Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
kinetic-molecular theory
describes the behavior of IDEAL
gases in terms of particles in
motion. Real gases do not obey the
kinetic molecular theory.
Gas Solubility
Gases
Gas Solubility
Gases
Vapor Pressure
The
STP
Standard Pressure
Standard
pressure is 1 atm
(atmosphere)
which is equal to
760 mm Hg,
760 torr, or
101.3 kPa
(kilopascals).
Standard Temperature
Standard
temperature is
273 Kelvin.
Air pressure at
higher altitudes,
such as on a
mountaintop, is
slightly lower
than air pressure
at sea level.
Air pressure is
measured using
a barometer.
The
Gas
Laws
Boyles Law
Boyles law states that the pressure
and volume of a gas at constant
temperature are
inversely proportional.
Inversely proportional
means as one goes
up the other goes
down.
1 atm
4 Liters
2 atm
2 Liters
As the
pressure on
a gas
increases,
the volume
decreases.
Boyles Law
Boyles Law
Boyles Law
P x V = K
constant)
(K is some
P1 V 1 = P 2 V 2
Example
Example
THEY DO!
Example
V1L)
1.0 atm
P1 (25
= 1.5
P2 atm
V2 V2
V2 = 17 L
Problem 2
P2 = 2.2 atm
Problem 3
V2 = 209 cm3
Problem 4
P2 = 610. mm Hg
Charles Law
Charles Law states that the
volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin
temperature if the pressure is held
constant.
Directly proportional means that
as one goes up, the other goes up
as well.
Charles Law
Charles Law
Charles Law
V/T = K
constant)
V1
T1
(K is some
V2
T2
Charles Law
K = C + 273
Example
Example
First, make sure the volume units in
the question match.
What is the temperature of a gas
that is expanded from 2.5 L at 25 C
to 4.1 L at constant pressure?
THEY DO!
Example
Second, make sure to convert
degrees Celsius to Kelvin.
What is the temperature of a gas
that is expanded from 2.5 L at 25 C
to 4.1 L at constant pressure?
K = C
25 + 273
K = 298 K
Example
V2L
4.1
T2
T2 = 489 K
Problem 5
V2 = 11 L
Problem 6
V2 = 186 cm3
Problem 7
T2 = 161 K
Gay-Lusaacs Law
Gay-Lusaacs Law
At higher temperatures, the
particles in a gas have greater
kinetic energy.
They move faster and collide with
the walls of the container more
often and with greater force, so
the pressure rises.
Gay-Lusaacs Law
Gay-Lussacs Law
P/T = K
(K is some
constant)
P1
T1
P2
T2
Example
Example
First, make sure the pressure units in
the question match.
What is the pressure inside a
0.250 L can of deodorant that starts at
25 C and 1.2 atm if the temperature is
raised to 100 C?
Example
Second, make sure to convert
degrees Celsius to Kelvin.
What is the pressure inside a
0.250 L can of deodorant that starts at
25 C and 1.2 atm if the temperature is
raised to 100 C?
K = C
25 + 273
K = 298 K
Example
K = 100
C + 273
K = 373 K
Example
P2
373
TK
2
P2 = 1.5 atm
Problem 8
T2 = 579 K
Problem 9
P2 = 1.35 atm
Problem 10
T2 = 601 K
P1 V1
P2 V2
=
T1
T2
Example
Example
First, make sure the volume units in
the question match.
A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm
pressure at 25 C is heated to 75 C
and compressed to 17 atm. What is
the new volume?
Example
Second, make sure the pressure units
in the question match.
A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm
pressure at 25 C is heated to 75 C
and compressed to 17 atm. What is
the new volume?
They do!
Example
Third, make sure to convert degrees
Celsius to Kelvin.
A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm
pressure at 25 C is heated to 75 C
and compressed to 17 atm. What is
the new volume?
K = C
25 + 273
K = 298 K
Example
K = C
75 + 273
K = 348 K
Example
V1L)
4.8P
atm
1 (15
T1 K
298
17P
atm
2
V2 = 4.9 L
V2
T2K
348
Problem 11
T2 = 594 K
Problem 12
V2 = 78.2 mL
Problem 13
V2 = 2.03 L
Avogadros Law
Avogadros law states equal volumes
of all gases, at the same temperature
and pressure, have the same number
of molecules.
For a given mass of an ideal gas, the
volume and amount (moles) of the gas
are directly proportional if the
temperature and pressure are
constant.
Avogadros Law
The molar volume for a gas is the
volume that one mole occupies at
0.00C and 1.00 atm.
1 mole = 22.4 L at STP (standard
temperature and pressure).
Example
63.2 L
1 mol
22.4 L
= 2.82 moles
Problem 14
2.01 moles
Problem 15
14.2 L
Avogadros Law
V / n = K
constant)
V1
n1
(K is some
V2
n2
Example
Example
n1mol
1.5
16.5
VL
2
n2
n2 = 0.67 mol
Problem 16
V2 = 1140 mL
Problem 17
n2 = 0.156 mol
Problem 18
V2 = 9.0 L
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +
Example
Determine the pressure in the fourth
container if all of the gas molecules from
the 1st three containers are placed in the
4th container.
??
6 atm
2 atm
1 atm 3 atm
Problem 19
Problem 20
Problem 20
1.30 atm
760 mm Hg
1 atm
= 988 mm Hg
Problem 20
Pt
= P1 + P 2 + P 3 +
Problem 21
Problem 22
Problem 23
Ideal Gases
Ideal gases do not really exist,
assuming that all gases are ideal
makes the math easier and is a close
approximation.
Real gases behave more ideally at
high temperature and low pressure.
Ideal Gases
At high temperature, the gas
molecules move more quickly, so
attractive forces are negligible.
At low pressure, the molecules are
farther apart so attractive forces are
negligible.
PV = nRT
Example
Example
Second, make sure to convert
degrees Celsius to Kelvin.
How many moles of air are there in a
2.0 L bottle at 19 C and 747 mm Hg?
K = C
19 + 273
K = 292 K
Example
747
V = n 62.4
R (292)
T
P (2.0)
1494 = 18220.8 n
n = 0.082 mol
Example
Example
Second, make sure to convert
degrees Celsius to Kelvin.
What is the pressure in atm exerted
by 1.8 g of H2 gas in a 4.3 L balloon
at 27 C?
K = C
27 + 273
K = 300. K
Example
Next, convert grams to moles.
What is the pressure in atm exerted
by 1.8 g of H2 gas in a 4.3 L balloon at
300. K?
1.8 g H2
1 mol H2
2.0 g H2
= 0.90 mol H2
Example
P = 5.2 atm
Problem 24
P = 9.42 atm
Problem 25
V = 3.77 L
Problem 26
n = 0.432 mol
Problem 27
31.4 g/mol
Problem 28
28.0 g
Proportionality
PV = nRT
Proportionality
PV = nRT
Proportionality
29) How are pressure and temperature related?
directlywhat
proportional
30) If pressure increases,
happens to volume if
temperature and number of moles stay constant ?
volume decreases
Proportionality
31) If number of moles decreases, what happens to
volume if temperature and pressure stay constant?
volume
decreases
32) How are moles
and temperature
related?
inversely proportional