CAPITOLUL 4

02'(/$5($35()(5,1

(/25

CONSUMATORULUI
6WXGLXO GHFL]LLORU DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL FRQVXPDWRUL VDX
SURGXF WRULVHED]HD] SHLSRWH]DF HLVHFRPSRUW UD LRQDODGLF 
vQFHDUF V

-LDWLQJ

RELHFWLYHOHODFHOPDLvQDOWQLYHOSRVLELO LQkQG

cont GH UHVWULF LLOH OD FDUH VXQW VXSXL HL L GHFL]LLOH ORUQFHHDFH
vO SULYHWH SH FRQVXPDWRU VH SUHVXSXQH F  HO FXQRDWH SUH XULOH
XQLWDUH DOH SURGXVHORU FDUH vO LQWHUHVHD]  V D KRW UkW DVXSUD

bugetului de consum (suma pe care s-DGHFLVV

RFKHOWXLDVF SHQWUX

a-L SURFXUD EXQXULOH QHFHVDUH L HVWH vQ P

VXU  V  IRUPXOH]H

SUHIHULQ H V  RSWH]H vQ UDSRUW FX JXVWXULOH VDOH L FX VDWLVIDF LD SH
FDUH DWHDSW  V  R RE LQ  SULQ FRQVXP 3UHRFXSDUHD VD HVWH GH D
SXWHD V  RSWH]H SHQWUX R VROX LH FDUH V

-i asigure un maxim de

VDWLVIDF LH vQ FRQGL LLOH EXJHWXOXL L DOH SUH XULORU GDWH Q DFHVW IHO
VH SRDWH IRUPXOD vQ FRQWLQXDUH R SUREOHP  FRQH[  GDU FDUH WRWXL

excede ntr-R P

VXU  FRQVXPXO SUREOHP  FDUH vO LQWHUHVHD]  WRWXL

LSHSURGXF WRULDQXPHFXPVHIRUPHD] FHUHUHDSHQWUXGLIHULWH

SURGXVH FHUHUH F UHLD SURGXF WRUXO WUHEXLH V

cu oferta lui.

-L U

VSXQG  SH SLD

4.1. 8WLOLWDWHD$QDOL]

FDUGLQDO

LRUGLQDO

&HOH GRX  DERUG UL GDX U VSXQVXUL GLIHULWH vQ FHHD FH
SULYHWH SRVLELOLWDWHD P VXU ULL XWLOLW

LL GD HVWH U VSXQVXO DQDOL]HL

cardinale; nu, este cel al analizei ordinale.

$ERUGDUHD FDUGLQDO

 SUHVXSXQH F  P VXUD XWLOLW

LL HVWH

GDW  GH YDORULOH SH FDUH OH LD IXQF LD GH XWLOLWDWH WRWDO  SHQWUX
FRQVXPXOFDQWLW

LORU4x

din bunul x:

UTx = UT(Q x )

(1)

8WLOLWDWHD HVWH DFFHSWDW  VWULFW vQ VHQV HFRQRPLF VXE IRUPD

JUDGXOXLGHVDWLVIDF LHSHFDUHXQFRQVXPDWRUVHDWHDSW V
SULQFRQVXPXOXQHLFDQWLW

LGDWHGLQWU

-ORE LQ

-un bun, presupunnd:

UDSRUWDUHDFRQWLHQW vQWUHEXQLRQHYRLHDOXL

LQH[LVWHQ DEXQXOXLvQSURSULHWDWHDFRQVXPDWRUXOXL

DFFHVXOODEXQVHIDFHSULQSLD

IRUPDUHDXQHLFRUHOD LLvQWUHLQWHQVLWDWHDQHYRLLUHVSHFWLYJUDGXO

GH VDWLVIDF LH DWHSWDW SH GH R SDUWH L SUH XO GH DFKL]L LH DO

bXQXOXLSHGHDOW

SDUWH

)XQF LDGHXWLOLWDWHSUH]LQW XUP WRDUHOHSURSULHW

(i)

FUHWHRGDW FXFDQWLWDWHDFRQVXPDW 

UTx > 0

(2)

L

(ii) JUDGXO GH VDWLVIDF LH FUHWH IRDUWH PXOW DWXQFL FkQG FRQsumul
HVWH IRDUWH PLF DGLF  DWXQFL FkQG QHYRLD HVWH SUDFWLF WRWDO
QHDFRSHULW 

lim UTx = +

(3)

Q x 0

(iii) JUDGXO GH VDWLVIDF LH QX PDL FUHWH DWXQFL FkQG FRQVXPXO HVWH
IRDUWHPDUHDGLF DWXQFLFkQGVHLQVWDOHD] VDWXUD LD

lim UTx = 0

(4)

Q x

(iv) FUHWHUHDGHXWLOLWDWHWRWDO

RE LQXW SHVHDPDFRQVXPXOXLXQLWDU

VXSOLPHQWDUVHQXPHWHXWLOLWDWHPDUJLQDO

UM Q x = UTx (Q x )
QLYHOXOFRQVXPXOXL4x

este 1,2,,n avem:

astfel nctGDF

(5)

80

87

=1

(v)

()
L

(5.1)

XWLOLWDWHD  PDUJLQDO  FUHWH FX R FRW  QHJDWLY  VHPQLILFkQG

VSRUXO WRW PDL PLF GH XWLOLWDWH SH P VXU  FH JUDGXO GH VD LHWDWH
FUHWH

UTx < 0

(vi) XWLOLWDWHDPDUJLQDO

(6)
HVWHSR]LWLY GHRDUHFHHVWHQHUD LRQDOV VH

FRQWLQXH FRQVXPXO GDF  DFHVW OXFUX QX PDL SURGXFH QLFL XQ
HIHFWIDYRUDELOSULYLQGVDWLVIDF LDLDFHVWOXFUXFXDWkWPDLPXOW

cu cW SHQWUX ILHFDUH XQLWDWH FRQVXPDW

 vQ SOXV WUHEXLH SO WLW

SUH XOGHDFKL]L LH

(vii) XWLOLWDWHDHVWHQXO
UT

GDF QLYHOXOFRQVXPXOXLHVWH]HUR

UM
UM(Q)

UT(Q)

Qmax Q
)LJ*UDILFXOXWLOLW

LLWRWDOHLDOXWLOLW

LL

marginale

$ERUGDUHD FDUGLQDO  HVWH UH]XOWDWXO VWXGLLORU HIHFWXDWH GH

PDL PXO L HFRQRPLWL SULQWUH FDUH /HRQ :DUODV vQWHPHLHWRUXO
FROLL PDWHPDWLFH vQ HFRQRPLH vQ WLPS FH DERUGDUHD RUGLQDO  HVWH
UH]XOWDWXO VWXGLLORU OXL 9 3DUHWR L - +LFNV HFRQRPLWL DL DQLORU

'30-'FDUHDXFRQWULEXLWODFRQVROLGDUHDPRGHO
$ERUGDUHD

RUGLQDO

vQORFXLHWH

ULLvQH

P VXUD

conomie.

XWLOLW

LL

FX

FDSDFLWDWHD GH RUGRQDUH D SUHIHULQ HORU 3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH GHILQHVF

PXO LPHDEXQXULORUGHFRQVXP

B ={1,2,,n}; vectorii de consum

VDXSDQHUHOHFRXULOHGHSURGXVHYj

= { vij / i B ; j = 1, 2, m ;

vij

FDQWLWDWHDGHEXQLLQWUDW vQFRPSRQHQ DYHFWRUXOXLGHFRQVXP

j}

SUHFXP L PXO LPHD

0XO LPHD
RUGRQDW

V

V Rn a vectorilor de consum vj.

 HVWH VSD LXO GH FRQVXP

$FHDVW 

XOWLP 

n-GLPHQVLRQDO

FDUDFWHULVWLF 

H[SULP 

L WRWDO

FDSDFLWDWHD

consumatorului de a-LRUGRQDSUHIHULQ HOHLSUHVXSXQH

(i) consumatorul poate alege ntre doi vectori, vpLYq V , pe cel
SUHIHUDWDGLF 

% Y , vpPDLSX LQSUHIHUDWGHFkWYq

()vpL vq V fie

v p v q , vpLYqVXQWLQGLIHUHQ L
Y

, vp preferat lui vq

(ii) UHFLSURFD OXL L vQ PXO LPHD GHILQLW

 D SDQHUHORU GH SURGXVH

QX H[LVW  GRX  SDQHUH DVXSUD F URUD FRQVXPDWRUXO V  QX L

SRDW H[SULPDRUGLQHDGHSUHIHULQ

HVWHUHIOH[LY DGLF XQFRGHSURGXVHHVWH

(iv) UHOD LD GH SUHIHULQ

GHHOvQVXL

) vp V Y Y .

preferat sau indiferentID

(iii) UHOD LDGHSUHIHULQ

 HVWH WUDQ]LWLY  DGLF  vQWUH WUHL YHFWRUL GH

FRQVXP GDF  SULPXO HVWH SUHIHUDW FHOXL GH

-al doilea, iar acesta

GLQXUP FHOXLGH

-al treilea, atunci primul este preferat celui

de-al treilea:

(v)

VSD LXOGHFRQVXPHVWHXQVSD LXVXSHULRUQHP UJLQLW

() vp V LXQVFDODU a > 1 a vp V ,

L Y

Y

()vp, vqLYr V GDF

DGLF  PXOWLSOLFkQG FDQWLW

LOH GLQ EXQXULOH L L

Q FDUH

LQWU  vQ VWUXFWXUD SDQHUXOXL GH SURGXVH VH RE LQH XQ QRX SDQHU
GHSURGXVHvQDFHHDLPXO LPHvQFDUHHVWHLQFOXVLFHOGLQWkL

Proprietatea (v)
XWLOLW

VW  OD ED]D UHSUH]HQW ULL SULQWU R IXQF LH D

LL DVWIHO GHILQLWH 6H DFFHSW  F  XWLOLWDWHD HVWH vQWU

-o

OHJ WXU  GLUHFW  FX YROXPXO UHVSHFWLY FDQWLWDWHD FRQVXPDW 

DVWIHO vQFkW GDF  H[LVW  GRL YHFWRUL Yp L Yq
FHO SX LQ FRPSRQHQWD L D ORU HVWH vQ UHOD LD

v ip > v iq (oricare ar
Y

QDWXQFL Y

ILDFHDVW FRPSRQHQW L

V pentru care

3UHVXSXQkQG87IXQF LDGHXWLOLWDWHSXWHPVFULH

UT(vp) UT(vq)

GDF  Y

GDF 

v p v q UT(vp)= UT(vq)

(7.1)
(7.2)

4.2. &XUEHGHLQGLIHUHQ
&XUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

 HVWH PXO LPHD YHFWRULORU GH FRQVXP Y

j

FDUH DX DFHHDL XWLOLWDWH SHQWUX FRQVXPDWRU DGLF 

Denumirea provine de la iPDJLQHD

UT( v j ) =constant.

UH]XOWDW  GLQ UHSUH]HQWDUHD

JUDILF  D DFHVWRU YHFWRUL Yj 3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH DFFHSW  FRPSOHWDUHD

ILHF UXL YHFWRU Yj FX R FRPSRQHQW  VXSOLPHQWDU  UHSUH]HQWkQG
XWLOLWDWHDDGLF 

v j ={vij / i B ; j=1,2,m; UT(vj)} V Rn+1,

DGLF  YHFWRUXO Yj

era n-dimensional, v j = v 1 j , v 2 j ,..., v nj , n timp

ce vectorul v j este (n+1)-dimensional:

( )

v j = v1 j , v 2 j ,..., v nj , UT v j .
ntr-XQ
reprezeQWD L

VSD LX Q GLPHQVLRQDO WR L YHFWRULL

FD

SXQFWH

vQ

KLSHUSODQXO

VLPSOLILFDUHD SUH]HQW ULL YRP FRQVLGHUD L

87

v j sunt

'DF 

SHQWUX

  DWXQFL WR L YHFWRULL

v j  VXQW UHSUH]HQWD L vQWU-XQ SODQ GLQ VSD LXO WULGLPHQVLRQDO )LH

planul bazei cel pentru care UT = 0. Oricare dintre planele paralele
FX ED]D HVWH SODQXO XQHL DQXPLWH P ULPL D XWLOLW

LL DGLF  SHQWUX

 





 
 
 

oricare dintre aceste plane, avem UT = constant.

V1
V2

M =

Fig.12 Reprezentarea vectorilor

D[DSHQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDFDQWLW

LOR

D[DSHQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDFDQWLW

LORUGLQEXQXOL

LM

()

 87 Y

r din bunul i=1



=12

87

D[DSHQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDP ULPLLXWLOLW

FW

RYDORDUHRDUHFDUHFRQVWDQW DXWLOLW

LL

LL

Q ILJXUD  $ % L & UHSUH]LQW  YHFWRUL GH FRQVXP FX

DFHHDL XWLOLWDWH DVWIHO vQFkW UHSUH]HQWDUHD ORU VH IDFH vQ DFHODL

plan.
3RWULYLW

SURSULHW

LL

Y

GH

OD

XWLOLWDWHD

RUGLQDO 

L

FRQVHFLQ HORU DFHVWHLD  L  SHQWUX FD XWLOLWDWHD V  U PkQ 

FRQVWDQW  vQWUH GRL YHFWRUL GH FRQVXP
FDPRGLILFDUHDFDQWLW

v p  L v q V , este necesar

LORUEXQXULORULV VHVFKLPEHFRQMXJDW

Astfel, pentru a avea

v p = v1p , v 2 p , ct
v q = v1q , v 2q , ct ,
este necesar ca, de exemplu, v1p > v1q L Y2p < v2q 'DF
PRGLILF PvQ

 GRULP V 

v p FDQWLWDWHDGLQEXQXOvQVHQVXOFUHWHULLS

VWUkQG

pentru noul vector, v r DFHHDLXWLOLWDWHFDPDLvQDLQWHHVWHQHFHVDU

V PLFRU PFDQWLWDWHDGLQEXQXODVWIHOvQFkW

v r = v 1r , v 2 r , ct , cu v1r > v1pLY2r < v2p.

/D OLPLW  DSOLFkQG DFHDVW  SURFHGXU  GH PRGLILFDUH YRP
RE LQHGRLYHFWRULGHIRUPD

v s = v 1s , v 2s 0, ct

v t = v 1t 0, v 2 t , ct ,
FDUHS VWUHD] DFHHDLYDORDUHFWDXWLOLW

LLFDLYHFWRUXO

v p , v q L

v r .

ntr-XQ SODQ LPDJLQHD DFHVWHL PXO LPL GH YHFWRUL HVWH R

FXUE DVLPSWRWLF ODFHOHGRX D[HFHGHOLPLWHD] SODQXO
Q ILJXUD  VH REVHUY  UDSRDUWHOH GH P ULPH  vQWUH

componentele celor doi vectori de consum A(x1,y1L%[2,y2).

y(v2)
y1

2
y2

x1

x2

x(v1)

)LJ&XUEDGHLQGLIHUHQ

3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD SUH]HQW ULL FDQWLW

i =1 au fost reprezenWDWH SH DEVFLV

SHQWUX EXQXO L

LOH FRQVXPDWH GLQ EXQXO

 L QRWDWH WUDGL LRQDO FX [ LDU

 DX IRVW UHSUH]HQWDWH SH RUGRQDW  L QRWDWH FX \

&HL GRL YHFWRUL GH FRQVXP LQFOXG FDQWLW

L GLIHULWH GLQ FHOH GRX 

EXQXUL GDUDXDFHHDL XWLOLWDWH2ULFHYHFWRUGHFRQVXPDUDOHJHXQ

consumator de-D

OXQJXO

DFHVWHL

FXUEH

HO

YD

VDWLVIDF LH SULQ FRQVXP GDU YD FRQVXPD FDQWLW

RE LQH

DFHHDL

L GLIHULWH GLQ FHOH

GRX EXQXUL
QFD]XOGHVFULVPDLVXVL

H[SUHVLDXWLOLW

UT = f(x,y).

LLHVWH

(8.1)

3UHVXSXQkQG F  IXQF LD HVWH H[SOLFLWDW  vQ UDSRUW FX \ VH
RE LQHSHQWUX87

FWH[SUHVLDFXUEHLGHXWLOLWDWH

y = [f ] (x , ct ) .
1

'HSLOG GDF 

(8.2)

UT = 3 x \2, iar UT = U0, avem:

y = U0

x .

(8.3)

&XUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

 SUH]LQW  SDWUX SURSULHW

PXO LPHDWXWXURUFXUEHORUGHLQGLIHUHQ
UH]XOWDWH GLQ FRQVLGHUHQWXO F  XWLOLW
XQ

(i)

L GHILQLWH SH

DGLF SHQWUXWRDWHFXUEHOH

LL L VH SRDWH DWULEXL VXFFHVLY

ir de valori ct1, ct2, etc:

FXUEHOH GH LQGLIHUHQ

 VXQW GHVFUHVF WRDUH DGLF  GHSODVDUHD ILH

spre dreapta, fie spre stnga, de-a lungul unei curbe de

LQGLIHUHQ

GHWHUPLQ GLPLQXDUHDFDQWLW

LLFHOSX LQDXQXLDGLQ

EXQXULOH FH IRUPHD]  YHFWRUXO GH FRQVXP

(fig. 13): deplasarea

din A n B presupune reducerea lui y (y2 < y1 GXS

 FXP

deplasarea din B n A presupune reducerea lui x (x1 < x2).

(ii) R

FXUE  GH LQGLIHUHQ

XWLOLW

 HVWH VXSHULRDU  DOWHLD GDF  YDORDUHD

LL SULPHD ILH FW2

) este mai mare dect a celei de-a doua

(fie ct1). Astfel, ntr-R SURLHF LH vQ SODQXO ED]HL D XQHL PXO LPL
GHFXUEHGHLQGLIHUHQ

FHDFXRYDORDUHPDLPDUHDXWLOLW

LLVH

YD J VL GHSODVDW  PDL VSUH GUHDSWD $VLPSWRWLVPXO OD D[H VH
FRQVHUY ILJ

y2
y1
A

u4

y3

u1
x1x2

u2

u3

x3

)LJ$PSODVDUHDvQSODQXOED]HLDXQHLPXO LPLGHFXUEHGHLQGLIHUHQ

'DF  QRW P 8k N

 FXUEHOH GH LQGLIHUHQ

UHOD LDGHRUGLQHvQWUHXWLOLW

ct1 < ct2 < ct3 < ct4 <

LOHFDUDFWHULVWLFH8k

 DWXQFL

= ctk este:

$FHDVW  SURSULHWDWH VH SRDWH SURED SULQ IDSWXO F  SH RULFDUH

GRX  FXUEH GH LQGLIHUHQ

 ILH 81 L 82 VH SRDWH J VL FkWH XQ

punct (vector de consum), fie A pe U1 L % SH U2, pentru care

VHSRDWHDU WDvQED]DSURSULHW

LLYLDFRQVHFLQ HORUHL

LF YHFWRUXO%HVWHSUHIHUDWOXL$

'LQ ILJXUD  VH REVHUY  UHOD LD GH RUGLQH vQWUH FRPSRQHQWHOH
OXL$ L% UHVSHFWLY[1

< x2 L\1 < y2, astfel nct

$ LGH

aceea, ct1 < ct2. ntruct oricare alt punct C de pe U2 este

HFKLYDOHQW FX % GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO XWLOLW

LL UH]XOW  F 

SURSULHWDWHD U PkQH DGHY UDW  FKLDU GDF  vQ FD]XO DFHVWXL

SXQFW & XQD GLQ FRRUGRQDWH QX PDL UHVSHFW  UHOD LD GH
GHFDUHVHEXFXU SXQFWXO%DVWIHO\1

(iii) FXUEHOH GH LQGLIHUHQ

ordine

> y3.

 DOH XQHL PXO LPL IDPLOLL GDWH QX VXQW

VHFDQWH Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DU IL ILJXUD  DU vQVHPQD F 

YHFWRUXO $ FRUHVSXQ]kQG LQWHUVHF LHL FHORU GRX  FXUEH 81 L

U2 DUH DFHHDL XWLOLWDWH L FX YHFWRUXO % UHVSHFWLY FW1 L FX

vectorul C (respectiv ct2), ceea ce este imposibil atta vreme
ct U2HVWHVXSHULRDU

OXL81

(ct2 > ct1).

y
y1
y3
y2

B
x1 x 2 x 3

)LJ&XUEHOHGHLQGLIHUHQ

U2
U1
x
QXVHLQWHUVHFWHD]

(iv) RULFH FXUE

 GH LQGLIHUHQ

 HVWH FRQYH[  ILJ   FHHD FH GLQ

SXQFWGHYHGHUHJUDILFvQVHDPQ F RULFDUHDUILDUFXO$%HOVH
YD VLWXD VXE FRDUGD OXL FX H[FHS LD FHORU GRX  SXQFWH H[WUHPH
$ L % $GLF  XQ SXQFW & GH SH FRDUGD $% VH YD DIOD SH DOW 
FXUE GHLQGLIHUHQ

GHFkWFHDSHFDUHVHDIO $L%VXSHULRDU 

acesteia.
y

y1
A
y3

y2
x1

x3

x2

U2
U1
x

)LJ&RQYH[LWDWHDFXUEHLGHLQGLIHUHQ

'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HFRQRPLF DFHDVWD vQVHDPQ  F  R

comELQD LH OLQLDU

 D FRQVXPXULORU FDUDFWHULVWLFH YHFWRULORU GH

FRQVXP $ L % FRQGXFH OD XQ DOW YHFWRU GH FRQVXP & SHQWUX

care utilitatea este mai mare, deoarece U2 este deplasat n

dreapta lui U1 $OWIHO VSXV FRQVXPDWRULL SUHIHU

produse echilibrateFDQWLW

 SDQHUH GH

LOHGHEXQXULLFXSULQVHvQ&VXQW

PDL DSURSLDWH GHFkW vQ FD]XO OXL $ L % DGLF  UDSRUWXO GLQWUH
FHOH GRX  FDQWLW

L HVWH PDL DSURSLDW GH  vQ FD]XO & GHFkW vQ

FD]XO$L%

Pornind de la aceste rapoarte, vectorul de consum poate fi

interprHWDW FD R UH HW

 VDX FDXQ YHFWRUGHFRQVXPXULVSHFLILFH

'H SLOG  SHQWUX D SUHJ WL R SU MLWXU  HVWH QHYRLH GH  J
I LQ J]DK URX OLQJXULGHXOHLHWF

Vp = (500, 200, 3, 3 etc)

HVWH R UH HW  GLQ FDUH QX UH]XOW  GLUHFW FRQVXPXO VSHFLILF

dHRDUHFH QX VH SUHFL]HD]

 L GH PXOWH RUL QLFL QX HVWH QHYRLH

V  VH SUHFL]H]H FkWH EXF

L GH SU MLWXUL YRU LHL 3UHVXSXQkQG

FD]XO FRQIHF LRQ ULL XQXL FRVWXP GH KDLQH E UE WHWL KDLQ 
YHVW SDQWDORQLVXQWQHFHVDULPGHVWRI GHO

2 nasWXULPDULQDVWXULPLFLIHUPRDUPF

LPHP
SWXHDO HWF

Vh = (3, 2, 10, 1, 3 etc.);

vectorul de consum este un vector de consumuri specifice,
GHRDUHFHILHFDUHFRQVXPVHUHIHU ODRXQLWDWHGHSURGXVILQLW

4.3. 5DWDPDUJLQDO
Ca o consecin

 D SURSULHW

GHVXEVWLWXLUH

LL L D FXUEHORU GH LQGLIHUHQ

ILJ  VH REVHUY  F  UDSRUWXO \[ VH PLFRUHD]  SH P VXU FHQH

GHSODV P GH OD SXQFWXO $ OD SXQFWXO % L FUHWH GDF  GHSODVDUHD VH
IDFHvQVHQVLQYHUVGHOD%F WUH$
9DULD LD DFHVWXL UDSRUW DWXQFL FkQG YDULD LD OXL [ HVWH

x ,

H[SULP  P ULPHD UDWHL PDUJLQDOH GH VXEVWLWXLUH 506y/x DGLF 

YDULD LD OXL \ DWXQFL FkQG [ YDULD]  FX R XQLWDWH DVWIHO vQFkW
XWLOLWDWHD U PkQH DFHHDL 'HRDUHFH YDULD LLOH OXL [ L \ DX VHQVXUL

diferite (de exemplu x 

L

y !

P ULPHD 506 YD IL

vQWRWGHDXQDQHJDWLY 

RMS y x =

y
x

n acest sens, RMSy/x DUDW

(9.1)
 FX FkWH XQLW

L DU WUHEXL P ULW

FRQVXPXOGLQ\SHQWUXDSXWHDPLFR

ra cu o unitate consumul din x,

DVWIHOvQFkWVDWLVIDF LDFRQVXPDWRUXOXLV U PkQ QHPRGLILFDW 

&RQVLGHUkQG H[SUHVLD FXUEHL GH LQGLIHUHQ
DGLF  vQWU R IRUP  PDL VLPSOLILFDW  \

 FRQIRUP 

I[ L DFFHSWkQG F 

x 0 , expresia RMSy/x devine:

= I ([) ,



506

(9.2)

FHHDFHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHJUDILFUHYLQHODIDSWXOF 506HVWHGH
YDORDUHD WDQJHQWHLOD FXUED GHLQGLIHUHQ

vQSXQFWXOvQFDUHVHIDFH

YDULD LDGHFRQVXPSHQWUX[3HQWUXRYDULD LHvQVHQ

RMS x y = 1 RMS y x

s invers, avem:

(9.3)

5DWD

PDUJLQDO 

GH

VXEVWLWXLUH

DUH

GRX 

SURSULHW

L

importante:
(i)

SH P VXU  FH XQ EXQ HVWH VXFFHVLY L FRQWLQXX vQORFXLW GLQ

FRQVXP UDWD PDUJLQDO  GH VXEVWLWXLUH D DFHVWXLD FUHWH IL

g.

17).
y
y6

y5

y4

D
C

y3

y2

y1

x 6x 5x 4 x 3 x 2

x1

)LJ&UHWHUHDUDWHLPDUJLQDOHGHVXEVWLWXLUH

Presupunem

succesiv

vectorii

B(x2,y2)F(x6,y6 YHFWRUL FH VHPQLILF

DEXQXOXL[SULQIDSWXOF [1

de

consum

A(x1,y1),

 vQORFXLUHD GLQ FRQVXP

>x2>>x6 L\1<y2<<y6.

Grupnd aceste SXQFWHGRX

FkWHGRX SXWHPGHWHUPLQDWUHL

rate marginale de substituire a lui x prin y:

RMS1 =

RMS2 =

RMS 3 =

y B

x B

x D

x F

y 2 y1
x 2 x1

y 4 y3
x 4 x3

y6 y5
,
x6 x5

y D

y F

C
C

E
E

pentru care avem RMS1<RMS2<RMS3.

'DF  OD FRQVXP HVWH vQORFXLW \ SULQ [ L LQHP VHDPD GH

(9.3), rezulW

5063

<RMS2<RMS1

FHHD

FH

FRQILUP 

proprietatea n ambele sensuri de nlocuire la consum.

6HQVXO HFRQRPLF DO SURSULHW

LL UH]LG  vQ IDSWXO F  SHQWUX

bunul scos n mod repetat din consum, apare sentimentul de

fruct oprit

FHHD

FH

vO

GHWHUPLQ 

SH

FRQVXPDWRU

-l

compenseze pe primul cu o cantitate tot mai mare din cel de-al

doilea.
(ii)

UDWD PDUJLQDO  GH VXEVWLWXLUH HVWH HJDO  FX UDSRUWXO LQYHUV DO
XWLOLW

LORU PDUJLQDOH 3HQWUX DFHDVWD V  FRQVLGHU P IXQF LD GH

utilitate:
UT=UT(x,y),

(10.1)

SHQWUXFDUHFDOFXO PXWLOLWDWHDPDUJLQDO WRWDO DGLF VSRUXOGH

XWLOLWDWH JHQHUDWGHFUHWHUHDVLPXOWDQ DFRQVXPXOXLOXL[L\

([SUHVLD DFHVWHLD HVWH GDW  GH GHULYDWD WRWDO  D IXQF LHL 87 L

anume:
dUT =

UT
UT
dx +
dy
x
y

(10.2)

'HRDUHFH QH VLWX PSH RFXUE GHLQGLIHUHQ

L LPSOLFLW G87

DGLF 87

FW

 SXWHP VHOHFWD UDSRUWXO G\G[ FDUH HVWH GH

IDSWRIRUP DOXL506y/x

. Astfel avem:

RMS y x =

dy UT x UM x
=
=
, (10.3)
dx UT y UM y

XQGHQXP U WRUXOLQXPLWRUXOUHSUH]LQW GHULYDWHOHSDU LDOHDOH

IXQF LHL 87 vQ UDSRUW FX [ L UHVSHFWLY \ DGLF  XWLOLW
PDUJLQDOH vQ UDSRUW FX [ L UHVSHFWLY \ FRQIRUP SURSULHW
LYDXWLOLW

LLFDUGLQDOHUHOD LD

LOH
LL