Rome Note Cards - 2015

Research Project Notes
Topic: Daily Use Roman Inventions

Research Question:
"How did daily use Roman inventions help make Ancient Rome's civilization progress?"
Subtopics:
1. What were some of the daily-use inventions, and how
they worked
2. Inventions with a big impact
3. What inventions are still used
Subtopic: What were some of the daily-use inventions, and how they worked
Notes:
Personal Thoughts
Aqueduct. It was developed around the time of 312 B.C, and
How did the Ancient Romans see the

it allowed water to be passed along stone, lead, and concrete
aqueducts from Assyria, Egypt, and Babylon?
pipes into the city. Like many military inventions, the
How were these amazing ancient

aqueduct was actually not a Roman idea. It was taken from
architectural feats built?
Egypt, Assyria, and Babylon, but also like the weapons the
Where is the Aqua Virgo, and where is its

Roman used, they made it better. Hundreds of these
water supply? How big must it be to carry
aqueducts were used throughout the Roman empire, some
enough water to supply the ongoing Trevi
carrying water as far as 60 miles. Because Rome used some
Fountain 24/7?
amazing building techniques, some of the aqueducts still
stand today. For example, the Trevi Fountain is actually
powered by the ancient Aqua Virgo, one of Romes 11 ancient
aqueducts.
Citation
Title: 10 Innovations That Built Ancient Rome
Author: Evan Andrews - History.com - Published November 20, 2012
Website Link or picture or copyright page: 10 Innovations That Built Ancient Rome
Black = Paraphrase
Red = Direct quote
Green = Personal thoughts/comments
Notes:
Personal Thoughts
Newspapers. The Romans were some of the first civilizations
I think that the fact that Julius Caesar wanted

to have newspapers, or reported news. Just like now, they
the Acta Senatus up for public view may be
had civil, legal, and militaristic issues in these metal stone
because he wanted the things said in the
tablets, or Acta Diurna, which means daily acts. However,
Senate be able to be seen by the majority,
these tablets werent up for single use. They were posted on
maybe trying to see if they approved of some
walls in the most heavily trafficked areas in Rome, like the
of his laws or ideas
Colosseum or the Roman Forum. The Acta was believed to
Just one of those thoughts, but how did the

have been first seen around 131 B.C. There was a second
Roman people stick a cement stone on to a
newspaper called the Acta Senatus, which usually
wall?
consisted of proceedings from the Roman Senate. However,
these were withheld from public view until 59 B.C, until
Julius Caesar demanded that these newspapers should also
be shown and able to be viewed by the public.
Citation
Black = Paraphrase
Red = Direct quote
Notes: Welfare. Ancient Rome was a first step for many modern
Personal Thoughts
government programs. They did this by decreasing the amount of
I think that the Roman government was trying

money needed for day-to-day needs, like food and education.
to help the general public with these welfare
These welfare programs was believed to have been started around
programs, but I can see why the economy
122 B.C, by the tribune Gaius Gracchus. It was called the Law
could have collapsed because of this. Giving
Frumentaria, which ordered the Roman Government to supply
away cheap items means that you probably
citizens with allotments of cheaply priced grain. This kind of
get only 50% of the money that you could
welfare was carried on by Trajan, who made a program called
have gotten. Most of this money was given to
alimenta to help feed, clothe, and educate poor or orphaned
the government, so it could have been a
children. Some of items that were added to this program was corn,
problem.
oil, wine, bread, and pork, and were collected with tokens that were
then called tesserae. These handouts helped Roman emperors to
gain followers, but some historians say that it also was a big factor
in Ancient Romes economic decline.
Citation
Black = Paraphrase
Red = Direct quote
Personal Thoughts
I think this was an ingenious idea, and I think

books, or writings, were made in scrolls or tablets, but
that the fact that the Christians copied this
the Romans changed that. The first codices of these
idea is great because for most of the Ancient
books were wax bound tablets, but they were replaced by
Roman inventions, they were copied from
animal skin paper. The first of these was believed to have
other civilizations. This must have been one of
been made by Julius Caesar by stacking pages of papyrus
the first times that another civilization copied
onto a notebook, but these kind of books werent really
their own idea and used it even more than the
popular with the public until the first century of the use
Romans themselves
Notes: Bound Books. For most of the Ancient times,
of this book in Rome. However, this time, the Romans

had their idea stolen by the Christians, who made
extensive copies of these books to make lots of bibles.
Citation
Black = Paraphrase
Red = Direct quote
Notes: Roads. At the height of Ancient Roman power, the Romans
Personal Thoughts
empire occupied almost 1.7 million square miles of land across
Just like the books that the Romans made, this

Europe. To ensure effective paths, the Romans made roads. Most of
is an amazing feat by the Romans. The thing I
these Roman roads, most that have survived till now, were made
am wondering about is how they got this idea
with a combination of dirt, gravel, bricks made from granite,
and how they made the rocks so round and
and/or hardened volcanic ash. Roman engineers made roads that
safe to walk on as they are
were curved to allow for water drainage. The Romans had already
How many roads did come from Rome? A

made over 50,000 miles of road by 200 B.C, made primarily for
famous expression is that all roads lead to
military conquest. Highways allowed the Roman legion to travel as
Rome, but how many? And how were all these
far as 25 miles per day, and messages could be conveyed at (at that
roads supposed to lead from the main city of
time) astonishing speed. Stone markers and signs informed
Italy to the cities around the Roman empire?
travellers the distance to their chosen destination, while some
soldiers were stationed on the highway as something like a
highway patrol.
Citation
Black = Paraphrase
Red = Direct quote
Notes: The Arch. Probably the most famous of Ancient
Personal Thoughts
Roman ideas was the Arch. It has existed for nearly 4,000
After the 6th invention I have studied so far, I

years, but the Ancient Romans, like they did to most of
am really noticing that the inventions that a
their inventions, made it even better. The Arch basically
civilization made are often are associated with
evenly distributed weight to the columns so that the chance
them.
of the arch collapsing was significantly lower than that of just
The fact that the arch is now called the

a normal column holding up the roof. Roman engineers kept
Roman arch shows that the Romans are well
on flattening the arch to make it able to support even more
known for using, or perfecting, this amazing
weight than the original arch. These arches could also create
architectural technology
gaps, like when the Romans used it on bridges and aqueducts.
Along with columns, domes, and vaulted ceilings, the arch is
an invention so often paired with Ancient Rome.
Citation
Black = Paraphrase
Red = Direct quote
Notes: The Julian Calendar. The modern calendar is very closely
related to this calendar. Early Roman calendars were alike with the
Greek calendar, which revolved around the Lunar Cycle. However,
because the Romans thought that even numbers were unlucky,
they changed some months so that the number of days were odd.
However, this calendar was changed in 46 B.C, when Julius Caesar
and the astronomer Sosigenes made the Julian Calendar. Caesar
changed the then number of days (355) to 365, which we still use
today, using the same 12 months. However, the calendar
miscalculated the solar year by 11 minutes. This made the calendar
off for several days. This is when the Romans switched it with the
almost identical Gregorian calendar in 1582. This fixed the
schedule of leap years.
Personal Thoughts
This shows how ingenious Julius Caesar must

have been to realize that the old Greek
calendar wasnt correct. However, he himself
also made a mathematical error.but it
s amazing that we still use his calendar.
Citation
Black = Paraphrase
Red = Direct quote
Notes: Roman Bathing (Thermae). The Romans made public baths
Personal Thoughts
called thermae. Many people now think that bathing is supposed to
I think that it was amazing that back then, the

be in private, but back then, hordes of people went to these
baths were kept hot and kept cold even in the
thermae, and bathed and just relaxed. However, there was also
most extreme different weather, like keeping
different baths for different people class. The common people had
the baths cold in the summer, and the baths
just a normal thermae - clean water; but smaller. The prestigious or
hot during the cold winter.
rich people had huge areas to bathe. The water was usually filled
with fragrance or spiced wines. The bathers used pumice stone or
vegetable ashes to wash. The bathers first went to the hottest room;
the calidarium for a short time, and the bathers used it as a
sauna. Next, the bathers went straight into a freezing-cold pool
called the frigidarium. To finish the bathers bath, the bathers
received a message. The bigger thermal baths, like the one in
Caracalla in Rome, also had libraries and gardens.
Citation
Title: Roma Virtual History
Author: Mondadori - Virtual History Roma - 2011
Website Link or picture or copyright page: iTunes Roma Virtual History App
Black = Paraphrase
Red = Direct quote
Subtopic: Inventions With a Big Impact

Notes:
Architecture of Ancient Rome. Many of the structures built
for public use were made mostly the same, and so was the
service network (roads, bridges, and aqueducts). The Roman
bricks were very sturdy, and were the foundation that helped
give modern civilizations a helping step with the making of
bricks. The Arch of course is probably the most famous of the
Ancient Roman architectures, and is still used today of
course. For example, the door. If you look at the top of the
door, the cut out space that makes a doorway, you will see the
arch. Not the traditional arch, but more of a square box.
However this is still a version of the arch. Roman Roads were
also so sturdy that many still stand today. The Roman baths is
another one that is still known today, mostly because of the
amazing heating system that warmed up the walls and the
baths at the same time, using only one direct fire.
Personal Thoughts
The fact that many of these Roman

architectures are still standing today shows
that the Romans were amazing engineers, and
that they were probably the first mass
producers (before China - many people think
that China was operating in B.C..) for the
mass production of roads, military
technology, bridges, new inventions.
Citation
Title: Roma Virtual History
Author: Mondadori - Virtual History Roma - 2011
Website Link or picture or copyright page: iTunes Roma Virtual History App

Notes: Time Records. The Julian Calendar was a big step for
Personal Thoughts
ancient calendars, because it was almost exactly correct in
I think that its amazing that back in Ancient

recording days of the week, using the same names for days that we
Rome, Julius Caesar and an astronomers
still use today (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday). It
could come so close to getting the calendar to
also changed the days of the year from 355 in the Greek calendar to
be 100% correct. Its also very cool how Julius
365 (the amount of days we use as well). However, because the
Caesar was able to come up the days of the
Romans believed even numbers were unlucky, they tried to change
week.
the amount of days in each year to an odd number (hence 31 days
for most months). However they miscalculated the lunar year by 11
minutes, which threw off the calendar for a couple of days.
However, this changed the general publics view on the days of the
week and months and years, and because of this, the Ancient
Romans were more educated in the topic of time.
Citation
and
Title: Ancient Roman Inventions
Author: Giovanni Milani - Santarpia
Website Link or picture or copyright page: Ancient Roman Inventions

Notes: Roman Clothing. Probably the most famous ancient
time piece of clothing, the toga, was made in Rome. Many
Roman clothing is still in fashion today, and you can easily
still buy a laurel or a toga for Ancient Rome Day. Weirdly,
back in Ancient Rome, right after a weaver made clothing,
they sent it to fullers, who would rinse the cloth with urine to
make the cloth more thick. Then they sent the clothing to the
market to sell it. To clean the cloth, the owner sent it back to
the fullers, who would stomp on the clothing in a mix of
sodium carbonate and clay. The Romans also were one of the
first civilizations to really wear jewelry. One of the reasons
why the Romans were one of the first jewelry makers was
because the Romans had an amazing technique of glass
blowing, which they also copied from another civilization.
Citation
Title: Roman Clothing
Author: Giovanni Milani-Santarpia
Website Link or picture or copyright page: Roman Clothing
and
Title: Roman Clothing
Author: Barbara F.McManus - August 2003
Personal Thoughts
I think that its really cool that the clothes that

ancient Romans wore, that Caesar wore, is
still in style today. Again, the ancient Romans
have found another way to imprint
themselves on History.
Subtopic: Inventions That Are Still Used Today

Notes: Roads. The Romans had the base understanding of
Personal Thoughts
making roads. Actually, they had amazing understanding of
I think its amazing some of these roads that

the amount of work and materials it would take to make a
were made hundreds of years ago are still
road. Even though we no longer use the same materials the
used today
Romans used, the engineers that thought of using bent rocks
I think that the highway patrol idea was

on roads so that the water could be drained is still used today.
brilliant and it really shaped the way we used
Of course, its not just copies of these roads that we walk on.
highways
The roads were so well built that many of the hundreds of
paths leading from Rome are still used. The Romans also used
highway patrol or certain officers that would patrol these
roads so that the civilians that walked these roads were civil.
The Roman roads also used road signs that told the travellers
how long of a distance it would take to go to their chosen
destination.
Citation
and
Title: The Epic Guide to Roman Inventions
Author: Know the Romans

Notes:
Personal Thoughts
I think that its amazing that the Roman

Sewers. One of the reasons why you get to use the
empire had so much wealth that they could
restroom like you do. But like some of the inventions
make 7 major sewers. There must have been
that you thought were new this was actually
sewers in thermaes, houses, almost
something that the Ancient Romans used as well. This
everywhere. This takes much more than just a
sewers took human waste out of the city so that the waste
small pocket of money..
wouldnt contaminate the Roman drinking water. Again,

during Romes peak, Rome had 7 major sewers going in
and out of Rome. These huge structures can still be seen
underground in Rome. The Romans also built many
more major sewers around Europe, using them when the
Roman empire conquered their land.
Citation
Title: The Epic Guide to Roman Inventions
Author: Know the Romans
Website Link or picture or copyright page: Roman Inventions
Black = Paraphrase
Red = Direct quote

Notes: Concrete. A major step for ancient engineers, having a
building block that could stand harsh weather and almost anything
allowed the Roman empire to build some of the worlds most
famous buildings. The Pantheon, the Colosseum, and the Roman
forum are still standing today thanks to this amazing building tool.
The Romans first used concrete an amazing 2,100 years ago. Again,
this is an invention that many people thought was modern, but
concrete has been around even before the birth of Jesus. The
Romans first used concrete on bridges, aqueducts, and
monuments. Even though Roman concrete was weaker than their
modern counterpart, the concrete was still much stronger than
anything around at that time. One of the reasons that many
buildings still stand today even if the concrete is weaker is because
of its unique recipe. It used limestone as its base and volcanic
ash as its glue. This allowed the Romans to still use concrete even
underwater, enabling the construction of piers and harbors.
Personal Thoughts
I think that its amazing that the ancient

Romans could come up with a mixture of
rocks and ash that could withstand great
battering from weather and even enemies.
This is another invention that the Romans

made as a first.
Citation
and
Title: The Secrets of Ancient Roman Concrete

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Research Project Notes

Topic: Daily Use Roman Inventions

Aqueduct. It was developed around the time of 312 B.C, and

How did the Ancient Romans see the

How were these amazing ancient

Where is the Aqua Virgo, and where is its

Green = Personal thoughts/comments

I think that the fact that Julius Caesar wanted

Just one of those thoughts, but how did the

Green = Personal thoughts/comments

I think that the Roman government was trying

Green = Personal thoughts/comments

I think this was an ingenious idea, and I think

of this book in Rome. However, this time, the Romans

Green = Personal thoughts/comments

Just like the books that the Romans made, this

How many roads did come from Rome? A

Green = Personal thoughts/comments

After the 6th invention I have studied so far, I

The fact that the arch is now called the

Green = Personal thoughts/comments

This shows how ingenious Julius Caesar must

Green = Personal thoughts/comments

I think that it was amazing that back then, the

Green = Personal thoughts/comments

Subtopic: Inventions With a Big Impact

The fact that many of these Roman

Subtopic: Inventions With a Big Impact

I think that its amazing that back in Ancient

Subtopic: Inventions With a Big Impact

I think that its really cool that the clothes that

Subtopic: Inventions That Are Still Used Today

I think its amazing some of these roads that

I think that the highway patrol idea was

Subtopic: Inventions That Are Still Used Today

I think that its amazing that the Roman

wouldnt contaminate the Roman drinking water. Again,

Green = Personal thoughts/comments

Subtopic: Inventions That Are Still Used Today

I think that its amazing that the ancient

This is another invention that the Romans

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