Works Cited

Arnold, Joseph L. "cities and urban life, 19291945." Encyclopedia of American History: The
Great Depression and World War II, 1929 to 1945. Ed. John W. Jefferies and Gary B.
Nash. Revised ed. Vol. 3. New York: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Facts on File. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.
This article was beneficial because it discusses all of the aspects of city life during the Great
Depression. It also discussed the causes of the Great Depression and its direct effect on the cities.

Batchelor, Bob. "Northeast, Great Depression in the." Encyclopedia of the Great Depression. Ed.
Robert S. McElvaine. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 720-726. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 16 Dec. 2014.
This source was especially helpful in determining every aspect of the Great Depression in New
York City, especially its responsibilities as Financial Capital of the world.

"Crowd Orderly and Composed at Closed Bank." 22 Dec. 1930. TS. Historical Society of
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia Record News Clippings Morgue (3344) Box 0,
Folder "Bankers Trust Co.- Phila. 1930; closed Dec. 22, 1930.
The Philadelphia Record was a newspaper in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that was printed daily
from 1877 to 1947. This resource was valuable because it discussed the hopelessness of the
desolate and destroyed job market and financial situation in Philadelphia. The mass hysteria of
the citizens of Philadelphia clearly distinguishes its severity compared to other cities. This article
also shows how many people were affected by the closing of the banks which shows how many
people were in need of the money that they had saved because they were no longer getting
enough money from their jobs, if they were lucky enough to have one.

Danzer, Gerald A., et al. The Americans. Boston: McDougal Littell, 2002. Print.

This source was helpful because it gave me an idea of the real atrocities that were present
especially in cities during the Great Depression such as the shantytowns, the extreme
unemployment and most of all the hunger. The main contributors to this book are Gerald A.
Danzer (Professor of History at the University of Illinois, Chicago with a Ph. D), J. Jorge Klor de
Alva (President of Apollo International Inc. (a global education provider) with a Ph. D and J. D),
Louis E. Wilson (Associate Professor of African Studies Department at Smith College, Ph. D)
and Nancy Woloch (teaches history at Barnard College). This source contributed many facts
about the effects of the Great Depression on people in cities for my research.
Deutsch, Tracey. "Great Depression." Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society,
2005. Web. 16 Dec. 2014.
This source gave me general knowledge on events that occurred in the Great Depression
specifically in Chicago. In addition, it talked about the political aspect in Chicago of the Great
Depression versus just economically or its effect on the people of Chicago. Tracey Deutsch is a
Professor of History and American Studies at the University of Minnesota.

"Great Depression". Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 24 Nov.
2014.
The primary contributors to this article are Richard H. Pells (History Professor at the University
of Texas, Austin) and Christina D. Romer (Professor of Economics at the University of
California, Berkeley and author of many articles on the Federal Reserve and the Great
Depression). This article helps my research because it very clearly describes the many different
causes of the Great Depression.

"The Great Depression". History.com. A+E Networks, 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
A and E Networks created HISTORY in hopes of spreading the excitement and interesting stories
of our history. This source further added to my research the causes of the Great Depression.

The Great Depression. History of Poverty & Homelessness in NYC. IPCH, Web. 6 Dec. 2014.

The ICPH, otherwise known as the Institute of Children, Poverty, and Homelessness, is a
nonprofit organization that aids the homeless families in New York City and tries to spread
awareness on the issue of homelessness. This article helped my project because I learned about
the history of poverty and homelessness in New York City during the Great Depression.

The Great Depression in Washington State. The Great Depression in Washington State Project,
Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
James Gregory is a professor at the University of Washington and he has many written works
about the Great Depression and much more. He has also appeared on several TV shows such as
ABC News and Seattle Channel. His website aided my research because it gave me information
on Seattle during the Great Depression, specifically Seattle's well known Hoovervilles.
A Groupe of Depositors. Letter from a Groupe of Depositors to Albert Greenfield. 22 Dec
1930. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Historical Society of
Pennsylvania. Web. 10 Jan. 2015.
The Groupe of Depositors was a group of people that had entrusted their money with the bank
and were very angry when the bank closed and refused to give them their money. This
threatening letter was very important to my research because it helps reveal how desperate the
Philadelphians were to get their money back because they could not survive otherwise.

Hoover's Depression." The World Almanac for Kids Online. Infobase Learning. Web. 2 Dec.
2014.
This source gave me further background information on the great depression and also gave me
valuable insight on Herbert Hoover. In addition, I also gathered facts about the effect of the
Great Depression in cities.

Jefferies, John W. "Great Depression." Encyclopedia of American History: The Great Depression
and World War II, 1929 to 1945. Ed. John W. Jefferies and Gary B. Nash. Rev. ed. Vol. 3.
New York: n.p., 2010. N. pag. Facts on file. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.

This source was valuable because it gave me a first general idea about the Great Depression. In
the article, the general information on my topic about the Depression in cities helped me to get a
general idea about the effect that the Great Depression had on the cities.

Letter to Albert Greenfield. 22 Dec. 1930. Letter from a Groupe of Depositors to Albert
Greenfield, December 22, 1930. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Web. 6 Jan. 2015.
This source was valuable because it reflected the other side of the story, those who resulted in
violence as a result of the events of the Great Depression. The actions of the men involved in
writing this letter reflect the complete hopelessness of the situations they had to endure.

Mayer, Mary E. Letter to Albert Greenfield. 6 Jan. 1931. Letter from Mary Mayer to Albert
Greenfield, January 6, 1931. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania. Historical
Society of Pennsylvania. Web. 6 Jan. 2015.
This source was extremely valuable as it revealed the complete and utter disparity of
Philadelphians to maintain basic living conditions and struggle for basic necessities. In addition
to discussing difficulty to maintain necessities, it also discussed the difficulty of the job market,
and horrendous economic conditions. Mary Mayers situation paralleled that of thousands of
other citizens in Philadelphia. As a widow with two children, she had no money to pay her bills
and was looking for a job or some way to obtain money and survive. This source portrayed the
situations of thousands of Philadelphians through the letter of a single person.

Mitchener, Kris James. "Great Depression." World Book Student. World Book, 2014. Web. 23
Nov. 2014.
Kris James Mitchener is an Associate Professor of Economics at Santa Clara University and he
has a Ph.D. This source was valuable because it discussed not just the suffering that many went
through at the time of the Great Depression but it discussed the New Deal policy, which helped
the Great Depression end.

Oestreich, Christa. A Lifetime of Lessons Learned in the Great Depression. Philly.com.

Interstate General Media, LLC. Web. 11 Jan. 2015.
Philly.com is a website that has many articles from the Inquirer and the Daily News. This article
was important to my research because it describes the life of a person who lived through the
Great Depression, but lived through it a little better than most Philadelphians. It helped me show
that if this was one of the best ways to live during the Great Depression, than the standards of
living during this time period were pretty low.

"Pennsylvania and the Great Depression." Explore PA History. Historial Marker, 2011. Web. 11
Jan. 2015.
This source was valuable because it discussed the severity of the crisis in Philadelphia compared
to other parts of the state of Pennsylvania, especially the job market/ unemployment, the difficult
financial situations of the citizens of Philadelphia, and the poverty and disparity the people had
to endure.
"Philadelphia [Great Depression] Historical Marker." Explore PA History. Historical Marker,
2011. Web. 11 Jan. 2015.
This source talked in depth about the amount of unemployed there were in the city of
Philadelphia, clearly distinguishing its severity. This reflects the horrendous condition of the
economic system in Philadelphia as a whole. ExplorePAhistory.com is a website dedicated to
teaching the history of Pennsylvania. This article was very helpful because it clearly describes
the financial crisis of Philadelphia as a whole, both for the people and for the city itself. It also
reveals the political side of the Great Depression in Philadelphia and how that affected the
money situation of the city.
Simon, Roger D. "Great Depression." The Encyclopedia of Great Philadelphia. Rutgers-Camden,
Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
Roger D. Simon is a history professor at Lehigh University and he is the author of the written
work Philadelphia: A Brief History. This source gave me information on how the Great
Depression effected Philadelphia and what everyday life was like for the average person living in
Philadelphia.This source was valuable because it discussed all aspects of the Great Depression

especially in Philadelphia. It also elaborated on specific traits of the Great Depression exhibited
in Philadelphia for example the riots and marches over unfolding events at the time.
"Suffering America (Overview)." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
ABC-CLIO is a company who strives to provide a professional learning database with reliable
articles for people all around the world. This article added information to what happened to city
businesses and banks.
Wilma, David. "Great Depression, 1929-1939." History Link: The Free Encyclopedia of
Washington State History. History Ink, 6 Mar. 2002. Web. 16 Dec. 2014.
This source was particularly useful to find out information on Seattle because it told in depth the
industries that were cut down because of the Great Depression. It also discussed the political
aspects to the workers in the Great Depression in Seattle.

Zainaldin, Jamil S. "Great Depression." New Georgia Encyclopedia. CSE, 5 Nov. 2007. Web. 16
Dec. 2014.
Jamil S. Zainaldin has taught history at Northwestern University and Case Western Reserve
University, he has written books on American History, and he has a PhD from the University of
Chicago. This article helped me understand life in Atlanta, Georgia during the Great Depression.