CMPPENT TENNIS Once aca etd lasued by : EBG - Electcal Systeme & Equipme Detection of the Earth Faults in LV System - TP Ean " Sutthgeer Product Engineering In case of the TP system, nuisance tripping on Circuits detecting the earth fault in TPN | unbalance doesnot occur, system are discussed in the previous articles. In this article, we are covering the circuits for detecting the earth fault in TP system, 503 LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED, Powai Campus, Mumbai 400 072 Detection ofthe earth faults in LV system -TP Detection of the E/F in TP system also depends on the type of the neutral earthing used. In this article, we will be covering the circuits for earth fault detection employed in TP system for each type of neutral earthing, 1.Solidly earthed system: OIC & E/F relay (combined) = Itisusedifthe system neutral pointis solidly earthed. In this scheme 3 CTs are used & relay connection is, done for 2:0/C & 1: EIF protection as shown in (Fig.1).In case of an earth fault on the bus section, it is detected by residual current passing through the EJF element ofthe relay Fig.1 ea)typically in the range 0f 10-40% ittrips the breaker Nuisance tripping ai) ee! Fig. 2 due to unbalanced supply or nuisance tripping of incomer due to a fault on another bus section does not occur. ©. Stand by earth fault relay. A Stand by earth {fault relay protection is as shown in(Fig.4) It has only one CT mounted on the neutral, This CT senses the earth fault and trips the Unlike TPN system, there is no return path for the fault on one bus section through other bus section. It-can be seen from (Fig.2) that fault on the bus-A has only one path Le. through earthing of bus-A trafo.It does not have any path through another incomer.So nuisance tripping of incomer-2 because of fault on bus-A & vice versa does not occur. b. Separate O/C & EIF relay :- ‘As shown in (Fig.3), all three CTs are breaker. Here also there is no nuisance tripping due to unbalance or due to fault on another bus section as connected to three elements of O/C relay & residual THI e connection is given to earth fault relay. In case of an earth p—_S¥vrrg__y fault, current flows through CTon faulty SOOT a tsi | Tag 54S- Stand By EJF Reloy Fig. 4 phase back to system neutral earth point. This causes the current to reflect through E/F relay as shown in (Fig). Since the setting of this. element is there is no return path from other bus section, 2, Resistively earthed syster Here resistance/impedance is added in neutral circuit. For this type of system, following methods are usedTom wee canbe phase voltage a) Voltage operated EF relay :- 7 incase of earth fault onany ofthe phases. In this case when earth faut It reflects the occurs, current wil flow through equivalent voltage the earthing and voltage will be on the secondary & induced across the secondary of that voltage is the distribution transformer sensed for earth fault (across. the loading resistance) detection neutral displacement relay. wil yq4 sense that voltage and it will ope- b. Current relay for rate. The relay is IDMT type with g F resistive earthed typical setting range of 5-20 volts. i ; i system = we! b) Current operated E/F relay := 4 i . Ifthe system neutral i a 's earthed through Here a sensitive current operated i I the resistance. Earth relay, operating on the CT in the J fault current is. series with the loading resistance ie of limited to 1A to is used as shown in (Fig.8). The Boome ss 3 25A. During the relay is tuned to the supply earth fault, fault frequency and has a sensitive Fig. 5 a. Neutral displacement relay current is_sensed STN R for resistive earthed :- by CT placed in the neutral as | oom, Ifthe neutrals earthed through the shown in (Fig 6) ia y resistance, neutral displacement relay is connected as shown in | gr __ sg (Fig.5). Normally there is no 3.High impedance voltage across the resistor. During earthing :- NEUTRAL earth fault, current flows through ROUNDING the resistor & causes the voltage In this method, the Sees ane ‘drop across it. Max voltage that neutral is earthed 8 ‘can appear across primary of VT ost 721; gm a p orem Stond By ’ E/E Relay }__S11¥¥_ ® Fig. 6 oh through the range. When earth fault occurs, 3 L primary winding votage is generated. in the Disinbutin of the distributi- secondary of the distribution Transformer R £45) | on transformer. transformer, causing current to The loading flow through loading resistance Peo resistor is anditisdotected by ne CT and Connected relay will operate across. the low Wotage secon: 4, Isolated system/Noutral ary of the — groundin LR+Loading resistoncs Me dibutian, i S4SeSenetio EF rolay transformer. in this method neutral is Refer(Fig.7) not earthed. System may Fig.7 be delta connected orIsolated ground TP be used for detecting earth fault sm system : through neutral CT, oom, ; This systom is used Solidly grounded TP/TPN in Marine/mine. system:- applications. where }—_srrm_ Uninterrupted It is commonly used system availabilty of supply especially now voltage instal ds is most important. substan. It gives high value of fe it ie. at the cost earth faut current’ which can £ «| ‘ocara | ot ‘over voltages be used for achioving curront E f | "es%100°° | generated during discrimination & also does not E arth fault. First have risk of transient. voltages Pr earth fault only during earth fault raultisrequired Teh 5, Converts system to be cleared very fast ga to earthed system. & reliably. So, Standby protection sf So carth fault is also added as a ‘back up [ detection is required protection ss:Soncie to generate waming IF eley incase of first 845 earth fault. Earth fault can be detected Fig. 8 by means of voltage relay. This relay isolated. For this type of system, only generates the ‘open delta connection Is used. waming & allows the system to run Open delta connection :- without interruption. ssstomamesin . Action Is taken g Itis used ifthe system is isolated based on the : neuiraltype & deliaconnected. Vs warning to. avoid ‘fe connected in open delta the severe damage connection as shown in (Fig). / fatality during Voltage transformer are requiredto the second. earth be selected with a ratio as faut (415N3)/ (1103). Under normal condition, voltage across relay is Resistivelimpeda- zero. In caso of earth faut, voltage nce earthed TP. generated across relay 1s syste measured for earth fault detection. This system is Conclusion :- generally used in power plants. for We have discussed various generator feeders, methods of system earthing & where itis required Circultsirequirements for detecting to have low level of the earth fault, Generally following earth fault & less criteria Is used for deciding the transient voltages Fig. 9 earthing system & circuits for during earth fautt detecting earth faut Lower CT ratio can r Fr he el on ig sect lar contact. +) a ace amet Sone ee ar EL emaTo eS e Pomt nt oor: ed by Prana Oe Pt. id.D 2021, Shalimar nds Estat, Matings (Eas, Marl 400018 Tol 2407 796) sacetsso Fax 2402-4709 Ena paso8redtnaicon The vens expressed Inte agua we fol recssany ose ne management of Larsen & Touro Lined The contents of the megane shod ot be reprodiced wine The Sen pe of be Es Na fr sey fr ean aan be caters Earl Coates (ante) ie ana OG EE, Pov