Lab File Basics of Electronics & Electrical Engg. (For PTU B.Tech. 1st Year)

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NAME OF LAB: Basic Electrical & Electronics

Engg.
CODE : ELE -103
Laboratory Manual
List of experiments:
1) To find voltage ,current relationship and power factor of a given R-L circuit
2) To connect three identical single phase transformer for three phase power
Transformation through following connection
• Star-Star
• Star-Delta
• Delta- Star
• Delta-star
3) To connect start and reverse the direction of rotation of three-phase induction
motor
4) To find voltage ,phase voltage relationship ,line current, phase current relationship
incase of star –connected & delta connected ,3phase balanced Load circuit
5) To perform open circuit & short circuit tests of a single phase transformer
Also find the transformation ratio &efficiency
6) To perform the block rotor test of a three phase induction motor

7) To study the response of P-N Junction Diode
8) To study the transistor response
9) To analyze the truth tables of various basic digital gates.
10) To study the response of LVDT Transducer
11) To study various measuring instrument
1. Moving iron Instrument – a .Attraction type b. Repulsion type
2. Permanent magnet moving coil instrument
Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -1-

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3. Dynamometer type instrument
12) To study the use of multimeter.
13) To study the speed control of a dc shunt motor& to draw the speed variations
With respect to:
• Field control
• Armature control
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM: To find voltage, current relationship and power factor of a given R-L circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF RANGE QUANTITY

APPARATUS
1. VATRIAC(Single 0-260 V 1
Phase)
2. Resistive load 0-10 A 1
3. Inductive load 0-10 A 1
4. AC voltmeter 0-300 V 1
5. AC Ammeter 0-10 A 1
6. Wattmeter(singlephase 0-1 KW 1
)
7. DPIC main switch 32V 1
8. Connecting Leads ----- As per

requirement
THEORY: When only resistive load is connected with AC supply then the power factor
remainsUnity but when inductive load is connected with AC supply then the power factor
reduces,it can be ½ i.e. efficiency of single phase system reduces to 50% which effects our
electricity consumptionas well as AC Efficiency . But many stages RL series circuit is used
for eg. Street light . So when a resistance and an inductor both are connected in series then

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this type of circuit is called RL Series circuit and total resistance of both is called impedance.
And is denoted by Z and its units are Ohm.
So:-
Current flowing through an AC circuit is given as I=V/Z
Where V is the AC supply voltage and Z is the impedance of the circuit in ohms.
Power factor of an AC supply is given by cosΦ=P/VI
Where P is the power of the given load circuit in watts , V is the voltage applied to the circuit
in the
Volts and I is the current in amperes flowing through the circuit.
And the angle Φ is known as relation between V and I and its value can be calculated by
following
Formula:- Φ = (P/VI)
CIRUCIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: Do as follows:
1. Make the connections of Variac, ammeter, wattmeter, voltmeter, load, as shown in circuit
diagram.
2. Connect this circuit to the main single phase supply.
3. Take the readings of ammeter, wattmeter, voltmeter for every 50V setting of Variac in the
Observation table as given below.
4. Note down 5-6 readings.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
S.NO. VOLTMETER AMMETER POWER(P) COSΦ=P/VI (P/VI)

READING (V) READING(I) WATTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PRECAUTIONS:-1.Connections should be right & tight.
2.Always take accurate reading.
3.Meters used should be without error.
4.Be alert while doing practical.
RESULT:-
1.Current I increases directly in proportion to applied voltage V.
2.Power factor of the circuit is approx. same throughout for a given load.
EXPERIMENT NO. 2

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AIM: To connect three identical single phase transformer for three phase power
transformation through following connections:
1. Star-Star
2. Star-Delta
3. Delta-Delta
4. Delta-Star
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY
1. Vatriac(3-phase) 0-460V 1
2. Single phase transformer 2KVA 3
3. AC Voltmeter 0-500V 3
4. AC Ammeter 0-10A 3
5. TPIC main switch 32A 1
6. Connecting leads ------ As per reqiurement
THEORY:
When Star connections are done
Line voltage(VL)=√3 X Phase voltage(Vph)
Line current (IL)=Phase current(Iph)
When delta connections are done
Line voltage(VL)=Phase voltage (Vph)
Line Current(IL)=√3 X Phase current(Iph)
CIRUCIT DIAGRAM:

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First find primary & secondary windings of each transformer
Mark all transformer windings polarities by sequence test.
Connect all the three connections in following manner:
1. Star-Star

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2. Star-Delta
3. Delta-Delta
4. Delta-Star
Take the readings of voltmeter in the observation table as given below:
Note down at least one reading of each.
Connections S. No. Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter
Reading(VL) Reading(Vph) Reading(IL) Reading(Iph)
Star-Star 1.
Star-Delta 2.
Delta-Delta 3.
Delta-Star 4.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be right & tight.
2. Always take accurate reading.
3. Meters used should be without error.
4. Be alert while doing practical.
RESULT:

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When Star connection are done
Line voltage (VL)=√3 X Phase voltage(Vph)
Line current (IL)=Phase current (Iph)
When Delta connections are done
Line voltage (VL)=Phase voltage(Vph)
Line current (IL)= √3 X Phase current(Iph)
EXPERIMENT NO.3
AIM: To connect, start and reverse the direction of rotation of three-phase induction
Motor.
Apparatus required:
S.NO. Apparatus Required RANGE Quantity
1. 3 ph induction motor 5hp,415V 1
2. Connecting Leads ----- As per

requiremet

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3. DOL Starter 1
4. TPIC main switch 32 Amp 1
5. AC voltmeter 0-500V 1
6. AC Ammeter 0-20Amp 1
Theory:
When motor is connected to a three-phase supply through a DOL Starter (Direct Online
Starter) or a Star delta Starter, then the motor should run in anticlock wise direction
but/Many times motor runs clockwise. So, it is desired to change its DOL. So, for the same
wehave to interchange any two supply terminal of the motor to make its direction anti-
clockwise.The starter’s main function is to protect the motor from overload condition and it
also provides easy ON-OFF the motor so it is necessary to use a starter. In this practical we
have used a DOL starter,which runs a three-phase 3hp motor.Whose circuit diagram is as
shown.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram-1
2. Now switch on the power supply.
3. The direction of rotation (DOR) should be noted when motors starts.
4. Now if the direction is clockwise or it is required to change the direction of rotation of

motor then the interchange any two phases as shown in diagram-3.
5. Now note the new DOR of motor.
6. Now direction of rotation of the motor is reversed by changing any two phase
terminal.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
S.NO. IN FIRST STAGE IN SECOND STAGE
Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. - 10 -

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CONNECTIONS DOR CONNECTIONS DOR
1.
2.
3.
4.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
3. Note the direction of rotation carefully.
4. Do every procedure carefully.
RESULT: Now we have come to know how to change the DOR of any three phase
induction motor by interchanging any two supply terminals.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM: To find the line voltage, phase voltage relationship,line current,phase current
relationship in case of star – connected & delta connected,3-phase balanced load
circuit.
APPPARTUS REQUIRED

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S.NO. NAME OF RANGE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
2. 3-phase Balanced 0-10A 1

Resistive load
4. AC Ammeter 0-10A 3
6. Connecting leads ------ As per

requirement
THEORY:
Line voltage (VL)=√3 X Phase voltage (Vph)
Line current (IL)=Phase current(Iph)
Line current(IL)=√3 X Phase current (Iph)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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1. Make the connections of variac, ammeter, wattmeter and voltmeter & 3 –ph load, as shown
in diagram.
2. Connect this circuit to the main single phase supply.
3. Take the reading of ammeter,wattmeter and voltmeter in the observation table as given
below.
4. Note down 3-4 readings.
Connections S.No. Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter

reading(Vph reading reading(Iph)
Reading(VL)
) (IL)
1
.

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STAR 2
.
3
.
4
.
1
.
DELTA
2
.
3
.
4
.
PRECAUTIONS:
5. Always avoid short circuit & loose connection.
6. Never exceed the permissible value of current , Voltage and

power of any instruments.
7. Check all the connections before switch on the power supply.
RESULT:

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Line voltage (VL)=√3 X Phase voltage (Vph)
Line current(IL)=Phase current(Iph)
Line current(IL)=√3 X Phase current (Iph)
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM: To perform open circuit & short circuit tests of a single phase transformer. Also
find the transformation ratio & efficiency.

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A.FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. NAME OF APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY
2. 1-Phase transformer 2kv A 1
4. Wattmeter 0- 1
1000W
5. AC Ammeter 0-1 A 3
6. DPIC main switch 32 A 1
7. Connecting leads ------- As per

requirement
THEORY:
When open circuit test is performed, the secondary side of the transformeris on no
load.The primary is supplied at its rated voltage, since there is no current in the secondary, a
very small current flows through primary. So copper loses are negligible &the wattmeter
gives only iron loses.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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1. Make the connections of variac ,ammeter,voltmeter&a single-phase transformer
as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Set the Variac to zero position.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Increase the variac voltage till rated primary voltage is reached.
5. Take the reading of ammeter,wattmeter,voltmeter in the observation table as given
below.
6. Now find transformation ratio.
7. Also find efficiency of transformer.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
S.N Primar Seconda Transforma

o. y side ry Side tion

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Voltage Current Power Voltage Ratio,
Vp Io Wi Vs K=Vs/Vp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be right &tight.
RESULT:
In open circuit test we find iron loses.
B.FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. NAME OF APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY
2. 1-phase transformer 2kv A 1
4. Wattmeter 0-1000W 1
5. AC Ammeter 0-10a 2
6. DPIC main switch 32A 1
7. Connecting leads ------ As per requirement

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THEORY:
When short circuit test is performed , the secondary side of the transformer is
short circuited. The primary is supplied at very less voltage, since there is heavy current in
the secondary, a very large current flows through primary .so copper loses occurs & the
wattmeter gives only copper loses.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. Make the connections of variac ,ammeters,voltmeter and a single
phase transformer,as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Set the variac to zero position.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Increase the variac voltage till rated secondary current is reached.
5. Take the readings of ammeter,voltmeter, wattmeter, in the

observation table as given below.
6. Now find efficiency of transformer.

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S.NO. Primary side Secondary
Voltage Current Power side
Vsc Isc Wcu Current
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connection should be right & tight.
RESULT: In short circuit test we find copper losses.
EXPERIMENT NO.6
AIM: To perform the block rotor test of a three phase induction motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

APPARATUS
2. Three phase induction 3HP 1

motor

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4. AC ammeter 0-10A 1
5. Wattmeters 0-1000W 2
6. Break load 0-50 kg 1
8. Connecting Leads ------ As per

requirement
THEORY:
There are generally two types of tests which we perform on a three phase induction
motor.
1. No load test
This test is generally performed for measuring iron loses. In this case
Total power input at no load (Po)=(W1-W2)watts
Copper losses =3 to R watts
Total Constant losses (Pc)=Po-3 to R watts
2. Block rotor test
This test is generally perform for measuring copper losses.In this case

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Total power input at break load,(Psc)=(W1+W2)Watts
In case of block rotor,(Psc)=Pcu
Input =Output+Po+Pcu
And efficiency is given by:
Efficiency(η%)=Output x 100/Input
Here W1 & W2 are wattmeters readings: Both the wattmeter find looses in the
Motor . Where as one wattmeter is find cooper looses and another one is find iron
Looses in the three phase induction motor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
S.No. Wattmeter Readings Line Line Total power

Voltage Current
W1 W2 W=W1+W2
V I
1.
2.

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3.
PROCEDURE:Do as follows:
1. Make the Connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Now block the rotor by tightening the belt so that rotor shouldn’t move.
3. Keep the variac at its minimum value.
4. Switch on the AC input to both the power supplies.
5. Now increase the applied voltage graduately with the of variac until full load current flows
through the motor.
6. Record the reading of wattmeter,ammeter and voltmeter observation table&calculate the

power and efficiency.
7. take 3-4 reading and record the reading of wattmeter ,ammeter&ion voltmeter reading in
observation table and calculate the power and efficiency.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be tight and right.
3. Meter used should be without error.
5. Always start from zero voltage.
6. Belt should be so tight so that rotor should not move.
RESULT:
In this experiment we are find the efficiency of the three phase induction motor.

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EXPERIMENT NO.7
AIM:To Study the response of P-N Junction Diode.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

APPARATUS
1. Diode Silicon 1 each
Germanium
2. Voltmeters 0- V 1 each
0- V
3. Ammeters 0- mA 1 each
0- μA
4. Resistance
5. Power supply 0- V 1 each

0- V
6. Connecting leads -------- As per
requirement
THEORY:
A p-n junction diode can be realized when a p-type crystals brought in contact with
a n-type crystal structure remains constant.The region around p-n junction is devoid of free

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charge carriers.This is known as depletion layer.The act of applying voltage across P-N
junction is known as biasing.There are two ways in which a junction can be biased , one is
forward biased and second is reversed biased.The +ve terminal of the battery is connected to
p side of the junction and –ve to n side.In this set up the conduction across p-n junction
takes place due to migration of majority carriers.
PARAMETERS OF DIODE:
1 KNEE VOLTAGE: It is forward voltage at which the current flowing through the diode
suddenly reaches higher value.
2 REVERSE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE: The minimum reverse voltage at which the

avalanche breakdown of the p-n junction diode is occurring.
3 IDEAL DIODE: Ideal diode have barrier potential zero.
4 ZENER DIODE: It acts as a voltage regulator.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram no.1
2. Bring the variable voltage to the DC source to zero.The current millimeter will also be
zero.
3. Increase the variable voltage DC supply source slowly and in steps.

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4. Don’t exceed the current rating of the diode.This completes the observation of V-I
characteristics of forward biased diode.
5. Draw the graph for this.
6. Repeat the steps2,3 and draw the graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS
S SILICONDIODE GERMANIUM DIODE

.
N
O
.
FORWARD REVERSE FORWARD REVERSE

CHARACTERISTCS CHARACTERISTCS CHARACTERISTCS
CHARACTERISTCS
If Vf Ir Vr If Vf Ir Vr
1
.

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.
3
.
4
.
5
.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.All the connections should be tight.
2.The value of the current should be increased slowly.
RESULT:
In this experiment we find the forward & reverse characteristics of the diode.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 8
AIM:To study the transistor response
APPARATUS REQUIRED

APPARATUS
1. Experiment kit NPN 1

transistor
2 Transistor NPN 1
3. RESISTOR 100Ω,0.5W 1
4. DC AMMETER 0 -A 1 each
0 -A
5. DC VOLTMETER 0 – 1.5V 1 each
0 - 10V
6. Connecting Leads ------- As per

requirement
THEORY:
Transistor is a three semiconducting layers,two junction device,which is used for

weak signal’s amplication .The input is connected in forward biased,whereas the output
junction is reversed biased.
When we draw the curve between collector current and collector emitter voltage with
respect to Ib then following threenregions appear;
(1)Saturation region:
When Vce increases,IC increases from zero to near saturation value of Ib .When Vce is
reduced ,Ic doesnot reduced.In this region input as well as junctions are forward biased .

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(2)Active region:
When Vce is increased further output junction is reversed biased . the transistor operates in
active region and Ic increases Vce fiased . the transistor operates in active region and Ic
increases Vce for constant value of Ib.In this region the input junction is forward biased and
output junction is reversed biased.The value of Ic can be changed by changing the value of
Ib.
(3)Cutoff region:
Whwn Ib =0,still some Ic =Iceo flows in the collector region.this is independent of Ib or Vce.
In this region both the junctions are reversed biased.
TRANSISTORS CHARACTERISTICS
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
In common base configuration, the curve plotted b/w the emitter current Ie and the emitter
base voltage Veb.At constant collector-base voltage Veb,is called input characteristics. Then
input dynamics resistance:
Ri=∆Veb at constant Veb
∆ Ie
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
In common base configuration ,the curve plotted b/w the collector current Ic and the
collector base voltage Vcb ,at constant emitter current Ie is called Output characteristics.
Then output dynamic resistance:
Ro=∆Vcb at constant Ie

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∆Ic
For both the characteristics,we may determine dc and ac current amplification factor:
αac = ∆Ic at constant Vcb
∆Ie
αde = Ic at constant Vcb
Ie
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
In common base configuration,the curve plotted b/w collector current Ic and the
collector base voltage Vcb ,at constant emitter current Ie is called is output characteristic then
output dynamic resistance:
Ro = ∆ Vcb at constant Ie
∆Ic
I or both the characteristics,may determine dc and ac current amplification factor:

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α ae = ∆Ic at constant Vcb
∆Ie
αdc = Ic at constant Vcb
Ie
PROCEDURE:
2. Set both the power supplies at zero.
3. Switch on the AC input to both the power supplies.
4. For input characteristics fix end voltage Vcb=5V
5. Now increase the Veb voltage in steps of 0.05 V and note down the corresponding
value of emmiter current Ie and record them in the observation table.
6. Draw the input characteristics taking Veb on X axis and Ie on Y axis.
7. Repeat the steps for Vcb=10 V.
8. For output,fix Ie = mA ie , keeps the input circuit open.Change the collector base
voltage Vcb in steps and note down the corresponding values of Ic in observation table.
9. Draw the output characteristics taking Vcb on X axis and Ic on Y axis.
A. FOR INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics S.NO. Vcb=5V Vcb=10V

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Voltmeter Ammetr Voltmeter Ammeter
Reading Reading Reading Reading
(Veb)volts (Ie)mA (Veb)Volts (Ie)mA
1.
2.
For input
3.
4.
B.FOR OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristis S.No. Ie=0 mA Ie=2 Ie=4mA

mA
Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmeter Ammeter Vcb Ic
Reading Reading Reading Reading Volts mA
(Vcb)volts (Ic)mA (Veb)Volts (Ie)mA
1.
2.
For output
3.
4.

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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be right and tight.
RESULT:
In this experiment we find the input & output characteristics of the trans
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
AIM: To analyse the truth tables of various basic digital gates.
Apparatus required:
S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

REQUIRED
1. DC power supply 5V 1
2. Various digital
IC’s
7432 1
a)OR Gate
7408 1
b)AND Gate
7404 1
c)NOT Gate
7400 1
d)NAND Gate
7402 1
e)NOR Gate

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3. Connecting leads As per
requirement
4. LED 5
THEORY:
All types of logic gates deals with binary.The binary information is a combination
of binary variables.For this purpose logic circuits which are called gates are used.These gates
are the fundamental building blocks of any digital system.
The important points regarding these gates are:
1.Each logic gate has its own symbol
1.OR GATE
2.AND GATE
3.NOT GATE
4.NAND GATE
5.NOR GATE
PROCEDURE:
Do as follows:
a)FOR OR GATE
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram and connection diagram.
2.Connect the gates,switches A,B,&C and LED with supply (+5V) to 14 no. Pin and pin no. 7
to ground.
3.Now switch on A,B,C in sequence and note down the state of LED in truth table as given
in observation and calculations.
b)FOR AND GATE

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to ground.
c)FOR NOT GATE
to ground.
d)FOR NAND GATE
to ground.
5)FOR NOR GATE
to ground.
3. Now switch on A,B,C in sequence and note down the state of LED in truth table as given

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OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:
1.OR GATE
TRUTH TABLE
A B C Y=A+B+C
S.NO.
1. 0 0 0 1
2. 1 0 0 1
3. 0 1 0 1
4. 0 0 1 1
5. 1 1 0 1
6. 1 0 1 1
7. 0 1 1 1
8. 1 1 1 1
9.

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2.FOR AND GATE
TRUTH TABLE
S.NO. A B C Y=A*B*C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3. FOR NOT GATE
S.NO. A Y=A
1.
2.
4.FOR NAND GATE TRUTH TABLE
S.NO. A B C Y=A*B*C X=Y
1.
2.
3.

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4.
5.
6.
7.
5) FOR NOR GATE
TRUTH TABLE
S.NO. A B C Y=A+B+C X=Y
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Always give positive supply to pin no.14 and ground pin no.7 of any logic gate.
2. Connectivity should be right and tight.
3. Truth table should be accurate.
4. Supply should not be greater than regulated +5V.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 10
AIM: To study the response of LVDT Transducer
Apparatus required:
1. LVDT kit
2. Connecting Leads
3. Multimeter
THEORY:
LVDT is also known as Linear Variable differential transducer, which is use to

measure displacement fo core. The output voltages of LVDT is a function of core
position. The basic principal behind it is Electro magnetic induction. When the core is

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at centre, the rate of change of flux linkages with the windings s-1 and s-2 are the
same. Therefore, the induced EMF in the both windings is of same magnitude and
output is 0 as S-1 &S-2are cross connected. When the position of the core is changed,
different EMF are induced in two windings.And resultant voltage appears across the
output terminals.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE Do as follows
1 Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2 Connect the instrument such as auto transformer on the primary and voltmeter at
the output are connected
3Now switch on the power supply.
4Give the rated voltage to the primary of the LVDT.
5Now change the core position and record the output.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS
Sr. No. Output Voltage Displacement

Forward Reverse Forward Reverse

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PRECAUTIONS:
2. Observation should be accurate.
RESULT: The curve for displacement (on X-axis) v/s ( On Y- axis) is similar to the
theoretical one

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EXPERIMENT NO. 11
AIM: To study various measuring instruments

1. Moving iron instruments-(a) Attraction type (b)Repulsion type
2. Permanent Magnet moving coil instruments
3. Dynamometer type instruments
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
Sr. no. Apparatus required Quantity
1. Moving iron instruments 1 each
Attraction type- AC voltmeter& ammeter
Repulsion type- AC voltmeter& ammeter
2. Permanent Magnet moving coil instruments 1 each
DC voltmeter& ammeter
3. Dynamometer type instruments 1 each
THEORY:
PERMANENT MAGNET TYPE MOVING COIL INSTRUMENT-

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These instrument are very sensitive and accurate. These instruments can be used only on d.c.
as voltmeter and ammeter. The pictorial view is shown

The basic principle of permanent type moving coil instrument is that when a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force is exerted on the conductor. The
simple view of permanent magnet type moving coil instrument is shown as in fig. In this case
a deflecting coil is placed in a strong magnetic field is produced by permanent magnet when
current flows through the coil, a force is exerted & deflection take place. The controlling
torque is provided with the help of spiral spring where as deflecting torque is provided with
the help of eddy currents as the coil is placed over the aluminum former. This instrument can
be used for DC measurement only. Its scale is uniform.
MOVING COIL INSTRUMENT

It consists of a powerful permanent shoe magnet. A coil of many turns of fine wire wound on
a light aluminium former. An iron core is inserted in between the coil sides to reduce
reluctance for magnetic lines of forces. The coil is mounted on the spindle and acts as moving
element. Two phosphorous bronze spiral hair springs are attached to the spindle. The spring
provide the controlling torque as well as they act as incoming and outgoing leads for the
current. Eddy current damping is provided by the aluminium former. When the instrument is
connected in the circuit, the operating current flows through the coil which is mounted on the
spindle. Since the coil is placed in the strong field of permanent magnets, a force is exerted
on the current carrying conductors of the coil which produces deflecting torque. Thus the
pointer attached to the spindle in deflected over the calibrated scale. If the direction of current

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is reversed the direction of deflecting torque is also reversed as field produce by permanent
magnet does not change.
DYNAMOMETER TYPE INSTUMENT:

It consists of two coils, one is called moving coil & other one is called fixed coil. The fixed
coil produces main magnitude field, in which moving coil is placed when current flows
through these coils, a force is exerted & deflection take place in moving coil because when
current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field, experiences force. The controlling
torque is provided with the help of spiral spring where as deflecting torque is provided with
the help of air friction. This instruments is costly because special techniques is used for
manufacturing these type of instruments.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Study the instruments dial carefully.
2. Don’t touch pointer & spiral spring.
3. Remove every part carefully.
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
AIM: To study the use of multimeter
APPRATUS
Sr.no. Name of Apparatus Range Quantity
1. Digital multimeter ------- 1
2. Connecting leads ------- As per requirement
Theory: A multimeter is basically a permanent magnet moving galvanometer. There is an

iron core pivoted on two jeweled bearings. The coil is wounded on an aluminium former

DAVIET
which is free to rotate in the field of permanent magnet. An aluminium pointer is attached to
the coil and it moves over the gradual scale. There are two spiral springs providing path to
current as well as restoring torque. It can measure voltage, current and resistance for which
its galvanometer is converted to voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter with the help of suitable
circuit incorporated in it.There are basically two types of multimeter
1. Digital multimeter
2. Analog multimeter
DIGITAL MULTIMETER- It display the a.c. or d.c. voltages being measured as discrete
numerals in the decimal number system. It limits observational errors. Its use increase the
speed with which readings are taken.
2. ANALOG MULTIMETER- It gives the reading by deflecting its needle. In it

chances of occurring error are more as reading is to be taken from deflecting needle. The
pictorial view of analog multimeter as shown below-

DAVIET
Above all DMM is better than AMM, as it display the reading in digits therefore chances of
error occurring are very less.
EXPERIMENT 13
AIM: To study the speed control of a dc shunt motor & to draw the speed variation with
respect to
1. Field Control
2. Armature Control
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
S.No. Name of Apparatus Range Quantity

DAVIET
1. DC SHUNT MOTOR 5 HP, 220V 1
2. DC VOLTMETER 0-300V 1
3. DC AMMETER 0-10A 1
4. RHEOSTATC 0-1500Ω, .75A 1
5. CONNECTING LEADS ---- AS PER REQUIREMENT
6. RHEOSTATE 0-20Ω, 16A 1
7. DPIC MAIN SWITCH 32A 1
8. TACHOMETER ---- 1
THEORY
A DC shunt motor consist of two parts, one movable & other static. The movable part is
called ARMATURE & static is called filed. Field winding is connected in parallel with
armature & it has very high resistance as compared to armature.
The speed of shunt motor can be calculated with following relation:
N=k =k
Hence the speed either changing the shunt fie motor can be changed by either changing the
shunt field current ish by inserting an external resistance in field circuit or by changing the
back emf, Eb by inserting an external resistance in armature circuit.
i.e V-laRa
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DAVIET
Armature Control
FIELD CONTROl
2. Set the rheostat at zero position.
3. Switch on the DC power supply.
4. Now change the rheostat of filed & corresponding note down RPMs & field current.
5. Take 5-6 readings and note in the observation table.
6. Similarly vary the armature resistance & correspondingly note down in observation
table as given below:

DAVIET
OBSERVATION:
S. NO. CONTROL FIELD RPM

CURRENT ISH N
FIELD 1.1A
1 0.85 A
2 0.725 A
3 0.625 A
4 0.625 A
5 0.575 A
ARMATURE BACK EMF EB RPM N
1 220 V 1500 RPM
2 200 V 1400 RPM
3 180 V 1300 RPM
4 160 V 1200 RPM
5 150 V 1100 RPM
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The current, voltage should be in limit.
2. Do not touch any live wire.
3. Connections should be write & tight.
RESULTS
1. By increasing resistance of the field current decreases, thus speed increases.
2. By increasing resistance of the armature voltage drop in armature increases, thus back
emf Eb decreases, thus speed decreases.

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DAVIET

NAME OF LAB: Basic Electrical & Electronics

CODE : ELE -103

6) To perform the block rotor test of a three phase induction motor

Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -1-

S.NO NAME OF RANGE QUANTITY

2. Resistive load 0-10 A 1

3. Inductive load 0-10 A 1

7. DPIC main switch 32V 1

8. Connecting Leads ----- As per

Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -2-

Current flowing through an AC circuit is given as I=V/Z

Power factor of an AC supply is given by cosΦ=P/VI

Volts and I is the current in amperes flowing through the circuit.

Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -3-

2. Connect this circuit to the main single phase supply.

Observation table as given below.

4. Note down 5-6 readings.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

S.NO. VOLTMETER AMMETER POWER(P) COSΦ=P/VI (P/VI)

2.Always take accurate reading.

3.Meters used should be without error.

4.Be alert while doing practical.

1.Current I increases directly in proportion to applied voltage V.

Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -4-

S.NO. NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

2. Single phase transformer 2KVA 3

5. TPIC main switch 32A 1

6. Connecting leads ------ As per reqiurement

When Star connections are done

Line voltage(VL)=√3 X Phase voltage(Vph)

Line current (IL)=Phase current(Iph)

When delta connections are done

Line voltage(VL)=Phase voltage (Vph)

Line Current(IL)=√3 X Phase current(Iph)

Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -5-

First find primary & secondary windings of each transformer

Mark all transformer windings polarities by sequence test.

Connect all the three connections in following manner:

Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -6-

Take the readings of voltmeter in the observation table as given below:

Note down at least one reading of each.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

Connections S. No. Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter

Reading(VL) Reading(Vph) Reading(IL) Reading(Iph)

1. Connections should be right & tight.

2. Always take accurate reading.

3. Meters used should be without error.

4. Be alert while doing practical.

Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -7-

Line voltage (VL)=√3 X Phase voltage(Vph)

Line current (IL)=Phase current (Iph)

When Delta connections are done

Line voltage (VL)=Phase voltage(Vph)

Line current (IL)= √3 X Phase current(Iph)

S.NO. Apparatus Required RANGE Quantity

1. 3 ph induction motor 5hp,415V 1

2. Connecting Leads ----- As per

Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -8-

4. TPIC main switch 32 Amp 1

Basic Electrical and Electronic Engg. -9-

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram-1

2. Now switch on the power supply.