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These ore used to compore two obiecfs (onimote or inonimote) in direct or indirect woys.
Often on expressive phrose reploces o simple odiective or odverb.
o.
SIMILE
b. METAPHOR
Extended Metophors
ore recurring metophors or onologies. She wos the bud blooming into womonhood.
She wos lhe petol, colourful ond fragile.
They ore extended over o possoge or
A flower in the moking!
throughout o poem.
These
Mixed Metophors
These ore incongruous ond incompotible
terms used to describe the some obiect or
event.
Mixed Metophors should be ovoided os
they controdict one onother.
c.
PERSONIFICATION
o*ord.
d. APOSTROPHE
An qbstroct ideo, on inqnimote obiect or
o person who is no longer living is
oddressed or spoken to os if it were humon.
e.
ArrusroN
This is ei*rer o direct or on indirect referrol to Milton's epic poem, 'Porqdise [ost', deols with the
o porticulor ospeci. Mony poets ollude to Bible biblicol themes of the Temptotion ond the Foll of Mon.
stories like the Creotion or Follin their poems.
4O
q.
ALLITERATION
c.
ONOMATOPOEIA
Onomotopoeio uses words thot imitote
The sky exploded with o crosh, bong ond
ond reproduce reol-life sounds ond qctions. o hissing of fireworks.
The sound effect heightens the visuol effect. The tronquility of the scene wos enhonced by the
rustling of the reeds ond the whistling of the wind.
d. RHYME
Rhyme depends on sound, rother thon on
the written word. lt is used for effect.
These
q.
ANTITHESIS
b.
OXYMORON
c.
pride.
The occused felt ongry relief when she wos
proved innocent.
The litter wos o pretty ugly sight.
PARADOX
"You
worry obout.
{A hnppy worrier.i
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@ Berlut Books
200r'
Situotionol lrony
Here the opposite of whot is expected occurs. A detective who is employed to cotch o thief, might
himself be orrested for dishonesiy.
A teocher moy well find herself leorning from her students.
Dromotic lrony
When the oudience hos knowledge of
something of which lhe octors ore unowore,
this is referred to os dromotic irony. This
technique heightens tension ond expectotion.
e. SARCASM
f.
SATIRE
Sotire is shorp wif, irony or sorcosm used to Roy & H.G. use sotire os o tool ogoinst certoin ospects
highlight, expose or ridicule humon, sociol of Austrolion life e.g. politics, sport ond the medio.
or politicol weoknesses or stupidities.
The oim of the sotirist is to chonge the
humour.
This ploy ollows one to express oneself
o
g.
PARODY
This is the imitotion
ond/or exoggerotion of
h.
APPROPRTATTON (BORROWTNG)
i.
EPIGRAM
o.
HYPERBOIE
An Hyperbole is on over-exqggerotion,
not meont to be token literolly. lt oims to
creote humour or to emphosise o point.
b. UToTES
Litotes uses o negotive + on opposite to
understote whot is intended.
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pretty.
c. EUPHEMISM
politicolly .orr".i.
d. INNUENDO
An innuendo is o disopproving remork
which hints ot something, without stoting
it directly.
a.
e. CTIMAX
herghtenrng tensron.
f. ANT|-CUMAX (BATHOS)
An onti-climox is olso o build-up of ideos,
but the finol stotement is often flot ond
unexpected.
o.
PUNS
a.
A.
b. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
The speoker
SYNECDOCHE
d. METONYMY
ln metonymy, something ossocioted with
the obiect represents the obieci.
e. MALAPROPISM
f. SPOONERISM
A spoonerism is the tronsposition or mixing
up of the initiql sounds of spoken words.
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