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GMO VS SELECTIVE

BREEDING
By Shay Townson

AGMO(genetically modified organism) is the result


of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA
of one species are extracted and artificially forced
into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal. The
foreign genes may come from bacteria, viruses,
insects, animals or even humans.

GMO

GMOs have many techniques and methods for creating them some examples of this are
Gene Silencing, Bacterial Carriers, Electroporation, and Gene Splicing.

Gene Silencing

Bacterial Carriers

Bacterial Carriers are used to deliver into the cell by physically adding a wanted gene into a
Bacterial and then plants in a plant to add the gene to the plant.

Electroporation

Gene Silencing is when an engineer silences the gene that causes an undesired trait. This can
be very useful if a certain gene activates an allergic reaction that gene could be silenced.

Electroporation is when the targets cells are placed in a solution with the chosen DNA with a
strong brief electric shock causing the walls of the cell to tear allowing in the DNA. The Cells are
then put in another solution to repair the damage brought on by the electric shock trapping the
DNA inside.

Gene Splicing

In Gene Splicing biotechnologists modify DNA, and then add it into the target host cells to allow
for the genes and resulting traits to be modified.

GMO TYPES

Alfalfa(first planting 2011)


Canola(approx. 90% of U.S. crop)
Corn(approx. 88% of U.S. crop in 2011)
Cotton(approx. 90% of U.S. crop in 2011)
Papaya(most of Hawaiian crop; approximately 988
acres)
Soy(approx. 94% of U.S. crop in 2011)
Sugar Beets(approx. 95% of U.S. crop in 2010)
Zucchini and Yellow Summer Squash(approx. 25,000
acres)

GMO STATS

PROS

Pest Resistance
Herbicide Tolerance
Disease Resistance
Cold Tolerance
Drought or Salinity Tolerance
Nutrition
Pharmaceuticals
Phytoremediation

Unintended Harm to Other


Organisms
Reduced Effectiveness of Pesticides
Gene Transfer to Non-Target
Species
Human Health Risks
Economic Concerns
Very Hard to Get Rid of

GMO: PROS AND CONS

CONS

Selective breeding(also called artificial selection) is


the process by which humans breedother animals
and plants for particular traits. Typically, strains that
are selectively bredare domesticated, and
thebreedingis normally done by a professional
breeder.

SELECTIVE BREEDING

There are three main approached to selective breeding in animals


is Outcrossing, Line Breeding, and Inbreeding.

Outcrossing

Line Breeding

Outcrossing is mating two animals for about 4 to 6 generations to


make sure that the trait is more numerous than it was before, but
is only worth it when the genetic variation for a trait is high.
Line Breeding is when you mate related animals like half siblings,
cousins, aunts, and nephews. It is really only effective if the trait or
traits continues to show in the offspring.

Inbreeding

Inbreeding is when directly related animals are mated to create


uniformities, prepotency, and to force out latent weaknesses from
the gene pool.

SELECTIVE BREEDING: TYPES


ANIMALS

Some types of selective breeding in plants are Mass Selection, Pureline Selection, and Hybridization to make it simple.

Mass Selection

Pure-line Selection

Mass selection is when seeds from desirable appearing individuals for


the next generation to be planted from eliminating undesired traits.
Pure-Line Selection has 3 steps involving selecting superior
appearing plants form a genetically variable population, then grown
and evaluated by observation over several years, finally it is
determined whether or not the new plants are better than their
relatives.

Hybridization

Hybridization is mating carefully selected plants to combine desirable


genes found in two or more different varieties and to produce purebreeding offspring.

SELECTIVE BREEDING: PLANTS

Increase the Food Supply


Increase the Levels of
Protein in Forage Crops
Allow Plants to Grow Areas
Not Originally Suited to
Them

Possibility of a Huge Die of


Modified Plants Could Use
Up More Than Thought
Killing the Locate
Environment

SELECTIVE BREEDING: PROS AND CONS

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