ZTE UMTS Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide U9.2

Coverage Enhancement
WCDMA RAN
Feature Guide
Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Version
V4.0
Date
2010-6-18
Author
ShenWei
Approved
By
Remarks
JiangMin
2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains propriet ary information of ZTE and is not to be disclosed
or used without the prior written permission of ZTE.
Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information of the document is
subjected to change without notice.
ZTE Confidential Proprietary
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
Functional Attribute ............................................................................................1
2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
Overview .............................................................................................................1
Function Introduction ............................................................................................1
Multi-Antenna Receive Diversity ............................................................................1
Multi-RRU For One Cell ........................................................................................2
Transmit Diversity ................................................................................................2
Extended Cell Range............................................................................................2
High-Speed Access ..............................................................................................2
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.7
3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
3.8.4
3.8.5
3.8.6
Technical Description .........................................................................................3

Single Antenna Reception.....................................................................................3
Two-Antenna Receive Diversity.............................................................................4
Four-Antenna Reception .......................................................................................6
Multi-RRU for One Cell .........................................................................................7
Transmit Diversity ..............................................................................................11
Space-Time Transmit Diversity............................................................................11
Time Switched Transmit Diversity........................................................................14
Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity Mode I ...............................................................14
Connection of Transmit Diversity .........................................................................15
Extended Cell Range to 80Km ............................................................................16
Reduction of Path Loss.......................................................................................16
Optimization of Antenna......................................................................................20
Cell Searching Capability ....................................................................................22
AMR Code .........................................................................................................22
Extended Cell Range to 120 km ..........................................................................23
High-Speed Access ............................................................................................24
Doppler shift ......................................................................................................24
Handover Influence ............................................................................................26
Cell Selection and Reselection ............................................................................27
Baseband Frequency Offset Compensation Algorithm ..........................................27
Handover Optimization .......................................................................................30
Cell Reselection Optimization..............................................................................31
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.6
4.6.1
Parameters Related to Coverage Enhancement Control ...................................32

Parameters Related to RF Connection .................................................................32
Parameter List ...................................................................................................32
Parameter Configuration .....................................................................................33
Parameters Related to Receive Diversity .............................................................37
Parameter List ...................................................................................................37
Parameters Related to Multi-RRU One Cell..........................................................38
Parameter List ...................................................................................................38
Parameters Related to Transmit Diversity ............................................................38
Parameter List ...................................................................................................38
Parameter Relat ed to Extended Cell Range to 80Km ............................................42
Parameter List ...................................................................................................42
High speed access .............................................................................................43
Parameter List ...................................................................................................43
II
Glossary ...........................................................................................................46
III
FIGURES
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Connection of Single Antenna Reception .................................................................3

Mechanism of Two-A ntenna Receive Diversity .........................................................4
Connection of Two-Antenna Receive Diversity .........................................................5
Mechanism of Four-Antenna Receive Diversity ........................................................6
Connection of Four-Antenna Receive Diversity.........................................................7
Principle of Multi-RRU Combined Cell (1).................................................................8
Principle of Multi-RRU Combined Cell (2).................................................................8
Example on Multi-RRU Combined Cell ....................................................................9
STTD in QPSK Mode ...........................................................................................12
STTD in 16QAM Mode .........................................................................................12
STTD in 64QAM Mode .........................................................................................13
TS TD of SCH.......................................................................................................14
Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity Mode of DP CH/ HS-P DSCH ...................................15
Connection of Transmit Diversity ...........................................................................15
Sections of Radio propagation on the Sea .............................................................16
Propagation Curve ...............................................................................................19
Connection of TMA ...............................................................................................21
Scenario where a High-S peed UE Passes a Node B ..............................................25
Doppler shift when the Value of D Changes at Different Vehicle Rates ....................25
Frequency Offset Estimation of ZTE UMTS ............................................................28
Frequency Offset Compens ated by ZTE UMTS Baseband Subsystem ....................29
III
Functional Attribute
System version: [RNC V3.09, Node B V4.09, OMMR V3.09, OMMB V4. 09]
Attribute: [Optional]
Involved NEs:
UE
Node B
RNC
MSCS
MGW
SGSN
GGSN
HLR
Note:
*-:Not involved.
*: Involved.
Dependency: [None]
Mutual-exclusion function: [None]
Note: [None]
Overview
2.1
Function Introduction
During network planning and construction, it is necessary to consider the coverage
enhancement technology to the uplink/downlink according to net work load and service,
with a view to offsetting the deficiency of coverage capacity in a specific direction. This
document describes the main uplink/downlink coverage enhancement technologies
(Two-Ant enna receive diversity, Four-antenna receive diversity, Transmit diversity, MultiRRU for one cell, and Extended Cell Range to 80km ) of ZTE UMTS in respect of
functions and us age.
2.1.1
Multi-Antenna Receive Diversity

The diversity technology is implemented by searching and utilizing t he independent
multi-pat h signals in the radio propagation environment in nature. In short, the
technology is to select two or more signals among multiple signals for merging, so as to
raise the instantaneous SNR and average SNR of the rec eiver at the same time.
Diversity is an anti-fading technology in the field of mobile communication. It is also a
powerful receiving technology that improves the radio link performance greatly.
In practice, such technologies as multi-path diversity, multi-antenna receive diversity,
and mac ro diversity, are used to increase the uplink coverage.
ZTEs UMTS enables multi-path diversity reception and MRC (maximal ratio
combining) of signals through a Rake receiver.
2.1.2
ZTEs UMTS uses the multi-antenna receive diversity technology, for example,
Two-Antenna receive diversity and four-antenna receive diversity.
ZTEs UMTS supports soft handover and softer handover.
Multi-RRU For One Cell

In special environments, a large number of antennas are required for covering a
complicated area while too much cells may increase network management load. In this
case, it can be considered to merging multiple RRUs and their antenna coverage areas
into one logic cell. In the view of Node B and RNC, these coverage areas belong to the
same cell. This technology is the multi-RRU for one cell.
2.1.3
Transmit Diversity
Transmit diversity is to transmit a signal through multiple antennas of a B TS. In a fading
environment, transmit diversity enables a UE to receive multi-path signals and better
signal quality, thus improving the performance of the radio communication system
effectively.
ZTEs UMTS uses open-loop transmits diversity and closed-loop transmit diversity mode
1. In t he open-loop mode, no feedback information is available bet ween the UE and
Node B. Open-loop transmit diversity includes Space -Time Transmit Diversity (STTD)
and Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TS TD). In the closed-loop mode, the UE sends
the feedback information to Node B so as to optimize the transmission of the diversity
antennas.
Open-loop t ransmit diversity requires no signaling overhead and make the mobile
stations process quickly. However, this mode does not utilize the channel information.
Closed-loop transmit diversity has high performance in a low -speed moving environment,
but its control mode is more complex.
2.1.4
Extended Cell Range

Due to its powerful baseband processing capability and searching capability, ZTEs
UMTS ensures random access of the cells within the distance of 80 km. The ZTEs
UMTS supports the Extended Cell Range (as distant as 80 km) through various
coverage enhancement technologies including multi-antenna reception, transmit
diversity, and antenna feeder optimization.
2.1.5
High-Speed Access
For the high-speed access coverage, the system and the environment should be
considered comprehensively to solve various problems related to the high-speed moving,
especially the Doppler shift, fast handover and the call through rate.
The 3GPP has defined three high-s peed train scenarios: trains moving at a rate of 350
km per hour in open space; trains moving at a rate of 300 km/h in tunnels with multiantennas; trains moving at a rate of 300 km/h in tunnels with leaky cables.
Based on the experience of implying the mobile technology for years, ZTE has
developed a series of distinctive high-speed moving technologies such as: baseband
frequency offset compensation algorithm, optimized RRM algorithm for high-speed
moving, and flexible network planning adapted to various environments,etc. These
technologies can handle the high-speed WCDMA communication scenarios with rates
higher than 350 km/h, and can provide abundant data and voice services to satisfy
users' requirements.
Technical Description
3.1
Single Antenna Reception

Receiver diversity will not be applied when only one antenna is used to receive the
uplink signal. The parameter defining the type of receiver diversity (RxDiversity) should
be set to "1: Single Antenna Rx", and an RF rec eiving cable needs to be configured, with
RF receiving cable 1 (RFRxID [1]) set to be "Antenna 1".
By default, only one antenna is configured in one RRU. Then the transmitter antenna
can only be connected to the TX/ RX path of the RRU, whereas the rec eiver antenna can
be connected to the TX/RX path or the RX path of the RRU, that means any one of
these two paths could be the rec eiver antenna path.(as shown in Figure 1). In the
figure1, the RRU transceiver (RTR) module is the transceiver, the PA is the power
amplifier module, and the duplexer filter (DF) is the duplexer and filter.
Figure 1
Connection of Single Antenna Reception
3.2
Two-Antenna Receive Diversity

Receive diversity includes multi-pat h diversity, multi-antenna diversity, and softer
handover. It makes no difference when the Rake receiver processes these types of
diversity. The RF can receive and utilize all t he energy transmitted from the multiple
paths of the multiple antennas, when the corresponding demodulation multiple fingers
are allocated to the configured multi-path signals. Therefore, multi-antenna receive
diversity is based on the Rake receiver.
When Two-Antenna receive diversity is used, you need to set the RxDiversity parameter
to 2:2-antenna Rx Diversity. In addition, you need to configure two receiving RF
connections: configure RFRxID [1] (receiving RF connection 1) to Antenna 1, and
configure RFRxID [2] (receiving RF connection 1) to Antenna 2.
Figure 2 shows the mechanism of Two-Antenna receive diversity.
Figure 2
Mechanism of Two-Antenna Receive Diversity
Reflector
RF Unit (RRU
Antenna 1
RF
process
U
E
Base Band UnitBBU

Multi-path detection and
assignation
Finger
demodulation
Antenna 2
MRC
RF
process
Symbol
level
process
Two-Antenna receiver diversity works on the following principle:

1
The radio signals received by the Two-Ant ennas are processed by RF units
respectively, and then are sent to the base band unit (BB U) of Node B.
The BBU receives the Rake signal and performs the subsequent processing.
The Rake receiver mainly performs the following functions:
Multi-pat h detection and assignation
Finger demodulation
MRC
For Two-Antenna receive diversity, the multi-path det ection and assignation module
searches the Two-Antennas at the same time, merges the lag energy values of the TwoAntennas, and assigns demodulation fingers for some multi-path delays in descending
order of the energy.
For the assigned demodulation fingers, the Rake receiver centrally performs the
following demodulation operations: descram bling, dispreading, channel estimation and
compens ation, and frequency offset estimation and compensation.
Finally, the Rake receiver performs the MRC operation for the demodulation results of all
paths, and performs the subsequent symbol level processing.
Figure 3 shows the hardware connection of Two-A ntenna receive diversity.
Figure 3
Connection of Two-Antenna Receive Diversity
ANT1
R&T
ANT2
R
RRU/RSU
DF
T
2R
RTR+PA
BBU
The RRU transceiver (RTR) serves as a transceiver. PA refers to the power ampli fier
module, DF refers to the duplexer and filter, A NT1 refers to Antenna 1, and A NT2 refers
to Antenna 2.
By default, a single RRU and single antenna are c onfigured. Therefore, you need to
configure the RF connection for the Rak e receiver before configuring double antennas or
multiple antennas. The detailed procedure is as follows:
3
Add the rack table that contains the new RRU to the configuration. The rack table
contains the following parameters: Rack .Rack No and Rack .Rack Type (it depends
on the product model of the RRU/RS U module).
Add the corresponding topology table. Note that Rack Topology. Rack No,
Rack Topology.ShelfNo, and Rack Topology.SlotNo should be configured t o the data
of the rack that accommodates the BBU. Rack Topology.PortID should be set to the
number of the port bet ween the FS board of the BBU and the TX/RX of the RRU.
Rack Topology. ChildRack No,
Rack Topology. ChildS helfNo,
and
Rack Topology. ChinldSlotNo reflects the information on the newly added RRU rack.
Rack Topology. ChildP ortID should be set to the number of the optical port between
the RRU and BB U, and Rack Topology.TopologyType (the topology type of the RRU)
to Star or Chain.
3.3
Add the
corresponding
RF connection table.
The
table
contains
RFConnection . RFGroupID and RFConnection.RTSign. For t he RF connection of
main antennas, RFConnection. RTSign can be set to 0: Transmit or 1: Receive.
For the RF connection of diversity antennas, RFConnection.RTSign should be s et
to 1: Receive. RFConnection.RFType and RFConnection.ResourceType should be
set as needed.
Add
the
corresponding
RF
central
frequency
point
table.
RFCentralFrequenc yPoint..Rack No,
RFCentralFrequenc yPoint.Shelf No,
and
RFCentralFrequenc yPoint.SlotNo should be set to the rack information configured
at Step 1 and Step 2. RFCentralFrequenc yPoint.RadioMode should be set to
WCDMA.
RFCentralFrequencyP oint
(.OperBand)
and
RFCentralFrequenc yPoint.Cent ralFreq should be set as planned.
Four-Antenna Reception
Figure 4 hows the mechanism of four-antenna receive diversity.
Figure 4
Mechanism of Four-Antenna Receive Diversity
Reflector
U
E
RF Unit1 (RRU
Antenna 1
RF
process
Antenna 2
RF
process
Antenna 3
Antenna 4
RF
process
Base Band UnitBBU
Multi-path detection and

assignation
Finger
demodulation
RF
process
MRC
Symbol
level
process
RF Unit 2(RRU
Four-antenna receiver diversity works on the following principle:

1
Four-antenna receive diversity is implemented through two RF units. Each RF unit

inputs two channels of antenna signals, which are processed by two independent
RF channels of the RF units and then are sent to the BBU of Node B.
The BBU performs the following Rake processing:

The multi-path det ection and assignation module searches four ant ennas at the
same time, merges the lag energy values of Two-Antennas of each RF unit
respectively, and thus obtains two groups of combined energy values. Then, the
module assigns demodulation fingers in descending order of the energy
respectively. The module obt ains two groups of assignation res ults, which
correspond to the two Two-Antenna groups of the two RF units respectively.
When four-ant enna receive diversity is used, you need to set the RxDiversity parameter
to 3:4-antenna Rx Diversity. You need to configure four receiving RF connections at
the same time:
Set RFRxID[1] (receiving RF connection 1) to Antenna 1
The subsequent proc essing is the same as that for Two-A ntenna rec eives diversity.
Figure 5 shows the hardware connection of four -antenna diversity. It shows that the
hardware configuration of four-antenna diversity is equal to the configuration of multiple
suites of Two-Antenna diversity.
Figure 5
Connection of Four-Antenna Receive Diversity
ANT2
ANT1
ANT4
ANT3
R&T
RRU/RSU
RRU/RSU
DF
DF
TX
2RX
2RX
RTR+PA
RTR
BBU
The RRU transceiver (RTR) serves as a transceiver. PA refers to the power amplifier
module, DF refers to the duplexer and filter, ANT1 refers to Antenna 1, ANT2 refers to
Antenna 2, ANT3 refers to Antenna 3, and ANT4 refers to Antenna 4.
The procedure of adding new RF connections to four-antenna receive diversity is the
same as that of adding new RF connections to two-antenna receive diversity.
3.4
Multi-RRU for One Cell

A multi-RRU combined cell is to merge the multiple cells covered by multiple RRUs into
one cell. From anot her point of view, it is equal to the following process:
The coverage area of one cell is divided into multiple sectors or multiple areas,
The sectors or coverage areas use different antennas for rec eiving signals,
The signals are combined in the baseband.

The transmitting signals of all sectors or coverage areas are the same.
Figure 6 shows the detailed signal processing flow.
Figure 6
Principle of Multi-RRU Combined Cell (1)
RRU
BBU
Multi-path
detection and
assignation
...
RRU
RRU
...
RAKE
finger
demodulation
MRC
Downlink
signal
copy
Symbol rate
process
and
higher layer
process
RNC
Downlink
signal
generation
As shown in Figure 6, the same carriers of three RRUs are combined into one cell, and
the coverage areas of these three RRUs are different from each other. In the uplink
direction, the signals received by multiple RRUs are sent to the BBU respectively. The
BBU performs multi -pat h detection and RAKE demodulation for the signals of each RRU,
performs the MRC operation for the signals of each demodulated RRU (only one RRU or
multiple RRUs have signals possibly), and then performs the subsequent processing. In
the combined cell, it is obvious that the handover bet ween RRU coverage areas is
complete during multi-path detection and assignation without the signaling exchange
and control of the RNC and UE. In the downlink direction, the generated downlink
signals are copied and sent to multiple RRUs, thus attaining the effect of total -c ell
transmitting.
Figure 7
Principle of Multi-RRU Combined Cell (2)
RRU
RRU
RRU
Weighted
combination
Weighted
combination
...
RAKE
finger
demodulation
...
RRU
BBU
Multi-path
detection and
assignation
MRC
Symbol rate
process
and
higher layer
process
RNC
Weighted
combination
RRU
Downlink
signal
copy
Downlink
signal
generation
RRU
For a cell comprising more RRUs, the signals of the receiving antennas of some RRUs
can be weighted according to the receiving power, be combined int o one data stream,
and t hen undergo subsequent detection and demodulation with a view to reducing the
resource consumption of multi-path detection. Figure 7 shows the merge of six RRUs.
The coverage areas of these RRUs can be different from each other.
The multi-RRU merge technology has the following advantages:
Decrease the number of cells in a mobile communication network, simplify network

planning and adjacency configuration in the RNC, reduce the frequency of handover
controlled by the RNC greatly, implement the handover between coverage areas
inside a cell through Node B, and improve subscriber experience and system
performance.
One cell is covered by multiple RRUs and with their antennas. The coverage area of
one cell can be so flexible as not to be limited to sector coverage or round coverage.
It well caters to the coverage needs in special scenarios, for example, a c omplex
urban area, inside a building, or along a traffic route.
Attain the space division multiplexing effect in the uplink division: The uplink
throughput of one cell can be equal to several times as high as that of a
conventional cell.
The downlink signals of the same cell are transmitted by multiple RRUs. Downlink
diversity gain can be attained in the overlap coverage area of different RRUs, thus
improving the net work coverage quality and raising the HS DPA throughput of each
individual UE.
Figure 8 shows an example of c ell coverage. Assume that omni -directional round cells
are not suitable to coverage in t his dense urban area due to the obstruction of buildings,
and if a conventional coverage method is used, In Figure 8, each diamond-shaped area
needs to be covered by one cell, and thus a total of 12 cells are required. Through the
multi-RRU merge technology, a hexagonal area (approximate to a round in practice),
which comprises three adjacent diamond-shaped areas (approximate to a sector in
practice), is used as the coverage area of one cell. Three RRUs and their antennas are
used to cover three diamond-shaped areas. As a result, only four cells are enough for
the same net work coverage. Generally, the technology decreases the number of
required cells greatly, and reduces the frequency of handover controlled by the RNC.
Figure 8
Example on Multi-RRU Combined Cell
S13
S11 Cell 1
S23
S12
S21 Cell 2
S43
S41 Cell 4
S22
S33
S42
S31 Cell3
S32
Compared with the traditional sector networking mode, the merge technology has the
following disadvantages:
While the number of required cells is decreased and downlinks UPAs and code
resources are scheduled basing on a cell, the downlink system throughput is
reduced greatly (although the average peak throughput per UE can be raised).
Downlink signals are transmitted by multiple RRUs at the same time, but UEs are
usually distributed in the coverage area of one RRU, thus multiplying the downlink
power consumption.
If there are a large number of RRUs, the signals of these RRUs undergo weighted
combination before descrambling and dispreading. As a result, the combined RRUs
interfere with each other, thus affecting the receiving performance.
ZTE s UMTS supports five types of multi-RRU cell configuration (t wo RRUs, three
RRUs, four RRUs, five RRUs, and six RRUs) as follows:
2-RRU Cell: Configure RxDiversity to 4: 2-RRU Cell and configure four receiving
antenna parameters (configure RFRxID[1] to the main antenna of the first RRU,
configure RFRxID[2] to the diversity antenna of the first RRU, configure RFRxID[3] to
the main antenna of the second RRU, and configure RFRxID[4] to the diversity
antenna of the second RRU,). Configure TxDiversity to 3: 2-RRU Cell, and
configure two transmitting antenna parameters (configure RFTxID[1] to the
transmitting main antenna of the first RRU, and configure RFTxI D[2] to the
transmitting main antenna of the second RRU.
3-RRU Cell: Configure RxDiversity to 5: 3-RRU Cell and configure six receiving
antenna parameters (configure RFRxID[1] to the main antenna of the first RRU,
configure RFRxID[2] to the diversity antenna of the first RRU, configure RFRxID[3] to
the main antenna of the second RRU, configure RFRxID[4] to the diversity antenna
of the second RRU, configure RFRxID[5] to the main antenna of the third RRU, and
10
configure RFRxID[6] to the diversity antenna of the third RRU). Configure TxDiversity
to 4: 3-RRU Cell, and configure three transmitting antenna paramet ers (configure
RFTxID[1] to the transmitting main antenna of the first RRU, configure RFTxID[2] to
the transmitting diversity antenna of the second RRU, and configure RFTxID[3] to
the transmitting main antenna of the third RRU.
4-RRU Cell: Configure eight receiving antennas and four transmitting antennas (the
receiving antennas should be configured to receiving RF connections 1 to 8, and
the transmitting ant ennas should be configured to transmitting RF connections 1 to
4).
5-RRU Cell: Configure ten rec eiving antennas and five transmitting antennas (the
5).
6-RRU Cell: Configure 12 receiving antennas and six transmitting antennas (the
6).
The procedure of adding new RF connections to the multi-RRU combined cell is the
same as that of adding new RF connections to two-antenna receive diversity.
3.5
Trans mit Diversity

This section describes the technical principle of transmit diversity in detail, including
Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), Time -Switched Transmit Diversity (TS TD), and
closed-loop transmit mode 1.
3.5.1
Space-Time Transmit Diversity

For STTD, the antenna data is encoded through the space time block and is sent to the
main antenna and diversity antenna respectively. The space time block code varies with
the modulation mode. Figure 9 shows the S TTD codes of QPSK, 16QAM, and 64 QAM.
bi, i=0, 1, 2 are channel bits. For the A ICH, E-RGCH, and E-HICH, the bi means
For other channels,
bi
is defined as follows:
If
bi = 0, bi = 1
If
bi = 1, bi = 0
If
bi b = other values, bi = bi
i
11
bi .
Figure 9
STTD in QPSK Mode
b0 b1 b2 b3
Antenna 1
b2 b3 b0 b1
Antenna 2
b0 b1 b2 b3
Symbols
STTD encoded symbols for

antenna 1 and antenna 2
Figure 10 STTD in 16QAM Mode
12
Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7
Antenna 2
Symbols
b4 b5 b6 b7 b0 b1 b2 b3

Figure 11 STTD in 64QAM Mode

Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10
b11
b11
Symbols
Antenna 2
b6 b7 b8 b9 b10
b11
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5

If spac e time transmit diversity is used, you need to set TxDiversity to 2: Two-Antenna
transmit diversity, set RFTxID[1] to Antenna 1 , and set RFTxID[ 1] to Antenna 2.
To use space time transmit diversity, you need to configure the RNC appropriat ely, for
example, set TxDivI nd to 1: Active.
13
If configuring transmits diversity for a dedicat ed channel, you need to set

PCCP CH.SttdInd of the P-CCP CH to 1: Active, and set PSCH.SttdInd of the P-SCH to
1: Active. If configuring transmit for a dedicated cha nnel, the transmit diversity of the
preceding three physical channels must be activat ed.
To use the transmit diversity of the DP CH/F -DP CH, you need to set TxDivMod to STTD.
To use the transmit diversity of the S-CCP CH, you need to set SCCP CH.SttdInd to 1:
Acti ve.
To use the transmit diversity of the S-CPICH, you need to set S CPICH.SttdInd to 1:
Acti ve.
To use the transmit diversity of the AICH, MICH, and PICH, you need to set
AICH.SttdInd, MI CH.SttdInd, and PICH.SttdInd to 1: Active.
3.5.2
Time Switched Transmit Diversity

TS TD is only used for a SCH, as shown in follow figure. Cp refers to the primary
i,k
synchronization code (PS C), and cs refers to the secondary synchronization code
(SSC). i (= 0, 1, 63) refers to the number of scrambling groups. k (= 0, 1, 14) refers to
the slot number. If the slot number is an even number, the PS C and SSC are transmitted
by Antenna 1. If the slot number is an odd number, the PSC and SSC are transmitted by
Antenna 2. If the P-CCP CH uses the STTD codes, a = a +1. Otherwise, a = 1.
Figure 12 TSTD of SCH

Slot #0
Slot #1
acp
(Tx OFF)
acsi,0
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
Slot #14
acp
acp
(Tx OFF)
acsi,2
acsi,14
acp
(Tx OFF)
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Slot #2
i,1
acs
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
If TS TD is used, you need to set SCH.TstdInd to 1: Active.
3.5.3
Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity Mode I

Closed-loop t ransmit diversity mode 1 is mainly used for a dedicated physical channel
(DP CH/ HS-PDS CH), as shown in Figure 13. Aft er being spread and scrambled, the
DPCH/HS-P DS CH data is divided into master antenna data stream and diversity
antenna data stream, which are multiplied by w1 and w2 respectively, and then are sent
to the antennas. w1 and w2 are generated from the feedback information bits of the
uplink DP CCH that Node B reads.
w1 1 / 2 ,
w2
1 j
. For closed-loop transmit
2
diversity mode 1, the Two-Antennas use orthogonal pilot symbols. You need to set
14
TxDiversity to 2: Two-Antenna transmit diversity, set RFTxI D[1] to Antenna 1 , and

set RFTxID[ 1] to Antenna 2.
Figure 13 Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity Mode of DPCH/HS-PDSCH
CPICH1
w1
DPCH/
HS-PDSCH
Ant 1
w2
Spread/scramble
Ant 2
CPICH2
w1
w2
Weight Generation
Determine weight info

message from the uplink
3.5.4
Connection of Transmit Diversity

Figure 14 shows the transmit diversity connection.
Figure 14 Connection of Transmit Diversity
ANT2
ANT1
R&T
R&T
RRU/RSU
RRU/RSU
DF
DF
T
RTR+PA
RTR+PA
BBU
15
The RTR serves as a transceiver. PA refers to the power amplifier module, DF refers to
the duplexer and filter, ANT1 refers to Antenna 1, and ANT2 refers to Antenna 2.
The procedure of adding new RF connections to the transmit diversity is the same as
that of adding new RF connections to two-antenna receive diversity.
3.6
Extended Cell Range to 80Km

The scenarios of extended cell include seas, deserts, grasslands, mount ainous region ,
and mountains; ZTE s UMTS supports the cells as distant as 80 km. When configuring
the extended Cell Range 80 km, you need to set dwCellRadius to 80,000 m.
To attain a better coverage effect, the following coverage enhancement measures can
be taken:
3.6.1
Reduce the path loss by adjusting the mounting height o f antennas and lowering the
carrier band.
Improve the sensitivity by using directional antennas and tower mounted amplifiers
and reducing the noise figure of the receivers.
Improve the proc essing gain: For example, use the AMR codes .
Improve the baseband processing capability to enhance the cell search capability .
Reduce the fading margin t hrough various diversity technologies (multi -path
diversity, antenna diversity, and macro diversity)
Reduction of Path Loss

The typical application of extended cell is sea coverage. Depending on the coverage
distance, the radio propagation environment on the sea is divided into t hree sections: A,
B, and C. Figure 15 shows its schematic diagram.
Figure 15 Sections of Radio propagation on the Sea
16
The following shows the details:
Section A: The distance from the BTS to its visual range point is set to d1.
ii
Section B: The distance from the visual range point of the BTS to the combined
visual range point of the BTS and UEs is set to d2.
iii
Section C: The distance of the shadow area beyond the combined visual range
point of the B TS and UEs is set to d.
Formula of line-of-sight propagation loss

The propagation distance of radio electromagnetic waves on the sea can exceed
the visible distance through diffraction. The eart h is a sphere. Assume t hat the
mounting height of the B TS is Ht meters and the height of UE is Hr meters. The
combined maximum visible distance (line-of-sight distance) of the BTS and UE is as
follows:
d 2 R ( Ht Hr ) (km)
(1)
R refers to t he radius of the earth. Considering the impact of atmos pheric refraction
on the propagation of radio electromagnetic waves, the equivalent earth radius Re
is usually used instead of R. In the conditions of standard atmospheric refraction,
Re = 8,500 km. Therefore, Formula (1) is changed into the following formula:
d 4.12 ( Ht Hr ) (km)
(2)
17
The radio propagation environment on the sea is divided int o three sections: A, B,
and C.
Section A: The distance from the BTS to the visual range point is set to d1.
d 1 4.12 Ht
(km)
(3)
Section B: The distance from the visual range point of the BTS to the combined
visual range point of the B TS and UEs is set to d2. Based on Formula (2), the
following formula can be derived:
d 2 4.12 Hr
(km)
(4)
Section C: The shadow area beyond the combined visual range point of the BTS
and UEs, that is, the area with the propagation distance beyond d1+d2.
2
Formula of path loss during radio propagation

Section A:
Within the propagation distanc e of Section A, the radio propagation environment is
very good on the sea and is similar to the propagation environment in free spac e.
The mounting height of the B TS and height of UEs have little impact on propagation
path loss, but have some impact on applicable distance and slope of path loss. The
component of reflected waves is smaller than that of direct waves, and has little
impact on the prediction of statistical median of t he receiving level. Therefore, it can
be ignored. For Section A, the formula on propagation path loss is as follows:
Lp 32.44 20 lg f 10 lg( dkm)
(5)
where,
Lp refers to the propagation pat h loss on the sea;
dkm refers to the distance (km) bet ween the test point and the B TS; dkm d1.
f
refers to the carrier frequency (MHz).

refers to the slope of path loss. Its value range is 2.6 to 3.4.
Section B:
Section B is a transition from the approximate free space to t he shadow globe area.
At the combined visual range point of the B TS and UEs, the additional diffraction
loss is about 6 dB. If the accuracy of prediction is ensured, the formula on
propagation path loss in Section B is as follows:
Lp 32.44 20 lg f 10 lg( dkm) 6(dkm d 1) / d 2
(6)
where,
the paramet ers are the same as those of Section A, for example, d1dkmd1+d2.
Section C:
18
Section C is in the shadow globe area. You need to refer to the diffraction loss
model and revise the model properly. In addition, you need to consider the
environmental features of radio propagation on the sea and the operability of
coverage prediction. The formula on propagation path loss is as follows:
Lp 32.44 20 lg f 10 lg( dkm) 20 lg 0.5e (0.450.62v )v
(7)
where,
L refers to the wavelength (km).
v Re1 sin( ) (sin sin )
2dkm
(d 1 d 2)(dkm (d 1 d 2)
(8)
Re refers to the equi valent eart h radius when the impact of atmospheric refraction
on radio electromagnetic waves is taken into account. In t he condition of standard
atmospheric refraction, Re = 8,500 km.
= (d1+d2)/ Re: It refers to the included angle of the combined visual range of the
BTS and UEs to the revised earth model (unit: radian).
= [dkm-(d1+d2)]/Re: It refers to the included angle between the test point and the
combined visual range point of the B TS and UEs to the revised earth model (unit:
radian).
The parameters are the same as those of Section A, for example, dkm d1+d2.
3
The total propagation loss is equal to the sum of propagation loss in Sections A, B,
and C.
Assume that the prec eding path loss model is used. Figure 16 shows a typical extended
cell link propagation curve.
Figure 16 Propagation Curve
19
Section A is the line-of-sight propagation range and is also the main c overage area of
over-distance coverage. To widen the line-of-sight propagation range, the most effective
means is to raise the altitude height of the B TS ant enna and altitude height of the UE
antenna, and reduce the carrier frequency. In practice, it is difficult to stipulate the
altitude height of UEs by force. Therefore, the effective means is to raise the altitude
height of the B TS antenna. Additionally, it is also an effective means to reduce the
carrier transmit frequency. For example, assume that the altitude height of the UE
antenna is 3 meters. To ensure the coverage distance of 80 km, the altitude height of
the BTS antenna should be 310 met ers (in the frequency band of 2.1 GHz) or 260
meters (in the frequency band of 900 MHz ).
3.6.2
Optimization of Antenna
ZTE UMTS extended cell solution considers the gain of directional antennas. A highgain directional antenna can be used to raise the receiving gain and the coverage
distance significantly.
A directional antenna brings a far higher gain than an omni directional antenna
(usually by 6 to 7 dB). Therefore, the coverage radius of a macro cell directional
BTS is far greater than that of an omni directional BTS.
A directional transmitting antenna is intended to improve the efficient utilization of

the transmitted power and raise the c onfidentiality. A directional receiving antenna
is intended to enhance the immunity from interference and raise the coverage
distance.
20
The actual gain of a directional antenna is related to the angle o f the antenna.
Usually, the smaller the lobe width is, the higher the gain is and the longer the
coverage distance is. The smaller the lobe width is, the more cells are required.
Figure 17 Connection of TMA
ANTENNNA
+45
-45
Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Div
ANTENNNA
+45
-45
Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Div
ANTENNNA
+45
-45
Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Div
Jumpers
TMA
TMA
TMA
7/8 Feeder Cables
Jumpers
Tx/RxTx/Rx Div
Sector1
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
Div
Sector2
Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Div

Sector3
Node B
UMTS
A TMA is used to amplify the uplink signals. Usually, it is installed between the main
feeder and the upside jumper (the 1/2 jumper connected to the antenna) so as to offset
the deficiency of the uplink during the balanced budget between the uplink and downlink.
ZTE s extended cell solution fully considers the functions and advantages of the TMA,
and uses the TMA technology to avoid system noise deterioration caused by over length
of the feeder and improve the system sensitivity. As an important coverage
enhancement means, the TMA technology is widely applied. It is mainly used in
21
extended cell scenarios, for example, suburban areas, rural areas, sea surface, and
deserts.
Customers can select the electrical down tilt antenna and TMA solution for the AISG
interface. The solution allows you to adjust the down tilt angle of the ant enna and TMA
gain through remote or local control soft ware, thus facilitating fine adjustment and
network optimization.
3.6.3
Cell Searching Capability

For an extended cell, the greater the cell radius is, the larger the multi-path search
window of the Node B uplink is and the more search resources have to be consumed.
ZTE s Node B baseband proc essing board uses the ASIC chip with proprietary
intellectual property. The ASIC chip is so designed as to consider the search capability
of the extended cell. ZTE s baseband processing board supports the baseband
processing capability and searc h capability of the over -distanc e (80 km) coverage cell
and reserves the PRACH preamble search and message demodulation resources
without occupying the CE resources of the bas eband.
3.6.4
AMR Code
The bit rate affects the uplink coverage. If the bit rate is very high, the proc essing gain is
very low and the coverage area is very small. An AMR vocoder can be used to raise the
coverage area of the voice service effectively. The AMR vocoder is a single voice codec.
Its source rate can be 12.2 (GSM-EFR), 10.2, 7.95, 7.40 (IS-641), 6.70 (P DC-EFR), 5.90,
5.15, and 4.75kbit/s.
Dynamic AMR adjustment is to adjust the rate of the uplink/downlink AMR service
dynamically to adapt to the ever-changing radio environment. In the UMTS, the radio
environment bet ween the UE and B TS is constantly changing. When the UE moves to
the edge of the coverage area or if the radio environment is bad, the B TS or UE
transmits higher power through closed-loop power control so as to ensure the QoS of
the AMR service. As a result, the power is further raised, the radio environment is furt her
deteriorated, and the system capacity is reduced. Furthermore, the QoS cannot be
ensured even if the power is raised to an ultimate value. In this case, you can lower t he
AMR, offs et the deterioration of the radio environment through high spreading gain, and
reduce the power overhead. If the radio environment bet ween the UE and B TS is very
good and if the transmit power of the BTS or UE is very low, you can raise the AMR to
provide a higher QoS so long as the experience of other subscribers or system
performance is not affected.
ZTE s UMTS supports the dynamic AMR adjustment based on the transmit power of the
dedicated channel:
When the transmit power of the uplink UE is very high, the uplink AMR is reduced at
the UE side under the control of the RNC.
When the dedicated transmit power of the downlink Node B is very high, the
downlink AMR is reduced at the CN side under the control of the RNC.
If the transmit power of the uplink UE is very low and system load is very low, the
uplink AMR is raised at the UE side under the cont rol of the RNC.
22
If the dedicat ed transmit power of t he downlink Node B is very low and system load
is very low, the downlink AMR is raised at the CN side under the control of the RNC.
The RNC sends the TFC CONTROL message to the UE so as to control the uplink AMR
at the UE side. The RNC sends the IUUP rate control frame to the CN so as to control
the downlink AMR at the CN side.
You can attain the link budget gain by reducing the AMR. The calculation formula is as
follows:
12.2 12.2 10
Gain _ AMR 10 * log 10(
3dB
10
bitrate _ AMR(kb / s) 12.2 10
3dB
10
For the 12.2-Kbps AMR voice servic e, the power difference bet ween the DPCCH and
DPDCH is -3 dB. When the AMR is varying, the power of the DPCCH remains
unchanged. When the AMR goes down, the power of the DPDCH is reduced.
Table 1 shows the mapping between the AMR and the gain of the 12.2 -Kbps voice
service.
Table 1
Mapping Between AMR and Coverage Gain
AMR (Kbps)
Coverage Gain (dB)
12.2
10.2
0.5
7.95
1.15
7.4
1.32
6.7
1.55
5.9
1.83
5.15
2.11
4.75
2.27
The coverage gain varies with the coverage scenario. The coverage gain is mainly
related to the path loss factors. For over-distance coverage, the coverage gain varies
with the height of the B TS antenna.
3.7
Extended Cell Range to 120 km

The Extended Cell Range scenarios include seas, desserts, grasslands, plains, and
mountains. ZTE UMTS equipments support the Extended Cell Range t o 120 km. To
configure such a cell, you need to set the dwCellRadius parameter to 120,000 m.
The description of the t echnology used for 120 km Extended Cell Range is referred to
that for Extended Cell Range to 80 km.
23
3.8
High-Speed Access
Comparing with the communications in standstill or low-speed moving, there are more
problems involved in the high-speed moving conditions. The main influenc es are the
Doppler shift and the fast handover. The higher t he moving speed is ,the more influence
there are. And its more difficult to solve that problem and need more technical
requirements correspondently.
Compared wit h the common access environment, the high-speed access environment
has the following features:
1
Propagation model and channel environment

The propagation environment and channel environment of high-speed trains are
similar to those of expressways. The propagation environment outside a train is
similar to that in rural scenarios. Similarly, there is great probability of a direct path
between a UE and a Node B; there is little time delay spread and less multipath(except for the mount ainous areas); and the beam -forming gain of a smart
antenna is supposed to be high.
Vehicle loss
Since the users are inside the high-speed trains, the penetration loss of the vehicle
should be considered during coverage planning. The penetration loss is generally
1015 dB for a common train. For a high-speed train like the one moving from
Guangzhou to Shenzhen, the penetration loss is about 15 20 dB according to the
test results. The penetration loss brings great challenges on the continuous
coverage.
High moving speed of the terminals

The moving speed of a UE is generally 150200 km/h Sometimes it may arrive to
250 km/h in some railway sections. In the coming years, the moving speed of a UE
could be 300350 km/h. At such speed, the Doppler shift is more than 400 Hz. Both
the Node B and the UE must support the dynamic phas e compensation to meet the
Quality of Servic e (QoS ) requirements.
Users distribution
The users in high-s peed trains are distributed inside the passenger carriages and
are moving along with the train. The handover and the cell reselection are rather
frequently. Therefore, Node B resources are occupied in a burst manner.
Special environments such as railway tunnels

There are more railway tunnels than road tunnels. In general, railway tunnels are
much longer than road tunnels. They need special coverage design.
3.8.1
Doppler shift
In high-speed coverage scenarios, the Doppler effect has the greatest influence on the
performance of the UMTS system. The wavelengths of the rec eived signals are changed
due to the relative motion of the signal source and the receiver. This is called the
Doppler effect. In mobile communication systems, especially in high-speed scenarios,
24
the Doppler effect is even more obvious. The frequency offset caused by the Doppler
effect is called Doppler shift, which is expressed by the following formula:
fd
f
v cos
C
Where:
is the inclined angle bet ween the moving direction of the UE and the signal
propagation direction;
v is the moving speed of the UE;
C is the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves;
f is the carrier frequency, which is about 2 GHz.
Assume a high-speed UE passes a Node B,the scenario is as shown in the following
figure.
Figure 18 Scenario where a High-Speed UE Passes a Node B
v
UE
Node B
When the carrier frequency f and the moving speed v are fixed, the Doppler shift will be
changed with cos. In addition, since the UE adjusts its transmitting frequency according
to its receiving signal from the Node B, a double Doppler shift will be generat ed for the
Node B. Therefore, the fd can be further expressed by the following formula:
fd
2 f v2 t
C v2 t2 d 2
The following figure shows a tendency curve of the Doppler frequency offset that
changes with the value of d at different vehicle rates.
Figure 19 Doppler shift when the Value of D Changes at Different Vehicle Rates
25
As can be seen from the figure above, the Doppler shift has the following features:
1
When the UE is moving, the Doppler shift changes as the UE 's location changes.
The maximum Doppler shift received by the Node B is in proportion to the moving
speed of the UE. The more quickly the UE moves, the great er the frequency offs et
is, as shown in Table 1.
Table 2
3.8.2
Relationship Between the Doppler shift and the Vehicle Rates
Vehicle Rate (km/h)
Maximum Doppler shift (Hz)
120
480
300
1150
350
1340
430
1600
The farther the UE is away from the Node B ,the more Doppler shift is The
frequency offset would be 0 but the frequency offset has the fastest change when
the UE passes the Node B.
Handover Influence
In high-speed scenarios, the handover performance will be much affected. To guarantee
the users ' seamless mobility and QoS, the system design should ensure that the time for
the UE to pass the handover z one is longer than the handover processing time.
26
Otherwise, the handover proc edure cannot be complet ed and the user's QoS will be
degraded or even call drops,
The handover In WCDMA systems include int ra-frequency soft handover, int erfrequency hard handover, and inter-system handover. They have different features and
different applications in high-speed scenarios.
Soft handover is a particular policy of WCD MA systems. A user may establish and
maintain multiple wireless connections with multiple cells so as to obtain a greater link
gain. In high-speed scenarios, the system needs to provide a greater cell coverage
radius than in common scenarios, so as to avoid frequent handover. A large handover
zone, however, should be guaranteed among cells to ensure the users in macro
diversity as much as possible to inc rease the macro diversity gain, and to guarantee
users' QoS and seamless mobility accordingly. In general, it takes about 400 to 800
milliseconds to process soft handover. For this reason, the handover zone should meet
at least the requirements given in Table 2 at different moving rates.
Table 3
3.8.3
Minimum
Handover Distance Required At Different Moving Rates
Scenario
Rate
Handover Di stance
Expressway
120 km/h
26.67 m
High-speed railway
300 km/h
66.67 m
High-speed railway
350 km/h
77.78 m
Magnetic levitation railway
450 km/h
100.01 m
Cell Selection and Reselection

In high-speed scenarios, net work problems such as us er registration failure and cell
reselection failure may easily occur. These problems occur mostly because the camp-on
time of the UE is shorter than the duration of the cell reselection proc edure. In general,
the planned cell radius is large in high-speed scenarios and a user should be able to
complete the cell reselection procedure in a cell. In areas where the coverage of one cell
overlaps that of another cell, the cell reselection procedure may fail if the UE is moving
too fast. This cell reselection failure, however, does not much affect the users
experience unless he/she is making or receiving a call at that moment. To avoid this
problem, the cell reselection procedure should be shortened as much as possible. This
involves the reading of system messages, of which the length and repetition period are
both factors affecting the cell selection.
3.8.4
Baseband Frequency Offset Compensation Algorithm

The Doppler shift is often very great for the users moving at high speed. Estimating and
correcting this frequency offset to the transmitter is a mandatory function of the Node Bs
receiver. Otherwise, the link performance will be greatly affected. In addition, the Node B
receiver must solve the fast changing of frequency offset, that is, it must rapidly adapt to
the changing speed of frequency offset and effectively make compensation.
The baseband frequency offset compensation algorithm of the Node B is usually divided
into two types: frequency offset estimation and compensation in the random access
procedure; frequency offset estimation and compensation for dedicated channels. These
two types greatly differ from each other.
27
In the access procedure of a Code Division Multiple Access system, the frequency offset
estimation and c ompensation in the random access procedure should attain a tradeoff
between resources and performance. When decoding t he preamble information,
generally the system simultaneously performs frequency offset compensation and
decoding by setting multiple fixed frequencies offset compensation values, t hen
determines the frequency offset compensation value with which the decoding results has
the highest preamble energy, and then uses this value to make frequency offset
compens ation in the access message decoding procedure. When the moving speed of a
magnetic levitation train reaches 430 km/h, the maximum Doppler frequency offset is
approximately 2000 Hz. If the system uses the current random access frequency offset
estimation and compensation method, usually more than seven preset frequency offset
compens ation values need to be set. This involves a huge waste of hardware resources,
because usually only three preset frequency offset compensation values are set in
wireless scenarios. Even so, the estimated frequency offset value is not accurate
enough. To solve this problem, ZTE has developed an enhanced frequency offset
estimation method, which can guarantee better frequency offset estimation performance
while greatly saving preamble check resources and can be flexibly applied to the
configuration of coherent integration parameters.
The frequency offset estimation and compensation algorithm for dedicated channels
should focus on the speed and range of frequency offset tracking. For example, the
channel model for high-speed trains given in 3GPP R7 comprehensively takes into
account the speed and range of frequency offset tracking, as described in Table 3 below.
Table 4
Parameters in High-Speed Train Scenarios
Parameter
Value
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
1000 m
Infinity
300 m
Dmin
50 m
2m
10 dB
350 km/h
300 km/h
300 km/h
fd
1340 Hz
1150 Hz
1150 Hz
Ds
In the table above,
Ds 2
is the farthest distance in m from the train to the Node B,
Dmin is the distance in m from the Node B to the rail, and v is the moving velocity
per hour of the train.
ZTE UMTS baseband subsystem employs a frequency offset compensation algorithm
independently developed by ZTE to ensure that the frequency offset estimation is within
a reasonable range and the changes of the frequency offset could be quickly tracked.
The figure below shows the obtained frequency offset tracking results.
Figure 20 Frequency Offset Estimation of ZTE U MTS
28
The figure 21 shows the actual frequency offset after being compensated by ZTE UMTS
baseband subsystem. As can be seen, the estimated value of frequency offset well
coincides wit h the actual value of frequency offset, and the maximum frequency offset
estimation error is less than 300 Hz.
Figure 21 Frequency Offset Compensated by ZTE UMTS Baseband Subsystem
29
3.8.5
Handover Optimization
Soft handover is a particular policy of WCDMA systems. A user may establish and
maintain multiple wireless connections with multiple cells so as to obtain a gre ater link
gain. In high-speed scenarios, the system needs to provide a greater cell coverage
radius than in common scenarios, so as to avoid frequent handover. A large handover
zone, however, should be guaranteed among cells to ensure the users in macro
diversity as much as possible in order t o increase the macro diversity gain and to
guaranteeing users' QoS and seamless mobility accordingly.
In addition, the handover performance could be improved by configuring the handover
parameters.
The 1A (Rpt Range) configuration can be easily triggered, whereas it is
much more difficult to trigger the 1B (RptRange) configuration, so that the radio links are
in macro diversity as much as possible.
The time for triggering event reports is designed to smoothen the measurements and to
avoid erroneous event reports caused by burst signals. In high-speed scenarios, the
TrigTime parameter can be set to a small value for 1A events so as to timely responds to
the signal changing. For 1B events, it can be set to a large value s o that the
corresponding link will be removed from mac ro diversity only when the signal quality of
the link is really poor and thus the user's macro diversity gain is guaranteed as much as
possible.
In the case of inter-frequency hard handover and inter-system handover, the
compression mode should be started first. The UE performs inter-frequency or intersystem measurement. The measurements will be reported only when the conditions for
triggering inter-frequency handover or inter-system handover events are met. Thus there
is a large time delay. In general, the time required to complete inter -frequency hard
30
handover is about 1.4 to 2 seconds and the time for inter-system handover is about
seconds, even if handover event reporting is triggered immediately after the
activates the compression mode. Because the event reporting time of the UE is
certain, usually inter-frequency hard handover and inter-system handover are
recommended in high-speed scenarios.
1.4
UE
not
not
According to the previous analysis, handover needs to be optimized in the following

aspects to meet the application requirements in special scenarios of high-speed railway:
3.8.6
Plan the c ell radius as large as possible in high-speed scenarios: When the
coverage radius of a cell is large enough, handover does not frequently occur even
if the UE moves at high speed.
Plan the handover zone as large as possible: This ensures that UEs are kept in
macro diversity state as much as possible.
Apply handover policies: Implement co-frequency coverage as much as p ossible for

the network layer used to absorb the traffic of high -speed UEs, so that only intrafrequency soft handover but neither inter-frequency hard handover nor inter-system
handover is performed for high-speed UEs.
Optimize the configuration of handover parameters: Ensure that decision-making is

quick enough for measurement events which are timely notified to the network.
Cell Reselection Optimization

1
Shortening the time for reading system messages

In WCDMA systems, the useful system information include SIB1, SIB3, and SIB11.
These system messages would be much longer if too many neighboring cells are
configured. Therefore, valid neighboring cells should be configured during setting
the cell reselection parameters. Besides, cell reselection and cell handover need to
be configured separately to ensure that the neighboring cell configuration would not
be lost during handover.
Because the system messages are read on wireless channels which will be
interfered by the surrounding wireless environment, it is ve ry hard to read the
complete system messages of a cell accurately in a petition period. Instead, it takes
multiple repetition periods to finish reading all these system messages. A UE can
continue to camp on a cell only aft er reading all the system messages of this cell.
Therefore, to ensure that UEs can quickly camp on a cell, the net work needs to
shorten the repetition period of the system messages as much as possible.
Configuring reselection paramet ers

Reselection parameters should be reasonably configur ed to quicken the cell
reselection procedure. Because UEs may move very fast, to timely respond to QoS
changes, you can set the SIntraSearchPre parameter to No (indicating that the SIB
message does not carry the relevant SInt raSearch information), so that the UE
periodically performs intra-frequency measurement. The TReselection parameter is
used to avoid misjudgment due to burst signals. In general, UEs move unidirectional
and the signal quality does not fluctuate much in high-speed scenarios. Therefore,
31
this parameter should be set to a value as small as possible to quicken the cell
reselection procedure. Furthermore, parameters QHyst2S/QHyst1S and
Qoffset1S NSib11/Qoffset2S NSib11 can also be set to small values. Cell reselection
is performed as long as the signal quality of the neighboring cells is slightly better
than the signal quality of the current cell.
Parameters Related to Coverage

Enhancement Control
4.1
Parameters Related to RF Connection
4.1.1
Parameter List
Abbreviated name Parameter name
Rack Configuration Table
RackNo
Rack No
Rack Type
Rack Type
Rack Topology Configuration Table

RackNo
RACK NO
ShelfNo
SHELFNO
SlotNo
SLOTNO
PortID
PORT
ChildRackNo
RACK NO
ChildS helfNo
SHELFNO
ChildSlotNo
SLOTNO
ChildP ort ID
PORT
Topology Type
Topo type
RF Connection Table
RackNo
RACK NO
ShelfNo
SHELFNO
SlotNo
SLOTNO
Rx port ID
Rx port ID
Parent frequency
band
Parent frequency band
Sub frequency
band
Sub frequency band
32
4.1.2
Parameter Configuration
4.1.2.1
Rack No
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management-> OMC->UTRA N SubNetwork->Management

>Base Station Config Set->Equipment object-> Rack ->Rack No
NE-
The parameter indicates the rack number.
4.1.2.2
Rack Type
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set->Equipment object-> Rack ->Rack Type
NE-
The parameter indicates the rack type.

When the rack number is 1, you can only select the main rack that matches the BTS
type, and you cannot modify this rack type. When the rack number is large r than 1, you
can select a RRU rack (ZXSDR R8840, ZXS DR R8860, ZXS DR R8880).
4.1.2.3
RACKNO
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management-> OMC->UTRA N SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of
previous hop in topology structure->RA CKNO
The parameter indicates the number of the upper-level rack in the topology. Its value is
equal to the number of a configured rack that serves as an upper-level rack.
4.1.2.4
SHELFNO
OMC Path
previous hop in topology structure->SHELFNO
33
The parameter indicates the number of the shelf accommo dating the upper-level board
in the topology. Its value is automatically specified.
4.1.2.5
SLOTNO
OMC Path
previous hop in topology structure->SLOTNO
The parameter indicates the number of the slot accommodating the upper-level board in
the topology. Its value is automatically specified.
4.1.2.6
PORT
OMC Path
previous hop in topology structure->PORT
The parameter indicates the number of the available port of the upper -level board. The
value range is automatically adjusted according to the selected upper-level board.
4.1.2.7
RACKNO
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management-> OMC->UTRA N SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of next
hop in topology structure->RACK NO
The parameter indicates the number of the lower-level rack in the topology. Its value is
equal to the number of a configured rack that serves as a lower-level rack.
4.1.2.8
SHELFNO
OMC Path
34
hop in topology structure->SHELFNO
The parameter indicates the number of the shelf accommodating the lower-level board
in the topology. Its value is automatically specified according to the selected board.
4.1.2.9
SLOTNO
OMC Path
hop in topology structure->SLOTNO
The parameter indicates the number of the slot accommodating the lower -level board in
the topology. Its value is automatically specified according to the selected b oard.
4.1.2.10
PORT
OMC Path
hop in topology structure->PORT
The parameter indicat es the number of the available port of the lower -level board in the
topology. At present, its value can only be equal to 0.
4.1.2.11
RACKNO
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx device object ->RA CKNO
NE-
The parameter indicates the number of the RF rack. The parameter is automatically
configured when RF board is configured.
35
4.1.2.12
SHELFNO
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx device object ->SHELFNO
NE-
The parameter indicates the number of the RF shelf. The parameter is aut omatically
configured when RF board is configured.
4.1.2.13
SLOTNO
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx device object ->SLOTNO
NE-
The parameter indicates the number of the slot accommodating the RF board. The
parameter is automatically configured when RF board is configured.
4.1.2.14
Rx port ID
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx device object ->Rx port ID
NE-
The parameter indicates the RF port ID. Its value can be equal t o 0 or 1. The parameter
is automatically configured when RF board is configured
4.1.2.15
Parent frequency band
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management-> OMC->UTRA N SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object-> Rx device object ->Parent frequency
band
The parameter indicat es the band flag. The parameter is automatically configured when
RF board is configured
36
4.1.2.16
Sub frequency band
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management-> OMC->UTRA N SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx device object ->Sub frequency band
The parameter indicates the sub band flag. The parameter is automatically configured
when RF board is configured
4.2
Parameters Related to Receive Diversity
4.2.1
Parameter List
4.2.2
Abbreviated name
Parameter name
Tx Type
Tx Type
Tx device
Tx device
Rx Type
Rx Type
Rx devic e
Rx devic e
4.2.2.1
Tx Type
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Tx Type
NE-
The parameter indicates the type of transmit diversity.
4.2.2.2
Tx device
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Tx device
NE-
The parameter indicates the transmitting antenna of the RRU. The antennas of several
RRU can be selected.
37
4.2.2.3
Rx Type
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Rx Type
NE-
The parameter is used to configure the receiving type of the antenna.
4.2.2.4
Rx device
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Rx device
NE-
The paramet er indicates the receiving antenna of the RRU. The receiving antennas of
several RRU can be selected.
4.3
Parameters Related to Multi-RRU One Cell
4.3.1
Parameter List
Refer to 4.2.1 Parameter list
4.3.2
Refer to 4.2.2 Parameter Configuration
4.4
Parameters Related to Transmit Diversity
4.4.1
Parameter List
Abbreviated name
Parameter name
Tx Type
Tx Type
Tx device
Tx device
Rx Type
Rx Type
Rx devic e
Rx devic e
TxDivMod
Transmit Diversity Mode
SCH. TstdInd
SCH TS TD Indicator
38
4.4.2
P-CP ICH.SttdInd
P-CP ICH S TTD Indicator
S-CP ICH.SttdInd
S-CP ICH S TTD Indicator
P-CCPCH.SttdInd
PCCP CH S TTD Indicator
S-CCPCH.SttdInd
SCCP CH S TTD Indicator
MICH.SttdInd
MICH S TTD Indicator
AICH.SttdInd
AICH S TTD Indicator
PICH.SttdInd
PICH S TTD Indicator
TxDivInd
Tx Diversity Indicator
4.4.2.1
Tx Type
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Tx Type
NE-
The parameter indicates the type of transmit diversity.
4.4.2.2
Tx device
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management-> OMC->UTRA N SubNetwork->Managem ent

>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Tx device
NE-
The parameter indicates the transmitting antenna of the RRU. The antennas of several
RRU can be selected.
4.4.2.3
Rx Type
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Rx Type
The parameter is used to configure the receiving type of the antenna.
39
NE-
4.4.2.4
Rx device
OMC Path

>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Rx device
NE-
The parameter indicates the receiving antenna of the RRU. The receiving antennas of several RRU
can be selected.
4.4.2.5
Transmit Diversity Mode
OMC Path
Path: View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN S ubNetwork -> RNC
Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management ->
Advanced Paramet er Manager -> Power Control Related to Service and Diversity Mode
-> Sub-service Type XXX -> Transmit Diversity Mode
This parameter indicates the mode of transmit diversity.
4.4.2.6
SCH TSTD Indicator
OMC Path
Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> PSCH -> SCH TS TD
Indicator
The parameter is used if it is necessary to improve t he receiving performance of the

mobile UE. When the parameter is activated, the SCH receiving performance of the UE
is improved. In case any downlink channel uses transmit diversity, the SCH must also
use transmit diversity.
4.4.2.7
P-CPICH STTD Indicator
OMC Path
View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRA N SubNet work -> RNC
Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> PCPICH -> P-CPICH
STTD Indicator
40
When the parameter is activat ed, the transmit diversity of the PCP ICH is enabled.
4.4.2.8
S-CPICH STTD Indicator
OMC Path
Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> SCPICH -> S-CPICH
STTD Indicator
When the parameter is activat ed, the transmit diversity of the P -CCP CH is enabled.
4.4.2.9
PCCPCH STTD Indicator
OMC Path
Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced P arameter Manager -> PCCP CH -> PCCP CH
STTD Indicator
The parameter is used if it is necessary to improve t he receiving performance of the

mobile UE. When the parameter is activated, the P-CCPCH receiving performance of
the UE is improved. In case any downlink channel uses transmit diversity, the P -CCP CH
must also use transmit diversity.
4.4.2.10
S-CCPCH STTD Indicator
OMC Path
Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanc ed Parameter Manager -> S-CCPCH ->
SCCP CH S TTD Indicator
When the parameter is activat ed, the transmit diversity of the S -CCP CH is enabled.
4.4.2.11
MICH STTD Indicator
OMC Path
41
Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> MICH -> MICH S TTD
Indicator
When the parameter is activat ed, the transmit diversity of the MICH is enabled.
4.4.2.12
AICH STTD Indicator
OMC Path
Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> AICH -> AICH S TTD
Indicator
When the parameter is activat ed, the transmit diversity of the AICH is enabled.
4.4.2.13
PICH STTD Indicator
OMC Path
Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> PICH -> PICH S TTD
Indicator
When the parameter is activat ed, the transmit diversity of the PICH is enabled.
4.5
Parameter Related to Extended Cell Range to

80Km
4.5.1
Parameter List
Abbreviated name
Parameter name
dwCellRadius
Cell radius
42
4.5.2
4.5.2.1
Cell radius
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management-> OMC->UTRA N SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set ->SdrFunction object-> UMTS sector object->Local cell object->
Cell radius
The parameter indicates the cell radius.
4.6
High speed access
4.6.1
Parameter List
Field Name
Name on the Interface
QHyst2S
QHyst2S
QHyst1S
QHyst1S
Qoffset1S NSib11
Qoffset1S NSib11
Qoffset2S NSib11
Qoffset2S NSib11
TReselection
TReselection
SIntraSearchPre
SIntraSearchPre
SIntraSearch
SIntraSearch
RptRange
RptRange
TrigTime[MA X_INTRA_MEAS_EVE NT ] TrigTime

RptRange
[MA X_INTRA_MEAS_EVENT]
4.6.1.1
RptRange
QHyst1S
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management->RNC NE-> RNC Radio Resource Management>UtranCell->UtranCellXX-> Cell Selection and Res election-> Cell Selection and
ReselectionX-> Modify Advanced Parameter-> Qhyst1-s(dB)
This parameter indicates the hysteresis value for FDD cells in case the qual ity
measure for cell selection and reselection is set to CPICH RS CP. In cell-ranking criterion
43
R of cell reselection, the R value of serving cell equals to the measured value plus the
hysteresis value. For more information, see TS 25.304
4.6.1.2
QHyst2s
OMC Path
ReselectionX-> Modify Advanced Parameter-> Qhyst2-s(dB)
This parameter indicates the hysteresis value for FDD cells in case the quality
measure for cell selection and reselection is set to CPICH RS CP. In cell-ranking criterion
R of cell reselection, the R value of serving cell equals to the measured value plus the
hysteresis value. For more information, see TS 25.304
4.6.1.3
Qoffset1SNSib11
OMC Path
This parameter indicates the quality offset of t he serving cell and neighbor cell when the
quality measure is CPICH RS CP. This parameter is required when queues cells in the
cell reselection rule. This parameter is broadcast to UE in SIB11. R of neighbor cell =
measured signal quality of neighbor cell - this offs et.
quality measure is CPICH RS CP. This parameter is required when queues cells in the
4.6.1.4
Qoffset2SNSib11
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management->RNC NE-> RNC Radio Resource Management>UltranCell->UltranCellXXX-> Neighbouring Cell -> Advanced Paramet er Manager->
Qoffset2s,n in S IB11(dB )
quality measure is CP ICH Ec/No. This parameter is required when queues cells in the
44
4.6.1.5
TReselection
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management->RNC NE-> RNC Radio Resource Management>UltranCell-> UtranCellXX-> Cell S election and Res election -> Cell S election and
ReselectionX->Advanced Parameter Manager -> Treselection(s)
This parameter indicates the cell reselection timer value. UE will reselect the new cell if
the new cell is best ranked according to the criterion R during a time interval indicated by
Treselection and the new cell can be selected as new serving cell only after extension of
the reselection timer.
4.6.1.6
SIntraSearchPre
OMC Path
ReselectionX-> Modify Advanced Parameter-> S-intrasearch Configuration Tag)
This parameter is a switch indicating whether S intrasearch is configured or not. If the value
is False, S intrasearch is not configured to UE, and UE performs the intra -frequency
measurement. If the value is True, S intrasearch is configured to UE, and UE judges whet her
to perform the intra-frequency measurement. For the judgment rule, see 3.2.4. The
parameter decription in For the description, see TS 25.304
4.6.1.7
SintraSearch
OMC Path
ReselectionX-> Modify Advanced Parameter-> S-intrasearch(dB)
This parameter indicates the intra -frequency measurement triggering threshold for cell
reselection (S intrasearch) used by UE to judge whether intra-frequency measurement
should be performed. When HCS is not used, if the quality of serving cell exceeds
Sintrasearch, UE may choose to not perform intra -frequency measurement. If the quality of
serving cell is not larger than S intrasearch or if S intrasearch is not configured, UE performs
intra-frequency measurement. For more information, see TS 25.304.
45
4.6.1.8
TrigTime[MAX_INTRA_MEAS_EVENT]
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management-> RNC NE-> RNC Radio Resource Management->

Advanced Parameter Manager ->intra -> TrigTime[MAX_INTR A_ MEAS_EVENT]
This parameter indicat es the time differenc e between the time that the event generation
is detected and the time that the event is reported. The event is triggered and the
measurement report is reported only when the event generation is detected and still
meets the requirements of event triggering aft er Time to trigger.
4.6.1.9
RptRange [MAX_INTRA_MEAS_EVENT]
OMC Path
View-> Configuration Management-> RNC NE-> RNC Radio Resource Management->

Advanced Parameter Manager ->intra -> RptRange [MAX_INTRA_ MEAS_EVENT]
E vent 1A is easier to be triggered when the reporting range constant for event 1A is set
to a larger value; and vice verse.
E vent 1B is easier to be triggered when the reporting range constant for event 1B is set
to a smaller value; and vice verse.
Glossary
16QAM
16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
A
AICH
Acquisition Indicator Channel
AISG
Antenna Interface Standards Group
AMR
Adaptive Multi -Rate
ANT
ANTenna
ASIC
Application Specified Integrated Circuit
B
BBU
Base Band Unit
46
C
CE
Channel Element
CN
Core Net work
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel
D
DF
Duplexer Filter
Div
Diversity
DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Cont rol Channel
DPCH
Dedicated Physical Channel
DPDCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel
E
EFR
Enhanced Full Rate
E-HICH
E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
E-RGCH
E-DCH Relative Grant Channel
F-DP CH
Fractional DPCH
G
GGSN
GPRS Gateway Support Node
GSM
Global System for Mobile communication
H
HLR
Home Location Register
HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HS-P DSCH
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
M
MICH
MBMS Indicator Channel
MRC
Maximal Ratio Combing
N
Node B
UMTS base station
47
PA
Power Amplifier
P-CCPCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
PDC
Personal Digital Cellular
PICH
Paging Indicator Channel
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel
PSC
Primary Synchronisation Code
P-SCH
Primary Synchronization Channel
Q
QoS
Quality of Service
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
R
RAN
Radio
Access Network
RF
Radio frequency
RNC
Radio Net work Controller
RRU
Radio Remote Unit
RTR
RRU Transceive
Rx(R)
Receive
S
S-CCPCH
Secondary Common Control Physical
SCH
Synchronization Channel
S-CP ICH
Secondary Common Pilot Channel
SGSN
Serving GP RS Support Node
SSC
Secondary Synchronisation Code
STTD
Space Time Transmit Diversity
Channel
T
TFC
Transmission Power Control
TMA
Tower Mounted Amplifier
TS TD
Time Switched Transmit Diversity
48
Tx(T)
Transmit
U
UE
User Equipment
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UPA
Uplink Packet Access
W
WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
49

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Coverage Enhancement

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Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Functional Attribute ............................................................................................1

Technical Description .........................................................................................3

Parameters Related to Coverage Enhancement Control ...................................32

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Connection of Single Antenna Reception .................................................................3

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Multi-Antenna Receive Diversity

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

ZTEs UMTS supports soft handover and softer handover.

Multi-RRU For One Cell

Extended Cell Range

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Single Antenna Reception

Connection of Single Antenna Reception

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Two-Antenna Receive Diversity

Mechanism of Two-Antenna Receive Diversity

Base Band UnitBBU

Two-Antenna receiver diversity works on the following principle:

The Rake receiver mainly performs the following functions:

Multi-pat h detection and assignation

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Connection of Two-Antenna Receive Diversity

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Mechanism of Four-Antenna Receive Diversity

Base Band UnitBBU

Multi-path detection and

Four-antenna receiver diversity works on the following principle:

Four-antenna receive diversity is implemented through two RF units. Each RF unit

The BBU performs the following Rake processing:

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Set RFRxID[1] (receiving RF connection 1) to Antenna 1

Set RFRxID[2] (receiving RF connection 2) to Antenna 2

Set RFRxID[3] (receiving RF connection 3) to Antenna 3

Set RFRxID[4] (receiving RF connection 4) to Antenna 4

Connection of Four-Antenna Receive Diversity

Multi-RRU for One Cell

ZTE Confidential Proprietary