Indian History 2

Medieval History(A.D 750-A.
D1707)
Early Medieval History (A.D750-A.D1206 )

Delhi Sultanate (A.D 1206 A.D1526)
Mughal History (A.D 1526-A.D 1707) Great
Mughals
Gap of 15 yrs (A.D 1540-A.D1555)
Later Mughals (A.D1707-A.D1858)
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The years AD 750-AD 1206

Origin if Indian feudalism
Economic origin beginning with land grants
first by satavahana
Political origin it begins in Gupta period
,Samudragupta started it (samantha system)
AD750-AD950 peak of feudalism ,it continues
under sultanate but its nature changes they
allowed fuedalism to coexist.
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North India (A.D750 A.D950)

Period of Triangular Conflict Pala,Prathihara,Rashtrakutas
Pala Pataliputra
Started by Gopala
Dharmapala most
powerful,Patron of Buddhism
Est.Vikramshila university
Senas
Vijayasena founder
Last ruler Laxmana sena
defeated by
Bhakthiyar Khalji(A.D1206)
Gurjara Prathiharas-West
Naga Bhatta -1 ,defends wetern border
Mihira bhoja (Most powerful)
Capital -Kannauj
Rajputs and Kayasthas the new castes of Medival India
Rashtrakutas
Dantidurga-founder,
defeated Badami Chalukyas
(Dasavatara Cave)
Krishna-1
Vesara School of architecture
Amoghvarsha
New capital-Manyaketa
Patron-Jainism &Kannada
Famous works-Kavirajamarga,Ratnamalika
Krishna-3 last powerful ruler
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Period of mutlicornered conflict-the 4 Agni

Kulas(AD950-AD1206)
Chauhans-Ajayameru(Ajmer)
Prithviraj chauhan-3
PrthvirajRasok-ChandBardai
Battle of Tarain-1
Battle of tarain-2(1192)
Chandellas of bundelKhand
Kajuraho
Solankis
Patronn of Jainsim
Dilwara temples of Mt.Abu
Nagara school
Pawars
Bhoja Deva -23 classical
works in sanskrit
Ghadwala of Kannauj
Jayachandra (last)
Tomars of Delhi
AnangaPal _Dillika
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Meanwhile in South India...

South India, especially Tamil region had a parallel
history. It had 4 main dynasties - Chola, Chera, Pandya
and Pallavas (probably from north).
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History of Peninsular India (750-1206)
Satavahanas First local Dynasty

Sangam Age-Sangam Literature,Sangam Dynasties
Cholas,Pandyas,Cheras
(N.T.N)(S.T.N) (Kerala)
Harsha,Badami Chalukyas,Pallavas -Contemporary
Other Chola Acheivments
Imperial Cholas (AD900-AD1250)
Cheras and Pandyan are feudatories
Vijayala Chola Founder
Aditya Chola defeats Pallava ruler
Raja Raja chola(A.D985-A.D1014)
Brihadeshwara Temple-Shiva temple
Tallest temple Pinnacle of Dravida School Of Architecture
Rajendra-1
Invasion to Gangetic valley-gangaikondacholapuram
Naval Expeition to Srivijaya (Indonesia)
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Nataraja Bronze statue ,Tanjavur

Painting,
Tamil literature
Local self government ,perfected
(Uttaramerur Inscription)
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Raja Raja Chola and his son Rajendra build a massive

empire. Unlike most other Indian empires, they were
strong seafarers. Circa 1000 AD.
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Post Chola Dynasties

Yadavas of Devagiri
Kakatiyas of Warangal
Rudradeva buit thousand pillar temple
Ganapatideva new capital Warangal
Rudramadevi-Greatest rulers
Chalukyas of Vengi
Hoyasala of Dwarasumdras
Ballala-1
Ballala-2
Temples of Halebid and belur
Malik Kafur in his deccan campaign ends these empires
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143
1192 AD: Second Battle of Tarain.

An inspired Prithiviraj could not contain a relentless Ghori.
Islam enters India after the second battle.
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In 1193 Nalanda University was

destroyed by an invading Afghan ruler.
Hindu empires simultaneously collapse all over
India due to independent reasons.
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Hindu-Islamic Era.
(1200 - 1800 AD)
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India after the Second battle of Tarain.
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Delhi Sultanates (1200 - 1526 AD)

5 dynasties: Mamluk, Khilji, Tuqlaq, Sayyid, Lodhi
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Advent of Muslims in India
Arabs Conquered Sind A.D712,A.D1001-A.D1026-25 yrs-17 times raided,Mohamud of

Ghazini
Battle of Tarain-1Battle of Tarain-2,Prithvi Raj chauhan
Battle of Chandwar ,Raja Jaya Chander
Delhi Sultanate (A.D1206-A.D1526)
5 Dyanasties-Slaves,Khalji,Tuglqas(Turkish),Sayyids,lodhis(Afghan)
Slave Dyansty(Mamuluk-Slave in arabic)(A.D1206-A.D1290)

Qutubuddin Aibak(1206-10)
LakBaksh
Died playing Polo
Iiltutmish(1211-36)
son-in-law of qutubuddin
sought investiture from caliph
Danger of Genghis Khan
real founder,started Iqta system(Two types of land iqtadars and khalisa )
Tanka(silver coin),Jeetal(copper coin)
Chalisa-Nobles become powerful, loyal to him
(challenge from Delhi Amirs)
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Razia(1236-40)
The only women to sit on throne of delhi
Baharam Shah(1240-66)
Balban(1266-86)
No legitimacy needed ulema (Slave who rose up in the ranks)
Uluk Khan,most powerful among slave dynasty
Introduced-Sijada(Prostration),Paibos(kissing feet)
Nauroj Festival introduced by him
Diwani-i-Airz military Dept
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1221: Genghiz Khan

retreats back from the
Indus river.
Alaudin Khilji of Delhi
was strong and Khan
didnt want to take a
chance.
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Khalji Dynasty(1290-1320)
Jalaluddin Khalji(1290-96)
Allauddin Khalji(1296-1316)
Military reforms
Dagh-branding of horse, chahra-Descriptive roll of soldiers
Regular muster of army(cash payment )
Economic reforms
Establishment of separate market for foodgrains,cloth,horses(fixing of prices )
Increase of land revenue by 50%,elimination of middle man
Chari(pasture tax),Khari(house tax),Jiziya,Kharaj(on land )
Diwani-i-Mustakharaj-a separate
Department to enquire in to revenue arrears
Conquests
Malik Khafur rajput states Devagiri,Warangal
Protected India from Foreign Invaders
Alli-Darwaza (Gate way to qutub Minar)
Nasiruddin Khusrau
first hindu convert to sit on throne
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Tughluqs(1320-1414)
Firuz Tugluq (1351-88)
Founder -Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
Establishment of Diwan-iKhairat(department for poor and

needy people) and Diwan-iBundagan(department of slaves).
Making Iqtadari system hereditary.
Construction of canals for irrigation
from
Yamuna to the city of Hissar
From the Sutlej to the Ghaggar
From the Ghaggar to Firuzabad
From Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to
Hansi in Haryana.
Establishment of four new towns,
Firuzabad, Fatebabad, Jaunpur and
Hissar.
Imposition of Jaziya on the Brahmans
for the first time
Establishment in Delhi a hospital
described variously as Darul-Shifa,
Bimaristan or Shifa Khan
Muhammad-bin-tughluq(1325-1351)
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS:
TAXATION IN THE DOAB.(1326A.D)
More taxes on non-muslims (up to half and 10-20
times more than the muslims population)
TRANSFER OF CAPITAL.(1327A.D)
forcing people to move out ,abandoning it for lack
water
INRODUCTION OF TOKEN CURRENCY .(1329A.D)
counterfeit coins by people due to high taxes
Diwan-i-Kohli( Dept of Agriculture)
Decline of empire 1336-vijayanagara
Bahamani-1347
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Timurs Invasion of India 1398

weakening if Sultanate
Sayyidis (1414-51)
Sayyind Khizir Khan by Timur
Lodis(1451-1526)
Bahlul Lodi-Founder
Sikander Lodi
Exapanded kingdom ,shifted
capital to Agra from Delhi
Ibrahim Lodi
Battle of Panipat
(invitation by Daulat Khan lodi)
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Literature
Al-Beruni
Kitab fi Tahqiq
About Indian Sciences
Firdausi
Shah Namah
Mahmud Ghazanis reign
Amir Khusrau
15 years of Allaudin rule
Amir Khusrau
Khazain-ul-Futuh
(Tarik-i-Alahi)
Ashika
Miftah-ul-futuh
Tughluq Namah
Ibn Battutah
Kitab-ul-Rahla
A Travelogue
Kalhana
Rajatarangini
Khyis Khan love for gujarati Devarani

Khilji and his campaign
Rise of Ghiyasuddin
History of Kashmir
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Islamic Architecture
TOMBS
FORTS
MOSQUE
Features of Islamic Architecture
Arch and Dome Method

Mortar
Arbesque (Quran+Floral designs)
Previously trabeate style.
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Qutubuddin-aibak
Adhai-din-ka-jhopda,Kuwwatul Islam Mosque,Qutub

Minar
Tomb of Sultanigarhi (first
tomb)
Tomb of balban first true arch
Iltutmish
Balban
Alauddin
Ghiasuddin tuglaq
Mohammad-bin-tuglaq
Feroz shah tuqlaq
Lodis
Jammat-i-khana mosque (first

true islamic monument),Alli
darwaza
Tuglakabad
Jahapanah,Daulatabad
Feroz shah kotla
Ferozabad(Ashokan pillar)
Jaunpur(memory of
Mohammad-bin-tuglaq)
Repaired qutub minar
Double domes ,Char bagh
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1336: Rise of Vijayanagara Empire
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Provincial Kingdoms-Vijaya Nagara ,Bahamani

Literature-Ashta Diggajas
Vijaya Nagara (1336-1650)(Robert Stevel

forgotten empire)
Allasani peddanaManucharitam
4 Dyansties
Sangama
Hariha &Bukka
Tenali RamakrishnaPanduranga Mahatyam
Saluva
Krishandevara-Amuktamalyada
Tuluva
Krishna Devara ya
Foreign Visitors
Ibn Battuta-Harihara 1
Aravidu
Battle of Bannihati or Tallikota,1565
Nicole de Conti,Italian Deva Raya 1

Abdur Razzak,Persian-Devara raya2
Domingo Peas,portugese
Barbosa,(Krishna deva raya)
Fernando nuniz- Achyuta Devaraya
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Bahamani kingdom(1347)
Allaudin Hasan Bahaman Shah
(Hasan gangu),capital at gulbarga
Firuz Bahamani Most powerful ruler
5-Splinter States
Nizam Shahis of AhmedNagar
Imad Shahis of Berar
Adilshahis of Bijapur
Barid Shahis of Bidar

Qutubshahis of Golkonda
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Bhakti and Sufi movement

Bhakti,Karma,Gnan marga-to attain
salvation
Vasudev Krishna Bhagavatism
1-Phase south India
Alvars-Vaishnavites(12) -Prabhandas
Nayannars-Shaivaites (63 )-Tevarams
Adi Shankaracharya-Advaita(central
upanish philosohy,TAT-VAM-ASI,Gyan
marg is the best)
Ramanuja-Vishist Advait
Madhavacharya-Dvait
Nirambakacharya-Dvait-advait
Vallabhacharya-Shuddh advaita
Bassavacharya
virashaivism-lingayats
Bhakti movement
Ramanuja-Srivaishnavism
Ramananda took it to north India
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Nirguna form-believe in formless god

Kabir-Doha(Found in Bijak)
Guru Nanak
Saguna Bhakti-worshiping of a god

in murthi
Dadu dayal-(Bani)
Dadu Panthi
Chaitanya-Bengal-keertans
Shankerdev-Assam
Surdas-U.P
Sursagar,Sur Sarawali
Sikhism-Guru Nanak
Mirabhai-Rajasthan
Diff-Need for guru,Purity of

Character
2-Angadh-Gurumukhi Script
5-Arjun-1-AdiGranth,Hermander Sahib
9-Guru Teg bahadur
executed
10-Guru gobind-Khalsa
Tulsidas-Ramcharithmanas
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SufismWahadat-ul-wuzud
No difference between Haq(creator),Khalq
Abu-Fazl mentions -14 major silsila
Chisti Silsila most popular

Moinuddin Chisti
Qutubuddin kaki
Nizamuddin Auliya
Salim Chisti
Shurawati silsila served only ruling class
Qadri silsila-Dara shikoh
Qanqah= Place of living of Pir
The followers are called Murids
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1398: Timur of Samarkhand plunders Delhi

and leaves 100,000 dead in 1 day.
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Samrat Hemu Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) fights

back the Afghans and takes back Delhi
Wins 22 battles against Afghans. Loses

against Akbar due to a stray arrow
hitting him in the eye in the Second
Battle of Panipat (1556).
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1526-1757: Mughal Dynasty.

Akbars lucky
victory against
Hemu starts a
200 year Mughal
dynasty that ruled
a big chunk of
north India.
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Mughal(1526-40)(1555-1707),Sur Empire(1540-1555)
Mughals descendents of Mongols
Babur
Invited by Daulat Khan Lodi ,governor of
punjab
Battle of Panipat-1526
Battle of Kanwa
Rana Sanga
Battle of Ghagra
Humayun
Battle of Chausa,Kanauj-defeated by sher
shah suri
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Sur Empire(1540-1555)
Sur Dyanasty
Trade &commerce
Sher Shah-5 year rule

Admin
Building new roads and restoration of

old ones
Sarkars-Paraganas-Villages
Revenue
Classification of land,Assessment of land
revenue on the basis of measurment of
land
Pattas,Qabuliyats
Built GT road
Built rest houses along the roads
Currency Reforms
Issue of coins of silver(rupee) and
copper(Dham)
Mohar (Gold) added by Akbar
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Mughal(1526-40)(1555-1707),Sur Empire(1540-1555)
Akbar
Battle of panipat-2(Akbar-Hemu)
Non Rajputs many campaigns
Malwa-1561,Khandesh1601-last Campaign
Rajputs slowly submitted except Ranas of
Mewar.
Rebellion of Salim
Jahangir
Rebellion of Price Khusaru
Marriage to Nur-Jahan
Final peace with Rana Amar Singh
Shah Jahan
Complete annexation of Ahmadnagar
Bijapur and Gokonda Recognised Mughal
Suzerinity
Aurangazeb
Imperialistic annexation of Bijapur(1686)
and Golkonda (1687)
Akbars Reforms
Mansabdari system-Military-Civil
Bureaucracy
Zat(determined personal pay, and
horses),Sawar(How many in realty they
maintained the number of horses)
Jagirs-Land commuted in lieu of Salary
Not hereditary but based on merit
Zabti system-Todar Mal-revenue is
determined based on measurment of
land.
Dahsals systems-revenue collected is avg
past of 10 years were calculated and 1/3
of average produce
Social measures
Prohibited Polygamy,sati
Fixed age of marriage,girl schools.
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By 1707 most of India is consolidated by

the Mughal rulers.
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Babur
Babur
Tuzuk-i-Babri
Humayun
Gulbadanbegam(sister)
Humayunama
Akbar
Abu-Fazal
Akbar-Nama
4-parts
(first up to 1572)
Up to 1588
Ain-i-Akbari
Geography(people,cli
mate)
Nizam-uddin-Ahmed
Akbarnama
Mustakkabh-ul-Tarikh
Al-Badayuni
Jehangir
Tuzuk-i-jahangiri
Jehangiri
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Mughal Architecture
Akbar
Agra Fort,Lahore,Allahabad
Fahtepur Sikri
Buland Darwaza-To commemorate
Gujarat Victory
Jodha bhai Palace,Birbals
house,Diwan-i-am,Diwan-iKhas,Panch Mahal
Humayun tomb,Salim Chisti
Tomb,Akbars tomb
Painting-Potrait,Miniature,Nature
Humayun
Abdus salaam,Mir sayyid Ali
Akbar
Hamza Nama,
Karkanas
Dasawanth,Basawan
Jahangir
Ustad Mansur
Heights of mughal Painting
Jahangir
Akbars Tomb
Tomb of Imat-ud-daula at Agra-Pietra-dura
Shah jahan
Red Fort Delhi
Tajmahal
Moti Masjid-Agra
Jama Masjid-Delhi
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Aurangzeb: Last of the Mughal Emperors

goes harsh on native Hindu population.
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Marathas(1674-1818)
Shivaji Bhonsle :
Father Shahaji Bhonsle under Adil Shahi

Captures Torna Fort,Fight with Afzal Khan(1659),general of Adil shah
Battle of Pratapgarh (1659)
Battle of Kohlapur
Aurangazeb now focuses on Shivaji
Shaist Khan (defeated )
Raja Jai singh 1
1665-Treaty of Purandar(Insulted)
1666-Escape from Agra

1674-Coronation and assumption of Haindava Dharmodharak
Death in 1680
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Successors of Shivaji
Adminstration
Shambhaji(1680-1689)
Killed by Aurangazeb
Central AdminstrationAstapradhan
Peshwa-Finance and general
Adminstration
Rajaram(1689-1700)
Shivaji-2(1700-1707)
Shahu(1707-49)
son of Shambaji
Battle of Khed(1708)
Rise of Peshwaship
Amatya-Accountant General
Revenue
Prants
Chauth-1/4 of the land
revenue of on land not
part of empire ,so that no
raids would be conducted
Sardehmukhi-Additional
levy of 10% on those
Lands of Maharashtra
over which Marathas claim
hereditary Rights
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Peshwas(1713-1818)
Balaji Vishwanath
(1713-20)
1-peshwa,made peshwa
most
important,powerful,hered
itary
Baji Rao(1720-40)
Greatest exponent of
guerilla warfare
System of confedaracy
Gaekwad-Baroda
Bhosle-Nagpur
Holkar-Indore
Scindihia-Gwalior
Peshwa-Poona
Balaji Baji Rao(1740-61)
Nanasaheb
Third battle of panipat 1761
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Marathas of Central India: Bhosle Era (1674 - 1759)
Shivaji introduces guerilla warfare against the Mughals. Hindu rulers

fight back again.
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By 1761, Marathas take control of most

of north India.
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1761: 3rd battle of Panipat. Marathas lose against

the combined strength of Afghans and Persians.
In 1818 a weakened Maratha Empire is
completely defeated by the East India Company.
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Medieval History(A.D 750-A.

Early Medieval History (A.D750-A.D1206 )

The years AD 750-AD 1206

North India (A.D750 A.D950)

Rajputs and Kayasthas the new castes of Medival India

Period of mutlicornered conflict-the 4 Agni

Meanwhile in South India...

History of Peninsular India (750-1206)

Satavahanas First local Dynasty

Nataraja Bronze statue ,Tanjavur

Raja Raja Chola and his son Rajendra build a massive

Post Chola Dynasties

Malik Kafur in his deccan campaign ends these empires

1192 AD: Second Battle of Tarain.

In 1193 Nalanda University was

(1200 - 1800 AD)

India after the Second battle of Tarain.

Delhi Sultanates (1200 - 1526 AD)

Advent of Muslims in India

Arabs Conquered Sind A.D712,A.D1001-A.D1026-25 yrs-17 times raided,Mohamud of

Slave Dyansty(Mamuluk-Slave in arabic)(A.D1206-A.D1290)

1221: Genghiz Khan

Firuz Tugluq (1351-88)

Founder -Ghiyasuddin Tughluq

Establishment of Diwan-iKhairat(department for poor and

Timurs Invasion of India 1398

About Indian Sciences

Mahmud Ghazanis reign

15 years of Allaudin rule

Khyis Khan love for gujarati Devarani

Features of Islamic Architecture

Arch and Dome Method

Adhai-din-ka-jhopda,Kuwwatul Islam Mosque,Qutub

Jammat-i-khana mosque (first

1336: Rise of Vijayanagara Empire

Provincial Kingdoms-Vijaya Nagara ,Bahamani

Vijaya Nagara (1336-1650)(Robert Stevel

Tenali RamakrishnaPanduranga Mahatyam

Nicole de Conti,Italian Deva Raya 1

Barid Shahis of Bidar

Bhakti and Sufi movement

Nirguna form-believe in formless god

Saguna Bhakti-worshiping of a god

Diff-Need for guru,Purity of

Chisti Silsila most popular

Qadri silsila-Dara shikoh

Qanqah= Place of living of Pir

The followers are called Murids

1398: Timur of Samarkhand plunders Delhi

Samrat Hemu Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) fights

Wins 22 battles against Afghans. Loses

1526-1757: Mughal Dynasty.

Sher Shah-5 year rule

Building new roads and restoration of

Mohar (Gold) added by Akbar

By 1707 most of India is consolidated by

Aurangzeb: Last of the Mughal Emperors

Father Shahaji Bhonsle under Adil Shahi

1666-Escape from Agra

Marathas of Central India: Bhosle Era (1674 - 1759)

Shivaji introduces guerilla warfare against the Mughals. Hindu rulers

By 1761, Marathas take control of most

1761: 3rd battle of Panipat. Marathas lose against

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