Blood Typing Tesing Lab

Member :
1. Narinporn Tresteankij
2. Thanawin Wanna
Introduction
Commonly, Multiple alleles are refers to the type of pattern of the alleles that
involves more that just two alleles that normally code for a certain characteristics. For this
reason, it means that there are more than two phenotypes for either dominant or recessive
alleles at the certain place in genes on the chromosome of the homologous chromosome. This
various format caused from mutation in the different places in each alleles in the single locus.
The mostly known example of multiple alleles is ABO Blood types.
There are four phenotypes of human blood, each consist of 2 alleles because of 2 set
of chromosome. Therefore, there are 6 possible set of genotypes; IAI, I i, IBI , I i, IA IB and
ii , Each set of ABO Blood types shows 4 set of phenotypes. There are I I and I i shows A
Blood group, I I and I i shows B Blood group, I I shows AB Blood group, and ii shows O
Blood group.Blood groups or Blood types is classifying blood into different category from
inherited properties. The common classification of blood group is ABO system discovered by
Karl Landsteiner, australian doctor. At first, while medical profession were not welldeveloped, to given the blood always caused acute hemolytic reaction. He see this problem so
he decide to make an experiment by separated red blood cells of his assistance in that time
and make an reaction to see the results. and he found that blood make an agglutination, from
now blood transfusion more safe.
For this reason, ABO system classify from antigen(Ag) that is the type of protein on
the surface of the pathogen, on red blood cells and antibody(Ab) inside plasma, means that
people with different blood group also have different antigen and antibody. In our blood,
consist of blood cells and plasma, that form with many substances, mainly antigen. It refers to
the substance that creating response causes our immune system to produce antibodies against
itself, it could form from the environment such as; chemicals, bacteria, viruses or from inside
the body, such tissue cells. In addition, Antibody, the glycoprotein at the immune substance
response to specific antigen. Antibodies can react with the actual antigen and present
manifestation in various way. In some cases it caused the result that we can see with naked
eyes such as agglutination or precipitation.
All in all, we could said that antigens are mainly involves in classify the blood group
following by; Firstly. A Blood group, are the blood group with Antigen-A on the surface of
blood cells, and Antibody-B in the lymph. Secondly, B Blood group, are the blood group with
Antigen-B on the surface of blood cells, and Antibody-A in the lymph. O Blood group, are
the blood group without any Antigen-A or Antigen-B on the surface of blood cells, but
instead with Antibody-A and Antibody-B inside lymph. Lastly, AB Blood group, are the
blood group with both Antigen-A or Antigen-B on the surface of blood cells, yet without any
of Antibody-A and Antibody-B inside lymph.
A

A A

B B

Purpose

A B

To identifying an individuals blood group, whether they are A,B,O, or AB blood

group.
To understanding the alleles and transformation of genes.

Materials

2 Microscope Slides
Anti-A , -B, and -AB
Markers
Lancets
Lancet Device
Ethanol
Cotton Ball
2 Toothpicks

Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

Using marker, draw 2 circles (1 cm. each) on the each side of the slide
Mark each circle 1. Control 2. Anti-A (A) 3. Anti-B (B) 4. Anti-C (C)
WAIT for teacher to check for your slide, and puncture the tip of one on your finger
Drop a blood on each circle
On each circle (with bloods); marked as the following
Control => Drop nothing
Anti-A => Drop anti-A
Anti-B => Drop Anti-B
Anti-AB => Drop Anti-AB
Using toothpicks, mixtion the drop of blood with Antigen on each circle slowly (Use
the different toothpicks for each circle)
6. Waiting and observe the result (If it was coagulation or not)
6. Fill the result at the table given in the paper (see below)

Results

State: Coagulation/No coagulation

Control

Anti-A

Coagulation

Anti-B

No coagulation

Anti-AB

Coagulation

According to the experiments that aims to identify the persons blood type which here are
meant to Taeys blood type. We used his blood as the initial substance, and antibody-A, -B,
-AB as an reactant in order to make antibody make an reaction to A, B, and O blood to see
how react. According to the results from the table above and the picture below. We could see
that it was a blood clumping in the blood which we drop antibody -A and antibody -AB, but
not antibody-B. So we could able to determine the blood type from seeing the coagulation.
For this reason, we could said that Taeys blood could be A- blood type.
Picture shows the blood clumping

Discussion
Antibody only interact with specific antigen because each of antigen has specific
protein receptor that binds specifically with each antibody and if antigen and antibody are be
able to bind together, it will form coagulation. For each scenario, if antigen A can binds only
with antibody A and form the coagulation. If its antigen B binds with antibody B, it will form
coagulation and if its O blood type, it will not bind with any antibody and does not form
coagulation because O groups blood cell does not has any antigen.
Taey : My blood formed coagulation because around my blood cell has antigen A and
it has a receptor that accept anti-body A . My mom has blood type A, so her genotype can be
I i or I I ; depending on her grandparents. My father has blood type O and his genotype can
only be ii. According from my parents blood type, my blood type can be A or O because if I
get one of the I allele, antigen around my blood cell will be A because I is dominant to i and
if my blood type is O, I would get i allele from my mother. I didnt mention about my father
allele because he can only me i allele. When my blood is mixed with antibody A and AB, my
blood form the coagulation, so it shows that I have antigen A around my blood cell and I can
ensure that my genotype can only be I i because I can get I allele from my mom and i allele
from my mother.
These are possible scenario for Taey :
A

A A

1.

ii x I i
A

Ii

ii

Ii

ii

2. ii x I I
A

Ii
A

Ii

Ii

Ii

Nuke : My mom blood type is A and my father is O, so the only genotype of blood
from father can be only ii and for my mom, her genotype can be I i or I I . My blood type is
O. If Im not checked from hospital, I can guess that my blood can be O or A and the possible
scenario of genotype is exactly like Taey, but my blood type is O, so it shows that my
genotype would be ii and I can also ensure that my mom genotype is I i because I can only
get i allele from my mom and if her genotype is I I , my blood type would be A because my
father genotype is ii, so I can only i from my father.
A

A A

A A

Conclusion
A, AB, B , and O blood type are multiple allele which means a series of three or more
alternative or allelic forms of a gene, only two of which can exist in any normal, diploid
individual. There are three alleles for blood and they are I , I , i. ABO blood type are also
incomplete dominant and it can exists of 6 genotypes and 4 phenotypes(A, B, O, and AB)
We are all have different blood type because of different genotype. Our body is
producing antibody that is opposite from our antigen. The antigen is around our blood cell
and when it binds with the same antibody, our blood would form a coagulation, so we can
determine the blood type by using these characteristic of blood.
In the experiment, when Taeys blood is mixed with antibody A and AB, his blood
form a coagulation, so it shows that his blood has antigen A around his blood cell and it binds
with antibody A and AB and form coagulation.
A