.999 793
0.8
1.0
1.003 09s
1.004 19
2.5
3.0
1.012 33
1.015 05
0.4
0.6
1.000 900
1.002 OOP
1.5
2.0
1.006 91
1.009 61
4.0
1.020 52
t A correction of 1 % was applied to the concentrations of this table.
NH4H2PO3 [LJG]; with 3.30%, df = 1.0131 (463)

(NH4)2HPO3 [LJG]; with 2.90%, df = 1.0141 (463)
NH4H2PO4 [LJG]; with 2.88%, df = 1.0174 (463)
(NH4)2HPO4 [LJG]; with 6.36%, df = 1.038 (H4) ; with 6.90%,
df = 1.0360 (561)
(NH4)3PO4 [LJG]; with 2.49%, df = 1.00971 (463)
As2O3 [JAB] (112) [LJG]; df = 1.0032 with 0.5%; = 1.0073 with
1.0%
H3AsO4 [JAB] (514)*. (76, 356, 453, 463, 496, 517, 536) [LJG]
C/ 1
% 1
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
^16
^4
1.0057
1.0124
1.0260
1.0398
1.0538
1.0681
1.0826
1.0975
I
I
J 6 [ 1 O/
"4
H %
1.0037
1.0103
1.0237
1.0373
1.0512
1.0655
1.0803
1.0956
i
I
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
^15
CE4
H
11
1.1128
1.1285
1.1447
1.1614
1.1785
1.1961
1.2143
1.2331
"Of
%
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
'
d*&
M4
1.2829
1.3370
1.3959
1.4602
1.5304
1.6070
1.6904
1.7811
AsI3 [LJG]; with 1.90%, df = 1.0192 (76)

NH4H2AsO4 [LJG]; with 4.00%, df = 1.0235 (463)
(NH4)3As04 [LJG]; with 3.22%, d24 = 1.0170 (463)
C12H10ClI, Diphenyliodonium chloride [JAB] (583)
%......
df
1
1.0025
2
1.0067
3
1.0110
35% |
1.221
1.216
1.214
1.211
40%
1.259
1.254
1.251
1.249
45% I
1.299
1.293
1.291
1.288
50% |
1.341
1.335
1.332
1.329
55% | 60%
1.385 1.432
1.379 1.426
1.376 1.423
1.373 1.420
92%
94%
96%
98%
1.770
1.766
1.762
1.754
1.747
1.740
1.794
1.790
1.786
1.778
1.771
1.764
1.819
1.815
1.811
1.803
1.796
1.789
100%
1.844
1.840
1.836
1.828
1.821
1.815
1.870
1.866
1.862
1.854
1.846
1.841
C6Hi2SO2, Trimethylsulfonium acetate, [JAB]; with 3.41%, df =

1.0018 (529)
C3H9ClS, Trimethylsulfonium chloride, [JAB]; with 2.82%, df =
1.0014 (529)
C3H9BrS, Trimethylsulfonium bromide, [JAB]; with 1.00%, df =
0.9993 (35)
C3H9IS, Trimethylsulfonium iodide, [JAB]; with 1.00%, df =
0.9975 (35)
C24H20I2SO4, Diphenyliodonium sulfate, [JAB]; with 6.43%,
< = 1.0291 (583)
HCN [JAB] (238, 617)**. (88) [LJQ]; Cf. (672)
Ol
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
5
/7
M
II
II
10
/7
"4
II
15
/7
^
4
II
20
^7
"
4
IlH Cf
I
% I
,Jl
5
4
0.759
1
0.998
0.758
0.752
2
0.996
0.757
0.751 0.745
4
0.993
0.757
0.751 0.744
0.738
6
0.989
0.751 0.744
0.738
0.731 8
0.984
0.744
0.737
0.731 0.724
10
0.978
0.738
0.731 0.724
0.717 12 0.971
0.731 0.724
0.717 0.711 14
0.964
0.725
0.717 0.711 0.704
16
0.956
0.718 0.711 0.704
0.697
0.712 0.704
0.697
0.691
NH4CHO2, Formate [JAB] (484)** ; (211, 463)
% I d?
I Jf
Il % I df
I df
Il % I df
1 1.0019 0.9998 14 1.0366 1.0339

2 1.0046 1.0025 16 1.0418 1.0389
4 1.0101 1.0078 18 1.0469 1.0439
6 1.0155 1.0131 20 1.0519 1.0488
8 1.0209 1.0184 22 1.0568 1.0536
10 1.0262 1.0236 24 1.0617 1.0584
12 1.0314 1.0288 26 1.0665 1.0631
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
1.0713
1.0760
1.0874
1.0984
1.1089
1.1189
1.1285
df
1.0678
1.0724
1.0836
1.0944
1.1048
1.1148
1.1245
"(NH4J2CO3" (NH 4 HCO 3 -NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 ) [JAB] (2i5)** ;

(241, 242, 395, 509, 510) [LJG]
<ff
Il % I dj5
Il % I î5 H % I ~d~
1.0026
10
1.0335
20
1.0675
30
1.1006
1.0061
12
1.0403
22
1.0742
35
1.1157
1.0130
14
1.0471
24
1.0808
40
1.1294
1.0199
16
1.0539
26
1.0874
45
1.1417
1.0267
18
1.0607
28
1.0940
%l
1
2
4
6
8
NH 4 C 2 HO 4 , Acid oxalate [JAB]; with 3.57% df = 1.0140 (463)

NH4C2H3O2, Acetate [JAB] (288, 484)**.
Ii
"jo
fl4 J
Q4
1 1.0013
2 1.0034
4 1.0077
6 1.0119
8 1.0161
10 1.0202
12 1.0242
14 1.0282
16 1.0321
18 1.0359
8 I
J 4O
1.0008
1.0030
1.0074
1.0117
1.0159
1.0200
1.0240
1.0279
1.0318
1.0356
II
II o/
%
0.9992
1.0013
1.0055
1.0096
1.0136
1.0176
1.0216
1.0255
1.0294
1.0331
J
CE
4
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
(2 11,
224, 463, 529)
5 i
JlS4
1.0397
1.0434
1.0470
1.0505
1.0540
1.0573
1.0654
1.0729
1.0800
J5
4
1.0393
1.0429
1.0465
1.0500
1.0535
1.0569
1.0368
1.0404
1.0439
1.0473
1.0507
1.0540
1.0618
1.0691
1.0760
NH4C2H3O3, Glycolate [JAB]; with 4.65%, ^0 = 1.0263 (463)

(NHQ 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate [JAB]; (463)
%
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
<g
1.0031 I 1.0080 I 1.0128 1.0176
NH4C3H5O2, Propionate [JAB] (484)** ; (463)
or
/o i\
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
^
^4
\I
1.0011
1.0030
1.0069
1.0107
1.0145
1.0182
1.0218
1.0252
fl4
\\
|l <*T
/o
0.9989
1.0008
1.0045
1.0081
1.0117
1.0153
1.0188
1.0222
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
\I
ffll4
II
1.0285
1.0318
1.0350
1.0381
1.0410
1.0438
1.0465
1.0491
25
d
Q-4
II //o
II
1.0254
1.0285
1.0316
1.0345
1.0373
1.0400
1.0425
1.0450
35
40
45
50
55
60
\I
15
r7
4
II
1.0549
1.0599
1.0642
1.0678
1.0707
1.0729
ar/
25
1.0506
1.0554
1.0595
1.0629
1.0657
1.0679
NH4C3H5O3, Lactate [JAB]; with 5.36%, d* = 1.0169 (463)

NH4C4H6O4, Acid succinate [JAB]; with 4.50 %, d = 1.0140 (463)
NH4C4H5O5, Acid malate, [JAB] (463, 546)**
% | d
U % I
ffl
[I % I
ffl
II % I
ffl
1
1.002
8
1.030 16
1.063 24
1.098
2
1.006 10
1.038
18
1.072 26
1.107
4
1.014
12
1.047 20
1.081
6
1.022 14
1.055 22
1.089
CH6ClN, Methylamine hydrochloride [JAB]; with 19,67%, dj =

1.0343 ( 1 S)
C2H8ClN, Dimethylamine hydrochloride [JAB] (15)
C//O II
tt
Ô
4
11Ij
^
/ O li
Itt24O
IlIJ
^
/O ji
^~p
4
U[j
^
/O {j
tt^20
" I 0 . 9 9 9 2 4 1 . 0 0 2 4 8 1 . 0 0 6 5 1 2 1 . 0 1 0 4
2 1.0003
6 I 1.0045
10
1.0085
14
1.0123
C2H8ClN, Ethylamine hydrochloride [LJG] (542) **; (483) *;
O/ I
%I
~f4
fl
fi
M i
% I
(15, 328, 329) [JAB]
J2
"4
H J 2
II %
^4
l ^
H % I
1 0.9992
10
1.0096
20
1.0204
2 1.0003
12
1.0118
25
1.0254
4 1.0027
14
1.0140
30
1.0300
6 1.0050
16
1.0162
35
1.0342
8 1.0073
18
1.0183
40
1.0380
C4H12ClN, Diethylamine hydrochloride [LJG]
( 15 J [JAB]
%|
d1
II % |
d1
g1
II %
I2I
M4
45
1.0413
50
1.0441
55
1.0464
60
1.0482
65
1.0495
(542)** ; (483)* ;
II % I
df
1 0.99835 12
1.00209 24
1.00675 45
1.0136
2 0.99869 14
1.00280 26
1.00758 50
1.0144
4 0.99936 16
1.00354 28
1.00839
55
1.0147
6 1.00004 18
1.00431 30
1.00918 60
1.0145
8 1.00072 20
1.00510 35
1.0110
10 1.00140 22
1.00592 40
1.0125
C4H12ClN, Tetramethylammonium chloride, [JAB] (*5, 529)
o/ I
/o I
/720
^4
ii
II
or
/o
I
I
,720
fl 4
il
II
c/
/o
I
I
,720
^4
M
H
<w
i
/ o |
io
^42
1
2
0.9984
4
0.999181.0003121.0015
0.9987
6
0.9997
10
1.0009
14
1.0021
C6H8ClN, Aniline hydrochloride [JAB] (*)
% | <ff? II % I ^ 2 ? H % I dj-2? II % I dl 2 ?
1 1.0020
10
1.0205
20
1.0409
30
1.0613
2 1.0041
12
1.0246
22
1.0450
35
1.0715
4 1.0082
14
1.0287
24
1.0491
6 1.0123
16
1.0327
26
1.0531
8 1.0164
18
1.0368 || 28
1.0572
C 6 Hi 6 ClN, Triethylamine hydrochloride [JAB] (542)
%
d? [I % I d\l [I % I < [I % I
df
1 0.9980
12
0.9991
24
1.0025
45
1.0118
2 0.9981
14
0.9995
26
1.0033
50
1.0142
4 0.9982
16
1.0000
28
1.0041
55
1.0166
6 0.9984
18
1.0006
30
1.0049
8 0.9986
20
1.0012
35
1.0071
10 0.9988
22
1.0018
40
1.0094
C8H20ClN, Tetraethylammonium chloride [JAB] (542)
NH4C4H7O2, n-Butyrate, [JAB]; with 5.26%, dj = 1.0062 (463) %

ft
Il % I eg1 Il % I dll
Il % I
ft
NH4C4H7O2, Isobutyrate, [JAB]; with 5.26%, dj = 1.0064 (463)
1 0.9983
12
1.0011
24
1.0060
45
1.0199
C4Hi2N2O3, Tetramethylammonium nitrate, [JAB]; with 3.40%,
2 0.9986
14
1.0017
26
1.0072
50
1.0241
df = 1.0014 (529)
4 0.9990
16
1.0024
28
1.0084
55
1.0287
(NH4J2C4H4O4, Succinate, [JAB]; with 3.80%, dj = 1.0126 (463)
6 0.9995
18
1.0032
30
1.0097
60
1.0337
8 1.0000
20
1.0041
35
1.0127
(NH 4 J 2 C 4 H 4 O 5 , Malate (JAB] (463, 546)**
10 1.0006
22
1.0050
40
1.0161
%|
<S 1 % I <g I] % I 4 u %
<
Ci2H28ClN, Tetrapropylammonium chloride [JAB] ( 416 )
1
1.002
12
1.046 24
1.095 45
1.185
% I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C
3O0C | 4O0C | 50cT
2
1.006
14
1.054 26
1.104 50
1.207
4
1.014
16
1.062 28
1.112
55
1.230
1 0.9997 0.9995 0.9980 0.9968 0.9954 0.9916 0.9872
6
1.022 18
1.070 30
1.120
60
1.253
2
.9995 .9993 .9977 .9965 .9950 .9911 .9864
8
1.030 20
1.079 35
1.142
4
.9992 .9989 .9972 .9960 .9944 .9901 .9849
10 1.038 22
1.087 40
1.163
6
.9990 .9986 .9968 .9955 .9938 .9892 .9836
8
.9989 .9984 .9965 .9951 .9933 .9884 .9825
(NH4J2C4H4O6, Tartrate [JAB]; 4.60%, d\Q = 1.0200 (463)** ; (571)
10
.9990 .9983 .9963 .9948 .9929 .9877 .9816
NH4C6H7O7, Dihydrogen citrate [JAB]; 5.23%, < = 1.0207 (463)
12
.9991 .9984 .9962 .9945 .9925 .9871 .9808
C6Hi0NO2, Tetramethylammonium acetate [JAB]; with 3.33%,
14
.9993 .9985 .9961 .9943 .9922 .9866 .9801
df = 0.9981 (529)
16
.9997 .9987 .9960 .9942 .9920 .9862 .9795
(NH4J3C6H5O7, Citrate [JAB]; with 4.05%, df = 1.0172 (463)
% I O0C
~S1.0003
20 1.0011
22 1.0020
24 1.0031
26 1.0044
28 1.0058
Ci2H28ClN.- (Continued)
I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C
5O0C
0.9989 0.9961 0.9941 0.9918 0.9859 0.9791
.9993 .9962 .9941 .9917
.9857
.9788
.9999 .9965 .9943 .9919
.9856 .9786
1.0007
.9970 .9947 .9922
.9858 .9787
1.0017
.9977 .9953 .9926 .9862 .9789
1.0029
.9986 .9961 .9931
.9868 .9793
NH 4 C 2 H 2 ClO 2 , Chloroacetate [JAB]; 5.58%, d = 1.0191 (463)

NH 4 C 2 HCl 2 O 2 , Dichloroacetate [JAB]; 7.30%, df = 1.0282 (463)
NH 4 C 2 Cl 3 O 2 , Trichloroacetate [JAB]; 9.02%, dj = 1.0391(463)
C3H6ClNO2, Methyl chloroaminoacetic acid [JAB] (15)
07 l
/O I
1
2
320
#4
^
/O
1.0004
1.0026
i
I
4
6
"T2O
M4
c 7 j ~ J 2 0 T ]
/O
I
^4
1.0069
1.0113
^
/O
j
I
J2
^4
81.0156121.0242
10
1.0199 | 14
1.0284
C12Hi0INO3, Diphenyliodonium nitrate [JAB] (583)
%
df
1
1.0024
NH4CNS [JAB]
0/\
/01
11
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
^18
U
II'
Il
O/
/O
\
\
2
1.0068
(236, 288)** ; (155,

a,718
Il
Il
C/
/O
I
I
3
1.0114
555) [LJQ]
,725
tt
4
Il
Il
O7
/O
Pb(NO 3 ) 2 .(Continued)
12%
I
14%
I
16%
I
1.0951
1.1160
1.1377
1.1602
1.0936
1.1143
1.1357
1.1580
1.0918
1.1123
1.1336
1.1557
1.0912
1.1117
1.1329
1.1550
1.0896
1.1100
1.1311
1.1531
1.0878
1.1081
1.1291
1.1511
1.0836
1.1038
.1.1247
1.1465
1.0788
1.0988
1.1196
1.1412
1.0733
1.0932
1.1138
1.1353
1.0673
1.0870
1.1074
1.1287
20% I 22% I 24%
26% | 28%
1.2083 1.2334 1.2590 1.2848 1.3107
1.2057 1.2306 1.2559 1.2815 1.3072
1.2030 1.2277 1.2529 1.2783 1.3037
1.2022 1.2269 1.2520 1.2774 1.3028
1.2002 1.2248 1.2498 1.2750 1.3002
1.1979 1.2224 1.2473 1.2725 1.2977
1.1928 1.2171 1.2418 1.2667 1.2917
C I
O
10
181
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
0
C
O
10
181
20
25
30
40
J25
^4
.0009161.0356301.0645461.1007
1.0032
18
1.0402
32
1.0687
48
1.1057
1.0078
20
1.0448
34
1.0730
50
1.1108
1.0124
22
1.0495
36
1.0774
52
1.1161
1.0170
24
1.0542
38
1.0818
54
1.1214
1.0216
26
1.0589
40
1.0863
56
1.1268
1.0263
28
1.0636
42
1.0910
58
1.1322
1.0309
44
1.0958
Jl&
M4
Il
Il
0.1 1.00006
0.2 1.00099
0.4 1.00285
07
0.6
0.8
1.0
/715
Il
[I
1.00472
1.00658
1.00844
I
Cf
1
2
4
6
8
Il
H
rf
4
1.0075
1.0161
1.0338
1.0523
1.0714
I
I
Of
%
10
12
14
16
^1O
4
1.0911
1.1115
1.1326
1.1544
360, 361, 375, 378, 384, 509, 510, 533, 534, 561, 592, 6 2 9 ) ? a (375)
C I
O
10
181
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
1%
1.0089
1.0086
1.0074
1.0070
1.0058
1.0044
1.0009
0.9967
0.9917
0.9863
2%
1.0180
1.0175
1.0163
1.0159
1.0146
1.0132
1.0096
1.0053
1.0003
0.9948
30%
1.3363
1.3326
1.3289
1.3279
1.3254
1.3226
1.3164
07 I
% I
1
2
4
6
8
^18
Il
1.0061
1.0137
1.0290
1.0446
1.0605
^18
07
10
12
14
16
18
^4
Il
1.0768
1.0936
1.1109
1.1283
1.1473
07
20
22
24
26
28
/718
^4
Il
Il
1.1663
1.1860
1.2063
1.2273
1.2489
07
^18
30
35
40
1.2711
1.3304
1.3994
Q4
SnCl2 [JAB] (221)**; (106) [LJG]

%|
II
d\*
1
2
4
6
8
10
1.0068
12
1.0146
14
1.0306
16
1.0470
18
1.0638
20
1.0810 I 22
0/1
%|
,715
fl 4
1
2
4
6
8
10
1.007
1.015
1.031
1.047
1.064
1.081
^4
Il
1.0986
1.1167
1.1353
1.1545
1.1743
1.1948
d\*
24
26
28
30
35
40
1.2159
1.2377
1.2603
1.2837
1.3461
1.4145
Il
45
50
55
60
65
d4
1.4897
1.5729
1.6656
1.7695
1.8865
SnCl4 [JAB] (221, 291)**; (106, 272) [LJG]
Pb(NO3)2 [LJG] (250, 291)**; (46, 84, 106, 144, 205, 206, 224, 278,
0
Pb(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 , Acetate [JAB]; (288)** ; (144, 221, 223, 426, 469, 509)
(529)
C6Hi5O2P, Tetramethylphosphonium acetate [JAB]; with 2.76%,

dj6 = 0.9972 (529)
C4Hi2ClP, Tetramethylphosphonium chloride [JAB]; with 3.17%,
dj5 = 0.9968 (529)
C4Hi2O3NP, Tetramethylphosphonium nitrate [JAB]; with 3.83 %,
df = 1.0005 (529)
PbCl2 [LJG] (602)
[ I Pb(ClOg) 2 [JAB] (602) [LJG]
07
18%
1.1838
1.1814
1.1789
1.1782
1.1762
1.1741
1.1692
t Density data are discordant except at 180C.
(NH 4 ) 2 CH 2 (S0 3 ) 2 , Methanedisulfonate [JAB]; with 5.28%, dj =

1.0108 (529)
NH4C2H5SO4, Hydroxyethylsulfonate [JAB]; with 3.58%, dj =
1.0115 ( 5 29)
C3H9NO3S, Trimethylsulfonium nitrate [JAB]; with 3.48%, df =
1.0056 (529)
NH4C6H5SO3, Benzenesulfonate [JAB]; with 4.38%, d\ = 1.0110
10%
4%
1.0364
1.0357
1.0344
1.0339
1.0325
1.0310
1.0273
1.0228
1.0178
1.0122
6%
1.0554
1.0544
1.0529
1.0524
1.0509
1.0493
1.0454
1.0409
1.0357
1.0300
8%
1.0749
1.0737
1.0720
1.0715
1.0699
1.0682
1.0642
1.0595
1.0542
1.0483
%|
1
2
4
6
I
I
JlS
M4
Ij07I
H %|
1.0065
1.0145
1.0306
1.0469
1.0634
1.0802
d8
Il
1.0080
1.0175
1.0371
1.0575 [I
J15
^4
1
I
JlS
^4
II C7 I
II /0\
,7 S
UJ
11 C7
Il %
12 1.099 1.0974 24 1.212

14 1.117
1.1150 26 1.233
16 1.135
1.1331 28 1.255
18 1.154 1.1516 30 1.278
20 1.173
1.1706 35 1.337
22 1.192 1.1901 40 1.403 ||
ThCl 4 [JAB] (291) [LJG]
45
50
55
60
65
70
10
J
^4
1.475
1.555
1.644
1.742
1.851
1.971
% I d8
Il % I d?
I]
8
1.0786
16
1.1707
10
1.1005
18
1.1958
12
1.1231
20
1.2218
14
1.1465
22 | 1.2488
Th(NO 3 ) 4 [JAB] (357) [LJG]
% I
dj
24
1.2769
26
1.3063
28
1.3371
6
8
10
18
%| dy n % i 4* Il % I 45 Il % I 45
1
2
4
07
% II
1
2
4
6
8
1.0079
1.0169
1.0354 I
3fl 8 M11
4
1.0070
1.0155
1.0329
1.0509
1.0695
1.0546
1.0747
1.0957
InBr3 [JAB]
^
% II
10
12
14
16
18
^J8
4
1.0888
1.1088
1.1295
1.1508
1.1728
12
1.1176
14
1.1404
16
1.1640
(289) [LJG]
c% 7 jI
20
22
24
26
28
38
^4
1.1956
1.2191
1.2434
1.2687
1.2952
c% 7 iI
30
32
1.1885
^"jTi
4
1.3230
1.3523
TlOH [JAB] (16)**; (529) [LJG]
% I d? Il % I d . Il % I d\* Il % I d?
20
1.220 I 24
1.284 28
1.347 32 1.411
22 1.252 26f
1.315 30
1.379 34 1.443
t Supersaturated above 26 % .
TlF [JAB] (291)**; (602) [LJQ]
l
I
1
2
4
6
^1S
4
Ii
(I
1.0082
1.0179
1.0379
1.0587
or
%
8
10
12
14
/718
4
I
I
1.0804
1.1031
1.1267
1.1512
or
%
Il
Il
I
I
16
18
20
22
/718
4
Il
Il
1.1765
1.2026
1.2296
1.2576
C/
%
/718
#4
I
I
24
26
28
30
1.2868
1.3174
1.3495
1.3833
TlClO3 [LJG]; with 2.210%, d\* = 1.01791 (02)

Tl2SO4 [JAB] (291, 309, 602)**; (106, 206, 529) [LJG]
%
1
2
3
4
5
150C
1.0084
1.0178
1.0274
1.0370
2O0C
1.0076
1.0170
1.0265
1.0360
1.0456
250C
1.0064
1.0158
1.0253
1.0348
3O0C
1.0049
1.0142
1.0237
1.0333
TlNO3 [JAB] (317, 602, 629)**; (529) [LJG]
%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I O0C I IQ0C I 150C I 2O0C j 250C

1.0088 1.0086 1.0077 1.0067 1.0056
1.0179 1.0172 1.0164 1.0154 1.0142
1.0271 1.0263 1.0253 1.0242 1.0230
1.0344
1.0319
1.0436
1.0409
1.0501
1.0594
TlC2H3O2, Acetate [JAB]; with 2.19%, dj6 = 1.0154 (529)

ZnCl2 [GS] (288, 366)**; (507, 657)* ; (23, 86, 106, 150, 203, 261,
384, 417.5, 462, 464, 466, 599, 618, 628, 629)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
I O0G I IQ0C
1.0192 1.0186
1.0384 1.0373
1.0576 1.0559
1.0769 1.0746
1.0963 1.0934
1.1159 1.1124
1.1357 1.1318
1.1558 1.1515
1.1762 1.1715
1.1970 1.1919
1.2500 1.2441
1.3062 1.2996
1.3668 1.3595
1.4329 1.4250
1.5050 1,4972
1.5860 1.5771
I 2O0C
1.0167
1.0350
1.0532
1.0715
1.0819
1.1085
1.1275
1.1468
1.1665
1.1866
1.2380
1.2928
1.3522
1.4173
1.4890
1.5681
1.655
1.749
1.851
1.962
I 5O0G I 6O0C I 7O0C

1.0055 1.0003 0.9945
1.0227 1.0172 1.0110
1.0398 1.0340 1.0274
1.0570 1.0508 1.0439
1.0744 1.0679 1.0606
1.0921 1.0853 1.0779
1.1101 1.1030 1.0955
1.1284 1.1212 1.1135
250C | 3O0C | 4O0G

1.0154 1.0138 1.0099
1.0335 1.0317 1.0274
1.0515 1.0495 1.0448
1.0696 1.0673 1.0624
1.0878 1.0853 1.0801
1.1063 1.1036 1.0980
1.1251 1.1223 1.1163
1.1442 1.1413 1.1350
1.1638 1.1607 1.1541
1.1836 1.1804 1.1736
1.2348 1.2313 1.2240
1.2894 1.2856 1.2778
1.3485 1.3445 1.3362
1.4133 1.4090 1.4003
1.4847 1.4802 1.4711
1.5636 1.5590 1.5495
1.651
1.646
1.745
1.740
1.847
1.842
1.957
1.952
2.076
I 8O0C
0.9882
1.0044
1.0206
1.0369
1.0535
1.0704
1.0877
1.1055
| 9O0C | IQO0CT
0.9812 0.9739
0.9971 0.9894
1.0130 1.0051
1.0291 1.0211
1.0456 1.0374
1.0625 1.0541
1.0798 1.0712
1.0975 1.0888
%
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
ZnCl2.- (Continued)
I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C
1.1472 1.1399 1.1320 1.1238
1.1665 1.1590 1.1510 1.1428
1.2163 1.2084 1.1999 1.1914
1.2696 1.2614 1.2526 1.2438
1.3276 1.3190 1.3101 1.3009
1.3913 1.3824 1.3732 1.3637
1.4617 1.4525 1.4428 1.4331
1.5399 1.5300 1.5199 1.5097
___
%
2
4
6
8
| 9Q0C
1.1137
1.1345
1.1827
1.2347
1.2915
1.3542
1.4238
1.5009
| 10O0C
1.1069
1.1255
1.1734
1.2252
1.2818
1.3441
1.4130
1.4892
Zn(ClOa) 2 [GS] (287)**; (602)*
dj
1.0146
1.0309
1.0476
1.0647
Il % I <ff
10
12
14
16
1.0823
1.1004
1.1190
1.1381
Il % i di' l| % I d\*
18
20
25
30
1.1579
35
1.1783
1.2322
1.2908 |
1.3535
ZnBr2 [GS] (366, 368, 507)
I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C

1.0188 1.0184 1.0167 1.0154 1.0139 1.0102
1.0381 1.0374 1.0354 1.0340 1.0324 1.0285
1.0578 1.0567 1.0544 1.0529 1.0512 1.0471
1.0777 1.0763 1.0738 1.0721 1.0704 1.0660
1.0980 1.0962 1.0935 1.0917 1.0899 1.0852
1.1186 1.1165 1.1135 1.1116 1.1096 1.1046
1.1396 1.1371 1.1338 1.1318 1.1296 1.1244
,1.1609 1.1580 1.1544 1.1523 1.1500 1.1445
'1.1825 1.1792 1.1753 1.1730 1.1706 1.1649
1.2043 1.2007 1.1965 1.1941 1.1915 1.1855
1.2641 1.2594 1.2543 1.2516 1.2485 1.2418
1.3288 1.3229 1.3170 1.3139 1.3104 1.3030
1.3995 1.3926 1.3859 1.3823 1.3785 1.3703
1.477 1.470 1.462 1.458 1.454 1.445
1.564 1.556 1.547 1.543 1.538
1.529
1.661 1.652 1.643 1.638 1.633
1.623
1.770 1.760 1.750 1.745 1.739 1.728
1.891 1.880 1.869 1.864 1.858 1.845
2.026
2.013 2.002
1.995 1.989 1.976
I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | KxFcT
1.0059 1.0008 0.9952 0.9890 0.9823 0.9751
1.0240 1.0187 1.0129 1.0065 0.9995 0.9921
1.0424 1.0369 1.0308 1.0242 1.0171 1.0094
1.0611 1.0554 1.0490 1.0422 1.0348 1.0270
1.0800 1.0742 1.0676 1.0604 1.0528 1.0448
1.0992 1.0932 1.0864 1.0789 1.0712 1.0629
1.1187 1.1124 1.1055 1.0978 1.0899 1.0813
1.1385 1.1320 1.1248 1.1169 1.1088 1.1000
1.1586 1.1519 1.1445 1.1363 1.1279 1.1190
1.1790 1.1720 1.1643 1.1560 1.1474 1.1382
1.2347 1.2270 1.2188 1.2101 1.2009 1.1911
1.2952 1.2868 1.2780 1.2688 1.2591 1.2489
1.3618 1.3529 1.3435 1.3337 1.3236 1.3131
1.436 1.427 1.417 1.406 1.396 1.385
1.519 1.510 1.499 1.488 1.477 1.465
1.612 1.602 1.590 1.579 1.568
1.555
1.717 1.706 1.694 1.682 1.670 1.657
1.834 1.822 1.810 1.797 1.784 1.771
1.964 1.951 1.938 1.924 1.911
1.898
Zn(BrO3)2 [GS] (291)
%| ff U % I d? Il % I d Il % I ff
2 1.0166
10
1.0913
18
1.1774
35
1.4070
4 1.0346
12 1.1116
20
1.2007
6 1.0528
14 1.1327
25
1.2629
8 1.0716
16
1.1547
30
1.3312
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Zn(C2H302)2, Acetate [JAB] (192)**; (329)
ZnI2 [GS] (366, 369, 507)

0
%
~~2
4
O C I 2O C I 4O C I
1.018
.016
1.010
1.036
1.034
1.028
6O C I 8O C
1.000
0.989
1.018
1.006
IQO C
0.975
0.992
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1.055
1.075
1.095
1.115
1.136
1.158
1.180
1.204
1.266
1.335
1.410
1.491
1.581
1.680
1.791
1.916
1.053
1.072
1.091
1.111
1.131
1.152
1.174
1.197
1.258
1.325
1.398
1.478
1.566
1.663
1.770
1.893
1.046
1.064
1.084
1.103
1.122
1.142
1.164
1.187
1.247
1.312
1.383
1.461
1.547
1.643
1.749
1.870
1.036
1.054
1.073
1.092
1.111
1.131
1.152
1.174
1.233
1.297
1.367
1.443
1.527
1.621
1.725
1.844
1.023
1.041
1.059
1.078
1.097
1.117
1.138
1.159
1.216
1.279
1.348
1.423
1.506
1.598
1.701
1.818
1.009
1.027
1.045
1.063
1.081
1.100
1.121
1.142
1.198
1.260
1.327
1.401
1.483
1.574
1.675
1.790
65
70
75
2.061
2.230
2.424
2.036
2.202
2.393
2.010
2.173
2.361
1.982
2.143
2.328
1.954
2.113
2.296
1.925
2.082
2.263
ZnSO 4 [GS] (200, 203, 247, 342, 348, 375, 655)**; (18, 20, 89, 105,
116, 184, 192, 220, 221, 278, 322, 329, 344, 349, 401, 402, 425, 449,
462, 464, 466, 506, 533, 535, 618, 628, 629)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
I O0C
I IQ0C I 2O0C I 3O0C I 4O0C | 50~
1.0212 1.0208 1.0190 1.0163 1.0126 1.0084
1.0431 1.0423 1.0403
1.0373 1.0335 1.0291
1.0654 1.0642
1.0620
1.0588 1.0549 1.0503
1.0882 1.0867 1.0842
1.0808 1.0769 1.0721
1.1117 1.1098 1.1071 1.1035 1.0996
1.0946
1.1360 1.1338 1.1308 1.1270 1.1230 1.1179
1.1610 1.1585 1.1553 1.1513 1.1471 1.1421
1.1867 1.1840 1.1806 1.1764 1.1721 1.1670
07/O Ii ^ /#46 0 iI
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
%
d?7.
J7
Q-4
1.0034
1.0240
1.0451
1.0668
1.0892
1.1124
1.1364
1.1612
Ii
0.9978
1.0183
1.0394
1.0610
1.0833
1.1063
1.1301
1.1547
a3
^ Ii
4 8 0 i Hl 70
0.9918
1.0122
1.0330
1.0545
1.0767
1.0996
1.1232
1.1477
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
3 8 iI fl-4J25T
^4
1.0194
1.0407
1.0624
1.0847
1.1077
1.1315
1.1560
1.1813
1.0178
1.0389
1.0605
1.0825
1.1054
1.1290
1.1534
1.1786
I
18
20
I
25
I
30
I
35
I 1.2074 I 1.2343 | 1.3058 | 1.3834 | 1.4672
t With 36.28%, df
% ( 373 )
= 1.4858; with 36.69 %, df
C'004
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.998
0.998
0.998
0.998
0.998
= 1.4924.
% ( 373 )
II
23150
33798
44412
54995
65551
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
^ 0 ' 004
0.998
0.998
0.998
0.999
76084
86596
97091
075?i
J The small figures are significant only for ratios within the table.
Zn(NOs) 2 [GS]
o/1
70 I
2
4
6
8
(288)**; (20,
JIB
&4
n &
iI
|l
70
1.0154
1.0322
1.0496
1.0675
10
12
14
16
469)*; (150, 208, 322, 628, 629)
3 8 n1 1 ^/O Ii
^4
1.0859
1.1048
1.1244
1.1445
18
20
25
30
3 i i nI I ^/O Ii
#4
1.1652
1.1865
1.2427
1.3029
35
40
45
50
38
<%4
1.3678
1.4378
1.5134
1.5944
% I d?'* u %
1
1.004
6
2
1.011
8
4
1.026
10
ff-'
1.040
1.054
1.068
% I
12
14
16
II
ff-'
1.082
1.096
1.110
% I
18
20
22 |
<ff-'
1.124
1.137
1.151
CdCl2 [GS] ( 4 8 > 291, 367)**; (249, 440, 507)*; (261, 312, 313, 366,
378, 417.5, 451, 459, 618, 628, 629, 641)
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
I QG
I IQ G I 2O G I 25 C | 3O G I 40cT"
1.0179
1.0364
1.0554
1.0750
1.0952
1.1161
1.1377
1.1598
1.1825
1.2059
1.2687
1.3370
1.4122
1.4961
1.5893
1.6921
1.0175 1.0159
1.0358 1.0339
1.0545 1.0524
1.0737 1.0715
1.0936 1.0912
1.1141 1.1115
1.1353 1.1324
1.1571 1.1540
1.1796 1.1762
1.2029 1.1992
1.2648 1.2604
1.3324 1.3273
1.4068 1.4010
1.4899 1.4833
1.5823 -1.5748
1.6845 1.6762
1.0146
1.0325
1.0509
1.0699
1.0895
1.1098
1.1307
1.1522
1.1743
1.1970
1.2580
1.3246
1.3979
1.4797
1.5706
1.6719
1.0131
1.0309
1.0492
1.0681
1^0877
1.1078
1.1286
1.1500
1.1719
1.1945
1.2551
1.3213
1.3943
1.4759
1.5668
1.6676
1.0094
1.0271
1.0453
1.0640
1.0834
1.1034
1.1239
1.1451
1.1668
1.1892
1.2492
1.3147
1.3870
1.4679
1.5582
1.6582
I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C I 100"0G"

1.0051 1.0002 0.9946 0.9885 0.9819 0.9748
1.0227 1.0176 1.0119 1.0056 0.9989 0.9916
1.0407 1.0354 1.0296 1.0231 1.0163 1.0089
1.0592 1.0538 1.0478 1.0412 1.0342 1.0266
1.0783 1.0728 1.0666 1.0599 1.0527 1.0449
1.0981 1.0924 1.0860 1.0792 1.0719 1.0639
1.1185 1.1126 1.1060 1.0991 1.0916 1.0835
1.1394 1.1334 1.1266 1.1195 1.1118 1.1036
1.1610 1.1548 1.1478 1.1405 1.1326 1.1243
1.1832 1.1768 1.1697 1.1621 1.1540 1.1456
1.2427 1.2357 1.2280 1.2199 1.2114 1.2026
1.3076 1.3000 1.2918 1.2832 1.2741 1.2650
1.3793 1.3710 1.3622 1.3530 1.3434 1.3338
1.4594 1.4506 1.4411 1.4314 1.4212 1.4111
1.5490 1.5394 1.5293 1.5190 1.5082
1.4976
1.6484 1.6381 1.6273 1.6164 1.6050 1.5939
Cd(C103)2 [GS] (288)**; (602)*
%|
2
4
6
8
di8
1.0147
1.0313
1.0483
1.0659
%
10
12
14
16
djs
II
1.0839
1.1025
1.1217
1.1415
%
18
20
25
30
d\*
II
1.1620
1.1831
1.2394
1.301
%
35
40
d\*
1.368
1.441
CdBr2 [GS] (291, 368)**; (249, 313, 440)*; (204, 259, 312, 366, 378,
507, 618, 641)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
I O0C
I IQ0C
1.0179 ] 1.0175
1.0364 1.0358
1.0554 1.0546
1.0749 1.0739
1.0950 1.0937
1.1158 1.1141
1.1372 1.1353
1.1594 1.1573
1.1825 1.1801
1.2064 1.2037
1.2683 1.2648
1.3377 1.3334
1.4155 1.4105
I 2O0C
1.0158
1.0339
1.0524
1.0714
1.0910
1.1112
1.1322
1.1540
1.1766
1.2000
1.2605
1.3286
1.4049
1.4902
I 250C
1.0146
1.0326
1.0510
1.0700
1.0895
1.1097
1.1306
1.1523
1.1747
1.1979
1.2583
1.3259
1.4017
1.4866
| 3O0C
1.0131
1.0310
1.0494
1.0683
1.0877
1.1077
1.1285
1.1501
1.1725
1.1955
1.2555
1.3229
1.3984
1.4829
| 4O0C
1.0094
1.0272
1.0455
1.0643
1.0836
1.1034
1.1239
1.1453
1.1675
1.1904
1.2498
1.3165
1.3913
1.4752
CdBr2.(Continued)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
I OQ0C I 6O0C I 7O0G

1.0052 1.0002 0.9947
1.0228 1.0176 1.0120
1.0409 1.0355 1.0279
1.0595 1.0540 1.0479
1.0786 1.0730 1.0667
1.0983 1.0925 1.0861
1.1187 1.1127 1.1062
1.399 1.1337 1.1271
1.1618 1.1656 1.1488
1.1846 1.1782 1.1712
1.2435 1.2365 1.2291
1.3096 1.3021 1.2942
1.3838 1.3758 1.3673
1.4670 1.4583 1.4491
8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C

0.9886 0.9820 0.9749
1.0058 0.9991 0.9918
1.0234 1.0165 1.0092
1.0414 1.0344 1.0271
1.0600 1.0529 1.0455
1.0793 1.0720 1.0645
1.0993 1.0918 1.0841
1.1200 1.1124 1.1045
1.1414 1.1337 1.1256
1.1637 1.1558 1.1476
1.2212 1.2129 1.2043
1.2858 1.2771 1.2681
1.3583 1.3491 1.3396
1.4396 1.4297 1.4197
CdI2 [GS] ( 1 5 1 > 249, 312, 313, 369)**. (2, 204, 366, 440)*; (18, 378,
507, 618, 641)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
I O0C
1.0173
1.0351
1.0533
1.0719
1.0911
1.1110
1.1317
1.1532
1.1755
1.1987
1.2608
I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C

1.0169 1.0153 1.0141
1.0345 1.0328 1.0314
1.0525 1.0507 1.0492
1.0710 1.0690 1.0675
1.0900 1.0879 1.0863
1.1098 1.1075 1.1058
1.1303 1.1278 1.1261
1.1516 1.1489 1.1471
1.1737 1.1709 1.1690
1.1967 1.1937 1.1917
1.2583 1.2546 1.2524
1.3219 1.3194
1.3967 1.3938
1.4801 1.4767
1.5726 1.5689
I 5O G I 6O C
1.0048 0.9998
1.0219 1.0167
1.0393 1.0340
1.0572 1.0517
1.0756 1.0700
1.0947 1.0890
1.1146 1.1087
1.1352 1.1292
1.1567 1.1504
1.1789 1.1725
1.2384 1.2315
1.3040 1.2967
1.3769 1.3691
1.4582 1.4498
1.5485 1.5393
I 7O C
0.9943
1.0112
1.0285
1.0461
1.0642
1.0830
1.1026
1.1229
1.1440
1.1658
1.2243
1.2888
1.3606
1.4408
1.5298
| 3O0C | 40~
1.0127 1.0090
1.0300 1.0263
1.0478 1.0439
1.0660 1.0620
1.0847 1.0805
1.1042 1.0997
1.1244 1.1198
1.1454 1.1406
1.1672 1.1622
1.1898 1.1846
1.2501 1.2446
1.3167 1.3107
1.3908 1.3841
1.4734 1.4660
1.5651 1.5571
8O C | 9O C | 100C~
0.9882 0.9815 0.9746
1.0049 0.9981 0.9911
1.0220 1.0150 1.0079
1.0394 1.0323 1.0251
1.0574 1.0502 1.0429
1.0761 1.0687 1.0613
1.0955 1.0879 1.0805
1.1157 1.1079 1.1004
1.1366 1.1287 1.1210
1.1584 1.1502 1.1424
1.2165 1.2080 1.1997
1.2805 1.2716 1.2628
1.3518 1.3425 1.3331
1.4313 1.4214 1.4114
1.5196 1.5090 1.4983
CdSO4 [GS] (249, 313, 655)** ; (115, 440)*; (20, 116, 312, 322, 329,
378, 451, 550, 618, 629)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
dj8
1.0182
1.0383
1.0590
1.0803
1.1023
1.1250
1.1485
1.1729
1.0149
1.0348
1.0552
1.0766
1.0986
1.1213
1.1447
1.1689
Il %
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
d?
1.1982
1.2243
1.2940
1.3714
1.4551
1.5470
dl
1.1941
1.2201
1.2897
1.3662
1.4511
1.5445
1.6477
I ] (477)**; (641)*
%
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
dj8
1.00068
1.00259
1.00454
1.00654
1.00859
Cd(NOa) 2 [GS] (249)**; (440)*; (208, 318, 322, 378, 618, 628, 629,
641)
d?
2
4
6
8
1.0154
1.0326
1.0502
1.0683
10
12
14
16
d?
1.0869
1.1061
1.1261
1.1468
18
20
25
30
d\*
Il
1.1682
1.1904
1.2488
1.3124
35
40
45
50
d?
1.3822
1.4590
1.5438
1.6356
Cd(CH0 2 ) 2 , Formate [JAB]; with 9.42%, dj 1 - 6 = 1.0761 (329)

HgCl2 [GS] (552, 602)**; (106)*; (49, 224, 249, 378, 417.5, 511,
517, 550, 628, 629)
%
1
2
3
4
5
O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 30C~

1.00821 1.00806 1.00653 1.00534 1.00391
1.01676 1.01657 1.01499 1.01378 1.01232
1.02547 1.02524 1.02359 1.02234 1.02085
1.03429 1.03400 1.03229 1.03100 1.02947
1.04319 1.04282 1.04105 1.03973 1.03815
Hg(C103)2 [GS] (602)|| HgBr2 [GS] (249) || Hg2SO4 [GS] (02)

c// O
Jt 15
t
4
2
3
Il
(I
of/ O
,7t t14S
Il
of
/
iI
J^
tt
4
1.00800.2231.00070.0700.99985
1.0170
0.422
1.0025
1.0260
Hg(CN) 2 [GS] (76, 378, 511, 550)
%
2
4
6
8
>4
1.0138
1.0298
1.0461
1.0629
Hg(C2H3O2)^2, Acetate [JAB]
Il
%
21.03
df
1.1656
CuCl2 [WCS] ( 1 1 0 > 2 8 8 ) * * ; (105, 192, 2 2 5 ) * ; (27, 45, 106, 162,

178, 182, 206, 208, 261, 270, 2 7 8 , 2 9 8 , 308, 319, 3 2 3 , 4 5 1 , 4 6 2 , 462.5,
548, 604, 629)
O0G I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C

1.0095 1.0087 1.0072 1.0062 1.005 1.002
1.019l 1.019 1.017l 1.0159 1.014s 1.01Oi
1.0387 1.038 1.036 1.034e 1.033l 1.0305
1.0586 1.0579 1.0555 1.054 1.0522 1.048
1.078s 1.078 1.0754 1.073e 1.071s 1.0682
1.0996 1.098s 1.0956 1.093s 1.091s 1.0875
1.120s 1.1196 1.1165 1.1145 1.1124 1.107
1.1427 1.141s 1.1377 1.1357 1.133s 1.1285
1.1653 1.164 1.1595 1.157s 1.1552 1.151
1.1884 1.1866 1.182 1.1797 1.177e 1.173
1.212l 1.2102 1.2052 1.203 1.2004 1.195s
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
%
25
30
35
__
"~0f
/O
1
2
4
6
%
0.2
0.4
O0C
1.2737
1.3396
1.4114
Il
%
1
2
4
5O0C
0.998
1.0064
1.027s
6O0C
0.994s
1.001
1.024s
CU(C1O3)2 [WCS] (288)**; (602)

~ril
U4
II
1.0068
1.0150
1.0318
1.0489
^
/O
8
10
12
14
i
I
J8
fl
4
1.0667
1.0847
1.1033
1.1224
Ti
II
&
j
/ O l
16
18
20
25
38
4
1.1424
1.1629
1.1840
1.2393
il
II
" c ^ 3 8
/O
_!___
30
1.2993
CuBr2 [WCS] (45)

di
II % I d
H % I di
II % I
di
1.004 0.6
1.011
1.0
1.018
4.0 1.072
1.007
0.8
1.014
2.0
1.036 6.0 1.113
CuSO4[WCS] (299, 313, 342, 344, 619)** ; (11, 105, 184, 2 2 0 , 2 2 1 ,

224, 264, 308)*; (106, 144, 162, 175, 189, 192, 203, 2 0 6 , 2 2 5 , 2 4 6 ,
270, 275, 278, 329, 377, 400, 403, 404, 406, 425, 449, 451, 462, 462.5,
506, 533, 534, 535, 572, 580, 595, 604,
I O0C
1.0104
1.021l
1.0429
1.0654
1.0887
1.112s
1.1379
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
629)
I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 40~

TI
1.0086 1.0073 1700581.0024
1.0206 1.019 1.0176 1.016i 1.0126
1.042 1.04Oi 1.038? 1.037
1.0332
1.063s 1.0616 1.0602 1.058s 1.054s
1.0866 1.084
1.082s 1.080? 1.0764
1.11Oi 1.107l 1.1054 1.103s 1.099o
1.134s 1.130s 1.1289 1.126? 1.1222
1.1590 1.1544
1.18s
l.lSo
1.20s
1.2Oe
Cu(NOa) 2 [WCS] (288)** ; (323, 384, 488, 629)* ; (106, 162, 164,
208, 217, 270, 308, 319, 329, 462, 462.5)
% i dy
i < i dy
% i dy
Ii
194,
t With 0.42s %, d* 55 - 6 = 0.9160, df7-*
i d~
1
1.007s 1.006s 1.0050
14
1.128s
2
1.0159 1.015
1.012s
16
1.148s
4
1.0334 1.0320 1.029?
18
1.170
6
1.0520 1.05Oo 1.047s
20
1.192
8
1.07Oo 1.068s 1.065s
25
1.248
10
1.088s 1.087s
30
1.31o
12
1.108s 1.106s
35
1.37?
191
(NH 4 ) 2 Cu(S0 4 ) 2 [WCS]; 7.7s %, d
= 1.024s (S06) ;
Cu(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate [WCS] (434, 563)
AgNO 3 .(Continued]
% I dl I d I ^001 II % I dl I
0.2
0.9988
20.0 1.1942
0.4
1.0006
25.0 1.254s
0.6
1.0023
30.0 1.320s
0.8
1.0040
35.0 1.393l
1.0 1.0070 1.0057 0.966 40.0 1.474s
2.0 1.0154 1.014l 0.974 45.0 1.56s
4.0 1.032? 1.031s 0.990 50.0 1.66s
6.0 1.05Oe 1.049l 1.007 55.0 1.78e
8.0 1.0690 1.0674 1.02s 60.0 1.91e
10.0 1.0882 1.0866 1.043 65.0
12.0 1.1080 1.105 1.062 70.0 2.233s
14.0 1.1284 1.125 1.08
75.0
16.0 1.149s 1.146 1.10
80.0
18.0 1.171s 1.168 1.12 85.0
1.126o
1.146s
1.167s
1.189s
1.247s
df
I ^ 00 I
1.191s 1.14s
1.252s 1.2Oi
1.318s 1.263
1.390s 1.333
1.469 1.41o
1.55? 1.50s
1.659 1.61i
1.779 1.724
1.912 1.852
2.06 1.992
2.228s 2.15i
2.34s
2.57o
2.83s
= 0.8481; with 0.843 %, df* =
0.7068; with 1.67 %, dj 65 - 8 = 0.9264, ^18-1 = 0.8581 (455).
AgC2H3O2, Acetate [WCS]; with 1%, dj5 = 1.0059; df = 1.002o

(295,
602)
AgC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate [WCS]; with 1.5l %, df = 1.006e (295)

AgTl (N0 3 ) 2 [WCS] (so)
% | ^400 Il %
dl00 y % | d4 Il % | ^00
1 0.966
14
1.080
40
1.43e
75
2.43s
2 0.974
16
1.1Oo
45
1.533
80
2.68e
4 0.990
18
1.122 50
1.63?
85
3.00s
c/. (534)
6 1.006
20
1.144
55
1.74s
90
3.42s
8
1.024
25
1.204
60
1.86?
95
3.964
Of
I
/7
Il
(V
I
/7
Il
C/
\
ri
Il
O/
I
rl
/O
I
M
H
/O
I
#4
H
70
I
4
Jl
70 I
4
10 1.042
30
1.272
65
2.03e 100
4.65s
0.21.0002OTs1.004871.02973~71.0166
12 1.060
35
1.349
70
2.224
0.4
1.0017 1.0 1.0064
AuCl3 [WCS]
0.6
1.0033 2.0 1.0142
5 602
158
%
Ul
(
)tl
<(
) Il % K 5 ( 6 0 2 )tl ^ 7 ( 158 )
Cu(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 , Acetate [WCS] (29i)** ; (563)* ; (288)
1
1.0060
1.0072
6
1.0434
1.046o
O/ l
38
f]
^
I 3 8
fl
^
i
38
il
&
38
/O I
#4
II
/O
I
^
II
/O
I
4
11
/O
_i___
2
1.0132
1.015e
8
1.059l
0.2 0.9997
OTe 1.0020
ITO 1.0046
4L1.0223
4
1.028l
1.0312
10
1.0750
0.4 1.0008
0.8 1.0032 [ 2.0 1.0106
6.0 1.0340
t Solutions contained l mole HCl per mole AuCb.
Au(CN) 3 [WCS]; with 2.643%, ^ 9 ' 5 = 1.0181 (76)
Cu(C 3 H 6 O 2 )2, Propionate [WCS] (563)
8
OsO4 [WCS]; with 1.316%, ^9 = 1.0061 (76)
18
18
18
30
il % l di
n % l dy
%| dy
0.2 0.9997
0.4 1.0007
0.6
0.8
1.0017
1.0027
1.0
2.0
il % i
1.0038
1.0089
4.0
dy
1.0192
-
AgF[WCS] (288)** ; (2Sl)*
il % i d\8 li %
%l dy
1
2
4
6
8
1.008s
1.019l
1.0399
1.0613
1.083s
IO
12
14
16
18
1.107l
1.1316
1.1572
1.183?
1.2110
20
25
30
35
40
dy
il % i
dy
1.2394
1.314e
1.40
1.48
1.58
45
50
55
60
65
1.70
1.85
2.03
2.26
2.55
AgClO3 [WCS] (602)

I
l
I
2
I
4
I
6
I
8
.| 1.0074 l 1.015s 1.032? I 1.050s | 1.0683
%
d\6
Ag2SO4 [WCS]
0.59
0.83
0.88
(262,
"T5
U4
i
!
295)* ; (602)
i
I
"^25
4
||
Ag2SeO4 [WCS]
Tj
y
J^
/p
1.0048
(602)
^15
4
j
\
0.18
1.00085
1.0053
1.0076
AgNO3 [WCS]
( 6 4 > 262)**; (291, 530, 531)*; (18, 106, 189,
225, 313, 329, 342, 411, 508, 517, 555, 605, 606, 608, 609, 610,
% I IQ0C
2.0
1.0170
10.0
1.090s
70.0
3O0C
1.012?
1.084s
2.2234
4O0C
1.009l
1.080?
2.213l
6O0C
0.9999
1.070e
2.1924
224,
629)
8O0C
0.988s
1.058s
2.17Oo
PtCl4 [WCS]
(397,
433,
497)
% | cC II % I <C Il % I (f4oom Il % I (f~

1
1.008
10
1.095
20
1.212
45
1.663
2
1.017
12
1.117
26
1.283
50
1.782
4
1.035
14
1.139
30
1.360
6
1.054
16
1.163
35
1.448
8
1.074
18
1.186
40
1.543
PdCl 2 [WCS]Jd 4 9 = 1.0022 with 0.37%; dj = 1.0157 with 2.193 %;
= 1.0224 with 3.00% (76, 602)
HMnO 4 [LJG]; with 6.00%, df = 1.0354 (529)
m
MnCl2 [JAB]
(291, 629)** ; (225, 278, 312, 384, 561) [LJQ]
% I 4s I d?
%
I ^8 Il
1
1.0069 1.0055
12
1.1046
2
1.0153 1.0139
14
1.1238
4
1.0324 1.0309
16
1.1435
6
1.0498 1.0482
18
1.1638
8
1.0676
20
1.1846
10
1.0859
22
1.2061
MnBr2 [JAB] (2Qi) [LJG]
% l dy % i dy
1
2
4
6
8
1.0071
1.0157
1.0332
1.0511
1.0695
10
12
14
16
18
1.0886
1.1083
1.1287
1.1498
1.1716
Ii % i dy
20
22
24
26
28
1.1942
1.2176
1.2419
1.2672
1.2934
%
24
26
28
30
\\ %
30
32
d^
1.2283
1.2511
1.2746
1.2988
dy
1.3206
1.3489
MnSO4 [JAB] ( 1 0 5 > 225, 2 7 8 ) * * . (629)*; (144, 192, 206, 221, 312,
477,
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
550, 561) [LJQ]
O0C
I IQ0C I 150C ' I
1.0100
1.0098
1.0089
1.0202
1.0197
1.0188
1.0409
1.0399
1.0389
1.0620
1.0606
1.0595
1.0836
1.0819
1.0807
1.1057
1.1036
1.1025
1.1282
1.1259
1.1248
1.1511
1.1488
1.1478
1.1744
1.1723
1.1714
1.1982
1.1965
1.1956
2O0C I 250C
1.0080
1.0068
1.0178
1.0165
1.0378
1.0364
1.0583
1.0569
1.0794
1.0780
1.1012
1.0998
1.1236
1.1224
1.1467
1.1458
1.1705
1.1699
1.1950
1.1948
%
I 20
I 22
I 24
I 26
I 28
I 30
150C 1.2205 1.2461 1.2725 1.2997 1.3277 1.3565
250Cf 1.2203 1.2464 1.2731 1.3004 1.3283 1.3568
t df = 1.3860 with 32 %.
Mn(NO 3 ) 2 [JAB] (291)**; (225, 278, 469, 629) [LJQ]
%|
1
2
4
6
8
10
d?
%| df
1
2
4
6
% lI
Il
d\*
[I
d*8
[I
d?
1.0063
12
1.0969
24
1.2125
45
1.4662
1.0140
14
1.1149
26
1.2338
50
1.5378
1.0298
16
1.1333
28
1.2557
55
1.6146
1.0459
18
1.1522
30
1.2781
1.0624
20
1.1717
35
1.3367
1.0794
22
1.1918
40
1.3993
NH 4 MnO 4 [LJG]; with 3.43%, df = 1.0154 (529)
Mn(C 2 H 3 0 2 )2, Acetate [JAB] (509)
1.0033
1.0085
1.0189
1.0293
/-72O
4
Il % I di [I % I
Il % I df
8
1.0398
10
1.0503
12
1.0609
14
1.0717
Fe(OH)3, Dialyzed
/725
U4
Il
H
1 I 1.0050 I 1.0040 [I
o/
%
16
1.0827
24
18
1.0939
26
20
1.1053
28
22
1.1169
30
[WCS] (*98, 377)
,720
^4
I
I
J25
.4
M
H
o / l
%
I
1.012l j 1.0105 || 3
df
1.1288
1.1410
1.1536
1.1666
^^
,720
^4
| 1.0194
FeCl2 [WCS] (27, 45, 163, 225, 291, 506)

OX
I
Yo II ,715-5
a4
[ ^18
a4 f][i
~~ 1.0080 1.0075
2 1.01721.0165
4 1.03561.0348
6 1.05451.0535
8 1.073s 1.0726
[J
% !i aJ 4l O . 5 ![ aJ8
|[
4
1.09401.0923
12 1.11451.1126
14 1.135s 1.1336
16 1.157s1.1551
18 1.179s 1.1771
% I| ^15.5
a4
|I a38
4
20 f. 202o 1.1996
25 1.261o 1.2596
30 1.327s
35 1.402o
FeCl3.(Continued)
TiII
~c71
%|
"A**
^4
1
2
4
6
1.0025
1.010?
1.0272
1.044l
O/
%
8
10
12
14
%
I O0C
IQ0C I 150C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C
1.00861.00841.007s1.00681.005s1.004o
2
1.0174 1.0168 1.0162 1..0152 1.013? 1.0122
4
1.034? 1.034l 1.033s 10324 1.0309 1.0292
6
1.0520 1.051l 1.0502 1.0492 1.047s 1.046o
8
1.0703 1.0692 1.068l 1.0669 1.065s 1.063e
10
1.089s 1.088s 1.0867 1.085i 1.083s 1.081?
12
1.108s 1.107l 1.105e 1.1040 1.1024 1.10Oe
14
1.1280 1.125? 1.1242 1.122? 1.1212 1.119e
16
1.147s 1.1449 1.1434 1.141s 1.1402 1.138e
18
1.167o 1.1644 1.163l 1.161? 1.1602 1.158e
20
1.1870 1.184? 1.1834 1.182o 1.180s 1.178e
25
1.24Oo 1.2380 1.236o 1.234o 1.232o 1.229o
30
1.2970 1.2950 1.293s 1.291o 1.288s 1.285o
35
1.360s 1.3580 1.355s 1.353o 1.3505 1.347s
40
1.4280 1.423s 1.420s 1.417s 1.4145 1.411s
45
1.4920 1.488s 1.485o
50
1.5610 1.5560 1.551o
^
4
TT
II C/
%
1.061?
1.0799
1.0990
1.1180
Ii
16
18
20
25
J/86
4
fiH &
% jI
3S6
4
1.1370
1.1569
1.176?
1.226o
30
35
40
1.282o
1.345o
1.4085
'
FeBr2[WCS] (291)
% I d*8 II % I d8 [I % I (J48 II % I <ff
1 1.0076
8
1.0728
16
1.1576
30 ] 1.3393
2 1.0166
10
1.0929
18
1.1807
35
1.4186
4 1.0347
12
1.1138
20
1.2047
6 1.0534
14
1.1353
25
1.2685
FeBr3 [WCS]; with 1.56%, dj9 = 1.0107; 8.0Ie %, df = 1.0640 (76)
FeSO4 [WCS] (220, 221, 334, 477)* ; (18, 270, 404, 406, 449, 506,
533, 535, 595, 604)
% I 180C I 2O0C [I
0.21.0006sl.0002
0.41.002751.0022
0.61.0046s l. 0042
0.81.0064sl.0062
If 1.0085 1.0082
% I 150C I 180C II
2 1.018s 1.0180
4 1.038o 1.037s
6 l. 058o l. 057s
8 1.079o 1.078s
10 l . l O l o l . l O O o
I 150C | 180C
1.123s 1.122o
1.146o 1.144s
l. 169o l. 167s
1.192o 1.190s
1.215o1.213s
%
12
14
16
18
20
t For l %, d\5 = 1.0090.

Fe 2 (SO 4 ),t [WCS] (208)*; (225, 254, 377)
/0
JlS
4
J17.5
4
(225)
(208)*
JlS
4
J15
4
J17.5
4
JlS
4
(225)
(208)*
(254)
&
(254)
/0
1.0081.0072 1.006e201.2041.181l
2
1.018 1.015? 1.015e 25
1.264 1.241o
4
1.03? 1.032? 1.034e 30
1.33o 1.307s
6
1.05e 1.049s 1.0554 35
1.4Oo 1.3764
8
1.07e 1.0670 1.0754 40
1.47e 1.448?
10
1.09s 1.0840 1.0954 45
1.56o 1.527s
12
l.lle 1.102s 1.1164 50
1.64? 1.612?
14
1.13? 1.121s 1.1382 55
1.702s
16
1.15s 1.1409 1.1602 60
1.798s
18
1.18l 1.1609 1.1822
1.206l
1.2689
1.334?
1.408s
1.487s
For data at 2O0C, . ( 3 7 7 ).
t Discordant data.
Fe(N0 3 ) 2 [WCS] (217, 602)

I
1
2
I
4
I 1.0063 I 1.0144 I 1.0309
&
FeCl3 [WCS] (291)**; (27, 208, 254, 279, 319, 328, 430, 506, 554)
iI
%
dl0....
6
1.0480
Fe(NO 3 ) 3 [WCS] (291)** ; (208, 319, 602)
% | d8 [I
1 1.0065
2 1.0144
4 1.0304
%
6
8
10
dj8
II % I dj8
II %
1.046s
12
1.0989
18
1.063e
14
1.1172
2p
l.OSlo
16
1.1359
25
d
1.155i
1.174s
1.228i
FeSO 4 .(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 [WCS] (*99, 533, 534)*; (221, 506)
%
dj65
df
...|
l
I
2
I
4
|
6
l
8
1.007s 1.0159 1.032s 1.048s 1.0654
1.005 1.013 1.029 1.045 1.062
%
d\& - 5
df
10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18
1.082? 1.1002 1.1182 1.1362 1.154?
1.080 1.098 1.116
Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 .(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 [WCS] (225)* ; (188)
45
II % I
dj'
Il % |
dj'
% I
dj5
1
2
4
1.0072
1.015?
1.0324
6
8
10
1.049s
1.067s
1.0856
12
14
16
1.103s
1.1224
1.1412
18
20
40
1.1609
1.1809
1.3799
Fe2(C2O4)3, Oxalate [WCS]; with 3.04%, dj 0 - 1 = 1.0126; with

23.85%, d' - 1.1480 (434)
CoCl2f [WCS] (291)**; (66, 629)*; (45, 76, 162, 178, 192, 208, 225,
319, 323, 397, 433, 451, 506, 604, 640)
%
dj8
df
df
1
I 2
I 4
1.0076 1.016s 1.0356
1.0073 1.0165 1.0350
1.0060 1.0150 1.0335
%
d\*
d
6
I 8
I 10
1.0549 1.074? 1.0949
1.053s 1.073s 1.094o
1.052s
12 I 14 I 16
1.1157 1.137o 1.159o
1.1150 1.136s 1.158s
18 I 20
1.1817 1.205i
1.181s 1.205o
t Data on this salt, especially at higher concentrations, are rather discordant.

CO(C1O 3 ) 2 [WCS] (291)**. (421)
/718
#4
07/ O 1I
"1
2
4
6
!IH
/?418
07
S
/ O l
1!
C7
/O
r718
^4
Il
07
l
/ P I
Il
/741S
1.006481.0642161.1373301.2880
1.0144
10
1.0817
18
1.1569
35
1.3503
1.0305
12
1.0996
20
1.1772
40
1.4182
1.0472
14
1.1182
25
1.2305
Ni(ClOs) 2 [WCS] (29l)**

%|
dl8
1
2
4
6
1.0068
1.0150
1.0317
1.0488
dj8
1
2
4
6
1.0075
1.0165
1.0350
1.0539
Il
dj8
8
10
12
14
Il
1.0735
1.0938
1.1148
1.1367
CoSO4 [WCS] ( 1 0 5 >
%
d\
df
t With 4%, <*20
%
16
18
20
25
16
dj8
Il
1.1592
1.1826
1.2069
1.2718
30
"l
2
4
6
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
1
2
4
6
8
d
1.3437
1.0068
1.0150
1.0317
1.048s
.0666
1.084s
1.1036
1.0064
1.014s
1.031s
1.048s
1.0660
1.0840
1.1030
fi
II
1.0054
1.013s
1.0304
1.047s
1.064s
0 7
%
i
I
14
16
18
20
25
30
JlS
4
"j20
^4
1.1229
1.1427
1.1632
1.184l
1.239e
1.2998
1.1220
1.1420
1.1630
1.1840
1.2390
1.2990
CoSO4.(NH4)2S04 [WCS]; with 12.64%, dJ 9 1 = 1.104 (506)

Co(C 2 H 3 O2) 2 , Acetate [JAB] (509)
% I ff Il % | ffl % | J40 Il % | ffl
1 1.006
3
1.020
5
1.031
7
1.040
2 1.013
4
1.026
6
1.036
d?
1.0664
1.0846
1.1033
1.1227
16
18
20
25
1.1426
1.1631
1.1842
1.2399
d 18
fl 4
I
|
||
f18
4
I!
07
1 1 / 0
8 ] 1.0758
10
1.0969
12
1.1188
14
1.1414
30
^4
78
^4
1.0107
1.021s
1.043s
1.009l
1.019s
1.041s
1.0630
1.0852
16
18
20
25
^20
^4
i
I
% |
30
Il
H
1.1648
1.1889
1.2140
1.2815
J25
4
j
I
1.0089
1.0196
1.0413
1.062s
^8
1.2999
07
/O
/7 18
#4
30
1.3565
[l
Il
^
%
1.007s
1.0177
1.0389
1.061o
j
I
10
12
14
16
18
"78
"4
1.108s
1.132s
1.157s
1.182s
1.2090
(291)**; (76, 162, 192, 208, 225, 319, 323, 602,

629)
| ^48 I < I df [l
1.0070 1.006s 1.005s
1.015s 1.0150 1.014l
1.0330 1.032s 1.0316
1.050s 1.050s 1.0494
1.069s 1.0688 1.067s
1.0882 1.0877 1.0850
l. 1076 l. 107o l. 1040
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
2, 435, 449, 506, 629)
J25
"4
i
I
o/
70
H
[l
Ni(NO 3 ) 2 t [WCS]
1
I
2
I 4f I 6
I 8
1.0107 1.021s I 1.0436 1.0662 1.089o
1.0072 1.0174 1.0380 1.058s 1.08Oo
/720
"4
8
10
12
14
1.0078
1.0170
1.0359
1.0555
i
I
1.041l.
ri18
"4
[l % |
NiSO 4 [WCS] (105, 334, 406.5, 629)*; (76, 162, 192, 206, 225, 431,
449, 506)
Co(NOs) 2 [WCS] (291)**; (602, 629)*. (162, 206, 208, 217, 319, 323)
l
I
dl8
% |
NiBr 2 [WCS] (29l)**

,71S
Q4
07 I
70 I
CoBr2[WCS] (291)**
[l
| ^8 | < | ffl"
1.127? 1.127o 1.12so
1.1484 1.14so 1.14so
1.169e 1.1690 1.1040
1.19U 1.19io l.lSeo
1.249s 1.2490 1.2430
1.31U l.Slio 1.3040
1.3777 1.3770 1.37oo
%
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
t The 180C values are considered more reliable than the 2O0C values, which
are in the main derived from the former.
NiSO4.(NH4)2SO4 [WCS]; with 4.89%, ^ 9 1 - 1.041 (506)

CrO3 [JAB] (661)**; (138, 224, 463, 517) [LJG]
15
/7
^
o
/l
% 1
1.006
1.014
1.030
1.045
1.060
1.076
1
2
4
6
8
10
IlI j
07
%
II
16
/7
^4
IlI i
1.093
1.110
1.127
1.145
1.163
1.181
12
14
16
18
20
22
o
/ li
%
24
26
28
30
35
40
/7415
1.200
1.220
1.240
1.260
1.313
1.371
Il
Ii
07
45
50
55
60
W 15
^4
1.435
1.505
1.581
1.663
CrCl3 [JAB] (291) [LJG]
Co(CNS) 2 [WCS] (640)

07
%
1
2
4
6
^0-2
d*
I
|
I
I
,795
4
Il
Il
1.00620.969s
1.01280.9763
1.0270 0.9903
1.0420 1.0040
I
I
&
%
8f
10
12
14
JO. 2
4
I
I
J95
4
H
Il
1.057sl.018o
1.073s 1.032s
1.090ol.048o
1.107sl.064o
o/
%
I
I
JQ. 2
4
J95
4
t With 8.07 %, df = 1.0552.

NiCl2 [WCS]
Of
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
(291)**; (66, 629)*; (27, 45, 162, 192, 208, 225, 319,
397, 431, 433, 451, 506)
^ 7 8 i
"4
I
1.0082
1.0179
1.037s
1.0577
1.078s
1.099s
1.1217
^20
^4
1.007s
1.017s
1.0370
1.057l
1.0777
1.0990
1.1209
i
I
J26
#4
1.0060
1.0152
1.034s
1.054s
il
Ii
Of
%
14
16
18
20
25
30
i
l
" A * j
#4
I
1.1442
1.1674
1.191s
1.216s
I2O
#4
1.1434
1.166s
1.190s
1.215o
1.28Oo
1.352s
^
"Green"
^f J XtUrf,
violet and green"
1 . 0 0 7 6 1 . 0 0 7 1 1 . 0 0 7 5
2
1.0166
1.0157
1.0165
4
1.0349
1.0332
1.0347
6
1.0535
1.0510
1.0533
8
1.0724
1.0691
1.0722
10
1.0917
1.0876
1.0915
12
1.1114
1.1065
1.1111
14
1.1316
%
16 1.125sl.081o
18 1.144ol.099o
20 1.163s 1.117s
25 1.215s1.166s
^Violet"
CrBr3 [JAB] (291) [LJG]
%| ti* Ii % i dy Ii % l d? Ii % l cff
1
2
4
6
1.0074
1.0162
1.0344
1.0532
8
10
12
14
1.0726
1.0926
1.1132
1.1345
16
18
20
22
1.1565
1.1794
1.2031
1.2277
24
26
28
30
1.2532
1.2797
1.3071
1.3355
SiQ2.12Mo03 [LJG] (13)
Cf 2 (SO 4 )S [JAB] (225)**. (76, 189, 237) [LJQ]

6
%|
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
"Green"
1.0081
1.0172
1.0358
1.0551
1.0751
1.0958
1.1172
1.1392
1.1618
%
3.80
10.52
II
d?
| "Violet" || % |
1.0091
18
1.0191
20
1.0395
22
1.0604
24
1.0817
26
1.1034
28
1.1257
30
1.1486
35
1.1722 I 40
"Green"
1.1851
1.2091
1.2339
1.2594
1.2856
1.3125
1.3401
1.4123
1.4893
"Violet"
1.1966
1.2218
1.2479
1.2750
1.3032
1.3325
dj
1.1189
1.1707
(NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 0 7 [JAB] (566)** ; (463) [LJG]

%l
d? [I %
d? Il % I dj'
Il % I d?
1 1.0051
6
1.0342
12
1.0715
18
1.1120
2 1.0108
8
1.0463
14
1.0846
20
1.1263
4 1.0223
10
1.0588
16
1.0981
Cr(NOs) 3 [JAB] (291, 602)** [LJG]
^
5
%
ti*
<ff
dy
%
fôt
^Violet" Côt
stated
stated
' 1 . 0 0 7 3 1 . 0 0 6 5 1 6 1 . 1 4 0 7 1 . 1 3 9 1
2
1.0B5
1.0145
18
1.1606
1.1588
4
1.0322
1.0309
20
1.1810
1.1790
6
1.0492
1.0477
22
1.2020
1.1998
8
1.0666
1.0650
24
1.2236
1.2213
10
1.0844
1.0828
26
1.2459
1.2435
12
1.1027
1.1011
28
1.2690
1.2665
14
1.1214
1.1198
30
1.2929
1.2904
(NH4)2S04.Cr2(S04)3.24H20 [JAB] (225)** ; (187, 188) [LJG]
Violet-
%
Anhyd.
1
2
4
6
8
dl5
"Green"
1.082
1.100
1.118
1.137
1.156
%
Anhyd.
10
12
14
16
18
dl*
"Green"
1.007
1.015
1.031
1.048
1.065
<ff
"Violet"
1.0081
1.0172
1.0357
1.0545
(NHQ 6 Mo 7 O 24 [JAB]
(509 510)**; (135, 517)
[LJG]
%t-...|
1
I
2
I
4
I
6
I
8
I
10
dl
1.0055 I 1.0129 I 1.0282 | 1.0440 | 1.0603 | 1.0772
t With 23.51 %, 4 = 1.2019.
WO 3 [LJG] (532)
x/17.5
% II 4
1
2
4
6
8
10
1.0078
1.0170
1.0357
1.0550
1.075
1.096
Il
Il
cf
12
14
16
18
20
22
C/
^7
/O 1
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
#4
1.008
1.017
1.036
1.054
1.072
1.091
1.110
1.129
1.149
1.171
C(
%
^
F
%
^p
Anhyd.
"Green"
Anhyd.
"Green"
20
1.176
30
1.283
22
1.196
35
1.341
24
1.217
40
1.403
26
1.238
45
1.470
28
1.260
50
1.542
MoO3 [JAB]; with 1%, dj = 1.0062 (517) [LJG]
Of
^!7-O
"4
1.118
1.141
1.166
1.191
1.217
1.244
Ii
c/
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 /717.5
"4
1.272
1.301
1.331
1.363
1.396
1.430
I)
H o/%
36
38
40
42
44
IQ0C
I 2O0C I 3O0C I 4O0C
1.0169
1.0153
1.0126
1.0090
1.0345
1.0327
1.0299
1.0262
1.0524
1.0505
1.0476
1.0437
1.0707
1.0687
1.0657
1.0616
1.0894
1.0873
1.0841
1.0799
1.1085
1.1063
1.1029
1.0986
1.1281
1.1258
1.1223
1.1178
1.1482
1.1457
1.1421
1.1375
UO2Cl2 [LJG] (122)
UONO 3 [LJG] (l", 124)
UO 2 (NOs) 2 [LJG] (226, 233, 620)**; (27, 76)
(NHQ8CrO4 [LJG] (463, 566)

0
0
C
I
d\
Il
%
I
C
I
20
1.0219
19.75
13.7
13
1.0627
28.04
19.6
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
%
dl
Il
Cp
,717
^25
11
<*4
O/
d11
/T26
^4
#4
1.0037
1.0104
1.0242
1.039
1.055
1.072
1.091
1.111
1.132
1.154
20 1.194 1.177 40 1.466 1.455

22 1.218 1.201 42 1.498 1.489
24 1.243 1.226 44 1.531 1.524
26 1.269 1.251 46 1.567 1.559
28 1.295 1.277 48 1.606 1.595
30 1.322 1.304 50 1.649 1.630
32 1.349 1.331 52 1.696
34 1.377 1.360 54 1.748
36 1.406 1.390
38 1.436 1.422
USO 4 [LJG] (119,121)
(UO) 2 SO 4 [LJG] (121)
U0 2 (C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 Acetate [JAB] (509)
..[
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I 1.0055 I 1.0129 I 1.0203 | 1.0278
NH4VO3 [LJG] (602)
% | ff
Il % I ff
H
0.1 0.99973 0.4 1.00154
0.2 1.00033 0.6 1.00277
% I ff
H % I iff
0.8 1.00401
1.2 1.00653
1.0 1.00526
H 3 BO 3 [JAB] (225)**; (28, 52, 101, 243) [LJG]
d\b.
1.0045
1.0103
1.0165
AlCl3 [JAB] (291)**; (106, 144, 219, 323) [LJG]
of70
II
^Gf 7 1 8 T Hi
of/O
![
infs
#4
TiH
o/Q f II
ITS
O
4
1 . 0 0 7 5 6 1 . 0 5 2 6 2 1 . 1 0 9 3
2
1.0164
8
1.0711
14
1.1290
4
1.0344 II 10 I 1.0900 ||
16 | 1.1491
AlBr5 [JAB] (602)**; (76) [LJG]
%| <g II % I ff Il % I 7
1
2
4
1.0057
1.0133
1.0289
6
8
10
1.0451
1.0619
1.0792
12
14
16
% i g
1.0969
18
1.1528
1.1150
20
1.1725
1.1336 | 22 | 1.1928
A12(SO4)3 [JAB] (225, 629)**; (76, 106, 187, 188, 189, 206, 404, 406,
513, 517, 561) [LJG]
%
1
2
4
6
8
1 ,717.5
"4
1.466
1.505
1.546
1.590
1.638
,725
^4
II
di'
1.0093
1.0195
1.0404
1.0618
1.0837
df
1.0069
1.0167
1.0370
1.0580
%
10
12
14
16
18
<ff
1.1062
1.1293
1.1529
1.1770
1.2017
II
%
20
22
24
26
ffl
1.2272
1.2534
1.2803
1.3079
Al(NOs) 3 [JAB] (291)**; (602) [LJG]
%l
11
2
4
6
8
a? Il % I <ff
I % I <ff
II %
di9
. 0 0 6 5 1 . 0 8 1 1 2 0 1 . 1 7 4 5 3 0 I 1.2805
1.0144
12
1.0989
22
1.1946
32
1.3036
1.0305
14
1.1171
24
1.2153
1.0469
16
1.1357
26
1.2365
1.0638
18 1.1549
28
1.2582 |
(NHO 2 SO 4 -Al 2 (SQ 4 )S [JAB] (46)**; (225)* [LJG]
% di' II % I d Il %
1
2
4
61
1.0079 ! 8
1.0167
10
1.0348
12
1.0533
14
1.0723
1.0919
1.1121
1.1329
d II %
16
18
20
22
1.1541
1.1757
1.1976
1.2197
24
26
28
30
di'
%
20
25
30
1.2420
1.2644
1.2870
1.3098
%
I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C
9O0C
IQO0C
2 1 . 0 0 4 3 0.9995 0.9942 0.9883 0.9820 0.9753
4
1.0207 1.0159 1.0107 1.0050 0.9988 0.9923
6
1.0372 1.0325 1.0274 1.0218 1.0158 1.0095
8
1.0539 1.0493 1.0442 1.0388 1.0330 1.0269
10
1.0708 1.0663 1.0613 1.0560 1.0504 1.0444
12
1.0880 1.0836 1.0787 1.0735 1.0680 1.0622
14
1.1055 1.1011 1.0963 1.0912 1.0859 1.0803
16
1.1232 1.1188 1.1141 1.1092 1.1041 1.0984
18
1.1412 1.1368 1.1322 1.1275 1.1225 1.1170
20
1.1595 1.1552 1.1506 1.1460 1.1412 1.1359
25
1.2072 1.2031 1.1987 1.1942 1.1896 1.1847
30
1.2575 1.2535 1.2493 1.2451 1.2406 1.2360
t Solutions above ca. 6 % are supersaturated.

8
Al(CNS)3 [LJG]; with 23.30%; ^ = 1.1582 (155)

Tl2SO4-Al2(SO4)S [JAB]; with 5.39%, dj = 1.0510 (378) [LJG]
La 2 (SO 4 ) 3 [LJG]; with 1.38%, dj = 1.0131; dj- 1 = 1.0128; dj9 =
0.9923; dj9 = 0.9734 (206)
La(NOa) 3 [JAB] .(291) [LJG]
07 I
70 I
^18
^4
\\
Ij
11.0076
2 1.0167
4 1.0353
6 1.0545
8 1.0742
%
1
2
4
6
d? [I
1.0090
1.0190
1.0395
1.0606
O/
70
10
12
14
16
18
\
I
/718
#4
Il
H
1.0945
1.1153
1.1368
1.1589
1.1817
/7!
&4
0 / 1
70
I
20
22
24
26
28
H
I)
1.2052
1.2295
1.2547
1.2809
1.3080
O/
/O
I
I
30
32
Ce 2 (SO 4 )S [JAB] (67) [LJG]

% I d? Il % I d? I ]
8
1.0823
16
1.1770
10
1.1047
18
1.2030
12
1.1279
20
1.2300
14
1.1520
22
1.2582
a,718
1.3360
1.3653
% I d]5
24
1.2876
Sa(N03)3 [JAB] (291) [LJG]

dj8
Il % I d8 %
d\*
[I % I d?
1.0061
8
1.0604
16
1.1271
24
1.2005
1.0136
10
1.0766
18
1.1447
26
1.2201
1.0289
12
1.0931
20
1.1628
28
1.2403
1.0445
14
1.1099
22
1.1814
BeCl 2 [GS] (29i)** ; (84)*
%f....|
2
4
6
I
8
I 10
12
dj8
1 1.0118 I 1.0251 1.0386 | 1.0523 | 1.0663 | 1.0806
t With 14 %, d\* = 1.0952.
Be(C103)2 [GS] (602)
1.00527
2
1.01141
1.01754
BeSO4 [GS] (629)
%...
df
I 1.0058 I 1.0147 I 1.0237 | 1.0327 | 1.0417
5t
t df = 1.0870 with 10 %; = 1.1769 with 20 % ( 312 ).
Be(N0 3 ) 2 [GS] (291)

0/1
% [
2
4
6
8
J l S - J j
<*4
Il
1.0108
1.0233
1.0361
1.0491
of
%
10
12
14
16
/718
4
1.0624
1.0761
1.0902
1.1046
Il
II
p/
%
18
20
22
24
I
I
/718
4
1.1193
1.1344
1.1499
1.1657
il
Il
O/
%
26
28
I
I
/718
"4
1.1819
1.1985
MgCl2 [GS] (20, 70, 366)**; (221, 342, 608, 611)*; (18, 49, 105,
106, 150, 173, 177, 219, 250, 261, 278, 322, 347, 417.5, 462, 464, 466,
469, 505, 533, 539, 618, 629)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
d^5
1.0865|1.1044|l. 1225J1.1408|| dj
10
12
14
16
[I %
35
[l.3220
Mg(ClO 3 )Z[GS] (288,602)**
%
1
2
4
6
d8
MgCl2.- (Continued)
I O0C I IQ0G I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C
1.1764 1.1735 1.1706 1.1689 1.1672 1.1635
1.2246 1.2216 1.2184 1.2167 1.2149 1.2111
1.2754 1.2722 1.2688 1.2671 1.2652 1.2614
I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C

1.0168 1.0163 1.0146 1.0134 1.0119 1.0084
1.0338 1.0330 1.0311 1.0298 1.0282 1.0248
1.0510 1.0499 1.0478 1.0463 1.0447 1.0413
1.0683 1.0669 1.0646 1.0631 1.0615 1.0580
1.0858 1.0840 1.0816 1.0801 1.0785 1.0749
1.1035 1.1014 1.0989 1.0974 1.0957 1.0921
1.1214 1.1190 1.1164 1.1149 1.1132 1.1095
1.1395 1.1369 1.1342 1.1326 1.1309 1.1272
1.1578 1.1551 1.1523 1.1506 1.1489 1.1452
%|
2
4
6
8
<*48
1.0135
1.0287
1.0441
1.0597
[I
%
10
12
14
16
d48 Il % I 48 Il % I d?
1.0758
18
1.1442
26
1.2196
1.0922
20
1.1624
28
1.2395
1.1091
22
1.1810
30
1.2598
1.1264
24
1.2001
MgBf2 [GS] (287, 367)**; (76, 318, 322, 366, 442)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C [ 4O0C

1.0171 1.0167 1.0151 1.0139 1.0124 1.0089
1.0347 1.0341 1.0324' 1.0311 1.0296 1.0260
1.0527 1.0519 1.0501 1.0487 1.0472 1.0435
1.0713 1.0702 1.0683 1.0668 1.0653 1.0615
1.0904 1.0891 1.0871 1.0855 1.0839 1.0800
1.1101 1.1087 1.1065 1.1049 1.1032 1.0992
1.1305 1.1289 1.1265 1.1248 1.1231 1.1191
1.1516 1.1497 1.1471 1.1455 1.1437 1.1395
1.1733 1.1711 1.1683 1.1666 1.1648 1.1605
1.1957 1.1933 1.1903 1.1885 1.1866 1.1823
1.2547 1.2517 1.2482 1.2462 1.2441 1.2396
1.3186 1.3150 1.3110 1.3089 1.3067 1.3020
1.388 1.383 1.379 1.377 1.374
1.370
1.462 1.457 1.452 1.450 1.448 1.443
1.541 1.537 1.532 1.529 1.527
1.522
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | 10O0C

1.0047 0.9998 0.9944 0.9884 0.9819 0.9750
1.0218 1.0168 1.0114 1.0053 0.9988 0.9920
1.0393 1.0342 1.0288 1.0227 1.0161 1.0094
1.0572 1.0521 1.0466 1.0405 1.0340 1.0274
1.0756 1.0706 1.0650 1.0590 1.0525 1.0459
1.0946 1.0897 1.0841 1.0780 1.0716 1.0650
1.1143 1.1094 1.1038 1.0977 1.0913 1.0848
1.1347 1.1297 1.1242 1.1181 1.1117 1.1052
1.1557 1.1507 1.1452 1.1391 1.1327 1.1263
1.1775 1.1724 1.1669 1.1608 1.1544 1.1481
1.2347 1.2296 1.2241 1.2182 1.2119 1.2057
1.2970 1.2918 1.2863 1.2805 1.2743 1.2682
1.364 1.359 1.354 1.348
1.342
1.336
1.438 1.432 .1.427
1.421 1.415
1.409
1.516 1.511 1.505 1.500 1.494
1.488
Mg(Br0 3 ) 2 [GS] (29l)

%
2
4
6
8
dl
II % I di
I
1.0157
10 ] 1.0871
1.0328
12
1.1066
1.0502
14
1.1268
1.0683
16
1.1476
% I dl
Il % I d\*
18
1.1690
26
1.2617
20
1.1911
28
1.2869
22
1.2140
30
1.3134
24
1.2375
MgI2 [GS] (287, 368)**. (365)* ; (442)

0
% I O C I IQ0C I 2O0G I 250C | 3O0G | 4O0G

21.01691.01651.01491.01371.01221.0086
4
1.0345 1.0339 1.0321 1.0307 1.0292 1.0255
6
1.0526 1.0518 1.0498 1.0483 1.0467 1.0429
8
1.0713 1.0702 1.0680 1.0665 1.0648 1.0609
10
1.0907 1.0893 1.0869 1.0854 1.0836 1.0796
12
1.1107 1.1091 1.1065 1.1049 1.1030 1.0989
14
1.1314 1.1295 1.1268 1.1251 1.1231 1.1189
16
1.1529 1.1507 1.1478 1.1460 1.1440 1.1395
18
1.1751 1.1727 1.1695 1.1676 1.1656 1.1609
20
1.1981 1.1953 1.1920 1.1900 1.1879 1.1830
25
1.2591 1.2557 1.2519 1.2497 1.2473 1.2421
30
1.3265 1.3223 1.3180 1.3156 1.3131 1.3074
35
1.4012 1.3962 1.3914 1.3887 1.3861 1.3799
40
1.4839 1.4784 1.4730 1.4702 1.4672 1.4607
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
5O0G
1.0043
1.0212
1.0385
1.0564
1.0749
1.0941
1.1140
1.1346
1.1559
1.1779
1.2367
1.3017
1.3738
1.4542
I 6O0C I 7O0C
0.9994 0.9940
1.0161 1.0107
1.0333 1.0279
1.0511 1.0456
1.0696 1.0640
1.0888 1.0830
1.1086 1.1027
1.1291 1.1231
1.1503 1.1442
1.1722 1.1661
1.2307 1.2244
1.2954 1.2889
1.3673 1.3606
1.4475 1.4406
I 8O0C
0.9879
1.0045
1.0217
1.0394
1.0578
1.0768
1.0965
1.1169
1.1379
1.1597
1.2178
1.2821
1.3536
1.4334
| 9O0C
0.9814
0.9980
1.0151
1.0328
1.0511
1.0701
1.0897
1.1100
1.1311
1.1529
1.2108
1.2750
1.3464
1.4260
| IQO0C
0.9745
0.9910
1.0080
1.0257
1.0441
1.0631
1.0827
1.1029
1.1239
1.1457
1.2037
1.2679
1.3392
1.4186
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
I 5O0G I 6Q0G
1.0081 1.0032
1.0283 1.0234
1.0489 1.0440
1.0700 1.0650
1.0915 1.0864
1.1135 1.1083
1.1361 1.1308
I 7O0C 1 8O0C || %
0.9978 0.9916
16
1.0180 1.0118
18
1.0386 1.0324
20
1.0596 1.0534
22
1.0810 1.0748
24
1.1029 1.0968
26
1.1253 1.1193
5O0C
1.1592
1.1829
1.2072
1.2321
1.2576
1.2836
^46'29 (346)
0.999
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
958s
0659
172s
2794
385s
492i
5982
d*o.oo(373)
0.998
0.998
0.998
0.998
0.998
0.998
0.998
23l5of
338? 2
44553
55198
658i2
764os
86973
'
|| % |
^" (346)
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1.000 7042
1.000 81Oo
1.000 9157
1.001 021s
1.002 073s
1.003 1199
1.004 164s
t The small figures are significant only for ratios within the table.
Mg(NOs) 2 [GS] (H 287, 342)**; (606, 609)* ; (20, 106, 150, 278,
322, 462, 464, 466, 469, 533, 535, 618, 628, 629)
%
O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C
21.01571.01511.01321.01191.01041.0068
4
1.0318 1.0307 1.0285 1.0271 1.0254 1.0216
6
1.0482 1.0466 1.0441 1.0426 1.0408 1.0367
8
1.0649 1.0629 1.0600 1.0584 1.0565 1.0522
10
1.0819 1.0795 1.0762 1.0745 1.0725 1.0681
12
1.0992 1.0964 1.0928 1.0910 1.0889 1.0843
14
1.1168 1.1137 1.1098 1.1079 1.1057 1.1009
16
1.1314 1.1272 1.1251 1.1229
18
1.1494 1.1449 1.1427 1.1404
20
1.1677 1.1630 1.1607 1.1582
22
1.1864 1.1815 1.1790 1.1764
24
1.2055 1.2004 1.1977 1.1949
Mg(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate [JAB] (29i)** ; (329)
%
I
1
I
2
3
I
4
I
5
d\*
I 1.0060 1.0134 I 1.0209 | 1.0284 j 1.0360
Mg(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 , Acetate [JAB] (288)** ; (561)
%
I 1 I 2 I 4 I 6
8 I 10
d\8
|l.0043|l.0101|1.02161.033l| 1.0447 1.0564
%
dl*
I 12 I 14 I 16 I 18 I 20 I 22
|1.0682|l.0802 1.0923J1.1045 l,1169|l. 1295
MgCrO 4 [GS] (288)**; (566)
8
di Il % I
%
2
4
6
8
1.0185
1.0387
1.0592
1.0802
MgSO 4 [GS] (219, 221, 342, 346, 374, 375)**. (505)*; (7, 8, 18, 20,
46, 49, 105, 106, 150, 192, 204, 250, 278, 298, 318, 329, 336, 344,
348, 349, 401, 402, 403, 404, 425, 449, 469, 506, 533, 534, 550, 573,
618, 629)
__
% I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C

250C | 3O0G | 40~
21.02101.02041.01861.01731.01581.0123
4
1.0423 1.0413 1.0392 1.0378 1.0362 1.0326
6
1.0639 1.0625 1.0602 1.0587 1.0570 1.0532
8
1.0858 1.0841 1.0816 1.0800 1.0782 1.0743
10
1.1081 1.1061 1.1034 1.1017 1.0999 1.0958
12
1.1309 1.1286 1.1256 1.1239 1.1220 1.1179
14
1.1541 1.1516 1.1484 1.1466 1.1447 1.1405
16
1.1777 1.1750 1.1717 1.1698 1.1679 1.1637
18
1.2018 1.1989 1.1955 1.1936 1.1916 1.1874
20
1.2264 1.2233 1.2198 1.2179 1.2159 1.2117
22
1.2515 1.2483 1.2447 1.2428 1.2408 1.2365
24
1.2771 1.2738 1.2701 1.2682 1.2662 1.2619
26
1.3032 I 1.2998 1.2961 1.2942 1.2922 1.2879
MgSO4.(Continued)
I
10
12
14
16
tif
Il % I dj Il % I dj
1.1018
1.1240
1.1469
1.1704
18
20
22
24
1.1946
1.2194
1.2446
1.2703
26
1.2965
Ca(OH)2 [GS] (98, 102, 529, 631)
%
I d?
I df
[I
0.05
0.99979 0.99773
0.10
1.00044 0.99838
%
I d
I df
0.15 1.00110 0.99904
CaCl2 [GS] (219, 221, 342, 367, 588)**; (68, 69, 84, 312, 363, 493,
606, 608, 609, 611)*; (18, 49, 50, 98, 105, 106, 139, 159, 173, 177,
189, 190, 192, 261, 318, 320, 321, 322, 347, 355, 401, 402, 407,
417.5, 506, 529, 533, 535, 550, 564, 573, 613, 618, 640)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
I -50G I Q0G
1.0171
1.0346
1.0523
1.0708 1.0703
1.0894 1.0886
1.1083 1.1072
1.1275 1.1261
1.1471 1.1454
1.1670 1.1651
1.1874 1.1853
1.2376
1.2922
I +1O0G
1.0166
1.0337
1.0509
1.0684
1.0863
1.1045
1.1231
1.1421
1.1616
1.1815
1.2330
1.2869
I 2O0G
1.0148
1.0316
1.0486
1.0659
1.0835
1.1015
1.1198
1.1386
1.1578
1.1775
1.2284
1.2816
1.3373
1.3957
| 250C | 3O0C
1.0135 1.0120
1.0302 1.0286
1.0471 1.0455
1.0643 1.0626
1.0818 1.0800
1.0997 1.0978
1.1180 1.1160
1.1366 1.1345
1.1557 1.1535
1.1753 1.1730
1.2260 1.2236
1.2790 1.2764
1.3345 1.3316
1.3927 1.3895
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
CaCl2.(Continued)
I 4O0C I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C | 8O0C | 9O0C^
1.0084 1.0043 0.9994 0.9940 0.9881 0.9816
1.0249 1.0207 1.0158 1.0104 1.0046 0.9981
1.0416 1.0373 1.0324 1.0270 1.0213 1.0148
1.0586 1.0542 1.0492 1.0439 1.0382 1.0317
1.0760 1.0715 1.0664 1.0611 1.0554 1.0490
1.0937 1.0891 1.0840 1.0787 1.0730 1.0667
1.1117 1.1070 1.1019 1.0966 1.0909 1.0847
1.1301 1.1254 1.1202 1.1148 1.1092 1.1031
1.1490 1.1442 1.1389 1.1335 1.1279 1.1219
1.1684 1.1635 1.1581 1.1528 1.1471 1.1412
1.2186 1.2134 1.2079 1.2024 1.1965 1.1906
1.2709 1.2654 1.2597 1.2539 1.2478 1.2419
1.3255 1.3196 1.3137 1.3075 1.3013 1.2953
1.3826 1.3762 1.3700 1.3635 1.3571 1.3510
% I 10O0Ct I UQ0C I 12O0C

2
0.9748
0.9674
0.9596
4
0.9915
0.9842
0.9765
6
1.0085
1.0012
0.9937
8
1.0257
1.0185
1.0111
10
1.0432
1.0361
1.0287
12
1.0610
1.0539
1.0466
14
1.0790
1.0720
1.0649
16
1.0973
1.0905
1.0835
18
1.1160
1.1094
1.1025
20
1.1352
1.1287
1.1219
25
1.1846
30
1.2359
35
1.2893
40
1.3450
13O0C I 14O0C
0.9514
0.9428
0.9685
0.9601
0.9859
0.9776
1.0035
0.9954
1.0213
1.0134
1.0394
1.0317
1.0577
1.0503
1.0763
1.0691
1.0954
1.0883
1.1150
1.1080
t Values over 10O0C corrected to one atmosphere pressure.
CaOCl2, Bleaching powder [GS] (389)

[CaOCl2, 89.51%; CaCl2, 7.31%; Ca(ClOs)2, 0.26%; Ca(OH)2,
2.92 %]
% total salt. . I 2
| 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 ' | 12
d\*
1.0169 11.0345 11.0520 [1.0697 [1.0876 |l.l060
Ca(C103)2 [GS] (288)**. (602)
%l dl* Il % I ^8 Il % I dl* Il % I d\*

2
4
6
8
1.0135
1.0288
1.0444
1.0604
10
12
14
16
1.0768
1.0936
1.1109
1.1286
18
20
22
24
1.1469
1.1656
1.1848
1.2045
26
28
30
1.2247
1.2454
1.2665
CaBr2 [GS] (287, 368)**. (312, 363)*; (139, 318, 322, 618)
%
O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C
3O0C
4O0C
21.01731.01691.01521.01391.01251.0089
4
1.0352 1.0345 1.0326 1.0312 1.0296 1.0260
6
1.0535 1.0525 1.0504 1.0489 1.0473 1.0435
8
1.0724 1.0711 1.0688 1.0672 1.0655 1.0616
10
1.0919 1.0903 1.0877 1.0860 1.0843 1.0802
12
1.1119 1.1099 1.1071 1.1054 1.1035 1.0994
14
1.1325 1.1302 1.1272 1.1254 1.1234 1.1192
16
1.1538 1.1512 1.1480 1.1461 1.1441 1.1396
18
1.1759 1.1730 1.1696 1.1676 1.1655 1.1608
20
1.1988 1.1955 1.1919 1.1897 1.1876 1.1827
25
1.2584 1.2542 1.2499 1.2475 1.2451 1.2397
30
1.3226 1.3175 1.3125 1.3099 1.3072 1.3014
35
1.393 1.387 1.381 1.378 1.375
1.369
40
1.469 1.463 1.457 1.453 1.450
1.443
45
1.555 1.548 1.541 1.537 1.534
1.526
50
1.650 1.642 1.635 1.631 1.627
1.619
CaBr2.(Continued)
%
I 5O0C
6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C
9Q0C | IQQ7CT
21.00470.99880.99430.98830.98170.9748
4
1.0217 1.0168 1.0112 1.0052 0.9985 0.9917
6
1.0391 1.0342 1.0285 1.0225 1.0158 1.0090
8
1.0570 1.0521 1.0464 1.0403 1.0337 1.0269
10
1.0756 1.0705 1.0648 1.0587 1.0520 1.0452
12
1.0947 1.0894 1.0837 1.0775 1.0708 1.0641
14
1.1143 1.1090 1.1032 1.0970 1.0903 1.0836
16
1.1346 1.1293 1.1234 1.1172 1.1105 1.1038
18
1.1557 1.1503 1.1443 1.1381 1.1314 1.1247
20
1.1775 1.1720 1.1660 1.1598 1.1530 1.1463
25
1.2343 1.2285 1.2224 1.2160 1.2092 1.2024
30
1.2957 1.2896 1.2833 1.2768 1.2698 1.2630
35
1.363 1.356 1.350 1.343 1.336
1.329
40
1.437 1.430 1.423 1.416 1.409
1.402
45
1.519 1.512 1.505 1.498 1.490
1.483
50
1.612 1.604 1.597 1.589 1.582
1.574
CaI2 [GS] (287, 369)** ; (322, 365, 618)
%
O0C 1 IQ0C 1 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C
2 1 . 0 1 7 1 1 . 0 1 6 6 1.01501.01381.01231.0087
4
1.0348 1.0341 1.0323 1.0309 1.0293 1.0256
6
1.0530 1.0521 1.0500 1.0485 1.0468 1.0430
8
1.0718 1.0706 1.0683 1.0668 1.0650 1.0610
10
1.0913 1.0897 1.0873 1.0857 1.0838 1.0796
12
1.1115 1.1096 1.1069 1.1053 1.1033 1.0989
14
1.1325 1.1303 1.1273 1.1256 1.1236 1.1190
16
1.1542 1.1517 1.1485 1.1466 1.1446 1.1398
18
1.1765 1.1737 1.1703 1.1683 1.1662 1.1613
20
1.1996 1.1965 1.1928 1.1906 1.1884 1.1834
25
1.2612 1.2573 1.2530 1.2506 1.2482 1.2427
30
1.3292 1.3244 1.3195 1.3168 1.3141 1.3081
35
1.4040 1.3984 1.3928 1.3897 1.3867 1.3802
40
1.4862- 1.4798 1.4734 1.4700 1.4666 1.4596
% I 5O0C
6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C
21.00450.99950.99400.98790.9814O.974^T
4
1.0213 1.0162 1.0107 1.0045 0.9879 0.9910
6
1.0385 1.0333 1.0278 1.0216 1.0148 1.0079
8
1.0563 1.0510 1.0454 1.0392 1.0323 1.0253
10
1.0748 1.0695 1.0637 1.0574 1.0505 1.0434
12
1.0940 1.0886 1.0827 1.0763 1.0694 1.0622
14
1.1140 1.1085 1.1025 1.0960 1.0889 1.0818
16
1.1347 1.1290 1.1229 1.1163 1.1091 1.1020
18
1.1560 1.1502 1.1440 1.1373 1.1300 1.2228
20
1.1778 1.1719 1.1656 1.1589 1.1516 1.1443
25
1.2367 1.2304 1.2238 1.2168 1.2093 1.2018
30
1.3016 1.2950 1.2880 1.2808 1.2730 1.2653
35
1.3732 1.3662 1.3588 1.3513 1.3431 1.3352
40
1.4521 1.4445 1.4368 1.4288 1.4204
1.4123
CaSO4 [GS]; df = 0.99756 with 0.05%; = 0.99805 with 0.10%
(98)
Ca(HS) 2 [GS] (154)

%
32
I
I
d'
1.255
Il
Il
%
37.5
^43-5
1.310
Ca(N0 3 ) 2 [GS] (HO)**; (137, 342, 606, 628)* ; (189, 190, 192,
208, 222, 223, 261, 322, 329, 378, 407, 529, 618, 629)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
I 60G I 180C I 250C I 3O0G || %

1.0157 1.0137 1.0120 1.0105
30
1.0316 1.0291 1.0272 1.0256
35
1.0477 1.0448 1.0427 1.0409
40
1.0641 1.0608 1.0585 1.0565
45
1.0808 1.0771 1.0746 1.0724
1.0979
1.0937
1.0911
1.0887
| 180C
1.260
1.311
1.365
1.422
SrCl2.(Continued)
Ca(NO 3 ) 2.(Continued]
% I 60C I 180C I 250C I 3O0C [|
14
1.1153 1.1106 1.1079 1.1055
16
1.1330 1.1279 1.1250 1.1224
18
1.1510 1.1455 1.1424 1.1397
20
1.1694 1.1636 1.1602 1.1575
25
1.2168 1.2106 1.2065 1.2032
681
1.747
1.741
1.736
t Supercooled tetrahydrate (M.P., 41.40C).
18~
CaH 4 (PO 4 )2 [GS]; with 2.506%, d\* = 1.0171 (76)

Ca(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate [JAB] (291)**. (3 29)
Of I
/O I
f l ttf 8
4
Il
II
&
/O
tt 8
4
f]
[!
~ ^ j
/O
I
38
tt
4
M
||
^
/O
38
tt
4
~ l 1 . 0 0 5 6 4 1 . 0 2 6 8 8 1 . 0 5 6 0 2 1 . 0 8 5 8
2 1.0126
6
1-.0413
10
1.0708
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
I 5Q0C
1.0055
1.0233
1.0417
1.0607
1.0802
1.1003
1.1209
1.1422
1.1641
1.1866
1.245
1.308
1.378
Ca(C2H3O2)2, Acetate [JAB] (288)**. (2Q8, 224, 529)
/o i
C/
0-4
JlS
II
/ o |I
C/
CT
W18
fiII
/o
^4
C/
/o \I
IIII
C*
,713
^4
c/ I
/O 1
"i1.004361.0331121.067981.1029"
2 1.0100
8
1.0447
14
1.0795
20
1.1146
4 1.0215
10
1.0563
16
1.0912
22
1.1263
Ca(C3H5OiQ2, Propionate [JAB] (291)
%l
d?
1
2
4
6
1.0035
1.0084
1.0181
1.0279
[I
8
10
12
14
ff
II
1.0376
1.0474
1.0571
1.0669
16
18
20
22
1.0766
1.0864
1.0962
1.1059
24
26
d8
1.1157
1.1254
Ca(CNS) 2 [GS]; with 33.79%, d\7 = 1.2182 (iSBJ

Ca 2Fe(CN) 6 [GS] (*i, 42)
% I
2
4
6
8
di
[I
1.01687
1.03416
1.05175
1.06963
10
12
14
16
dl
1.08781
1.10630
1.12513
1.14428
18
20
22
24
dj
1.16374
1.18353
1.20362
1.22398
26
28
30
32
<g
1.24459
1.26546
1.28659
1.30798
CaCrO4 [GS] (2SO)
' % ! di8 II % i (ff

1
2
1.0083
1.0180
%
0.1
0.2
0.3
3
4
I
1.0278
1.0377
y % I d\* y % I (ff
5
6
1.0477
1.0578
Sr(OH)2[GS] (IQO)**;
150C
I
2O0C
I
1.00043
0.99948
1.00179
1.00081
1.00321
1.00225
(529)
250C
0.99827
0.99957
1.00100
1.0680
3O0C
0.99681
0.99811
0.99954
SrCl2 [GS] (221, 342, 347, 367, 548)**; (18, 105, 106, 189, 190,
192, 261, 278, 312, 363, 378, 407, 417.5, 451, 529, 573, 618, 627,
29)
%
I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0CT"
21.01831.01781.01611.01491.01341.0097~
4
1.0372 1.0364 1.0344 1.0331 1.0315 1.0277
6
1.0567 1.0554 1.0532 1.0518 1.0501 1.0462
8
1.0767 1.0750 1.0726 1.0711 1.0693 1.0653
10
1.0973 1.0952 1.0925 1.0909 1.0891 1.0849
12
1.1185 1.1160 1.1130 1.1113 1.1094 1.1051
14
1.1402 1.1374 1.1341 1.1323 1.1303 1.1259
16
1.1625 1.1593 1.1558 1.1539 1.1518 1.1472
18
1.1853 1.1819 1.1781 1.1761 1.1739 1.1691
20
1.2088 1.2051 1.2010 1.1990 1.1966 1.1917
25
1.269
1.265
1.260
1.258
1.255
1.250
30
1.325
1.322
1.319
1.314
35
1.396
1.393
1.390
1.384
2
4
6
8
^718
#4
1.0147
1.0310
1.0476
1.0647
II
I 6O0C I 7O0C
1.0005 0.9951
1.0183 1.0129
1.0366 1.0312
1.0555 1.0500
1.0750 1.0694
1.0950 1.0894
1.1156 1.1100
1.1368 1.1311
1.1586 1.1528
1.1810 1.1752
1.239
1.233
1.302
1.296
1.372
1.365
I 8Q0C | 9Q0C
0.9891 0.9826
1.0069 1.0004
1.0252 1.0187
1.0440 1.0375
1.0634 1.0569
1.0834 1.0768
1.1039 1.0973
1.1250 1.1184
1.1467 1.1401
1.1690 1.1625
1.227
1.220
1.289
1.282
1.358
1.351
Sr(ClOs)2 [GS] (288)** ; (602)*

o/ j
,71S
(I
c/
I
/71S
H
10
12
14
16
#4
1.0825
1.1010
1.1203
1.1394
18
20
25
30
#4
1.1593
1.1800
1.2348
1.2935
e/
/O
35
| IQO0C
0.9758
0.9936
1.0119
1.0307
1.0502
1.0702
1.0907
1.1118
1.1335
1.1559
1.213
1.276
1.345
/718
4.
1.3563
SrBr2 [GS] (287, 367)**; (363)*; (18, 189, 190, 312, 318, 320, 322)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C

250C | 3O0C | 4O0C
1.0178 1.0174 1.0157 1.0145 1.0130 1.0093
1.0363 1.0356 1.0337 1.0324 1.0308 1.0270
1.0553 1.0543 1.0522 1.0508 1.0492 1.0452
1.0748 1.0735 1.0712 1.0697 1.0680 1.0639
1.0949 1.0932 1.0907 1.0891 1.0873 1.0831
1.1156 1.1136 1.1109 1.1092 1.1072 1.1029
1.1369 1.1346 1.1317 1.1299 1.1279 1.1234
1.1591 1.1564 1.1532 1.1513 1.1493 1.1447
1.1821 1.1791 1.1757 1.1738 1.1716 1.1668
1.2060 1.2029 1.1992 1.1971 1.1949 1.1899
1.270
1.266
1.262
1.259
1.257
1.251
1.339
1.335
1.330
1.327
1.324
1.318
1.416
1.411
1.405
1.402
1.398
1.392
1.501
1.495
1.489
1.486
1.482
1.475
1.597
1.590
1.583
1.579
1.575
1.568
j
1.686
% I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0CT

21.00511.00020.99470.98870.98210.9752
4
1.0227 1.0177 1.0121 1.0060 0.9994 0.9925
6
1.0408 1.0357 1.0301 1.0238 1.0172 1.0103
8
1.0594 1.0541 1.0485 1.0422 1.0357 1.0286
10
1.0785 1.0731 1.0675 1.0611 ,1.0545 1.0473
12
1.0982 1.0927 1.0870 1.0805 1.0738 1.0667
14
1.1186 1.1130 1.1071 1.1006 1.0938 1.0868
16
1.1397 1.1340 1.1281 1.1215 1.1147 1.1077
18
1.1616 1.1559 1.1499 1.1433 1.1364 1.1293
20
1.1846 1.1788 1.1727 1.1661 1.1591 1.1519
25
1.246
1.240
1.233
1.227
1.219
1.212
30
1.312
1.306
1.299
1.293
1.285
1.278
35
1.386
1.379
1.372
1.365
1.358
1.350
40
1.468
1.461
1.454
1.446
1.439
1.431
45
1.561
1.553
1.545
1.538 | 1.530
1.522
Sr(BrQ3)2 [GS] (291)
%i eg* il % i g8 |.|% i y y % i y
2
4
6
1.0157
1.0332
1.0513
8
10
12
1.0700
1.0893
1.1092
14
16
18
1.1297
1.1508
1.1725
20
22
1.1948
1.2177
Sr(C8HsOa)2, Acetate [JAB] (288)** ; (529, 561)
SrI2 [GS] (287, 369)**. (365)*; (322)

0
% I O C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 40~

21.01751.01711.01541.01421.01271.0090
4
1.0357 1.0350 1.0331 1.0318 1.0302 1.0265
6
1.0544 1.0535 1.0513 1.0499 1.0482 1.0444
8
1.0738 1.0726 1.0701 1.0686 1.0669 1.0629
10
1.0938 1.0923 1.0896. 1.0880 1.0862 1.0821
12
1.1146 1.1128 1.1099 1.1082 1.1062 1.1020
14
1.1361 1.1339 1.1308 1.1290 1.1270 1.1225
16
1.1584 1.1559 1.1526 1.1506 1.1486 1.1439
18
1.1817 1.1789 1.1753 1.1732 1.1711 1.1662
20
1.2060 1.2028 1.1990 1.1967 1.1944 1.1894
25
1.2693 1.2654 1.2608 1.2583 1.2558 1.2502
30
1.3395 1.3347 1.3295 1.3267 1.3238 1.3176
35
1.4173 1.4116 1.4058 1.4026 1.3994 1.3924
40
1.5036 1.4970 1.4904 1.4869 1.4834 1.4757
45
1.5991 1.5917 1.5844 1.5804 1.5766 1.5684
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
I 5O C
1.0048
1.0220
1.0398
1.0582
1.0773
1.0970
1.1174
1.1386
1.1607
1.1837
1.2440
1.3110
1.3855
1.4683
1.5603
6O C I 7O C I 8O C
0.9999.0.9944 0.9882
1.0170 1.0114 1.0052
1.0346 1.0289 1.0227
1.0529 1.0471 1.0408
1.0718 1.0659 1.0595
1.0914 1.0853 1.0789
1.1117 1.1055 1.0990
1.1328 1.1265 1.1198
1.1547 1.1483 1.1415
1.1775 1.1711 1.1642
1.2376 1.2309 1.2235
1.3042 1.2970 1.2893
1.3781 1.3705 1.3625
1.4605 1.4521 1.4441
1.5523 1.5436 1.5348
| 9O C
0.9817
0.9986
1.0160
1.0340
1.0526
1.0719
1.0918
1.1126
1.1342
1.1568
1.2161
1.2815
1.3544
1.4356
1.5259
| IQO C
0.9748
0.9916
1.0090
1.0269
1.0455
1.0648
1.0847
1.1054
1.1270
1.1495
1.2084
1.2737
1.3463
1.4272
1.5172
~ /O
c 7 I1 J T#4
S
"I
2
4
6
1.0054
1.0122
1.0260
1.0400
II
o/
/O
8
10
12
14
%l
di
II %
2 1.0175
8
4 1.0357
10
6 1.0546
12
^ s [ TIj
#4
1.0543
1.0688
1.0836
1.0986
c/
70
16
18
20
22
I4/ * [ TI )
7 138
1.1293
1.1450
1.1609
Sr 2 Fe(CN) 6 [GS] (42)

d\
II %
di
I]
1.0738
14
1.1342
1.0935
16
1.1554
1.1136
18
1.1772
<j/
/O
24
^8
1.1770
% I d
20
1.1996
Ba(OH) 2 [GS] (342, 472)**; (529)*; (100, 252); ^f = 1.0193 Wth
2%; = 1.0420 with 4%

BaCl2 [GS] (364)**; (36, 38, 106, 110, 219, 221, 312, 342, 347,
608, 611)*; (49, 105, 128, 139, 189, 199, 261, 278, 3 1 3 , 3 4 4 , 3 6 3 , 3 7 8 ,
411, 417.5, 42.5, 451, 529, 533, 534, 535, 573, 618, 629)
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
I O0C
1.0181
1.0368
1.0561
1.0760
1.0965
1.1178
1.1399
1.1627
1.1862
1.2105
I IQ0C
1.0176
1.0360
1.0550
1.0746
1.0948
1.1157
1.1374
1.1599
1.1831
1.2071
1.2319
1.2575
1.2839
I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C

1.0159 1.0147 1.0132 1.0096
1.0341 1.0328 1.0312 1.0275
1.0528 1.0514 1.0497 1.0459
1.0721 1.0706 1.0688 1.0648
1.0921 1.0905 1.0885 1.0844
1.1128 1.1111 1.1090 1.1047
1.1342 1.1325 1.1303 1.1259
1.1564 1.1546 1.1524 1.1478
1.1793 1.1774 1.1752 1.1704
1.2031 1'.201O 1.1987 1.1938
1.2277 1.2255 1.2230 1.2180
1.2531 1.2508 1.2482 1.2430
1.2793 | 1.2769 1.2742 1.2688
% I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C

21.00541.00040.99500.98900.98240.9755
4
1.0232 1.0181 1.0126 1.0066 1.0000 0.9931
6
1.0415 1.0363 1.0307 1.0247 1.0181 1.0112
Sr(NOa)2 [GS] (375)'**; (192, 224, 361, 384, 629)*; (84, 189, 190,
8
1.0603 1.0551 1.0495 1.0434 1.0368 1.0299
261, 318, 329, 360, 378, 407, 451, 529, 605, 618, 628)
10
1.0798
1.0746 1.0689 1.0627 1.0561 1.0492
% I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0Ct I 3O0C I 4O0C | 5O0C
12
1.1001 1.0948 1.0890 1.0827 1.0761 1.0692
2
1.017 1.016 1.015 1.012 1.008
1.004 14
1.1211 1.1157 1.1098 1.1034 1.0968 1.0899
4
1.034 1.033 1.031 1.028 1.024
1.020 16
1.1428 1.1373 1.1313 1.1249 1.1182 1.1113
6
1.052 1.050 1.048 1.045 1.041
1.036 18
1.1653 1.1596 1.1536 1.1472 1.1404 1.1334
8
1.070 1.068 1.065 1.062 1.058
1.052 20
1.1885 1.1828 1.1767 1.1702 1.1634 1.1563
10
1.088
1.086 1.083 1.079 1.074
1.069 22
1.2125 1.2068 1.2006 1.1940 1.1872 1.1800
12
1.107 1.104 1.101 1.097 1.092 1.086
24
1.2374 1.2316 1.2253 1.2186 1.2117 1.2045
14
1.126 1.123 1.119 1.115 1.110
1.104 26
1.2631 1.2571 1.2507 1.2440 1.2370 1.2298
16
1.146 1.142 1.138 1.134 1.129
1.123
Ba(ClOs)2 [GS] (no,288)**
18
1.166
1.163 1.158 1.154 1.148
1.142
O/
I
,76
I
JlS I
J30 I I
of
I
J6
I
JlS
I
J30
%
I
4
I
4
I
4
II
%
I
4
I
4
I
4
20
1.187 1.184 1.179 1.174 1.168
1.162
2
1.01661.01481.0117
14
1.12631.12241.1177
25
1.245 1.239 1.233 1.227 1.221
1.215
4
1.03351.03141.0280
16
1.14661.14241.1374
% I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C [I % I 6O0C [ 7O0C | 8O0C
6
1.05091.04851.0449
18
1.16751.16311.1577
8
1.06881.06611.0622
20
1.18911.18431.1787
2
0.999 0.993 0.987
14
1.098 1.092 1.086
1.08741.08431.0801
22
1.21141.20621.2004
4
1.015 1.009 1.003 16 1.117 1.111 1.104 10
1.1065 1.1031 1.0986
24
1.2343 1.2287 1.2227
6
1.031 1.025 1.019 18
1.136 1.129 1.123 12
8
1.047 1.041 1.035 20
1.156 1.149 1.142BaBr2 [GS] (287, 367)**; (18, 190, 307, 312, 318, 322, 361, 378)
10
1.064 1.057 1.051 25
1.208 1.201 1.194 % I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C
12
1.081 1.074 1.068
2
1.0176 1.0172 1.0156 1.0143 1.0129 1.0093
t d = 1.290 with 30 %; = 1.352 with 35 %; = 1.419 with 40 %.
4
1.0360 1.0353 1.0335 1.0321 1.0306 1.0269
6
1.0549 1.0540 1.0519 1.0505 1.0489 1.0450
8
1.0745 1.0733 1.0710 1.0695 1.0678 1.0638
Sr(CHO2)2, Formate [JAB] (288)**; (329)
10
1.0948 1.0933 1.0907 1.0892 1.0874 1.0833
%|
ft
Il % I d?
Il % I d
Il % I
(ffl
12
1.1158 1.1139 1.1111 1.1096 1.1076 1.1034
1 1.0067
4
1.0312
8
1.0647
12 1.0998
14
1.1375 1.1353 1.1323 1.1306 1.1286 1.1242
2 1.0148
6
1.0478
10
1.0820
16
1.1599 1.1575 1.1543 1.1524 | 1.1504 1.1458
BaS2O3 [GS]; d\9 = 1.0157 for 1.15%; = 1.1050 for 12.024% (76)
BaBr2.(Continued)
0
% I O C I IQ C I 2O C I 25 C | 3O C | 4O C
"lg1.18311.18051.17701.17501.17291.1681
20
1.2072 1.2043 1.2006 1.1985 1.1963 1.1913
25
1.2714 1.2677 1.2634 1.2610 1.2585 1.2531
30
1.3421 1.3375 1.3325 1.3299 1.3270 1.3212
35
1.4197 1.4143 1.4087 1.4057 1.4025 1.3961
40
1.5052 1.4989 1.4926 1.4893 1.4858 1.4789
%
5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | 100"cT
21.00501.00010.99460.98850.98200.9750
4
1.0224 1.0175 1.0119 1.0059 0.9992 0.9921
6
1.0404 1.0354 1.0297 1.0236 1.0169 1.0098
8
1.0591 1.0540 1.0482 1.0420 1.0353 1.0282
10
1.0785 1.0733 1.0674 1.0611 1.0543 1.0472
12
1.0985 1.0931 1.0872 1.0809 1.0739 1.0668
14
1.1192 1.1137 1.1077 1.1013 1.0942 1.0871
16
1.1407 1.1351 1.1290 1.1225 1.1153 1.1082
18
1.1629 1.1572 1.1510 1.1444 1.1372 1.1300
20
1.1860 1.1801 1.1739 1.1672 1.1599 1.1526
25
1.2474 1.2413 1.2347 1.2278 1.2203 1.2129
30
1.3150 1.3086 1.3016 1.2945 1.2869 1.2792
35
1.3895 1.3826 1.3754 1.3679 1.3601 1.3522
40
1.4717 1.4643 1.4568 1.4489 1.4407 1.4327
Ba(NO 3 ) 2 [GS] (287)** ; (342)* ; (190, 224, 261, 329, 360, 361,
378, 411, 425, 451, 472, 529, 618, 628, 629)
%
d\*
I
2
I
4
1 1.0151 I 1.0320
%( 84 )
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C

1.0048 0.9998 0.9943 0.9883 0.9817 0.9747
1.0220 1.0169 1.0114 1.0053 0.9986 0.9915
1.0398 1.0345 1.0289 1.0227 1.0159 1.0087
1.0581 1.0528 1.0470 1.0406 1.0338 1.0266
1.0771 1.0717 1.0658 1.0593 1.0524 1.0452
1.0968 1.0914 1.0853 1.0788 1.0717 1.0644
1.1173 1.1117 1.1055 1.0989 1.0918 1.0844
1.1385 1.1327 1.1264 1.1197 1.1125 1.1050
1.1605 1.1545 1.1481 1.1414 1.1340 1.1264
1.1832 1.1771 1.1706 1.1637 1.1563 1.1485
1.2444 1.2378 1.2309 1.2237 1.2161 1.2081
1.3105 1.3036 1.2964 1.2887 1.2808 1.2727
1.384 1.377 1.369 1.361 1.353 1.345
1.468 1.460 1.451 1.443 1.434 1.426
1.562 1.554 1.545 1.536 1.527 1.518
1.671 1.662 1.653 1.643 1.634 1.624
1.796 1.786 1.776 1.766 1.756 1.746
1.938 1.928 1.917 1.907 1.896 1.886
d6
I
49-5
Il
1.00078
0.99999
1.00244
1.00164
1.00410
1.00329
1.00575
1.00493
%( 84 )
1.0
1.2
1.4
:L6
d\>-*
1.00658
1.00823
1.00988
1.01153
Ba(CH02)2, Formate [LJG] (29i)** ; (329) [JAB]

^8 Il % I ^8 Il % I d\*
|| % I d?
1.0069
6
1.0492
12
1.1039
18
1.1634
1.0152
8
1.0669
14
1.1233
20
1.1840
1.0320
10
1.0851
16
1.1431 |
%
1
2
4
Ba(C2H302)2, Acetate [LJG] (288)**; (208, 224, 329, 529) [JAB]
%i 48 i l %
<*y i % i d? i % i ^8
1 I 1.0059 Il 10
2 1.0133
12
4 1.0282
14
6 1.0433
16
8 1.0587
18
BaI2 [GS] (287, 369)**. (365)* ; (76, 322)
O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C

3O0C | 4O0C
1.0174 1.0171 1.0154 1.0142 1.0127 1.0091
1.0356 1.0350 1.0331 1.0318 1.0302 1.0265
1.0543 1.0534 1.0513 1.0499 1.0482 1.0443
1.0735 1.0724 1.0701 1.0686 1.0668 1.0628
1.0934 1.0921 1.0896 1.0880 1.0861 1.0819
1.1141 1.1126 1.1099 1.1081 1.1062 1.1018
1.1356 1.1338 1.1308 1.1290 1.1271 1.1225
1.1580 1.1558 1.1525 1.1506 1.1486 1.1439
1.1811 1.1786 1.1750 1.1730 1.1709 1.1660
1.2050 1.2021 1.1984 1.1963 1.1939 1.1889
1.2692 1.2655 1.2610 1.2587 1.2560 1.2504
1.3386 1.3340 1.3289 1.3263 1.3232 1.3171
1.416 1.410 1.404 1.401 1.398 1.391
1.503 1.496 1.490 1.486 1.483 1.475
1.602 1.594 1.587 1.583 1.579 1.571
1.715 1.706 1.698 1.694 1.689 1.680
1.844 1.834 1.825 1.820 1.815 1.805
1.970 1.965 1.959 1.949
%
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
I
6
I
8
I 1.0494 | 1.0674
1.0745
1.0908
1.1075
1.1246
1.1421
20
22
24
26
28
1.1599
1.1782
1.1970
1.2161
1.2356
30
35
40
1.2554
1.3069 '
1.3608
Ba(C3H5O2)2, Propionate [LJG] (291) [JAB]

"Of
/O
,7
Uj
11
2
4
6
1 8
i]
H
M
70
l
I
38
^4
[J
II
^
/O
i
I
J8
^4
T]
II
^
/O
"J8
^4
.0053I1.0538161.1136241.1791
1.0120
10
1.0683
18
1.1294
1.0257
12
1.0831
20
1.1456
1.0396
14
1.0982
22
1.1622
BaC4H4O5, Malate [LJG] (546) [JAB]
%
I 1
I 2
I 4
I 6
I 8
I
10
dy
I 1.0064 1.0146 I 1.0311 | 1.0475 | 1.0640 [ 1.0804
Ba(CNS) 2 [GS]; with 11.26%, df = 1.0918; d7^2 = 1.0659 (629)
Ba(CN)2.2CuCN [WCS]; dj = 1.0395 with 6%; = 1.056s with 8%
(602)
LiOH [JAB] (73, 290)**; (225, 342> 519, 529)
% I
O0C
I IQ0C [ 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C
1
1.0122
1.0115
1.0102
1.0090
1.0075
2
1.0240
1.0230
1.0217
1.0203
1.0188
4
1.0468
1.0456
1.0437
1.0422
1.0407
6
1.0690
1.0674
1.0650
1.0636
1.0621
8
1.0908
1.0888
1.0862
1.0847
1.0830
10
1.1125
1.1102
1.1074
1.1057
1.1038
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
4O0C
1.0041
1.0155
1.0371
1.0582
1.0790
1.0996
5O0C
1.0000
1.0114
1.0331
1.0541
1.0747
1.0952
6O0C
0.9958
1.0072
1.0286
1.0496
1.0701
1.0906
8O0C
0.9860
0.9973
1.0189
1.0397
1.0600
1.0803
LiCl, Main Table, p. 77

37
% ( S) I
0.01
I
0.02
I
0.03
I 0.04
d24-004 0.998 2908s| 0.998 34984 0.998 40875J 0.998 4676o
LiClO3 [JAB] (288)**; (442) [LJG]
% | di8 II % I <ff
II % I d\* II
1 1.0048
6
1.0365
12
1.0764
2 1.0111
8
1.0495
14
1.0903
4 1.0237
10
1.0628
16
1.1045
% I d\*
18
1.1190
LiCl [JAB] ( 2 6 ), a. ( 3 6 4 > 367 > S70)**; (25, 150, 250, 256)*; (1, 36, 38, 45, 64, 73, 106, 125, 204, 206, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 239, 274,
304, 312, 313, 342, 344, 347, 363, 374, 379, 386, 486, 487, 519, 529, 530, 573, 618, 629, 633); a (38, 151, 219, 256, 448, 606, 609)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
Q0C
I IQ0C I 2O0C
1.00604
1.00574
1.00411
1.01213 1.01168
1.00993
1.02417
1.02344
1.02148
1.03606
1.03509
1.03296
1.04787
1.04670
1.04443
1.05966
1.05833
1.05594
1.07148
1.07002
1.06752
1.08337
1.08180
1.07919
1.09536
1.09369
1.09098
1.10749
1.10571
1.10292
1.11979
1.11789
1.11504
1.13228
1.13027
1.12736
1.14499
1.14287
1.13991
1.15794
1.15571
1.15271
1.17115
1.16881 1.16578
1.18464
1.18219
1.17914
I
250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C

1.00292
1.00150
0.99806
0.99391
0.9891
0.9779
0.9646
1.00870
1.00726
1.00381
0.99969
0.9950
0.9838
0.9708
1.02019
1.01872
1.01527
1.01121
1.0066
0.9958
0.9831
1.03161
1.03012 1.02668
1.02269
1.0182
1.0077
0.9953
1.04303
1.04152
1.03809
1.03418
1.0298
1.0196
1.0076
1.05449
1.05296
1.04954
1.04571
1.0414
1.0315
1.0199
1.06602
1.06447
1.06107
1.05731
1.0532
1.0435
1.0322
1.07765
1.07608
1.07271
1.06901
1.0650
1.0556
1.0447
1.08941
1.08782
1.08449
1.08084
1.0769
1.0679
1.0572
1.10132
1.09972
1.09643
1.09283
1.0890
1.0802
1.0700
1.11342 1.11181
1.10855
1.10500
1.1013
1.0927
1.0829
1.12574
1.12412 1.12088
1.11738
1.1137
1.1053
1.0960
1.13831
1.13667 1.13344
1.12999
1.1264
1.1181
1.1093
1.15115
1.14949
1.14625
1.14285 1.1393
1.1310
1.1228
1.16428
1.16260 1.15933 1.15598 1.1525
1.1442
1.1367
1.17771
1.17602
1.17269
1.16940
1.1659
1.1576
1.1507
1.21274 1.21092 1.20738
1.20402
1.25002
1.24806
1.24427
1.24081
1.28980
1.28768
1.28361
1.28003
LiBr [JAB] (26),a (367)**; (25, 287)*; (45, 221, 319, 322, 366, 519, 618);a (151)
O0C
I
1.00731
1.01484
1.03012
1.04574
1.06173
1.07812
1.09493
1.11219
1.12993
1.14817
1.16695
1.18631
1.20628
1.22689
1.24817
1.27017
1.32850
1.39233
1.46259
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C

1.00705
1.00547
1.00428
1.00285
1.01447
1.01280
1.01158 1.01013
1.02953
1.02769
1.02642
1.02492
1.04494
1.04293
1.04161
1.04006
1.06072
1.05854
1.05717
1.05557
1.07690
1.07455
1.07313
1.07148
1.09351
1.09099
1.08952
1.08782
1.11057
1.10789
1.10636
1.10461
1.12811
1.12528
1.12368
1.12188
1.14616 1.14318
1.14151
1.13965
1.16476
1.16162
1.15988
1.15795
1.18394 1.18063
1.17882
1.17682
1.20372
1.20024
1.19835
1.19629
1.22413
1.22047
1.21850
1.21639
1.24520
1.24135 1.23931
1.23716
1.26697
1.26292
1.26081
1.25862
1.32477
1.32040
1.31813
1.31582
1.38827
1.38360
1.38117 1.37871
1.45851
1.45354
1.45095
1.44829
1.52878
1.52584
1.61637
1.61302
1.71595 1.71198
1.83037
1.82547
4O0C |
0.99939
1.00663
1.02135
1.03642
1.05186
1.06770
1.08397
1.10069
1.11789
1.13560
1.15384
1.17264
1.19204
1.21207
1.23277
1.25417
1.31115
1.37376
1.44299
1.52010
1.60673
1.70499
1.81756
5O0C |
0.99519
1.00241
1.01708
1.03211
1.04752
1.06334
1.07959
1.09629
1.11347
1.13115
1.14936
1.16813
1.18750
1.20750
1.22815
1.24949
1.30629
1.36869
1.43767
1.51448
1.60074
1.69853
1.81049
6O0C | 8O0C [ IQO0C

0.9904
0.9790
0.9656
0.9976
0.9862
0.9729
1.0123
1.0009
0.9877
1.0273
1.0159
1.0029
1.0427
1.0313
1.0184
1.0585
1.0471
1.0344
1.0747
1.0634
1.0508
1.0914
1.0801
1.0676
1.1086
1.0972
1.0849
1.1262
1.1149
1.1027
1.1444
1.1331
1.1210
1.1632
1.1519
1.1399
1.1826
1.1713
1.1593
1.2026
1.1913
1.1794
1.2232
1.2119
1.2001
1.2445
1.2333
1.2215
1.3012
1.2899
1.2782
1.3635
1.3520
1.3404
1.4323
1.4207
1.4092
1.5089
1.4971
1.5948
1.5829
1.6923
1.6800
1.8038
1.7913
LiI [JAB] (26), a. (369)**; (25, 287)*; (45, 221, 225, 261, 319, 320, 322, 342, 519, 618)â (151)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0G [ 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C
1.00746
1.00721
1.00563
1.00443
1.00300
0.99952
0.99530
0.9905
0.9790
0.9655
1.01514 1.01479
1.01312 1.01189
1.01043
1.00690
1.00264 0.9978
0.9863
0.9728
1.03083
1.03027
1.02843
1.02712
1.02560
1.02198
1.01763
1.0127
1.0011
0.9876
1.04697
1.04620
1.04418
1.04279
1.04120
1.03749
1.03305
1.0281
1.0163
1.0028
1.06358
1.06260
1.06039
1.05892
1.05726
1.05345
1.04892
1.0439
1.0320
1.0184
1.08069
1.07949
1.07708
1.07553
1.07380
1.06988
1.06527
1.0601
1.0481
1.0345
1.09832
1.09689
1.09428
1.09265
1.09085
1.08681
1.08212
1.0769
1.0648
1.0512
1.11649
1.11483 1.11202
1.11031
1.10844
1.10427
1.09950
1.0942
1.0819
1.0683
1.13523
1.13334
1.13033
1.12854
1.12660
1.12229
1.11744
1.1121
1.0996
1.0860
1.15457 1.15245 1.14924
1.14736
1.14535 1.14091 1.13597 1.1305
1.1179
1.1042
1.17455 1.17220
1.16878
1.16680
1.16472
1.16016 1.15512 1.1496
1.1368
1.1231
1.19520
1.19263
1.18898
1.18690
1.18475
1.18007
1.17491 1.1693
1.1564
1.1427
1.21656
1.21377 1.20988
1.20770
1.20547
1.20067
1.19538
1.1896
1.1766
1.1629
1.23867
1.23566
1.23152
1.22924
1.22692
1.22199 1.21657 1.2107
1.1976
1.1838
1.26156 1.25833 1.25395 1.25157 1.24915 1.24407
1.23853
1.2326
1.2193
1.2054
%
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
%|
1
2
4
6
8
d\* Il
1.0072
1.0160
1.0339
1.0525
1.0717
O0C
1.28527
1.34859
1.41839
1.49582
1.58235
1.67986
1.79074
IQ0C
1.28181
1.34444
1.41355
1.49029
1.57613
1.67295
1.78314
LiI.(Continued)
2O0C I 250C | 3O0C
1.27720
1.27472
1.27219
1.33928
1.33656
1.33382
1.40783
1.40485
1.40188
1.48399
1.48073
1.47751
1.56922
1.56565
1.56215
1.66538
1.66145
1.65764
1.77481
1.77046
1.76631
1.89559
1.89107
LiIO3 [JAB] (288)**; (25O)* [LJG]

% I î8 Il %
48 Il
10
1.0915
20
1.2023
12
1.1120
22
1.2268
14
1.1333
24
1.2520
16
1.1555
26
1.2780
18
1.1785
28
1.3049
% I d~
30
1.3328
32
1.3619
34
1.3925
36
1.4248
38
1.4590
Li2SO4 [JAB] (250, 291), a (370)** ; (616), a (203)* ; (1, 76, 106,
150, 204, 225, 312, 342, 344, 405, 477, 519, 529, 618, 629),
(
)
% I
1
I
2
I
4 I
O0C 1.0089 1.0179 1.0360
1O0C 1.0084 1.0173 1.0350
2O0C 1.0068 1.0155 1.0329
250C 1.0056 1.0142 1.0316
3O0C 1.0042 1.0128 1.0301
4O0C 1.0007 1.0092 1.0264
5O0C 0.9964 1.0049 1.0221
6O0C 0.9917 1.0001 1.0174
8O0C 0.9801 0.9886 1.0061
4O0C
| 5Q0C
| 6Q0C
1.26695
1.26130
1.2553
1.32816
1.32218
1.3159
1.39580
1.38948
1.3829
1.47099
1.46433
1.4575
1.55517
1.54816
1.5410
1.65018
1.64279
1.6352
1.75835
1.75052
1.7425
1.88259
1.87421
1.8658
8O0C
1.2418
1.3020
1.3686
1.4426
1.5255
1.6192
1.7260
1.8489
IQO0C
1.2279
1.2879
1.3542
1.4280
1.5105
1.6038
1.7100
LiNO3.-(Continued)
% I 12
I 14
I 16
I 18
I 20
I
22
4O0C 1.06330 1.07591 1.08877 1.10190 1.11532 1.12904
5O0C 1.05830 1.07077 1.08349 1.09650 1.10980 1.12341
6O0C 1.0530 1.0653 1.0780 1.0908 1.1040 1.1176
8O0C 1.0411 1.0534 1.0659 1.0787 1.0918 1.1052
IQO0C 1.0278 1.0401 1.0527 1.0655 1.0786 1.0919
% I 24
I 26
I 28
I 30
| -35 | 40
1.16351 1.17866 1.19406 1.20971 1.2510
0C
^ ^^
^ ^J ^ ^^
^^
6
1.0543
1.0528
1.0505
1.0491
1.0476
1.0439
1.0396
1.0349
1.0238
8
I 10
1.0726 1.0910
1.0709 1.0890
1.0684 1.0863
1.0669 1.0848
1.0653 1.0831
1.0615 1.0792
1.0572 1.0749
1.0526 1.0703
1.0416 1.0595
j^g^^^SS,^^^^^^^
%
I 12
I 14
I 16 I 18 I 20
O0C 1.1095 1.1280 1.1465 1.1656
1O0C 1.1073 1.1256 1.1441 1.1629
I 22
I 24
2O C 1.15387 1.16857 1.18355 1.19879 1.2392 1,2837

250C 1.15128 1.16588 1.18076 1.19592 1.2361 1.2804
3O0C 1.14861 1.16311 1.17790 1.19298 1.2330 1.2771
4O0C 1.14308 1.15744 1.17209 1.18703 1.2267 1.2706
5O0C 1.13734 1.15159 1.16613 1.18097 1.2204 1.2640
6O0C 1.1314 1.1456 1.1601 1.1748 1.2139 1.2572
8O0C 1.1189 1.1330 1.1473 1.1619 1.2007 1.2436
IQO0C 1.1056 1.1196 1.1338 1.1484 1.1870 | 1.2296
Li2C2O4, Oxalate [JAB]; with 3.31 %, dj 1 - 6 = 1.0232 (329)
LiCHO2, Formate [JAB] (291)**; (329)
"^l -Ju
Ti~I -j
fl ^H
-JIS [T ~\ -J
? .M85 ' * .. ' .2 .. ' J ..ir
1.0085
1.0185
8
1.0385
14
1.0690
20
10
1.0486
16
1.0793
LiC2H3O2, Acetate [JAB] (288)**; (529)
1.1000
1 17891 188 1 2188 %l d

% d l! %
% d
c
MSS
MS
1'SSiMS
'
*
>
'
"
0024 "
6 ' ^ 6 24 ' 1 <0947
a? :SS :S :SS:S
j * ;?? s - ^
^
40C
50C
6O0C
8O0C
10O0C
1.0972
1.0929
1.0882
1.0776
1.0658
1.1153
1.1109
1.1063
1.0959
1.0844
'0^
J
-J
J?^0219
1.13351.1526
1.1291 1.1483
1.1246 1.1437
1.1143 1.1335
1.1028 1.1220
%|
-^^^:^"
<
li
10
.0376
18
.0698
g
'S
22
'S
1 0535
1 803
1
^
^
LiC4H5O5, Acid malate [JAB] (546)
|] % | df
\\ % \ dl \\ % |
i i
:
i
i is
dj
i i
;
i
% I
O0C
1O0C
2O0C
250C
3O00C4O C
5O0C
6O0C
8O0C
10O0C
-Z j
1
I
1.00616
1.00578
1.00409
1.00287
1.00142
0.99788
0.99365
0.9888
0.9774
0.9639
T^
j
2
I
1.01253
1.01188
1.01002
1.00872
1.00721
1.00358
0.99929
0.9944
0.9829
0.9695
TT
j
4
I
6
1
8
I
1.02533 1.03826 1.05135
1.02418 1.03667 1.04935
1.02198 1.03413 1.04647
1.02054 1.03255 1.04477
1.01892 1.03081 1.04291
1.01509 1.02681 1.03875
1.01068 1.02227 1.03406
1.0057 1.0172 1.0289
0.9942 1.0056 1.0173
0.9808 0.9922 1.0039
77H
j
^
j
10
1.06461
1.06222
1.05903
1.05721
1.05524
1.05091
1.04607
1.0409
1.0291
1.0157
1.0288
16
1.0814
26
1.1366
45
1.2502
8 1.0391
18
1.0922
28
1.1480
50
1.2829
Li2C4H4O4, Succinate [JAB]; with 8.58%, dJ'- = 1.0468 (329)
Li2C4H4O5, Malate [JAB] (546)
-^n ô fi"Zj ^
nwi ^ Ho?i ^
^
^ ' ^
-
^
^J
~
1-0043
10
1.0600
20
1.1231
30
1.1880
2
1 0105
12
^
1-0725
22
1.1360
35
1.2210
4
1 0228
14
1 0851
24
1 1489
^
^
^
^ 1^2545
6
1 0352
16
^
1-0977
26
1.1619
1 0476
1 103
1 1749
J ^
^
E
'
Li2C4H4O6, Tartrate [JAB]; with 8.56%, d f ' Q = 1.0530 (329)
1O0C
2O0C
250C
3O0C
1.07529
1.07181
1.06987
1.06780
1.08857
1.08482
1.08276
1.08059
1.10208
1.09807
1.09590
1.09363
1.14422
1.13948
1.13699
1.13442
_AJ ^*
U ^_J *
U /0 ' ^4
''
1 1-0025
6
1.0220
12
1.0458]
2
1.0064
8
1.0299
14
1.0538
4 1.0142
10
1.0378
16
1.0619
;.c ...H ....e... ^1965... .. 7 | f n ,n-'TTi1"^' i r i ...

1.11585
1.11159
1.10931
1.10694
1.12989
1.12539
1.12300
1.120.53
/0
18
*
1.0700
Li2CrO4 [JAB] (288) [LJG]

~~7~\
%
J8
4
11
11
/O
^ 8 T i
07
I[
/O
Li2Cr2O7 [JAB] (29i) [LJG]
^ S I I
^4
11
C/
/O
"AU
^4
"11.007261.0508121.1052181.1627
2 1.0158
8
1.0686
14
1.1240
20
1.1826
4 1.0332
10
1.0867
16
1.1432
22
1.2028
O/
/O I
1
2
4
^1S
11
Q>4
O/
/ O J
II
1.0055
1.0125
1.0267
^1S
6
8
10
11
C/
11
/O
1.0412
1.0561
1.0713
12
14
16
II
II
1.0868
1.1026
1.1188
C/
/O
18
20
/718
1.1355
1.1528
NaOH [BTB] (63)**; (12, 98, 106, 248, 279, 290, 328, 342, 378, 387, 432, 449, 451, 463, 492, 519, 529, 555, 586, 639, 646, 666)^ (211)
0
% " ~ j O C 1 O C I 15 Cj 8C2O0C
3O0C | 4O0C
5O0C
6O0C | 7O0C | 8O0C | 9O0C
10O0C
11.0124F.01151.010651.010031.00951.00691.00330.99900.99410.98840.98240.97600.969cf
2
1.0244 1.0230 1.02198 1.02127 1.0207 1.0177 1.0139 1.0095 1.0045 0.9989 0.9929 0.9865 0.9797
3
1.0364 1.0345 1.03322 1.03241 1.0318 1.0285 1.0246 1.0201 1.0150 1.0094 1.0035 0.9970 0.9903
4
1.0482 1.0459 1.04441 1.04349 1.0428 1.0393 1.0352 1.0305 1.0254 1.0198 1.0139 1.0075 1.0009
5
1.0598 1.0571 1.05554 1.05454 1.0538 1.0501 1.0458 1.0412 1.0359 1.0302 1.0243 1.0179 1.0115
6
1.0713 1.0683 1.06666 1.06559 1.0648 1.0609 1.0564 1.0517 1.0463 1.0407 1.0347 1.0284 1.0220
7
1.0828 1.0795 1.07777 1.07664 1.0758 1.0717 1.0672 1.0623* 1.0569 1.0513 1.0453 1.0390 1.0326
8
1.0943 1.0908 1.08887 1.08769 1.0869 1.0826 1.0780 1.0730 1.0676 1.0619 1.0560 1.0497 1.0432
9
1.1057 1.1020 1.09997 1.09872 1.0979 1.0934 1.0887 1.0836 1.0782 1.0725 1.0665 1.0602 1.0537
10
1.1171 1.1132 1.11107 1.10977 1.1089 1.1043 1.0995 1.0942 1.0889 1.0831 1.0771 1.0708 1.0643
12
1.1399 1.1355 1.13327 1.13188 1.1309 1.1261 1.1210 1.1157 1.1101 1.1043 1.0983 1.0920 1.0855
14
1.1624 1.1578 1.15545 1.15400 1.1530 1.1480 1.1428 1.1373 1.1316 1.1257 1.1195 1.1132 1.1066
16
1.1849 1.1801 1.17761 1.17610 1.1751 1.1699 1.1645 1.1588 1.1531 1.1471 1.1408 1.1343 1.1277
18
1.2073 1.2023 1.19973 1.19817 1.1972 1.1918 1.1963 1.1805 1.1746 1.1685 1.1621 1.1556 1.1489
20
1.2296 1.2244 1.22183 1.22022 1.2191 1.2136 1.2079 1.2020 1.1960 1.1898 1.1833 1.1768 1.1700
22
1.2519 1.2465 1.24386 1.24220 1.2411 1.2454 1.229.6 1.2236 1.2174 1.2111 1.2046 1.1980 1.1912
24
1.2741 1.2686 1.26582 1.26412 1.2629 1.2571 1.2512 1.2451 1.2388 1.2324 1.2259 1.2192 1.2124
26
1.2963 1.2906 1.2877
1.2860
1.2848 1.2789 1.2728 1.2666 1.2603 1.2538 1.2472 1.2405 1.2336
28
1.3182 1.3124 1.3094
1.3076
1.3064 1.3002 1.2942 1.2878 1.2814 1.2750 1.2682 1.2615 1.2546
30
1.340Of 1.3340 1.3309
1.3290
1.3279 1.3217 1.3154 1.3090 1.3025 1.2959 1.2892 1.2824 1.2755
32
1.3614 1.3552 1.3520
1.3502
1.3490 1.3427 1.3362 1.3298 1.3232 1.3165 1.3097 1.3029 1.2960
34
1.3823 1.3760 1.3728
1.3708
1.3696 1.3632 1.3566 1.3501 1.3434 1.3367 1.3299 1.3230 1.3161
36
1.4030 1.3965 1.3933
1.3913
1.3900 1.3835 1.3768 1.3702 1.3634 1.3567 1.3498 1.3429 1.3360
38
1.4234 1.4168 1.4135
1.4115
1.4101 1.4035 1.3967 1.3900 1.3832 1.3763 1.3695 1.3626 1.3556
40
1.4435 1.4367 1.4334
1.4314
1.4300 1.4232 1.4164 1.4095 1.4027 1.3958 1.3889 1.3820 1.3750
42
1.4632 1.4561 1.4529
1.4508
1.4494 1.4425 1.4356 1.4287 1.4217 1.4148 1.4079 1.4009 1.3940
44
1.4825 1.4755 1.4720
1.4699
1.4685 1.4615 1.4545 1.4475 1.4405 1.4335 1.4266 1.4196 1.4127
46
1.5018 1.4947t 1.4911
1.4890
1.4873 1.4805 1.4734 1.4663 1.4593 1.4523 1.4454 1.4384 1.4315
48
1.5210 1.5138 1.5102
1.5080
1.5065 1.4994 1.4922 1.4851 1.4781 1.4711 1.4641 1.4572 1.4503
50
1.5400 1.5326 1.5290
1.5268
1.5253 1.5181 1.5109 1.5038 1.4967 1.4897 1.4827 1.4759 1.4690
t Supersaturated.
NaCl [JAB] (24, 258)**. (20, 25, 59, 62, 84, 110, 250, 2 5 6 ) ; a (256, 364, 367, 370)*- (1, 2, 18, 26, 27, 36, 37, 38, 45, 57, 86, 101, 105,
125, 136, 144, 145, 151, 190, 200, 206, 2 1 5 , 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 246, 255, 261, 273, 274, 278, 297, 312, 313, 331, 342, 344, 347,
360, 361, 378, 409, 418, 425, 429, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 459, 486, 505, 514, 517, 519, 526, 529, 533, 536, 545, 547, 553, 573, 592, 618,
630, 632, 644), a (37, 38, 151, 2 1 1 , 219, 2 7 1 , 448, 466, 545, 555, 606, 609)
106,
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
O0C
I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C 1 IQO0C
1.00747
1.00707
1.00534
1.00409
1.00261
0.99908
0.99482
0.9900
0.9785
0.9651
1.01509
1.01442
1.01246
1.01112
1.00957
1.00593
1.00161
0.9967
0.9852
0.9719
1.03038
1.02920
1.02680
1.02530
1.02361
1.01977
1.01531
1.0103
0.9988
0.9855
1.04575
1.04408
1.04127
1.03963
1.03781
1.03378
1.02919
1.0241
1.0125
0.9994
1.06121
1.05907
1.05589
1.05412
1.05219
1.04798
1.04326
1.0381
1.0264
1.0134
1.07677
1.07419
1.07068
1.06879
1.06676
1.06238
1.05753
1.0523
1.0405
1.0276
1.09244
1.08946
1.08566
1.08365
1.08153
1.07699
1.07202
1.0667
1.0549
1.0420
1.10824
1.10491
1.10085
1.09872
1.09651
1.09182
1.08674
1.0813
1.0694
1.0565
1.12419
1.12056
1.11621
1.11401
1.11171
1.10688
1.10170
1.0962
1.0842
1.0713
1.14031
1.13643
1.13190
1.12954
1.12715
1.12218
1.11691
1.1113
1.0993
1.0864
1.15663
1.15254
1.14779
1.14533
1.14285
1.13774
1.13238
1.1268
1.1146
1.1017
1.17318 1.16891
1.16395
1.16140
1.15883
1.15358
1.14812
1.1425
1.1303
1.1172
1.18999
1.18557
1.18040
1.17776
1.17511
1.16971
1.16414
1.1584
1.1463
1.1331
1.20709
1.20254
1.19717
1.19443
1.19170
1.18614
1.18045
1.1747
1.1626
1.1492
NaCl (348, 349, 586)**
~J
NaF [JAB] (288)** ; (190, 224)

%
djf
1
2
I
I
J
S
:.| 1.0092 I 1.0198 1.0304
4
I
5
1.0409 | 1.0515
I-0
1.5
'
4
1 0 02886
1.006506
1.010120
r5^
1.005694
1.009274
^
2.5
3.0
^18.55
! V12856
1.016440
1.020024
'
% (588)
2.71
5.32
10.88
NaCL- (Continued]
d\l
I
d\20
0.9697
0.9618
0.9868
0.9791
1.Q269
1.0189
<30
0.9537
0.9709
1.0115
%( 3 7 3 )
0.01
0.02
0.03
NaClO3 [JAB] (288)**. (360, 361, 378, 449, 514, 529, 561) [LJG]
1
2
4
6
8
1.0053
1.0121
1.0258
1.0397
1.0538
I]
10
12
14
16
18
^4
1.0681
1.0827
1.0977
1.1131
1.1288
20
22
24
26
28
d?
||
1.1449
30
1.1614
32
1.1782
34
1.1953
1.2128 [
dl
1.2307
1.2491
1.2680
NaCL- (Continued)
<- 004
Il
%( 3 7 3 )
0.9983041s
0.04
0.99837629
0.05
0.9984480s
0.06
df' 004
0.9985202?
0.9985924e
0.998 6646e
NaClO4 [LJG] (291)**; (514, 529)
%l
1
2
4
6
8
1.0051
1.0116
1.0247
1.0381
1.0517
[I
10
12
14
16
18
^48
1.0656
1.0798
1.0943
1.1090
1.1241
Il
20
22
24
26
28
d?
1.1396
1.1554
1.1717
1.1883
1.2053
Il
30
32
34
36
38
d\*
1.2227
1.2407
1.2591
1.2779
1.2969
NaBr [JAB] (26);a (367)**^ (25, 287)*- (1, 12, 36, 106, 144, 189, 190, 221, 228, 246, 261, 307, 312, 313, 319, 320, 322, 323, 360, 361, 378,
447, 451, 459, 514, 519, 547, 573, 596, 618)^ Q, (151, 607)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
Q0C
j IQ0C I 2Q0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | IQO0C
1.00798
1.00765
1.00599
1.00476
1.00331
0.99979
0.99555
0.9907
0.9792
0.9657
1.01618
1.01566
1.01385
1.01255
1.01104
1.00743
1.00312 0.9982
0.9867
0.9731
1.03285
1.03196
1.02984
1.02840
1.02678
1.02299
1.01854
1.0135
1.0018
0.9882
1.04991
1.04866
1.04623
1.04465
1.04292
1.03895
1.03436
1.0293
1.0174
1.0037
1.06739
1.06579
1.06305
1.06133
1.05949
1.05534
1.05061
1.0454
1.0334
1.0196
1.08532
1.08338
1.08033
1.07847
1.07652
1.07219
1.06732
1.0620
1.0498
1.0359
1.10373
1.10146
1.09810
1.09610
1.09404
1.08953
1.08452
1.0791
1.0667
1.0526
1.12265 1.12005
1.11638
1.11424
1.11207
1.10738
1.10223
1.0967
1.0842
1.0699
1.14210 1.13917
1.13519
1.13292
1.13063
1.12576
1.12047
1.1148
1.1021
1.0876
1.16210 1.15885
1.15455
1.15217 1.14975
1.14470
1.13927
1.1335
1.1206
1.1059
1.18268
1.17911
1.17449
1.17207
1.16946
1.16423
1.15866
1.1527
1.1396
1.1247
1.20387
1.19997
1.19505
1.19249
1.18980
1.18439
1.17867
1.1726
1.1592
1.1442
1.22569
1.22147
1.21627
1.21360
1.21079
1.20520
1.19932
1.1931
1.1795
1.1642
1.24817
1.24364
1.23817
1.23538
1.23246
1.22669
1.22064
1.2143
1.2004
1.1849
1.27135
1.26652
1.26078
1.25786
1.25484
1.24889
1.24267
1.2362
1.2221
1.2063
1.29526
1.29014
1.28413
1.28107
1.27795
1.27182
1.26544
1.2588
1.2444
1.2284
1.35860
1.35284
1.34615
1.34277
1.33934
1.33271
1.32594
1.3190
1.3039
1.2873
1.42734
1.42124
1.41384
1.41017 1.40643
1.39928
1.39219
1.3849
1.3691
1.3520
NaBrO3, see p. 81
NaI [JAB] ( 2 6 ), a. (368)**^ (25, 287)*- (2, 12, 36, 106, 144, 189, 190, 221, 225, 246, 261, 312, 319, 322, 342, 365, 447, 487, 507, 519, 547,
596, 618) ? a (151)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
O0C
I IQ0C
1.00789
1.00759
1.01603
1.01557
1.03264
1.03186
1.04972
1.04862
1.06729
1.06587
1.08538
1.08364
1.10402
1.10196
1.12324
1.12086
1.14307
1.14037
1.16354
1.16052
1.18469
1.18134
1.20655
1.20287
1.22915
1.22514
1.25252
1.24819
1.27669
1.27205
1.30171
1.29674
1.36842
1.36248
1.44158
1.43476
1.52224
1.51463
1.61168 1.60336
1.71152
1.70256
1.82382
1.81428
2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C |

1.00596
1.00474
1.00329
0.99977
0.99553
0.9906
1.01380
1.01253
1.01103
1.00742
1.00310
0.9981
1.02981
1.02843
1.02683
1.02304
1.01857
1.0135
1.04629
1.04479
1.04309
1.03912
1.03450
1.0293
1.06326
1.06164
1.05983
1.05568
1.05091
1.0455
1.08075
1.07900
1.07708
1.07275
1.06782
1.0623
1.09878
1.09690
1.09487
1.09035
1.08525
1.0795
1.11738
1.11537
1.11322
1.10851
1.10323
1.0974
1.13658
1.13444
1.13217
1.12726
1.12179 1.1158
1.15641
1.15414 1.15175
1.14663
1.14097
1.1348
1.17691
1.17450
1.17199
1.16665
1.16080
1.1545
1.19812
1.19556
1.19293
1.18736
1.18132
1.1748
1.22007
1.21736
1.21460
1.20880
1.20257
1.1959
1.24279
1.23993
1.23704
1.23101
1.22459
1.2177
1.26631
1.26331
1.26029
1.25403
1.24741
1.2403
1.29067
1.28754
1.28437
1.27789
1.27107
1.2638
1.35562
1.35217
1.34869
1.34164
1.33429
1.3265
1.42711
1.42334
1.41954
1.41189
1.40399
1.3957
1.50620
1.50211
1.49799
1.48970
1.48122
1.4723
1.59418
1.58977
1.58534
1.57636
1.57626
1.5577
1.69268
1.68795
1.68323
1.67350
1.66373
1.6536
1.80377
1.79872
1 79373
1.78319
1.77269
1.7619 [
8O0C | IQO0C
0.9791
0.9656
0.9865
0.9730
1.0016
0.9879
1.0172
1.0033
1.0332
1.0191
1.0496
1.0354
1.0666
1.0522
1.0842
1.0696
1.1023
1.0875
1.1211
1.1060
1.1405
1.1251
1.1605
1.1450
1.1813
1.1655
1.2029
1.1869
1.2252
1.2090
1.2484
1.2320
1.3103
1.2933
1.3785
1.3608
1.4541
1.4357
1.5385
1.5193
1.6331
1.6144
1.7405
1.7220
%l
1
2
4
6
NaBrO3 [JAB] (29i)** ; (360, 361, 378) [LJG]

<ff
Il % I <ff
Il % I ^48 [I % I ^48
1.0064
8
1.0641
16
1.1373
24
1.2193
1.0143
10
1.Q816
18
1.1569
1.0305
12
1.0996
20
1.1771
1.0471
14
1.1182
22
1.1979
NaIO3 [LJG] (250 363, 5 2 9 )
<7
/O
I
I
3.83
/718
^4
Il
I 1.0333 Il
O/
/O
/7425
Il
4.95 I 1.0415 ||
O/
/O
19 5
/7
4
7.52 | 1.068
NaPO3 [LJG] (28, 206)**. (451)
1
I
2
I
4
I
6
I
8
1.0064 I 1.0145 I 1.0304 | 1.0461 I 1.0614
%...
^0...
Na3PO4 [LJG] (536)**. (206, 463, 537)
%
d\5
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
I
1
I
2
I
4
I
6
I
8
I
10
1 1.0092 I 1.0194 I 1.0405 | 1.0624 | 1.0850 | 1.1083
Na4P2O7 [LJG] (206, 4SI)
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I 1.0090 I 1.0190
I 1.0283 j 1.0369
NaH2PO3 [LJG]; with 3.47%, dj0 = 1.0218 (463)
Na2HPO3 [LJG]; with 3.15%, < = 1.0277 (463)
%
df
%(*)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
I 1
I 2
I 4
I 6
I
8
I 10
I 1.0045 I 1.0120 I 1.0270 | 1.0422 j 1.0575 j 1.0730
Na2HPO4 [LJG] (432)**; (533)*; (98, 241, 242, 451, 534, 561)
%
I
^48......I
%
1
2
4
6
8
'
%
1
2
4
6
8
1
I
2
I
4
6
1.000 I
1.020 I
1.043 I 1.067
Na2S[JAB] (52) [LJG]
I
dj*
Il
%
I
d4*
1.0098
10
1.1146
1.0211
12
1.1388
1.0440
14
1.1634
1.0672
16
1.1885
1.0907
18
1.2140
Na2SO3 [JAB] (106) [LJG]
I
d?
Il
%
I
49
1.0078
10
1.0948
1.0172
12
1.1146
1.0363
14
1.1346
1.0556
16
1.1549
1.0751
18
1.1755
Na2SO4 [JAB] (20, 229.5, 409, 603), a (370)**. (i, 2 , 14, 36, 85, 86,
^8'080
Il
0.999 533
1.000 455
1.001 375
1.002 292
%(586)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
^8'080
1.003 207
1.004 121
1.005 033
1.005 943
%(588) i ^10 i g* i g0 i d
1.69
3.35
NaH2PO4 [LJG] ("*)**; (432, 4SI, 463)
%
df
Na2SO4.(Continued)
4O0C I 5Q0C I 6O0C I 8O0C | 1OQ0G
1.0010
0.9969
0.9919
0.9805
0.9671
1.0098
1.0057
1.0007
0.9892
0.9758
1.0276
1.0235
1.0184
1.0068
0.9934
1.0456
1.0415
1.0363
1.0246
1.0112
1.0639
1.0598
1.0544
1.0426
1.0292
1.0825
1.0783
1.0728
1.0609
1.0475
1.1015
1.0971
1.0915
1.0795
1.0661
1.1209
1.1162
1.1105
1.0984
1.0850
1.1406
1.1356
1.1299
1.1176
1.1042
1.1608
1.1553
1.1496
1.1371
1.1813
1.1753
1.1696
1.1569
1.2023
1.2237
(229.5)
2
, 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
d25
0.9654
0.9797
d30
40
da
1.006102 1.004620 1.00104s

1.0150941.0135391.009849
1.024117 1.02249l 1.01868s
1.033195 .0315Oo 1.02758s
1.042330 .0405721.036552
.051530 .0497111.045594
1.06079s .058919 1.05470s
.070134 .0682001.063899
.079547 .077557 1.073166
.08904s .0870Oo 1.082524
1.098627 .096532 1.091972
1.10830s .1061561.1015Io
1.11807l .1158721.111143
1.127929 .1256821.120873
1.13787s .1355861.130700
0.9573
0.9719
%
(229.5)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
(29)
0.9494
0.9638
d25
"4
1.14791s
1.15805o
1.16827s
1.178606
1.18903e
1.19957o
1.210207
1.22094s
1.23179e
1.242754
1.253824
1.2650Oo
1.27627e
(1.287664)
0.9404
0.9555
^3O
^4O
| 4
1.14558s 1.140624
1.15567s 1.15064s
1.1658591.16075
1.1761471.170979
1.1865391.181303
1.19703s 1.191734
1.20763s 1.20227i
1.21834o 1.21292o
1.229152 1.22367s
1.24007s 1.234537
1.25111s 1.245519
1.26226o 1.256607
1.27350e 1.2678Oo
Na2S2O3 [JAB] (509, SlO, S36)**; (137)*; (106, 537) [LJQ]

c//O I\
,720
Il cp
I
/7420
il c/
I qd420 Il11 /O
o/ II <*4
J^
a
&4
Ii
/O
I
11
/O
I
1
2
4
6
8
1.0065
1.0148
1.0315
1.0483
1.0654
10
12
14
16
18
1.0827
1.1003
1.1182
1.1365
1.1551
20
22
24
26
28
1.1740
1.1932
1.2128
1.2328
1.2532
30
35
40
Na2S2O6 [LJG]; with 2.58%, dj5 = 1.0162 (529)

NaHSO4 [JAB] (409)**. (4 si, 458)*. (43 2)
% I
O0C
I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C
1
1.0083
1.0077
1.0059
1.0047
1.0032
2
1.0166
1.0157
1.0137
1.0124
1.0108
4
1.0335
1.0319
1.0293
1.0279
1.0261
6
1.0505
1.0482
1.0451
1.0435
1.0415
8
1.0676
1.0647
1.0611
1.0593
1.0571
10
1.0849
1.0814
1.0773
1.0753
1.0728
12
1.1023
1.0982
1.0937
1.0915
1.0887
14
1.1199
1.1152
1.1103
1.1079
1.1049
16
1.1376
1.1324
1.1271
1.1245
1.1214
18
1.1555
1.1499
1.1441
1.1413
1.1381
20
1.1736
1.1676
1.1614
1.1583
1.1551
22
1.1919
1.1856
1.1789
1.1755
1.1724
101, 106, 144, 146, 147, 151, 155, 187, 190, 192, 204, 206, 215, 219,
221, 223, 224, 225, 246, 261, 297, 312, 342, 344, 360, 361, 378, 385,
405, 422, 425, 449, 451, 477, 485, 519, 529, 533, 540, 544, 550, 585,
598, 618, 629, 646) ? a (151, 219, 271, 466)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
O0C
I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250G | 3O0C
1.0094 ] 1.0089
1.0073
1.0061
1.0046
1.0189
1.0182
1.0164
1.0151
1.0135
1.0381
1.0370
1.0348
1.0332
1.0315
1.0576
1.0560
1.0535
1.0515
1.0497
1.0773
1.0753
1.0724
1.0701
1.0682
1.0972
1.0948
1.0915
1.0890
1.0870
1.1174
1.1145
1.1109
1.1083
1.1062
1.1378
1.1345
1.1306
1.1279
1.1257
1.1585
1.1548
1.1506
1.1479
1.1456
1.1795
1.1754
1.1709
1.1683
1.1659
1.2008
1.1963
1.1915
1.1890
1.1865
1.2224
1.2175
1.2124
1.2102
1.2076
1:2443
1.2390
1.2336
1.2318
1.2292
1.2739
1.3273
1.3827
NaHSeO3 [LJG]; with 5.03%, dj = 1.0395 (463)

Na2SeOg [LJG]; with 4.32%, dj = 1.0402 (463)
Na2SeO4 [JAB] (6Q2) [LJG]
d?
%|
1
2
Il
1.0081
1.0171
ff
4
6
1.0355
1.0543
<ff
8
10
1.0735
1.0930
12
14
<ff
1.1129
1.1333
NaN 3 [LJG] (74)

%
O0C
I IQ0C
lT065
2
1.013
4
1.026
6
1.039
8
1.052
1.065
1.079
1.093
1.107
1.121
1.136
1.151
1.166
1.182
1.199
1.216
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
I 2O0C
I 250C
| 3O0C
4O0C
1.0060
1.012
1.024
1,037
1.050
1.0040
1.010
1.022
1.034
1.047
1.0030
1.009
1.021
1.033
1.045
1.0015
1.007
1.019
1.031
1.043
0.9975
1.003
1.015
1.027
1.039
1.063
1.076
1.089
1.103
1.117
1.131
1.146
1.161
1.176
1.192
1.209
1.059
1.072
1.085
1.099
1.112
1.126
1.140
1.155
1.170
1.186
1.202
1.057
1.070
1.083
1.096
1.109
1.123
1.137
1.152
1.167
1.182
1.198
1.055 1.051
1.068 1.063
1.081 1.076
1.094 1.089
1.107 1.102
1.121 1.115
1.135
1.129
1.149
1.143
1.164 1.157
1.179
1.172
1.195
1.188
%
I 5O0C I 6O0G I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C"
10.99350.98850.98350.97750.97050.9635
2
0.999
0.994
0.988
0.983
0.976
0.969
4
1.010
1.005
1.000
0.994
0.987
0.980
6
1.022
1.016
1.011
1.005
0.998
0.991
8
1.034
1.028
1.022
1.016
1.009
1.002
10
1.046
1.040
1.034
1.028
1.021
1.014
12
1.058
1.052
1.046
1,040
1.033
1.026
14
1.070
1.064
1.058
1.052
1.045
1.038
16
1.083
1.076
1.070
1.064
1.057
1.050
18
1.096
1.089
1.083
1.076
1.070
1.063
20
1.109
1.102
1.096
1.089
1.083
1.076
22
1.122
1.115
1.109
1.102
1.096
1.089
24
1.136
1.129
1.123
1.116
1.110
1.103
26
1.150
1.143
1.137
1.130
1.124
1.107
28
1.165
1.158
1.152
1.145
1.138
1.131
30
1.181
1.174
1.167
1.160
1.153
1.146
NaNO 2 [JAB] (6Q2) [LJG]
%|
d\> H
1 1.0058
2 1.0125
4 1.0260
% I dj*
Il
6
1.0397
8
1.0535
10
1.0675
% I dj'
Il
12
1.0816
14
1.0959
16
1.1103
% I
cff
18
1.1248
20
1.1394
NaNO 3 [JAB] (84, HO, 250, 256) ; a (256, 3 7 0 ) * * ; (20, 448, 449,
451, 452, 646) ? a (203, 2 1 1 , 375, 466)*; (1, 36, 86, 106, 144, 190,
195, 206, 214, 215, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 246, 261, 312, 344, 360,
361, 378, 385, 422, 514, 519, 529, 533, 592, 5 9 3 ) ^ a (151, 446, 605)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
O0C
I
1.0071
1.0144 '
1.0290
1.0438
1.0587
1.0738
1.0891
1.1046
1.1203
1.1363
1.1526
1.1692
1.1860
IQ0C
1.0066
1.0136
1.0277
1.0420
1.0565
1.0712
1.0861
1.1012
1.1166
1.1323
1.1483
1.1645
1.1810
2O0C
I 250C
1.0049
1.0037
1.0117
1.0104
1.0254
1.0239
1.0392
1.0376
1.0532
1.0515
1.0674
1.0656
1.0819
1.0799
1.0967
1.0945
1.1118
1.1094
1.1272
1.1246
1.1429
1.1402
1.1589
1.1561
1.1752
1.1723
3Q0C
1.0022
1.0088
1.0221
1.0356
1.0493
1.0632
1.0774
1.0919
1.1067
1.1219
1.1374
1.1532
1.1693
NaNO 3 .(Continued)
% I
O0C
IQ0C
2O0C
I
^261.20311.19771.19171.
28
1.2204
1.2147
1.2085
30
1.2380
1.2320
1.2256
35
1.2834
1.2770
1.2701
40
1.3316
1.3248
1.3175
_45
1.3760
1.3683
4O0C
0.9986
1.0050
1.0180
1.0312
1.0447
1.0584
1.0724
1.0867
1.1013
1.1162
1.1314
1.1470
1.1629
1.1791
1.1955
1.2122
1.2560
1.3027
1.3528
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
0
C
0
d\
1.04834
250C
|
18881.
1.2055
1.2225
1.2668
1.3140
1.3646
3O0C
1856
1.2022
1.2191
1.2632
1.3102
1.3607
5O0C
6O0C
8O0C
| IQO0C
0.9944
0.9894
0.9779
0.9644
1.0007
0.9956
0.9840
0.9704
1.0135
1.0082
0.9964
0.9826
1.0265
1.0210
1.0090
0.9951
1.0397
1.0340
1.0218
1.0078
1.0532
1.0473
1.0348
1.0208
1.0669
1.0609
1.0481
1.0340
1.0809
1.0749
1.0617
1.0475
1.0953
1.0892
1.0757
1.0614
1.1100
1.1038
1.0901
1.0756
1.1250
1.1187
1.1048
1.0901
1.1404
1.1340
1.1198
1.1049
1.1561
1.1496
1.1351
1.1200
1.1721
1.1655
1.1507
1.1355
1.1884
1.1816
1.1667
1.1513
1.2051
1.1980
1.1830
1.1674
1.2486
1.2413
1.2258
1.2100
1.2950
1.2875
1.2715
1,2555
1.3448
1.3371
1.3206
1.3044
8.066% (256)
0
[I
C
I
dj
Il 0C
d[
25
1.05580
50 | 1.06777~
10
1.05059
20
1.05386
NaH2AsO4 [JAB]
30
1.05791
40
1.06260
Na2HAsO4 [JAB]
4.141 % (256)
20 | 1.02646
Na3AsO4 [JAB]
(514)**; (463)
(536)**; (241, 242,
(536)**; (206, 463)
[LJG]
537) [LJG]
C^
/o
^25
CE4
fi
/o
QEJ 4
[LJG]
4 1 1
/o
~7
4
1 . 0 0 5 0 1 . 0 0 8 3 1 . 0 0 9 7
2
1.0129
2
1.0175
2
1.0207
4
1.0291
4
1.0365
4
1.0431
6
1.0457
6
1.0563
6
1.0659
8
1.0626
8
1.0768
8
1.0892
10
1.0798
10
1.0980
10
1.1130
12
1.0974
12
1.1197
12
1,1373
14
1.1153
14
1.1419
16
1.1645
Na2CO3 [JAB] (219), OL (219)**; (668)*; (68, 69, 71, 98, 190,
192, 206, 261, 271, 279, 312, 328, 342, 344, 348, 349, 432, 451, 519,
632, 637, 639)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
| O0C | IQ0C | 150C

1.0109 1.0103 1.0096
1.0219 1.0210 1.0201
1.0439 1.0423 1.0411
1.0659 1.0636 1.0622
1.0878 1.0850 1.0834
1.1097 1.1065 1.1048
1.1319 1.1284 1.1265
1.1543 1.1506 1.1485
%
16
18
20
| 3O0G II %
1.1636
1
1.1859
2
1.2086
4
I 2O0C | 250C | 3O0C

1.0086 1.0073 1.0058
1.0190 1.0176 1.0159
1.0398 1.0381 1.0363
1.0606 1.0588 1.0568
1.0816 1.0797 1.0775
1.1029 1.1008 1.0986
1.1244 1.1223 1.1200
1.1463 1.1442 1.1417
| 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0G | 7O0C

1.0022 0.9979 0.9929 I 0.9874
1.0122 1.0078 1.0027 0.9970
1.0323 1.0278 1.0223 ( 1.0165
I 3O0C [I
1.2317
1.2552
1.2790
1.3031
1.3274
%
~~22
24
26
28
30
Na 2 CO 3 .(Continued]
% I 4Q0C I 5O0C I 6O0C | 7O0C
6
T527 1.0478 1.0422 TOSoT
8
1.0732 1.0681 1.0625 1.0565
10
1.0939 1.0888 1.0830 1.0770
12
1.1150 1.1097 1.1039 1.0978
14
1.1365 1.1310 1.1251 1.1189
I 8O0C I 9O0C I IQQ0C Il

0.9814 0.9750 0.9683
0.9910 0.9847 0.9782
1.0105 1.0042 0.9980
1.0302 1.0241 1.0180
1.0503 1.0441 1.0380
1.0707 1.0644 1.0582
1.0914 1.0850 1.0787
1.1125 1.1059 1.0996
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
% (373)
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
d|-004
0.9982840
0.9983370
0.9984432
0.9985496
0.9986560
0.9987625
Na2C2O4, Qxalate [JAB] (376, 3 7 7 , 4 S I , 463, 632) **; (329)
NaC2H3O2.(Continued)
4O0C
5Q0C
I 6O0C
7O0C | 8Q0C
1.0320
1.0275
1.0224
1.0168
1.0107
1.0420
1.0375
1.0.322
1.0266
1.0205
1.0521
1.0475
1.0421
1.0364
1.0303
1.0623
1.0575
1.0521
1.0463
1.0402
1.0725
1.0676
1.0621
1.0562
1.0828
1.0778
1.0722
1.0662
1.0931
1.0880
1.0824
1.0763
1.1035
1.0983
1.0926
1.0865
1.1141
1.1087
1.1029
1.0968
1.1248
1.1192
1.1133
1.1072
1.1355
1.1298
1.1238
1.1176
NaC2H3O3, Glycolate [JAB] (376)**; (378, 463)
%
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
i
I
^ J 5 i
U>4
I
~ J 8 i
(Z 4
I
1
1.005 1.0049
2
1.012 1.0112
4
1.025 1.0139
6
1.038 1.0368
8
1.051 1.0498
10
1.064 1.0630
12
1.077 1.0762
14
1.091 1.0895
16 I 1.104 1.1029
J25
04
fi
li
1.003
1.009
1.022
1.035
1.048
1.061
1.074
1.087
1.100
w
%
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
5
^4
j
I
~ 8 j
<*4
I
325
"4
1.118 1.1164 1.114

1.132 1.1300 1.127
1.146 1.1439 1.141
1.160 1.1580 1.155
1.175
1.170
1.189
1.184
1.204
1.199
1.242
1.236
1.281
1.274
NaHCO3 [JAB] (432)**. (1 4 4, 193, 241, 2 4 2 , 509, 510) [LJG]
%| cff
II % I ^48 I! % I d\8 !I % I dy~
1 1.0059
3
1.0206
5
1.0354
7
1.0505
2 1.0132
4
1.0280
6
1.0429
8
1.0581
NaC2H3O2, Acetate [JAB] (288), (271, 374)** ; (515, 632)*.
(18, 46, 134, 192, 208, 222, 223, 224, 342, 343, 362, 376, 377, 378,
388, 449, 451, 463, 484, 509, 514, 529, 586, 592, 602)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
%
1
2
4
6
IQ0G
I 180G
I 2O0C I 250C
[ 3O0C
1.0049
1.0037
1.0033
1.0021
1.0007
1.0101
1.0088
1.0084
1.0072
1.0057
1.0205
1.0191
1.0186
1.0173
1.0157
1.0310
1.0294
1.0289
1.0275
1.0258
1.0415
1.0397
1.0392
1.0377
1.0359
1.0520
1.0500
1.0495
1.0479
1.0461
1.0626
1.0604
1.0598
1.0582
1.0563
1.0733
1.0709
1.0702
1.0686
1.0666
1.0841
1.0815
1.0807
1.0790
1.0769
1.0950
1.0922
1.0913
1.0895
1.0873
1.1060
1.1030
1.1021
1.1001
1.0978
1.1171
1.1139
1.1130
1.1109
1.1085
1.1282
1.1249
1.1240
1.1218
1.1193
1.1394
1.1360
1.1351
1.1327
1.1302
1.1508
1.1472
1.1462
1.1437
1.1412
4O0C I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C | 8O0C
0.9971
0.9930
0.9881
0.9826
0.9766
1.0021
0.9979
0.9930
0.9875
0.9815
1.0120
1.0077
1.0028
0.9972
0.9912
1.0220
1.0176
1.0126
1.0070
1.0009
d?
Il
di5
II
^45
1
1.0029
4
1.0206
7
1.0387
2
1.0087
5
1.0266
8
1.0448
3
1.0146
6
1.0326
9
1.0509
NaC3H5O2, Propionate [JAB] (29i)** ; (377, 378, 463, 484, 514)
% I
<
I
(ff
Il
%
d
I
df
1
1.0064
1.0054
3
1.0229
1.0221
i[
2
I 1.0147
1.0137
4
1.0312
1 1
Na2C4O4, Acetylenedicarboxylate [JAB]; df = 1.0055 with 1 %; =
2
1.0143 with 2%
(376)
NaCHO2, Formate [JAB] (291, 484)** ; (144, 329, 377, 378, 449, 4
463, 514, 632)
6
C/
%
^ 8 HH
^4
/O
1
2
%l
1
2
4
6
8
10
a^
47 8 i[Il
M Ii
70
38
#4
IIfp ^
/O
aJ8
. 0 0 3 0 8 1 . 0 3 4 2 1 6 1 . 0 7 0 5 2 4 1 . 1 0 7 1
1.0075
10
1.0432
18
1.0796
26
1.1164
1.0164
12
1.0523
20
.1.0887
1.0253
14
1.0614
22
1.0979
NaC3H5O3, Lactate [JAB] (514)** ; (378, 463)
e/
%
di*
"07/O \i
/725
II
^4
II
o/
/725
^4
II
|l
o/
^4
1.0022
4
1.0173
8
1.037f
1.0072
6
1.0275
10
1.0478
NaC3H5O4, Glycerate [JAB] (378)
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
j
6
I 1.0041 I 1.0102 1.0165 | 1.0229 | 1.0295 | 1.0363
NaC4H5O5, Acid malate [JAB] (376)** ; (463)
ffl
II % I
ffl
II % I
<
II % i
1.0038
1.0094
1.0207
1.0321
1.0436
1.0552
12
14
16
18
20
22
1.0670
1.0790
1.0911
1.1034
1.1159
1.1286
24
26
28
30
35
40
1.1414
1.1544
1.1676
1.1809
1.2147
1.2495
45
50
55
60
<~
1.2854
1.3224
1.3605
1.3996
NaC4H5Q6, Acid tartrate [JAB] (Sis)** ; (432)* ; (4SI, 463, 571)

%l
^48 II
1 1.0061
2 1.0115
% I di' II
3
1.0170
4
1.0225
% I d8
5
1.0280
6
1.0335
% I ff
7
1.0391
NaC4H7O2, n-Butyrate [JAB] (378, 449, 463) **; (484, 514)
%
<
1
I
2
I
4
I
6
I
8
I
10
I 1.0018 j 1.0055 I 1.0130 | 1.0207 | 1.0286 j 1.0367
NaC4H7O2, Isobutyrate [JAB] (514)**. (463)
%
df
I
1
I
2
I
4
I
6
I
8
I
10
I 1.0009 I 1.0046 I 1.0121 | 1.0195 | 1.0268 | 1.0341
NaC5H9O2, Isovalerate [JAB] (5**)
O/% II
35
#4
fji}
^
/O jI
~J25
^4
fjIj
%OTi (
"725
4
fiII
%OTj i
U~^25
4
1 1.0003
4
1.0100
8
1.0229
12
1.0358
2 1.0035
6
1.0164
10
1.0293
NaC6H7O7, Dihydrogen citrate [JAB] with 19.20%, df = 1.1063;
with 5.35%, d = 1.0205 (463, 515)**
NaC 6 HnO 2 , Isocaproate [JAB] (514)
%l g II % 1 dy
1
2
0.9999
1.0026
4
6
1.0081
1.0136
il % | df
8
10
1.0191
1.0245
u % | df
12
14
1.0299
1.0352
NaC7H5O2, Benzoate [JAB] (376, 514)**
d? li % l ff
y % l df
1
2
1.0012
4
1.0135
8
1.0301
1.0053
6
1.0218
10
1.0385
NaC7H5O3, Hydroxybenzoates [JAB] (376,
_
-5
C7
**
/0
df
12
1.0469
14
1.0554
514)**
-725
^
Q-(Si*) I m- | po-( 5 1 4 )l m- |
1.0013 1.0015 1.0015
10
1.0396 1.0432
1.0055 1.0060 1.0060
12
1.0483 1.0528
1.0139 1.0151 1.0151 14
1.0570 1.0626
1.0224 1.0243 1.0243
16
1.0658 1.0724
1.0310 1.0337 1.0337
NaC8H7O2, Toluates [JAB] (376)
1
2
4
6
8
.
C
707
^f
er
/O
p1.0432
1.0528
1.0626
1.0724
a?
Ii
% |
ff
ii
% i
ff
% i
1
2
4
r/
#4
II
11
1.0009
1.0047
1.0124
O/
70
I
|
6
8
^7 5
#4
H
11
1.0202
1.0280
<V
/O
I
\
10
12
J
a
25
M
Of
l
1 1 / 0 1
1.0359
1.0438
14
16
1
2
325
4
U
U
w
%
%| df [l
1 1.0035
2 1.0100
j
I
~ J 2 5 f i
#4
Jl
M
%
i
I
3 2 5 T i
#4
Il
^
%
i
I
1
2
1.0038
1.0106
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
%
1
2
1
2
4
6
0.9652
0.9651
0.9649
0.9647
8
0.9644
16
0.9637
10
0.9642
18
0.9635
12
0.9640
20
0.9633
14
0.9638
22
0.9631
NaC18H35O2, Starate [JAB] (134)
24
26
28
30
1
2
4
0.965
0.964
0.964
6
8
0.963
0.962
10
12
0.962
0.961
14
16
J
0.961
0.960
i
II
&
/O
325
4
il
Il
&
/fr
\
I
J25
^4
% | d Il % | <ff
Il % | ffl
3
1.0166
5
1.0299
7
1.0434
4
1.0232
6
1.0366
Ii % |
3
4
ff
I! % |
1.0174
1.0243
5
6
H % l y
df
1.0312
1.0382
7
8
1.0453
1.0524
Na2C4H4O4, Succhiate [JAB] (376, 377, 463) **; (329)

I
dl
|
d
l]
%
|
ff
1.0048
1.0036
12
1.0805
1.0114
1.0102
14
1.0951
1.0247
1.0235
16
1.1100
1.0382
1.0368
18
1.1252
1.0520
1.0503
20
1.1406
1.0661
df
H
1.0039
1.0107
Na2C4H4O4, Isosuccinate [JAB] (376)

% | df
% | df
[l % | d
3
1.0176
5
1.0313
7
1.0451
4
1.0245
6
1.0382
8
1.0521
223, 329, 330, 432, 463, 571)
5
/O
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
J25
#4
%i <g i % i (g i % i dp i % i y
5
4
Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate [JAB] (376, 499, soo)**; (45i)* ; (210,221,
0.9629
0.9627
0.9626
0.9624
Na2C4H4O5, Malate [JAB] (376)**; (444, 463, 546)

%l
^5 Il % I df
% | df
H % | g
1 1.0038
3
1.0176
5
1.0317
7
1.0462
2 1.0106
4
1.0246
6
1.0389
8
1.0536
a/7
%i di i % i <g Ii % i <g % i d ~
Na 2 C 4 H 2 O 4 , Maleate [JAB] (376)
%l
1.0518
1.0600
3
1.0076
5
1.0147
7
1.0219
4
1.0112
6
1.0183
8
1.0256
NaC9H9O2, Hydrocinnamate [JAB] (376)
%'
df
u % | ff
II % | ff
Il % | ff
1 1.0002
6
1.0161
10
1.0290
14
1.0422
2 1.0034
8
1.0225
12
1.0356
16
1.0488
4 1.0097
NaCi6H3IO2, Palmitate [JAB] (134)
Na 2 C 4 H 2 O 4 , Fumarate [JAB] (376)** ; (329)
25
1.0006
1.0041
&
/O
1 1 . 0 0 4 4 3 1 . 0 1 9 1 5 1 . 0 3 4 1 7 1 . 0 4 9 5
2 1.0117
4
1.0266
6
1.0417
NaC9H7O2, Cinnamate [JAB] (376)

W \
% I
(I
Il
ff
1.0007
6
1.0188
10
1.0338
14
1.0490
1.0043
8
1.0262
12
1.0414
16
1.0566
1.0115 I
NaC8H7O3, Phenylglycolate [JAB] (376)
% l d? [l % | ff
Il % | cff
H % | cff
1 1.0011
6
1.0216
10
1.0382
14
1.0550
2 1.0052
8
1.0299
12
1.0466
16
1.0635
4 1.0134
NaC8H7O3, Anisate [JAB] (376)
% | ff
H % | df
II % | df
Il % | ff
1 1.0008
3
1.0084
5
1.0162
7
1.0242
2 1.0046
4
1.0123
6
1.0202
8
1.0282
NaC8H7O3, Phenoxyacetate [JAB] (376)
25
J25
&4
*I
1
2
4
07 l
70 I
O/ t
70 I
oI mI pmI JP1.0007 1.0007 1.0006

10
1.0342 1.0334
1.0043 1.0043 1.0041
12
1.0418 1.0408
1.0116 1.0116 1.0113
14
1.0495 1.0483
1.0190 1.0186
16
1.0573 1.0558
1.0266 1.0260
NaC8H7O2, Phenylacetate [JAB] (376)
1
2
4
6
8
%i
Na 2 C 3 H 2 O 4 , Malonate [JAB] (376)
Ii %
J^
4
Ii
1.0052
1.0123
1.0266
1.0410
1.0555
1.0702
1.0851
l. 1002
l**'
4
Ul
1.0040
1.0110
1.0251
1.0393
1.0537
1.0683
//O
^2O
4
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
1.1156
1.1313
1.1471
1.1633
1.1797
1.1963
1.2132
Na2C5H4O4, Citraconate [JAB] (376)

%l
df
Il % | dl5 H % | df
Il % | df
1 1.0033
3
1.0159
5
1.0286
7
1.0414
2 1.0096
4
1.0223
6
1.0350
8
1.0479
Na2C5H4O4, Itaconate [JAB] (376)
%l
df
1
2
1.0032
1.0095
H % | df
3
4
1.0159
1.0223
|| % | df
5
6
1.0288
1.0353
Ii % | y
7
8
1.0419
1.0485
Na2C5H4O4, Mesaconate [JAB] (376)

%l
df
Il % | <ff
Il % | ffl % | df
1 1.0031
3
1.0152 . 5
1.0274
7
1.0397
2 1.0091
4
1.0213
6
1.0335
8 | 1.0460
Na2C5H6O4, Pyrotartrate [JAB] (376)
%l
d? u % |
d Il % I df
[I % I ff
" 1 . 0 0 2 9 3 1 . 0 1 4 7 5 1 . 0 2 6 6 7 1 . 0 3 8 7
2 1.0088
4
1.0206
6
1.0326
8
1.0448
Na2C6H6O7, Hydrogen citrate [JAB]; 20.77%, dj8 = 1.1372 (Sis)
NaC7H4BrO2, Bromobenzoates [JAB] (376)
Na2C8H4O4, Phthalates [JAB] (376)
i
I m-
i
I
326
3?
;
I m-
;
I
opop 1 . 0 0 3 1 1.0027 1 . 0 0 2 4 6 1 . 0 3 3 4 1.0313 1.0299

2
1.0092 1.0083 1.0078
8
1.0456 1.0431
4
1.0213 1.0197 1.01871 10
1.0579J 1.0551
mp' m- ^\
p^\
.
%
1 . 0 0 2 5 1 . 0 0 2 3 6 1 . 0 3 0 1 1 . 0 2 9 8
2
1.0079
1.0077
8
1.0415
1.0413
4
1.0189 I 1.0186 I
10
I 1.0531
1.0530
Na2C6H8O4, Adipate [JAB] (376)
%l ff
1
2
3
II % I d? Il % I
1.0024
1.0078
1.0131
%...|
df...|
4
5
1
1.0017
1.0185
1.0239
6
7
ffl
II % I
1.0293
1.0348
8
9
3STa2C8Hi2O4, Suberate [JAB] (376)

I
2
I
3
I
4
I 1.0064 I 1.0112 | 1.0160
ffl
1.0403
1.0458
I
5
| 1.0208
,725
<*4
M
||
J25
&4
C7
/O
Jl
II
C7
/O
I
I
J26
4
U
IJ
NaC2H5SO4, Hydroxyethylsulfonate [JAB]; with 3.70%, df

1.0171 (529)
Na2CH2S2O6, Methanedisulfonate [JAB]; 2.75%, df = 1.0161 (529)

NaC7H4NO4, Nitrobenzoates [JAB] (376, 514)**
^f
fl
1 1 . 0 0 1 3 4 1 . 0 1 3 8 8 1 . 0 3 0 6 1 2 1 . 0 4 7 3
2 1.0055 I 6
1.0222
10
1.0389
1
2
4
6
8
Na3C6H5O7, Citrate [JAB] (376)**. (463, sis)
% l g* II
1 1.0047
2 1.0124
% I df
H
3
1.0201
4
1.0278 [
% I d? II
5
1.0355
6
1.0432
% I d?
7
1.0510
8
1.0589
457
Na4CnH2OiO, Benzenepentacarboxylate [JAB] ( )

i 1% I 2% H
I 1% I 2% I)
I 1% I 2%
dj.... 1.00781.0158 dj 1 ... 1.00461.0121 dj. .. 0.9953 1.0024
dj... 1.00741.0152 dj... 1.00311.0106
d 0 ... 1.00581.0134 d... 0.99951.0068
[
Na 5 CnHOi 0 , Benzenepentacarboxylate [JAB] ( 457 )
I 1% I 2% [I
I 1%
2% II
1% I 2%
dj.... 1.00831.0169 dl6... 1.00511.0133 4... 0.995811.0038
di 0 ... 1.00791.0163 dj... 1.00361.0118
d 0 ... 1.00631.0145 dj... 1.00001.0081
|
NaC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate [JAB] (377, 378, 463)**

%| d
II % I d0 II % I d0 II %
d0
1
1.004
4
1.022
8
1.046 12 1.070
2
1.010
6
1.034 10
1.058 14
1.083
NaC4H4Cl3O2, Trichlorobutyrate [JAB] (378)
<
1.0033 [
1.0084
3
4
1.0135
1.0186
II
5
6
1.0238
1.0290
II
7
8
1.0015
1.0060
1.0151
1.0242
1.0334
df
%
p.
1.0018
1.0065
1.0159
1.0253
1.0347
p.
10
12
14
16
18
| m -(514)|
1.0450
1.0550
1.0651
1.0754
1.0858[
p_
1.0427 1.0441
1.0522
1.0617
1.0713
1.0810
NaC8H4NO2, m-Cyanobenzoate [JAB] (376)

01 I
/O' I
/725
#4
11
II
O/
/O
^25
&4
I
I
I!
H
P/
70
/Tf 25
#4
I
I
II
II
O/
/O
I
I
^25
^4
1 1 . 0 0 1 1 3 1 . 0 0 9 2 5 I 1.017671.0260
2 1.0051
4
1.0134
6
1.0218
8
1.0302
NaCNS [JAB] (29i)** ; (155)* [LJG]
""c/l
%i
J^
^4
ilH e/% iI
1
2
4
6
8
1.0038
1.0090
1.0196
1.0303
1.0411
^8
^4
10
1.0520
12
1.0630
14
1.0741
16
1.0853
18 I 1.0966
TiH ~o/% iI
20
22
24
26
28
J/8
^4
ilII ^
% 1I
1.1081
1.1197
1.1314
1.1433
1.1554 |
30
35
40
45
Ji
4
1.1677
1.196o
1.228o
1.265o
Na2SiO3 [JAB] (288)**; (345, 5 7 7 , 602) [LJQ]
% | d II % I d0 II % I
ffl
II % I dj
1 1.0039
6
1.0331
10
1.0578
14
1.0837
2 1.0096
8
1.0453
12
1.0706
16
1.0971
4 1.0212
NaC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate [JAB] (377, 378, 463, 586)**
%|
0.1
I 0.2
I 0.4
I 0.6
I 0.8
I
1.0
d48|0.999 206|0.999 790| 1.000 958| 1.002 126| 1.003 296| 1.004 466
%....I LO I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 12
d0
11.0040| 1.009911.021711.033511.0454J 1.0573l 1.0693
1
2
k-(514)|
1.0017
1.0063
1.0157
1.0253
1.0351
NaC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate [JAB] (377, 378, 463)**
%|
NaC6H5SO3, Benzenesulfonate [JAB]; 4.50%, df = 1.0164 (529)
J25
4
C7
/O
NaC2H5SO4, Ethyl sulfate [JAB] (i 55)

I ^ 2 - 4 II
%
I di" [I
%
I
d?
I 1.1699 || 39.89 | 1.2380 || 32.09 | 1.1689
%
32.97
Na2C9H14O4, Azelate [JAB] (376)

O/ I
/O \
325
1.0342
1.0395
NaC7H4ClO21 m-Chlorobenzoate [JAB] (376)

%l
di' I) % I d' [I % I di' Jl % I di'
1 1.0015
6
1.0240
10
1.0426
14 I 1.0619
2 1.0059
8
1.0332
12
1.0522
16
1.0718
4 1.0149
%l
1
2
4
6
d\* H % I
1.0094
8
1.0203
10
1.0425
12
1.0652
14 (
x
3.90
3.36
2.40
2.06
1.69
d\8 % I d\* [I
1.0884
16
1.1866
1.1122
18
1.2123
1.1365
20
1.2385
1.1613
22
1.2653
% I d\* "
24
1.2926
26
1.3204
Na2O^SiO2 [JAB] (578) [LJG]; values of <

I 1% I 2% I 4% I 6%
8% I
1.006 1.014 1.030 1.046 1.063
1.006 1.014 1.030 1.047 1.065
1.007 1.016 1.034 1.052 1.071
1.007 1.016 1.035 1.054 1.073
1.007 1.017 1.036 1.056 1.077
x
3.90
3.36
2.40
2.06
1.69
\ 12% I
1.098
1.101
1.110
1.113
1.119 I
x
3.90
3.36
2.44
2.06
1.69
I 24% I 26% I 28% I

1.211 1.232 1.253
1.222 1.244 1.267
1.285
1.247 1.271 1.296
1.259 1.284 1.310
10%
1.080
1.083
1.090
1.093
1.098
14%
16% I 18%
20%
22%
1.116 1.134 1.153 1.172 1.191
1.120 1.139 1.159 1.179 1.200
1.130 1.151
1.134 1.156 1.178 1.200 1.223
1.141 I 1.163 1.186 | 1.210 | 1.234
30% |
1.275
1.290
1.309
1.321
1.337
32% | 34%
1.298
1.314 1.339
1.334 1.360
1.346 1.371
1.365 1.394
Na2 .rrSiO 2.(Continued)

I 36% I 38% I 40% I 45% | 50% | 55%
1.365 1.393
1.387 1.415 1.445
1.397 1.423 1.450 1.520 1.594 1.673
1.424 1.456
x
3.36
2.44
2.06
1.69
Na2SnO3 [JAB] (6Q2)** ; (460) [LJG]
%|
u % l g [I % l
ffl
ffl
u % I
ffl
Na 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 2 [GS]; d\6 = 1.0665 with 7%; =1.0766 with 8%;

= 1.0867 with 9% ( 55 O)
(550)
IIll
o70r
11.007861.
2 1.0165
8
4 1.0343
10
Na 2 CrO 4
07 i
70 I
1
2
4
6
%l
1
2
4
6
8
C/07
/718
Q4
II
Il
07
70
^15
Uj
(I
[I
o
/ l1
70
J15
<%4
Il
0/O
7
15
^
^4
0526121.110281.1724
1.0713
14
1.1304
20
1.1943
1.0905
16
1.1511
22
1.2168
[JAB] (288)**. (4 63, 566) [LJG]
^718
^4
I
I
Ii
Il
07
/O
I
I
/718
^4
II
Ij
o?
/O
I
\
x718
^4
1.0074
1.0163
1.0344
1.0529
8
1.0718
16
1.1518
24
1.2383
10
1.0912
18
1.1728
26
1.2611
12
1.1110
20
1.1942
14
1.1312
22
1.2160
Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 [JAB] (S75)** ; (463) [LJG]
ff Il % I dl5 Il % I d? Il % I ^6
1.006
10
1.070
20
1.140
30
1.207
1.013
12
1.084
22
1.153
35
1.244
1.027
14
1.098
24
1.166
40
1.279
1.041
16
1.112
26
1.179
45
1.312
1.056
18
1.126
28
1.193
50
1.342
Na 2 W0 4 t [LJG] (207)
f1
a
lb
*
(602)*
20
ari
*
(481)*
07
/0
15
a/7
(602)*
ad
20
o/
(481)* | /0
15
d /7
J20
*
(481)*
d
*
(602)*
1 1.0082 1.0074 141.1376 1.1372 281.3182 1.3146

2 1.0174 1.0166 16 1.1606 1.1598 30 1.347s 1.3444
4 1.0359 1.0354 18 1.1846 1.1833 32 1.3769 1.3756
6 1.0548 1.0546 20 1.2096 1.2076 34 1.4069 1.4084
8 1.0743 1.0742 22 1.2355 1.2328 36 1.4372 1.4428
10 1.0945 1.0944 24 1.2622 1.2590 38
1.4786
12 1.1156 1.1154 26 1.289s 1.2862 40
1.5156
t Isotherms are inconsistent. Six-point figures indicate only that uncertainty which is due to interpolation.
2Na2O.P205.24W03 [LJG] (65)

% I dl [I % I dl [I % I < u
10 1.091 20 1.198 30 1.336
12 1.110 22 1.223 35 1.418
14 1.130 24 1.249 40 1.510
16 1.152 26 1.277 45 1.614
18 1.175 28 1.306 50 1.733
NaVO3 [LJG] (602)
% l < I l % I dlQ Il % I d II %
~1 1.0060
4
1.0302
8
1 0640
12
2 1.0140
6
1.0469
10
1.0814
%
1
2
4
6
8
I d? [I
1.007
1.016
1.034
1.053
1.072
% I d?
55 1.871
60 2.033
[BTB]
378,
I
I
(492)**; (12, 98, 106, 248, 279, 290, 328, 342, 344,
387, 432, 449, 451, 463, 519, 529, 555, 6 6 6 ) > o , ( 2 1 1 )

~r>l
^4
l|
07
/O
^5Ti
U4
u
1.0083 10 1.0918
1.0175 11 1.1013
1.0267 12 1.1108
1.0359 13 1.1203
1.0452 14 1.1299
1.0544 15 1.1396
1.0637 16 1.1493
1.0730 17 1.1590
1.0824 18 1.1688
19 1.1786
4
5
6
7
8
9
NaCu(CN) 2 [WCS]; d\ = 1.004o with 1%; = 1.009s with 2%;

= 1.0212 with 4% (602)
NaMnO 4 [LJG]; with 3.55%, d? = 1.0221 (529)
Na2MoO4 [JAB] (6Q2) [LJG]
rifl15
% I
df
12 1.1327
Na 2 B 4 O 7 [JAB] (225)** ; (28, 205, 206, 241, 242) [LJG]; d\5

= 1.0084 with 1 %; = 1.0179 with 2 %; = 1.0274 with 3 %
1 1.006
6
1.051
12
1.107
18 1.166
KOH
2 1.015
8
1.069
14
1.126
20 1.187
4 1.033
10
1.088 I 16 | 1.146
07
/O
1
NaHgCl3 [GS]; d / = 1.09514 with 11.0736%; = 1.13296 with ~~1
55
14.9370% ( O)
2
Na2Cd(SO4MGS]X8 - 1.0911 with9.56%; = 1.1145with 11.80%
3
o70/ lI
NaBO2 [JAB] (602) [LJG]

% I
ffl
Il % I df Il
4
1.0417
8
1.0866
6
1.0640
10
1.1095
%l
ffl
Il
1 1.0089
2 1.0198
07
70
l
I
~r
M4
l
H
C / i
70 I
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
1.1884
1.1984
1.2083
1.2184
1.2285
1.2387
1.2489
1.2592
1.2695
1.2800
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
51
^
&4
M
11
1.2905
1.3010
1.3117
1.3224
1.3331
1.3440
1.3549
1.3659
1.3769
1.3879
O/
/O
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
I
I
^
a
1.3991
1.4103
1.4215
1.4329
1.4443
1.4558
1.4673
1.4790
1.4907
1.5025
[I
d\5
U 1.5143 I 1.5262 | 1.5355 | 1.5382
50
51.7f I
52
fSatd. soin. C 1 6 ).
KF [JAB] (287, 548)**; (36, 45, 101, 190, 225, 246, 342)
%| 48 II %
1
2
4
6
1.0072
1.0159
1.0334
1.0512
dy y % i ^3 y % i ^8 ~
8
10
12
14
1.0693
1.0877
1.1064
1.1254
16
18
20
22
1.1448
1.1646
1.1847
1.2052
24
26
1.2260
1.2471
KCl, see p. 87
KClO 3 [JAB]
(268, 548) ; (206)**; (287, 511)*; (84,
106,
342, 343, 344, 360, 361, 449, 509, 510, 529, 561, 583)^
(271)
[LJG]
0
C
O
1%
1.0061
2%
1.0124
3%
1.0189
4%
1.0256
10
18
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1.0059
1.0049
1.0045
1.0034
1.0020
0.9986
0.9944
0.9895
0.9841
0.9781
0.9716
0.9646
1.0122
1.0113
1.0109
1.0099
1.0085
1.0051
1.0008
0.9959
0.9905
0.9845
0.9780
0.9709
1.0187
1.0178
1.0174
1.0165
1.0151
1.0116
1.0073
1.0024
0.9970
0.9910
0.9845
0.9774
1.0254
1.0245
1.0241
1.0233
1.0218
1.0183
1.0140
1.0091
1.0036
0.9977
0.9912
0.9840
5%
1.0312
6%
1.0380
% I 45 ( 4 6 ) II
I ^l5 ( 46 ) II
I d\b (46) [I
I d\5 (46)
1 1.0056
2 1.0122
4 1.0253
6f 1.0385
8
10
12
14
1.0518
1.0651
1.0786
1.0923
16
18
20
22
1.1063
1.1206
1.1352
1.1502
24
1.1657
%
1.8
dj'
1.01Os
t Solutions above ca. 6 % are supersaturated.

KClO 4 [LJG] (602)**; (99)
<
1.0991
% l dl5 ' u
0.1 0.9997
0.2 1.0004
0.4 1.0016
%
0.6
0.8
1.0
d? II % I dl5 U
1.0029
1.2 1.0067
1.0041
1.4 1.0079
1.0054
1.6 1.0092
KCl [JAB] (24, 26, 150)9a (364, 367, 370)**. (20, 21, 25, 58, 83, 84, 110, 250, 256),a (219, 256)*; (1, 2, 18, 22, 27, 36, 37, 38, 45, 101,
105,
106, 125, 144, 151, 190, 199, 201, 206, 215, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 246, 261, 269, 277, 278, 297, 312, 313, 314, 344, 347, 360, 361
378,
(37,
385, 418, 425, 447, 448, 449, 451, 452, 459, 487, 505, 511, 517, 519, 520, 529, 533, 547, 573, 583, 589, 592, 618, 629, 632, 63
38, 151, 159, 211, 271, 448, 606, 609)
%
I Q0C
I IQ0C I 2Q0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 1OQ0C
7006611.006271.004631.003421.001980.998470.994260.98940.97800.9646
2
1.01335
1.01280 1.01103
1.00977
1.00829
1.00471
1.00046
0.9956
0.9842
0.9708
4
1.02690
1.02595
1.02391
1.02255
1.02099
1.01727
1.01294
1.0080
0.9966
0.9834
6
1.04055
1.03920
1.03690 1.03544
1.03380
1.02995
1.02554
1.0206
1.0092
0.9960
8
1.05431
1.05257
1.05003
1.04847
1.04675
1.04278 1.03829
1.0333
1.0219
1.0088
10
1.06820
1.06609
1.06332
1.06167
1.05987 1.05578
1.05122
1.0461
1.0347
1.0218
12
1.08222 1.07978
1.07679
1.07506
1.07318
1.06897
1.06435 1.0592
1.0478
1.0350
14
1.09638
1.09366
1.09046
1.08865
1.08669
1.08237 1.07770
1.0725
1.0611
1.0483
16
1.11068
1.10775
1.10434 1.10245
1.10041
1.09600
1.09128
1.0861
1.0746
1.0619
18
1.12513
1.12207
1.11845
1.11647
1.11435
1.10987
1.10510
1.0998
1.0884
1.0757
20
1.13973
1.13663
1.13280
1.13072
1.12852
1.12399
1.11917
1.1138
1.1024
1.0897
22
1.15449
1.15144
1.14740
1.14521
1.14294
1.13836
1.13349
1.1281
1.1166
1.1040
24
1.16226
1.15995
1.15762
1.15299
1.14807
1.1425
1.1311
1.1185
26
1.17495
1.17254
1.16788 1.16291
1.1573
1.1458
1.1333
28
1.18304
1.17802 1.1723
1.1609
1.1483
~^7
/O
(373)
~
720.004
<*4
/O
( 373)
""
720.004
*
^C
KBrO3 L[JAB]
J v(4, 509, 510)
^ o 7Q Of 7 AK C7 1Q 9 O/
(m)o.<V%f.*s>/0Lo.u%
0.01 0.99829644 0.050.9985555? 110 0.97330.9978 1.0388

0.02 0.99836135 0.060.99862004 120 0.96630.9899 1.0313
0.03 0.99842620 0.070.9986843s 130 0.95830.9827 1.0238
0.04 0.99849095
140 0.95020.9745 1.0159
KBr [JAB] (25, 26), a (367)** ; (83, 84, no, 287, 548) ; a (203,
1
2
3
4
5
Q0C
J
'
!
'
!
!
'
i
c I *% I 2 % I 4 % I 6 % I 8 % I 1Q%
O
1.00732 1.01484 1.03016 1.04584 1.06189 1.07833
10
1.00704 1.01442 1.02945 1.04483 1.06058 1.07672
20
1.00542 1.01268 1.02747 1.04261 1.05811 1.07399
25
1.00421 1.01143 1.02612 1.04116 1.05656 1.07235
30
1.00277 1.00995 1.02456 1.03952 1.05484 1.07055
40
0.99928 1.00639 1.02087 1.03570 1.05090 1.06649
50
0.99505 1.00211 1.01648 1.03120 1.04629 1.06176
60
0.9902 0.9972 1.0115 1.0261 1.0411 1.0565
sn
O QR<57 O
QQQQ 1i.uiô
OU^ li.u^y^
02Q4 1i.u^ô
0446
su
uO. yQ787
< s / u.y/
u.yyyy
inn
n QK^ n Q799 n QSftt i nnnq i ni^7 i mnq
100 0.9003 0.9722 0.9803 1.UUU9 1.U157 1.UJU9
0
C I 12% I 14%
16% I 18% I 20% I 22%
O
1.09517 1.11243 1.13012 1.14826 1.16687 1.18597
10
1.09327 1.11025 1.12768 1.14558 1.16396 1.18285
20
1.09028 1.10701 1.12420 1.14187 1.16005 1.17876
25
1.08855 1.10518 1.12227 1.13985 1.15794 1.17655
30
1.08667 1.10323 1.12025 1.13775 1.15575 1.17427
40
1.08249 1.09892 1.11580 1.13314 1.15097 1.16931
50
1.07763 1.09392 1.11065 1.12785 1.14554 1.16374
60
1.0724 1.0886 1.1053 1.1224 1.1401 1.1582
80
1.0603 1.0765 1.0930 1.1100 1.1276 1.1456
100
1.0466 1.0627 1.0792 1.0962 1.1136 1.1316
,
O0C i 24%
26% I 28% | 30%
35% | 40%
~0
1.20559 1.22576
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
80
100
2
3
4
5
1.21784
1.21541
1.21294
1.20764
1.20180
1.1961
1.1832
1.1691
1.23825
1.23570
1.23313
1.22769
1.22173
1.2160
1.2030
1.1888
1.25927
1.25660
1.25392
1.24838
1.24230
1.2365
1.2233
1.2090
1.31467
1.31173
1.30887
1.30306
1.29674
1.2907
1.2771
1.2627
1.37457
1.37149
1.36851
1.36247
1.35593
1.3496
1.3356
1.3211
60C
0.9906
70C
0.9851
1.0044 1.0030
1.0119 1.0104
1.0194 1.0179
1.0270 1.0255
1.0346 1.0332
I
80C
0.9792
0.9996
1.0070
1.0145
1.0221
1.0297
90C I 100C
!
!
0.9728
0.9658
1.0028 0.9979 0.9925 0.9866 0.9803 0.9733

1.0103 1.0054 1.0000 0.9941 0.9878 0.9808
1.0178 1.0129 1.0075 1.0017 0.9954 0.9885
1.0254 1.0205 1.0151 1.0094 1.0031 0.9962
'
KI, see p. 88
KIO3 [JAB] (548), a (206)** ; (84, 287)* ; (250, 360, 361, 529, 583)
[LJG]
OQ | ^%
2%j3% i l C
f%j2~% 3%T~
i niA7 i noL.
*n In QQAQ i nn*a i mis
1
1.0082 1.0167 1.0254
50 0.9969 1.0058 1.0148
10
1 00 . 1
i.uui i.uioo i.uz^
t>u u.yyzi i.uuii i.uiuj
70 0.9868 0.9958 1.0050
18f i .00711 1.01572 1.02446
20 1.0068 1.0155 1.0243
80 0.9808 0.9899 0.9992
25 1.0057 1.0144 1.0232
90 0.9744 0.9835 0.9928
30 1.0043 1.0131 1.0220 100 0.9674 0.9764 0.9856
40 1.0010 1.0098 1.0188
t î8= 1.03334 with 4 % = 1.04236 with 5%; = 1.05153 with 6 %.
K2SO3 [JAB] (602)**. (519) [LJG]
J1
.,
.
..
' . -^ ..
. ^15
-A! ^
U /_J ^
1! ^_J ^
H % I ?*
1
!-007S
8
1.0667
16
1.1402
24 1.2197
2
1 0155
10
1 0844
18
1 1596
26
1 2404
^
^
^
^
4
1 0322
12
^
1.1026
20
1.1793
6 1.0493
14
1.1212
22
1.1993
K S
* *> ^P' 88
1.20227 1.22225
1.19802
1.19570
1.19333
1.18819
1.18248
.1.1769
1.1641
1.1501
" a v(206)**
' '; v(360, 361)
' L[LJG]
IQ0C | 2Q0C | 25C I 3O0C I 4O0C
1.0074 1.0072 1.00562

1.0150 1.0148 1.01308
1.0227 1.0224 1.02061
1.0304 1.0301 1.02821
1.0383 1.0379 1.03587
375, 609)*; (1, 12, 36, 45, 106, 144, 190, 201, 206, 221, 225, 228,
g^
246, 261, 277, 307, 312, 313, 319, 322, 344, 360, 361, 378, 447, 451,
1
459 519 530 547 573 589 596 618) 151)
'9954
} a {
K 2 S 2 O 6 [JAB] (276)**; (529)

%
<ff>
[LJG]
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 | 6
11.0049911.0117911.0186311.0255111.032441l. 03943
_
r T A R W 6 0 2 ^ n TPl
Ji2S2U7 LJAJJ (
; LJ^JUJ
5
5
%l
^
Il % |
^
Il % I 45
Il % I 4s
1 1.0067
6
1.0450
12
1.0926
18
1.1421
2 1.0143
8
1.0606
14
1.1089
20
1.1589
4 1.0296
10
1.0765
16
1.1254
22
1.1759
KI [JAB] (26), a (368)**; (25, 83, 84, 110, 250, 2 8 7 ) ,a (203)*; (1, 2, 12, 27, 36, 45, 57, 101, 106, 190, 201, 206, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228,
246, 261, 269, 2 7 7 , 307, 312, 315, 319, 322, 342, 344, 360, 361, 378, 447, 517,519, 530, 533, 547, 550, 573, 583, 589, 596, 618, 660),a (151,
587)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
Q0C
I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C I 3O0C |
1.00742
1.00715
1.00554
1.00434
1.00290
1.01508
1.01468
1.01297
1.01172
1.01024
1.03070
1.03004
1.02811
1.02677
1.02521
1.04675
1.04582
1.04367
1.04223
1.04059
1.06324
1.06204
1.05966
1.05812
1.05640
1.08019
1.07872
1.07610
1.07446
1.07266
1.09762
1.09588
1.09302
1.09128 1.08939
1.11555
1.11354
1.11044
1.10860
1.10662
1.13401
1.13173
1.12839
1.12645
1.12438
1.15303
1.15048
1.14689
1.14485
1.14269
1.17263
1.16981
1.16597
1.16383
1.16158
1.19284 1.18975
1.18566
1.18342
1.18108
1.21369
1.21033
1.20599
1.20365
1.20121
1.23521
1.23158
1.22700
1.22455
1.22201
1.25743
1.25353
1.24872
1.24615
1.24352
1.28037
1.27622
1.27118
1.26849
1.26577
1.34120
1.33641
1.33082
1.32787
1.32490
1.40745
1.40203
1.39590
1.39269
1.38945
1.47992
1.47387
1.46721
1.46374
1.46022
1.55961
1.55294
1.54575
1.54203
1.53822
1.64772
1.64044
1.63272
1.62875
1.62464
K 2 SO 4 [JAB] (250, 603), a (203, 370)**; (20, 21), a (219)*; (1,

11, 22, 36, 101, 106, 144, 147, 1 5 1 , 1 5 5 , 184, 190, 206, 219, 221, 223,
224, 225, 246, 261, 297, 312, 342, 344, 360, 361, 374, 378, 385, 405,
415, 422, 425, 432, 449, 451, 505, 517, 519, 529, 573, 585, 598, 615,
618, 629), a (151)
0
C I 1%
2%
I 4%
I 6%
I 8%
I
10%
O
1.0084 1.0170 1.0342 1.0516
10
1.0080 1.0163 1.0331 1.0501 1.0673
20
1.0063 1.0145 1.0310 1.0477 1.0646 1.0817
25
1.0051 1.0132 1.0296 1.0462 1.0630 1.0800
30
1.0037 1.0117 1.0280 1.0445 1.0612 1.0781
40
1.0001 1.0081 1.0242 1.0406 1.0572 1.0740
50
0.9959 1.0038 1.0198 1.0361 1.0526 1.0693
60
0.9911 0.9989 1.0148 1.0310 1.0475 1.0642
80
0.9796 0.9874 1.0033 1.0195 1.0360 1.0527
100
0.9662 0.9741 0.9901 1.0063 1.0227 1.0393
K2S2O8 [JAB] (602) [LJG]; d\* = 1.0057 with 1 %; = 1.0123 with
2%
K2S3O6 [JAB] (276) [LJG]
o/
/O
1
2
d
fl
4
Il
H
07
/O
I\
^
U>4
Il
l|
c/
/O
II
20
,7
^
H[ I
1
2
4
6
8
,71S
U4
1.0045
1.0105
1.0224
1.0343
1.0463
Il
Il
KHSO4 [JAB] (225, 248, 451),

0
C
O
10
15
20
25
30
40
10
12
14
16
18
I
I
,718
4
1.0583
1.0704
1.0826
1.0949
1.1072
Il
H
0/
%
20
22
24
26
28
I
I
JlS
^4
1.1196
1.1321
1.1447
1.1574
1.1701
h
Il
30
35
40
45
50
(203)**. (342, 405)*; (432)
C I 12%
I 14%
I 16%
I 18%
I 20%
I
22%
O
1.0924 1.1086 1.1250
10
1.0890 1.1048 1.1208
151
1.0871 1.1027 1.1185 1.1345 1.1508 1.1673
20
1.0850 1.1004 1.1161
25
1.0827 1.0980 1.1136
30
1.0804 1.0956 1.1110
40
1.0752 1.0902 1.1055
t d5 = 1.1841 with 24%; .- 1.2012 with 26%.
r!
&4
o/
/O
QJ
%
1%
I 2%
I 4%
I 6%
I 8%
I
10%
1.0073 1.0148 1.0299 1.0452 1.0607 1.0764
1.0068 1.0139 1.0284 1.0431 1.0581 1.0734
1.0061 1.0131 1.0273 1.0418 1.0566 1.0717
1.0051 1.0120 1.0260 1.0403 1.0549 1.0698
1.0039 1.0107 1.0245 1.0386 1.0530 1.0677
1.0024 1.0091 1.0228 1.0367 1.0509 1.0655
0.9987 1.0052 1.0185 1.0321 1.0461 1.0605
4
6
O/
%
6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C

0.9903
0.9788
0.9653
0.9975
0.9859
0.9723
1.0121
1.0003
0.9867
1.0271
1.0152
1.0014
1.0425
1.0305
1.0166
1.0584
1.0462
1.0321
1.0748
1.0623
1.0482
1.0916
1.0790
1.0647
1.1089
1.0961
1.0818
1.1268
1.1138
1.0993
1.1453
1.1321
1.1174
1.1643
1.1509
1.1361
1.1840
1.1704
1.1554
1.2044
1.1905
1.1753
1.2254
1.2113
1.1959
1.2472
1.2329
1.2173
1.3050
1.2901
1.2740
1.3682
1.3527
1.3361
1.4377
1.4215
1.4044
1.5143
1.4975
1.4799
1.5993
1.5818
1.5637
2Q
1.02443
8
1.05144 12
1.07950
1.03782
10
1.06532
K 2 S 4 O 6 [JAB] (276) [LJG]
%| < Il % I < Il % I <g Il % I ffl ""
1 1.00445
4
1.02340
8
1.04942 12
1.07648
2 1.01072
6
1.03629 10
1.06281
K 2 S 5 O 6 [JAB] (276) [LJG]
%| dl Il % I
ffl
Il % I (g0 Il % I <
1 1.00420
4
1.02236
8
1.04730
12
1.07337
2 1.01021
6
1.03471 10
1.06017
14
1.08694
KHS [JAB] (52) [LJG]
CTf I
% I
1.00471
1.01124
20
4O0C | 5O0C |
0.99940
0.98522
1.00667
1.00236
1.02151
1.01705
1.03674
1.03216
1.05241
1.04771
1.06853
1.06371
1.08512
1.08018
1.10220
1.09714
1.11980
1.11461
1.13795
1.13262
1.15668 1.15120
1.17601
1.17038
1.19597
1.19019
1.21660
1.21066
1.23794
1.23183
1.26002
1.25373
1.31867
1.31191
1.38272 1.37548
1.45297
1.44524
1.53042 1.52222
1.61627
1.60756
I
I
J18
^4
1.1829
1.2152
1.2479
1.2810
1.3144
KOH.KHS [JAB] (52) [LJG]

%|
1
2
4
6
8
10
d\* I]
1.0057
1.0129
1.0274
1.0420
1.0564
1.0714
% I d? [I
12
1.0863
14
1.1014
16
1.1167
18
1.1323
20
1.1481
22
1.1640
% I d\* H % I d? ~
24
1.1801
45 1.3630
26
1.1964
50
1.4106
28
1.2130
55 1.4598
30 1.2297
35
1.2726
40
1.3170
KOH.3KHS [JAB] (52) [LJG]

%|
1
2
4
6
8
d\* Il % I ^8 Il % I d? Il % I di' ~
1.0047
10
1.0599
20
1.1224
30
1.1869
1.0108
12
1.0723
22
1.1351
35
1.2202
1.0230
14
1.0847
24
1.1479
40
1.2544
1.0353
16
1.0972
26
1.1608
45
1.2894
1.0476
18
1.1098
28
1.1738
50
1.3252
3KOH.KHS [JAB] (52) [LJG]

Jf
Il % I d\* I] % I dj8 Il
1.0061
12
1.0894
24
1.1839
1.0136
14
1.1049
26
1.2001
1.0286
16
1.1205
28
1.2165
1.0437
18
1.1362
30
1.2330
1.0588
20
1.1520
35
1.2750
1.0740
22
1.1679
40
1.3184
K2SeO3 [JAB] (6Q2)** ; (463) [LJG]
% | a? Il % I d Il % I d\* [I
1
1.007
6
1.051
12
1.106
2
1.016
8
1.069
14
1.125
4
1.034
10
1.088
16
1.145
K2SeO4 [JAB] (602, 614)** [LJG]
%|
1
2
4
6
8
10
%l
di'
Il
1
2
1.0073
1.0156
%i
ffl
d\*
4
6
Il %
1.0324
1.0494
8
10
î5
Il
1.0668
1.0845
Il % I d Ii % i
% I cff
45
1.3635
50
1.4107
55
1.4603
% 1
18
20
12
14
d\*
1.166
1.187
"di'
1.1026
1.1212
% i df "
ffl
36 1.3620
40
1.4140
44
1.4695
48
1.5283
38 1.3876
42
1.4413
46
1.4985
50
1.5590
KHSeO3 [LJG]; with 5.57%, dj = 1.0415 (463)
K2TeO3 [JAB] (602) [LJG]
%|
d4* Il %
d\* I l % I d\* II % I d\*
1
2
4
1.0075
1.0160
1.0334
%
6
8
10
I O0C
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
1.0059
1.0118
1.0237
1.0358
1.0480
1.0603
1.0727
1.0853
1.0982
1.1113
1.1245
1.1378
1.1512
1.1647
1.1783
1.1919
1.2055
1.2191
1.0514
12
1.1085
1.0699
14
1.1287
1.0889
16
1.1496
KN3 [LJG] (74)
I IQ0C
1.0054
1.0111
1.0226
1.0342
1.0459
1.0578
1.0700
1.0824
1.0949
1.1076
1.1204
1.1334
1.1465
1.1597
1.1731
1.1865
1.1999
1.2133
I 2O0C
1.0037
1.0093
1.0206
1.0319
1.0434
1.0550
1.0669
1.0790
1.0913
1.1036
1.1161
1.1288
1.1417
1.1547
1.1678
1.1809
1.1941
1.2074
I 250C
1.0026
1.0081
1.0192
1.0304
1.0418
1.0534
1.0651
1.0770
1.0891
1.1014
1.1138
1.1264
1.1391
1.1520
1.1650
1.1781
1.1912
1.2045
18
20
22
| 3O0C
1.0012
1.0067
1.0177
1.0289
1.0402
1.0516
1.0632
1.0750
1.0869
1.0990
1.1113
1.1238
1.1365
1.1493
1.1622
1.1752
1.1883
1.2015
1.1711
1.1932
1.2160
| 4O0C
0.9976
1.0031
1.0140
1.0250
1.0361
1.0473
1.0587
1.0702
1.0819
1.0938
1.1059
1.1183
1.1308
1.1435
1.1563
1.1692
1.1822
1.1952
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
KN3.(Continued)
I 5O0G I 6O0G I 7O0C | 8O0C
9O0C | IQO0C
0.9934 0.9885 0.9831 0.9772 0.9708 0.9639
0.9987 0.9938 0.9884 0.9826 0.9762 0.9695
1.0094 1.0044 0.9991 0.9934 0.9872 0.9806
1.0203 1.0152 1.0099 1.0043 0.9982 0.9918
1.0313 1.0261 1.0209 1.0153 1.0093 1.0030
1.0424 1.0372 1.0319 1.0264 1.0205 1.0143
1.0536 1.0484 1.0430 1.0376 1.0318 1.0257
1.0651 1.0598 1.0543 1.0489 1.0433 1.0372
1.0767 1.0713 1.0658 1.0604 1.0548 1.0488
1.0885 1.0831 1.0775 1.0720 1.0664 1.0605
1.1006 1.0950 1.0893 1.0838 1.0782 1.0723
1.1128 1.1070 1.1012 1.0957 1.0901 1.0842
1.1251 1.1192 1.1133 1.1077 1.1020 1.0961
1.1376 1.1316 1.1256 1.1198 1.1141 1.1081
1.1503 1.1441 1.1379 1.1320 1.1262 1.1203
1.1630 1.1566 1.1503 1.1443 1.1384 1.1325
1.1758 1.1693 1.1629 1.1567 1.1507 1.1448
1.1886 1.1820 1.1755 1.1692 1.1630 1.1572
KNO 2 [JAB] (106, 468)** [LJG]
"OT]
% i
/717-5TI
^4
11
C/
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
1.005
1.011
1.024
1.037
1.049
1.062
1.075
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
i
I
,717.5
^4
il
II
^
%
1.088
1.102
1.116
1.130
1.144
1.158
1.172
i
I
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
J17.5Tj
"4
H
^
%
i
I
1.187
1.203
1.242
1.284
1.329
1.378
1.430
60
65
70
75
J17.5
^4
1.484
1.540
1.598
1.658
KNO3, v. infra
K 3 PO 4 [LJG]
d0 (468)
3.54
1.0345
(203,t 463)
d4S(203)
17.98
1.1805
I]
II
t For a, 0-3O0C, 9.7 and 18 %, v. (2o 3).
K2HPO3 [LJG]; with 3.96%, dj = 1.0308 (463)

KH2PO3 [LJG]; with 4.00%, dj = 1.0238 (463)
K2HPO4 [LJG]; with 8.23%, dj5 = 1.0569 (^); with 27.58%,
d8 = 1.2633 (203). For a at 0-4O0C, 8, 15 and 28%, v. (203)
KH2PO4, see p. 90
K3AsO4 [LJG]; with 4.27%, dj = 1.0390 (463)
KH2AsO4 [LJG]; with 4.50%, dj = 1.0316 (463)
KSbO3 [JAB]; dj = 1.0067 with 1%; = 1.0152 with 2% (602)
[LJG]
K4Sb2O7 [JAB]; dj = 1.0068 with 1%; = 1.0155 with 2% (602)
[LJG]
KNO 3 [JAB] (84, 250, 256, 448, 449, 451, 452)^ a (256, 370)**- (20); (203, 211)*; (1, 36, 87, 101, 106, 144, 190, 206, 215, 219, 221,
223, 224, 225, 228, 246, 269, 271, 312, 342, 344, 360, 361, 385, 422, 519, 529, 533, 536, 573, 583, 592, 629, 660)â (151, 605)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
O0C
1.00654
1.01326
1.02677
1.04041
1.05419
1.06812
1.08221
IQ0C
1.00615
1.01262
1.02566
1.03887
1.05226
1.06584
1.07963
I 2O0C
1.00447
1.01075
1.02344
1.03632
1.04940
1.06269
1.07620
1.08994
1.10392
1.11814
1.13261
1.14734
1.16233
I 250C
1.00324
1.00946
1.02203
1.03479
1.04775
1.06093
1.07433
1.08796
1.10183
1.11595
1.13033
1.14497
1.15988
| 3O0C
1.00178
1.00794
1.02038
1.03301
1.04584
1.05889
1.07217
1.08569
1.09947
1.11351
1.12782
1.14240
1.15726
| 4O0C
0.99825
1.00430
1.01652
1.02892
1.04152
1.05434
1.06740
1.08072
1.09432
1.10821
1.12240
1.13691
1.15175
5O0C
0.99401
0.99999
1.01207
1.02432
1.03676
1.04941
1.06229
1.07542
1.08882
1.10251
1.11650
1.13080
1.14543
6O0C
0.9890
0.9949
1.0068
1.0189
1.0313
1.0439
1.0567
1.0698
1.0831
1.0967
1.1106
1.1247
1.1391
| 8O0C
0.9776
0.9834
0.9951
1.0070
1.0192
1.0316
1.0442
1.0571
1.0703
1.0837
1.0974
1.1113
1.1256
| IQQ0C
0.9641
0.9699
0.9816
0.9935
1.0056
1.0179
1.0304
1.0432
1.0562
1.0695
1.0831
1.0969
1.1110
KH2PO4 [LJG]
0
(342,
343)** ; (203,
4SI)*; (463), a
344,
(342,
509,
343),
(203)
KHCO 3 [JAB]
% I OC
IQ C
2O C I 25 C
3O C
4O0C
1.00741.00701.00541.00421.00270.9992
2
1.0148 1.0142 1.0125 1.0112 1.0097 1.0061
4
1.0293 1.0284 1.0264 1.0251 1.0235 1.0198
6
1.0437 1.0425 1.0403 1.0388 1.0372 1.0334
8
1.0581 1.0567 1.0542 1.0527 1.0510 1.0471
10
1.0729 1.0711 1.0685 1.0669 1.0651 1.0611
12
1.0883 1.0863 1.0835 1.0818 1.0799 1.0758
14
1.1051 1.1028 1.0998 1.0981 1.0962 1.0919
K 2 CO 3 [JAB]
(219)** ; (219)* ; (144,
510, 548, 585, 632) ? a (206,
253, 254)
261,
312,
C|
1%
0
10
15f
20
25
30
40
1.0066
1.0064
1.0058
1.0049
1.0038
1.0024
0.9990
%
I O0C I IQ0C
2O0C I 250C [ 3O0C | 4O0C
11.00941.00891.00721.00607o045.0010
2
1.0189 1.0182 1.0163 1.0149 1.0134 1.0098
4
1.0381 1.0369 1.0345 1.0330 1.0314 1.0276
6
1.0574 1.0557 1.0529 1.0513 1.0496 1.0457
8
1.0768 1.0746 1.0715 1.0699 1.0681 1.0640
10
1.0963 1.0937 1.0904 1.0887 1.0868 1.0825
12
1.1160 1.1131 1.1096 1.1078 1.1058 1.1013
14
1.1359 1.1329 1.1291 1.1272 1.1251 1.1204
16
1.1562 1.1530 1.1490 1.1470 1.1448 1.1399
18
1.1768 1.1734 1.1692 1.1672 1.1649 1.1598
20
1.1977 1.1941 1.1898 1.1877 1.1853 1.1801
22
1.2189 1.2152 1.2107 1.2085 1.2061 1.2008
24
1.2405 1.2366 1.2320 1.2297 1.2272 1.2219
26
1.2624 1.2583 1.2536 1.2512 1.2487 1.2434
28
1.2846 1.2804 1.2756 1.2731 1.2705 1.2652
30
1.3071 1.3028 1.2979 1.2953 1.2926 1.2873
35
1.3646 1.3600 1.3548 1.3522 1.3494 1.3440
40
1.4244 1.4195 1.4141 1.4114 1.4086 1.4029
45
1.4867 1.4815 1.4759 1.4731 1.4703 1.4644
50
1.5517 1.5462 1.5404 1.5374 1.5347 1.5285
% I 5O0C
6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C
"10.99680.99190.98640.98030.9739O.9670
2
1.0055 1.0005 0.9950 0.9889 0.9825 0.9756
4
1.0231 1 0180 1.0124 1.0063 0.9999 0.9931
6
1.0410 1.0358 1.0301 1.0239 1.0176 1.0110
8
1.0592 1.0538 1.0480 1.0418 1.0355 1.0291
10
1.0776 1.0720 1.0662 1.0600 1.0538 1.0475
12
1.0963 1.0906 1.0847 1.0786 1.0725 1.0663
14
1.1154 1.1096 1.1036 1.0976 1.0916 1.0854
16
1.1349 1.1290 1.1230 1.1170 1.1111 1.1049
18
1.1547 1.1488 1.1428 1.1368 1.1309 1.1248
20
1.1749 1.1690 1.1630 1.1570 1.1512 1.1451
22
1.1955 1.1896 1.1836 1.1776 1.1719 1.1658
24
1.2165 1.2106 1.2046 1.1986 1.1930 1.1869
26
1.2379 1.2320 1.2260 1.2200 1.2144 1.2083
28
1.2596 1.2538 1.2478 1.2418 1.2361 1.2301
30
1.2816 1.2759 1.2700 1.2640 1.2582 1.2522
35
1.3383 1.3324 1.3266 1.3206 1.3148 1.3089
40
1.3972 1.3913 1.3855 1.3795 1.3737 1.3678
45
1.4587 1.4528 1.4468 1.4408 1.4349 1.4290
50
1.5228 1.5169 1.5109 1.5048 1.4988 1.4928
343)
4%
(206)**. (432)* [LJQ]
Il C|
1.0134 1.0270 50
1.0132 1.0268 60
1.0125 1.0260 70
1.0117 1.0252 80
1.0106 1.0241 90
1.0092 1.0228 100
1.0058 1.0195
1%
0.9949
0.9901
0.9847
0.9786
0.9722
0.9653
2%
4%
1.0017 1.0154
0.9969 1.0106
0.9915 1.0053
0.9855 0.9993
0.9791 0.9929
0.9722 0.9860
t d\* = 1.0396 with 6 %; = 1.0534 with 8 %; = 1.0674 with 10 %.
KHC2O4, Acid oxalate [JAB] (208)
328,
[LJG]
(342,
2%
dl7'5
1.0050 I 1.0112 I 1.0174 [ 1.0235
KC 2 H 3 O 2 , Acetate [LJG] (287, 548, 632)**; (529)*; (18,

222, 223, 224, 342, 343, 344, 362, 451, 463, 561, 660)
C/
/O
l
I
3 8 i
^4
I
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
3 2 5 T i
^4
il
1.0038
1.0089
1.0191
1.0293
1.0395
1.0497
1.0599
1.0703
1.0808
1.0914
1.1022
^
/O
1.0022
1.0072
1.0173
1.0274
1.0375
1.0476
1.0577
1.0680
1.0784
1.0889
1.0996
i
I
T8
#4
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
i
J
1.1131
1.1241
1.1353
1.1466
1.1579
1.1868
1.2162
1.2460
1.2761
1.3065
1.3372
144, 211,
[JAB]
325
^4
1.1104
1.1213
1.1324
1.1436
1.1549
1.1835
1.2127
1.2423
1.2723
1.3026
1.3330
KC2H3O3, Glycolate [JAB]; with 5.71%, dj = 1.0428 (463)

KC3H6O2, Propionate [JAB] (291)**. ( 46 3)
07 I
W
/o I O4
jjI I O/
7o ii ,7
g4
|jI I C/
7o \I /718
U4
nH 0/o / 1\ rl
a**
~1.0029
10
1.0425
20
1.0880
30
1.1349
2 1.0073
12
1.0514
22
1.0973
32
1.1443
4 1.0160
14
1.0604
24
1.1067
34
1.1537
6 1.0248
16
1.0695
26
1.1161
36
1.1632
8 1.0336
18
1.0787
28
1.1255
38
1.1727
1
18
KC3H5O3, Lactate [JAB]; with 6.41%, < = 1.0331 (463)

KC4H3O8, Tetroxalate [JAB]; ^ 7 - 5 = 1.0041 with 1%; =1.0096
with 2% (208)
KC4H5O4, Acid succinate [JAB]; with 5.21%, dj = 1.0246 (463)
KC 4 H 6 O 5 , Acid malate [JAB] (463, 546)**
m I 320 n ^ i 3 i o [ i ^ i 320 Tj ^ i 350
%I
11
2
4
6
li
QE4
II
#4
II
/O i
^4
.003481.0410161.0865241.1347
1.0087
10
1.0521
18
1.0983
26
1.1471
1.0193
12
1.0634
20
1.1103
1.0301
14
1.0748
22
1.1224
KC4H7O2, w-Butyrate [JAB]; with 6.31%, df = 1.0223 (463)

KC4H7O2, Isobutyrate [JAB]; with 6.31%, dj = 1.0225 (463)
KC6H7O7, Dihydrogen citrate [JAB]; with 5.75%, df = 1.0287
(463)
K 2 C 4 H 4 O 4 , Succinate [JAB]; with 4.86%, < = 1.0288 (463)

K2C2O4, Oxalate [JAB] (632)**; (250)*; (144, 155, 208, 224, 329,
K 2 C 4 H 4 O 5 , Malate [JAB] (546)** ; (463)
342, 343, 432, 451, 463)
%
(ff Il % I < II % I < II % I ffl "
1 1.0047
12
1.0785
24
1.1662
45
1.338o
1 1.00611.0045
6 1.04411.0421 12 1.09121.0887
2 1.0112
14
1.0926
26
1.1816
50
1.382o
2 1.01361.0119
8 1.05961.0574 14 1.10721.1047
4 1.0244
16
1.1069
28
1.1972
55 1.427o
4 1.02881.0269 10 1.07531.0729
6 1.0377
18
1.1214
30
1.2130
60
1.473o
8 1.0511
20
1.1361
35
1.253o
KHCO2, Formate [JAB]; with 4.21 %, d* - 1.0232; with 13.67%,
10 1.0647
22
1.1510
40
1.295o
ay- = 1.0786 (329, 463)
.%i ^4* i df i l % di i df y % i 48 <?r
K2C4H4O6, Tartrate [JAB] (451, 463, 499, soo)** ; (221, 222, 223,
KCNS [JAB]
/O
329, 330, 432, 571, 632)
Il % |
%|- <
1
2
4
6
8
1.0048
1.0114
1.0248
1.0383
1.0519
10
12
14
16
18
Il % |
df
1.0657
1.0798
1.0941
1.1087
1.1236
20
22
24
26
28
df
1.1387
1.1540
1.1696
1.1855
1.2017
% |
30
35
40
45
50
<
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
f|
^26
1.0054
1.0122
1.0259
1.0398
1.0538
1.0680
1.0824
1.0971
1.1120
1.0037
1.0104
1.0239
1.0377
1.0517
1.0659
1.0803
1.0949
1.1097
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
J8
^4
325
#4
1.1272
1.1427
1.1584
1.1743
1.1905
1.2070
1.2237
1.2406
1.2578
1.1247
1.1400
1.1556
1.1714
1.1875
1.2039
1.2206
1.2375
1.2547
KC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate [JAB]; 10.07%, df = 1.0559 (463)

KC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate [JAB]; with 6.63%, < = 1.0354 (463)
KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate [JAB]; with 8.35 %,dj = 1.0447(463)
K 2 CS 3 (K 2 SCS 2 ) [JAB] (143) [LJG]
or I
~&>
%I
^4
1.006
1.013
1.028
1.042
1.056
1.070
1
2
4
6
8
10 }
OT
!l
^715
^4
Tj
1.085
1.100
1.115
1.130
1.146
1.161
! 12
I 14
| 16
18
20
j 22
&
"jl
^4
1.176
1.191
1.206
1.221
1.261
1.303
24
26
28
30
35
40
il
45
50
55
60
65
70
J5
1.347
1.393
1.441
1.491
1.544
1.600
3 6
KCH3SO4, Methyl sulfate [JAB]; with 45.79%, ^ - = 1.2914

(155); with 14.67%, df = 1.0794 (329)
KC2H5SO4, Hydroxyethyl sulfonate [JAB]; with 4.11%, rff5 =
1.0188 (529)
KC2H5SO4, Ethyl sulfate [JAB]; with 38.60%, dj 2 = 1.2033 (iss) ;

with 42.82%, d\* = 1.2315 (iss) ; 15.47%, df = 1.0737 (329)
KC6H5SO3, Benzene sulfonate [JAB]; 4.91%, dj6 = 1.0181 (529)
K2CH2SaO6, Methane disulfonate [JAB]; 3.15 %,df = 1.0178(529)
KCNf
%
dj6
df
r/f
%
dj5
d\
[JAB]
(378)** (2O 0 C);
(342,
343,
6 0 2 ) * * (150C);
(561)
(150C); 517** (250C) [LJG]

|
l
|
2
4
|
6
8
| 10
1.0041 1.0092 1.0194 1.0297 1.0401 1.0506
1.0035 1.0088 1.0195 1.0301 1.0408 1.0514
1.0024 1.0078 1.0187 1.0298
12
1.0612
1.0620
14 | 16 | 18 |
1.0718 1.0825 1.0931 l
1.0727
t Isotherms are discordant.
%
1
2
4
6
8
dl5 Jl
1.0051
1.0111
1.0232
1.0355
1.0479
%
10
12
14
16
18
KCNO [JAB] (602)

^5 H % I
1.0603
20
1.0728
22
1.0855
24
1.0983
26
1.1112
28
[LJG]
^5 II % I d?
1.1242
30
1.1908
1.1373
32
1.2046
1.1505
34
1.2185
1.1638
1.1772
KCNSe [LJG]; with 32.77%, dj8 = 1.1514; with 43.55%, dj 2 ' 1

= 1.2455 (663)
KSbOC4H4O6, Antimonyl tartrate [JAB] (224)
%
l
2
3
4
5
6~
dl7'5... 1.005
1.012
1.019
1.026
1.034
1.042
(236, 287, 548)**; (602, 640) [LJG]
&4
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1.2181
1.2606
1.3051
1.3516
1.4001
K3C6H5O7, Citrate [JAB] (632)** ; (463)

!
|
07
%
i
\
[I
/Q
1.0035
1.0085
1.0186
1.0288
1.0391
1.0495
1.0601
1.0708
j
\
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
&4
~ /Q
1.0817
1.0927
1.1039
1.1152
1.1266
1.1382
1.1500
1.1618
!
I
726
#4
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
1.1899
1.2200
1.2517
1.2849
1.3195
1.3554
1.3925
1.4307
K2SiO3 [JAB] (602) [LJG]

^20
C&4
O/
/O
c/
/O
Il
[I
\
\
,720
4
Il
Il
J20
4
C7
/O
Il
Il
C7
/O
J20
'4
1 1.0072
8
1.0727
16
1.1533
24
1.2411
2 1.0163
10
1.0923
18
1.1745
26
1.2644
4 1.0347
12
1.1123
20
1.1962
28
1.2884
6 1.0535
14
1.1326
22
1.2184
K 2 SnO 3 [LJG];^ 0 = 1.212with 22.73%; = 1.379 with 36.53% (602)
K2S04.PbSO4 [JAB] (75) [LJG]
%
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
df
0.99935
1.00092
1.00252
1.00415
K 2 Zn(SO 4 ) 2 [GS]; with 10%, d\5 = 1.0938 (534)
K 2 CdI 4 [GS]
~~7~\
/C \
~2
4
6
8
^
&4
H1
~r
^4
~f/O Il
(249)**. (641)
lU
//O Ii
1.0143101.080818
1.0303
12
1.0988
20
1.0467
14
1.1174
25
1.0635
16
1.1366
30
a^
4, 8 I Ili
C//O Ii
K2HgI4 [GS] (550)

8
10
1.0650
1.0824
2KCLCuCl2 [WCS] (3l9> 32l)
%
dl6
%|
dj 6 ?
1
2
4
1.007s
1.015l
1.03Oe
d 25 ?
6
8
10
1.046s
1.0633
1.08Oo
Il
^18
^4
1.1564351.3556
1.1766
40
1.4280
1.2310
45
1.5066
1.2903
<g5?
12
14
16
12
1.1003
Il
1.096s
1.1142
1.132o
dl^
18
20
1.1502
1.168s
K2S04.CuS04 [WCS] (* 89 > * 9 1 > 604)
/O
Gk4
/o
U^
/O
0.755
" 1.0039
6.874
1.06Qe
KAg(CN)2[WCS] (BQ 2 )
720.2
^4
14.31
1.0692~
l Wgfr ^^
dl
[l
% |
df
[l
% |
dl5
1.0055
6
1.0387
l
1.0068
1.0120
8
1.0526
2
1.014s
1.0252
4
1.03Oo
K2IrCl6 [WCS]; with 1% dl = 1.005 (02)
K2PtCl4 [WCS] (602)
%...|
l
i
2
|
4
|
6
|
8
<.. .[ 1.0057 | 1.0134 j 1.0295 | 1.0460 | 1.062s
K2PtCl6 [WCS]; with 1%, df = 1.005 (602)
K2PdCl4 [WCS] (602)
%l
< Il % | < Il %
df
Il % | df "
l 1.0050 Il 2 | 1.0120 u
4 | 1.0265 || 6
1.041s
%
1
2
4
KMnO4 [JAB]
%
d5
d
dft
(509,
510,
602,
60S)**; (144,
241,
242,
529,
561)
[LJG]
I
l
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
6
1.0060 1.0130 1.0200 1.0271 1.0342 1.0414
1.0049 1.0117 1.0185 1.0254 1.0324
1.0037 1.0104 1.0172 1.0240 1.0309 1.0379
t<*4 5 = 1.0450 with 7 %; = 1.0457 with 7.1 % (satd. soin.).
K2MoO4 [JAB] (602) [LJG]
K2SO48Fe2(SO4)St [WCS] (i** 208, 225)

%
I d\6 ( 2 2 5 ) I
d\ '*
1
2
4
6
8
10
1.0079
1.0167
1.034l
1.0525
1.071l
1.0904
1.0082
1.0179
1.0336
1.047s
1.0617
1.076s
II
I d\6 (225)
12
14
16
18
20
1.11Oo
1.1303
1.151l
1.173l
1.1960
%l
d\
1.0930
l.llOo
1.129s
1
2
4
1.0071
1.0152
1.0316
629)
_
U>4
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1.0047
1.010l
1.0212
1.0325
1.0438
1.0556
1.067l
1.0789
1.0910
l.lOso
l.llso
_
4
î
1.0034
1.0090
1.020l
1.03U
1.0427
1.0542
1.0656
1.0774
1.0890
l.lOio
l.llso
1.0024
1.007s
1.018s
1.03Oo
1.041s
1.0526
1.064l
1.0756
1.0870
1.0990
l.llio
K4Fe(CN)6 [WCS] (291)** ; (511, 536)* ; (158, 221, 266, 506, 629)
i
"Z
"Tu
#4
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
" J i O i
^4
1.005s
1.012s
1.0264
1.0404
1.0545
1.0687
1.0835
1.098s
1.1139
^26
^4
1.005l
1.0119
1.0256
1.0395
1.0536
1.067s
1.082s
1.097l
1.1120
1.0039
1.0106
1.0242
1.0376
1.05U
1.065s
1.0795
1.0942
l. 1089
K 2 CrO 4 [JAB] (548, 602)**; (287)*. (101, 138, 144, 206, 360, 361,
463,
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
533, 561, 566, 629) [LJG]
dl5
1.0073
1.0155
1.0321
1.0489
1.0659
1.0832
1.1009
[l
d\*
1.0066
1.0147
1.0311
1.0477
1.0647
1.0821
1.0999
1.1181
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
dj
1.1366
1.1555
1.1748
1.1945
1.2147
1.2354
1.2566
1.2784
K2Cr2O7 [JAB] (184, 291, 360, 509, 510)**. (361)*; (138, 144, 205,
206,
328, 463, 561, 566) [LJG]
I l | 2
dj
1.0069 1.0141
di*
1.0054 1.0124
dff.... 1.0052 1.0122
| 4 | 6 | 8 | 10
1.0287 1.0435 1.0585 1.0738
1.0266 1.0412 1.0561
1.0264 1.0408 1.0554 1.0703
t With 12 %, ô = 1.0855.
K2SO4.Cr2(S04)3 [JAB] (225)** ; (187, 188) [LJG]
%|
^5
"Violet"
1 1.0086
2 1.0182
4 1.0376
6 1.0573
8 1.0773
Il % |
^46
"Green"
l
1.007
2
1.016
4
1.034
6
1.052
8
1.070
10
12
1.089
1.109
Il %
d?
"Green"
14
1.129
16
1.150
18
1.171
20
1.193
22
1.216
24
26
1.239
1.263
H % |
d\*
"Green"
28 1.289
30 1.315
35 1.383
40 1.456
45 1.533
50
1.615
I
I
1
2
4
6
8
t Discordant data.
l]
6
8
d?
[l
1.0484
1.0657
10
12
[l
dl
1.0834
1.1015
14
16
dj*
1.1200
1.1389
2K2O.SiO2.12MoO3 [LJG] (*3)

O/
%
K8Fe(CN)6 [WCS] (29i)** ; (5ii)* ; (i, iss, 221, 375, soe, 536,
^1O
4
J20
4
1.0074
1.0152
1.0315
1.0486
1.0663
1.0058
1.0135
1.0297
1.0466
1.0641
h
II
. I
I
O7
%
10
12
14
16
JlO
^4
I
I
J20
#4
1.0845
1.1034
1.1228
1.1429
1.0822
1.1009
1.1202
1.1401
K 2 WO 4 [LJG] (602)
% l\
1
2
4
JU
M4
Il
[l
1.0077
1.0164
1.0341
o/\
/O \
rl
#4
I
I
Of
%
6
8
10
Il
Il
0.5 1.00186l
l
1.0055
18
-r/
M4
If
11
O/
70
I
|
Il
H
1.0523
12
1.1105
1.0711
14
1.1312
1.0905
16
1.1527
KVO 3 [LJG] (602)
o/
/ l
2
3
,720
o/
/O
Il
1.0128
1.0202
4
5
rI2Q
I
|
18
Il
^4
07
%
Il
1.0277
1.0353
1.1750
or
/O
6
7
fJ1^
#4
,720
1.0430
1.0508
K 2 SO 4 JU 2 (SO 4 )S [JAB] (225, 342, 343, 404, 406, 509) **;

(510)*; (46, 144, 205, 206, 223, 378) [LJG]
!
j
JTO
i
J 2 n
~Z
i
"5
i
"320
/O
1
2
3
4
#4
&4
Il
/O
&4
&4
1.0086
1.0078
5
1.0476
1.0469
1.0182
1.0175
6
1.0577
1.0569
1.0279
1.0272
7
1.0679
1.0377
1.0370
K2Mg(SO4), [GS]; with 15.4%, d\* = 1.1457 (536, 537)
KNaC4H4O6, Tartrate [LJG] (221, eso)**; (222, 223, 432, 451)*;
(509) [JAB]
% | 2O0C | 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C
6O0C
1 ] 1.0049 1.0037 1.0022 0.9987 0.9945 0.9897
2
1.0116 1.0103 1.0088 1.0053 1.0010 0.9961
4
1.0252 1.0238 1.0222 1.0186 1.0142 1.0092
6
1.0390 1.0375 1.0358 1.0322 1.0276 1.0225
8
1.0530 1.0514 1.0496 1.0459 1.0413 1.0360
10
1.0673 1.0656 1.0637 1.0599 1.0552 1.0498
12
1.0818 1.0800 1.0781 1.0741 1.0693 1.0638
14
1.0965 1.0946 1.0926 1.0885 1.0836 1.0780
16
1.1114 1.1094 1.1073 1.1031 1.0981 1.0925
18
1.1265 1.1244 1.1222 1.1180 1.1128 1.1072
20
1.1419 1.1397 1.1374 1.1331 1.1278 1.1221
22
1.1576 1.1552 1.1529 1.1485 1.1431 1.1373
24
1.1735 1.1710 1.1687 1.1641 1.1586 1.1527
26
1.1896 1.1870 1.1847 1.1799 1.1743 1.1683
28
1.2059 1.2033 1.2009 1.1959 1.1902 1.1841
30
1.2225 1.2198 1.2173 1.2121 1.2064 1.2002
32
1.2394 1.2366 1.2340 1.2286 1.2229 1.2166
34
1.2566 1.2537 1.2510 1.2454 1.2397 1.2333
36
1.2742 1.2712 1.2684 1.2626 1.2568 1.2503
RbOH [JAB] (212, 290)**
%
I
d\*
|
ff
Il %
|
^48
1
1.0080
1.0065
16
1.1665
2
1.0174
1.0158
18
1.1905
4
1.0368
1.0346
20
1.2152
6
1.0568
1.0535
22
1.2407
8
1.0774
1.0725
24
1.2670
10
1.0987
1.0916
26
1.2941
12
1.1206
28
1.3220
14
l. 1432
RbF [JAB] (29l)

~of I
%|
1
2
4
6
8
,718it
#4
.11
1.0074
1.0163
1.0345
1.0532
1.0723 I
or
10
12
14
16
18
/7*8Tj
1.0920
1.1123
1.1332
1.1548
1.1771
J5r!
II %
20
22
24
26
28
RbI [JAB] (26)**; (83, 84, 111, 288, 548)*; (229)
J8
^4
fi
Il %
1.2000
1.2236
1.2479
1.2731
1.2991
30
32
js
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
1.3259
1.3535
RbCl [JAB] (26)**. (83, 84, 111, 256, 287, 288, 548)^ a (256)*;
(45, 125, 206, 224, 378, 487, 629)â (607, 609)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C

1.00749 1.00722 1.00561 1.00441 1.00298 0.99950 0.99528
1.01519 1.01478 1.01307 1.01183 1.01036 1.00683 1.00257
1.03085 1.03017 1.02825 1.02693 1.02539 1.02176 1.01741
1.04686 1.04592 1.04379 1.04239 1.04078 1.03704 1.03260
1.06324 1.06205 1.05971 1.05823 1.05655 1.05269 1.04816
1.08002 1.07859 1.07604 1.07448 1.07273 1.06874 1.06412
1.09723 1.09556 1.09281 1.09117 1.08935 1.08522 1.08051
1.11488 1.11299 1.11004 1.10832 1.10643 1.10216 1.09736
1.13299 1.13090 1.12775 1.12595 1.12399 1.11959 1.11469
1.15158 1.14931 1.14596 1.14408 1.14205 1.13753 1.13252
1.17067 1.16824 1.16469 1.16273 1.16063 1.15600 1.15088
1.19030 1.18771 1.18396 1.18192 1.17975 1.17502 1.16979
1.21049 1.20774 1.20379 1.20167 1.19943 1.19461 1.18927
1.23127 1.22836 1.22421 1.22201 1.21970 1.21479 1.20934
1.25268 1.24959 1.24524 1.24296 1.24058 1.23558 1.23002
1.27475 1.27145 1.26691 1.26455 1.26210 1.25701 1.25134
1.32407 1.32151 1.31891 1.31354 1.30763
1.38599 1.38318 1.38041 1.37476 1.36861
1.45330 1.45018 1.44721 1.44127 1.43489
1.52675 1.52325 1.52005 1.51381 1.50720
RbClO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]
I
1
I
2
I
3
%
d\9-6
1 1.00530 I 1.01224 | 1.01915 | 1.02602

RbBr [JAB] (26)**; (83, 84, 111, 288)*; (378)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C

1.00776 1.00751 1.00593 1.00473 1.00329 0.99981 0.99559
1.01574 1.01539 1.01372 1.01248 1.01101 1.00747 1.00321
1.03207 1.03150 1.02965 1.02833 1.02679 1.02314 1.01878
1.04887 1.04808 1.04604 1.04464 1.04303 1.03927 1.03480
1.06616 1.06515 1.06291 1.06143 1.05975 1.05588 1.05129
1.08396 1.08272 1.08028 1.07872 1.07697 1.07298 1.06827
1.10229 1.10082 1.09817 1.09653 1.09471 1.09059 1.08576
1.12118 1.11947 1.11661 1.11489 1.11300 1.10874 1.10379
1.14065 1.13870 1.13563 1.13383 1.13186 1.12746 1.12239
1.16073 1.15854 1.15526 1.15338 1.15132 1.14678 1.14159
1.18145 1.17902 1.17554 1.17357 1.17142 1.16674 1.16143
1.20285 1.20018 1.19650 1.19443 1.19219 1.18737 1.18194
1.22497 1.22206 1.21817 1.21600 1.21367 1.20871 1.20315
1.24784 1.24470 1.24059 1.23832 1.23590 1.23080 1.22510
1.27150 1.26814 1.26380 1.26143 1.25892 1.25367 1.24783
1.29599 1.29241 1.28784 1.28536 1.28277 1.27735 1.27138
!.. 36125 1.35705 1.35191 1.34917 1.34634 1.34051 1.33416
1.42830 1.42233 1.41924 1.41616 1.40991 1.40319
1.50712 1.50010 1.49654 1.49321 1.48653 1.47945
1.58639 1.58222 1.57863 1.57151 1.56408
1.68254 1.67758 1.67372 1.66615 1.65838
%....
d\9'6...
RbBrO3 [JAB] (*) [LJG]

I
0.5
I
1.0
I
1.00220 I
1.00609
I
|
1.5
1.01001
%
d\9'5
I O0C I IQ0C I 2Q0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4Q0C | 5Q0C

1.00776 1.00751 1.00591 1.00471 1.00327 0.99978 0.99555
1.015761.015401.013701.012461.010991.007441.00315
1.03210 1.03153 1.02963 1.02831 1.02677 1.02309 1.01868
1.04892 1.04814 1.04604 1.04464 1.04303 1.03922 1.03469
1.06624 1.06525 1.06296 1.06147 1.05979 1.05585 1.05120
1.08409 1.08289 1.08041 1.07883 1.07708 1.07300 1.06823
1.10250 1.10109 1.09842 1.09675 1.09492 1.09070 1.08580
1.12150 1.11988 1.11701 1.11525 1.11333 1.10898 1.10394
1.14112 1.13929 1.13621 1.13436 1.13235 1.12787 1.12268
1.16140 1.15935 1.15605 1.15411 1.15201 1.14739 1.14204
1.18237 1.18010 1.17657 1.17453 1.17234 1.16757 1.16206
1.20406 1.20157 1.19781 1.19566 1.19338 1.18844 1.18278
1.22651 1.22379 1.21980 1.21754 1.21516 1.21004 1.20424
1.24975 1.24680 1.24257 1.24020 1.23772 1.23241 1.22647
1.27382 1.27063 1.26616 1.26368 1.26110 1.25559 1.24951
1.29876 1.29532 1.29061 1.28801 1.28534 1.27962 1.27340
1.36537 1.36131 1.35598 1.35307 1.35014 1.34389 1.33729
1.43873 1.43403 1.42806 1.42481 1.42158 1.41480 1.40776
1.51993 1.51456 1.50792 1.50428 1.50075 1.49337 1.48582
1.61033 1.60426 1.59691 1.59281 1.58898 1.58091 1.57276
1.71156 1.70476 1.69667 1.69203 1.68790 1.67904 1.67017
1.80924
1.78004
1.93722
1.90492
RbIO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]
0.5
I
1.0
I
1.5
1
1.0025
1.0068
1.0111
Rb 2 SO 4 [JAB] ( U l , 288, 616)**; (615)
% I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C j 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C

1
1.0086 1.0082 1.0066 1.0054 1.0039 1.0003 0.9961
2
1.0173 1.0168 1.0150 1.0138 1.0122 1.0085 1.0041
4
1.0350 1.0343 1.0322 1.0309 1.0292 1.0253 1.0208
6
1.0530 1.0521 1.0499 1.0485 1.0467 1.0426 1.0382
8
1.0714 1.0703 1.0680 1.0664 1.0646 1.0603 1.0560
10
1.0903 1.0889 1.0864 1.0848 1.0829 1.0786 1.0743
12
1.1096 1.1080 1.1052 1.1036 1.1016 1.0972 1.0931
14
1.1294 1.1276 1.1246 1.1229 1.1209 1.1165 1.1123
16
1.1498 1.1477 1.1446 1.1428 1.1407 1.1364 1.1321
18
1.1708 1.1685 1.1652 1.1633 1.1611 1.1568 1.1525
20
1.1926 1.1900 1.1864 1.1844 1.1822 1.1779 1.1735
22
1.2151 1.2121 1.2083 1.2062 1.2040 1.1996 1.1951
24
1.2349 1.2309 1.2287 1.2265
26
1.2583 1.2542 1.2519 1.2498
28
1.2824 1.2782 1.2759 1.2739
30
1.3071 1.3028 1.3006 1.2985
32
1.3325 1.3281 1.3260 1.3238
Rb2SeO4 [LJG]; dj = 1.4688 with 40.60 %; = 1.5806 with 47.07 %
(614)
RbNO 3 [JAB] (84, 111, 288)**; (45, 76)
% I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C

1
1.0073
1.0070
1.0053
1.0042
1.0027
2
1.0147
1.0143
1.0125
1.0113
1.0098
4
1.0298
1.0292
1.0272
1.0258
1.0242
6
1.0452
1.0444
1.0422
1.0407
1.0389
8
1.0610
1.0600
1.0575
1.0559
1.0540
10
1.0772
1.0760
1.0731
1.0715
1.0695
12
1.0938
1.0923
1.0892
1.0875
1.0854
14
1.1109
1.1090
1.1057
1.1040
1.1018
16
1.1284
1.1261
1.1227
1.1209
1.1187
18
1.1464
1.1437
1.1401
1.1382
1.1360
20
1.1649
1.1618
1.1580
1.1560
1.1537
22
1.1839
1.1804
1.1763
1.1742
1.1718
RbNO3.- (Continued)
% I
O0C
I IQ0C
2O0C
I
241.20331.19951.19521.
26
1.2146
28
1.2346
30
1.2552
32
1.2764
Rb 2 SO 4 .Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 [WCS] (378)
250C | 3O0C
19291.1903
1.2121
1.2093
1.2319
1.2289
1.2523
1.2490
1.2732 | 1.2697
%
c?f
i
I
"TTO
4
j
I
J2I
#4 T
i
I
325
^4
i
I
J3
a
4
"UO
^4
3
a
4
t With 7.023 %, df = 1.04989.
RbCHO2, Formate; [JAB] with 7.60%, dJ- = 1.0494 (329)

Rb2C4H4O6, Tartrate [JAB] (498, 516)**
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
1.0056
1.0130
1.0280
1.0432
1.0587
1.0745
II % I < II % I d? Il % I <
12
14
16
18
20
22
1.0907
1.1074
1.1247
1.1425
1.1608
1.1796
24
26
28
30
35
40
1.1989
1.2188
1.2393
1.2605
1.315o
1.374o
45
50
55
60
65
1.438o
1.507o
1.581o
1.661o
1.747o
Rb 2 SO 4 .Al 2 (SO 4 )3 [JAB]; with 0.32% dj = 1.0025 (206) [LJG]

CsCl [JAB] (26)**; (83, 84, 110, 256, 287, 548) ? a (256)* ; (45, 206,
261, 487, 507, 508, 629)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C

250C | 3O0C
4O0C
1.00774 1.00751 1.00593 1.00473 1.00330 0.99982
1.015731.015401.013741.012511.011051.00752
1.03204 1.03151 1.02969 1.02839 1.02687 1.02324
1.04881 1.04808 1.04609 1.04472 1.04314 1.03941
1.06607 1.06514 1.06297 1.06153 1.05988 1.05605
1.08384 1.08271 1.08036 1.07884 1.07712 1.07319
1.10214 1.10082 1.09828 1.09668 1.09489 1.09085
1.12100 1.11949 1.11676 1.11507 1.11321 1.10906
1.14044 1.13874 1.13582 1.13404 1.13211 1.12785
1.16049 1.15860 1.15549 1.15362 1.15162 1.14724
1.18118 1.17910 1.17580 1.17385 1.17178 1.16727
1.20255 1.20028 1.19679 1.19476 1.19262 1.18798
1.22463 1.22218 1.21849 1.21638 1.21417 1.20940
1.24746 1.24482 1.24093 1.23874 1.23645 1.23156
1.27108 1.26824 1.26414 1.26187 1.25950 1.25450
1.29553 1.29248 1.28817 1.28581 1.28337 1.27826
1.36061 1.35699 1.35218 1.34960 1.34695 1.34149
1.43198 1.42777 1.42245 1.41964 1.41677 1.41094
1.51059 1.50578 1.49993 1.49688 1.49378 1.48755
1.59757 1.59215 1.58575 1.58245 1.57910 1.57244
1.69466 1.68842 1.68137 1.67776 1.67413 1.66701
1.80353 1.79644 1.78859 1.78460 1.78066 1.77304
1.90966 1.90523 1.90097 1.89278
% I 5O0C I 6O0C
0.995610.9908
2 1.003270.9984
4 1.018911.0140
6 1.035001.0300
8 1.051561.0465
10 1.06861 1.0635
12 1.086181.0810
14 1.104301.0991
16 1.123001.1177
18 1.142301.1369
20 1.162241.1568
22 1.182851.1773
I 8O0C II %
0.9793
24
0.9869
26
1.0023
28
1.0182
30
1.0346
35
1.0514
40
1.0688
45
1.0867
50
1.1051
551
1.1242
60
1.1439
65
1.1643
4
1.033s
I
|
6
1.051s
49'5
1.00573 I 1.01322
1.02082 | 1.02851 | 1.03629
CsBr [JAB] (26)**; (83, 84, 291)*

i
I
1.10632| 1.104041 1.100841 1.09898| 1.09689| 1.09222| 1.08699
% l d
2
1.0155
CsClO3 [JAB] (s*) [LJG]

%
Values for 13.395% (256)

30
#4
1
1.007o
1 5O0C | 6O0C
1.204161.1985
1.226211.2205
1.249041.2432
1.272691.2667
1.335661.3295
1.40483 1.3984
1.481131.4744
1.565671.5586
1.659841.6524
1.765411.7576
1.884621.8763
| 8O0C
1.1853
1.2071
1.2297
1.2531
1.3154
1.3838
1.4593
1.5429
1.6361
1.7406
1.8585
t O400 = 1.616 with 55%; = 1.717 with 60%; = 1.832 with 65%; = 1.968 with
70%.
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
I O0C
1.00792
1.01608
1.03277
1.04996
1.06768
1.08596
1.10483
1.12432
1.14447
1.16531
1.18688
1.20922
1.23238
1.25639
1.28129
1.30712
1.37619
1.45248
1.53717
IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4Q0C^

1.00769 1.00612 1.00492 1.00349 1.00001
1.01577 1.01412 1.01289 1.01143 1.00790
1.03228 1.03048 1.02918 1.02766 1.02403
1.04929 1.04734 1.04597 1.04439 1.04065
1.06683 1.06472 1.06328 1.06164 1.05779
1.08493 1.08265 1.08114 1.07943 1.07547
1.10362 1.10116 1.09958 1.09779 1.09372
1.12293 1.12029 1.11863 1.11676 1.11257
1.14289 1.14007 1.13832 1.13637 1.13206
1.16354 1.16053 1.15869 1.15666 1.15222
1.18491 1.18170 1.17978 1.17767 1.17309
1.20704 1.20362 1.20162 1.19944 1.19471
1.22998 1.22634 1.22425 1.22200 1.21712
1.25377 1.24990 1.24772 1.24539 1.24037
1.27844 1.27435 1.27208 1.26966 1.26450
1.30404 1.29973 1.29737 1.29486 1.28954
1.37251 1.36764 1.36503 1.36230 1.35658
1.44819 1.44275 1.43986 1.43689 1.43074
1.53227 1.52626 1.52305 1.51981 1.51317
1.61970 1.61610 1.61253 1.60531
1.72492 1.72081 1.71679 1.70888
% I 5O0C I 6O0C I 8O0C H

1 0.99580 0.9909 0.9794
2 1.00364 0.9987 0.9872
4 1.01968 1.0147 1.0029
6 1.03621 1.0311 1.0192
8 1.05325 1.0481 1.0360
10 1.07083 1.0656 1.0533
12 1.08898 1.0836 1.0712
14 1.10772 1.1023 1.0897
16 1.12709 1.1216 1.1088
18 1.14713 1.1416 1.1286
20 1.16789 1.1622 1.1491
% I 5O0C | 6O0C | - 8O0C

22 1.18940 1.1836 1.1703
24 1.21170 1.2058 1.1923
26 1.23483 1.2288 1.2151
28 1.25883 1.2526 1.2387
30 1.28373 1.2774 1.2633
35 1.35039 1.3438 1.3290
40 1.42414 1.4171 1.4018
45 1.50613 1.4987 1.4827
50 1.59780 1.5899 1.5731
55 1.70088 1.6925 1.6749
CsBrO3 [JAB] (*) [LJG]

0.5
L.O
1.00225
1.00621
%
d\9'*
1.5
1.01022
CSl[JAB] (26)**; (83,84)*
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
I O G I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C

1.00787 1.00765 1.00608 1.00487 1.00344 0.99996
1.01598 1.01568 1.01402 1.01279 1.01133 1.00779
1.03258 1.03212 1.03029 1.02899 1.02747 1.02382
1.04970 1.04907 1.04707 1.04570 1.04411 1.04035
1.06737 1.06655 1.06438 1.06294 1.06128 1.05740
1.08561 1.08459 1.08225 1.08074 1.07901 1.07500
1.10445 1.10323 1.10071 1.09912 1.09732 1.09318
1.12392 1.12250 1.11979 1.11811 1.11624 1.11196
1.14406 1.14244 1.13953 1.13775 1.13580 1.13138
1.16490 1.16308 1.15996 1.15808 1.15604 1.15148
1.18648 1.18446 1.18112 1.17915 1.17701 1.17230
1.20884 1.20661 1.20305 1.20099 1.19875 1.19388
1.23203 1.22958 1.22580 1.22364 1.22131 1.21627
1.25609 1.25342 1.24942 1.24715 1.24473 1.23952
1.28107 1.27817 1.27395 1.27157 1.26906 1.26368
1.30701 1,30388 1.29944 1.29694 1.29434 1.28878
I O0C
%
35
40
45
50
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
CsI.(Continued)
IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C
1.36776 1.36497 1.36203 1.35593
1.44354 1.44044 1.43711 1.43037
1.52803 1.52460 1.52082 1.51332
1.62278 1.61900 1.61470 1.60627
5O0C I 6O0C I 8O0C [I

0.99573 0.9909 0.9794
1.00351 0.9986 0.9870
1.01943 1.0144 1.0026
1.03585 1.0307 1.0187
1.05279 1.0476 1.0353
1.07028 1.0650 1.0525
1.08835 1.0829 1.0702
1.10702 1.1015 1.0885
1.12633 1.1207 1.1075
1.14632 1.1406 1.1271
%
d\9-*
I
1
% I 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C

20 1.16702 1.1611 1.1475
22 1.18847 1.1825 1.1686
24 1.21071 1.2046 1.1904
26 1.23379 1.2275 1.2131
28 1.25776 1.2513 1.2367
30 1.28267 1.2761 1.2612
35 1.34938 1.3424 1.3269
40 1.42329 1.4159 1.3996
45 1.50560 1.4976 1.4806
50 1.59778 1.5892 1.5714
CsIQ3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]

0.5
I
1.0
I
1.5
1.0025 I 1.0068
j .1.0112
2.0
1.0156
Both inorganic and organic solutes present.

Two solutes
More than two solutes
% wt. %.
g Grams per liter.

MoI % Formula weights per 100 formula wts. of mixture.
Vol. % cm3 per 100 cm3.
M g-equivalents/kg of solution.
m g-equivalents/kg of solvent.
N g-equivalents/liter of solution,
satd. Saturated solution.
? Doubtful.
In most cases no concentration is indicated for isolated points.
2\-& TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. p. viii)
Two Solutes
H2O
P
/ op
*'
H2SO4
% I
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Cs2SeO4
IQ C
2O C I 25 C I 3O C | 4Q C
5O C
1.0080 1.0061 1.0050 1.0038 1.0006 0.9962
1.0164 1.0144 1.0132 1.0119 1.0087 1.0046
1.0338 1.0316 1.0304 1.0291 1.0259 1.0220
1.0517 1.0494 1.0480 1.0464 1.0431 1.0396
1.0703 1.0676 1.0661 1.0645 1.0613 1.0576
1.0897 1.0870 1.0856 1.0841 1.0807
1.0770
1.1099 1.1071 1.1056 1.1041 1.1009 1.0973
1.1305 1.1275 1.1260 1.1245 1.1212 1.1177
1.1514 1.1484 1.1469 1.1453 1.1419 1.1383
1.1728 1.1696 1.1680 1.1663 1.1628 1.1592
1.1944 1.1913 1.1897 1.1880 1.1842 1.1800
1.2167 1.2137 1.2122 1.2105 1.2065
1.2017
1.2408 1.2375 1.2359 1.2341 1.2302 1.2252
1.2681 1.2643 1.2623 1.2602 1.2561 1.2513
[LJG]; dj = 1.5841 with 45.94%; =1.7432 with 53.43%
17
40
70
HNO3
NH4Cl
?
O
B
B = HCl
( 144 )
0-43%
0-36%
0-33%
0-90%
4-84%
2-84%
(e)
(126)
(126)
4-10%
0-6 N
17-40%
satd.
(257)
(172, 17?)
( 463 )
(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4
20
?
?
25
(462,466)
SnCl2
SnCl4
PbCl2
O
28
O
ZnCl2
20
(462,466)
ZnSO4
20
(462,466)
CdCl2
HgCl2
25
O
?
?
0.35-6.1
m in Cl
0-7.8 N
0-11.2 AT
f d 1.07001 with 9.104% (256).
CsCHO2, Formate [JAB]; with 2.73%, d\l'Q = 1.0169 (329)
satd.
satd.
0.12-1 AT
0-7.IN
0.12-1 AT
satd.
0.12-1 AT
0.12-1 N
CuCl2
Cu2Cl2........
(3 78 )
18
(604)
20
( 4 6 2 > 4 66)
25
(659)
CuSO4
20
MnCl2
FeCl3
CoCl2
12
25
O
20
PAGE
U(SO4)2
PrCl3
MgCl2
0.9-6 AT
satd.
MgSO4........
20
CaCl2
101
SrCl2
?
O
O
O
25
(I 78 )
(462,466)
0.12-1 AT
0-13.9 AT
0-10.6 AT
(506)
0.12-1 AT (328)
satd.
O78)
constant
( 305 )
(not given)
(659)
16-18 d = 1.046
16
?
?
O
0-7.6 AT
95
100
100
100
This section was compiled by Ralph F. Tefft under the direction of the Special
Editor.
(328)
O78)
(328)
( 659 )
0-34 MoI % 23-49 MoI % (i 5 )
0-12.8 AT
satd.
(i 78 )
25
Contents
Inorganic solutes only (i.e., key-formulae do not begin with
16).
(i 7 8 )
O78)
O78)
25
25
O
O
SYSTEMS CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE SOLUTE*
270-216Og (27)
330-130Og (27)
satd.
( 456 )
20
I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C || 17.076% (256)f

0
1.00759 1.00727 1.00566 1.00445
C | d[
1.01539 1.01492 1.01319 1.01194
1.14091
20
1.03128 1.03055 1.02859 1.02725
30
1 13681
1.04755 1.04661 1.04443 1.04299
40
1 13191
1.06422 1.06313 1.06072 1.05918 50
1^12652
1.08013 1.07745 1.07584
1.09761 1.09463 1.09298
1.11227 1.11062
*'
SbCl3
BiCl3
BiOCl
(614)
Two solutes
Three solutes
Four solutes
Sea water, Table of Densities
Organic solutes only (i.e., key-formulae begin with 16).
Two solutes
20
CsNO3 [JAB] (84, 291, 420)**; (45, 76, 633)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Concn. range
'
15
Cs2SO4 [JAB] (616)**. (615)

0
101
103
1-5%
satd.
satd.
(119, 121)
( 4 i3)
(i 7 4 )
O77)
(462,466)
20
(462,466)
?
0-9.5 AT
0-2.3 AT
0-5.3 N
0-9.2 m
satd.
satd.
satd.
satd.
satd.
(i 74 )
(i 77 )
(1.72)
(i 77 )
(263)
I O0C
%
35
40
45
50
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
CsI.(Continued)
IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C
1.36776 1.36497 1.36203 1.35593
1.44354 1.44044 1.43711 1.43037
1.52803 1.52460 1.52082 1.51332
1.62278 1.61900 1.61470 1.60627
5O0C I 6O0C I 8O0C [I

0.99573 0.9909 0.9794
1.00351 0.9986 0.9870
1.01943 1.0144 1.0026
1.03585 1.0307 1.0187
1.05279 1.0476 1.0353
1.07028 1.0650 1.0525
1.08835 1.0829 1.0702
1.10702 1.1015 1.0885
1.12633 1.1207 1.1075
1.14632 1.1406 1.1271
%
d\9-*
I
1
% I 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C

20 1.16702 1.1611 1.1475
22 1.18847 1.1825 1.1686
24 1.21071 1.2046 1.1904
26 1.23379 1.2275 1.2131
28 1.25776 1.2513 1.2367
30 1.28267 1.2761 1.2612
35 1.34938 1.3424 1.3269
40 1.42329 1.4159 1.3996
45 1.50560 1.4976 1.4806
50 1.59778 1.5892 1.5714
CsIQ3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]

0.5
I
1.0
I
1.5
1.0025 I 1.0068
j .1.0112
2.0
1.0156
Both inorganic and organic solutes present.

Two solutes
More than two solutes
% wt. %.
g Grams per liter.

MoI % Formula weights per 100 formula wts. of mixture.
Vol. % cm3 per 100 cm3.
M g-equivalents/kg of solution.
m g-equivalents/kg of solvent.
N g-equivalents/liter of solution,
satd. Saturated solution.
? Doubtful.
In most cases no concentration is indicated for isolated points.
2\-& TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. p. viii)
Two Solutes
H2O
P
/ op
*'
H2SO4
% I
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Cs2SeO4
IQ C
2O C I 25 C I 3O C | 4Q C
5O C
1.0080 1.0061 1.0050 1.0038 1.0006 0.9962
1.0164 1.0144 1.0132 1.0119 1.0087 1.0046
1.0338 1.0316 1.0304 1.0291 1.0259 1.0220
1.0517 1.0494 1.0480 1.0464 1.0431 1.0396
1.0703 1.0676 1.0661 1.0645 1.0613 1.0576
1.0897 1.0870 1.0856 1.0841 1.0807
1.0770
1.1099 1.1071 1.1056 1.1041 1.1009 1.0973
1.1305 1.1275 1.1260 1.1245 1.1212 1.1177
1.1514 1.1484 1.1469 1.1453 1.1419 1.1383
1.1728 1.1696 1.1680 1.1663 1.1628 1.1592
1.1944 1.1913 1.1897 1.1880 1.1842 1.1800
1.2167 1.2137 1.2122 1.2105 1.2065
1.2017
1.2408 1.2375 1.2359 1.2341 1.2302 1.2252
1.2681 1.2643 1.2623 1.2602 1.2561 1.2513
[LJG]; dj = 1.5841 with 45.94%; =1.7432 with 53.43%
17
40
70
HNO3
NH4Cl
?
O
B
B = HCl
( 144 )
0-43%
0-36%
0-33%
0-90%
4-84%
2-84%
(e)
(126)
(126)
4-10%
0-6 N
17-40%
satd.
(257)
(172, 17?)
( 463 )
(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4
20
?
?
25
(462,466)
SnCl2
SnCl4
PbCl2
O
28
O
ZnCl2
20
(462,466)
ZnSO4
20
(462,466)
CdCl2
HgCl2
25
O
?
?
0.35-6.1
m in Cl
0-7.8 N
0-11.2 AT
f d 1.07001 with 9.104% (256).
CsCHO2, Formate [JAB]; with 2.73%, d\l'Q = 1.0169 (329)
satd.
satd.
0.12-1 AT
0-7.IN
0.12-1 AT
satd.
0.12-1 AT
0.12-1 N
CuCl2
Cu2Cl2........
(3 78 )
18
(604)
20
( 4 6 2 > 4 66)
25
(659)
CuSO4
20
MnCl2
FeCl3
CoCl2
12
25
O
20
PAGE
U(SO4)2
PrCl3
MgCl2
0.9-6 AT
satd.
MgSO4........
20
CaCl2
101
SrCl2
?
O
O
O
25
(I 78 )
(462,466)
0.12-1 AT
0-13.9 AT
0-10.6 AT
(506)
0.12-1 AT (328)
satd.
O78)
constant
( 305 )
(not given)
(659)
16-18 d = 1.046
16
?
?
O
0-7.6 AT
95
100
100
100
This section was compiled by Ralph F. Tefft under the direction of the Special
Editor.
(328)
O78)
(328)
( 659 )
0-34 MoI % 23-49 MoI % (i 5 )
0-12.8 AT
satd.
(i 78 )
25
Contents
Inorganic solutes only (i.e., key-formulae do not begin with
16).
(i 7 8 )
O78)
O78)
25
25
O
O
SYSTEMS CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE SOLUTE*
270-216Og (27)
330-130Og (27)
satd.
( 456 )
20
I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C || 17.076% (256)f

0
1.00759 1.00727 1.00566 1.00445
C | d[
1.01539 1.01492 1.01319 1.01194
1.14091
20
1.03128 1.03055 1.02859 1.02725
30
1 13681
1.04755 1.04661 1.04443 1.04299
40
1 13191
1.06422 1.06313 1.06072 1.05918 50
1^12652
1.08013 1.07745 1.07584
1.09761 1.09463 1.09298
1.11227 1.11062
*'
SbCl3
BiCl3
BiOCl
(614)
Two solutes
Three solutes
Four solutes
Sea water, Table of Densities
Organic solutes only (i.e., key-formulae begin with 16).
Two solutes
20
CsNO3 [JAB] (84, 291, 420)**; (45, 76, 633)
%
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Concn. range
'
15
Cs2SO4 [JAB] (616)**. (615)

0
101
103
1-5%
satd.
satd.
(119, 121)
( 4 i3)
(i 7 4 )
O77)
(462,466)
20
(462,466)
?
0-9.5 AT
0-2.3 AT
0-5.3 N
0-9.2 m
satd.
satd.
satd.
satd.
satd.
(i 74 )
(i 77 )
(1.72)
(i 77 )
(263)
,e
Concn range
r>
BaCl2
LiCl
NaOH
NaCl
Na2SO4
NaC2HCl2O2,
Dichloroacetate
KCl
K2SO4
KC2HCl2O2,
Dichloroacetate
NaBr
KBr
20
O
20
20
(463)
(177)
(463)
(462,466)
satd.
20
25
(463)
B = Br2
satd.
92-408 g
(3l)
0-5 m
B=HBr
satd.
(326)
d = 1.21
0-1.2 m
1-5%
satd.
ZnCl2
ZnSO4
Zn(NOa) 2
CdSO4
CuCl2
CuSO4
Cu(NOs)2
Fe2(SO4)3
UO2SO4
U(SO4),
UO 2 (NOs) 2
A12(SO4)3
MgCl2
MgSO4
(316)
20
15-17
25
20
20
20
O
7.9
25
satd.
satd.
satd.
0-satd.
(194)
(3is)
(157)
(474)
NaNO3
KCl
K2SO4
20
20
15
20
KNO3
20
(463)
(263)
(463)
(463)
K2Cr2O7
25
(NH4) ,SeO 4 -...

Na2SeO4
K2SeO4
20
20
20
NH4NO3
NH4Cl
CuSO4
Cu(CNS)2
AgCl
AgBr
CaCl2
LiCl
25
O
25
25
15
25
15
15.5
25
25
Li2SO4
NaNO3
KCl
25
15
15
NH4NO3
O
20
(463)
(118,124)
(263)
(463)
(463)
20
25
20
20
HNO3
MoO3
0-60
25
H2SO4
H2SO4
CrO3
H2S2O8
N2O3
HNO3
NH4NO3
NH4Cl
HSNO6
(NH4)2SO4
0-0.8 m
B = HIO3
satd.
satd.
28-41 %
B=SO2
1
15
I satd.
|0-96%
B = SO3
15,35,45100-0%
0-100%
18
25, 45
solid phase present
B = H2SO4
14
6-33%
7-35%
15
40-100%
satd.
18
?
?
20
series of mixtures
3-35
0-100%
0-100%
20
20
18
70-100%
0.1%
15
series of mixtures
18
18
(245)
(517)
| (353)
(335)
(351)
(230)
(169)
(353)
(410)
(464)
(475,476)
(462,466)
(466)
(410)
(300)
(462, 466)
70-100%
70-100%
^
O
0.1%
0.1%
(410)
(410)
23
(NH4)2SO4
Pb(NOs) 2
20
15
(462,466)
(300)
(462,466)
(462,466)
(175)
(462,466)
("B)
(300)
(462,466)
(234)
(34)
(*")
(462,466)
(0)
("i)
(119,121)
(120,124)
(300)
(410)
(462,466)
(30)
(410)
(462,
466)
(462,466)
70-100%
0.1%
(0)
(462,466)
0.9-2.1 MoI% 1-2.2 MoI% (i5)
series of mixtures
(300)
70-100 %
10.1 %
(41)
series of mixtures
(464)
(462,
20
satd.
0-0.IAT
2-13 %
satd.-O
20
As2O3
PbSO4
20
20
18
20
O
15
18
20
B=HI
NH41
SrCl2
NaI
KI
Concn range
B = H2SO4.(Continued)
20
15
series of mixtures
20
20
O
?
satd.
20
O
?
satd.
15
series of mixtures
20
25
0-3.7 JV
satd.
25
9-75% SO3 satd.
25,40 0-25%
0-25%
20
18
70-100%
0.1%
20-22 d = 1.168
1-5%
17-19
d = 1.14
1-5%
11-12
d = 1.138
1-5 %
15
series of mixtures
18
70-100%
0.1%
20
15
series of mixtures
18
70-100%
0.1%
Mg(NO 3 ) 2
QaSO4
NaCl
Na2SO4
B = I2
Pb(NOs) 2
KI
(172,177)
(*")
("7)
(300)
("2)
("7)
(463)
(464)
(411)
(462,466)
(464)
0-6.5 N
B = HCl.(Continued)
O
0-5 N
satd.
30
0-10.25 JV
satd.
O
0-8. IN
satd.
15
series of mixtures
O
0.1-5.6 N
satd.
O
0-5.6 N
satd.
20
20
series of mixtures
30
0-7.2 N
satd.
20
20
series of mixtures
1
32.4
NH4Br
UO 2 (NOs) 2
SrCl2
NaBr
KBr.
series of mixtures
several points
466)
(462,466)
(462,466)
(300)
(462,466)
(462,466)
0.12-1 N
0.12-1 N
B = H2SeO4
(328)
(463)
(463)
(463)
B = NH3
O.12-1 AT
0-17 AT
0-4.75 AT
0.12-1 N
0.5-18 m
0.6-10 N
1-6 AT
0-6 TV
0-7.QN
0-6.5 N
5.4-7.5 AT
B = HNO 3
?
0.12-1 N
satd.
1.05 AT
0.12-1 N
(328)
(179)
(so)
(328)
(ioi)
(303)
(55)
(55)
(0)
satd.
satd.
satd.
1.09A r
0.5 and 1.5
AT
(50)
2.2 N
(50)
satd.
(195)
(ioi)
satd.
(176)
(463)
(542,
543)
(462,466)
(144)
I 1 -C
B
TlCl
ZnSO4
Zn(NO 3 ) 2
CuSO4
Cu(NOs) 2
AgIO3
Ag2SO4
AgNO3
Ag2C2O4,
Oxalate
AgC2H3O2,
Acetate
AgC2H2ClO2,
Chloroacetate
UO 2 (NOs) 2
Al(NOs) 3
MgSO 4 ...
Mg(NO3)2
SrCl2
Ba(NO 3 ) 2
25
1.6-31%
satd.
(294,295)
25
0-34%
satd.
(294,295)
0-27%
d = 1.153
5-75%
satd.
1-5%
satd.
(294,295)
(120,124)
(427)
(462,466)
(462>466)
(263)
(328)
(<")
(652)
(464)
0-1.3 m
satd.
0.12-1 AT
0.12-1 AT
0-5 N
satd.
?
?
series of mixtures
15,22
O
15,22
20
20
NaC2HCl2O2,
Dichloroacetate
K2SO4
KNO3
?
?
?
series of mixtures
20
20
O
20
KC2HCl2O2,
Dichloroacetate
?
satd.
?
satd.
20
(294,295)
(462,466)
(462,466)
(462,466)
(462,466)
(294,295)
(294,295)
(*)
20
NaHSO4
NaNO 3
B = HNO3.- (Continued)
25
0-22 %
satd.
20
20
20
20
25
1-40 %
satd.
25
0-49 %
satd.
30
0-12.5 N
satd.
25
11-12
0-60
20
20
25
25
30
15,22
20
Na2SO4
Conca range
I
C
B = NH4CL- (Continued)
25
entire range of satd.
solutions
25
Q.12-1 N
10.12-1Ar
15
series of mixtures
B = NH4Br
25
entire range of satd.
solutions
B = (NH4)2SO4
25
0.12-1 N
0.12-1 N
25
0.12-ltf
0.12-1 AT
15
25
0.12-1 N
0.12-1 AT
25
15
25
0-6 N
satd.
50
0-560 g
satd.
?
?
?
?
?
?
25
0-satd.
satd.-O
25
0.12-1 AT
0.12-1 AT
25
B=H3PO4
20
25
1-24 % P2O5 satd.
KCl
K2SO4
KBr
CuSO4
MnSO4
FeSO4
A12(SO4)3
MgSO4
CaSO4
Na2CO3
Na2B4O7
K2SO4
(NH4)3PO4
FePO4
(462,466)
MoO3
25
(652)
(176)
(652)
(463)
(464)
MgHPO4
25
(463)
(462,466)
(176)
( 4 63)
(463)
NH4Cl
Ba(NOs)2
NaNO 3
NaHCO3
KNQ*
MnCl2
FeCl3
BaCl2
NaCl
KCl.
'
15
'
'
B = NH4NO3
23
25
0.12-1 AT
25
0.12-1 JV
O, 15, 30 0-satd.
25
0.12-1 AT
15
23
25
0.12-1 AT
B = NH4Cl
25
0-29%
60
0-33%
25
0.12-1 AT
25
0.12-1 JV
0-5
O
0-satd.
15
0-satd.
1-5 N
30
satd.
0-5
0.12-1 AT
0.12-ltf
0-satd.
0.12-1 AT
0.12-1 N
0-44%
3-50%
0.12-1 AT
0.12-1 N
satd.-O
satd.-O
2-4 N
satd. '
1 (144)J
1
(542,543)
(328)
(328)
(5)
(328)
(144)
(542,543)
(328)
(H3)
(113)
(328)
(328)
(227)
(193)
(193)
(38)
(193)
(227)
satd.
15
20
12-12.5 0-6 AT
2-0 AT
20
B = (NH4)2HPO4
KMnO 4
| 15 |
|
B = H3AsO4
(NH 4 ) 3 AsO 4 ....
20
MoO3
25
CaO
35
Na3AsO4
20
K3AsO4
20
B = Pb
-fb^4l6U4,
Acetate
25
Pb(N o 3 ) 2
KjS()4
^^
Cu(N o 3 ) 2
Sr(NO 3 ) 2
Ba(NO 3 ) 2
NaNO 3
KNO3
BaC2H2O4,
Formate
NaNO 3
KNO 3
(202)
(328)
(144)
(202)
(328)
(328)
(144)
(328)
(517)
(ioi)
(262,584)
(32)
(I9i)
(191)
(202)
(328)
(517)
(463)
(93)
(517)
7.3-835 g
P2O5
Na2SO4
Na3PO4
KOH
K3PO4
R = JMH
TiTTT 4OW
J3
OH
NaOH
aw
Conca range
B
|
C
(93)
(144)
(463)
(133)
(463)
| (144)
(463)
(517)
(568)
(463)
(463)
phase rule study

(310)
B = PbCl2
25
lsatd.
|0.02-0.IAT | (262)
B=PbSO4
^
j
| (75)
22
B = PbS2o6
|0-satd.
|satd.-0
| (202)
25
B = Pb(N o 3 ) 2
20
satd.
0-satd.
(194)
25
0-satd.
satd.-O
(202)
17
(183)
25
0-satd.
satd.-O
(202)
25
0.12-1 N
0.12-1 AT
(328)
25
0.12-1 N
0.12-1 AT
(328)
B = PbC2H2O4, Formate
25
satd.-O
0-satd.
B = PbC4H6O4, Acetate
15
|
|
B = TlNO3
25
|0-satd.
[satd.-O
(202)
| (144)
| (202)
t o
*>
Concn. range
c ~
B = ZnCl2
NaI
MnSO4
K2SO4
15
KCN
15
18
r'"',
16
B = CdSO4
|
B = HgCl2
NaCl
KCl
16
20
34, 56, 8O7
100
25
25
KI
16
KCl
,,,
Kc
(550)
(oi)
(60l)
(517)
(517)
B=HgI2
*
I
i
K 55 )
B = CuO
CuCl2
CuSO4
18
25
*?
satd.
1.2-8.7%
Cu
(604)
(34)
' '-
'
25
25
25
18
25
18
25
KCl
MnSO4
CaSO4
25
25
25
25
18
18
25
Na2SO4
K2SO4
AgNO3
AgC2H3O2,
Acetate
MgSO4
Mg(NOs) 2
CaSO4
K2SO4
KNO3
25
17
25
25
17,25
25
25
LiNO3
KCN
25
25
Na2SO4
16
25
25
0-2.3 m
satd.
several points
B = CuSO4
0.12-1 TV
0-225 g
0-13.5 %
0.12-1 TV
0.04-0.5m
0.12-1 TV
B=Ag2SO4
satd.
satd.
satd.
satd.
satd.
B = AgNO 3
0.12-1 N
satd.
satd.
0.12-1 7V
0.04-0.5 m
0.12-1 7V
(659)
(263)
(659)
(604)
(659)
(604)
(659)
(328)
(33)
(264)
(328)
(l l)
(604)
(328)
20
20
Na2SO4
K2SO4
25
25
La(NOs) 3
La(NOs) 3 2NH 4 NO 3
NaIO3
NaNO 3
KIO3
25
25
25
25
25
K2Cr2O7
15
CaSO4
Na2SO4
K2SO4
25
25
16
18
CaSO4
Ba(BrO3),
25
25
MgSO4
AlCl3
MgCl2
LiCl
Ca(NOs)2
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
NaNO 3
K2SO4
KNO3
(517)
(517)
NaCl
Na2SO4
KCl
K2SO4
25
25
25
25
(550)
(328)
(328)
Sr(NO3),
25
Sr(NOs)2
NaNO 3
KCl
KI
KNO3
25
25
25
25
25
B = MnSO4
K2SO4
25
15
25
25
(i3)
0.02-0.2 7V (262)
0.025-0. l 7V (262)
(3)
0.025-0.2 7V (262)
0.025-0. l 7V (262)
0.12-1 TV
0.12-1 7V
|0.12-1 TV
0.12-1 7V
B=FeCl3
15
|
|
B = Fe(NH4)2(S04)2
15
|
|
B = CoCl2
25
25
several points
Ca(OCl)2
NaCl
Na 2 SO 4 ..
|(144)
1(144)
(659)
(^ 59 )
.
Sr(NOs)2
"
Llt
'
(*04)
(659)
(604)
( 659 )
(463)
(517)
(463)
(463)
25
Na2CrO4
K2CrO4
0.025-0. l 7V (262)
20
Mo0g
Ca(NO 3 ) 2
. LH,C,O.'
(NH 4 ) 2 Cr0 4 ....
B = CuCl2
MgCl2
SrCl2
LiCl
NaCl
Concn. range
B = CoC\2.(Continued)
18
|
25
several points
18
i
25
several points
B = NiSO4
NaCl
(144)
( 604 )
1(550)
l
several mixtures
complete rnge
,
l
_ rrl
25
Na2SO4
KI
KCN
1( 1 4 4 )
|
|
B = ZnSO4
Lltt
25
B = A12(SO4)3
0.12-1 N
0.12-1 N
B=La(IOs)3
satd.
0-0.2 N
satd.
satd.
satd.
satd.
B = MgCl2
|
B = MgSO4
0-satd.
0-0.18 %
(328)
(517)
' (265)
0-1.6 N
( 26 S)
0-0.007 ^V
(s.)
0-3 JV
(265)
0-0.002 AT ( 2 6 5 )
i
(144)
satd.
satd.
(92)
(264)
(550)
(5)
Q-IN
Q-IN
B = Mg(NO 3 ),
0-514 g
satd.
(560)
(262)
B = Ca(OH) 2
|satd.
(30-920 g
| (96)
B = CaCl2
0-72 g available Cl (389)
0-satd.
satd.
(94)
satd.
0-satd.
(94)
B = CaSO4
satd.
0-544 g
(560)
satd.
0-0.6 N (262)
satd.
20-2570 g (95)
satd.
0.03-3.6 7V (262)
satd.
0-655 g
(seo)
satd.
0.06-0.35 AT (262)
satd.
50-960 g
(95)
satd.
0-1%
(264)
satd.
0-260 g
(560)
B = CaCO3
satd.
20-300 g
(94)
satd.
10-240 g
(94)
satd.
0-26% (97)
satd.
0-11% (97)
B = Sr(OH) 2
|0-satd.
|satd.-0
| (473)
B = SrCl2
satd.
0-3.3 m (263)
satd.
0-6.9 m (263)
satd.
0-1.6
(263)
satd.
0-1.5m (263)
satd.
0-0.5 m (263)
B = SrBr2
|satd.
JO-1.9 m
\ ( 266 )
t, 'C
NaNO3
KNO3
t> / X T ^ N
Ba(NOs)2
25
25
I
otr
ConCn range
B
C
B = Sr(NOs) 2
0.12-1JV
0.12-1JV
0.12-liV
0.12-1 AT
B = Ba(OH) 2
In
xj
25
|0-satd.
25
15
25
0.12-1 N
1-3JV
0.12-1 JV
I X J A
|satd.-0
Lit.
(328)
(328)
NaC2H3Os,
Acetate
KCl
15
15
25
Ba(NOs)2
KBrO3
KNO 3
25
25
25
NaNO 3
KNO 3
25
17
25
30
NaCl
NaCl
NaNO3
Na2CO3
NaC16H3iO2,
Palmitate....
Na2SiO3
KOH
NaClO3
Na2SO4
NaNO 3
NaHCO3
Na2SiO3
KCl
Conu range
B
I
C
B = NaCL- (Continued)
18
0-1 JV
11-0 AT
19.5
series of mixtures
20
satd
satd
-
KCl
|(
25
0.12-1 JV
(328)
(38)
(328)
( 144 )
(38)
(328)
(262)
(262)
(262)
15.6
18
KNOg
15
15 6
19.5
KBr
KI
NaNO3
Na2CO3
KCl
K2SO4
KNO3
KMnO4
NaNO 3
NaHCO3
K2SO4.
KNO3
(134)
( 625 )
(328)
(227)
(37)
(470)
(59)
(362)
( 45 )
(328)
(517,576)
sat(L
series of mixtures
B = NaBr
(470)
(362)
(576 )
(144)
B=NaI
Na2SO4
( 64 7)
(464)
(94)
(54)
(54)
(362)
(4SO)
(328)
(!93)
(i 93 )
(i 93)
^ 93 )
(193)
(193)
(193)
(193)
( 625 )
(ios)
satd
15
15
90
series of mixtures
17.5
25
0.12-1 JV
0.12-1 JV
B = NaCl
20
5-15Og
|satd.
20
series of mixtures
25
0-32Og
0-27Og
15
0-190 g
satd.
15.5
satd.
0-38Og
19.5
series of measurements
20
satd.
satd.
25
0.12-1 JV
0.12-1 JV
O
0-6 m
satd.
O
satd.
0-0.09 m
15
0-6 m
satd.
15
satd.
0-0.12 m
30
0-6 m
satd.
30
satd.
0-0.17 m
45
0-6 m
satd.
45
satd.
0-0.23 m
17.5
O
2.9-6.2MoI 0.4-3.3 MoI
%
%
0-5
15
0.25-4 JV
0.2-3.5 JV
15.6
satd.
satd.
0.12-1 JV
satd.
satd.
(470)
range of concentrations (ii)
o.25-120 g 0.25-120g
(i44)
25
K2C2O4,
Oxalate......
(328)
(183)
(328)
(183)
B=LiCl
11-6 JV
12-4 JV
| (38)
B=NaOH
O
?
satd.
( 18 O)
O
0-5JV
satd.
( 179 )
0-55
30-20Og
75-23Og
( 14 S)
20
10-32Og
satd.
(647)
20
0-60%
26.4-0.8% (302)
60
0-60%
27-1.5%
(302)
100
0-60 %
28-3 %
(302)
O
0-6JV
satd.
( 17 9)
11.5, 60,
series of mixtures
(639)
80
0.12-I]V
25
K2SO4
0.12-1 JV
1-3JV
0.12-1 JV
1-3JV
1-3JV
0.12-1 JV
0.12-1 JV
B = Ba(BrOs)2
satd.
0.025-0.2 JV
satd.
0.025-0. I J V
satd.
0.025-0.IJV
B=Ba(NOs)2
0.12-1 JV
0.12-1 JV
0.12-1 JV
*,C
I M72\
472
B = BaCl2
Ba(NOs)2
NaCl
KOH
K2CO3
Na2WO4
K 4 Fe(CN) 6
KCl
K2S
KClO3
KBr
KI
K2SO4
KNO3
25
|
|
1(576)
B=Na2SO3
0.1 3-12%
1-3%
(io?)
17.5 2.6-19%
2-12%
(107)
25
2.5-27%
1.7-21%
(io?)
37.5 2.6-28%
2-30%
(io?)
B = Na2SO4
16
|
(422)
20
series of mixtures (464)
20
(585)
15
(297)
18
0.05-0.7 m 0.025-0.5 m (U)
25
0.12-1 JV
0.12-1 JV (328)
16
20-70 g
50-140 g ( 4 2 2 )
25
0-22%
satd.
(603)
B=NaNO2
18
|satd.
lsatd.
| (467)
B=NaNO3
O, 15 0-satd.
0-satd.
("S)
15
30-10Og
30-100 g (422)
15.6 satd.
satd.
(470)
16
0-140 g
0-140 g (422)
20
satd.
satd.
(4SO)
25
0.12-1 JV
0.12-1 N (32?)
B = Na 2 CO 3
15
(144)
25
0.12-1 JV
0.12-1 JV (328)
B=Na4SiO4
30
|
series of mixtures
[ (383)
B=Na 4 Fe(CN) 6
25
0-1 m
satd.
(266)
25
satd.
0-1 m
(266)
B=KOH
O
0-3.5 JV
satd.
(179)
20
10-430 g
satd.
(647)
0-80 25-200 g
70-210 g (314)
8-18 4-55%
MoI ratio 1:1 (52)
solutes
B=KCl
20
0-120 g
satd.
(647)
25
0-satd.
satd.-O
(202)
19.5
(84)
18
0.48-0.025 AT0.05-0.3 JV (22)
17.5 satd.
0-153 g
(54)
20
satd.
satd.
(450)
20.5 0-250 g
satd.
(54)
25
0.12-1 JV
0.12-1 JV (328)
,,oc
^Concn. range^
^ |
'
K 2 Al 2 (SO 4 ),.... I
B = KCL-(Continued)
15
I
I
B = KBr
15
KN03
B = K2SO4
series of mixtures
LeSe
Acetate
15
10
B
25
~KI
B = K2S
8-18 3-52%
solutes
KHS
(144)
^ ;
|("7)
K2CO3
KMnO4
K2CrO4
20
25
15
25
25
K2Cr2O7
MoI ratio 1:1 (S2)
K2CO3
15
(300)
15
(183)
66-73 g
42-29 g
(422)
25
PnPTTO
KCN
1("4)
KHSO4
ôncn. range^
< 183 >
(585)
(603)
(ioi)
satd.-O
(202)
0.12-1 N (328)
0-11%
satd.
0-satd.
0.12-1 AT
B=K2HPO4
I
j
I ( 144 )
Three or More Solutes

H2O
THREE SOLUTES
i
B
HCl
I2
H2SO4
NH3
HNO3
NH 4 NO 3
NH4Cl
(NH4)2S04
Tl2SO4
CaSO4
CaCO3
BaSO4
NaCl
Na2SO4
KCl
Pb(NOs)2
Na2SO4
La2C6Oi2, Oxalate
NaNO3
NaNO3
NaHCO3
NaHCO3
CuSO4
NaCl
NaNO3
A12(SO4)3
NaCl
NaCl
K2SO4
NaNO3
KCl
KCl
KI
K2SO4
KCl
KCl
K2SO4
Na2SO4
Na2SO4
K2CO3
KNO3
K2SO4
KNO 3
KNO3
|
% Cl
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
PbI2
*' C
20
25
20
20
25
15
20
O, 15
0,15
15
15
0-5
?
25
25
25
25
15.6
15.6
15.6
15
H2SO4
NaCl
PbI2
HNO3
La2(SO4)3
NH4NO3
Na2SO4
NH4HCO3
NaNO 3
ttP
I2
Concn. range
| Pb(NQ3), | Cu(NQs)2
l
C
l
series of mixtures
0-4 m
0-4 m
all satd.
series of mixtures
4-4.6 M
satd.
satd.
?
0-satd.
0.3-6 g
satd.
satd.
satd.
satd.
D
0-1.5 m
satd.
series of mixtures
all satd.
all satd.
I 1.9-3.4 N
\
series of mixtures
?
0-satd.
0-310 g
0-320 g
equilibrium mixtures
satd.
satd.
satd.
series of mixtures
satd.
?
0-satd.
0-260 g
0-270 g
satd.
satd.
satd.
I % total salts | O C
0.184
1.00140
0.364
1.00287
0.545
1.00433
0.725
1.00579
0.906
1.00725
1.086
1.00871
1.267
1.01016
1.447
1.01162
1.628
1.01307
1.808
1.01452
1.989
1.01597
2.169
1.01742
2,350
1.01887
2.530
1.02032
2.711 1.02177
| 5C
1.00149
1.00293
1.00436
1.00579
1.00722
1.00865
1.01007
1.01150
1.01292
1.01434
1.01577
1.01719
1.01861
1.02003
1.02146
(464)
(527)
(194)
(464)
(si)
(195)
(464)
(iss)
(195)
(195)
(144)
(227)
(191)
(202)
(94)
(94)
(424)
(470)
(470)
(470)
(144)
FOUR SOLUTES
7 P C o n c n . range
*'
B
|
C
|
D
1
E
. 20
| satd.
| satd.
| 0.14-0.8 N \ 1-3.4 AT |
SEA WATER [JAB] (339)**. a (81)*; (292, 408.5), a (153, 168, 380, 408, 445, 597)
0
0
0
0
0
0
[ IQ C
1.00120
1.00261
1.00402
1.00542
1.00683
1.00823
1.00963
1.01103
1.01243
1.01383
1.01523
1.01663
1.01803
1.01943
1.02083
| 15 C
1.00058
1.00197
l". 00335
1.00474
1.00612
1.00751
1.00889
1.01027
1.01165
1.01303
1.01441
1.01579
1.01717
1.01855
1.01993
| 2O C
0.99966
1.00104
1.00241
1.00377
1.00514
1.00651
1.00787
1.00924
1.01060
1.01196
1.01333
1.01469
1.01605
1.01742
1.01879
| 25 C
0.99849
0.99985
1.00120
1.00256
1.00391
1.00526
1.00661
1.00796
1.00931
1.01066
1.01201
1.01336
1.01472
1.01607
1.01742
| 3O0C
0.99708
0.99842
0.99976
1.00110
1.00245
1.00379
1.00513
1.00647
1.00780
1.00914
1.01048
1.01182
1.01316
1.01450
-1.01585
Lit
~~
(194)
Llt
350C
0.99545
0.99678
0.99811
0.99944
1.00077
1.00210
1.00343
1.00476
1.00608
1.00741
1.00874
1.01007
1.01140
1.01274
1.01407
SEA WATER.(Continued)
% Cl
I % total salts [ O0C
| 50C
| IQ0C
| 150C
| 2O0C
| 250C
3O0C
| 350C
O2.8911.023221.022881.022231.021311.020161.018781.017201.01541
1.7
3.072
1.02468
1.02431
1.02364
1.02270
1.02153
1.02014
1.01855
1.01675
.8
3.252
1.02613
1.02574
1.02504
1.02408
1.02290
1.02150
1.01989
1.01809
1.9
3.433
1.02758
1.02716
1.02644
1.02547
1.02427
1.02286
1.02124
1.01944
2.0
3.613 1.02904
1.02859
1.02785
1.02686
1.02564
1.02422
1.02260
1.02079
2.1
3.794
1.03049
1.03002
1.02926
1.02825
1.02701
1.02558
1.02395
1.02214
2.2
3.974
1.03195
1.03145
1.03067
1.02964
1.02839
1.02695
1.02531
1.02349
2.3
4.155
1.03341
1.03289
1.03208
1.03104
1.02978
1.02831
1.02667
1.02484
B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid
NH 4 Acetate
NH 4 Butyrate
NH4 Isobutyrate
B = C2H5Cl2NO2, NH4 Dichloroacetate
C3H6O3
1 Lactic acid
B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol
C7H9NO2*
NH 4 Benzoate
C7H9NO31
NH 4 Salicylate
B = C2H7NO2, NH4 Acetate
C4H8O2
Butyric acid
C4H8O2
Isobutyric acid
B = C3H6O2, Propionic acid
C3H9NO2
1 NH4 Propionate
B = C3H6O3, Lactic acid
C3H9NO3
I NH 4 Lactate
B = C4H6O4 Succinic acid
C4H12N2O4
1 NH 4 Succinate
B = C4H6O5, Malic acid
C4H12N2O5
[ NH 4 Malate
B = C4H8O2, Butyric acid
C4H11NO2
1 NH4 Butyrate
B == C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid
C4H11NO2
1 NH 4 Isobutyrate
B = C6H8O7, Citric acid
C6H17N3O7
1 NH 4 Citrate
(T-TABLE, THE (T-ARRANGEMENT
Two Solutes in H2O
C 2 H 7 NO 2
C4H11NO2
C4H11NO2
t = 20 ( 4 6 3 )
Formula
I Name
B = CH2O2, Formic acid
CH6NO2
NH 4 Formate
C2H7NO3
NH 4 Glycolate
C3H9NO2
NH 4 Propionate
C3H9NO3
NH 4 Lactate
C4H11NO2
NH 4 Butyrate
C4HuNO2
NH 4 Isobutyrate
C4H12N2O4
NH 4 Succinate
C4H12N2O6
NH 4 Malate
B = CHoNO 2 , Ammonium formate
C2HCl3O2
C2H4O2
Acetic acid
C3H6O3
Lactic acid
C4HsO2
Butyric acid
C4H8O2
Isobutyric acid
B = C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid
C2H4Cl3NO2
NH 4 Trichloroacetate
C2H6Cl2NO2
NH 4 Dichloroacetate
C2H6ClNO2.
NH 4 Chloroacetate
B = C2H2Cl2O2, Dichloroacetic acid
C2H6Cl2NO2
NH 4 Dichloroacetate
C 3 H 9 NO 3 ....
NH 4 Lactate
B = C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid
C 2 H 4 Cl 3 NO 2 ..,
NH 4 Trichloroacetate
C2H6ClNO2
NH 4 Chloroacetate
* At 25 C, B concn. - 0-100 %, C concn. satd. ( 559 ).

t At 25 C, B concn. = entire range, C concn. = eatd. ( 559 ).
THE KEY FORMULA OP AT LEAST ONE SOLUTE (THE B-SOLUTE) DOES NOT BEGIN WITH 16
Two Solutes in H2O
The B-solute in Standard Arrangement, the C-soIute in the C-arrangement
C
Formula
I
Name
'
Concn. range
j
C
~
__*__
_C2H2Cl2O3.
j Dichloroacetic
25
acld
C2H2O4
C2H4O2
C2H5Cl2NO2
Oxalic acid
Acetic acid
NH 4 Dichloro-
30
25
20
0.12-1AT
0.12-ltf
., r
0-9.7 N
0.12-1 N
j
satd.
0.12-1
.
C2H2O 4
(328) ^^
tf
^t,N
()
(328)
( 4 3)
acetate
C2HeO
CeHyN
CeHi2O*
C8H6O4
Ci0H8O3S
Ci2H22Ou
Ethyl alcohol
Aniline
Invert sugar
Phthalic acid
0-Naphthalenesulfonicacid
Sucrose
CsHsO3
I Glycerol
C3H6O
[Acetone
C 2 H 2 O*
C4H6O6
C 4 Hi 8 O
Oxalic acid
Malic acid
Ethyl ether
25 0.3-3.2 N
100%-?
25
range of concn.
25
25 0.2-1.9 m
satd.
30 0-9.9 JV
satd.
O, 25
B=I2
I 25 | satd.
B= S
i
25 | satd.
B = H2SO*
25
0-8.4 N
20
2.5-11%
30 50-100%
]
Formula
^^
(324)
(562)
( 5 )
NH4HCO3
( 518 )
4l2
( )
( )
| 0-100 %
| ( 283 )
| 85-100 %
i (283)
( 6S1 )
C5*6)
(49S)
Concn. range
'
B
|
C
B - HNO 3
30
0-21.6 N
satd.
25 0.12-1 AT
0.12-1 N
{ oc
Name
Oxalic acid
acid
Acetic
NH4 Dichloroacetate
20
Raffinose
25
^
' _
C* 1 2)
(328)
(e)
(232)
= NH4NOs
NH 4 HCO 3
^^
satd.
6-7%
entire range
C2H5Cl2NO2
C^Q
C3H8O3
C8H6O4
CTHnOe
^0
CsHi4Oe
C2H6O
Ethyl tartrate
I
|
15
0-satd.
_ NH4Cl
O 0-5.4 m
15
25
25
25
26
B
satd.
0-0 46 m
V^td*0*
0-142 g
15 gatd.
entire system
Ethyl tartrate
26
B = PbC4H6O4, Acetate
| Ethyl alcohol |
25 I satd.
1 0-100 %
Ethyl aicohol
I ("S)
(4 7t)
(i)
( 19 3)
0_6'4 w
8atd
( 193)
0-0.81 m
03)
gatd
satd.
0-90 Vol. % (283)
satd.
0-100%
(283)
0.06-1.9 m satd.
(si8)
(479)
satd
Acetone
Glycerol
Phthalic acid
Ethyl tartrate
0-satd.
26
(53)
(33)
<479)
| (SS9)
Formula
C2H6O
C 2 HeO
C2H6O
CH 4 O
C2H6O
C4H8O2
CH 4 O
C2H6O
C4H8O2
CH 4 O
C2HeO
C4H8O2
Si O
C4H8O2
C8H6O4
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
CeH 6
C2H2O4
C2H4O2
C2H4O3
C3H6O2
C3H6O3
C4H6O4
C4H6O5
C 4 HeO 6
C6H8O7
C 7 Hi 2 O 6
CsH8O2
CsHsO3
C4HeO6
C2H4O2
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H6O3
C3H8O
C3H8O3
C 4 Hi 0 O
C5Hi2O
C 5 Hi 2 O
CeHi4O6
C 6 Hi 4 O 6
C8HeO4
CsH6O4
C2H6O
C2H6O
C3H6O
C8H6O4
C8HuOe
C
i
Concn. range
'
B
j
C
B = ZnC 4 H 6 O 4 , Acetate
I Ethyl alcohol I 25 I satd.
| 0-100 %
B = ZnCi 0 Hi 8 O 4 , Valerate
I Ethyl alcohol |
25 | satd.
| entire range
B = ZnCi 2 Hi 0 O 8 S 2 , p-Phenolsulfonate
[ Ethyl alcohol 1 25 J satd.
| entire range
f or~*
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl acetate
to'
20
satd.
25 satd.
B = HgBr2
Methyl alcohol
25
satd.
Ethyl alcohol
25
satd.
Ethyl acetate
25
satd.
B = HgI2
Methyl alcohol
25
satd.
Ethyl alcohol
25
satd.
satd.
Ethyl acetate
25 satd.
B = Hg(CN) 2
SST 25 : aid.
0-100%
0-100%
0-100%
Lit
Name
'
|
(559)
Formula
C8H6O4
Ci 2 H 22 Ou
I ( 559 )
C2H6O
| <5S9)
()
(280)
C")
28
^0
CzH&
Name
C*
'
I ^hyl alcohol |
25 | satd.
entire range
B = Li3C6H5O7, Citrate
| Ethyl alcohol |
25 | satd.
| 0-100 %
B = NaCl
Ethyl alcohol 11.5-13 satd.
0-720 g
Glycerol
25
satd.
0-100%
Amyl alcohol
25
equil. with 0-5 N B in A
Phthalic acid
25 0.1-3 m
satd.
Ethyl tartrate
26
Sucrose
20
?
?
B = NaC1o3
j Ethyl tartrate |
26 1
|
( )
( 28 )
( 2 8 O)
47-100 %
67-100%
70-100 %
0-100%
(280)
(283)
(280)
(280)
ss
?::; ^ \****\ 2 6 ,
CsHi4O6
CH6O4
C2H6O
C8H6O4
C8Hi4O6
CH2O2
C2HCl3O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O3
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
NH4HCO3
C2H4O2
C2H6O
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C8Hi4O6
CH2O2
CH2O2
C3H6O2
CH2O2
C2H2Cl2O2
C3H6O3
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C4H8O2
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C4H8O2
C2H6O
CH2O2
C4H6O4
CH2O2
C4H6O5
CH2O2
C4H6O6
Ci2H22On
C2H6O
C6HsO7
Concn. range
J
C
B = LiCl
Phthalic acid
25
0.1-1.7 m I satd.
Sucrose
25
|
B = LiC7H5O2, Benzoate
| Ethyl alcohol |
25 | satd.
| 0-100 %
B = LiC7H5O3, Salicylate
0-100%
0-100%
0-100%
Ethyl acetate
25
satd.
0-100%
(280)
Phthalic acid
25 0.06-0.8 m satd.
()
B = CuC2H2O4, Formate
I Formic acid
|
?
|
I
I (563)
B = CuC4H6O4, Acetate
I Acetic acid
I
?
I
I
I (563)
B = CuC6Hi0O4, Propionate
1 Propionic acid |
?
|
I
I ( 563 )
B = AgClO 4
! Benzene
|
|
complete study
| (293)
B = MoO3
Oxalic acid
(517)
Acetic acid
25
(*)
Glycolicacid
25
(517)
Propionic acid
25
(517)
Lactic acid
25
(517)
Succinic acid
25
C 5 1 *)
Malic acid
25
(517)
Tartaric acid
25
(517)
Citric acid
25
(S17)
Quinicacid
25
(517)
Phenylacetic
25
(517)
acid
Mandelic acid
25
(517)
B = (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24
I Tartaric acid |
25 I
I
[(135,51?)
B = UO 2 (NOs) 2
I Acetic acid
| 10-17 | 1-7 %
d = 1.055
| 0 2 4)
B = H3BO3
Methyl alcohol
25 | satd.
12-100 MoI % ( 4 3 7 )
Ethyl alcohol
25
satd.
9-100 MoI %
(437)
Lactic acid
25
satd.
2-36 MoI %
(437)
n-Propyl
25
satd.
24-100 MoI % ( 4 3 7 )
alcohol
Glycerol
25
satd.
25-91 MoI %
(437)
0-100%
(283)
Isobutyl
25
satd.
0.7(437)
alcohol
100 MoI %
Amyl alcohol
25
satd.
?
(437)
Isoamyl alcohol
25 satd.
0.5(437)
100 MoI %
Mannitol
25
satd.
0.8(437)
1.6Mol%
Dulcitol
25 satd.
0.07( 4 3 7)
0.3 MoI %
B = MgCl2
I Phthalic acid |
25 1 0.12-2.6 m | satd.
I (5I8)
B = CaCl2
I Phthalic acid I 25 I 0.08-0.6 m | satd.
| (518)
B = Ca(NOg) 2
I Ethyl alcohol |
25 | 0-5 N
| 0-100 %
| (436)
B = SrCi4Hi0O6, Salicylate
I Ethyl alcohol |
25
satd.
1 entire range
I (559)
B = Ba(OH) 2
I Acetone
|
25 | satd.
0-70%
| (282)
B = BaCl2
Phthalic acid
25
0.1-1.4 m
satd.
(5iS)
Ethyl tartrate
26
(479)
C2H6O
C3H8O3
C 5 Hi 2 O
CsH6O4
C8HuO6
Ci2H22On
B = Nal
B-Na2SO4
I Phthalic acid |
25 | 0.1-3.0 m | satd.
B = NaNO 3
Ethyl alcohol 13-16.5 satd.
0-630 g
Phthalic acid
25,35 0.2-3.Om
satd.
Ethyl tartrate
26
B = NaCHO 2 , Formate
Formic acid
20
Trichloroacetic
20
acid
Acetic acid
20
Lactic acid
20
Butyric acid
20
Isobutyric acid
20
B=NaHCO3
O satd.-O
0-satd.
15 satd.-O
0-satd.
0-satd.
0-satd.
B = NaC2H3O2, Acetate
Acetic acid
1 20 1
25
0.12-1 IV
0.12-1 JV
Ethyl alcohol
25
satd.
0-100%
Butyric acid
20
Isobutyric acid
20
Ethyl tartrate
26
B = NaC2H3O3, Glycolate
I Formic acid
| 20 |
|
B = NaC3H5O2, Propionate
Formic acid
20
Propionic acid
20
B = NaC3H5O3, Lactate
Formic acid
20
Dichloroacetic
20
acid
Lactic acid
20
B = NaC4H7O2, Butyrate
Formic acid
20
Acetic acid
20
Butyric acid
20
B = NaC4H7O2, Isobutyrate
Formic acid
20
Acetic acid
20
Isobutyric acid
20
B = NaC7H5O2, Benzoate
I Ethyl alcohol I 25 I satd.
| 0-100 %
B = Na2C4H4O4, Succinate
Formic acid
20
Succinic acid
20
B = Na2C4H4O5, Malate
I Formic acid
20
I Malic acid
20
B = Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate
Formic acid
20
Tartaric acid
20
Sucrose
15 30-40 g
180-290 g
B = Na3C6H5O7, Citrate
Ethyl alcohol
25 I satd.
0-100%
Citric acid
20 I
Tii
( 518 )
(240)
|
(559)
|(...).
[ (559)
(53)
(283)
(437)
( 518 )
(479)
(51)
| C 79 )
,,.,
[ (518)
(53)
(5l*)
(479)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(i")
0 9 3)
O95)
(463)
(328)
(559)
| (463)
; (463)
(79)
|
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
' (463)
(463)
[ (559)
I
I
(463)
(463)
I (463)
[ (463)
(463)
(463)
(210)
I (S59)
[ (463)
Formula
C2HCl3O2
C2H3ClO2
C2HCIsO2
C2H3ClO2
C2HCl3O2
C2H2Cl2O2
C3H0O3
C2H6O
C2H0O
C5H6O4
C2H6O
C3H6O
C3H8O3
C4H6O4
C 8 Hi 4 O 6
CsH 6 O 4
CsHi 4 O 6
C2H6O
C3H6O
C3H8O3
CsH6O4
CsH6O4
C2H6O
C3H6O
C8H6O4
C8Hi4O6
CsH6O4
C8H6O4
C2H6O
CsH6O4
CsH14O6
Ci2H22On
CH2O2
C2HCl3O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O3
C4HsO2
C4H8O2
C2H4O2
C2H6O
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
CsHeO4
CH2O2
CH2O2
C3H6O2
C
|
Concn. range
t 0(,
Name
'
B
|
C
B = NaC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate
Trichloroacetic
20
acid
Chloroacetic
20
acid
B = NaC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate
Trichloroacetic
20
acid
Chloroacetic
20
acid
B = NaC 2 HCl 2 O 2 , Dichloroacetate
1 Trichloroacetic
20
acid
Dichloroacetic
20
acid
1 Lactic acid
20
B NaCeH5O48, p-Phenolsulfonate
I Ethyl alcohol J 25 i satd.
| entire range
B = Na2Cr2O7.2H2O
i Ethyl alcohol l 19.4 | 51 g
|
B = KF
1 Phthalic acid |
25 J O . 1-0.6 m | satd.
B = KCl
Ethyl alcohol
14.5 satd.
0-90%
25
O.04-0.5 ^ 50 Vol. %
Acetone
25
satd.
0-100%
Glycerol
25
satd.
0-100%
Phthalic acid
25,35 O.1-2.7 w
satd.
Ethyl tartrate
26
B = KClO 3
Phthalic acid
25 I 0.03-0.6 w satd.
Ethyl tartrate
26 I
B = KBr
1 Ethyl alcohol
18 0.01-0.07 N 25 % and 50 %
25
0.04-1 AT
50 Vol. %
Acetone
25
satd.
0-100%
25
satd.
0-9OVoI. %
Glycerol
25
satd.
0-100%
Phthalic acid
25 0.1-1.8 m
satd.
B = KBrO 3
I Phthalic acid |
25 j 0.02-0.4 m [satd.
B KI
Ethyl alcohol
20
20
10-100 g
45 %
25
0.1-2 AT
50 Vol. %
Acetone
25
satd.
0-100%
Phthalic acid
25 0.1-2.Ow
satd.
Ethyl tartrate
26
B = KIO3
1 Phthalic acid |
25 | 0.02-0.4 w 1 satd.
B = K 2 SO 4
j Phthalic acid |
25 I 0.06-1.2 m | satd.
B = KNO 3
Ethyl alcohol 17.7-18 satd.
0-90%
Phthalic acid
25 0.1-2.2 m
satd.
Ethyl tartrate
26
B = KH2PO4
[Sucrose
|
18 | 50-170 g
i?
B = KCHO2, Formate
Formic acid
20
Trichloroacetic
20
acid
Acetic acid
20
Lactic acid
20
Butyric acid
20
Isobutyric acid
20
B = KC2H3O2, Acetate
I Acetic acid
20
Ethyl alcohol
25
satd.
0-100 %
Butyric acid
20
Isobutyric acid
20
Phthalic acid
25 0.1-0.6 m
satd.
B = KC2HsO3, Glycolate
I Formic acid
I 20 |
I
B = KC3H5O2, Propionate
i Formic acid
20
I Propionic acid
20
^
^_
(463)
(
463
Formula
CH2O2
C2H2Cl2O2
)
C3H6O3
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
(463)
| (559)
i C512)
1 (*i*)
C53)
( 201 )
( 2 i)
( 283 )
( 518 )
C479)
(5l8)
C479)
(3i3)
( 2 <>i)
(28M
( 283 )
( 283 )
(S)
I ( 518 )
( 137 )
( 5 <> 9 )
(2O1)
( 281 )
( 518 )
(479)
[ ( 518 )
| ( S18 )
53
( )
( 518 )
( 479 )
| ( 2 1 <>)
(463)
C463)
( 463 )
( 463 )
C463)
( 463 )
(463)
( 559 )
( 463 )
( 463 )
( 518 )
1 ( 463 )
(463)
C463)
C2H6O
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C4H8O2
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C4H8O2
CH2O2
C4H6O4
CH2O2
C4H6O5
C2H6O
C6H8O7
C2HCl3O2
C2H3ClO2
C2HCl3O2
C2H3ClO2
C2HCl3O2
C2H2Cl2O2
C3H6O3
CsHi4O6
C2H6O
C2H6O
CsH6O4
CsH6Q4
C
|
Name
'
Concn. range
)
C
B = KC3H5O3, Lactate
Formic acid
20
Dichloroacetic
20
acid
Lactic acid
20
B = KC4H5O6, Acid tartrate
I Ethyl alcohol | 25 | satd.
| entire range
B = KC 4 H 7 O 2 , Butyrate
Formic acid
20
Acetic acid
20
Butyric acid
20
B = KC4H7O8, Isobutyrate
Formic acid
20
Acetic acid
20
Isobutyric acid
20
B = K 2 C 4 H 4 O 4 , Buccinate
Formic acid
20 |
I
Succinic acid
20 [
|
B = K 2 C 4 H 4 O 5 , Malate
I Formic acid
20 I
I Malic acid
20 |
B = K3C6H5O7, Citrate
Ethyl alcohol
25
satd.
I 0-100 %
Citric acid
20
I
B = KC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate
Trichloroacetic
20
acid
Chloroacetic
20
acid
B = KC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate
Trichloroacetic
20
acid
Chloroacetic
20
acid
B = KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate
Trichloroacetic
20
acid
Dichloroacetic
20
acid
Lactic acid
20
B = KCNS
1 Ethyl tartrate J
26 |
|
B = KSbC4H4O7, Antimonyl tartrate
I Ethyl alcohol j 25 | satd.
| entire range
B = KNaC4H4O6, Tartrate
Ethyl alcohol
15 I 60-90 g
I 210-300 g
25 I satd.
1 entire range
B = RbCl
I Phthalic acid [ 25 [0.1-2.1 m 1 satd.
B = CsCl
[ Phthalic acid | 25 ( 0.07-1.5 m | satd.
C**3)
(4*3)
(4^3)
| ( 559 )
(4*3)
(4*3)
(4*3)
(43)
(4^3)
( 463 )
(3)
(43)
I (*6 3 )
j (463)
I ( 559 )
I ( 4 63)
| (43)
(")
(4*3)
C4*3)
(*63)
( 463 )
( 463 )
| (479)
| (559)
I ( 2 1 )
[ (559)
J ( 518 >
| (518)
Three or More Solutes in H2O

I 2 (0-satd.) + C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (40 and 60%) + KI
(satd.-0);at25C (*7i).
H2SO4 (5-6.4 M) +C 2 H 2 O 4 , Oxalic acid (satd.) + La2(SO4)3
(satd.); at 250C (651).
H2SO4 + C2H2O4, Oxalic acid + La2(SO4)3 + La2C6Oi2, Lanthanum oxalate; at 250C (651).
H2SO4 (1.2-4.8 M) + C2H2O4, Oxalic acid (satd.) + La2C6O12,
Lanthanum oxalate (satd.); at 250C (651).
CO2 (satd. 1 atm.) + CaSO4 (satd.) + CaCO3 (satd.) + NaCl
(0-310 g) + Na2SO4 (0-260 g); at 250C (**).
CO2 (satd. 1 atm.) -f- CaCO3 (satd.) + NaCl (10-360 g); at
250C (94).
C4H6O6, Tartaric acid + C12H22On, Sucrose + Na2C4H4O6,
Sodium tartrate; at 150C (209).
C6H12O, Amyl alcohol -f H3BO3 (satd.) -f NaCl (0-4 N)
at 250C (437).
NH4HCO3 (satd.) + NaNO3 (0.4-1.25 N) + NaHCO3 (satd.);
at 150C (195).
DENSITY OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS

When H2O is written in the formula, the per cent refers to the anhydrous substance except when otherwise noted.
HCl [JAB] PHCI = l atm. (528)

t
%
dl
-20
67.7 1.276
-10
66.7 1.261
O
65.8 1.249
+10
64.9 1.239
20
64.0 1.231
25
63.6 1.228
30
63.2 1.225
40
62.4 1.221
50
61.7 1.219
HIO3 [JAB] (245) [LJG]
74.10 2.4256
13.5
18
74.55 2.4711
NH4NO3 [JAB] (438)**. (114,
580)
O
10
15
20
25
30
32
32.3
34
36
38
40
54.33 1.264
58.85 1.2909
62.51 1.3003
65.63 1.3103
68.29 1.3200
70.74 1.3303
71.72 1.3345
71.87 1.3351
72.35 1.3380
73.05 1.3411
73.85 1.3438
74.79 1.3464
NH4Cl [JAB] (537, 580)**
15
| 26.3 | 1.0750
NH4Br [JAB] (567)
15
41.72 1.29
113
61.5 1.66
137
65.4 1.71
158
67.9 1.76
NH4ClO4 [LJG] (99)
O
11.0 1.061
10
15.1 1.080
20
19.1 1.098
30
23.0 1.115
40
26.8 1.131
50
30.4 1.146
60
33.8 1.160
70
37.1 1.174
80
40.3 1.188
90
43.5 1.202
100
46.6 1.215
NH 4 IO 4 [LJG] (l)
16
| 2.63 | 1.0178
(NH4)2SO4 (JAB] (642)
20
42.55 | 1.248
(NH4)2HP04 [LJG] (241, 242)
14.5 | 56.24 | 1.3427

NH4C7H6O2, Benzoate [JAB]
(559)
25
| 18.6 | 1.040
NH4C7H6O3, Salicylate [JAB]
(559)
25
| 50.8 | 1.145
Ammonium bismuth citrate
(47.5% Bi2O3) [JAB] (559)
25
I 22.25 I 1.25
(NH4)2SiF6 [LJG] (581)

t
%
d\
17.5
15.67 1.0946
PbCl2
[LJG]
(382)**.
(262)*
O
0.67 1.0065
10
0.815 1.0075
20
0.98 1.0072
25
1.073 1.0069
30
1.18
1.0064
40
1.41 1.0050
50
1.665 1.0030
60
1.94 1.0006
70
2.235 0.9978
80
2.55
0.9946
90
2.885 0.9911
100
3.24 0.9873
Pb(C103)2 [JAB] (442)
18
I 60.2 i 1.944
PbBr2 [LJG] (382)
O
0.45 1.0042
10
0.61 1.0050
20
0.83 1.0057
25
0.97 1.0059
30
1.12
1.0060
40
1.47 1.0060
50
1.86 1.0053
60
2,29 1.0037
70
2.75 1.0016
80
3.26 1.0001
90
3.83 0.9995
100
4.47 0.9991
PbI2 [LJG] (382)
O
0.044 1.00043
10
0.054 1.00010
20
0.069 0.99893
25
0.079 0.9979
30
0.091 0.9966
40
0.121 0.9934
50
0.157 0.9894
60
0.199 0.9849
70
0.247 0.9798
80
0.301 0.9745
90
0.361 0.9694
100
0.428 0.9645
Pb(NO3)2 [LJG]
17.5(534) 34.8 1.380
20 (!94)
35.5
1.418s
25 (18S)
37.075 1.44450
25 (185)
37.035t 1.44359
t From radioactive lead.
Pb(C2H3O2K Acetate [JAB]

(241, 242, 559)
15.56
26.44 1.2330
25
36.54 1.340
TlCl [JAB] (39) [LJG]
O
0.17 1.0012
10
0.24 1.0018
20
0.34 1.0013
25
0.40 1.0005
30
0.47 0.9996
40
0.62 0.9976
50
0.80 0.9951
TlCl,- (Continued)
t
%
di
60
1.02 0.9921
70
1.29 0.9889
80
1.59 0.9855
90
1.93 0.9820
100
2.38 0.9785
TlClO4 [LJG] (99)
O
5.8 1.060
10
7.4 1.077
20
11.1 1.104
25
13.5 1.122
30
16.2 1.143
40
22.1 1.194
50
28.3 1.257
60
34.4 1.332
70
40.1 1.420
80
45.2 1.521
Tl2SO4 [JAB] (39) [LJG]
O
2.72 1.0247
10
3.70 1.0335
20
4.85 1.0424
25
5.48 1.0469
30
6.16 1.0514
40
7.62 1.0606
50
9.21 1.0698
60
10.91 1.0791
70
12.70 1.0884
80
14.58 1.0978
90
16.53 1.1072
100
18.53 1.1167
TlNO3 [JAB] (39) [LJG]
O
3.8 1.034
10
6.0 1.055
20
8.7 1.076
25
10.4 1.093
30
12.4 1.114
40
17.3 1.161
50
23.6 1.227
60
31.6 1.330
70
41.2 1.483
80
52.9 1.722
90
66.4 2.135
100
79.6 2.787
104.5 (B. P.) 85.6 3.191
Zn(C103)2 [GS] (442)
18
I 65
I 1.914
Zn(C2H3Q2) 2, Acetate [JAB]
(559)
25
I 25.73 I 1.165
Zn(C5H9O2) 2, Valerate [JAB]
(559)
25
( 1.27 I 1.001
Zn(C6H6SOs)2, p-Benzenesulfonate [JAB] (559)
25
I 29.49 I 1.182
HgCl2 [GS] (260)
O
4.2 1.039
10
4.9 1.042
20
5.9 1.049
30
7.3 1.059
40
9.3 1.073
HgCI2.(Continued}
t
%
d[
50
11.9 1.091
60
15.2 1.114
70
19.5 1.142
80
25.2 i 1.180
90
33.3 1.233
100
55.7 1.354
Cu(ClOa)2 [WCS] (421)*
18
I 62.17 I 1.692
CuSO4.(NH4)2SO4 [WCS]
(534)
19.0 I 15.3 I 1.1316

MnCl2 [JAB] (140) JLJG]
a-MnC!2.4H2O
25
43.56 1.4491
30
44.66 1.5049
40
46.97 1.5348
50
49.53 1.5744
MnCl2^H2O
57.65
51.31 1.6097
60
52.06 1.6108
70
52.52 1.6134
MnC2O4 [LJG] (103) [JAB]
MnC2O4.2H2O
O
I 0.0198 I 1.0001
MnC2O4.3H2O
O
I 0.0326 I 1.0002
MnSiF6 [LJG] (582)
17.5 I 37.68 I 1.4458
FeCl3 [WCS] (430)
25
73.1 1.793
35
73.4 1.785
Fe(N03)2 [WCS] (461)
15
44.35 1.485
20
45.65 1.495
25
46.86 1.50s
FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4 [WCS] (221,
533, 534)
16.5 I 19.13 I 1.165l

Co(ClOs)2 [WCSl (421)
18
I 64.2 I 1.857
Co(C104)2 [WCSJ (590)
O
64.03 1.5639
7.5
65.09 ; 1.5658
18
66.24 j 1.5670
26
71.76 1.5811
45
72.49 1.5878
Co(N03)2 [WCS] (217)
18
I 49.73 i 1.572
Ni(ClOs) 2 [WCS] (99, 421)
16
60.9 1.75
18
56.74 1.658
Ni(ClO4) 2 [WCSJ (590)
O
66.48 1.5726
7.5
67.76 1.5755
18
69.83 1.5760
26
70.80 1.5841
45
74.42 1.5936
CrO3 [JAB] (243, 443) [LJG]
16.4
62.8 1,708
18
62.45 1.703
(WOt)4JBEsO9 Metatungstic
aeid [LJG] (569)
O
24.6t
22
39.3
43.5
44.2
t Per cent WOs.
1.6025
2.5240
3.6500
H3PO4.12W03.21H20 [LJG]
(569)
0
22
43
92
12.3
29.4
30.9
41.1
1.189
1.691
1.826
2.581
UO2Cl2 [LJG] (44l)

18
| 76.2 | 2.736
3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O6.zMoO3.2/H2O [LJG] (213)
x
y
%t
dl
9
20
26.4 1.2132
10
21
28.0 1.2527
11
27
29.5 1.2927
15
24
34.1 1.4376
t Per cent refers to the hydrate.
Density may be 18/18 or 18/4.
AI2(SO4)3.TI2SO4.24H2O
EJAB] (39) [LJG]
t
d[
O
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
3.08
4.40
6.03
7.14
8.61
12.80
18.64
26.10
1.0294
1.0412
1.0572
1.0678
1.0812
1.1207
1.1848
1.2807
La(I03)3 [LJG]
(265, 266)
25
i 0.06853|0.998251
PrCl3[LJG] (413)
14
I 51.0 I 1.685
Mg(ClOs)2 [GS] (442)
18
i 56.3 I 1.594
Mg(I03)2.4H20 [GS] (442)
18
1 6.44 I 1.078
MgCrO4JH2O [GS] (442)
18
I 42
I 1.422
Ca(C103)2.2H20 [GS] (442)
18
[ 64
I 1.729
Ca(NO2). [GS] (468)
16
I 42.3 I 1.4198
Ca2Fe(CN)6 [LJG]
(186) [GS]
25
36.50 1.3565
30
39.72 1.3670
40
40.27 1.3844
50
42.14 1.3972
60
43.75 1.4052
65
44.48 1.4076
Sr(ClOa)2 [GS] (442)
18
I 63.6 I 1.839
Sr(NO2), [GS] (468)

19
1 39.3 I 1.4454
Sr(N03)2 [GS] (40)

t
%
d\
O
5
10
15
20
25
29.3t
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
t Transition
28.247
31.567
34.826
38.016
41.139
44.229
46.902
47.170
47.404
47.638
47.872
48.106
48.343
48.623
48.931
49.227
49.519
49.808
50.095
point.
1.28124
1.31889
1.35709
1.39600
1.43585
1.47699
1.51420
1.51352
1.51272
1.51192
1.51119
1.51074
1.51052
1.51046
1.51053
1.51071
1.51100
1.51139
1.51186
Sr(C 7 H 5 Oa) 2 Salicylate [JAB]

(559)
I 4.58 I 1.019
Ba(ClOa)2 [GS] (99)
O
19.2 1.195
10
23.0 1.234
20
26.6 1.274
30
30.3
1.315
40
33.9
1.355
50
37.2
1.395
60
40.2 1.433
70
42.8 1.470
80
45.3
1.508
90
47.8
1.545
100
50.1
1.580
105.6
51.5
1.600
Ba(ClO4). [GS] (99)
O
67.3 1.782
20
74.3 1.912
40
78.2
2.009
60
81.2
2.070
80
83.2 2.114
100
84.9 2.155
120
86.6 2.195
140
88.3
2.230
Ba(NO2), [GS] (468)
17
I 40
I 1.4895
Ba(NOa) 2 [GS] (611)
O
4.9
1.043
10
6.5
1.056
20
8.4
1.073
30
10.4
1.087
40
12.4
1.104
50
14.6
1.121
60
16.9
1.137
70
19.1
1.146
LiF [LJG] (442)
18
I 0.27 I 1.002
LiBrO3 [LJG] (442)
18
I 60.4 1 1.830
LiIO3 [JAB] (442) [LJG]
18
I 44.6 1.566
25
LiNO2 [LJG] (468)

i
%
4
19
48.9
1.3184
LiCHO2, Formate [JAB]
(244)
18
I 27.85 I 1.140
LiC7H0O2, Benzoate [JAB]
(529)
25
I 27.64 I 1.100
LiC7H6O3, Salicylate [JAB]
(529)
25
I 52.70 I 1.206
Li3C6H6O7, Citrate [JAB]
(559)
25
I 31.78 I 1.2124
NaF [LJG] (442)
18
I 4.3 i 1.043
NaCl [JAB] (39)**. (4, 5)*;
(450, 470, 537, 580,
-10
611)
1.200
O
26.34 1.2093
+ 10
26.35 1.2044
20
26.43 1.1999
25
26.48 1.1978
30
26.56 1.1957
40
26.71 1.1914
50
26.89 1.1872
60
27.09 1.1830
70
27.30 1.1787
80
27.53 1.1745
90
27.80 1.1703
100
28.12 1.1660
107.0 (B. P.) 28.39 1.1631
NaClO3 [JAB] (99) [LJG]
-15
41.9
1.380
O
44.1
1.389
+10
47.4 1.409
20
50.2
1.430
25
51.7
1.440
30
53.1
1.451
40
55.8
1.472
50
58.2
1.493
60
60.8
1.514
70
63.1
1.536
80
65.4
1.559
90
67.6
1.581
100
69.7 1.604
110
72.0 1.625
120
73.8
1.649
122 (B. P.) 74.1
1.654
NaClO4 [LJG] (99)
15
64.6 1 1.666
50
71.3
1.731
143
79.1
1.789
Na2SO4[JAB] (39)**; (141)*;
(612)
O
5
10
15
20
25
30
32.35t
35
40
4.47
5.32
8.26
11.84
16.04
21.81
29.14
33.15
32.93
32.52
1.0409
1.0577
1.0787
1.1100
1.1513
1.2081
1.2860
1.3323
1.3283
1.3206
Na2SO4.( Continued)
t
%
d\
50
31.80 1.3058
60
31.15 1.2919
70
30.60 1.2789
80
30.19 1.2674
90
29.90 1.2569
100
29.69 1.2469
101.9 (B. P.) 29.67 1.2450
t Transition point.
Na2SeO4 [JAB] (216) [LJG]
18
I 29.00 I 1.313
NaNO 2 [JAB] (241, 242, 468)
15.6
42.8
1.3464
20
45.8
1.3584
NaNO 3 [JAB] (39)**; (450,
470, 611)
O
42.23 I 1.3532
10
44.54 1.3683
20
46.80 1.3834
25
47.92 1.3910
30
49.02 1.3986
40
51.20 1.4139
50
53.35 1.4293
60
55.48 1.4447
70
57.59 1.4603
80
59.67 1.4759
90
61.73 1.4916
100
63.77 1.5074
110
65.80 1.5231
119.0 (B. P.) 67.62 1.5374
NaNH4SO4 [LJG] (538)
15
I 25.2 I 1.174
NaH2PO2 [LJG] (241, 242)
16
I 52.1 I 1.386
Na2HPO4 [LJG] (534)
17
I 4.2 1 1.043
Na3PO4[LJG] (537)
14
I 9.5 I 1.103
Na3P04.NaF [LJG] (72)
25
I 52.4 I 1.030
Na3AsO44NaF [LJG] (72)
25
I 50.9
1.031
NaCHO2, Formate [JAB]
(244)
18
I 44.73 I 1.316
NaC2H3O2, Acetate [JAB]
(559)
25
I 33.61 I 1.205
NaC6H6SO3, Benzenesulfonate
[JAB]
(559)
25
I 16.37 I 1.076
NaC7H5O2, Benzoate [JAB]
(559)
25
I 35.99 I 1.152
NaC7H6O3, Salicylate [JAB]
(559)
25
I 53.56 I 1.248
Na3C6H6O7.6H2O, Citrate
[JAB]
(559)
25
I 48.10 I 1.2723
Na4Fe(CN)6 [LJG] (186)**;
(265, 266)
25
30
40
[WCS]
17.1
18.8
22.4
1.1310
1.144s
1.1720
Na4Fe(CN)6.- (Continued)
t
%
d{
50
26.1 1.200
60
29.7 1.228
70
33.4 1.256
8Of
37.2 1.283
85
38.1 1.292
90
38.2 1.294
95
38.0 1.291
100
37.6 1.284
KClO4
!Transition point at 81.70C.
Na2CrO4 [JAB] (443)**.

(442) [LJG]
18
I 40.10 1.430
Na2Cr2O7 [JAB] (443) [LJG]
18
I 63.9 I 1.743
Na2Cr3O10-H2O [LJG] (443)
18
I 80.60 2.056
Na2Cr4013.4H20 [LJG] (443)
18
I 74.60 I 1.923
Na4CrO6.13H2O [LJG] (443)
18
I 37.50 I 1.444
Na2MoO4 [JAB] (216) [LJG]
18
I 39.40 I 1.435
Na2O.4W03.10H20 [LJG]
(532)
room
1 77.7 | 3.017
(Na 2 O) 3 (WO 3 )7.16H 2 O [LJG]
(532)
O
I 26.7 1.316
2Na2O.P205.24W03.27H20
[LJG] (65)
20
I 59.13 2.001
KF.2H2O [LJG] (442)
18
I 48
I 1.500
KCl [JAB] (39)**; (82)*; (450,
470, 543, 580, 611)
O
21.90 1.1531
10
23.86 1.1647
20
25.65 1.1742
25
26.48 1.1783
30
27.28 1.1820
40
28.77 1.1884
50
30.14 1.1937
60
31.41 1.1981
70
32.60 1.2017
80
33.73 1.2047
90
34.82 1.2073
100
35.89 1.2097
108(B. P.) 36.75 1.2118
KClO3 [JAB] (99)**; ( 6 > 8 4 )
[LJG]
O
3.21 1.021
10
5.01 1.033
20
6.96 1.045
25
8.0
1.051
30
9.3
1.058
40
12.1 1.073
50
15.6 1.092
60
19.4 1.115
70
23.4 1.139
80
27.4 1.165
90
31.6 1.192
100
35.9 1.219
104 (B. P.)
37.6 1.230
[LJG] (99)**; (439)
O
0.80 1.007
10
1.35 1.009
20
2.15 1.012
30
3.20 1.016
40
4.45 1.021
50
6.00 1.026
60
7.85 1.032
70
9.95 1.040
80
12.3 1.050
90
14.9 1.060
100
17.7 1.069
KBr [JAB] (82,277)**
23.4
40.54 1.3711
25.0
40.63 1.3797
KBrO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]
19.2 I 6.25 i 1.0458
KI
24.3
KIO3
18.6
[JAB] (82)
I 59.74 | 1.7175
[JAB] (84) [LJG]
I 7.93 1.0692
KIO4 [LJG] (19)

13
0.655| 1.0051
K2SO4 [JAB] (39)**; (470, 580,
611)
O
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
101.1(B. P.)
6.87 1.0584
8.51 1.0706
10.08 1.0814
10.83 1.0863
11.57 1.0908
12.97 1.0987
14.28 1.1052
15.49 1.1104
16.61 1.1144
17.64 1.1174
18.59 1.1195
19.44 1.1206
19.54 1.1207
KNO3 [JAB] (39)**; (450, 470,

580, 611)
O
9.46 1.0528
10
16.88 1.1090
20
24.29 1.1652
25
28.00 1.1933
30
31.70 1.2214
40
39.11 1.2776
50
46.39 1.3338
60
52.62 1.3899
70
58.07 1.4413
80
62.79 1.4886
90
67.10 1.5325
100
71.00 1.5732
110
74.41 1.6119
114 (B. P.)
75.71 1.6269
KCHO2, Formate [JAB] (244)
18
I 76.8 I 1.571
KHCO3 [JAB] (241, 242)
[LJG]
16
I 23.8 I 1.1674
KC2H3O2, Acetate [LJG]
(559) [JAB]
25
KC4H5O6, Acid tartrate

[JAB] (481, 559)
di
I 68.73 I 1.413
i
%
d\
18
0.55 1.0018
25
0.65 0.9990
K3C6H5O7, Citrate
[JAB] (559)
25
I 60.91 1.5136
KSbO3 [JAB] (337) [LJG]
18
I 2.73 I 1.0249
KSbOC4H4O6 [JAB] (559)
25
7.64 1.049
K2SnO3 [LJG] (460)
15.5 I 42.7 1.620
K4Fe(CN)6 [LJG] (186)**;
(265, 266) [WCS]
25
24.0 1.1730
30
26.1 1.1880
40
29.8 1.2140
50
33.1
1.2360
60
35.9 1.2550
70
38.4 1.2720
80
40.5 1.286s
90
42.3 1.2995
100
43.8 1.3120
K 2 CrO 4 [JAB] (534) [LJG]
19.5 I 38.4 I 1.3764
K2Cr2O7 [JAB] (184, 241,
242) [LJG]
10
7.69 1.0561
15.8
9.19 1.0659
2K2O.(NH4)2O.Si02.V2O5.*Mo03.2/H20 [LJG] (213)
x
y
%t
d\*
9
20
20.5 1.1703
10
21
21.7 1.1918
11
12
23.0 1.2138
t Per cent refers to the hydrate.
Density may be 18/18 or 18/4.
K2SO4-Al2(SO4) 3.24H2O [JAB]

(39) [LJG]
V4
O
2.90 1.0289
10
3.80 1.0396
20
5.44 1.0525
25
6.51 1.0604
30
7.74 1.0699
40
10.66 1.0948
50
14.39 1.1289
60
19.71 1.1805
KNaCO3 [LJG] (579)
15
I 33.8 I 1.364
KNaC4H4O6.4H2O, Tartrate
[LJG] (559) [JAB]
25
I 39.71 I 1.308
RbCl [JAB] (39)**; (82)*
O
43.47 1.4393
10
45.70 1.4656
20
47.70 1.4893
25
48.57 1.4998
30
49.41 1.5094
40
50.90 1.5270
50
52.28 1.5421
60
53.60 1.5554
70
54.84 1.5684
80
56.01 1.5803
RbCL- (Continued)
t
%
di
90
57.09 1.5912
100
58.11 1.6014
110
59.08 1.6110
114 (B. P.)
59.46 1.6148
RbClO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]
16.2 I 4.73 I 1.0328
RbClO4 [LJG) (99)
O
1.09 1.0070
10
1.22 1.0085
20
1.55 1.0100
30
2.21 1.0130
40
3.16 1.0170
50
4.40 1.0220
60
5.94 1.0285
70
7.73 1.0370
80
9.72 1.0480
90
11.81 1.0600
100
13.94 1.0730
RbBr [JAB] (82)
23
I 52.67 I 1.6252
RbBrO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]
16
2.15 I 1.0159
RbI [JAB] (82)
24.3 I 63.62 | 1,8497
RbIO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]
15.6 I 2.72 I 1.0223
RbIO4 [LJG] (i)
16f
I 0.645| 1.0052
t Satd. at 130C.
Rb2SO4 [JAB] (39)

O
26.65 1.2720
10
29.80 1.3097
20
32.55 1.3403
25
33.77 1.3543
30
34.90 1.3673
40
36.98 1.3908
50
38.75 1.4102
60
40.28 1.4264
70
41.66 1.4415
80
42.89 1.4545
90
44.05 1.4654
100
45.01 1.4736
102.4 (B. P.) 45.23 1.4753
RbNO 3 [JAB] (39)
O
16.34 1.0766
10
26.01 1.1964
20
35.43 1.3157
25
40.05 1.3751
30
44.46 1.4348
40
53.13 1.5531
50
61.08 1.6679
60
66.80 1.7691
70
71.54 1.8589
80
75.68 1.9397
90
78.98 2.0114
100
81.72 2.0779
110
84.14 2.1394
118.3 (B. P.) 86.06 2.1867
Rb2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
[JAB] (39) [LJG]
O
0.71 1.0071
10
1.05 1.0091
20
1.48 1.0123
25
1.77 1.0137
Rb2SO4-Al2(SO4) 3.24H2O .
t
30
40
50
60
70
(Continued]
%
2.13
3.17
4.66
6.88
11.07
4
1.0154
1.0215
1.0314
1.0474
1.0815
CsCl[JAB] (39)**; (82)*
O
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
119.4 (B. P.)
61.84
63.63
65.08
65.74
66.36
67.52
68.59
69.59
70.53
71.41
72.23
72.99
73.70
74.36
1.8431
1.8786
1.9095
1.9233
1.9362
1.9598
1.9813
2.0008
2.0185
2.0351
2.0507
2.0644
2.0761
2.0863
CsClO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]

t
%
dl
16
5.32 1.0391
CsClO4 [LJG] (99)
5
0.96 1.0070
25
2.01 1.0100
80
14.6 1.0840
CsBr [JAB] (82)
21.4 I 53.05 I 1.6933
CsBrO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]
16
I 2.55 I 1.0192
Cs2SO4.(Continued)
t
%
d\
25
64.48 2.0130
30
64.82 2.0193
40
65.48 2.0309
50
66.10 2.0417
60
66.67 2.0517
70
67.21 2.0611
80
67.74 2.0699
90
68.26 2.0782
100
68.76 2.0863
108.6 (B. P.) 69.18 2.0923
CsI [JAB] (82)**; (30)
Cs2SO4-Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
[JAB] (39) [LJG]
O
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100.4 (B. P.)
CsNO3 [JAB] (39)
22.8 I 47.96 | 1.5451

CsIO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG]
15.4 I 2.17 I 1.0178
CsIO4 [LJG] (19)
15
I 2.10 i 1.0166
Cs2SO4 [JAB] (39)
O
62.57 1.9754
10
63.36 1.9918
20
64.11 2.0063
TEMPERATURE
CsNO3.- (Continued)
t
%
d{
80
57.34 1.6388
90
62.03 1.7259
100
66.31 1.8122
106.2 (B. P.) 68.78 1.8657
O
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
8.57
13.09
18.71
21.94
25.34
32.28
39.08
45.56
51.80
1.0695
1.1038
1.1582
1.1874
1.2191
1.2898
1.3710
1.4574
1.5493
0.21
0.29
0.41
0.50
0.60
0.87
1.27
1.96
3.14
5.4
9.6
18.1
18.6
1.0017
1.0022
1.0019
1.0015
1.0009
0.9998
0.9991
1.0002
1.0056
1.018
1.051
1.124
1.129
OF MAXIMUM DENSITY
ONE SOLUTE
HCi [JAB] (6io)** ;
(656)
%
%
m, C
1
1.96
2
+ 0.38
3
- 1.49
4
- 4.00
5
- 7.29
6
-11.12
7
-15.18
8
-19.23
9
-23.15
10
-26.87
HBr [JAB] (656)
1
l 3.1
2
2.2
4
0.3
HI [JAB] (656)
1
3.2
2
2.5
3
1.7
4
1.0
H2SO4 [JAB] (127,
147)**. (522, 523,
524)*; (656)
1
NH 3 [JAB] (670)
' + 1.5
2
- 1.0
3
- 3.5
4
- 6.0
5
- 8.6
6
-11.3
7
-14.0
HNO3 [JAB] (656)
1
2.0
2
0.1
m, C
1
2.2
2
+ 0.3
4
- 3.3
6
- 7.0
8
-10.6
NH 4 NO 3 [JAB]
(161)**; (375, 656)
O.' l
3.13
1.0
2.29
1.5
1.44
2.0 + 0.59
12
- 47
20
- 82
44
-225
NH4Cl [JAB] (los,
130, 131)**; (227,
656)
1
2.65
2
+1.26
3
-0.21
NH4Br [JAB]
(131)**; (656)
2.10 | 1.62
NH4I [JAB]
(131)**; (656)
5.56 | -0.54
(NH4)2SO4 [JAB]
(160, 375)**
1
2
4
12
20
50
2.33
+ 0.70
- 5.1
- 30.3
- 70.4
-178
NH4CHO2, Formate [JAB] (656)

%
*m, C
1
2.9
2
1.7
3
+0.5
4
-0.7
5
-2.0
6
-3.2
NH4C2H3O2,
Acetate [JAB]
Tl2SO4 [JAB] (160)

[LJG]
%
U 0C
1
3.39
2
2.82
3
2.25
ZnCl2 [GS] (161)
1
2.81
2
1.50
ZnSO4 [GS] (160,
375)
(656)
1
3.2
2
2.3
3
1.5
4
+0.6
5
-0.3
6
-1.1
7
-2.0
NH4C3H5O2, Propionate [JAB]
(656)
1
3.2
2
2.5
3
1.7
4
0.9
5
+0.1
6
-0.7
7
-1.6
8
-2.5
Pb(NOa) 2 [LJG]
(375)**; (397,
398)
5
10
15
20
- 3.5
-12.5
-23
I -35
I (( I 6 0;)
2j
2.24
5
60
(375)
2 56
'
+1.17
-0.56
~
10
11.19 V
' -22.2
16.78
-44.8
Zn(NO 3 ) 2 [GS]
(161)
1
2.48
2
1.01
CdCl2 [GS] (161)
1
3.06
2
2.15
3
1.22
4
0.10
CdBr2 [GS] (397,
398)
1
3.24
CdSO4 [GS] (160)
1
2.96
2
1.95
Cd(NO 3 ), [GS]
(161)
1
2
2.88
1.74
CuCl2 [LJG] (162)

%
U 0C
1
2.67
2
1.27
CuSO4 [LJG]
(162)**; (147)*
0.5
3.20
1.0
2.44
1.5
1.70
2.0
1.00
2.5
+0.37
3.0
-0.17
3.5
-0.5s
Cu(N0 3 ) 2 [LJG]
(162)
0.5
3.20
1.0
2.42
1.5
1.64
2.0
0.86
2.5
0.08
PtCl4 [LJG] (398)
1.27 I
3.4
MnCl2 [JAB] (161)
[LJG]
1
2.82
2
1.92
3
1.20
MnSO4 [JAB]
(160) [LJG]
1
2.59
2
1.29
Mn(NOa) 2 [JAB]
(161) [LJG]
1
2.46
2
0.91
CoCl2 [LJG]
(162)**; (398)
%
*m, C
0.5
3.33
1.0
2.69
2.0
1.39
3.0
0.10
CoSO4 [LJG] (162)
0.5
3.26
1.0
2.56
1.5
1.8s
2.0
1.22
Co(NOa) 2 [LJG]
(162)
0.5
3.21
1.0
2.44
1.5
1.67
2.0
0.89
NiCl2 [LJG]
(162)**; (398)
0.5
3.34
1.0
2.69
2.0
1.40
NiSO4 [LJG] (162)
0.5
3.27
1.0
2.55
1.5
1.83
Ni(NOa) 2 [LJG]
(162)
0.5
3.19
1.0
2.40
1.5
1.62
A12(SO4)3 [JAB]
(160) [LJG]
1
2.42
2
0.87
Al(NOs) 3 [JAB]
Ba(NO 3 ) 2 [GS]
(161) [LJG]
(161)**. (397,
%
(m, 0C
398)
1
2.34
%
U 0C
2
0.63
l
2.67
BeSO4 [GS] (lei)
2
1.49
l
| 2 . 6 5 LiCl [JAB] (129,
Be(NOs) 2 [GS]
13l)**; (656)
(161)
Na 2 SO 4 .-(Cont'd.)
3
- 2.97
4
5.31
5
- 7.67
6
-10.04
7
-12.43
NaHSO4 [JAB]
2.58
k, C
(656)
1
2.69
2
+1.10
3
2
1.35
-0.46
MgCl2 [GS] (16l)
*
-2-07
5
1
2.54
-3'71
2
lie
LiBr [JAB] (130,
i
2
4
6
8
+ i
- l
- 7
-13
-19
^.,OSH,.,
;-
2.35
0.75
l 85
+ 0.13
4.84
9.61
-8.2
-20.7
14 37
46 3
->"; 17
2
2'3*
'58
LiI [JAB] (130,

131
)**; ( 656 )
'
~ '
Mg(NOs) 2 [GS]
\
2
If6
2.75
(161)
4
*
'S
L.W
2.23
0.40 ;
CaCI2[GS]
(132)**.
(146)
^
' ^ >
1
I '58
CaBr2 [GS] (132)
l1
I l1 83
00
I
NaNO 3 [JAB]
(161)**; (375, 397,
+;;;
398, 656)
l
Na 2 CO 3 [JAB]
X
(161)**. (656)
~3'2
4
-5.6
NaCHO2, Formate
[JAB] (656)
l
+2-0
129, 131, 396,
0.32
147, 219, 227, 522,
1
I 3 31
Q
r
f
w
n
Sr(NOs)2 men
[uro]
(161,375)
,
2
4
0
244
r l 34
6 'l
!/o
15
25
- 49 6
-106
l
2
3
+ 1.77
-0.57
- 3.04
- 8.26
-10.98
6
7
2 82
1
2
2.17
0.42
- 4 '
5
-13.76
~0.1
~8>1
NaHC2O4, Acid
oxalate [JAB]
(656)
5.61
l
2o
<*
2.3
+0.5
i o
!<*
-16.60
NaC2H3O2, Acetate
NaBr[JAB]
[JAB] (656)
(13l)**; (656)
l
2.6
l
2.54
2
+1.1
2
3
+1 12
'
--30
'
l
2.84
2
1 62
^
2
1.68
3
+0.42
3
0 47
4
-0.85
Na 2 SO 4 [JAB]
BaBr2 [GS] (132)
(I 27 , ieo);** (147,
BaI2[GS] (132)
l
i 2.42
0.0
2.0
523, 524, 656)
Mme) ".r""'
1
- 8 .3
-'
397)**; (142, 146,
398)
9
+
_ -
FJABHi 60)
~ 14 5
Ll2b04 [JA5J ( A b U j
l
2.20 Na2C2O4, Oxalate
2
0.44
[JAB] (656)
!
+1>6
LiNO3 [JAB]
2
8
2.16
1
2.62
2
1.19
SrI2 [GS] (397,
SrCl2 [GS] (161)
-0.58
CaI2[GS] (132)
l
2 09
l
| 2.03
2
+0;23
CaSO4 [GS] (160)
_3 5
4
0.2 | 3.56
e
-7.2
Ca(NOs) 2 [GS]
NaCl [JAB] (127,
(161)
+1 69
219, 397, 522, 523,

524, 585, 656)
l
2
+1.67
- 0.64
3
4
-'3
-1'8
Ili
7
-6.9
NaC3H5O2, Propionate [JAB]
(656)
l
2.7
2
4
6
8
+1.4
1.3
-4.1
-6.9
NaC4H6O4, Acid '

succinate [JAB]
(656)
%
1
2
k, 0C
2.5
+1-1
-0.4
tfeX
?:o
+-0.6
KOH [JAB] (147)

1 + 1 . 4
2
-1.2
4
-6.8
6
RbCl [JABl (129,

131)**
1.11
4
+0.10
5
-0.95
K2SO4 [JAB] (127,
1 6 0 ) * * ; (397)*;
4
1.8
W r TT n Q;
KL-(CWd.)
%
tm, 0C
-13.0
4
,
2.26
t U C
i 3.01
l 2.03
+1.03
(147,219,522,523,
524,585)
l
2
3
-0.02
5
6
1.11
2.24
RbB [
/ T(;3S
:S i? (..!>
-3.02
4 84
~4.84
6 68
6
" KNO 3 [JAB]
(16l)**; (396,
398)*; (397, 656)
? e ,J r T 1 lv
Rb2SO
4 [JAB]
r
i
|
287
'77
RbNOs [JAB]
KCl [JAB] (127,

l
2.23
(16l)
129, 13l)**; (227,
2
0.52
i
I 2.77
656)'
K 2 CO 3 [JAB] (147,
2
1.55
1
2.39
585) [LJG]
3
f 0.28
2
+0.82
i
CsCl[JABH161)
+ i g
l
3
-0.75
2
_ 0.*4
I 3 ' 26
2
KBr[JAB]
3 - 2 . 6
J
Ij
f
(131)**; (375,
656)
2.91
81
i'
+0.66
4
-'54
KI [JAB] (127,
3
131)**; (656)
3.04
2.09
1
2
4 - 4 . 9
e : 9:9
7
j J-JJ
Cs JAB
^' i
12 7
~ K3Fe(CN)6 [LJG]
( 375 )
5
_8
310
223
CsNO 3 (JAB]
(16l)
2
IQ
-21
15
20
-36
-52
2
3
3.06
2.12
1.17
Two OR MORE SOLUTES

Sea Water [JAB] (380, 408, 445, 522, 523, 524, 636)
wt. %ci
0.5
To
Ts
ifF
Wt. % total solids

0.91 1.81 2.71 3.61
E m ,C
2.4
0.5 -1.3 -3.2
For other solutions, v. (i 8 > 227, 398).
LITERATURE
(i) Abegg, 7, 11: 248; 93. (2) Agerer, 75, 114 Ua: 803; 05. ( 3 ) Almn, 388,
55: 735; 98. (*) Andreae, 52, 30: 305; 84. (5) Andreae, 52t 30: 312; 84.
(6) Andreae, 7, 82: 109; 13. ( 7 ) Anthon, 52, 7: 70; 36. ( 8 ) Anthon, 52,
9: 1; 37. (*>) Anthon, 185, 1860: 744.
(i O) Applebey, 4, 97: 2000; 10. (* * ) Archibald, 292, 9: 335; 97. ( J 2 ) Armstrong
and Wheeler, 135, 103: 133; 11. ( 1 S) Asch, 93, 28: 273; 01. (*) Atwell
andFuwa, 45, 15: 617; 23. O 5 ) Bach, 7, 9: 241; 92. 0) Bahr, 93, 71: 79;
11. (17) Balareff, 93, 71: 70; 11. ( 18 ) Barbier and Roux, 27, 3: 424; 90.
(i) Barker, 4, 93: 15; 08.
(20) Barnes and Scott, 50, 2: 536; 98. (21) Barnes and Johnson, 69, 9 III : 31;
03. (22) Barnes, 292, 10: 49; 99. 35, 7: 75; 00. (23) Bateman, Wood
Preserving, 3: 54; 16. ( 2 *) Baxter, Harvard University, O. ( 2 S) Baxter,
Boylston, Mueller, Black and Goode, 1, 33: 901; 11. (26) Baxter and
Wallace, 1, 38: 70; 16. (27) Becquerel, 6, 12: 5; 77. ( 28 ) Bedson and
Williams, 25, 14: 2549; 81. (29) Beil, 498, 21: 6; 82. 185, 188: 147.
(30) Beketov, 134, 34: 197; 92. (31) Bell and Buckley, 1, 34: 14; 12. ( 3 2 )
Bell and Taber, 50, 10: 119; 06. ( 33 ) Bell and Taber, 50, 11: 637; 07. (34)
Bell and Taber, 50, 12: 171; 08. (35) Bencowitz and Renshaw, 1, 47:
1904; 25. ( 36 ) Bender, 8, 20: 560; 83. (37) Bender, 8, 22: 179; 84. (38)
Bender, 8, 31: 872; 87. (39) Berkeley, 62, 203: 189; 04.
(40) Berkeley and Appleby, 5, 85: 489 ; 11. (*l ) Berkeley, Hartley and Burton,
62, 209: 177; 09. (42) Berkeley, Hartley and Stephenson, 62, 209: 319; 09.
(43) Berthelot, 34, 76: 679; 73. 27, 19: 351; 73. (44) Berthelot, 6, 4:
445; 75. (45) iltz, 7, 40: 185; 02. (46) Bindel, 8, 40: 370; 90, (47)
Biron, SS, 81: 171; 99. (*) Biron, 53, 39: 1502; 07. (49) Bischof, 499,
23: 619; 50.
(50) Blanchard and Pushee, l, 34: 28; 12. ( 5 I) Blaszkowska, 27, 33: 562; 23.
(52) Bock, 8, 30: 631; 87. (S3) Bodlnder, 7, 7: 308; 91. (") Bodlnder,
7, 7: 358; 91. (55) Bodlnder, 7, 9: 730; 92. (56) de Boer, Diss., Utrecht,
1913. 10, 4: 57; 16. (57) Bolenbaugh, 284, 5: 38; 16. (58) Bousfield, 7,
53: 257; 05. (59) Bousfield, 68, 206: 101; 06.
(60) Bousfield, 4,107:1405; 15. (i) Bousfield, 4,115: 45; 19. (62) Bousfield
and Bousfield, 6, 103: 429; 23 (3 ) Bousfield and Lowry, 62, 204: 253; 05.
(64) Bousfield and Lowry, 83, 6: 85; 10. (65) Brandhorst and Kraut, 13,
249: 373; 88. (66) Brant, 2, 17: 678; 21. (67) Brauner, 4, 53: 357; 88.
(68) Bremer, 70, 7: 269; 88. (69) Bremer, 7, 3: 423; 89.
(70) Bremer, 18, 6: 455; 01. (7l) Bremer, 70, 21: 59; 02. (72) Briegleb, 13,
97: 95; 56. (73) Briner, Tykociner and Alfimoff, 42, 18: 3; 20. (74)
Briner and Winkler, 42, 20: 201; 23. (75) Brnsted, 7, 77: 315; 11. (76)
Bromer, 75, 110 Ua: 929; 01. (77) rhl, 25, 28: 2847; 95. (78) Brhl,
7, 22: 373; 97. (7) de Bryn, 70, 11: 18; 92.
(80) de Bryn, 70,15:174; 96. (si) Buchanan, 5, 23:301; 75. (82) Buchanan,
12, 21: 25; 06. (83) Buchanan, 68, 31: 635; 11. (84) Buchanan, 174, 49:
1; 12. (85) Buchholz, 600, 3: 275; 56. (86) Buchkremer, 7, 6: 161; 90.
(87) Buliginsky, 8, 134: 440; 68. (88) Bussy and Buignet, 6, 3: 231; 64.
(8) Callendar and Barnes, 6, 62: 117; 98.
(90) Calvert, 8, 1: 483; 00. (9l) Cameron and Macallan, 5, 46: 13; 89. (92)
Cameron and Bell, 50, 10: 210 ; 06. (93 ) Cameron and Bell, 00, 11: 364 ; 07.
(94) Cameron, Bell and Robinson, 50, 11: 396; 07. (95) Cameron and
Breazeale, 50, 8: 335; 04. (96) Cameron and Robinson, 50, 11: 273; 07.
(97) Cameron and Robinson, 50, 11: 578; 07. (98) Cameron and Robinson,
00, 14: 569; 10. (99) Carlson, Klason Festskrift, 1911: 247.
(100) Carse, 68, 25: 281; 04. (loi) Cavazzi, 36, 44 I: 448; 14. (102) Gavazzi,
36, 45 I: 529; 15. (103) Chamberlain, Hume and Topley, 4, 1926: 2620.
(i4) Chapman and Messel, 04, 4: 520; 85. ( 1 OS) Charpy, 6, 29: 5; 93.
(106) Chneveau, 6, 12: 145; 07. 250, 1908: 177. ( 1 O?) Cherbury, Rivett
and Lewis, 70, 42: 954; 23. (l 08) Cinelli, 59, 3:141 ; 96. O o9) Clark, 302,
60: No. 13; 12.
(HO) Clausen, 8, 37: 51; 12. ("i) Clausen, 8, 44: 1067; 14. ("2) Clayton,
135, 64: 27; 91. (H3) Clendinnen and Rivett, 4, 119: 1329; 21. ("*)
Cohen and Kooij, 6Jf, 27: 65; 24. 7, 109: 81; 24. (H5) Cohen and
Moesveld, 7, 95: 305; 20. (* 16) Cohen and Sinnige, 7, 67: 513; 09.
("7)
de Coninck, 34, 131: 1219; 00. (") de Coninck, 186, 1901: 222. ("9) de
Coninck, 186, 1901: 483.
(120) de Coninck, 34, 132: 90; 01. (121) de Coninck, 6, 28: 5; 03. (122) de
Coninck, 6, 3: 500; 04. (123) de Coninck, 34, 142: 571; 06. (124) de
Coninck, 27, 17: 422; 15. O 2 S) Conroy, 5, 64: 308; 99. (126) Coppadoro,
36, 39II : 616 ; 09. (i 2 7 ) de Coppet, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., 29 : l ; 93.
(128) de Coppet, 34, 125: 533; 97. (129) de Coppet, 34, 128: 1559; 99.
(130) de Coppet, 34, 131: 178; 00. (13l) de Coppet, 34, 132: 1218; 01. (132)
de Coppet and Muller, 34, 134: 1208; 02. (133) Cornee, 6, 29: 490; 13.
(134) Cornish, 7, 76: 210; 11. (i 35) Counson, 149, 5: 361; 23. (136)
Dahlmann, Wrttemb. Naturw. Jahreshefte, 10: 275; 54. 167, 1854:323.
(137) Damien, Ann. Sci. Vcole Norm. Super., 10: 233; 81. (138) Datta
and Dhar, l, 38: 1303; 16. (139) Davidts, 7, 79: 303; 12.
(140) Dawson and Williams, 7, 31: 59; 99. (14l) Dawson and Williams, 50,
4: 370; 00. (142) Dekhuijzen, Neder. Tidsch. Geneeskunde, 66 I: 2304; 22.
(143) Delachanal, 6, 12: 141; 77. (144) Delaite, 501, 51: 18; 95. (145)
Dmolis, 42, 4: 528; 06. (146) Despretz, 34, 4: 435; 37. 8, 41: 58; 37.
(147) Despretz, 6, 70: 49; 39. (148) Deussen, 93, 49: 297; 06. (149)
Diemer and Lenher, 50, 13: 505; 09.
(ISO) Dijken, 7, 24: Cl; 97. ( i s i ) Dinkhauser, 75, 114 Ha: 1001; 05. (1S2)
Dito, 64P, 4: 756; 02. (153) Dittman, BSl, I: 1889. (154) Divers and
Shimidzu, 4, 45: 270; 84. (iss) Dixon and Taylor, 4, 97: 927; 10. (156)
Domke and Bein, 93, 43: 125; 05. 90, 5:5; 04. (i 57) Dossios and Weith,
467, 5: 379; 69. (158) Doumer, Thesis, Paris, 1892. BS, I: 402; 23.
(is) Drecker, 8, 34: 952; 88.
(160) Dreyer, 169, 12: 32; 09. (I6i) Dreyer, 169, 14: 193; 10. (162) Dreyer,
169, 11: 662; 09. 10, 1: 30; 10. (163) Dnn, 54, 21: 390; 02. (164)
Ebeling, 8, 30: 530; 87. O65) Eckelt, 92, 1898: 298. 136, 22: 225; 98.
(166) Eder, 76, 82 II: 1284; 80. (167) Edwards, 11, 16: 625; 94. (168)
Ekman, 468, 9: No. 4; 70. (169) Elbs and Schnherr, 9, 2: 245; 95.
(170) Ellis, l, 38: 737; 16. (i7i) van Ernster, 93, 52: 270; 07. (172) Engel,
27, 45: 653; 86. O73) Engel, 27, 47: 318; 87. (174) Engel, 34, 104: 433;
87. (175) Engel, 34, 104: 506; 87. (176) Engel, 34, 104: 911; 87. (177)
Engel, 6, 13: 370; 88. O78) Engel, 6, 17: 338; 89. (i79) Engel, 27, 6: 15;
91.
(180) Engel, 34, 112: 1130; 91. (isi) Erman, 8, 101: 577; 57. (182) Etard, 6,
2: 503; 94. (183) Euler, 7, 49: 303; 04. (184) Ewing and MacGregor, 174,
27: 51; 72. (iss) Fajans and Lembert, 93, 95: 297; 16. (186) Farrow, 4,
1926: 49. O87) Favre and Valson, 34, 75: 330; 72. (188) Favre and
Valson, 34, 75: 798; 72. O89) Favre and Valson, 34, 77: 577; 73.
(i90) Favre and Valson, 34, 77: 802; 73. (i9l ) Favre and Valson, 34, 77: 907;
73. (192) Favre and Valson, 34, 79: 968; 74. O93) Fedotiev, 7, 49: 162;
04. (194) Fedotiev, 93, 73: 173; 11. (195) Fedotiev and Koltunov, 169,
20: 410; 13. 93, 85: 247; 14. O96) Ferchland, 93, 30: 130; 02. (197)
Ferguson, 54, 24: 781; 05. 92, 19: 342; 06. (198) Findlay and Creighton,
4, 97: 536; 10. (199) Findlay and Shen, 4, 101: 1459; 12.
(200) Fink, 8, 26: 481; 85. (201) Flatt, Diss., Zrich, 1923. (202) Fock,
94, 28: 337; 97. (203) Forch, 8, 55: 100; 95. (204) Forchheimer, 7, 34:
20; 00. (205) Forster, Miti. d. Naturf. Ges. Bern, 1878: 3. (206) Fouqu,
Ann. Observ. Paris, 9: 172; 68. (207) Franz, 52, 4: 238; 71. ( 2 os) Franz,
52, 5: 274; 72. (209) Fresenius and Grnhut, 91, 51: 23; 12.
(210) Fresenius and Grnhut, 91, 51: 104; 12. (2") Freund, 7, 66: 555; 09.
(212) Fricke, 93, 139: 419; 24. (213) Friedheim and Castendyck, 26, 33:
1611 ; 00. (214) Fuchs, 92, 1898: 745. (21 s ) Fuchs, 92, 1898: 909. (21)
Funk, 25, 33: 3696; 00. (217) Funk, Wrochem, Mylius and Dietz, 89,
3: 427; 00. ( 2 I 8 ) Geritsch, 53, 23 I: 343; 91. ( 2 19) Gerlach, Salzlsungen,
Freiberg, 1859.
(220) Gerlach, 112,181:129; 66. (221) Gerlach, 91, 8:245; 69. (222) Gerlach.
317, 9: 241; 86. (223) Gerlach, 91, 26: 413; 87. (224) Gerlach, 91, 27: 271;
88. (225) Gerlach, 91, 28: 466; 89. (226) Germann, l, 44: 1466; 22.
(227) Cerosa and Mai, 22, 4: 134; 87. (228) Getman, 42, 5: 344; 07. (229)
Getman, l, 30: 721; 08. (229.s) Gibson, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C., .
(230) Gilbert, Buckley and Masson, 4, 121: 1934; 22. (231) Giles and Shearer,
54, 4: 303; 85. (232) Glover, 4, 99: 371; 11. (233) Gomez, 132, 17: 21; 19.
10, 5: 34; 22. (234) Goodwin and Horsch, 33, 21: 181; 19. (235) Gore, 62,
159: 173; 68. 4, 22: 368; 69. (236) Qorke, Diss., Leipzig, 1905. (237)
Graham, 11, 48: 145; 12. (238) Gray and Hulbirt, BuU. Univer. Calif., 308:
421; 19. (239) Green, 4, 93: 2023; 08.
(240) Green, 4, 93: 2049; 08. (241) Greenish and Smith, 347, 66: 774; 01.
(242) Greenish and Smith, 347, 66: 806; 01. (243) Greenish and Smith,
347, 68: 510; 02. (244) Groschuff, 26, 36: 1783; 03. (245) Groschuff, 9S.
47: 331; 05. (246) Groshans, 3, 18: 405; 84. (247) Grotrian, 8, 160: 238;
77. (248) Grotrian, 8, 8: 529; 79. (249) Grotrian, 8, 18: 177; 83.
(250) Grneisen, 89, 4: 237; 05. ( 2 Si) Guntz and Guntz, 6, 2: 101; 14. (252)
Haff, 135, 86: 283; 02. (253) Hager, Adjumenta varia chemica et pharmaceutica, Leipzig, Gnther, 1876. Quoted in (224). (254) Hager, Commentar z. Pharm. Germanica. Berlin, 1883. (255) Hahn, l, 20: 621; 98.
(256) Haigh, l, 34: 1137; 12. (257) Hall, Jaques and Leslie, 54, 41: 285; 22.
(258) Hall, 128, 14: 167; 24. (259) Hallwachs, 8, 68: 1; 99.
(260) Hannay, 4, 26: 565; 73. (261) Happart, Mm. Soc. Roy. Sci. Lige, 4:
No. 10; 02. (262) Harkins, 1, 33: 1807; 11. ( 2 6 S) Harkins and Paine, I9
38: 2709; 16. (264) Harkins and Paine, 1, 41:1155; 19. (265) Harkins and
Pearce, 1, 38: 2679; 16. ( 2 66) Harkins and Pearce, 1, 38: 2714; 16. ( 2 67)
Hart, 320, 3: 372; 90. 91, 29: 444; 90. ( 2 8) Hartley and Barrett, 4, 99:
1072; 11. ( 2 69) Hartley and Barrett, 4, 123: 398; 23.
( 2 70) Hassenfratz, 6, 28: 282; 1799. ( 2 7i) de Keen, 501, 31: 38; 81. Physique
Compare. Paris, 1888. (272) Heermann, 136, 31: 680; 07. (273) Heimbrodt, 8, 13: 1028; 04. (274) Henderson and Kellogg, 1, 35: 396, 13. (275)
Hensgen, 62, 72: 345; 05. (276) Hertlein, 7, 19: 287; 96. (277) Herz, 93,
86: 338; 14. ( 2 78) Herz, 93, 89: 393; 14. ( 2 79) Herz, 93, 102: 173; 18.
(280) Herz and Anders, 93, 52:165 ; 07. (281 ) Herz and Anders, 93, 55: 271 ; 07.
(282) Herz and Knoch, 93, 41: 315; 04. (283) Herz and Knoch, 93, 45: 262;
05. (284) Herz and Khn, 93, 58: 159; 08. ( 2 8 S) Herz and Martin, 9St
132: 41; 23. (286) Hess, 75, 114 Ua: 1231; 05. (287) Heydweiller, 8,
30: 873; 09. ( 2 88) Heydweiller, 8, 37: 739; 12. ( 2 89) Heydweiller, 9S9
88: 103; 14.
(290) Heydweiller, 8, 48: 681; 15. ( 2 9 I) Heydweiller, 93, 116: 42; 21. (292)
Hill, 68, 27: 233; 07. (293) Hill, 1, 44: 1163; 22. (294) Hill and Simmons.
1, 31: 821; 09. (295) Hill and Simmons, 7, 67: 594; 09. (296) Hill and
Sirkar, 5, 83: 130; 09. (297) Hofmann, 8, 133: 575; 68. (298) Holland,
8, 50: 349; 93. (299) Holler and Peffer, 1, 38: 1021; 16. 31 A, 13: 273; 16.
(300) Holmes and Sageman, 4, 91:1606; 07. ( 3 Oi ) Holt and Myers, 4,103: 533;
13. (302) Hooker, 33, 23: 961; 20. (303) Horn, 11, 37: 467; 07. (3O4)
Hosking, 3, 7: 469; 04. ( 3 QS) Howell, 4, 1927: 158. ( 3 06) Hulett and
Bonner, 1, 31: 390; 09. (307) Humberg, 7, 12: 401; 93. ( 3 os) Irueste, 132,
13: 462; 15. (309) Ishikawa, 41, 43: 560; 22.
(310) Jackson, 4, 36: 2346; 14. (3") Jacquelain, 6, 30: 343; 50. (312) jahn,
8, 43: 280; 91. (313) jahn et al., 7, 37: 673; 01. (314) Jaquerod, 42, 7:
129; 09. (315) Jones and Hartmann, l, 37: 241; 15. (316) Jones and
Hartmann, 78, 30: 295; 16. (317) Jones and Schumb, 65, 56: 199; 21.
(318) Jones, 7, 55: 385; 06. (319) Jones, 162, No. 60: 07.
(320) Jones and Bassett, 11, 33: 534; 05. (321) Jones and Bassett, 11, 34: 290;
05. ( 3 22) Jones and Getman, 7, 49: 385; 04. (323) Jones and Pearce,
11, 38: 683; 07. ( 3 24) Jones, Lapworth and Lingford, 4, 103: 252; 13.
(325) Joseph, 4, 107: 1; 15. (326) Joseph, 4, 117: 377; 20. (327) Kaemmerer, 8, 138: 390; 69. (328) Kanitz, 7, 22: 336; 97. (329) Kanonnikoff,
62, 31: 321; 85.
(330) Kantele, 138, 1: No. 6; 22. (331) Karsten, 499, 20: 3; 46. Verhalten d.
Aufls, d. Kochsalzes. Berlin, Reimer, 1846. (332) Katayama and Yernada,
41, 41: 207; 20. (333) King, 50, 25: 115; 21. (334) Klein, 8, 27: 151; 86.
(335) Knietsch, 25, 34: 4069; 01. (336) Knfler, 8, 38: 136; 89. (337)
Knorre and Olschewsky, 25, 20: 3043; 87. (338) Knowlton and Mounce,
46, 13: 1157; 21. (339) Knudsen, Hydrographische Tabellen. Copenhagen,
1901.
(340) Kohlrausch, 8, 169: 233; 76. ( 341 ) Kohlrausch, 8 Ergzbd., 8: 675; 78. (490) pickering, 3, 36: 111; 93. (491) Pickering, 20, 26: 277; 93. (492) Pick(342) Kohlrausch, 8, 6: 1; 79. (343) Kohlrausch, 8, 6: 145; 79. ( 3 4 4 )
ering, 3, 37:,359; 94. (493) Pickering, 25, 27: 1379; 94. ( 4 9 4 ) Pictet,
Kohlrausch, 8, 26: 161; 85. (345) Kohlrausch, 7, 12: 773; 93. (346) Kohl34, 119: 642; 94. ( 4 9 5 ) Pound, 4, 121: 941; 22. ( 4 9 6 ) Pratolongo, Rie. R.
Sc. Agr. Milan, 4: 3; 13. ( 4 9 7 ) Precht, 91, 18: 509; 79. ( 49 *) Pfibram and
rausch, 8, 56: 185; 95. ( 3 4 7 ) Kohlrausch and Grotrian, 8, 154: 215; 75.
(348) Kohlrausch and Hallwachs, 8, 50: 118; 93. 188, 1893: 350. ( 3 4 9 )
Glcksmann, 75, 106 Hb: 466; 97. ( 4 9 9 ) Pfibram and Glcksmann, 75,
107Hb: 189; 98.
Kohlrausch and Hall wachs, 8, 53: 14; 94.
(500) Pribram and Glcksmann, 75, 107 lib: 198; 98. ( 501 ) Pribram and
(350) Kohlrausch and Nippoldt, 8, 138: 370; 69. ( 3 Si) Kohlrausch, 8, 17: 69;
82. (352) KoIb, 34, 63: 314; 66. 6, 10: 136; 67. (353) KoIb, Bull. Soc.
Glcksmann, 57, 19: 161; 98. (502) Pfibram and Glcksmann, 57, 19: 171 ;
98. (503) price and Hawkins, 64, 43: 113T; 24. (*04) Ptzer, 136, 29:
Ind. Mulhouse, 42: 209; 72. 112, 209: 268; 73. (354) KoIb, 34, 74: 737; 72.
112, 204: 322; 72. (355) Kopp, 13, 93: 129; 55. (356) Kopp, quoted in
1221; 05. (505) Pulvermacher, 93, 113: 141; 20. ( 5 0 6 ) Quincke, 8, 24:
(224). (357) Koppel and Holtkamp, 93, 67: 266; 10. (358) Kraus and
347; 85. ( 5 <>7) Rabinovich, 7, 99: 338; 21. ( 5 0 8 ) Rabinovich, 7, 99: 417;
Parker, l, 44: 2429; 22. (359) Kremann and Ehrlich, 70, 116 Hb: 733; 07.
21. (509) Rakshit, 9, 31: 97; 25.
(360) Kremers, S1 95: 110; 55. (361) Kremers, 8, 96: 39; 55. (362) Kremers,
(SiO) Rakshit, 9, 31: 320; 25. ( 511 ) Ranken and Taylor, 174, 45: 397; 06.
363
8, 98: 58; 56. ( ) Kremers, 8, 99: 435; 56. (364) Kremers, 8, 100: 394;
(512) Reinitzer, 92, 26: 456; 13. (513) Reuss, 25, 17: 2888; 84. (514)
57. (365) Kremers, 8, 103: 57; 58. (366) Kremers, 8, 104: 133; 58. (367)
Reyher, 7, 2: 744 ; 88. (s i s ) Richards and Gucker, 1, 47: 1876 ; 25. (5 * 6 )
Kremers, 8, 105: 360; 58. (368) Kremers, 8, 108:115; 59. (369) Kremers,
Rimbach, 7, 16: 671; 95. ( 5 17) Rimbach and Wintgen, 7, 74: 233; 10.
8, 111: 60; 60.
( 5 I 8 ) Rivett and Rosenblum, 83, 9: 297; 13. ( 519 ) Rntgen and Schneider,
8,29: 165; 86.
(370) Kremers, 8, 114: 41; 61. ( 371 ) Kremers, 8, 120: 493; 63. (372) Kster
and Kremann, 93, 41: 1; 04. (373) Lamb and Lee, l, 35: 1666; 13. (374) (520) Rntgen and Schneider, 8, 34: 531; 88. ("i) Roscoe, 4, 16: 82; 63.
Landesen, 328, No. 14; 04. (375) de Lannoy, 7, 18: 443; 95. (376) Lauen(522) Rosetti, 24, 13: 1419; 68. (523) ROSetti, 6, 17: 370; 69. (524)
stein, 7, 9: 417; 92. (377) Le Blanc, 7, 4: 553; 89. (378) Le Blanc and
Rosetti, 8 Ergzbd., 5: 258; 71. ( 52S ) Ross and Jones, 45, 17: 1170; 25.
Rohland, 7, 19: 261; 96. (379) Lemoine, 34, 125: 603; 97.
(526) Roth, 7, 24: 114; 97. ( 5 2 7 ) Ruby and Kawai, 1, 48: 1119; 26. (528)
(380) Lenz, 504, 29: No. 4; 81. ( 381 ) Lewis, Diss., Breslau, 1908. (382)
Rupert, 1, 31: 851; 09. ("9J Ruppin, 7, 14: 467; 94.
Lichty, l, 25: 469; 03. ( 383 ) van Liempt, 93, 122: 175; 22. (384) Long, 8, (530) Sachanov, 9, 19: 588; 13. (53i) Sachanov and Rabinovich, 53, 47: 859;
11: 37; 80. (385) Loomis, 8, 57: 495; 96. (386) Loomis, 8, 60: 523; 97.
15. (532) Scheibler, 62, 83: 273; 61. (533) Schiff, 13, 108: 326; 58. (534)
(387) Loomis, 8, 60: 547; 97. (388) Lorenz and Osswald, 93, 114: 209; 20.
Schiff, 13,109: 325; 59. (535) Schiff, 13, 110: 67; 59. (536) Schiff, 13, 113:
(389) Lunge and Bachofen, 92, 6: 326; 93.
183; 60. (537) Schiff, 13, 113: 349; 60. (538) Schiff, 13,114: 68; 60. (539)
(390) Lunge and Isler, 92,11:129; 90. 04, 9: 501; 90. X 3 9 1 ) Lunge and MarchSchiS, 13, 118: 90; 61.
lewski, 92, 11: 133; 91. ( 3 9 2) Lunge and Naef, 317, 6: 37; 83. (393) Lunge
(540) Schiff, 8, 129: 292; 66. (541) Schiff and Monsacchi, 7, 21: 277; 96.
and Naef, 317, 6: 128; 83. (394) Lunge and Key, 92, 11: 165; 91. (395)
(542) Schiff and Monsacchi, 7, 24: 513; 97. ( 5 4 S) Schiff and Monsacchi,
Lunge and Smith, 317, 6: 2; 83. (396) Lussana, 69, 2: 233; 95. (397)
36, 27 I: 117; 97. (544) Schmidt, 8, 102: 122; 57. (545) Schmidt, 8, 107:
Lussana and Bozzola, 24, 4: 785; 92. (398) Lussana and Bozzola, 59, 35:
244; 59. (546) Schneider, 13, 207: 257; 81. (547) Schneider, 57, 11: 166;
31; 93. (399) Maas and Hatcher, I, 42: 2548; 20.
90. (548) Schneider, Diss., Rostock, 1910. JfO, 2: 8; 11. ( 5 4 9 ) Schoenfeld,
(400) MacGregor, 69, 2 HI: 70; 84. (401) MacGregor, 69, 3 III: 15; 85. ( 4 O2)
13, 95: 1; 55.
MacGregor, 135, 55: 3; 87. (403) MacGregor, 292, 7: 368; 89. (404)(550) Scbnrock, 7, 11: 753; 93. ( 5 Si) Schttner, 75, 77 H: 682; 78. (552)
MacGregor, 69, 7 III: 23; 89. (405) MacGregor, 69, 8 III: 19; 90. ( 4 0 6 )
Schrder, 53, 18 I: 18; 86. (553) Schutt, 7, 5: 349; 90. ( 5 *4) Schult,
MacGregor, 135, 62:'223; 90. (406.5) MacGregor, 69, 9 III: 16; 91. ( 4 0 7 )
Forhandl. Skand. Naturf., Christiana, 10: 450; 68. Quoted in (224). (sss)
MacGregory, 8, 51: 126; 94. (408) Makaroff, 63, 23 II: 31; 91. (408.5)
Schulze, 91, 21: 167; 82. (556) Schuncke, 7, 14: 331; 94. (557) Schwers,
Manley, 68, 27: 210; 07. (409) Marignac, 149, 39: 217; 70. 0,22: 385; 71.
42, 9: 325; 11. (sss) Scott and Frazier, 50, 31: 459; 27. (559) Seidell,
(410) Marshall, 54, 21: 1508; 02. (4U) Massen, 4, 99: 1132; 11. (412)
464, No. 67; 11.
Masson, 4, 101: 103; 12. (413) Matignon, 6, 8: 386; 06. (4M) Mazzuc- (560) Seidell and Smith, 50, 8: 493; 04. (sei) Sentis, Ann. VUniv. Grenoble,
chelli and Anselmi, 36, 52: 147; 22. (415) McKay, 35, 6: 111 ; 99. (416)
9: 1; 97. (562) Sidgwick, Pickford and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1122; 11. (563)
M'David, 68, 30: 515; 10. (417) Mendeleev, 53, 16: 184; 84. (4i?.S)
Sidgwick and Tizard, 4, 97: 957; 10. (564) Simeon, 3, 27: 95; 14. (565)
Mendeleev, 53, 16 1: 184 ; 84. (418) Mendeleev, 63, 16 1: 455 ; 84. 25, 17 :
Slessor, 410, 7: 287; 58. (566) Slotte, 8, 14: 13; 81. (567) Smith and East2536; 84. (419) Mendeleev, 7, l : 273; 87. 25, 19: 379, 400; 86.
lack, 1, 38: 1261; 16. (568) Smith, 1, 42: 259; 20. ( S 6 9 ) Sobolew, 93,
(420) Merton, 4, 97: 2454; 10. (421) Meusser, 25, 35: 1414; 02. (422) Meyer,
12: 16; 96.
8, 113: 383; 61. (423) Meyer, Diss., Erlangen, 1921. (424) Meyerhoffer,
(570) Somersalo, 60, 56 A: No. 10; 14. (571) Sonnenthal, 7, 9: 656; 92. (572)
7, 53: 513; 05. (425) Michel and Krafft, 6, 41: 471; 54. (426) Michel and
Souminen, 138, 1: No. 8; 22. (573) Sprung, 8, 159: 1; 76. (574) Squires,
Krafft, 167, 1854: 295. (427) Milligan, l, 44: 567; 22. (428) Moeller, 7,
91, 30: 609; 91. 320, 5: 52; 91. ("S) Stanley, 135, 54: 194; 86. (576)
12: 555; 93. (429) Mller, 8, 7: 256; 02.
Steam, 1, 44: 670; 22. (577) steele and Mellor, 82, 14: 164; 15. (578)
(430) Moles, Marquina and Santos, 132, 11: 192; 13. (431) Mond and Nasini,
Stericker, Diss., Pittsburgh, 1922. (579) Stolba, 52, 94: 406; 65.
7, 8: 150; 91. (432) Moore, 2, 3: 321; 96. (433) Moretto, 59, 6: 198; 97.
(580) Stolba, 52, 97: 503; 66. (581) Stolba, 185, 1877: 418. (*82) Stolba,
(434) Morgan and McKirahan, l, 35: 1759; 13. (435) Morrison, 292, 7:
185, 1883:292. (583) Sullivan, 7, 28: 523; 99. (584) Sullivan, 1, 27: 529;
481; 89. (436) Muchin and Tarle, 181, 43: 54; 16. 10, 4: 57; 21. (437)
05. (585) Tammann, 7, 14: 163; 94. ( 5 86) Tammann, 7, 16: 91; 95.
Mueller and Abegg, 7, 57: 513; 07. (438) Mller and Kaufmann, 7, 42:
(587) Tammann, 7, 17: 620; 95. (588) Tammann and Zepernick, 7, 16:
497; 03. (439) Muir, 135, 33: 15; 76.
659 ; 95. (589) Taylor and Ranken, 68, 25 1: 231 ; 04.
(440) de Muynck, 8, 53: 559; 94. (441) Mylius and Dietz, 25, 34: 2774; 01.
(590) Terlikowski, Thesis, Geneva, 1911. 10, 2: 443; 11. (591) Thing and
(442) Mylius and Funk, 25, 30: 1716; 97. (443) Mylius and Funk, 25,
Taylor, The Brown Co., Berlin, New Hampshire, U. S. A., O. (592) Thorn33: 3686; 00. (444) Nasini and Gennari, 7, 19: 113; 96. (445) von Neu4
sen, 8, 142: 337; 71. ( 59 3) Thomsen, 8 Ergzb. Jubelbd., 1874: 135. (594)
mann, 8, 113: 382; 61. ( 46) Nicol, 25, 15: 1931; 82. (447) Nicol, 68,
Thomsen, 25, 7: 71; 74. (595) Thomsen, Thermochemische Untersuchungen.
11: 819; 82. (448) Nicol, 3, 15: 91; 83. (*49) Nicol, 3, 16: 121; 83.
Leipzig, 1882. (596) Thomsen, 497, 26: 322; 19. (597) Thorpe and
(450) Nicol, 3, 17: 537; 84. ( 4 Si) Nicol, 3, 18: 179; 84. ( 4 5 2) Nicol, 3, 23:
Rcker, 62, 166: 405; 77. (598) Tigerstedt, 138, 1: No. 5; 22. (599)
385; 87. (453) Nietzki, in B82, III: 808; 00. (454) Nietzki, in B82, IV:
Timofeev, 7, 86: 113; 13.
691; 11. (455) Noyes, 152, No. 63: 81; 07. (456) Noyes, Hall and Beattie,
(600) Topse, 25, 3: 402; 70. (601) Tourneux, 6, 11: 225; 19. (602) Traube,
1, 39: 2526; 17. (457) Noyes and Lombard, 1, 33: 1423; 11. (458) Noyes
93, 8: 12; 95. (603) Trimble, 1, 44: 451; 22. (604) Trtsch, 8, 41: 259; 90.
and Stewart, l, 32: 1151; 10. (459) Oppenheimer, 7, 27: 447; 98.
(60S) Tschernaj, 53, 20 I: 430; 88. (606) Tschernaj, 53, 20 I: 486; 88.
(460) Ordway, 12, 40: 173; 65. (461) Ordway, 12, 40: 316; 65. (462) Ostwald,
(607) Tschernaj, 53, 20 I: 494; 88. (608) Tschernaj, 53, 21 I: 73; 89.
8, 2: 429; 77. (462.5) Ostwald, 52, 16: 385; 77. (463) Ostwald, 52, 18:
(609) Tschernaj, 63, 21 I: 176; 89.
328; 78. (464) Ostwald, 8 Ergzbd., 8: 154; 78. (465) Ostwald, 62, 22: 305;
(610) Tschernaj, 53, 40: 518; 08. (6U) Tschernaj, 53, 44: 1565; 12. (612)
80. (466) Ostwald, 52, 16: 385; 87. (467) Oswald, 34, 155: 1504; 12.
Tschernaj, 63, 46: 8; 14. (613) Tucker, 67, 25: 111; 13. (614) Tutton,
(468) Oswald, 6, 1: 32; 14. (469) Oudemans, 91, 7: 419; 68.
4, 71: 846 ; 97. (61 s ) Tutton, 4, 83: 1049 ; 03. (616) Tuuha, 60, 57 A : No.
(470) Page and Keightley, 4, 25: 566; 72. ( 4 7i) Parsons and Corliss, 1, 32:
47
4
18; 15. (617) Ure, 503, 13: 312; 1822. (618) Valson, 34, 74: 103; 72.
1367; 10. ( 2) Parsons and Corson, 1, 32: 1383; 10. ( 73) parsOns and
(619) Varga, Diss., Budapest, 1911. 10, 2: 8; 11.
Perkins, 1,32: 1387; 10. ( 4 74) Parsons and Whittemore, 1, 33: 1933; 11.
47
(475) Pascal, 315, 20: 17; 23. ( 6) Pascal and Gamier, 27, 25: 142; 19. (620) Vassiliev, 53, 43: 1183; 11. 185, 1912 I: 1430. (621) Veley and Manley,
47
4
(477) Pasea, 69, 6: 27; 00. ( S) Patterson, 1, 28: 1734; 06. ( 79) Pat5, 69: 86; 01. (622) Veley and Manley, 3, 3: 118; 02. (623) Veley and
terson and Anderson, 4, 101: 1833; 12.
Manley, 4, 83: 1015; 03. (624) Veley and Manley, 54, 22: 1227; 03. (625)
481
(480) Paul, 9, 23: 65; 17. ( ) Pawlewski, 25, 33: 1223; 00. (482) Perkin,
Vesterberg, 172, 8 II: 235; 12. 185, 1913: 777. (626) Vorlnder and
4, 49: 777; 86. (483) perkin, 4, 55: 680; 89. (484) Perkin, 4, 59: 981; 91.
Schilling, 13, 310: 369; 00. (627) Wade, 4, 75: 254; 99. (628) Wagner, 8,
(485) Perkin, 4, 63: 57; 93. (486) perkin, 4, 65: 20; 94. (487) Perlezveich,
18: 259; 83. (629) Wagner, 7, 5: 31; 90.
Thesis, Zrich, 1915. (488) Piccard and Cherbuliez, 149, 42: 324; 16.
(630) Walker, 3, 27: 288; 14. (631) Wanklyn, 135, 55: 217; 87. (632) Wasast0*89) Pickering, 4, 57: 64; 90.
jerna, 426, 50: No. 2; 20. (633) Washburn and Maclnnes, 1, 33: 1686; 11.
(634) Watts, 135, k2: 160; 65. (635) Watts, 4, 19: 499; 66. (636) Weber,
135, 23: 253; 71. (655) Wright and Thompson, 3, 17: 377; 84. ( 6 5 6 )
Wright, 4, 115: 119; 19. (657) Wiillner, 8, 133: 1; 68. (s) van Wyk, 93,
Ber. Untersch. deut. Meer, 3: 1; 78. 427, 2: 696; 78. (637) Wegscheider,
07, 27: 13; 06. (638) Wegscheider and Amann, 57, 36: 633; 15. (639)
48: 1; 05. (659) Yajnik and Uberoy, 1, 46: 802; 24.
(660) Zecchini, 36, 35 II: 65; 05. ( 6 ei) Zettnow, 8, 143: 474; 71. ( 6 6 2 )
Wegscheider and Walter, 57, 26: 685; 05.
Zppritz, 8 Ergzbd., 5: 497; 71. (663) Zoppellari, 36, 24 II: 396; 94. (664)
(640) Wernicke, Diss., Buenos Aires, 1912. 10, 3: 20; 12. ( 6 4 1 ) Wershoven,
Andref, 13, 110: 1; 59. (665) Baud and Gay, 6, 17: 398; 09. ( 6 6 6 )
7, 5: 481; 90. ( 6 *2) Wiener, 202, 71: 120; 11. (643) Willigen, 502, 1: 74;
Bertheiot, 34, 76: 1041; 73. 6, 4: 513, 526; 75. (667) Gerlach, 317, 12:
68. 18, 3: 122; 68. (644) Willigen, 502, 2: 222; 69. (6*5) Willigen, 502,
97; 89. (668) Lunge, 317, 5: 320; 82. (669) Lunge and Wiernik, 92, 2:
2: 238; 69. ( 6 *6) Willigen, 502, 3: 15; 74. (647) Winteler, 9, 7: 360; 00.
181; 89.
(648) Winteler, 92, 15: 33; 02. (649) Winteler, 136, 29: 689; 05.
(670) Nichols and Wheeler, 3, 11: 113; 81. ( 6 7 i ) Wachsmuth, 293, 208:
(650) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. (651) Wirth, 93, 58: 213; 08. (652) Withrow,
510; 76. ( 6 7 2 ) Bredig and Shirado, 9, 33: 209; 27.
45, 9: 771; 17. (653) Worden and Motion, 54, 24: 178; 05. (654) Wright,
DENSITIES (SPECIFIC GRAVITIES) AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF AQUEOUS

SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS*
J. L. CRENSHAW
AVVERTENZA
EXPLANATORY
The reader should consult
only Table 1, Sec. A, and Table
2. These together constitute
a complete index to the subject.
REMARQUE
Le lecteur ne devra consulter
que la Table 1, Sec. A, et la
Table 2, dont l'ensemble constitue un index complet sur ce
sujet.
BEMERKUNG
Man bentze nur die Tabelle
l, Abtig. A und Tabelle 2.
Diese beiden zusammen bilden
das vollstndige Verzeichnis
ber diesen Abschnitt.
Si consultino solo la Tabella

1, Sezione A, e la Tabella 2.
Le due tabelle costituiscono
l'indice completo di questo
capitolo.
TABLE 1
d (resp. dw, ds) = density of
the solution [resp. water (v. p.
24), resp. the pure liquid
solute] in g/ml. ps (resp. pw)
= weight % of solute (resp.
in
the
solution.
water)
"Range" = range of applicability of the equation.
indicates the maximum error
which will probably occur in
the range given. Under "Literature" are given the sources
(used) of the data upon which
the equation is based and
(conf.) of confirmatory determinations.
TABLE 1
(resp. dw, ds) densit
de la solution [resp. eau (v. p.
24) ou le liquide pur dissout]
en g/ml. ps (resp. pw) = %
poids du corps dissout (resp.
de l'eau) dans la solution.
"Range" = intervalle d'application de l'quation. indique Terreur maximum qui
peut rsulter dans l'intervalle
donn. Sous "Literature" on
a indiqu les sources (used)
des valeurs au moyen desquelles
on a tabli l'quation et celles
(conf.) des dterminations de
confirmation.
TAFEL l
d (beziehungsweise dw, ds) =
Dichte der Lsung [bzw. Wasser (p. 24); reines Lsungsmittel] in g/ml, p(bzw. pw) =
Gewichtsprozente des gelsten
Stoffes (bzw. Wasser) in der
Lsung. " Range" = Gltigkeitsbereich der Gleichung.
zeigt den maximalen Fehler
an, der sich im Gltigkeitsbereich der Gleichung mglicherweise ergibt. Unter " Literature" stehen die Literaturquellen aus denen sich die
Daten, die der Gleichung zugrunde liegen, ergeben haben,
(used). Unter (conf.) sind
diese Gleichung noch besttigende Angaben verzeichnet.
TABELLA 1
d (oppure dw, ds) = densit
della soluzione [rispettiv. dell'
acqua (p. 24) o del solvente
puro] in g/ml. p8 (oppure
pw) = percentuale in peso della
sostanza disciolta (o dell'acqua)
nella soluzione. " Range" =
intervallo di applicabilit dell'
equazione. Il segno esprime
l'errore massimo che pu aversi
nell'intervallo di applicabilit
dell'equazione. Sotto la dicitura "Literature" si trovano i
richiami bibliografici dei lavori
dai quali sono stati estratti i
dati che figurano nelle equazioni (used) e quelli dei lavori
che contengono determinazioni
di conferma (conf.).
Section A. d = dw + Aps -f Bp2 -f Cp8*

Formula
Name
CH2O
CH2O2
CH3NO
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Formamide
r-TT 4N2O
TTa
CH4N2S
CH4O
Thiourea
Methyl alcohol
C2HCl3O2
__ _
C2H2Cl2O2
_. , .
..
.,
Dichloroaceuc add
_ _
C2H2Q4
^ v
-J
Oxalic acid
* Id est: The solute is an organic

compound whose key-formula begins
with 16. Exceptions: for sugars,
. Vol. II, p. 334; for salts, v. p. 51.
t, 0C
lo
v. p. 122
25
14.8
1S
20
25
15
v. p. 115
12.5
20
25
20
^6'
P*
0-40
+0.022518
-0.05658
+0.06542
0.001
22-96
0-12
~ 51
O- 35
O- 10
O- 7
+ .021217
+ .023213
+
-22718
-f .022702
+ .022728
+.022995
+ .053199
- .044802
+ .051552
+ .053712
- .041817
-.0 5 374
25
O- 61
10-30
0-94
O- 30
^ ^
O- 4
Q_
15
+
+
+
+
+
.02499
.025032
.025051
.024427
^^
+
-f
+
+
+
.04153
.OU387
.056119
.0 537
^5 7
+ .025898
- .033185
^494
_ ^
4
+
*Le corps dissout est un compos

organique dont la formule cl commence par 16. Exceptions: pour les
sucres, v. Vol. II, p. 334; pour les
sels, v. p. 51.
+
+
+
.072529
.Ool216
.072573
.072285
.051379
+ .061038
+ .077534
^34
+ .0441
* Der gelste Stoff ist eine organische Verbindung, deren Schlsselformel mit 16 beginnt. Ausnahmen:
Zuckerarten, Bd. II, p. 334; Salze,
p. 51.
Used
(*)
^
I
Conf.
(75)
.001
.0001
.0004
.0002
.0002
.0003
(77)
(45)
(128)
(H2)
(ios)
O**)
(ls)
(142)
(ios, 12)
(8)
(126)
.0003
.001
.002
.0002
^
(42)
(^ 3 , 64)
(71)
(71)
(82)
(82)
(42,- 63, 64)
(Si, 63, 64 }
.0002
.0003
(71)
(ios)
(37)
(103,136)
*La sostanza disciolta un composto organico, la cui formula chiave

comincia con 16. Eccettuati: gli
zuccheri, Voi. II, p. 334 ed i sali,
p. 51.
(634) Watts, 135, k2: 160; 65. (635) Watts, 4, 19: 499; 66. (636) Weber,
135, 23: 253; 71. (655) Wright and Thompson, 3, 17: 377; 84. ( 6 5 6 )
Wright, 4, 115: 119; 19. (657) Wiillner, 8, 133: 1; 68. (s) van Wyk, 93,
Ber. Untersch. deut. Meer, 3: 1; 78. 427, 2: 696; 78. (637) Wegscheider,
07, 27: 13; 06. (638) Wegscheider and Amann, 57, 36: 633; 15. (639)
48: 1; 05. (659) Yajnik and Uberoy, 1, 46: 802; 24.
(660) Zecchini, 36, 35 II: 65; 05. ( 6 ei) Zettnow, 8, 143: 474; 71. ( 6 6 2 )
Wegscheider and Walter, 57, 26: 685; 05.
Zppritz, 8 Ergzbd., 5: 497; 71. (663) Zoppellari, 36, 24 II: 396; 94. (664)
(640) Wernicke, Diss., Buenos Aires, 1912. 10, 3: 20; 12. ( 6 4 1 ) Wershoven,
Andref, 13, 110: 1; 59. (665) Baud and Gay, 6, 17: 398; 09. ( 6 6 6 )
7, 5: 481; 90. ( 6 *2) Wiener, 202, 71: 120; 11. (643) Willigen, 502, 1: 74;
Bertheiot, 34, 76: 1041; 73. 6, 4: 513, 526; 75. (667) Gerlach, 317, 12:
68. 18, 3: 122; 68. (644) Willigen, 502, 2: 222; 69. (6*5) Willigen, 502,
97; 89. (668) Lunge, 317, 5: 320; 82. (669) Lunge and Wiernik, 92, 2:
2: 238; 69. ( 6 *6) Willigen, 502, 3: 15; 74. (647) Winteler, 9, 7: 360; 00.
181; 89.
(648) Winteler, 92, 15: 33; 02. (649) Winteler, 136, 29: 689; 05.
(670) Nichols and Wheeler, 3, 11: 113; 81. ( 6 7 i ) Wachsmuth, 293, 208:
(650) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. (651) Wirth, 93, 58: 213; 08. (652) Withrow,
510; 76. ( 6 7 2 ) Bredig and Shirado, 9, 33: 209; 27.
45, 9: 771; 17. (653) Worden and Motion, 54, 24: 178; 05. (654) Wright,
DENSITIES (SPECIFIC GRAVITIES) AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF AQUEOUS

SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS*
J. L. CRENSHAW
AVVERTENZA
EXPLANATORY
The reader should consult
only Table 1, Sec. A, and Table
2. These together constitute
a complete index to the subject.
REMARQUE
Le lecteur ne devra consulter
que la Table 1, Sec. A, et la
Table 2, dont l'ensemble constitue un index complet sur ce
sujet.
BEMERKUNG
Man bentze nur die Tabelle
l, Abtig. A und Tabelle 2.
Diese beiden zusammen bilden
das vollstndige Verzeichnis
ber diesen Abschnitt.
Si consultino solo la Tabella

1, Sezione A, e la Tabella 2.
Le due tabelle costituiscono
l'indice completo di questo
capitolo.
TABLE 1
d (resp. dw, ds) = density of
the solution [resp. water (v. p.
24), resp. the pure liquid
solute] in g/ml. ps (resp. pw)
= weight % of solute (resp.
in
the
solution.
water)
"Range" = range of applicability of the equation.
indicates the maximum error
which will probably occur in
the range given. Under "Literature" are given the sources
(used) of the data upon which
the equation is based and
(conf.) of confirmatory determinations.
TABLE 1
(resp. dw, ds) densit
de la solution [resp. eau (v. p.
24) ou le liquide pur dissout]
en g/ml. ps (resp. pw) = %
poids du corps dissout (resp.
de l'eau) dans la solution.
"Range" = intervalle d'application de l'quation. indique Terreur maximum qui
peut rsulter dans l'intervalle
donn. Sous "Literature" on
a indiqu les sources (used)
des valeurs au moyen desquelles
on a tabli l'quation et celles
(conf.) des dterminations de
confirmation.
TAFEL l
d (beziehungsweise dw, ds) =
Dichte der Lsung [bzw. Wasser (p. 24); reines Lsungsmittel] in g/ml, p(bzw. pw) =
Gewichtsprozente des gelsten
Stoffes (bzw. Wasser) in der
Lsung. " Range" = Gltigkeitsbereich der Gleichung.
zeigt den maximalen Fehler
an, der sich im Gltigkeitsbereich der Gleichung mglicherweise ergibt. Unter " Literature" stehen die Literaturquellen aus denen sich die
Daten, die der Gleichung zugrunde liegen, ergeben haben,
(used). Unter (conf.) sind
diese Gleichung noch besttigende Angaben verzeichnet.
TABELLA 1
d (oppure dw, ds) = densit
della soluzione [rispettiv. dell'
acqua (p. 24) o del solvente
puro] in g/ml. p8 (oppure
pw) = percentuale in peso della
sostanza disciolta (o dell'acqua)
nella soluzione. " Range" =
intervallo di applicabilit dell'
equazione. Il segno esprime
l'errore massimo che pu aversi
nell'intervallo di applicabilit
dell'equazione. Sotto la dicitura "Literature" si trovano i
richiami bibliografici dei lavori
dai quali sono stati estratti i
dati che figurano nelle equazioni (used) e quelli dei lavori
che contengono determinazioni
di conferma (conf.).
Section A. d = dw + Aps -f Bp2 -f Cp8*

Formula
Name
CH2O
CH2O2
CH3NO
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Formamide
r-TT 4N2O
TTa
CH4N2S
CH4O
Thiourea
Methyl alcohol
C2HCl3O2
__ _
C2H2Cl2O2
_. , .
..
.,
Dichloroaceuc add
_ _
C2H2Q4
^ v
-J
Oxalic acid
* Id est: The solute is an organic

compound whose key-formula begins
with 16. Exceptions: for sugars,
. Vol. II, p. 334; for salts, v. p. 51.
t, 0C
lo
v. p. 122
25
14.8
1S
20
25
15
v. p. 115
12.5
20
25
20
^6'
P*
0-40
+0.022518
-0.05658
+0.06542
0.001
22-96
0-12
~ 51
O- 35
O- 10
O- 7
+ .021217
+ .023213
+
-22718
-f .022702
+ .022728
+.022995
+ .053199
- .044802
+ .051552
+ .053712
- .041817
-.0 5 374
25
O- 61
10-30
0-94
O- 30
^ ^
O- 4
Q_
15
+
+
+
+
+
.02499
.025032
.025051
.024427
^^
+
-f
+
+
+
.04153
.OU387
.056119
.0 537
^5 7
+ .025898
- .033185
^494
_ ^
4
+
*Le corps dissout est un compos

organique dont la formule cl commence par 16. Exceptions: pour les
sucres, v. Vol. II, p. 334; pour les
sels, v. p. 51.
+
+
+
.072529
.Ool216
.072573
.072285
.051379
+ .061038
+ .077534
^34
+ .0441
* Der gelste Stoff ist eine organische Verbindung, deren Schlsselformel mit 16 beginnt. Ausnahmen:
Zuckerarten, Bd. II, p. 334; Salze,
p. 51.
Used
(*)
^
I
Conf.
(75)
.001
.0001
.0004
.0002
.0002
.0003
(77)
(45)
(128)
(H2)
(ios)
O**)
(ls)
(142)
(ios, 12)
(8)
(126)
.0003
.001
.002
.0002
^
(42)
(^ 3 , 64)
(71)
(71)
(82)
(82)
(42,- 63, 64)
(Si, 63, 64 }
.0002
.0003
(71)
(ios)
(37)
(103,136)
*La sostanza disciolta un composto organico, la cui formula chiave

comincia con 16. Eccettuati: gli
zuccheri, Voi. II, p. 334 ed i sali,
p. 51.
Section A. d dw + Ap. + Bp8* + Cp.3. (Continued)

Formula
t, 0C
Name
C2H2CU
Oxalic acid, Continued
<-TT
C2H3ClO2
m.i
*
-A
Chloroacetic acid
17.5
20
25
20
'
C2H3Cl3O2
Chloral hydratet
C2H3N
C2H4O
C2H4O2
C2H5NO
C2HeO
*
C2H6O2
Acetonitrile
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetamide
Ethyl alcohol
,
,
Ethylene glycol
C2H8ClN
C3H4O4
Ethylamine hydrochloride
Malonicacid
25
O
,15
30
15
18
v. p. 123
15
v. p. 116
/
O
j
15
21
20
O
4
15
20
25
O
20
/ 1 8
^ 25
25
20
. p. 119
v. p. 121
25
25
/ 2 0
<
25
[
15
17.5
20
\
30
40
50
I
60
18
C3HeO
Acetone
C3H6O
C3H6O2
^r,
C3H6O2
C3H6O3
C3H7NO2
C3H8O
C3HsO3
C4H4O4
C4HeO4
~ _
C4H6O6
Allyl alcoholf
Methyl acetate
. .
Propiomc acid
Lactic acid
Urethane
Propyl alcohol
Glycerol
Maleicacid
Succinicacid
,,r,..,
Malic acid
C 4 HeOe
Tartaric acid (d-, Z-, or di-)
OTI^
C4H8O2
.
D A
n-Butyric acid*
C4H8O2
Isobutyric acid*
r.Ti r,
C4H10O
^v i *v *
Ethyl ether*
C4Hi0O
^Tir,
C4H10O
n-Butyl alcohol*t
T i. * i i u i*
Isobutyl alcohol*
^ ^
C4H10O
_ . A, .
, . I3h
Tnmethyl carbinoli
C4H12ClN
r,wrk
C5H4O2
C6H5N
C5H10O2
C5H10O2
C5H12O
CeH5NO3
~wrk
CeH
6O
. ,.
Furfuralt
Pyridine*t
n-Valeric acid
Isovaleric acid
Isoamyl alcohol
p-Nitrophenol
u
i
Phenol
25
25
25
20
15
/ 1 5
j
80
CeHeO2
CeH7N
CeIi7N
CeHsO7 + H 2 O
CeH16ClN
OTT f .
C7H14Oe
Resorcinol
a-Picoline*
/3-Picoline*
Citric acid (hydrate)
Triethylamine hydrochloride
.,
A/r ., , ,
a-Methyl
glucoside
18
25
25
18
21
/
O
|
30
CsH8O3
CsH14Oe
CsH20ClN
C10H14N2
CnH 6 QiO
Phenylglycolic acid
Ethyl tartratef
Tetraethylammonium chloride
Nicotine*
Benzenepentacarboxylic acid
25
15
18
25
20
25
20
/
.<
f
^
2Q
25
21
20
25
25
15
21
20
25
+0.02494
+.0 2 5264
+ .O2SlOS
+.0 2 3648
Q23602
+
-O.O6S
-.0 3 1996
- .031607
+ .05302
+ .o5552
+0.04254
+ .04208
O- 70
0-78
o_ go
O- 16
0-30
+ .024489
+.0*4455
+ .024401
- .021175
+.0 3 255
+ .042802
+.0 4 2198
+ .041887
- .042024
-.0 5 16
O-
+ .03639
+ .04171
0-100
^ 6
+ .021483
+ <(W33
+ .052992
_.o5i08
.070248
O- 65
0-40
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
O- 89
0-20
O- 10
^40
O- 9
0-56
+ .021193
+.0 2 389
- .03856
- .037648
- .021009
- .021233
- .021171
- .033729
+.0340
+ .0395
+ Q39245
+ .02231
+.0 2 1278
- .05307
+ .041066
- .05449
- .O41193
- .059682
- .053529
- .05904
- .OU232
-.0574
- .04172
_.o599
+ .OJ86
-.05245
.0747
+
+
.O7SSS
.08272
.08624
.070327
.0856
.072984
0-40
0-5.5
O- 40
Q_ 4Q
O- 15
0-50
O- 50
0-50
O- 50
O- 50
O- 50
O- 10
Q_ 2
O- 9
O- 9
O- 12
O- 5
^6
+.0234
+ .02304
+ .023933
+ Q23736
+ .024482
+ .024455
+ .024432
+ .024335
+ .024265
+ .0*4205
+ .024155
+ .03414
Q30135
+
+ .0352
+ .0345
+ .0337
- .02221
_ ^221
0-7.9 - .021651
0 - 8 - .0 146
^ 8 _ > 0 |21 6 9
1 5
/ 2 0
|
Range.
P
O- 9
0-4
O- 4
O- 32
^86
+.0722
- .071291
+.074366
+ .076549
+.0 7 361
-.0 7 3437
0.0005
.0001
.00005
.0005
.002
.0004
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
(*) '
0)
(1Z5)
0")
(49,127,129)
.001
.0005
+ .0448
^35
.0003
.0005
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0001
0(m
+ .04285
.0002
.0003
+ .056
+0438
0002
0-100 ^100
.02117
_ Q^86
.041908
+ .07957
.001
_ Q ^Q
+ ^887
Q()1
O- 36
O- 8
o_ 8
0-60
O- 3
O- 5
0-2.5
0-1.5
0 - 5
^65
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.0334
.021827
.021664
.03229
.0334
.03253
.02155
.023216
.O 2 IIl
.0676
.05366
.0*21
.05204
.0427
.04282
.043
.0455
.04283
Os462
+
+
+
_
+
+
+
+
+
.05519
.051405
.0513
.041141
.05558
.05996
^
+
O- 52 +
O- 70 0-60 O- 50 +
0-54 +
26- 51 +
2_ l
O- 11
O- 95
O- 63
O- 60
0-0.6
+
+
+
+
+
.02201
.04386
.04683
.023824
.046
.023336
^^
+
.0828
O86
.02207
+ .0423
.022367 . .+ .05358
.031884
+ .056
.03642
+ .05454
.025616
- .02117
.0004
.0002
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0002
.0003
.0001
.0002
001
.0819
.074167
+ .0717
.0869
+ .071544
^78
+
.076005
+ .07122
.07687
(12l)
(Hi)
O)
.0005
OOT)
.001
(")
.001
< 113 )
.001
( 117 )
.0005
( 1 ^)
.001
C 9 )
.0005
(H7)
.001
O)
.0001
()
.0005
O")
.0005
(i9,67,ioo)
.0003
(97, ioo)
.0002
()
.0005
.0002
.001
.001
.0005
.0001
.0005
+.O6Il
Lit.
;
|
Used
(37)
(103)
(i<>3)
(63,64)
(Ti)
.0002
+.0675
+ .05957
+ .o4175
+ .04185
+ .04185
+ .041837
+ .OU85
+ .04185
+ .04185
+ .04185
+ .O 4 ISl
_.o4166
.0005
.0006
.0004
.0005
.001
.0002
^
.001
.0005
.0005
.0003
.00005
O)
( 1 OZ)
( 1 I*)
(i")
(72)
(59)
( 134 )
(i34)
i 1 34)
(i34)
(i 34)
(52, 120)
(i.")
(121)
(5.2)
(19,97)
(98)
(50)
(96)
(", 121)
(120)
(i)
(18)
7
(i )
(70)
<ro)
(54)
(19)
(19)
(120)
(122)
(122)
-
Con!.
(94,136)
(82, 4)
(100)
(59,82,88)
(63,82)
(*)
{*)
(7,32)
(**)
O)
t
t
J(i2i)
(S9.i, 68jj
(ii3)j
(74)
()
()
(97,133)
(35)
(126)
()
(63, 100, 121)
(79,134,137)
(25)
(121)
(134)
(38,82,90,92)
( 121)
<")
(52)
(ili)
(SO)
(f 113>
(120)
^ 130 )
(139)
(139)
(4)
(H2)
(tii)
(24, so, 43, H3)
(97)
(113)
(36)
(12)
(54)
(54)
(128)
(i7)
(6)
Jg)
(26)
(48)
(107)
(S3)
(i)
(126)
(89)
(ioo)
(84,143,144)
(91,135)
Section B. d = da + Apw + Bp1^ -f Cpws

Formula
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C 4 Hi 0 O
C 4 Hi 0 O
- _
C 4 Hi 0 O
C4Hi0O
C5H5N
C6H7N
C6H7N
Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2
Name
t, 0C
d,
w-Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid
Ethyl ether
w-Butyl alcohol
T u .i i u i
Isobutyl alcohol
Trimethyl carbinol
Pyridine
a-Picoline
/9-Picoline
Nicotine
0.9534
0.9425
0.7077
0.8097
/ 0.8170
\ 0.8055
0.7856
0.9776
0.9404
0.9515
1.0093
Range
P^
Formula
Name
PhI r 1 WHr t,
Chloral hydrate
C3H6O
C4Hi0O
Allyl alcohol
n-Butyl alcohol
C5H4O2
Furfural
c- TT M
C5H5N
V-APyndme
C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrte
2 5 0 - 3 8
26
0-80
25
0-1.1
20
0-20
O
0-14
15
0-16
20
0-20
25
0-40
25
0-30
25
0-40
20
0-40
Section C.
r TT Pl n
C2H3Cl3O2
'
+ 0 . 0 2 1 8 5 4 - 0 . 0
+ .O2ISOS
- .042358
+ .0234
+ .0336
+ .022103
- .O 4 IlS
+ .022437
- .04285
+.02224
-.0 4 129
+ .022287
+ .05275
+ .021157
- .05536
+ .022715
- .04393
+ .021925
- .04352
+ .02199
- .04331
Used
^
|
2 3 1 4 0 . 0 0 1
(19> 67)
-f0.061253
.001 (36,123)
.0001 ( 5 )
.0005
( 96 )
.0002
(139)
.0002
(17)
.0002 (i, 139)
- .062
.001
C43)
.0005 (54)
+ .0625
.0005
(54)
+ .07315
.0002
(9M
Conf.
$
( 20)j
113
( H
(1H
J
J
(54,30)
(S3)j
dt = do + At + B2
doil
'
2
/
-
|
10
Cge>
-0094)
00
(1 0476)
76.60
80.95
4.62
5.69
6.56
9.34
21 20
'
0.9122
0.8614
(1.0125)
(1.0140)
(1.0155)
(1.0055)
(1.0115)
29 50
(1 0145)
40.40
(1.0182)
5.00
(1.0150)
10.00 (1.0270)
25.00
(1.0665)
Used
7-80 -0.042597
-0.054313 0.0004
_ Q47955
_ 064253
7_80
0004
0-45
- .O3S
0-43
- .037292
22-74
- .03232
22-74
- .03221
22-74
- .03211
11-73 - .03171
14-73 - .03378
12-72 - .03463
9-74 - .03605
15-80
- .032103
15-80 - .032116
15-80 - .03401
- .0527
- .Oe75
- .05254
- .05268
- .0*290
- .053615
- .05248
- .05235
- .05167
- .052544
- .052929
- .0523
.0003
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
(7)
(7)
Conf~
(104, 125)
( io4, 125)
(74)
(isi)
(i)
( 9 ^)
(H2)
(70)
(H2)
()
(U 2 )
(70)
(H3)
(54)
(U 3 )
( S4 )
("S)
(54)
(H3)
(54j
(44)
( 4 *)
144
( )
( 48 )
Q44)
(48)
* For data on more concentrated solutions, v. Section B.

t For data regarding thermal expansion, v. Section C.
J The value for 100 % agrees with that given by Brunei and Van Bibber (p. 27) within the limit of error indicated.
Above 40 % the limit of error is possibly 0.002.
11 The values for do, which are enclosed in parentheses, have been obtained by extrapolation and are to be used for the purpose of calculation only.
TABLE 2.MISCELLANEOUS AND FRAGMENTARY DATA (THE (T-ARRANGEMENT)

^,
,
Formula
CHCl3
CH2O
CH3NO
^TTx1n
v,miN2U
^T
Name
Chloroform
Formaldehyde
Formamide
TT
urea
_^T_ XT
CH
5N
CHeClN
C2HBr3O
C2HBr3O2
C2HCl3O
- , i l .
Methylamine
Methylamine hydrochloride
Bromal
Tribromoacetic acid
Chloral
C2HCl3O2
C2H2Cl2O2
^ ~
C12 H 2 O 4
C 2 H 3 BrO 2
Range.
orf
J
s
^ T - J
Oxalic acid
Bromoacetic acid
PS
0-55
18
25
0-84
5
10
15
15 30
'
^
20
25
25
30-80
or
25
25
.
40-100
16
50-90
O
Satd. sol.
0-37
1.7-100
Satd. sol.
3-10
3-10
3-10
1.5-5.9
0_2()
3
5.9
1-46
0-11
rv o
0-3
0-6.7
45-100
20,30
2-100
21-86
O, I^ 30
20
16
20
25
15
16-30
17-20
17.5
Dichloroacetic acid
J
j
Range,
L/
18
20
11-90
10-58
7.5
13
0-12
2.2
9
3.5-7
3.5-7
4 5
2 4
1:1
30
30
16
4.3
12.6
20,30
T.
Lit.
(i<>)
(2)
( 23 )
(H6)
(l 03 )
(i 3 )
(l 03 )
( 9 S)
(122)
(126)
(31)
(23)
(61)
/R
^
(55)
(5S)
(29)
(5M
(60)
(U)
(i^)
(I4I)
(51)
( 82 )
(55)
(121)
(ii)
(5*)
(34)
(66)
_,
,
Formula
_T
Name
C2H3Cl3O2
Chloral hydrate
C2H3N
C2H4O
Acetonitrile
Acetaldehyde
C2H4O3
Glycolic acid
C2H5I
Ethyl iodide
- TT XT^
C 2 HsNO
A . -j
Acetamide
C 2 H 5 NO 2
C 2 HeNO
C2H6O2S
C 2 HvN
Glycocoll
Methylurea
Dimethyl sulfone
Dimethylamine
C2H8ClN
Range,
*'
{s
(
\
[
(
J
<
|
(
Ethylamine hydrochloride.... /
C2H8ClN
C3H4O4
C3H6O
Dimethylamine hydrochloride. .
Malonic acid
Allyl alcohol
(
C3H6O
Acetone
^6O2
P.opionicaeid
(80)
ffi
(78)
(73)
(")
0-47
4-45
11
20
20, 44
29
17, 18
20
20
25
15-72
0-68
25
0_
25
25
20
25
26
25
2
25
15-25
15
0-60
15
15
20,25
25
O
4,15,25
Range,
*'
T .A
Satd. sol.
75.4
9-47
4-33
0-80
50 % vol.
30-100
4,17
7.6
4
0.3
Satd. sol.
0-69
_ _
5.9
34
3.7
7.4
2.5
0-3-
(H*)
<**)
(3)
(56)
0<> 4 )
(i5)
( 49 > 12?)
(* 4 )
(2)
(100)
(H3)
(H6)
(23)
,_..
(31)
(56)
(126)
(31)
(56)
(55)
Pa
Lit.
<">
1-8
(55)
59
(7)
0-6
(121)
0-100
(U 3)
15-100
(3 9 )
1-10
( 9 3)
10-100
(5 9 -i)
10-100
( 4 6)
17-100
(U)
80
(M)
< }
17
20
50-100
8-97
(21)
O4M
TABLE 2.MISCELLANEOUS AND FRAGMENTARY DATA (THE (L-ARRANGEMENT).(Continued)
,
Formula
XT
Name
f
CsHeO2
Range,
0 *
C
20
20
Propionic acid, Continued. . . . '
C3H6O2
Methyl acetate
25
25
17-63
CsH6O2
CsHeO3
C3HeO3
C3H6O4
C3H7N
Ethyl formate
Lactic acid
^/-Lactic acid
Glyceric acid
Allylamine
10-40
20
20
20
15
C3H7NO
Propionamide
C3HsN2O
C3H8O2
CaH9N
Dimethylurea
Methylal
Propylamine
("O)
(62)
J A
fS2\
40-100
50-100
5-10,
85-95
6,95
9
15, 34
8.5,11
0-5.7
(67)
(i)
(i i 3 )
(H 3 )
( 82 )
(64)
(64)
("i)
^0
<">
25
12-33
15
8.8
10,20,30
0-6
( 3 I)
(U 3 )
(121)
^5
.,
Lit.
C3H9N
Trimethylamine
* ^6
^sV/
CaHioCIN
C4H4O4
C4H4O4
C4H5Cl3O2
C4H6O2
C 4 HeO 3
C4H6O4
C4HeO4
Trimethylamine hydrochloride. .
25
1-9
Fumarie acid
15
0.3
Maleic acid...
15,20,25
44.6
Trichlorobutyric acid
20
15, 18
Crotonic acid
25
4
Acetic anhydride
O, 18
50-100
Methyl oxalate
15
0-1.5
Succinic acid
20
5.9
f
15
2,4.7
15
1.7,3.3
20
8-70
Malic acid
]
20
1.7-24
20
6.7
25
16
[
9-45
17
Diglycolic acid
20
14
f
15-20
5-50
15
3.7-33
15
4-15
18
4-45
Tartaricacid
(5S)
(121)
(87)
(64)
(56)
(30)
(121)
( 82 )
(3S)
(121)
(i 9 )
()
(82)
(io)
(11-5)
(56)
(58)
(106)
(SS)
(U 9 I
< (M) >
20
20
25
15
20-90
20
15
15
O
O
15
1-15
4
7, 18
0.4
0.5,1.9
1.2-2.8
1-4.4
1,2.2
11-71
98-100
83-100
(64)
(80)
(ioo)
(121)
(i 3 )
(5)
(121)
(*)
(U)
(140)
39
( 40)
^^
>
20
20
20
15
20
2Q
30-100
8.8
76-90
72-87
5-20
gg
(124)
(82)
(62)
(48)
(i 2 0 )
,82.
20
0-40
13, 17
6.6-10,
(64)
(76)
0-44
( 1 2 I)
17-63
0-84
15
20
4,7.6,96
Satd. sol.
1.3-5
0-1.4
(U 3 )
(H6)
(121)
(S)1
O
15-75
12,99
1.5-10%
vol.
C 4 HeO 6
C4HeO5
C4HeOe
C 4 H 7 NO 4
Aspartic acid
C4H8O2
C4HsO2
Methyl propionate
Propyl formate
C4H8O2
,-Butyric acid
C4HsO2
<
Range,
p
10,30,50
67-89
I
[
\
[
Isobutyric acid
C4HsO2
Ethyl acetate
C 4 H 8 NO 2
C4HsO3
C4H8N2O3
Succinamide
Hydroxyisobutyric acid
Asparagine
C4HwO
Ethyl ether
C4H10O
Isobutyl alcohol
OK
25
118
87
("23 J
(31)
6
O )
(138)
fQ
g^5
25
2-5,
82-95
(i 3 0 )
,-,
,
Formula
_T
Name
Range,
0*
C
20
C4Hi0O
sec.-Butyl alcohol
C4Hi0O
C4Hi0O
C 4 HnN
C 4 HuN
C 4 Hi 2 ClN
C 4 Hi 2 ClN
C4Hi2ClN
C 4 Hi 3 NO
Trimethyl carbinol
Erythritol
Butylamine
Diethylamine
Butylamine hydrochloride
Tetramethylammonium chloride
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
Furfural
Pyromucic acid
f
C5H4O2
C5H4O3
0-70
19.5
20
20
25
20
25
Range,
p
0-17.8,
64-100
63-100
14.3
8,15,29
11, 15.8
1-7.4
5, 7, 9
1-9
(83)
(56)
(64)
(64)
(55)
(64)
(55)
25
22-97
25.8
O
0-70
0-100
9-74
15
15-87
25
0-4.5
96
2.2
9-100
67
33-100
66,78,90
1-36
12-87
30-60
(55)
(H2)
(56)
(4)
(74)
(SO)
(U 3 )
(122)
(4T)
(27)
C5H6N
Pyridine
C6H6O4
Citraconic acid
-TT^
C6HeO4
T.
-A
Itacomc acid
J
j
C5H6O4
C6HsO2
C6HsO4
C6HsO4
C6Hi0O
Mesaconic acid
Allyl acetate
Glutaric acid
Methylsuccinic acid
Diethyl ketone
C6Hi0O2
n-Valeric acid
C 5 Hi 0 O 2
Isovaleric acid
C5Hi0O2
C5Hi0O2
C5Hi2O
Ethyl propionate
Propyl acetate
sec.-Amyl alcohol
CeHi2O
C5Hi3N
C6Hi4ClN
Dimethyl ethyl carbinol

Amylamine
Amylamine hydrochloride
CeHeO
Phenol
CeHeO2
CeH6O2
CeHeO2
CeHeO3
Catechol
Hydroquinol
Resorcinol
Pyrogallol
CeH7N
Aniline
CeHsClN
Aniline hydrochloride
CeHsO7
Citric acid
CeHi0O3
CeHi0O4
CeHi0O4
CeHi0Oe
CeHi2O2
Ethyl acetoacetate
Ethylene glycol diacetate
Ethyl oxalate
Methyl tartrate
Propyl propionate
CeHi2Os
Paraldehyde
C6Hi2O6
CeHi4O6
CeHi6ClN
C7HsO
Quercitol
Mannitol
Triethylamine hydrochloride....
w-Cresol
^5
^4
T.,
Lit.
O2)
(
( *^
24, 25
^
2.6, 4.2
^2
(56)
(102)
28
15
4,15,25
25
10-71
3.7
1.2
42.3
1.1-3.2
2.2,4.8
(56)
(Hi)
(87)
(i 02)
(U 3 )
**
^|
[">
15
84-100
( 39 > 40)
2,' 4, 100
25
15
15
20
8-74
15
15.5
20
15
20
20
89,99
0.6,1.3
1.3
89.8-100
3,94
1-2
90-96
0-3.3
1-4.4
5.8,6.6
3.8, 6.6
0")
(i 9 )
(121)
(121)
(12)
(US)
(120^
()
(22)
(i 21 )
(64)
(64)
Jj^
g^5
C
\
20
20
0-85
20
13-97
15-80
5.5
5.5
Satd. sol.
6.3
3,95
0-3.3
(126)
(126)
(i 16)
(126)
(U 3 )
O38)
25
12
15
20
20
25
14-72
16-74
17-74
16-79
15
15
16-70
22
4-36
1.9
1-26
7
8.7
3-10
5-81
1.8,4.6
5-75
0.4
1.6-6.6
1.3,6.4,
7.7
5.7,7.7
9
1.7-13.7
2, 95
(H4)
(106)
( 35 )
( 9 4)
(82)
(ioo)
(ii 3 )
(U 3 )
(U 3 )
(i i 3 )
(121)
("i)
(U 3 )
f
\
(
C1H12O.
Quinicacid
C8HeO4
CsHsO2
CsHi0Os
CsHuOe
CsH20ClN
o-Phthalic acid
Phenylacetic acid
Diacetyltartaric acid
Ethyl tartrate
Tetraethylammonium chloride..
19,22
20
25
11-95
.
25
25
25
13-99
25
vol. %
'*
0.7
0.6
0-19
50-75
2-16
(56)
(126)
(55)
(ii 3 )
>
(ioi)
(IOO)
O5)
(143, 144)
( 5 S)
T-,
i
Formula
C9H7N
C9Hi3NO3S
CioHsOsS
Ci0Hi6O4
CnHi 2 N 2 Q
1
!
XT
Name
Quinoline
Trimethylsulfanilic acid
/S-Naphthalenesulfonic acid
Camphoric acid
Antipyrine
Range,
0~
O
8-95
25
30
0-40
Range, 1
2?s
82,89,95
0-2
57
7-51
_ .A
Lit.
( 113 )
(57)
< 73 )
C 13 5 )
20
74
21
20
33-86
69.2
1
9.3
(V)
(48)
(56)
Q26)
LITERATURE
O) Atkins and Wallace, 4, 103: 1461; 13. ( 2 ) Auerbach and Barschall, 291,
22: 584; 05. ( 3 ) Barbier and Roux, 27, 3: 419; 90. ( 4 ) Baud, 27, 5: 1022;
09. 34, 148: 96; 09. ( 5 ) Becker, 25, U: 1028; 81. ( 6 ) Berkeley, Hartley
and Burton, 62, 218: 295; 19. ( 7 ) Bousfield and Lowry, 83, 6: 85; 10. ( 8 )
Burke, 1, 42: 2500; 20. ( 9 ) Burrows, 316, 53: 74; 19.
( 10 ) Chancel and Parmentier, S4, 100: 773; 85. ( 1 M Charpy, 6, 29: 5; 93.
(11.5) Clough, 4, 107: 96; 15. ( 1 2 ) Clough and Johns, 45, 15: 1030; 23.
( 13 ) Cook, go, 30: 294; 97. ( 1 4 ) Davis, 34, 16: 502; 97. ( 1 5 ) Deakin and
Rivett, 4, 101: 127; 12. ( 1 6 ) Desmaroux, 315, 19: 322; 22. ( 17 ) Doroschevskii, 03, 41: 958; 09. ( 18 ) Doroschevskii, 53, 43: 66; 11. (19) Drucker,
7, 52: 641; 05.
(20) Drucker and Moles, 7, 75: 405; 11. ( 21 ) Drude, 7, 23: 267; 97. ( 2 2 )
Duclaux, 6, 13: 76; 78. ( 2 3 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 97: 1935; 10. ( 2 4 )
Dunstan and Thole, 4, 93: 561; 08. ( 2 5 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 93: 1815;
08. ( 2 6 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 97: 1249; 10. ( 2 7 ) Dunstan, Thole and
Hunt, 4, 91: 1728; 07. ( 2 9 ) Efremov, 53, 50: 347; 18. 10, 5: 39; 25.
( 30 ) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. ( 31 ) Fawsitt, 68, 25: 51; 04. ( 3 2 ) Findlay and Shen,
4, 101: 1459; 12. ( 33 ) Fontein, 7, 73: 212; 10. ( 34 ) Franz, 52, 5: 274; 72.
( 35 ) Fresenius and Grnhut, 91, 51: 23; 12. ( 36 ) Friedlander, 7, 38:
385; 01. ( 3 7 ) Gerlach, 317, 9: 241; 86. ( 38 ) Golse, Thesis, Bordeaux, 1911.
10, 2: 195; 13. ( 39 ) Graham, 13, 123: 90; 62.
( 4 0 ) Graham, 62, 151: 373; 61. ( 41 ) Grossman and Wieneke, 7, 54: 385; 06.
( 4 2 ) Hallwachs, 8, 68: 1; 99. (* 3 ) Hartley, Thomas and Applebey, 4, 93:
538; 08. ( 4 4 ) Hartwig, 8, 33: 58; 88. ( 4 S ) Heimbrodt, 8, 13: 1028; 04.
( 4 ) Herz and Knoch, 93, 45: 262; 05. ( 4 7 ) Holmes, 4, 89: 1774; 06. ( 48 )
Holmes, 4, 103: 2147; 13. ( 4 9 ) Homfray, 4, 87: 1430; 05.
( 50 ) Horiba, 41, 31: 922; 10. ( 51 ) Humburg, 7, 12: 401; 93. ( 52 ) Jahn, 7,
16: 72; 95. ( 53 ) Jephcott, 4, 115: 104; 19. < 5 4 ) Jones and Speakman, 1,
43: 1867; 21. ( 55 ) Kanitz, 7, 22: 336; 97. (56) Kanonnikoff, 52, 31:
321; 85. (57) Katayama and Yamada, 41, 41: 193; 20. ( 58 ) Kohlrausch,
8, 159: 233; 76. ( 5 9 ) Kohlrausch and Hallwachs, 8, 50: 118; 95. ( 5 9 -i)
Krug and MacElroy, 320, 6: 184; 92.
(60) Kurnakov and Efremov, 7, 85: 401; 13. ( 61 ) Landesen, 882, 14; 04.
B3, 462; 23. ( 6 2 ) Landolt, 8, 117: 352; 62. (63) LeBlanc, 7, 4: 553; 89.
(64) LeBlanc and Rohland, 7, 19: 261; 96. ( 65 ) Levi, 24, 75 II: 465; 15.
(66) Loomis, 8, 60: 547; 97. ( 6 7 ) Ldeking, 8, 27: 72; 86. ( 68 ) MacElroy,
1,16: 618; 94.
(70) Mains, 83, 26: 779; 22. ( 71 ) Mameli, 36, 41 I: 291; 11. ( 7 2 ) Marchlevskii, 26,25:1556; 92. ( 73 ) Masson, 4,101:103; 12. ( 7 4 ) Matthews and
Cooke, 50, 18: 566; 95. ( 7S ) Maue, 319, 63: 197; 18. (76) Merriman, 4,
103: 1774; 13. (77) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. ( 78 ) Morgan and
McKirahan, 1, 35: 1759; 13. ( 7 9 ) Nasini and Gennari, 7, 19: 113; 96.
( 8 0 ) Nicol, 3, 18: 179; 84. ( 81 ) Noyes and Lombard, 1, 33: 1423; 11. ( 8 2 )
Ostwald, 62, 18: 328; 78. ( 83 ) Paterno and Mieli, 36, 37 H: 330; 07. 22,
16 II: 153; 07. ( 84 ) Patterson and Anderson, 4, 101: 1833; 12. ( 8S )
Perkin, 4, 49: 777; 86. ( 86 ) Perkin, 4, 51: 808; 87. ( 8 7) Perkin, 4, 53:
561; 88. ( 88 ) Polovzov, 7, 75: 513; 11. ( 89 ) Pratolongo, 22, 20 I: 812; 11.
22 I: 86; 13.
( 90 ) Pribram, 26, 20: 1840; 87. ( 91 ) Pribram and Glucksam, 75, 106: 296; 97.
( 9 2 ) Pribram and Glucksam, 75, 107: 146; 98. ( 93 ) Pringsheim, Khn and
Fritze, 92, 32: 287; 19. ( 9 4 ) Rakshit, 9, 31: 97; 25. ( 9 5 ) Rankin and
Taylor, 174, 45: 397; 06. ( 9 6) Reilly and Ralph, 117, 15: 597; 19. ( 97 )
Reyher, 7, 2: 744; 88. ( 98 ) Richards and Chadwell, 1, 47: 2283; 25. (")
Richards and Palitzsch, 1, 41: 59; 19.
( 10 ) Rimbach and Wintgen, 7, 74: 233; 10. ( 101 ) Rivett and Rosenblum, 53,
9: 297; 14. ( 102 ) Rivett and Sidgwick, 4, 97: 1677; 10. ( 103 ) Roth, 7,
24: 114; 97. ( 104 ) Rudolphi, 7, 37: 426; 01. ( 105 ) Sachonov and Rabinovic, 53, 47:861; 15. 10, 4: 36; 21. ( 106 ) Schiff, 13, 113: 183; 60. ( 107 )
Schiff and Monsacchi, 7, 24: 513; 97. 36, 28 I: 161; 98. ( 108 ) Schmidt, 8t
114: 337; 61. ( 1 O 9 ) Schneider, 13, 207: 257; 81.
( 110 ) Schultze, 91, 21: 167; 82. (") Schwers, 28, 1908: 814. 70, 28: 42; 09.
( 112 ) Schwers, 28, 1911: 641. ( 113 ) Schwers, 42, 9: 15; 11. ( 1 1 4 ) Sidgwick, Pickford and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1122; 11. (* 6 ) Speyers, 12, 14: 293; 02.
O 1 7) Squibb, 1, 17: 187; 95. ( 118 ) Stubbs, 4, 99: 2265; 11. ( 119 ) Thornsen, Thermochemistry, p. 162. N. Y., Longmans, 1908.
(120) Traube, 26, 19: 871; 86. ( 121 ) Traube, 13, 265: 27; 91. ( 122 ) Traube,
13, 290: 43; 96. ( 123 ) Tsakalotos, 7, 68: 32; 09. ( 124 ) Tsakalotos, 34,
146: 1146; 08. ( 12S ) Turbaba, Charkow Gesell, exp. Wiss., 18: 8; 90. 21:
Supp. 19, 56, 69, 111; 93. Quoted from BS, 477; 23. ( 126 ) Usher, 4, 97:
66; 10. ( 127 ) Van Aubel, 61, 4: 478; 89. ( 128 ) Varga, Diss., Budapest, 1911.
10, 2: 14; 13. ( 129 ) Vaubel, 62, 59: 30; 99.
(130) Wad and Gokhale, 318, 4: 17; 21. ( 131 ) Wallace and Atkins, 4, 101:
1179; 12. ( 132 ) Weiss and Downs, 1, 45: 1003; 23. ( 133 ) Wilsdon and
Sidgwick, 4, 103: 1959; 13. ( 134 ) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. ( 135 ) Whither,
7, 60: 590 ; 07. (*36 ) Worden and Motion, 54, 24:178 ; 05. ( 3 7 ) Woringer,
7, 36: 326; 01. ( 138 ) Worley, 4, 105: 260; 14. ( 139 ) Young and Fortey,
4, 81: 717; 02.
( 14 ) Zander, 13, 224: 56; 84. ( 141 ) Zecchini, 36, 35 II: 65; 05. ( 1 4 2 ) Zoppellari, 36, 35 I: 355; 05. ( 143 ) Patterson, 4, 79: 167; 01. ( 144 ) Patterson, 4,
85: 1116; 04.
DENSITY OF CERTAIN AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS

H. W. BEARCE, GRACE C. MULLIGAN AND MERRIEL P. MASLIN
A. SOLUTIONS CONTAINING ONE SOLUTE ONLY.
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF METHYL, ETHYL,
AND PROPYL ALCOHOLS, GLYCEROL AND
FORMIC AND ACETIC ACIDS
All compositions are in Wt. % in vacuo. All density values are
d4 = g/ml in vacuo.
CHsOH, METHYL ALCOHOL
V. also (l, 11, 1^, 19, 20, 31, 35, 42, 46, 49, 51, 65, 67, 78, 79, 80,
81, 83, 86, 88)
"
^
\
0(15) io(i5)
^6
20(15)
.9914
.9899
.9884
.9870
.9912
.9896
.9881
.9865
.9904
.9889
.9872
.9857
.9896
.9880
9863
.9847
0(15)
10(15)
i K Ka
J-^
20(15)
15(17)
90.98560.98490.98410.98310.98394
10
11
12
13
14
.9842
.9829
.9816
.9804
.9792
.9834
.9820
.9805
.9791
.9778
.9826
.9811
.9796
.9781
.9766
.9815
.9799
.9784
.9768
.9754
.98241
.98093
.97945
.97802
.97660
15
16
17
18
19
.9780
.9769
.9758
.9747
.9736
.9764
.9751
.9739
.9726
.9713
.9752
.9738
.9723
.9709
.9695
.9740
.9725
.9710
.9696
.9681
.97518
.97377
.97237
.97096
.96955
20
21
22
23
24
.9725
.9714
.9702
.9690
.9678
.9700
.9687
.9673
.9660
.9646
.9680
.9666
.9652
.9638
.9624
.9666
.9651
.9636
.9622
.9607
.96814
.96673
.96533
.96392
.96251
15(17)
O0.99990.99970.99900.99820.99913
1
.9981
.9980
.9973
.9965
.99727
2
.9963
.9962
.9955
.9948
.99543
3
.9946
.9945
.9938
.9931
.99370
4
.9930
.9929
.9921
.9914
.99198
5
6
7
8
-\^
r*
\
^
.99029
.98864
.98701
.98547
CH3OH, METHYL ALCOHOL.(Continued)

~\\
op
-j r
\
^ 0(15)
10(15)
\C^ 0(15)
pr
J^
20(15)
15(17)
250.96660.96320.96090.95920.96108
26
.9654
.9618
.9595
.9576
.95963
27
.9642
.9604
.9580
.9562
.95817
28
.9629
.9590
.9565
.9546
.95668
29
.9616
.9575
.9550
.9531
.95518
30
31
32
33
34
.9604
.9590
.9576
.9563
.9549
.9560
.9546
.9531
.9516
.9500
.9535
.9521
.9505
.9489
.9473
.9515
.9499
.9483
.9466
.9450
.95366
.95213
.95056
.94896
.94734
35
36
37
38
39
.9534
.9520
.9505
.9490
.9475
.9484
.9469
.9453
.9437
.9420
.9456
.9440
.9422
.9405
.9387
.9433
.9416
.9398
.9381
.9363
.94570
.94404
.94237
.94067
.93894
40
41
42
43
44
.9459
.9443
.9427
.9411
.9395
.9403
.9387
.9370
.9352
.9334
.9369
.9351
.9333
.9315
.9297
.9345
.9327
.9309
.9290
.9272
.93720
.93543
.93365
.93185
.93001
45
46
47
48
49
.9377
.9360
.9342
.9324
.9306
.9316
.9298
.9279
.9260
.9240
.9279
.9261
.9242
.9223
.9204
.9252
.9234
.9214
.9196
.9176
.92815
.92627
.92436
.92242
.92048
50
51
52
53
54
.9287
.9269
.9250
.9230
.9211
.9221
.9202
.9182
.9162
.9142
.9185
.9166
.9146
.9126
.9106
.9156
.9135
.9114
.9094
.9073
.91852
.91653
.91451
.91248
.91044
55
56
57
58
59
.9191
.9172
.9151
.9131
.9111
.9122
.9101
.9080
.9060
.9039
.9086
.9065
.9045
.9024
.9002
.9052
.9032
.9010
.8988
.8968
.90839
.90631
.90421
.90210
.89996
60
61
62
63
64
.9090
.9068
.9046
.9024
.9002
.9018
.8998
.8977
.8955
.8933
.8980
.8958
.8936
.8913
.8890
.8946
.8924
.8902
.8879
.8856
.89781
.89563
.89341
.89117
.88890
65
66
67
68
69
.8980
.8958
.8935
.8913
.8891
.8911
.8888
.8865
.8842
.8818
.8867
.8844
.8820
.8797
.8771
.8834
.8811
.8787
.8763
.8738
.88662
.88433
.88203
.87971
.87739
70
71
72
73
74
.8869
.8847
.8824
.8801
.8778
.8794
.8770
.8747
.8724
.8699
.8748
.8726
.8702
.8678
.8653
.8715
.8690
.8665
.8641
.8616
.87507
.87271
.87033
.86792
.86546
75
76
77
.8754
.8729
,8705
.8676
.8651
.8626
.8629
.8604
.8579
.8592
.8567
.8542
.86300
.86051
.85801
10(15)
J^
20(15)
15(17)
780.86800.86020.85540.85180.85551
79
.8657
.8577
.8529
.8494
.85300
80
81
82
83
84
.8634
.8610
.8585
.8560
.8535
.8551
.8527
.8501
.8475
.8449
.8503
.8478
.8452
.8426
.8400
.8469
.8446
.8420
.8394
.8366
.85048
.84794
.84536
.84274
.84009
85
86
87
88
89
.8510
.8483
.8456
.8428
.8400
.8422
.8394
.8367
.8340
.8314
.8374
.8347
.8320
.8294
.8267
.8340
.8314
.8286
.8258
.8230
.83742
.83475
.83207
.82937
.82667
90
91
92
93
94
.8374
.8347
.8320
.8293
.8266
.8287
.8261
.8234
.8208
.8180
.8239
.8212
.8185
.8157
.8129
.8202
.8174
.8146
.8118
.8090
.82396
.82124
.81849
.81568
.81285
95
96
97
98
99
.8240
.8212
.8186
.8158
.8130
.8152
.8124
.8096
.8068
.8040
.8101
.8073
.8045
.8016
.7987
.8062
.8034
.8005
.7976
.7948
.80999
.80713
.80428
.80143
.79859
100
.8102
.8009
.7959
.7917
.79577
C2H6OH, ETHYL ALCOHOL (5)
For bibliography, v. (56);Vm also (3, 6, 7, 14, 23, 31, 35, 38, 39, 49,
50, 51, 64, 67, 71, 74, 83, 87)
\^
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.99973 0.99913 0.99823 0.99708 0.99568 0.99406 0.99225

785
725
636
520
379
217
034
602
542
453
336
194
031 .98846
426
365
275
157
014 .98849
663
258
195
103 .98984 .98839
672
485
098
032 .98938
.98946 .98877
780
801
729
627
660
584
478
524
442
331
817
656
500
346
193
670
501
311
507
335
142
347
172 .97975
189
009
808
031 .97846
641
393
304
187
043 .97875
267
171
047 .97897
723
145
041 .97910
753
573
026 .97914
775
611
424
.97911
790
643
472
278
800
692
583
473
363
685
475
527
312
371
150
216 .96989
063
829
669
514
334
133 .96911
552
387
199 .96990
760
433
259
062
844
607
313
129 .96923
697
452
191 .96997
782
547
294
252
068
139 .96944
024
818
.96907
689
787
558
864
729
592
453
312
670
512
352
189
023
639
395
134 .95856
495
242 .95973
687
348
087
809
516
199 .95929
643
343
048
769
476
168
C2H5OH, ETHYL ALCOHOL ( 5 ).(Continued)

^\V
10
15
20
25
30
35
^sP
40
25
26
27
28
29
0.966650.964240.961680.958950.956070.953060.94991
539
287
020
738
442
133
810
406
144 .95867
576
272 .94955
625
268 .95996
710
410
098
774
438
125
844
548
241 .94922
590
248
30
31
32
33
34
.95977
823
665
502
334
35
36
37
38
39
162 .94832
494
146
790
425
051
.94986
650
306 .93952
591
221 .92843
805
464
114
756
390
016
634
620
273 .93919
556
186 .92808
422
431
079
720
353 .92979
597
208
40
41
42
43
44
238 .93882
518
148
770
385 .91992
042
682
314 .92940
558
170
774
.93842
478
107
729
344 .91952
554
639
271 .92897
516
128
733
332
433
062
685
301 .91910
513
108
45
46
47
48
49
226 .92852
472
085
692
291 .90884
017
640
257 .91868
472
069
660
.92806
426
041
649
250 .90845
434
593
211 .91823
429
028
621
207
379 .91995
604
208 .90805
396 .89979
50
51
52
53
54
162
776
384 .90985
580
168
750
.91943
555
160
760
353 .89940
519
723
333 .90936
534
125
710
288
502
110
711
307 .89896
479
056
279 .90885
485
079
667
248 .88823
55
56
57
58
59
055
659
258 .89850
437
016
589
.90831
433
031
621
206 .88784
356
607
207 .89803
392 .88975
552
122
381 .89980
574
162
744
319 .87888
154
752
344 .88931
512
085
653
60
61
62
63
64
.89927
523
113
699
278 .87851
417
698
293 .88882
466
044
615
180
468
062
650
233 .87809
379 .86943
237 .88830
417 .87998
574
142
705
006
597
183
763
337 .86905
466
65
66
67
68
69
.88774
364 .87948
527
100
667
227
541
130
713
291 .86863
429 .85987
308 .87895
477
054
625
190
747
074
660
241 .86817
387 .85950
507
.87839
424
004
579
148
710
266
70
71
72
73
74
602
187 .86766
340 .85908
470
025
365 .86949
527
100
667
228 .84783
127
710
287 .85859
426 .84986
540
.86888
470
047
618
184
743
297
648
229 .85806
376 .84941
500
053
75
76
77
408 .85988
168
747
.85927
505
686
382
067
741
403
055
524
212 .94890
557
214 .93860
357
038
709
370
021
662
186 .94860
525
180 .93825
461
Oil
679
337 .93986
626
257
564
134
322 .84891
079
647
698
257 .83809
455
013
564
211 .83768
319
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
i
^v..
78
79
0.85685 0.85262 0.84835 0.84403 0.83966 0.83523 0.83074

442
018
590
158
720
277 .82827
80
81
82
83
84
197 .84772
344 .83911
473
029
578
.84950
525
096
664
224 .82780
329
702
277 .83848
415 .82974
530
079
453
028
599
164
724
279 .81828
203 .83777
348 .82913
473
027
576
85
86
87
88
89
.83951
525
095
660
220 .81774
322
697
271 .82840
405 .81965
519
067
441
014
583
148
708
262 .80811
181 .82754
323 .81888
448
003
552
.82919
492
062
626
186 .80742
291
90
91
92
93
94
654
227 .81797
362 .80922
478
028
386 .81959
529
094
655
211 .79761
114
688
257 .80823
384 .79941
491
.81839
413 .80983
549
111
669
220
561
134
705
272 .79835
393 .78947
95
96
97
98
99
278 .80852
424 .79991
555
114
670
.80991
566
138
706
271 .78831
388
698
274 .79846
415 .78981
542
100
399 .79975
547
117
684
247 .77806
094
670
243 .78814
382 .77946
507
100
.79784
360 .78934
506
075
641
203
DENSITY (G/ML) OF MIXTURES OF C2H0OH AND H2O AT 2O0C

* indicates change in thefirsttwo decimal places
, ^1,
Tenths of %
alcohol by
weight
O |1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
0
0.99823 804 785 766 748 729 710 692 673 655
1
636 618 599 581 562 544 525 507 489 471
2
453 435 417 399 381 363 345 327 310 292
3
275 257 240 222 205 188 171 154 137 120
4
103 087 070 053 037 020 003 *987 *971 *954
5
6
7
8
9
.98938
780
627
478
331
922
765
612
463
316
906
749
597
449
301
890
734
582
434
287
874
718
567
419
273
859
703
553
404
258
843
688
538
389
244
827
673
523
374
229
811
658
508
360
215
796
642
493
345
201
10
11
12
13
14
187
047
.97910
775
643
172
033
896
761
630
158
019
883
748
617
144 130 117 103 089 075 061

006 *992 *978 *964 *951 *937 *923
869 855 842 828 815 801 788
735 722 709 696 683 670 657
604 591 578 565 552 539 526
15
16
17
18
19
514
387
259
129
.96997
501
374
246
116
984
488
361
233
103
971
475
349
220
089
957
462
336
207
076
944
450
323
194
063
931
438
310
181
050
917
425
297
168
037
904
412
284
155
024
891
400
272
142
010
877
20
21
22
23
24
864
729
592
453
312
850
716
578
439
297
837
702
564
425
283
823
688
551
411
269
810
675
537
396
254
796
661
523
382
240
783
647
509
368
225
769
634
495
354
211
756
620
481
340
196
742
606
467
326
182
DENSITY (Q/ML) OF MIXTURES OF C2H5OH AND H2O AT 2O0C.

(Continued)
, %.,
Tenths of %
alcohol by
weight
O | l [ 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
25
0.96168 153 139 124 109 094 080 065 050 035
26
020 005 *990 *975 *959 *944 *929 *914 *898 *883
27
.95867 851 836 820 805 789 773 757 742 726
28
710 694 678 662 646 630 613 597 581 565
29
548 532 516 499 483 466 450 433 416 400
30
31
32
33
34
382
212
038
.94860
679
365
195
020
842
660
349 332 315 298 281 264 247 230

178 161 143 126 108 091 074 056
003*985*967*950*932*914*896*878
824 806 788 770 752 734 715 697
642 624 605 587 568 550 531 512
35
36
37
38
39
494
306
114
.93919
720
475
287
095
899
700
456
268
075
879
680
438
249
056
859
660
419
230
036
840
640
400 382 363 344 325

211 192 172 153 134
017 *997 *978 *958 *939
820 800 780 760 740
620 599 579 559 539
40
41
42
43
44
518
314
107
.92897
685
498
294
086
876
664
478
273
065
855
642
458
253
044
834
621
437
232
023
812
600
417 396 376 356 335

212 191 170 149 129
002 *981 *960 *939 *918
791 770 749 728 707
579 557 536 515 493
45
46
47
48
49
472
257
041
.91823
604
450 429 408 386 365 343 322 300 279

236 214 193 171 150 128 106 085 063
019 *997 *976 *954 *932 *910 *889 *867 *845
801 780 758 736 714 692 670 648 626
582 560 538 516 494 472 450 428 406
50
51
52
53
54
384
160
.90936
711
485
361
138
914
689
463
339
116
891
666
440
317
093
869
644
417
295
071
846
621
395
272
049
824
598
372
250
026
801
576
349
228 206 183

004 *981 *959
779 756 734
553 531 508
327 304 281
55
56
57
58
59
258
031
.89803
574
344
236 213 190 167 145 122 099 076 054

008 *985 *962 *939 *917 *894 *871 *848 *825
780 757 734 711 688 665 643 620 597
551 528 505 482 459 436 413 390 367
321 298 275 252 229 206 183 160 137
60
61
62
63
64
113
.88882
650
417
183
090
859
626
393
160
65
66
67
68
69
.87948 925 901 878 854 831 807 784 760 737
713 689 666 642 619 595 572 548 524 501
477 454 430 406 383 359 336 312 288 265
241 218 194 170 147 123 099 075 052 028
004 *981 *957 *933 *909 *885 *862 *838 *814 *790
70
71
72
73
74
.86766
527
287
047
.85806
067
836
603
370
136
044
812
580
347
113
021 *998 *975 *951 *928 *905

789 766 743 720 696 673
557 533 510 487 463 440
323 300 277 253 230 206
089 066 042 019*995*972
742 718 694 671 647 623 599 575 551

503 479 455 431 407 383 359 335 311
263 239 215 191 167 143 119 095 071
022 *998 *974 *950 *926 *902 *878 *854 *830
781 757 733 709 685 661 636 612 588
, f, .
Tenths of %
alcohol by
weight
O | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
75
0.85564 540 515 491 467 443 419 394 370 346
76
322 297 273 249 225 200 176 152 128 103
77
079 055 031 006*982*958*933*909*884*860
78
.84835 811 787 762 738 713 689 664 640 615
79
590 566 541 517 492 467 443 418 393 369
80
81
82
83
84
344
096
.83848
599
348
319
072
823
574
323
294
047
798
549
297
270 245 220 196 171 146 121

022*997*972*947*923*898*873
773 748 723 698 674 649 624
523 498 473 448 423 398 373
272 247 222 196 171 146 120
85
86
87
88
89
095
.82840
583
323
062
070
815
557
297
035
044 019*994*968*943*917*892*866
789 763 738 712 686 660 635 609
531 505 479 453 427 401 375 349
271 245 219 193 167 140 114 088
009*983*956*930*903*877*850*824
90
91
92
93
94
.81797
529
257
.80983
705
770
502
230
955
677
744
475
203
928
649
717
448
175
900
621
690^.664
421 394
148 120
872 844
593 565
95
96
97
98
99
424
138
.79846
547
243
395
109
816
517
213
367
080
787
487
182
338
051
757
456
151
310 281 253 224 195 166

022 *993 *963 *934 *905 *875
727 698 668 638 608 578
426 396 365 335 305 274
120 089 059 028 *997 *966
100
.78934
637
366
093
817
537
610
339
066
789
509
583
312
038
761
480
556
285
010
733
452
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT 60/6O0F (15.56/15.560C) OF MIXTURES (BY

VOLUME) OF C2H6OH AND H2O
indicates change in first two decimal places. See next line,
column O
% alcohol
b
!t 6oT
0
1
2
3
4
Tenths of %
O
1.00000 *985 *970 *955 *940 *925 *910 *895 *880 *865
0.99850 835 820 806 791 776 761 747 732 717
703 688 674 659 645 630 616 602 587 573
559 545 531 516 502 488 474 460 446 432
419 405 391 378 364 350 336 323 309 296
5
6
7
8
9
282
150
022
.98899
779
10
11
12
13
14
661
544
430
319
210
649
532
419
308
200
637
521
408
297
190
625
509
396
286
179
614
498
385
275
168
602
487
374
264
157
590
475
363
254
147
579
464
352
243
136
567
452
341
232
125
556
441
330
221
115
15
16
17
18
19
104
.97998
895
794
694
093
988
885
784
684
083
977
875
774
674
072
967
864
764
664
062
956
854
754
654
051
946
844
744
645
040
936
834
734
635
030
925
824
724
625
019
915
814
714
615
009
905
804
704
605
269 255 242 228 215 202 189 176 163

137 124 111 098 085 073 060 047 035
009 *997 *984 *972 *960 *947 *935 *923 *911
887 875 863 851 838 826 814 803 791
767 755 743 731 720 708 696 684 672
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT 60/6O0F (15.56/15.560C) OF MIXTURES (BY

VOLUME) OF C2H5QH AND H2O.(Continued)
% alcohol
Tenths of %
by volume
at 6O0F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
21
22
23
24
0.97596
496
395
293
189
586
486
385
283
179
576
476
375
272
168
566
466
365
262
158
556
456
354
252
147
546
446
344
241
137
536
436
334
231
126
526
425
324
221
116
25
26
27
28
29
084
.96978
870
760
648
073
967
859
749
637
063
957
848
738
625
052
946
837
727
614
042
935
826
715
603
031
924
815
704
591
020
914
804
693
580
010
903
793
682
568
30
31
32
33
34
534
418
296
170
041
522
406
284
157
028
511
394
271
144
015
499 488 476 464 453 441 429

382 370 358 346 334 321 309
259 246 234 221 209 196 183
132 119 106 093 080 067 054
002*988*975*962*948*935*921
35
36
37
38
39
.95908
770
628
482
332
894
756
614
467
317
881
742
599
452
302
867
728
585
437
286
40
41
42
43
44
178
020
.94858
693
524
162 147 131 115 100 084

004 *988 *972 *956 *940 *923
842 825 809 792 776 759
676 660 643 626 609 592
507 490 473 455 438 421
45
46
47
48
49
351
174
.93993
808
619
334
156
975
789
600
50
51
52
53
54
426
230
031
.92830
626
407 387 368 348 328 309 289 270 250

210 190 171 151 131 111 091 071 051
Oil *991 *971 *951 *931 *911 *890 *870 *850
810 789 769 749 728 708 688 667 647
605 585 564 544 523 502 482 461 440
55
56
57
58
59
419
210
.91999
784
565
398
189
978
762
543
377
168
956
741
521
357
147
935
719
499
336
126
914
697
477
315
105
892
675
455
294
084
871
653
433
60
61
62
63
64
344
120
.90893
664
434
322
097
870
641
411
299
075
847
618
388
277
052
825
595
365
255
030
802
572
341
232
007
779
549
318
210
*984
756
526
295
65
66
67
68
69
202
.89967
729
489
245
179
943
705
465
220
155
920
681
441
196
132
896
657
416
171
108
872
633
392
147
085
848
609
368
122
061
825
585
343
098
70
71
316
138
956
771
581
298
120
938
752
562
854
714
570
423
271
281
102
920
733
543
840
700
556
408
256
263
084
901
714
523
826
685
541
393
240
245
066
883
695
504
812
671
526
378
225
516
415
313
210
105
506
405
303
200
095
*999 *988
892 881
782 771
671 659
557 546
798
657
512
362
209
784
643
497
347
194
068 052
*907 *891
743 726
575 558
403 386
036
*875
710
541
369
228
048
864
676
485
210
030
845
657
465
192
Oil
827
638
446
% alcohol
by
atY6oT
72
73
74
Tenths of %
7~7|T
702
439
172
902
629
676
412
145
875
601
650
386
118
847
574
80
81
82
83
84
380
100
.85817
531
240
352
072
789
502
211
324
044
760
473
181
296 269 241 213 185 157 129

015 *987 *959 *931 *902 *874 *846
732 703 674 646 617 588 560
444 415 386 357 328 299 270
152 122 093 063 033 004*974
85
86
87
88
89
.84944 914 884 854 824 794 764 734 703 673
642 612 581 551 520 490 459 428 398 367
336 305 274 243 212 181 150 119 088 056
025 *994 *962 *930 *899 *867 *835 *803 *771 *739
.83707 675 643 610 578 545 513 480 447 415
90
91
92
93
94
382
049
.82705
351
.81984
349 315 282 249 216 183 150 116

015 *981 *947 *913 *879 *845 *810 *776
670 635 600 565 529 494 458 423
315 279 243 206 170 133 096 059
947 909 871 834 796 757 719 681
95
96
97
98
99
603
206
.80792
356
.79889
564
165
750
311
841
100
389
525
125
707
265
792
486
084
664
219
743
623
359
092
820
546
446
042
620
173
693
597
332
065
793
518
571
306
038
766
491
545 518 492

279 252 226
Oil *984 *957
738 711 684
463 435 408
083
*741
387
022
642
407 367 327 287 247

001 *960 *918 *876 *834
577 533 489 445 401
127 080 033*985*937
643 593 543 492 441
For detailed interpolation tables of temperature corrections to

readings of alcoholometers (standard at 6O0F) v. (5).
C3H7OH, n-PROPYL ALCOHOL ( 8 2)

^\^
15
30
0.99990.99910.9957
0.99820.99740.9940
0.99670.99600.9924
0.99520.99440.9908
0.99390.99290.9893
188 165 143

*962 *939 *916
733 710 687
503 480 457
272 249 225
5
6
7
8
9
0.99260.99150.9877
0.99140.99020.9862
0.99040.98900.9848
0.98940.98770.9834
0.98830.98640.9819
014*991
777 753
537 513
295 270
048 024
10
11
12
13
14
0.98740.98520.9804
0.98650.98400.9790
0.98570.98280.9775
0.98490.98170.9760
0.98410.98060.9746
.88999 974 950 925 900 875 850 825 801 776
751 725 700 675 650 625 600 574 549 524
15
16
0.98330.97930.9730
0.98250.97800.9714
038
801
561
319
073
728
465
199
.86929
656
0
1
2
3
4
252
041
827
610
388
75
76
77
78
79
231
020
806
588
366
273
062
849
631
410
0.88499 474 448 423 397 372 346 321 296 270
244 218 193 167 141 116 090 064 039 013
.87987 961 935 910 884 858 832 806 780 754
IT^\^
15
7
18
19
lo.9817 0.97680.9698
0.98080.97520.9680
0.98000.97390.9661
20
21
22
23
24
0.97890.97230.9643
0.97760.97050.9622
0.97630.96880.9602
0.97480.96700.9583
0.97330.96510.9563
25
26
27
28
29
0.97170.96330.9543
0.97000.96140.9522
0.96820.95940.9501
0.96640.95760.9481
0.96460.95560.9460
30
31
32
33
0.96270.95350.9439
0.96080.95160.9418
0.95890.94950.9396
0.95700.94740.9375
C3H7OH, n-PROPYL ALCOHOL.(Continued)
^\P
/o
^\^
15
30
34
0.95500.94540.9354
35
36
37
38
39
0.95300.94340.9333
0.95110.94130.9312
0.94910.93920.9289
0.94710.93720.9269
0.94500.93510.9247
40
41
42
43
44
0.94300.93310.9226
0.94110.93100.9205
0.93910.92900.9184
0.93710.92690.9164
0.93520.92480.9143
45
46
47
48
49
0.93320.92280.9122
0.93110.92070.9100
0.92910.91860.9079
0.92720.91650.9057
0.92520.91450.9036
50
51
52
53
54
0.92320.91240.9015
0.92130.91040.8994
0.91920.90840.8973
0.91730.90640.8952
0.91530.90440.8931
55
56
57
58
59
0.91320.90230.8911
0.91120.90030.8890
0.90930.89830.8869
0.90730.89630.8849
0.90530.89420.8828
60
61
62
63
64
0.90330.89220.8807
0.90130.89020.8786
0.89940.88820.8766
0.89740.88610.8745
0.89540.88410.8724
65
66
67
0.89340.88200.8703
0.89130.88000.8682
10.88940.87790.8662
^\?
/o
^\
30
68
69
0.88740.87590.8641
0.88540.87390.8620
70
71
72
73
74
0.88350.87190.8600
0.88150.87000.8580
0.87950.86800.8559
0.87760.86590.8539
0.87560.86390.8518
75
76
77
78
79
0.87360.86180.8497
0.87160.85980.8477
0.86950.85770.8456
0.86750.85560.8435
0.86550.85360.8414
80
81
82
83
84
0.86340.85160.8394
0.86140.84960.8373
0.85940.84750.8352
0.85740.84540.8332
0.85540.84340.8311
85
86
87
88
89
0.85340.84130.8290
0.85130.83930.8269
0.84920.83720.8248
0.84710.83510.8227
0.84500.83300.8206
90
91
92
93
94
0.84290.83080.8185
0.84080.82870.8164
0.83870.82660.8142
0.83640.82440.8120
0.83420.82210.8098
95
96
97
98
99
0.83200.81990.8077
0.82960.81760.8054
0.82720.81530.8031
0.82480.81280.8008
0.82220.81040.7984
100
0.81940.80770.7958
V. also (1, 3, 13, 19, 23, 24, 45, 49, 52, 60, 61, 80, 81, 87, 89)
%
45
0.99913 11 15
0.99745 16
0.99580 17
0.99430 18
0.99283 19
0.97914 1
0.97788
0.97653
0.97509
0.97358
30
31
32
33
34
0.95318
0.95118
0.94917
0.94715
0.94513
45
46
47
48
49
0.92257
0.92053
0.91848
0.91643
0.91438
5
6
7
8
9
0.99141
0.99004
0.98874
0.98748
0.98626
20
21
22
23
24
0.97201
0.97035
0.96863
0.96684
0.96500
35
36
37
38
39
0.94312
0.94109
0.93906
0.93702
0.93497
50 0.91234
51 0.91028
52 0.90824
53 0.90619
54 0.90414
10
11
12
13
14
0.98507
0.98390
0.98273
0.98156
0.98037
25
26
27
28
29
0.96310
0.96113
0.95916
0.95717
0.95518
40
41
42
43
44
0.93290
0.93080
0.92876
0.92669
0.92463
55
56
57
58
59
% I
(ff
H % I
d\*
Il % I
^5
70
71
72
73
74
0.87158
0.86956
0.86754
0.86552
0.. 86351
80
81
82
83
84
0.85126
0.84921
0.84716
0.84511
0.84306
90 0.83051
91 0.82836
92 0.82618
93 0.82399
94 0.82179
65
66
67
68
69
0.88170
0.87967
0.87764
0.87562
0.87360
75
76
77
78
79
0.86148
0.85944
0.85739
0.85534
0.85330
85
86
87
88
89
0.84101
0.83896
0.83688
0.83478
0.83266
95
96
97
98
99
0.81959
0.81730
0.81490
0.81240
0.80982
100
0.80733
II %
di'
CsH7OH, ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

V. also (1, 3, 21, 24, 77, 80, 81)
DOEOSHEVSKII AND ROZHDESTVENSKII'S VALUES AT 150C ( 18 );
"~0
1
2
3
4
Il % I
0.89184
0.88980
0.88777
0.88576
0.88373
% I
15
di5
60
61
62
63
64
H % I
^5
0.90209
0.90003
0.89799
0.89594
0.89389
r^"\^_
O (82)
15 (82)
15 (16)
20 (47)
30 (82)
0
1
2
3
4
0.9999
0.9980
0.9962
0.9946
0.9930
0.9991
0.9973
0.9956
0.9938
0.9922
0.99913
0.9972
0.9954
0.9936
0.9920
0.9982
0.9962
0.9944
0.9926
0.9909
0.9957
0.9939
0.9921
0.9904
0.9887
5
6
7
8
9
0.9916
0.9902
0.9890
0.9878
0.9866
0.9906
0.9892
0.9878
0.9864
0.9851
0.9904
0.9890
0.9875
0.9862
0.9849
0.9893 0.9871
0.9877 0.9855
0.9862 0.9839
0.9847 0.9824
0.9833 0.9809
10
11
12
13
14
0.9856
0.9846
0.9838
0.9829
0.9821
0.9838
0.9826
0.9813
0.9802
0.9790
0.98362
0.9824
0.9812
0.9800
0.9788
0.9820
0.9808
0.9797
0.9786
0.9776
15
16
17
18
19
0.9814
0.9806
0.9799
0.9792
0.9784
0.9779
0.9768
0.9756
0.9745
0.9730
0.9777 0.9765 0.9720

0.9765 0.9754 0.9705
0.9753 0.9743 0.9690
0.9741 0.9731 0.9675
0.9728 0.9717 0.9658
20
21
22
23
24
0.9777
0.9768
0.9759
0.9749
0.9739
0.9719
0.9704
0.9690
0.9675
0.9660
0.9715s
0.9703
0.9689
0.9674
0.9659
0.9703 0.9642
0.9688 0.9624
0.9669 0.9606
0.9651 0.9587
0.9634 0.9569
25
26
27
28
29
0.9727
0.9714
0.9699
0.9684
0.9669
0.9643
0.9626
0.9608
0.9590
0.9570
0.9642
0.9624
0.9605
0.9586
0.9568
0.9615
0.9597
0.9577
0.9558
0.9540
0.9549
0.9529
0.9509
0.9488
0.9467
30
31
32
33
34
0.9652
0.9634
0.9615
0.9596
0.9577
0.9551 0.95493
0.9530
0.9510
0.9489
0.9468
0.9520
0.9500
0.9481
0.9460
0.9440
0.9446
0.9426
0.9405
0.9383
0.9361
35
36
37
0.9557
0.9536
0.9514
^.
0.9446
0.9424
0.9401
0.9794
0.9778
0.9764
0.9750
0.9735
0.9419 0.9338
0.9399 0.9315
0.9377 0.9292
CsHrOH, ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL.(Continued)

C
^^^-^
^^"^"--"^
O (82)
15 (82)
^-^C
15 (16)
20 (47)
30 (82)
38
39
0.9493
0.9472
0.9379
0.9356
0.9355
0.9333
0.9269
0.9246
40
41
42
43
44
0.9450
0.9428
0.9406
0.9384
0.9361
0.9333s
0.9311
0.9288
0.9266
0.9243
0.9310
0.9287
0.9264
0.9239
0.9215
0.9224
0.9201
0.9177
0.9154
0.9130
45
46
47
48
49
0.9338
0.9315
0.9292
0.9270
0.9247
0.9220
0.9197
0.9174
0.9150
0.9127
0.9191
0.9165
0.9141
0.9117
0.9093
0.9106
0.9082
0.9059
0.9036
0.9013
50
51
52
53
54
0.9224
0.9201
0.9178
0.9155
0.9132
0.9104.3
0.9081
0.9058
0.9035
0.9011
0.9069
O 9044
0.9020
0.8996
0.8971
0.8990
0.8966
0.8943
0.8919
0.8895
55
56
57
58
59
0.9109
0.9086
0.9063
0.9040
0.9017
0.8988
0.8964
0.8940
0.8917
0.8893
0.8946
0.8921
0.8896
0.8874
0.8850
0.8871
0.8847
0.8823
0.8800
0.8777
60
61
62
63
64
0.8994
0.8970
0.8947
0.8924
0.8901
0.8829
0.8805
0.8781
0.88690
0.8845
0.8821
0.8798
0.8775
0.8825
0.8800
0.8776
0.8751
0.8727
0.8752
0.8728
0.8704
0.8680
0.8656
65
66
67
68
69
0.8878
0.8854
0.8831
0.8807
0.8784
0.8757
0.8733
0.8710
0.8686
0.8662
0.8752
0.8728
0.8705
0.8682
0.8658
0.8702
0.8679
0.8656
0.8632
0.8609
0.8631
0.8607
0.8583
0.8559
0.8535
70
71
72
73
74
0.8761
0.8738
0.8714
0.8691
0.8668
0.8639
0.8615
0.8592
0.8568
0.8545
0.8634e
0.8611
0.8588
0.8564
0.8541
0.8584
0.8560
0.8537
0.8513
0.8489
0.8511
0.8487
0.8464
0.8440
0.8416
75
76
77
78
79
0.8644
0.8621
0.8598
0.8575
0.8551
0.8521
0.8497
0.8474
0.8450
0.8426
0.8517
0.8493
0.8470
0.8446
0.8422
0.8464
0.8439
0.8415
0.8391
0.8366
0.8392
0.8368
0.8344
0.8321
0.8297
80
81
82
83
84
0.8528
0.8503
0.8479
0.8456
0.8432
0.8403
0.8379
0.8355
0.8331
0.8307
0.83979
0.8374
0.8350
0.8326
0.8302
0.8342
0.8317
0.8292
0.8268
0.8243
0.8273
0.8248
0.8224
0.8200
0.8175
85
86
87
88
89
0.8408
0.8384
0.8360
0.8336
0.8311
0.8282
0.8259
0.8234
0.8209
0.8184
0.8278
0.8254
0.8229
0.8205
0.8180
0.8219
0.8194
0.8169
0.8145
0.8120
0.8151
0.8127
0.8102
0.8078
0.8053
/o
O (82)
15 (82)
15 (16) 20 (47) 30 (82)
^"^-~--^^
900.82870.81610.8155s
91
0.8262 0.8136 0.8130
92
0.8237 0.8110 0.8104
93
0.8212 0.8085 0.8079
94
0.8186 0.8060 0.8052
0.80960.8029
0.8072 0.8004
0.8047 0.7979
0.8023
0.7954
0.7998
0.7929
95
96
97
98
99
0.8160
0.8133
0.8106
0.8078
0.8048
0.8034
0.8008
0.7981
0.7954
0.7926
0.8026
0.7999
0.7972
0.7945
0.7918
0.7973
0.7949
0.7925
0.7901
0.7877
0.7904
0.7878
0.7852
0.7826
0.7799
100
0.8016
0.7896
0.7891s 0.7854
0.7770
C3H8Os, GLYCEROL
\
15
\
(27, 29, 32,
\
34, 48, 76,
% \
90)
ToTH
(90)
20
25
(27, 29, 48,

53, 54, 73, (29, 48, 90)
86, 90)
30
(32, 48)
O0.99910.99900.99820.99710.9957
1
1.0015
1.0014
1.0006
0.9994
0.9978
2
1.0040
1.0039
1.0030
1.0017
0.9999
3
1.0064
1.0063
1.0053
1.0041
1.0020
4
1.0088
1.0087
1.0077
1.0064
1.0042
5
6
7
8
9
1.0112
1.0136
1.0161
1.0185
1.0210
1.0111
1.0135
1.0159
1.0183
1.0208
1.0101
1.0125
1.0149
1.0173
1.0197
1.0088
1.0112
1.0135
1.0159
1.0183
1.0064
1.0086
1.0109
1.0133
1.0158
10
11
12
13
14
1.0234
1.0259
1.0284
1.0309
1.0334
1.0232
1.0257
1.0282
1.0307
1.0332
1.0221
1.0246
1.0271
1.0295
1.0320
1.0207
1.0232
1.0256
1.0280
1.0305
1.0183
1.0208
1.0232
1.0256
1.0281
15
16
17
18
19
1.0359
1.0384
1.0409
1.0435
1.0460
1.0357
1.0382
1.0407
1.0432
1.0458
1.0345
1.0370
1.0395
1.0420
1.0445
1.0329
1.0354
1.0379
1.0404
1.0429
1.0306
1.0331
1.0356
1.0380
1.0405
20
21
22
23
24
1.0486
1.0511
1.0536
1.0562
1.0588
1.0483
1.0509
1.0535
1.0561
1.0587
1.0470
1.0495
1.0520
1.0545
1.0571
1.0453
1.0477
1.0501
1.0525
1.0550
1.0430
1.0454
1.0479
1.0504
1.0529
25
26
27
28
29
1.0614
1.0640
1.0666
1.0692
1.0718
1.0613
1.0639
1.0665
1.0691
1.0717
1.0597
1.0622
1.0648
1.0674
1.0700
1.0575
1.0600
1.0626
1.0652
1.0679
1.0554
1.0579
1.0605
1.0631
1.0657
30
31
32
33
34
1.0744
1.0770
1.0797
1.0824
1.0851
1.0744
1.0770
1.0797
1.0824
1.0851
1.0727
1.0753
1.0780
1.0806
1.0833
1.0706
1.0732
1.0758
1.0785
1.0811
1.0683
1.0709
1.0735
1.0762
1.0788
35
36
1.0878
1.0905
1.0878
1.0905
1.0860
1.0887
1.0837
1.0864
1.0814
1.0840
CsH8Oa, GLTCEROL.(Continued)
C
^\
% \
37
38
39
15
1.0932
1.0959
1.0986
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
15.5
20
25
30
1.0932
1.0959
1.0986
1.0914
1.0941
1.0968
1.0890
1.0917
1.0944
1.0867
1.0894
1.0920
1.1013
1.1040
1.1068
1.1095
1.1122
1.1013
1.1040
1.1067
1.1094
1.1122
1.0995
1.1022
1.1049
1.1075
1.1102
1.0971
1.0998
1.1025
1.1052
1.1079
1.0947
1.0974
1.1001
1.1028
1.1054
1.1149
1.1176
1.1203
1.1230
1.1257
1.1149
1.1176
1.1203
1.1230
1.1257
1.1128
1.1155
1.1182
1.1209
1.1236
1.1106
1.1133
1.1160
1.1187
1.1213
1.1081
1.1108
1.1135
1.1161
1.1188
^NC
15
90
91
92
93
94
1.2382
1.2408
1.2434
1.2460
1.2486
95
96
97
98
99
100
/o
20
25
1.2378
1.2404
1.2430
1.2457
1.2483
1.2347
1.2374
1.2401
1.2428
1.2455
1.2320
1.2346
1.2372
1.2398
1.2424
1.2512
1.2538
1.2564
1.2590
1.2616
1.2509
1.2535
1.2561
1.2587
1.2612
1.2482
1.2508
1.2534
1.2559
1.2584
1.2451
1.2477
1.2503
1.2529
1.2555
1.2641
1.2638
1.2609
1.2580
15.5
30
CH2O2, FOBMIC ACID

V. also (26, 37, 57, 66)
50
51
52
53
54
1.1285
1.1313
1.1341
1.1369
1.1397
1.1285
1.1312
1.1340
1.1368
1.1396
1.1263
1.1290
1.1317
1.1344
1.1371
1.1239
1.1265
1.1292
1.1319
1.1346
1.1215
1.1242
1.1269
1.1296
1.1323
55
56
57
58
59
1.1425
1.1453
1.1481
1.1509
1.1537
1.1423
1.1451
1.1478
1.1506
1.1534
1.1398
1.1425
1.1452
1.1479
1.1506
1.1374
1.1401
1.1429
1.1457
1.1484
1.1350
1.1378
1.1406
1.1433
1.1460
60
61
62
63
64
1.1564
1.1591
1.1619
1.1647
1.1675
1.1562
1.1589
1.1617
1.1644
1.1672
1.1533
1.1560
1.1587
1.1614
1.1642
1.1511
1.1538
1.1565
1.1592
1.1620
1.1487
1.1515
1.1543
1.1571
1.1598
65
66
67
68
69
1.1703
1.1731
1.1759
1.1787
1.1815
1.1700
1.1728
1.1755
1.1783
1.1811
1.1670
1.1697
1.1724
1.1752
1.1780
1.1647
1.1674
1.1702
1.1729
1.1756
1.162.5
1.1652
1.1680
1.1707
1.1734
70
71
72
73
74
1.1842
1.1870
1.1897
1.1924
1.1951
1.1838
1.1866
1.1893
1.1920
1.1948
1.1808
1.1836
1.1863
1.1890
1.1917
1.1784
1.1811
1.1838
1.1865
1.1892
1.1761
1.1788
1.1814
1.1840
1.1867
75
76
77
78
79
1.1979
1.2006
1.2033
1.2060
1.2087
1.1975
1.2003
1.2030
1.2057
1.2084
1.1944
1.1971
1.1998
1.2025
1.2052
1.1919
1.1946
1.1973
1.2000
1.2027
1.1894
1.1921
1.1948
1.1974
1.2000
80
81
82
83
84
1.2114
1.2141
1.2168
1.2195
1.2222
1.2111
1.2138
1.2165
1.2191
1.2218
1.2079
1.2106
1.2133
1.2160
1.2187
1.2054
1.2081
1.2108
1.2134
1.2161
1.2025
85
86
87
88
89
1.2249
1.2276
1.2303
1.2330
1.2356
1.2245
1.2271
1.2298
1.2325
1.2351
1.2214
1.2241
1.2268
1.2294
1.2320
1.2187
1.2214
1.2241
1.2268
1.2294
^
^
^
L
Q(1
'82) (O, I, 82)
2Q
(68)
3Q
<82>
0
1
2
3
4
0.9999
1.0028
1.0059
1.0090
1.0120
0.9991
1.0019
1.0045
1.0072
1.0100
0.9982
1.0019
1.0044
1.0070
1.0093
0.9957
(0.9980)
(1.0004)
(1.0028)
(1.0053)
5
6
7
8
9
1.0150
1.0179
1.0207
1.0237
1.0266
1.0124
1.0151
1.0177
1.0204
1.0230
1.0115
1.0141
1.0170
1.0196
1.0221
1.0075
1.0101
1.0125
1.0149
1.0173
10
11
12
13
14
1.0295
1.0324
1.0351
1.0379
1.0407
1.0256
1.0281
1.0306
1.0330
1.0355
1.0246
1.0271
1.0296
1.0321
1.0345
1.0197
1.0221
1.0244
1.0267
1.0290
15
16
17
18
19
1.0435
1.0463
1.0491
1.0518
1.0545
1.0380
1.0405
1.0430
1.0455
1.0480
1.0370
1.0393
1.0417
1.0441
1.0464
1.0313
1.0336
1.0358
1.0381
1.0404
20
21
22
23
24
1.0571
1.0598
1.0625
1.0652
1.0679
1.0505
1.0532
1.0556
1.0580
1.0604
1.0488
1.0512
1.0537
1.0561
1.0585
1.0427
1.0451
1.0473
1.0496
1.0518
25
26
27
28
29
1.0706
1.0733
1.0760
1.0787
1.0813
1.0627
1.0652
1.0678
1.0702
1.0726
1.0609
1.0633
1.0656
1.0681
1.0705
1.0540
1.0564
1.0587
1.0609
1.0632
30
31
32
33
34
1.0839
1.0866
1.0891
1.0916
1.0941
1.0750
1.0774
1.0798
1.0821
1.0844
1.0729
1.0753
1.0777
1.0800
1.0823
1.0654
1.0676
1.0699
1.0721
1.0743
35
36
1.0966
1.0993
1.0867
1.0892
1.0847
1.0871
1.0766
1.0788
CH2O2, FORMIC ACID.(Continued)

0
^T"^-^
^T^-^C
15
20
30
37
38
39
1.1018
1.1043
1.1069
1.0916
1.0940
1.0964
1.0895
1.0919
1.0940
1.0810
1.0832
1.0854
40
41
42
43
44
1.1095
1.1122
1.1148
1.1174
1.1199
1.0988
1.1012
1.1036
1.1Q60
1.1084
1.0963
1.0990
1.1015
1.1038
1.1062
1.0876
1.0898
1.0920
1.0943
1.0965
45
46
47
48
49
1.1224
1.1249
1.1274
1.1299
1.1324
1.1109
1.1133
1.1156
1.1179
1.1202
1.1085
1.1108
1.1130
1.1157
1.1185
1.0987
1.1009
1.1031
1.1053
1.1076
50
51
52
53
54
1.1349
1.1374
1.1399
1.1424
1.1448
1.1225
1.1248
1.1271
1.1294
1.1318
1.1207
1.1223
1.1244
1.1269
1.1295
1.1098
1.1120
1.1142
1.1164
1.1186
/O
"
/O
1.1472
1.1497
1.1523
1.1548
1.1573
1.1341
1.1365
1.1388
1.1411
1.1434
1.1320
1.1342
1.1361
1.1381
1.1401
1.1208
1.1230
1.1253
1.1274
1.1295
60
61
62
63
64
1.1597
1.1621
1.1645
1.1669
1.1694
1.1458
1.1481
1.1504
1.1526
1.1549
1.1424
1.1448
1.1473
1.1493
1.1517
1.1317
1.1338
1.1360
1.1382
1.1403
65
66
67
68
69
1.1718
1.1742
1.1766
1.1790
1.1813
1.1572
1.1595
1.1618
1.1640
1.1663
1.1543
1.1565
1.1584
1.1604
1.1628
1.1425
1.1446
1.1467
1.1489
1.1510
.70
71
72
73
74
1.1835
1.1858
1.1882
1.1906
1.1929
1.1685
1.1707
1.1729
1.1751
1.1773
1.1655
1.1677
1.1702
1.1728
1.1752
1.1531
1.1552
1.1573
1.1595
1.1615
75
76
77
78
79
1.1953
1.1976
1.1999
1.2021
1 2043
1.1794
1.1816
1.1837
1.1859
1.1881
1.1769
1.1785
1.1801
1.1818
1.1837
1.1636
1.1656
1.1676
1,1697
1.1717
80
81
82
83
84
1 2065
1.2088
1.2110
1.2132
1.2154
1.1902
1.1924
1.1944
1.1965
1.1985
1.1860
1.1876
1.1896
1.1914
1.1929
1.1737
1.1758
1.1778
1.1798
1.1817
85
86
87
88
89
1.2176
1.2196
1.2217
1.2237
1.2258
1.2005
1.2025
1.2045
1.2064
1.2084
1.1953
1.1976
1.1994
1.2012
1.2028
1.1837
1.1856
1.1875
1.1893
1.1910
15
20
30
901.22781.21021.20441.1927
91
1.2297
1.2121
1.2059
1.1945
92
1.2316
1.2139
1.2078
1.1961
93
1.2335
1.2157
1.2099
1.1978
94
1.2354 - 1.2174
1.2117
1.1994
'-^.
55
56
57
58
59
O
>_
95
96
97
98
99
1.2372
1.2390
1.2408
1.2425
1.2441
1.2191
1.2208
1.2224
1.2240
1.2257
1.2140
1.2158
1.2170
1.2183
1.2202
1.2008
1.2022
1.2036
1.2048
1.2061
100
1.2456
1.2273
1.2212
1.2073
C5
C2HÔ2, ACETIC ACID
5
20
25
(10, 49, (58, 59) (41, 58, (2, 4,
58, 59,
30
40
(19, 25, (19, 58, (58,
59)
59, 61, 19, 33, 49, 51, 59, 82)
82, 88)
62, 80, 43, 46, 58, 59,
81, 82) 55, 57, 61, 62,
58, 59, 66, 69,
61, 62, 70, 72)
80, 81,
**> 8S)
0
1
2
3
4
0.9999 0.9997 0.9991 0.9982 0.9971 0.9957 0.9922

1.0016 1.0013 1.0006 .9996 .9987 .9971 .9934
.0033 .0029 .0021 1.0012 1.0000 .9984 .9946
.0051 .0044 .0036 .0025 .0013 .9997 .9958
.0070 .0060 .0051 .0040 .0027 1.0011 .9970
5
6
7
8
9
0088
.0106
.0124
.0142
.0159
.0076
.0092
.0108
.0124
.0140
.0066
.0081
.0096
.0111
.0126
.0055 .0041
.0069 .0055
.0083 .0068
.0097 .0081
.0111 .0094
.0024 .9982
.0037 .9994
.0050 1.0006
.0063 .0018
.0076 .0030
10
11
12
13
14
.0177
.0194
.0211
.0228
.0245
.0156
.0171
.0187
.0202
.0217
.0141
.0155
.0170
.0184
.0199
.0125
.0139
.0154
.0168
.0182
.0107
.0120
.0133
.0146
.0159
.0089
.0102
.0115
.0127
.0139
.0042
.0054
.0065
.0077
.0088
15
16
17
18
19
.0262
.0278
.0295
.0311
.0327
.0232
.0247
.0262
.0276
.0291
.0213
.0227
.0241
.0255
.0269
.0195
.0209
.0223
.0236
.0250
.0172
.0185
.0198
.0210
.0223
.0151
.0163
.0175
.0187
.0198
.0099
.0110
.0121
.0132
.0142
20
21
22
23
24
.0343
.0358
.0374
.0389
.0404
.0305
.Q319
.0333
.0347
.0361
.0283
.0297
.0310
.0323
.0336
.0263
.0276
.0288
.0301
.0313
.0235
.0248
.0260
.0272
.0283
.0210
.0222
.0233
.0244
.0256
.0153
.0164
.0174
.0185
.0195
25
26
27
.0419
.0434
.0449
.0375
.0388
.0401
.0349
.0362
.0374
.0326
.0338
.0349
.0295
.0307
.0318
.0267
.0278
.0289
.0205
.0215
.0225
C2H4O2, ACETIC ACID.(Continued)

C
0>\
/o
\^
10
15
20
25
^\^
30
40
~281.0463 1.0414 1.0386 1.0361 1.0329 1.0299 1.0234

29
.0477 .0427 .0399 .0372 .0340 .0310 .0244
30
31
32
33
34
.0491
.0505
.0519
.0532
.0545
.0440
.0453
.0465
.0477
.0489
.0411 .0384
.0423 .0395
.0435 .0406
.0446 .0417
.0458 .0428
.0350
.0361
.0372
.0382
.0392
.0320
.0330
.0341
.0351
.0361
.0253
.0262
.0272
.0281
.0289
35
36
37
38
39
.0558
.0571
.0584
.0596
.0608
.0501
.0513
.0524
.0535
.0546
.0469 .0438
.0480 .0449
.0491 .0459
.0501 .0469
.0512 .0479
.0402
.0412
.0422
.0432
.0441
.0371
.0380
.0390
.0399
.0408
.0298
.0306
.0314
.0322
.0330
40
41
42
43
44
.0621
.0633
.0644
.0656
.0667
.0557
.0568
.0578
.0588
.0598
.0522 .0488
.0532 .0498
.0542 .0507
.0551 .0516
.0561 .0525
.0450
.0460
.0469
.0477
.0486
.0416 .0338
.0425 .0346
.0433 .0353
.0441 .0361
.0449 .0368
45
46
47
48
49
.0679
.0689
.0699
.0709
.0720
.0608
.0618
.0627
.0636
.0645
.0570
.0579
.0588
.0597
.0605
.0534
.0542
.0551
.0559
.0567
.0495
.0503
.0511
.0518
.0526
.0456
.0464
.0471
.0479
.0486
.0375
.0382
.0389
.0395
.0402
50
51
52
53
54
.0729
.0738
.0748
.0757
.0765
.0654
.0663
.0671
.0679
.0687
.0613
.0622
.0629
.0637
.0644
.0575
.0582
.0590
.0597
.0604
.0534
.0542
.0549
.0555
.0562
.0492
.0499
.0506
.0512
.0518
.0408
.0414
.0421
.0427
.0432
55
56
57
58
59
.0774
.0782
.0790
.0798
.0805
.0694
.0701
.0708
.0715
.0722
.0651 .0611
.0658 .0618
.0665 .0624
.0672 .0631
.0678 .0637
.0568
.0574
.0580
.0586
.0592
.0525 .0438
.0531 .0443
.0536 .0448
.0542 .0453
.0547 .0458
60
61
62
63
64
.0813
.0820
.0826
.0833
.0838
.0728
.0734
.0740
.0746
.0752
.0684
.0690
.0696
.0701
.0706
.0642
.0648
.0653
.0658
.0662
.0597
.0602
.0607
.0612
.0616
.0552
.0557
.0562
.0566
.0571
65
66
67
68
69
.0844
.0850
.0856
.0860
.0865
.0757
.0762
.0767
.0771
.0775
.0711
.0716
.0720
.0725
.0729
.0666
.0671
.0675
.0678
.0682
.0621
.0624
.0628
.0631
.0634
.0575 .0480
.0578 .0483
.0582 .0486
.0585 .0489
.0588 .0491
70
71
72
73
74
.0869
.0874
.0877
.0881
.0884
.0779
.0783
.0786
.0789
.0792
.0732
.0736
.0738
.0741
.0743
.0685
.0687
.0690
.0693
.0694
.0637
.0640
.0642
.0644
.0645
.0590
.0592
.0594
.0595
.0596
.0493
.0495
.0496
.0497
.0498
75
76
77
78
79
.0887
.0889
.0891
.0893
.0894
.0794
.0796
.0797
.0798
.0798
.0745
.0746
.0747
.0747
.0747
.0696
.0698
.0699
.0700
.0700
.0647
.0648
.0648
.0648
.0648
.0597
.0598
.0598
.0598
,0597
.0499
.0499
.0499
.0498
,0497
.0462
.0466
.0470
.0473
.0477
10
15
20
25
30
40
801.0895 1.0798 1.0747 1.0700 1.0647 1.0596 1.0495

81
.0895 .0797 .0745 .0699 .0646 .0594 .0493
82
.0895 .0796 .0743 .0698 .0644 .0592 .0490
83
.0895 .0795 .0741 .0696 .0642 .0589 .0487
84
.0893 .0793 .0738 .0693 .0638 .0585 .0483
85
86
87
88
89
.0891
.0887
.0883
.0877
.0872
.0790
.0787
.0783
.0778
.0773
.0735
.0731
.0726
.0721
.0715
.0689
.0685
.0680
.0675
.0668
.0635
.0630
.0626
.0620
.0613
.0582
.0576
.0571
.0564
.0557
90
91
92
93
94
.0865
.0857
.0848
.0838
.0826
.0766
.0758
.0749
.0739
.0727
.0708
.0700
.0690
.0680
.0667
.0661
.0652
.0643
.0632
.0619
.0605
.0597
.0587
.0577
.0564
.0549 .0445
.0541 .0436
.0530 .0426
.0518 j .0414
.0506 .0401
95
96
97
98
99
.0813
.0798
.0780
.0759
.0730
.0714
.0652
.0632
.0611
.0590
.0567
.0605
.0588
.0570
.0549
.0524
.0551
.0535
.0516
.0495
.0468
.0491
.0473
.0454
.0431
.0407
100
.0697
.0545 .0498 .0440

LITERATURE
.0479
.0473
.0467
.0460
.0453
.0386
.0368
.0348
.0325
.0299
.0380 .0271

(i) Atkins and Wallace, 4, 103: 1461; 13. (2) Bousfield and Lowry, 4, 99:
1432; 11. ( 3 ) Brunei, Crenshaw and Tobin, 1, 43: 561; 21. 135, 122:
256, 269, 281; 21. (*) Buchkremer, Diss., Bonn, 1890. (5) Bureau of
Standards, 365, No. 19; 16. ( 6 ) Burrows, 816, 53: 74; 19. ( 7 ) Bur winkle,
Diss., Mnster, 1914. (*) Cameron and Robinson, 50, 14: 569; 10. (9)
Campbell, 83, 11: 91; 15.
1
( O) Charpy, 6, 29: 5; 93. (") Cheneveau, Thesis, Paris, 1907. ( l 2 ) Comey
and Backus, 45, 2: 11; 10. (") Crismer, 28, 18: 18; 04. (**) Denison,
83, 8: 35; 12. (15) Dittmar and Fawsitt, 174, 33: 509; 87. ( 16 ) Doroshevskii, 53, 41: 958; 09. (*7) Doroshevskii and Rozdestvenskii, 53,
41: 977; 09. ( 18 ) Doroshevskii and Rozdestvenskii, 53, 41: 1428; 09.
(19) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 95: 1556; 09.
(20) Dupr, 5t 20: 336; 72. (21) Eisenlohr, 7, 75: 585; 10. (22) Fales and
Morrell, 1, 44: 2071; 22. (23) Frankfurter and Frary, 50, 17: 402; 13.
(.24) Frankfurter and Temple, 1, 37: 2697; 15. ( 2 S) Friedlnder, 7, 38:
385; 01. (26) Garner, Saxton and Parker, 11, 46: 236; 11. (27) Gerlach,
317, 7: 277; 84. (2) Heimbrodt, 8, 13: 1028; 04. (29) Henkel and Roth,
92, 18: 1936; 05.
(30) Herz and Knoch, 93, 45: 262; 05. (31) Herz and Schuftan, 7, 101: 269; 22.
(32) Herz and Wegner, 465, 45: 53; 25. (33) Holmes, 4, 89: 1774; 06.
(34) Holmes, 4, 103: 2147; 13. (35) Hvelmann, Diss., Mnster, 1914.
(36) Humburg, 7, 12: 401; 93. (37) Jahn, 7, 16: 72; 95. (38) Jones,
Lapworth and Lingford, 4, 103: 252; 13. (39) Joseph and Rae, 54, 33:
991; 14.
(40) Kailan, 91, 51: 81; 12. (41) Kassel, Diss., Leipzig, 1910. (**) Klason
and Norlin, 19, 2: No. 27; 06. (43) Kohlrausch, 8, 159: 233; 76. (44)
Kohlrausch and Hallwachs, 8, 53: 14; 94. (45) Landolt and Jahn, 7,
10: 289; 92. (46) Le Blanc, 7, 4: 553; 89. (47) Lebo, 1, 43: 1005; 21.
(48) Lewis, 54, 41: 97T; 22. (49) Mathews and Cooke, 50, 18: 559: 14.
(50) Merriman. 4, 103: 1774, 1790; 13. (51) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748;
14. (52) Mueller and Abegg, 7, 57: 513; 07. (53) Nicol, 347, 18: 302; 87.
(54) holm, 147, 2: No. 26; 13. (55) Oppenheimer, 7, 27: 447; 98. (56)
Osborne, McKelvy and Bearce, 31 A, 9: 327; 13. (57) Otten, Diss., Mnchen, 1887. ( 58 ) Oudemans, 18, 1: 447; 66. (59) Oudemans, 467, 2:
750; 66.
(60) Pagliani, 59, 12: 229; 82. () Perkin, 4, 45: 421; 84. (62) Perkin,
4, 49: 777; 86. (63) Pisarzevskii and Lemcke, 7, 52: 479; 05. (.64) price,
4, 107: 188; 15. (65) Reid, 11, 45: 479; 11. (66) Reyher, 7, 2: 744; 88.
(67) Richards and Shipley, 1, 38: 989; 16. (68) Richardson and Allaire,
11, 19: 149; 97. (69) Rimbach and Wintgen, 7, 74: 233; 10.
(70) Rivett and Sidgwick, 4, 97: 732; 10. (71) Robertson and Aeree, 11, 49:
474; 13. (72) Rudorf, 7, 43: 257; 03. (73) Scheij, 70, 18: 169; 99. (74)
Schoorl and Regenboden, 64P, 20: 831; 18. (75) Schttner, 75, 77 II:
682; 78. (76) Skalweit, 466, 5: 17; 85. (77) Thorpe, 4, 71: 920; 97. (78)
Tijmstra, 7, 49: 345; 04. (79) Timmermans, 28, 24: 244; 10.
(80) Traube, 25, 19: 871; 86. <) Traube, 13, 265: 27; 91. (82) Turbaba,
18I1 Suppl. 5: 1890-3. ( 83 ) Tyrer, 4, 105: 2534; 14. (84) Usher,
4, 97: 66; 10. (85) Wilsdon and Sidgwick, 4,103:1959; 13. (86) Winther,
7, 60: 563; 07. (87) Wroth and Reid, l, 38: 2316; 16. <*) Young, 1171
12: 374; 10. (89) Young and Fortey, 4, 81: 717; 02.
< 9 ) Bosart and Snoddy, 45, 19: 506; 27.
B. SOLUTIONS CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE SOLUTE.

BOTH SOLUTES ARE C-COMPOUNDSt
The (T-arrangement (p. viii)
Unless otherwise indicated all compositions are given in Wt. %
in the solution. All density values are d\ = g/ml in vacuo.
B = CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride
C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (4)
C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol
t = 19.40C; -R = %B/%C (6); cf. (4)
-J^X^ 0.05086
%Jl2(J ^
5
0.8251
10
0.8380
15
0.8501
20
0.8616
25
0.8730
30
0.8840
35
0.8948
40
0.9052
100
0.9984
0.1096
0.2555
0.8456 0.8935
0.8581 0.9031
0.8693 0.9109
0.8801 0.9185
0.8903 0.9288
0.9000 |^\ A
0.9098 %H,O^
0.0
I 5.3
0.4319
0.6313
0.9600
0.9423
0.9501
0.9565
0.9624
1.0087
1.0124
1.0150
1.0592
1.0601
, 2o81 \. A 2 O614
^*1 %H2O^
1.1093
0.0
1.2346
1.1076
4.7
1.2246
C = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol ( 4 )

B = CHCl3, Chloroform
C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (4)
C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (4)
C = C3H6O, Acetone (4)
C = C3H8O, rc-Propyl alcohol (4)
B = CH2O2, Formic acid
C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol ()
C = C6H7N, Aniline, 3O0C (24)
o/ B*j
I
\~ c/ R*
T
^.
^ct\,
O
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
44>31 31 33 20 31
'
rcT\,
1.09671.06781.0432
1.0993 1.0722 1.0487
1.10171.07631.0544
1.1039 1.0797 1.0592
1.1057 1.0824 1.0625
1.1069 1.08411.0637
1.1068 1.0847 1.0631
1.1053 1.0838 1.0613
1.10181.08131.0583
1.09681.07731.0546
1.0906 1.0723| 1.0508
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
'
'
1.08361.06641.0472
1.0763 1.0599 1.0437
1.06871.05351.0399
1.0609 1.0476 1.0359
1.0529 1.0420 1.0320
1.0448 1.0363 1.0282
1.0365 1.0303 1.0244
1.0279 1.0242 1.0205
1.02001.01811.0166
1.0131
f wt- % in tne solution.
|29.6
115.1
I 7.6
I 3.8
|1.9
I 0.7
I 0.7
I 0.7
I 0.8
| 0.8
I 1.0377 I 1.019l I 1.0085 I 1.004s | 1.0022
J Where both solutes are sugars, see Vol. II, p. 352.
Benzene layer
%B I %C I
df
30.8
65.0
0.8615
4.2
95.5
0.8698
4.1
95.6
0.8700
4.0
95.7
0.8700
C = C6Hi4, Hexane (4)

C = C7Hi6, Heptane (4)
C = C10Hi6O, Camphor (22)
%B
%C
<
||99.0 189.1 J79.2 |69.3 |59.4 |49.5

IJ 0.0 JlO.O |20.0 J3Q.O |40.0 |50.Q
I] 0.8121 0.828 0.842l 0.858| 0.873J 0.888
B = C2H2Cl2O2, Dichloroacetic acid
C = C2H4O2, Acetic acid ()
B = C2H4Cl2, 1, 1-Dichloroethane
B = C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride
B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid
C = C4H7NO4, Aspartic acid (3)
%B
I 1.13 2.23 3.31 4.37 | 5.40 | 7.40 | 10.25
%C
j 2.50 I 2.48 I 2.45 | 2.42 j 2.40 | 2.34 | 2.27
IO4 -!)..[ 104 I 119 I 133 I 147 | 162 [ 185 [ 223
C = C6H6, Benzene (12)
44 31 31 33 20 31
B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol

C = C2H6Br, Ethyl bromide (4)
C = C6H5Br, Bromobenzene ( 4 )
||
Il
%B
Il 1.08 I 2.12 I 5.15 I 7.06 [ 9.80 | 14.0l| 17.85
%C
U 2.36 I 2.34 I 2.27 | 2.22 [ 2.15 [ 2.05J 1.96
10*(<g -1)..|| 97 I 111 I 151 I 177 I 211
264 j 311
B = CH4N2O, Urea
C = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (27)
%C
%B
d2/
%B
61.5
61.0
60.8
30.8
C = C4H8N2O3, Asparagine (3)
%B* =
%Cf I
O
I
5
I 10
I 15
I 96.1
9.64 I dl I 1.0186 I 1.0254 | 1.0316 | 1.0359 | 1.0146
* Wt. % in solvent, H2O.
C = C6H6, Benzene (i-5)

Aqueous layer
I %C I
df
11.4
0.8675
10.2
0.8700
9.8
0.8718
65.0 0.8615
%B
51.98
52.48
54.53
60.14
70.51
99.85
52.70
53.97
55.66
57.49
% C I ^4'65 Il % B I
40.31 0.9673
50.97
39.88
0.9681
48.89
38.15 0.9710
43.03
33.43
0.9796
32.64
24.69
0.9955
52.97
0.0
1.0454
56.43
40.67
0.9653
64.75
41.02 0.9632
66.29
41.81 0.9587
70.08
I 42.40 | 0.9532 || 65.86
I
% G I dp*""
42.01 0.9633
45.00
0.9570
52.97
0.9412
67.30
0.9137
39.01 0.9697
34.65
0.9788
22.99
1.0050
12.81 1.0312
4.59 1.0520
| 2.60 | 1.0521
C = C6H6O2, Hydroquinol (27)
r c - Q '7
%B
dj*
!29 6
' !15- '7'6 !3'8
I 1.0364 I 1.02Oo I 1.0094 | 1.004i
C = C6H7N, Aniline, 30.40C (24)

10
93 82 90 36 8
^7^\
6.46 75.70 58.46 36.56
% ^T . ^-^ O
1.0373 1.0456 1.0500 1.0556 1.0565 1.0534 1.0371
5
.0514 .0578 .0609 .0655 .0650 .0592 .0427
10
.0640 .0682 .0707 .0737 .0716 .0645 .0478
15
.0732 .0754 .0770 .0792 .0756 .0683 .0515
20
.0792 .0797 .0805 .0821 .0776 .0700 .0528
25
.0826 .0816 .0819 .0828 .0777 .0696 .0522
30
.0834 .0814 .0812 .0817 .0763 .0677 .0502
35
.0818 .0796 .0790 .0791 .0735 .0650 .0477
40
.0788 .0763 .0756 .0753 .0699 .0616 .0451
45
.0746 .0720 .0712 .0714 .0656 .0574 .0424
50
.0696 .0670 .0661 .0672 .0608 .0534 .0394
:--
C = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (31); cf. (4)
B = C2H^2, Acetic acid.(Continued)

C = C6H7N Aniline, 30.40C (24).(Continued)
B
^^\^ * 100 93.82 90.36 86.46 75.70 58.46 36.56

% IvT ^--^^
^
55
1.0640 1.0615 1.0606 1.0618 1.0557 1.0494
60
.0578 .0554 .0548 .0554 .0504 .0453
65
.0514 .0493 .0486 .0487 .0450 .0408
70
.0449 .0434 .0425 .0425 .0395 .0360
75
.0382 .0376 .0365 .0365 .0341 .0310
80
.0325 .0319 .0309 .0305 .0288 .0264
85
.0274 .0259 .0262
.0238 .0222
90
.0217
.0196 .0186
95
.0168
.0154
100
.0128
* Wt. % in solvent, H2O.
t Wt. % in solution.
C = CyHyNO2, m-Aminobenzoic acid ( l )

%B
||0.00|0.06|0.6Q|6.01|14.02|26.84|46.86
%C
||0.76|0.79|Q.84|1.29| 2.66| 5.03J 7.45
104(df - 1)
|| 8 j 72 I 82 I 1501 800 I 507 I 806
C = C9Hi3NO3S, Trimethylsulfanilic acid (20)
C = Ci0Hi4N2, Nicotine (13)
%B I %C I
22.37
60.44
21.95
59.31
21.30
57.57
21.03
56.81
56.53
20.92
dl
I] % B I
1.0923
20.64
1.0965
20.61
1.0976
20.59
1.0993
20.56
1.0994
%C
55.75
55.69
55.64
55.54
<~
1.0996
1.0999
1.1035
1.1295
B = C2H5Br, Ethyl bromide

C = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol (4)
B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H7Br, Propyl bromide (4)
C = C3H7NO2, Alanine (17)
Vol. I Wt. ~7iVol. I Wt. I 25
V o I W t . I 25
4
4
4
% B * %Cf
%B* %Cf
%B* %Cf
O
14.2 1.042 25
6.6 0.989 50
2.3 0.936
5
12.6 1.031 31
5.2 0.976 55
1.8 0.919
10
11.1 1.021 35.
4.7 0.967 60
1.6 0.910
15
9.5 1.010
40
3.7 0.958 70
0.84 0.884
20
7.8 [o.998 45
3.0 0.945 80
0.37 0.856
* Vol. % in solvent (H2O) at 15.50C.
t Wt. % in the solution.
C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (U)

%B
%C
d\5
|[12.8 |13.4 |25.1 39.2 |37.9 [41.0

|| 5.7 I 9.4
[38.2 | 3.8
|40.7 j 6.2
|| 0.9928J 1.0Q13J 1.0442J 0.9464J 1.014o| 0.9469
C = C4H6O6, Tartaric acid (29)
%B
0.0
0.0
3.8
15.5
27.1
%C I
0.0
57.9
56.1
51.4
46.8
df
u %B I
0.997
42.2
1.317 66.0
1.300
73.1
1.242
78.3
1.177 100.0
%C I df
40.0 1.088
27.8
0.960
24.2
0.926
21.7 0.903
0.0
0.785
% CI% B
O 100
10
90
10
80
10
70
10
60
10
50
10
40
10
30
10
20
10
10
10
2
20
80
20
70
20
60
20
50
I dl [I % C I % B I < H % C I % B j <
0.789 20
40
0.911 50
20
0.920
0.799 20
30
0.933 60
40
0.852
0.828 20
20
0.954 60
30
0.880
0.854 30
70
0.819 60
20
0.907
0.878 30
60
0,848 70
30
0.863
0.900 30
50
0.874 70
20
0.892
0.923 30
40
0.898 80
20
0.874
.945 30
30
0.921 80
10
0.904
0.965 40
60
0.830 90
10
0.887
0.981 40
50
0.859 100
O
0.900
0.991 40
40
0.885
0.809 40
30
0.909
0.838 50
50 0.841
0.864 50
40
0.870
0.888 50
30
0.896
% B (29) [I 0.0
I 7.9
I 14.7
I 18.3 | 17.7
[lOO.O
%C
1 1 7 . 9 I 9.6 113.4 I 31.2
| 44.6
| 0.0
d*i
[I 0.996 I O..987 I 0.966 | 0.939 | 0.924 | 0.785
C = C4H9Br, Isobutyl bromide (4)
C = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (4)
C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21, 18); cf. (4, 28)
% C| % B I d\*
I df
|| % C I % B I 4 I df~
6
O
0.987s
70
25
0.748s
4
O
0.991s 0.9890
60
25
0.7817
2
O
0.9949 0.992s
10
25
0.934?
O
O
0.9991 0.9971
O
25
0.9642 0.9590
6
5
0.9809 0.9772
70
30 0.747e
4
5
0.9842 0.980s
60
30
0.7812 0.77Oo
2
5
0.9872 0.9846
50
30
0.812o 0.801e
O
5
0.9903 0.9882
40
30
0.842i 0.8322
90
10
0.7305 0.7174
30
30
0.872o 0.861e
6
10 0.9744 0.969s
20
30
0.9OU 0.893e
4
10 0.9774 0.973e
10
30
0.9319 0.924s
2
10 0.9802 0.977s
O
30
0.9569 0.9507
O
10 0.9830 0.9804
50
35
0.7899
80
15
0.7042
40
35
0.822o
6
15 0.967s 0.9627
30
35
0.852s
4
15 0.9712 0.9663
20
35
0.883o
2
15 0.9742 0.97Oo
10
35
0.912s
O
15 0.9767 0.9733
O
35
0.9483 0.9415
80
20
0.739e 0.726s
60
40
0.754s
70
20
0.7730 0.761s
50
40
0.789o 0.7759
10
20
0.951s
40
40
0.8187 0.8084
6
20 0.96Oe 0.954s
30
40
0.852o 0.8394
4
20
0.9644 0.958s
20
40
0.882i 0.871s
2
20
0.9679 0.962s
10
40
0.9097 0.9022
O
20
0.9707 0.9664
Q
40
0.9388 0.9315
% C I% B
50
50
40
50
30
50
20
50
10
50
O
50
40
60
I d H
0.7620
0.7962
0.826e
0.856s
0.8882
0.9178
0.7694
% C I% B
30
60
20
60
10
60
O
60
30
70
20
70
10
70
I dj* Il % C I % B
0.803i
O
70
0.8344 20
80
0.8652 10
80
0.8952
O
80
0.7766 10
90
0.8099
O
90
0.84Oe
I d\*
0.8719
0.783s
0.815e
0.8477
0.7892
0.8223
Miscible mixtures (8)

%B
24.4
22.0
18.9
14.5
9.5
3.8
23.9
26.0
|%C| $ |
15.6 0.938
13.0 .948
ll.i .958
10.5 .967
10.5 .974
11.2 .978
15.0 .940
20.0 .922
|%B|
27.2
27.4
27.6
27.5
27.2
26.2
25.2
23.5
C = C6H6, Benzene (1-2); cf. (4)
% C | dj |
25.0 0.906
30.o
.889
35.0 .874
40.0 .859
45.0 .845
50.0 .832
55.0 .820
60.o
.808
| % B | % C | dl
21.5 65.0 0.798
19.2 70.o .788
16.5 75.o .778
13.4 80.o .770
10.2 85.o .762
6.8 90.o .754
3.4 95.o .745
Coexistent liquid phases at O0C (8)

%B
2.7
7.5
7.7
6.7
13.4
13.8
22.0
22.0
24.8
24.3
Upper layer
I %C I
96.0
89.0
88.6
90.0
80.0
79.6
64.0
63.7
56.0
56.6
||
dl
||
0.743
0.755
0.755
0.754
0.770
0.771
0.800
0.801
0.818
0.816
%B I
8.4
15.5
15.5
15.5
20.1
20.0
23.4
23.5
25.2
25.0
Lower layer
%C I
10.6
10.5
10.5
10.5
11.5
11.4
16.3
16.5
20.o
19.8
dl
0.975
0.965
0.965
0.965
0.955
0.956
0.934
0.934
0.922
0.923
C = C5Hi0O, Diethylketone (4)

C = C6Hi0O2, Ethyl propionate ( 4 )
C = C5HnBr, Isoamyl bromide ( 4 )
C = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (9)
Upper layer
%B
%C
d\b'b
%B
%C
d\b'b
I O.o I 6.1 114.2 |20.6 |25.6 |28.i |27.7

190.7 |82.6 [70.7 J59.4 [47.4 |32.4 |25.6
Q.831| Q.834| 0.840| 0.848| 0.860| 0.888| 0.904
Lower layer
I O.o I 5.9 |l3.o |17.4 121.2 124.8 |26.6
I 2.7
I 2.8
I 3.0
I 3.1
I 4.6
|10.8 117.6
I 0.995l 0.986| Q.976| 0.970| 0.96l| 0.942| 0.922
C = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol (4)

C = C6H3N3O6, 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene ( 17 )
Vol. %B*
I 60 I 70 I 75
80 I 85 | 90 | 95 | 100
%Cf
10.23 10.38 |0.47 0.57 |0.78 |l.l |1.5 |2.3
<ff
|Q.9Q6|Q.881|0.87l|0.858|0.844|0.829|Q.813|0.796
%B I %C
0.00
0.00
0.00 100.00
10.00
0.00
10.00
89.93
10.00
90.00
18.48
81.52
0.00
20.00
20.00
77.69
20.00
80.00
30.00
0.00
30.00
63.81
30.00
65.44
30.00
67.28
30.00
67.58
30.00
70.00
32.42
60.85
38.08
52.46
40.00
0.00
40.00
0.40
48.61
40.00
40.00
54.31
40.00
59.72
40.00
60.00
43.43
44.53
49.85
0.00
49.85
1.22
4.99
49.86
50.00
0.00
5.87
50.00
8.44
50.00
50.00
30.80
50.00
35.76
50.00
39.85
44.18
50.00
50.00
50.00
% B 1 % C I
0.0
0.0
12.6 60.6
21.8 57.1
ff Il
0.997
1.264
1.212
% B I
33.8
42.6
52.1
% C I ffl || % B I % C I ffl
51.9 1.156 61.6 38.4 1.007
47.9 1.112 100.0 0.0 0.785
43.0 1.054
C = C6Hi2O2, Ethyl butyrate (4)

C = C6Hi4, Hexane (4)
C = C7H6O, Benzaldehyde (4)
C = C7H6O2, Benzoic acid (29)
%B|%C|
0.0 j 0.0
0.0 0.37
8.7 0.58
30.4 4.7
<ff | | % B | % C | df
||%B|%C|df
0.997 41.9 17.8 0.944
63.1 36.9 0.907
0.997 49.1 30.1 0.938 100.0 0.0 0.785
0.984 54.1 35.0 0.928
0.955 61.2 36.5 0.910
%C I
32.58
0.00
3.90
7.05
14.06
19.16
23.21
28.60
34.47
40.00
0.00
7.46
10.72
14.68
18.09
22.45
24.31
25.64
30.00
0.00
0.00
3.58
9.23
13.75
15.89
20.01
0.00
2.42
4.99
7.53
10.13
0.00
d\*
0.8519
0.8870
0.8796
0.8739
0.8618
0.8537
0.8470
0.8380
0.8280
0.8182
0.8634
0.8501
0.8442
0.8372
0.8316
0.8239
0.8201
0.8181
0.8095
0.8551
0.8391
0.8327
0.8227
0.8142
0.8102
0.8010
0.8137
0.8092
0.8042
0.7990
0.7934
0.7851
C = C7H6O3, Salicylic acid (29)
Il % B I % GI d:b [I % B I % C I df
44.4 12.8 0.942
66.8 33.2 0.916
53.4 24.0 0.938 100.0 0.0 0.785
60.7 31.0 0.929
65.2| 32.4| 0.920
|
% B I % C I df
0.0 0.0 0.997
0.0 0.22 0.998
8.7 0.34 0.983
31.1 I 2.7 0.954
*In the aqueous solvent, 15.50C. t Wt. % in the solution.
C = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (4)
C = C6H7N, Aniline (14)
C = C6H8O7, Citric acid (29)
ffl
II %B I
0.9971
51.49
0.8736
60.00
0.9804
60.00
0.8631
60.00
0.8630
60.00
0.8550
60.00
0.9664
60.00
O-.8567
60.00
0.8535
60.00
0.9507
60.00
0.8543
70.00
0.8516
70.00
0.8490
70.00
0.8482
70.00
0.8447
70.00
0.8529
70.00
0.8524
70.00
0.9315
70.00
0.9306
70.00
0.8533
73.46
0.8449
80.00
0.8360
79.98
0.8357
79.98
0.8520
79.99
0.9102
79.99
0.9079
79.99
0.9007
89.97
0.9098
89.94
0.8992
89.92
0.8946
89.90
0.8779
89.87
0.8500
100.00
0.8435
0.8361
0.8269
C = C7H6O5-H2O, Gallic acid (29)

% B | % C | d H % B| % C| <ff | | % B | % C | ^ f ~
0.0 0.0 0.997 37.1 11.2 0.971 77.9 22.1 0.899
0.0 1.2 0.999 57.6 18.0 0.943 100.0 0.0 0.785
16.4 3.3 0.982 70.7 21.2 0.916
C = C7H7Br, Bromotoluene (4)
C = C7H7NO, Benzamide (17)
J*
TO
5
15
20
25
31
35
%Cf
Ts
1.6
2.2
2.7
3.5
5.1
5.9
df
I %B* % C f
0.999
0.992
0.982
0.976
0.972
0.966
0.963
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
7^9
9.9
12.1
14.1
16.0
17.8
19.3
* Vol. % in the aqueous solvent, 15.50C.
df
%B* % C f
0.958 75
0.953 80
0.948 83
0.944 85
0.939 90
0.932 95
0.925 100
20^3 0.917
20.9 0.907
21.0 0.900
20.7 0.895
19.7 0.878
17.4 0.856
14.6 0.830
f Wt. % in the solution.
C = C7H7NO2, p-Nitrotoluene (4)
of
B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol.(Continued)

C = C7H8, Toluene (4)
C = C7H8N2S, Phenylthiourea O 7 )
% B * | % C t | df Il % B* I % Cf I d\* H % B* I % Cf HEF"
O
0.24 0.998 50
1.8 0.932 75
4.3 0.881
15
0.38 0.979 55
2.3 0.923 80
4.5 0.868
25
0.56 0.968 60
2.7 0.913 85
4.8 0.854
35
0.83 0.956 65
3.3 0.902 90
4.5 0.839
40 I 1.1
0.9491 70
3.8 0.892 95
4.2 0.820
%B
%~C
Jf
C = C7H8O, Benzyl alcohol (4)

C = C7H9N, Methylaniline (4)
C = C7H9N, o-Toluidine (4)
C = C7Hi6, Heptane ( 4 )
C C8H8O3, Methyl salicylate (29)
I 0.0 I 0.0 131.4 47.7 |48.1 |17.1 |100.0
I 0.0 I 0.12 I 0.61 I 6.4 |31.6 |79.1 I 0.0
I 0.997| 0.9971 0.952| 0.92l| 0.94l| 1.087| 0.785
C = C8H9NO, Acetanilide ( 17 )
% B * | % C t l <ff | | % B * | % C t | df H % B * | % C f I "IF"
O
0.54 0.997 45
6.8 0.945 85
26.9 0.900
10
0.93 0.984 50
8.9 0.940 87
27.4 0.896
15
1.0
0.980 55
11.6 0.934 90
27.6 0.890
20
1.3
0.974 60
14.2 0.929 93
27.6 0.881
25
1.7
0.968 65
17.0 0.923 95
26.8 0.874
31
2.5
0.962 70
19.8 0.918 100 24.8 0.851
35
3.5
0.957 75 22.6 0.913
40
4.8
0.951 80 25.2 0.907
0
* Vol. % in the aqueous solvent, 15.5 C.

%B*|%Cfl
O
0.12
5
0.13
15 0.16
20
0.23
25
0.31
35
0.66
40
0.95
C = C8Hi0, Xylenes (4)

C = C8Hi0O, Phenetole (4)
C = C9Hi0O2, Benzyl acetate (4)
C = C9H11NO, Acettoluide (* 7 )
<ff Il % B* I % Cf I d\* Il % B* I % Cf I <?l
0.998 45
1.4 0.938 80
7.8 0.868
0.990 50
1.9 0.931 85
8.8 0.858
0.978 55
2.6 0.921 90
9.6 0.844
0.972 60
3:5 0.912 93
9.8 0.834
0.967 65
4.2 0.902 95
9.7 0.828
0.954 70
5.5 0.890 100
9.2 0.807
0.946 75
6.6 0.880

C = C9Hi2, Mesitylene (4)

C = C9Hi2O, Ethyl benzyl ether (4)
C = Ci0Hi6, Pinene (4)
C = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (22)
% B I % C I dl I] % B I % C I dl Il % B I % C "Iy"
90.0
O 0.833 99.0
O 0.793 59.4 40
0.862
81.0
10 0.846 89.1 10 0.811 49.5 50
0.878
72.0
20 0.859 79.2 20
0.826
63.0
30
0.871 69.3 30
0.844
% B I % C I
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.75
8.6 1.2
26.7 16.3
C = Ci0Hi6O4, Camphoric acid (29)

ff [I % B I % G I <%> % B I
0.997 31.3 38.6 0.997 47.9
0.997 35.9 48.9 0.997 49.9
0.997 40.4 51.5 0.982 100.0
0.997 44.7 51.1 0.977
% C I
50.4
50.1
0.0
df
0.967
0.957
0.785
C = Ci0H22O, Isoamyl ether (4)

C = Ci2H11NO, Acetnaphthalide (* 7 )
% B * | % C f | df | | % B * | % C f | ^425 | | % B * | % C t | l g r ~
10 0.04 0.984 60
1.4 0.909 90
4.0 0.834
20 0.09 0.972 65
1.8 0.898 93
4.1 0.825
35 0.25 0.954 70
2.3 0.880 95
4.1 0.815
40 0.36 0.946 75
2.7 0.876 100
3.9 0.792
50 0.70 0.929 80
3.1 0.862
55 1.0
0.920 85
3.6 0.848
C = Ci2H22On, Sucrose (")

<g" H % B I % G I ^7-5 [I % B I % G 1"5P""
1.3237 17.0 49.0 1.183i 68.0 7.4 0.894s
1.2980 24.8 41.7 1.1289 84.7 1.1 0.836?
1.264s 35.4 32.1 1.056s 95.5 0.4 0.8074
1.230s 50.4 19.2 0.9744
C = Ci3Hi0O3, Phenyl salicylate (29)
% B I % C I df [I % B I % C I ffi Il % B I % C I ff
0.0 0.0
0.997 50.5 0.86 0.909) 65.3 34.7 0.895
0.0 0.02 0.996 67.2 4.4 0.875 100.0 0.0 0.785
8.7 0.02 0.982 77.5 11.9 0.861
31.9 0.07 0.947 70.7 26.7 0.876
C = Ci3Hi2N2O, Benzoylphenylhydrazine (17)
% B * | % C f | df | | % B * | % C t l ^ l | % B * | % C t l f f
40 0.16 0.946 70
1.1 0.884 90
2.2 0.831
50 0.32 0.928 75
1.2 0.872 93
2.9 0.822
55 0.51 0.917 80
1.6 0.859 95
2.4 0.814
65 0.81 0.896 85
1.9 0.846 100
2.3 0.793
%B|
0.0
3.0
6.7
11.1
%C|
66.0
62.7
58.8
55.1
* Vol. % in aqueous solvent, 15.50C.

C = Ci8H36O2, Stearic acid (29)

% B I % G I d Il % B I % C I ffl H % B I % C I df
0.0 0.0
0.997 41.7 0.12 0.926 90.3 6.4 0.801
0.0 0.03 0.996 69.7 0.81 0.862 91.7 8.3 0.793
16.9 0.03 0.969 86.9 3.2
0.815 100.0 0.0 0.785
C = Ci9Hi7N3, Triphenylguanidine ( 17 )
% B * | % G t | df | | % B * | % C t l <*425 | | % B * | % C t | <ff
60 0.22 0.905 80
1.0 0.857 95
3.6 0.816
70 0.48 0.883 85
1.6 0.843 100
5.9 0.802
75 0.67 0.870 90
2.3 0.831
* Vol. % in aqueous solvent, 15.50C.
C = C27H30N2O5-IH2O, Quinine salicylate (29)

% B I % G Mf
Il % B I % G I <ff % B I % G I Ip^"
0.0 0.0
0.997 50.7 1.8 0.911 92.7 4.1 0.809
0.0 0.06 0.996 69.1 3.4 0.871 96.7 3.2 0.795
32.2 0.57 0.947 88.3 4.6 0.823 100.0 0.0 0.785
B = C3H6O, Acetone
C = C4H10O, n-Butyl alcohol (25)
%B
9.93
9.44
8.92
19.31
18.33
17.36
16.38
15.40
29.62
26.59
24.01
21.12
l % c i dy
0.00
4.93
10.13
0.00
5.06
10.10
15.18
20.24
0.00
10.22
18.94
28.70
0.9859
0.9790
0.9709
0.9731
0.9667
0.9584
0.9495
0.9398
0.9578
0.9426
0.9277
0.9117
II % B l % o i
40.06
34.41
22.92
71.10
63.56
56.80
49.89
42.60
35.50
79.92
63.81
47.51
30.26
40.13
60.13
0.00
10.61
20.11
29.89
40.09
50.07
0.00
20.17
40.30
df
0.8717
0.8617
0.8431
0.8723
0.8648
0.8600
0.8508
0.8438
0.8376
0.8504
0.8405
0.8313
C = C 4 Hi 0 O, n-Butyl alcohol.(Continued)
%B
I %C I
ffl
I) % B I % C I "ffl~
37.49
0.00 0.9451
31.95
60.03
0.8232
33.69
10.14 0.9309
15.97 80.02
0.8158
29.86
20.34
0.9143
89.58
0.00 0.8224
26.11
30.36
0.8993
80.55
10.08 0.8207
22.37
40.33
0.8851
71.75 19.90 0.8190
0.00 0.9207
62.72
29.98
0.8173
50.03
45.01
10.04 0.9076
54.11 39.59
0.8158
39.84
20.37
0.8945
44.81 49.98
0.8145
35.06
29.93
0.8828
35.85
59.98
0.8134
30.02
40.00
0.8710
18.01
79.90
0.8113
28.23
49.57
0.8603
95.10
0.00 0.8071
57.46
0.00 0.9048
30.86
69.14 0.8038
51.53
10.32 0.8935
50.00
50.00
0.8000
45.85
20.20 [ 0.8822
70.47
29.53
0.7966
Saturated solutions
%B
0.00
9.26
11.62
12.65
12.95
%C I
7.90
12.00
18.64
24.68
28.15
< II % B I
0.9869
13.42
0.9670
13.10
0.9485
11.65
0.934
8.28
0.9261
0.00
%C
36.91
47.02
53.86
63.68
79.94
d
0.9072
0.8875
0.8765
0.8635
0.8479
C = Cellulose acetate (2)
df % C I % B I ffl II % C I % B I <g
0.807 4.9 92.4 0.814 4.5 86.0 0.834
0.808 4.8 91.3 0.818 4.3 81.6 0.850
0.810 4.7 90.3 0.823 4.1 77.5 0.862
0.811 4.7 88.8 0.8261 3.8 72.2 0.878
0.815 4.6 87.7 0.8461 3.6 67.4 0.890
% C I % B I
5.0 95.0
5.0 94.4
4.9 94.0
4.9 92.8
4.9 92.6
B = CsH8O, n-Propyl alcohol

C = C7H7Br, Bromotoluene ( 4 )
B = C3H8O3, Glycerol
C = C3H8O2, Trimethyleneglycol, 2O0C (5)
Ir^\5C
/C >
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
* Impure.
B = C 4He O 4, Succinic acid

C = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (io)
B = C 4H8O 2, Butyric acid
G = C6H7N, Aniline, 3O0C (24)
^\ ^R*
^ AX^
% ^S
^^
Of
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
^R*
10
100 96.09 83.46 ~7\

% ^
0.94960.96520.9751
0.95870.97520.9837
0.96730.98450.9916
0.97530.99230.9986
0.98180.99811.0035
0.9872 1.0024 1.0066
0.9925 1.0054 1.0088
0.9966 1.0073 1.0102
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
96 09 83 46
^v.
0.99941.00841.0109
1.00131.00931.0114
1.00271.00971.0114
1.00381.00961.0112
1.00481.00951.0108
1.0060 1.0096 1.0107
1.0070 1.0099 1.0108
1.0080 1.0103 1.0109
* In the water-butyric acid solvent,

t dj = 0.9898 for 64.01 % B.
d* = 1.0120 for 64.01 % B.
In the solution.
B = C6H6O, Phenol
C = C7H7NO, Benzamide (23)
B = C6H7N, Aniline
C = C6H8ClN, Aniline hydrochloride (30)
The solvent is an aqueous solution containing Jô g-mole aniline
per liter
oi
RII c/
ilII or
^20
M ~
4 TiII w% o
^ II ^725
#4
% r*
^ II ^726
4
% r
^ lI 4
1.4
2.6
3.8
4.7
1.000s
6.1 1.0102
1.0036 8.0 1.013s
1.005s 10.7 1.019s
1.007? 14.0 1.0267
C = C7H8,
14.9 1.027s
18.5 1.0352
25.3 1.049o
32.4 1.062e
Tolune (26)
33.6 1.065s
41.8 1.0794
49.1 1.0937
LITERATURE
(For
a key to the periodicals see end of volume)
(!) Barbaudy, 27, 35: 31; 24. (i' 2 ) Barbaudy, 27, 39: 371; 26. (!) Barbaudy, 34, 182: 1279; 26. ( 2 ) Barr and Bircumshaw, 83, 16: appendix
72; 21. (3) Becker, 25, 14: 1028; 81. ( 4 ) Bonner, 00, 14: 738; 10. (*)
1.262
Cocks and Salway, 04, 41: 17T; 22. () Curtis and Titus, 50, 19: 738; 15.
1.249
( 7 ) Davis and Harvey, 45, 11: 443; 19. ( 8 ) Desmaroux, 815, 19: 322; 22.
1.235 1.236
100% C, df = 1.053s
( 9 ) Fontein, 7, 73: 212; 10.
(io) Forbes and Coolidge, 1, 41: 150; 19. (U) Fresenius and Grnhut, 91,
1.222 1.223 1.224
51: 23, 104; 12. O 2 ) Friedlnder, 7, 38: 385; 01. < 13 ) Gennari, 7, 19:
1.208 1.210 1.211 1.213 1.214
130; 96. C1*) Gladstone and Dale, 62, 153: 317; 63. < 15 ) Hartwig, 8.
1.195 1.196 1.198 1.200 1.202 1.203
33: 58; 88. ( 1 ^) Herz and Knpch, 93, 45: 262; 05. (17) Holleman and
1.181 1.183 1.185 1.187 1.190 1.192 1.193 Antusch, 70, 13: 277; 94. (1*) Horiba, 41, 31: 922; 10. (19) Kanitz, 7,
1.168 1.169 1.171 1.174 1.177 1.179 1.181 22:336; 97.
(20) Katayama and Yamada, 41, 41: 193; 20. (21) Kono, Rep. Gunpowder
1.154 1.156 1.158 1.161 1.164 1.167 1,168
Res. Dept., Japanese Navy, B. No. 29; 1923. (22) Malosse, 84, 154: 1697;
1.140 1.142 1.144 1.148 1.151 1.154 1.156 12. (23) Perkin, 4, 69: 1216; 96. (24) Pound and Russell, 4, 125: 769; 24.
1.127 1.128 1.130 1.134 1.138 1.141 1.144 (25) Reilly and Ralph, 117,15: 597; 19. (26) Riedel, 7, 56: 243; 06. (27)
1.113 1.114 1.117 1.121 1.125 1.128 1.131 Rudorf, 7, 43: 257; 03. ( 2 ) Sanfourche and Boutin, 27, 31: 546; 22.
1.099 1.100 1.103 1.107 1.111 1.116 1.119 (29) Seidell, 404, No. 67; 10.
(30) Sidgwick and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1118; 11. (31) Steffens and Chenoweth,
1.103 1.106
Brooklyn, N. Y., O.
-~>^
95
C = C4H6O4, Succinic acid ( 16 )

%B*| % C | df | | % B * | % C | df | | % B * | % G | " d f ~
0.0
0.8 1.0213 31.4 0.6 1.089? 68.9 0.4 1.1804
7.1
0.7 1.0407 40.7 0.6 1.112o 99.6 0.4 1.253o
20.3
0.7 1.0644 48.5 0.5 1.129s
10
15
20
25
DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF HOMOGENEOUS NON-AQUEOUS

MIXTURES IN THE LIQUID OR CRYSTALLINE STATE (NON-AQUEOUS
LIQUID OR SOLID SOLUTIONS)
MALCOLM M. HARING
CONTENTS
AT LEAST ONE COMPONENT AN
ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCE
UN
MATIRES
DES CONSTITUANTS AU
MOINS EST UN LMENT
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
MINDESTENS
EINE
KOMPONENTE IST EIN ELEMENTARER
INDICE
pAGB
ALMENO UNO DEI COMPONENTI E UN ELEMENTO
STOFF
CHIMIQUE
Two-component systems.
Systmes deux constituants.
Zwei-Komponenten Systeme.
Poly-component systems.
Systmes plusieurs constituants.
Poly-Komponenten Systeme.
COMPONENTS
CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS
TOUS LES CONSTITUANTS SONT

DES COMPOSS CHIMIQUES
ALLE
KOMPONENTEN
SIND
CHEMISCHE VERBINDUNGEN
TUTTI I COMPONENTI SONO
1. No component has a key

formula
beginning
with 16.
1. Aucun des constituants ne

possde une formule
cl commenant par
16.
Systmes trois constituants.
2. Un constituant, et un constituant
seulement,
possde une formule
cl ne commenant
pas par 16.
3. Tous les constituants possdent une formule
cl commenant par
16.
1. Keine Komponente hat

eine mit 16 beginnende Schlsselformel.
1. Nessun componente
possiede una formula chiave che
comincia con 16,
Sistemi a due componenti
Sistemi a tre componenti
2. Uno solo dei componenti ha una
formula chiave
che non comincia
con 16.
3. La formula chiave di
tutti
i
componenti comincia
con 16.
ALL
Two-component
systems.
Three-component systems.
2. One, and only one, component has a key
formula not beginning
with 16.
Two-component
systems.
3. All components have key
formulae beginning
with 16.
Two-component
systems.
INTRODUCTION
Arrangement.Arrangement is by groups as shown by the table
of contents above.
Scope.For all binary systems the density data are given when
the accuracy is 0.1% or better except in the case of fragmentary
values and values for saturated solutions (for the latter class of
values the reader is referred to SeidelFs "Solubilities" ( 297 )).
Systems under pressures greater than one atmosphere and ternary
systems (except a few of considerable importance) are given by
literature reference only. References written 1 indicate that the
reliable data cover less than three values, and 2 that data for
densities of saturated solutions are included.
Units.All density values and all compositions in mass units
are based upon true mass ("weight in vacuo").
Temperature Functions.Variation of density with temperature
is sometimes given by recording under "a," (resp. "103b") the
two terms
a, [resp. 103b(2 /8)] of the function:
d\ = a - b(t - I6)
Drei-Komponenten Systeme.
2. Eine und nur eine Komponente hat eine nicht
mit 16 beginnende
Schlsselformel.
3. Die Schlsselformeln aller
Komponenten beginnen mit 16.

131
Sistemi a pi componenti
132
COMPOSTI
133
135
135
142
143
196
Example: In Sec. IV, p. 144, the density of a liquid mixture of

CCl4 and C6H4Cl2, containing 93.62 Wt. % of CCl4 is given by
d\ = [1.5794 - 1.836 X lQ~3(t - 15)] 0.075%,
for the range 15 650C; and hence, e.g.,
dl* = 1.5427 0.0011 g/ml.
Conversion Factors.Conversion of Wt. % to MoI % and vice
versa is made by means of the relation :
Wt
7 A =
100 X MoI % A X Molecular Wt. A

~
~~
'
CMoI % A X Molecular Wt. A ) + (MoI % B X Molecular Wt. B)
INTRODUCTION
Arrangement.L'arrangement est fait par groupes ainsi qu'il
est indiqu dans la table des matires ci-dessus.
Champ.Pour tous les systmes binaires, les valeurs des
densits sont donnes lorsque la prcision est de 0,1 % ou meilleure,
except dans les cas de valeurs fragmentaires et de valeurs concernant les solutions satures (pour cette dernire catgorie de
valeurs, le lecteur s'adressera "Solubilities" de Seidell (297).

Les systmes se trouvant sous des pressions suprieures une
atmosphre et les systmes ternaires ( l'exception de quelquesuns qui prsentent une importance considrable) ne sont donns
que par des rfrences bibliographiques. Les rfrences crites
comme suit 1 indiquent que la donne digne de confiance se rapporte moins de trois valeurs, et 2 signifie que les donnes pour
les densits des solutions satures sont incluses.
Units.Toutes les valeurs de densit et toutes les compositions exprimes en units de masse sont bases sur les masses
vraies ("poids dans le vide").
Equations de temprature.La variation de la densit avec la
temprature est donne quelquefois en inscrivant sous "a" (resp.
"I03b") les deux termes
a, [(resp. 103b( 4)] de la fonction:
d{ = a - b(* - ta)
Exemple: Dans la Section IV, p. 144, la densit d'un mlange
liquide de CCl4 et de C6H4Cl2, contenant 93,62% poids de CCl4
sera donne par la relation
dl = [1,5794 - 1,836 X 10~3 (t - 15)] 0,075%,
pour l'intervalle 15 650C; de l on tire
dl6 = 1,5427 0,0011 g/ml.
Facteurs de conversion.La conversion des % poids en %
molcules et vice-versa se fait par la relation :
% Poids de A =
100 X % Mol. de A X Poids Mol. de A
(% Mol. de A X Poids Mol. de A) -f ( % Mol. de B X Poids Mol. de B)
EINLEITUNG
Anordnung.Diese ist nach Gruppen durchgefhrt, wie sie
oben in dem Inhaltsverzeichnis angegeben ist.
Umfang.Bei allen binren Systemen ist die Dichte dann
angegeben, wenn die Genauigkeit 0,1% oder grosser ist. Ausnahmen sind in Fllen mit unvollstndigen Angaben und bei den
gesttigten Lsungen gemacht. Fr gesttigte Lsungen siehe
Seidell ["Solubilities" (297)]. Systeme unter grsserem Druck
als l Atmosphre und ternre Systeme (ausgenommen einiger
weniger von grsserer Bedeutung) sind nur durch Literaturnachweise angegeben. Stellen mit der Bezeichnung l bedeuten,
dass die verwendbaren Daten weniger als drei Werten entsprechen und 2 bedeutet, dass die Dichte der gesttigten Lsungen
mit eingeschlossen sind.
Einheiten.Dichten und Zusammensetzungen beziehen sich
immer auf die wirkliche Masse ("Gewicht im Vakuum").
Temperatur-Gleichungen.Die nderung der Dichte mit der
Temperatur ist zuweilen durch die Angaben unter "a" (bezw.
unter "lQ3b") gegeben. Es sind dies die zwei Terme
a, [bezw. 103b( U)] der Gleichung:
d\ = a - b(t - ta).
Beispiel: In Sec. IV, p. 144, ist die Dichte einer flssigen Mischung von CCl4 und C6H4Cl2 mit 93,62 Wt. % (Gewichts %) CCl4
gegeben, durch die Gleichung
d*4 = [1,5794 - 1,836 X 10~3 (t - 15)] 0,075%
gltig fr den Temperatur-Bereich 15 650C. Es ist daher,
z.B.,
df = 1,5427 0,0011 g/ml.
Umrechnungsfaktoren.Die Umrechnung von Gewichts-Prozenten (Wt. %) auf Mol % und umgekehrt erfolgt nach der Gleichung:
Gewichts % (Wt. %) A =
100 Mol % A X Molekulargewicht A
(Mol%A X Molekulargewicht A) + (Mol %B x Molekulargewicht B)
INTRODUZIONE
Disposizione della materia.La divisione fatta per gruppi

come risulta dall'indice.
Contenuto.Per tutti i sistemi binari la densit riportata solo
quando l'esattezza del 0,1% o maggiore. Sono eccettuati i
casi in cui si hanno dati incompleti, e le soluzioni sature. Per le
soluzioni sature vedi Seidell "Solubilities" ( 297 ). Per i sistemi
a pressioni maggiori di una atmosfera e per i sistemi ternari,
(eccettuati pochi di considerevole importanza), sono riportate
soltanto le indicazioni bibliografiche. Le citazioni contrassegnate con l indicano che i dati attendibili comprendono meno
di tre valori, e quelle contrassegnate con 2 indicano che vi sono
comprese le densit delle soluzioni sature.
Unit.Densit e composizione si riferiscono sempre alle masse
effettive (peso nel vuoto).
Variazioni in funzione della temperatura.Sotto "a" (oppure
"103b") sono riportate qualche volta le variazioni di densit
con la temperatura, e precisamente sono riprodotti i due termini
a, [oppure 103b(t ta)] della equazione:
di = a - b(t - 4).
Esempio: Nella Sezione IV, p. 144, la densit di una miscela
liquida di CCl4 e C6H4Cl2 contenente 93,62% (peso %) di CCl4
data dall'equazione:
d{ = 1,5794 - 1,836 X 10~3 (t - 15) 0,075%,
che valida per le temperature tra 15 e 650C. Si avr perci per
esempio :
di5 = 1,5427 0,0011 g/ml.
Fattori di conversione.La trasformazione delle percentuali
in peso in percentuale in molecole e viceversa, si effettua mediante
l'equazione :
Peso % A =
100 X MoL % di A X Peso molecolare di A
(MoI. % di A X Peso molec. di A) + (MoI. % di B X Peso mol. di B)
SEC. L AT LEAST ONE COMPONENT IS AN ELEMENTARY

SUBSTANCE
Arrangement.The elementary substance is in all cases the

A-component and the systems are arranged in order of their
A-components, in accordance with the Standard arrangement.
If both components are elementary substances the one with the
lower key number is the A-component. Under a given A-component the B-components are arranged in accordance with the
Standard (resp. C) arrangement, etc.
Cl2
B =Br 2
Wt. % B I
df
(0.1 %) (3)
95.577
2.955
92.271
2.853
B = CCl4 (170.1)
B = CHCl3 (164)
===========:^^
Bf
2
= I
(to 44.4 Wt. % B)(243)
cf45 = (3.077 + 0.01161 X
Wt. %B) 0.25%
B
B = ICl3
(to 29.2 Wt. % B) (244)
d? = (3.077 - 0.0049 X
Wt. %B) 0.25%
B = CCl4
Wt. % A |
dl
(0.0075%)(143)
0.165
1.7657
0.087
1.7004
0.082
1.6964
0.073
1.6888
0.061
1.6801
Q 054
o 018
o 016
Ii6747
1 6463
1 6447
Br2.(Continued)
B = CCl4.(Continued)
(to 3.583 Wt. %A)(147)
d f ' 5 = (1.5676 + 0.027535 X
Wt. % A) 0.01 %
a
I
103b
(40 - 75)
(0.075%) (172)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.5555
I 1.895(Z - 40)
10.90Wt. % A
1.6379
I 1.978(* - 40)
B = C3H10ClN
Trimethylammonium chloride
Wt. % A I
d\*
(0.25%) (52)
100.00
3.131
98.16
3.070
97.12
3.057
93.81
2.953
B = C6H5NO2
Nitrobenzene
(to 6.183 Wt. % A)(UT)
df'5 = (1.1907 + 0.02728 X
Wt. % A) 0.01 %
I2
B = Se (16)
B = Te (is)
B = CCl4
Wt. % A I
d\*
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
1.59603
0.722
1.60276
0.728
1.60295
0.820
1.60371
0.824
I
1.60376
B = CS2
Wt. % A I
d\*
(0.0075%) (54)
0.000
1.26619
1.674
1.28112
3.200
1.29496
6.300
1.32426
B CH2I2
Mthylne iodide (260)
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (357)i
Wt. % A I
di8
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
0.79827
3.859
0.82401
3.871
0.82404
7.310
0.84815
B = C2H4Br2
Ethylene bromide
(to 2.607 Wt. % A)(54)
d\s = (2.18379 +0.01018 X
Wt. % A) 0.0075%
B = C2H5I
Ethyl iodide
Wt. % A I
d\*
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
1.93936
0.809
1.94843
1.611
1.95762
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (303)
Wt. % A I
d\*
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
0.79152
2.670
0.80909
5.218
0.82656
10.145
0.86278
B = C3H6O2
Methyl acetate
Wt. % A I
d\
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
0.93583
1.701
0.94728
3.319
0.95921
3.329
0.96064
B = C3H8O3
Glycerol (H6)i.
B = C4HsO2
Ethyl acetate
Wt. % A I
J48
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
0.90166
2.785
0.92142
3.452
0.94128
B = C4Hi0O
Ethyl ether
(0.0075%) (54)
0.000
0.71596
3.311
0.73689
6.420
0.75761
B = C5H5N
Pyridine
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
0.97104
3.141
0.99546
6.036
1.01896
B = C6H5Cl
Chlorobenzene
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
1.10786
1.122
1.11690
2.239
1.12599
4.326
1.14340
B = C6H5NO2
Nitrobenzene
( 0.0075 %)(54)
0.000
1.20544
1.21380
1.010
2.008
1.22220
3.973
1.23890
B = C6H6
(8.35Wt. %A)(25 -75)
(0.075%) (U 2)
a
103b
0.9320
1.108(1 - 25)
B = C7H8
Toluene
Wt. % A !
d}8
(0.0075%)(54)
0.000
0.86767
2.708
0.88660
5.280
0.90536
(0.075%) (U2) (25 - 750J
a
I
103b
0.00 Wt. % A
0.8599 I 0.890(2 -25)
1.16 Wt. % A
0.8690 I 0.932(* - 25)
3.92Wt. % A
0.8877 I 0.934( - 25)
B = CyHi6
Heptane
Wt. % A I
d8
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
0.73281
1.251
0.74038
1.259
0.74040
B = C8H7N
Phenylacetonitrile
(0.0075%) (5 4)
0.000
1.01812
1.066
1.02617
2.127
1.03435
S (Engel)
B = CS2
(to 7.92 Wt. % A) (7)
df = (1.256 + 0.002526 X
Wt. % A) 0.25 %
S^
B = CS2
(to 13.12 Wt. % A) (7)
df = (1.256 + 0.00493 X
Wt. % A) 0.25%
S
B = CS2 (174, 29T)
Wt. % A
di6
(0.05%) (239)
d ii
<*>*
a
b
O
1.2708
2
1.2802
4
1.2901
6
1.2998
8
1.3096
10
1.3195
12
1.3297
14
1.3399
16
1.3502
18
1.3604
20
1.3709
- dt( 1 + a l + b f \
-^1 +15a+225b/
= 0.0011398
= 0.05137
B = C3H6O
Acetone (H6)M
STU
B = CS2 (7)
B = C7H8 (7)
Toluene
B = C7H8
Toluene (7)
Se
B = CH2I2
P
B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (45)2
B = C6H6 (45)2
2. Systems of More than Two Components

I2
B = CHI3
Iodoform
C = CH2I2
B = CH2I2
Mthylne iodide
C = C6H6 (260)
B = CH2I2
Mthylne iodide
C = C8HiO
Xylene (260)
B = CHI3
Iodoform
C = CH2I2
Mthylne iodide
D - C8H10
Xylene (260)
B =KI
C = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
0.1% (35T)
Wt. %
A
I B I G I df7^
14.27 0.00 85.73 0.8899~
12.61 2.06 85.33 0.8950
12.40 2.32 85.28 0.8958
12.13 2.65 85.22 0.8975
11.78 3.09 85.13 0.8976
11.31 3.70 84.99 0.8978
B = CHI3
Iodoform
C = CH2I2
Mthylne iodide
D = C6H6 (260)
SEC. II. ALL COMPONENTS ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

NONE OF WHOSE KEY-FORMULAE BEGINS WITH 16.
STANDARD ARRANGEMENT
HCl
B = SbCl3 ( 17 )
B = BiCl8 ( 17 )
H2SO4
B = HNO3
(0.25%)(229)
i
103b
(4-30)
5 Wt. % B
1.862
I 1.0770 - 4)
(5 - 28)
10 Wt. % B
1.872
I 1.0000 - 5)
(3-27)
15 Wt. % B
1.883
I 1.0830 -3)
(4-31)
22Wt. % B
1.873
I 1.1860 -4)
(4 - 36)
28 Wt. % B
1.864
I 0.9690 - 4)
(5 - 30)
44Wt. % B
1.814
I 1.4000 - 5)
(4-35)
51 Wt. % B
1.761
I 1.4560 - 4)
(4 - 25)
59 Wt. % B
1.732
I 1.8570 - 4)
(5 - 35)
65Wt. % B
1.715
i 1.5340 -5)
(4 - 30)
75 Wt. % B
1.672
I 1.5770 - 4)
a
B = ZrO2
(1.0%)(42)
Wt. % A
88.89
80.00
66.67
61.55
57.20
53.30
50.00
47.00
45.45
44.40
43.50
41.70
40.00
36.35
33.33
28.57
25.00
^2-4
2.05
2.20
2.50
2.78
3.02
3.20
3.40
3.45
3.47
3.49
3.52
3.57
3.62
3.65
3.69
3.79
3.87
N2O3
B = N2O4
(0.25%) (230)
a
I
10%
(-5 to +5)
O Wt. % A
1.500
I 2.00+5)
(-14 to +5)
12Wt. % A
1.512
I 1.580 + 14)
(-5 to +5)
20Wt. % A
1.488
I 2.20+5)
(-5toO)
30 Wt. % A
1.482
I 2.00+5)
(-10 to -5)
75 Wt. % A
1.470
I 2.40 + 10)
100 Wt. % A
1.453
I 2.00 + 10)
N2O4
B = HNO3 (230)
(0.05%)(26)
Wt. % B
100.00
98.78
91.98
83.12
73.91
65.07
62.40
57.99
56.29
53.30
51.34
50.04
48.63
46.90
3.07
1.51
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
98.78
91.98
83.12
73.91
65.07
62.40
57.99
56.29
53.30
51.34
50.04
48.63
46.90
3.07
1.51
0.00
a*
1.5375
1.5417
1.5687
1.6026
1.6329
1.6536
1.6577
1.6629
1.6636
1.6634
1.6627
1.6618
1.6602
1.6564
1.4852
1.4837
1.4823
dl1
1.5228
1.5291
1.5567
1.5911
1.6212
1.6417
1.6456
1.6502
1.6509
1.6504
1.6494
1.6484
1.6463
1.6421
1.4693
1.4679
1.4663
Wt. % B
100.00
98.78
91.98
83.12
73.91
65.07
62.40
57.99
56.29
53.30
51.34
50.04
48.63
46.90
3.07
1.51
0.00
fi*
1.5120
1.5164
1.5446
1.5793
1.6093
1.6294
1.6332
1.6375
1.6379
1.6371
1.6357
1.6343
1.6320
1.6270
1.4532
1.4517
1.4500
NH 3
B = NH4Br
(0.25%)(83)
wt. % B
62.01
59.30
37.61
25.71
20.09
15.04
8.36
7.53
4.17
^4-33-5
1.001
0.987
0.852
0.792
0.764
0.742
0.727
0.710
0.697
B = Cu(NO3)2.4NH3
(0.25%)(83)
35.94
0.908
22.17
0.806
11.53
0.741
6.49
0.715
4.28
0.700
0.692
2.37
1.14
0.686
0.62
0.684
B = AgI
(0.25%)(83)
78.25
2.299
62.60
1.573
42.35
1.113
40.30
1.077
27.94
0.918
26.45
0.899
14.49
0.786
12.08
0.768
8.38
0.738
6.98
0.727
3.49
0.696
0.694
1.91
B = AgNO3
(0.25%)(83)
15.69
0.798
9.18
0.746
4.60
0.713
2.55
0.698
di53'5
0.692
0.687
0.684
0.682
Wt. % B
1.91
1.05
0.51
0.28
B = NaNO3
(0.25%)(83)
36.88
0.947
20.54
0.813
12.04
0.755
8.73
0.731
5.74
0.713
3.22
0.697
1.56
0.690
0.85
I
0.686
B = KI
'
(0.25%)(*3)
56.90
1.290
36.00
0.978
22.70
0.843
0.838
21.71
12.99
0.766
6.59
0.723
3.68
0.704
(NHO2SO4
B = ZrOSO4
(1.0%)(43)
MoI % A
20.00
33.33
39.88
50.00
60.00
66.67
75.00
dj 8 2.95
2.74
2.59
2.50
2.35
2.20
2.20
B = K2SO4
(0.25%)(259)
Wt. % B
t
d4
0.00
2.666
5.45
23.0
2.574
20.5
2.578
8.33
15.03
20.0
2.474
18.45
20.0 2.451
20.55
20.5
2.432
21.0
2.342
26.47
29.30
19.0
2.323
42.67
22.5 2.187
65.35
20.5
2.004
83.37
20.0 1.883
100.00
1.774
SbBr3
B = AlBr3
(0.5%)(137)
Wt. % B
0.00
9.04
14.65
20.15
27.76
100.00
dj 9 - 6
2.754
2.736?
2.806
2.875
2.969
3.845
ZnO
SiO2
B = 3NaF.AlF3
Cryolite
B = CoO (109)
(1.0%)(231)
df
2.216
2.150
Wt. % B
100
97
ZrOSO4
B = Na2SO4
(1.0%)(43)
12
df'
3.37
3.22
3.12
3.08
3.02
2.95
2.82
MoI % B
20.00
33.33
39.88
50.00
60.00
66.67
75.00
ZrSiO4
B = Li4SiO4
(0.5%)(287)
MoI % B
100.0
90.0
80.0
75.0
70.0
66.7
65.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
0.0
dj*
2.280
3.145
3.356
3.382
3.401
3.410
3.449
3.479
3.601
. /4.024
^(3.905
4.124
4.510
* Approx.
PbO
B = Fe2O3
(0.5%)(154)
Wt. % B
0.00
5.00
19.26
25.00
30.00
39.78
41.72
48.52
50.68
51.47
59.88
63.60
71.74
77.66
81.61
90.29
100.00
d\5
9.514
9.150
8.531
8.170
7.745
7.296
7.194
6.936
6.712
6.705
6.337
6.119
5.974
5.793
5.661
5.353
5.190
PbCl2
B = ZnCl2 (26)
TlNO3
B = TlC2H3O2
Acetate (261)
HgCl2^
B = HgBr2
(0.5%)(321)
d\
5.45
5.61
5.92
5.96
6.06
Wt. % B
0.00
26.90
72.41
93.11
100.00
HgBr2
B = HgI2 (yellow)
(0.5%)(32l)
Wt. % A
d
100.00
6.06
80.80
6.09
76.34
6.23
66.85
6.17
58.95
6.16
48.30
6.18
30.03
6.28
29.29
6.31
0.00
6.28
HgI2 (red)
2.88
6.26
0.00
6.29
B = AlBr3
(0.5%)(137)
Wt. % B
0.00
9.96
18.42
28.14
dj 9 - 8
2.754
2.827
3.028
3.263
HgS
B = BaI2 (260)
B = KHgI3 (260)
Cu2Cl2
B = KCl
(to 11,49 Wt. % A)(27i)
<C = (1.51 + 0.009575 X
Wt. % A) + 1.0%
CuS
B = Cu2S
(82.68 - 100 Wt. % B) (245)
d\ = (4.68 + 0.01101 X
Wt. % B) 1.0%
df = (4.70 + 0.01105 X
Wt. % B) 1.0%
S
B = AgNO3 (260)
A^NO;
B = NaNO3 (260)
B = KNO3 (260)
Fe2O3
MoI % B
10.0
15.0
17.5
22.0
27.0
30.0
33.3
37.5
41.0
50.0
51.0
56.0
64.0
100.0
dj*
5.03
4.96
4.88
4.85
4.79
4.83
4.72
4.74 ?
4.72
4.68
4.67
4.48
4.21
3.32
Wt. % B
100
95
90
80
76
995
970
960
950
935
4
2.216
2.142
2.115
2.154
2.260
AlBr3
B = KBr
(0.5%)(137)
Wt. % B
0.00
11.93
19.01
d\9'*
2.754
2.803
2.830
* Approx.
FeSO4.7H2O
B = MgSO4.7H2O
(0.1%)(259)
Wt. % A I
t
I
d\
Monoclinic
100.00
20.0
1.898
94.28
19.0
1.884
86.01
20.0 1.867
83.84
19.5
1.860
78.92
20.5 1.847
78.06
21.0 1.842
68.84
20.5 1.827
66.55
21.0
1.821
58.98
20.5 1.807
56.79
20.0 1.799
45.93
21.0
1.781
0.00
20.0 1.691
Rhombic
100.00
20.0
1.875
18.78
20.0 1.711
11.84
21.0 1.697
5.84
21.0 1.687
0.00
20.0 1.677
Nb2O5
B = Ta2O5 (167,184)
(0.75%) (84)
Wt. % A
dj
100
4.548
95
4.645
90
4.741
80
4.924
70
5.195
60
5.469
50
5.844
40
6.428
35
6.730
30
7.076
25
7.434
20
7.646
15
7.953
10
8.090
5
8.235
O
8.705
(NH4)6A12(C2O4)6.6H2O
B = Na6Al2(C2Q4)6.9H2O (3QQ)
Al2(Si03)3
B = LJ2SiO3 (U)
Al4(SiO4),
B = Li4SiO4 (U)
T12SO4.A12(S04)3.24H20
B = K2SO4JU2(SO4)3.24H2O
(0.25%)(259)
Wt. % B
t
d\
0.00
2.318
9.62
19.0 2.246
19.32
21.0 2.190
21.15
20.0 2.110
30.98
20.0 2.109
33.70
19.0
2.070
47.13
25.0 2.015
53.86
25.0
1.985
56.16
24.0 1.966
68.43
26.0
1.898
72.42
23.0
1.877
75.18
25.5
1.864
84.54
21.0
1.821
100.00
1.752
MgSiO3
B = CaSiO3
(1.0%) (310)
voi. % B
dy
0.00
4.76
9.54
28.92
38.76
52.35
58.75
62.80
72.99
84.60
94.75
100.00
2.758
2.777
2.781
2.823
2.835
2.854
2.858
2.872
2.881
2.891
2.899
2.904
B = CaO
(1.0%)(155)
MoI % B
0.0
9.5
dj*
5.19
5.05
Al2O3
B = 3NaF.AlF3
Cryolite
(1.0%)(231)
CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2
Anorthite
B = Na2O-Al2O3-BSiO2
Albite
KCl
(1.0%)(310)
Wt. % B
flS*
2.382
2.483
2.533
2.591
2.648
2.700
100.00
65.39
48.50
32.20
15.90
0.00
B =KBr
(0.5%)(304)
CaF2
Fluorspar
B = 3NaF.AlF3
Cryolite
(1.0%)(231)
t
995
985
1000
Wt. % A
0.0
12.0
25.4
B = KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
dl
2.216
2.310
2.474
Ca2SiO4
B = Li4SiO4
(0.5%)(287)
Mol % A
O
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
100
d\7*
1.994
2.213
2.236
2.386
2.518
2.649
2.667
2.744
Wt. % B
0.0
27.3
43.3
61.5
75.6
90.4
92.8
100.0
dj*
2.280
2.400
2.423
2.436
2.424
2.478
2.591
2.636
2.847?
2.669
2.566?
2.970
(1.0%)(6, 160)
CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2
Gehlenite
B = 2CaO.MgO.2SiO2
kermanite
(0.1%) (O)
For crystals
df = 3.038 - 0.0394 X
Wt. % B
For glasses
dj* = 2.884 -f 0.0371 X
Wt. % B
NaNO3
B KNO 3
f1.0%)(298)
(35.3 Wt. % A)(230 - 390)

a
103b
1.968
0.75(^-230)
* Approx.
dj60
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.69
df 0
1.68
1.68
1.67
1.67
1.66
1.66
J4750
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.61
Wt. % A
0.5
4.8
7.7
11.5
13.8
Wt. % A
0.0
0.5
4.8
7.7
11.5
13.8
Wt. % A
0.0
0.5
4.8
7.7
11.5
13.8
KNO3
B = RbNO3
(1.0%)(30i)
Wt. % B
df *
0.0
2.11
6.9
2.14
12.6
2.15
28.8
2.23
30.1
2.25
30.4
2.22
31.4
2.24
32.6
2.25
43.5
2.32
46.5
2.35
47.9
2.34
48.3
2.35
50.6
2.36
* Approx.
Al2O3; B = CaF2; C = 3NaFJUF3, Cryolite (1.0%)(*3i)
wt. %
~'
d
A | B | C
*
*
9.09 9.0981.82 9852.219
17.75 11.2571.0010102.228
7.50 25.0067.50 9852.275
wt. %
I , T "
l
d
A I B I C
*
11.90 25.7064.3010102.305
17.70 23.0059.3010002.330
14.30 28.5057.2010002.385
SEC. III. ALL COMPONENTS CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

One component (the A-component) has a key-formula which
does not begin with 16. All other components have key-formulae
beginning with 16. Standard arrangement by A-components.
The B (resp. C) components take the (^-arrangement.
B = C4Hi6O
HCl
Ethyl ether
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (358.5)
(0.25%)(i70-l)*
0.00
0.7084
B = C2H6O
5.00
0.7278
Ethyl alcohol
8.33
0.7423
(0.05%)(146) c/. (358.5)
11.70
0.7564
Wt. % A
dj6
14.20
0.7674
0.00
0.7851
1.27
5.22
13.47
0.7907
0.8174
0.8642
B C4Hi oO
n-Butyl alcohol
(0.1%)(337)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.8060
0.8130
0.8195
0.8255
0.8315
0.8370
0.8425
0.8485
0.8540
0.8590
0.8635
0.8685
0.8730
0.8770
0.8810
0.8855
0.8895
0.8935
0.8960
0.9010
0.9050
HBr
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (358.5)
SC^
B = CCl4 (170.1)*
B = CS2 (170.1)
B = CHCl3
Chloroform (170.1)
B = CH4O (170.1)*
Methyl alcohol
B = C3H6O
Acetone
(0.25%)(l70.l)*
Wt. % A
df
0.00
0.7850
5.34
0.8050
18.02
0.8570
22.22
0.8761
26.52
0.8972
30.62
0.9130
42.44
0.9705
B = C6H6
(0.25%)(170.1)*
0.00
0.8714
2.72
0.8804
4.52
0.8872
7.38
0.8954
B = C7H8
Toluene
(0.25%)("o.i)*
0.00
0.8602
1.29
0.8632
3.21
0.8699
7.48
0.8812
14.00
I
0.9088
* Data are also given for these systems under pressure of liquid SOa at
25.
B = C7Hi6
Heptane (iTQ.i)
B = CsHio
Xylene
(0.25%)(170.1)
Wt. % A
df
0.00
0.8590
3.52
0.8676
5.00
0.8744
6.72
0.8779
8.78
0.8859
10.92
0.8921
15.43
0.9029
B = C ioHi6O
Camphor
(to 79.49 Wt. % B) (2 77)
dj = (1.092 - 0.02381 X
(Wt. % B -64.52) 0.1%
B =H^
CHCl3
Chloroform (JTO.i)
H2SO4
B = C2H4O2
Acetic acid
(0.075 %)(, 150)
Wt. % B
dj5
0.00
1.8405
9-93
1.7582
29.88
1.5920
50.12
1.4222
70.07
1.2708
H2SO 4.(Continued)
B = C 2 H 4 O 2 .(Continued)
Wt. % B
dl5
90.01
1.1243
100.00
1.0550
Wt. % B
d 7 /' 5
0.00
1.7791
9.93
1.6986
29.88
1.5290
50.12
1.3565
70.07
1.2025
90.01
1.0547
100.00
0.9853
B = C2H6O4S
Dimethyl sulfate
(0.075 %)(68, 150)
Wt. % A
dl
100.00
1.8546
75.02
1.6955
49.85
1.5732
24.98
1.4483
0.00
1.3516
Wt. % A
di6-5
100.00
1.7791
75.02
1.6146
49.85
1.4882
24.98
1.3593
0.00
1.2576
B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (38)
(0.05%)(246)
Wt. % A
100.00
98.68
98.00
97.39
93.18
92.97
91.55
84.86
78.09
72.04
64.90
58.34
52.14
46.21
43.04
39.16
29.62
28.54
21.80
16.79
9.84
0.00
dl
1.8284
1.7954
1.7793
1.7686
1.6932
1.6897
1.6656
1.5595
1.4613
1.3831
1.2991
1.2170
1.1469
1.0834
1.0518
1.0131
0.9257
0.9169
0.8580
0.8188
0.7668
0.7024
S2Cl2
B = C10H16O
Camphor
(0.1%)(277)
Wt. % A
100.00
96.56
90.11
79.83
d\
1.677
1.635
1.562
1.456
NH3
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (56)
B = CH4N2O
Urea
(0.25%)(83)
Wt. % A
dr 33 ' 5
83.21
0.752
0.751
84.28
90.43
0.721
92.09
0.714
94.60
0.700
95.28
0.700
0.692
97.41
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (56, 299)2
NH 4 NO 3
B = CH3NO
Formamide
(0.05%) (360)
Wt. % A
dl6
3.500
1.1436
1.760
1.1376
0.707
1.1330
0.000
1.1302
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
(0.05%)(135)
Wt. % A
di8
0.00
0.7941
5.68
0.8297
0.8584
13.25
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (1 <>*, 303)
NH4Cl
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (US)M
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (1Q4, ii8)i.
B - C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (118)*.
B = C3H8O3
Glycerol (")i
(to 6.75 Wt. % A) (44)
rfl8 = (1.2646 + 0.03918 X
Wt. % A) 0.05%
NH4ClO4
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (338)i.
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (338)i.
B = C3H6O
Acetone (338) 1.2
B = C3H8O
ra-Propyl alcohol (338) 1,2
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (338) 1.2
B = C4H10O
n-Butyl alcohol (338)i.2
B = C4H10O
Isobutyl alcohol (338) 1,2
NH4Br
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (H8)i.
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (118,1,2303)
B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (118) 1.2
NH4I
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (297)2
B = C5H12O
Isoamyl alcohol
(to 3.23 Wt. % A)(153)
df = (0.8110 + 0.00613 X
Wt. % A) 0.1%
PC
B = CS2 (142)
B = C6H6 (142)
B = C10H16O
Camphor
(0.1%)(277)
d4~1Q
1.6545
1.4031
1.2865
dl
1.6146
1.5865
1.5538
1.4498
1.3888
1.2753
1.1716
d\
1.5794
1.5714
1.5678
1.5519
1.5190
1.4878
1.3601
1.2516
1.1510
<
1.5451
1.4825
1.3870
1.3311
1.2304
1.1281
Wt. % A
100.00
73.87
57.92
Wt. % A
100.00
96.93
93.27
81.70
73.87
57.92
40.89
Wt. % A
100.00
98.95
98.81
96.93
93.27
89.97
73.87
57.92
40.89
Wt. % A
100.00
93.27
81.70
73.87
57.92
40.89
AS
B = CH2I2
SbCl3
B C2H2C*4
Tetrachloroethane
(to 28.81 Wt. % A)(SS)
~ = (0.62929 - 0.0226018 X
(Wt.
% A) - 0.0518335(Wt.
% A)
B = C3H6O
Acetone ( 1 6 3 . 1 , 1 9 6 , 2 7 9 )
(0.05%)(164)
MoI % A
df
0.0
0.7868
25.0
1.4007
33.4
1.5893
50.0
1.9564
62.0
2.2670
66.7
2.3178
MoI % A
d\Q
25.0
1.3619
33.4
1.5709
50.0
1.9084
66.7
2.2155
70.0
2.3081
75.0
2.3624
77.0
2.4007
80.0
2.4585
100.0
2.7302
MoI % A
d
66.7
2.1842
70.0
2.2665
75.0
2.3397
77.0
2.3710
80.0
2.4392
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (*" i 9 8 )^
B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether (163.1)
(0.05%)(164)
MoI % A
0.0
25.0
33.4
50.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
MoI % A
0.00
25.00
33.4
50.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
Mol % A
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
100.0
MoI % A
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
100.0
df
0.7080
1.2170
1.4125
1.7694
2.1993
2.2943
2.3971
2.4882
dj2
0.6999
1.2062
1,4023
1.7619
2.1865
2.2815
2.3822
2.4735
dl
2.1498
2.2502
2.3402
2.4344
2.7302
dl*
2.1019
2.2012
2.2897
2.3933
2.5705
B = C6H6 (163.1)
Mol % A |
d
(+O.OôX 1 ^)
0.0
0.8180
25.0
1.2907
33.4
1.4325
50.0
1.8127
66.6
2.0811
75.0
2.2279
85.0
2.4156
2.6704
100.0
B Ci3Hi2
Diphenylmethane (163.1)
(0.05%)(163)
Wt. % A
d l
0.00
0.9444
57.38
1.4928
1.7581
71.55
80.16
1.9565
84.34
2.0702
2.1893
88.41
100.00
2.6156
B = C6H7N
Aniline (163.1)
(0.05%)(*63)
Wt. % A
<
0.00
0.9554
44.76
1.4222
54.87
1.5794
66.55
1.7987
1.8866
70.86
72.88
1.9331
74.82
1.9793
82.94
2.1704
100.00
2.6267
Wt. %.A
^425
0.00
0.9285
44.76
1.3870
1.8411
70.86
72.88
1.8855
74.82
1.9299
2.5567
100.00
B = CioH8
Naphthalene (163.1)
(0.05%)(163)
Wt. % A
0.00
63.87
77.95
84.13
85.89
87.61
94.09
100.00
Wt. % A
0.00
10.00
20.00
37.08
46.26
63.87
72.62
77.95
80.94
84.13
87.61
90.92
94.09
100.00
Wt. % A
0.00
63.87
77.95
84.13
87.61
94.09
97.11
100.00
df
0.9790
1.6612
1.9477
2.1084
2.1539
2.2036
2.4325
2.6626
dj
0.9696
1.0349
1.1047
1.2669
1.3914
1.6127
1.8138
1.9417
1.9877
2.0919
2.1924
2.2941
2.4040
2.6333
dlbo
0.9265
1.5668
1.8960
2.0019
2.0886
2.3026
2.4091
2.4936
B = Ci9H16
Triphenylmethane (163.1)
(0.05%)(163)
0.00
31.67
38.20
43.14
48.11
64.97
100.00
1.0195
1.2625
1.3316
1.3879
1.4444
1.6930
2.6156
SbBr3
B = C8H8O
Acetophenone (163.1)
(0.05%)(163)
Mol % A
d6
O
1.0224
25
1.6498
40
2.0599
45
2.1938
48
2.2822
50
2.3498
51
2.3831
60
2.6179
70
2.8375
85
3.1163
Mol. % A
J450
O
0.9981
25
1.6248
40
2.0266
45
2.1638
48
2.2445
50
2.2955
51
2.3227
52
2.3668
60
2.5693
70
2.7912
85
3.0874
Mol % A
df
O
0.9891
25
1.5974
40
1.9969
45
2.1339
48
2.2145
50
2.2571
51
2.2899
52
2.3242
54
2.3801
60
2.5065
70
2.7671
85
3.0186
100
3.6894
SnCl2
B = Ci3Hi0O
Benzophenone (163.1)
(0.05%)(163)
Wt. % A
^425
0.00
1.1063
49.70
1.7215
66.40
2.1172
70.72
2.2509
74.78
2.3906
79.81
2.5910
Wt. % A
df
0.00
1.0496
49.70
1.6342
66.40
2.0076
74.78
2.2678
79.81
2.4525
82.18
2.5553
85.57
2.7142
3.6894
100.00
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.05%)(44)
Wt. % A
d\
16.10
0.8956
8.53
0.8455
0.00
0.7951
B = C3H6O
Acetone (196,325)2
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (in, 198)2
SnCl4
B = CS2
(0.05%)(290)
Wt. % A
0.00
13.83
27.24
38.60
44.31
66.38
80.72
100.00
B = CigHie
Triphenylmethane (163)
(0.05%)(163.1)
Wt. % A
32.95
59.58
68.86
74.67
77.47
81.56
Wt. % A
0.00
32.95
59.58
68.86
74.67
77.47
81.56
100.00
Wt. % A
0.00
49.56
54.67
59.58
68.86
74.67
81.56
100.00
d
1.3536
1.8140
2.0539
2.2454
2.3451
2.5206
J495
1.0191
1.3342
1.7874
2.0248
2.2156
2.3141
2.4884
3.6894
d\
1.0195
1.5815
1.6773
1.7822
2.0206
2.2005
2.4068
3.6775
B = CHCl3
Chloroform (290)i
SbI3
B = CH2I2
BC
B = C3H6O
Actone (196,279)
df
1.2560
1.3317
1.4168
1.4985
1.5438
1.7504
1.9168
2.2078
B = C4H8O 2
Ethyl acetate (in, 198)
B^
B = CxI2I2

For systems, all components of
which are compounds of C
with elements of key
numbers 2 to 15,
see p. 143
B = C3H6O2
Ethyl formate (163.1)
(0.05%)(164)
a
I
103b
(30-50)
0.0 MoI % A
0.9083
I 1.290(Z - 30)
25.0 MoI % A
1.5216 1 1.320(i - 30)
30.0 MoI % A
1.6379
I 1.470( - 30)
32.0 MoI % A
1.6832 I 1.625(* -30)
33.5 MoI % A
1.7046
I 1.600(* - 30)
36.0 MoI % A
1.7323 I 1.635(* -30)
50.0 MoI % A
1.8638 I 1.740(* -30)
75.0 MoI % A
2.0540
I 2.190( - 30)
100.00 MoI % A
2.2042 I 2.620(J - 30)
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (163.1)

(0.05%)(164)
MoI % A
0.0
25.0
32.6
33.4
34.6
35.9
50.0
70.0
100.0
df
0.8949
1.4735
1.5924
1.6031
1.6225
1.6372
1.7749
1.9469
2.2118
SnCU.(Continued)
B = C4H8O2.- (Continued)
Mol % A
dj
0.0
0.8641
25.0
1.4393
32.6
1.5500
33.4
1.5613
34.6
1.5831
35.9
1.5986
50.0
1.7353
70.0
1.9177
100.0
2.1506
MoI % A
dlQ
0.0
0.8355
25.0
1.4084
32.6
1.5136
33.4
1.5233
34.6
1.5427
35.9
1.5624
50.0
1.7022
70.0
1.8826
2.0949
100.0
MoI % A
33.33
35.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
75.00
90.00
100.00
JD
==
dl
1.4163
1.4440
1.5053
1.6178
1.7202
1.8656
2.0065
2.0949
CsHiOO 2
Methyl butyrate
(0.05%) (164)
Wt. % A
dj6
35.5
1.5071
100.0
2.2118
Wt. % A
dlQ
35.5
1.4566
2.1506
100.0
Wt. % A
d
35.5
1.4161
100.0
2.0949
B = C6H6(163.1)
B = C4H8O2
Propy 1 formate (163.1)
(0.05%)(164)
Wt. % A
0.0
25.0
32.0
33.4
35.0
60.0
75.0
100.0
Wt. % A
0.0
25.0
32.0
33.4
35.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
d450
0.8644
1.3943
1.5292
1.5537
1.5736
1.7320
1.9534
2.1506
dlQ
0.8406
1.3682
1.4952
1.5194
1.5408
1.6963
1.9091
2.0949
B = CgHi 0 O 2
Ethyl propionate (163.1)
(0.05%)(i6i)
MoI % A
dj5
0.00
0.8831
10.00
1.0662
25.00
1.3545
30.00
1.4494
33.33
1.5054
35.00
1.5326
40.00
1.5875
50.00
1.6960
60.00
1.8026
75.00
1.9625
90.00
2.1159
100.00
2.2118
MoI % A
dlQ
0.00
0.8304
10.00
1.0082
25.00
1.2807
30.00
1.3656
(0.1%)(284)
Wt. % A
dj
O
0.877
10
0.919
20
0.978
30
1.050
40
1.139
50
1.240
60
1.358
70
1.496
80
1.660
90
1.883
100
2.218
(0.05%)(164)
MoI % A
dj8
O
0.8730
25
1.2715
50
1.6219
75
1.9027
100
2.2118
MoI % A
dlQ
O
0.8243
25
1.2012
50
1.4826
75
1.8050
100
2.0949
B = C6Hi2O2
Ethyl butyrate (163.1)
(0.05%)(164)
MoI % A
d5
0.0
25.0
30.8
32.5
33.3
34.0
34.5
35.0
36.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
0.8737
1.2922
1.3813
1.4198
1.4337
1.4430
1.4508
1.4569
1.4684
1.6249
1.9469
2.2118
MoI % A
0.0
25.0
30.8
32.5
33.3
34.0
34.5
35.0
36.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
MoI % A
df
0.8470
1.2562
1.3512
1.3773
1.3912
1.3995
1.4075
1.4146
1.4260
1.5865
1.9177
2.1507
dl
0.0
25.0
30.8
32.5
33.3
34.0
34.5
35.0
36.0
50.0
75.0
0.8261
1.2245
1.3140
1.3392
1.3561
1.3629
1.3690
1.3771
1.3880
1.5549
1.8826
100.0
B
2.0949
=
PbCl2
B = C5H6N
Pyridine
(0.075%)(H9, 1 7 7 )
0.00 Wt. % A
4 = 1.1213(1 - 0.0377845 X
(fr+273))
0.10 Wt. % A
d\ = 1.2724(1 - 0.0377802 X
(t + 273))
PbC4H6O4, Acetate
B - C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (296) 1.2
PbC36H66O4, Oleate
B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether (308)
PbC36H70O4, Starate
B = C4Hi0O
Ethyl ether (308)
PbC4SHg4O4, Lignocerate
B = C4Hi0Q
Ethyl ether (308)
CgHiQO 2
Ethyl benzoate (163.1)

(0.05%) (164)
MoI % A
dj*
0.0
1.0422
25.0
1.3567
33.4
1.4686
35.0
1.4852
37.5
40.0
45.0
50.0
70.0
1.5169
1.5455
1.6051
1.6606
1.8759
100.0
MoI % A
0.0
25.0
33.4
35.0
37.5
40.0
45.0
50.0
70.0
100.0
MoI % A
2.2118
dl
1.0191
1.3156
1.4184
1.4398
1.4420
1.4994
1.5615
1.6173
1.8308
2.1506
dlQ
0.0
25.0
33.4
35.0
37.5
40.0
45.0
50.0
70.0
1.0003
1.2994
1.3995
1.4072
1.4372
1.4642
1.5237
1.5807
1.7920
100.0
2.0949
SnI4"
B = CH2I2 .
ZnCl2
B = C3H6O
Acetone (193,196)
B = C4Hi0O
Ethyl ether
(0.05%) (44)
Wt. % A
df
22.02
0.8964
17.40
0.8475
12.26
0.8045
5.53
0.7521
0.00
0.7132
ZnC4H6O4, Acetate
B - C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (296)1.2
ZnCi0Hi8O4.2H2O
Valerate dihydrate
B = C2H6O
ZnCi2Hi0S2O8-SH2O
p-Phenolsulfonate octahydrate
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (296)i.2
CdCl2
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (139)
CdBr2
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.25%)(139)
Wt. % A
0.00
17.07
25.91
df
0.790
0.943
1.045
B = C3H6O
Acetone (* 93, 196)
B = C3H6O2
Methyl acetate (21, 1972)
B = C3H8O
8 1
Propyl alcohol (U ) ^
CdI2
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
(to 11.555 Wt. % A) (97)
8
dj- = (0.7944 +
0.00714 X Wt. % A) 0.05%
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (l, 114,11952)
B = C2H3N
Acetonitrile (329)i
B = C5H6N
Pyridine
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (139)
(0.0075%)(264)
3 6
Wt. % A
di '
0.000
0.79596
0.240
0.79764
0.478
0.79929
0.955
0.80259
1.896
0.80924
3.718
0.82235
(to 46.412 Wt. % A) (97)
df - 5 = (0.7893 +
0.00684 X Wt. % A) 0.05%
B = C3H6O
Acetone (193, 196)
(0.0075%)(264)
Wt. % A
dj 3 ' 2
0.000
0.79946
0.237
0.80114
0.477
0.80280
0.942
0.80606
1.890
0.81279
3.696
0.82589
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (ill, 19)
HgCl2
B = C2H3N
Acetonitrile (329)i
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (ii4,i ii7,i
118,1 303)
(0.0075%) (264)
Wt. % A
0.000
0.355
0.566
1.407
2.769
4 20
dj '
0.79527
0.79777
0.80028
0.80523
0.81513
(0.01%)(33)
Wt. % A
0.000
6.789
11.719
18.676
dj
0.78090
0.83023
0.87011
0.93307
B = C3H6O
Acetone (196, 325)
(0.05%) (44)
Wt. % A
^48
36.46
1.1712
15.31
0.9237
9.91
0.8753
0.00
0.8000
B = C4Hi0O
Ethyl ether (303)2
(0.075%)(119, 177)
0.00 Wt. % A
d\ = 1.1216(1 - 0.0377845 X
(t + 273))
13.96 Wt. % A
Cf4 = 1.4186(1 - 0.0374305 X
(t + 273))
HgBr2
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (UV
1181,2)
UV
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (H4,ni7,i

1181,2)
13 C3H6O2
B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (lis)*.
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (ii4)i.a
B = CH2I2
Mthylne iodide ( 257 )
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (4,i H7,i
118,1,2 297)
B = C2H3N
Acetonitrile (329)i
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (U4,i H6,i Ii7,i
118,1,2 297)
B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (118,1. 297)
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (H4)i.2

Hg(CN)2
~
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol ("4,i H7,i
1181,2)
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("4,i H7,i
1181,2)
B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (li8) 1.2
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (ii4)i.
B = C6H0N
Pyridine
(0.075%)(H9,177)
0.00 Wt. % A
4 = 1.1216(1 - 0.0377845 X
(t + 273))
25.46 Wt. % A
Jf4 = 1.5351(1 - 0.0370033 X
(<+-273)).
CuCl2
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.05%)(44)
Wt. % A
d44-5
7.84
0.8591
6.00
0.8440
4.06
0.8287
2.07
0.8135
0.00
0.7985
Wt. % A
1.29
1.09
0.87
0.40
0.21
0.08
d\
0.698
0.700
0.692
0.693
0.693
0.690
B = C2H3N
Acetonitrile
(0.1%)(268)
B = C3H6O
Acetone (77, 196)
Wt. % A
d5
0.00
0.778
4.80
0.814
14.07
0.893
31.91
1.092
56.93
1.541
B = C2H7N
Ethylamine (358)
B = C3H6O2
B = C3H6O
Acetone (193, 1962)
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate Qt 195)
B = C3H9N
Propylamine (3s8)
AgClO4
B = C5H5N
Pyridine (I74.l)i.
B = C5H5N
Pyridine
B = C6H6(126) i.f
B = C6H7N
Aniline (12 7) 1.2
AÎ
B = CH5N
Methylamine
(0.25%)(3)
Wt. % A
dl
46.40
1.169
30.69
0.945
27.47
0.926
16.70
0.814
11.86
0.772
10.50
0.766
4.07
0.712
2.39
0.706
1.29
0.698
0.88
0.693
B = C2H7N
Dimethylamine (358)
AgNO3
B = CH5N
Methylamine
(0.25%)(83)
Wt. % A
dl
48.20
' 1.260
41.30
1.136
31.08
1.042
25.08
0.934
24.22
0.900
20.45
0.865
16.90
0.853
12.08
0.783
4.81
0.752
4.22
0.750
4.17
0.720
2.85
0.709
2.40
0.706
(0.1%)(267)
Wt. % A
0.00
4.04
9.59
14.88
26.07
d4"
0.977
1.018
1.055
1.129
1.280
B = C6H6ClN
m-Chloroaniline
(to 7.89 Wt. % A)(268)
iij* = (1.212 + 0.00109 X
Wt. % A) 0.1%
B = C6H7N
Aniline
(0.1%)(250,267)
Wt. % A
d*
0.00
1.017
1.87
1.032
3.02
1.044
4.93
1.064
6.08
1.074
9.79
1.112
10.21
1.116
16.10
1.158
25.00
1.202
26.00
1.207
B = C9H7N
Quinoline
(to 5.92 Wt. % A)(267)
dj8 = (1.091 + 0.01031 X
Wt. % A) 0.1%
~~~
F^CU
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (303)
B = C3H6O
Acetone (196, 279)
CoCl2
B = C3H6O
Acetone (196,325)
CoBr2
B = C3H6O2
H3BO3
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (*9Q> i** 2 )
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (190, I 9 M 293)
B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol (190, l*"2)
B = C3H8O3
Glycerol (U 6) 1.2
B = C 4 HiQO
Isobutyl alcohol (*9<>> * 9 * 2 i
B = C5H12O
Isoamyl alcohol (190, 1 9 I 2 )
Ac
B = CCl2O
Phosgene
(0.075%)(94.i)
Wt. % A
dl
O
1.4275
5
1.4530
10
1.4782
15
1.5027
20
1.5270
25
1.5505
30
1.5741
35
1.5972
40
1.6194
45
1.6416
50
1.6632
Wt. % A
df
O
1.3685
5
1.3966
10
1.4225
15
1.4483
20
1.4740
25
1.5000
30
1.5257
35
1.5512
40
1.5765
45
1.6018
50
1.6272
55
1.6526
MgCl2
JB = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(to 5.24 Wt. % A) (44)
d 22 ' 5 = (0.7915 +
0.009155 X Wt. % A) +0.05%
Mg(C104)2
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (338) 1,2
B = C2H6O
B = C3H6O
Acetone (338)i,2
~~
B = C3H8O
"
n-Propyl alcohol (338) 1,2
B = C4H8O2
B = C4H10O
n-Butyl alcohol (338) 1,2
B = C4H10O
Isobutyl alcohol (338)i,2
B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether (338) 1.2
MgBr2.2(C2H5)2O
B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether (181)
CaCl2
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
(0.005%) (319)
Wt. % A
d 4 2 ' 87
0.000
0.79950
0.996
0.80879
0.81838
2.070
6.434
0.85790
8.549
0.87725
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (303)
(0.005%)(319)
Wt. % A
di 2 ' 87
0.000
0.79586
1.700
0.81007
3.675
0.82448
0.83145
4.618
(0.05%)(44)
Wt. % A
d?
0.00
0.7903
3.97
0.8190
7.68
0.8474
9.44
0.8604
11.15
0.8730
14.42
0.8984
0.9264
17.50
Ca(C104)2
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (338) 1.2
B = C2H6O
B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol (338)i
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (338)i.2
B = C4H10O
n-Butyl alcohol (338) 1.2
B = C4H10O
Isobutyl alcohol (338)i.2
B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether (338)1.2
CaBr2
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.25%)(139)
Wt. % A
dj
0.00
0.790
10.36
0.885
20.81
0.997
Ca(NOs)2
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (144, 359)i
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (144, 359)i
(0.1%)("9)
Wt. % A
df
0.00
0.7850
19.30
0.8500
35.89
0.9140
50.20
0.9800
62.80
1.0437
B = C3H6O
Acetone (144, 359)i
B = C3H6O2
Methyl acetate (21,197)
SrCl2
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(to 2.74 Wt. % A) (139)
dj = (0.790 + 0.01533 X
Wt. % A) 0.25%
Sr(C104)2
B = CH4O
B = C2H6O
B = C3H6O
Acetone (338)i.2
B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol (338)i,2
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (338)1.2
B = C4H10O
n-Butyl alcohol (338)i,2
B = C4H10O
SrBr2
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.25%)(139)
Wt. % A
d\
0.00
0.790
10.08
0.882
0.964
17.98
Sr(N03)2
B = CH3NO
Formamide
(0.05%) (360)
Wt. % A
dj6
4.528
1.1676
1.848
1.1457
0.000
1.1310
SrC14H1006.2H20
Salicylate dihydrate
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (294, 2961.2)
Ba(ClO4),
B = CH4O
B = C2H6O
B = C3H6O
Acetone (338) 1.2
B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol (338) 1.2
B = C4H8O2
B = C4H10O
n-Butyl alcohol (338)i,2
B = C4H10O
BaBr2
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
(0.05%)(135)
Wt. % A
0.00
12.55
17.85
d]6
0.7941
0.9125
0.9701
Ba(NO3),
B = CH3NO
Formamide
(0.05%) (360)
Wt. % A
d?
5.548
1.1785
2.272
1.1504
0.000
1.1313
LC
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
(0.05%)(44)
Wt. % A
d\ 4 - 5
17.49
0.9288
0.8933
13.11
9.41
0.8655
5.12
0.8348
0.00
0.7976
B = CH5N
Methylamine
(to 10.9 Wt. % A) (83)
dl = [0.690 + 0.00841 X
(Wt. % A - 0.32)] 0.25%
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.05%)(44)
Wt. % A
dl 4 - 5
10.04
0.8693
7.69
0.8502
5.24
0.8340
0.8161
2.68
0.00
0.7966
B == C4H10O
n-Butyl alcohol (337)i
B = C5H12O
Amyl alcohol
(0.05%) (4)
Wt. % A
dl*
9.32
0.8466
6.48
0.8432
5.73
0.8392
0.8298
5.11
Wt. % A
3.44
2.60
1.31
0.66
0.33
0.17
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
dl5
0.8244
0.8156
0.8115
0.8095
0.8081
0.8077
0.8073
0.8070
0.8070
0.8071
0.8070
0.8070
B = C8H8O
Acetophenone
(to 0.25 Wt. % AX1**)
d? = [(1.0238 + 0.871) X
Wt. % A] 0.1%
LiClO4*
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (338) 1,2
B = C2H6O
B = C3H6O
Acetone (338)i.8
B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol (338)i.2
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (338)i.2
B = C 4 Hi 0 O
n-Butyl alcohol (338)i.2
B - C4H10O
Isobutyl alcohol (338) 1.2
B = C4Hi0O
Ethyl ether (338)i.a
* Data are also given for LiClO4.3H2O in the various solvents listed.
LiBr
B - C8H8O
Acetophenone
(to 0.5 Wt. % A)(I)
df = (1.0238 + 0.00871 X
Wt. % A) 0.1%
LiCHO2, Formate
B = CH2O2
Formic acid
(0.1%)(275)
d\* = 1.2224 + 0.0222e

dj6 = 1.2142 +0.021Oc
c = Mole A per 1 soin.
B - CH3NO
Formamide
(0.05%) (360)
Wt. % A j
d6
2.279
1.1399
1.143
1.1358
0.458
1.1328
0.000
1.1314
Li3C6H5O7.4H2O
Citrate tetrahydrate
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (2 96) 1,2
LiCyHoO2, Benzoate
B = C2H6O
LiC7H5O3-^H2O
Salicylate hemihydrate
B = C2H6O
NaCl
B = C3H8O3
Glycerol (116) 1.2
B = C 4 Hi 0 O
n-Butyl alcohol (337)i
NaClO4
B = CH4O
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (338)i,a
B = C3H6O
Acetone (338) 1,2
B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol (338) 1,2
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (338)i.a
B = C 4 Hi 0 O
n-Butyl alcohol (337,i,a 3381.2)
B = C 4 H 10 O
Isobutyl alcohol (338)i.
NaBr
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (11M 358.1)

(0.05%)(135)
Wt. % A
dl
0.00
0.7941
7.36
0.8535
9.55
0.8730
B = C2H6O
B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (U 8)1.2
NaI
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (U 8,1,2 358.1)
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (40,118,1,2
153.2,1,2 303, 358.5)
B = C3H6O
Acetone (174.2)
(0.025%) (179)
Wt. % A
dl
0.00
0.8126
6.62
0.8643
Wt. % A
df
0.00
0.7875
6.62
0.8381
11.72
0.8841
Wt. % A
17.22
22.33
d6
0.9361
0.9870
B = CH3NO
Formamide
(0.05%) (360) 6
Wt. % A
df
wt. % A
dj
0.00
6.62
11.72
17.22
22.33
0.7692
0.8200
0.8671
0.9171
0.9670
2.968
1.494
0.599
0.000
1.1469
1.1393
1.1345
1.1314
B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol ( 11 S)M
(0.1%)(153)
Wt. % A
0.00
1.38
1.43
8.07
9.25
15.99
d5
0.8043
0.8141
0.8141
0.8626
0.8715
0.9256
B = C5Hi2O
Isoamyl alcohol
(0.1%)(153)
Wt. % A
0.00
3.58
8.50
dj6
0.8110
0.8346
0.8712
B = C8H8O
Acetophenone
(to 0.9 Wt. % A)(188)
djfi = (1.0238 + 0.00871 X
Wt. % A) 0.1%
NaNO 3
B = CH3NO
Formamide
(0.05%) (360)
Wt. % A
dj5
3.680
1.1542
1.858
1.1429
0.748
1.1361
O. QQO
1.1314
B = CH5N
Methylamine
(0.25%)(83)
Wt. % A 1
dl
11.86
0.770
6.70
0.729
4.62
0.713
2.76
0.695
1.46
0.703
0.99
0.696
0.56
0.693
0.07
0.690
0.04
0.687
0.03
0.686
NaCHO2, Formate
B = CH2O2
Formic acid
dj8 = (1.2233 + 0.0335c)(275)
df = (1.2142 +0.0356e) (276)
c = Mole A per 1 soin. (0.1%)
NaC2H3O2, Acetate
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (296)i.
Na 2 C4H4O4, Succhiate
B = CH3NO
Formamide (360)i
NaC6H5O3S
Benzenesulfonate
B = CH3NO
Formamide (360)i
NaC7H3N2O6
3j 5-Dinitrobenzoate
B = CH3NO
Formamide (360) i
NaC7H5O2, Benzoate
B = CH3NO
Formamide (360)i
B = C2H6O
NaC7H5O3, Salicylate
B = CH3NO
Formamide
(0.05%) (360)
Wt. % A
df
3.505
1.1417
1.411
1.1345
0.000
1.1306
B ~ C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (294, 296i,2)
NaC7H6NO2
m-Aminobenzoate
B = CH3NO
Formamide (360) i
NaCi8H33O2, Oleate
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (57)
NaC6H6SO4.2H2O
p-Phenolsulfonate dihydrate
B C2H6O
Na2CrO4.2H2O
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (256)
KC
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (Il 6,1.2 358.1)
B = C3H8O3
Glycerol (U 6) 1.2
KClO4
B = CH4O
B = C2H6O
B = C3H6O
Acetone (338)i,2
B = C3H8O
B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (338)i.a
B = C4H10O
w-Butyl alcohol (338) 1,2
B = C4Hi0O
KBr
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (iis,i.i 353.1)
B == C3H8O3
Glycerol (i 16)1.2
KI
B = CH3NO2
Nitromethane (330)i
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (US,1 ^V
330,1 358.1)
(0.05%)(135)
Wt. % A
d\&
0.00
0.7941
0.8560
8.23
9.14
0.8633
(0.05%) (96)
Wt. % A
dj5
0.00
0.7886
0.87
0.7942
2.98
0.8086
6.58
0.8354
0.8541
9.01
12.17
0.8808
B = CH5N
Methylamine
(0.25%)(83)
Wt. % A
dl
23.26
0.866
13.70
0.786
9.61
0.753
6.79
0.733
3.44
0.710
1.87
0.699
1.27
0.694
0.99
0.693
0.53
0.693
0.36
0.691
0.12
0.677
0.07
0.688
0.04
0.687
B = C2H3N
Acetonitrile (330)i
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("V 303, 3301)
(0.0075%) (2 64)
Wt. % A
d\4'4
0.000
0.79524
0.209
0.79671
0.417
0.79814
0.831
0.80095
1.649
0.80644
(0.05%)(96)
Wt. % A
df
0.00
0.7870
0.27
0.7890
0.53
0.7906
0.75
0.7929
1.06
0.7937
0.7960
1.38
B = C2H6O2
Ethylene glycol (330)i
(0.05%)(96)
Wt. % A
df
0.00
1.1096
4.07
1.1410
8.43
1.1780
12.73
1.2138
15.97
1.2431
B = C3H5N
Propionitrile (330)i
B - C3H6O
Acetone (330)i
(0.0075%) (264)
Wt. % A
di 4 ' 6
0.000
0.79757
0.215
0.79929
0.431
0.80096
0.854
0.80416
(0.05%)(96)
Wt. % A
dl5
0.00
0.7878
0.55
0.7924
0.74
0.7942
1.10
0.7965
1.47
0.7988
B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (i 18)1.2
B = C3H8O3
Glycerol
(0.05%)(96)
Wt. % A
d5
0.00
1.2472
4.58
1.2824
7.19
1.3056
1.3164
8.94
13.75
1.3644
B = C 4 H 5 NO 2
Methyl cyanoacetate (330)i
B = C6H4O2
Furfural (330)i
(to 4.173 Wt. % A) (96)
dj 6 = (1.1537 + 0.00915 X
Wt. % A) 0.05%
B = C5H5N
Pyridine
(0.05%)(6)
Wt. % A
0.00
0.06
0.12
B = C4H8O2
dj
0.9716
0.9729
0.9735
B = C 4 Hi 0 O
tt-Butyl alcohol (338)i.2
B = C5H7NO2
Ethyl cyanoacetate (33Q)i
B = C4Hi0O
B = C7H5N
Benzonitrile (330)i
RbCHO2, Formate
B = CH2O2
Formic acid
B = C7H6O
Benzaldehyde (330) 1.2
(0.25%)(275)
B = C7H6O2
Salicylaldehyde (330)i
dj8 = 1.2233 + 0.08Oc

dj6 = 1.2142 + 0.085e
B = C8H8O
Acetophenone
(to 1.0 Wt. % A)(188)
dj = (1.02382 + 0.871 X
Wt. % A) 0.1%
B = C8H8O2
Anisaldehyde (33Q)i
B = CH3NO
Formamide
(0.05%) (360)
Wt. % A
df
2.849
1.1462
1.149
1.1370
0.000
1.1313
KNO3
B = CH3NO
Formamide
(0.05%) (360)
Wt. % A
dj6
2.186
1.1570
0.884
1.1444
0.000
1.1359
CsClO4
B = CH4O
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (338)1,2
B = C3H6O
Acetone (338) 1.2
KCHO2, Formate
B = CH2O2
Formic acid
B = C3H8O
^-Propyl alcohol (338)i.2
(0.1%)(276)
B = C4Hi0O
n-Butyl alcohol (338) 1,2
df = 1.2142 + 0.045e
B = C4H10O
KC2U3O 2, Acetate
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (*<>, 296,1.2 303)
KC4H5O6
Acid tartrate
B = C2H6O
KCiSHSsO2J Oleate
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (57)
K3C6H507.4H20
NH4Br
B = CH4O
Citrate tetrahydrate
B = C2H6O
RbClO4
B = CH4O
B = C2H6O
B = C3H6O
Acetone (338)i.2
B C3H8O
NH4Cl
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (H) 1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (U*) 1
Methyl alcohol
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("8)1
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (U*)*
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol ( 118 )i
B = C5H5N
Pyridine
C = C6H7N
Aniline (267)i
HgCl2
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (l 17) i
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (" &) 1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol Q 18 ) 1
HgBr2
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("7)i
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (i")1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol ") 1
HgI2
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("7)i
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (H) 1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol ("8)1
Hg(CN)2
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("7)i
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (H8) 1
CuCl2
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C7H8
Toluene (44)i
AgNO3
B = C2H3N
Acetonitrile
C = C5H5N
Pyridine (268) i
"
Ca(NOa) 2
B = CH3NO
Formamide
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (360)i
B = CH4O
C = C3H6O
Acetone (144, 359)i
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H6O
Acetone (144, 359)i
LiNO3
B = CH3NO
Formamide
C = C2H6O
NaBr
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (H) 1
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (U**)1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol f** 8 ) 1
NaI
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("3)i
B = CH4O
C =* C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (I* 8 ) 1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol Q* 8 ) 1
K
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol "8)1
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol "8)1
RbI2
B = CH3NO
Formamide
C = C2H6O
SEC. IV. ALL COMPONENTS ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

HAVING KEY FORMULAE BEGINNING WITH 16
The systems throughout this section are numbered serially and
follow the (T-arrangement. To find any given substance look for
it among the A-components. The data for all systems containing
this substance will be found there given or there cross-referenced
by serial number.
CCl4
1 . B = CS2 (61)
(0.025%)(3i)
MoI % B
d\
100.000
1.26322
90.158
1.31000
80.523
1.35148
70.320
1.39033
60.021
1.42792
50.019
1.46095
1.48898
40.834
30.217
1.51898
19.766
1.54671
11.527
1.56715
0.000
1.59372
( 0.0075 %)( 171 )
Wt. % B
dj
100.000
1.25684
1.33103
71.725
42.845
1.41973
14.285
1.52371
0.000
1.58452
2 . B = CHCl3 (14,61)
(0.025%) (2 3)
Wt. % A.
d\
100.000
1.5937
70.979
1.5642
46.097
1.5382
19.761
1.5093
0.000
1.4867
(0.0075%) (171)
Wt. % A
dl5
0.000
1.47577
19.269
1.49373
57.277
1.53260
81.172
1.55963
100.000
1.58300
(0.05%)(to55)(i78)
50 Wt. % B
a
103b
1.5707
1.059*
3 . B = CH3I (172)1
4 . B = CH4O (350)i
5 . B = C2Cl4
(0.075%)(H3,120)
Wt. % A
d
100.0
1.5829
79.7
1.5868
66.4
1.5894
49.7
1.5940
33.0
1.5981
19.9
1.6003
0.0
1.6074
6 . B = C2H2Cl4 (113,120)
(0-100 Wt. % B)
df = (1.5829 + 0.0446
X Wt. % B) 0.075%
7 . B = C2H4Br2
Ethylene bromide (1^, 61)
(0-100 Wt. % B)
df = (0.6300 - 0.001704 X
Wt. % B) 0.025% (285).
8 . B = C2H4O2
Acetic acid ( 14 )
"
9 . B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (35, 81,i 128,1
153.1)
(0.025%)(51,164)
Wt. % A
94.61
90.87
85.61
78.69
72.58
70.26
55.34
49.00
40.37
30.17
20.36
9.88
4.84
dj 9 - 4
1.5114
1.4591
1.3919
1.3118
1.2485
1.2324
1.1073
1.0576
1.0043
0.9328
0.8816
0.8327
0.8110
10. B = C3H6O, Acetone

(0.1%)(270)
MoI % B
dj
0.00
1.632
11.40
1.568
36.44
1.380
51.18
1.273
73.55
1.087
86.53
0.954
96.67
0.852
0.812
100.00
11.B = C3H6O2
Methyl acetate (133)
12. B = C4H6O6
Tartaric acid (296)2
13. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (351)
14. B = C4H10O, Ether (61)
15. B = C5H5N
. Pyridine (14)
16. B = C6H4Br2
p-Dibromobenzene (158)
(0.005%) (31 S)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.58426
97.452
1.59213
92.842
1.60694
B = C5H5N
Pyridine
C = C6H7N
Aniline (267)i
HgCl2
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (l 17) i
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (" &) 1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol Q 18 ) 1
HgBr2
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("7)i
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (i")1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol ") 1
HgI2
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("7)i
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol ("8)1
Hg(CN)2
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("7)i
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (H8) 1
CuCl2
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C7H8
Toluene (44)i
AgNO3
B = C2H3N
Acetonitrile
C = C5H5N
Pyridine (268) i
"
Ca(NOa) 2
B = CH3NO
Formamide
C = C2H6O
B = CH4O
C = C3H6O
Acetone (144, 359)i
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H6O
Acetone (144, 359)i
LiNO3
B = CH3NO
Formamide
C = C2H6O
NaBr
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (H) 1
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (U**)1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol f** 8 ) 1
NaI
B = CH4O
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol ("3)i
B = CH4O
C =* C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (I* 8 ) 1
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
K
B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
C = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol "8)1
B = CH4O
C = C3H8O
B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
C = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol "8)1
RbI2
B = CH3NO
Formamide
C = C2H6O
SEC. IV. ALL COMPONENTS ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

HAVING KEY FORMULAE BEGINNING WITH 16
The systems throughout this section are numbered serially and
follow the (T-arrangement. To find any given substance look for
it among the A-components. The data for all systems containing
this substance will be found there given or there cross-referenced
by serial number.
CCl4
1 . B = CS2 (61)
(0.025%)(3i)
d\
MoI % B
100.000
1.26322
1.31000
90.158
80.523
1.35148
70.320
1.39033
60.021
1.42792
50.019
1.46095
1.48898
40.834
30.217
1.51898
19.766
1.54671
11.527
1.56715
0.000
1.59372
( 0.0075 %)( 171 )
Wt. % B
dj
100.000
1.25684
1.33103
71.725
42.845
1.41973
14.285
1.52371
0.000
1.58452
2 . B = CHCl3 (14,61)
(0.025%) (2 3)
d\
Wt. % A.
100.000
1.5937
70.979
1.5642
46.097
1.5382
19.761
1.5093
0.000
1.4867
(0.0075%) (171)
dl5
Wt. % A
0.000
1.47577
19.269
1.49373
57.277
1.53260
81.172
1.55963
100.000
1.58300
(0.05%)(to55)(i78)
50 Wt. % B
a
103b
1.5707
1.059*
3 . B = CH3I (172)1
4 . B = CH4O (350)i
5 . B = C2Cl4
(0.075%)(H3,120)
Wt. % A
d
100.0
1.5829
79.7
1.5868
66.4
1.5894
49.7
1.5940
1.5981
33.0
19.9
1.6003
0.0
1.6074
6 . B = C2H2Cl4 (113,120)
(0-100 Wt. % B)
df = (1.5829 + 0.0446
X Wt. % B) 0.075%
7 . B = C2H4Br2
Ethylene bromide (1^, 61)
(0-100 Wt. % B)
df = (0.6300 - 0.001704 X
Wt. % B) 0.025% (285).
8 . B = C2H4O2
Acetic acid ( 14 )
"
9 . B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (35, 81,i 128,1
153.1)
(0.025%)(51,164)
Wt. % A
94.61
90.87
85.61
78.69
72.58
70.26
55.34
49.00
40.37
30.17
20.36
9.88
4.84
dj 9 - 4
1.5114
1.4591
1.3919
1.3118
1.2485
1.2324
1.1073
1.0576
1.0043
0.9328
0.8816
0.8327
0.8110
10. B = C3H6O, Acetone

(0.1%)(270)
MoI % B
dj
0.00
1.632
11.40
1.568
36.44
1.380
51.18
1.273
73.55
1.087
86.53
0.954
96.67
0.852
100.00
0.812
11.B = C3H6O2
Methyl acetate (133)
12. B = C4H6O6
Tartaric acid (296)2
13. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (351)
14. B = C4H10O, Ether (61)
15. B = C5H5N
. Pyridine (14)
16. B = C6H4Br2
(0.005%) (31 S)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.58426
97.452
1.59213
92.842
1.60694
(0.005%)(134)
Wt. % B
dj
100.000
0.84680
83.127
0.91599
68.046
0.98816
56.581
1.05097
44.505
1.12677
35.296
1.19217
28.958
1.24236
20.329
1.31678
12.361
1.39445
6.496
1.45796
0.000
1.53534
(0.025%) (to 40) (24)
a
I
IO3 b
0.000 Wt. % B
1.63262
I
1.941*
27.357 Wt. % B
1.44442
I
1.733*
52.362 Wt. % B
1.26473 I
1.521*
74.444 Wt. % B
1.07636
1
1.287*
100.00 Wt. % B
0.89993 I
1.066*
21. B = C6H7N
Aniline
(0.05%)(107)
Wt. % B
dj 5
100.00
1.0175
84.54
1.0786
70.40
1.1409
58.97
1.1964
48.13
1.2540
37.92
1.3127
28.83
1.3696
20.94
1.4228
12.95
1.4806
6.49
1.5307
1.5685
1.86
0.61
1.5794
0.00
1.5847
22. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid (296)2
23. B = C7H6O3
Salicylic acid (296)2
CCl4.- (Continued)
17. B = C6H4Cl2
Dichlorobenzene ( 172 )
(0.075%)(15-65)
a
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % A
1.6039
I 1.9280 - 15)
93.62 Wt. % A
1.5794
I 1.836ft - 15)
18. B = C6H5Br
Bromobenzene (24)
(0.025%) (to 40)
a
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % B
1.5223
I
1.348*
70.462 Wt. % B
1.5555 ]
1.500*
47.497 Wt. % B
1.5810
I
1.628*
21.826 Wt. % B
1.6092
I
1.793*
0.000 Wt. % B
1.6326
I
1.940*
(0.025%)(23)
Wt. % B
dj
100.000
1.4960
73.012
1.5232
47.985
1.5481
24.028
1.5713
0.000
1.5937
19.B = C6H5Cl
Chlorobenzene (23,i 35, 351)
(0.025%)(to 40) (24)
a
I
103b
0.000 Wt. % A
1.1279
I
1.078*
25.598 Wt. % A
1.2532
I
1.268*
56.330 Wt. % A
1.4074
I
1.528*
75.761 Wt. % A
1.5067 I
1.700*
100.00 Wt. % A
1.6326
I
1.940*
24. B = C7H8 (31,1 133, 171,1

351)
20. B = C6H6 (23,i 31,1 59,1

66,1
171,1
81,1 99,
1 2 2 , 1 133, 158,
1 7 8 , 1 2 5 1 , 1 280,1 309,1
351, 3521)
( 0.005%)(134)
Wt. % B
df
100.000
0.87372
83.127
0.94523
68.046
1.01993
56.581
1.08485
44.505
1.16321
35.296
1.23075
28.958
1.28261
20.329
1.35940
12.361
1.43947
1.50491
6.496
0.000
1.58456
(0.025%)(285)
Wt. % A
df
O
1.1593
10
1.1043
20
1.0530
30
1.0000
40
0.9463
50
O.8932
60
0.8420
70
0.7873
80
O.7349
90
0.6820
100
0.6300
25. B = C7Hi6O
Ethyl amyl ether (61)
26. B = CgHio
m-Xylene ( 61 )
27. B = C8H14O6
Ethyl tartrate (228)
(0.05%)
a
I
103b
(19.35-58.2) 100.00 Wt. % A
1.5949 I 1.959(* - 19.35)
(18.91-29.60)
91.18 Wt. % A
1.5499 I 1.844(4 - 18.91)
i(18.1-29.54)
79.78 Wt. % A
1.4929 I 1.687(* - 18.1)
(20.08-32.76)
51.07 Wt. % A
1.3756 I 1.397(* - 20.08)
28. B = CioHg
Naphthalene
(0.075%)(172)
Wt. % A
d\5
100.00
1.6043
96.31
1.5741
92.49
1.5421
92.34
1.5425
86.94
1.5006
(to 1.636 Wt. % B)
dj8 = (1.59605 0.008375 X Wt. % B)
0.0075% (54)
29. B = C10Hi6O
Camphor
(0.1%)(175)
Wt. % B
O
10
20
30
40
50
dj
1.5930
1.5295
1.4664
1.4033
1.3398
1.3082
30. B = Ci 4 HiO
Phenanthrene (158, 318)
a
I
103b
0.1% (15-70)
0.000 Wt. % A
1.6023
I 2.1300 - 15)
(0.01%)(15-70)
97.207 Wt. % A
1.5858 ] 1.8800 - 15)
95.625 Wt. % A
1.5755
I 1.0080 - 15)
31. B = CigH 36 O 2
Stearic acid (296)2

y. also 1266
CS^
32. B = CHCl3 (35, 5 9 , 1 6 1 , 6 7 , 1
103, 122,1 240, 2511)

(0.1%)(320)
Wt. % A
O
10
20
30
40
50
60
d\5
1.491
1.461
1.434
1.410
1.387
1.364
1.344
Wt. % A
d\5
70
1.324
80
1.306
90
1.289
100
1.271
(0.0075%)(171)
Wt. % A
dj*
100.000
1.25559
71.301
1.30461
34.440
1.37471
20.637
1.41663
6.090
1.45698
0.000
1.47579
(0.05%)(290)
Wt. % A
100.00
80.85
65.19
49.38
41.06
24.24
0.00
df
1.2392
1.2704
1.2989
1.3316
1.3463
1.3856
1.4509
33. B = CH2I2
34. B = CH3I
(0.1%)(309)
Wt. % A
0.00
21.60
38.81
48.11
68.81
82.39
100.00
d
2.333
1.984
1.772
1.678
1.498
1.399
1.292
35. B = C2H4Br2
Ethylene bromide (61)
36. B = C2H4Cl2
Ethylene chloride (59)*
37. B = C2H4O2
Acetic acid
(0.05%)(29l)
a
I
103b
(12.5-30.4)
100.0 Wt. % B
1.0581 I 1.1280 - 12.5)
(13.0-30.1)
80.298 Wt. % B
1.0780 I 1.2690 - 13.0)
(14.7-30.7)
61.284 Wt. % B
1.1055 I 1.3750 - 14.7)
(13.5-30.8)
12.076 Wt. % B
1.2281 I 1.4860 - 13.5)
(13.45-33.95)
0.000 Wt. % B
1.2731
1.4970 - 13.45)
38. B = C 2 H 4 O 2
Methyl formate (142)
39. B = C2H5I
Ethyl iodide (**2)
40. B = C 2 H 5 NO 3
Ethvl nitrate (236,i 289i)
41. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (35, ST, los, 124,1
130,1 169, 240, 249,1 289,1 346,1
3531)
(0.1%)(17.86-35.96) (67)
a
I
10%
100.000 Wt. % A
1.2657 I 1.4970 - 17.86)
89.97 Wt. % A
1.1897 I 1.4650 - 17.86)
79.86 Wt. % A
1.1238 i 1.3880 - 17.86)
70.34 Wt. % A
1.0687 I 1.3040 - 17.86)
59.40 Wt. % A
1.0121 I 1.2280 - 17.86)
50.19 Wt. % A
0.9693 I 1.1600 - 17.86)
39.93 Wt. % A
0.9263 1 1.0890 - 17.86)
28.91 Wt. % A
0.8853 I 1.0220 - 17.86)
20.02 Wt. % A
0.8552 I 0.9730 - 17.86)
11.58 Wt. % A
0.8290 I 0.9170 - 17.86)
0.00 Wt. % A
0.7960 I 0.8570 - 17.86)
42. B = C3H6O
Acetone (79, "> 133 > 351)
(0.005%)(134, 289)
Wt. % B
100.000
86.755
70.674
59.671
48.239
48.201
48.098
35.267
28.863
16.717
13.108
1.000
Wt. % B
100.000
86.755
70.674
59.671
48.239
48.201
48.098
35.267
28.863
16.717
13.108
1.000
df
0.78799
0.82402
0.87475
0.91488
0.96189
0.96212
0.96296
1.02360
1.05768
1.13113
1.15539
1.25595
df'17
0.77626
0.81166
0.86177
0.90132
0.94785
0.94806
0.94887
1.00902
1.04311
1.11601
1.14011
1.24054
43. B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol
(0.05%)(130)
Wt. % A
df' 5
100.00
1.2693
90.93
1.2028
78.32
1.1229
61.43
1.0333
Wt. % A
d}5'5
40.81
0.9428
18.76
0.8637
0.00
0.8074
44. B = C3H8O2
Methylal (133,351)
(0.005%)(134, 289)
Wt. % A
df
0.000
0.85313
12.921
0.88549
28.682
0.93050
38.408
0.96201
43.598
0.98009
45.630
0.98723
53.139
1.01566
60.034
1.04363
62.226
1.05309
62.380
1.05362
65.262
1.06613
75.141
1.11246
86.449
1.17221
100.000
1.25595
Wt. % A
df'11
0.000
0.84003
12.921
0.87195
28.682
0.91652
38.408
0.94787
43.598
0.96583
45.630
0.97270
53.139
1.00095
60.034
1.02835
62.226
1.03822
62.380
1.03880
65.262
1.05137
75.141
1.09721
86.449
1.15683
100.000
1.24054
45. B = C4H8O2
Isobutyric acid
(0.05%)(29i)
a
i
103b
(13.45-33.95)
100.00 Wt. % A
1.2731 I 1.4980 - 13.45)
(13.35-30.1)
79.66 Wt. % A
1.1833 I 1.4090 - 13.35)
(12.4-31.0)
54.72 Wt. % A
1.0961 I 1.2800 - 12.4)
(13.1-28.2)
31.97 Wt. % A
1.0314 I 1.1520 - 13.1)
(11.4-74.4)
0.00 Wt. % A
0.9621 I 1.0170 - 11.4)
46. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (142, 158)
(0.0075%) (171)
Wt. % A
dj5
100.000
1.25590
88.647
1.16620
60.764
1.06578
33.596
0.97396
0.000
0.88896
47. B = C4H10O
Isobutyl alcohol
(0.05%)(291)
I
10%
(16.25-74.65)
100.00 Wt. % B
0.8070 0.83000 - 16.25)
(13.8-32.4)
70.39 Wt. % B
0.9013 I 0.95750 - 13.8)
(15.5-30.7)
50.22 Wt. % B
0.9792 I 1.09800 - 15.5)
(13.9-34.2)
30.01 Wt. % B
1.0769 I 1.20700 - 13.9)
(11.3-31.7)
15.80 Wt. % B
1.1628 I 1.30000 - 11.3)
(13.45-33.95)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.2731 I 1.49900 - 13.45)
48. B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether (59,i 61, 103, 158,
2901)
(0.0075%)(171)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.25559
86.908
1.13931
65.656
0.99091
37.258
0.84461
0.000
0.70769
49. B = C5H10
Amylene (i3)
50. B = C5H10O2
Isovaleric acid
(0.05%)(29l)
a
I
103b
(13.45-33.95)
100.00 Wt. % A
1.2731 I 1.4980 - 13.45)
(12.15-30.7)
71.70 Wt. % A
1.1471 I 1.3210 - 12.15)
(14.2-31.2)
54.10 Wt. % A
1.0809 I 1.2120 - 14.2)
(10.2-30.7)
37.43 Wt. % A
1.0328 1 1.0630 - 10.2)
(17.6-60.8)
0.00 Wt. % A
0.9333 I 0.9510 - 17.6)
51. B = C6H4Br2
p-Dibromobenzene(i58)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.25568
96.173
1.27299
91.993
1.29256
90.020
1.30149
52. B = C6H5Br
Bromobenzene ( 59 J 1 6 I)
53. B = C6H5Cl
Chlorobenzene ( 59 J 1
54. B = C6H5NO2
Nitrobenzene ( 142 )
55. B = C6H6 (59,1 99, 103,
133, 142, 158)
(0.025%) (30)
Wt. % B
d\*'B
100.000
0.8788
87.361
0.9088
75.066
0.9458
60.569
0.9918
59.027
0.9970
49.599
1.0295
38.968
1.0707
34.602
1.0894
27.526
1.1205
20.187
1.1550
17.193
1.1698
5.325
1.2325
0.000
1.2642
(0.0075%)(i7i)
Wt. % B
df
0.000
1.25230
8.868
1.20550
34.847
1.08172
75.878
0.93900
100.000
0.87406
56. B = C6H7N
Aniline (142)
57. B = C6Hi0O3
Ethyl acetoacetate (142)
58. B = C6H12O2
d--Butyl acetate
(0.1%)(242)
Wt. % A
d\7
92.44
1.2264
78.60
1.1502
70.13
1.1078
49,85
1.0283
33.55
0.9717
59. B = C6Hi2O3
Paraldehyde (142)
60. B = C7H6NS
Phenyl thiocyanate (353)
61. B = C7H6O
Benzaldehyde (142)
62. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid (296)2
63. B = C7H6O3
64. B = C7H7NO2
o-NitrotoIuene (I36)i
65. B = C7H7NO2
p-Nitrotoluene
(0.1%)(136)
Wt. % A
dl
100.0
1.265
88.6
1.248
79.1
1.236
61.6
1.215
50.7
1.203
47.0
1.198
CS2.(Continued)
66. B = C 7 H 8 ( 6 1 > 9 9 > 133 > 158)
(0.0075%)(i7i)
Wt. % A 1
df
100.000
1.25559
92.734
1.21400
62.018
1.06441
36.768
0.96939
0.000
0.86053
67. B = C7H8O6
Gallic acid monohydrate (296)2
68. B = C7Hi6
Heptane (6 *)
69. B = C9H8O
Cinnamic aldehyde (289, 353)
70. B = Ci0H7Br
Bromonaphthalene (353)
71. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (54,i 303)
(0.005%)(85)
Wt. % A
d8
100.000
95.036
90.082
86.149
80.163
74.915
70.240
1.26643
1.25182
1.23768
1.22676
1.21052
1.19661
1.18452
72. B = Ci 0 Hi 2 O
Anethole (289, 353)
73. B = Ci0Hi6O
Camphor
(0.1%)(277)
Wt. % B
0.00
3.54
8.70
18.46
24.12
37.80
65.20
dj
1.263
1.249
1.227
1.191
1.170
1.126
1.046
74. B = Ci0Hi6O4
Camphoric acid (296)2
75. B = C10H20O2
d--Octyl acetate
(0.1%)(242)
Wt. % A
95.44
84.63
67.93
55.67
52.10
39.15
27.51
d\7
1.2144
1.1766
1.0965
1.0393
1.0255
0.9810
0.9411
76. B = Ci2Hi0
Diphenyl (iss)
(0.005%)(3i8)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.25568
96.193
1.24510
88.297
1.22320
77. B = Ci 2 H 10 N 2
Azobenzene (158)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % B
df
0.000
1.25568
1.024
1.25371
6.253
1.24262
14.121
1.22641
78. B = C18H36O2
Stearic acid (296)2
78.5 B = Turpentine
(0.025%)(123)
Wt. % A
dj5
0.000
0.86193
20.332
0.91810
40.485
0.98596
60.116
1.05748
1.14811
78.750
100.000
1.27006
v. also 1
87. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2
Nitrobenzene
(0.075%)(68, 150)
Wt. % B
d\Q
0.00
2.8887
2.4724
9.68
25.85
2.0809
1.6833
50.08
65.83
1.4987
88.39
1.2955
100.00
1.2125
Wt. % B
d 4 76 ' 5
0.00
2.7167
9.68
2.3338
25.85
1.9599
50.08
1.5871
65.83
1.4135
88.39
1.2246
100.00
1.1167
CHBr3
89. B = C8H14O6
Ethyl tartrate
Bromoform
79. B = CHI3
Jodoform (20, 254)
80. B = CH2I2
81. B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
(0.1%)(200)
Wt. % B
<
74.72
0.983
85.72
0.886
92.42
0.834
100.00
0.796
82. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
88. B = C6H6 (200)i
(0.05%)(228)
1
10%
(19.07-25.75)
0.00 Wt. % B
2.8901 I 2.6010 - 19.07)
(19.04-30.03)
7.08 Wt. % B
2.6181 I 2.3650 - 19.04)
(12.9-73.0)
10.00 Wt. % B
2.5151 I 2.3110 - 12.9)
(19.25-32.17)
30.92 Wt. % B
2.0029 I 1.8030 - 19.25)
v. also 1267, 1268
(0.1%)(200)
Wt. % B
<
100.00
0.790
92.43
0.833
0.891
85.82
74.20 I
0.979
83. B = C3H6O
Acetone (2OQ)*
84. B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (2QQ)i
85.B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether (200)i
(0.05%)(64)
Wt. % B
d?
100.000
0.708
78.172
0.852
54.652
1.092
42.728
1.268
31.079
1.504
25.151
1.659
21.640
1.766
19.959
1.820
14.747
2.060
8.494
2.314
3.248
2.635
0.000
2.878
86. B = C6Hi2O
Isoamyl alcohol (200)i
CHCl3
Chloroform
90. B = CH4O (44)i
Methyl alcohol
91. B = C2H3Cl3O2
Chloral hydrate (299)i.2
92. B = C2H4Br2
Ethylene bromide (61)
(0.1%)(251)
(10.2-131.3)
50 Wt. % B
a
103b
1.606
1.5510 - 10.2)
93. B = C2H4O2
Acetic acid (l 4 )
94. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (35, 8i,i 103,
169, 240, 3261)
(0.05%)(67, 290)
(19.46-30.96)
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % A
1.4875 I 1.8450 - 19.46)
89.65 Wt. % A
1.3636 I 1.7300 - 19.46)
80.06 Wt. % A
1.2671 I 1.5480 - 19.46)
a
I
103b
69.96 Wt. % A
1.1798 I 1.4180 - 19.46)
59.93 Wt. % A
1.1048 I 1.3400 - 19.46)
50.03 Wt. % A
1.0384 I 1.2180 - 19.46)
40.04 Wt. % A
0.9789 I 1.1050 - 19.46)
30.00 Wt. % A
0.9255 I 1.0430 - 19.46)
20.03 Wt. % A
0.8777 i 0.9730 - 19.46)
9.97 Wt. % A
0.8340 I 0.9130 - 19.46)
0.00 Wt. % A
0.7947 I 0.8580 - 19.46)
a
95. B = C3H6O
Acetone (59,i 62,* 79, 81,i 99,
131,1 133, 290,1 351)
(0.005%)(134)
Wt. % B
d?
0.000
0.78492
16.664
0.85146
33.039
0.92905
45.832
1.00050
56.298
1,06789
64.507
1.12763
72.276
1.19082
79.884
1.25927
88.409
1.34501
1.41066
94.292
100.000
1.47993
Wt. % B
d*'17
0.000
0.77322
16.664
0,83892
33.039
0.91568
45.832
0.98641
56.298
1.05311
64.507
1.11211
72.276
1.17478
79.884
1.24250
88.409
1.32718
94.292
1.39204
100.000
1.46045
(0.25%)(0-40)(312)
a
I
103b
100.00 MoI % B
0.814
I
1.050*
84.3 Mo! % B
0.932
I
1.30Oi
63.8 Mol % B
1.076
I
1.375*
51.7 Mol % B
1.161
I
1.450*
39.1 Mol % B
1.253
I
1.675*
17.6 Mol % B
1.392
I
1.350*
0.0 Mol % B
1.514
I
1.900*
96. B = C3H7NO
Propionamide (18)
97. B = C3HrNO2
Urethane (299}o
98. B = C 4 H 10 O
Ethyl ether (5V 6l, 94, ios,
99. B = C 4 H 12 ClN
Die thy !ammonium
chloride
(333)1
176, 309,1 315 )
(0.05%)(63, 280)
MoI % A
100
80
60
40
20
O
d\
1.5159
1.3150
1.1647
1.0176
0.8548
0.7290
MoI % A
17.3
25.6
d*
0.8219
0.8801
36.6
45.7
52.0
53.5
55.3
66.3
68.2
79.8
0.9585
1.0268
1.0746
1.0863
1.0994
1.1869
1.2012
1.2968
MoI % A
df
0.00
7.46
0.7082
0.7562
10.06
10.46
11.95
14.37
26.49
26.90
27.92
32.02
40.21
42.57
0.7732
0.7757
0.7871
0.8026
0.8848
0.8879
0.8951
0.9254
0.9849
1.0023
45.04
46.96
56.23
60.92
61.14
64.60
68.40
68.76
77.08
84.23
84.95
88.41
89.63
95.52
100.00
1.0210
1.0359
1.1060
1.1441
1.1460
1.1736
1.2039
1.2059
1.2766
1.3365
1.3433
1.3723
1.3837
1.4366
1.4785
MoI % A
5.4
12.3
15.2
20.5
25.0
29.1
33.6
39.6
44.3
49.5
59.2
68.9
72.8
89.6
df
0.7439
0.7896
0.8076
0.8441
0.8741
0.9021
0.9366
0.9806
1.0153
1.0550
1.1297
1.2079
1.2400
1.3834
100. B = C 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 3
Diethylammonium nitrate
( 333 V
101. B = C6H10
Amylene (61, 103)
102. B = C5H12
Pentane (61)
103. B = C5H12O
n-Amyl alcohol
(0.01%)(131)
wt. % B
d?
0.000
11.090
19.471
26.778
42.037
59.865
69.308
100.000
1.4800
1.3541
1.2718
1.2096
1.0712
0.9886
0.9388
0.8068
104. B = C6H4Br2
p-Dibromobenzene ( 158 )
(to 9.069% B)(318)
df = (1.47737 -f 0.003825 X
Wt. % B) 0.005%
105. B = C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4
w-Dinitrobenzene (* 58)
(0.01%)(3iS)
Wt. % A
d\*
100.000
1.4963
97.121
1.4977
93.443
1.4975
Wt. % A
dj
100.00
1.4868
97.121
1.4879
93.443
1.4885
Wt. % A
dj
100.000
1.4680
97.121
1.4693
93.443
1.4704
Wt. % A
^440
100.000
1.4489
97.121
1.4503
93.443
1.4522
Wt. % A
dl
100.000
1.4296
97.121
1.4318
93.443
1.4339
Wt. % A
dj
100.000
1.4100
97.121
1.4134
93.443
1.4162
106. B = C6H5Br
Bromobenzene
(0-100 MoI % B)
dl= (1.526 - 0.044 X
MoI % B ) 0.1% (269)
107. B = C6H5NO3
o-Nitrophenol
( 0.075 %)(15-55) (172)
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % A
1.4898 I 1.838( - 15)
91.72 Wt. % A
1.4774 I 1.758ft - 15)
a
115. B = C7H8 (35,1721)
116.B = C7H9N
jo-Toluidine (299)i.2
117.B = C7H16
Heptane (61)
108. B = C 6 H 6 (SS, 6 1 , 9 9 , 103,

158, 1711)
(0.05%)(2SO, 282)
MoI % B
d\
0.0
1.5159
20.0
1.3761
40.0
1.2449
60.0
1.1142
80.0
0.9500
100.0
0.8907
MoI % B
<
0.0
1.4754
20.0
1.3450
40.0
1.2210
60.0
1.0972
80.0
0.9823
100.0
0.8787
MoI % B
df
0.0
1.4671
20.0
1.3350
40.0
1.2103
60.0
1.0834
80.0
0.9716
100.0
0.8750
( 0.025%) (to 70)(178)
50 Wt. % B
a
103b
1.1282
1.3471
109. B = C6H6O
Phenol
(0.005%)(319)
Wt. % A
42'87
100.000
1.50180
96.127
1.48012
93.066
1.46362
87.997
1.43697
77.971
1.38685
110. B = C6H10O8
Citric acid monohydrate (296)2
111. B = C6H16ClN
Triethylammonium chloride
C 333 ) 1
112. B = C7H5N3O6
Trinitrotoluene
(0.005%) (319)
Wt. % A
^2'87
100.000
1.50180
98.398
1.50340
97.445
1.50448
96.897
1.50480
113. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid (296)i
(0.005%)(3iT)
Wt. % A
dj 2 - 87
100.000
1.50180
98.469
96.470
91.569
1.49564
1.48750
1.46832
114.B= C7H6O3
118.B = C7H16O
119.B = C8H8O
Acetophenone
(0.1%)(270)
dj8
1.475
1.285
1.215
1.125
1.062
1.025
MoI % A
100.00
66.30
49.90
28.75
11.25
0.00
120. B = C8H9NO
Acetanilide (299)i,2
121. B = C8H10O
Phenetole
(0.1%)(269)
MoI % A
100.00
90.91
67.62
51.82
19.91
0.00
dl
1.5261
1.4472
1.2858
1.2113
1.0531
0.9841
122. B = C8Hj2O6
Dimethyl acetylmalate
(0.05%)(227)
I
103b
(10.44-29.2)
95.96 Wt. % A
1.4940 I 1.892(* - 10.44)
(14.3-28.5)
90.45 Wt. % A
1.4662 I 1.782(t - 14.3)
a
123. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate (343,i 344i)
(0.05%)(207, 217)
a
I
103b
(12.8-51.0)
98.00 Wt. % A
1.4931 I 1.882(J - 12.8)
(18.0-54.0)
91.01 Wt. % A
1.4588 I 1.775(* - 18.0)
(17.3-60.0)
80.88 Wt. % A
1.4267 I 1.661( - 17.3)
(14.5-59.3)
60.09 Wt. % A
1.3668 I 1.427(* - 14.5)
(13.5-57.3)
39.96 Wt. % A
1.3110 I 1.248(J - 13.5)
(11.3-52.3)
30.05 Wt. % A
1.2616 I 1.1Q8(* H- 11.3)
CHCl3.- (Continued)
124. B = C8H20BrN
Tetraethylammonium bromide
(0.05%)(334)
Wt. % A
100.00
93.88
92.52
Wt. % A
100.00
93.88
92.52
df
1.4761
1.4692
1.4682
dj
1.4268
1.4275
1.4262
125. B = C8H20ClN
Tetraethylammonium chloride
C 333 ) 1
126. B = C9HuNO
Methylacetanilide (*8Q)
127. B = Ci0H4Cl4
Naphthalene tetrachloride
148 1
C )
128. B = Ci0Hs
Naphthalene (299)i
(0.005%)(85)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.47921
95.237
1.45038
89.857
1.41826
84.213
1.38632
80.885
1.36810
74.987
1.33716
68.966
1.30650
129. B = Ci 0 Hi 4
Durene
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.47737
98.055
1.45696
95.351
1.42978
89.859
1.37821
85.759
1.34476
130. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2
Nicotine (343)i
131. B = C10H16O
Camphor
(0.05%)( 3 43)
Wt. % B
df
0.00
1.4749
1.15
1.4664
2.19
1.4586
4.03
1.4452
5.31
1.4361
35.27
1.2476
132. B = Ci 0 HiGO 4
Camphoric acid (296)2
133. B = Ci 0 H 24 ClN
Diamylammonium chloride
(333)1
134. B = Ci2H10
Acenaphthene (158, 299i)
(0.005%)(3i8)
"Wt. % A
100.000
98.508
96.033
92.624
86.801
df
1.47737
1.46921
1.45677
1.43966
1.41004
135. B = Ci 2 Hi 0
Diphenyl (158)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.47737
98.373
1.46776
95.809
1.45224
94.683
1.44500
89.721
1.41573
86.855
1.39880
136. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2
Azobenzene
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % B
df
0.000
1.47737
3.116
1.46158
7.482
1.43984
10.829
1.42258
(10 Wt. % B)(0.25%)(158)
t
d\
20
1.425
30
1.405
50
1.363
60
1.335
137. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 O
Diphenyl ether
(0.1%)(269)
MoI % A
df
0.00
1.072
31.36
1.150
56.96
1.239
81.70
1.357
100.00
1.526
138. B = Ci4H8O2
Anthraquinone (297,1.2 3171.2)
139. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 O 2
Benzil (158)
(0.005%)( 3 18)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.47737
97.968
1.47020
96.177
1.46381
90.491
1.44321
84.679
1.42148
140. B = Ci8H36O2
Stearic acid (296)2
141. B = Ci9Hi6
Triphenylmethane (I 58 )
(0.005%)( 3 18)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.47737
97.325
1.46327
93.168
1.44148
92.979
1.44005
90.795
1.42863
142. B = C27H46O
Cholesterol (**8)i
v. also 2, 32
CHI3
Iodoform
v. 79, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270
CH2Cl2
Mthylne chloride
143. B = C3H6O
Acetone
(0.1%)(270)
MoI % B
0.00
dj
1.378
12.76
1.281
42.35
60.46
81.12
92.27
100.00
1.107
1.009
0.905
0.850
0.812
144. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(228)
I
103b
(18.05-26.23)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.3393 i 1.847(t - 18.05)
(19.34-25.96)
5.12 Wt. % B
1.3283
1.7840 - 19.34)
(18.57-28.13)
9.75 Wt. % B
1.3221 I 1.7170 - 18.57)
(20.37-27.20)
17.10 Wt. % B
1.3079 I 1.6250 - 20.37)
(19.50-27.33)
32.90 Wt. % B
1.2866 I 1.4810 - 19.50)
(18.86-26.45)
61.88 Wt. % B
1.2485
1.2380 - 18.86)
a
CH2I2
Mthylne iodide
145. B = C6H6 (254)
146. B = C6H10O4
Ethyl oxalate (236)i
147. B = C8H10
Xylene (254)
148. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%) (228)
a
I
10%
(19.41-29.15)
0.00 Wt. % B
3.3233 I 2.5790 - 19.41)
(21.06-33.48)
1.42 Wt. % B
3.2338 I 2.6250 - 21.06)
v. also 33, 80, 1269, 1270
CH2O2
Formic acid
149. B = CH3NO
Formamide
(0.075%)(183)
MoI % A
df
0.00
1.1315
10.00
1.1442
19.99
1.1540
30.00
1.1639
39.99
1.1783
49.98
1.1828
60.00
1.1917
69.85
1.1993
79.95
1.2060
90.00
1.2109
100.00
1.2133
MoI % A
df
10.00
1.1310
19.99
1.1406
30.00
1.1500
39.99
1.1593
49.98
1.1676
60.00
1.1761
69.85
1.1828
79.95
1.1889
90.00
1.1931
100.00
1.1943
150. B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
(0.1%) (108)
Wt. % B
dj8
0.00
1.2190
33.13
1.0258
61.88
0.9233
75.70
0.8716
80.92
0.8544
90.19
0.8274
95.14
0.8109
100.00
0.7940
151. B = CH5NO2
Ammonium formate ( 276 )
df = (1.2142 -f- 0.001479
X g-Mole B per 1 soin.) 0.1 %
152. B = C2H4O2
Acetic acid
(0.05%)(157)
dl =
100 MoI % B
1.0715(1 - 0.0010260
95 MoI % B
1.0806(1 - 0.0010200
75 Mol % B
1.1062(1 - 0.0010400
50 Mol % B
1.1434(1 - 0.0010300
25 Mol % B
1.1872(1 - 0.0010020
O Mol % B
1.2450(1 - 0.001001/)
153. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (168, 169)
154. B = C7H6O
Benzaldehyde (l6, 169)
155. B = C7H9NO2
Phenylammonium formate
160. B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol
(0.1%)(276)
Wt. % A
88.05
92.81
95.33
96.20
98.18
99.07
100.00
d?
1.213
1.214
1.215
1.215
1.215
1.214
1.214
156. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O
Camphor (323, 342)
(0.1%)(ioo)
Wt. % B
dj
0.00
1.2201
1.1881
8.44
12.27
1.1579
26.56
1.1313
36.31
1.1026
46.54
1.0746
CH3I
Methyl iodide
157. B ^ C2H5I
Ethyl iodide (254)
(0.05%)(166)
Wt. % B
d?
100
1.9433
90
1.9713
80
2.0003
70
2.0301
60
2.0607
50
2.0923
40
2.1250
30
2.1585
20
2.1933
10
2.2292
O
2.2661
158. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.01%)(132)
Wt. % B
d?
0.000
2.25095
1.956
2.16755
4.916
2.09160
7.710
1.95955
14.648
1.74860
20.965
1.60897
25.418
1.51855
39.971
1.28333
_ 100.000
0.78662
159. B = C3H6O
Acetone
(0.01%)(132)
Wt. % B
<%*
0.000
2.2509
2.590
2.1438
4.780
2.0603
9.376
1.9050
17.084
1.6936
24.015
1.5410
28.378
1.4336
45.640
1.2059
100.000
0.7853
(0.01%)(132)
Wt. % B
0.000
2.572
4.680
4.890
9.642
19.616
24.116
29.800
45.120
100.000
d?
2.25095
2.14550
2.06785
2.06047
1.90575
1.69215
1.54487
1.45180
1.23140
0.79972
161. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate
(0.01%)(132)
Wt. % B
0.000
3.768
7.456
12.906
15.552
23.708
37.268
100.000
d?
2.25095
2.11280
2.00230
1.85980
1.73610
1.63240
1.41803
0.89088
162. B = C6H6 ( 1 7 ^)I

163. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(228)
I
103b
(18.22-26.35)
0.00 Wt. % B
2.2825 |2.891 (t - 18.22)
(19.39-26.62)
5.20 Wt. % B
2.1703 |2.681 (t - 19.39)
(18.86-23,16)
10.45 Wt. % B
2.0744 |2.512 (t - 18.86)
(18.77-25.12)
38.09 Wt. % B
1.6884 |1.811 (t - 18.77)
a
v. also 3, 34, 1271, 1272

CH3NO
Formamide
164. B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol
(0.075%)(183)
MoI % B
rff
0.00
1.1312
9.87
1.1252
1.1186
19.96
30.80
1.1112
40.03
1.1032
50.03
1.0939
60.11
1.0825
69.97
1.0686
80.02
1.0511
89.99
1.0276
MoI % B
9.87
19.96
30.80
40.03
50.03
60.11
69.97
80.02
89.99
100.00
d?
1.0906
1.0605
1.0302
0.9978
0.9638
0.9285
0.8940
0.8562
0.8172
0.7749
164.5 B = CH5NO2
Ammonium formate
(0.05%) (360)
Wt. % B
df
1.393
1.1324
1.1310
0.558
0.000
1.1303
165. B = C2H4O2
Acetic acid
(0.075%)("3)
MoI % B
df
0.00
1.1318
9.62
1.1284
20.39
1.1198
29.74
1.1146
40.56
1.1122
49.82
1.1015
59.89
1.0938
69.42
1.0847
78.95
1.0755
90.10
1.0621
100.00
1.0463
MoI % B
d\Q
9.62
1.1151
20.39
1.1063
29.74
1.1011
40.56
1.0983
49.82
1.0873
59.89
1.0791
69.42
1.0687
78.95
1.0600
90.10
1.0462
100.00
1.0294
166. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.075%)(3, 3601)
MoI % B
df
0.00
1.1314
10.00
1.0846
18.92
1.0457
29.76
1.0042
39.07
0.9678
50.09
0.9335
59.29
0.9022
69.86
0.8701
80.09
0.8401
89.95
0.8126
100.00
0.7857
(0.01%)(33)
Wt. % B
df
100.000
0.78078
98.188
0.78560
94.225
0.79628
84.329
0.82371
(0.075%)03)
MoI % B
dj
0.00
1.1190
10.00
1.0722
18.92
1.0332
29.76
0.9927
39.07
0.9573
50.09
0.9209
59.29
0.8896
69.86
0.8571
80.09
0.8271
89.95
0.7997
100.00
0.7727
167. B = C3H6O2
Propionic acid
(0.075%)(183)
MoI % A 1
dj5
100.00
1.1327
97.60
1.1297
91.01
1.1250
81.15
1.1185
73.38
1.1083
59.87
1.0852
49.76
1.0699
39.79
1.0549
29.92
1.0391
19.49
1.0222
10.02
1.0059
0.00
0.9885
MoI % A
dy
91.01
1.1130
81.15
1.1056
73.38
1.0954
59.87
1.0711
49.76
1.0566
39.79
1.0408
29.92
1.0248
19.49
1.0074
10.02
0.9906
0.00
0.9725
168. B = C3H8O
w-Propyl alcohol
(0.1%)(78)
Wt. % B
<%'
0.00
1.1314
11.23
1.0850
20.67
1.0472
29.94
1.0114
39.96
0.9753
49.99
0.9411
169. B = C4H8O2
Butyric acid
(0.075%)(i*3)
MoI % B
dj6
0.00
1.1320
4.90
1.1169
14.30
1.1100
20.10
1.0952
29.89
1.0711
40.04
1.0505
49.73
1.0324
59.69
1.0151
69.87
0.9988
79.56
0.9825
89.57
0.9677
100.00
0.9528
CH3NO.- (Continued)
B = C4H8O2.- (Continued)
Mol % B
<
4.90
l.1044
14.30
1.0975
20.10
1.0826
29.89
1.0584
40.04
1.0375
49.73
1.0191
59.69
1.0019
69.87
0.9849
79.56
0.9684
89.57
0.9536
0.9380
100.00
170. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Isobutyl alcohol
(0.%)(78)
Wt. % B
0.00
10.09
19.95
30.00
39.81
49.98
dj6
1.1307
1.0854
1.0475
1.0091
0.9745
0.9398
171. B = C 6 H 6 N
Py ri dine
(0.05%)(70)
Wt. % B
dj6
100.00
0.9746
92.23
0.9871
88.90
0.9935
1.0070
82.88
172. B = C 6 H 12 O
Isoamyl alcohol
(0.075%)(68> 150)
Wt. % B
100.00
97.18
90.01
69.92
49.84
30.14
10.38
0.00
dl
0.8253
0.8315
0.8497
0.9041
0.9649
1.0335
1.1111
1.1549
(0.1%)(78)
Wt. % B
df
0.00
1.1314
10.01
1.0870
19.94
1.0485
29.98
1.0115
39.95
0.9756
50.01
0.9413
60.00
0.9108
(0.075%)(68, 150)
Wt. % B
d746'5.
100.00
0.7656
97.18
0.7731
90.01
0.7908
69.92
0.8440
49.84
0.9044
30.14
0.9726
10.38
1.0479
0.00
1.0901
173. B = C8H14O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(343)
Wt. % B
dj
74.671
1.1986
51.103
1.1806
25.687
1.1577
8.860
1.1425
5.345
1.1396
1.899
1.1365
174. B = Ci0H14N2
Nicotine
(0.05%)(343)
Wt. % A
dl
0.00
1.0100
38.46
1.0610
61.67
1.0889
1.1139
82.20
88.68
1.2203
v. also 149
CH3NO2
Nitromethane
175. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (I92,i328i)
176. B = C4H12IN
Tetramethylammonium
iodide (330)i
177. B = C8H20IN
Tetraethylammonium iodide
(330,1 3311)
178. B = C12H28IN
Tetrapropylammonium iodide
(330)1
CH4N2O
Urea
179. B = CH4O
Methyl alcohol (299)*
180. B = CH5N
Methylamine
(0.25%)( 83 )
Wt. % B
dj
74.19
0.773
86.11
0.755
92.26
0.724
96.75
0.704
98.24
0.694
98.81
0.693
0.691
99.25
99.49
0.689
99.71
0.689
99.90
0.690
99.94
0.692
99.98
0.685
181. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (299)i,2
(0.01%)(33)
Wt. % B
df
100.000
0.78521
97.580
0.79419
97.249
0.79542
96.599
0.79795
94.848
0.80456
Wt. % B
100.000
97.685
95.853
dl
0.78078
0.78939
0.79628
(0.025%)(247)
MoI % B
100.00
88.46
76.88
65.71
54.47
MoI % B
100.00
88.42
77.00
65.37
54.38
MoI % B
100.00
88.59
77.12
65.59
54.45
MoI % B
100.00
88.39
77.00
65.42
54.27
df
0.77329
0.77865
0.78553
0.79176
0.79746
dS
0.76329
0.77143
0.77722
0.78304
0.78845
dj
0.75435
0.76261
0.76841
0.77417
0.77926
dlQ
0.74650
0.75220
0.75780
0.76360
0.76878
183. B = C 6 H 5 N
Pyridine (70)i
CH4N2S
Thiourea
184. B = CH4N2S
Ammonium thiocyanate (8)
185. B = C 5 H 5 N
Pyridine
(0.05%) (70)
Wt. % B
df
100.00
0.9746
94.48
0.9949
87.43
1.0190
CH4N2S
Ammonium thiocyanate
v. 184
CH4O
Methyl alcohol
186. B = C2H3N
Methyl cyanide
(0.5%)(322)
Wt. % A
O
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
dj
0.8052
0.8063
0.8073
0.8083
0.8093
0.8102
0.8110
0.8115
0.8115
0.8109
0.8098
187. B = C2H4O2
Acetic acid (168)
(0.1%)(i08)
Wt. % B
di8
100.00
1.057
50.50
0.916
33.55
0.878
20.27
0.842
6.44
0.809
0.00
0.794
187.5. B = C2H6I
Ethyl iodide
(0.1%) (362)
Wt. % A
dj
0.0
1.9340
26.8
1.3480
68.7
0.9656
100.0
0.7932
188. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol (133, 35l) ; c/.
(358.5)
(0-100 Wt. % A)
d\* = (0.79367 + 0.04235 X
Wt. % A) 0.025% (65)
(0-100 Wt. % A)
df = (0.7867 + 0.0413 X
Wt. % A) 0.1% (113, 117)
189. B = C3H6O
Acetone (I44)i
(0.1%) (359)
Vol. % B
d
O
0.8110
25
0.8160
50
0.8180
75
0.8170
100
0.8132
(0.025%)(65)
Wt. % B
d5
0.00
0.7960
8.00
0.7976
0.8005
31.63
50.29
0.8015
76.03
0.8007
88.05
0.7992
100.00
0.7900
(0.1%) (359)
Vol. % B
df
O
0.7875
25
0.7896
50
0.7916
75
0.7896
100
0.7856
190. B = C3H7NO2
Urethane (299)i
191. B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol
(0.025%)(65)
Wt. % A
d6
100.00
0.79602
95.63
0.79651
90.12
0.79692
79.72
0.79788
65.37
0.79936
59.10
0.80005
Wt. % A
df
49.71
0.80104
40.38
0.80215
31.88
0.80325
21.05
0.80466
11.97
0.80582
0.00
0.80753
(0.075%) 013, 118)
Wt. % A
100.00
88.89
76.20
34.80
8.20
6.25
3.40
0.00
df
]
4=
0.7878
O.7894
0.7907
0.7954
0.7992
0.7995
0.7999
0.8004
(0.05%)(157)
100 MoI % A
0.8105(1 - 0.0011350
75 MoI % A
0.8137(1 - 0.0010830
50 MoI % A
0.8162(1 - 0.0010300
25 MoI % A
0.8197(1 - 0.0010540
O MoI % A
0.8210(1 - 0.001024Q
192. B = C3H8O3
Glycerol
(0.25%)(38)
Wt. % A
df
0.00
1.2400
2.96
1.2227
9.72
1.1853
16.76
1.1399
23.89
1.1006
31.02
1.0620
34.99
1.0418
50.61
0.9642
56.22
0.9386
66.17
0.8942
90.40
0.7963
100.00
0.7604
193. B = C 4 H 2 O 4
Acetylene dicarboxylic acid
(0-100 Wt. % B) (125)
df = (0.7880 + 0.00419 X
Wt. % B) 0.05%
194. B = C 4 H 4 O 4
Fumarie acid
(to 8.15 Wt. % B)(i25)
df = (0.7880 -h 0.00403 X
Wt. % B) 0.05%
195.B = C4H6O4
Succinic acid
(to 10.08 Wt. % B) (125)
df = (0.7880 + 0.00407
X Wt. % B) 0.05%
196. B = C 4 HeO 0
Malic acid
(0.075%)(19 4 )
J420
0.8942
0.9452
1.0860
Wt. % A
84.17
75.00
47.58
197. B = C4H8O2
Butyric acid
(0.1%)(108)
Wt. % A
0.00
56.34
76.73
88.12
100.00
d\*
0.9607
0.8610
0.8334
0.8148
0.7940
198. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Isobutyl alcohol
(0.025%) (65)
Wt. % B
df
O. OO
0.79602
5.34
0.79631
14.19
0.79679
19.72
0.79709
22.54
0.79731
39.47
0.79854
49.41
0.79943
70.93
0.80177
89.84
0.80423
100.00
0.80567
199. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (io, 41)
(0.025%) (9)
Wt. % B
df
0.00
23.12
35.07
47.40
60.23
73.08
86.33
0.7882
0.7733
0.7650
0.7561
0.7461
0.7353
0.7230
100.00
0.7079
200. B = C4Hi2IN
Tetramethylammonium iodide
(330)1
201. B = C 5 Hi 2 O
Amyl alcohol (16, 169)
(0-100 MoI % A) (82)

df = (0.8722 - 0.03836
X MoI % A) 0.1%
204. B = C6H7N
Aniline
(0-100 Wt. % A)(IOT, 132)
df
= (1.0175 - 0.002298
X Wt. % A) 0.025%
205. B = C7H8O
Anisole (1)
(0.025%) (9)
Wt. % A
df
100.00
0.7886
84.89
0.8149
70.60
0.8413
57.09
0.8672
44.40
0.8927
32.38
0.9178
21.00
0.9427
10.27
0.9655
0.00
0.9909
206. B = C8H9NO
Acetanilide (299)i
207. B = C8Hi0O
Phenetole
(0.025%) (9)
Wt. % A
df
100.00
0.7881
85.17
0.8109
71.07
0.8333
57.76
0.8556
45.12
0.8772
33.00
0.8988
21.43
0.9213
0.00
0.9622
208. B = C8Hi2O6
(0.05%) (22 7)
a
I
103b
(15.4-29.5)
96.04 Wt. % A
0.8079 ) 0.95750 - 15.4)
(16.6-29.3)
89.66 Wt. % A
0.8257
0.93400 - 16.6)
202. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2
Nitrobenzene
(0.1%)(82)
209. B = C8Hi4O6
Wt. % A
Jf
Ethyl tartrate
100
0.7860
(0.05%)(170, 343)
75
0.8945
Wt. % B
df
50
0.9984
100.00
1.2044
25
1.1010
77.46
1.0882
O
1.1980
56.65
1.0007
203. B = C6H6 (8i,i 133, 139,
39.92
0.9381
233,1 238,1 351)
26.97
0.8946
(0.005%) (319)
15.31
0.8568
Wt. % B
d\2'87
12.01
0.8324
100.000
0.88619
5.13
0.8102
98.135
0.88437
0.00
0.7938
(0.05%)(203, 288, 344)
92.693
0.87914
85.930
0.87280
a
i
103b
80.370
0.86766
(16-48)
78.573
0.86605
0.00 Wt. % B
61.666
0.85073
0.7955 I 0.9590 - 16)
I
10%
(20.2-46.7)
5.00 Wt. % B
0.8070 I 0.9550 - 20.2)
(22-45.8)
10.00 Wt. % B
0.8212 I 0.967(Z - 22)
(14.1-43.2)
25.01 Wt. % B
0.8800 I 0.9760 - 14.1)
(19.8-51)
50.00 Wt. % B
0.9707 I 1.0000 - 19.8)
(18.3-53.2)
75.00 Wt. % B
1.0841 I 1.0150 - 18.3)
(16.8-99.4)
100.00 Wt. % B
1.2085 I 1.016ft - 16.8)
210. B = C8H20IN
(330)1
2 1 1 . B = C9H6O2
Phenylpropiolic acid
(0.05%)(125)
Wt. % A
df
100.00
0.7880
94.79
0.8049
89.65
0.8194
212. B = C9H8O2
Cinnamic acid
(to 11.06 Wt. % B)(125)
df = (0.7880 +
0.003075 X Wt. % B)
0.05%
213. B = C9Hi0O
Cinnamyl alcohol ( 148 J 1
214. B = C 9 Hi 0 O 2
/3-Phenylpropionic acid
(to 9.32 Wt. % B)(125)
df = (0.7880 -f
0.002825 X Wt. % B)
0.05%
215. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (I48,i 2 99i)
(0.0075%)(54)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
0.79511
98.436
0.79914
96.131
0.80299
216. B = Ci0H8O
or-Naphthol (I48)i
217. B = Ci0H8O
/8-Naphthol (*48)i
218. 13 == Ci 0 Hi 2
Tetrahydronaphthalene
(to 50.6 Wt. % B) (121)
df = (0.7869 + 0.00157 X
Wt. % B) 0.075%
219. B = Ci 0 H 14 N 2
Nicotine (93)i
(0-100 Wt. % B)(343)
df = (0.7938 + 0.002162 X
Wt. % B) 0.05%
CH4O.- (Continued)
220. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 O
Thymol (354)
221. B = Ci0Hi5BrO
Bromocamphor ( 148 ) x
222. B = Ci0Hi6O
Camphor (I48,i 170, 175, 323,
v. also 180
CH5NO2
Ammonium formate
y. 151, 164.5
C2Cl4
Tetrachloroethylene
342, 354)
230. B = C8H8O
(0.1%)(ioo)
Wt. % B
<
0.00
0.7912
12.34
0.8102
24.14
0.8286
35.46
0.8472
46.26
0.8649
56.66
0.8827
223. B = Ci0Hi8O
Z-Borneol (S3, I48i)
224. B = Ci0H22O3
Terpine hydrate (**8)i
225. B = Ci 2 Hi 0
Acenaphthene (299)i
226. B = Ci2H28IN
Acetophenone
( 33 Q) 1
227. B = Ci 8 H 34 O 2
Oleic acid (^ 7 )
V. also 4, 81, 90, 150, 164, 179,
1265
cp
Methylamine
228. B = C6H5N3O4
2, 4-Dinitroaniline
(0.25%)(83)
Wt. % B
dl
15.67
0.776
12.24
0.763
8.82
0.737
6.09
0.719
4.16
0.709
2.25
0.701
1.52
0.691
0.81
0.689
0.55
0.687
0.20
0.686
0.07
0.685
229. B = C7H9NO3S
ra-Methoxybenzenesul-
fonamide
(0.25%)(83)
Wt. % B
dl
52.83
1.103
33.98
0.917
24.82
0.845
23.73
0.829
13.73
0.767
9.61
0.738
7.18
0.728
3.94
0.709
2.68
0.700
1.36
0.694
0.73
0.693
0.49
0.691
(0.1%)(270)
MoI % B
df
0.00
1.612
12.55
1.528
32.15
1.407
53.97
1.275
73.29
1.168
91.42
1.071
100.00
1.025
v. also 5
C2HCl3
Trichloroethylene
231. B = C2HCl5
Pentachloroethane
(0.075%)(H3, 120)
Wt. % B
df
100.0
1.6712
82.1
1.6242
69.6
1.5967
53.5
1.5631
36.5
1.5290
22.3
1.5031
0.0
1.4540
C2HCl3O
Chloral
232. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.05%) (162)
Wt. % B
100.00
73.76
63.84
55.54
48.37
42.15
31.90
29.71
27.63
25.66
24.53
23.80
20.35
17.24
11.80
9.52
7.24
3.36
0.00
Wt. % B .
100.00
73.76
63.84
55.54
48.37
df
0.7732
0.9234
0.9862
1.0225
1.1165
1.1754
1.2826
1.3083
1.3303
1.3525
1.3632
1.3703
1.3927
1.4093
1.4364
1.4490
1.4633
1.4868
1.4911
dS6
0.7690
0.9135
0.9803
1.0471
1.1117
Wt. % B
42.15
31.90
29.71
27.63
25.66
24.53
23.80
20.35
17.24
11.80
9.52
7.24
3.36
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
73.76
63.84
55.54
48.37
42.15
31.90
29.71
27.63
25.66
24.53
23.80
20.35
17.24
11.80
9.52
7.24
3.36
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
73.76
63.84
55.54
48.37
42.15
31.90
29.71
27.63
25.66
24.53
23.80
20.35
17.24
11.80
9.52
7.24
3.36
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
73.76
63.84
55.54
48.37
42.15
31.90
29.71
27.63
25.66
d?
1.1693
1.2760
1.3000
1.3221
1.3441
1.3556
1.3620
1.3857
1.4026
1.4288
1.4421
1.4550
1.4783
1.4812
^450
0.7644
0.9086
0.9725
1.0417
1.1025
1.1632
1.2696
1.2908
1.3140
1.3334
1.3460
1.3537
1.3771
1.3915
1.4212
1.4348
1.4468
1.4682
1.4724
dj
0.7552
0.8989
0.9628
1.0310
1.0970
1.1515
1.2561
1.2787
1.3018
1.3205
1.3321
1.3380
1.3606
1.3782
1.4063
1.4196
1.4303
1.4511
1.4540
d
0.7462
0.8901
0.9530
1.0200
1.0811
1.1396
1.2421
1.2667
1.2853
1.3049
Wt. % B
24.53
23.80
20.35
17.24
11.80
9.52
7.24
3.36
0.00
rf70
1.3150
1.3214
1.3418
1.3586
1.3902
1.4032
1.4135
1.4346
1.4356
Wt. % B
df
73.76
0.8769
63.84
0.9426
55.54
1.0035
48.37
1.0661
42.15
1.1216
31.90
1.2221
29.71
1.2434
27.63
1.2606
25.66
1.2803
24.53
1.2904
23.80
1.2965
20.35
1.3225
17.24
1.3403
11.80
1.3692
9.52
1.3822
7.24
1.3888
0.00
1.4068
233. B = C 5 Hi 2 O
Dimethylethyl carbinol
(0.05%)(75)
Wt. % A
dj*
0.00
0.8068
15.69
0.8879
29.51
0.9660
41.80
1.0506
52.76
1.1386
55.28
1.1676
57.81
1.1789
60.22
1.2000
62.62
1.2189
67.18
1.2572
71.51
1.2911
79.61
1.3569
83.31
1.3904
87.01
1.4225
93.77
1.4757
100.00
1.5043
Wt. % A
df
0.00
15.69
29.51
41.80
52.76
55.28
57.81
60.22
62.62
67.18
71.51
79.61
83.31
87.01
93.77
100.00
0.7922
0.8719
0.9500
1.0352
1.1204
1.1373
1.1587
1.1746
1.1984
1.2349
1.2686
1.3359
1.3671
1.3997
1.4557
1.4911
Wt. % A
0.00
15.69
29.51
41.80
52.76
55.28
57.81
60.22
62.62
67.18
71.51
79.61
83.31
87.01
93.77
100.00
Wt. % A
0.00
15.69
29.51
41.80
52.76
55.28
57.81
60.22
62.62
67.18
71.51
79.61
83.31
87.01
93.77
100.00
Wt. % A
0.00
15.69
29.51
41.80
52.76
55.28
57.81
60.22
62.62
67.18
71.51
87.01
93.77
100.00
d5
0.7823
0.8614
0.9390
1.0204
1.1018
1.1208
1.1421
1.1550
1.1822
1.2160
1.2506
1.3171
1.3471
1.3834
1.4362
1.4724
<
0.7607
0.8377
0.9135
0.9931
1.0729
1.0907
1.1081
1.1262
1.1434
1.1794
1.2076
1.2783
1.3093
1.3427
1.4003
1.4356
df
0.7445
0.8154
0.8939
0.9689
1.0449
1.0625
1.0793
1.0974
1.1138
1.1502
1.1786
1.3133
1.3748
1.4068
C2HCl3O2
234. B - C2H4O2
Acetic acid
(0.1%)(131)
MoI % B
100.00
92.63
82.23
67.91
56.52
47.38
41.47
34.19
df
1.050
1.129
1.223
1.337
1.409
1.457
1.491
1.508
235. B = C3H6O
Acetone
(0.1%)(151)
MoI % B
100.00
95.16
86.84
74.57
61.74
49.52
40.29
28.25
df
0.787
0.854
0.934
1.073
1.209
1.319
1.400
1.483
236. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate
(0.1%)(151)
Wt. % B
df
100.00
0.895
88.82
0.997
81.50
1.045
71.93
1.123
61.54
1.202
51.22
1.295
38.58
1.386
29.92
1.454
237. B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether
(0.25%)(316)
Wt. % B
d48
100.00
0.717
82.37
0.812
68.82
0.899
57.24
0.893 sic
37.37
1.159
25.40
1.314
238. B = C8H8O
Acetophenone
(0.1%)(151)
MoI % B
df
100.00
1.026
91.04
1.076
86.00
1.103
78.79
1.146
70.61
1.192
59.10
1.268
51.24
1.317
42.06
1.376
31.85
1.442
239. B = C 9 Hi 0 O 2
Ethyl benzoate
(0.05%)(i5i)
MoI % B
df
100.00
1.0458
91.13
1.0864
1.1466
79.04
68.75
1.1915
60.18
1.2413
50.93
1.2922
1.3501
42.05
33.42
1.4027
C2HCl5
Pentachloroethane
240. B = C3H6O
Acetone
(0.1%) (2 70)
MoI % B
df
0.00
1.672
14.76
1.594
31.78
1.487
51.03
1.340
70.37
1.157
90.68
0.918
100.00 I
0.787
241. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether
(0.1%)(270)
MoI % B
dl
100.00
0.736
85.76
0.906
1.031
74.73
49.68
1.293
30.47
1.467
13.03
1.609
0.00
1.708
242. B = C8H8O
Acetophenone
(0-100 MoI % A)(270)
df = (1.0251 + 0.006471
X MoI % A) +0.1%
243. B = C8Hi0O
Phenetole
(0.1%)(270)
MoI % A
df
100.00
1.672
90.29
1.603
77.86
1.508
51.05
1.317
32.02
1.176
9.70
1.027
O.QQ
0.961
244. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 O
Diphenyl ether
(0.1%)(270)
MoI % B
df
0.00
1.672
26.42
1.481
51.09
1.330
76.11
1.189
100.00
1.072
v. also 231
C/ 2H2Br2
Dibromoethylene
245. B = C6H6 (254)
246. B = C8Hi0
Xylene (254)
C2H2Bf4
Acetylene tetrabromide
247. B = C2H2Cl4
Acetylene tetrachloride ( 324 )
248. B = C2H3Br3
Vinyl tribromide
(0.1%)(5)
Wt. % A
di 7 ' 6
100.00
2.971
73.08
2.869
72.52
2.866.
45.57
2.769
0.00
2.619
d1-*
2.963
2.860
2.860
2.762
2.611
249. B = C8Hi4O6
a
I
103b
(20.87-31.5)
0.00 Wt. % B
2.9595 I 2.240(J - 20.87)
(19.99-45.91)
5.67 Wt. % B
2.7260 I 2.100( - 19.99)
(19.82-30.2)
9.96 Wt. % B
2.5740 I 2.003( - 19.82)
(17.76-25.98)
20.11 Wt. % B
2.2804 I 1.839(* - 17.76)
Wt. % A
100.00
73.08
72.52
45.57
0.00
O2H2Cl2O2
Dichloroacetic acid
250. B = C6H6 (I35)i
251.B = C7H8
Toluene (0.05%)( 135 )
Wt. % B
d}6
100.00
0.8694
92.41
0.8980
75.30
0.9761
0.00
1.5488
C2Xl2Cl4
Tetrachloroethane
252. B = C3H6O
Acetone (0.1%)(270)
MoI % B
dl
0.00
1.614
15.92
1.534
58.07
1.238
73.08
1.106
81.36
1.023
97.28
0.849
100.00
I
0.812
253. B = C4H8O3
Methyl Z-lactate
(0.05%)(2H)
a
I
10%
(-75 to +125)
100.00 Wt. % B
1.2040
1.158(* + 75)
(-7.8 to +120)
9.94 Wt. % B
2.5806 I 2.084(+ 7.8)
254. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (0.1%)(270)
MoI % B
dj
100.00
0.736
94.01
0.794
82.68
0.907
69.81
1.030
47.99
1.231
21.15
1.459
0.00
1.614
C2H2Cl4.- (Continued)
255. B = C 5 Hi 0 O 3
Methyl Z-a-methoxypropionate (211)
(10.06 Wt. % B)(0.05%)
t
dl
16.7
2.4842
39.8
2.4373
52.5
2.4118
77.0
2.3613
101.0
2.3124
2.2744
119.0
(-16.6 to +130.0)
100.0 Wt. % B
4 = 1.0361 - 0.001143(
+ 16.6)
256. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2
Nitrobenzene
(0.075%)(6> 15)
Wt. % B
dl
0.00
1.6095
10.00
1.5567
30.05
1.4672
48.33
1.3915
69.26
1.3136
89.64
1.2475
100.00
1.2168
Wt. % B
46'5
0.00
1.4991
10.00
1.4537
30.05
1.3746
48.33
1.3053
69.26
1.2369
1.1476
100.00
257. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 4
Methyl Z-a-acetoxypropionate
2
( M)
(10.04 Wt. % B)(0.05%)

t
\
17.6
2.5244
39.8
2.4799
54.7
2.4502
76.4
2.4061
91.3
2.3755
119.0
2.3204
139.3
2.2689
(-7.4 to +141.0)
100.0 Wt. % B
d{ = 1.1198 - 0.001144 (t
+ 7.4) .
258. B = C8H8O
Aceto^henone
(0.075%)(68, 150)
Wt. % B
0.00
10.19
30.07
50.00
70.01
90.00
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
10.02
d\
1.5995
1.5176
1.3751
1.2590
1.1595
1.0757
1.0358
dl
1.4932
1.4160
Wt. % B
31.20
69.93
89.74
100.00
dl
1.2867
1.0892
1.0122
0.9758
259. B = C 8 Hi 0 O
Phenetole
(0.1%)(270)
Wt. % B
dl
0.00
1.614
21.76
1.465
51.67
1.266
62.80
1.194
78.37
1.101
100.00
0.984
260. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(228)
a
(
103b
( 18.2-29.27)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.6023 I 1.555C* - 18.2)
(18.79-27.44)
4.96 Wt. % B
1.5744 I 1.514( - 18.79)
(21.68-71.2)
9.31 Wt. % B
1.5478
1.488(2 - 21.68)
(17.76-28.27)
38.06 Wt. % B
1.4226
1.293* - 17.76)
261. B 1^ Ci 0 Hg
Naphthalene (48, 49)
(to 35.02 Wt. % B)
= (0.63269 + 0.003495 X
dj
Wt. % B) 0.005%
262. B = Ci 2 H 22 O 6
Isobutyl tartrate
(0.05%)(209)
a
I
103b
(0-99.7)
33.362 Wt. % B
1.4030
1.26
(24.8-99.65)
48.150 Wt. % B
1.2923
1.153Q - 24.8)
263. B = Ci6H26O8
Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate
(0.05%)(209)
a
I
103b
(16.03-99.75)
20.034 Wt. % B
1.4664 I 1.375( - 16.03)
(-21 to +99.3)
100.00 Wt. % B
1.1220 I Q..936( +21)
v. also 6, 247
C 2-HsBr 3
Vinyl tribromide, v. 248
C2H3GlO2
Chloroacetic acid
264. B = C6H6 (I35)i
(0.005%)(319)
Wt. % B
dj 2 - 87
100.000
0.88638
96.035
0.89915
91.596
0.91404
89.139
0.92255
265. B = C 7 H 8 (i35)i
(0.005%) (319)
Wt. % B
dl2'87
100.000
0.87233
97.452
0.88082
91.868
0.90010
89.002 I
0.91032
C2HaCIsO2
Chloral hydrate
266. B = C2H6O
(0.025%)(265)
Wt. % B
d\Q'2
100.000
0.7910
99.500
0.7933
95.004
0.8119
90.008
0.8444
80.014
0.8946
60.021
1.0208
40.021
1.1845
20.014
1.4014
Wt. % B
dj4
100.000
0.7700
99.500
0.7724
95.004
0.7931
90.008
0.8227
80.014
0.8722
60.021
1.0023
1.1576
40.021
20.014
1.3705
267. B = C7H8 (299)i
(0.025%)(265)
Wt. % B
100.00
99.80
98.00
95.00
90.00
80.01
60.02
d'2
0.86511
0.86584
0.87245
0.88413
0.90384
0.95073
1.07037
Wt. % B
df
100.00
0.84288
99.80
0.84351
98.00
0.84950
95.00
0.86069
90.00
0.87932
80.01
0.92480
60.02
1.04270
40.02
1.18594
v. also 91
C2H3N
Acetonitrile
268. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0-100 Wt. % B)(322)
dl = (0.805 + 0.047 X
Wt. % A) 0.5%
269. B = C3H5NO
Lactonitrile
(0.05%) (329)
Wt. % A
dl
100.00
0.8173
78.80
0.8626
0.9095
55.23
27.23
0.9589
1.0062
0.00
Wt. % A
<fl*
100.00
0.7896
78.80
0.8374
0.8865
55.23
27.23
0.9356
0.00
0.9845
270. B = C8H20IN
(33OjI 3311)
271. B = Ci2H28IN
(330Ij 3311)
v. also 186
C2HgNS
Methyl thiocyanate
272. B = C8H20IN
(330)1
C2H^tBr2
Ethylene bromide
274. B = C2H4Cl2
Ethylene chloride
(0.025%)(23)
Wt. % A
dj
100.000
2.1804
68.603
1.9064
42.726
1.6696
19.322
1.4455
0.000
1.2551
275. B = C2H4O2
Acetic acid (14)
(0.05%)(92)
MoI % B
d5
0.00
2.1851
26.51
1.9559
36.23
1.8625
54.17
1.6736
63.21
1.5689
83.45
1.3065
100.00
1.0558
276. B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol
(0.01%) (286, 290)
Wt. % A
<Zi8'07'
0.000
0.80659
10.008
0.86081
20.952
0.92908
29.835
0.99300
40.732
1.08453
1.17623
49.948
60.094
1.29695
70.012
1.44175
80.089
1.62640
90.191
1.86652
100.000
2.18300
277. B = C4H6Cl3O2
Ethyl triehloroacetate (i58)
278. B - C4H7ClO2
Ethyl chloroacetate (1SS)
279. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (61)
291. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate (220)1
(0.075%)(2 21 > 228 )
a
I
103b
(18.1-30.55)
100.00 Wt. % A
2.1842 ) 2.0970 - 18.1)
(18.02-27.82)
94.41 Wt. % A
2.0828 I 1.9900 - 18.02)
(16-60)
90.16 Wt. % A
2.0416 I 1.8030 - 16)
280. B = C 6 H 10
AmyIene ( 61 )
281. B = C6H4Br2
282. B = C6H5Cl ( 122 V
283. B = C 6 H 6 NO 2
Nitrobenzene
292. B = C10H8
(0.05%)( 22 <>)
Naphthalene (1S8)
Wt. % A
<C
(0.0075%)(54)
100.00
2.1800
Wt. % A
d\*
54.54
1.5873
100.000
2.18376
38.27
1.4466
99.328
2.16715
0.00
I
1.2033
98.662
2.15094
31 1
284. B = C6H6 ( J 61, 158)
293. B = C12H10N2
(+0.00757C)(î)
6
Azobenzene (158)
Wt. % B
d*
0.000
2.16855
294. B = C12Hi8O8
39.359
1.65077
Diethyl diacetyltartrate ( 2 ?3)
66.066
1.30527
(67.3-99.0) (0.25%)
0.87793
100.000
a
I
103b
285. B = C6H10O3
100.00 MoI % A
2.080
I 2.4920 - 67.3)
94.37
MoI % A
286. B = C6H12
1.932
I 1.9560 - 67.3)
Cyclohexane
84.84 MoI % A
(+0.257O)( 1 S)
1.739
I 1.7360 - 67.3)
MoI % A
dj6
57.01
MoI % A
O
0.786
1.408
I 1.3570 - 67.3)
10
0.897
32.10 MoI % A
20
1.033
1.244
I 1.1670 - 67.3)
30
1.137
11.35 MoI % A
40
1.265
1.150
I 1.0420 - 67.3)
50
1.403
0.00 MoI % A
60
1.544
1.109 I 0.9150 - 67.3)
70
1.691
80
1.847
295. B = C14Hi0
90
2.015
Phenanthrene (158)
100
2.187
296. B = C18H16O6
287. B = C7H8
act. Methyl dibenzoylglycerate
(0.025%)(2*5)
( 9Q )
Wt. % A
df
O
0.8627
297. B = C20H38O2
10
0.9196
Ethyl oleate ( 1 SS)
20
0.9819
30
1.0518
298. B = C26H30O8
40
1.1381
Isobutyl dibenzoyl-d-tartrate
(221)
50
1.2323
60
1.3527
(47-100)(0.05%)
70
1.4922
9.2 Wt. % B
80
1.6653
a
103b
90
1.8822
1.9584
1.9320 - 47)
100
2.1758
v. also 7, 35, 92, 1266, 1273
288. B = C7H14O2
Isoamyl acetate (158)
C2-H-4Cl2
289. B = C7H16
Ethylidene chloride
1
Heptane (^ )
300. B = C8H14O6
290. B = C8H8O2
Ethyl tartrate
158
Methyl benzoate ( )
(0.05%)(228)
I
103b
(17.6-29.25)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.1790 I 1.5610 - 17.6)
(19.91-27.87)
4.65 Wt. % B
1.1764 I 1.5080 - 19.91)
(19.27-28.97)
10.70 Wt. % B
1.1790
1.4940 - 19.27)
(19.9-27.71)
34.24 Wt. % B
1.1853 I 1.3450 - 19.9)
a
C2-H-4C12
Ethylene chloride
301. B = C 2 H 4 O 2
Acetic acid (92)i
302. B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether
4-
(0.0075%)(ioi)
100.00 Wt. % B
1.35729(1 -f 0.0015006/
+ 0.05437*2)
85.041 Wt. % B
1.26661(1 + 0.0014410/5
-f 0.05399*2)
69.305 Wt. % B
1.17291(1 + 0.0014007
+ 0.05315*2)
50.125 Wt. % B
1.06124(1 +0.0013266*
-f 0.05280*2)
29.907 Wt. % B
0.94649(1 + 0.0012439*
+ 0.05224*2)
14.798 Wt. % B
0.86228(1 + 0.0011702*
+ 0.05212*2)
0.000 Wt. % B
0.78046(1 + 0.0011109*
+ 0.05170*2)
303. B = C6H6 (35, 99, 351)
(0.25%)(79)
MoI % B
dl
O
1.270
30
1.159
60
1.047
100
0.884
MoI % B
^9
O
1.252
30
1.130
60
1.020
100
0.870
(+0.025^ 0 )(S 1 , 71)
MoI % B
dl
100.000
0.8779
79.515
0.9452
59.890
1.0132
39.517
1.0881
20.470
1.1623
0.000
1.2472
(0.025%) (23)
Wt. % B
dl
0.000
1.2548
4.313
1.2360
16.154
1.1857
23.185
1.1570
38.945
1.0946
47.539
1.0618
56.776
1.0275
67.592
0.9884
78.397
0.9507
88.994
0.9149
94.882
0.8953
100.000
0.8787
(0.25%)(79)
MoI % B
d\*
O
1.215
30
1.092
60
0.977
100
0.845
304. B = C8H8O
Acetophenone
(0.1%)( 2 70)
MoI % B
d\b
100.00
1.025
88.82
1.042
64.19
1.081
30.58
1.158
0.00
1.248
305. B = C8H14O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)( 228 )
a
I
103b
(18.5-27.15)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.2553 I 1.4680 - 18.5)
(18.66-24.05)
5.87 Wt. % B
1.2502 I 1.4280 - 18.66)
(18.76-31.72)
11.73 Wt. % B
1.2461 I 1.3980 - 18.76)
(18.15-30.65)
22.04 Wt. % B
1.2406 I 1.3440 - 18.15)
(18.15-27.12)
49.72 Wt. % B
1.2262 I 1.2160 - 18.15)
v. also 36, 274
C2H4O
Acetaldehyde
306. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.025%) (5 5)
MoI % B
dl
0.0
0.8050
22.6
0.8704
33.3
0.8947
40.8
0.9080
49.7
0.9061
51.1
0.9044
58.0
0.8944
68.9
0.8751
84.3
0.8413
100.0
0.8063
C 2 H 4 O.(Continued)
B = C2H6O.- (Continued)
(0.025%)(55)
MoI % B
d\*
0.00
0.7834
15.72
0.8277
24.92
0.8474
33.14
0.8601
46.14
0.8715
49.68
0.8719
55.44
0.8709
63.50
0.8627
70.30
0.8501
81.52
0.8296
86.98
0.8200
100.00
0.7907
(0.0025%)(20i)
wt. % B
df
100.000
99.977
99.860
99.534
0.785101
0.785144
0.785394
0.786030
307. B = C6H6 (278)

(0-100 Wt. % B)
d\b = (0.797 + 0.0387
X Wt. % B) 0.25%
C2H4O2
Acetic acid
308. B = C2H5Br
Ethyl bromide
(0.05%)(92)
MoI % A
d}5
0.00
1.4564
31.31
1.3420
50.27
1.2685
63.41
1.2154
70.26
1.1872
83.10
1.1320
100.00
1.0558
309. B = C 2 H 5 NO 3
Ethyl nitrate (92)i
310. B = C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
(0.1%)(108)
Wt. % A
d8
100.00
1.057
75.70
0.978
47.06
0.903
25.00
0.851
6.29
0.807
0.00
0.793
(0.05%)(263)
Wt. % A
100.000
84.805
69.884
49.923
30.568
15.142
dj
1.0476
1.0036
0.9614
0.9078
0.8593
0.8236
311.B = C3H6Br2
n-Propylene bromide
(0.05%)(92)
MoI % A
d\5
0.000
1.9612
47.396
1.6472
70.310
1.4349
88.255
1.2235
100.000
1.0558
312. B = C3H6O
Acetone (79)
(0.05%)(i5i)
MoI % A
tff
0.00
0.7874
9.96
0.8091
20.35
0.8353
30.25
0.8569
40.49
0.8848
49.86
0.9065
59.73
0.9334
0.9609
69.68
80.15
0.9907
90.37
1.0255
100.00
1.0499
(0.025%)( 178 )
50 Wt. % A
di
O
0.93639
25
0.90840
40
0.89192
55
0.87518
70
0.85784
313. B = C3H6O2
Propionic acid
Wt. % A
73.97
100.00
dj
1.0288
1.0524
316. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate
(0.05%)(151)
MoI % A
dj6
0.00
0.8949
10.49
0.9093
20.70
0.9212
30.37
0.9309
39.90
0.9418
49.85
0.9557
59.96
0.9697
69.88
0.9850
1.0015
80.11
87.42
1.0165
100.00
1.0499
317. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (14)
(0.25%)(316)
Wt. % A
d}8
0.00
0.717
27.09
0.796
49.36
0.867
59.63
0.902
69.04
0.935
84.85
0.995
1.011
88.45
100.00
1.055
(0.1%)(327)
Wt. % A
df
0.00
0.983
23.04
0.995
49.41
1.012
64.62
1.020
78.78
1.026
100.00
1.046
314. B = C4H6O3
Acetic anhydride
(0.075%)( 68 150 )
Wt. % A '
d\*
0.00
1.0850
10.05
1.0816
30.05
1.0753
50.03
1.0689
69.93
1.0631
90.03
1.0570
100.00
1.0550
Wt. % A
di6-5
0.00
1.0096
10.05
1.0058
30.05
1.0021
0.9961
50.03
69.93
0.9914
90.03
0.9860
100.00
0.9853
315. B = C4H8O2
Butyric acid (168, 169)
(0.075%)(32, 289)
Wt. % A
0.00
24.11
46.76
d20
0.9723
0.9884
1.0056
318. B = C 5 H 5 N
Pyridine (266)
(0.25%)(79)
(18.4-99.0)
a
I
103b
0.0 MoI % A
0.988
|l.005 0 -18.4)
50.0 MoI % A
1.037
|0.966(4-18.4)
80.0 MoI % A
1.079
|1.005 0-18.4)
82.5 MoI % A
1.082
11.0120-18.4)
85.0 MoI % A
1.083
|l.073 0-18.4)
100.0 MoI % A
1.056
|1.1420- 18.4)
(0.25%)(312)
MoI % A
d
0.00
0.976
26.20
1.000
42.10
1.018
51.90
1.032
59.90
1.046
61.70
1.050
77.95
1.076
89.60
1.081
100.00
1.051
319. B = C6H5Br (2)1
320. B = C6H5Cl (92)i
321. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 (14)
322. B = C6H6 (14, 32, 91, 92,

99, 124, 133, 135, 233)
(0.005%)(319)
Wt. % A
di2'87
0.000
0.88638
4.049
0.89071
8.016
0.89522
19.394
0.90904
23.399
0.91434
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % B
d|
0.000
1.0532
0.230
1.0512
0.523
1.0504
0.940
1.0496
2.620
1.0452
4.738
1.0409
13.360
1.0250
(0.005%)(134)
Wt. % A
df
0.000
0.87368
11.634
0.88678
23.614
0.90153
34.008
0.91580
44.857
0.93198
54.459
0.94743
63.968
0.96439
73.819
0.98341
82.321
1.00142
91.338
1.02218
100.000
1.04390
Wt. % A
d
0.000
0.84680
11.634
0.85939
23.614
0.87387
34.008
0.88784
44.857
0.90385
54.459
0.91935
63.968
0.93614
73.819
0.95517
82.321
0.97299
91.338
0.99377
100.000
1.01561
323. B = C6H7N
Aniline (79, 266, ao?)
(0.005%)(319)
Wt. % A
di2'87
100.000
1.02780
96.140
1.03118
94.234
1.03280
89.853
1.03733
87.447
1.03985
(0.1%)(250)
Wt. % A
dj1
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
O
1.053
1.076
1.089
1.092
1.086
1.075
1.064
1.052
1.041
1.029
1.018
(0.025%)(178)
56 Wt. % A
a
103b
1.0822
1.0870 -25)
323.5. B = C6Hi2O3
Paraldehyde
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % B
d\*
0.000
0.327
1.634
4.572
8.185
23.120
41.800
70.315
88.525
94.000
97.690
98.705
99.422
100.000
Wt. % B
0.000
0.525
0.895
2.623
4.482
8.195
13.200
22.620
41.600
70.405
88.570
94.015
97.701
98.797
99.425
100.000
1.0466
1.0465
1.0460
1.0445
1.0416
1.0315
1.0190
1.0064
0.9981
0.9958
0.9915
0.9910
0.9905
0.9905
df
1.0478
1.0476
1.0475
1.0473
1.0464
1.0416
1.0400
1.0355
1.0245
1.0100
1.0012
0.9978
0.9958
0.9953
0.9950
0.9948
324. B = C6Hi4
Hexane (**)
325. B = C7H8 (14)
(0.005%) (319)
Wt. % A
d1,2'87
0.000
0.87233
3.017
0.87617
7.018
0.88140
12.121
0.88820
14.429
0.89141
(0.05%) (92)
MoI % A
d]f
0.000
0.8688
18.010
0.8854
28.879
0.8973
40.897
0.9127
43.583
0.9164
49.541
0.9255
58.264
0.9402
67.269
0.9578
82.Q39
0.9939
91.555
1.0234
1.0558
100.000
(0.05%)(135)
Wt. % A
d}6
9.606
0.8813
27.446
0.9072
38.492
0.9248
326. B .= C8H8O
Acetophenone
(0.05%)(151)
MoI % A
df
0.00
1.0263
9.98
1.0272
21.07
1.0287
29.35
1.0300
42.53
1.0325
1.0338
48.85
60.03
1.0365
69.98
1.0390
80.02
1.0420
90.13
1.0453
1.0499
100.00
327. B = CsHio
Xylene, (0.05%) (92)
MoI % A
di5
0.000
0.8675
23.567
0.8874
32.443
0.8969
43.491
0.9106
49.624
0.9192
59.612
0.9357
70.037
0.9568
83.632
0.9924
1.0558
100.000
328. B = C9 Hi0 O 2
Ethyl benzoate ( 1 ^l)
(0-100 MoI % A)
ti? = (1.046 + 0.044 X
MoI % A) 0.1%
329. B = C9Hi4O6
Ethyl diacetylglycerate (active)
(W)
330. B = Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 2
Phenacetine (292)2
331. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2
Nicotine (3)i
332. B = Ci0H16O
Camphor (175, 323, 342)
(0.05%)(10> I 343)
Wt. % A
ti?
100
1.0502
90
1.0340
80
1.0300
70
1.0204
60
1.0111
50
1.0021
40
0.9939
30
0.9862
333. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2
Azobenzene (3i8)i
334. B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3
Salol (292)2
335. B = Ci5Hi8O7
Diethyl monobenzoyltartrate
336. B = Ci6H20O7
Diethyl mono-o-toluyltartrate
W
337. B = Ci6H20O7
Diethyl mono-ra-toluyltartrate
(**)
338. B = C 16 H 20 O 7
Diethyl mono-p-toluyltartrate
(I9J
339. B = Ci8Hi6O6
d-Methyl dibenzoylglycerate
(W
339.5. B = Z-Turpentine
(0.05%)(170, 263, 342)
Wt. % A
<
100
1.0476
90
1.0120
80
0.9972
70
0.9748
60
0.9542
50
0.9351
40
0.9180
30
0.9027
20
0.8883
10
0.8756
O
0.8648
v. also 8, 37, 93, 152, 165, 187,
234, 275, 301, 1273.5, 1274
C24O2
Methyl formate
340. B = C4H5Cl3O2
Ethyl trichloroacetate (15)
341. B = C4H7ClO2
Ethyl chloroacetate (158)
342. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (158)
343. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (is)
344. B = C6H4Br2
345. B = C6H6 (142,158)
346. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 3
347. B = C6Hi4
Hexane (is)
348. B = C8H8O2
Methyl benzoate (15)
349. B = C8H20IN
Tetraethy!ammonium iodide
(331)1
350. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (iss)
351. B = Ci 4 Hi 0
Phenanthrene (158)
352. B = C20H38O2
Ethyl oleate (is 8 )
v. also 38
C2H5Br
Ethyl bromide
353. B = C2H5I (103)
354. B = C 5 H 5 N
Pyridine (14)
355. B = C6H4Br2
(0.005%) (318)
Wt. % B
tif
0.000
1.43841
3.565
1.45332
3.854
1.45429
356. B = C8Hi4O6
Dimethyl d-dimethoxysuccinate
(0.075%) (222)
a
1
103b
(65.3-153)
100.00 Wt. % B
1.1250 [1.0520-65.8)
(15.8-88.5)
9.02 Wt. % B
2.0242 11.9290-15.8)
357. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%) (228)
a
I
103b
(18.32-22.5)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.4631 12.0330-18.32)
(18.47-21.6)
2.02 Wt. % B
1.4558 J2.959 0-18.47)
(18.7-20.93)
4.98 Wt. % B
1.4460
[1.9740 -18.7)
(18.95-27.20)
10.92 Wt. % B
1.4278
11.928 0-18.95)
(18.85-20.10)
30.58 Wt. % B
1.3720
11.6810-18.85)
(19.57-21.20)
65.28 Wt. % B
1.2828
11.2280-19.57)
(0.05%)(343)
Wt. % B
69.600
44.472
22.494
11.583
5.532
2.311
1.197
0.424
0.000
dlQ
1.3867
1.5899
1.8298
1.9814
2.0789
2.1362
2.1567
2.1713
2.1789
358. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2
Nicotine
(0.05%)(343)
Wt. % A
0.00
41.88
63.71
82.58
89.86
100.00
df
1.0100
1.3009
1.5310
1.8096
1.9467
2.1789
C2H5Br,- (Continued)
359. B = Ci0Hi6O
Camphor
(0.05%)(343)
Wt. % B
0.00
1.00
1.86
2.99
3.87
36.23
dj
2.1789
2.1513
2.1279
2.0983
2.0759
1.4929
360. B = C10Hi8O6
Dipropyl tartrate
(0.1%)(340)
I
103b
(20-60)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.1389 10.905 (t - 20)
(20-70)
25.29 Wt. % A
1.2916
I 1.116 (t - 20)
55.00 Wt. % A
1.5293
(1.324 (t - 20)
84.71 Wt. % A
1.8868 I 1.698 (t - 20)
361. B = C12H28IN
a
C331)1
C2H5NO3
Ethyl nitrate
371. B = C7Hi6
Heptane (236)i
372. B = C8H20IN
( 33 Q) 1
373. B = Ci0H7Br
a-Bromonaphthalene (2 3 6 ) i
374. B = Ci2H28IN
365. B = CgHio
Xylene (254)
366. B = C8Hi0O
Phenetole
(0.1%)(269)
MoI % A
d%
100.00
1.9745
90.44
1.8026
66.02
1.5295
45.29
1.3207
26.15
1.1630
9.11
1.0366
0.9841
0.00 I
367. B = C8H14O6
Ethyl tartrate
v. also 40, 309
(0.05%)(228)
v. also 308
I
103b
(19.25-32.35)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.9377
(2.306 (-19.25)
(18.58-32.9)
5.17 Wt. % B
1.8748
[2.2070-18.58)
(18.22-26.01)
10.63 Wt. % B
1.8143 |2.080(1-18.22)
(18.07-25.33)
32.77 Wt. % B
1.6067
11.640ft-18.07)
368. B = C10H8
Naphthalene (54)i
v. also 39, 157, 187.5, 353, 1271,
1272
a
C2H5I
Ethyl iodide
362. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (is, "U)
(0.025%) (2 3)
Wt. % B
Wt. % B
dl
50.483
1.16636
40.259
1.25981
31.471
1.35355
25.434
1.42776
17.208
1.54288
10.907
1.64612
5.030
1.75664
I
1.86491
0.000
363. B = C4Hi0O
Ethyl ether (165)1
364. B = C6H6 (254)
dl
100.000
0.9006
93.775
0.9525
87.072
1.0100
78.358
1.0868
1.1547
70.902
61.278
1.2454
52.337
1.3333
44.697
1.4114
30.202
1.5679
16.129
1.7316
0.000
1.9365
(0.005%)(134, 290)
Wt. % B
dj*
100.000
0.89422
80.918
0.99263
64.993
1.09390
50.483
1.20707
40.259
1.30314
31.471
1.39950
25.434
1.47573
17.208
1.59373
10.907
1.69938
5.030
1.81215
0.000
1.92282
(0.005%)(134, 290)
Wt. % B
dj
100.000
0.86307
80.918
0.95824
64.993
1.05648
C2H6NO
Acetamide
369. B = C2H6O
(0.01%)(33)
Wt. % B
<
100.000
0.78090
95.837
0.78972
93.429
0.79494
0.79985
91.203
370. B = C 6 H 5 N, Pyridine
(0.05%) (70)
Wt. % B
dl6
100.00
0.9746
96.13
0.9794
94.35
0.9814
91.49
0.9826
83.73
0.9959
(330)1
C2H6N2O
Dimethylnitrosamine
375. B = C8H20IN
(330)1
C2H6O
Ethyl alcohol
376. B = C3H6O
Acetone (33,i 139, I44i)
(0.1%) (359)
Vol. % B
O
25
50
75
100
Vol. % B
O
25
50
75
100
dl
0.8082
0.8124
0.8139
0.8138
0.8132
dl6
0.7872
0.7886
0.7879
0.7872
0.7856
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % B ]
<224
0.000
0.7934
0.605
0.7932
0.929
0.7931
2.427
0.7928
4.655
0.7925
5.455
0.7924
12.130
0.7923
19.800
0.7921
23.290
0.7921
50 Wt. % A
(0.025%) (178)
t
di
O
0.9363
25
0.9083
40
0.8918
55
0.8751
70
0.8577
377. B = C3H6O2
Methyl acetate
(0.025%)(to 55)(178)
50 Wt. % A
a
103b
0.88174
1.052*
378. B = C3H7NO
Propionamide (l 80 )
(0.01%)(33)
Wt. % A
dj
100.000
0.78078
96.897
0.78560
92.990
0.79628
89.705 I
0.82371
379. B = C3H7NO2
Urethane (299) 1,2
(0.01%) (261.1)
Wt. % B
(fl
0
0.7892
1
0.7915
2
0.7928
3
0.7962
4
0.7986
5
0.8010
10
0.8130
20
0.8375
30
0.8628
40
0.8895
50
0.9177
60
0.9470
381. B = C3H8O
n-Propyl alcohol
(0-100 Wt. % A) (65)
d\* = (0.80753 0.0001386 X Wt. % A)
0.025%
(0.1%)(113, us)
Wt. % A
d5
100.0
0.7869
91.9
0.7888
82.1
0.7904
43.4
0.7928
11.4
0.7975
8.8
0,7981
4.8
0.7988
0.0
0.8006
382. B = C3H8O3
Glycerol (200)i
(0.005%)(319)
Wt. % A
d2*87
100.000
0.79586
96.842
0.80659
95.393
0.81148
88.048
0.83723
73.275
0.89218
(0.05%)(346)
I
103b
0.00 Wt. % A
1.2507 I
0.630*
20.00 Wt. %
1.1416 I
0.66Oi
33.33 Wt. % A
1.0742 I
0.725*
50.02 Wt. % A
0.9975 I
0.750*
66.67 Wt. % A
0.9371
I
0.805*
100.00 Wt. % A
0.8128 I
0.850*
383. B = C4H5NO2
Succinimide (2 9 9) 1.2
384. B = C4H5NS
Allyl isothiocyanate (192,1
a
3281)
t
O
25
40
55
385. B = C4H6O4
Succinic acid
(0.0075%)(264)
Wt. % A
100.000
99.844
99.690
99.382
98.754
97.553
dj 4 - 2
0.79595
0.79654
0.79710
0.79829
0.80020
0.80509
386. B = C 4 H 6 O 5
Malic acid (i*) 1
390. B = C4H9NO
Butyramide
(0.01%)(33)
Wt. % A
dj
100.000
0.78090
97.374
0.78501
94.372
0.78991
391. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Isobutyl alcohol
(0.025%) (65)
Wt. % B
dl5
0.00
0.79367
6.30
0.79435
12.34
0.79488
29.06
0.79670
49.49
0.79905
59.09
0.80022
68.54
0.80142
89.80
0.80430
100.00
0.80567
387. B = C4H6O6
Tartaric acid (296,i 303)
(20-50)(0.1%)(339)
a
I
103b
93.55 Wt. % A
0.8199 1 0.873(* - 20)
88.37 Wt. % A
0.8480 I 0.873(J-20)
83.82 Wt. % A
0.8736 I 0.873( - 20)
80.27 Wt. % A
Q.893
I 0.880(* - 20)
388. B - C4H8O2
Butyric acid
(0-100 Wt. % B)(IOS)
d? = (0.7928 +
0.001683 X Wt. % B)
0.1%
389. B * C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate
(0.005%)(i2)
Wt. % B
dl
100.000
0.92455
94.897
0.91736
89.816
0.91033
84.338
0.90299
83.815
0.90227
80.080
0.89741
75.159
0.89107
69.692
0.88419
65.412
0.87889
58.900
0.87097
49.941
0.86036
39.489
0.84833
28.985
0.83662
14.250
0.82080
5.346
0.81167
0.000 1
0.80631
(0.25%)(ioi.i)
Wt. % B
d\7'6
100.00
0.9060
95.63
0.9002
91.21
0.8942
86.71
0.8880
82.17
0.8817
77.75
0.8753
72.89
0.8685
68.20
0.8615
63.34
0.8572
(0.025%) (178)
50 Wt. % B
d\
0.86207
0.84424
0.82665
0.80860
392. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (10, 32, 37, so, 103,
169,
201,1 240, 252,1 274, 289)
(0.025%) (36)
Wt. % A
d\5
0.0
0.7194
9.6
0.7317
16.8
0.7404
18.0
0.7418
18.7
0.7427
20.8
0.7452
22.2
0.7468
22.7
0.7474
23.0
0.7478
24.9
0.7501
25.0
0.7502
25.4
0.7509
0.7511
25.7
25.8
0.7512
26.7
0.7524
27.4
0.7533
28.3
0.7544
29.7
0.7562
100.0
0.7934
(0.025%) (9)
Wt. % A
dl5
100.00
0.7882
76.85
0.7726
52.57
0.7548
42.49
0.7468
35.52
0.7412
27.01
0.7340
21.63
0.7295
13.61
0.7222
0.7079
0.00
393. B = C4Hi2IN
(330)1
394. B = C5H5N
Pyridine
(0.05%)(130)
Wt. % A
0.00
10.48
25.98
45.61
100.00
d}5'5
0.9873
0.9640
0.9321
0.8931
0.7934
(0.05%)(73)
Wt. % A
<F?
100.00
0.7904
70.08
0.8432
50.03
0.8845
33.93
0.9242
30.04
0.9456
0.00
0.9783
395. B = C 5 Hi 0
Amylene (103)
396. B = C 5 Hi 2 O
Amyl alcohol (168, 169)
396.5. B = C5H12O
Isoamyl alcohol
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % B
d\*'4
0.000
0.7963
0.915
0.8030
1.099
0.8033
0.395
0.8022
1.578
0.8036
3.665
0.8040
5.478
0.8048
7.860
0.8050
18.265
0.8065
27.350
0.8075
397. B = C6H3N3O6
Trinitrobenzene (12 9) 1.2
398. B = C6H3N3O7
Picric acid (i 8 ) 1
(to 2.22 Wt. % B)(34)
dj = (0.78100 + 0.00474 X
Wt. % B) 0.01%
399. B = C6H4Br2
p-Dibromobenzene O 58 )
400. B = C6H6Br
Bromobenzene
(0.01%)(34)
Wt. % B
dj
0.000
0.78081
3.208
0.79327
4.128
0.79694
5.668
0.80301
6.596
0.80666
1.48200
100.000
401. B = C6H5Cl
Chlorobenzene
(0.01%) (34)
Wt. % B
dlQ
0.000
0.78081
2.858
0.78773
4.985
0.79287
6.361
0.79623
402. B = C6H5ClO
o-Chlorophenol (3QS)i
403. B = C6H5ClO
m-Chlorophenol (3QS)i
404. B = C6H5ClO
p-Chlorophenol (3QS)i
405. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2
Nitrobenzene (34,i 192,i 328i)
(0.025%)(247)
MoI % A
100.00
97.71
95.13
92.10
88.87
85.54
82.03
77.01
70.41
60.46
48.16
MoI % A
100.00
97.63
95.11
92.04
88.75
81.99
77.11
70.31
61.51
47.86
MoI % A
100.00
97.61
95.11
92.05
88.85
81.86
77.01
70.44
62.00
47.49
MoI % A
100.00
97.58
94.94
92.12
88.93
85.42
82.08
77.13
71.32
61.96
47.86
MoI % A
100.00
97.69
95.07
92.09
88.90
85.69
82.43
77.28
70.59
61.59
47.29
dlQ
0.79110
0.80855
0.82747
0.84878
0.86987
0.89052
0.91097
0.93824
0.97144
1.01192
1.06451
d\
0.78063
0.79848
0.81688
0.83808
0.85960
0.90090
0.92775
0.96182
1.00178
1.05549
d?
0.77329
0.79129
0.80913
0.83005
0.87075
0.89263
0.91900
0.95191
0.99072
1.04750
df
0.76329
0.78115
0.79952
0.81920
0.83988
0.86113
0.88118
0.90822
0.93802
0.98103
1.03619
dj
0.74650
0.77210
0.79122
0.81110
0.83168
0.85235
0.87179
0.89960
0.93288
0.97346
1.02451
CaHeO.(Continued)
406. B = C6H5NO3
o-Nitrophenol
(0.005%) (319)
' Wt. % A
dl2'97
100.000
0.79586
97.570
0.80493
93.528
0.81903
89.008
0.83582
88.790
0.83660
(to 5.261 Wt. % B)(34)
dj = (0.78100 -h
0.003508 X Wt. % B)
0.01%
407. B = C6H5NO3
p-Nitrophenol
(to 1.834 Wt. % B)(34)
dj = (0.78100 +
0.00368 X Wt. % B)
0.01%
408. B = C6H6 (35, 8i,i 95,1
103,
139, 233,1 238,1 240, 351,

3611)
(0.075%) (32)
Wt. % B
<
100.00
0.7930
78.88
0.8106
47.14
0.8356
20.90
0.8604
0.00
0.8814
(0.025%) (178)
50 Wt. % B
t
d\
O
0.86536
25
0.84060
40
0.82549
55
Q. 80955
409. B = C6H6BrN
p-Bromoaniline
(to 4.711 Wt. % B)(34)
df = (0.78100 +
0.00437 X Wt. % B) 0.01%
410. B = C6H6ClN
p-Chloroaniline
(0.01%)(34)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
0.78100
98.781
0.78506
0.78535
98.638
4 1 1 . B = C6H6N2O2
ra-Nitroaniline
(to 2.694 Wt. % B) (34)

df = (0.78100 +
0.003597 X Wt. % B)
0.01%
412. B = C6H6N2O2
p-Nitroaniline
(to 0.964 Wt. % B) (34)
df = (0.78100 +
0.003696 X Wt. % B) 0.01%
413. B = C6H6O
Phnol
(0.005%)(319)
Wt. % A
100.000
96.354
94.284
91.029
85.354
79.467
12 87
d4 0.79586
0.80650
0.81160
0.81959
0.83381
0.84882
414. B = C6H6O2
Resorcinol (299)i.a
415. B = C6H7N
Aniline (140)
(0.01%) (34)
Wt. % B
0.000
2.234
3.956
7.223
100.000
df
0.78081
0.78592
0.78976
0.79693
1.01300
416. B = C6H8O7
Citric acid (296) 1.2
417. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 3
Ethyl acetoacetate
(0.05%)(7i)
Wt. % A
cZf
100.00
0.7875
91.95
0.8025
63.72
0.8605
53.29
0.8832
35.98
0.9244
0.00
1.0222
418. B = C6Hi0O8
Citric acid hydrate (296) 1.2
418.5. B = C 6 H 12 O 3
Paraldehyde
(0.1%) (36l)
Wt. % B
dl
0.000
0.7934
0.710
0.7948
1.047
0.7953
2.830
0.7972
5.200
0.8006
13.835
0.8152
25.000
0.8347
419. B = C6H13NO
Caproamide
(to 3.293 Wt. % B) (33)
df = (0.78090 +
0.001259 X Wt. % B)
0.01%
420. B = C7H5N
Cyanobenzene (*92,i 328i)
421. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid (293, 296i.a)
422. B = C7H6O3
Salicylic acid (293, 294, 2 9 6 , l , 2
303)
423. B = C7H7NO
Benzamide (129,12991,2)
424. B = C7H7NO2
o-Nitrotoluene (I92,i 328i)
(0.01%)(34)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
0.78100
96.867
0.78972
85.787
0.82051
69.002
0.87101
48.032
0.94148
425. B = C7H7NO2
m-Nitrotoluene (192,i 328i)
426. B = C 7 H 7 NO 2
p-Nitrotoluene (34,i I92,i 328i)
(0-100 Wt. % B)(149)
= [1.28035 a4
0.0043628 X Wt. % B +
0.053532 X (Wt. % B)2]
0.025%
427. B = C7H8 (35,139)
(0.01%)(34)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
0.78081
96.891
0.78322
96.014
0.78386
94.655
0-. 78488
0.78689
91.768
428. B = C7H8O
o-Cresol (237)i
435. B = C8H8ClNO
p-Chloroacetanilide
(0.01%)(34)
Wt. % A
dy
100.000
0.78100
98.717
0.78515
97.843
Q.78794
436. B = C8H9NO
Acetanilide (129,1,2292,299,1,2
303)
437. B = C8Hi0
Xylene (139)
438. B = C8H10O
Phenetole
(0.025%) (9)
Wt. % A
<%*
100.00
0.7881
85.03
0.8108
71.11
0.8331
57.68
0.8552
45.03
0.8767
32.95
0.8982
21.50
0.9195
9.75
0.9422
0.00
0.9619
439. B = C8H14O3
Ethyl ethylacetoacetate
(0.05%)(7i)
Wt. % A
df
100.00
0.7875
94.56
0.7953
76.20
0.8271
58.76
0.8588
28.69
0.9165
13.13
0.9495
0.00
0.9750
440. B = C8H14O6
Ethyl tartrate (I70,i 343i)
429. B = C7H8O
Anisole (0.025%) (9)
Wt. % A
df
100.00
0.7881
84.79
0.8149
70.38
0.8407
57.00
0.8666
44.33
0.8919
32.32
0.9168
20.95
0.9416
10.02
0.9660
0.00
0.9960
430. B = C7H8O6
Gallic acid hydrate (296)i,2
431. B = C7H9N
p-Toluidine (2 99) r
(to 3.952 Wt. % B)(34)
df = (0.78100 +
0.00212 X Wt. % B)
0.01%
432. B = C7H9N
2, 6-Lutidine
(0.05%)(73)
Wt. % A
tf?
100.00
0.7904
90.03
0.8038
80.12
0.8197
60.23
0.8515
40.30
0.8803
20.57
0.9074
9.45
0.9210
0.00
0.9322
433. B = C7H9NO2
Ammonium benzoate (296) 1,2
434. B = C7H9NO3
Ammonium salicylate (294,
|
103b
(17.6 - 58.2e)
100.00 Wt. % A
0.7934
|0.880^-17.6)
(20.5-54.4)
95.00 Wt. % A
0.8058
|0.891(f-20.5)
(17.4-5.8)
89.06 Wt. % A
0.8265 |p. 902(<-17.4)
(13.1-69.0)
80.00 \Vft. % A
0.8596
10.932(^-13.1)
(16.7-62.8)
60.00 Wt. % A
0.9273 |0.954(i-16.7)
(17.5^59.1)
39.99 Wt. % A
1.0079
|0.988(^-17.5)
(16.8-99.4)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.2085
[1.016p-16.8)
441. B = C8H20IN
2961,2)
(330,1 3311)
(0.05%)(203,288,344)
442. B = C9H8O
Cinnamaldehyde (353)
443. B = C9H10O2
Ethyl benzoate (303)
444. B = C9HnNO
pÂcettoluide (*29)i.
445. B = C9HnNO
Methylacetanilide ( 18 Q)
446. B = C10H7Br
Bromonaphthalene (353)
447. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (299)i
(to 2.711 Wt. % B)(54)
d\s = (0.79250 +
0.002089 X Wt. % B)
0.0075%
448. B = C 10 Hi 2
(10.075-20(!2I)
Wt. %.A
dl*
100.0
0.7847
75.4
0.8245
51.7
0.8645
24.2
0.9158
7.7
0.9465
0.0
0.9656
449. B = C 10 H 13 NO 2
Phenacetine (292, 2972)

450. B = C10H14N2
Nicotine (93)i
(0.05%)(170, 341)
Wt. % A
d\Q
0.00
9.91
25.07
40.07
54.92
69.97
85.04
100.00
1.0110
0.9884
0.9536
0.9200
0.8875
0.8554
0.8251
0.7957
(0.05%)(343,344)
(to 30)
a
1
103b
43.27 Wt. % A
0.9283 I
0.84*
58.00 Wt. % A
0.8955
I
0.83*
74.07 Wt. % A
0.8615 I
0.84*
89.76 Wt. % A
0.8288
0.83f
451. B = C 10 H 15 BrO
Bromocamphor
(0.1%)(235)
Wt. % A
100.00
99.49
95.02
90.23
85.68
81.27
df
0.7874
0.7892
0.8040
0.8213
0.8379
0.8549
452. B = C 10 Hi 6 O
Camphor ( 1 7 B , i 323, 342)
(0.1%)(io,i70)
J420
0.7948
0.8094
0.8240
0.8391
0.8548
0.8715
0.8892
Wt. % B
O
10
20
30
40
50
60
(0.1%)(235)
Wt. % B
0.00
0.76
3.05
7.54
d\*
0.7874
0.7886
0.7918
0.7987
14.82
0.8094
24.28
0.8239
37.83
0.8460
50.72
0.8671
453. B = C 10 Hi 6 O 4
Camphoric acid (293, 2961.2)
454. B = C10H18O
Borneol (303)
^
455. B = C 10 Hi 8 O 3
(0.05%)(7i)
Wt. % A
d6
100.00
0.7875
84.34
0.8112
79.26
0.8200
71.44
0.8325
8.22
0.9491
0.9646
0.00
456. B = C10H20O
Menthol
(0.05%)(228)
103b
(12.0-27.9)
98.43 Wt. % A
0.7994
|0.8560-12.0)
(12.0-46.9)
91.73 Wt. % A
0.8060
[0.848Q-12.0)
a
457. B = C 12 Hi 0
Acenaphthene (299) 1,2

458. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 O
Phenyl ether (237)i
459. B = C12H10NO
-Acetnaphthalide (129) 1.2
460. B = C12H28IN
(330)1
461. B = C13H10O
Benzophenone
(0.01%)(33)
Wt. % A
dj
100.000
0.78090
92.849
0.79894
89.430
0.80778
462. B = C13H10O3
Phenyl salicylate (294, 2961.2)
463. B = Ci 3 Hi 2 N 2 O
Benzoylphenylhydrazine
(129)1,2
464. B = Ci 4 Hi 0
Phenanthrene Q 8 , 1 158,2991.2)
465. B = Ci6H24O3S
Menthyl benzenesulfonate
483. B = C26H26N2O2
Benzoylcinchonicine (234)
484. B = C26H28N2O3S
p-Toluenesulfonylcinchonicine
(212)1
(234)
466. B = Ci6H32O2
Palmitic acid (158)
467. B = Ci8H34O2
Oleic acid (57)
468. B = Ci8H36O2
Stearicacid (296) 1.2
469. B = Ci9Hi7N3
Triphenylguanidine (I29)i,2
485. B = C27H34N2O7
470. B = Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O
Cinchonicine ( 23 4)
471. B = C 20 Hi 3 N 3 O 7
Phenanthrene picrate ( 18 J 1
472. B = C20Hi6Br2O8
Methyl di-[o-bromobenzoyl]tartrate (88)
473. B = C20Hi6Br2O8
Methyl di-[ra-bromobenzoyl]tartrate (88)

474. B = C20Hi6Br2O8
Methyl di-[p-bromobenzoyl]tartrate (88)
475. B = C20Hi6Cl2O8
Methyl di-[o-chlorobenzoyl]tartrate ( 88 )
476. B = C20Hi6Cl2O8
Methyl di-[m-chlorobenzoyl]tartrate (88)
477. B = C20Hi6Cl2O8
Methyl di-[p-chlorobenzoyl]tartrate (88)
478. B = C 20 H 20 O 6 (87)
Methyl di-p-toluylglycerate
479. B = C20H26O3S
Menthyl naphthalene--sulfonate (212)1
480. B = C2iH22O6
Ethyl di-p-toluylgly cerate ( 87 )
481. B = C24H42O6
Z-Menthyl Z-tartrate
(0.05%)(214)
a
I
103b
(19.55-29.8)
97.58 Wt. % A
0.7964 JO. 8580-19.55)
(18.25-38.6)
92.95 Wt. % A
0.8054
|0.860Q-18.25)
482. B = C24H42O6
Z-Menthyl d-tartrate
(0.05%)(226)
3
I
10 b
(12.8-62.7)
93.30 Wt. % A
0.8112
|0.8630-12.8)
(9.7-33.9)
92.07 Wt. % A
0.8178
I0.856Q-9.7)
a
Quinine salicylate dihydrate

(294, 2961,2)
486. B = C28H46O8
I- Menthyl diacetyl-Z-tartrate
(0.05%)(214)
a
I
103b
(21.0-39.4)
96.05 Wt. % A
0.7982
10.8700 -21.0)
(19.1-37.2)
94.20 Wt. % A
0.8035
|0.857Q-19.1)
487. B = C28H46O8
Z-Menthyl diacetyl-dZ-tartrate
f2!5)l
488. B = C28H46O3
Z-Menthyl diacetyl-d-tartrate
(0.05%)(226)
I
103b
(18.7^1.3)
98.21 Wt. % A
0.7957
|0.8670-18.7)
(13.0-40.2)
92.74 Wt. % A
0.8119
|0.861Q - 13)
488.1. B = d-Turpentine
(0.05%) (170)
Wt. % A
dj
0.00
0.9108
26.91
0.8765
53.49
0.8464
77.76
0.8186
100.00
0.7957
488.2 B = Z-Turpentine (I70,i
a
3421)
(0.05%) (263)
Wt. % A
d\Q
0.00
0.8648
0.8550
10.31
32.68
0.8368
49.01
0.8247
68.57
0.8108
79.90
0.8033
89.89
0.7969
100.00
0.7911
v. also 9, 41, 82, 94, 153, 158,
166, 175, 181, 188, 232, 266,
268, 306, 310, 369, 1265, 1275,
1276, 1277
C2HeO2
Glycol
489. B = C4Hi2IN
( 330 V
490. B = C8H20IN
Tetraethylammoniuni iodide
t 330 ) 1
C2H7N
C3H6O
Dimethylamine
490.1. B = C2H8ClN
Dimethylamine hydrochloride
(0.5%) (358)
Wt. % B
d-f- 5
0.00
0.727
2.01
0.728
3.99
0.734
8.66
0.740
Allyl alcohol
497. B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (335)i
C2H7N
Ethylamine
490.2. B = C2H8ClN
Ethylamine hydrochloride
(0.5%) (358)
Wt. % B
d-f'5
0.00
4.07
9.97
13.78
0.742
0.767
0.771
0.881
C3H3N3O3
Cyanuric acid
491. B = C5H5N
Pyridine (70)
C3H5ClO
Epichlorohydrin
492.B = C8H20IN
Tetraethylammonium
iodide
329 1
e )
C3H6N
Propionitrile
493. B = C8H20IN
(330,1 3311)
494. B = C12H28IN
(330,1 3311)
C3H5NO
Lactonitrile
v. 269
C3H5NS
Ethyl thiocyanate
495. B = C5Hi1N
Piperidine
(0.05%) (165)
MoI % A
dj
100
0.9672
95
0.9766
75
1.0151
55
1.0534
50
1.0633
45
1.0414
25
0.9474
5
0.8560
O
0.8338
496. B = C8H20IN
(330)1
C3HeBr2
n-Propylene bromide
v. 311
498. B = C6H6
(0.05%)(335)
Wt. % B
100.00
84.19
81.23
0.00
dl
0.9001
0.8933
0.8923
0.8690
499. B = C8H14O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(223)
103b
I
(8.6-55.5)
28.27 Wt. % B
0.941
(0.9170 - 8.6)
(11.5-53.0)
49.81 Wt. % B
1.009
10.917(i-ll. 5)
a
C3H6O
Acetone
500. B = C3H7NO
Propionamide (18)
501. B = C 4 H 5 NO 2
Methyl cyanoacetate
(0.05%)(329)
Wt. % A
0.00
18.97
41.28
67.83
100.00
d\
1.1492
1.0697
0.9862
0.9030
0.8121
Wt. % A
d\*
O.OQ
1.1225
18.97
1.0437
41.28
0.9607
67.83
0.8739
100.00
0.7851
502. B = C4H6O4
Succinic acid
(0.0075%)(264)
Wt. % A
^2-3
100.000
0.80009
99.847
0.80036
99.695
0.80095
99.387
0.80216
98.778
0.80458
97.571
0.80928
503. B = C 4 H 6 O 5
Malic acid (i*) 1
504. B = C4H7ClO2
Ethyl chloroacetate (^ 58)
505. B = C4H8O
Methyl ethyl ketone
(0-100 Wt. % A)
(0.025%)(248)
dj = (0.8052 - 0.03142
X Wt. % A)
df = (0.7946 0.03151 X Wt. % A)
< = (0.7841 o.o3i6i x wt. % A)
dj = (0.7734 0.03172 Wt. % A)

506. B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether
(0.05)(28i)
dl
MoI % A
O
0.7106
20
0.7191
40
0.7312
50
0.7383
60
0.7461
80
0.7645
100
0.7877
(0.05%)(274)
MoI % A
d? - 04
0.000
0.7080
10.764
0.7146
20.752
0.7209
31.186
0.7280
41.842
0.7356
45.646
0.7385
54.939
0.7456
56.104
0.7465
63.691
0.7525
72.850
0.7607
77.158
0.7640
85.858
0.7720
93.418
0.7792
100.000
0.7859
(0-32)(0.25%)(79)
103b
a
I
O MoI % A
0.736
I
1.343*
30 MoI % A
0.757
I
1.625*
70 MoI % A
0.785
I
1.5OH
100 MoI % A
0.813
I
1.312*
507. B = C5H12O
Amyl alcohol (39) i
508. B = C6H5Br
(0.1%)(270)
MoI % A
0.00
15.68
26.46
49.85
71.85
82.50
93.75
100.00
d\
1.518
1.445.
1.382
1.234
1.074
0.982
0.875
0.812
509. B = C6H5Cl
(0.1%)(270)
MoI % A
0.00
15.30
49.12
60.30
84.74
95.97
100.00
d\
1.127
1.094
1.003
0.948
0.878
0.834
0.812
510. B = C6H5ClO
o-Chlorophenol
(0.01%) (28)
Wt. % A
100.00
81.51
67.62
50.05
39.51
28.99
16.88
8.27
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
81.51
67.62
50.05
39.51
28.99
16.88
8.27
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
81.51
67.62
50.05
39.51
28.99
16.88
8.27
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
81.51
67.62
50.05
39.51
28.99
16.88
8.27
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
81.51
67.62
50.05
39.51
28.99
16.88
8.27
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
81.51
67.62
50.05
39.51
28.99
16.88
8.27
0.00
Wt. % A
40.63
31.77
23.01
15.36
8.92
0.00
d*
0.8148
0.8800
0.9364
1.0138
1.0638
1.1175
1.1824
1.2282
1.2737
dj
0.8032
0.8689
0.9256
1.0032
1.0532
1.1068
1.1716
1.2170
1.2622
dl
0.7914
0.8577
0.9148
0.9924
1.0427
1.0961
1.1607
1.2058
1.2508
dj
0.7795
0.8466
0.9040
0.9818
1.0321
1.0855
1.1499
1.1946
1.2397
<C
0.7676
0.8354
0.8931
0.9712
1.0215
1.0747
1.1392
1.1834
1.2282
dlQ
0.7557
0.8242
0.8822
0.9601
1.0109
1.0641
1.1284
1.1723
1.2170
dj
0.9948
1.0391
1.0847
1.1241
1.1579
1.2058
Wt. % A
.40.63
31.77
23.01
15.36
8.92
0.00
d\
0.9837
1.0280
1.0735
1.1129
1.1467
1.1945
511. B - C6H5NO2
Nitrobenzene
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % A
dl
0.000
1.2048
0.372
1.2016
0.600
1.1994
1.1996
1.366
1.864
1.1993
3.031
1.1868
7.083
1.1632
9.730
1.1494
16.100
1.1176
(0.1%)(82)
MoI % B
100
75
50
25
O
df
0.7869
0.8970
0.9980
1.1005
1.1963
512. B = CeH6(33,i 5 9 , 1 82,1

139, 141,1 149, 176, 36U)
(0.1%) (355)
Wt. % B
0.00
21.24
49.34
72.14
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
21.24
49.34
72.14
100.00
4
0.8042
0.8323
0.8445
0.8645
0.8893
dy
0.7926
0.8102
0.8335
0.8534
0.8784
(0.1%)(74)
Wt. % B
dl*
0.00
0.8736
9.33
0.8668
18.05
0.8565
24.70
0.8507
39.31
0.8381
43.28
0.8347
63.98
0.8179
74 ..81
0.8080
89.51
0.7948
100.00
0.7862
(0.1%) (355)
Wt. % B
0.00
21.24
49.34 72.14
100.00
d
0.7810
0.7999
0.8227
0.8425
0.8677
513. B = C6H6O
Phenol
(0.01%)(27)
Wt. % A
100.00
85.81
73.28
61.94
50.57
42.21
34.78
26.26
21.06
14.61
7.15
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
85.81
73.28
61.94
50.57
42.21
34.78
26.26
21.06
14.61
7.15
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
90.43
80.47
72.30
62.58
55.33
47.21
39.76
32.81
25.75
19.24
12.02
7.19
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
90.43
80.47
72.30
62.58
55.33
47.21
39.76
32.81
25.75
19.24
12.02
7.19
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
90.43
80.47
72.30
62.58
55.33
47.21
39.76
32.81
d 9 ' 95
0.8033
0.8427
0.8769
0.9086
0.9407
0.9642
0.9851
1.0090
1.0237
1.0420
1.0622
1.0835
df- 05
0.7914
0.8317
0.8663
0.8984
0.9309
0.9547
0.9757
0.9998
1.0146
1.0334
1.0537
1.0751
dj 9 - 8
0.7801
0.8058
0.8338
0.8573
0.8856
0.9064
0.9331
0.9520
0.9724
0.9935
1.0115
1.0327
1.0466
1.0667
40-1
0.7678
0.7942
0.8225
0.8462
0.8744
0.8953
0.9221
0.9417
0.9625
0.9837
1.0022
1.0237
1.0378
1.0583
df'B
0.7561
0.7832
0.8118
0.8337
0.8637
0.8847
0.9116
0.9317
0.9530
Wt. % A
25.75
19.24
12.02
7.19
0.00
49'8
0.9733
0.9933
1.0150
1.0293
1.0502
514. B = C6H7N
Aniline
(0.25%)(79)
MoI % A
dy
O
1.021
30
0.978
70
0.886
100
0.810
MoI % A
dl1
O
1.002
30
0.966
70
0.863
100
0.765
(0.025%) (178)
50 Wt. % A
*
d\
O
0.93268
25
0.90893
40
0.89118
55
0.87720
70
0.86282
521. B = C8H10N4O2
Caffeine (292)
522. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(223)
a
I
103b
0
(13-16 )
89.99 Wt. % A
0.8304
|1.085(* - 13)
(11.5-36)
74.94 Wt. % A
0.8821
1.102(1-11.5)
523. B = C8H20IN
(330,1 3311)
524. B = C9HnNO
Methylacetanilide (18)
525. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (354)
526. B = C10H14N2
Nicotine (no, 341)
527. B = C 10 Hi 4 O
Thymol (354)
528. B = Cj0H15BrO
Bromocamphor
(0.1%)(235)
515. B = C6Hi4, Hexane

(0.1%)(76)
Wt. % A
d\5
0.00
0.6744
22.84
0.6913
54.20
0.7272
63.94
0.7445
73.41
0.7558
82.55
0.7684
91.41
0.7836
100.00
0.7977
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % A
0.000
0.402
0.557
9.985
18.135
dl
0.6872
0.6879
0.6881
0.6930
0.6990
516. B = C7H7NO2
p-Nitrotoluene (I36)i
517. B = C 7 H 8 (Z, 102)
(0-100 Wt. % B)(0.25%)
dy = (0.799 + 0.03762
X Wt. % B)
d6 = (0.797 + 0.03731
X Wt. % B)
df = (0.788 + 0.03727
X Wt. % B)
518. B = C7H8O6
Gallic acid monohydrate (2 96) 1,2
519. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2
Amyl acetate (69)i
520. B = C8H9NO
Acetanilide (292)2
Wt. % A
100.00
99.23
92.62
77.07
65.28
51.42
dl*
0.7874
0.7901
0.8117
0.8719
0.9219
0.9884
529. B = C 10 Hi 6 O
Camphor (354)
(0.1%)(175)
Wt. % A
100
90
80
70
60
d
0.7970
0.8135
0.8303
0.8469
0.8635
(0.1%)(235)
Wt. % A
100.00
99.20
96.95
94.96
90.01
75.73
62.17
49.27
33.06
dl5
0.7874
0.7887
0.7915
0.7949
0.8021
0.8241
0.8461
0.8673
0.8962
530. B = C12H10O
Diphenyl ether
(0.1%)(270)
MoI % A
0.00
48.43
73.06
89.40
100.00
df
1.072
0.992
0.921
0.849
0.787
C3H6O.- (Continued)
531. B = Ci2H28IN
(330,1 3311)
(0-100 Wt. % B)(23)

d\ = (0.9175 +
0.03171 X Wt. % B)
0.025%
532. B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O
546. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate
Benzophenone
(0.025%)(23)
(0.01%)(33)
Wt. % B
dl
Wt. % A
<
0.000
0.9175
100.000
0.78117
23.580
0.9125
96.446
0.79017
46.094
0.9083
92.988
0.79881
71.740
0.9042
89.305
0.80846
100.000
0.9001
533. B = CiGHa 2 O 2
Palmitic acid (158)
547. B = C6H6 (I**) 1
534. B = Ci8H34O2
548. B = C8Hi0
Oleic acid
Xylene (I99)i
(O - 100 Wt. % A) (38)
v. also 1265
dl = (0.8859 0.03756 X Wt. % A) 0.25%
CsHeO2
535. B = Ci8H36O2
Methyl acetate
Stearicacid (158, 296,1,2)
549. B = C4H7ClO2
536. B = Ci9H22N2O
Ethyl chloroacetate (158)
23
Cinchonicine ( 4)
550. B = C4H8O2
537. B = C20H20O6
Ethyl acetate (133)
Methyl di-p-toluylglycerate ( 87 )
4=
538. B = C2iH22O6
(0.05%)(157)
Ethyl di-p-toluylglycerate (87)
O MoI % B
539. B = C 26 H 23 N 5 O 7
0.9559(1 - 0.0012470
234
Picryl cinchonicine ( )
25 MoI % B
540. B = C26H26N2O2
0.9500(1
- 0.0013790
Benzoyl cinchonicine ( 234 )
50 MoI % B
541. B = C26H28N2O3S
0.9384(1 - 0.0012780
100 MoI % B
p-Toluenesulfonylcinchonicine
0.9230(1 - 0.0013710
( 234 )
(0.025%)(23)
v. also 10, 42, 83, 95, 143, 159,
<
189, 235, 240, 252, 312, 376, Wt. % B
0.000
0.9346
1265, 1275, 1277.5, 1278
21.036
0.9258
C3H6O2
44.555
0.9171
Propionic acid
71.008
0.9084
542. B - C6H6
100.000
0.9001
(0.05%) (135)
551. B = C6H4Br2
552. B = C 6 H 6 (SS, 158, 1991)
Wt. % B
d\*
100.00
0.8842
84.97
0.8958
62.74
0.9183
0.00
0.9973
543. B = C7H8
553. B = C 6 Hi 2 O 3
Paraldehyde (158)
(0.05%)(135)
Wt. % B
d?
100.00
0.8694
84.11
0.8856
70.03
0.9020
0.00
0.9973
544. B = Ci0H16O
Camphor (323, 342)
(to 50.96 Wt. % B)(IOO)
dl* = (0.9948 - 0.032708
X Wt. % B) 0.1%
v. also 167, 313
C3H6O2
Ethyl formate
545. B = C3H6O2
Methyl acetate
554. B = C8Hi0
Xylene (I**) 1
555. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (54,i 158)
556. B = C 12 Hi 0 N 2
Azobenzene ( 15 S)
557. B = Ci 4 H 10
Phenanthrene ( 158 )
v. also 11, 377, 545, 1265
C3H7NO
Methylacetamide
558. B = C 6 H 5 N
Pyridine
(0.05%)(70)
Wt. % B
100.00
93.41
88.80
83.56
d5
0.9746
0.9786
0.9819
0.9844
C3H7NO
Propionamide
559. B = C6H5N
Pyridine
(to 23.75 Wt. % A) (70)
dj6 = (0.9746 +
0.00299 X Wt. % A) 0.05%
560. B = C6H6 (180)
v. also 96, 378, 500
C3H7NO2
Urethane
561. B = C3H8O
Propyl alcohol (299)i
562. B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether ( 0.01%) (261.1)
Wt. % A
dl
0
0.7137
1
0.7167
2
0.7197
3
0.7227
4
0.7258
5
0.7289
10
0.7442
20
0.7754
30
0.8083
40
0.8430
563. B = C 5 H 5 N
Pyridine
(0.05%) (70)
Wt. % B
fi*
100.00
0.9746
90.91
0.9832
85.04
0.9899
564. B = C6H6 0.01%(26i.ii
Wt. % A
dlQ
0
0.8784
1
0.8800
2
0.8815
3
0.8831
4
0.8846
5
0.8862
10
0.8942
565. B = C7H8 (299)i.2
v. also 97, 190, 379
C3H8O
Propyl alcohol
566. B = C3H8O3
Glycerol (2QQ)i
567. B = C4H6O5
Malic acid (I9*)i
568. B = C4H10O
Ethyl ether
(0.025%) (9)
Wt. % B
df
0.00
0.8012
10.93
0.7920
22.99
0.7820
34.92
0.7732
Wt. % B
47.16
59.89
72.97
86.22
100.00
dl*
0.7596
0.7477
0.7345
0.7204
0.7079
569. B = C6H6 (133, 233,1 238,1

351)
570. B = C6H7N
Aniline
'4 =
(0.05%)(157)
100.0 MoI % B
1.0415(1 - 0.038440
65.0 MoI % B
0.9798(1 - 0.038780
20.3 MoI % B
0.8856(1 - 0.0010140
0.0 MoI % B
0.8210(1 - 0.001024Q
571. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(203, 288)
I
103b
(20-69.6)
0.00 Wt. % B
0.8041
10.840 (t - 20)
(16.6-32.5)
2.50 Wt. % B
0.8148 10.811 (-16.6)
(16.7-80.2)
5.00 Wt. % B
0.8212
10.865(J-16.7)
(23.5-79.6)
7.71 Wt. % B
0.8238
10.844(J-23.5)
(17.7-70.6)
25.00 Wt. % B
0.8811 |0.899(- 17.7)
(19.8-80.2)
49.83 Wt. % B
0.9678 lO.958(J-19.8)
(21-71.2)
74.99 Wt. % B
1.0746 [0.995 (t - 21)
a
572. B = C10H8
Naphthalene (299)i
573. B = Ci0H14N2
Nicotine (UO, 341)
574. B = C10H16O
Camphor (323, 342)
(0.1%)(ioo)
Wt. % B
dl
0.00
0.8046
12.19
0.8210
23.90
0.8380
35.10
0.8543
45.93
0.8709
56.37
0.8874
575. B = Ci2H10
Acenaphthene (299)i
v. also 43, 84, 160, 168, 191,
276, 381, 497, 561
CsHgO 2
Methylal
v. 44
C3H8O3
Glycerol
576. B = C4H6O4
Succinic acid (l 16) 1,2
577. B = C 5 Hi 2 O
Isoamyl alcohol (200)1
578. B = C8H14O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.01%)(i3i)
Wt. % B
d\*
100.000
1.20990
86.833
1.22034
77.577
1.22674
68.038
1.23262
60.224
1.23693
54.263
1.24028
47.663
1.24376
42.513
1.24636
37.676
1.24869
0.000
1.26396
(0.05%)(203,288, 344)
3
|
10 b
(13.2-99.5)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.2647 10.6420 -13.2)
(17.1-99)
4.99 Wt. % B
1.2616 10.6640-17.1)
(17.3-99.5)
9.91 Wt. % B
1.2597
10.678(4-17.3)
(8.5-100)
23.46 Wt. % B
1.2596
| 0.717(^ -8.5)
(10-100)
48.13 Wt. % B
1.2478
(0.8120 - 10)
(19-100)
69.93 Wt. % B
1.2287
10.8820 - 19)
(8-100)
89.98 Wt. % B
1.2269 10.9720-8)
(16.8-99.4)
100.00 Wt. % B
1.2085 ll.016 Q -16.8)
a
v. also 192, 382, 566, 1274

C4H2O4
Acetylene dicarboxylic acid
v. 193
C4H4O4
Fumarie acid
v. 194
C4H5Cl3O2
Ethyl trichloroacetate
579. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (is)

d4 =
(0.05%) (157)
O Mol % B
1.4126(1 - 0.0010160
25 Mol % B
1.3217(1 - 0.0010590
50 Mol % B
1.2141(1 - 0.0011320
75 Mol % B
1.0839(1 - 0.0012000
100 Mol % B
0.9230(1 - 0.001371Q
M0I % A
100
55
52
50
48
45
10
O
580. B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (is)
581. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2
Nitrobenzene (158)
582. B = C6H6 (is)

583. B = C6Hi4
Hexane (158)
584. B = C8H8O2
Methyl benzoate ( 15 S)
585. B = Ci 4 Hi 0
Phenanthrene (158)
v. also 277, 340
C4H6NO2
Methyl cyanoacetate
586/B = C8H20IN
("Q)1
v. also 501
C4H8NO2
Succinimide
^.383
C4H5NS
Allyl thiocyanate
587. B = C5H5N
Pyridine (I65)i
588. B = C 5 HnN
Piperidine
(0.05%) (165)
MoI % A 1
dj4
100
1.0125
90
1.0200
75
1.0692
60
1.0768
55
1.0813
52
1.0818
50
1.0804
48
1.0708
45
1.0571
40
1.0382
25
0.9728
10
0.9032
O
0.8565
MoI % A
dj
100
0.9885
55
1.0638
52
1.0666
50
1.0668
48
1.0577
45
1.0447
O
0.8338
dj
0.9537
1.0450
1.0457
1.0451
1.0337
1.0249
0.8526
0.8035
589. B = C7H9N
Methylaniline
(0.05%)(165)
MoI % A
f*
100
1.0124
90
1.0362
75
1.0586
60
1.0845
52
1.0970
50
1.0978
48
1.0929
45
1.0821
40
1.0703
25
1.0294
10
1.0282
O
0.9841
MoI % A
<
100
0.9885
90
1.0170
75
1.0346
60
1.0620
52
1.0677
50
1.0770
48
1.0723
45
1.0697
40
1.0508
25
1.0093
10
0.9857
O
0.9634
v. also 384
C4H6O3
Acetic anhydride
590. B = C6Hi2O3
Paraldehyde
(0.075%) (68, 150)
Wt. % A
d\Q
100.00
1.0897
1.0813
90.00
70.04
1.0633
50.00
1.0474
30.01
1.0309
9.98
1.0104
0.00
1.0037
Wt. % A
dl 6 ' 5
100.00
1.0096
90.00
1.0019
70.04
0.9860
50.00
0.9702
30.01
0.9533
9.98
0.9367
0.00
0.9248
v. also 314
C4H6O4
Succinic acid
v. 195, 385, 502, 576
C4H6O5
Malic acid
v. 196, 386, 503, 567
C4H6O6
Tartaric acid
591.B = C 4 Hi 0 O
Ethyl ether (296) 1.2
592. B = C 5 H 12 O
Isoamyl alcohol (296)i.

593. B = C6H6 (296)i.2
v. also 12, 387
C4H7ClO2
Ethyl chloroacetate
594. B = C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate (158)
595. B = C 5 Hi 0 O 2
Methyl butyrate (158)
596. B = C6H4Br2
597. B = C6H6 (158)
598. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 3
599. B = C6Hi4
Hexane (158)
600. B = C7Hi4O2
601. B = C7H14O2
Propyl butyrate (15S)
602. B = C8H8O2
603. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (iss)
604. B = Ci0Hi6O
d-Camphor
(14.23-54.22 Wt. % B)("0)
dl = (1.1224 - 0.0021
(Wt. % B - 14.23)) 0.1%
605. B = C12H10N2
Azobenzene (158)
606. B = C 14 Hi 0
Phenanthrene (158)
607. B = Ci8H36O2
Stearicacid (158)
v. also 278, 341, 504, 549
C4H8O
Methyl ethyl ketone
v. 505
C4H8O2
Butyric acid
608. B = C 5 H 5 N
Pyridine
(0.25%)(312)
MoI % B
dj
100.0
0.976
81.8
0.982
64.2
0.988
52.8
0.993
42.9
0.998
25.6
0.991
15.2
0.984
0.0
0.965
C 4 H 8 O 2 .(Continued)
609. B = C6H6
(0.05%)(135)
Wt. % B
100.0093.97
65.81
0.00
d\&
0.8842
0.8866
0.9059
0.9633
610. B = C7H8
(0.05%)(135)
Wt. % B
d\*
100.00
0.8694
90.23
0.8771
64.09
0.8996
0.00
0.9633
611. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O
Camphor (323, 342)
v. also 169, 197, 315, 388
C4H8O2
Isobutyric acid
612. B = C6H6 (23.3)i
1
O. also 45
C4H8O2
Ethyl acetate
613. B = C4H8O2
Propyl formate
(to40)(0.025%)(24)
a
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % A
0.92425 I
1.218*
49.754 Wt. % A
0.92360 I
1.183
0.00 Wt. % A
0.92335
I
1.153*
614. B = C5H5N
Pyridine
(to55)(0.025%)(!78)
50 Wt. % A
a
103b
0.9573
1.071*
615. B = C5Hi0O2
Isobutyl formate
(to 40) (0.025%) (24)
a
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % A
0.92425 I
1.218*
54.886 Wt. % A
0,91535 I
1.145*
0.00 Wt. % A
0.90660 I
1.075*
616. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 2
Ethyl propionate (351, 352i)
617. B = C6H4Br2
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % B
dl6
0.000
0.89450
3.165
0.91100
5.302
0.92152
7.100
0.93073
12.355
0.95939
20.100
1.00447
(0.025%) (178)
50 Wt. % B
a
103b
0.9105
1.2*
618. B = C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4
ra-Dinitrobenzene (158)
(0.005%)(47, 187)
Wt. % A
dj
100.00
0.88894
74.25
0.99199
72.36
1.00014
69.15
1.01473
68.14
1.01935
67.40
1.02287
65.78
1.03021
65.56
1.03118
60.86
1.05349
56.79
1.07333
1.56563
0.00
(0.025%) (318)
621. B = C6H6O2
Resorcinol ( 49 )
0-100 Wt. % B
^5 = [1.12616 0.0242025 Wt. % B -f
0.0412997(Wt. % B) 2 0.07264(Wt. % B) 3I (0.005%)
I
10%
(15-70)
100.00 Wt. % A
0.90728 I 1.259(* - 15)
(20-60)
96.411 Wt. % A
0.91366 i 1.232(* -20)
(15-60)
93.971 Wt. % A
0.92868 I 1.226(* - 15)
(20-60)
85.831 Wt. % A
0.95438
I 1.206(* - 20)
619. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2
Nitrobenzene (158)
(0.075%)(122)
Wt. % A
dl
0.00
1.2034
1.1500
15.00
29.24
1.1023
36.57
1.0780
55.55
1.0193
79.98
0.9499
92.02
0.9191
100.00
0.8976
(0.0075%) (171)
Wt. % A
dj6
0.000
1.19824
1.11280
24.466
43.892
1.05007
77.100
0.95398
100.000
0.89415
(50 Wt. % A) (0.025%) (178)
*
O
25
40
55
70
1.0578
1.0303
1.0135
0.9970
0.9791
620. B = C6H6 (122, 142, 158,

176, 2631)
(0.0075%)(i7i)
Wt. % B
df
0.000
0.89415
15.594
0.89036
51.404
0.88262
80.803
0.87738
100.000
0.87420
622. B = C6H7N
Aniline
(0.25%) (345)
MoI % B
dl
100.0
1.034
93.9
1.033
88.9
1.028
85.5
1.024
84.2
1.022
77.6
1.015
74.9
1.012
67.2
1.004
50.8
0.985
42.8
0.978
22.3
0.952
15.2
0.944
0.0
0.923
MoI % B
dr 9
0.0
0.932
27.0
0.966
78.0
1.210
MoI % B
dr10
0.0
0.933
14.4
0.955
20.0
0.960
MoI % B
dr19'5
45.1
1.012
27.0
0.976
0.0
0.941
623. B = C6Hi0O8
Citric acid monohydrate
(296)1,2
624. B = C6Hi2O3
Paraldehyde (is)
625. B = C6Hi4
Hexane (158)
626. B = C7H8
Toluene (158)
( 0.0075%) ("i)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
0.88909
84.292
0.88342
54.699
0.87292
28.745
0.86401
0.000
0.85448
627. B = C7H8O6
Gallic acid monohydrate
(296)1,2
628. B = C7Hi4O2
Isoamyl acetate (9, 133)
4=
(0.05%)(157)
O MoI % B
0.9230(1 - 0.001710*)
51 Mol % B
0.9005(1 - 0.001176*)
100 Mol % B
0.8864(1 - 0.001087*)
629. B = C8H8O8
630. B = C8Hi0
Ethyl benzene
(to 40) (0.025%) (24)
a
i
103b
100 Wt. % A
0.92425 I
1.218*
54.969 Wt. % A
0.90635 I
1.033*
0.00 Wt. % A
0.89130 I
0.886*
631. B = C8HnN
Dimethylaniline
(0.075%) (122)
Wt. % A
cfl0
100.00
0.8977
0.9038
90.64
81.57
0.9097
0.9215
60.11
49.92
0.9319
22.68
0.9431
9.93
0.9503
0.00
0.9558
632. B = C8Hi4O4
Ethyl succinate
d{ =
(0.05%) (157)
O MoI % A
1.0607(1 - 0.03978*)
10 MoI % A
1.0534(1 - 0.03969*)
25 MoI % A
1.0301(1 - 0.021026*)
37.5 MoI % A
1.0294(1 - 0.021041*)
50 MoI % A
1.0171(1 - 0.021032*)
75 MoI % A
0.9816(1 - 0.021179*)
100 MoI % A
0.9230(1 - 0.021371*)
633. B = C9Hi0O2
Ethyl benzoate
(0.1%)(152)
MoI % A
<5
100.00
0.8948
89.92
0.9204
79.77
0.9440
0.9598
69.89
59.98
0.9740
0.9866
50.44
39.73
0.9992
1.0101
31.31
20.88
1.0223
1.0320
12.16
0.00
1.0431
j
i
;
4=
(0.05%) O 57)
O Mol % A
1.0648(1 - 0.0s8560
25 Mol % A
1.0458(1 - 0.038930
50 Mol % A
1.0329(1 - 0.0,9640
75 Mol % A
0.9726(1 - 0.O211040
100 Mol % A
0.9230(1 - 0.0213710
634. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (158)
(to 2.808 Wt. % B) (54)
t/}8 = (0.90299 + 0.001321
Wt. % B) 0.0075%
635. B = CioHi4
Durene
(to 12.531 Wt. % B)(318)
dj5 = (0.89450 - 0.031979
Wt. % B) 0.005%
636. B = Ci0Hi5BrO
Bromocamphor
(0.1%)(235)
Wt. % A
100.00
99.54
95.61
79.24
68.11
61.10
df
0.8947
0.8959
0.9083
0.9630
1.0031
1.0286
637. B = Ci0Hi6O
oJ-Camphor
(to 50 Wt. % B)(I 70, 175, 263)
dj = (0.8966 + 0.03672
Wt. % B)
0.1%
(to 51.69 Wt. % B)(235)
di* = (0.8948 H- 0.0365
Wt. % B)
0.1%
638. B = Ci0H22O
Isoamyl ether
(0.05%) (l 57)
d =
O Mol % A
0.8048(1 - 0.0210170
25 Mol % A
0.8210(1 - 0.0210560
50 Mol % A
0.8413(1 - 0.0210960
75 Mol % A
0.8737(1 - 0.0212020
100 Mol % A
0.9230(1 - 0.021371Q
639. B = Ci 2 Hi 0
Acenaphthene (15S)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
di*
100.000
0.89450
96.368
0.90103
93.439
0.90642
89.090
0.91389
640. B = Ci 2 Hi 0
Diphenyl (158)
(to 17.194 Wt. % B)(3l8)
df = (0.89450 + 0.021382
Wt. % B) 0.005%
641. B = C 12 Hi 0 N 2
Azobenzene (l 58 )
642. B = Ci2H28IN
(330)1
643. B = Ci4H8O2
Phenanthraquinone (2 9 7,1
3171,2)
644. B = Ci 4 Hi 0
Phenanthrene (158)
(0.025%)(318)
a
l
103b
(15-70)
100.000 Wt. % A
0.90728 11.2590 - 15)
(15-60)
93.526 Wt. % A
0.91550
I 1.12130 - 15)
91.616 Wt. % A
0.92353
| 1.1880 - 15)
(20-70)
84.152 Wt. % A
0.93231
| 1.1420 - 20)
645. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 O 2
Benzil (158)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
fi*
100.000
0.89450
0.89911
98.006
95.775
0.90415
93.009
0.91066
84.862
0.92978
646. B = Ci 4 Hi 2 O 2
Benzylbenzoate (0.1%) (152)
Mol % A
d6
100.00
0.8948
89.80
0.9394
79.90
0.9720
0.9988
69.73
58.63
1.0247
50.00
1.0454
40.01
1.0625
30.02
1.0778
23.47
1.0867
14.26
1.0975
7.84
1.1048
0.00
1.1121
647. B = Ci6H32O2
Palmitic acid (158)
648. B = Ci8H36O2
Stearicacid (i58, 2861.2)
649. B = Ci9Hi6
Tripheny!methane (158)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
dj
100.000
0.89450
98.222
0.89764
93.655
0.90481
90.506
0.90981
v. also 13, 46, 161, 236, 316, 342,

362, 389, 546, 550, 579, 594,
1265, 1279
C4H8O2
Methyl propionate
650. B = C6H4Br2
651. B = C6H6 (158)
652. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (158)
653. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2
Azobenzene ( 158 )
C4H8O2
Propyl formate
654. B = C5H10O2
Isobutyl formate
(0-40)( 0.025 %)(24)
a
I
103b
O Wt. % B
0.9234 I
1.153*
46.265 Wt. % B
0.9149 I
1.114*
100.00 Wt. % B
0.9066 I
1.075*
v. also 613
C4H8O3
Methyl Z-lactate
655. B = C6H5NO2
Nitrobenzene
(0.05%)(2ii)
a
I
103b
(-75 to +125)
O Wt. % B
1.2040 I 1.1580 H- 75)
(16-141)
90.12 Wt. % B
1.1918 I 1.0000 - 16)
v. also 253
C4H9NO
Butyramide
v. 390
C4H9NO2
Methylurethane
656. B = Ci0H20O
Menthol
(55.6-99)(0.25%)(273)
a
I
103b
0.00 MoI % B
1.136
] 1.0600-55.6)
14.12 MoI % B
1.027
10.9450-55.6)
38.72 MoI % B
0.961
10.8530-55.6)
58.13 MoI % B
0.923
(0.8290-55.6)
72.21 MoI % B
0.904
10.8980-55.6)
85.50 MoI % B
0.884
O.8070-55.6)
100.00 Mol % B
0.869
10.7370-55.6)
C4Hi0O
92-Butyl alcohol
657. B = C6H6 (238)i
658. B = Ci 0 Hi 2
(0.075%)(121)
Wt. % A
di*
100.00
0.8037
71.66
0.8441
0.8878
42.87
28.70
0.9105
15.10
0.9335
Q.OQ
0.9656
659. B = C10Hi8
Decahydronaphthalene
(0.075%)(i2i)
Wt. % A
di*
100.00
0.8037
67.62
0.8262
0.8385
50.57
32.88
0.8520
17.41
0.8640
10.20
0.8702
[
0.8790
0.00
C4Hi0O
Isobutyl alcohol
660. B = C6H5NO2
Nitrobenzene (1Q2, 328)
661. B = C6H6 (233,i 351)
662. B = C7H5N
Cyanobenzene (192, 328)
663. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate (235,i 340,i 343i)
(0.1%)(204, 288)
I
10%
(16.9-83.7)
100.00 Wt. % A
0.8053 JO.8540-16.9)
(18.5-80.1)
95.00 Wt. % A
0.8174
10.8540-18.5)
(19.7-83.4)
90.00 Wt. % A
0.8311 10.8630-19.7)
(14.7-77.2)
75.00 Wt. % A
0.8812 10.8960-14.7)
(16-77.6)
49.99 Wt. % A
0.9683
1 0.9410 - 16)
(17.4-82.8)
37.16 Wt. % A
1.0198 10.9710-17.4)
(18.4-78.8)
24.97 Wt. % A
1.0738
10.9860-18.4)
(16.8-99.4)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.2085 11.0160-16.8)
664. B = C10H14N2
Nicotine (343)i
C4HioO.(Continued)
665. B = Ci0Hi6O
Camphor (323, 342)
(0.1%)(235)
Wt. % A
d?
100.00
99.02
95.06
76.02
53.85
43.35
0.7994
0.8007
0.8065
0.8330
0.8666
0.8825
666. B = C10H18O6
Dipropyl tartrate
(20-60)(0.1%)(340)
a
I
103b
0.00 Wt. % A
1.1389 |0.9050(e - 20)
21.21 Wt. % A
1.0492 |0.9125( - 20)
41.24 Wt. % A
0.9750 |0.8800( - 20)
59.15 Wt. % A
0.9172
|0.8425(2 - 20)
76.84 Wt. % A
0.8645
|0.8200(* -20)
84.69 Wt. % A
0.8449
|0.8100(1 - 20)
v. also 47, 170, 198, 391
C4H10O
Trimethylcarbinol
667. B = C6H6O
Phenol
(0.075%)(232)
Wt. % B
79.63
49.25
29.23
24.87
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
79.63
49.25
29.23
24.87
0.00
dl6
1.0032
0.9105
0.8571
0.8442
0.7825
dj6
1.0455
0.9852
0.8918
0.8375
0.8238
0.7561
C4Hi0O
Ethyl ether
668. B = C 5 Hi 0
Amylene (103)
669. B = C6H12
Pentane (61)
670. B = C6H4Br2
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % B
dj5
0.000
0.70803
2.712
0.72129
7.492
0.74567
7.801
0.74708
15.710
0.79138
671. B = C6H5NO2
Nitrobenzene
(0.05%)(107)
Wt. % A
d
0.00
1.2037
10.35
1.1340
20.21
1.0729
34.34
0.9946
48.85
0.9212
65.87
0.8430
84.21
0.7710
- 0.7132
100.00
672. B = C6H6 (32,i 35, 59,1
61, 95,1 103, 158, 171,1
240, 280,1 282,1 3551)
(to 40)(0.0075%)(loi)
J1 _
4"
0.000 Wt. % B
1.35729(1 + 0.0215006
+ 0.054370i2)
16.294 Wt. % B
1.31370(1 -f 0.0214371*
+ 0.053355*2)
29.813 Wt. % B
1.27993(1 + 0.0213536
+ 0.053660*2)
51.087 Wt. % B
1.22752(1 + 0.0212790i
+ 0.0525702)
69.739 Wt. % B
1.18308(1 + 0.0212260
+ 0.052380*2)
84.946 Wt. % B
1.14745(1 + 0.0211965*
+ 0.051850f2)
100.00 Wt. % B
1.11235(1 + 0.0211715
+ 0.06155*2)
673. B = C6H7N
Aniline
(0.05%) (io?)
Wt. % B
dj
100.00
1.0220
85.46
0.9732
69.22
0.9210
55.55
0.8785
45.80
0.8487
44.15
0.8437
37.81
0.8247
28.23
0.7961
19.62
0.7705
O.QO
0.7131
674. B = C6H8O7
Citric acid (296)i.
675. B = C6Hi0O8
Citric acid monohydrate (2 96) 1,2
676. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid (296,1.2 303)
677. B = C7H6O3
Salicylic acid (296,i,2 303)
678. B = C7H8
Toluene
(15-35)(0.05%)(95)
1
103b
71.30 Wt. % A
0.7628 1 l.W(t - 15)
45.25 Wt. % A
0.8012
I 0.99( - 15)
21.60 Wt. % A
0.8388
1.16(1-15)
a
679. B = C7H8O
Benzyl alcohol (IQ)
680. B = C7H8O6
Gallic acid monohydrate (2 96) 1,2
681.B= C8H8O2
682. B = C8Hi0O
Phenetole
(0.1%)(152)
MoI % A
df
100.00
0.7139
90.04
0.7458
83.03
0.7656
75.85
0.7891
68.82
0.8059
0.8283
60.48
55.79
0.8387
0.8488
51.06
45.01
0.8628
35.16
0.8853
30.26
0.8970
25.23
0.9083
18.55
0.9230
9.75
0.9427
0.9471
7.45
0.00
0.9618
683. B = Ci0H7Br
g-Bromonaphthalene ( 6i )
684. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (S4,i 158, 303)
(0.005%) (85)
Wt. % A
d}8
100.000
0.71640
94.759
0.73043
90.167
0.74298
84.903
0.75747
80.088
0.77094
74.490
0.78699
70.342
0.79939
685. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2
Nicotine (UQ, 341)
686. B = Ci0Hi6O
d-Camphor (53)
687. B = Ci0Hi6O4
Camphoric acid (296)i,2
688. B = Ci0Hi7Cl
Pinene hydrochloride (53)
(9.11-63.26 Wt. % B)
d\* = (0.735 + 0.022825
(Wt. % B - 9.11)) 0.5%
689. B = Ci 2 Hi 0
Acenaphthene (15S)
(0.005%) (318)
Wt. % A
100.000
96.189
93.607
92.521
df
0.70803
0.71935
0.72723
0.73034
690. B = Ci 2 Hi 0
Diphenyl
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
<%*
100.000
0.70803
97.886
0.71351
96.350
0.71759
91.945
0.72962
88.797
0.73904
691. B = Ci 2 H 10 N 2
Azobenzene (158)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % B
d5
0.000
0.70803
2.014
0.71366
5.831
0.72486
7.691
0.73336
0.75798
16.592
692. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 O
Diphenyl ether
(0.1%)(152)
Wt. % A
dj*
100.00
0.7139
90.92
0.7601
78.26
0.8213
70.88
0.8554
60.76
0.8974
51.02
0.9311
42.35
0.9583
32.97
0.9862
21.93
1.0181
13.18
1.0387
7.04
1.0542
0.00
1.0706
693. B = C14Hi0
Phenanthrene (158)
694. B = Ci4H10O2
Benzil (158)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
<P*
100.000
0.70803
97.900
0,71475
95.182
0.72378
89.507
0,74309
695. B = C16H32O2
Palmitic acid (158)
696. B = C18Ha4Oj
Oleic acid
(0.25%)(38)
Wt. % A
dj
0.00
"0.8859
9.52
0.8690
24.55
0.8429
40.91
0.8118
53.29
0.7896
100.00
0.7010
697. B = C18H36O2
Stearic acid (296)i.2
698. B = Ci9Hi6
C4H12ClN
Diethylammonium chloride
(0.005%)(318)
v. 99
Wt. % A
<
100.000
0.70803
C4H12IN
98.453
0.71230
Tetramethylammonium
iodide
92.160
0.73048
700. B = C7H6O2
698.5. B = Turpentine
Salicylaldehyde (330)i
(0.025%)(123)
Wt. % A
d?
v. also 176, 200, 393, 489
100.00
0.7193
80.19
0.7465
C4H12N2O3
59.88
0.7741
Diethylammonium nitrate
0.8015
40.40
v. 100
20.57
0.8313
0.00
0.8617
CoH4O2, Furfural
v. also 14, 48, 85, 98, 199, 237,
701. B = C8H20IN
241, 254, 279, 302, 317, 343,
iodide
363, 392, 506, 562, 568, 580, 591, Tetraethylammonium
(330)1
1265, 1274
CAN
Diethylamine
699. B = C7H6NS
Phenyl thiocyanate
(0.05%)(165)
MoI % A
dj
0.0
1.1287
10.0
1.1237
25.0
1.1167
40.0
1.1134
45.0
1.1113
48.0
1.1100
50.0
1.1090
52.0
1.0994
1.0874
55.0
60.0
1.0465
66.7
0.9959
75.0
0.9299
90.0
0.7888
100.0
0.7004
MoI % A
df
0.0
1.1201
10.0
1.1134
25.0
1.1087
40.0
1.1051
45.0
1.1034
48.0
1.1027
50.0
1.1018
52.0
1.0925
55.0
1.0792
60.0
1.0382
66.7
0.9875
75.0
0.9208
90.0
0.7799
100.0
0.6894
MoI % A
dl
0.0
1.1060
10.0
1.1004
25.0
1.0958
40.0
1.0932
45.0
1.0921
48.0
1.0918
50.0
1.0909
52.0
1.0804
55.0
1.0677
C5H5N
Pyridine
702. B = C6H5ClO
o-Chlorophenol
(0.01%)(28)
Wt. % A
100.00
88.83
78.38
68.43
57.69
48.52
39.85
32.53
27.50
23.07
18.94
14.83
7.49
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
88.83
78.38
68.43
57.69
48.52
39.85
32.53
27.50
23.07
18.94
14.83
7.49
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
88.83
78.38
68.43
57.69
48.52
39.85
32.53
27.50
d4
1.0013
1.0288
1.0554
1.0820
1.1122
1.1401
1.1672
1.1892
1.2038
1.2160
1.2270
1.2382
1.2558
1.2737
d\
0.9916
1.0190
1.0459
1.0725
1.1029
1.1307
1.1578
1.1796
1.1939
1.2060
1.2169
1.2276
1.2451
1.2622
dl
0.9819
1.0093
1.0364
1.0630
1.0936
1.1212
1.1485
1.1699
1.1841
Wt. % A
<
23.07
18.94
14.83
7.49
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
88.83
78.38
68.43
57.69
48.52
39.85
32.53
27.50
23.07
18.94
14.83
7.49
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
88.83
78.38
68.43
57.69
48.52
39.85
32.53
27.50
23.07
18.94
14.83
7.49
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
88.83
78.38
68.43
57.69
48.52
39.85
32.53
27.50
23.07
18.94
14.83
7.49
0.00
Wt. % A
100.00
88.83
78.38
68.43
57.69
48.52
39.85
32.53
27.50
23.07
18.94
14.83
7.49
0.00
1.1961
1.2064
1.2175
' 1.2342
1.2508
dj
0.9723
0.9995
1.0267
1.0535
1.0842
1.1119
1.1391
1.1603
1.1741
1.1858
1.1959
1.2062
1.2234
1.2397
df
0.9627
0.9896
1.0171
1.0441
1.0749
1.1026
1.1296
1.1507
1.1643
1.1757
1.1855
1.1956
1.2126
1.2282
dl
0.9425
0.9696
0.9976
1.0250
1.0560
1.0838
1.1109
1.1317
1.1446
1.1557
1.1652
1.1751
1.1913
1.2058
dl
0.9219
0.9499
0.9783
1.0058
1.0373
1.0650
1.0920
1.1123
1.1246
1.1357
1.1449
1.1546
1.1701
1.1832
Wt. % A
100.00
88.83
78.38
68.43
57.69
48.52
39.85
32.53
27.50
23.07
18.94
14.83
7.49
0.00
d\10
0.8901
0.9199
0.9493
0.9770
1.0080
1.0357
1.0621
1.0821
1.0941
1.1047
1.1138
1.1231
1.1375
1.1489
703, B = C6H5NO3
o-Nitrophenol
(0.01%)(28)
Wt. % A
dl
100.00
0.9723
88.68
1.0047
79.26
1.0331
72.42
1.0543
60.38
1.0934
47.75
1.1361
39.76
1.1643
31.68
1.1927
23.21
1.2231
13.04
1.2574
8.75
1.2726
0.00
1.3041
Wt. % A
dl
100.00
0.9627
88.68
0.9947
79.26
1.0231
72.42
1.0442
60.38
1.0830
47.75
1.1256
39.76
1.1535
31.68
1.1819
23.21
1.2123
13.04
1.2470
8.75
1.2618
0.00
1.2938
Wt. % A
df-1
100.00
0.9425
88.68
0.9740
79.26
1.0022
72.42
1.0232
60.38
1.0616
1.1036
47.75
39.76
1.1316
31.68
1.1597
23.21
1.1902
13.04
1.2248
8.75
1.2398
0.00
1.2708
Wt. % A
dj
100.00
88.68
79.26
72.42
60.38
47.75
39.76
0.9219
0.9536
0.9816
1.0025
1.0407
1.0823
1.1102
C5H5N.- (Continued)
B = C6H6NO3.- (Continued)
Wt. .% A
dT
31.68
1.1382
23.21
1.1684
13.04
1.2033
8.75
1.2183
0.00
1.2480
704. B = C6H6 (14)
(0.05%)(73)
Wt. % B
dl5
100.00
0.8737
60.27
0.9144
40.65
0.9347
20.36
0.9556
10.23
0.9660
0.00
0.9783
705. B = C6H6O
Phenol
(0.01%)(27)
Wt. % B
dl
0.00
0.9916
1.0101
17.26
26.01
1.0196
35.14
1.0294
45.48
1.0412
51.89
1.0479
58.46
1.0543
66.99
1.0617
76.81
1.0699
82.86
1.0741
91.89
1.0786
100.00
1.0835
Wt. % B
<
0.00
0.9819
8.30
0.9916
16.12
1.0005
24.36
1.0096
1.0187
32.58
38.94
1.0258
47.13
1.0349
54.96
1.0429
1.0513
63.81
70.49
1.0567
77.94
1.0619
85.17
1.0667
92.45
1.0709
100.00
1.0751
Wt. % B
<
0.00
0.9723
8.30
0.9820
16.12
0.9909
24.36
1.0002
32.58
1.0096
38.94
1.0167
47.13
1.0260
54.96
1.0343
63.81
1.0426
70.49
1.0482
77.94
1.0533
85.17
1.0582
92.45
1.0624
100.00
1.0667
Wt. % B
0.00
8.30
16.12
24.36 '
32.58
38.94
47.13
54.96
63.81
70.49
77.94
85.17
92.45
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
8.30
16.12
24.36
32.58
38.94
47.13
54.96
63.81
70.49
77.94
85.17
92.45
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
8.30
16.12
24.36
32.58
38.94
47.13
54.96
63.81
70.49
77.94
85.17
92.45
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
8.30
16.12
24.36
32.58
38.94
47.13
54.96
63.81
70.49
77.94
85.17
92.45
100.00
^440
0.9627
0.9724
0.9814
0.9909
1.0005
1.0077
1.0173
1.0257
1.0341
1.0397
1.0449
1.0498
1.0539
1.0583
dj
0.9425
0.9524
0.9620
0.9720
0.9821
0.9897
0.9995
1.0083
1.0168
1.0226
1.0279
1.0327
1.0369
1.0414
dj
0.9219
0.9325
0.9429
0.9532
0.9639
0.9718
0.9821
0.9910
0.9995
1.0053
1.0107
1.0155
1.0198
1.0242
dl1?
0.8901
0.9015
0.9120
0.9235
0.9348
0.9431
0.9535
0.9626
0.9719
0.9779
0.9833
0.9878
0.9923
0.9967
706. B = C6H7N
Aniline (267)i
(0-100)(0.25%)(79)
a
I
10%
100 MoI % B
a
103b
1.033
0.800*
50 MoI % B
1.025
I
0.885*
O MoI % B
1.001
I
0.964*
707. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 3
Ethyl acetoacetate
(0.05%)( 71 )
df
m Wt. % A
100.00
0.9782
82.89
0.9853
67.91
0.9916
49.00
0.9999
28.93
1.0091
0.00
1.0222
708. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid
(0.1%)(12)
MoI % A
100.0
60.0
50.0
44.0
38.0
33.3
28.0
25.0
18.0
MoI % A
60.0
50.0
44.0
38.0
33.3
28.0
25.0
18.0
14.0
8.0
0.0
MoI % A
50.0
44.0
38.0
33.3
28.0
25.0
18.0
14.0
8.0
dl1Q
0.8897
1.0122
1.0326
1.0455
1.0560
1.0626
1.0694
1.0713
1.0747
d]2&
0.9999
1.0189
1.0325
1.0440
1.0494
1.0560
1.0581
1.0612
1.0698
1.0740
1.0769
d}40
1.0059
1.0182
1.0304
1.0362
1.0418
1.0447
1.0495
1.0560
1.0605
709. B = C7H7NO
Benzamide
(to 12.46 Wt. %B)(70)
dj5 = (0.9746 + 0.021087
Wt. % B) 0.05%
710. B = C7H7NO
Formanilide
(to 19.14 Wt. % B) (70)
f = (0.9746 + 0.021537
Wt. % B) +0.05%
711. B = C7H8O
o-Cresol (0.01%)(28)
Wt. % B
0.00
12.05
24.55
33.60
45.83
55.91
66.83
77.73
85.72
91.85
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
12.05
24.55
33.60
45.83
55.91
66.83
77.73
85.72
91.85
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
12.05
24.55
33.60
45.83
55.91
66.83
77.73
85.72
91.85
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
12.05
24.55
33.60
45.83
55.91
66.83
77.73
85.72
91.85
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
12.05
24.55
33.60
45.83
55.91
66.83
77.73
85.72
91.85
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
12.05
24.55
33.60
45.83
<%
1.0013
1.0100
1.0197
1.0267
1.0364
1.0438
1.0513
1.0573
1.0605
1.0628
1.0653
d}
0.9916
1.0005
1.0104
1.0178
.0279
.0355
.0430
.0491
.0521
1.0544
1.0567
<
0.9819
0.9912
1.0012
1.0091
1.0196
1.0273
1.0348
1.0408
1.0439
1.0461
1.0483
<
0.9723
0.9818
0.9928
1.0005
1.0112
1.0190
1.0265
1.0324
1.0356
1.0376
1.0399
df
0.9627
0.9722
0.9835
0.9918
1.0026
1.0105
1.0180
1.0238
1.0270
1.0290
1.0312
4
0.9425
0.9531
0.9653
0.9742
0.9855
Wt. % B
55.91
66.83
77.73
85.72
91.85
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
12.05
24.55
33.60
45.83
55.91
66.83
77.73
85.72
91.85
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
12.05
24.55
33.60
45.83
55.91
66.83
77.73
85.72
91.85
100.00
dj
0.9937
1.0013
1.0070
1.0099
1.0117
1.0137
dj
0.9219
0.9341
0.9473
0.9565
0.9684
0.9767
0.9846
0.9901
0.9929
0.9946
0.9963
di10
0.8901
0.9041
0.9179
0.9277
0.9404
0.9491
0.9570
0.9623
0.9649
0.9664
0.9678
712. B = C7H8O
m-Cresol
(0.1%)(28)
Wt. % B
dl
0.00
1.0013
14.09
1.0098
27.45
1.0181
41.40
1.0264
46.92
1.0296
55.33
1.0345
61.80
1.0377
70.62
1.0418
75.90
1.0439
85.17
1.0467
91.41
1.0479
100.00
1.0493
Wt. % B
d\
0.00
0.9916
14.09
1.0003
27.45
1.0088
41.40
1.0175
46.92
1.0209
55.33
1.0260
61.80
1.0294
70.62
1.0336
75.90
1.0357
85.17
1.0385
91.41
1.0399
100.00
1.0413
Wt. % B
<fi
0.00
0.9819
14.09
0.9908
27.45
0.9995
Wt. % B
41.40
46.92
55.33
61.80
70.62
75.90
85.17
91.41
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
14.09
27.45
41.40
46.92
55.33
61.80
70.62
75.90
85.17
91.41
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
14.09
27.45
41.40
46.92
55.33
61.80
70.62
75.90
85.17
91.41
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
14.09
27.45
41.40
46.92
55.33
61.80
70.62
75.90
85.17
91.41
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
14.47
26.75
38.43
50.72
61.52
70.94
82.33
90.88
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
14.47
26.75
38.43
50.72
dj
1.0086
1.0121
1.0174
1.0211
1,0254
1.0275
1.0303
1.0318
1.0333
<
0.9723
0.9813
0.9902
0.9998
1.0033
1.0089
1.0128
1.0172
1.0193
1.0221
1.0237
1.0253
dj
0.9627
0.9718
0.9809
0.9909
0.9946
1.0003
1.0045
1.0089
1.0110
1.0139
1.0155
1.0173
dj
0.9425
0.9527
0.9630
0.9737
0.9778
0.9839
0.9882
0.9930
0.9951
0.9981
0.9997
1.0015
dl
0.9219
0.9344
0.9448
0.9545
0.9644
0.9721
0.9772
0.9817
0.9836
0.9853
<#10
0.8901
0.9037
0.9155
0.9265
0.9376
Wt. % B
61.52
70.94
82.33
90.88
100.00
d\1Q
0.9456
0.9511
0.9555
0.9576
0.9594
713. B = C7H8O
p-Cresol
(0.01%)(28)
Wt". % B
dl
0.00
1.0013
21.03
1.0145
29.61
1.0200
40.04
1.0265
46.71
1.0305
54.46
1.0351
60.37
1.0385
67.82
1.0419
75.36
1.0445
83.28
1.0464
91.01
1.0477
100.00
1.0487
Wt. % B
<#
0.00
0.9916
21.03
1.0051
29.61
1.0108
40.04
1.0176
46.71
1.0219
54.46
1.0267
60.37
1.0302
67.82
1.0338
75.36
1.0365
83.28
1.0386
91.01
1.0400
100.00
1.0412
Wt. % B
d\Q
0.00
0.9819
21.03
0.9957
29.61
1.0016
40.04
1.0087
46.71
1.0132
54.46
1.0182
60.37
1.0217
67.82
1.0254
75.36
1.0283
83.28
1.0306
91.01
1.0320
1.0335
100.00
Wt. % B
d?.
0.00
0.9723
21.03
0.9865
29.61
0.9926
40.04
1.0000
46.71
1.0046
54.46
1.0099
60.37
1.0133
67.82
1.0170
75.36
1.0200
83.28
1.0223
91.01
1.0239.
100.00
1.0257
Wt. % B
. d\Q
0.00
O 9627
21.03
0.9773
29.61
0,9836
Wt. % B
d?
40.04
46.71
54.46
60.37
67.82
75.36
83.28
91.01
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
21.03
29.61
40.04
46.71
54.46
60.37
67.82
75.36
83.28
91.01
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
14.06
27.48
41.10
54.03
63.11
71.88
81.72
89.95
100.00
Wt. % B
0.00
14.06
27.48
41.10
54.03
63.11
71.88
81.72
89.95
100.00
0.9913
0.9962
1.0014
1.0048
1.0086
1.0117
1.0140
1.0159
1.0177
dlQ
0.9425
0.9592
0.9661
0.9744
0.9795
0.9850
0.9888
0.9927
0.9959
0.9984
1.0005
1.0026
dj
0.9219
0.9344
0.9463
0.9575
0.9679
0.9741
0.9792
0.9828
0.9850
0.9868
d\lQ
0.8901
0.9038
0.9166
0.9292
0.9411
0.9475
0.9527
0.9566
0.9588
0.9604
714. B = C8H5NO2
Phthalimide
(to 11.93 Wt. % B)(70)
df = (0.9746 + 0.02263
Wt. % B) +0.05%
715. B = C8H14O3
Ethyl ethylacetoacetate
(0.05%)(7i)
Wt. % A
J?
100.00
0.9742
87.30
0.9743
59.38
0.9750
36.01
0.9755
14.67
0.9751
0.00
0.9750
C5H5N.(Continued)
716. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(209)
19.26 Wt. % B
t
d\
0.0
1.0410
13.8
1.0277
15.7
1.0262
43.6
0.9981
58.6
0.9878
66.3
0.9742
91.6
0.9477
100.0
0.9387
717. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene
(to 3.113 Wt. % A)(54)
d}8 = (0.97112 +
0.035915 Wt. % A) 0.0075%
718. B = Ci0Hi8O3
(0.05%)(7l)
Wt. % A
dl6
100.00
0.9782
97.17
0.9781
93.09
0.9777
78.90
0.9758
49.17
0.9719
0.9646
0.00
719. B = Ci 3 HnNO
Benzanilide
(to 12.75 Wt. % B)(70)
d? = (0.9746 + 0.021709
Wt. % B) 0.05%
720. B = Ci 3 Hi 2 N 2 O
Carbanilide
(to 7.18 Wt. % B)(70)
dj5 = (0.9746 + 0.021615
Wt. % B) + 0.05%
721. B = Ci3Hi2N2S
Thiocarbanilide
(0.05%)(70)
Wt. % A
dj*
100.00
0.9746
92.60
0.9919
85.49
1.0050
722. B = Ci4H9NO2
Phthalanil (70)i
723. B = C20Hi6Br2O8
Methyl di-[o-bromobenzoyl]tartrate (88)
v. also 15, 171, 183, 185, 318,
354, 370, 394, 491, 558, 559,
563, 587, 608, 614
C5H7NO2
Ethyl cyanoacetate
724. B = C8H20IN
(330)1
C5H8O
Propargyl ethyl ether
725. B = C7Hi4O2
Isoamyl acetate
(0-100 Wt. % A)(125)
df = (0.8664 - 0.0334
Wt. % A) + 0.05%
C5HsO2
Acetylacetone
726. B = C8H20IN
(329)1
C5H8O3
Methyl acetoacetato
727. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(223)
a
I
10%
(15.3-54)
10.21 Wt. % B
1.0919
|1.033(*-15.3)
(16.9-57.3)
25.23 Wt. % B
1.1102
ll.071(*-16.9)
(15.6-56.2)
50.46 Wt. % B
1.1429
|1.011(/-15.6)
C5H8O4
Dimethyl malonate
728. B = C8H20IN
(330)1
728.5. B = Ci2H28IN
Tetrapropy!ammonium iodide
(330)1
C5Hi0
Amylene
729. B = C6H6 (103)
730. B = C6H7N
Aniline
(0.25%)(314)
Wt. % B
dj
0.0
0.658
27.8
0.743
61.1
0.857
76.0
0.913
100.0
1.022
v. also 49, 101, 280, 395, 668
C5H10O
Allyl ethyl ether
731. B = C7Hi4O2
Isoamyl acetate
(0.05%)(125)
Wt. % B
dj 8
100.00
0.8664
94.36
0.8628
89.42
0.8591
0.00
0.7993
C5H IuO 2
Valeric acid
732. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O
Camphor (323, 342)
C5HiOO2
Isovaleric acid
v. 50
C5HioO2
Isobutyl formate
733. B = C 5 Hi 0 O 2
Ethyl propionate
(0-40)(0.025%)(24)
a
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % A
0.9066 I
1.075*
49.875 Wt. % A
0.9094 I
1.106*
0.000 Wt. % A
0.9122
I
1.139*
734. B = C5Hi0O2
Propyl acetate
(0-40)(0.025%)(24)
a
I
103b
100.000 Wt. % A
0.9066 I
1.075*
50.556 Wt. % A
0.9076 I
1.094*
0.000 Wt. % A
0.9084
I
1.111*
735. B = C8Hi0
Ethylbenzene
(0-40)(0.025%)(24)
a
I
103b
0.000 Wt. % A
0.8913
I
0.8863*
51.162 Wt. % A
0.8983
I
0.9788*
100.000 Wt. % A
0.9066 I
1.0750*
v. also 615, 654
C5HioO2
Ethyl propionate
736. B = C 5 Hi 0 O 2
Propyl acetate
(to 40)(0.025%) (24)
a
I
103b
100.000 Wt. % A
0.91220 I
1.139*
49.776 Wt. % A
0.91020 I
1.124*
0.000 Wt. % A
0.90835 I
1.111*
7Oi. D = C 5 Hi 2
Isopentane ( 24 )i
738. B = C6H4Br2
739. B = C6H6 (is)
740. B = C 9 Hi 2
1, 2, 4-Trimethy !benzene
(to40)(0.025%)(24)
a
I
103b
100.000 Wt. % A
0.91220 I
1.1388*
53.579 Wt. % A
0.90180
I
0.9675*
0.000 Wt. % A
0.89260 I
0.8088*
741. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (is)
742. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2
Azobenzene O 58 )
v. also 616, 733
C5HioO2
Methyl butyrate
743. B = C6H4Br2
p-Dibromobenzene Q 58 )
744. B = C6H6 ( i58 )
745. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (^8)
746. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2
Azobenzene (I 58 )
747. B = C 14 Hi 0
Phenanthrene (i 58 )
v. also 595
C5HiQO2
Propyl acetate
748. B = C6Hi2O2
Amyl formate
(0.05%)(i57)
4=
O MoI % B
0.9049(1 - 0.0212030
26 MoI % B
0.9029(1 - 0.O21171/)
70 MoI % B
0.8999(1 - 0.O21125/)
100 MoI % B
0.8971(1 - 0.021097/)
749. B = C6Hi4
Isohexane (2 4 ) 1
750. B = C9H12
1, 2, 4-Trimethy!benzene
(to40)(0.025%)(24)
a
I
103b
100.000 Wt. % A
0.9084 )
1.1112*
53.615 Wt. % A
0.9000
I
0.9575*
0.000 Wt. % A
0.8926 I
0.8075*
v. also 734, 736
C5HioOs
Methyl Z-a-methoxypropionate
751. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2
Nitrobenzene
(0.05%)(2H)
(-16.6 to +130)
a
I
103b
0.00 Wt. % B
1.0361 |1.143(/-fl6.6)
(16.6-119)
90.10 Wt. % B
1.1841
|l.022(/-16.6)
v. also 255
C5HuBr
Z-Amyl bromide
752. B = Ci 0 Hi 7 NO
d-Camphoroxime ( 145 )
753. B = C10H17NO
Z-Camphoroxime ( 14S )
C5HnN, Piperidine
754. B = C6H6 C 14 *)
755. B = C7H8
Toluene (122,251)
<- 6 = (0.8380 - O.OJ7
Mol % A) 0.1%
(83.33 Mol % B)(0.1%)
t
d\
14.5
0.8684
46.6
0.8377
78.4
0.8077
132.5
0.7535
v. also 495, 588
C 5 Hi 2
Pentane
v. 102, 669
CoH 12
Isopentane
756. B = C6H14
n-Hexane (24)i
757. B = C9Hi2
Trimethylbenzene (24)i
v. also 737
C5H12O
Amyl alcohol
758. B = C6H6 (35, 39l)
759. B = C8H20IN
(331)1
v. also 103, 201, 396, 507
C5Hi2O
Isoamyl alcohol
760. B = C6H6NO2
Nitrobenzene
(0.075%) (68, 150)
Wt. % A
dl
100.00
0.8253
90.02
0.8541
70.01
0.9166
50.00
0.9866
29.98
1.0703
9.94
1.1664
0.00
1.2206
Wt. % A
d\Q
100.00
0.7636
90.02
0.7914
70.03
0.8497
49.96
0.9151
30.03
0.9943
10.06
1.0875
0.00
1.1444
760.5. B = C6H6 (35l)
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % A
0.000
0.911
1.727
2.520
3.655
8.670
^48-4
0.8800
0.8800
0.8798
0.8792
0.8785
0.8754
Wt. % A
12.670
18.495
36.000
^48'4
0.8727
0.8686
0.8587
761. B = C6Hi0O8
Citric acid monohydrate (296)i,2
762. B = C6Hi2O3
Paraldehyde
(0.075%)(68, 150)
Wt. % A
d\
100.00
0.8183
90.00
0.8327
70.00
0.8659
0.00
0.9011
o0.05
0.9401
JO.OO
0.9822
0.00
1.0037
Wt. % A
^6'6
1(0.00
0.7656
89.98
0.7785
70.02
0.8061
50.00
0.8366
59.99
0.8719
9.96
0.9076
0.00
0.9248
762.5. B = C6Hu
Hoxane (0.1%) (361)
Wt % A
4 8 ' 4 (?)
0 000
0.6660
1 208
0.6709
3 591
0.6778
4 770
0.6795
17 600
0.6918
23 060
0.7024
100 OOP
0.8116
763. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid (296)i,2
764. B = C7H6O3
Salicylic acid (296)i,2
765. B = C7H8O6
Gallic acid monohydrate (296)i,2
766. B = C8Hi0N4O2
Caffeine (292)2
757. B = Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 2
Phenacetine (292)2
768. B = CioHi&N
Diethylaniline
(0.075%)(68, ISO)
Wt % A
dl
100.00
0.8253
90.03
0.8367
70.52
0.8586
50.08
0.8834
30.52
0.9091
10.00
0.9367
0.00
0.9504
Wt. % A
dl*'6
100.00
0.7656
90.02
0.7764
70.00
0.7995
50.08
0.8218
30.15
0.8473
Wt. % A
^6-5
10.07
0.8741
0.00
0.8901
769. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O 4
Camphoric acid (296)i,2
779. B = C6H12O3
Paraldehyde (158)
780. B = C6H14
Hexane (318) i
781. B = C7H8
Toluene (158)
(0.005%) (318)
Wt. % A
d?
0.000
0.86137
3.771
0.88001
7.744
0.90046
13.631
0.93323
23.644
0.99323
770. B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3
Salol (292)2
771. B = Ci8H34O2
Oleic acid ( 57 )
772. B = C18H36O2
Stearic acid (2 96) 1.2
v. also 86, 172, 396.5, 577, 592
C6H12O
Dimethylethyl carbinol, v. 233
782. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2
Isoamyl acetate (158, 3i8i)
C5H12O
783. B = C 7Hi 4 O2
Propyl butyrate (158)
n-Propyl ethyl ether

773. B = C7Hi4O2
Isoamyl acetate
(0-100 Wt. % A) (12 5)
of = (0.8664 - 0.021052
Wt. % A) 0.05%
784. B - C8H8O2
v. also 16, 51, 104, 281, 344, 355,
399, 551, 596, 617, 650, 670,
738, 743
C6H3N3O6
774. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (163.1)
(0.05%)(163)
MoI % B
d}52
O
1.4769
25
1.3676
40
1.2920
50
1.2370
60
1.1159
75
1.0883
100
0.9213
775. B = Ci 2 HnN
Diphenylamine
(0.5%)(3H)
MoI % B
d\*
100
1.065
80
1.100
60
1.140
40
1.200
20
1.265
O
1.333
v. also 397
C6H4Br3N
785. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2
Isoamyl acetate (3Q6)i
C6H4ClNO2
o-Chloronitrobenzene
786. B = Ci 2 HnN
Diphenylamine
(0.5%)(3ii)
MoI % A
dlQ
O
1.060
10
1.075
20
1.100
30
1.130
40
1.145
50
1.170
60
1.200
70
1.230
80
1.260
90
1.290
100
1.335
C6H4Cl2
C6H3N3O7
Picric acid
776. B = C6H6 (I48)i
v. also 398, 1276, 1277
C6H4Br2
p-Dibromobenzene
777. B = C6H6 (158)
(0.005%)(318)
. Wt. % B
dl6
100.000
0.87339
95.176
0.89724
91.022
0.91867
81.344
0.97381
72.520
1.02956
778. B = C6Hi2O2
Ethyl butyrate (158)
'
p-Dichlorobenzene
787. B = C6H5Cl
Chlorobenzene
(0.1%)(25)
Wt. % B
97.34
94.87
92.45
90.07
84.74
82.69
80.11
74.84
69.58
67.80
66.80
0.00
dl
1.1323
1.1363
1.1402
1.1441
1.1528
1.1561
1.1605
1.1693
1.1782
1.1811
1.1830
1.1282
C6H4Cl2.- (Continued)
B = C6H5Cl,- (Continued)
Wt. % B
d8'*
100.00
1.1135
97.34
1.1176
94.87
1.1214
92.45
1.1253
90.07
1.1292
1.1377
84.74
82.69
1.1413
80.11
1.1415
74.84
1.1541
69.58
1.1632
67.80
1.1662
66.80
1.1679
64.98
1.1710
60.18
1.1797
l. 1800
55.36
QoHL^Clz
Dichlorobenzene
v. 17
C6H4Cl3N
788. B = C7H14O2
C6H4N2O4
ra-Dinitrobenzene
789. B = C6H6
(0.01%)(158, 318)
1
103b
(15-70)
100.000 Wt. % B
0.88441 I 1.081 (J - 15)
(15-60)
95.399 Wt. % B
0.90082
I 1.0650 - 15)
(20-70)
91.795 Wt. % B
0.90893
I 1.0680 - 20)
(15-70)
86.036 Wt. % B
0.93598
I 1.0620 - 15)
a
790. B = C7H8
Toluene (158, 319i)
(0.01%)(318)
a
I
103b
(15-70)
0.000 Wt. % A
0.8705 I 0.9380 - 15)
(20-70)
3.931 Wt. % A
0.8807
I 0.9220 - 20)
(15-70)
7.128 Wt. % A
0.8974 I 0.9400 - 15)
13.491 Wt. % A
0.9225 I 0.9400 - 15)
791. B == Ci0H8
Naphthalene (163.1)
(0.05%)(163)
MoI % A
0.0
25.0
42.5
50.0
54.0
60.0
75.0
100.0
dj
1.3639
1.2663
1.1975
1.1706
1.1512
1.1319
1.0753
0.9696
df
795. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
1.2180
1.1955
1.1751
1.1613
Wt. % A
df
100.00
1.4938
95.00
1.4744
90.07
1.4567
52.03
1.3355
0.00
1.2052
a
103b
(14.3-100.6)
100.00 Wt. % A
1.5013 ! 1.3400 - 14.3)
(18.6-100.6)
90.07 Wt. % A
1.4585 I 1.3200 - 18.6)
(19.4-100.8)
75.06 Wt. % A
1.4043 I 1.2630 - 19.4)
(19.1-101.0)
52.03 Wt. % A
1.3366 I 1.1950 - 19.1)
(16.8-99.4)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.2085 I 1.016(* - 16.8)
(0.05%)(217)
v. also 105, 618, 1280

C6H5Br
Bromobenzene
792. B = C6H5Cl
Chlorobenzene (35, 349i)

(0.025%) (2 3)
Wt. % A
dj
100.000
1.4960
80.603
1.4223
68.989
1.3777
45.179
1.2854
25.320
1.2074
10.723
1.1494
0.000
1.1065
(0.05%)(i57)
4 =
0.0 MoI % A
1.1257(1 - 0.03935*)
20.2 MoI % A
1.2114(1 - 0.03946*)
67.4 MoI % A
1.3770(1 - 0.039430
100.00 MoI % A
1.5158(1 - 0.03853*)
793. B = C6H6 (61, 186)

(0.01%)(23)
Wt. % B
dj
0.000
1.4960
36.892
1.2918
53.614
1.1910
67.696
1.1016
82.230
1.0046
100.000
0.8790
(to80)(0.1%)(!85)
a
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % B
0.9003 I
1.073*
75.26 Wt. % B
1.0001 I
1.107*
49.73 Wt. % B
1.1330 I
1.186*
25.26 Wt. % B
1.2948 I
1.251*
0.00 Wt. % B
1.5215
1.354*
794. B = C7H8
Toluene
(0.025%)(23)
Wt. % A
d24
100.000
1.4960
65.796
1.2801
41.048
1.1241
22.297
1.0061
0.000
0.8661
796. B = C8H20IN
(331)1
v. also 18, 52, 106, 319, 400, 508

C6H5Br2N
2, 4-Dibromoaniline
797. B = C7HuO2
Isoamyl acetate (306)i
C6H5Br2N
2, 6-Dibromoaniline
798. B = C7Hi4O2
Wt. % A
100.00
95.07
90.22
78.27
69.57
61.10
50.10
41.85
28.59
18.55
0.00
8 0 1 . B = C7H8
Toluene (158)
(0.025%)(23)
Wt. % A
d*
100.000
1.1065
71.678
1.0369
45.779
0.9744
21.516
0.9167
13.803
0.8985
7.060
0.8826
0.000
0.8661
(0.0075%)(i7i)
wt. % A
dy
100.000
80.249
46.646
22.292
20.427
0.000
1.10026
1.04460
0.95883
0.90535
0.90148
0.86053
802. B = C7Hi6
Heptane (61)
803. B = C7H16O
804. B = C8Hi0
m-Xylene (61)
C6H6Cl
Chlorobenzene
805. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
799. B = C6H6 (25,1 35, 99,186)
(0.025%) (23)
Wt. % B
dj
0.000
1.1065
31.171
1.0419
57.896
0.9820
77.462
0.9357
100.000
0.8790
(to80)(0.075%)(i85)
a
I
103b
0.00 Wt. % B
1.1283 I
1.080*
25.39 Wt. % B
1.0592 I
1.073*
49.46 Wt. % B
1.0020 I
1.081*
74.84 Wt. % B
0.9483 I
1.081*
100.000 Wt. % B
0.9002 I
1.073*
800. B = C6H6O
Phenol
(0.01%)(27)
dj
1.1050
1.1033
1.1017
1.0979
1.0953
1.0929
1.0897
1.0873
1.0835
1.0805
1.0752
(0.05%)(217)
a
103b
(17.05-38.53)
100.00 Wt. % A
1.1096 I 1.0800 - 17.05)
(18.5-31.87)
96.19 Wt. % A
1.1106 I 1.0840 - 18.5)
(15-99)
89.99 Wt. % A
1.1202 I 1.1010 - 15)
(14.7-99.0)
75.00 Wt. % A
1.1342
1.1010 - 14.7)
(17.9-101.3)
52.53 Wt. % A
1.1516 I 1.0780 - 17.9)
(18.8-49.5)
24.65 Wt. % A
1.1795 I 1.0810 - 18.8)
(16.8-99.4)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.2085
1.0160 - 16.8)
806. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene
(to 2.132 Wt. % B) (54)
d8 = (1.10864 - 0.03835
Wt. % B) 0.0075%
807. B = Ci0Hi6O
Camphor
(0.1%)(235)
Wt. % B
0.00
0.73
5.51
18.64
30.35
59.25
df
1.101
1.099
1.092
1.072
1.054
1.014
v. also 19, 53, 282, 320, 401,

509y 787, 792
C6H5ClO
o-Chlorophenol
808.B = C6H7N
Aniline (307)i
C0.01%)(28)
Wt. % B
dl
100.00
1.0350
84,46
1.0643
70.06
1.0956
59.84
1.1219
53.39
1.1374
48.32
1.1495
43.13
1.1615
39.39
1.1701
34.82
1.1809
31.50
1.1891
22.20
1.2105
10.35
1.2382
0.00
1.2623
Wt. % B
dlQ
100.00
1.0218
84.46
1.0554
70.06
1.0864
59.84
1.1123
53.39
1.1277
48.32
1.1396
43.13
1.1515
39.39
1.1600
34.82
1.1707
31.50
1.1788
22.20
1.2000
10.35
1.2273
0.00
1.2509
Wt. % B
dj
100.00
1.0131
84.46
1.0466
70.06
1.0772
59.84
1.1027
53.39
1.1180
48.32
1.1297
43.13
1.1416
39.39
1.1499
34.82
1.1605
31.50
1.1685
22.20
1.1895
10.35
1.2164
0.00
1.2397
Wt. % B
100.00
84.46
70.06
59.84
53.39
48.32
43.13
39.39
34.82
31.50
22.20
10.35
0.00
Wt. % B.
100.00
84.46
70.06
59.84
53.39
48.32
43.13
39.39
34.82
31.50
22.20
10.35
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
84.46
70.06
59.84
53.39
48.32
43.13
39.39
34.82
31.50
22.20
10.35
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
84.46
70.06
59.84
53.39
48.32
43.13
39.39
34.82
31.50
22.20
10.35
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
84.46
70.06
59.84
53.39
48.32
43.13
39.39
34.82
d*
1.0045
1.0377
1.0680
1.0931
1.1083
1.1198
1.1316
1.1399
1.1503
1.1582
1.1790
1.2055
1.2282
dl
0.9872
1.0197
1.0496
1.0739
1.0888
1.1000
1.1116
1.1196
1.1300
1.1376
1.1580
1.1837
1.2058
dl
0.9700
1.0017
1.0311
1.0547
1.0693
1.0802
1.0916
1.0993
1.1096
1.1169
1.1371
1.1619
1.1832
d\w
0.9431
0.9739
1.0019
1.0248
1.0389
1.0493
1.0603
1.0678
1.0774
1.0843
1.1038
1.1280
1.1489
dl50
0.9053
0.9355
0.9620
0.9839
0.9972
1.0069
1.0177
1.0249
1.0339
Wt. % B
31.50
22.20
10.35
0.00
d\
1.0404
1.0589
1.0822
1.1027
809. B = C6H8N2
Phenylhydrazine
(0.1%)(307)
Wt. % A
100.0
85.2
64.0
53.5
50.7
25.0
0.0
dj
1.203
1.187
1.166
1.154
1.145
1.108
1.068
810. B = C7Hi4O2
811. B = C8HnN
Dimethylaniline
(to80)(0.025%)(28)
a
I
103b
0.00 Wt. % A
0.9726
I
0.8213*
14.67 Wt. % A
1.0070
I
0.870Oi
27.71 Wt. % A
1.0432
I
0.9075*
40.65 Wt. % A
1.0819 I
0.9475t
52.49 Wt. % A
1.1191 I
0.9850*
60.40 Wt. % A
1.1443 I
1.0050*
70.50 Wt. % A
1.1761 1
1.0325*
75.41 Wt. % A
1.1928 I
1.0550*
80.87 Wt. % A
1.2108 I
1.0725*
83.81 Wt. % A
1.2205 i
1.0825*
90.14 Wt. % A
1.2414
I
1.1000*
100.00 Wt. % A
1.2737 I
1.1338*
812. B = C9H7N
Quinolme
(0.01%)(28)
Wt. % B
100.00
83.21
67.47
57.61
51.19
49.69
46.72
45.06
42.08
36.58
27.82
13.34
0.00
d4
1.1077
1.1412
1.1728
1.1925
1.2045
1.2074
1.2128
1.2156
1.2203
1.2282
1.2403
1.2581
1.2737
Wt. % B
100.00
83.21
67.47
57.61
51.19
49.69
46.72
45.06
42.08
36.58
27.82
13.34
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
83.21
67.47
57.61
51.19
49.69
46.72
45.06
42.08
36.58
27.82
13.34
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
83.21
67.47
57.61
51.19
49.69
46.72
45.06
42.08
36.58
27.82
13.34
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
83.21
67.47
57.61
51.19
49.69
46.72
45.06
42.08
36.58
27.82
13.34
0.00
Wt. % B
100.00
83.21
67.47
57.61
51.19
49.69
46.72
45.06
dj
1.1001
1.1331
1.1643
1.1837
1.1956
1.1985
1.2038
1.2066
1.2112
1.2188
1.2304
1.2474
1.2622
df
1.0925
1.1250
1.1557
1.1748
1.1867
1.1895
1.1948
1.1975
1.2021
1.2095
1.2205
1.2363
1.2508
<fl
1.0849
1.1169
1.1472
1.1660
1.1777
1.1805
1.1858
1.1883
1.1930
1.2001
1.2106
1.2253
1.2397
d?
1.0772
1.1089
1.1387
1.1573
1.1688
1.1715
1.1768
1.1792
1.1838
1.1906
1.2006
1.2149
1.2282
dj
1.0614
1.0928
1.1220
1.1402
1.1510
1.1537
1.1588
1.1611
C6H5ClO.- (Continued)
B = C9H7N.(Contmu6d)
Wt. % B
dl
42.08
1.1655
36.58
1.1718
27.82
1.1811
13.34
1.1941
0.00
1.2058
Wt. % B
dj
100.00
1.0458
83.21
1.0767
1.1053
67.47
57.61
1.1230
51.19
1.1333
49.69
1.1360
46.72
1.1407
45.06
1.1433
42.08
1.1473
36.58
1.1531
27.82
1.1615
13.34
1.1732
0.00
1.1832
Wt. % B
dj10
100.00
1.0213
83.21
1.0517
67.47
1.0790
57.61
1.0952
51.19
1.1049
49.69
1.1072
46.72
1.1118
45.06
1.1139
42.08
1.1175
36.58
1.1232
1.1311
27.82
13.34
1.1413
0.00
1.1489
Wt. % B
d\bo
100.00
0.9879
83.21
1.0178
67.47
1.0428
57.61
1.0574
51.19
1.0664
1.0681
49.69
46.72
1.0721
1.0741
45.06
42.08
1.0772
36.58
1.0822
27.82
1.0893
13.34
1.0976
0.00
1.1027
813. B = C13Hi3N
Diphenylmethylamine
(to80)(0.025%)(28)
a
I
103b
0.00 Wt. % A
1.0674 I
0.7888*
13.83 Wt. % A
1.0923
I
0.820Oi
25.90 Wt. % A
1.1146 I
0.8575*
38.35 Wt. % A
1.1391 I
0.8975*
50.52 Wt. % A
1.1637 I
0.9350*
I
1036
57.58 Wt. % A
1.1788 I
0.9750*
68.76 Wt. % A
1.2030
I
1.0150*
79.34 Wt. % A
1.2261
I
1.0525*
89.62 Wt. % A
1.2492 I
1.0925*
100.00 Wt. % A
1.2737
I
1.1388*
a
v. also 402, 510, 702

C6H6ClO
ra-Chlorophenol
814. B = C6H7N
Aniline
(0.1%)(307)
Wt. % B
0.0
9.0
19.4
30.1
40.3
60.1
75.4
100.0
Wt, % B
0.0
9.0
19.4
30.1
40.3
60.1
75.4
100.0
dj5
1.268
1.238
1.207
1.181
1.153
1.104
1.071
1.022
dl
1.237
1.210
1.180
1.153
1.126
1.077
1.045
0.992
815. B = C7H14O2
v. also 403
C6H5ClO
p-Chlorophenol
816. B = C6H7N
Aniline
(0.1%)(307)
Wt. % B
7.8
15.4
fi*
1.249
1.228
22.2
29.9
37.2
1.209
1.185
1.166
41.8
50.2
70.2
90.3
100.0
Wt. % B
0.0
7.8
15.4
22.2
29.9
37.2
41.8
50.2
1.154
1.133
1.084
1.037
1.022
dj
1.244
1.223
1.199
1.179
1.158
1.140
1.128
1.107
Wt. % B
djj
70.2
1.058
90.3
1.012
100.0
0.992
817. B = C7H14O2
v. also 404
C6H5Cl2N
818. B = C7H14O2
C6H6F
Fluorobenzene
818.5 B = C6H6
(to 80)(0.075%)O5)
a
I
103b
0.00 Wt. % B
1.0468 I
1.216*
24.98 Wt. % B
1.0052 I
1.159*
50.24 Wt. % B
0.9687
I
1.159*
74.22 Wt. % B
0.9345 I
1.125*
100.00 Wt. % B
0.9002 I
1.073*
C6H5I
lodobenzene
819. B = C6H6
(to 80)(0.075%)(is5)
a
I
103b
0.00 Wt. % B
1.8611 I
1.520*
25.16 Wt. % B
1.4662
I
1.406*
50.05 Wt. % B
1.2133 I
1.294*
100.00 Wt. % B
0.9002 I
1.073*
820. B = C8H14O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%) (217)
a
I
103b
(19.5-38.5)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.8316 I 1.575(* - 19.5)
(18.85-51.6)
9.93 Wt. % B
1.7313 I 1.4950 - 18.85)
(19.5-50.6)
24.94 Wt. % B
1.6148 I 1.413(* - 19.5)
(18.3-53.2)
47.97 Wt. % B
1.4502 1 1.259(* - 18.3)
(19.25-36.2)
75.30 Wt. % B
1.3135 I 1.132(*-19.25)
C6H5I2N
2, 4-Diiodoaniline
821. B = C 7 H 14 O 2
C6H6NO2
Nitrobenzene
823. B = C6H6 (14, 122,1 142,
158, 240)
(50Wt. % B) (0.025%) (178)

*
d\
O
1.03874
25
1.01248
40
0.99731
55
0.98282
70
0.96678
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % B
<P4
0.000
1.2048
0.282
1.2040
0.353
1.2032
0.773
1.2022
1.419
1.2000
1.1920
3.118
7.250
1.1734
16.335
1.1382
100.000
0.8800
(0.0075%) (171)
Wt. % B
dj5
0.000
1.19823
14.391
1.13851
37.604
1.05304
80.049
0.92504
100.000
0.87421
824. B = C6H6O
Phenol
(0.01%) (2 7)
Wt. % A
dj
100.00
1.2019
95.84
1.1955
91.16
1.1886
81.88
1.1754
72.59
1.1633
62.04
1.1494
50.27
1.1345
41.36
1.1232
28.97
1.1084
15.32
1.0926
1.0751
0.00
825. B = C6H7N
Aniline ( 0.075 %) (l 12)
(25-90)
62.92 Wt. % B
a
103b
1.1343
0.9030-25)
(0.25%)(156)
d\ = (1.038 + 0.02184
MoI % A)
df = (0.987 + 0.02176
MoI % A)
826. B = C6H10O4
Methyl Z-a-acetoxypropionate
(0.05%)(2il)
a
I
103b
(-7.4 to +141)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.1198 |1.144(* + 7.4)
(0.3-141)
89.86 Wt. % A
1.2103 I 1.0060- 0.3)
827. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 6
Methyl tartrate
(14-41)(0.05%)(210)
95.06 Wt. % A
a
103b
1.214
1.00-14)
828. B = C6H12O3
Paraldehyde (158)
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % B
0.000
0.443
0.685
0.906
1.778
3.442
4.555
9.000
17.630
23.650
dl
1.2048
1.2032
1.2024
1.2020
1.2000
1.1968
1.1944
1.1852
1.1670
1.1530
829. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid (296) 1.2
4 =
100 MoI % A
1.2220(1 - 0.0,78040
75 MoI % A
1.1618(1 - 0.0,79300
50 MoI % A
1.1060(1 - 0.0,80400
25 MoI % A
1.0521(1 - 0.0,80600
O MoI % A
1.0028(1 - 0.0879800
834. B = C7H9N
o-Toluidine
(0.05%)(157)
4=
100 MoI % A
1.2220(1 - 0.0378040
75 MoI % A
1.1677(1 - 0.0380400
50 MoI % A
1.1159(1 - 0.0.81600
O MoI % A
1.0647(1 - 0.0,81600
830. B = C7H6O3
Salicylic acid (296) 1.2
835. B - C8H8O2
831. B = C7H8
Toluene (158,348)
836. B = C8H9Cl3O7
Methyl mono (trichloroacetyl) tartrate
(17-48.7)(0.05%)(210)
95.25 Wt. % A
a
103b
1.2163
0.039630 - 17)
(0.0075%) ("l)
Wt. % A
dl*
100.000
1.19848
84.606
1.13195
62.598
1.04733
29.050
0.93966
0.89218
12.207
0.000
0.86036
(0.075%)(122)
833. B = C7H9N
Methylaniline
837. B = C8H11N
Dimethylaniline
(0.05%) (157)
4 =
100 MoI % A
1.2220(1 - 0.0378040
75 MoI % A
1.1582(1 -0.0,819(M)
50 MoI % A
1.0868(1 - 0.0381900
25 MoI % A
1.0266(1 - 0.0384100
O MoI % A
0.9742(1 - 0.038680Q
838. B = C8HnN
Ethylaniline
(0.05%) (15 7)
4 =
100 MoI % A
1.2220(1 - 0.0378040
75 MoI % A
1.1493(1 - 0.O3SlOOO
50 MoI % A
1.0853(1 - 0.0382200
25 MoI % A
1.0278(1 - 0.0382600
O MoI % A
0.9792(1 - 0.0,87400
839. B = C8Hi4O6
Dimethyl cZ-dimethoxysuccinate
<0.05%)(157)
(0.075%)(222)
Wt. % A
a!?
0.00
0.8330
16.92
0.8775
31.62
0.9192
57.61
1.0019
71.48
1.0517
82.03
1.0926
91.70
. 1.1324
100.00
1.1691
(0.075%)(H2)
a
I
103b
(25-75)
0.00 Wt. % A
0.8599
I 0.8900 - 25)
(25-90)
73.70 Wt. % A
1.0869 I 0.9440 - 25)
832. B = C7H8O
o-Cresol
(0.005%) (319)
Wt. % B
df- 87
0.000
1.21065
3.080
1.20504
9.545
1.19320
16.221
1.18142
I
103b
(65.3-153)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.1250 I 1.0520 - 65.3)
(15.6-150)
90.90 Wt. % A
1.2039 I 0.9930 - 15.6)
840. B = C8H14O6
(0.075%)(208)
a
I
103b
(19.1-100.0)
0.00 Wt. % B
1.2042 I 0.9780 - 19.1)
(20.0-99.0)
2.00 Wt. % B
1.2030 I 0.9870 -20.0)
(19.0-98.5)
5.00 Wt. % B
1.2037 I 0.9950 - 19.0)
(18.0-100.0)
10.00 Wt. % B
1.2041 I 0.9890 -18.0)
(17.3-100.0)
19.94 Wt. % B
1.2042 I 0.9980 - 17.3)
(18.7-100.0)
50.02 Wt. % B
1.2029 I 1.013(1 - 18.7)
(19.3-131.2)
100.00 Wt. % B
1.2062 I 1.0230 - 19.3)
841.B = C8H20IN
Tetraethylammonium
iodide (33i)i
842. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (158, 163.1)
(0.0075%)(54)
Wt. % B
d\s
0.000
1.20538
1.032
1.20322
2.037
1.20106
a
(0.05%) (163)
MoI % B
<
O
1.1439
20
1.1135
30
1.0959
50
1.0626
70
1.0300
80
1.0120
90
0.9951
100
0.9790
843. B = Ci0H8Cl6O8
Methyl di(trichloroacetyl) tartrate
(0.05%)(210)
a
I
103b
(17-48.7)
95.25 Wt. % A
1.2163 I 0.9630 - 17.0)
(14-90.2)
95.10 Wt. % A
1.2779 I 1.0060 - 14.0)
844. B = Ci 0 Hi 4
Durene
(0.005%) (31)
Wt. % A
dj5
100.000
1.19761
97.984
1.18915
94.225
1.17376
845. B = Ci 0 Hi 0 N
Diethylaniline
(0.05%) (157)
4 =
100.00 MoI % A
1.2220(1 - 0.0378040
66.67 MoI % A
1.1071(1 - 0.0379100
33.33 MoI % A
1.0147(1 - 0.0377200
0.00 MoI % A
0.9508(1 - 0.0,8455p
846. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O 4
Camphoric acid (2 96) 1,2
847. B = Ci0H20O
Z-Menthol
(0.05%) (226)
a
I
103b
(19.25-43.2)
98.55 Wt. % A
1.1978 I 0.9810 - 19.25)
(8.5-41.7)
97.94 Wt. % A
1.2061 I 0.9880 -8.5)
(9.8-78.7)
93.35 Wt. % A
1.1853 I 0.9530 -9.8)
(19.1-54.1)
69.51 Wt. % A
1.0891 I 0.9170 - 19.1)
(0.25%)(273)
(55.6-99.0)
100.00 MoI % A
1.1655 I 0.9220 -55.6)
90.85 Moi % A
1.1215 I 0.9880 -55.6)
69.16 MoI % A
1.0374 1 0.9340 -55.6)
54.83 MoI % A
0.9915 I 0.8520 - 55.6)
36.73 MoI % A
0.9442 I 0.8680 - 55.6)
16.26 MoI % A
0.9011 I 0.8260 - 55.6)
O.OO MoI % A
0.8690 I 0.7330 - 55.6)
848. B = Ci2Hi0
Acenaphthene (15S)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
97.166
96.135
1.19761
1.19385
1.19249
849. B = Ci 2 Hi 0
Diphenyl (158)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
1.19761
98.103
1.19389
95.751
1.18902
C6H5NO2.- (Continued)
850. B = Ci 2 H 10 N 2
Azobenzene (158)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % B
a?
0.000
1.19761
1.844
1.19490
4.479
1.19134
851. B = Ci2Hi2Cl6O8
Ethyldi(trichloroacetyl)tartrate
(0.05) (210)
a
I
10%
(15.2-131)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.4764 I 1.2220 - 15.2)
(12.5-74.2)
95.01 Wt. % A
1.2218 I 0.9980 - 12.5)
852. B = Ci2Hi8O8
(0.25%X273)
a
103b
(55.6-99.0)
100.00 MoI % A
1.1655 I 0.9220 - 55.6)
(67.3-99.0)
87.73 MoI % A
1.1435 I 0.9970 -67.3)
68.13 MoI % A
1.1248 I 0.8200 -67.3)
50.12 MoI % A
1.1310 1 0.9970 - 67.3)
32.90 MoI % A
1.1198 I 1.0190 - 67.3)
15.59 MoI % A
1.1439 I 1.1330 - 67.3)
0.00 MoI % A
1.1086 I 0.8960 - 67.3)
853. B = Ci2H28IN
(330)1
854. B = Ci4Hi0
Phenanthrene (158)
855. B = Ci4H10O2
Benzil (158)
(0.005%) (318)
Wt. % A
d?
100.000
1.19761
98.197
1.19660
95.357
1.19529
856. B = C16H20Cl6O8
Isobutyl di (trichloroacetyl)tartrate
(0.05%) (210)
a
I
103b
(18.2-157)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.3584 I 1.0440 - 18.2)
(13.6-91.9)
94.98 Wt. % A
1.2164 I 0.9910 - 13.6)
857. B = Ci6H24O3S
(0.05%) (212)
a
I
103b
(15.7-70.5)
92.14 Wt. % A
1.1973
0.9720 - 15.7)
(16.0-78.4)
81.23 Wt. % A
1.1863 I 0.9540 - 16.0)
858. B = Ci6H26O8
Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate
(0.05%) (216)
(-4.2 to +141)
90.32 Wt. % A
a
10%
1.2146
0.9770 -f 4.2)
859. B = Ci8Hi6O6
acL-Methyl dibenzoylglycerate ( 90 )
860. B = Ci8H36O2
Stearic acid (296)i.
861. B = C20H26O3S
Menthyl naphthalene/3-sulfonate
(0.05%) (212)
a
|.
103b
(12.5-61.7)
97.05 Wt. % A
1.2058 I 0.9390 - 12.5)
(12.7-61.4)
91.36 Wt. % A
1.2028
0.9580 - 12.7)
862. B = C24H42O6
J-Menthyl d-tartrate
(0.05%)(226)
I
103b
(16.7-43.3)
98.57 Wt. % A
1.2038 I 0.9740 - 16.7)
(10.1-56.9)
93.51 Wt. % A
1.2012 I 0.9690 - 10.1)
a
863. B = C 24 H 42 O 6
Di-Z-menthyl Z-tarti;ate
(0.05%) (214)
a
I
103b
(17.85-29.30)
98.02 Wt. % A
1.2006 I 1.0040 - 17.85)
(17.50-43.50)
94.65 Wt. % A
1.1932 I 0.9810 - 17.50)
864. B = C28H46O8
Z-Menthyl diacetyl-Z-tartrate
(0.05%)(214)
a
I
103b
(15-142)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.0557 I 0.8020 - 15)
(16.66-32.80)
97.41 Wt. % A
1.2017 I 0.9910 - 16.66)
I
103b
(17.75-48.40)
94.64 Wt. % A
1.1957 I 0.9730 - 17.75)
a
865. B = C28H46O8
I-Menthyl diacetyl-dZ-tartrate
a
I
10%
(0.05%)(215)
(19.85-34.8)
95.62 Wt. % A
1.1958 I 0.9630 - 19.85)
v. also 54, 87, 202, 256, 283, 321,
405, 511, 581, 619, 655, 660,
671, 751, 760, 1273
C6H5NO3
o-Nitrophenol
866. B = C6H6 (0.005%) (319)
Wt. % B
d2-87
100.000
0.88619
96.908
0.89533
93.380
0.90617
88.562
0.92127
74.895
0.96695
867. B = C6H7N, Aniline
(0.01%)(28)
Wt. % B
<
100.00
1.0131
89.12
1.0376
77.64
1.0654
67.23
1.0923
1.1174
58.00
48.72
1.1444
39.48
1.1715
31.68
1.1966
22.89
1.2261
14.96
1.2527
8.51
1.2741
0.00
1.3041
Wt. % B
<ff
100.00
1.0045
89.12
1.0288
77.64
1.0565
67.23
1.0832
58.00
1.1079
48.72
1.1349
39.48
1.1618
31.68
1.1865
22.89
1.2160
14.96
1.2426
8.51
1.2638
0.00
1.2938
Wt. % B
<
100.00
0.9872
89.12
1.0109
77.64
1.0382
67.23
1.0644
58.00
1.0887
48.72
1.1149
39.48
1.1418
31.68
1.1661
22.89
1.1952
14.96
1.2214
8.51
1.2427
0.00
1.2708
Wt. % B
df
100.00
0.9700
89.12
0.9933
77.64
1.0202
67.23
1.0460
58.00
1.0698
48.72
1.0954
39.48
1.1221
31.68
1.1461
22.89
1.1746
14.96
1.2006
8.51
1.2216
0.00
1.2480
868. B = C7H9N
p-Toluidine
(0.1%)(307)
Wt. % A
dl
0.0
0.958
35.3
1.050
79.6
1.220
100.0
1.282
869. B = C7H14O2
Isoamyl acetate (305) i
870. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate
(0.05%)(224)
I
103b
(47.7-78.1)
23.89 Wt, % B
1.2599 I 1.0140 - 47.7)
(56.8-97.3)
51.12 Wt. % B
1.2321 I 1.0990 - 56.8)
(12.5-72.5)
74.95 Wt. % B
1.2554 I 1.0810 - 12.5)
871. B = C9H7N
Quinoline
(0.01)(28)
Wt. % B
d
100.00
1.0849
89.20
1.1071
1.1311
78.57
69.31
1.1518
58.39
1.1758
50.84
1.1938
41.80
1.2140
32.96
1.2339
22.44
1.2549
17.59
1.2655
13.24
1.2746
8.82
1.2842
4.46
1.2939
0.00
1.3041
Wt. % B
df
100.00
1.0772
1.0988
89.20
78.57
1.1223
69.31
1.1429
58.39
1.1665
50.84
1.1842
41.80
1.2043
32.96
1.2240
22.44
1.2454
17.59
1.2557
a
Wt. % B
df
13.24
8.82
4.46
0.00
1.2647
1.2742
1.2838
1.2938
Wt. % B
<fl
100.00
89.20
78.57
69.31
58.39
50.84
41.80
32.96
22.44
17.59
13.24
8.82
4.46
0.00
1.0614
1.0822
1.1049
1.1248
1.1478
1.1649
1.1844
1.2036
1.2244
1.2346
1.2433
1.2521
1.2613
1.2708
Wt. % B
<
100.00
89.20
78.57
69.31
58.39
50.84
41.80
32.96
22.44
17.59
13.24
8.82
4.46
0.00
1.0458
1.0656
1.0878
1.1068
1.1290
1.1457
1.1647
1.1834
1.2036
1.2136
1.2218
1.2304
1.2391
l. 2480
p. also 107, 406, 703

C6H5NO3
m-Nitrophenol
872. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2
C6H6NO3
p-Nitrophenol
873. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2
Isoamyl acetate (3QS)i
v. also 407
C6H5N3O4
2, 4-DinitroaniIine, v. 228
C6H6
874. B = C6H6O
Phenol (0.01%) (27)
Wt. % A
dj
100.00
0.8773
93.96
0.8881
90.16
0.8950
79.99
0.9134
67.60
0.9371
57.91
0.9549
46.98
0.9766
36.35
0.9976
25.89
1.0194
17.80
1.0383
Q.OO
1.0751
875. B = C6H7N
Aniline (14, 142)
(0.075%)(i22)
Wt. % B
<
100.00
1.0208
89.59
1.0034
66.65
0.9712
11.40
0.8934
0.00
0.8783
876. B = C6H10O3
Ethyl acetoacetate (142, 158)
(0.05%)(7i)
Wt. % A
df
100.00
0.8736
97.22
0.8770
89.53
0.8869
56.44
0.9324
6.12
1.0126
0.00
1.0222
877. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 4
Ethyl oxalate Q99)i
878. B = C6Hi2O2
Amy l formate (199)*
879. B = C 6 Hi 2 O 2
Butyl acetate (I99)i
Wt. %A
41.54
47.03
55.30
63.58
69.18
70.78
77.38
79.85
81.34
86.27
88.61
91.58
92.80
95.20
100.00
883. B = C7H6N3O6
Trinitrotoluene
(0.005%)(319)
Wt. % A
df -87
100.000
0.88619
95.959
0.90238
92.736
0.91559
88.621
0.92751
86.608
0.94176
880. B == C 6 Hi 2 O 2
Ethyl butyrate (158, i9*)
881. B = C6H12O3
Paraldehyde (142,158)
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % A
d24
0.000
0.9948
0.442
0.9940
0.660
0.9935
1.770
0.9910
3.480
0.9892
8.915
0.9846
15.485
0.9730
81.150
0.8980
89.325
0.8892
96.160
0.8814
97.849
0.8808
99.231
0.8805
99.962
0.8803
100.000
0.8800
882. B == C6Hi4
w-Hexane (14, 35, 158, ssi)
(0.025%)(138)
Wt. % A
d4
0.00
0.67743
1.24
0.67939
1.52
0.67995
9.27
0.69249
12.31
0.69759
15.07
0.70232
16.95
0.70570
21.57
0.71377
22.41
0.71535
24.22
0.71855
31.87
0.73290
33.23
0.73548
36.51
0.74197
38.38
0.74558
40.40
0.74966
0.75183
41.39
dl
0.75214
0.76355
0.78166
0.80081
0.81417
0.81819
0.83512
0.84161
0.84566
0.85933
0.86602
0.87452
0.87816
0.88527
0.90017
884. B = C7H6O
Benzaldehyde (142)
885. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid (I48,i 296,i 303)
(25-75)(0.1%)(ii2)
4.81 Wt. % B
a
103b
0.8818
1.0620 - 25)
(to 6.785 Wt. % B) (319)
di2-87 = (0.88638 +
0.0221504Wt. % B ) 0.005%
888. B = C7H8O
Benzyl alcohol (233)i
889. B = C7H8O
o-Cresol
(0.005%) (319)
Wt. % A
d\2'87
100.000
0.88638
96.379
0.89155
94.827
0.89433
88.954
0.90245
77.725
0.91935
890. B = C7H8O
m-Cresol
(0.05%)(157)
d{ =
O MoI % A
1.0493(1 - 0.037110
25 MoI % A
1.0180(1 - 0.039670
50 MoI % A
0.9795(1 - 0.038780
75 MoI % A
0.9382(1 - 0.039800
100 MoI % A
0.8994(1 - 0.O211921)
891. B = C7H8O6
Gallic acid monohydrate (2 96) 1.2
892. B = C7H12O4
Ethyl malonate (I99)i
893. B == C 7 Hi 4 O 2
886. B = C7H6O3
Salicylic acid (286)1.2
894. B = C7H14O2
Ethyl valerate (I99)i
887. B = C7H8
895. B = C7H14O2
(24,195,199,105,1112,1133,158,
178,1
50 MoI % A
0.8903(1 - 0.O2IlOOO
25 MoI % A
0.8866(1 - 0.0210520
O MoI % A
0.8825(1 - 0.03982Q
186.1,1 283,1 351, 3521)
(0.025%)(23)
Wt. % A
dl
0.00
0.8661
28.22
0.8687
52.93
0.8715
78.16
0.8751
100.00
0.8790
(0.0075%)(171)
dj5
Wt. % A
0.000
0.86054
10.990
0.86198
30.588
0.86400
51.920
0.86682
66.576
0.86906
91.556
0.87288
100.000
0.87420
(0.05%)(157)
4 =
100 MoI % A
0.8995(1 - 0.021325)
75 MoI % A
0.8957(1 - 0.0211630
896. B = C 7 Hj 6
Heptane (236)i
897. B = C7H16O
Diethylisopropyl alcohol (233)i
898. B = C8H8O
Acetophenone
(16-55)(0.1%)(29)
a
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % A
0.8832
I 1.060 - 16)
84.49 Wt. % A
0.9050
1 1.0370 - 16)
50.83 Wt. % A
0.9523
I 0.9540 - 16)
32.12 Wt. % A
0.9809
I 0.9080 - 16)
15.35 Wt. % A
1.0070
I 0.91250 - 16)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.0317
I 0.8670 - 16)
899. B = C8H8O2
Wt. % B
df
13.24
8.82
4.46
0.00
1.2647
1.2742
1.2838
1.2938
Wt. % B
<fl
100.00
89.20
78.57
69.31
58.39
50.84
41.80
32.96
22.44
17.59
13.24
8.82
4.46
0.00
1.0614
1.0822
1.1049
1.1248
1.1478
1.1649
1.1844
1.2036
1.2244
1.2346
1.2433
1.2521
1.2613
1.2708
Wt. % B
<
100.00
89.20
78.57
69.31
58.39
50.84
41.80
32.96
22.44
17.59
13.24
8.82
4.46
0.00
1.0458
1.0656
1.0878
1.1068
1.1290
1.1457
1.1647
1.1834
1.2036
1.2136
1.2218
1.2304
1.2391
l. 2480
p. also 107, 406, 703

C6H5NO3
m-Nitrophenol
872. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2
C6H6NO3
p-Nitrophenol
873. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2
Isoamyl acetate (3QS)i
v. also 407
C6H5N3O4
2, 4-DinitroaniIine, v. 228
C6H6
874. B = C6H6O
Phenol (0.01%) (27)
Wt. % A
dj
100.00
0.8773
0.8881
93.96
90.16
0.8950
79.99
0.9134
67.60
0.9371
57.91
0.9549
46.98
0.9766
36.35
0.9976
25.89
1.0194
17.80
1.0383
Q.OO
1.0751
875. B = C6H7N
Aniline (14, 142)
(0.075%)(i22)
Wt. % B
<
100.00
1.0208
89.59
1.0034
66.65
0.9712
11.40
0.8934
0.00
0.8783
876. B = C6H10O3
Ethyl acetoacetate (142, 158)
(0.05%)(7i)
Wt. % A
df
100.00
0.8736
97.22
0.8770
89.53
0.8869
56.44
0.9324
6.12
1.0126
0.00
1.0222
877. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 4
Ethyl oxalate Q99)i
878. B = C6Hi2O2
Amy l formate (199)*
879. B = C 6 Hi 2 O 2
Butyl acetate (I99)i
Wt. %A
41.54
47.03
55.30
63.58
69.18
70.78
77.38
79.85
81.34
86.27
88.61
91.58
92.80
95.20
100.00
883. B = C7H6N3O6
Trinitrotoluene
(0.005%)(319)
df -87
Wt. % A
100.000
0.88619
95.959
0.90238
92.736
0.91559
88.621
0.92751
86.608
0.94176
880. B == C 6 Hi 2 O 2
Ethyl butyrate (158, i9*)
881. B = C6H12O3
Paraldehyde (142,158)
(0.1%) (361)
Wt. % A
d24
0.000
0.9948
0.442
0.9940
0.660
0.9935
1.770
0.9910
3.480
0.9892
8.915
0.9846
15.485
0.9730
81.150
0.8980
89.325
0.8892
96.160
0.8814
97.849
0.8808
99.231
0.8805
99.962
0.8803
0.8800
100.000
882. B == C6Hi4
w-Hexane (14, 35, 158, ssi)
(0.025%)(138)
Wt. % A
d4
0.00
0.67743
1.24
0.67939
1.52
0.67995
9.27
0.69249
12.31
0.69759
15.07
0.70232
16.95
0.70570
21.57
0.71377
22.41
0.71535
24.22
0.71855
31.87
0.73290
33.23
0.73548
36.51
0.74197
38.38
0.74558
40.40
0.74966
41.39
0.75183
dl
0.75214
0.76355
0.78166
0.80081
0.81417
0.81819
0.83512
0.84161
0.84566
0.85933
0.86602
0.87452
0.87816
0.88527
0.90017
884. B = C7H6O
Benzaldehyde (142)
885. B = C7H6O2
Benzoic acid (I48,i 296,i 303)
(25-75)(0.1%)(ii2)
4.81 Wt. % B
103b
a
0.8818
1.0620 - 25)
(to 6.785 Wt. % B) (319)
di2-87 = (0.88638 +
0.0221504Wt. % B ) 0.005%
888. B = C7H8O
Benzyl alcohol (233)i
889. B = C7H8O
o-Cresol
(0.005%) (319)
Wt. % A
d\2'87
100.000
0.88638
96.379
0.89155
94.827
0.89433
88.954
0.90245
77.725
0.91935
890. B = C7H8O
m-Cresol
(0.05%)(157)
d{ =
O MoI % A
1.0493(1 - 0.037110
25 MoI % A
1.0180(1 - 0.039670
50 MoI % A
0.9795(1 - 0.038780
75 MoI % A
0.9382(1 - 0.039800
100 MoI % A
0.8994(1 - 0.O211921)
891. B = C7H8O6
Gallic acid monohydrate (2 96) 1.2
892. B = C7H12O4
Ethyl malonate (I99)i
893. B == C 7 Hi 4 O 2
886. B = C7H6O3
Salicylic acid (286)1.2
894. B = C7H14O2
Ethyl valerate (I99)i
887. B = C7H8
895. B = C7H14O2
(24,195,199,105,1112,1133,158,
178,1
50 MoI % A
0.8903(1 - 0.O2IlOOO
25 MoI % A
0.8866(1 - 0.0210520
O MoI % A
0.8825(1 - 0.03982Q
186.1,1 283,1 351, 3521)
(0.025%)(23)
Wt. % A
dl
0.00
0.8661
28.22
0.8687
52.93
0.8715
78.16
0.8751
100.00
0.8790
(0.0075%)(171)
dj5
Wt. % A
0.000
0.86054
10.990
0.86198
30.588
0.86400
51.920
0.86682
66.576
0.86906
91.556
0.87288
100.000
0.87420
(0.05%)(157)
4 =
100 MoI % A
0.8995(1 - 0.021325)
75 MoI % A
0.8957(1 - 0.0211630
896. B = C 7 Hj 6
Heptane (236)i
897. B = C7H16O
Diethylisopropyl alcohol (233)i
898. B = C8H8O
Acetophenone
(16-55)(0.1%)(29)
103b
a
I
100.00 Wt. % A
0.8832
I 1.060 - 16)
84.49 Wt. % A
0.9050
1 1.0370 - 16)
50.83 Wt. % A
0.9523
I 0.9540 - 16)
32.12 Wt. % A
0.9809
I 0.9080 - 16)
15.35 Wt. % A
1.0070
I 0.91250 - 16)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.0317
I 0.8670 - 16)
899. B = C8H8O2
C 6 H 6 .(Continued)
900. B = C8H9NO
Acetanilide (292)2
901. B - C 8 Hi 0
Ethy !benzene
(to 40) (0.025%)(2 4)
a
I
103b
100.000 Wt. % A
0.89993
I
I.OQoSt
57.367 Wt. % A
0.89455
I
0.9725J
0.000 Wt. % A
0.89130
0.8863*
902. B = C 8 Hi 0
w-Xylene
(0.05%)( 157 )
4=
100 MoI % A
0.8995(1 - 0.021325*)
75 MoI % A
0.8931(1 - 0.0211070
50 MoI % A
0.8883(1 - 0.021053f)
25 MoI % A
0.8851(1 - 0.0210160
O MoI % A
0.8828(1 - 0.03957Q
903. B = C 8 Hi 0 N 4 O 2
Caffeine (292)2
904. B = C 8 H 10 O 4
Diallyl oxalate (**8)i
905. B = C8Hi2O6
(16.5-45.8)(0.05%)
(227)
4.039 Wt. % B
a
103b
0.8909
1.051( - 16.5)
906. B = C8Hi4O3
Ethyl ethylacetoacetate (is)
(0.05%) (71)
Wt. % A
dl*
100.00
0.8736
82.25
0.8907
75.02
0.8974
63.87
0.9086
0.00
0.9754
907. B = C8Hi4O4
Ethyl Buccinate (*99)i
908. B = C8Hi4O6
Ethyl tartrate (340,i 343,i
3441)
(0.05%)(205)
I
103b
(17.95-58.90)
100.000 Wt. % A
0.8812 11.085(^-17.95)
(19.65-26.53)
98.999 Wt. % A
0.8817
11.075(^-19.65)
(18.6-24.53)
98.647 Wt. % A
0.8835
|1.063(* - 18.6)
a
I
103b
(20-24.22)
97.955 Wt. % A
0.8836
I 1.068(Z - 20)
(19.61-45.05)
97.479 Wt. % A
0.8851 [1.117(^-19.61)
(18.1--24.03)
96.983 Wt. % A
0.8879
|1.079( - 18.1)
(18.15-45.8)
95.003 Wt. % A
0.8924
11.074(^-18.15)
(19.7-25.63)
92.466 Wt. % A
0.8969
1.062(*- 19.7)
(17.6-61.28)
89.998 Wt. % A
0.9053
|1.089(* - 17.6)
(16.33-25.60)
82.582 Wt. % A
0.9254
(1.068(^-16.33)
(17.5-60.6)
75.022 Wt. % A
0.9443
|1.093(* - 17.5)
(19.3-62.8)
49.996 Wt. % A
1.0165
1.079(* - 19.3)
(20.7-60.2)
24.801 Wt. % A
1.1026
|1.061(* -20.7)
(16.8-99.4)
0.000 Wt. % A
1.2085
|1.016(1 - 16.8)
a
909. B = C8Hi8O
Capryl alcohol (233)i
910. B = C9Hi0O2
Ethyl benzoate (I99)i
911. B = C 9 Hi 0 O 3
Ethyl salicylate (I99)i
912. B = C9HnNO
Methylacetanilide (180)
913. B = C9Hi2
1, 2, 4-Trimethylbenzene
(to 40) (0.025%) (24)
a
I
103b
100.000 Wt. % A
0.8999
I 1.0650*
61.954 Wt. % A
0.8925
I 0.9238*
0.000 Wt. % A
0.8926
I 0.8075*
914. B = C9Hi3N
(0.075%) (122)
Wt. % A
d*4-6
100.00
0.8427
88.50
0.8488
76.64
0.8553
55.93
0.8667
36.81
0.8775
23.01
0.8855
10.44
0.8930
0.00
0.8992
915. B = C9Hi4O
Phorone (I48)i
916. B = C9Hi4O6
Ethyl Z-diacetylglycerate (90)
917. B = Ci0H6Cl2
Dichloronaphthalene (14 8 ) i
918. B = Ci0H7NO2
Nitronaphthalene (148) i
919. B = Ci0H8
Naphthalene (106, 148,i 158,
172,1 354)
(0.005%) (319)
Wt. % A
d\2-87
100.000
0.88638
97.634
0.88946
91.206
0.89805
(0.005%) (336)
Wt. % A
100.000
92.863
83.893
80.090
72.852
65.188
d?
0.87166
0.88132
0.89378
0.89906
0.90930
0.92028
~ = (1.15338 - 0.0218196
Cf4
Wt. % B + 0.061076
(Wt. % B)2) 0.005%
(48, 49)
920. B = Ci 0 Hi 2 O
Anethole
(0.075%)(233)
Wt. % A
d}9-43
100.00
0.8795
96.57
0.8826
89.66
0.8911
78.86
0.9073
0.00
0.9987
921. B = Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 2
Phenacetine (292)2
922. B = Ci 0 Hi 4
Durene
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
100.000
97.405
92.962
90.439
86.366
84.068
76.732
Jf
0.87339
0.87294
0.87267
0.87233
0.87208
0.87242
0.87217
923. B = C10H14N2
Nicotine (93,1 110, 341, 3431)
924. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 O
Thymol (354)
(15-65)( 0.075%) (172)
a
I
103b
100.00 Wt. % A
0.8846
I 1.036(* - 15)
87.86 Wt. % A
0.8943
I 1.022(* - 15)
925. B = C10Hi5BrO
Bromocamphor O 48 ) 1
(0.1%)(235)
ft*
0.8728
0.8743
Wt. % A
100.00
99.53
95.49
0.8871
78.79
0.9431
67.50
0.9848
53.88
1.0409
926. B = Ci0Hi6O
Camphor (I48,i354)
(to 54.20 Wt. % B) (ioo, 170,
175, 263, 343)
4s-5 = (0.8814 + 0.037801

Wt. % B ) 0.1%
(to 50.00 Wt. % B)(ioo, 170,
175, 263, 343)
dl = (0.8795 + 0.037980
Wt. % B) 0.1%
(to 52.37 Wt. % B)(235)
df = (0.8728 + 0.038325
Wt. % B) 0.1%
927. B = Ci0Hi6O4
Camphoric acid (296)i.2
928. B = Ci0Hi7Cl
Terpine hydrochloride Q 48 ) 1
929. B = C10H18O3
(158)
(0.05%) (71)
Wt. % A
df
100.00
0.8736
96.35
0.8766
85.84
0.8851
50.48
0.9171
31.81
0.9345
0.00
0.9646
930. B = C10H18O6
Dipropyl tartrate
(0.1%)(340)
I
103b
(20-60)
0.00 Wt. % A
1.1389
|0.905(* -20)
(20-40)
24.09 Wt. % A
1.0648 I 0.940 -20)
54.49 Wt. % A
0.9811 I 0.96(* - 20)
83.64 Wt. % A
0.9128
I 1.0Q(* -20)
931. B = C10H20O
Menthol (I48)i
(0.05%)(226)
a
I
103b
(9.1-32.6)
98.544 Wt. % A
0.8915 |1.111(* - 9 . 1 )
(7.1-34.2)
92.503 Wt. % A
0.8917 |0.997(* - 7.1)
932. B = C 10 H 20 O 8
Amyl valerate (I99)i
933. B = C10H20O2
d--Octyl acetate (242)
dy = (0.8794 - 0.032073
Wt. % B ) 0.1%
a
934. B = Ci2H10
Acenaphthene (158)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
dlb
100.000
0.87338
98.131
0.87678
95.807
0.88140
92.183
0.88752
87.436
0.89598
935. B = C12H10
Diphenyl (158)
(0.005%)(3is, 336)
Wt. % A
df
100.000
0.87253
98.036
0.87600
94.794
0.88037
92.054
0.88240
90.305
0.88678
87.051
0.89146
84.823
0.89256
84.661
0.89495
76.870
0.90578
70.205
0.91138
60.653
0.92786
936. B = C12H10N2
Azobenzene (I 58 )
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % B
dj6
0.000
0.87339
1.946
0.87673
3.819
0.88009
7.292
0.88600
13.643
0.89750
937. B = Ci 2 H 14 O 5
Ethyl monobenzoylglycerate
(*)
938. B = C12H16O2
Amyl benzoate (I99)i
939. B = C13H10O
Benzophenone
(0.01%)(33)
Wt. % A
dj
100.000
0.86833
98.516
0.87119
95.899
0.87640
88.941
0.89052
940. B = C 13 H 10 O 3
Salol (292)2
941. B = C14H8O2
Anthraquinone
(0.01%)(297, 317)
Wt. % A
dl
t
99.89
0.8900
O
99.74
0.8794
20
99.65
0.8692
30
99.51
0.8591
40
99.30
0.8439
50
99.04
0.8389
60
98.66
0.8288
70
98.25
0.8190
80
942. B = C 14 H 8 O 2
Phenanthraquinone (297,i,2
3171,2)
943. B = C14H10
Anthracene
i
4
25 Wt. % A
5
1.0640
15
1.0550
25
1.0454
40
1.0325
60
1.0148
75
1.0015
O Wt. % A
5
1.1134
15
1.1249
25
1.1163
40
1.0780
60
1.0870
80
1.0546
90
1.0604
100
1.0571
(0.01%)(297, 317)
Wt. % A
99.40
99.03
98.59
98.01
97.29
96.38
95.11
93.46
92.30
0.9008
0.8909
0.8812
0.8717
0.8627
0.8541
0.8460
0.8374
0.8347
O
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
75
944. B = C14H10
Phenanthrene (158)
(0.01%)(318)
a
I
103b
(15-70)
100.00 Wt. % A
0.88441
I 1.081ft - 15)
95.970 Wt. % A
0.89174
I 1.058ft - 15)
(15-60)
92.770 Wt. % A
0.89807
I 1.046(2 - 15)
(20-70)
86. 285 Wt. % A
0.90588
1.019ft - 20)
947. B = C15H18O7
Diethyl monobenzoyltartrate
(ff)
948. B = C16H11N3O7
Naphthalene picrate (I48)i
949. B = C16H22O4
d-Octyl hydrogen phthalate
(0.05%)(72)
Wt. % A
df
93.82
0.8836
89.29
0.8837?
88.84
0.8866
80.71
0.9046
80.56
0.9054
950. B = C16H22O4
Z-Octyl hydrogen phthalate
t 72 ) 1
951. B = C16H22O4
dl-Octyl hydrogen phthalate
(5.86-18.29 Wt. % B) (72)
df = (0.8826 + 0.021537
(Wt. % B - 5.86)) 0.05%
952. B = Ci6H24O3S
t 212 ) 1
953. B = Ci6H32O2
Palmitic acid (158)
945. B = C 14 Hi 0 O 2
Benzil(i58)
(0.005%)(318)
Wt. % A
fi*
100.000
0.87338
98.106
0.87764
94.313
0.88646
94.052
0.88690
87.748
0.90169
82.948
0.91334
946. B = Ci 4 H 12 O 2
Benzyl benzoate
(0.01%)(22)
100 Wt. % A
5
0.8939
15
0.8832
25
0.8725
40
0.8565
60
0.8347
75
0.8083
75 Wt. % A
5
0.9468
15
0.9363
25
0.9263
40
0.9106
60
0.8904
75
0.8750
50 Wt. % A
5
1.0016
10
0.9980
15
0.9925
25
0.9825
40
0.9687
60
0.9560
75
0.9359
954. B = Ci8Hi6O6
Methyl d-dibenzoylglycerate
W
'
955. B = Ci8H36O2
Stearic acid (158)
956. B = Ci9Hi6
(0.005%) (318)
Wt. % A
dl5
100.000
0.87339
98.447
0.87612
97.499
0.87774
93.205
0.88488
957. B = C20H26O3S
Menthyl naphthalene-^sulfonate (212)1
958. B = C 20 H 38 O 2
Ethyl oleate (158)
959. B = C24H42O6
Di-/-menthyl /-tartrate
(0.05%) (214)
a
I
103b
(18.5-27.0)
97.269 Wt. % A
0.8821
|1.012(*-18.5)
(17.75-30.15)
94.606 Wt. % A
0.8860
11.040(1-17.75)
960. B = C24H42O6
Z-Menthyl d-tartrate
(0.05%)(226)
1
103b
(10.50-39.75)
98.363 Wt. % A
0.8911 11.060(J-IO. 50)
(9.4-37.2)
92.583 Wt. % A
0.8993
1.1.0040 - 9.4)
a
961. B = C28H46O8
Z-Menthyl diacetyl-J-tartrate
(0.05%)(214)
a
{
103b
(17.75-30.50)
97.938 Wt. % A
0.8833
11.090ft-17.75)
(17.85-30.10)
94.781 Wt. % A
0.8878
[1.053(*-17.85)
(15-142)
0.000 Wt. % A
1.0557
|0.802(1 - 15)
962. B = C28H46O8
Z-Menthyl diacetyl-dZ-tartrate
(19-28.8)(0.05%)(215)
5.204 Wt. % B
a
103b
0.8865
1.041 ft -19)
963. B = C5IH98O6
Tripalmitin
(0.05%)(332)
I
103b
(18.1-41.0)
100.00 Wt. % A
0.8799
11.057(E - 18.1)
(25-50)
98.02 Wt. % A
0.8735
I 1.036ft -25)
95.93 Wt. % A
0.8745
I 1.048ft - 25)
92.22 Wt. % A
0.8753 I 1.036ft - 25)
(70-107.2)
0.00 Wt. % A
0.8752
0.710ft - 70)
a
964. B = C 57 Hi 10 O 6
Tristearin
(0.05%)(332)
I
103b
(18.1-41.0)
100.00 Wt. % A
0.8799
11.057ft - 18.1)
a
C6H6.(Continued)
B = C67Hn0O6.(Continued)
a
I
103b
(25-50)
97.92 Wt. % A
0.8734 |0.968(* -25)
(70-113.2)
0.00 Wt. % A
0.8689
I 0.628( - 70)
964.5 B = Z-Turpentine
(0.025%)(123, 124, 289)
Wt. % A
0.000
20.077
39.999'
60.027
79.573
100.000
Wt. % A
0.000
20.077
39.999
60.027
79.573
100.000
Jl
0.86723
0.86975
0.87272
0.87774
0.88390
0.89144
dj5
0.86153
0.86351
0.86625
0.87087
0.87660
0.88369
(0.05%)(60, 170, 342)
Wt. % A
0.00
10.08
22.07
34.94
48.95
63.10
77.04
90.02
100.00
dl
0.8629
0.8634
0.8644
0.8656
0.8677
0.8705
0.8738
0.8771
0.8803
(0.025%)(123, 124, 289)
Wt. % A
d\2
0.000
0.85590
20.077
0.85767
39.999
0.85987
60.027
0.86412
79.573
0.86944
100.000
0.87611
v. also 20, 55, 88, 108, 145, 162,
203, 245, 250, 264, 284, 303,
307, 322, 345, 364, 408, 498,
512, 542, 547, 552, 560, 564,
569, 582, 593, 597, 609, 612,
620, 651, 657, 661, 672, 704,
729, 739, 744, 754, 758, 760.5,
776, 777, 789, 793, 799, 819,
818.5, 823, 866, 1267, 1269,
1271, 1278, 1279, 1281
C6H6BrN
o-Bromoaniline
965. B = C7Hi4O2
C6H6BrN
p-Bromoaniline
966. B = C7Hi4O2
v. also 409
C6H6ClN
o-Chloroaniline
967. B = C7Hi4O2
C6H6ClN
ra-Chloroaniline
968. B = C7Hi4O2
Isoamyl acetat

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International Critical Tables

Norwich, New York

Volume 1 Assistant Editors

Clarence J. West, PH.D.

N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D.

Alfons Klemenc, PH.

Volume 2 Associate Editors

Volume 2 Assistant Editors

Clarence J. West, PH.D.

N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D.

Alfons Klemenc, PH.D.

Volume 3 Associate Editors

Volume 3 Assistant Editors

Clarence J. West, PH.D.

N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D.

Alfons Klemenc, PH.D.

Volume 4 Associate Editors

Volume 4 Assistant Editors

Clarence J. West, PH.D.

N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D.

Alfons Klemenc, PH.D.

Volume 5 Associate Editors

Volume 5 Assistant Editors

Clarence J. West, PH.D.

N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D.

Martha D. Ring, B.S.

Volume 6 Associate Editors

Volume 6 Assistant Editors

Clarence J. West, PH.D.

Alfons Klemenc, PH.D.

N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D.

Martha D. Ring, B.S.

Volume 6 Associate Editors

Volume 6 Assistant Editors

Clarence J. West, PH.D.

Martha D. Ring, B.S.

N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D.

Volume of a Mass of Liquid of Known Weight in Air

Electron Emission Produced by Radiations from Radioactive Substances

Effect of Dilution, Coagulation and Precipitation

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

Table 2. Electrical Properties

C18H32O16 + 5H2O, Raffinose (Melitriose, Gossypose)

Rotations and Melting Points of Pure Sugars and Sugar Derivatives

Table 11. Elastic Properties

Table 5. Impact Hardness

Table 9. Endurance Limits at Various Temperatures, Reversed Bending Stresses (Rotating

Density and Thermal Expansion of Non-metallic Elementary Substances under Atmospheric

Table 3. Accurate Values for Densities of Liquid Organic Compounds at Particular

H2O2 [JAB] CdBr2 [GS]

CdBr2 NaI [JAB]

NaBrO3 [JAB] CsNO3 [JAB]

Densities (Specific Gravities) and Thermal Expansion of Aqueous Solutions of Organic

Density and Thermal Expansion of Homogeneous Non-Aqueous Mixtures in the Liquid or

1. Two-Component Systems; CCl4 C2H6O2

1. Two-Component Systems; C2H7N C6H5NO3

1. Two-Component Systems; C6H5NO3 C6H6O

B-Table: Standard Arrangement

Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Systems at Constant Temperature, Two Components Volatile, Partial

Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of HNO3, mm Hg

Freezing-PointSolubility Data: Systems Containing a Non-Metallic Element as One

2. The A-Components Are Elementary Substances; the B-Components Are Compounds

3. The A-Components Are Elementary Substances; the B-Components Are Compounds