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3Hardware
1.3.1Input,Outputandstoragedevices
Identifyhardwaredevicesusedforinput,output,secondarystorage
Hardwarereferstothephysicalcomponents(electroniccircuit)thatmakeupthe
computersandaretangible.
Inputdevicesarethemeanswherebycomputerscanacceptdataorinstructionsfrom
environment.
Outputdevicesarethemeanstoproduceinformationorprocessedresulttothe
environment.
Storagedevicesarethemeanstostoredataandprogramspermanentlyortemporarily.
Activity:
Identifythesedevicesasinput,output,storagedevices
Speaker,keyboard,scanner,harddisk,sensors,floppydisk,mouse,lightpen,optical
characterreader,microphone.
Showunderstandingofbasicinternaloperationoffollowingdevices
Keyboard:
Itisinputdevicewithdifferenttypesofkeys(alphabetkeys,numerickeys,specialsymbols,
functionalkeys).Whenanykeyispressed,brokencircuitbelowpressedkeyiscompleted
anduniquebinarycodedsignalisgeneratedandcomputerrecognizesrespectivecharacter
initscharacterset.
Scanner:
Itisinputdevicethatconvertsadocumentintoaseriesofpixels.Basicprincipleofscanner
istocapturetheimage.
Printer:
Theseareoutputdevicesusedforproducinghardcopyoutput.
Inkjetprinter:
Itproduceoutputbysprayingcoloredinksontothepaper.Theprintheadconsistsofa
numberofinkcartridgesblack,cyan,magenta&yellowwhichsprayinkontothepageto
produceavastrangeofcolorcombinations.Theprintheadtravelsacrossthepagealineat
atime.Theinkreservoirisheated&thisvaporizesdropletsofink,whichthenforcesa
smallinkblobontothepaper.
Laserprinter:
Ithasdrumthatismostlypositivelycharged.Thecontrollerinprintermanipulatesasmall
lasertowriteonthedrumwithnegativecharge,creatingaimage.
Drumisrolledthroughtoner(blackpowder),whichispositivelychargedsoitwillclingto
areasofnegativechargeondrum.
Imagewilltransfertopaperthenfedthroughafuse,whichheatstoner&causesittobind
withthefibersinthepaper.
Trackballmouse
Atrackballisapointingdeviceconsistingofaballonthetopofplasticcasethatmovesa
computercursoraroundonthescreen.Ballisheldbyasocetconsistingsensorstodetecta
rotationoftheballabouttwoperpendicularaxes,which,inturn,movethepointeronthe
screen.
Lasermouse
Itemitslaserbeamfocusedonthesurfacebeneaththemousebyaspecialtypeoflens.The
reflectedlightfallsbacktothelightsensorintegratedwithcamera.Thecameratakesimage
ofthesurfacewithafrequencyrangeof1500to6000imagespersecond.Theseimagesare
sendtodigitalsignalprocessor,whichdetectspatternsinimages&calculateshowfarthe
mousehasmoved&sendsthecorrespondingcoordinatestothecomputer.Thecomputer
movesthecursoronthescreenbasedonthecoordinates.
Trackballmouse
Atrackballisapoiningdeviceconsistingofaballonthetopofplasticcasethatmovesa
computercursoraroundonthescreen.Ballisheldbyasocketcontainingsensorstodetect
arotationoftheballabouttwoperpendicularaxes,whichinturn,movethepointeronthe
screen.
Harddiskdrive
Itissecondarystoragenonvolatilememory.Itconsistsofoneormorethanonecircular
diskscoaedbymagneticmaterialfittedonthespindleandsomeothercomponents.
Diskislogicallydividedintotracksandsectors.Whilereadingdata,sectorsinwhichpartsof
particularfilearestoredarelocatedfromfileallocationtable(FAT).Diskcontrollermakes
actuatorheads,onbothsideofthedisk,tomovearoundthedisktopointsectorandread
datafromthereinformofbinarybits.
Showunderstandingoftheneedforprimaryandsecondary(includingremovable)storage
PrimarymemorycanbedirectlyaccessedbyCPU.Primarymemoryareusedtostore
programsanddatathatarecurrentlybeingprocessedorreadytobeprocessed.Italso
storessomepartofoperatingsystemrequiredwhilecomputerisswitchedon.
SecondarymemorycannotbedirectlyaccessedbyCPU.Secondarymemorystoreslong
termprogramsanddata.Itisalsousedtocarryprogramsanddata.
1.3.2Mainmemory
MainmemoryareprimarymemorythatcanbedirectlyaccessedbyCPU.
ExplainthedifferencesbetweenRAMandROMmemory.
Ramisvolatiletypeofprimarymemoryinwhichdatagetserasedoncepoweristurnedoff.
memorystoreprogramsanddatathatarecurrentlybeingprocessedorreadytobeprocessed.
Romisnonvolatiletypeofprimarymemoryinwhichdataispermanent.Programsanddatain
Romcannotbemodified.Itisusedtostoresuchprogram,whichneednotbemodified.Like
bootstraploaderisstoredinROMchip.Theyarealsousedtostoreinstructionsinmachine
embeddedsystems.
ExplainthedifferencebetweenStaticRAM(SRAM)andDynamicRAM(DRAM).
SRAMconsistsofflipflopcircuitconsistingoffewtransistors(6transistorsinstandardone)
thatcanstoreabit.InDRAMeachcircuitconsistsofcapacitorandatransistor,inwhichabitis
storedincapacitorinformoffuse.
SRAMneednotberefreshed,whereasDRAMneedtobestoredfrequentlyasfuseincapacitor
mayleak.
DataaccessofDRAMisslowerthanSRAMasDRAMneedtoberefreshedandwhilerefreshing
datacannotbeaccessed.
SuitabilityofusingSRAMandDRAM
SRAMissuitablewheredataaccessrateisofmoreconcerncomparedtocostanddatastorage
capacity.
Activity:
IdentifyeitherSRAM/DRAM,whichoneissuitableincachememoryandRAM.Why?
1.3.3LogicgatesandLogiccircuits
Logiccircuitsareelectricalcircuitsthatconsistofswitchesarrangedtoproducespecificoutput.
Logicgatesaresymbolsthatareusedtorepresenttheselogiccircuitsthatproducespecific
output.
Basicarrangementofswitchesinelectriccircuit:
Seriesconnection
Outputis1whenbothswitchesareclosed/ON.
AB
Parallelconnection
Outputis1evenwhenanyoneofthetwoswitchesareclosed
Fewbasicgates
ANDgate
Itisrepresentationofseriescircuit.Outputistruewhenallinputsaretrue.
Booleanexpression:
Output=A.B
TruthtableoftwoinputANDgate
A B A.B
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
ORgate
Itisrepresentationofparallelcircuit.Outputistrueevenwhenoneoftheinputsistrue.
Booleanexpression:
Output=A+B
TruthtableoftwoinputORgate
A B A.B
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
NOTgate
TheNOTgateisanelectroniccircuitthatproducesaninvertedversionoftheinputatits
output.Itisalsoknownasaninverter.IftheinputvariableisA,theinvertedoutputis
knownasNOTA.
BooleanExpression:
Output=A
NANDgate
ItiscombinationofANDgateandNOTgate.OutputisFALSEwhenallinputsaretrue.
Booleanexpression:
Output=A.B
TruthtableoftwoinputANDgate
A B A.B
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
1 1 0
NORgate
ItiscombinationofORgateandNOTgate.OutputisTruewhenallinputsareFALSE.
Booleanexpression:
Output=A+B
TruthtableoftwoinputANDgate
A B A+B
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 1 0
EXORgate
The'ExclusiveOR'gateisacircuitwhichwillgiveahighoutputifeither,butnotboth,ofitstwo
inputsarehigh.Anencircledplussign( )isusedtoshowtheEORoperation.
BooleanExpression
Output=A.B+A.B
Truthtable