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ciroza hepatic
A. CH postviral
Morfologie :
macronodular
debut periportal al fibrozei
markeri virali +
PegIFN + Riba +
Telbivudina/Boceprevir
VHC+) x 24s
(CH
B. Ficatul alcoolic :
Totalitatea leziunilor morfopatologice
asociate cu un spectru larg de
manifestri clinico-patologice induse
de consumul de alcool
Etiologia :
consum cronic (10% americani)
1/3 fr afectare hepatic
70% = ficat gras /H alc. /CH (8 - 20%)
Factori de risc :
80 g/zi B;
30 g/zi F x 5 ani = CH
CH = > 600 Kg B
> 150 300 Kg F
sexul feminin,varsta, excesul ponderal
factori genetici /nutriionali
(malnutriia)
asocierea VHC
Morfologie :
a) Ficatul gras alcoolic : steatoz hepatic
macrovezicule lipidice
( lipogranuloame rar)
proliferare REN
megamitocondrii
fibroz
periportala/intrasinusoidal/perivenular
c) C.H. alcoolic :
micronodular
benzi fibroase sp. P V. C L
steatoz + lez. hepatit
hialin alcoolic
cantitate Fe
++
Clinica
1. Ficatul gras alcoolic
HM asimptomatic 2/3 Eco
Dupuytren, atrofie testicular, eritem palmar ,
Chwostek,
ginecomastie
rar : astenie fizic, dispepsie, HM dureroas,
colestaz
S. Zieve : hiperlipemie/an. hemolitic/dureri
abdomen
Laborator :
BT (25 %)
AST/ALT 2
GGT, FAS
GGT/FAS > 5
Dgs+ :
PBH
Eco :
hiperecogenicitate difuz
atenuare posterioar
Laborator :
anemie, leucocitoz (> 40.000/mmc) cu
PMN
AST, ALT (AST/ALT > 2), GGT, FAS, BT
albuminemie, colesterol, INR
transferina carbohidrat deficient, etil
glicuronidul
VEM
Tratament :
sistare alcool, corectare deficiene nutriionale
(vit., ac.folic, B1, K+, fitomenadion )
pentoxifilin: 400 mg p.o. x 3/zi x 4s
corticoterapie: P = 40 mg/zi x > 4 - 6s (forma
ac./EH)
Transplant hepatic: - prim episod hep.alc.
- lipsa rspuns
CST/pentoxi
- suport psihosocial
3. C.H. alcoolic
Clinica :
10 - 20% asimptomatic
aspect comun al CH
pregnant manifestri
hipogonadism/feminizare
semne impregnare alcoolic :
Dupuytren, hipertrofie parotide
polineuropatie senzitivo-motorie m. inf.
rinofima, pancreatit cr., CMD
VE apar precoce/S.M mai v. CH viral
Laborator :
moderat AST/ALT, GGT
albuminemie, gamaglobuline (4 g
%)
IgG, IgA, TQ
VEM, ac. uric
betaina
antifibrozant : polienilfosfatidilcolin
UDCA 10 15 mg/Kc/zi
tratamentul complicaiilor CH
transplant hepatic ortotop :
abstinen Alc > 6 luni
absena af. extrahepatice
stabilitate socioeconomic
Ch P = C
C.
etiologie necunoscut
patogenez autoimun
distrucia ci biliare intrahepatice
AAM+
colestaz
Morfologic
st. I : II (L, Pl, E, His) periductular
st. II : II penetrant i n lobulii hepatici
(piecemeal necrosis)
proliferarea ductelor biliare portale
septuri fibroase penetrante n lobuli
st. III : disecie lobulilor de ctre
septurile
fibroase, scade II
Patogeneza :
autoimun :
auto Ac anti-ducte biliare
LTcCD8+
HLA II (DR 2, 3, 4, DP, DQ)
Ac anti-mitocondriali M2+
asocierea cu alte boli auto-imune :
Ty, CREST, PR, S. Sjgren
Laborator :
AAM M2 > 1/40 (95%), ANA (5%) in
AAM IgM (90%)
hipercolesterolemie, FAS > 2 x N, GGT
>5xN
BT, lipemia
ALT, AST = 1 - 5 x N
Tratament :
transplant hepatic n stadiul terminal (30 35%
recidiv)
pretransplant, simptomatice
UDCA 10 15 mg/Kc/zi
MTX 15 mg/zi/colchicin
Aza/ciclosporin A
P = icter, perioada scurte
colestiramin (prurit) 4 g x 3/zi, naloxona,
gabapentin,
rifaximin, plasmaferez
corectarea malabsorbiei/deficit e
vitaminice/osteoporoza
CBP + boala autoimuna: CST + UDCA
DD :
Laborator :
FAS, absena AAM
ANCA +
PBH+
Colangio RM +
ERCP + : aspect de mtnii ale c.b.
intra/extrahepatice
Tratament :
transplant hepatic
UDCA + MTX (iniial)
drenaj biliar/dilatare c.b. stent
D. Ciroza cardiac :
Patogenez :
staz retrograd venoas
dilatare V hepatice + centrolobular
hipoxie necroze hepatocite fibroz
centrolobular stelat CH
Cauze : Sm , pericardita constrictiv, CPC > 10a,
cardiomiopatie
Clinica : af. cardiac cronic, absena SM, As cu
P > 2,5 mg%, hemoragic
Laborator : albuminemie, TQ, ALT, AST uor
E. Hemocromatoza ereditara
Fe: absorbie crescut
depunere: ficat, pancreas, cord,
articulaii, gl.pituitar
. Frecvena: 1/10 heterozigot
1/200 homozigot
20 40 ani
Hemocromatoza ereditar:
diagnostic
Saturaia transferinei > 50% (F), > 60% (B)
Feritina crescut: > 250 g/L
PBH: hemosiderina n hepatocitele
periportale
indexul Fe hepatic >1,9 mol/g
Genotipare
Tratament: flebotomii repetate, eritrocitoferez
Risc: carcinom hepatocelular
Steatohepatita nonalcoolic
a) Microvezicular :
asociere frecvent cu disfuncie H
b. congrenitale, sarcin, S. Reye
b) Macrovezicular :
obezitate, alcool, DZ, b. metabolice
congenitale,
VHC 3
Etiologie SHNA
obezitate centrala/scadere rapida in G
alimentaie parenteral total
sindrom metabolic:rezistenei la insulin
endotoxemie
citokine proinflamatorii
= inflamaie - fibroz
Morfologie :
- Tip I = ficat gras nonalcoolic
- Tip II = ficat gras +
inflamaie lobulara (SH)
- Tip III = ficat gras + hepatocite balonizate,
anomalii
mitocondriale
Clinica :
F (65% - 80%), NAFLD= 20 - 30%,NASH= 2% - 3%
frecvent asimptomatici; lipohipertrofie
dorsocervicala
hepatalgii, astenie fizica
H.M. 30% n stadiul de CH
Index Ficat Gras: BMI, circumferinta abdomen,
GGT, TGL
Laborator : 2/3 TFH = N
ALT, AST x 2 - 3N; ALT>AST
FAS, GGT = 2 - 3 x N (hipoalbuminemie, crestere
BT)
+/- feritina (> 50% din pacienti)
Eco :hiperecogen difuz, ficat > rinichi, estompare
vase
Spectroscopia IRM, Fibromax
PBH = digs. cert
Evoluia :
benign prin eliminare f. etiologici
CH : 21 - 28%
Tratament :
eliminare f. risc: greutate, efost fizic, nutritie
hipocalorica
UDCA 10 15 mg/Kc/zi x 6 - 12 luni
vit. E 4 - 6 l (800 UI/zi) risc Neo prostata, AVC
hemoragic
Rosiglitazona, pioglitazona, vit.D, pentoxifilin 1,2
g/zi
Carcinomul hepatocelular
CH :
CHC :
hepatocelular
- 85% din NH primitiv
fibrolamelar
- la F (2/1), loc
5/3 deces Neo
hepatoblastom
- 70% Asia, Africa w
Biliar :
colangiocarcinom
chistadenocarcinom
Mezenchim :
angiosarcom
leiomiosarcom
rabdomiosarcom
VHB :
proliferarea hepatocitelor
risc 100 x
a) VHC : 26%
17,5 x risc
Sindromul metabolic/SHNA
X Rolul protector al consumului de cafea
Criterii diagnostic
CH x 2/an noduli 10 mm
lent 1 lun
Tratament :
a) CHC pe ficat normal = rezecie hepatic
(dimensiuni/nr tumori)
b) CHC pe CH = transplant/segmentectomie
c) CHC inoperabil :
inj.i.t/termoablaie/chimioterapie sorafenib/Rx terapie paliativa
Colangiocarcinomul
Tumor malign epitelial a arborelui biliar
10 - 15% din neo hepatobiliar (II dup CHC)
B > F, > 70 ani
Factori patogeni:
inflamaia cr
ac. biliari
Localizare:
Intrahepatic (20%)
perihilar (50 - 60%)
- distal (20%)
Clasificare TNM:
- Tip 1: tumor solitar fr invadare vascular
- Tip 2: tumori multiple/asociat cu invadre vascular
- Tip 3: tumor invadant a structurilor nvecinate
(perforaie peritoneu visceral, invazie hepatic local)
- Tip 4: tumori cu component infiltrativ peri-ductal
Diagnostic:
a.
b.
B. Ch. C. intrahepatic
a)
b)
c)
Diagnostic diferenial
carcinom de V.B.
sindrom Mirizzi
stenoz focal benign de CBP (postop., colangiopatie
ischemic, vasculite, HIV,
TBC, radioterapie,
disfuncie Oddi etc.)
Tratament
Chirugical: Ch.C. intrahepatic:
- Tip 1 si 2: rezecabil 30 - 40%
- Tip 3 si 4: nerezecabil 60 70%
Terapie paliativ: formele nerezecabile: stent, drenaj
biliar percutan, radioterapie, terapie fotodinamic,
necroz cu US endoscopic, chemoembolizare,
chemoterapie