Slope Deflection Method

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The slope-deflection method uses displacements as unknowns and is referred to as a displacement
method. In the slope-deflection method, the moments at the ends of the members are expressed in
terms of displacements and end rotations of these ends.
An important characteristic of the slope-deflection method is that it does not become increasingly
complicated to apply as the number of unknowns in the problem increases. In the slope-deflection
method the individual equations are relatively easy to construct regardless of the number of unknowns
2.0
DERIVATION OF THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION

When the loads are applied to a frame or to a continuous beam, the member will develop end
moments and become deformed as indicated. The notation used in the figure will be followed.
Fundamental Slope-Deflection Equations:
A
A
MAB
B
MBA

Where :
Case A : Fixed End Moment
A
FEMAB
FEMBA


w
A
.

.

P

A

/
0
1
/ 0
1

Case B: rotation at A
MAB
A
MBA

!"
"
#
# $%&$'()*)+*, # -


Case D: displacement of end B related to end A
MAB
MBA

3.0
2"
2"

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

General Procedure:
Step 1: Scan the beam and identify the number of (a) segments and (b) kinematic unknowns. A
segment is the portion of the beam between two nodes. Kinematic unknowns are those rotations and
displacements that are not zero and must be computed. The support or end conditions of the beam
will help answer the question.
Step 2: For each segment, generate the two governing equations. Check the end conditions to see
whether one of the end rotations is zero or not (it is not possible for both the end rotations and other
deflection components to be zero). If there are no element loads, the FEM term is zero. If there are
one or more element loads, use the appropriate formula to compute the FEM for each element load
and then sum all the FEMs. If one end of the segment displace relative to the other, compute the
chord rotation; otherwise it is zero.
Step 3: For each kinematic unknown, generate an equilibrium condition using the free-body
diagram.
Step 4: Solve for all unknowns by combining all the equations from steps 2 and 3. Now the equations
are entirely in terms of the kinematic unknowns.
Step 5: Compute the support reactions with appropriate FBDs.

Example 1:
A continuous beam is supported and loaded as shown in the figure. Analyze the beam for support moments
and reactions.
60 kN
25 kN
B
A
3m
3m
3m
60 kN
25 kN
Solution :
FEMAB
FEMBA
A
a
b
a

345
6
78 9 9 7 ; 9 7 9

:7<7=>?@
:
:
354
6
78 9 7 9 ; 9 9 7

=<>?@
:
:
Slope-deflection equation: hence A = 0, B = ?, = 0
0

A

A

B C
B C :7<7= -< "# D2< 2E F F F /0
6
6
:
6
A

A

B C
B C =< -< !!"# E1< 11 F F F < /0
6
6
:
6

Hence, MB = 0;
MBA = 0;
8<GGA =< 8
A
HI<II
J<KK
L77<7; ..(3)
Substituting eq. (3) into eq. (1) & (2);

8<A :7<7= 8</L77<7;0 :7<7= L<>?@
8<GGA =< 8<GG/ L77<7;0 =< 8>?@
-133.33 kNm
60 kN
25 kN
B
A
3m
3m
Support reaction;
MB = 0;
L< /78 9 0 /; 9 70 /M 9 :0 8
N < OPQR
V = 0;
M L<S; 78 ; 8
N 21< PQR
3m

Shear force and bending moment diagram;
-133.33 kNm
60 kN
25 kN
B
A
3m
3m
3m
63.15 kN
21.85 kN
63.15 kN
+ve
3.15 kN
-ve
21.85 kN
133.33 kNm
-ve
+ve
56.12 kNm
65.57 kNm

Example 2:
5 kN
10 kN/m
B
C
I
2I
4m
2m
Solution:
FEMAB
FEMBA
10 kN/m
A
B
L=4m

T6
L8 9 G

L<>?@
L
L
T6 L8 9 G

L<>?@
L
L
FEMBC
5 kN
C
L =2 m
U 36 ; 9 L8>?

U 8>?

Slope-deflection equation: hence A = 0, B =? = 0
0

/0A
A

B C
B C L< "# 1< 11 F F F /0
6
6
G
6
/0A
A

B C
B C L< "# 1< 11 F F F < /0
6
6
G
6
V -QRW
U -QRW
Hence, MB = 0;
"# 1< 11 - 8
MBA + MBc = 0;
A
I<II

L<7= .. (3)
Substituting eq. (3) into eq. (1) & (2);

A L< L<7= L< PQRW
A L< / 9 L<7=0 L< -QRW
V -QRW
U -QRW
5 kN
-15 kNm
10 kN/m
10 kNm
-10 kNm
C
I
2I
4m
MB = 0;
L; /L8 9 G 9 0 /; 9 0 /M 9 G0 8
N < PQR
2m

V = 0;
M L<; /L8 9 G0 ; 8
N 1< EPQR
Shear force and bending moment diagram;
5 kN
-15 kNm
10 kN/m
10 kNm
-10 kNm
C
I
2I
21.25 kN
4m
23.75 kN
2m
21.25 kN
5 kN
1.87 m
+ve
+ve
-ve
2.13 m
18.75 kN
15 kNm
9.9 kNm
-ve
-ve
+ve
7.63 kNm

Exercise 1:
By using Slope Deflection Method, determine:
i.
Fixed end moment value
ii. Final bending moment diagram
iii. Shear force and bending moment diagrams
40 kN
40 kN/m
20 kN/m
B
A
3m
C
2m
4m
Solution:

8/0
L;>?@
L
U
U
8/0
L;>?@
L
G8/70 G8/0/G0

L;;<;7>?@
L
7
G8/70 G8/G0/0

L=<=S>?@
L
7
Hence A = c = 0 and = 0;

U
A

A

B C
B C L; -< 2E"# P F F F /0
6
6

6
0
0
A

A
B C
B C L; < 11"# P F F F /0
6
6

6
0
A

A

B U C U
B U C L;;<;7 -< 2E"# PP< P2 F F F /10
6
6
7
6
U
0
A

A
B U C U
BU C L=<=S -< 11"# 1E< EO F F F /!0
6
6
7
6

Hence, MB = 0;
MBA + MBc = 0;
L<A L; 8<7=A L;;<;7 8
"# E-< O..(5)
Substituting eq. (5) into eq. (1) - (4);

8<7=A L; 1< -DQRW
L<A L; -O< !EQRW
X 8<7=A L;;<;7 -O< !EQRW
X 8<A L=<=S 2-< DEQRW
Support reaction;
32.09 kNm
20 kN/m
108.47 kNm
B
3m
VA
VB1
40 kN
108.47 kNm
40 kN/m
C
2m
VB2
160.97 kNm
Y 8

<8: L8S<G= 8/0 Z [ M /0 8

N 2< OPQR
YM 8
L7<S; 8/0 M\ 8

N E2< OPQR
YU 8
7
L8S<G= L78<:= G8/70 Z [ G8/G0 M /70 8

N 1E< DQR
YM 8
4m
VC
L=<: G8/70 G8 MU 8
NX !< -OQR

Shear force & bending moment diagram;
40 kN
32.09 kNm
160.97 kNm
40 kN/m
20 kN/m
B
A
3m
C
2m
16.85 kN
4m
142.08 kN
214.77 kN
137.92
57.92
+ve
-ve
17.92
3.55 m
0.45 m
-ve
16.85
76.85
142.08
161.02
108.7
-ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
31.85
87.14
91.17

Example 3
80 kN
16 kN
16 kN
10 kN/m
B
2.5 m
2.5 m
2.5 m
2.5 m
Solution
1. Fixed end moment
8
3]
U
U
/L8 9 <; 0
T]
/L7 9 <;0
=L<;>?@

T] 345
L8/;0 S8/<;0/<;0

=8<S>?@
L
]
L
;
T] 345 L8/;0 S8/<;0/<;0

=8<S>?@
L
]
L
;
U^ 3] G8>?@

Û 8
2. Supports B and C do not settle, nor are they displaced up or down,_ _U 8. The slopes at B, (B)
and C, (C) are unknown. The moment equation:
"/#` #a 0 2"b

à à
8>?@
=L<;>?@
U =8<S
=8<S
U =8<S
=8<S
/cd ecf 0

/cd ecf 0
i
/cf ecd 0

/cd ecf 0
i
U^ G8>?@

gh

g/J0
i
(1)
gh

g/J0
i
(2)

Û 8
3. From the equilibrium equation, we know that:
Y Y U 8
Y 8 U 8
=L<; =8<S

/cd ecf 0
i
8
A/ U 0
8<G
;
U
<\

/0
Y U 8U U^ 8
A/j k0
G8
;
=8<S

8
A/U ^ 0
8<S
;
U
\iK<\i
/G0

4. Substituting (3) into (4);

K<ll

/;0
5. Substituting (5) into (3);

V
;L<8

A
6. Substituting and V into (1) and (2)

U =L<;>?@
U G8>?@
80 kN
16 kN
71.25 kNm
16 kN
40 kNm
10 kN/m
C
RB
RC

7. Support reaction;
16 kN
71.25 kNm
10 kN/m
m n 8
L7 L8/<;0 o\ 8
B
2.5 m
p !QR
RB1
m 8
80 kN
71.25 kNm
G8 =L<; /S8 9 <;0 /L8 9 ; 9 <;0 oU\ /;0 8
40 kNm
pX PO< EPQR
10 kN/m
RB2
2.5 m
2.5 m
RC1
m U 8
G8 =L<; /S8 9 <;0/L8 9 ; 9 <;0 o /;0 8
p E< PQR
16 kN
40 kNm
m n 8
L7 oU 8
D
2.5 m
RC2
pX 2QR

8. Shear force and bending moment diagram
71.25 kN
46.25 kN
16 kN
+
16 kN
33.75 kN
41 kN
58.75 kN
75.63 kN
+
40 kN
71.25 kN

Example 4
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown. Support B settles 10 mm, and EI is
6
4
constant. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 400x10 mm .
50 kN
6.25 kN/m
A
3I
4m
2I
2.5 m
2.5 m
Solution:
Fixed end moment

7<;/G0
S<>?@
L
U
U
7<;/G0
S<>?@
L
;8/<;0/<;0

L<;>?@
;
;8/<;0/<;0

L<;>?@
;
Calculate the settlement at support B

Span AB;
I

I/J<J\J0
K
=<; 9 L8qI
Span BA;
I

I/J<J\J0
i
7 9 L8qI
Supports A and C do not settle, nor are they displaced up or down, U 8. The slopes at B, (B) and C,
(C) are unknown. The moment equation:
0

/88 9 L8g 0r 9 /G88 9 L8qg 0stG
=<; 9 L8 S< ----# D-O< 11 F F F /0

U
0
/88 9 L8g 0r 9 /G88 9 L8qg 0s

=<; 9 L8 S< !----# OD< 2E F F F /0

G
/88 9 L8g 0r 9 /G88 9 L8qg 0s

U 7 9 L8 L<;
;
O---# 2!---#X 1P< EP F F F /10

U
/88 9 L8g 0r 9 /G88 9 L8qg 0s

U 7 9 L8 L<;
;
O---#X 2!---# !P< P F F F /!0

From the equilibrium equation, we know that:
m 8 U 8
G8888 S:L<7= LS888 7G888U ;<=; 8
7S888 7G888U ;S<: F F F F < < /;0
m U 8
LS888U 7G888 GL;<; 8
U
7G888 GL;<;
LS888
U 8<; <G 9 L8qI F F F F < /70

Substituting (6) into (5)
7S888 7G888/8<; <G 9 L8qI 0 ;S<:
7888 =G7<S
# < 9 -q1 .. (7)
Substituting (7) into (6)
U 8<; <G 9 L8qI
U 8<;/< 9 L8qI 0 <G 9 L8qI
#X !< 1P 9 -q1 (8)
Substituting (7) & (8) into (1)-(4)
7GL<:>?@
;S<S=>?@
U ;S<;L>?@
U 8<;>?@
7GL<:
6.25 kN/m
;S<S=
;S<;L
3I
p
4m
50 kN
2I
p
2.5 m
2.5 m
pX

Span AB
Span BC
m 8
m 8
7GL<: ;S<S=
7<;/G 0
o /G0 8

;S<S= ;8/<;0 oU /;0 8

pX D2< E2QR
p 1E< 2OQR
m n 8
m n 8
o :7<=7 ;8 8
o =<7S 7<;/G0 8
p !2< E2QR
p 2< EQR
262.68
237.68
+
46.76
96.76
641.93
+
241.89
358.79

4.0
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES WITH NO SIDESWAY

A frame will not side sway, or be displaced to the left or right, provided it is properly restrained. Also no
side sway will occur in an unrestrained frame provided it is symmetric with respect to both loading and
geometry

Example 5
It is required to analyze the frame for moments at the ends of members. EI is constant for all members.
120 kN/m
B
5m
8m
1. Fixed End Moment (FEM)

8vwx
8vwx
yz{|}
q/\J0/~0
\
yz{}|
/\J0/~0
\
7G8vwx
7G8vwx
U^ 8vwx
Û 8vwx
2. Hence A = D = 0, and displacement, = 0 (no sidesway)
"
à

R

8

//80 B /800

8<GzIB
/L0

8

/B 8 /800

8<SzIB
/0
U

-7G8

-7G8 8<;zIB 8<;zIC
/0
U

7G8

7G8 8<;zIC 8<;IB
/G0
U^

8

8<SzIC
/;0
i
i

~

i
/

/
X Y
0
/B C /800
/C B /800
/C 8 /800

Û

8

i
//80 C /800

8<GzIC
/70
3. From the equilibrium equation, we know that:
{B{C8:
{B8:
8<SzIB 8<;zIB 8<;zIC7G8
(2) + (3)
C/;78/zI0;<B
{C8:
(7)
7G8 8<;zIC 8<;zIB 8<SzIC8
(4) + (5)
L<zIC 8<;zIB-7G8
(8)
4. Substituting (7) into (8)
L<zIC 8<;zIB-7G8

L<zI[/;78/zI0;<B] 8<;zIB-7G8
B78:<;/zI
(9)
C/;78/zI0;<B
/;78/zI0;<[78:<;/zI]
C-78:<;/zI
(10)
6. Substituting (9), & (10) into (1) (6)

U
U
U^
Û

8<GzIB

8<SzIB

-7G8 8<;zIB 8<;zIC
7G8 8<;zIC 8<;IB
8<SzIC

8<GzIC

G<Svwx
GS=<7vwx
-GS=<7vwx
GS=<7vwx
-GS=<7vwx
-G<Svwx

7. Support reaction
{C8:
Span BC
487.6 kNm
120 kN/m
487.6 kNm
-GS=<7 GS=<7/L8xSxG0 R

RBC/S08

R
RBC
GS8vw
BCGS8vw
RV8:
RBC
8m
RCB
GS8/L8xS0 R
RCB

RCB

8
GS8vw
GS8vw

Span AB
B
487.6 kNm
RV = 0:
RAB
0 kN
0 kN
243.8 kNm
A
RAB
Span CD
C
487.6 kNm
RV= 0:
RDC
243.8 kNm
D
RDC

480 kN
+
C
B
-
480 kN
487.6 kNm
487.6 kNm
487.6 kNm
487.6 kNm
+
472.4 kNm
243.8 kNm
243.8 kNm

Example 6
32 kN
24 kN/m
A
C
B
4m
4m
3m
1m

/I0/\0/I0
LS>?@
K
/I0/I0/\0
K
7>?@
U

\
q/K0/K0
\
vwx
U

\
q/K0/K0
\
vwx
^ =
0 kNm
^ =
0 kNm
2. Hence C = D = 0, and displacement, = 0 (no sides way frame). And Slope Deflection equation:
"
à
=

R + (2X + Y + 3)

-LS

7
U

-
^

8

K
-LS zIA 8<;zIB
(1)
/A B /800

7 zIB 8<;zIA
(2)
/B 8 /800

- zIB
(3)
/B 8 /800

zIB
(4)
/B A /800

K


U

^

8

K

K
//80 B /800
//80 B /800

8<;zIB
(5)

8<;zIB
(6)
3. Since MA = MB = 0:
{A8:
-LS zIA 8<;zIB

8
/LS/zI08<;B
{B8:
7 zIB 8<;zIA- zIB zIB

7

L=

7<LS/zI
A
8<;zIA zIB
(7)
(8)
8<;zI[/LS/zI08<;B] zIB

-8<;zIB zIB

B
(9)
A

/LS/zI08<;[7<LS/zI]
A

LG<:8G/zI
LG<:8G/zI
(10)
6. Substituting (9) and (10) into (1) (6)

U
^
U
^

8vwx
L:<7Gvwx
-;<Svwx
7<LSvwx
;<8:vwx
<8:vwx


7. Support reaction
{B8:
Span AB
32 kN
0 kNm
19.64 kNm
L:<7G/x0 R
RAB/G0

8

L:<8:vw
L:<8:vw
R
RAB
AB
RV8:
1m
3m
RAB
L:<8: R
RBA
RBA
RBA

8

L<:Lvw
L<:Lvw
Span BC
25.82 kNm
{c8:
24 kN/m
35.09 kNm
8
G;<7Svw
G;<7Svw
R
RBC
BC
RV8:
4m
RBC

-;<S ;<8:/GxGx0 R
RBC/G0
G;<7S/GxG0 R
RCB
RCB
RCB
Span BD
B
6.18 kNm
RV = 0:
RDB
3.09 kNm
D
RDB
0 kN

8

;8<vw
;8<vw

45.68
19.09
+
2.1 m
1.9 m
12.91
50.32
35.26
25.82
6.18
19.64
-
19.09
3.09
17.57

4 kN
Example 7
3 kN/m
A
4m
D
3m
2m

q

\

/I0/I0

\

\

/I0/I0

\
U

q
-PL
\

^

8vwx
^

8vwx

-<;vwx

<;vwx
q/I0/I0
-/Gx0
\

-vwx
2. Hence A = D = 0, and displacement, = 0 (no sides way frame). And Slope Deflection equation:
"
à

R +

-<;

<;
U

-LG
^

8

/B 8 /800

zIB
(4)
^

8

//80 B /800

8<;zIB
(5)
(2X + Y + 3)

I

I
//80 B /800
/B 8 /800

-<; 8<77=zIB
(1)

<; L<zIB
(2)
(3)
K
K

3. Since MB = 0:
{B8:

<; L<zIA zIB-LG

8
/;<8G/zI0
B

(6)
4. Substituting (6) into (1) (5)

U
^
^

L<LLvwx
S<:=vwx
-LGvwx
;<8vwx
<;vwx

5. Support reaction
{B8:
Span AB
1.11 kNm
3 kN/m
3m
RAB
L<LL S<:=/xxL<;0 R
RAB/08
8.97 kNm
L<LGvw
R
RABL<LGvw
RV8:
L<LG/x0 R
RBA
RBA
RBA

8

=<S7vw
=<S7vw
Span BC
4 kN
14 kNm
RV8:
3 kN/m
C
2m
RBc
G/x0 R
RBc
Bc

8

L8vw
L8vw
Span BD
B
5.03 kNm
RV = 0:
RDB
D
RDB
2.52 kNm
0 kN
RBc

10
1.14
+
2.62 m
+
0.38 m
7.86
14
8.97
-
5.03
+
+
1.11
1.33
2.52

Example 8
9 kN/m
A
B
1m
5 kN
2m
C
4m

/:0/G 0
L>?@
L
/:0/G 0
L>?@
L
U
U
/;0/L0/ 0
<>?@

/;0/0/L 0
L<LL>?@

2. Hence A = C = 0, and displacement, = 0 (no sides way frame). And Slope Deflection equation:

K
/ 0 L -< P"#
(1)
0
A
/ 0 L "# /0

G
U
0
A
/ U 0 < < 11"# < /0

U
0
A
/U 0 L<LL -< 2E"# < /G0

3. Since MB = 0:
Y YU 8

A L L<A < 8
A G<L:/;0
4. Substituting (5) into (1) (4)
LG<L8>?@
=<SL>?@
U =<SL>?@
U L<7:>?@
5. Support reaction
Y 8
Span AB
14.10
9 kN/m
7.81
LG<L8 =<SL /: 9 G 9 0 o /G0 8

o L:<;=>?
Yn 8
4m
RA
RB1
L:<;= o\ /:0/G0 8

o\ L7<G>?
Span BC
RB2
7.81
1m
5 kN
YU 8
=<SL L<7: /; 9 0 o /0 8
o 7<;>?
Y 8
2m
7<; oU ; 8
RC
1.69
oU L<;>?

19.57
+
6.5
+
16.43
1.5
14.10
7.4
7.81
+
7.4
1.31
+
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Slope Deflection Method

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Slope Deflection Method

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CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

DERIVATION OF THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION

     

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Slope-deflection equation: hence A = 0, B = ?, = 0

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Substituting eq. (3) into eq. (1) & (2);

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

U 36 ; 9 L8>?

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Substituting eq. (3) into eq. (1) & (2);

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Shear force and bending moment diagram;

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

G8/70 G8/ 0/G0

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Substituting eq. (5) into eq. (1) - (4);

L7<S;  8/0 M\ 8

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

T]  345  L8/;0 S8/ <;0/ <;0

U^ 3] G8>?@

 =L< ;>?@

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

4. Substituting (3) into (4);

5. Substituting (5) into (3);

6. Substituting  and  V into (1) and (2)

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

G8  =L< ; /S8 9 <;0 /L8 9 ; 9 <;0  oU\ /;0 8

pX PO< EPQR

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

;8/ <;0/ <;0

;8/ <;0/ <;0

Calculate the settlement at support B

  =<; 9 L8  S< !----#  OD< 2E F F F /0

/ 88 9 L8g 0r 9 /G88 9 L8qg 0s

 O---# 2!---#X 1P< EP F F F /10

/ 88 9 L8g 0r 9 /G88 9 L8qg 0s

 O---#X 2!---# !P< P F F F /!0

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

U 8<;  < G 9 L8qI F F F F < /70

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

;S<S= ;8/ <;0  oU /;0 8

p 1E< 2OQR

o  =<7S  7< ;/G0 8

p !2< E2QR

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

ANALYSIS OF FRAMES WITH NO SIDESWAY

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

1. Fixed End Moment (FEM)

/ /80 B /800

-7G8 8<;zIB 8< ;zIC

7G8 8<;zIC 8< ;IB 

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

/ /80 C /800

3. From the equilibrium equation, we know that:

8<SzIB 8<;zIB 8< ;zIC7G8

7G8 8<;zIC 8< ;zIB 8<SzIC8

L<zIC 8< ;zIB-7G8

U 36 ; 9 L8>?

G8/70 G8/0/G0

L7<S; 8/0 M\ 8

T] 345 L8/;0 S8/<;0/<;0

U^ 3] G8>?@

=L<;>?@

6. Substituting and V into (1) and (2)

G8 =L<; /S8 9 <;0 /L8 9 ; 9 <;0 oU\ /;0 8

pX PO< EPQR

;8/<;0/<;0

;8/<;0/<;0

=<; 9 L8 S< !----# OD< 2E F F F /0

/88 9 L8g 0r 9 /G88 9 L8qg 0s

O---# 2!---#X 1P< EP F F F /10

/88 9 L8g 0r 9 /G88 9 L8qg 0s

O---#X 2!---# !P< P F F F /!0

U 8<; <G 9 L8qI F F F F < /70

;S<S= ;8/<;0 oU /;0 8

p 1E< 2OQR

o =<7S 7<;/G0 8

p !2< E2QR

//80 B /800

-7G8 8<;zIB 8<;zIC

7G8 8<;zIC 8<;IB

//80 C /800

8<SzIB 8<;zIB 8<;zIC7G8

7G8 8<;zIC 8<;zIB 8<SzIC8

L<zIC 8<;zIB-7G8

L<zIC 8<;zIB-7G8

-GS=<7 GS=<7/L8xSxG0 R

-LS zIA 8<;zIB

//80 B /800

//80 B /800

-LS zIA 8<;zIB

7 zIB 8<;zIA- zIB zIB

8<;zIA zIB

-8<;zIB zIB

//80 B /800

//80 B /800

<; L<zIA zIB-LG

LG<L8 =<SL /: 9 G 9 0 o /G0 8

L:<;= o\ /:0/G0 8