TECHNICAL REPORT

By: Diane Milleson

PART I: THE WATER BUDGET FOR STOCKTON

Stocktons Water Budget
I.

Map of Stockton College Watershed:

Morses Mill

Morses Mill

Cedick Run
Cedick
Swamp

Lake Pam

I.

Water Budget

a. Table:
Inputs
Precipitation
Qin
GWin

Outputs
Evapotranspiration
Qout
GWout

Change in Storage
Vegetation
Lake Fred
Lake Pam
Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer

b. Description:
Richard Stockton College of NJ is in the New Jersey Pine Barrens which is located in
Atlantic County, NJ. The Stockton College Watershed is a part of the Mullica River Basin
Watershed (Mullica River - Great Bay Estuary, 2011). This system of stream and river channels
eventually lead to the Great Bay, and then the Atlantic Ocean. This watershed sits on top of the
Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer, which covers about three thousand square miles. This aquifer
receives about forty-four inches of precipitation each year, fifty percent of which goes through
evapotranspiration by vegetation or is evaporated to the atmosphere (Kirkwood-Cohansey
Aquifer, 2014). A small percentage of this precipitation ends up at runoff and goes through rivers
and streams. Of the total amount of precipitation received, about seventeen to twenty inches
enters the ground per year into the aquifer (Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer, 2014).
Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer

Mullica River Watershed

Source: http://nj.usgs.gov/projects/2454C1Q/

Source: http://www.pinelandsalliance.org/ecology/water/streams
riversandwatersheds/pinelandsriversandwatersheds/mullica/

The Stockton College Watershed consists of two lakes, Lake Pam and Lake Fred. Lake
Pam is fed by groundwater (GWin) from the groundwater below and is located next to the Garden
State Parkway (GSP). Lake Fred is a man-made lake that was historically used as for a paper mill
and cranberry bog. It is fed by the streams Morses Mill Stream (Qin) and Cedick Run (Qin).
Cedick Run is fed by a swamp that is called Cedick Swamp. These are all part of the Mullica
River Basin and are primarily fed by this system of stream channels. The significant inputs are
precipitation, Stream discharge (in), and groundwater.
The Stockton College Watershed is covered by about sixty percent forest, which is a mixture
of Pine, Oak, and Maple trees. The species of pine commonly found on campus is Pitch Pine.
The species of oak are Scarlett Oak and White Oak. On the understory, the common species are
low-bush and high-bush blueberries (Plants of the NJ Pine Barrens, 2012). As a result of the

dense forests, a significant amount of the precipitation that falls on the campus goes through
evapotranspiration. Some of the water is also evaporated to the atmosphere. There is a significant
amount of groundwater discharge (GWout) that is used to supply the needs of the student and
faculty, which is a population of more than seven thousand people. Lake Fred discharges into
Morses Mill Stream which then leaves the watershed (Qout). Morses Mill Stream leads to
Morses Mill Lake, which is off campus. This lake turns back into Morses Mill Stream, which
then discharges into Mill Pond. Mill Pond releases into Mattix Run which leads to Nacote Creek
and then Great Bay. As stated previously, the Great Bay lets out into the Atlantic Ocean (Mullica
River - Great Bay Estuary, 2011).
There are several sources of change in storage that occur in the Stockton College Watershed.
The first change in storage, as a result of the high percentage of forests, is vegetation. The second
is a change in storage of Lake Pam, which is affected by groundwater and precipitation. The
third is a change in storage of Lake Fred, which is affected by stream discharge (in and out) and
precipitation. The third is a change in storage in the groundwater, or Kirkwood-Cohansey
Aquifer which is located below the campus.
This is a very complex system of which the Stockton campus is a significant element. The
environmental sector of our college must work together to manage the growing population that is
on campus. There are many sources of water pollution that occur on campus. These range from
physical trash that is littered on campus, as well as oil and chemicals that are mixed into storm
runoff that is discharged into Lake Fred and streams on campus. With the recent news of our
college being turned into a university, it is more crucial than ever to properly manage the
Stockton College Watershed.
II.

Long Term Climate Data

MONTH PRECIP (IN) MIN TMP (F) AVG TMP (F) MAX TMP (F)
January
3.22
24.5
33
41.5
February
2.87
26.4
35.3
44.3
March
4.21
32.7
42.2
51.8
April
3.63
41.8
51.7
61.7
May
3.35
51
61.1
71.3
June
3.11
61.2
70.9
80.6
July
3.72
66.9
76.2
85.5
August
4.11
65.2
74.4
83.7
September
3.15
57.4
67.2
77
October
3.42
45.6
56.1
66.6
November
3.27
37.2
46.8
56.3
December
3.69
28.4
37.2
46

III.

Estimates of Evapotranspiration

Month
P(tot) (cm) P(tot) inches
T (avg) F T (avg) C DL
C/5
c/5^1.5
January
5.9436
2.34
36 2.222222
9 0.444444 0.296296
February
12.6238
4.97 34.92857 1.626984
10 0.325397 0.185618
March
12.3952
4.88 39.22581 4.014337
11 0.802867 0.719392
April
6.6294
2.61 51.53333 10.85185
13 2.17037 3.197427
May
7.6708
3.02 60.70968 15.94982
14 3.189964 5.697426
June
20.193
7.95
71 21.66667
15 4.333334 9.020555
July
8.3566
3.29 77.41935 25.23297
16 5.046594 11.33698
August
8.4074
3.31 71.67742 22.04301
14 4.408602 9.256597
September
2.7432
1.08 64.63333 18.12963
12 3.625926 6.904439
October
11.6078
4.57 57.87097 14.37276
11 2.874552 4.87366
November
5.969
2.35 44.48387 6.935484
9 1.387097 1.633654
December
14.9098
5.87 38.54839 3.637993
8 0.727599 0.620637
117.4496
46.24
I=
53.74269
I^2=
2888.277
I^3=
155223.7
a=

(Continued on next page)

Continued:
I
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426
53.7426

a
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408
1.33408

N
31
28
31
30
31
30
31
31
30
31
30
31

10*T
22.22222
16.26984
40.14337
108.5185
159.4982
216.6667
252.3297
220.4301
181.2963
143.7276
69.35484
36.37993

0.96199
0.22269
0.10478
1.33408

Forested ET:
Annual PET (in): 28.84648 inches

10T/I
0.413494
0.302736
0.746956
2.019227
2.967817
4.031563
4.695152
4.10159
3.373419
2.67437
1.2905
0.676929

10T/I^a
0.30785
0.203095
0.677588
2.553532
4.268437
6.42318
7.871082
6.57245
5.063933
3.714905
1.405271
0.594198

DL/12
N/30
0.75 1.033333
0.833333 0.933333
0.916667 1.033333
1.083333
1
1.166667 1.033333
1.25
1
1.333333 1.033333
1.166667 1.033333
1
1
0.916667 1.033333
0.75
1
0.666667 1.033333
Forested ET=

PET
0.381731
0.252738
1.026919
4.426126
8.23336
12.8464
17.35144
12.67757
8.102315
5.630154
1.686324
0.654936
73.27001
28.84646

IV.

Estimates of Canopy Interception

Location: Latitude: 39o2936 Longitude: 74o3127

Open Bulk Precipitation (Gross Precipitation):
Radius of bucket: 14 cm
Area: 196
Volume (mL): 710 mL
V=A*D
710 mL = 196 * D
D=1.15306 mm
Throughfall Set-up: Four buckets with a 16 cm diameter were placed one meter apart and
number one through four. Bucket number one was placed a meter away from a pitch pine. The
volume of throughfall that was in each bucket was measured in milliliters.
1

}
Pitch Pine
(One meter from
1st bucket)

Each bucket
one meter apart

Canopy Interception (Ic) = Gross Precipitation (Pg) Throughfall (Th) Stemflow (Sf)
Gross Precipitation (Pg): 710 mL
Stemflow (Sf): 1% or less (not estimated)
Throughfall (Th):
Bucket
#1
#2
#3
#4

Throughfall (mL)
285 mL
214 mL
195 mL
193 mL

Canopy Cover Est.

30-50%
50-60%
50-60%
85%

Area of Bucket (cm)

64= 201.0619
64
64
64

Depth (mm)
1.417
1.064
0.9699
0.9599

Canopy Int
-0.26394
0.08906
0.18316
0.19316

Average Canopy Interception: 0.05036 = 4%

Limits of Methodology used: factors that make our data less accurate are that we left the buckets
out for over 24 hours and so there was a chance that evaporation occurred. The graduated
cylinder that was used was large and so there is a possibility that the measurements are off by a
small margin. Also, taking measurements out on the field instead of in a lab leaves a chance for
measurement errors.
V.

Groundwater Resources on Campus

Stockton Colleges campus is located on the watershed of the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer.

As discussed before, this aquifer covers three thousand square miles and covers much of the
southern half of New Jersey. Although this aquifer covers a vast area, in recent years, increasing

populations in Southern New Jersey have caused faster rates of depletion. The water supply for
the college is located in Galloway, New Jersey. As the campus is renovated and more students
arrive, the groundwater resources could become even more strained. The graph below shows a
visual representation of the depletion of groundwater that has been occurring in the area for the
last thirty years. As the population grows and more forests are cut for residential and industrial
purposes, this could become a cause for concern.

Water Supply for Galloway, NJ:

PART II: STREAMS ON CAMPUS

I.

Stream Discharge Estimates

Mannings Equation:
V (ft/s)

= 1.49 /
n *
Rh^2/3
* S^1/2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.69291344
1.49 0.004414741
0.0830247 0.06041523
0.44619424
1.49 0.029306281 0.145261982 0.06041523
0
0
0 0.11085564
0

0
0
0
1.19422576
4.04199488
3.35301848
1.35170608
1.73228352
1.25328088
0
0

0
0
0
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
0
0

0
0
0
0.005895331
0.002529439
0.003737671
0.010145931
0.006978531
0.008636401
0
0

0.057552324
0.041121458
0.031037634
0.078209938
0.113576193
0.139220872
0.152349648
0.134292044
0.120239874
0.106710889
0.05524984

Stream Discharge:
Tape
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5

Velocity (ft/s)

Area (ft^2)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.69291344 0.003583333
0.44619424 0.000944444
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.19422576 0.002527778
4.04199488 0.008555556
3.35301848 0.007097222
1.35170608 0.002861111
1.73228352 0.003666667
1.25328088 0.002652778
0
0
0
0
Average Stream Discharge (cfs):

Q (cfs)
0
0
0
0
0.006066
0.000421
0
0
0
0
0.003019
0.034582
0.023797
0.003867
0.006352
0.003325
0
0
0.005089

0
0
0
0.06041523
0.06041523
0.06041523
0.06041523
0.06041523
0.06041523
0
0

Comparison of Cedick Run and Morses Mill

II.

Due to limited time and resources, measurements of Cedick Runs velocity were not able to
be attained. However, there are notable differences in the velocity of Cedick Run compared to
Morses Mill that can be expected. Cedick Run releases from Cedick Swamp, and has very slow
moving water. This leads to the assumption that it would have a relatively low velocity. The
stream that drains Lake Fred, however, has very fast moving water, and the velocity has been
calculated. Due to the visible differences in velocity been the two, I expect that Morses Mills
velocity would be much higher than Cedick Runs velocity.
III.

Stream Morphology

Cross-section of stream
0

20

40

60

80

0
10
20

cm

30
40
50
60
70
80
90

Average bankfull width: 2.62 ft

Average bankfull depth: 1.63 ft
Width of the floodprone area: 46.39 ft
Channel length: 16.4 ft
Valley Length: 6.56 ft
Slope: 6 ft/ 3 ft
Bed material: gravel
Entrenchment Ratio: 46.39/2.62= 17.7
Width/Depth Ratio: 2.62/1.63 = 1.6
Sinuosity: 16.4/6.56 = 2.5
Slope: 0.02
Rosgen Classification: E4b

100

120

140

160

180

PART III: WATER QUALITY

I.

Annual Sediment Load Estimate for Morses Mill

Location: Morses Mill (downstream)

Method: First, a sample of water was taken from the stream. The sample brought back to the lab
and was left in the fridge for about a two weeks. Before the sample was added, an empty
crucibles weight was measured and recorded. Then, 100 mL of the sample was put into a
vacuum pump through a crucible which had small holes on the bottom. After all of the water was
removed, the remaining sediment in the crucible was left to dry for 24 hours. After the 24 hours,
the crucible was weighed again and the final weight was recorded. To find out the amount of
sediment in the sample, the final weight of the crucible was subtracted from the initial weight of
the crucible.
Sample Weight
Initial Weight: 16.653 g
Final Weight: 16.653 g
Volume: 100 mL
Sediment in sample: 0 g
Results: Although there was no significant sediment weight recorded, there was still a
minor amount of sediment visible.
II.

Water Quality of Cedick Run

Temperature: 11.4oC (52.52oF)

DO (%): 51.8%
DO (mg/L): 5.61 mg/L
Conductivity: 83.0
pH: 4.16
Importance of these parameters: Temperature has an important role in stream ecosystems and
controls reproductive cycles and metabolic rates of organisms. The temperature is related to the
levels of dissolved oxygen (DO), and the colder it is the less DO. DO can be affected by the
amount of vegetation and human activity. The higher the DO, the more suitable a stream is for
living organisms, such as fish. The levels of DO range from 0-18 mg/L, and our level is just
above the range that is suitable for fish (Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 2013). The
factors that can influence DO levels are the temperature, amounts of vegetation, and human
activity. Conductivity measures the amount of sodium chloride and other salts that are in the
water. This measures the ability of the water to pass an electric current. Typically, freshwater has
much lower conductivity than brackish and salt water. The pH is a chemical element of water
quality, and the levels are from 1 to 14. A pH of seven or below is acidic and above seven is

10

basic. Factors such as acid deposition and the range for a stream is typically 6 to 9. However, as
is already known, water bodies in the NJ Pine Barrens is much more acidic than other water.
This would explain why our measurement is so acidic (4.16).

PART IV: CONCLUSION

Best Management Practices for Doubled Campus Size
Currently, our campus has a number of Best Management Practices (BMPs) that are in
place to deal with storm runoff and the management of the water quality of our watershed. First,
in the parking lots and throughout campus, there are a number of riparian buffers. In the parking
lots, these are trees that were not cut down during construction, and are found in between each
parking lot. These riparian buffers help to decrease soil erosion and the sedimentation in the local
streams. Throughout the middle of buildings on campus, rain gardens can also be found. These
are typically filled with native vegetation, and help to decrease the amounts of runoff that occur
during a storm. Near parking lots and roads, there are a number of grassed swales and infiltration
basins designed to trap excess storm runoff and the pollutants that are carried by it.
North lot was specially designed in order to allow precipitation to seep into the ground.
This is required by law, and is to allow a hundred percent of the groundwater to be recharged as
would be before development. To do this, a complex system was built underneath to funnel
water back into the ground in this area. Stocktons buildings have a complex gutter system that is
integrated into the architecture of the buildings. These drain into a number of areas where there
are rock gardens located to catch and drain the water. There are a number of storm drains on
campus that release storm runoff into the lake and streams. The areas where storm runoff is
diverted to eventually lead to the closest body of water, such as the stream that is located across
from the parking lots in front of the Campus Center. As a result, this stream seems to have an
excess amount of pollutants, such as oil and chemicals from automobiles.
If the campus was to double in size, many new Best Management Practices would have to
be implemented as a result. Firstly, many new roads and parking lots would need to be built. This
would diminish the ability for precipitation to filter into the ground. For this reason, I believe that
pervious pavement would be a possible solution. This would leave to the diminished need for
detention basins and other methods that carry runoff into local streams. The result would be that
pollutants could be filtered out by the soil, instead of being carried to streams and negatively
affecting water quality. The next method that I would recommend is to discontinue the release of
runoff into the local streams and lake. I believe that this method is contaminating these waters,
and that an added population size would harm them even more. For this reason, I believe that I
storm water should be diverted into basins where is can infiltrate into the soil and be naturally
filtered of pollutants. This will also allow for greater amounts of groundwater recharge of the
groundwater below campus.
The final recommendation I make is an increased amount of infiltration basins that will
be necessary for the increased numbers of activity and automobiles on campus. I believe that an
increase in people walking on campus will cause more compaction of the soil and will make it
harder for the ground to infiltrate precipitation. For this reason, I believe that rain gardens should
be constructed in multiple areas where the most activity occurs. These will assist in capturing

11

excess precipitation and lessen soil erosion. With more parking lots needed, an increase in
riparian buffers will be necessary. With all of these recommended BMPs, I believe that Stockton
will be able to double its campus in size.

12

References
Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer. (2014). Retrieved December 13, 2014, from
http://www.pinelandsalliance.org/ecology/water/groundwaterandaquifers/kirkwoodcohan
sey/
Missouri Department of Natural Resources. (2013). Retrieved December 10, 2014, from
http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/esp/waterquality-parameters.htm
Mullica River - Great Bay Estuary. (2011). Retrieved December 11, 2014, from
http://nctc.fws.gov/resources/knowledge-resources/pubs5/web_link/text/mr_gbe.htm
Plants of the NJ Pine Barrens. (2012). Retrieved December 10, 2014, from
http://www.pineypower.com/plants.htm

13