Capitolul III

352&(6(7(+12/2*,&(',1,1'8675,$(1(5*(7,&

(QHUJHWLFD HVWH GLVFLSOLQD FDUH VH RFXS  FX VWXGLXO SURGXFHULL WUDQVSRUWXOXL GLVWULEX LHL L
XWLOL] ULLHQHUJLHL

Energia este capacitatea unui sistem fizic de a efectua un lucru mecanic cnd trece, printr-o
transformare, dintr-RVWDUHGHUHIHULQ vQDOW VWDUH(QHUJLDDFXPXODW vQQDWXU vQGLYHULSXUW WRUL
GHHQHUJLHVHQXPHWHHQHUJLHSULPDU

HQHUJLD FKLPLF

(DSRDWHILFKLPLF QXFOHDU LKLGUDXOLF 

 HVWH HYLGHQ LDW  GH SURFHVXO GH DUGHUH D HOHPHQWXOXL FDUERQ L D

VXEVWDQ HORU RUJDQLFH VDX GH UHDF LLOH FKLPLFH H[RWHUPH GLQWUH GRX  VDX PDL PXOWH

elemente;
-

HQHUJLD QXFOHDU

 FDUDFWHUL]HD]  HOHPHQWHOH UDGLRDFWLYH GLQ QDWXU  VDX HVWH RE LQXW  vQ

XUPDUHDF LLORUQXFOHDUHGHIXVLXQHILVL

HQHUJLD KLGUDXOLF

une;

 HVWH HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO  D F GHULORU GH DS  L HVWH GHSHQGHQW  GH

resursele hidrologice.

/DQ XULGHWUDQVIRUPDUH6XUVHGHHQHUJLH
(QHUJLD UH]XOWDW  vQ XUPD SURFHVXOXL GH PDQLIHVWDUH D HQHUJLHL SULPDUH VH QXPHWH

seFXQGDU

energie

 VDX HQHUJLH WUDQVIRUPDW  L SRDWH IL WHUPLF  PHFDQLF  L HOHFWULF  $FHVWH IRUPH GH

HQHUJLHVHSRWWUDQVIRUPDUHYHUVLELOXQHOHvQDOWHOHGXS XUP WRDUHOHVFKHPH

HQHUJLHWHUPLF HQHUJLHPHFDQLF FLQHWLF HQHUJLHHOHFWULF

HQHUJLHWHUPLF HQHUJLHHOHFWULF

7UDQVIRUPDUHD HQHUJLHL SULPDUH vQ HQHUJLH VHFXQGDU  HVWH LUHYHUVLELO  L DUH ORF GXS 
XUP WRDUHOHODQ XULGHWUDQVIRUPDUH

energie
primar 
FKLPLF 

sau
nuclHDU

energie
primar 
hLGUDXOLF

energie
WHUPLF

energie
PHFDQLF 
FLQHWLF 

energie
PHFDQLF 
FLQHWLF 

5DSRUWXOGLQWUHFDQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHRE LQXW GXS W

energie
HOHFWULF

energie
HOHFWULF

ransformare, QfLFDQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLH
 Randamentul de

FDUH VH WUDQVIRUP  4  VH QXPHWH UDQGDPHQW GH WUDQVIRUPDUH L VH QRWHD]  FX

transformare

HVWHvQWRWGHDXQDVXEXQLWDUHOVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD

Qf
.
Qi

(3.1)

CantitDWHD GH HQHUJLH RE LQXW

 GXS  WUDQVIRUPDUH HVWH PDL PLF  GHFkW FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH

FDUH VH WUDQVIRUP  GDWRULW  UH]LVWHQ HL RSXV  GH PHGLX OD WUDQVIRUPDUH &DQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH
FRQVXPDW SHQWUXvQYLQJHUHDUH]LVWHQ HLPHGLXOXLVHQXPHWHvQHQHUJHWLF 

pierdere de energie.

6XEVWDQ D FDUH SULQWU XQ SURFHV IL]LF VDX FKLPLF SURGXFH HQHUJLH VH QXPHWH VXUV

energie sau SXUW

 GH

WRUXOGHHQHUJLH

6XUVHOHGHHQHUJLHVHFODVLILF GXS PDLPXOWHFULWHULL

'XS

a)
-

QDWXUDORU

sursele de energie sunt:

QDWXUDOH F UEXQHOH

L HLXO JD]HOH QDWXUDOH DSD HOHPHQWHOH UDGLRDFWLYH FXUHQ LL

atmosferici, soarele;
b)
-

LQGXVWULDOHJD]XOGHIXUQDOJD]XOGHFRFVHULHJD]XOGHVLQWH] EHQ]LQDS FXUD

'XS

SRVLELOLWDWHDGHUHIDFHUHvQWLPSVXUVHOHGHHQHUJLHVXQWHSXL]DELOHLLQ

epuizabile.

6XUVHOHGHHQHUJLHHSXL]DELOHVXQWDFHOHVXUVHFDUHRGDW VXSXVHSURFHVXOXLGHRE LQHUHD

HQHUJLHLSHFDUHRSRDUW VHFRQVXP I U DVHSXWHDUHIDFHvQWLPS'LQDFHDVW FDWHJRULHIDFSDUWH

F UEXQHOH

L HLXO JD]HOH QDWXUDOH HOHPHQWHOH UD

dioactive naturale, gazul de furnal, gazul de

FRFVHULHEHQ]LQDS FXUD

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH LQHSXL]DELOH VXQW DFHOHD FDUH VH UHJHQHUHD]  GXS  RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL

SHFDUHRSRDUW 'LQWUHDFHVWHDVHSRWHQXPHUDDSDFXUHQ LLDWPRVIHULFLVRDUHOH

c)

'XS

 PRPHQ

tul istoric al folosirii lor

VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH VXQW FRQYHQ LRQDOH L

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

6XUVHOHGHHQHUJLHFRQYHQ LRQDOHVDXFODVLFHVXQWVXUVHOHFDUHVXQWIRORVLWHFXIUHFYHQ

PDUHGHR SHULRDG OXQJ GHWLPS'LQ DFHDVW  FDWHJRULHIDFSDUWHF UEXQLL L HLXOJD]HOHQDWXUDOH

apa.
-

6XUVHOHGHHQHUJLHQHFRQYHQ LRQDOHDXIUHFYHQ

PLF GHXWLOL]DUHLVXQWIRORVLWHGHVFXUW

WLPS(OHDXUROXOGHDFRPSOHWDLXQHRULGHDvQORFXLVXUVHOHFRQYHQ LRQDOH'LQWUHDFHVWHDIDFSDUWH

soarele, mareele, biomasa, apele geotermale.

d) 'XS DSDUL LHVXUVHOHGHHQHUJLHSRWILSULPDUHLVHFXQGDUH
- Sursele de energie primare sunt cele naturale.
- Sursele de energie secundare sunt rezultate ntr-un proces industrial dintr-RVXUV
de energie. Dintre acestea se pot enumera: aburii, gazele rezultate din ardere, aerul cald.

SULPDU 

&DQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHSHFDUHVXUVDGHHQHUJLHVHFXQGDU RPDLSRVHG GXS FHDIRVWIRORVLW 

ntr-XQSURFHVLQGXVWULDOVHQXPHWHHQHUJLHUH]LGXDO
evacuaWH OD FR GXS

8QH[HPSOXHVWHF OGXUDSHFDUHRDXJD]HOH

 FH DX IRVW IRORVLWH OD vQF O]LUHD DSHL GLQWU XQ FD]DQ &X FkW HQHUJLD UH]LGXDO 

HVWHPDLPLF FXDWkWUDQGDPHQWXOHQHUJHWLFDOSURFHVXOXLWHKQRORJLFUHVSHFWLYHVWHPDLPDUH
5HSDUWL LD WHULWRULDO  D VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH SULPDU  FRUHVSXQGH vQ PLF  P VXU  DPSODV ULL
PDULORU FRQVXPDWRUL DWkW OD QRL FkW L SH SODQ PRQGLDO IDSW FDUH ULGLF  SUREOHPH WHKQRORJLFH L
HFRQRPLFH'HDFHHD VHSXQHXQ DFFHQW GHRVHELWSHXWLOL]DUHDVXUVHORUGHHQHUJLHQHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

acolo unde este posibil.

ActualmHQWH SRQGHUHD vQ FRQVXPXO HQHUJHWLF PRQGLDO R GH LQ

L HLXO L JD]HOH QDWXUDOH

GHRDUHFHH[LVW ] F PLQWHPDULLDUFRVWXULOHGHH[WUDF LHSUHSDUDUHLWUDQVSRUWVXQWUHGXVHvQUDSRUW

FXFHOHQHFHVLWDWHGHF UEXQHVDXDPHQDM ULKLGUR

Instala LLOHHQHUJHWLFHQHFHVLW

-energetice.

LQYHVWL LLPDUL3URGXF LDRULF UXLIHOGHHQHUJLHHVWHGHPDV 

iar procesele tehnologice sunt continue.

2E LQHUHDHQHUJLHLWHUPLFH
(QHUJLD WHUPLF  VH RE LQH vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL D F UHL FRQVWUXF LH HVWH SUH]HQWDW

fig.3.1.

DS GHGXUL]DW

DEXUVXSUDvQF O]LW

gaze arse

aer cald
4
5
1-SUHvQF

aer rece
3

Fig.3.1. Cazanul cu aburi

O]LWRUGHDS -cazan; 4-VXSUDvQF

O]LWRUGHDHU SUHvQF

2
O]LWRU

-focar

(OVHFRPSXQHGLQIRFDUVDXLQVWDOD LDGHDUGHUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLVXUV GHHQHUJLHSULPDU 

FKLPLF  FD]DQXO GH DEXU SUHvQF O]LWRDUH VDX VFKLPE WRDUH GH F OGXU  SHQWUX DSD GH DOLPHQWDUH L
DHUXOQHFHVDUDUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOXOXLVXSUDvQF O]LWRUXOSHQWUXDEXULFRQGXFWH

FocarulHVWHSUHY



]XWFX

JU WDUHFkQGFRPEXVWLELOXOHVWHVROLGF UEXQH

injectoare, cnd combustibiOXOHVWHOLFKLGS

FXU 

DU] WRDUHFkQGFRPEXVWLELOXOHVWHJD]RV

Cazanul JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL VDX ILHUE



WRUXO HVWH SDUWHD GLQ LQVWDOD LH vQ FDUH DSD HVWH

WUDQVIRUPDW vQDEXULVXELQIOXHQ DHQHUJLHLFDORULFHUH]XOWDW GLQDUGHUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL'LQ

punct

GHYHGHUHFRQVWUXFWLYFD]DQHOHVXQWLJQLWXEXODUHLDFYDWXEXODUH

Cazanul ignitubular HVWH GH IRUP

 FLOLQGULF  DYkQG vQ LQWHULRU HYL SULQ FDUH FLUFXO 

JD]HOHDUVH$SDDIODW vQFD]DQRFXS XQYROXPPDUHODSUHVLXQHMRDV DWPLVHvQF O]HWH

de la

JD]HOH DUVH FH FLUFXO  SULQ HYLOH FD]DQXOXL $FHVW WLS GH FD]DQ HVWH LQGLFDW V  ILH IRORVLW FkQG
FRQGL LLOH GH OXFUX FDUH FHU FD DSD V  ILH PHQ LQXW  WLPS vQGHOXQJDW VXE SUHVLXQH L FkQG VH SURGXF
PDULYDULD LLvQUH HDXDFRQVXPDWRULORUGHDEXUL

Cazanul acvatubularHVWHWRWGHIRUP

FLOLQGULF FX HYLLQWHULRDUHSULQFDUHFLUFXO DSD

FHVHvQF O]HWHGHODJD]HOHDUVH6XSUDID D GHvQF O]LUHHVWHPDUHvQUDSRUWFXYROXPXOGHDS FDUH

FLUFXO SULQFD]DQ$FHVWWLSGHFD]DQHVWHIRORVLWFXSUHF GHUHvQLQGXVWULDHQHUJHWLF 
6XSUDvQF

O]LWRUXODUHUROXOGHDWUDQVIRUPDDEXULLYDSRULLVDWXUD LUH]XOWD LGLQILHUEHUHD

DSHLvQYDSRULVXSUDvQF O]L LFXWHPSHUDWXUDGH

Este format dintr-RFRQGXFW

-600 o&LSUHVLXQHDGH-240 atm.

VXEIRUP GHVHUSHQWLQ LHVWHPRQWDWvQ]RQDFHDPDLILHUELQWH

DLQVWDOD LHL
6FKLPE

WRUXO GH F

OGXU

 HVWH GHQXPLUHD JHQHULF  D XWLODMXOXL SULQ FDUH FLUFXO  GRX 

IOXLGH FX WHPSHUDWXUL GLIHULWH L vQWUH FDUH DUH ORF XQ WUDQVIHU GH F OGXU  )OXLGXO FX WHPSHUDWXU 

mare, denXPLWSXUW

WRU GHF OGXU VDX

agent termicFHGHD]

F OGXUDIOXLGXOXLFXWHPSHUDWXU PLF 

&D DJHQW WHUPLF vQ VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU  SRW IL IRORVLWH DS  FDOG  DEXUL DHU FDOG XOHLXUL
PLQHUDOHILHUELQ LWRSLWXULPHWDOLFHHWF
&RQVWUXFWLY VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU  VXQW VXE IRUP  FLOLQGULF  ILJ FX R PDQWD
PHWDOLF ODH[WHULRULXQVLVWHPGH HYLYHUWLFDOHVDXVXEIRUP GHVHUSHQWLQ SULQFDUHFLUFXO XQXO
GLQWUHIOXLGH&HOGHDOGRLOHDIOXLGFLUFXO SULQWUH HYL

)LJ6FKLPE

WRDUHGHF

DFX HYLYHUWLFDOHEFX HDY

1- HDY

OGXU

vQVHUSHQWLQ



-manta; 3-IODQ

'XS VHQVXOGHFLUFXOD LHDOHFHORUGRX IOXLGHVFKLPE WRDUHOHGHF OGXU VXQW

n echicurentFkQGFHOHGRX IOXLGHFLUFXO vQDFHODLVHQVILJD

n contracurent, ckQGFHOHGRX IOXLGHFLUFXO vQVHQVXULFRQWUDUHILJE
vQFXUHQWvQFUXFLDWFkQGGLUHF LLOHGHFLUFXOD LHVXQWSHUSHQGLFXODUHILJF

)LJ&LUFXLWXODJHQ LORUvQVFKLPE

WRDUHOHGHF

OGXU

a) n echicurent; b) n contracurent; c)n curenWvQFUXFLDW

&HOHPDL XWLOL]DWHVFKLPE WRDUH GHF OGXU VXQWFHOH WXEXODUH HYLYHUWLFDOHFXFLUFXOD LHvQ
FRQWUDFXUHQW GHRDUHFH vQ HOH VH UHDOL]HD]  XQ WUDQVIHU WHUPLF HILFLHQW Q LQVWDOD LLOH LQGXVWULDOH
VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU  DX SULPLW GHQXPLUL GXS  RSHUD LLOH FDUH DX ORF vQ HOH L DQXPH
SUHvQF O]LWRDUHU FLWRDUHHYDSRUDWRDUHFRQGHQVDWRDUH

Conductele IDF OHJ



WXUD vQWUH S U LOH FRPSRQHQWH DOH LQVWDOD LHL L SHQWUX FD SLHUGHULOHGH

HQHUJLHWHUPLF SULQSHUH LLORUV ILHPLF HOHVHL]ROHD] WHUPLF

$EXULLRE LQX LvQFD]DQHDXvQWUHEXLQ

ULvQGLIHULWHUDPXULLQGXVWULDOHFXPVXQW

LQGXVWULDHQHUJHWLF SHQWUXRE LQHUHDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH

LQGXVWULDSHWUROLHU ODGLVWLODUHDIUDF LRQDW D L HLXOXL
LQGXVWULDFKLPLF 
LQGXVWULDDOLPHQWDU 

3ULQL]RODUHDLQVWDOD LLORUWHUPLFHLIRORVLUHDVFKLPE WRDUHORUGHF OGXU SHQWUXSUHvQF O]LUHD

DSHLLDHUXOXLVHRE LQ

reducerea consumului de combustibil;

intrarea cazanului n regim de lucru ntr-un timp mai scurt;
FUHWHUHDUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDO cazanului.

3URGXF LD VSHFLILF  GH DEXUL OD WLSXULOH FXUHQWH GH JHQHUDWRDUH GH DEXUL HVWH GH 

-100 kg

abur/m h.

3.3. Producerea energiei electrice

0DLQLOHXWLODMHOHDJUHJDWHOHLLQVWDOD LLOHLQGXVWULDOHVXQWvQFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHDF LRQDWH

electric. De aceea, obiectul principal al energeticii este producerea energiei electrice, potrivit celor
GRX VFKHPH,QVWDOD LLOHvQFDUHVHRE LQHDFHDVW HQHUJLHVHQXPHVFFHQWUDOHHOHFWULFH'XS HQHUJLD
SULPDU IRORVLW FHQWUDOHOHHOHFWULFHVXQW

termoelHFWLFHFkQGHQHUJLDSULPDU HVWHHQHUJLHFKLPLF 
nuclearo-HOHFWULFHFkQGHQHUJLDSULPDU HVWHHQHUJLHQXFOHDU

KLGURHOHFWULFHFkQGHQHUJLDSULPDU HVWHHQHUJLDSRWHQ LDO DDSHL

Q FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HQHUJLD PHFDQLF  VH WUDQVIRUP  vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  vQ JHQHUDWRDUH
HOHFWULFH GH FXUHQW DOWHUQDWLY DOWHUQDWRDUH (OH VXQW FRQVWLWXLWH GLQ URWRU LQGXFWRUXO FDUH FUHHD] 
IOX[XO PDJQHWLF L VWDWRU LQGXVXO IL[DW vQ FDUFDV  XQGH VH SURGXFH FXUHQWXO HOHFWULF DOWHUQDWLY

(fig.3.4.).
Prin rotirea induFWRUXOXL FX DMXWRUXO XQHL WXUELQH vQ VWDWRU VH SURGXF IHQRPHQH GH LQGXF LH
PDJQHWLF FDUHFRQGXFODDSDUL LDXQXLcurent electric
alternativ YDULDELO FD LQWHQVLWDWH L WHQVLXQH &kQG
VWDWRUXO HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ WUHL ERELQH GHFDODWH vQWUH HOH

cu 120, cumVHvQWkPSO

vQPRGRELQXLWvQSUDFWLF 

JHQHUDWRUXO SURGXFH WUHL FXUHQ L GLIHUL L GHFDOD L vQWUH

ei cu 120, deci curent electric trifazat.

)UHFYHQ D FXUHQWXOXL, f, produs de alternator,
GHSLQGHGHQXP UXOGHSHUHFKLGHSROLSLGHWXUD LD

rotorului,Q>URWPLQ@ILLQGHJDO
np
f =
, [ Hz ]
60

FX

(3.2)

3HQWUX D RE LQH XQ FXUHQW DOWHUQDWLY GH R DQXPLW 

IUHFYHQ

Fig.3.4. Alternatorul

 URWRUXO YD WUHEXL V  DLE  R WXUD LH ELQH

GHWHUPLQDW  QXPLW  URWD LH VLQFURQ  FH GHSLQGH GH

QXP UXOGHSROL

Curentul continuu se RE LQH vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH

curent continuu sau dinam DO F UXL LQGXFWRU HVWH
VWDWRUXO LDU LQGXVXO HVWH URWRUXO FDUH VH URWHWH vQ
FkPSXO PDJQHWLF DO VWDWRUXOXL &XUHQWXO SURGXV HVWH GH DFHODL VHQV FX LQWHQVLWDWHD L DUH WHQVLXQHD
YDULDELO ,QGXVXOSULPHWHPLFDUHDGHODXQPRWRUFDUHSRDWHIL'LHVHOVDXWXUELQ 
&XUHQWXO FRQWLQXX HVWH IRORVLW SHQWUX HIHFWXDUHD XQRU SURFHVH HOHFWURFKLPLFH L SHQWUX
DF LRQDUHDPRWRDUHORUIRORVLWHODWUDF LXQHDHOHFWULF 

3.3.1. Centrale termoelectrice

Centralele termoeOHFWULFHIRORVHVFFDVXUV

GHHQHUJLHSULPDU F UEXQHOHJD]HOHQDWXUDOHVDX

S FXUD 'XS  DJHQWXO FDUH SURGXFH WUDQVIRUPDUHD HQHUJLHL WHUPLFH vQ HQHUJLH PHFDQLF  GHQXPLW

agent motor, centralele termoelectrice sunt:

- centrale termoelectrice cu aburi, cnd aJHQWXOFDUHWUDQVIRUP

HQHUJLDWHUPLF vQHQHUJLH

PHFDQLF VXQWDEXULVXSUDvQF O]L L

centrale termoelectice cu gaze FkQG DJHQWXO FDUH WUDQVIRUP

PHFDQLF VXQWJD]HOHVXSUDvQF O]LWH

 HQHUJLD WHUPLF  vQ HQHUJLH

centrale termoelectrice cu ciclu mixt, aburi-gaze, cnd la transformarea energiei termice

vQHQHUJLHPHFDQLF VHIRORVHVFDWkWDEXULLVXSUDvQF O]L LFkWLJD]HOH

Termodinamica proceselor energetice

&DUDFWHUL]DUHD WHUPRGLQDPLF  D SURFHVHORU VH UHDOL]HD]  FX DMXWRUXO P

fundamentDO

ULPLORU GH VWDUH

 SUHVLXQHD S WHPSHUDWXUD 7 YROXPXO VSHFLILF 9 VDX JUHXWDWHD VSHFLILF 

HQHUJLD LQWHUQ  X L P

 L

ULPLORU YDULD LHL GH VWDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  4 L OXFUXO PHFDQLF /

0 ULPLOH YDULD LHL GH VWDUH GHSLQG GH IHOXO FXP VH GHVI RDU  DFHDVW  YDULD LH 7UDQVIRUP ULOH
WHUPRGLQDPLFH DOH XQXL VLVWHP SRW IL L]REDUH S
7

FRQVWDQW  L]RFRUH Y

FRQVWDQW  L]RWHUPH

FRQVWDQW DGLDEDWLFHLSROLWURSH
Q DIDUD P ULPLORU GH VWDUH IXQGDPHQWDO  SULQFLSDOH DOH XQXL VLVWHP WHUPRGLQDPLF DFHVWD

esteFDUDFWHUL]DWLGHP

ULPLGHVWDUHGHULYDW

FXPVXQWHQWDOSLDLLHQWURSLD6

(QWDOSLD HVWH VXPD GLQWUHHQHUJLD LQWHUQ LOXFUXPHFDQLFFHSRDWH ILHIHFWXDWGHVLVWHP

DGLF 

i = u + Apv ,

(3.3)

XQGH$HVWHRFRQVWDQW DVLVWHPXOXL

Entropia uneL WUDQVIRUP

UL vQWUH GRX  VW UL RDUHFDUH  L  FDUDFWHUL]HD]  GH]RUGLQHD

VLVWHPXOXLLVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD

S=

dQ
T
1

(3.4)

$FHDVW  UHOD LH DUDW  F  GDF  vQWU R WUDQVIRUPDUH RDUHFDUH HQWURSLD FRUSXOXL FUHWH DFHVWD

SULPHWHF OGXU LUHFLSURF

&DQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  UHSUH]LQW  FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH GDW  FRUSXOXL SULQWU

-o transformare

RDUHFDUHvQWUHGRX VW ULLSRDWHILFDOFXODW FXUHOD LD

Q = i 2 i1 = Tds

(3.5)

ntr-RWUDQVIRUPDUHIOXLGXOVXIHU

RHYROX LHFDUHPRGLILF SDUDPHWULLGHVWDUHLFDUHSRDWHIL

VWXGLDW GLQIXQF LLOHUHVSHFWLYGLDJUDPHOHFHOHDJ P ULPLOHGHVWDUHDOHVLVWHPXOXL

Q

FHQWUDOHOH

WHUPRHOHFWULFH

VH

UHDOL]HD] 

R

DSOLFD LH

WHUPRGLQDPLFLL FRQIRUP F UXLD VH RE LQH OXFUX PHFDQLF SULQWU

D

SULQFLSLXOXL

DO

GRLOHD

DO

-o transformare a unui fluid ce

HYROXHD] vQWUHRVXUV FDOG LXQDUHFHLFDUHVHVXSXQHFLFOXOXL&DUQRWILJ

Q SRU LXQHD $% IOXLGXO SULPHWH F OGXU  vQ VXUVD FDOG 
FDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU 41HYROXkQGSHRL]RWHUP 3UL

n destinderea

DGLDEDWLF  I U  VFKLPE GH F OGXU  FX H[WHULRUXO SH SRU LXQHD

%& VH IXUQL]HD]  OXFUX PHFDQLF )OXLGXO WUHFH vQ VXUVD UHFH
F UHLD vL WUDQVPLWH FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  42 SH SRU LXQHD '&

Printr-R
UHFDS W 

FRPSUHVLH DGLDEDWLF  SH SRU LXQHD '$ IOXLGXO vL

YDORULOH

LQL LDOH

DOH

SDUDPHWULORU

GH VWDUH

mecanic realizat n transformare este egal cu:

L = Q1 Q 2
Fig.3.5. Ciclu Carnot teoretic

/XFUXO

(3.6)

L HVWH SURSRU LRQDO FX DULD $%&' 5HOD LD DUDW  F  I U  VXUVD
UHFH QX H[LVW  OXFUX PHFDQLF FDUH HVWH FX DW

t mai mare cu ct

FDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU FHGDW DFHVWHLDHVWHPDLPLF LFXFkWFDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU DVXUVHLFDOGHHVWH

PDLPDUH&DQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU DVXUVHLFDOGHVHP UHWHSULQFUHWHUHDWHPSHUDWXULL71

3HQWUXWUDQVIRUP ULOHFDUHDXORFvQFLUF

uitul

WHUPLF DO XQHL FHQWUDOH VH DQDOL]HD]  HYROX LD

fluidului n diagramele procesului de fierbere. n

diagrama T-6 ILJ FX 7 WHPSHUDWXU  6 VWDUH
curbele de fierbere sunt: curba lichidului AK (locul
JHRPHWULF DO SXQFWHORU GH vQFHSXW GH ILHUEHUH i
FXUED YDSRULORU VDWXUD L .% ORFXO JHRPHWULF DO
SXQFWHORUGHVIkULWGHILHUEHUH
3XQFWXO . GH vQWkOQLUH D FHORU GRX  FXUEH
VH

QXPHWH

SXQFWXO

FULWLF

DO

WUDQVIRUP ULL

L

corespunde trecerii directe din starea de lichid n

VWDUHD GH YDSRUL XVFD L ,]oterma ce trece tangent
SULQ . VH QXPHWH L]RWHUP  FULWLF  L vPSUHXQ  FX
FHOH GRX  FXUEH vPSDUWH GLDJUDPD vQ SDWUX ]RQH ,

Fig.3.6.Diagrama T-S a apei

zona lichidului, II-zona vaporilor umezi; III-zona

YDSRULORU VXSUDvQF O]L L ,9 ]RQD YDSRULORU XVFD L FDUH QX SRW IL OLFKHILD L L FDUH VH FRPSRUW 

asemenea gazelor perfecte.

)XQF LRQDUHDFHQWUDOHORUWHUPRHOHFWULFH

Ciclul prezentat n fig.3.5. este ideal. Fluidele au

SDUWLFXODULW

L WHUPRGLQDPLFH FDUH vL PRGLILF  IRUPD

$PHVWHFXO DS

are

-abur folosit n centralele termoelectrice

WUDQVIRUP ULOH OHJDWH GH FXUEHOH GH ILHUEHUH FH

PRGLILF  IRUPD FLFOXOXL ILJ FLFOX +\UQH

-Rankine

AA1BCC1A).
DPHVWHFXOXLDS

Punctul C1 VH

-DEXUL FXFkWVHJ

DIO 

vQ

GRPHQLXO

VHWHPDLGHSDUWHGH

FXUED YDSRULORU VDWXUD L FX DWkW FUHWH FDQWLWDWHD GH DS 

GLQ
)LJ&LFOXOUHDOGHIXQF LRQDUHDOXQHL

DPHVWHF

GLVWUXJHUHD

GXS 

PDLQLL

GHVWLQGHUH
WHUPLFH

FHHD

vQ

FH

FDUH

DFFHOHUHD] 
VH

SURGXFH

destinderea.
termocentrale
Pentru deplasarea spre dreapta a punctului C1 pe
izoterma T2 L FUHWHUHD OXFUXOXL PHFDQLF YDSRULL VDWXUD L VH VXSUDvQF O]HVF vQDLQWH GH GHstindere,
SkQ  OD SXQFWXO ' GH XQGH VH GHVWLQG SkQ  OD (1. Ciclul termic al centralei este reprezentat de
conturul nchis AA1BCDE1A. Puctul A1 FRUHVSXQGH VW ULL DSHL OD LQWUDUHD vQ FD]DQ FDUDFWHUL]DW 
prin etalpia i3LSUHVLXQHDS1. Pe curba A1B, apa prLPHWHF OGXU GHODVXUVDFDOG LWHPSHUDWXUDVD
FUHWH Q SXQFWXO % vQFHSH YDSRUL]DUHD SURFHV FH VH WHUPLQ  vQ & 3H L]REDUD &' YDSRULL VH
VXSUDvQF O]H]FLYRUDYHDHQWDOSLDL1
SkQ

.
Pe traseul A1%&' SUHVLXQHD HVWH FRQVWDQW  3H GUHDSWD '(1 vaporii se deVWLQG vQ WXUELQ
ODSUHVLXQHDS2. Pe Dreapta E1$YDSRULLWUDQVPLWVXUVHLUHFLFDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU 42.

&RQVWUXF LDFHQWUDOHORUWHUPRHOHFWULFH

2FHQWUDO WHUPLF DUHvQFRPSRQHQ DVDXWLODMHSHQWUXILHFDUHVWDUHDIOXLGXOXLILJ

QF O]LUHDDSHLLWUDQVIRUPDUHDVDvQYDSRULVDWXUD LDUHORFvQFD]DQXQGHSULPHWHGHOD
VXUVDFDOG IRFDUXOFDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU 4

1.

6XSUDvQF O]LUHDYDSRULORUVDWXUD LVHUHDOL]HD] vQVXSUDvQF O]LWRUXQGHYDSRULLSULPHVFUH

stul de

F OGXU SkQ OD41'HVWLQGHUHDYDSRULORUVXSUDvQF O]L LVHSURGXFHvQWXUELQ LDUU FLUHDSkQ OD

FRQGHQVDUHD YDSRULORU GHVWLQL HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  GH VXUVD UHFH DSD GH U FLUH vQ FRQGHQVDWRU 
F UHLD L VH FHGHD]  FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  42  $SD GH U FLUH HVWH YHKLFXODW  GH SRPSD  &UHWHUHD

presiunii apei la valoarea p1 HVWH RE LQXW

 FX DMXWRUXO SRPSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH D FD]DQXOXL SULQWU

-o

FRPSULPDUH DGLDEDWLF  7XUELQD ILJ DUH UROXO GH D WUDQVIRUPD HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO  D DEXUXOXL

nmaJD]LQW

 VXE IRUP  GH F OGXU  vQ HQHUJLH FLQHWLF  L DSRL vQ OXFUX PHFDQLF Q DMXWDMHOH IL[H FX

VHF LXQHYDULDELO DEXUXOGHVWLQ]kQGX VHvLWUDQVIRUP HQHUJLDSRWHQ LDO vQHQHUJLHFLQHWLF LSULQ

ORYLUHD SDOHWHORU SXQH vQ PLFDUH URWRUXO WXUELQHL RE

inndu-se lucru mecanic. Rotorul turbinei este

coaxial cu rotorul generatorului electric (6) cu care este asamblat printr-XQFXSODM9LWH]DPLF ULLGH
URWD LHDURWRUXOXLSRDWHDWLQJHYDORULGHPV

)LJ&RQVWUXF LDXQHLWHUPRFHQWUDOH

)LJ7XUELQ

1-rotor; 2-palete

Puterea care apare la bornele generatorului se poate determina cu formula:

P = D Q m td m g ,
(3.7)
unde: D - debitul de abur;
Qm -F OGXUDWUDQVIRUPDW vQOXFUXPHFDQLFvQWXUELQ 
td - randamentul termodinamic al turbinei (70-90%);
m - randamentul mecanic al turbinei (98-99%);
g - randamentul generatorului (94-98%).
5DQGDPHQWXO LQWHUQ DO WXUELQHL GHSLQGH SULQWUH DOWHOH GH F GHUHD GH SUHVLXQH GLQ WXUELQ  L
VROX LD FRQVWUXFWLY  5DQGDPHQWXO PHFDQLF VH GDWRUHD]  IUHF ULORU GLQ ODJ UH 5DQGDPHQWXO
JHQHUDWRUXOXLHVWHLQIOXHQ DWGHPRGXOGHU FLUH
$JUHJDWXO WXUELQ

-JHQHUDWRU VH DPSODVHD]

 vQ FDGUXO FHQWUDOHL vQ DSURSLHUHD FD]DQXOXL

SHQWUX PLFRUDUHD SLHUGHULORU GH F OGXU  SH WUDVHX L D FRVWXULORUFRQGXFWHORU5DQGDPHQWXOJHQHUDO

al unei centrale termice este:

gct = c . cd . t . td . m . g . tr

100
,
100 + Csi

unde: c - randamentul cazanului (75-90%);

cd - randamentul conductelor (98-99%);
t - randamentul ciclului termic (~50%);
tr - randamentul transformatorului (98-99%);
C si - consumul serviciilor interne (12-15%).
ComSRQHQHWD FDUH PLFRUHD]  UDQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO

[%]

(3.8)

DO XQHL FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH HVWH

UDQGDPHQWXOWHUPLFDF UXLUHOD LHGHFDOFXOHVWH

t =

Q1 - Q2

(3.9)

Q1

&UHWHUHD UDQGDPHQWXOXL WHUPLF VH SRDWH UHDOL]D P ULQG FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  41
P ULUHD YDORULORU LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU GH VWDUH S1

, T1 SUHvQF

, prin

O]LUHD UHJHQHUDWLY  D DSHL GH

DOLPHQWDUHVXSUDvQF O]LUHDLQWHUPHGLDU DDEXUXOXLLPLFRUkQGSH42SULQVF GHUHDYDORULORUILQDOH

DOH SDUDPHWULORU DEXUXOXL FRQGHQVDW SUHvQF O]LUHD DSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH WHUPRILFDUH Q IXQF LH GH
VROX LDDOHDV UH]XOW PDLPXOWHWLSXULGHFHQWUDOHWHUPRHOHFWULFH

0 ULUHD YDORULORU LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU GH VWDUH DL DEXUXOXL SUHVLXQHD OD   DWP L

temperatura 535-560& HVWH PXOW PDL HILFLHQW  GHFkW PLFRUDUHD YDORULORU ILQDOH DOH DEXUXOXL vQ
condensator (0,03-0,04 atm la 15C sau 0,07 atm la 27C). Cu
YDORULOH

LQL LDOH

DOH

SDUDPHWULORU

PHQ LRQD L

XPLGLWDWHD

DEXUXOXL GXS  GHVWLQGHUH HVWH GH   YDORUL FDUH DVLJXU 

REXQ IXQF LRQDUHDWXUELQHLLRVROLFLWDUHPLQLP DSDOHWHORU

Centralele

termoelectrice

moderne

folosesc

SUHvQF O]LUHDUHJHQHUDWLY DDSHLGHDOLPHQWDUH$FHDVWDFRQVW 

vQ H[WUDJHUHD DEXUXOXL GLQ WXUELQ  OD GLIHULWH SUHVLXQL L

temperaturi prin locuri bine determinate denumiWH SUL]H L

XWLOL]DUHD OXL OD SUHvQF O]LUHD DSHL vQDLQWHD LQWU ULL VDOH vQ
FD]DQ

&UHWHUHD

PD[LP 

D

UDQGDPHQWXOXL

WHUPLF

SULQ

SUHvQF O]LUH HVWH GH   LDU QXP UXO PD[LP GH SUL]H 

3UL]HOH GLQ FLUFXLWXO UHJHQHUDWLY VXQW IL[H 3UHvQF O]LWRDUHOH

)LJ&HQWUDO

WHUPRHOHFWULF

FX

FRQGHQVD LH

1-VWD LHGHHSXUDUH-pompe; 3condensatoare; 4-SRPS SHQWUX

alimentarea cazanului;
5-cazan; 6-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU
7-WXUELQ -generator electric;
9-condensator.

folosiWH VXQW GH VXSUDID  3HQWUX HOLPLQDUHD JD]HORU FDUH DSDU

, O2 VH IRORVHWH L XQ SUHvQF O]LWRU GH
amestec care are rol de degazor plasat naintea pompei de
alimentare a cazanului n zona presiunilor de 5-10 atm.
vQ LQVWDOD LH &22

6FKHPDJHQHUDO DXQHLFHQWUDOHWHUPRHOHFWULFHFXFRQGHQVD LH

VDXSUL]HHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQILJ
&kQG P ULPHD FDQWLW

LL GH F OGXU  41 VH UHDOL]HD] 

SULQ VXSUDvQF O]LUH LQWHUPHGLDU  WXUELQD DUH GRX  FRUSXUL

SULPXO GH vQDOW  SUHVLXQH L DO GRLOHD GH MRDV  SUHVLXQH

DestindeUHD DEXUXOXL vQ SULPXO FRUS DUH ORF SkQ

 OD VWDUHD VLWXDW  vQ ]RQD YDSRULORU VXSUDvQF O]L L

ILJ SXQFWXO '

 GXS  FDUH YDSRULL SULPHVF R QRX  FDQWLWDWH GH F OGXU  vQWU XQ VXSUDvQF O]LWRU

intermediar, ajungnd n starea D''.

Din acest punct, vaporii

VH GHVWLQG SkQ  OD SUHVLXQHD GLQ FRQGHQVDWRU 3ULQ DFHDVWD

UDQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO DO FHQWUDOHL FUHWH FX 

-5%, iar cel termic cu 6- 6FKHPD JHQHUDO

 D XQHL

DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH HVWH GDW  GH ILJXUD  Q DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH DX ORF SLHUGHUL GH
YDSRULPDLPDULGHRDUHFHSULPDGHVWLQGHUHVHUHDOL]HD] SkQ ODDWPL

)LJ&LFOXOFHQWUDOHORUFXvQF
LQWHUPHGLDU

O]LUH

Fig.3.12. Centrale termoelectrice cu

vQF

O]LUHLQWHUPHGLDU

1-VWD LHGHHSXUDUH-SRPS SHQWUX

alimentare a cazanului; 3-cazan;
4-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU-WXUELQ -generator
electric; 8-condensator.

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD LQWHUPHGLDU ULGLF  WHPSHUDWXUDYDSRULORUSkQ ODYDORDUHDLQL LDO (DSRDWH

fi:

GLUHFW  FkQG YDSRULLVXQWGXLGLQ QRXvQFD]DQXQGH H[LVW  XQDOGRLOHDVXSUDvQF O]LWRU

procedeu foarte folosit;

-

LQGLUHFW  FkQG H[LVW  XQ VFKLPE WRU GH F OGXU  SODVDW vQWUH FHOH GRX  FRUSXUL GH WXUELQ 
L XQGH YDSRULL VXQW VXSUDvQF O]L L GLQ QRX IRORVLQG YDSRULL OXD L vQDLQWHD LQWU ULL ORU vQ

primul corp dHWXUELQ

SURFHGHXOHVWHIRORVLWUDUGHRDUHFHPLFRUHD] SUHVLXQHS1

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD LQWHUPHGLDU  SHUPLWH L PRGHUQL]DUHD FHQWUDOHORU YHFKL SULQ FRQVWUXLUHD

FLFOXULORUVXSUDSXVH3HOkQJ FLUFXLWXOGHSDUDPHWULPDLFRERUk LH[LVWHQWVHPRQWHD] XQFD]

an de

vQDOW SUHVLXQHLRWXUELQ vQDLQWD vQFDUHYDSRULLVHGHVWLQGSkQ ODSDUDPHWULLFLFOXOXLYHFKL

Centrale termoelectice cu termoficare sau contrapresiune

3URGXFHUHD FRPELQDW  D HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH L D F OGXULL VDX WHUPRILFDUHD SOHDF  GH OD

ideea

XWLOL] ULL F OGXULL 42 vQ SURFHVHOH LQGXVWULDOH VDX OD vQF O]LW Q DFHVW FD] UDQGDPHQWXO SRDWH DMXQJH
WHRUHWLFSkQ OD6FKHPDJHQHUDO DXQHLDVWIHOGHFHQWUDOHHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQILJ

n varianta aYDSRULLVHGHVWLQGvQWXUELQ

SkQ 

la o entalpie i2VLWXDW

vQ]RQDYDSRULORU

VXSUDvQF O]L L LDU OD LHLUHD GLQ WXUELQ  VXQW WULPLL OD FRQVXPDWRUXO GH F OGXU  XQGH VH SURGXFH
FRQGHQVDUHD &RQGHQVDWXO VH vQWRDUFH vQ FLUFXLWXO WHUPLF 7HRUHWLF F OGXUD WUDQVIRUPDW  vQ OXFUX

mecanic n turELQ

 4m vPSUHXQ  FX FHD IRORVLW  OD FRQVXPDWRUXO GH F OGXU  42

F OGXUDSULPLW GHODFRPEXVWLELOvQFD]DQ41

= Qc IRUPHD]

QDFHVWFD]UDQGDPHQWXOHVWHXQLWDUGDF VHQHJOLMHD] FUHWHUHDHQWDOSLHLvQSRPSDGHDOLPHQWDUH

Q m + Qc
=1
Q1

(3.10)

7XUELQDIRORVLW QXDUHFRQGHQVDWRULVHQXPHWHWXUELQ

)LJ&HQWUDO

a)
b)

WHUPRHOHFWULF

FXFRQWUDSUHVLXQH

FXWHUPRILFDUH

1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -SRPS  SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD FD]DQXOXL -cazan; 4-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -turbina; 6generator electric; 7-termoficare;
1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -condensator de amestec; 3-condensator industrial; 4-SRPS  -cazan; 6VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -primul etaj al turbinei; 8-al doilea etaj al turbinei; 9-generator electric; 10WHUPRILFDUHXUEDQ -condensator.

Turbina FXFRQWUDSUHVLXQHVHUHFRPDQG

SHQWUXFRQVXPXULFXGXUDWHPDLPDULGH

-6500

KDQ 3HQWUX FRQVXPXUL FX GXUDWH PDL PLFL L FRQVXPDWRUL GH DS  ILHUELQWH VH IRORVHVF WXUELQH FX
FRQGHQVD LHFXXQDVDXGRX SUL]HUHJODELOH

n varianta b termoficarea se reaOL]HD]

 FX R WXUELQ

 FX FRQGHQVD LH L SUL]H UHJODELOH

3UL]HOHSHUPLWOXDUHDYDSRULORUODGLIHULWHSUHVLXQL3HQWUXXWLOL]DUHDLQGXVWULDO YDSRULLDX

LSHVWH &LDUSHQWUXWHUPRILFDUHDXUEDQ  DWPLWHPSHUDWXULvQMXUGH

.
-15 atm.

C.

PeQWUX IXQF LRQDUHD FHQWUDOHL HOHFWLFH FX WHUPRILFDUH HVHQ LDOH VXQW FXUEHOH GH VDUFLQ

WHUPLFH L HOHFWULFH DOH FRQVXPDWRULORU FDUH DUDW  HYROX LD FRQVXPXOXL GH F OGXU  LHOHFWULFLWDWHSH

parcursul unei zile. n general, ele nu coincid, dar cnd se apropLHvQPRGVXILFLHQW HVWHIDYRUDELO 
WHUPRILF ULL 3HQWUX DSUHFLHUHD DFHVWRU HOHPHQWH VH IRORVHWH coeficientul
de
termoficare FDUH UHSUH]LQW  UDSRUWXO GLQWUH FRQVXPXO GH F OGXU  vQ WHUPRILFDUH 4t L FRQVXPXO GH
F OGXU WRWDOvQFHQWUDO 41. Corelat cu acest coeficient este indicele de termoficareFDUHUHSUH]LQW 
LQWURGXFHUHD

UDSRUWXO GLQWUH HQHUJLD HOHFWULF  SURGXV  DQXDO vQ UHJLP GH WHUPRILFDUH L FRQVXPXO GH F OGXU  vQ

termoficare.
Un alt tip de centrale sunt centralele cu turbine cu gaze. Ele folosesc drept agent motor

vQ WXUELQ ILHJD]HOHUH]XOWDWHGLQDUGHUHD XQXLFRPEXVWLELOILHDOWHJD]HFRPSULPDWH LvQF O]LWHL

IXQF LRQHD]  vQ

circuite deschise sau nchise Q SULPXO FD] JD]HOH GHVWLQVH vQ WXUELQ  ILJD
VXQWHYDFXDWHvQDWPRVIHU /D centralele cu circuit nchis, agentul motor este fie aerul amestecat cu
JD]HOH DUVH ILH DOWH JD]H Q DFHVWH FHQWUDOH HYROX LD IOXLGXOXL HVWH vQFKLV  UHLQWURGXFHUHD OXL vQ
FRPSUHVRU VH IDFH GXS  R U FLUH SUHDODELO  &LFOXO GH WUDQVIRUPDUH DO FHQWUDOHORU

cu circuit deschis

HVWH SUH]HQW vQ ILJXUD E &RPSUHVRUXO DEVRDUEH DHUXO vQ SXQFWXO $ L vO FRPSULP  WHRUHWLF
DGLDEDWLFSHSRU LXQHD$%3H FXUED%& VHSURGXFHDUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXLODSUHVLXQHDFRQVWDQW 
GHFL SULPLUHD F OGXULL 41

, iar pe segmentul

&' DUH ORF GHVWLQGHUHD DGLDEDWLF  vQ WXUELQ  *D]HOH

GHVWLQVHVXQWHYDFXDWHvQDWPRVIHU FHGkQGF OGXUD42ODSUHVLXQHFRQVWDQW SHFXUED'$

)LJ&HQWUDO

WHUPRHOHFWULF

FXFLUFXLWGHVFKLVDLFLFOXOV

FXJD]H

XGHIXQF LRQDUH

1-motor; 2-compresor; 3-cazan; 4-WXUELQ



-generator electric.

&HQWUDOHOH FX WXUELQH FX JD]H VXQW VLPSOH RFXS  VSD LX UHGXV DX UDQGDPHQW EXQ FKLDU OD
VDUFLQL SDU LDOH L FHHD FH HVWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW DX R PDUH HODVWLFLWDWH vQ IXQF LRQDUH XUP ULQG

foarte bine sarFLQDDMXQJkQGvQPD[LPPLQXWHODVDUFLQDQRUPDO

2 XWLOL]DUH SDUWLFXODU  D WXUELQHORU FX JD]H HVWH vQ LQVWDOD LL FX FLFOX VXSUDSXV JD]H

-abur. O

SDUWHGLQF OGXUDJD]HORUGHVWLQVHvQFLFOXOJD]HVWHUHFXSHUDW vQFD]DQXOXQHLLQVWDOD LLFODVLFHLvQ

pUHvQF

O]LWRUXODSHLGHDOLPHQWDUHvQDLQWHGHDILHYDFXDWHvQDWPRVIHU QFD]DQDSDVHYDSRUL]HD] 

LXUPHD] FLFOXOXQHLWHUPRFHQWUDOHRELQXLWH

3.3.2. Centrale nuclearo-electrice

(VWHWLXWF DWRPLLHOHPHQWHORUFKLPLFHVXQWFRPSXLGLQWU

-o parteFHQWUDO

GHQXPLW QXFOHX

L HOHFWURQL FDUH JUDYLWHD]  vQ MXUXO OXL SH RUELWH ELQH GHWHUPLQDWH 1XFOHXO HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ GRX 
WLSXULGHSDUWLFXOHGHQXPLWHQXFOHRQL$FHWLDVXQWSURWRQLLFXVDUFLQ HOHFWULF SR]LWLY LQHXWURQLL

neutri din punct de vederHHOHFWULF1XP

UXOSURWRQLORUHVWHHJDOFXFHODOHOHFWURQLORU

3HQWUX FD QXFOHXO V  ILH XQ WRW vQWUH SDUWLFXOHOH FRPSRQHQWH VH H[HUFLW  IRU H GH DWUDF LH L
IRU H GH UHVSLQJHUH GHQXPLWH IRU H QXFOHDUH Q IXQF LH GH HFKLOLEUXO FDUH H[LVW  vQWUH IRU HO

QXFOHDUH QXFOHHOHVXQWVWDELOHLFYDVLVWDELOH(OHPHQWHOHDOF URUQXFOHXHVWHFYDVLVWDELOVHQXPHVF

elemente radioactive. Ele sunt elemente grele.

Elementele radioactive sunt:
238
- naturale 235
92 U , 92 U ;
-

artificiale

233
92

U,

239
94

241
94

Pu ,

Pu ,

254
98

Cf .

6FRDWHUHD XQXL QXFOHRQ VDX D XQXL QXP U GH QXFOHRQL GLQ QXFOHX QHFHVLW  WUDQVPLWHUHD GLQ
H[WHULRU DXQHLDQXPLWHHQHUJLLQXPLW 

energie de activareSHQWUXvQYLQJHUHDIRU HORU FH-O LQOHJDW

n nucleu. Transmiterea energiei de activare nucleelor se face prin bombardarea lor cu particule.
Particulele utilizate n acest scop sunt neutroniiFDUHSRWILOHQ LVDXWHUPLFLFDUDFWHUL]D LSULQYLWH] 
PLF  VDX UDSL]L6XE DF LXQHDORUVHSURGXFH IUDJPHQWDUHDQXFOHHORUERPEDUGDWHvQGRX S U L care
UHSUH]LQW  HOHPHQWH FKLPLFH QRL $FHVW SURFHV VH QXPHWH UHDF LH GH ILVLXQH QXFOHDU . Fisiunii
nucleare sunt supuse elementele radioactive. Fisiunea uraniului se produce astfel:
104
104
104
42 Mo
43 Tc 44 Ru
235
92

U+

1
0n

U 5

236
92

127
50

1
0n

Sn

127
51

Sb

127
52

Te

127
53

Ir

'LQ ILVLXQHD QXFOHDU  UH]XOW  QHXWURQL FDUH YRU ORYL DOWH QXFOHH SURYRFkQGX

-le fisiunea. n

DFHVWIHOVHDMXQJHODRUHDF LHvQODQ FDUHVHGHVI RDU FXYLWH]HIRDUWHPDULLGHJDMDUHDHQHUJLHL

GHOHJ WXU VXEIRUP GHHQHUJLHFDORULF 

Pentru producerea

UHDF LHL vQ ODQ  DXWRvQWUH LQXWH WUHEXLH FD PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO V  DLE  R

PDV  PLQLP  GHQXPLW  PDV

 L V  FUHDVF  QXP UXO QHXWURQLORU FDUH SDUWLFLS  OD UHDF LH

 FULWLF

&UHWHUHD QXP UXOXL QHXWURQLORU SDUWLFLSDQ L OD UHDF LH VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ vQFHWLQLUHD YLWH]HL ORU

folosind fie un moderator ILH R VXEVWDQ

 UHIOHFWRDUH GH QHXWURQL FDUH UHIOHFW  SH FHL FH S U VHVF

PDWHULDOXOILVLRQDELOF WUHDFHVWDSHQWUXDSDUWLFLSDODUHDF LDGHILVLXQH

5HDF LDGHILVLXQHHVWHvQVR LW LGHHPLVLLGHUDGLD LL
&DQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH HOLEHUDW  SULQ ILVLXQH QXFOHDU  HVWH IRDUWH PDUH /D ILVLRQDUHD XQXL
QXFOHX VH HOLEHUHD]  R FDQWLWDWH GH

FRQ LQH

6 . 10 35
 DWRPL VH HOLEHUHD]
0,235

3,6 10 11 J, iar la fisionarea unui kilogram de

 

16

J ( 2 1015 FDO $FHHDL FDQWLWDWH GH F

235
92

U care

OGXU  VH RE LQHSULQ

DUGHUHD D  W GH F UEXQL FX F OGXU  VSHFLILF  GH  NFDONJ 'H DLFL UH]XOW  DYDQWDMHOH
XWLOL] ULLILVLXQ

ii nucleare la producerea energiei.

Reactoare nucleare
,QVWDOD LD vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD]  ILVLXQHD QXFOHDU  FRQWURODW  VH QXPHWH

reactor nuclear.

5HDFWRDUHOHVHSRWFODVLILFDGXS PDLPXOWHFULWHULL

a)

'XS GHVWLQD LHUHDFWRDUHOHVXQWSHQWUXFHUFHWDUHL

b)

'XS  IHOXO QHXWURQLORU IRORVL L OD SURGXFHUHD ILVLXQLL VXQW

pentru

putere;
UHDFWRDUHWHUPLFHLUHDFWRDUHUDSLGH

c)

'XS 

QDWXUD

FRPEXVWLELOXOXL

FDUH

ILVLRQHD] 

VXQW

UHDFWRDUHFXFRPEXVWLELOQDWXUDOLUHDFWRDUHFXFRPEXVWLELODUWLILFLDO
vPERJ

L  $FHVWHD GLQ XUP  VXQW UHDFWRDUH FX XUDQLX L UHDFWRDUH

cu plutoniu.
8Q UHDFWRU QXFOHDU ILJ HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ ]RQD DFWLY 
SHUHWHOH vQFRQMXU WRU SHQWUX SURWHF LH ELRORJLF  VFKLPE WRUXO GH
F OGXU DSDUDWXUDGHP VXU LFRQWURO

Fig. 3.15. Reactor nuclear

1-SURWHF LHELRORJLF -sistemul
GHUHJODMLFRQWURO-zona
DFWLY -DJHQWGHU FLUH

este partHDSULQFLSDO

=RQDDFWLY

DUHDFWRUXOXLvQFDUHVHUHDOL]HD] UHDF LDGHILVLXQHvQODQ 

L XQGH H[LVW  GLVSR]LWLYHOH GH ED]  FH SHUPLW FRQWUROXO L UHJODUHD DFHVWHLD (D HVWH DOF WXLW  vQ

principal, din materialul fisionabil, moderatorul sau ncetinitorul de neutroni, bare de reglaj,
GLVSR]LWLYH GH FRQWURO VLVWHPXO GH GLVWULEXLUH D PDWHULDOXOXL ILVLRQDELO L GH SUHOXDUH D F OGXULL

degajate.
3URWHF LD ELRORJLF

 UHSUH]LQW  DQVDPEOXO GH PLMORDFH XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD SkQ  OD

QLYHOXO QHSHULFXORV DO UDGLD LLORU HPLVH vQ ]RQD DFWLY  vQ VSHFLDO DO UDGLD LLORU JDPD GH F WUH
PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO GH VLVWHPXO GH GLVWULEXLUH D PDWHULDOXOXL ILVLRQDELO L DJHQWXO GH U FLUH FDUH
GHYLQUDGLRDFWLYH$FHDVW SURWHF LHVHUHDOL]HD] SULQvQFRQMXUDUHD]RQHLDFWLYHFXXQSHUHW

e gros de

EHWRQ VDX EHWRQ L R HO VDX IRQW  FDUH DUH PHQLUHD GH D DEVRUEL UDGLD LLOH L QHXWURQLL FH S U VHVF
]RQD DFWLY  3URWHF LD ELRORJLF  PDL FXSULQGH LQVWDOD LL GH DHU FRQGL LRQDW ILOWUH L VLVWHPH GH
UH LQHUH D DHURVROLORU VSUH D VH HYLWD HOLPLQDUHD DFHVWRU UH]LGXXUL UDGLRDFWLYH vQ DWPRVIHU 

reducndu-VH DVWIHO OD PLQLPXP SROXDUHD GH DFHVW JHQ 5H]LGXXULOH DFXPXODWH VH GHSR]LWHD]  vQ
locuri speciale.
Pentru protejarea mediului, n cazuri de avarie, ntregul reactor este amplasat ntr-R FO GLUH
dLQEHWRQLR HOQXPLW DQYHORS .
6FKLPE

WRUXO GH F

OGXU

 SUHLD F OGXUD GHJDMDW  vQ ]RQD DFWLY  L R WUDQVIHU  vQ H[WHULRUXO

UHDFWRUXOXLXQGHVHUYHWHODvQF O]LUHFkQGUHDFWRUXOHVWHGHFHUFHWDUHVDXODSURGXFHUHDFXUHQWXOXL

electric, cnd reactorul este de putere.

$JHQWXOWHUPLFDOVFKLPE WRUXOXLGH F OGXU HVWHIOXLGXOFDUH U FHWH]RQDDFWLY LSRDWHIL

aer, CO2 KHOLX DS

 DS  JUHD OLFKLGH RUJDQLFH PHWDOH WRSLWH HWF $FHVW IOXLG HVWH YHKLFXODW VXE

SUHVLXQHLWUHEXLHV vQGHSOLQHDVF RVHULHGHFRQGL LLGLQWUHFDUHVXQWFDSDFLWDWHDFDORULF ULGLFDW 

YkVFR]LWDWHPLF VWDELOLWDWHFKLPLF ODWHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWHHWF
6LVWHPXOGH UHJODML FRQWURODOIXQF LRQ ULL UHDFWRUXOXLWUHEXLHV  DVLJXUH SRUQLUHDLRSULUHD
UHDFWRUXOXLUHVSHFWLYV GHFODQH]HV RSUHDVF LV VWDELOL]H]HODQLYHOXOGHSXWHUHFDORULF GRULWDO
UHDF LHL vQ ODQ  V  P VRDUH vQ SHUPDQHQ

 QLYHOXO UHDF LHL GH ILVLXQH V  GHFODQH]H RSULUHD

UHDFWRUXOXLvQFD]GHDYDULHV DYHUWL]H]HODFUHWHUHDQLYHOXOXLGHUDGLD LLvQGLI

erite puncte din jurul

UHDFWRUXOXLvQYHGHUHDPHQ LQHULLDFHVWXLDvQOLPLWHOHDGPLVH

Reactoarele nucleare cu neutroni termici VXQW SULPHOH UHDFWRDUH H[SHULPHQWDOH L FHOH

235
PDL QXPHURDVH H[LVWHQWH DVW ]L vQ OXPH GHRDUHFH IRORVHVF
92 U care este fisionabil cu neutroni


SURGXL OD ILVLXQH Q DFHODL WLPS DFHVWH UHDFWRDUH DX VWDELOLWDWH L VLJXUDQ

 vQ H[SORDWDUH

apreciabile.
3HQWUX PLFRUDUHD HQHUJLHL FLQHWLFH L GHFL D YLWH]HL QHXWURQLORU ]RQD DFWLY  YD FRQ LQH vQ
DIDU  GH PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO L XQ PDWHULDO GH PRGHUDUH D QHXWURQLORU QXPLW FKLDU

moderator.

QFHWLQLUHDQHXWURQLORUVHUHDOL]HD] SULQFLRFQLUHHODVWLF FXQXFOHHOHPRGHUDWRUXOXL

Reactoare cu neutroni rapizi/DDFHVWWLSGHUHDFWRDUHILVLRQDUHDQXFOHHORUHVWHSURGXV 


de neutroni cu energii nalte (rapizi). Aceste UHDFWRDUHVXQWUHSURGXF WRDUHGHRDUHFHGLQLQWHUDF LD
239
QHXWURQLORU FX FRPEXVWLELOXO UH]XOW  XQ L]RWRS DO SOXWRQLXOXL
94 Pu , care constituie combustibil
QXFOHDUFXFDOLW

LVXSHULRDUHXUDQLXOXL'HFLSHP VXU FHXUDQLXOVHFRQVXP VHIRUPHD] SOXWRQLX

DGLF VHUHSURGXFHFRPEXVWLELOXOGHXQGHLGHQXPLUHD 'UHSWFRPEXVWLELOLQL LDOSRDWHILIRORVLWL

thoriu.
5HDF LLOHFDUHDXORFvQDFHVWUHDFWRUVXQW

232
90

238
92

Th +

U+

1
0n

1
0n

233
90 Th

239
92

233
91 Pa

239
93

233
92 U

Np

239
91

Pu

$PEHOHWLSXULGHUHDFWRDUHSRWILIRORVLWHODFRQVWUXF LDFHQWUDOHORUQXFOHDUR

-electrice.

Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF
Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF

FXUHDFWRUWHUPLFGHWLS&$1'8

-PHW

 FX UHDFWRU WHUPLF GH WLS &$1'8 3+: H[LVWHQW  L OD QRL vQ

DU  OD &HUQDYRG  HVWH SUH]HQWDW  vQ ILJ L VH FRPSXQH GLQ GRX  FLUFXLWH WHUPLFH 3ULPXO
FLUFXLWWHUPLF$DUHUROXOGHDU FL]RQDDFWLY LIRORVHWHFDDJHQWGHU FLUH apa grea sub presiune.
Al doilea circuit termic B, are rolul de a produce aburi sXSUDVDWXUD L IRORVL L FD agent motor n
WXUELQ 

)LJ&HQWUDO QXFOHDUR-HOHFWULF WLS&$1'8

1-reactor nuclear; 2,6-pompe; 3-SURWHF LHELRORJLF -VFKLPE WRUGHF
5-WXUELQ -condensator; 8-generator electric

Combustibilul folosit este urDQLXO QDWXUDO VXE IRUP

OGXU

 GH SDVWLOH GH 822

nchise n teci de
-un tub,
 GLQ UHDF LLOH GH ILVLXQH L SH care o

]LUFRQLX0DLPXOWHSDVWLOHIRUPHD] XQIDVFLFXOLDUPDLPXOWHIDVFLFXOHVXQWDVDPEODWHvQWU
SULQ FDUH FLUFXO  DJHQWXO GH U FLUH FH SUHLD F OGXUD GHJDMDW

WUDQVIHU vQVFKLPE WRUXOGHF OGXU XQGHHVWHWUDQVPLV DSHLGLQDOGRLOHDFLUFXLW

Fiabilitatea sistemului CANDU-3+:HVWHDVLJXUDW SULQXUP WRDUHOHPLMORDFH

- DOLPHQWDUHD FX FRPEXVWLELO VH IDFH vQ WLPSXO IXQF LRQ ULL UHDFWRUXOXL )DVFLFROHOH GH
FRPEXVWLELOVXQWvPSLQVHvQFDQDOHOHUHDFWRUXOXLLVLPXOWDQFRPEXVWLELOXOFRQVXPDWHVWHGHVF UFDW
ODFHO ODOWFDS WDOUHDFWRUXOXL0DLQLOHGHvQF UFDUH GHVF UFDUHVXQWFRPDQGDWHGHODGLVWDQ

FRPSRQHQWHOH VLVWHPXOXL GH WUDQVSRUW DO F OGXULL FDQDOHOH

combustibile, generatorul de

DEXULSRPSHOHFROHFWRULLFRQGXFWHVXQWSURWHMDWHV UH]LVWHODVXSUDSUHVLXQH

H[LVWHQ DXQXLVLVWHPVHSDUDWGHU FLUHGXS RSULUHSHQWUXDSHUPLWHvQWUH LQHUHDSRPSHORU

LDJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHDEXUGLQFLUFXLWXOSULQFLSDO

e[LVWHQ DXQXLVLVWHPGHDYDULHFDUHDVLJXU

GHELWXOFRUHVSXQ] WRUGHU FLUHvQFD]XOFkQG

VH SLHUGH DJHQW GH U FLUH GLQ FLUFXLWXO SULQFLSDO GH WUDQVSRUW DO F OGXULL Q FD]XO FkQG VLVWHPXO GH
DYDULH QX IXQF LRQHD]  F OGXUD HVWH SUHOXDW  GH DSD JUHD PRGH

rator) deoarece temperatura ei la

intrare n reactor este de 43C;

- conducerea centralei se face printr-XQ VLVWHP GH GRX

 FDOFXODWRDUH LQGHSHQGHQWH FDUH

FRQWUROHD]  L DFKL]L LRQHD]  GDWH GLQ WRDWH SXQFWHOH SURFHVXOXL WHKQRORJLF UHJODUHD SXWHULL

reactoruluL D SUHVLXQLL DSHL JUHOH L D DEXULORU D QLYHOXOXL DSHL vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL Q FD]XO
GHIHFW ULL XQXL FDOFXODWRU FRQGXFHUHD HVWH HIHFWXDW  GH FHO GH DO GRLOHD LDU FkQG DPEHOH VXQW
GHIHFWDWHFHQWUDODVHRSUHWHDXWRPDW

DXWRPDWL]DUHDLQVWUXPHQWD LHLGHSURFHVFDUHDVLJXU IXQF LRQDUHDULJXURDV LHFRQRPLF 

DLQVWDOD LLORU

SUHYHGHUHDFHQWUDOHLFXVLVWHPH FDUHvQFD]XULGHDYDULLSUHLDXIXQF LLOHFHQXPDLSRWIL

UHDOL]DWHHOHVXQWQHFHVDUHSHQWUXRSULUHDLDGXFHUHDFHQWUDOHLvQFRQGL LLGHVHF

uritate.
Avantajele acestui tip de centrale sunt:
- FRPEXVWLELOXO QXFOHDU SRDWH IL SUHSDUDW vQ DU  ILLQGF  QX QHFHVLW  vPERJ LUH
eliminndu-se cheltuielile cerute de acest proces;
- DSD JUHD DUH R GXUDW  GH YLD  PDL OXQJ  GHFkW D UHDFWRUXOXL GHL QHFHVLW  LQVWDOD LL L
WHKQRORJLLVSHFLDOHGHRE LQHUHLDFHDVWDVHUHDOL]HD] vQ DU 

UHDFWRUXO &$1'8 SRDWH IL WUDQVIRUPDW vQ UHDFWRU UHSURGXF WRU FkQG VH XWLOL]HD]  FD
VXUV UDGLRDFWLY WKRULXO

consumul de combustibil este de 167 kg uraniul natural pentru 1 MW/an.

Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF

FXUHDFWRUUHSURGXF

WRU

6FKHPDIXQF LRQDO ODFHQWUDODFXUHDFWRUUHSURGXF WRUHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQILJ

)LJ&HQWUDO

QXFOHDUR-HOHFWULF FXUHDFWRUUHSURGXF WRU

1-reactor nuclear; 2,5,8- pompe; 3-proteF LHELRORJLF 
4,6-VFKLPE WRDUHGHF OGXU -WXUELQ -condensator; 10-generator electric

/D DFHVW WLS GH UHDFWRDUH OLSVLQG PRGHUDWRUXO VSD LXO RFXSDW GH ]RQD DFWLY  HVWH PLF  FD
XUPDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH DJHQW GH U FLUH HVWH PDL PLF  GHFkW vQ FD]XO SUHFHGHQW FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ 
vQF O]LUHDOXLODRWHPSHUDWXU VXSHULRDU FHOHLODFDUHDMXQJHDSDJUHDvQUHDFWRUXOWHUPLF'HDFHHD
FD DJHQW WHUPLF vQ UHDFWRUXO UHSURGXF WRU VH IRORVHVF PHWDOH WRSLWH 1D . 1LYHOXO GH
UDGLRDFWLYLWDWH DO DJHQWXOXL GH U FLUH HVWH VXSHULRU FHOXL GLQ UHDFWRUL WHUPLFL L SHQWUX SURWHF LH
ELRORJLF  FHQWUDOD HVWH SUHY ]XW  FX WUHL FLUFXLWH WHUPLFH Q FLUFXLWXO WHUPLF SULQFLSDO $ L DO
GRLOHD%FLUFXO WRSLWXULPHWDOLFHLDUvQDOWUHLOHD&DS RELQXLW 

Avantajele centralelor nuclearo-electrice cu reactori rapizi sunt:

- YDORULILF PXOWPDLELQHFRPEXVWLELOXOQXFOHDUDSUR[LPDWLYID GHvQUHDFWRULL
termici);
- SRWIRORVLXUDQLXOQHvPERJ LWLWKRULX
- produc n reactor combustibil nou n cantitate mai mare dect coQVXP 
- DEXULL SURGXL vQ VFKLPE WRU DX WHPSHUDWXUD PDL PDUH GHFkW vQ SULPXO FD] DMXQJkQG OD
VWDUHDGHVXSUDvQF O]LUH

costul energiei electrice este mai mic.

&RQVLGHUD LLWHKQLFR HFRQRPLFHSULYLQGRE LQHUHDHQHUJLHL

electrice n centrale nuclearo-electrice

'LILFXOW

LOHH[LVWHQWHvQSURFXUDUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLFODVLFFRQGXFODDFFHOHUDUHDFRQVWUXF LHL

de centrale nuclearo-HOHFWULFH L IDF FD HOHFWULFLWDWHD RE LQXW

 vQ HOH V  DSDU  PDL LHIWLQ  GHFkW FHD

SURGXV vQFHQWUDOHOHFODVLFH

Competitivitatea HQHUJHWLFLLQXFOHDUHUH]LG vQXUP WRDUHOH

- SHQWUXSXWHULPDLPDULGH0:LQYHVWL LDFHUXW GHFHQWUDOHOHQXFOHDUHHVWHPDLPLF 
dect cea a centralelor clasice;
- costul unui KWh produs n centralele nucleare este mai mic dect cel produs n
centralele cODVLFH FKLDU vQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH FHQWUDOD QXFOHDU  IXQF LRQHD]  FX  GLQ
capacitatea sa;

FDQWLWDWHD GH FRPEXVWLELO QHFHVDU  IXQF LRQ ULL FHQWUDOHORU QXFOHDUH HVWH PLF  FHHD FH
IDFH FD SH XQ VSD LX UHVWUkQV V  VH GHSR]LWH]H PXOW  HQHUJLH FHHD FH SHUPLWH V  VH
GHS HDVF GLILFXOW

LOHGHDSURYL]LRQDUHFXXUDQLX

FHQWUDOHOH QXFOHDUH QX SROXHD]  PHGLXO FX JD]H QRFLYH VDX FHQX  FRQWDPLQDUHD
UDGLRDFWLY  D PHGLXOXL HVWH UHGXV  GLQ FDX]D P VXULORU GH SURWHF LHLFRQWUROXO ULJXURV
FDUH GHWHUPLQ  DSDUL LD vQ H[WHULRU D XQHL VW UL UDGLRDFWLYH VXE QLYHOXO GH SHULFXOR]LWDWH
SUHY ]XW SULQ SURLHFW 'HSR]LWDUHD GHHXULORU UDGLRDFWLYH UH]XOWDWH GLQ IXQF LRQDUHD
FHQWUDOHL HVWH I FXW  vQ FRQGL LL GH VHFXULWDWH GHSOLQ  2 FHQWUDO  QXFOHDU  FDUH SURGXFH
0:HOLPLQ

2-4 m3DQGHGHHXUL

'XUDWD PHGLH GH IXQF LRQDUH D XQHL FHQWUDOH QXFOHDUR

-electrice este de 30 de ani, iar a unei

vQF UF WXULQXFOHDUHGHXQDQ
3HQWUX SUHYHQLUHD HPLVLHL GH UDGLD LL UDGLRDFWLYH vQ DWPRVIHU  vQ FD] GH DYDULL FRQVWUXF LD
HVWHSUHY ]XW FXDQYHORS 

Centralele nuclearo-HOHFWULFH VXQW vQUHJLVWUDWH OD $JHQ LD GH (QHUJLH $WRPLF

 FX VHGLXO OD

9LHQDFDUHSHULRGLFH[HFXW FRQWURDOHSULYLQGVWDUHDORU

3.3.3. Centrale hidroelectrice

&HQWUDOHOH KLGURHOHFWULFH IRORVHVF FD HQHUJLH SULPDU  HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO  D DSHL D F UHL
WUDQVIRUPDUHvQHQHUJLHHOHFWULF VHSURGXFHGXS DGRXDVFKHP GHWUDQVIRUPDUHDHQHUJLHLSULPDUH
vQHQHUJLHVHFXQGDU 'HDFHHDFRQVWUXF LDORUHVWHPDLVLPSO GHFkWDFHORUODOWHFHQWUDOHHOHFWULFH

Posibilitatea construLULLKLGURFHQWUDOHORUGHSLQGHGHSRWHQ LDOXOKLGURHQHUJHWLF

3RWHQ LDOXOKLGURHQHUJHWLFDOXQHL

ULHVWHWHRUHWLFLDPHQDMDELO

3RWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF WHRUHWLF VDX EUXW UHSUH]LQW  UHVXUVHOH HQHUJHWLFH KLGUDXOLFH
QDWXUDOH I U  D

LQH VHDPD GH SRVLELOLW

SRWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF GH VXSUDID

LOH WHKQLFH L HFRQRPLFH GH DPHQDMDUH (O FXSULQGH

 FDUH VH UHIHU  OD DSHOH GH VXSUDID

 L SRWHQ LDOXO

KLGURHQHUJHWLF OLQLDU FDUH VH UHIHU  OD FXUVXULOH GH DS  SURSULX ]LVH L UHSUH]LQW  HQHUJLD PD[LP 

teoreWLF

FHVHSRDWHRE LQHSHUkXUL
3RWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF DPHQDMDELO VDX QHW FRUHVSXQGH SURGXF LHL GH HQHUJLH UHDO

SRVLELO  D WXWXURU DPHQDM ULORU KLGURHOHFWULFH UHDOL]DELOH (O FXSULQGH SRWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF
WHKQLFDPHQDMDELOLFHOHFRQRPLFDPH

najabil.

3RWHQ LDOXO WHKQLF DPHQDMDELO HVWH GDW GH HQHUJLD FDUH SRDWH IL RE LQXW  SULQ DPHQDMDUHD

FXUVXULORUGHDS LGHWHUPLQDUHDVDVHIDFHHODERUkQGVFKHPHOHGHDPHQDMDUH
3RWHQ LDOXO HFRQRPLF DPHQDMDELO UHSUH]LQW  HQHUJLD WXWXURU DPHQDM ULORU FDUH VH


pot realiza

vQFRQGL LLHFRQRPLFH
&HQWUDOHOH KLGURHOHFWULFH XWLOL]HD]  FD VXUV  GH HQHUJLH SULPDU  F GHULOH GH DS  QDWXUDOH VDX
DUWLILFLDOH(QHUJLDKLGUDXOLF DDSHLHVWHWUDQVIRUPDW vQOXFUXPHFDQLFLDFHVWDvQHQHUJLHHOHFWULF 

ntr-un agregat turELQ -generator electric.

(QHUJLDKLGUDXOLF DXQHLFDQWLW

E = mgH ,

LGHDS PDIODW ODRvQ O LPH+HVWH

[J]

(3.11)

3XWHUHDKLGUDXOLF WHRUHWLF DF GHULLGHDS HVWHGDW GHUHOD LD

P=

E
= Dg H ,
t

[W]

XQGH ' HVWH GHELWXO FXUJHULL DSHL L

DFFHOHUD LDJUDYLWD LRQDO J

 GHQVLWDWHD VD

(3.12)
nlocuind densitatea apei (

  NJP  L

P VSXWHUHDKLGUDXOLF WHRUHWLF YDIL

P = 9,81 D H ,

[KW]

(3.13)

5HOD LD DUDW  F  YDORUL PDUL DOH SXWHULL KLGUDXOLFH VH SRW RE LQH ILH FX GHELWH PDUL GH DS  L
vQ O LPL PLFL DOH F GHULORU GH DS  ILH FX GHELWH PLFL GH DS  L vQ O LPL PDUL DOH F GHULORU GH DS 
$FHVWHD VXQW vQ IDSW SULQFLSLLOH FRQVWUXFWLYH DOH FHQWUDOHORU KLGURHOHFWULFH D F URU DPHQDM

are

XUP UHWHUHDOL]DUHDORUQSOXVDFHVWHDPHQDM ULSRW FRQGXFHLODXQLIRUPL]DUHD GHELWXOXLGHDS 

FRPSHQVkQG YDULD LLOH DFHVWXLD $FXPXO ULOH GH DS  SHQWUX FRPSHQVDUH SRW IL

mici, cu rol de
FRPSHQVDUH ]LOQLF  V SW PkQDO  VDX OXQDUH medii, pentru FRPSHQVDUH VH]RQLHU  L mari cu rol de
FRPSHQVDUH DQXDO  VDX PXOWLDQXDO  & GHULOH GH DS  SRW IL mici (H < 20) m, medii (H (20 PLmari (H (100 - 2000) m).
3ULQFLSDOHOH

FRQVWUXF LL

DOH

DPHQDM ULORU

KLGURHOHFWULFH

VXQW

EDUDMXO

SUL]D

GH

DS 

DGXF LXQHD FDVWHOXO GH HFKLOLEUX FRQGXFWD IRU DW  FX GLVWULEXLWRUXO FHQWUDOD FDQDOXO GH IXJ 
FRQVWUXF LLOHVHFXQGDUHGHFDSWDUHLDFXPXODUH

Barajul HVWH R FRQVWUXF LH KLGURWHKQLF  GLQ S PkQW L SLDWU  VDX EHWRQ GUHDSW  VDX
curbilinie (fig.3.18.), DPSODVDW WUDQVYHUVDOSHYDOHDXQXLFXUVGHDS FDUHvQGHSOLQHWHXQXOVDXPDL


PXOWHGLQXUP WRDUHOHUROXUL

ULGLF vQ O LPHDDSHLvQDPRQWHGHEDUDMSHQWUXP ULUHDF GHULLGHDS 

GHYLD] FXUVXOXQXLUkXVDXDXQHLS U LGLQGHELWXOV X
DFXPXOHD] DS S

entru uniformizarea debitului.

Fig.3.18. Forme de baraj

a) baraj drept; b) baraj curb.
Q VHF LXQH WUDQVYHUVDO  EDUDMXO HVWH WUDSH]RLGDO DYkQG ED]D PLF  GHDVXSUD QLYHOXOXL DSHL

acumulate.
Barajele curbilinii sunt construite cu convexitatea spre amonte.
3UL]D GH DS

 VHUYHWH OD WUHFHUHD DSHL GLQ UkX VDX ODF vQ FDQDOXO VDX FRQGXFWD GH

DGXF LXQH (D UHDOL]HD]  vQFKLGHUHD L GHVFKLGHUHD DFFHVXOXL VSUH DGXF LXQH OLPLWHD]  S WUXQGHUHD
DOXYLXQLORU FX DMXWRUXO XQRU SUDJXUL L RSUHWH FRUSXULOH SOXWLWRDUH SH JU WDUH (OH VXQW VLWXDWH
GHDVXSUDQLYHOXOXLGHvQQ PROLUHDOODFXOXLLVXEQLYHOXOXWLODODFHVWXLD
$GXF LXQHD DUH UROXO GH D DVLJXUD FLUFXOD LD DSHL vQWUH SUL]D GH DS  L LQWUDUHD vQ
FRQGXFWHOHIRU DWHFXRSLHUGHUHPLQLP GHQLYHO

Castelul de echilibru HVWH DPSODVDW SH WUDLHFWRULD JDOHULLORU VDX FRQGXFWHORU GH DS



 vQ

DPRQWH GH WXUELQ  L DUH UROXO GH D PLFRUD HIHFWHOH ORYLWXULL GH EHUEHF DVXSUD DFHVWHLD )RUPD VD
SRDWH IL FLOLQGULF  WUXQFKL GH FRQ VDX GH SLUDPLG  FX SDUWHD VXSHULRDU  GHVFKLV  LDU SH OD ED] 
FRPXQLF  FX JDOHULD GH DS  /D SRUQLUHD WXUELQHORU FDVWHOXO GH DS  DVLJXU  FRQWLQXLWDWHD DSHL vQ
SHULRDGD GH DFFHOHUDUH D DSHL vQ FRQGXFW  LDU OD RSULUHD ORU DVLJXU  ULGLFDUHD DSHL SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD
VROLFLW ULLLQVWDOD LHL
&RQGXFWD IRU DW

 IDFH OHJ WXUD vQWUH DGXF LXQH L WXUELQH /XQJLPHD VD WUHEXLH V  ILH FkW

PDLPLF SRVLELOSHQWUXDHYLWDYDULD LLOHEUXWHGHSUHVLXQHLSHQWUXDILHFRQRPLF 

&DQDOXO GH IXJ

 SULPHWH DSD GH OD WXUELQH L R HYDFXHD]  DVLJXUkQG IXQF LRQDUHD

QRUPDO DD

cestora.

&HQWUDOHOHKLGURHOHFWULFHvQIXQF LHGHPRGXOGHUHDOL]DUHDF GHULORUGHDS VXQW

centrale hidroelectrice pe firul apei;

FHQWUDOHKLGURHOHFWULFHvQGHULYD LHFXFXUVXOQDWXUDODODSHL

Centralele hidroelectrice pe firul apei sunt amplasate n DOELD UkXOXL LQVWDODW  vQ FRUSXO
barajului sau n imediata apropiere a barajului (fig.3.19.). Ele se construiesc pe rurile care au un


GHELW PDUH Q H[SORDWDUH DFHVWH FHQWUDOH VXQW VXSXVH XQRU YDULD LL PDUL GH SXWHUH GLVSRQLELO  vQ
IXQF LHGHQLYHOXOD

pei din amonte de baraj.

)LJ+LGURFHQWUDO

1-lac de acumulare; 2-SUL]DGHDS



SHILUXODSHL



-baraj; 4-DGXF LXQH-WXUELQ -generator.

&HQWUDOHOHHOHFWULFHvQGHULYD LHVHFRQVWUXLHVFvQJHQHUDOSHUkXULGHPXQWHFXSDQWHPDUL

LGHELWHPLFL

CuUVXO

DFHVWRU UkXUL HVWH GHYLDW SH XQ WUDVHX FX SDQW  PDL PLF  GHFkW FHD QDWXUDO 

$PHQDMDUHD WUDVHHORU SULQ GHULYD LH VH SRDWH IDFH FX ULGLFDUHD QLYHOXOXL vQ DPRQWH ILJ FX
FRERUkUHD QLYHOXOXL vQ DYDO ILJ  L PL[W ILJ Q XOWLPHOH GRX  FD]XUL FHQWUDOD HOHFWULF 
HVWHDPSODVDW VXEWHUDQ

)LJ+LGURFHQWUDO

FXGHULYD LHFXULGLFDUHvQDPRQWH

1-lac de acumulare; 2-baraj; 3-vechea albie a rului; 4-DGXF LXQH

5-castel de echilibru; 6-FRQGXFWDIRU DW -WXUELQ -generator.

1-lac de acumulare; 2-SUL]

Fig.3.2+LGURFHQWUDO vQGHULYD LHFXFRERUkUHvQDYDO

GHDS -DGXF LXQH-castelul de achilibru; 5-WXUELQ -generator; 6-FDQDOGHIXJ

)LJ+LGURFHQWUDO

vQGHULYD LHPL[W

1-baraj; 2-lac de acumulare; 3-SUL] GHDS -aGXF LXQH

5-castel de echilibru; 6-FRQGXFW IRU DW -WXUELQ JHQHUDWRU-FDQDOGHIXJ

3.3.4. Producerea energiei electrice folosind surse

GHHQHUJLHSULPDU

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SULPDU  QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH VXQW R DOWHUQDWLY  GLQ FH vQ FH PDL VWXGLDW  D
FHORU FRQYHQ LRQDOH HSXL]DELOH  L HL JD]H QDWXUDOH F UEXQL FDUH SRW IL YDORULILFDWH PDL HILFLHQW FD

materii prime petro-FKLPLFH 'LQWUH VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

 QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH DPLQWLP ELRPDVD

VRDUHOHFXUHQ LLDWPRVIHULFLJD]HOHLDSHOHJHRWHUPDOHIX]LXQHDQXFOHDU 

Biomasa

UHSUH]LQW  PDWHULDOH YHJHWDOH VDX DQLPDOH GH OD YHJHWD LLOH OLJQRFHOXOR]LFH

IUXQ]LXUL YHJHWD LH PDULQ  SkQ  OD GHHXUL FHOXOR]LFH L SURWHLFH LQGXVWULDOH VDX FDVQLFH 3HQWUX
FUHWHUHD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU HQHUJHWLFH ELRPDVD HVWH IHUPHQWDW  vQ YLG vQ SUH]HQ D XQRU HQ]LPH
FDWDOL]DWRDUH VWDELOH OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH GXS  FDUH HVWH VHSDUDW  VHOHFWLY SULQ VLWHPROHFXODUHQ
SUH]HQWGLQELRPDV VHRE LQHQXPDLHQHUJLHWHUPLF 
(QHUJLD WHUPLF  VRODU
a fosW L HVWH VWXGLDW  GH VSHFLDOLWL GDU QX V-D H[WLQV GDWRULW 
chelturielilor mari necesitate de centralele helioelectrice. Producerea energiei electrice din energie
VRODU VHUHDOL]HD]  SULQGRX  ODQ XULHQHUJHWLFH8QXO HVWH DFHODLFDLvQFD]XOHQHUJLHLFKLPLFHL
QXFOHDUH LDU DO GRLOHD WUDQVIRUP  HQHUJLH VRODU  GLUHFW vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  FX DMXWRUXO FHOXOHORU

fotovoltaice, construite din materiale semiconductoare. n prezent, costul acestor materiale este
PDUH FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ  SUH XO QHFRPSHWLWLY DO HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH RE LQXWH 'DU SH P VXU  FH HOH VH
LHIWLQHVFVHFRQVLGHU F XQVIHUWGLQFRQVXPXOGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF YDILSURGXV FXDMXWRUXODFHVWRU

celule.
&XUHQ LL DWPRVIHULFL VXQW IRORVL L GH PXOW WLPS SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL PHFDQLFH LDU
WUDQVIRUPDUHD DFHVWHLD vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  vQ FHQWUDOH HOHFWULFH HROLHQH HVWH GH GDW  UHFHQW 
&HQWUDOHOHHOHFWULFHHROLHQHDXSXWHUHLQVWDODW PLF 
*D]HOH L DSHOH JHRWHUPDOH VXQW IRORVLWH FD VXUV  GH HQHUJLH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL

electrice numai

FkQG DMXQJ OD VXSUDID

 FX SUHVLXQH L WHPSHUDWXU  PDUH $OWIHO HOH VH IRORVHVF

QXPDLFDVXUV GHHQHUJLHWHUPLF 

Fuziunea nucleelor XRDUH UHSUH]LQW

 VXUVD GH HQHUJLH SULPDU  D YLLWRUXOXL 3URFHVXO IL]LF

SULQFDUHGRX HOHPHQWHXRDUHVHXQHVFIRUPkQGHOHPHQWHPDLJUHOHLGHJDMkQGHQHUJLDGHOHJ WXU 

VH QXPHWH IX]LXQH QXFOHDU  LDU UHDF LLOH QXFOHDUH FDUH DX ORF SRDUW  QXPHOH GH UHDF LL QXFOHDUH GH
VLQWH] 3HQWUXHQHUJHWLF UHDF LLOHQXFOHDUHGHVLQWH] FDUHSUH]LQW LQWHUHVVXQWFHOHvQXUPDF U
VHRE LQHKHOLXOGLQL]RWRSLLKLGURJHQXOXLGHXWHULXOXL

2
2
4
1
1 D + 1 T = 2 He + 0 n + 17,6Mev
2
2
3
1
1 D + 1 D = 2 He + 0 n + 3,2Mev

2
3
1 D LWULWLXOXL 1 T LDQXPH

ora

+HOLXO UH]XOWDW HVWH LQWURGXV GLUHFW vQ WXUELQD FHQWUDOHL HOHFWULFH RE LQkQGX

mare. FuziuQHD QXFOHDU  VH GHVI RDU  OD WHPSHUDWXUD vQDOW

molecule/cm3FRQGL LLJUHXGHUHDOL]DWGHRFDPGDW 

 GH 

-se un randament

. L GHQVLW

L PDUL 

15

$SUHFLHUHDHILFLHQ HLHFRQRPLFHDSURGXFHULLHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH

(ILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF  D SURGXFHULL HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH VH DSUHFLD]  FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFDWRULORU

specifici acestei ramuri industriale. Indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFLXWLOL]D LVXQW

- indicatori tehnico-HFRQRPLFLIRORVL LODSURGXF WRULLGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF
- indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFLIRORVL LODFRQVXPDWRri.


Indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFLXWLOL]D LODSURGXF WRULLGHHQHUJLH sunt:

a) SXWHUHDLQVWDODW PHGLH]LOQLF , PiPHGFDOFXODW FXUHOD LD
z

Pi k
Pi med =

k =1

unde: Pi k HVWHSXWHUHDLQVWDODW
Z - nuP

, [kW/zi]

(3.14)

vQ]LXDN

UXO]LOHORUFRQVLGHUDWH

b) SXWHUHDHIHFWLYGLVSRQLELO

PHGLH]LOQLF

, PedPHGFDOFXODW

FXUHOD LD

Pedk

k =1

Ped med =

, [kW/zi]

unde: Pedk HVWHSXWHUHDHIHFWLYRE LQXW

(3.15)

vQ]LXDN

c) SXWHUHDHIHFWLYXWLOL]DELO PHGLe, Peumed:

Peu med = Ped med (Ped rep.pl + Ped rep.nepl)
unde: Ped rep.pl , Ped rep.nepl -UHSUH]LQW SXWHUHDFRQVXPDW
respectiv neplanificate;
d) SXWHUHDSURGXV

PHGLH]LOQLF

, Pp med FDOFXODW

(3.16)
vQFHQWUDO SHQWUX UHSDUD LLSODQLILFDWH

FXUHOD LD

Pp k
P p med =

k =1

unde: P p k HVWHHQHUJLDSURGXV

, [KW/zi]

(3.17)

vQ]LXDNvQSHULRDGDGHFRQVXPPD[LP

e) indicatorul de utilizare a puterii instalate, Iu, egal cu:

Pp med
<1
Iu =
Pi med
f) indicatorul de valorificare a energiei produse, IvVHFDOFXOHD]
We ,
Iv =
Wp

(3.18)
FXUHOD LD

(3.19)

unde: WeHVWHHQHUJLDHOHFWULF OLYUDW FRQVXPDWRUXOXL

WpHQHUJLDHOHFWULF SURGXV GHFHQWUDO 
,QGLFDWRULLIRORVL LODFRQVXPDWRU


sunt:

a) consumul de energie, CeFDOFXODWFXUHOD LD

W
, [kWh/t]
Ce =
A

(3.20)

XQGH:HVWHHQHUJLDHOHFWULF FRQVXPDW 
$HVWHYROXPXOSURGXF LHLGHHQHUJLH

b) SURGXF LDYDORULF , PvUHDOL]DW

V
, [lei/kWh]
Pv =
W

SHXQLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF HJDO FX

(3.21)

XQGH9HVWHYDORDUHDSURGXF LHLUHDOL]DW FXHQHUJLDUHVSHFWLY 

c) indicatorul de electrificare a muncii IemFDOFXODWFXUHOD LD

W
, [kKWh/salariat]
Iem =
N

(3.22)

XQGH1HVWHQXP UXOGHVDODULD L

d) factorul de putereFRV

FDOFXODWGHWR LFRQVXPDWRULLLQGXVWULDOLGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF (O

VH H[SULP  FD UDSRUW GLQWUH SXWHUHD DFWLY 

Pa  OXDW

 GH OD UH HD N: L SXWHUHD DSDUHQW 

Pa p ,

IRORVLW 

efectiv n ntreprindere:
P
cos = a
Pa p

(3.23)

,GHDO HVWH FD YDORDUHD IDFWRUXOXL GH SXWHUH V  ILH3UDFWLFHODUHYDORUL FXSULQVHvQWUH 

 GDU FD SUHRFXSDUH SHUPDQHQW  HVWH DSURSLHUHD GH YDORDUHD  9DULD LD ]LOQLF  D IDFWRUXOXL GH

puWHUHVHvQUHJLVWUHD]

FXDSDUDWHSHIRUPXODUHVSHFLDOH

)LJ&XUEDGHVDUFLQ

DXQHLFHQWUDOHHOHFWULFH

5HJLPXOGHIXQF LRQDUHDOFHQWUDOHORUHOHFWULFHHVWH ELQH FDUDFWHUL]DWSULQ

curba de VDUFLQ .

&RQVXPDWRULL GH FXUHQW FRQHFWD L OD R FHQWUDO  HOHFWULF  VXQW GLIHUL L LDU FRQVXPXO ORU vQ WLPS
QHXQLIRUP 'H DFHHD FHULQ D GH HQHUJLH HVWH PDL PDUH vQ DQXPLWH SHULRDGH GHFkW vQ DOWHOH &D
XUPDUHFDSDFLWDWHDGHSURGXF LHDFHQWUDOHORUHOHFWULFHHVWHVROLFLWDW GLIHULW
&XUEDFDUHDUDW  YDULD LDSXWHULLX]LQHLvQWLPS VHQXPHWHFXUEDGHVDUFLQ VDXGHvQF UFDUH

(fig.3.23) n care se disting trei zone:

- ]RQDGHED] FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQSURGXFHUHDXQHLFDQWLW LGHHQHUJLHHJDO FX:min;
- ]RQDGHVHPLYkUIFkQGSURGXF LDGHHQHUJLHQHFHVDU FUHWHGHOD:min la Wmed;
- ]RQD GH YkUI FkQG FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH D FHQWUDOHORU HOHFWULFH FUHWH GH OD :med la
Wmax.

&XUED GH VDUFLQ  FDUDFWHUL]HD]  L FRQVXPXO WRWDO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  'H DFHHD FHQWUDOHOH

electrice existente sau care se vor construi, trebuie

energie al celor trei zone.

DVWIHO SURLHFWDWHvQFkWV VHDVLJXUHQHFHVDUXOGH

&RQVXPXO GLQ ]RQD GH ED]  HVWH DVLJXUDW GH FHQWUDOHOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH FX DEXUL L
WHUPRILFDUH

FHQWUDOHOH

WHUPRHOHFWULFH

FX

FRQGHQVD LH

FHQWU

alele nuclearo-electrice; centrale

KLGURHOHFWULFHFXEDUDMGHUH LQHUHILUXODSHL

(QHUJLDHOHFWULF QHFHVDU ]RQHLGHVHPLYkUIHVWHDVLJXUDW GH

FHQWUDOHKLGURHOHFWULFHGHGHULYD LHFXEDUDM
FHQWUDOHWHUPRHOHFWULFHFXFRQGHQVD LHIRORVLQGSDUWHDGHFRQGHQVD LHFXSUL]H
FHQWUDOHWHUPRHOHFWULFHFXDEXULLFRQGHQVD LHFDUHSRWILvQIXQF LXQHvQRUHOHGHQRDSWH
FXVDUFLQDUHGXV VDXSRWILRSULWH

(QHUJLDHOHFWULF QHFHVDU vQ]RQDGHYkUIHVWHDVLJXUDW GH

FHQWUDOHKLGURHOHFWULFHFXVWD LLGHSRP

pare-acumulare;

centrale termoelectrice cu gaze.

&XUEDGHVDUFLQ VHFDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQGRLLQGLFL

factorul de simultaneitate
indicele de aplatizare.

Factorul de simultaneitate
0D[LPXO SXWHULL LQVWDODWH DO XQHL X]LQH SURGXF WRDUH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  VH GDWRUHD]  XQXL
FRQVXP VLPXOWDQ PDL PDUH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  GH F WUH GLYHUL FRQVXPDWRUL 'DF  PD[LPHOH GH
HQHUJLHDOHDFHVWRUFRQVXPDWRULDUILGHFDODWHvQWLPSFXUEDGHVDUFLQ DX]LQHLDUU PkQHFRQVWDQW 

n timp. Cnd aceste maxime se suprapun, decalarea n timp a maximelor de consum ale
FRQVXPDWRULORU VH H[SULP  SULQ factorul de simultaneitate, care este egal cu raportul dintre puterea
PD[LP  SURGXV  GH X]LQ  vQWU-R SHULRDG  GH WLPS L VXPD SXWHULORU PD[LPH DOH FRQVXPDWRULORU vQ
DFHHDLSHULRDG GHWLPSDGLF 

s=

Pmax
n

(3.24)

<1

max i

i =1

&kQGWR LFRQVXPDWRULLOXFUHD] VLPXOWDQFXSXWHUHDPD[LP QHFHVDU ILHF UXLDLGDF 

Pmax = P max i ,

(3.25)

i =1

atunci s = 1.
n

'DF 

Pmax < P maxi ,

(3.26)

i =1

DWXQFL V   L HO QH DUDW  Fk L FRQVXPDWRUL SRW V  IXQF LRQH]H VLPXOWDQ FX FDSDFLWDWHD PD[LP  Q

general factorul de simultaneitate are valori cuprinse ntre 0,25-0,6.

Indicele de aplatizare
3HQWUXREXQ H[SORDWDUHDXQHLX]LQHHOHFWULFHFXUEDGHVDUFLQ DUWUHEXLV ILHFkWPDLSODW 
*UDGXOGHDSODWL]DUHDFXUEHLHVWHGDWGHLQGLFHOHGHDSODWL]DUHFDOFXODWFXUHOD LD

Pmed
< 1,
Pmax
unde: Pmed este puterea medie a uzinei ntr-RDQXPLW

(3.27)

a=

SHULRDG LDU3

maxSXWHUHDGHYkUIvQDFHHDL

SHULRDG  ,QGLFHOH GH DSODWL]DUH DUH YDORUL FXSULQVH vQWUH  L  YDORUL FDUH LQGLF  R IXQF LRQDUH
UD LRQDO 

7UDQVSRUWXOLGLVWULEX LDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH

(QHUJLD HOHFWULF  SURGXV  vQ FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HVWH WUDQVSRUWDW  F WUH FRQVXPDWRUL SULQ
UH HOHHOHF

triceVXEIRUP

GHFXUHQWHOHFWULFDOWHUQDWLYWULID]DW

'XS WHQVLXQHDFXUHQWXOXLHOHFWULFWUDQVSRUWDWUH HOHOHHOHFWULFHVXQW

UH HOHGHWHQVLXQHMRDV FDUHDXvQWUHID]HWHQVLXQHDPDLPLF GHN9

UH HOHGHWHQVLXQHPHGLHFDUHDXvQWUHID]HWHQVLXQHDFXSULQV vQWUHLN9
UH HOHGHWHQVLXQHvQDOW FDUHDXvQWUHID]HWHQVLXQHDFXSULQV vQWUH
UH HOHGHWHQVLXQHIRDUWHvQDOW FDUHDXvQWUHID]HWHQVLXQHDGH

-220 kV;
-600 kV.

2UH HDHOHFWULF VHFRPSXQHGLQOLQLLHOHFWULFHVWD LLGHWUDQVIRUPDUHLVWD LLGHFRQH[LXQL

Liniile electrice VXQW FRQGXFWRUL HOHFWULFL FRQIHF LRQD L GLQ PHWDOH FX UH]LVWLYLWDWH PLF


FXSUX DOXPLQLX SULQ FDUH VH WUDQVSRUW  FXUHQWXO HOHFWULF GH OD FHQWUDOD HOHFWULF  OD VWD LLOH GH
WUDQVIRUPDUH L GH DLFL OD VWD LLOH GH FRQH[LXQL L FRQVXPDWRUL Q WLPSXO WUDQVSRUWXOXL VH SURGXF

pierderi de curentGDWRUDWHUH]LVWHQ HLRSXV

GHPHWDOXOOLQLLORUHOHFWULFHODGHSODVDUHDSXUW WRULORUGH

FXUHQWHOHFWURQLL5H]LVWHQ DFRQGXFWRULORUHOHFWULFLHVWHHJDO FX

R=
XQGH

l
>
s

@

(3.28)

-UH]LVWLYLWDWHDHOHFWULF DPDWHULDOXOXLFRQGXFWRUXOXL
l - lungimea conductorului;
s -VHF LXQHDWUDQVYHUVDO DFRQGXFWRUXOXL

Q ODERUDWRDUHOH

ULORU GH]YROWDWH VH VWXGLD]  RE LQHUHD GH PDWHULDOH FDUH QX DX UH]LVWHQ

HOHFWULF $FHDVW SURSULHWDWHVHQXPHWH

supraconductivitate0DWHULDOHOHVXSUDFRQGXFWRDUHDVLJXU




WUDQVSRUWXO FXUHQWXOXL HOHFWULF FX UDQGDPHQWXO HJDO FX  'HRFDPGDW  DFHVWH PDWHULDOH VXQW IRDUWH

scumpe, neputndu-VHXWLOL]DODSURSRU LLLQGXVWULDOH

3HQWUX FD SLHUGHULOH GH FXUHQW V  ILH FkW PDL PLFL FXUHQWXO VH WUDQVSRUW  FX SDUDPHWULL
WUDQVIRUPD LDGLF FXWHQVLXQHPDUHLLQWHQVLWDWHPLF 
/LQLLOHHOHFWULFHGLQFDGUXOUH HOHORUHOHFWULFHVXQW

a) 'XS SXWHUHDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH
- linii electrice pentUX WUDQVSRUW FX DMXWRUXO F

URUD VH WUDQVSRUW  SXWHUL PDUL GHODFHQWUDOD

SURGXF WRDUHODFRQVXPDWRULSHGLVWDQ HPDUL

OLQLL HOHFWULFH SHQWUX GLVWULEX LH FDUH VXQW OLQLL SHQWUX WUDQVSRUWXO SXWHULORU PLFL OD
GLVWDQ HPLFLVSUHJUXSXULUHVWUkQVHGHFRQVX

b)
-

matori;

'XS FRQVWUXF LHOLQLLOHHOHFWULFHVXQW

OLQLL HOHFWULFH DHULHQH /($ FkQG FRQGXFWRULL HOHFWULFL VXQW PRQWD L SH VWkOSL GH
VXV LQHUH

OLQLL HOHFWULFH vQ FDEOX /(& FkQG FRQGXFWRULL HOHFWULFL VXQW vQI XUD L L PRQWD L

subteran. Acestea sunt costisitoare, folosindu-VHSHQWUXGLVWDQ HVFXUWH

6WD LLOH GH WUDQVIRUPDUH au rolul de a transforma parametrii curentului electric


LQWHQVLWDWHLWHQVLXQHWUDQVSRUWDWSULQOLQLLOHGHFXUHQW
'XS WHQVLXQHDSHFDUHRDUHFXUHQWXOODLHLUHDGLQVWD LDGH

transformare acestea sunt:

VWD LLULGLF WRDUHGHWHQVLXQH

VWD LLFRERUkWRDUHGHWHQVLXQH

6WD LLOHULGLF WRDUHGHWHQVLXQHVHFRQVWUXLHVFODSURGXF WRUSHQWUXFDSLHUGHULOHGHFXUHQWvQ

WLPSXOWUDQVSRUWXOXLV VFDG 
6WD LLOH FRERUkWRDUH GH WHQVLXQH VH

construiesc n apropierea consumatorilor, pentru ca

YDORDUHDWHQVLXQLLFXUHQWXOXLV ILHDGXV ODFHDIRORVLW vQLQGXVWULHLFDVQLF

8QLWDWHD SULQFLSDO  D XQHL VWD LL GH WUDQVIRUPDUH HVWH

transformatorul

WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU VH ED]HD]  SH SULQFLSLXO LQGXF LHL HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH Q HVHQ

HVWHDOF WXLWGLQWU

-un cadru de fier moale.

)XQF LRQDUHD

 XQ WUDQVIRUPDWRU

3H XQD GLQ ODWXUL VH vQI RDU  R ERELQ  FX Q1 VSLUH SULQ FDUH FLUFXO  FX FXUHQW GH LQWHQVLWDWH ,1 L

tensiune U1 3H ODWXUD RSXV

 SULPHLD VH vQI RDU  R DOW  ERELQ  IRUPDW  GLQ Q2 VSLUH Q DFHDVW 

ERELQ VHSURGXFHXQFXUHQWLQGXVGHLQWHQVLWDWH,2LWHQVLXQH82

QWUHFHLGRLFXUHQ LH[LVW UHOD LLOH

U 1 I1 = U 2 I 2 ; I 1 n 1 = I 2 n 2 ,

(3.29)

U1 I2 n1
= =
U 2 I1 n 2

(3.30)

de unde:

6WD LLOHGHFRQH[LXQHVDXGLVWULEX LHDXUROXOGHDGLVWULEXLFXUHQWXOWUDQVIRUPDWvQVWD LLOH



GHWUDQVIRUPDUHF WUHFRQVXPDWRU(OHVXQWLQWHULRDUHLH[WHULRDUH

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