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The American Republic To 1877

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1
The Two Sides
Section 2
Early Years of the War
Section 4
A Call for Freedom
Section 3
Life During the Civil War
Section 5
The Way to Victory
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Click the Speaker button

to replay the audio.
Chapter Objectives
Section 1: The Two Sides
Explain why the border states played an important
part in the war.
Compare Northern and Southern populations,
industries, resources, and war aims.
Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives
Section 2: Early Years of the War
Identify Northern and Southern successes and
failures in the early years of the war.
Explain how the Norths naval blockade hurt the
South.

Chapter Objectives
Section 3: A Call for Freedom
Describe why Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation.
Understand the role that African Americans played
in the Civil War.

Chapter Objectives
Section 4: Life During the Civil War
Describe what life was like for soldiers during the
Civil War.
Identify the role that women played in the war.
Compare how the war affected the economies
of the North and the South.

Chapter Objectives
Section 5: The Way to Victory
Identify the battles that turned the tide of the war
in 1863.
Cite the events that led to the Souths surrender in
1865.

Why It Matters
The Civil Wara war in which Americans fought
other Americanstransformed the United States.
It shattered the economy
of the South while contributing to the rapid
economic growth of the North and the West.
African Americans gained freedom when
slavery was abolished, but the war left a legacy
of bitterness between North and South that
lasted for generations.
The Impact Today

Key events during this era still shape our lives
today. For example:
The institution of slavery was abolished.
The war established the power of the
federal government over the states.

Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Both the North and the South had strengths and
weaknesses that helped determine their military
strategies.
Key Terms
border state
Rebel
blockade
Yankee
offensive

Confederate soldier, 1861

Choosing Sides
1. 11 Confederate states (April 1861)Georgia,
South Carolina, North Carolina, Louisiana,
Arkansas, Alabama, Texas, Virginia, Florida
Tennessee and Mississippi.
(Capital=Richmond, Virginia)
2. Border states of Missouri, Kentucky,
Maryland and Delaware remained in the
Union. West Virginia joined the Union in
1863.
3. 22 Union states. (Capital=Washington D.C.)
4. The two capitals were separated by only 100
miles.
(pages 460462)
Comparing North and South

1. Northern advantages:
A. A larger population.
B. Larger industry and resources.
C. Better banking system.

D. Larger navy
E. Larger and more efficient railway system.
F. Abe Lincolns dedication, skills, intelligence and

his humanity.
2. Northern disadvantages:
A. Capture and maintain the South.
(pages 462463)
Click
the mouse button
or press the
B. TheSpace
Southern
desire
to win.
Bar to display the information.
Comparing North and South (cont.)

3. Southern advantages:
A. Support of the white population in the South.
B. Familiar terrain (homeland)
C. Superior leadership initially. (Robert. E. Lee)
4. Southern disadvantages:
A. Smaller population
B. Fewer factories and resources.
C. Railway system was poor.
D. State rights limited a strong central government.

(pages 462463)

5. War goals were different:
A. North
1.) Bring the South back into the Union.
2.) Eventually end slavery.

B. South
1.) Win recognition as an independent nation.
2.) Preserve their way of life. (state rights)
(pages 462463)

6. Strategy:
A. North= 3 part plan ( Anaconda Plan )
1.) Blockade southern seaports
2.) Gain control of the Mississippi River and

cutoff Confederate supply lines.
3.) Capture Richmond, Virginia the Confderatate
capital. (demoralizing)
B. South
1.) Defensive war. (wear out the North)
2.) Gain European allies.
462463)
3.) Occasional attack into the North-Wash.(pages
D.C.
American People at War

1. American versus American.( Aver. Age=25 )
2. North = Union or Yankees ( 2:1 ratio )
3. South = Confederate or Rebel
4. Most African Americans sided with the Union.

5. Both sides expected a quick victory.
( disillusioned )
(pages 463464)
Checking for Understanding

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__
D 1. Confederate soldier, so
called because of opposition
to the established government
__
C 2. position of attacking or the
attack itself
A. border state
B. blockade
C. offensive
D. Rebel
E. Yankee
__
A 3. a state between the North
and the South that was divided over whether
to stay in the Union or join the Confederacy
__
E 4. Union soldier
__
B 5. to cut off an area by means of troops or warships to
stop supplies or people from coming in or going out;
to close off a countrys ports
Space Bar to display the answers.

Reviewing Facts Why were the border states
important to the North?
They controlled crucial land and water routes and

were near Washington, D.C.

Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy How did
a strong belief in states rights affect the South
during the war?
State governments refused to give the

Confederate government the power it needed to
fight the war.

Critical Thinking
Predict What do you think would be the
Souths greatest advantage in the war?
Possible answer: The Souths knowledge

of the land and the fact that it was fighting for a
cause might be its greatest advantage in the war.

Analyzing Visuals
Making Generalizations Review the graph on
page 462 of your textbook and write a general
conclusion based on the data presented in the
graph.
Possible answer: The North had more resources.

Expository Writing You are a Southerner (or

a Northerner) in 1861. Write a journal entry
that explains your reasons for joining the
Confederate (or Union) army.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Neither the Union nor the Confederate forces gained
a strong advantage during the early years of the war.
Key Terms
blockade runner
ironclad
casualty

Civil War cannon

First Battle of Bull Run

1. Southern victory at Manassas, Virginia. ( Bull
Run Creek )
2. Thomas Stonewall Jackson rallies the
southern troops and the Union retreated in
panic.
(pages 466467)
War at Sea (cont.)

1. Union blockade cutoff 2/3s of the Southern
trade.
2. New Era of naval warfare began= ironclad
ships----Monitor ( Union ) versus the
Merrimack ( Confederate ) ( Virginia ).
(pages 467468)
War in the West

1. The main goal of the North was to gain control
of the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers.
2. Union victories included FT. Henry and Ft.
Donelson.
3. Shiloh was very costly ( U.S. Grant ).
4. The Union victory at New Orleans ( David
Farragut ) was a huge advantage for the North
for gaining control of the Mississippi River.
(pages 468469)
War in the East

1. Union= major disadvantage---Southern
strategy was very successful.
A. 7 Days Battle=Union defeat
B. 2nd Battle of Bull Run=Union loss

C. Battle of Antietam=draw ( bloodiest single
day of fighting ) = led to the Emancipation
Proclamation.
(pages 469472)

left.
__
B 1. armored naval vessel
A. blockade runner
__
C 2. a military person killed,
wounded, or captured
B. ironclad
__
A 3. ship that sails into and out of a
blockaded area

C. casualty

Reviewing Facts Explain why the North wanted
to blockade the South.
The North wanted to blockade the South

in order to prevent exports of cotton and imports
of supplies needed to fight the war.

Reviewing Themes
Geography and History What was the Norths
main goal in the western campaign?
The Norths main goal in the western campaign

was to gain control of the Mississippi and
Tennessee Rivers.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information Why was Union
general McClellan not effective as a military
commander?
McClellan did not act fast enough, and this gave

the Confederates time to prepare for attacks.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the map on page 470
of your textbook. Who claimed victory at the
First Battle of Bull Run? When was the Battle
of Shiloh fought?
The Confederacy claimed victory at the First

Battle of Bull Run. The Battle of Shiloh was
fought on April 67, 1862.

Art Draw a cartoon that would accompany a

front-page newspaper story describing the
battle between the Merrimack and the Monitor.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The Civil War provided opportunities for African
Americans to contribute to the war effort.
Key Terms
emancipate
ratify

Lincoln portrait, by artist Peter Baumgras

Emancipation
1. Norths #1 goal was to preserve the Union.
2. On January 1st, 1863 Pres. Lincoln added a
secondary goal to free the slaves. ( Eman.
Proc. )
3. Proclamation effects included:
A. Only freed slaves in states that were in rebellion
against the Union. ( 13th Amendment 1865 )

B. Britain and France opposed slavery, so they withheld recognition of the South as a country.
C. African Americans approved of the decree.
(pages 473476)
African Americans in the War

1. Helped the war effort in both the North and
the South ( forced ).
2. In 1862 African Americans were allowed to
join the Union military. ( 10% army, 18%
navy )
3. White officers commanded African American
regiments.
4. The 54th Massachusetts was the most famous
African American regiment. ( Ft. Wagner
7/18/1863-Charleston, South Carolina )
(pages 476477)

left.
__
A 1. to free from slavery
A. emancipate
__
B 2. to give official approval to
B. ratify


Reviewing Facts Summarize President
Lincolns reasons for issuing the Emancipation
Proclamation.
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation

to weaken the South by encouraging enslaved
people to run away, to encourage Britain and
France to not support the South, and to earn
public support by ending slavery.

Reviewing Themes
Groups and Institutions How did African
Americans help the war effort in the North? What
roles did they play in the South?
In the North, African Americans served in the

navy and eventually in the army. They also
acted as guides and spies in the South. In the
South, African Americans raised crops to feed
the armies, labored
in mines, and worked as nurses in military
hospitals and as cooks in the army.
Critical Thinking
Comparing How did President Lincolns
political stand on slavery differ from his
personal stand during the war?
Politically, Lincolns first priority was to restore

the Union. Personally, he opposed slavery.

Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Study the pictures of the
African American soldiers on pages 475 and
476 of your textbook. Do you think that these
soldiers have fought in battle? Explain your
reasoning.
Citizenship It is 1865 and you have heard about the

passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Using material,
thread, beads, and/or felt letters, create a banner that
you anticipate carrying in a parade after the Civil War
is over.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Civilians as well as soldiers had an impact on the
war effort.
Key Terms
habeas corpus
greenback
draft
inflation
bounty

Union soldier and family, 1861

The Lives of Soldiers

1. Boredom, bad food, discomfort, sickness, fear
and the horrors of war were a fact if life for
the soldiers.
2. Hunger, sickness, fear and a lack of supplies
caused many soldiers to desert. ( 1/11 Union
and 1/8 Confedrate.
(pages 478479)
Women and the War

1. During the war women took on new
responsibilities: teachers, govt. workers,
office workers, factory workers, managed
farms and distributed food, clothing and
medicine.
2. Life was much more disruptive for women in
the South.
3. Some women were spies, while others dressed
like men and fought:
A. Harriet Tubman spied for the North.
B. Rose ONeal Greenhow spied for the South.
C. Bell Boyd was an informant for the South.
(pages 479481)
Women and the War (cont.)

4. Nurses=Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton (Red
Cross founder), and Sally Tompkins.
(pages 479481)
Opposition to the War

1. In the North the Peace Democrats
(Copperheads) opposed the war. ( Riots-NYCBad-July 1863 )
2. Habeas corpus was denied.
3. Volunteers declined in the North and the South
as the war continued.
A. South passed a draft law in 1862 ( 18-35 yr. olds
= 3 year enlistment)
B. North offered bounties, but eventually also passed
a draft law in March of 1863. ( Bounty Jumpers )
Rich mans war and a poor mans fight.
(pages 481482)
War and the Economy

1. Both sides financed the war by borrowing $,
increasing taxes and printing paper $.
A. North borrowed $2,000,000,000
B. South borrowed $700,000,000
C. North instituted an income tax.
D. Greenbacks ( Northern $ )
2. The Northern economy boomed even with

inflation. Farmers prospered and factory
production skyrocketed.
3. The Southern economy suffered due to the
blockade, war torn communities and a poor
(pages 482483)
factory Click
system.
the mouse button or press the

left.
__
D 1. a piece of U.S. paper
money first issued by the
North during the Civil War
__
B 2. the selection of persons
for military service
__
E 3. a continuous rise in the
price of goods and services
A. habeas corpus
B. draft
C. bounty
D. greenback
E. inflation
__
C 4. money given as a reward, such as to encourage
enlistment in the army
__
A 5. a legal order for an inquiry to determine whether a
person has been lawfully imprisoned

Reviewing Facts Why was life on the
home front more difficult for Southerners?
Life on the home front was more difficult for

Southerners because most of the fighting took
place in the South, much of the land lay in ruins,
farmland was destroyed, cities were burned, and
thousands of people were made homeless.

Reviewing Themes
Economic Factors How did the war affect the
economy of the South?
The war caused inflation, the destruction of

infrastructure and land, and a shortage of
essential goods.

Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Why do you think President
Lincoln believed the Copperheads were a threat
to the Union war effort?
By splitting Union loyalties, Copperheads could

give the Confederacy an edge. The Copperheads
also appealed to racist feelings and discouraged
men from enlisting.

Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Study the photograph of the
family on page 481 of your textbook. Why do
you think some families accompanied the
armies in the field?
Possible answer: Some families may have

accompanied the armies in the field to decrease
the time they were apart, or to provide food and
other supplies for their loved ones.

Economics List three sectors of the economy that

welcomed women during the Civil War. Describe the
jobs women held and the contributions they made.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
After four years of war that claimed the lives of more
than 600,000 Americans, the Northern forces
defeated the Southern forces.
Key Terms
entrenched
total war

Confederate soldier
Southern Victories
1. The fighting in the east went quite well for the
South with victories at Fredericksburg,
Virginia ( Lee vs. Burnside ) and at
Chancellorsville, Virginia ( Lee vs. Hooker ).
2. Unfortunately General Robert E. Lees best

commander Thomas Stonewall Jackson was
killed by friendly fire at Chancellorsville.
(pages 485486)
The Tide of War Turns

1. The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania ( 3
days- July 3rd, 4th and 5th, 1863 ) stopped the
invasion of the South into the North.---turning
point of the war---=Gettysburg Address
2. Simultaneously the Battle of Vicksburg, Miss.

out west another Union victory gave the Union
total control of the Mississippi River.---turning
point of the war---
(pages 486488)
Final Phases of the War

1. U. S. Grant takes over total control of the
Army of the Potomac and will make a push to
Richmond, Virginia. ( 3 times ) Union losses
at the Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania
Courthouse and Cold Harbor were many, but
Grant just kept on coming.
2. The Union laid siege to Petersburg, Virginia
just outside of Richmond in 1864. ( 9 months )
3. General Shermans Union Army of the West
would advance deep into the South and crush
the Confederates in Georgia and then move
north.
(pages 488490)
Final Phases of the War (cont.)

A. Shermans March to the Sea from
Atlanta
to Savannah, Georgia devastated the South
as he burned everything is sight.

B. Total war was declared.
4. Lincoln was re-elected to his 2nd term as

president in November of 1864.
(pages 488490)
Victory for the North

1. On April 2nd, 1865 the city of Richmond, Va.
is evacuated and set a blaze by the
Southerners.
2. On April 9th, 1865 Gen. Lee surrenders at
McLeans farm. ( Appomattox Courthouse,
Va. )
3. Confederate forces in North Carolina
surrendered to Gen. Sherman ( Union ) several
days later.
4. Pres. Jefferson Davis of the Confederacy was

captured on May 10th , 1865-----the war is
over!!!!------(pages 490491)
Victory for the North (cont.)

5. Final Consequences:
A. 600,000 soldiers dead plus countless numbers of
wounded and lame soldiers and civilians.
B. Billions of dollars worth of damage----mainly in
the South.
C. Bitter feelings between Northerners and
Southerners which will last for many generations.

D. The war freed millions of slaves..
E. Federal government was strengthened and became
more powerful than the state govenments.
(pages 490491)

left.
__
B 1. war on all aspects of
the enemys life
__
A 2. occupying a strong defensive
position

A. entrenched
B. total war

Reviewing Facts Identify the reasons that
Gettysburg and Vicksburg were important battles.
At Gettysburg Lees army was driven from

Pennsylvania. At Vicksburg the Mississippi
River was secured, and the South was cut in
two.

Reviewing Themes
Individual Action What thoughts about peace
did Lincoln express in his second Inaugural
Address?
Lincoln expressed that people should work

together to build a lasting peace.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions How did the Unions
victory strengthen the federal government?
The war demonstrated that the federal

government would not tolerate states
acting on their own.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the map of the final
battles on page 489 of your textbook. In which
directions did Shermans army travel from
Atlanta to Savannah and then to Bentonville?
Shermans army traveled southeast from Atlanta
to Savannah, then northeast from Savannah to
Bentonville.

Expository Writing Refer to Lincolns Gettysburg

Address on page 991 of your textbook. Write three
paragraphs discussing Lincolns ideas on freedom and
the importance
of saving the Union.

left.
__
C 1. armored naval vessel
A. blockade
__
D 2. ship that sails into and out of a
blockaded area
B. offensive
__
B 3. position of attacking or the
attack itself
D. blockade runner
__
H 4. a legal order for an inquiry to
determine whether a person
has been lawfully imprisoned
__
G 5. the selection of persons for
military service

C. ironclad
E. border states
F. Union
G. draft
H. habeas corpus

left.
__
E 6. the states between the North
and the South that were
divided over whether to stay
in the Union or join the
Confederacy
A. blockade
__
A 7. to cut off an area by means of
troops or warships to stop
supplies or people from
coming in or going out
E. border states
__
F 8. the North
H. habeas corpus

B. offensive
C. ironclad
D. blockade runner
F. Union
G. draft
Reviewing Key Facts

What three advantages did the Confederate states
have in the war?
The Confederate states had strong support of the

white population, strong military leadership,
and they were fighting a defensive war.

Reviewing Key Facts

Who were the presidents of the United States and
of the Confederate States
of America?
Abraham Lincoln was the president of the

United States of America. Jefferson Davis was
the president of the Confederate States of
America.

Reviewing Key Facts

What was the outcome of the Battle
of Gettysburg?
Union forces turned back Lees troops.

Reviewing Key Facts

In what ways did African Americans contribute
to the war efforts?
African Americans served as soldiers, worked

behind the lines in the military, and worked to
support the Souths economy.

Reviewing Key Facts

What terms of surrender did Grant offer
to Lee?
Confederate soldiers had to lay down their arms,

but were free to return home.

Critical Thinking
Determining Cause and Effect Why was
controlling the Mississippi River vital to the
North and the South?
The Mississippi River was a main transportation

route.

Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Why do you think General
Lee was such an effective military leader?
He implemented bold plans, made good strategic

moves, and had the respect of
his men.

Geography and History Activity

Study the map below and answer the questions on the following
slides.

Along what ridge
were the Union
troops positioned?
The Union troops

were positioned
along Cemetery Ridge.


Who led forces across
Rock Creek?
Ewell led forces across

Rock Creek.


What five Confederate
commanders
are shown?
Ewell, Hill, Lee,

Longstreet, and Pickett
are the
five Confederate
commanders shown.

Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Choose the best answer to the following
question.
By gaining control of the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers, the
Union was able to
A
capture Fort Sumter.
force the Confederacy to surrender.
split the Confederacy.
defeat the Confederate forces at Gettysburg.
Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that dont make sense. For

example, Confederate forces, not Union forces, captured Fort
Sumter. Therefore, choice A is incorrect.
How was Jefferson Davis taken to prison?
He was taken to prison in a horse-drawn

ambulance.

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Johnny Reb and Billy Yank
Northern troops called the Southern soldier Johnny Reb

or Reb, after the term rebel. Southerners called the
Northerners Billy Yank or Yankees.
The railroad was an integral part of the movement and

preservation of field armies during the Civil War. A
railcar mounted with a heavy cannon for bombardment of
forts was first used during the
Civil War.
Stonewall Jackson
Hornets Nest
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Before the war General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was

an instructor at the Virginia Military Institute. In 1859 he
commanded a contingent of V.M.I. cadets serving as
guards at John Browns execution.
As the Union troops were driven back to the Tennessee River,

they established a line along an area known as the Sunken
Road. The Union forces withstood 12 attacks against this
position. The area became known as the Hornets Nest
because of the intensity of the gunfire and the grazing of
bullets. Southern troops organized 62 artillery pieces to fire on
the Hornets Nest, the largest concentration of artillery yet
assembled in the war. The shells splintered trees and boulders.
An Iowa lieutenant said that it was a mighty hurricane
sweeping everything before it. After six hours, 2,200 Union
soldiers surrendered.
The Monitor The Swedish-born inventor John Ericsson

invented the Monitor. He built this first entirely iron
ship in 101 days. The Monitor contained 47 patented
devices. It housed 2 guns to the Merrimacks 10, but
they were mounted on
a revolving turret.
Science The single most-important invention used by

McClellans army was an inch-long slug that expanded
into the barrels rifled grooves and spun at great speed
from the muzzle. The spin allowed the ball to travel
farther and more accurately than musket balls fired from
smooth-barreled weapons. The ball was accurate at 250
yards (229 m), five times as far as any other one-person
weapon.
Heavy death tolls in battle led Civil War soldiers to devise

the first dog tags for identification. Soldiers printed their
names and addresses on handkerchiefs or paper, which
they pinned to their clothing before going into battle.
African Americans Even when African Americans were

finally allowed to become Union soldiers, they were not
immediately allowed into combat. At first, African
American units were used as labor battalions and supply
troops.
Some women disguised themselves as men and enlisted

in the Confederate and Union armies. Jennie Hodgers, for
example, signed on with an Illinois regiment as Albert
Cashier.
Burnsides
Civil War Terms
Burnsides Sideburns are named for the Union

commander Ambrose E. Burnside. His distinctive
muttonchop whiskers inspired a fashion, which became
known as burnsides. Within 10 years the
2 syllables had been transposed.
Civil War Terms The Civil War was the first war in
which strictly military terms were passed into wider
usage. Many of these terms still used in common speech
today are K.P. (kitchen police), AWOL (absent without
leave), pup tents (originally known as dog tents),
grapevine (medium for transmission of rumors), and
shoddy (uniforms poorly made from recycled woolen
fibers known as shoddy, which came to denote any article
of inferior quality).
The extreme left flank of the Union lines at Gettysburga hill

called Little Round Topwas commanded by Colonel Joshua
Lawrence Chamberlain, a college professor who had taken a
leave from teaching to fight in the war. Chamberlain knew
that if the Confederates took Little Round Top, they would
have a view of the whole Union line. Although greatly
outnumbered, Chamberlains forces withstood numerous
attacks. Finally, Chamberlain led his troops in a bayonet
charge that drove the Confederates from the hill. Chamberlain
received the Medal of Honor for his bravery at Gettysburg.
Chattanooga
General Sherman
Chattanooga Taking Chattanooga was important

to the Union. Chattanooga guarded the gateway
to the eastern Confederacy and the Southern war
industries in Georgia. From this city the Confederate
army could mount expeditions into Tennessee and
Kentucky. The Union could use the city to mount raids
into Georgia and further divide the South.
General Sherman Civil War historian Shelby Foote said

of Sherman: [He] was maybe the first truly modern
general. He was the first one to understand that civilians
were the backers-up of things and that if you went against
civilians, youd deprive the army of what kept it going.
Civil War Camera
Photographer Mathew
Brady and his many
assistants recorded the
camps, lives, and deaths
of soldiers in more than
10,000 photos.
This feature can be found on page 482 of your textbook.
Civil War Camera

1
The photographer looks at the

subject through a glass plate.
1 glass plate
2 plate
holder
3 lens
4 body
This feature can be found on page 482 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Civil War Camera

2
A plate holder is inserted into

the back panel.
1 glass plate
2 plate
holder
3 lens
4 body
Civil War Camera

3
The photographer opens the

lens. The lens creates
a reversed, upside-down
image on the wet plate.
1 glass plate
2 plate
holder
3 lens
4 body
Civil War Camera

4
The body of the camera

protects the wet plate.
1 glass plate
2 plate
holder
3 lens
4 body
Civil War Camera

The plate holder and the exposed wet plate are
removed from the back panel, then developed into a
negative in the
1 glass plate
photographers
traveling
darkroom.
2 plate
holder
3 lens
4 body
Taking Notes
Why Learn This Skill?
One of the best ways to remember something is to write it

down. Taking noteswriting down information in a brief
and orderly formnot only helps you remember, but it
also makes your studying easier.

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Taking Notes
Learning the Skill
There are several styles of note taking, but all explain and put
information in a logical order. When you are taking notes, it will
help to keep in mind the following guidelines:
Identify the subject and write it at the top of the page.
In your text, for example, look at the chapter title, section title,
and other headings.
Taking Notes
Learning the Skill
Select specific information for your notes. For example,
anything your teacher writes on the chalkboard or shows you
from a transparency should be included. If your teacher
emphasizes a point or spends a large amount of time on a topic,
this is also a clue to its importance.
Paraphrase the information. That means putting the information
in your own words rather than trying to take it down word for
word. Doing so helps you think about what the speaker or writer
means.
Taking Notes
Learning the Skill
To save time, you might want to develop different strategies.
One way is to create a personal shorthand. For example, use
symbols, arrows, or rough drawings: + for and. Practice
your shorthand in all of your classes.
Write legible and neat notes so that you will be able to
understand them when you read them again.
Taking Notes
Practicing the Skill
Review the guidelines for taking notes. Then read Section
5, entitled The Way to Victory, on pages 485491 of your
textbook. After you have carefully read the section, follow
the guidelines and create shorthand notes for the subsection entitled
The Tide of War Turns, which begins on page 486 of your
textbook.
The Face of War

Objectives
After viewing The Face of War, you should:
Appreciate how devastating Civil War battles were, resulting in the
deaths of thousands.
Understand that tens of thousands of
soldiers died from disease each month
due to bad drinking water, poor food,
and horrible conditions.
Acknowledge that the role of the
embalmer was an important one,
because preserving a body allowed
proper burial in the hometown of the soldier.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window
above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.
The Face of War

Discussion Question
What were some of the reasons that many soldiers died
from disease?
Reasons included bad drinking water, horrible

living conditions, and poor food.

The Face of War

Discussion Question
What particular event led President Lincoln to authorize
the hiring of 14 embalmers for the Union army?
A close friend had died and was preserved by an

embalmer.


battle

Most commanding officers in the Union army were white,

even in all-African American units.
The prisoners are the three Confederate soldiers

on the left.

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The American Republic To 1877

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The Two Sides

Early Years of the War

A Call for Freedom

Life During the Civil War

The Way to Victory

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The Impact Today

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Confederate soldier, 1861

Comparing North and South

C. Better banking system.

F. Abe Lincolns dedication, skills, intelligence and

Comparing North and South (cont.)

C. Superior leadership initially. (Robert. E. Lee)

D. State rights limited a strong central government.

Comparing North and South (cont.)

2.) Eventually end slavery.

Comparing North and South (cont.)

2.) Gain control of the Mississippi River and

American People at War

4. Most African Americans sided with the Union.

Checking for Understanding

Checking for Understanding

They controlled crucial land and water routes and

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State governments refused to give the

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Possible answer: The Souths knowledge

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Possible answer: The North had more resources.

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Expository Writing You are a Southerner (or

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Civil War cannon

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First Battle of Bull Run

War at Sea (cont.)

War in the West

War in the East

B. 2nd Battle of Bull Run=Union loss

Checking for Understanding

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Checking for Understanding

The North wanted to blockade the South

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The Norths main goal in the western campaign

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McClellan did not act fast enough, and this gave

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The Confederacy claimed victory at the First

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Art Draw a cartoon that would accompany a