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Test Bank
21-2
tubule?
a. plasma proteins
b. Erythrocytes
c. sodium and potassium ions
d. Leukocytes
ANS: C
12. From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the
glomerulus is inflamed.
a. albumin
b. urea
Test Bank
21-3
c. sodium
d. creatinine
ANS: A
13. Which of the following functions would be impaired when tubular epithelial cells have
been damaged?
adjusting the specific gravity of the urine
reabsorbing the plasma proteins
secreting renin
exchanging sodium ions for bicarbonate ions
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
14. When a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body, how would the kidney
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
15. When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
16. What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?
a. an ascending infection by E. coli
b. abnormal immune response, causing inflammation
c. dialysis or other invasive procedure
d. virulent bacteria in the blood
ANS: A
17. Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?
a. nephrotic syndrome
b. cystitis
c. glomerulonephritis
d. urolithiasis
ANS: B
18. Why may acute pyelonephritis and cystitis follow untreated prostatitis?
a. Microbes spread through the circulation.
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21-4
kidney
d. microbes irritating the tissues
ANS: B
21. Which pathophysiologic process applies to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
a. streptococcal infection affects both the glomerular and tubule functions
b. ischemic damage occurs in the tubules, causing obstruction and decreased GFR
c. immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation
d. increased glomerular permeability for unknown reasons
ANS: C
22. What causes the dark urine associated with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
a. increased glomerular permeability resulting in gross hematuria
b. proteinuria and microscopic hematuria from the inflammation
c. pyuria from inflammatory exudate
d. bleeding from ulcerations in the kidneys
ANS: A
23. Renal disease frequently causes hypertension because:
a. albuminuria increases vascular volume
b. congestion and ischemia stimulates release of renin
c. ADH secretion is decreased
d. damaged tubules absorb large amounts of filtrate
ANS: B
24. Urinary casts are present with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis because of:
a. large numbers of microbes and leukocytes enter the filtrate
b. ruptured capillaries release debris into the tubules
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21-5
disease?
increased carbonic acid
increased bicarbonate ion
pH less than 7.35
decreased bicarbonate ion
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
28. What would be the long-term effects of chronic infection or inflammation of the kidneys?
a. dehydration and hypovolemia
b. gradual necrosis, fibrosis, and development of uremia
c. sudden anuria and azotemia
d. severe back or flank pain
ANS: B
29. What factors contribute to headache, anorexia, and lethargy with kidney disease?
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21-6
compartment.
ANS: D
32. Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. hypercalcemia
b. hyperlipidemia
c. inadequate fluid intake
d. hyperuricemia
ANS: B
33. Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus?
a. mild flank pain on the affected side
b. hydronephrosis in both kidneys
c. immediate cessation of urine production
d. an attack of renal colic
ANS: D
34. What does hydronephrosis lead to?
a. ischemia and fibrosis in the compressed area
b. multiple hemorrhages in the kidney
c. severe colicky pain radiating into the groin
d. increased GFR
ANS: A
35. Which of the following is a predisposing factor to bladder cancer?
a. prostatic cancer
b. hormonal abnormalities
c. exposure to chemicals and cigarette smoke
d. presence of embryonic tissue
ANS: C
36. What is the common initial sign of adenocarcinoma of the kidney?
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a.
b.
c.
d.
21-7
gross hematuria
microscopic hematuria
sharp flank pain
oliguria
ANS: B
37. Which of the following does NOT usually result from nephrosclerosis?
a. secondary hypertension
b. chronic renal failure
c. acute renal failure
d. increased renin and aldosterone secretions
ANS: C
38. Which of the following relates to polycystic kidney disease?
a. It affects only one of the kidneys.
b. It results in gradual degeneration and chronic renal failure.
c. The kidneys are displaced and the ureters are twisted.
d. The prognosis is good because there is adequate reserve for normal life.
ANS: B
39. Which of the following is related to Wilms tumor?
a. direct exposure to carcinogens
b. hormonal imbalance
c. repeated infections
d. a genetic defect
ANS: D
40. With severe kidney disease, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur and cause:
a. cardiac arrhythmias
b. encephalopathy
c. hypervolemia
d. skeletal muscle twitch or spasm
ANS: A
41. Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?
a. polyuria with urine a fixed, low specific gravity
b. hypotension and increased urine output
c. development of decompensated acidosis
d. very low GFR and increased serum urea
ANS: D
42. What is a cause of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?
a. prolonged circulatory shock
b. sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins
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21-8
uremia?
decreased parathyroid hormone secretion
insufficient calcium in the diet
excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine
a deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
46. Cystitis is more common in females due to:
a. the mucosa in the urinary tract is continuous
b. the urethra is short, wide, and adjacent to areas with resident flora
c. the pH of urine is more acidic in females
d. females have a higher incidence of congenital anomalies
ANS: B
47. Which of the following indicate a decreased GFR?
a. increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate
b. urine with low specific gravity and dark color
c. albuminuria and hematuria
d. hyponatremia and hypokalemia
ANS: A
48. Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to hydronephrosis?
a. renal calculi
b. pyelonephritis
c. nephrosclerosis
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21-9
children?
polycystic kidney
horseshoe kidney
hypoplasia of the kidney
vesicoureteral reflux
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
50. Which factor contributes to severe anemia in individuals with chronic renal failure?
a. increased erythropoietin secretion
b. limited protein intake
c. compensatory increase in bone marrow activity
d. inability to absorb Vitamin B12 and iron
ANS: B
51. When acidosis becomes decompensated in renal failure, a key indicator is:
a. increased PCO2
b. increased bicarbonate ion
c. serum pH dropping below 7.35
d. serum buffer ratio of 20 bicarbonate ion to 1 carbonic acid
ANS: C
52. What is the primary action of the diuretic furosemide?
a. decreased reabsorption of sodium and water
b. decreased reabsorption of H+ in the tubules
c. increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
d. inhibition of renin
ANS: A
53. Which of the following causes acute renal failure?
a. polycystic kidney disease
b. pyelonephritis in the right kidney
c. nephrosclerosis
d. bilateral acute glomerulonephritis
ANS: D
54. Which of the following is a significant indicator of renal insufficiency?
a. urine with pH of 5
b. increased serum urea and creatinine
c. urine with high specific gravity
d. increased blood pressure
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21-10
ANS: B
55. Uremic signs of renal failure include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. encephalopathy
b. congestive heart failure
c. osteodystrophy
d. azotemia and acidosis
ANS: B
56. Choose the basic cause of osteodystrophy associated with chronic renal failure.
a. development of hypercalcemia
b. deficit of parathyroid hormone
c. failure of the kidney to activate vitamin D
d. excessive loss of phosphate ion
ANS: C
57. Agenesis is often not diagnosed because:
a. the kidney is displaced from its normal position
b. it is a genetic defect and asymptomatic until mid-life
c. the two functioning kidneys are fused together
d. one kidney provides more than adequate function
ANS: D
58. The normal pH of urine is:
a. 7.35-7.45
b. 4.5- 8.0
c. 1.5-7.5
d. 1.0-7.0
ANS: B
59. Wilms tumor is:
a. a malignant tumor in the bladder
b. an encapsulated mass in one kidney
c. not considered to have a genetic origin
d. manifested in adulthood
ANS: B
60. Reduced urine output resulting from inflammation and necrosis of the tubules is called:
a. oliguria
b. anuria
c. pyuria
d. polyuria
ANS: A
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67. The reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the kidneys is directly controlled by: