Plant Reproduction

Chapter 3.2
Pages 74-77

Plant Reproduction
Plants can reproduce sexually, asexually, or both.
Two stages in their life cycle:
Sporophyte stage
Gametophyte stage
To reproduce sexually, a sperm must fertilize an egg.

Two Stages
Sporophyte stage: plants make spores
*****Spore: reproductive cell that can grow into a gametophyte

Gametophyte stage:
Female gametophytes produce eggs
Male gametophytes produce sperm

Nonvascular Plants
Sporophyte stage- large number of spores are produced
Advantage: greater chance that they will grow into
gametophytes
Gametophytes of nonvascular plants must be covered in
water for fertilization to occur
Sperm swim to the female gametophytes to
fertilize the eggs
Gametophytes grow very close together in clumps
Eggs and sperm are in separate structures, usually on
separate plants

Nonvascular Plants
Hornworts

Mosses

Liverworts

Seedless Vascular Plants

Ex: ferns
Have tissues that deliver materials from one part of the
plant to another part
Produce a lot of spores
Need water to reproduce
In most seedless vascular plants, both eggs and sperm are
produced on the same plant
Gametophytes are usually very small
Develop on or below the surface of soil, on rocks, or on tree bark

Seed Plants
Gymnosperms: trees and shrubs that do NOT
have flowers or fruit
Angiosperms: have flowers and seeds that are
protected by fruit
Most can reproduce sexually without water
Allows them to live in many environments

Gymnosperms
Most have reproductive structures called
cones
Pollen: male gametophytes that contain sperm
Female gametophytes produce eggs

Pollination- transfer of pollen from the male

reproductive structures to the female
reproductive structures in seed plants
Wind transfers pollen from the male cone to
the female cone during fertilization.
Fertilized egg develops into a seed, which
develops into a young plant

Angiosperms
Gametophytes develop within flowers

Angiosperms
Anther- male reproductive structure that produces pollen
Stigma- female reproductive structure
Wind or animals carry pollen from anthers to stigma =
pollination
Pollen tube grows through the style of the stigma to the ovule
Ovule is found inside the ovary
Ovule contains an egg
Fertilization occurs when a sperm from the pollen grain fuses
with the egg in an ovule

From Flower to Fruit

Ovule develops into a seed
Seed contains a young plant
The ovary surrounding the ovule becomes a fruit
Fruit protects the developing seeds
Some seeds dispersed by wind
Others dispersed by animals who eat the fruit and discard
the seeds
Other fruits may catch on animals fur and be carried
Ex: burrs

From Seed to Plant

When seeds are dropped in a
suitable environment, the
seeds sprout and young plants
begin to grow
Most seeds need water, air,
and warm temperatures
Each plant species has an
ideal temperature for growth

Other Methods of Reproduction

Angiosperms may also produce asexually
These plants do not depend on other plants to
reproduce
Part of a plant produces a new plant
Three structures that plants use to reproduce asexually:
1. Plantlets
2. Tubers
3. Runners

Plantlets
Tiny plants grow along the
edges of a plants leaves
These plantlets fall off and
grow on their own

Tubers
Underground stems, or
tubers, can produce new
plants after a dormant season
Ex: potatoes

Runners
Above-ground stems from
which new plants can grow
Ex: strawberries

When a part of a sea star breaks off, the part can develop
into a new individual. What is this pattern of asexual
reproduction called?
a) External fermentation

b) Fragmentation

c) Internal fertilization

d) Budding

When a part of a sea star breaks off, the part can develop
into a new individual. What is this pattern of asexual
reproduction called?
a) External fermentation

b) Fragmentation

c) Internal fertilization

d) Budding

Which is not a part of asexual

reproduction in plants?
a) Producing runners

b) Producing tubers

c) Producing flowers

d) Producing plantlets

Which is not a part of asexual

reproduction in plants?
a) Producing runners

b) Producing tubers

c) Producing flowers

d) Producing plantlets

Most gymnosperms have reproductive structures called

cones. Gymnosperms have male and female cones. Where
are male cones found?
a) In soil

b) In eggs

c) In seeds

d) In pollen

Most gymnosperms have reproductive structures called

cones. Gymnosperms have male and female cones. Where
are male cones found?
a) In soil

b) In eggs

c) In seeds

d) In pollen

What is pollination?

What is pollination?

The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive

structures to the female structures of seed plants

How are seedless vascular plants and

nonvascular plants similar?

How are seedless vascular plants and

nonvascular plants similar?

Both need water in order to reproduce.

How are seedless vascular plants and

nonvascular plants different?

How are seedless vascular plants and

nonvascular plants different?

Vascular plants have tissues that deliver materials

from one part of the plant to another part of the
plant.

The _________________ during sexual reproduction

allows for variation within a population.

The _________________ during sexual reproduction

allows for variation within a population.

Combination of genes

______________ are the female

reproductive structures in angiosperms.

______________ are the female

reproductive structures in angiosperms.
Stigmas

______________ are the male reproductive

structures in angiosperms. They produce
____________.

______________ are the male reproductive

structures in angiosperms. They produce
____________.

Anthers

Pollen

After fertilization takes place, the ovule

develops into a ______________.

After fertilization takes place, the ovule

develops into a ______________.
Seed

The ______________ surrounding the ovule

becomes a fruit.

The ______________ surrounding the ovule

becomes a fruit.
Ovary

Homework: Animal
Behavior Packet
Tomorrow, you will be dissecting a flower. You will
have to label all of the parts!