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H2C CH CH CH2
1,3-Butadiena
1
2
3
Orbitali atomici
Orbitali moleculari
Conjugarea ,
H2C CH CH CH CH CH2
Hexatriena-1,3,5
H2C CH C
O
H
Acroleina (propenal)
H3C
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
-Caroten
H3 C
CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
Retinol
CH 3
H3 C
CH 3
CH 3
CH2OH
CH 3
Retinal
CH 3
O
C H
Conjugarea - ,
..
H2C CH O CH CH2
Eter divinilic
CH3
H2C CH N CH
3
Dimetilvinilamina
Benzenul
Naftalina
10 electroni
Antracen
14 electroni
Fenantren
14 electroni
N
H
Pirol
N
H
Modelul atomic orbital al
pirolului
Azot pirolic
N
Piridina
Azot piridinic
N
N
N
Imidazol
Pirimidina
Purina
Heteroatom piridinic
N
O
N
N
H
Heteroatom pirolic
Efecte electronice
Legturile chimice sunt polarizate n dependen de
electronegativitatea elementelor.
4.00
3.50
>
CH3
CH2
Cl
-I efect:
- OH , NH2, SH, -OR , -NO2, NHR, C=O,
- COOH, SO3 H, H, Cl, Br, I, F
etc.
+I efect:
3 < 25 < 37 < 49 < 511
etc.
+ efect
OH , NH2 OR. SH,
atomii Cl,
Br, I
etc.
- efect
C=, COOH, SO3, C=N, NO2 etc.
CH3
H2C CH N CH
3
Dimetilaminogrupa (manifest + efect)
H2C CH C
Grupa carbonil
manifest - efect
O
H
+I
sau -I i + efecte
care manifest:
-I
sau -I i - efecte
O
NH2
C
H
I < +M (ED)
I, M (EA)