SUMMARY OF TENSES
Infinitive -to-+verb Present participle - verbing ‘Past participle - verbed
‘Simple tenses
Present Indicative: used for action taking place now or in general verb
cat = ait
7 -amos “0 -emos 2 -imos Ido verb
3s ofis «sis ts is Tam verbing
an . ot = oa ‘have been verbing
*inregulars, stem-changing, -go, ~zco, -jo, spelting change
Preterite (Indicative): used for actions that were completed in the past (*special meanings)
eed
~ — -amos -imos Iverbed
vaste -asteis, iste -isteis I did verb
6 anon 6 -ieron Thave verbed.
‘infogulars, irregular stems, stem-changing (only -ir), spelling changes
Imperfect (Indicative): used for ongoing or habitual actions in the past. It also describes the way things were, what
used to happen, what was going on, mental and physical states (age, time, feelings)
at wit
caba—-dbamos famos Tverbed
-abas-abais, is isis Tused to vers
aba aban ia fan Iwas verbing
only 3 irregulars (ser, ir, ver) Thad been verbing,
Future (Indicative): used to describe what will take place - can be used to indicate probability about the present
“Add endings to infinitives: ~ — -emos
“is tis will verb
4 to I probably verb
‘irregular stems Famast be verbing
Conditional (Indicative): used to express what would happen under certain circumstances - used after IF clauses and.
1 express probability about the past
Add endings to infinitives: 4a jamos I would verb
fas -iais| probably verbed
fa in ‘Tmnst have verbed
*inregular stems (same as future)
Present Subjunctive: required in all dependent clauses when the verb of the main clause indicates request, intention,
wish, suggestion, recommendation, or preference. Also used after verbs of emotion, doubt, disbelief, uncertainty,
disagreement, denial, impersonal expressions - Also after certain conjunctions,
**Start with yo form present indicative -> Drop -0 —>add opposite endings
= seit
< -omos 3 -amos
sis 2s fis that I (may)ver
2 om 2m
‘inregulars (ser, it, da, estar, saber)
Past Subjunctive: same uses as present subjunctive, but used when main cluase is in the past - also used in contrary
to-fuct TF clause
***Start with ellos-form of preterite ~>drop -ron —>add "cheerleader* endings
“2 = ramos OR se _semos that Lverbed
ms fais “es seis that Ii verb |
2 ran “sen that Ls esting
*aoimegulars that Ise
that might verb
‘Commands: used to tell someone what do or not to do Verb!
Don't verb!(Compound tenses
All compound tenses use the past participle and a form of haber.
-ar>-ado
setlsit~>ido
Irregulars:
abrir abierto freir frito resolver repaclto
decir dicho hacer ‘hecho romper roo
escribir escrito imprimir impreso satisfacer satisfecho
descubrir descubienlo mori mmerto ver visto
escribir escrito poner puesto volver ‘welto
‘Present Perfect (indicative): If the main action has been completed but sill affects the present, use the present
perfect.
he hemos
‘has habeis, + past participle Thave verbed
be han
‘Pluperfect (Indicative): used to describe what had happened before another past event of point in time inthe past.
habia habiamos
habia habiais + past participle Thad verbed.
habla habian
Future Perfect (Indicative): used to express what will have happened by a certain point in time.
hhabréhabremos
hhabris habréis + past participle Twill have verbed
fabri habrén
‘Conditional Perfect (Indicative): used to express what would have happened if...
‘habrla habriamos
habrias babriais + past participle would have verbed
Ihabriahabrian
Present Perfect Subjunctive: used like the present perfect indicative, but only after verbs and expressions that
require subjunctive.
haya hayamos
hhayas haydis + past participle that I (may) have verbed.
haya hayan
‘Pluperfoct Subjunctive: used like the past perfsct, but after verbs and expressions that require subjunctive,
Imibiera hubiéramos
‘mubieras hubicrais + past participle that I (onight) have verbed
Imubira ubieran shat Thad verbed
OR —Imbiese ubiésemos
Ibieses hubieseis + past participle
Ihnbiese Iubiesen.