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Grade 7 Life Science

Units
Scientific Inquiry
Classification of Living Things
Cells
Genetics
Evolution & Biodiversity
Ecology
Human Body Systems

MCAS Review Sequence

Use this power point along with the Grade 7 Life
Science Video links to review and complete the
twenty-five (25) questions on the MCAS Packet you
have been provided.
Follow this power point in order along with the videos
to complete the questions.
Save the Scientific Inquiry videos for the end.
Good luck on your Grade 8 Science MCAS Exam!!

Standards 1-4
Classification and Cells
Watch the Classification and Cell Video(s).
Review the next set of slides.
Answer questions 1 6 and the Open
Response Question in your MCAS Review
Packet.
Good luck!

Classification
Organisms are classified into specific groups (Kingdoms)
according to their common characteristics, such as:
Their ability to make food (Autotroph or Heterotroph)
Whether or not they have a nucleus (Eukaryote or
Prokaryote). IMPORTANT: Organisms with a nucleus are
EukaryotesOrganisms without a nucleus are
Prokaryotes.
Whether they are unicellular or multicellular.
See next slide for examples and characteristics of
organisms in all Six Kingdoms of Life.

Classification
There are Six (6) Kingdoms of Life.
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

Classification

Cells and Living Things

Cell Theory:
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function
in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

Cells and Living Things

Multicellular

Unicellular

Examples: Butterfly, Daisy,

Human

Examples: Ameoba,
Paramecium, Euglena

Composed of many cells

Single-celled

Kingdoms of Life:
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
Protista (some)

Kingdoms of Life:
Protista
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria

Composed of Levels:
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

--

Cells and Living Things

Within most cells there are membraneenclosed structures called organelles.
Can anyone list an organelle?

Cells and Living Things

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Ribosome
Chloroplast

Lysosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Body/Apparatus Vacuole

Centriole

Cells
Organelle

Plant Cell, Animal Cell or

Both

Nucleus

Both

Chloroplast

ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

Mitochondria

Both

Ribosome

Both

Vacuole

Both larger in Plant Cells

Lysosome

Both

Cell Membrane

Both

Cell Wall

ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Both

Golgi Apparatus/Body

Both

Cells and Living Things

Cells and Living Things

Speaking of Cells, Organelles and Glucose
lets look at a very important cellular
processone of the most important on the
biospheredoes anyone know which process
produces the oxygen and glucose that we
need to survive?
Did you say PHOTOSYNTHESIS??
Great work!!

Photosynthesis
Where?
In Plant Cells
What Organelle?
Chloroplast
Why?
1. To provide energy
In the form of glucose
to all living things.
2. To produce oxygen
for living things.

Cellular Respiration
Once the glucose and oxygen are produced by
photosynthesis, these molecules needs to be
broken down into energy for the cells to use
and waste material for the cells to get rid of.

Cellular Transport

Types of Cell Division

Meiosis what about Mitosis?
Meiosis produces gametes with number of
chromosomes.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that
produces an identical replacement cell such
as a skin cell, muscle cell, etc. It has the
same number of chromosomes as the original
cell. It has too!

Standards 7-10
Genetics and Heredity
Watch the Genetics Videos.
View the next series of slides.
Answer questions 11-15.
Good luck!

Genetics and Heredity

All living things contain cells.
All cells contain DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid
whether contained in a nucleus (as in
eukaryotes) or not (as in prokaryotes).
DNA contains the genetic information that is
passed from one generation to the next.

Genetics and Heredity

DNA is a molecule shaped like a twisted
double helix.
DNA structure: (1) Deoxyribose Sugar (2)
Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine
or Cytosine) (3) Phosphate Group.
These three (3) parts are referred to as a
nucleotide.

Genetics and Heredity

Base Pairing Rule
The rungs of a
DNA ladder are
made up of the
nitrogen bases.
The base pairing
rule establishes
the match up of
nitrogen bases.

Guanine will always

Match up with Cytosine.
C with G
Thymine will always
Match up with Adenine.
T with A

Genetics and Heredity

DNA Replication is the process in which one
original strand of DNA unwinds and becomes
two new identical strands of DNA.
The process of DNA replication is an important
part of Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis.

Genetics and Heredity

Sometimes a mutation in a sequence of DNA
occurs.
Mutations are not always harmfulin fact they
could help an organism survive.
Mutations acquired in an organisms lifetime
cannot be passed on---only mutations on
genes or chromosomes can be passed on to
future generations.

Genetics and Heredity

Traits are passed on from parents to offspring on genes.
A gene is a section of a chromosome. Each chromosome
contains many genes approximately 30,000 genes in
humans.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 autosomes
(numbered 1-22) and a pair of sex chromosomes XX for girls
and XY for boys.
Each of these chromosomes contains the different genes
that code for your specific traits such as eye color and hair
color.

Genetics and Heredity

The passing on of traits from parents to offspring
occurs during the cellular process of Meiosis.
Meiosis is the process in which the number of
chromosomes is divided in half to produce gametes.
The resulting gametes (egg and sperm cells) will
fertilize and produce a zygote.
The zygote (developing embryo) will again contain
23 pairs of chromosomes.

Genetics and Heredity

Whats a Punnett Square?
A Punnett square is a chart which
shows/predicts all possible gene combinations
in a cross of parents (whose genes are known).
Punnett squares are named for an English
geneticist, Reginald Punnett.

Genetics and Heredity

DNA is located on genes.
Genes are sections of chromosomes.
The different forms of genes are called alleles.
Each allele combination represents a persons traits.
represent dominant or recessive traits.

Alleles can

A dominant trait is represented by a capital letter example A.

A recessive trait is represented by a lower case letter a.
A genotype refers to a persons genetic makeup. A phenotype
refers to an organisms physical appearance.

Genetics and Herdity

A dominant trait is represented by a capital letter example A. A

recessive trait is represented by a lower case letter a.

A genotype refers to a persons genetic makeup.

For example, AA would represent a persons genotype and that person

would have two (2) dominant alleles for that trait. This person would be
homozygous or a purebred for that particular trait.

Aa would represent a person who has one dominant allele and one
recessive allele. This person would be heterozygous or a hybrid for that
trait.

If a person has the genotype aa this person would also be homozygous

or a purebred, however, they would have two (2) recessive alleles.

Genetics and Heredity

A pedigree is a chart that shows how traits
have been passed on through several
generations.
A series of symbols is used to represent
dominant and recessive traits and males and
females.

Genetics and Heredity

A karyotype is a picture of an individuals
chromosomes.
A karyotype shows all 23 pairs of human
chromosomes and creates a map of all of
the persons genes .

Genetics and Heredity

Dominant vs. Recessive Traits.
A dominant trait will always be expressed in an
organism. Example: Say that the letter T represents
the dominant form of the allele for tallness. If an
organism has the genotype TT or Tt, then the
organism will be tall.
A recessive trait will only be expressed when there
are two alleles for that trait. The organisms genotype
would look like tt and the organism would be short.

Parents:
Offspring:
Aa and Aa
A is dominant
= freckles.
A is recessive
= no freckles.

Which ones
will have
freckles?

Standard 6
Watch the Human Body Systems Video.
View the next set of slides.
Answer questions 7-10 in your MCAS packet.
Good luck!

Human Body Systems

Lets review how multicellular organisms (like
humans) are organized:
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, ORGANISM.
There are eleven (11) human body systems.
They all work together to maintain
homeostasis. Whats that??
Can anyone name a few systems??

Human Body Systems

System

Structures

Circulatory

Heart, blood, blood vessels

Digestive

Stomach, large/small intestines

Endocrine

Endocrine gland, hormones

Excretory

Kidneys

Immune

White blood cells, thymus

Integumentary

Skin, hair and nails

Nervous

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Muscular

Smooth, cardiac and striated

Reproductive

Reproductive organs

Respiratory

Nose, Lungs, Bronchi

Skeletal

Bones, bone marrow

Standards 10 and 11
Evolution and

Watch the Evolution and Biodiversity Videos.

Biodiversity
View the next set of slides.
Answer questions 16-18 in your MCAS Review
Packet.
Good luck!

Evolution and
Biodiversity
Everything has evolved including humans.
Evolution has occurred over millions of years.
Evolution is a change in species over time.
There is specific evidence of evolution:
Fossils, Vestigial Structures, Embryology, DNA/
Chemical Evidence & Homologous Structures

Evolution and
Biodiversity
All of these types of evidence demonstrate that
organisms have shared a common ancestor.
Fossil evidence can be found in sedimentary
rock.
Two ways to date fossils:
Relative Dating Uses law of superposition
Absolute Dating - Uses radioactive dating

Evolution and
Biodiversity
Which layer contains the oldest fossil?

Evolution and
Biodiversity
Those organisms that have been best suited to their
environments have survived over time.
Some organisms have specific adaptations or physical
traits that allow them to survive and reproduce offspring
over other organisms.
This is referred to as natural selection or survival of the
fittest.
Natural selection results in evolution. The organisms with
the best traits will pass on these traits to their offspring.

Standards 12 18
Ecology and Evolution
Watch the two (2) Ecology Videos, and, if you
have to, watch the Evolution video again!
View the next set of slides.
Answer questions 19-25 in your MCAS Review
Packet.
Good Luck!

Ecology
All living organisms interact with each other
and their environment.
Just like there are levels of organization in the
human body, there are ecological levels of
organization.
From the smallest to largest: organism,
population, community, ecosystem and
biosphere.

Ecology
The biotic factors are the living organisms in
an environment, such as plants, animals,
humans. The abiotic factors are the non-living
things in the environment, such as rocks,
streams, air and temperature.
The way that living organisms can interact
with each other varies. There are several
different scenarios.

Ecology
There is symbiosis when at least one
organism benefits.
There are three (3) types of symbiosis:
Commensalism One organism benefits and the
other doesnt benefit or get harmed.
Mutualism Both organisms benefit. WIN WIN
Parasitism One organism benefits and the other
gets harmed.

Ecology
There are also classic predator prey
relationships such as a Hawk and a mouse.
Finally, there is competition when organisms
compete with each other for limited resources,
such as: food, water or living space.

Ecology
Every organism has its role in the environment:
Decomposers these break down old living
organisms. These include: bacteria and fungi.
Producers these are autotrophs, such as plants,
which make food for themselves and others.
Consumers there are many levels first, second
and third these eat the producers and other
living organisms.

Ecology

Decomposers

Ecology
Food Chain A food chain shows the one-way (arrows in
only one directionthe direction in which the energy is
transferred)transfer of energy (food) within an
ecosystem.

Food Web A food web is a series of interconnected

food chains.

Scientific Inquiry
Watch the Scientific Inquiry Videos.