Marissa Makar

UWRT-058
Source 1:
Krippner, Stanley, Bogzaran, Fariba, De Carvalho, and Andre Percia. "Extraordinary
Dreams and How to Work with Them." (eBook, 2002) [UNC Charlotte Libraries]. State
University of New York Press, 7 Feb. 2015. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
Krippner, Stanley, Bogzaran, Fariba, De Carvalho, and Andre Percia, students of State
University of New York, state that the interpretation of dreams go way back even to
prehistoric times. Various amounts of tribes interpreted dreams very differently. For
example, according to the Mohave tribe, dreams were sources of knowledge and
messages from the Great Spirit. On a different note, the Iroqouis Indians saw dreams as
wishes of the soul. According to Sigmund Freud whose interpretations are a little more
recent than tribes, he believes that symbols occurring in dreams often express, in
disguised forms, wishes that the dreamer craves. For Adler, dreams were a type of
language that represented ones life and their current situations. Jung believed one should
take notes of their dreams and actively use them. The target audience of this article would
definitely be anyone who is interested in learning about the different concepts about why
we dream and the different theories.
Quote 1: Despite their differing positions on many critical issues, Freud, Adler, and Jung
all saw the function of the dream as facilitating some type of resolution or equilibrium
within the psyche. Whereas Freud was more likely to emphasize conflict and Adler and
Jung to focus on balance, all three found dreams clinically useful.(page This proves that
there is not a specific correct reasoning that explains as to why we dream about the things

that we do. Each theorist had a different theory explaining the driving force behind our
dreams.
Quote 2: Dream images and activities are often transformed into symbols and
metaphors that portray facets of a current life predicament in a highly specific and
selective way. I feel as if this quote relates to all theories of dreams.
Quote 3: In our dreams, we all become writers, painters, and filmmakers, combining
extraordinary sets of characters, actions, and occasions into strangely coherent
experiences
This quote means that there is more than meets the eye when discussing dreams, we
shouldnt take them for granted.
Analysis: I feel as if this article did a really good job at discussing different type of
theories all the way from tibes to psychoanalysts. This article is really easy to follow and
understand, which would make it really easy for those doing a research paper about the
driving force behind dreams. It states how people in the old ages interpreted dreams as
well.
Source 2:
Frienden, Ken. "Freuds Dream of Interpretation." N.p., 7 Feb. 2015. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
It all started when Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, awoke from a
vivid dream and tried to grasp the meaning of it. Which soon inspired him to write his
dream book. Freud explains that the dream fulfills our wishes, To him, Freud would have
secretly acknowledge that his dreams were sexual dreams. Maybe thats why he believed
that our dreams fulfill our wishes. His dream meanings actually relied on dream images

and concealed meanings. In a lot of Freud's lectures he argues that our dreams arent
random, but strictly determined. This article is all about Sigmund Freuds book called,
Freuds Dream of Interpretation. It discusses why he wrote it, what inspired him,
whats it about, and so much more.
Quote 1: Freud does recognize different kinds of dreams when he distinguishes between
those that are "from above (von oben)" and those "from below (von unten)": "Dreams
from below are those that are aroused through the strength of an unconscious (repressed)
wish. . . . Dreams from above are comparable to daily thoughts or daily intentions, which
during the night have succeeded in being strengthened by the repressed material which is
debarred from the ego This quote helps the reader understand the different types of
dreams that Freud may have discovered. Some are from the unconscious wish and some
are from daily thoughts and intentions.
Quote 2: At the start of a psychoanalytic treatment, Freud seems to say: invest in me, bet
on me, occupy me, bring your abandoned dreams or hidden wishes, and throw your past
loves into the cure. To me, this quote makes Freud seem like he is very confident in
what hes doing. He believed in his findings.
Quote 3: In many respects, the talking cure resembles a battle and a seduction. Freud
encourages the transference neurosis while concealing his own emotions. By presenting
the mask of a blank screen, he allows full play to the man or woman who mistakes him
for another; by avoiding any concession to the countertransference, Freud assures that he
will emerge from the emotional drama unscathed. They used to say Sigmund Freud
would turn into a blank screen, not really sure what this would mean. Then I read this

article and realized that when it came to discovering why we dream Freud would clear his
head and have an opened mind.

Analysis: This article would be really helpful to any student who is writing mainly just
about Sigmund Freud. I would say its sort of a challenging read, but its definitely
readable, and I would suggest it to anyone who wants to find out more about Freud and
his thought process. In this article it happens why he wrote his book, what his book was
about, and what it meant.
Source 3

Adler, Shelley. "Sleep Paralysis : Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-body

Connection." (eBook, 2011) [UNC Charlotte Libraries]. Rutgers University Press, 7 Feb.
2015. Web. 17 Mar. 2015

Theres a different kind of dreamy, one way worse than a nightmare. Its called sleep
paralysis, its when you literally feel paralyzed in your sleep and cannot move, you feel
trapped. Some describe it as feeling wide awake but not being able to move. They are
awake and aware of everything. They also have a feeling of dread and evil closing down
on them and trapping them. Chest pressure may even occur during sleep paralysis, which
is accompanied by difficulty breathing. This normally occurs when a person is sleeping
on their back. Although studies show that most people do not fall asleep on their backs,
majority of dreams mainly occur when sleeping on ones back. I wonder why? This article
is all about sleep paralysis. It explains what it feels like to experience sleep paralysis and

why it occurs. The audience this writer is aiming towards would be towards anyone who
might be experiencing this exact thing and wants to know more facts about it.

Quote 1: At the time of Huffords Newfoundland research, sleep paralysis and

hypnagogic hallucinations were both little studied and poorly understood sleep disorders
(Chambers 1999) This actually has happened to a lot of my friends, I remember them
saying it actually felt like someone was choking them and they couldnt breathe. I cant
believe this was so serious to the point where others considered this a sleeping disorder.
Quote 2: Just before I fall asleep I get paralyzed. Sometimes it starts with a humming
sound. Sometimes I can hardly see and I get scared. My grandparents told me it was a
ghost trying to get hold of me and they said I should fight against it. After the humming
sound I cannot move anymore. Sometimes it feels as if I am not inside but outside my
body, as if I have to fight to get back in. When I do not return immediately I do not
manage to go back anymore and it feels like I could die. To me this is a really important
quote, because it is someone whos been through sleep paralysis and their explaining
every feeling they ever felt during this tough situation.

Quote 3: The night-mare is a well-known phenomenon in Japan; it has been experienced

by at least one-third of the population, and most people are familiar with the Japanese
term for the encounter, kanashibari (Arikawa et al. 1999; Fukuda et al. 1998). During an
attack, victims of kanashibari cannot move and often see an intruder entering their room
and sitting or lying on top of them; the experience is typically accompanied by intense
fear or anxiety I wonder why of Japan has experienced this? I cant believe
something that cannot even be explained causes anxiety and intense fear.

Analysis: This article is definitely very knowledgeable and has taught me a great deal
about sleep paralysis. All in all this article was fairly easy to read, I understand
everything that was being said and it described things perfectly such as the feeling a
person gets when experiencing sleep paralysis. This article would be extremely helpful to
those who often experience this type of thing and that are wanting to learn more about the
different types of things that occur while we sleep.
Source 4:
Why Do We Dream? Dir. Steven Mockintosh. Login to Atkins Library - J. Murrey
Atkins Library - UNC Charlotte. Films on Demand, 02 Nov. 2009. Web. 23 Mar.
2015.

This video starts off by discussing the different types of dreams that people may dream.
Where do our dreams come from? Do our dreams have meanings? Can we use our
dreams? are some of the questions that the video starts off by asking. At first people
thought dreams were more spiritual than anything, but then scientist started to believe
that dreams have a purpose. For example dreams have been known to win two nobel
prizes and the invention in new drugs.

Rapid Eye Movement other known as REM sleep, is when a person seems to be blinking
in their sleep and their body becomes absolutely relaxed, almost paralyzed in the sense
that we cannot make our muscles move. What they found during REM sleep when the
subject was sleeping would be that they would wake up and be well aware of just having

a vivid dream. There is such thing as REM sleep disorder, its when a person starts off by
having a normal dream then all of a sudden it becomes more intense and could potentially
harm the partner theyre sleeping with and the dreamer.

In the video researchers watch someone sleep throughout the whole night, to study the
different stages that they go through when they sleep. Our sleep is divided into 19 minute
cycles, the first two are dominated by deep sleep, after that we alternate between REM
and non-REM sleep. They wake the subject up during non REM sleep and he remembers
having his dream and is feeling good about himself. He then is put back to sleep and is
awaken during REM sleep. When he is awaken he has a negative attitude. Proving that
dreams shape our waking lives.

Analysis: The audience that the producers of this video are aiming for would be anyone
who is in need of learning why we dream and what our dreams mean. From my
summaries above you can see that this video mainly talks about the different stages of
dreams such as REM and non-REM stage and how dreams can affect our waking lives.
People who arent even researching about dreams may also find this video interesting as
well. This article helped me out a lot because it discussed what Rapid Eye Movement
was, when it occurred, what would happen when it would occur, etc.

Source 5:
Moorcroft, William H. "Login to Atkins Library - J. Murrey Atkins Library - UNC
Charlotte." Login to Atkins Library - J. Murrey Atkins Library - UNC Charlotte. New
York Springer, 2013. Web. 24 Mar. 2015.

This article is a little bit different than the video even though it talks about similar things.
The video actually recorded someone sleeping and their reactions when they awoke, in
this article is has figures of characteristics of the brain movements during the different
parts of the sleep cycle.

Quote 1: There are other brainwave patterns that occur during sleep that are not a part of
discerning the stages of sleep. They are associated with poor sleep or outright sleep
disorders. (page 24) This quote is significant to me because it is something I have never
read before. I find it really interesting other brainwave patterns that arent a part of stages
of sleep has to do with poor sleep or sleep disorders.

Quote 2: What we have been describing pertains to the sleep in the average young
adult who is approximately between 20 and 50 years of age. Most average young adults,
as carefully done studies have shown, need between 7.5 and 8.5 h of sleep each night.
However, as will be pointed out in Chap. 3, not all young adults are average
in this regard. I had no idea that sleep changed with age. I guess as you get older sleep
may become a problem as well. I know that my mom struggles with sleeping now that
shes older. Maybe its just stress or another factor that is making this occur.

Quote 3: Sleep in newborns and infants is markedly different from that of the average
young adult. Newborn sleep does not fit the polysomnographic criteria used at other ages,
because the newborn brain is too immature to produce the kinds of brain waves we have
just reviewed. They are so different that the stages have their own names. (page 27) I
found this so interesting and helpful to my research paper, now I can broaden my subject
and talk about how newborns have a different sleep pattern with different stages of sleep
because of how immature they are.

Analysis: I tried really hard trying to find very different articles that all had to do with
dreaming. This article was mainly about what occurred when someone would dream and
the differences between new born dreaming and people who are older. For this article the
audience would definitely be people who are researching about why we dream, what are
dreams mean, and what our different dream patterns look like.

Source 6:

Holmes, Barbara Ann. "Dreaming." Project Muse. Minneapolis : Fortress Press,

2012., 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.
Barbara started her article by explaining an intense dream that she recently had and her
feelings concerning her dreams. She explains that she deals with her dreams and
nightmares by waking up and recognizing that it was only a dream. In her article she
discusses the brief study of dreaming, reviews the dream research from decades before,

talks about how dreams are important to the Christian faith, and the meaning of dreams in
certain rituals.

Quote 1: This book does not attempt to resolve the age-old mystery of how and why we
dream. Rather, my hope is to reinvigorate conversations about dreaming in theological
education, to provide a platform for the continued study of dreaming among people of
faith, and to offer another opportunity to highlight a shared human experience that
reflects but also transcends geography, ethnicity, and politics. (page 5) This article is a
lot different than any of the other articles that Ive read. Its not providing another reason
as to what our dreams could mean its explaining different things such as how dreaming
is an important element to the Christian faith.
Quote 2: Dreaming is an intensely personal experience. I really liked this quote because
I never really did consider that dreaming was an intense personal experience, but now
with it being said, it really is a personal experience. Some dont even share their own
dreams to other because of personal reasons.

Quote 3: The most interesting part of dreaming is the connection and similarities I share
with other human beings during sleep. (page 18) This to me is so true. One night I may
dream about someone and the next day see them in person and look at them from a
completely different point of view all because of what occurred in my dream.

Analysis: This article really helps me with my inquiry research paper because it looks at
dreams from a different point of view. This article was different from all the other ones

because the author of the article actually started out the article by discussing her dream.
She also discusses about how other viewed dreams back in the day. The audience it
reaches out to would be anyone interested in learning about dreams and not just why we
dream about the things that we do.

Source 7:

Roberts, Lennings, Jan, Cj. "Personality, Psychopathological, and Nightmares in

Young People." Science Direct. Elseveir, 18 May 2006. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

Jan Roberts and Cj Lennings, authors of Personality, Psychopathological, and

Nightmares in Young People , first started off their article by discussing nightmares and
how research has proven that nightmares occur due to experience of traumatic life events,
genetic predisposition or personality factors. Throughout the whole article it then
discusses nightmares and the differences between them as a young child and as an old
adult. This article is really helpful towards me because I have yet talked about the
nightmares and what could possibly cause them. Ive only discussed and research about
dreams and the different theories about why we have them.
Quote 1: Overall, the research indicates that nightmares remain a distressing event for a
group of young people in our sample. Nightmares were associated with various forms of
emotional distress. Their research proved that younger kids and younger adults
experienced more nightmares, maybe due to their stress factors while growing up.

Quote 2: Previous research has commonly found psychopathology to be associated with

nightmare experience. Frequent nightmares have been shown to be associated with higher
levels of waking anxiety and related distress (Cuddy & Belicki, 1991; Levin & Fireman,
2002; Zadra & Donderi, 2000). Additionally, frequent nightmares are also likely to be
associated with depression. Since nightmares occur in children more often than they do
adults its quite obvious that children may be going through a lot without knowing how to
handle whatever theyre going through, which apparently effects their dreams.
Quotes 3: Whilst gender effects were largely not significant in this study, it was possible
that if the under 16s only were analysed, results might have been different. They didnt
do research on children under the ages of 16 and maybe if they did they would have seen
a difference between genders that had to do with the different nightmares they had.
Analysis: I found this article very helpful because it isnt like the other articles that are
talking about why we dream; it discusses what may cause nightmares to occur and the
differences between young adult nightmares and older adult nightmares. I would say the
audience that this article is aiming for would be anyone interested in learning about
nightmares and not just dreams.