CHAPTER ONE - Properties of Fluids

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. If a certain gasoline weighs 7 KN/m3 , what are the values of its density,
specific volume, and specific gravity relative to water at 150C?
𝑤 1 𝑤
a.) ρ = 𝑔
b.) ѵ=ρ c.) s = ws

7 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3(1000) 1 7 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3

= = =
9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 713.56 𝐾𝑔/𝑚 3 9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3

ρ = 713.56 Kg/m3 ѵ = 0.0014 m3/Kg s = 0.714

2. A certain gas weighs 16N/m3 at a certain temperature and pressure.

What are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity
relative to air weighing 12N/m3?

𝑤 1 𝑤
a.) ρ = 𝑔
b.) ѵ = ρ c.) s = ws

16 𝑁/𝑚 3 1 16 𝑁/𝑚 3
=9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 ѵ= 1.63 𝐾𝑔/𝑚 3 s = 12 𝑁/𝑚 3

ρ = 1.63 Kg/m3 ѵ = 0.613 m3/Kg s = 1.33

3. If 5.30m3 of a certain oils weighs 43,860 N, calculate the specific weight,

density and specific gravity of this oil.

𝑊 𝑊 𝑤
a.) w = 𝑔 b.) ρ = 𝑔𝑉 c.) s = ws

43.860 𝐾𝑁 43860 𝑘𝑔.𝑚 /𝑠2 8.28 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3

= = 9.81𝑚 =
5.30 𝑚 3 ( )(5.30 𝑚 3) 9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3
𝑠2

w = 8.28 KN/m3 ρ = 843.58 kg/m3 s = 0.844

1
4. The density of alcohol is 790 Kg/m3 . Calculate its specific weight,
specific gravity and specific volume.

𝑤 1
a.) w = ρg b.) s = c.) ѵ =
ws ρ

7.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3 1
= (790 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2) = =
9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 3 790 𝑘𝑔 /𝑚 3

w = 7.75 KN/m3 s = 0.79 ѵ = 0.00127 m3/kg

5. A cubic meter of air at 101.3 KPa and 150C weighs 12 N. What is its
specific volume?

ρ
wa= 12 N/m3 s = ρs

12 𝑁/𝑚 3 1 1
s= ρa = (1.29 kg/m3)(0.94) ѵ= =
12.7 𝑁/𝑚 3 ρ 1.21 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3

s = 0.94 ρa = (1.21 kg/m3) ѵ = 0.82 m3/kg

6. At a depth of 8 km in the ocean the pressure is 82.26 MPa. Assume the

specific weight on the surface to be 10.10 KN/m3 and that the average
bulk modulus is 2344 MPa for that pressure range. (a) What will be the
change in specific volume between at the surface and at the depth? (b)
What will be the specific volume at that depth? (c) What will be the
specific weight at that depth?

𝑤 10.10(1000) 1 1
a.) ρ = 𝑔
= 9.81
p = wh = 10.10(1000)(8000) b.) ѵ = ρ = 1043 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3

ρ = 1029.6 kg/m3 p = 80.80 MPa = 9.5 x 10-4

m3/kg

𝑝 82.26 𝑥 106
Δѵ = 3.3 x 10-5 m3/kg c.) w = =
𝑕 8000

w = 10282. 5 N/m3

2
7. To two significant figures what is the bulk modulus of water in KN/m2 at
500C under a pressure of 30 MN/m2?

𝛥𝑝
W = 9.689 KN/m3 Ev = -v1𝛥𝑣

𝑤 9.689 30,000,000
ρ=𝑔 = 9.81
= -( 1 x 10-3)(1 x 10−3−1.012x10−3)

ρ = 987.67 kg/ m3 = 2,500,000 Pa

1 1
ѵ = ρ = 987.67 Bv = 2.5 x 106 Pa

ѵ = 1.012 x 10-3 m3/kg

8. If the dynamic viscosity of water at 20 degree C is 1x10-3 N.s/m2, what is

the kinematic viscosity in the English units?

µ 1𝑥10−3 𝑘𝑔.𝑚 .𝑠/𝑚 2𝑠2

ѵ=𝑝 = 1000 𝑘𝑔 /𝑚 3

3.28 𝑓𝑡 2
ѵ = 1x10-6 m2/s ( 1𝑚
)

ѵ = 1.08 x 10-5 ft2/s

9. The kinematic viscosity of 1 ft2/sec is equivalent to how many stokes? (1

stoke= 1cm2/sec).

1 inch = 2.54 cm
12 𝑖𝑛 2 2.54 𝑐𝑚 2
1 ft2/s ( 1 𝑓𝑡2
)( 1 𝑖𝑛 2 ) = 929 stokes

10. A volume of 450 liters of a certain fluids weighs 3.50 KN. Compute the
mass density. (1 m3= 1000 liters).

1𝑚 3
450 liters ( )= 0.45 m3
1000 𝐿

𝑊 3.5(1000)
ρ = 𝑔𝑉 = 9.81(0.45) = 792.85 kg/m3

3
11. Compute the number of watts which equivalent to one horsepower. (1
HP = 550 ft-lb/sec; 1 W = 107 dyne-cm/sec; 1 lb = 444,8000 dynes).

𝑓𝑡 −𝑙𝑏 12 𝑖𝑛 2.54 𝑐𝑚 444,800 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠

1 Hp = 500 ( )( )( )
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑙𝑏

𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 −𝑐𝑚
7456627200
𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 Hp = 100000000 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 −𝑐𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

1 Hp = 745.66 W

12. A city of 6000 population has an average total consumption per person
per day of 100 gallons. Compute the daily total consumption of the city in
cibic meter per second. (1 ft3 = 7.48 gallons).

1 𝑓𝑡3 1 𝑚3
100 Gallon ( )( ) = 0.379 m3
7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.28 𝑓𝑡3

P = 6000 (0.379 m3)

P = 2274 m3

𝑝 2274 𝑚 3
D.C. = ( ) = ( )
𝑑 60𝑥60𝑥24

D.C. = 0.026 m3/s

13. Compute the conversion factor for reducing pounds to newtons.

𝑓𝑡 0.3048 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔 1𝑁
32.18 𝑠2( 1 𝑓𝑡
) (2.205 𝑚 ) (𝑘𝑔 /𝑚 2)

= 4.448 N

4
CHAPTER TWO – Principles of Hydrostatics

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. If the pressure 3 m below the free surface of the liquid is 140 KPa,
calculate its specific weight and specific gravity.

Solution:

a.) P=wh b.)

W=p/n S=W/ws
=140kPa/3m =46.67/9.81
W=46.67KN/m3 S=4.76

2. If the pressure at the point in the ocean is 1400 KPa, what is the
pressure 30 m below this point? The specific gravity of salt water is 1.03.

Solution:

P=1400kPa+whs

=1400kPa+9.81(30)(1.03)

P=1,703kPa

3. An open vessel contains carbon tetrachloride (s = 1.50) to a depth of 2 m

and water above this liquid to a depth of 1.30 m. What is the pressure at
the bottom?

Solution:

Ht=1.50(2) P=wh

=3m =9.81(4.3)

P=42.18kPa

5
4. How many meters of water are equivalent to a pressure of 100 KPa?
How many cm. of mercury?

Solution:

a.) P=wh
b.)h=P/w=100kPa/9.81(13.6)
h=P/w=100kPa/9.81 h=0.75m
h=10.20m of water h=75cm of Hg

5. What is the equivalent pressure in KPa corresponding to one meter of air

at 15®C under standard atmospheric condition?

Solution:

P=wh
=(12N/m3)(1m)
P=12Pa

6. At sea level a mercury barometer reads 750 mm and at the same time
on the top of the mountain another mercury barometer reads 745 mm.
The temperature of air is assumed constant at 15®C and its specific
weight assumed uniform at 12 N/m3 . Determine the height of the
mountain.

Solution:

P1=wsh1 ; P2=wsh2

wsh1+wh=wsh2

w(13.6)(0.745)+12h=w(13.6)(0.750)

h=(13.6)[0.75-0.745](9810)/12

h=55.60m

6
7. At ground level the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 KPa at 15®C.
Calculate the pressure at point 6500 m above the ground, assuming (a)
no density variation, (b)an isothermal variation of density with pressure.

Solution:

a.)P2=P1+wh b.)P1=P2e-gh/RT
=101.3-12(6500) =(101.3)e-9.81(6500)(287/239)
P1=23.3kPa P1=47kPa
8. If the barometer reads 755 cm of mercury, what absolute pressure
corresponds to a gage pressure of 130 KPa?

Solution:

Patm=wsh

=9.81(13.6)(0.775)

Patm=100.72kPa

Pabs=Patm=Pgage

=100.72+130

Pabs=220.752kPa

9. Determine the absolute pressure corresponding to a vacuum of 30 cm of

mercury when the barometer reads 750 mm of mercury.

Solution:

Pv=-whs Patm=whs

=-9.81(0.30)(13.6) =9.81(0.75)(13.6)

Pv=-40.02kPa Patm=100.06kPa

Pabs=Patm-Pv

=100.06-40.02

Pabs=60kPa

7
10. Fig. shows two closed compartments filled with air. Gage (1) reads 210
KPa, gage (2) reds – 25 cm of mercury. What is the reading of gage (3)?
Barometric pressure is 100 KPa.

(1) (2)

11. If the pressure in a gas tank is 2.50 atmospheres, find the pressure in
KPa and the pressure head in meter of water.

Solution:

a.)P=2.5(101.3kPa) b.)P=wh

P=253.25kPa h=P/w=253.25/9.81

H=25.81m

12. The gage at the sunction side of a pump shows a vacuum of 25 cm of

mercury. Compute (a) Pressure head in meter of water, (b) pressure in
KPa, (c) absolute pressure in KPa if the barometer read 755 cm of
mercury.

Solution:

a.)h=P/w=33.35/9.81 b.)Pv=-whs

h=3.40m =-0.25(9.81)(13.6)

Pv=-33.35kPa

c.)Pabs=Patm+Pv

=9.81(13.6)(0.775)-33.35

Pabs=67.38kPa

8
13. Oil of specific gravity 0.80 is being pumped. A pressure gage located
downstream of the pump reads 280 KPa. What is the pressure head in
meter of oil?

Solution:

H=P/ws

=280/9.81(0.80)

H=35.70m

14. The pressure of air inside a tank containing air and water is 20 KPa
absolute. Determine the gage pressure at point 1.5 m below the water
surface. Assume standard atmospheric pressure.

Solution:

Pabs=20+1.5(9.81)

=34.72kPa

Pabs=Patm+pg

34.72=101.3=pg

Pg=-66.60kPa

15. A piece of 3 m long and having a 30 cm by 30 cm is placed in a body of

water in a vertical position. If the timber weights 6.5 12 KN/m3 what
vertical force is required to hold it to its upper end flush with the water
surface?

Solution:

W=wV F=W a-W w

=(9.81)(0.3x3x0.3) =2.65kN-1.756kN

W=2.65kN F=0.894kN

VW w=6.5(0.3x0.3x3) W w=wV

Vw=1.755/9.81 =0.179(9.81)

Vw=0.179m3 W w=1.756kN

9
 16. A glass tube 1.60 m long and having a diameter of 2.5 cm is inserted
vertically into a tank of oil (sg = 0.80) with the open end down and the
close end uppermost. If the open end is submerged 1.30 m from the oil
surface, determine the height from which the oil will rise from the tube.
Assume barometric pressure is 100 KPa and neglect vapor pressure.

17. A gas holder at sea level contains illuminating gas under a pressure
equivalent under a 5 cm of water. What pressure in cm of water is
expected in a distributing pipe at a point of 160 m above sea level?
Consider standard atmospheric pressure at sea level and assume the
unit weighs of air and gas to be constant at all elevations with values of
12 N/m3 and 6 N/m3 respectively.

18. If the barometric pressure is 758 mm of mercury, calculate the value h of

figure.

Gage reads – 25 cm Hg

sunction

mercury h

Solution:

P = (13.6)(9.81)(7.08) p =wh

P = 1,011.29 kpa h = p/w

h = 1,011.29/9.81

h = 103.08 m

10
 19. The manometer of figure is tapped to a pipeline carrying oil (sg = 0.85).
Determine the pressure at the center of the pipe.

mercury

75 cm

oil

150 cm

Solution:

P = wsh + wsh

P = (9.81) (13.6) (0.75) + (9.81) (0.85) (1.5)

P = 112.6 kpa

20. Determine the gage reading of the manometer system of figure.

air

water 20cm

Gage 3m

Mercury

11
Solution:

P = -wsh Pg = wsh - wsh

P = - (9.81) (0.2) (13.6) Pg = 9.81 (3) – (9.81) (13.6) (0.2)

P = -26.68 kpa Pg = 2.75 kpa

21. In fig. calculate the pressure at point m.

Liquid (s= 1.60)

water

55 cm

30 cm

. Solution:

Pm = wsh – wsh

Pm = (9.81) (1.60) (0.55) – (9.81) (3)

Pm = 5.70 kpa

22. In fig. find the pressure and pressure at point m ; Fluid A is oil (s= 0.90),
Fluid B is carbon tetrachloride (s= 1.50) and fluid C is air.

C
60 cm

A 45 cm

12
Solution:

a) Pb = -wsh Pm = -8.829 + 0

Pb = - (9.81) (1.5) (0.6) Pm = -8.829 kpa b) h = p/w

Pb = - 8.829 kpa h = -8.82/9.81

23. Compute the gage and absolute pressure at point m at the

h =fig. ; Fluids
-1.0 m A
and C is air, Fluid B is mercury.

m 2 cm

B 6 cm

Solution:

Pg = - wsh Pabs = Patm + Pg

Pg = - (9.81) (13.6) (0.06) Pabs = 101.3 – 10.67

Pg = - 10.67 kpa Pabs = 90.63 kpa

24. The pressure at point m is increased from 70 KPa to 105 KPa. This
causes the top level of mercury to move 20 cm in the sloping tube. What
is the inclination θ?

Water mercury

13
. Solution:

P = wsh 10.5 – 26.68sin𝜃 = 0

P = (9.81) (13.6) (0.20) 26.68sin𝜃 = 10.5

P = 26.68 kpa 𝜃 = 22.6 °

25. In fig. determine the elevation of the liquid surface in each piezometer.

EL. 7 m

(s= 0.75)

EL. 4.5 m

(s= 1.00)
EL. 4.35 m

EL. 2.15 m

EL. 2 m

(s= 1.50)

26. In fig. fluid A is water, fluid B is oil(s= 0.85). Determine the pressure
difference between points m and n.

Solution:

1.02 = y – x

68 – x = z Pm/w – y – 0.68 (0.85) + x = Pn/w

170 – y = 68 – x Pm – Pn = [ ( y – x ) + ( 0.65 ) (0.85) ] 9.81

Pm – Pn = ( 1.02 + 0.578) (9.81)

Pm – Pn = 15.67 kpa

14
 27. In fig. determine𝑝𝑚 − 𝑝𝑛 .

water

90 cm

52 cm

105 cm 65 cm 45 cm

Mercury

Solution:

Pm/w + 1.05 – (13.6) (0.65) + 0.45 – (13.6) (0.52) – 0.38 = Pn/w

Pm – Pn = [ (13.6) (0.65) – (1.05) – 1.05 - 0.45 + 0.52 (13.6) + 0.38] 9.81

Pm – Pn = 149 kpa

28. In fig. Fluid A is has a specific gravity of 0.90 and fluid B has a specific
gravity of 3.00. Determine the pressure at point m.

12 mm. D

3 mm. D 36 cm

12 cm, D 40 cm

Solution:

Pm = wsh + wsh
15
A
Pm = (9.81) (0.4) (3) + (0.4) (9.81) (0.9)

Pm = 14.13 kpa
CHAPTER THREE – Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. A rectangular plate 4m by 3m is emmersed vertically with one of the

longer sides along the water surface. How must a dividing line be drawn
parallel to the surface so as to divide the plate into two areas,the total
forces upon which shall be equal?

Solution:

F1 = F2
Awh1 = Awh2
(12.0)(1.50) = h(4.0)( h/2 )
2h2 =18.0
2h = √18
h = 4.24/2
h = 2.12 m below w.s

2. A triangle of height H and base B is vertically submerged in a liquid. The

base B coincides with the liquid surface.Derive the relation that will give
the location of the center of pressure.
3. The composite area shown in Fig. A is submerged in a liquid with
specific gravity 0.85. Determine the magnitude and location of the total
hydrostatic force on one face of the area.

Solution:

𝑏𝑕2
𝐼g 12
e= = hp = 𝑕 + 𝑒 F1 = wA𝑕
𝐴𝑦 𝑏𝑕𝑦

𝑕2 3.5 2
12 12
e= = hp = 3.25 + 0.31 F1 = 9.81(3.5)(1.5)(3.25)(0.85)
𝑦 3.25

e = 0.31 m hp = 3.56 m F1 = 142.28 KN

16
 𝑏𝑕2
𝐼g 12
e= = hp = 𝑕 + 𝑒 F1 = wA𝑕
𝐴𝑦 𝑏𝑕𝑦

𝑕2 1.5 2
12 12
e= = hp = 4.25 + 0.04 F1 = 9.81(1.5)(1.5)(4.25)(0.85)
𝑦 4.25

e = 0.04 m hp = 4.29 m F1 =79.74 KN

Ft = F1 + F2 Pt = P1 + P2

Ft = 142. 28 + 79.74 Pt h = F1 h + F2h

222.02𝑕 142.28 3.56 + 79.76(4.29)

Ft = 222.02 KN =
222.02 222.02

h = 3.83 m , below w.s

17
 4. The gate in fig. B is subjrcted to water pressure on one side and to air
pressure on the other side. Determine the value of X for which the gate
will rotate counterclockwis if the gate is (a) rectangular, 1.5m by 1.0m (b)
triangular, 1.5m base and 1.0m high.

Solution:
𝐼
F = PA a.) F = w𝑕A e=
𝐴𝑦

1
F = 30(1.0)(1.5) F = (9.81)(x+0.5)(1.5)(1.0) e=
12𝑥+6

F = 45 KN F = 14.72x + 7.36

∑𝑀𝑃1 = 0
1
14.42x + 7.36(0.5 + ) = 45(0.5)
12𝑥+6

86.5x2 – 168.16x – 105.56 = 0

−(−168.16)± (−168.16)2 −4 86.5 (105.56)

𝑥= 2(86.5)

𝑥 = 2.40 𝑚

5. A vertical circular gate 1m in diameter is subjected to pressure of liquid

of specific gravity 1.40 on one side. Thefree surface of the liquid is 2.60m
above the uppermost part of the gate. Calculate the total force on the
gate and the location of the center of pressure.

𝜋 (𝑟 4 )2
𝐼g
Solution:F = w𝑕A e= = 42
𝐴𝑦 𝜋𝑟 𝑦

(0.52 )
F =9.81(1.4)(3.1)(𝜋)(0.52) e=
4(3.1)

F = 33.44 KN e = 0.02m (below the center)

18
 6. A horizontal tunnel having a diameter of 3m is closed by a vertical gate.
When the tunnel is (a) ½ full (b) ¾ full of wter, determine the magnitude
and location of the total force.

Solution:

a.) ½ full

4𝑟
𝑕= F = w𝑕A
3𝜋

4(1.5) 𝜋(1.52 )
𝑕= F = (9.81)( )(0.64)
3𝜋 (2)

𝑕 = 0.64 m F = 22.15

1.5+0.64
b.) 𝑕= F = w𝑕A
2

3𝜋(1.52 )
𝑕 = 1.08 m F = (9.81)( )(1.08)
(4)

F = 56.25 KN

𝐼g
𝑒 = 𝐴𝑦 hp = 𝑕 + 𝑒

4
0.1098(1.5)
𝑒 = 3.53(0.64) hp = 0.64 + 0.25

e = 0.25 m hp = 0.89 m (below center)

7. In Fig. C is a parabolic segment submerged vertically in water.

Determine the magnitude and location of the total force on one face of
the area.

Solution:

F = w𝑕A
8 3 (3)2
2 𝐼g 175
F = 9.81(1.8)(3)(3)(3) 𝑒= = 𝑕𝑃 = 𝑕 + 𝑒
𝐴𝑦 2 3 3
3
(1.8)
F = 105.95 KN
𝑒 = 0.34 𝑚 𝑕𝑃 = 1.8 + 0.34

𝑕𝑃 = 2.14 𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟

19
8. A sliding gate 3m wide by 1.60m high is in a vertical position. The
coefficient of friction between the gate and guides is 0.20. If the gate
weighs 18KN and its upper edge is 10m below the water surface, what
vertical force is required to lift it? Neglect the thickness of the gate.

Solution:

𝐹 = 𝐴𝑤𝑕 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁

𝐹 = 9.81 1.6 (10.8) 𝐹𝑓 = 0.2(508.55)

𝐹 = 508.55 𝐾𝑁 𝐹𝑓 = 101.71 𝐾𝑁

F = 508.55 KN

∑𝐹𝑣=0

𝐹 = 𝑤 + 𝐹𝑓

𝐹 = 18.0 + 101.71

𝐹 = 119.71 𝐾𝑁

9. The upper edge of a vertical rapezoidal gate is 1.60m long and flush with
the water surface. The two edges are vertical and measure 2m and 3m,
respectively. Calculate the force and location of the center of pressure on
one side of the gate.

10. How far below the water surface is it necessary to immerse a vertical
plane surface, 1m square, two edges of which are horizontal, so that the
center of pressure will be located 2.50cm below the center of gravity?

Solution:
2
𝑕
𝑒= 12
𝑕
12
0.025 = 12
𝑕
− 0.5

𝑕 = 2.83 m

20
 11. The gate shown in fig. D is hinged at B and rest on a smooth surface at
A. If the gate is 1.60m wide perpendicular to the paper, find B H and BH

Solution:
3
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑤𝑕

𝜃 = 56.31° 𝐹 = 9.81 3.61 1.6 (2.8)

𝐹 = 158.66 𝐾𝑁

𝐵𝑉 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐵𝑕 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐵𝑉 = 158.66𝑠𝑖𝑛56.31° 𝐵𝑕 = 158.66𝑠𝑖𝑛56.31°

𝐵𝑉 = 132.01 𝐾𝑁 𝐵𝑉 = 80.70 𝐾𝑁

21
 12. In fig. E gate AB is 2m wide perpendicular to the paper. Determine FH to
hold the gate in equilibrium.

Solution:
𝐼g
𝐴 = 3.2 2 = 6.4 𝑒=
𝐴𝑦

2
𝑕
𝐹 = 𝐴𝑤𝑕 𝑒 = 12𝑦

3.20
𝐹 = 9.81 1.21 (6.4) 𝑒 = 12(1.26)

𝐹 = 77.85 𝐾𝑁 𝑒 = 0.22 𝑚

3.2−0.48
𝑥= 2
− 0.53 ∑𝑀𝑣 = 0

𝑥 = 1.38 𝑚 3.20𝐹𝑕 − 1.38 77.85 = 0

𝐹𝑕 = 42.50 𝐾𝑁

22
 16. A triangular gate having a horizontal base of 1.30m and an altitude of 2m
is inclined 45o from the vertical with the vertex pointing upward. The base
of the gate is 2.60m below the surface of oil (s=0.80). What normal force
must be applied at the vertex of the gate to open it?
17. What depth of water will cause the rectangular gate of Fig. I to fall?
Neglect weight of the gate.

Solution:
0.5𝑕 𝐼g
𝑕=
𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
𝑒𝑞. 1 𝑒 = 𝐴𝑦

2
𝑕
𝑒 = 12𝑦

𝐹 = 𝐴𝑤𝑕 𝑕
𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
𝑒= 0.5𝑕
𝑕 0.5𝑕 12(𝑠𝑖𝑛60° )
𝐹 = 9.81 2.6 ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
𝑒 = 0.19𝑕 𝑒𝑞. 3
𝐹 = 17.0𝑕2 𝑒𝑞. 2

∑𝑀𝑣 = 0
𝑕 0.5𝑕 0.19𝑕
𝐹 − + = 22.5(5.0)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60

5.95𝑕3 = 112.5(5.0)

𝑕 = 18.91

𝑕 = 2.66 𝑚

23
 18. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the total force on
the gate of Fig. J. The width of the gate normal to the paper is 2m.

Solution:
1
A1 = AAOBC A2 = ( 2)(6)(6)(c0s30°)

𝐴1 𝐻(6)2
= A2 = 15.59 𝑚2
60° 360°

A1 = 18.85 𝑚2

𝐹 = 𝐴𝑤𝑕

A = A1 – A2 Fh = 9.81(6)(3)(2) FV = 9.81(3.26)(2)

A = 18.85 – 15.59 Fh = 353.16 KN FV = 63.96 KN

A = 3.26 𝑚2

24
 19. The corner of floating body has a quarter cylinder AB having a length
normal to the paper of 3m. Calculate the magnitude and location of each
of the components of the force on AB. Fig. K.

Solution:

𝐹𝑕 = 𝐴𝑤𝑕 𝐹𝑣 = 𝐹𝑕 𝑐0𝑠𝜃

𝐹𝑕 = 9.81 1.5 3 (1.03) 𝐹𝑣 = 147.48 𝑐𝑜𝑠30°

𝐹𝑕 = 147.78 𝐾𝑁 𝐹𝑣 = 128.56 𝐾𝑁

20. The cylindrical gate of Fig. L is 3m long. Find the total force on the gate.
What is the minimum weight of the gate to maintain equilibrium of the
system?

25
 21. The gate if Fig. O is 3m long. Find the magnitude and location of the
horizontal and vertical components of the force on the gate AB.

Solution:

𝐹𝑕 = 𝐴𝑤𝑕

𝐹𝑕 = 9.81 1.06 3 (2.12)

𝐹𝑕 = 66.14 𝐾𝑁

0.88 + 3 2.12
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
2

𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 4.11 𝑚2

𝜋𝑟 2 𝜃 𝜋(3)2 (45°)
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
360° 360°

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 3.58 𝑚2

22. A pyramidal object having a square base (2m on a side) and 1.50m high
weighs 18KN. The base covers a square hole (2m on a side) at the
bottom of a tank. If water stands 1.50m in the tank, what force is
necessary to lift the object off the bottom? Assume that atmospheric
pressure acts on the water surface and underneath the bottom of the
tank.

26
 23. The hemesphirical dome of Fig. P surmounts a closed tank containing a
liquid of specific gravity 0.75. The gage indicates 60KPa. Determine the
tension holding the bolts in place.

Solution:

𝑃 = 𝑤𝑠𝑕 𝑇 = 𝑤𝑉𝑠

60 = 9.81 0.75 𝑕 𝑇 = 9.81 39.23 (0.75)

𝑕 = 8.15 𝑚 𝑇 = 288.63 𝐾𝑁

4𝜋𝑟 3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑕 −
6

4𝜋(1.5)3
𝑉 = 𝜋 1.5 2 (8.15) −
6

𝑉 = 39.23𝑚3

24. Fig. Q shows semi-conical buttress. Calculate the components of the

total force acting on the surface of this semi-conical buttress.

Solution:
𝜋𝑟 2 𝑕
𝐴= 𝐹𝑕 = 𝑤𝑕𝐴
3

𝜋 0.15 2 (3)
𝐴= 3
𝐹𝑕 = 9.81 1.463 (7.07)

𝐴 = 7.07 𝑚2 𝐹𝑕 = 101.47 𝐾𝑁

𝜋 1.5 4
𝑕 = 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑒( 4
) 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑤𝑉

1.3 𝜋 1.5 2 (3)

𝑕 = 1.3 + 0.163 𝐹𝑉 = 3
1.3 1.5 + 3

𝑕 = 1.463 𝑚 𝐹𝑉 = 0.12 9.81

𝐹𝑉 = 7.8 𝐾𝑁

27
 25. In Fig. R a circular opening is closed by a sphere. If the pressure at B is
350KPa absolute, what horizontal force is exerted by the sphere on the
opening?

Solution:

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐹𝑕 = 𝑤𝑕𝐴

𝐴 = 𝜋(0.125)2 𝐹𝑕 = 9.81 178.39 0.099 (0.71)

𝐴 = 0.099 𝑚2 𝐹𝑕 = 7.8 𝐾𝑁

𝑃 = 𝑤𝑕𝐴

350 = 9.81 0.20 𝐴

𝐴 = 178.39 𝑚2

26. Calculate the force required to hold the cone of Fig. S in position.

Solution:

𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝑤𝑠𝑕 𝑊 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑃

𝑃2 = 3.5 − 9.81 0.8 1.5 𝑊 = 𝜋(0.375)2 (0.8)(9.81)(2.5)

𝑃2 = −8.26 𝐾𝑝𝑎 𝑊 = 8.66 𝐾𝑁

1
𝐹1 = 𝐴𝑃 𝑇2 = 𝑤𝑕 3 𝜋𝑟 2

1
𝐹1 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑃 𝑇2 = 9.81(0.8) 3 𝜋(0.375)2

𝐹1 = 𝜋(0.375)2 (8.26) 𝑇2 = 1.16 𝐾𝑁

𝐹1 = 3.65 𝐾𝑁

∑𝐹𝑉 = 0

𝐹 + 𝑃2 + 𝐹1 = 𝑊

𝐹 = 8.66 − 3.65 − 1.16

𝐹 = 3.85 𝐾𝑁

28
27. A steel pipe having a diameter of 15cm and wall thickness of 9,50mm
has an allowable stress of 140,000KPa. What is the maximum allowable
internal pressure in the pipe?

Sol’n:

Sa = T/t FB = PiD
T = Sat = 14,000(0.0095) Pi = FB/D = 2T/D =
(2(1330)/1000)/0.15
T = 1330 kN/m Pi = 17.73 Mpa

28. A pipe carrying steam at a pressure of 7,000KPa has an inside diameter

of 20cm. If the pipe is made of steel with an allowable stress of
400,000Kpa, what is the factor safety if the wall thickness is 6.25mm?

Sol’n:

𝐷′ 0.714 𝑚
S = PD′ /2t fc = =
𝐷 0.2
2𝑠𝑡 2(400,000)(0.00625 )
D’ = = fc = 3.60
𝑃 7000
D’ = 0.714 m

29. A 60 cm cast iron main leads from a reservoir whose water surface is at
EL. 1590m. In the heart of the city the main is at EL. 1415m. What is the
stress in the pipe wall if the the thickness of the wall is 12.5mm and the
external soil pressure is 520Kpa? Assume static condition.

Sol’n:

𝑃𝑑 − 𝑃𝑠 1716 .75−320
∆EL = 𝐸𝐿1 - 𝐸𝐿2 S= =
2𝑡 2(0.0125 )
= 1590 – 1415 S = 28,709 kPa
= 175 m = 28.7 MPa

P = wh
= 9.81 (175m)
P = 1716.75 kPa

29
30. Compute the stress in a 90cm pipe with wall thickness of 9.50mm if
water fills under a head of 70m.
Sol’n:

FB = PiD T = FB/2 = 618.03/2 = 309.01 kN/m

= whD Sa = T/t = 309.01/0.0095
= 9.81(70)(0.9) Sa = 32,527 kPa
FB = 618.03 kN/m

31. A wood stave pipe, 120cm in inside diameter, is to resist a maximum

water pressure of 1,200KPa. If the staves are bound by steel flat bands
(10cm by 2.50cm), find the spacing of the bands if its allowable stress is
105MPa.
Sol’n:

FB = PiD T = FB/2
= 1200kPa(1.2) = 1440/2
= 1440 kN/m T = 720 kN/m

S = SaAH/T = (105(2.5))/0.72
S = 36.46 cm

32. A continuous wood stave pipe is 3m in diameter and is in service under a

pressure head of 30m of water. The staves are secured by metal hoops
2.50cm in diameter. How far apart should the hoops be spaced in order
that the allowable stress in the metal hoop of 105MPa be not exceeded?
Assume that there is an initial tension in the hoops of 4.50KN due to
cinching.

33. A vertical cylindrical container, 1.60m diameter and 4m high, is hel

together by means of hoops,one at the top and the other at the bottom. A
liquid of specific gravity 1.40 stands 3m in the container. Calculate the
tension in each hoop.
Sol’n:
F = wAh ∑MCD = 0 ∑Mab = 0
= 9081(1.4)(3)(1.6)(1.5) 4(2TU) = 1F 4(2TL) = 3F
F = 98.9 kN TU = 12.40 kN TL= 37.09 kN

e = h^2/12h = 3^2/(12(1.5)) = 0.5 h_p = 1.5 + 0.5 = 2m

30
34. A masonry dam has trapezoidal section: one face is vertical, width at the
top is 60cm and at the bottom is 3m. The dam is 7m high with the vertical
face subjected to water pressure. If the depth of water is 5m, where will
the resultant force intersect the base? Determine the distribution of
pressure along the base, (a) assuming there is no uplift pressure; (b)
assuming that the uplift pressure varies uniformly from full hydrostatic at
the heel to zero at the toe. Specific weight of masonry is 23.54KN/m 3.
Sol’n:
a.)G_1 = wVs ∑R.M = G_1 + G_2 = 266.95 + 316.38
= 23.54(0.6)(7(1) = 583.33 kN.m
= 98.87 kN ∑O.M = F_1 = 204.38 kN.m
G_2 = 23.54(0.5)(7)(2.4)(1)
= 197.74 kN x = (∑R.M-EO.M)/RV = (583.33-204.38)/296.61
F1 = 1/2wh^2 x = 1.28 m (from toe)
= 0.5(9.81)(5^2) e = b/2 – x = 3/2 – 1.28
= 122.63 kN e = 0.22
Moment Forces:
G_1 = 2.7(98.87) = 266.95 kN.m
Smax = Rv/b (1 + 6e/b) = 296.61/3(1 + (6(0.22))/3)
G_2 = 1.6(197.74) = 316.38 kN.m
Smax = 142.38 kPa
F_1 = 1/3 (5)(122.63) = 204.38 kN.m
Smin = 296.61/3(1 - (6(0.22))/3)
∑FV = G_1 + G_2 Smin = 55.38 kPa
= 98.87 + 197.74
RV = 296.61 kN
∑FH = F_1 = 122.63 kN
b.)U_1 = 1/2 whb x = (583.33-351.54)/223.03 = 1.04 m (from toe)
= (1/2)(9.81)(5)(3)(1) e = 3/2 – 1.04
U_1 = 73.58 kN e = 0.46

Moment forces: Smax = 223.03/3 (1 + 6x0.46/3)

U_1 = 2/3 (3)(73.58) = 147.16 kN Smax = 142.74 kPa
RV = G_1 + G_2 - U_1
= 98.87 + 197.74 – 73.58 Smin = 223.03/3 (1 - 6x0.46/3)
RV = 223.03 kN Smin = 5.95 kPa

∑R.M = 583.33 kN.m

∑O.M = 204.38 + 147.16
= 351.54 kN.m

31
35. The masonry dam of Problem 40 has its inclined face subjected to
pressure due to a depth of 5m of water. If there is no uplift pressure ,
where will the resultant intersect the base? Specific weight to concrete is
23.54KN/m3
Soln:

a/5 = 2.4/7 ∑R.M = W_1 + W_2+ W_3

a = 1.71 m = 23.91 + 316.38 + 266.95
= 607.24 kN.m

W_1 = wV ∑O.M = 204.38 kN.m

= 9.81(0.5)(5)(1.71)(1)
= 41.94 kN x = (607.24-204.38)/338.55
W_2 = 1/2 (2.4)(1)(7)(23.54) x = 1.19 m
=197.74 kN
W_3 = 0.6(7)(1)(23.54)
= 98.87

F = 1/2 (9.81)(5^2)
= 122.63 kN

Moment Forces:
W_1= 0.57(41.94) = 23.91 kN.m
W_2 = 1.6(197.74) = 316.38 kN.m
W_3 = 2.7(98.87) = 266.95 kN.m
F_1 = 1/3 (5)(122.63) = 204.38 kN.m

RV = W_1+W_2+W_3
= 41.94 + 197.74 + 98.87
RV = 338.55 kN

RH = F = 122.63 kN

32
36. A masonry dam of trapezoidal cross section, with one face vertical has
thickness pf 60cm at the top, 3.70m at the base, and has height of
7.40m. what is the depth of water on the vertical face if the resultant
intersect the base at the downstream edge of the middle third? Assume
that the uplift pressure varies uniformly from full hydrostatic at the heel to
zero at the toe.
Soln:

G_1 = 104.52 kN ∑R.M = G_1+G_2-U

G_2 = 270 kN = 355.37 + 558.9 – 44.77h

F = 1/2 (9.81)h^2 ∑O.M = 1.635h^3

= 4.905h^2

U = 1/2wh(3.7) x = (∑R.M- ∑O.M)/Rv

= 1/2 (9.81)h(3.7) 1.23 = ((355.37+558.9-44.77h)-
U = 18.15h1.635h^3)/(374.52-18.15h)
h = 5.83 m

Moment Forces:
G_1 = 3.4 (104.52) = 355.37 kN.m
G_2 = 2.07(270) = 558.9 kN.m
F = 1/3 h(4.905h^2) = 1.635h^3 kN.m
U = 2/3 (3.7)(18.15h) = 44.77h kN.m

∑Fv = G_1+G_2-U
= 104.52 + 270 – 18.15h
Rv = 374.52 – 18.15h

33
37. A concrete dam is triangular in cross section and 30 m high from the
horizontal base. If water reaches a depth of 27 m on the vertical face,
what is the minimum length of the base of the dam such that the
resultant will intersect the base within the middle third? What minimum
coefficient of friction is required to prevent sliding? Determine the
pressure distribution along the base.
Soln:

a.)
G = wV RVx = ∑R.M - ∑O.M
= 23.54(1/2)(30)(1)B 353.1B(B/3) = 235.4B^2 – 32181.75
G = 353.1B (235.4 – 117.7)B^2 = 32181.75
B = 16.54m

F = 1/2 (9.81)(〖27〗^2)
F = 3575.75 kN

Moment Force:
G = 2/3 B(253.1B)
G = 235.4B^2

F = 1/3 (27)(3575.75)
= 32181.75 kN.m

b.)
G = 235.4B^2 µ = RH/RV
= 235.4(〖16.54〗^2) = 3575.75/5840.27
G = 64398.76 kN.m µ = 0.61

RV = 353.1B
= 353.1(16.54)
RV = 5840.27 kN

c.)
x = 1/3 (16.54) = 5.51 S = 5840.27/16.54 (1+6x2.76/16.54)
S = 706.20 kPa
e = 16.54/2-5.51
e = 2.76

34
44. The section of masonry dam is shown in Fig. U. If the uplift pressure varies
uniformly from full hydrostatic at the heel to full hydrostatic at the toe, but acts
only 2/3 of the area of the base, find: (a) the location of the resultant, (b) factor
safety against overturning, (c) factor of safety against sliding if the coefficient of
friction between base andfoundation is 0.60.

Soln:

a.)
𝐺1 = 5(8)(1)w ∑Fv = 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝐺3 + 𝐺4 + 𝐺5 +
𝐺6 − 𝑈1 − 𝑈2
= 40w = (40+25+60+252+176.4+4.18-
73.67-56.67)w
1
𝐺2 = 2 (5)(10)(1)w Rv = 427.24w
= 25w
1
𝐺3 = 2 (5)(10)(1)(2.4)w ∑Fh = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
= 60w = (162-12.5)w
𝐺4 = 5(21)(1)(2.4)w Rh = 149.5w
= 252w
1
𝐺5 = 2 (7)(21)(1)(2.4)w Moment Forces:
= 176.4w 𝐺1 = 14.5(40w) = 580w
1
𝐺6 = 2 (1.67)(5)(1)w 𝐺2 = 15.33(25w) = 383.25w
= 4.18w 𝐺3 = 13.67(60w) = 820.2w
1
𝐹1 = 2 (182 )w 𝐺4 = 9.5(252w) = 2394w
= 162w 𝐺5 = 4.67(176.4w) = 823.79w
1
𝐹2 = 2 (52 )w 𝐺6 = 0.56(4.18w) = 2.34w
= 12.5w 𝑈1 = 11.33(73.67w) = 834.67w
1 2
𝑈1 = 2 (17)[3 (176.58 – 49.05)] 𝑈2 = 8.5(56.67w) = 481.70w
= 73.67w 𝐹1 = 6(162w) = 972w
2
𝑈2 = 3 (17)(49.05) 𝐹2 = 1.67 (12.5w) = 20.88w
= 56.67w

∑R.M = (580+383.28+820.2+2394+823.79+2.34+20.88)w
= 5024.46w
∑O.M = 𝐹1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑈2
= (972+834.68+481.7)w
= 2288.38w

35
 ∑𝑅.𝑀− ∑𝑂.𝑀 5024 .46−2288 .38 𝑤
x= =
𝑅𝑣 427.24𝑤
x = 6.40 m (from toe)

b.)
∑𝑅.𝑀 2024 .46𝑤
F.S. vs. Overturning = ∑𝑂.𝑀 = 2288 .38𝑤 = 2.20

c.)
µ𝑅𝑣 0.6(427.24)𝑤
F.S vs. Sliding = = = 1.70
𝑅𝑕 149.5𝑤

45. Shown in Fig. V is an overflow dam. If there is no uplift pressure, determine

the location of the resultant.

36
Soln:

G_1 = 2(3)(1)(9.81) Moment Force:

= 58.86kN G_1 = 6.5(58.86) = 382.59 kN.m
G_2 = 1/2 (3)(6)(1)(9.81) G_2 = 7(88.29) = 618.03 kN.m
= 88.29 kN G_3 = 6(211.86) = 1271.16
kN.m
G_3 = 1/2 (3)(6)(1)(23.54) G_4 = 4(38.24) = 156.96 kN.m
= 211.86 kN G_5 = 4(282.48) = 1129.92
kN.m
G_4 = 2(2)(1)(9.81) G_6 = 2(211.86) = 423.72 kN.m
= 39.24 kN G_7 = 0.67(39.24) = 26.29 kN.m
G_5 = 2(6)(1)(23.54) F_1 = 2.4(294.3) = 706.32 kN.m
= 282.48 kN F_2 = 1.33(78.48) = 104.38
kN.m
G_6 = 1/2 (3)(6)(23.54)
= 211.36 kN
G_7 = 1/2 (2)(4)(1)(9.81)
= 39.24 kN

∑R.M = 382.59+618.03+1271.16+156.96+1129.92
+423.72+26.29+104.38
F_1 = Awh = 4113.05 kN.m
= 6(1)(9.81)(5)
= 294.3 kN ∑O.M = F_1 = 706.32 kN.m
F_2 = 1/2 (9.81)(4^2)
= 78.48 kN

∑Fv = G_1+G_2+G_3+G_4+G_5+G_6+G_7
= 58.86+88.29+211.86+39.24+282.48+211.86+39.24
Rv = 931.83 kN

∑Fh = F_1-F_2 x = (∑R.M- ∑O.M)/Rv = (4113.05-

706.32)/931.83
= 294.3 – 78.48 x = 3.66 m (from the toe)
Rh = 215.82 kN

37
 46. The base of a solid metal cone (Sp. Gr. 6.95) is 25 cm in diameter. The
altitude of the cone is 30 cm. If placed in a basin containing mercury (Sp.
Gr. 13.60) with the apex of the cone down, how deep will the cone float?

∑Fy=0] Given :

𝐹𝑏 =W d=25cm.

(wV)displaced mercury = (wV)cone r=12.5cm=0.125

(9.81)(13.60)Vm = 9.81(6.95)Vcone Vcone=4.9087x10−3

6.95𝜋𝑟 2 𝑕
13.60Vm =
3

6.95𝜋 0.125 2 (0.30)

Vm = 3(13.60) 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 0.30 3
=( )
Vm = 2.50x10−3 𝑚3 𝑉𝑚 𝑥
(0.30)3 𝑉𝑚
𝑥3 =
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒

3 0.30 3 (2.50𝑥10 −3 )
x= 4.91 𝑥 10 −3

x = 0.24m

x =11,120
47. If a metal sphere 60 cm in diameter weighs 24cm N in the air, what
would be its weight when submerged in (a) water? (b) mercury?
Sol’n:

a.) b.)

FB = 9.81 (4/3 πr^3)W_hy = 11,120 – 9.81(13.6)(4/3)(π)(〖0.3〗^2)

= 9.81(4/3)(〖0.3〗^2) = -3976 N

FB = 1.11 kN

W = 11.12 – 1110

= 10.01 N

38
 48. A rectangular solid piece of wood 30 cm square and 5 cm thick floats in
water to depth of 3.25 cm. How heavy an object must be placed on the
wood (Sp. Gr. 0.50) in such a way that it will just be submerged?

Given: dept=3.25cm

Req. F=?

30cm

W 5cm Fb=w

w.s. wv'=wsv

s=v’/v

Fb s= (30) (30) (3.25)

w.s. 4500

S= 0.65// ans.
W

F=Fb-W

F=wv(1-s)

Fb F=wv-wsv F= (9.81)(4500)(1-0.65)

49. A hollow vessel in the shape of paraboloid of revolution F=15.45 N

floats in fresh
water with its axis vertical and vertex down. Find the depth to which it
must be filled with a liquid (Sp. Gr. 1.20) so that its vertex will be
submerged at 45 cm from the water surface.
Solution:

𝐹𝑏=W
By Similar Solids:
9.81Vd = 9.81(1.20)Vp
𝑉𝑝 𝑎 3
Vd = 1.20Vp =( )
𝑉𝑑 0.45
𝑉𝑝 𝑎3
= 0.45 3
1.20𝑉𝑑
1 𝑎3
= = 0.45 3
1.20

a = 0.42m
39
a = 42cm
 50. A barge is 16 m long by 7 m wide 120 cm deep, outside dimensions. The
sides and bottom of the barge are made of timber having thickness of 30
cm. The timber weighs 7860 N/cu.m. If there is to be freeboard of 20 cm
in fresh water how many cubic meters of sand weighing 15700 N/cu.m
may be loaded uniformly into the barge?

Sol’n:

V_t=V_o-V_i F_b-W_t-W_s = 0

= (16)(7)(1.2) – (15.4)(16.4)(0.9)

9810(16)(7)(1) – 7860(45.7) – 15700

= 45.7 m^3

V_s = 0

V_s = 47.10 m^3

51. A brass sphere (Sp. Gr. 8.60) is placed in a body of mercury. If the
diameter of the sphere is 30 cm (a) what minimum force would be
required to hold it submerged in mercury? (b) what is the depth of
flotation of the sphere when it is floating freely?

hg.s. F F=Fb-W

W F=wSmVs-wSsVs

Fb F=wVs(Sm-Ss)

F=(9.81) (3/4)(3.14)(0.15)^3(13.60-8.6)

F=693.43N//ans.

Fb

40
 V=4/3(3.14)(r)^3

V=4/3(3.14)(15)^3

V=14,137.17cm^3

Fb=w V’=3.14/3 D^2(3r-D)

wSmV’=wSsV 8939.68 =3.14/3(y^2)((3x15)-y)

V’=8.60(14137.17)

13.60 y=17.10cm

V’=8939.68cm^3

52. A spherical balloon weighs 3115 N. How many newton of helium have to
be put in the balloon to cause it to rise, (a) at sea level? (b) at an
elevation of 4570 m?

Soln:

W = Fb – Fh
W = ρ_agV - ρ_hgV
[W = V(ρ_ag - ρ_hg)]1/(〖(ρ〗_a g - ρ_h g))
V = w/(g(ρ_a-ρ_h))
= 3115/(9.81(1.29-0.179))
V = 286.1 m^3

53. The Sp. Gr. of rock used as concrete aggregate is often desirable to
know. If a rock weighed 6.15 N in the air and 3.80 N when submerged in
water, what would be the specific gravity of the rock?
Soln:

W = W_a - W_w S = 6.15/(9810(2.4 x 〖10〗^(-4)))

W = 6.15 – 3.8 S.g = 2.62
(9810)V = 2.35
V = 2.4 x 〖10〗^(-4) m^3

S.W = W_a/V = (6.15 N)/(2.4 x 〖10〗^(-4) )

S.W = 25625 N/m^3

41
 54. A piece of wood weighs 17.80 N in air and piece of metal weighs 17.80
in water. Together the two weighs 13.35 N in water. What is the specific
gravity of the wood?

Solution:

W wo=17.80N (air)
W wo=17.80-FB
Wm=17.80N(water)
13.35N=17.80-FB+17.80
WT=W wo+Wm ; W T=13.85N FB=22.25N (Displaced Water)
W wo=17.80(air) Gs=W wo/FB

=17.80N/22.25N

Gs=0.80
55. A sphere 1.0 in diameter floats half submerged in tank of liquid (Sp. Gr.
0.80) (a) what is the weight of the sphere? (b) What is the minimum
weight of the anchor (Sp. Gr. 2.40) that will require to submerge the
sphere completely?

Given: Find:

Sa = 7.40 Sliquid = 0.80 Ws

Vs = 4/3π^3 Wa

= 4/3π(0.53)^3

= 0.52m³

A.) W=fb

=WsLVs/2

Ws=9.81Kn/m3(0.80)(0.52m3)/2

Ws=2.05KN

B.) Wa=Fba+Fbs–W where: V a=Wa/Wsa

=WslVa+WslVs-WsVs SS=Ws/wVs

42
Wa=w[0.80xwa/w2.40]+[0.80x0.32m3]-[2.04kn/9.81kn/m3]

Wa=0.33wa+4.08kn-2.04kn

Wa-0.33wa=2.04kn-4.08kn

0.67wa/0.67=2.04/0.67

Wa= 3.50kn

56. Fig. Z shows a hemispherical shell covering a circular hole 1.30 m in

diameter at the vertical side of a tank. If the shell weighs 12,450 N, what
vertical force is necessary to lift the shell considering a friction factor of
0.30 between the wall and the shell?

57. An iceberg has a specific gravity of 0.92 and floats in salt water (Sp. Gr.
1.03). If the volume of ice above the water surface is 700 cu.m, what is
the total volume of the iceberg?

given: find:

Si=0.92 Vt

Ssw=1.03

43
 W=W vƩfv=0] vt=v1+v2

W=WsiVt W=Fb v2=vt-v1

Fb=W ssw wsivt=wssw(vt-v1)

=Wsssv2 Sivt=wswvt-sswv1
vt=sswv1/ssw-si
sswv1=vt(ssw-si)
=1.03(700)/1.03-0.92

Vt=6554.55m3
58. A concrete cube 60 cm on each edge (Sp. Gr. 2.40) rests on the bottom
of a tank in which sea water stands to a depth of 5 m. The bottom edges
of the block are sealed off so that no water is admitted under the block.
Find the vertical pull required to lift the block.

Solution:

W1=23.54(0.6x7xd) ;d=1

W1=98.868

W2=197.736[1/2(24)(7)d] X=(RM-OM)/RV

W2=197.736 =(583.3692-
204.375)/296.604

F=δhA X=1.28m

=9.81(2.5)(5)

F=122.625 e=b/2-x

Rx=122.625d S=Ry/b(1±6e/b)

Ry=296.604d S=142.36992kPa

RM=98.868(3-0.3)+197.766[2/3(2.4)]

RM=583.3692kN.m

OM=122.625(5/3)

OM=204.375kN.m

44
 59. A 15 cm by 15 cm by 7 m long timber weighing 6280 N/cu.m is hinged at
one end and held in horizontal position by an anchor at the other end as
shown in Fig. AA. If the anchor weighs 23450 N/cu.m, determine the
minimum total weight it must have

Solution:

Vt=(0.15)2(7) Wa=W aVa

Vt=0.1575m2 Wa=23540Va Va=W a/23540

Wt=W tVt

=(0.1575)(62.80)

Wt=989.1

Fbt=9810(0.1575) Fba=WVa

Fbt=1545.075 Fba=9810Va

Mh= 3.5Fbt+7Fba=3.5Wt+W a

3.5(1545.075)+7(9810)

Va=3.5(989.1)+7(23540)Va

Va=0.02m3

Wa=W aVa

=23540N/m3(0.02m3)

Wa=470.8N

45
 60. A cylinder weighing 445 N and having a diameter of 1.0 m floats in salt
water (Sp. Gr. 1.03) with its axis vertical as in Fig. BB. The anchor
consist 0f 0.0280 cu.m of concrete weighing 23450 N/cu.m. What rise in
the tide r will be required to lift the anchor off the bottom?

Solution:

Wa=23540(0.280) Fba=9810(1.05)(0.280)

Wa=659102N Fba=2829.204N

Wo=445N Fbc=9810(1.03)p(0.5)2(0.3+r)

Fbc=2380.769+7935.89866

∈Fv=0

Fba+Fbc=W a+Wc

2829.204+2380.769+7935.898r=6591.2+445

r=0.23m ; 23cm

46
 61. A timber 15 cm square and 5 m long has a specific gravity of 0.50. One
end is hinged to the wall and the other is left to float in water (Fig. CC).
For a=60 cm, what is the length of the timber submerged in water?

Solution:

Wt=9.81(0.5)(5)(0.15)2

Wt=0.5518125kN

Fb=9.81(0.15)2(x)

Fb=0.220725x

Mh=0

2.5cosθW t=(5-0.5x)cosθFb

2.5(0.5518125)=(5-0.5x)(0.220725x) 0.11x2-1.1x+1.375=0
1.375=1.1x-0.11x2
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

62. A metal block 30 cm square and 25 cm deep is X=1.46m

allowed to float on a
body of liquid which consist of 20 cm layer of water above a layer of
mercury. The block weighs 18,850 N/cu.m. What is the position of the
upper level of the block? If a downward vertical force of 1110 N is
applied to the centroid of the block, what is the new position of the upper
level of the block?

Solution:

a.) Fbm=wV Fbw=9.81(0.20)(009)

=9.81(13.6)(0.09)(0.05-x) Fbw=0.17658kN

Fbm=0.600372-12.00744x

W=18.85(0.09)(0.25)

W=0.424125kN

47
 ∈Fv=0

Fbw+Fbm=W

0.17658+0.600372-12.000744x=0.424125

X=0.0294m

X=2.94cm

b.) Fbm=9.81(13.6)(0.09)(0.25-x) W=0.4241225

Fbm=3.00186-12.00744x Wv=1.11kN
Fbw=9.81(0.09)(x)
Fbw=0.8829x
∈Fv=0
0.8829x+3.00186-12.00744x=0.4241225+1.11kN
X=0.132m
H=0.20m-0.132m
H=0.068m
H=68cm

63. Two spheres, each 1.2 m diameter, weigh 4 and 12 KN, respectively.
They are connected with a short rope and placed in water. What is the
tension in the rope and what portion of the lighter sphere produces from
the water? What should be the weight of the heavier sphere so that the
lighter sphere will float halfway out of the water?
Solution:
9.81 4𝜋 (0.60 3 ) 1 4𝜋(0.60)3
𝐹𝐵𝐻 = 𝐹𝐵𝐻 = (9.81)(2)( )
3 3

𝐹𝐵𝐻 = 8.8759 kN𝐹𝐵𝐻 = 4.4379 kN

T = 𝑊𝑆𝐻 - 𝐹𝐵𝐻 T = Wss - 𝐹𝐵

T =12 kN - 8.8759 kN T = 4 kN - 4.4379 kN

T = 3.12 kN T = 0.4379 kN

∑Fy=0]

𝐹𝐵𝑆 = 𝑊𝑆𝑆 - T

9.81Vss = 4 + 3.12

Vss = 0.72579𝑚3

48
 𝑊𝐻 = T + 𝐹𝐵𝐻

𝑊𝐻 = 0.44 kN + 8.88 kN
𝜋
Vs = 3 𝐷2 (3𝑟 − 𝐷)𝑊𝑆𝐻 = 9.32 kN

0.72579 = 0.60π𝐷2 - 0.33π𝐷3

D = 0.85m --- by trial & error

X = 1.20 – D

X = 0.35m

68. If the specific gravity of a body is 0.80, what proportional part of its total
volume will be submerged below the surface of a liquid (Sp. Gr. 1.20)
upon which it floats?

Solution:

𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊𝐵

(𝑤𝑉)𝑆𝐿 = (𝑤𝑉)𝑆𝐵

(9.81)(1.20)𝑉𝑆𝐿 = (9.81)(0.80)𝑉𝑇

(1.20)𝑉𝑆𝐿 = (0.80)𝑉𝑇
2
𝑉𝑆𝐿 = 3 𝑉𝑇

2
of the total Volume
3

69. A vertical cylinder tank, open at the top, contains 45.50 cu.m of water. It
has a horizontal sectional area of 7.40 sq.m and its sides are 12.20 m
high. Into its lowered another similar tank, having a sectional area of 5.60
sq.m and a height of 12.20 m. The second tank is inverted so that its
open end is down, and it is allowed to rest on the bottom of the first. Find
the maximum hoop tension in the outer tank. Neglect the thickness of the
inner tank.

49
 70. A small metal pan of length of 1.0 m, width 20 cm and depth 4 cm floats
in water. When a uniform load of 15 N/m is applied as shown in Fig. DD,
the pan assumes the figure shown. Find the weight of the pan and the
magnitude of the righting moment developed.

Solution:

𝑉𝑃 = 0.04m (0.20m) (1m)

𝑉𝑃 = 8x10−3 𝑚3 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 = 4x10−3 𝑚3

0.04 𝐹
Θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.20) T= 𝑙

Θ = 11.31𝑜 𝑁
15𝑚 = 1𝑚
𝐹

𝑊 + T = 𝐹𝐵
F = 15 𝑃
𝑊𝑃 = 𝐹𝐵 - T

𝑊𝑃 = 9810(4x10−3 ) – 15

𝑊𝑃 = 39.24 - 15

𝑊𝑃 = 24.24 N

71. A ship of 39,140 KN displacement floats in sea water with the axis of
symmetry vertical when a weight of 490 KIN is mid ship. Moving a weight
3 m toward one side of the deck cause a plumb bob, suspended at the
end of a string 4 m long, to move 24 cm. Find the metacentric height.

Given:

W=39140kn

TanΦ=0.24/4 C=W x

Φ=3.43˚ 490(3)=39140x X=MGSinΦ

SinΦ=X/MG
490(3)=39140(MGSin3.43˚)

MG=0.63m
50
72. A rectangular scow 9.15 m wide by 15.25 m long and 3.65 m high has a
draft of 2.44 m in sea water. Its center of gravity is 2.75 m above the
bottom of the scow. (a) Determine the initial metacentric height. (b) If the
scow tilts until one of the longitudinal sides is just at the point of
submergence, determine the righting couple or the overturning couple.
Soln:

a.) b.)
GB_o = 2.75 – 1.22 tanθ = 1.21/4.575
= 1.53 m θ = 14.81°
MG = MB_o - GB_o MB_o = B^2/12D(1 + 〖tan〗^2θ/2)
= 2.86 – 1.53 = 〖9.15〗^2/(12(2.46))(1 + 〖tan〗
MG = 1.33 m^(2(14.81))/2)
MB_o = 2.96 m

∑Fv = 0 ; FB = W
FB = wV
= 9.15(15.25)(2.44)(9.81)(1.03)
FB = W
W = 3490.23 kN

RM = W(MGsinθ) = 3490.23(1.34sin14.81°)
RM = 1257.7 kN.m

73. A cylindrical caisson has an outside diameter of 6 m and floats in fresh

water with its axis vertical. Its lower end is submerged to a depth of 6 m
below the water surface. Find: (a) the initial metacentric height; (b) the
righting couple when the caisson is tipped through an angle of 10
degrees.

Soln:

a.) b.)
MB_o = I/V ; I=(π(6^2))/(12(4)) ; V=(π(6)(6))/4
MG = MB_o+GB_o = 0.375 + 0.5
M_o = 0.375 m MG = 0.875 m

51
74. A rectangular scow 9.15 m wide by 15.25 m long has a draft of 2.44 m in
fresh water. Its center of gravity is 4.60 m above the bottom. Determine
the height of the scow if, with one side just at the point of submergence,
the scow is in unstable position.

75. A rectangular raft 3 m wide 6 m long has a thickness of 60 cm and is

made of solid timbers (Sp. Gr. 0.60). If a man weighing 890 N steps on
the edge of the raft at the middle of one side, how much will the original
water line on that side be depressed below the water surface?

Find: RM

V’=(9.15m)(2.75m)(15.25) W=wV

=383.73m3=(9.81kn/m3)(383.73m3)

W=3764.39kn

TanΦ=1.85/4.575 V=1/2(15.25m)(1.85m)(4.573)

Φ=222.02˚ V=64.54m3

Mbo=VL/V’SinΦ G bo=2.30-1.375m

=64.54m3(6.1)/383.73m3(Sin22.02˚) Gbo=0.925m

Mbo=2.74m

MG=Mbo-Gbo RM=w(MGSinΦ)

=2.74m-0.925m =(3764.39kn)(1.815)sinΦ22.02˚

MG=1.815m RM=1242.60kn.m

52
CHAPTER FOUR – Accelerated Liquids in Relative Equilibrium

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. A car travelling on a horizontal road has a rectangular cross section, 6m

long by 2.40m wide by 1.50m high. If the car is half full of water, what is
the maximum acceleration it can undergo without spilling any water?
Neglecting the weight of the car, what force is required to produce
maximum acceleration?

Given:
d=0.75 m
L=6 m
Wide=2.4 m
H=1.5 m

Solution: W = Vw
W = . 75 6 2.4 9.81 = 105.95 kN

La 𝑊𝑎
d= 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 =
2g 𝑔

dg 105.95 2.45
a=2 𝐹=
L 9.81

2 0.75 9.81
a= 𝐹 = 26.46 𝑘𝑁
6

𝑚
𝑎 = 2.45
𝑠2

53
 2. A cylindrical bucket is accelerated upward with an acceleration of gravity.
If the bucket is 0.60m in diameter and 1.20m deep, what is the force on
the bottom of the bucket if it contains 0.90m depth of wet concrete whose
specific weight is 22,000 N/m3?

Solution:

𝑎
𝐹 = 𝑤𝑕𝐴 1 + 𝑔

0.60 m 𝜋. 602 9.81

𝐹 = 22 1.20 (1 + )
4 9.81

𝐹 = 11.20 𝑘𝑁
1.20 m
a = 9.81 m/s2

Sg = 22 000 N/m3
0.90 m

54
 3. A rectangular car is 3m long by 1.5m wide and 1.5m deep. If the friction
is neglected and the car rolls down a plane with an inclination of water
surface if the car contained 0.60m depth of water when the car was
horizontal?
3m
Given:
1.5 1.5

0.9

θ 1.5

0.6

Find: θ
W
W
W=mg
a
REFн
av REFн
20°
aн REFн = maн
F =masin20°
a θ
20° REFv = mav
20° =macos20°
REFv REFv

macos 20°
tanθ= mg −masin 20° F mg

m(acos 20°)
=m(g−asin 20°) masin20°
acos 20°
= g−asin 20°
macos20°

Consider:
0.9
tanα =1.5 a= 9.81 tan(30.96°)
=30.96° a=5.885 m/s2
a
tanα =g
𝑎 5.885 cos 20° 5.53
tan(30.96°) = 𝑔 tan 𝜃 = 9.81− 5.885 = = 35.35°
sin 20° 7.79

55
4. An open tank, 9.15m long is supported on a car moving on a level track
and uniformly accelerated from rest to 48km/hr.When at rest the tank
was filled with water to within 15cm of its top. Find the shortest time in
which the acceleration may be accomplished without spilling over the
edge.
Given: 4.575 4.575

15 cm
θ
15 cm h
a

VF=48 Km/s= 13.33m/s

Find: t

Solution:
0.15
tanθ = 4.575
= 1.878°
𝑎
tanθ =𝑔

𝑎
tan(1.878°)=9.81
a = 9.81 tan(1.878°)
a= 0.322 m/s2
𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑜
a= 𝑡
13.33
t= 0.322
=41.44 s

56
 5. A rectangular tank, 60cm long and containing 20 cm of water is given an
acceleration of a quarter of the acceleration of gravity along the length.
How deep will the water be at rear end? At the front end? What is the
pressure force at the rear end if it is 45 cm wide?

Given:
30 cm 30 cm

x
a= 1 g
x 4
F
20 cm

Find : hF, hr, F

Solution:
1
𝑎 𝑔 1
4
tanθ = = =4
g 2

tanθ=_x_
0.30
1 =_x_
4 0.30
x= 0.075m or 7.5 cm

hr=20+7.5
=27.5 cm
hF=20-7.5
=12.5cm

F=Awh
=(0.45)(0.275)(9.81)(0.275/2)
=0.16692 KN
=166.92 N

57
 6. Figure GG shows a container having a width of 1.50 m. Calculate the
total forces on the ends and bottom of the container when at rest and
when being accelerated vertically upward at 3m/s2?

W.S.
Given:

a=3m/s2
1.3o m
w= 1.50m
600

3.0 m

Solution:
𝑎
𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑤𝑎𝑕 𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑤𝑕𝐴(1 + 𝑔 )

3
𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 9.81 1.3 1.5 (0.65)𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 9.81 1.3 1.5 (0.65)(1 + )
9.81
𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 12.43 𝑘𝑁𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 16.23 𝐾𝑁
𝑎
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑤𝑎𝑕 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑤𝑕𝐴(1 + 𝑔 )

3
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 9.81 1.5 1.5 (0.65)𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 9.81 1.5 1.5 (0.65)(1 + )
9.81
𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 14.35 𝑘𝑁𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 18.74 𝑘𝑁
𝑎
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝑤𝑎𝑕 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝑤𝑕𝐴(1 + 𝑔 )

3
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 9.81 1.5 1.3 1.3 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 9.81 1.5 1.3 (1.3) (1 + )
9.81
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 57.40 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 74.95 𝑘𝑁

58
7. A closed rectangular tank 1.20m high by 2.40 m long by 1.50 m wide is
filled with water and the pressure at the top is raised to 140 Kpa.
Calculate the pressures in the corners of this tank when it is accelerated
horizontally along its length at 4.60m/s2?
Given:
y
θ
h
a=4.60m/s
P1
P2 1.20 m

2.40 m

Find: P1 , P2

Solution:

h=p = 1.40 = 14.2712 m

w 9.81
tanθ = a = y_ = 4.6_
g 2.4 9.81
y= 1.125 m

P1 = wh1
= 9.81 (1.2 + 14.2712 + 1.125)
= 162.81 Kpa

P2 = wh2
= 9.81(1.2 +14.2712)
= 151.77 Kpa

59
8. A pipe 2.50 cm in diameter is 1.0 m long and filled with 0.60m water.,
what is the pressure at the other end of the pipe when it is rotating at 200
RPM?
Given:
w= 200rpm
=20/3 л rad/s
h2

y2

X1=0.4 0.6
y1
x2= 1m

Find: P
Solution:
y1 = w2x12
2g
=(20/3л)2(0.4)2
2(9.81)
=3.577 m
y2== w2x22
2g
=(20/3л)2(1)2
2(9.81)
=22.357 m
h2=22.357-3.577
=18.78 m
P=wh2
=9.81(18.78)
= 184.23 Kpa

60
 9. An open vertical cylindrical tank 0.60 m in diameter and 1.20 m high is
half full of water. If it is rotated about its vertical axis so that the water just
reach the top, find the speed of rotation. What will then be the maximum
pressure in the tank? If the water were 1.0 m deep, what speed will
cause the water to just reach the top? What is the depth of the water at
the center?

a.

𝑤2 𝑥2
𝑦=
2𝑔

𝑤 2 0.3 2
1.2 =
2 9.81

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑤 = 16.17
𝑠
𝑃 = 𝑤𝑕

𝑤2𝑟2
𝑃 = 9810( )
2𝑔

16.172 × 0. 32
𝑃 = 9810( )
2 × 9.81
𝑃 = 11.80 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑤2 𝑥2
𝑦=
2𝑔

𝑤 2 0.3 2
0.4 =
2 9.81

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑤 = 9.34
𝑠
𝐻 𝑦
𝑑= +
2 2
𝑑 = 0.6 + 0.2

𝑑 = 0.8 𝑚

61
 10. If the tank of problem 9 is half full of oil (sp. Gr. 0.75) what speed of
rotation is necessary to expose one-half of the bottom diameter? How
much oil is lost in attaining this speed?

Given:

D=0.6 m

H=1.2 m
𝜔 2𝑥 2
1.2 + 𝑑 = eq.1
2𝑔
𝑥 2
𝜔2
2
𝑑= eq.2
2𝑔
By equating eq 1 and eq 2
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 18.68 𝑑 = 0.40 𝑚
𝑠

11. The U-tube of figure HH is given a uniform acceleration of 1.22 m/ s2 to

the right. What is the depth in AB and the pressures at B, G and D?
Given: Find:

y A H C

H3
30 cm
h2
G h1

B D
30 cm 30 cm

𝑃𝐵 = 9.81 13.6 (. 34)

Solution: 𝑃𝐵 = 45.36 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑦 𝑎
= 𝑃𝑔 = 𝑤𝑕2
𝑧 𝑞
𝑃𝑔 = 9.81 13.6 (. 30)
𝑦 1.22
=
0.30 9.81 𝑃𝑔 = 40.02 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑦 = 0.04𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑤𝑕3

62 𝑃𝑑 = 9.81 13.6 (. 26)

𝑃𝑑 = 37.40 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑤𝑕1

12. The U-tube of figure HH is rotated about an axis through HG so that the
velocity at B is 3m/s. What are the pressures at B and G?
Given: Find: PR, PG

A
H C

30 cm

D
B

30 cm 30 cm

Figure HH

Solution :
A H
C
PR= wh1
=9.81(3.6)(0.30)
=40.02 Kpa
30 cm

𝑉2 G
Y2 = 2𝑔
32 D
= 2 (9.81) B
30 cm 30
=0.459 m cm

PG= wh2
Figure HH
=9.81(13.6)(0.459-0.30)
=21.18 Kpa it is below the point
Therefore, PG = -21.18 Kpa

63
 13. The U-tube of figure HH is rotated about HG. At what angular velocity
does the pressure at G become zero gage? What angular velocity is
required to produce a cavity at G?

A C
H

D
B
30 cm 30 cm

Figure HH

w 0.30, y2

0.30,0.30
LL1

0.30 m

Y2

0.30m 0.30 m Patm/w

LL2
𝑤 2𝑥 2
y1 = 12𝑔 1 ; in LL1
𝑦 1 2𝑔
w=
𝑥2

0.30 2 (9.81)
=
0.302
w1=8.09 rad/s
in LL1;
Patm 𝑦 1 2𝑔
h= y2=0.30 +0.759 w2 =
𝑤 𝑥2
101.3 1.059 2 (9.81)
= 9.81 (13.6) =1.059 w2 = (0.30)2

64
 =0.759m w2 =15.19 rad/s
14. The tank of problem 9 is covered with a lid having a small hole at the
center and filled with water. If the tank is then rotated about its vertical
axis at 8rad/s, what is the pressure at any point of circumference of the
upper cover? Of the lower cover?
Given:

0.30 m 0.30 m

h2

h2=1.20m

Solution:

𝑤2 𝑥 2
y= 2𝑔
82 0.32
=2(9.81)
=0.294 m

PU= wh1
= 9.81(0.294)
= 2.88 Kpa

PL = wh2
= 9.81 (1.20 +0.294)
= 14.65 Kpa

65
 15. The tank of problem 9 contains 0.60 m of water covered by 0.30m of oil
(sp. Gr. 0.75). What speed of rotation will cause the oil to reach the top?
What is then the pressure at any point on the circumference of the
bottom?
Given : Find: w, PB

oil

h2

1.20 m
h1
water

0.3 m 0.3 m

Solution:

y1 = w12x12 ; in LL1
2g
w =y2g
x2
= (0.6)(2)(9.81)
` (0.30)2
w = 11.44 rad/s

PB= woilh2 + whwh1

= 9.81(0.75)(0.3) + 9.81(0.9)

PB = 11.04 Kpa

66
 16. The tube of figure II is rotated about axis AB. What angular velocity is
required to make the pressures at B and C equal? At that speed where is
the location of the minimum pressure along BC?

Given: Y2 Find: w,z

A

x CY1

30c
m 45°
°
Z

B z z

Solution: w
x
Tan 45° = 0.3 = 0.3m

w2 x2
Y= 2g

y2 2 g 2 (9.81) rad
W= = = 8.08
x2 0.3 s

0.30 = y3 + z ;
y3 = 0.3 – z

h = y1+ 0.3-z
w2 z2
= +0.3-z
2𝑔
8.092 𝑧 2
= +0.3 – z
2 (9.81)
= 3.336z2 –z +0.3
P = wh
𝑑𝑃
(𝑑𝑥 ) = w(3.336z2 – z + 0.3) = 0
= w (6.672z – z) = 0
Z = 0.15 m

67
 17. A vessel 30 cm in diameter and filled with water is rotated about its
vertical axis with such a speed that the water surface at a distance of
7.50cm from its axis makes an angle of 45 degrees with the horizontal.
Determine the speed of rotation.

𝑊 2
𝐹𝑐 𝑔
𝑤 𝑥
tan 45 = =
𝑤 𝑊
𝑤2
tan 45 = 𝑥
𝑔

𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛 45
𝑤=
𝑥

9.81 tan 45
𝑤=
0.075

𝑤 = 11.44 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠

68
 18. A cylindrical vessel, 0.30 m deep, is half filled with water. When it is
rotated about its vertical axis with the speed of 150 RPM, the water just
rises to the rim of the vessel. Find the diameter of the vessel.

Given: x Find : D

0.30

w = 150 rpm
rad
= 5π s

Solution:

𝑤2 𝑥 2
Y1 = 2𝑔
𝑦 2𝑔
X =
𝑤2
0.3 2 (9.81)
=
(5𝜋 )2
= 0.154 m
D = 2x
= 2(0.154)
= 0.3089 m
= 30.89 cm

69
19. A conical vessel with vertical axis has an altitude of 1m and is filled with
water. Its base, 0.60m in diameter, is horizontal and uppermost. If the
vessel is rotated about its axis with a speed of 60RPM, how much water
will remain in it?

Given : 0.3 0.3 Find: Vr

y 1m

w = 60 rpm
rad
= 2π s

Solution:

𝑤2 𝑥 2
y= 2𝑔
(2𝜋 )2 (0.3)2
= 2(9.81)
= 0.1811 m

Vr = Vcone – Vpar
1 1
= 3 𝜋 (𝑟 )3 𝑕 − 2 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑦
1 1
= 3 𝜋 0.3 3 (1) − 2 𝜋 0.3 2 (0.1811)
Vr = 0.060 m3

70
20. A cylindrical bucket, 35 cm deep and 30 cm in diameter, contains water
to a depth of 30 cm. A man swings this bucket describing a circle having
a diameter of 2.15 m. what is the minimum speed of rotation that the
bucket can have without permitting water to spill?

Given: Find : w

S
R = 1.075

w
Solution:
0.30
r= R – 2
= 1.075 – 0.15
= 0.925 m

w = Fc
mg = mwr
𝑔
w= 𝑟
9.81
= 0.925
𝑟𝑎𝑑
w = 3.26 𝑠

71
21. If the water which just fills a hemispherical bowl of 1.0m radius be made
to rotate uniformly about the vertical axis of the bowl at the rate of 30
RPM, determine the amount of water that will spill out?

Given: 1.0 Find : Vspill

W = 30 RPM
rad
=π s

Solution:
w2 x2
y= 2g
(π)2 (1)2
= 2(9.81)
= 0.503 m
1
Vspill = 2 πr2 y
1
= 2 π 1 2 (0.503)

Vspill = 0.79 m3

72
22. The open cylindrical tank of figure JJ is rotated about its vertical axis at
the rate of 60 RPM. If the initially filled with water, how high above the
top of the tank will water rise in the attached piezometer?
Given:
1
m

Figure JJ

1.30
cm

1.30
m
Solution:

w2 x1 2
y1 = 2g
(2π)2 (0.65)2
= 2(9.81)

= 0.850 m

w2 x2 2
Y2 = 2g
(2π)2 (1)2
= 2(9.81)
= 2.012 m

h= y2 – y1
= 2.012 – 0.850
= 1.16 m

73
23. A closed cylindrical tank with axis vertical, 2m high and 0.60m in
diameter is filled with water, the intensity of pressure at the top being 140
Kpa. The metal making up the side is 0.25 cm thick. If the vessel is
rotated about its vertical axis at 240 RPM, compute (a) total pressure on
the side wall, (b) total pressure against the top, (c) maximum intensity of
hoop tension in pascals.

Given:

Ftop Fside
2m

0.6

Solution: w = 240 rpm

rad
= 8π s
𝑝 140
h = 𝑤 = 9.81= 14.271 m

w2 x2 (8π)2 (0.3)2
y= = = 2.897 m
2g 2(9.81)

a.) Fside = Awh

= 𝜋 2 0.6 9.81 14.271 + 2.897 + 1
= 671.90 KN
b.) Ftop = Awh
=𝜋 0.3 2 9.81 14.27 + 2.879
= 47.62 KN
c.) P = wh
= 9.81(2.9 +14.27 + 2)
= 188.044 Kpa
FB = PD = 2T
188.04(0.6)
T = 2
= 56.41 Kpa
𝑇
S=𝑡
56.41
=
2.5𝑥 10−3
=22565.34 Kpa

74
24. A small pipe, 0.60m long, is filled with water and capped at both ends. If
placed in a horizontal position, how fast must it be rotated about a
vertical axis, 0.30m from one end, to produce maximum pressure of
6,900 Kpa?

Given:

p
h= w Y2
0.3

0.6

0.3 + 0.6 = 0.9

w

Solution:
𝑝
h=𝑤
6900
=
9.81
= 703.36 m

h = y2 – y1
w2 (0.9)2 w2 (0.3)2
= -
2(9.81) 2(9.81)
9𝑤2 𝑤2
703.3639 = - 218
218
4𝑤2
703.3639 = 109
rad
w= 138.44 s

75
 25. A vertical cylindrical tank 2m high and 1.30m in diameter, two thirds full
of water, is rotated uniformly about its axis until it is on the point of
overflowing. Compute the linear velocity at the circumference. How fast
will it have to rotate in order that 0.170 m3 of water will spill out?
1.3
Given:
1.3

1.33

0.67
y h

0.67 2m

3
Vspill = 0.170m

w With spillage
Solution:

w2 x2
y= 2g
y2g
w= x2
1.33 2 (9.81)
= (0.65)2
rad
= 7.869 s
V = wx
= 7.869(0.65)
m
=5.11 s
1
Vspill = 2 πr2 𝑕
1
0.170 = 2 π(0.65)2 h
h = 0.256 m

y2g
w= x2
(1.33+0.256) 2 (9.81)
= (0.65)2
rad
= 8.59 s

76
 26. A steel cylinder, closed at the top, is 3m high and 2m in diameter. It is
filled with water and rotated about its vertical axis until the water
pressure is about to burst the sides of the cylinder by hoop tension. The
metal is 0.625 cm thick and its ultimate strength is 345 Mpa. How fast
must the vessel be rotated?

2𝑇 = 𝑃𝐷

𝑃2
𝑇 = (1)
2
𝑇 =𝑃

𝑇 = 𝑆 𝑡 𝐴𝑡

𝑇 = 345 1000 (6.25 × 10−3 )

𝑇 = 2156.25 𝑘𝑁

𝑇 =𝑃

𝑃 = 𝑦 9.81 + wh

2156.25 = 𝑦 9.81 + 9.81 (3)

𝑦 = 216.80 𝑚

𝑤2 𝑟 2
𝑦 =
2𝑔

𝑤 2 𝑥 12
216.80 =
2(9.81)

𝑤 = 65.22 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠

77
27. A conical vessel with axis vertical and sides sloping at 30 degrees with
the same is rotated about another axis 0.60 m from it. What must be the
speed of rotation so that water poured into it will be entirely discharged
by the rotative effect? w
Given:

30 ° 30 °

60°
0.6 m

Solution:
w2 x2
tan θ = 2g

gtanθ
w= x

9.81tan(60)
= 0.6
rad
w = 5.32 s

78
CHAPTER Five – Principles of Hydrodynamics

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. A fluid flowing in a pipe 30cm in diameter has a uniform velocity of 4m/s. the
pressure at the center of the pipe is 40kpa and the elevation of pipes centerline
above an assumed datum is 4.5m. compute the total energy per unit weight of
the flowing fluid if
(a)oil (sp.gr. 0.80) (b)gas(w=8.50N/m3)

GIVEN: a) E = V2 +P + Z b) E = V2 + P + Z
oil (sp.gr. 0.80) 2g w 2g w
gas (w=8.50N/m3) 2
= (4) + 40__ + 4.5 2
= (4) + 40__ + 4.5
Z = 4.5m 2(9.81) (9.81).8 2(9.81)
V = 4m/s E= 10.41 J/N E = 4.7 J/N

2. A liquid of specific gravity 1.75 flows in a 6cm pipe. The total energy at
appoint in the flowing liquid is 80 J/N. the elevation of the pipe above a fixed
datum is 2.60m and the pressure in the pipe is 75kpa. Determine the velocity of
flow and the power available at the point.

GIVEN: E = V2 +P + Z P = QwE
Sp.gr = 1.7 2g w P = AVwES
P= 75kpa 2
V = E – P +Z P= 𝜋(0.06)2 (37.85)(80)(1.75)
Z= 2.6m 2g w 4
2
V = 80 – 75__ +26 P= 147 kW
2g (9.81)(1.75)
V = 37.85m/s

4. A city requires a flow of 1.5m3/s for its water supply. Determine the diameter
of the pipe if the velocity of flow is to be 1.80m/s.

GIVEN: Q = AV : A= Q/V
Q = 1.5m3/s 𝜋d2 = Q
V = 1.80m/s 4 V
2
d = 4Q
𝜋V
d2 = 4(1.5)

79
5. A pipe consists of three length 50cm, 40cm, and 30cm with a continuous
discharge of 300liters of oil (sp.gr. 0.75) compute the mean velocity in each
pipe.
Given
Q=300 L/s V1=Q/A1 = (0.3)(4) / (3.14)(0.5)2 = 1.53 m/s
S=0.75 V2=Q/A2 =(0.3)(0.4) / (3.14)(0.4)2 =
2.39m/s
V3=Q/A3 = (0.3)(4) / (3.14)(0.3)2 = 4.84m/s

6. A 30cm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 10 pipe points 1 and 2 are along

the same elevation. The pressure at 1 is 200KPa. The flows is 30 liters and the
energy lost between 1 and 2 is equivalent to 20KPa. Compute the pressure at 2
if the liquid flowing is water.
Given: V2+P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 + HL
2g w 2g w
2
(0.4246) + 200 =3.82 + P2 + 20
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81)
P2 =173 kPa

7. Compute the velocity head of the jet if the larger diameter is 10cm and the
smaller diameter is 30mm. The pressure head at point 1 is 30m of the flowing
water and the head lost between points 1 and 2 is 5% of the velocity head in jet.
Given

V2+P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 + HL
2g w 2g w
2 2 2
P1 =V2 -V + 0.5V2 __________ 1
W 2g
Q=AV=A2 V2
V1= 0.333V2= 0.09V2 ______________2
Substitute 2 in 1
V2 =28.85 J/n
2g

80
9. In fig. a 5cm pipeline leads downhill from a reservoir and discharges into air,
If the loss of head between A and B is 44 J/N, determine the discharge.

V2+Pa + Za = V2b + Pb + Zb + HL
2g w 2g w
2
Vb =Za-HL Q=AV
2g
=3.14(0.05)2(6.26)
V2=2(9.81)(46-44)
V=6.26m/s
Q=12.30L/s

11. In fig. shown a siphon discharging oil (sp.gr. 0.90). The siphon is composed
of 8cm pipe from A to B followed by 10cm pipe from B to C. The head losses
are: 1 to 2: 0.0 J/N; 2to3: 0.20J/N and 3 to 4: 1.00 J/N.
Compute the discharge and determine the pressures at points 2 and 3.
\

V2+Pa + Za = V2c + Pc + Zc + HL
2g w2g w
2
VC = ZA- HL= 1.5
2g
V2+Pa + Za = V2b + Pb + Zb + HL
Q2= 1.5(2)(9.81)[3.14(0.1)(.25)]2 2g w 2g w
Q= 0.042m3/s But V2= 8.36m/s
P2 = 3-(8.36)2 -5-0.3 P2=
W 2(9.81)

13. The 60cm pipe conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure turbine which
is discharging through another 60cm pipe into tailrace B. the head losses are: A
to 1:5V2/2g; 2 to B: 0.20V2/2g. if the discharge is .70m3/s what input power is
being given by the water to the turbine?
Solution:
Q=AV ; V=Q/A Pi = QwHt
V=0.7/𝜋(.5)2 Pi =0.7(9.81)(68.3755)
V=2.4758m/s Pi =469.53 kW

V2+Pa + Za = V2b + Pb + Zb + 5V2 + .20V2

2g w 2g w 2g 2g

81
 70 =5(2.4757)2 +.20(2.4758)2
19.62 19.62
Ht = 68.37551985m

14. A fire pump delivers water through 15cm main pipe to a hydrant to which is
connected an 8cm host, terminating in a nozzle 2cm in diameter. The nozzle
trained vertically up, is 1.60m above the hydrant and 12m above the pump. the
head losses are pump to hydrant is 3J/N; Nozzele;6% velocity head inthe
nozzle. If the gage pressure at the pump is 550Kpa to what vertical height can
the jet bo thrown? Neglect air friction.

Q = A,V, = A2V2
V,= 𝜋(0.01)v2 = 4V2
𝜋(0.075)2 225

V2+P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 + HL+ HL+ HL

2g w 2g w
4V /225 + 550 = V2 +12 + 3 + 2 +12 + 0.06V22
2

19.62 9.81 19.62 19.62

2
V2 = 22. 3855m/s

H= V2 = 22.38552 = 25.54m
2g

15. The water from reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 90cm in
diameter, and a pressure of 200kpa is maintained at the summit where the pipe
is 90m above the reservoir. The quantity pumped is 1.40m 3/s and by reason of
friction there is a hed loss of 90% efficient, determine the input power furnished
to the water.

Q = A b Vb V2+Pa + Za + ha =V2b + Pb + Zb
V = 1.4/ 𝜋(0.45)2 = 2.201m/s 2g w 2g w
Po = QwHp Hp = 113.63
Po= 1.4(9,81)(113)
Po = 1560.652
Pi = Po/ n
Pi = 1734.06 kN

82
16. The turbine shown in fig. extracts 50 J/N of water from the given pipe
system. At the summit S 480kpa is maintained. Determine the flow and the
pressure at the discharge side of the turbine considering the following losses:
summit to turbine : 4times the velocity head in the 20cm pipe; turbine to
reservoir 3times the velocity head in the 30cm pipe.
BEE from 1 to 2
V2+P1 -Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 + HL
2g w 2g w
0+ 480/9.81 + 46 – 50- [8Q2/𝜋2g(0.2)2]-3[8Q2/𝜋2g(0.2)2]
48.93 + 46 +50 -206.57 Q2 = 30.60Q2 = 16
Q=0.350m3/s or 350L/s

17. A horizontal Venturi meter 45cm by 60cm is used to measure the flow of air
through a 60cm pipeline. A differential gage connected to the inlet and throat
contains water which is deflected 10cm. considering the specific weight of air as
12.60 N/m3, find the flow of air. Neglect head losses.
V2+P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 V = Q/A =4Q/𝜋D4
2g w 2g w V2 = 16Q2/ 𝜋2D4
16Q2/ 𝜋2D4 + P1 =16Q2/ 𝜋2D4+ P2
2g w 2g w
2
P1 – P2 = 1.38Q ______________(1)
w
sum-up pressure head from (1) – (2) in meters
P1- P2 = 81.65 _____________(2)
W
Substitute (2) to(1)
81.65 = 1.38Q
Q = 7.5 m3/s

83
18. A venturi meter 60cm by 30cm has its axis inclined downward 30deg from
the horizontal. The distance, along the axis, from the inlet to the throat is 1.20m.
the differential manometer showns a deflection of 15cm of mercury. If the
flowing is water, find the discharge if C=0.98.

P1/w + v + x – 0.15(13.6)-y + 0.15=P2/w C =Qa/Qt

P1 - P2 = 1.89y Qa=CQt
W Qa = 0.98(444.46)
BEE for 1to 2 Qa =435.72 L/s
V2+P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 + HL
2g w 2g w
2 2
V2 -V1 =P1-P2 + Z1-Z2
2g w
=
V2 6.29m/s
V1= 0.32/(0.6)2V2
V1 = 0.25V2
Qt = V2A2
Qt = 6.9(0.3)2/4
Qt = 444.46L/s

19. A 6cm fire host water discharges through a nozzle having a diameter of
2.5cm. the head lost in the nozzle is 4% of the velocity head in the jet. If the
gage pressure at the base of the nozzle is 400kpa, find the flow and the
maximum horizontal range to which the stream can be thrown.

BEE from 1 to 2
V2+P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 + HL
2g w 2g w
0.051v + 40.77 = 0.051 v2 + 2.04x10-3v2
2

V= 4.987 m/s

Q,=Q2 ; A,v= A2v2

V 2 = 0.062/.0252v
V2 = 28.73m/s

Q2 = A2V2
Q2 =28.73𝜋(.025)2/4
Q2= 14.10L/s

84
20. Water is flowing through the pipe system of Fig. calculate the power of the
turbine, neglecting losses.

Solution:
V2 = Q/A = Q/ 𝜋(0.15)2 = 14.147Q` BEE from 1 to 2
VN = Q/ 𝜋(0.05)2 =127.324Q V2+P1 +Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2
H2 = P2/w =0.2(13.6) =-2.72 2g w 2g w
2
V, = Q/A = .218/𝜋(.1) =6.941m/s (6.941) + 345 – HA = (3.084)2 – 2.72
2

BEE from to to nozzle 2(981) 9.81 2(9.81)

V +P2 + Z2 = V2n + Pn + Zn
2
HA = 39.733m
2g w 2g w
P = QwHa
2
14.147Q - 2.72 + 45 = 127.32 P = (.211)(9.81)(39.733)
2(9.81) 2(9.81) P= 82.24 kW
3
Q= 0.211 m /s

21. Calculate the minimum power of the pump which will send the jet over the
wall shown in fig. neglect losses.

V2+P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 Q = AV
2g w 2g w Q = 𝜋(0.075)2(31.63)
2 2
V + 55 = V 2 + 60 – 76 -39 4
2g 2g Q = 0.14m3/s
V2 = 31.63m/s
HE = 101.98 -72.5
= 29.48

85
 HL = (31.63)2
2(9.81)
P = Qwe HL = 101.98m
P = 0.14(9810)(29.48)
P = 40.49 kN

22. In fig. K h1 = 20cm and h2 = 30cm. If water is flowing, calculate the power
of the pump.

P1 + 0.6 + 0.2 (13.6) = -3.32m

W
BEE for 1 to 2 BEE for 3 to 4
V2+P1 + Z1 + Ha = V22 + P2 + Z2 V2+ P1 2
= V 2 + P2
2g w 2g w 2g w 2g w
2 2 2 2
Ha =V2 - V1 + P2 – P1 V4 - V3 = P3 – P 4
2g w w 2g w w
Ha = 415 - (-3.32) V4 - .25V42 = 29 P3_ P4
2

9.81 w
Ha = 45.62 V4 = [2(9.81)(3.78)/1-0.25]
V4= 8.89m/s
V3 = (A4/A3)V4
V3=(0.52/0.32)V4 P=QWHa
V3= 0.25V4 P=[8.89(𝜋)(.152)/4](9.81)(45.62)
P= 71. 51 Kw

86
23. A 20cm pipe contains a short section in which the diameter is gradually
reduced to 7.5cm and then gradually enlarged to full size. The pressure of the
water at a point where the reduction starts is 520kpa. If the rate of flow is 35L/s,
determine the pressure at 7.5cm section. Neglect losses.
GIVEN: BEE from 1 to 2
Q1 = 20cm Q2 = A2V2 V +P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2
2

Q2 = 7.5cm V2 = 0.35 2g w 2g w
P = 520kpa 𝜋(0.075) 2 2
520 +(71.78) = P2
Q = 35L/s V2 = 71.78m/s 9.81 2(9.81) (9.81)
P2 = 490.21kPa

24. The inlet in the end of a pipe is 2.50m above the discharge end. To maintain
a flow 5L/s through the 15cm pipe a pressure of 250kPa at the inlet end is kept.
Compute the head loss while passing through the pipe and determine the
energy per second it represents. Consider water flowing.
E1 = E 2
V +P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 + HE
2
P = QwE
2g w 2g w P = 0.035(9.81)(27.98)
Therefore Q1 = Q2 ,V1 = V2 P = 9.61kW
2 2
V +250 + 2.5 = V 1 + P2 + HE
2g 9.81 2g 9.81
HE = 27.98m

25. A water motor is supplied from a horizontal 30cm pipe and uses 220L/s.
Discharge takes place through a 60cm vertical pipe. A differential gage tapped
into pipe close to the motor shows a deflection of 1.80m of mercury. The two
points where the gage was taped are separated by vertical distance of 1m. if
the motor is 80% efficient, determine its power output.

BEE from 1 to 2
V2+P1 + Z1 = V22 + P2 + Z2 + HE
2g w 2g w
2 2
HE = V1 - 23 + P1 – P2 + Z1- Z2
2g w
2 2
HE = (3.11) - (0.78) + 21.68+1
2(9.81)
HE = 23
V1 = Q/A ; (0.220)(4)/ 𝜋(0.3)2 Pout = QwHE
V1 = 3.11m/s Pout =23.14(9.81)(.22)(.8)
V2 = 0.70(4)/ 𝜋(0.6)2 Pout = 39.95 kW

87
26 .A pump draws water from a pit through and vertical 30cm pipes w/c extends
below the water surface. It discharges into a 15cm horizontal pipe 4.0m above
the water surface. While pumping the y of flow in L/s, a pressure page on the
discharge pipe reads 165kp2 and a page on the suction pipe shows a vacuum
of 35kg2. Both pages are close to the pump and are separated by a vertical
dist. Of 90cm. Compute the head lost in the sanction pipe. Compute the charge
in energy per second between the pages. What is the power output of the
pump?
Solution:

= 0.85𝑚 𝑠
= 𝑄 = 0.06(4)
v2 𝑎𝐿 𝜋 03 2

v3 = 𝑎3 = 𝜋 (0.15)² = 3.40 𝑚 𝑠
𝑄 0.06(𝑦)

B𝜀𝜀 fr. 1-2

𝑣12 𝑝12 𝑉22 𝑝22

+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2+𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
−𝑉22 𝑝2
H.L= − - 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝑤

−(0.85).2 (−35)
= - -3.1
2(9.81) 9.81

𝐽
H.L=0.43 𝑁

B𝜀𝜀 fr. 2-3

𝑉22 𝑝2 𝑉32 𝑝3
+ + 𝑍2+𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑍3
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
𝑣32 −𝑣22 𝑝 3 −𝑝 2
H.A= + + 𝑧3 − 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝑤

(3.4)2 −(0.85)2 (16.5) −(−35)

= + +4 − 3.1
2(9.81) (9.81)

𝐽
H.A = 21.84 𝑁

88
27. A free jet of water 5cm in diameter is discharge from a nozzle at an angle of
60° from the horizontal. If the pressure at the 10cm base, 30cm from the tip, is
the maintained at 465kpa and cy = 0.97, what is the maximum distance that the
nozzle can be placed from a building and still jet water into a window w/c is 20m
above the nozzle?
Solution:

B𝜀𝜀 fr. 1-2

𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑉22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2+𝐻𝑁
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
465
𝑣2 2 − 0.3𝑠𝑖𝑛60
9.81
= 1
2𝑔 − 0.25 2
0.97 2

465
− 0.3𝑠𝑖𝑛60
9.81
𝑣2 = 1 2 9.81
− 0.25 2
0.97 2

𝑣 2 = 30.41 𝑚 𝑠

𝑣𝑦 2 = 𝑣0 𝑦 2 − 2𝑔𝑕

𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡

17.34
𝑡1 = = 1.77𝑠
8.81
𝑣 30.41𝑠𝑖𝑛60
𝑡2 = = = 2.68𝑠
𝑔 9.81

T=𝑡1 + 𝑡2
T=1.8 +2.68 = 4.5s

X=𝑣2𝑥 𝑡
= 30.4 cos60(4.5)
X= 68.42m

89
28.A pilot tube in a pipe in w/c air is flowing is connected to a manometer
containing water as in Fig.L .If the difference of the water level s in the
manomeer is 10cm,what is the velocity of flow in the pipe?Assume a tube
coefficient of cp=0.99.Specific weight of air is 12𝑁 𝑚3.

Solution:

V= Cp 2𝑔(𝑠′ −𝑠)
𝑠
d

V= 0.99 (𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏)(𝟏−𝟏𝟐/𝟗.𝟖𝟏))(𝟎.𝟏)
𝟏𝟐 𝟗.𝟖𝟏

V= 39.62 𝑚
𝑠

90
CHAPTER SIX – Orifices, Weirs, and Tubes

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. Oil of specific gravity of 0.72 flows through a 7.5 cm diameter orifice with
Cv = 0.95, Cc = 0.65. What must be the pressure of the air on the surface
so that the jet’s available power is 6 KW? See Fig. D.

Given : Cv = 0.95 Find : P1

Cc = 0.65
Solution:
Vt
P = CAoVtw2g ; P = QwE

Vt
6 = (0.95)(0.65)(π)(0.0375)2Vt(9.81)(0.72)19.62

Vt= 18.25 m/s

Vt = 2gH

18.25 = 19.62H
H = 17.0334 m

P1
H= h+ w

P1
17.0334 = 3 + (9.81)(0.72)

P1 = 99.12 Kpa

91
 2. A cylindrical tank 1m in diameter and 3m high contains 1m of water,
1.20m of oil (s=0.80) and air under a pressure of 16KPa. Find the
theoretical velocity of the jet through a 5cm diameter orifice 30cm above
the bottom of the tank.

Given : Do = 5cm

Find : Vt

Solution:
PH2O = P1 + wOIL
PH2O = 16 + 9.81(0.8)(1.2)
PH2O = 25.417 Kpa

Vt= 2gH

𝑃𝑕20
Vt = 2𝑔(𝑕 + )
𝑤

25.417
Vt= 19.62(0.7 + )
9.81

Vt= 8.04 m/s

92
 3. What will be the discharge through a 2.5cm orifice (C=0.61) in the bottom
of a tank moving upward with an acceleration of 3 𝑚 𝑠 2 if the water
stands 2.50m over the orifice?

Given : C = 0.61 Find : Qa

a = 3 m/s2

Solution:
𝑎 3
H = h (1 + 𝑔 ) = 2.5 ( 1 + 9.81 )

H = 3.2645 m

Qa = CAoVt = CAo 2𝑔𝐻

Qa = (0.61)(π)(0.0125)2 19.62(3.2645)

Qa = 2.4x10-3 m3/s
4. In Fig. A, P1 = 70KPa, P2 = 5KPa, Cc= 1.00, Cv= 0.95, Do= 6cm, h=1.80m
(liquid with s=2.5). Find the actual flow through the orifice, to double the
discharge, what must be P1 assuming P2 is unchanged?

Given : P1 = 70 Kpa Find : Qa ,

P2 = 5 Kpa
Cc = 1
Cv = 0.95
Do = 6 cm

Solution:

Qa = CAoVt ; Vt = 2𝑔𝐻

𝑝1 𝑝2
Qa = CAo 2𝑔(𝑕 + 𝑤
− 𝑤
)

93
 70.5
Qa = (0.95)(π)(0.03)2 19.62(1.8 + 9.81(2.5)
3
Qa = 0.025 m /s
𝑝1 𝑝2
2Qa = CAo 2𝑔(𝑕 + − )
𝑤 𝑤
𝑝1−5
{2(0.025) = (0.95)(π)(0.03)2 19.62[1.8 + ]}2
9.81 2.5
𝑝1−5
346.5 = 19.62 [1.8 + (9.81)(2.5)]
P1 = 393.98 Kpa

5. The horizontal orifice of Fig. B has a diameter of 10cm with C c=0.60, Cv=
0.97. When h=2.50m. What pressure, applied on the surface, will cause
the jet to rise 20cm higher than the free surface?

Given : Cc = 0.60
Cv = 0.97
Do = 10 cm

Solution:
𝑝1
= Ho + 0.2
𝑤
𝑝1
= H(1-Cv2) + 0.2
𝑤
𝑝1 𝑝1
= ( 𝑤 + 2.5)(1 – 0.972) + 0.2
𝑤
𝑝1 𝑝1
= 0.0591 + 0.4775 + 0.2
𝑤 𝑤
𝑝1
= 0.3696
9.81
P1 = 3.63 Kpa

94
6. In Fig. C, Do= 5cm and Cc= 0.62, Cv= 0.98. the liquid is oil(s=0.80) and
stands 4m in the piezometer above the pipe’s centerline. Compute the
flow and the velocity of the jet.

Given: D = 15 cm Find: Qa , V2
𝑝1
=3m
𝑤

Solution:

Qa = AV1 = CAoV2

[π(0.075)2V1 = 0.62(0.98)(π)(0.025)2 58.86 + V1]2

219.41 V12 = 58.86 + V12
V1 = 0.5191 m/s

Qa = 𝜋(0.075)2(0.5191)
Qa = 9.17 L/s

BEE from 1 to 2
𝑉1^2 𝑃1 𝑉2^2 𝑝2
+ + Z1 = + + Z2
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
𝑉1^2 𝑉2^2
+3=
2𝑔 2𝑔
V2 = 58.86 + 0.5191
V2 = 7.69 m/s

95
 7. A sharp-edged orifice in a 30° plane has its vena contracta at EL 10.7m.
If the W.S. in the tank is at EL 15.25m and the top of the jet is at EL
14m, find the velocity and the coefficient of velocity.

Given: h1 = 4.55 m Find: V1 , C

h2= 3.3 m

Solution:
V2 = V1y2 -2gh
0 = (V1cos30°) – (19.62)(3.3)
V1 = 9.28 m/s

V1 = Cv 2𝑔𝑕1

.28 = Cv 19.62(4.55)

Cv = 0.98

96
8. In Fig. E is a submerged orifice. Find the theoretical velocity of the jet.

Given: P1 = 30 Kpa Find: V2

P2 = 10 Kpa

Solution:

BEE from 1 to 2
𝑉1^2 𝑃1 𝑉2^2 𝑝2
+ + h1 = + + h2
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
30 𝑉2^2 10
+ 4 = 19.62 + 9.81 + 1.6
𝑤9.81
V2 = 11.27 m/s

9. Fig. F shows a cylinder weighing 780N and is empty at the time the
orifice is opened. Neglecting the thickness of the cylinder walls,
determine the weight of the anchor if the cylinder sinks 1m in 2minutes.
The specific weight of the anchor is 23.54 KN/m3 .

Given: C = 0.60 Find:

Wan
t = 60 s
Solution:

Vt = Atha
Vt = (π)(0.3)2(1)
Vt = 0.2827 m3
𝑉𝑡
Q = CAo 2𝑔𝑕; Q = 𝑡
𝑉𝑡
= CAo 2𝑔𝑕
𝑡
0.2827
=
120
(0.6)(π)(0.3)2 19.62𝑕
h = 0.4651 m

FBcy = wv
FBcy =
9810(π)(0.3)2(0.4651)
∑Fv =0
FBcy = 1290.017
WCy + W an = FBcy + FBan FBan = wv
𝑊𝑎𝑛
FBan = 9.81(23.54)
780 + Wan = 1290.017 +
0.4167W an FBan = 0.4167 W an

Wan = 874.42 97
10. A cylindrical vessel 1.20m in diameter and 2m high has a rounded
circular orifice 5cm in diameter in the bottom with C= 0.95. If the vessel is
full of water, how long will it take to lower the surface 1.50m?

Given: Do = 5 cm
Find: t
C = 0.95

Solution:
2𝐴
t = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 (h11/2 – h21/2)
2𝑔
(2) 𝜋 0.6 ^2
t = (0.95)(2) 𝜋 [(2)1/2 – (0.5)1/2]
0.6 ^2 19.62

t = 193.58 s

11. A vertical cylindrical tank has orifice for its outlet. When the water surface
in the tank is 5m above the orifice, the surface can be lowered 4m in
20minutes, the pressure on the surface being atmospheric. What uniform
air pressure must be applied to the surface if the same volume of water
is to be discharged in 10minutes?

Given: hT = 5m

h = 4m ; t1 =20min or 1200 s

Find: Pa = ?

@ t2 =10min or 600 s

98
Solution:
2𝐴
t = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 ( h1- h2) ; let K = 2𝐴 𝐶𝐴 𝑜 2𝑔
2𝑔

t1 = K ( h1 – h2)

20 = K ( 5- 1) ; K = 16.18

t2 = K [ h1 + Pa/𝜔 – h2 + Pa/𝜔]

{10= 16.18 [ 5+ Pa/𝜔 – 1+ Pa/𝜔]}2

5 + Pa/𝜔 = 0.3819 + 1.236 1 + Pa/𝜔 + 1 + Pa/ 𝜔

[ 1 + Pa/ 𝜔 = 2.9273]2

Pa/9.81 = 7.569

Pa = 74.25 kPa

12. A swimming pool with plan and section shown in Fig. G is filled with
water . It has two short tubes both with diameter 20cm and C= 0.80
located at the lowest point. Find the time needed to empty the pool
through these tubes.

Given: d1 = 20cm or 0.20m

d2 = 20cm or 0.20m

C = 0.80

Find: T =?

99
 Solution: for rectangular part
𝑕1 𝐴𝑑𝑕 3 450𝑑𝑕
t1 = 𝑕2 2𝐶𝐴 2𝑔𝑕
= 1.8 2(0.8)(𝜋)(0.1)^2 19.62𝑕

3
t1 = 2021.125 1.8
𝑕-1/2dh = 1578.135 s

for triangular part

𝑥 30 30
= 1.8 → x = 1.8 𝑕
𝑕

30
1.8 15 ( )(𝑕)𝑑𝑕
1.8
t2 = 0 2(0.8)(𝜋)(0.1)^2 19.62𝑕

3
= 1122.847 1.8
𝑕-1/2dh

t2 = 1807.749 s

T = t 1 + t2

= 1578.135 s + 1807.749 s

= 3385.88 s

13. In Fig. H is shown a tank 1.5 by 1.5m horizontal section and 3m high with
two orifices (C=0.60) both 10cm in diameter and 60cm apart. (a) How
much water must be supplied to the tank to keep it always full? (b) If this
supply is cut off, how long

Given: AT = 2.25m; hT = 3m

Do1 = 10 cm or 0.10m

Do2 = 10 cm or 0.10m

C = 0.60

Find: QT =?

t =?

100
Solution:

a.) Q = CAo 2𝑔𝑕

Q1 = (0.6) (𝜋) (0.005)2 19.62(1.2)

= 0.0229 𝑚3 𝑠

Q2 = (0.6) ( 𝜋) (0.05)2 19.62(1.8)

Q2 = 0.028 𝑚3 𝑠

QT = Q1 + Q2 = 0.0229 + 0.028

QT = 0.051 𝑚3 𝑠
𝑕1 𝐴𝑑𝑕
b.)t1 = 𝑕2 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔𝑕−Q

1.2 2.25𝑑𝑕
= 0 (2)(0.6)(𝜋)(0.05)^2 19.6𝑕−0.051

900
= 118.0817 - 17

t1= 65.1405 s
1.8 2.25𝑑𝑕
t2 = 0 (2)(0.6)(𝜋)(0.05)^2 19.6𝑕−0.051

900
= 61.1236 - 17

t2 = 8.1824 s

T = t1 + t 2

T = 65.1405 + 8.1824

T = 73.32 s

101
 14. A rectangular suppressed weir 1.20m high extends across a rectangular
channel 3m wide. If the measured head is 40cm, determine the
discharge using the Francis formula.

Given: h = 40 cm or 0.4m Solution: Qa = 1.84 LH3/2

P = 1.20m Qa = 1.84(3) (0.4) 3/2

L = 3m Qa = 1.4 𝑚3 𝑠
Find: Qa =?

15. A rectangular channel 6m wide has a depth of 1m flowing with a mean

velocity of 0.75𝑚 𝑠. Determine the height of a rectangular suppressed
weir that will increase the depth of water in the channel 60 1.60m.

Given: L = 6m

D = 1m

v = 0.75 m/s

Find: p =? @ d = 1.60m

102
Solution: va = Ao vo = 1(6) (0.75) = 4.5 𝑚3 𝑠
𝑄𝑎 4.5 0.47^2 0.47^2
Va = = 1.6(6) = 0.47 m/s4.5 = 1.84 (6) [(H + 19.62 )3/2 – ( 19.62 ) 3/2]
𝐴

H = 0.54m; p = d – H = 1.6 – 0.54

P = 1.06m

16. A rectangular suppressed weir 1m high extend across a rectangular

channel 6m wide in which the flow is 2.80𝑚3 𝑠. Determine the depth of
water upstream from the weir.

Given: P = 1m

L = 6m

Q = 2.8 𝑚3 𝑠

Find: d =? , h =?

Solution: Qa = 1.84 LH3/2

2.8 = 1.84 (6) (H) 3/2

H = 0.4007m

D = p + H = 1 + 0.4007

D = 1.4 m

17. A rectangular contracted weir 2m long discharges water under a head of

0.50m. Compute the discharge using the Francis correction.

Given: H = 0.50m

L = 2m

Find: Q =?

103
Solution:

Qa = 1.84 LH3/2;

L’ = L – 0.20H

= 2 – 0.20(0.5)

= 1.9m

= 1.84 (1.9) (0.5) 3/2

Qa = 1.24𝑚3 𝑠

18. In a river 20m wide, having an average depth of 1m and a mean velocity
of 0.35𝑚 𝑠, a contracted rectangular weir 10m long is to be constructed.
Determine the head over the weir.

Given: v = 0.35 m/s

D = 1m

Wc= 20m

L = 10m

Find: H =?

Solution: Q = 1(20) (0.35) = 7𝑚3 𝑠

Q = 1.84 L’H3/2

7 = 1.84 (10) (H) 3/2

H = 0.53m

104
 19. A rectangular contracted weir 3m long is built in the center of a
rectangular channel 6m wide. How high is the weir if the depth of water
upstream is 1m when the discharge is 1.15𝑚3 𝑠?

Given:

Q = 1.15𝑚3 𝑠

L’ = 3m

D = 1m

Find: H =? P =?

Solution: Q = 1.84 L’H3/2

1.15 = 1.84 (3) (H) 3/2

H = 0.3514m

P = d – H = 1 – 0.3514

P = 0.65m

105
20. A trapezoidal canal, 6m at the bottom and having side slopes 2:1 carries
water to a depth of 40cm and mean velocity of 0.60 𝑚 𝑠. what length of a
rectangular contracted weir 85cm high should be placed in the middle of
the canal if the depth of water upstream is to be 1.20m?

Given:

Find: L =?

Solution:

Qo = Aovo

= ½ (6 + 7.6) (0.4) (0.6)

= 1.63𝑚3 𝑠

Q = 1.84 L’H3/2

1.63 = 1.84 L’ (0.35) 3/2

L’ = 4.28 m

L = 4.28 + 0.20(0.35)

L = 4.35m

106
 21. Determine the discharge of water over 60° triangular weir if the
measured head is 19cm.

GIVEN: FIND:

𝑄𝑎 =19Cm 𝑄𝑎

SOLUTION:
5
8 𝜃
𝑄𝑎 = C´15 2𝑔 tan 2 𝐻 2

5
8 60
=0.60 19.62 tan 0.19 2
15 2
𝑚3
𝑄𝑎 = 0.013 𝑠

22. The discharge of water over a 45° triangular weir is 20 liters/s. What is
the head?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

3 5
𝑄𝑎 = 20𝐿 𝑠 = 0.02 𝑚 𝑠 𝐻𝑄𝑎 = C´15 √2g tan 2 𝐻 2
8 𝜃
𝜃 = 45°

5 2
8 45
0.02 = 0.60 19.62 tan 𝐻2
15 2

𝐻 = 0.26

107
23. Compute the discharge of water over a Cipolletti weir 1.60m long under a
head of 26cm.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

3
𝐻 = 26cm 𝑄𝑎𝑄𝑎 = 1.86 𝐿𝐻 2
3
𝐿 = 1.60m = 1.86 1.60 0.26 2

𝑚3
𝑄𝑎 = 0.39 𝑠

24. A stream 24m wide carries 1.84 𝑚3 𝑠 of water. Determine the resulting
head over a Cipolletti weir 1m high and 4m long.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

3 3
𝑄𝑎 = 1.84𝑚 𝑠 𝐻𝑄𝑎 = 1.86L𝐻 2

3 2
𝐿 = 4m 1.84 = 1.86 4 𝐻 2
𝐻 = 0.39m

25. What length of Cipolletti weir should be constructed if the measured

head will not exceed 50cm when the discharge is 3.40 𝑚3 𝑠?

108
 GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
3 3
𝑄𝑎 = 3.40𝑚 𝑠 𝐿𝑄𝑎 = 1.86L𝐻 2

3
𝐻 = 50cm 340 = 1.86L 0.5 2
𝐿 = 5.17m

26. A rectangular suppressed weir under a constant head of 10cm feeds a

tank containing a 7.5cm diameter orifice. The weir is 60cm long. The
head lost in the orifice is 0.60J/N and Cc = 0.65. Determine the head to
which the water will rise above the orifice. Also find the value of Cv.

27. A rectangular suppressed weir 80cm high is built across a rectangular

flume 10m wide. The measured head is 40cm of water. Some distance
upstream is another rectangular weir having a height of 1.10m. The
measured head on the second weir is 50cm. Find the length of the
second weir.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

3 3
𝑃2 = 80𝑐𝑚𝐿𝑄2 =1.84𝐿𝐻2 2 = 1.84 10 0.42
3
𝐿2 = 10𝑚𝑄2 = 4.654872716 𝑚 𝑠

3
𝐻1 = 50cm 𝑄1 = 1.84𝐿𝐻2 2 1 − 𝑆 𝑛 0.385
0.385
3
0.1 1.5
𝐻2 = 40cm 4.655 = 𝑄1 = 1.84𝐿1 0.5 2 1− 0.5
h = 0.1m 𝐿1 = 7.42𝑚

28. During a test on a 245cm long rectangular suppressed weir which was
100cm high, the head was maintained constant at 30cm. In 38sec,
28.80𝑚3 of water were collected. Find the correction factor C’ .

109
 GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
𝑉 28.8 𝑚3
𝐿 = 245cm 𝐶’ 𝑄𝑎 = = = 0.757894768
𝑡 38 𝑠
3 3
2
𝑃 = 100cm 𝑄𝑎 = CL𝐻 = C’3 2𝑔𝐿𝐻 2 2

3
2
𝐻 = 30cm 0.758 = C’ 19.62 2.45 0.3 2
3
𝑡 = 38s 𝐶’ = 0.64

29. The flow in a rectangular channel 3m wide is constant. A depth of 2m is

maintained by a rectangular weir 1m long by 1.60m high. This weir is to
be replaced by a rectangular suppressed weir which will maintain the
same depth. What height of weir is required assuming C \ 0.62 for both
weirs?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

2 3
𝐻1 = 0.4𝑕2 𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶′ 2𝑔𝐿1 𝐻1 2
3
3
2
𝑕1 = 1.60𝑚 = 0.62 19.62 1 0.4 2
3
𝑚3
𝐿1 = 1𝑚𝑄𝑎 = 0.4631694636 𝑠
2
2 3
𝐿2 = 3𝑚 0.463 = 0.62 19.62 3 𝐻2 2
3
𝑑 = 2𝑚𝐻2 = 0.1923𝑚
𝐶 ′ = 0.62𝑕2 = 𝑑 − 0.1923
𝑕2 = 1.81𝑚

110
30. A concrete spillway with permanent cress elevation at 100m controls a
reservoir 4.65 hectares in area. Determine the length of the spillway if,
by removing flashboards, water can be lowered from EL 102m to EL
101m in 30minutes. Use C = 1.94.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐻2 𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝐴𝑑𝐻
𝐴 = 4.65𝑕𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 L 𝑡 = 𝐻1 𝑄𝑎
= 𝐻1 3
1.94𝐿𝐻 2
2
46500𝑑𝐻
𝑡 = 30𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1800𝑠1800 = 3
1 1.94𝐿𝐻 2
−1
2 −3 2𝐻2
0.07509677 = 1
𝐻 2 𝑑𝐻 = 1 −1
2
−1 −1
2 2 1 2
= −1 − −1
2 2
𝐿 = 7.8𝑚

31. A 90° V-notch weir is located at one end of a tank having a square
section 10m by 10m. If the initial head on the weir is 1.20m, how long will
it take to discharge 100𝑚3 of water over the weir?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

111
 𝑉 100
𝜃 = 90°𝑡𝐻 =
= = 1𝑚
𝐴 100
𝑉 = 100𝑚3 𝐻1 = 1.2 − 1 = 0.20𝑚
𝐻2 𝐻2
𝐴𝑑𝐻 100 𝐻 −2.5 𝑑𝐻
𝐴 = 100𝑚3 𝑡 = 2.5
=
𝐻1 1.40𝐻 𝐻1 1.40
𝐻2 𝐻 −1.5
𝐻 = 1.20𝑚 = 71.4286 𝐻1 −1.5
1.2 −1.5 0.2 −1.5
= 71.4286 −
−1.5 −1.5
𝑡 = 496.17s

32. A reservoir having a constant horizontal sectional area of 1860 m 2

discharges water over a Cipolletti weir, the initial head being 40cm. How
long is the crest if 1800sec are required to lower the water level in the
reservoir by 35cm?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐻2 𝐴𝑑𝐻 𝐻2 1860 𝑑𝐻
A = 1860𝑚2 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐻1 3 = 𝐻1 3
1.86𝐿𝐻 2 1.86𝐿𝐻 2
−3
𝐻2 1860 𝐻 2 𝑑𝐻
𝐻1 = 35𝑐𝑚 1800 = 𝐻1 1.86𝐿
−1 −1 −1
0.4 𝐻 2 0.40 2 0.05 2
𝐻2 = 40𝑐𝑚1.8L = 0.05 −1
= −1 − −1 𝑡 = 1800𝑠𝐿 = 3.21
2 2 2

112
33. Determine the probable capacity of a concrete pipe culvert 1.20m in
diameter and 12m long discharging under a head of 1.60m. The
entrance is square=cornered.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐷 = 1.20𝑚𝑄 Use = 0.74

𝑕 = 1.60𝑚𝑄 = CA 2𝑔𝑕
2
𝐿 = 12𝑚 = 0.74𝜋 0.6 19.62 1.6
3
` 𝑄 = 4.69𝑚 𝑠

34. What diameter of a concrete pipe culvert 16m long with beveled-lip
entrance should be installed to carry 14𝑚3 𝑠 of water if the difference in
water surface elevations at the two ends of the culvert is 2.5m?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐿 = 16𝑚𝐷 0.65 ≤ 𝐶 ≤ 0.89
3
𝑄 = 14 𝑚 𝑠 Use 𝐶 = 0.88

𝑕 = 2.5𝑚𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔𝑕
𝜋
14 = 0.88 4 𝐷4 19.62 2.5

𝐷 = 1.7𝑚

113
35. An overflow masonry dam is to be constructed across a stream. The
stream is estimated to have a maximum flood discharge of 850𝑚3 𝑠
when the elevation of the water surface is 345m at the dam site. Six
sluice gates each 2.5m high and 2m wide are to be constructed in the
dam with their sills at elevation 342m. The main overflow weir for which
C = 1.45 will be 60m long with a crest elevation at 360m. An auxillary
weir 180m long with a crest elevation at 361m will operate during floods.
For this weir C = 1.88. With all the sluice gates open, what will be the
surface elevation upstream of the dam when the discharge is 850 𝑚3 𝑠?

GIVEN:
3
𝑄𝑇 = 850 𝑚 𝑠

𝑕1 = 2.5𝑚
𝐿2 = 60𝑚
𝐿3 = 180𝑚
𝐶 = 1.88
𝐶 = 1.45

SOLUTION:
3
𝑄1 = 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔𝑕 = 0.6 2 2.5 19.62 𝑕 + 17.75 6 = 79.73004453 0.88 2
3 3 3
𝑄2 = 𝐶𝐿2 𝐻2 2 = 1.45 60 𝑕 + 1 2 = 87 𝑕 + 1 2
3 3 3
𝑄3 = 𝐶𝐿3 𝐻3 2 = 1.88 180 𝑕 2 = 338.4𝑕2
1 3 3
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 850 = 79.73 𝑕 + 17.75 2 + 87 𝑕 + 1 2 + 338.4𝑕2
Let h = 0.89
1 3 3
850= 79.73 0.89 + 17.75 2 + 87 0.89 + 1 2 + 338.4 0.89 2

850< 854.4097694

114
 Let h = 0.88
1 3 3
850= 79.73 0.88 + 17.75 2 + 87 0.88 + 1 2 + 338.4 0.88 2

850>847.7505061
0.88< 𝑕 < 0.89
∴ 𝑕 = 0.89𝑚
361 + 0.89 = 361.8

CHAPTER SEVEN – Fluid Flow in Pipes

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. For laminar flow conditions, what minimum size of pipe will deliver 6
liters/s of medium oil having a kinematic viscosity of 6.10𝑥10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠 ?
GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
6 × 10 −3
𝑄=6 𝐿 𝑆
𝑄
D 𝑉=𝐴 = 𝜋 2
𝐷
4

115
 VD 6 ×10 −3 D
ѵ = 6.1 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠 𝑅𝑒 = ; 2000 = 𝜋
ѵ 𝐷 2( 6.1 × 10 −6 )
4

D = 0.63 m

2. Oil with dynamic viscosity of 0.10 Pa∙s and specific gravity of 0.85 flows
through 3000m of 30cm cast-iron pipe at the rate of 44 liters/s. Find the
head lost due to friction.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

128 𝑄µ𝐿 128 0.044 0.10 3000
µ = 0.10 Pa.s hf 𝑕𝑓 = 𝜋𝑤 𝐷 4 = 𝜋 9810 0.85 0.3 4
S = 0.85
L = 3000m hf = 7.96m
Q = 44 L/S

3. Determine the type of flow occurring in a 30cm diameter pipe when:

(a) Water at 60°F ( 𝑣 = 1.13𝑥10−6 𝑚2 / 𝑠 ) flows at a velocity of 1 𝑚/𝑠.
(b) Heavy oil at 60℉(𝑣 = 2.05𝑥10−4 𝑚2 /𝑠 ) flows at a velocity of 1 𝑚/𝑠.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

v𝐷 1 0.3
D=30 cm Re 𝑎. ) 𝑅𝑒 = ѵ = 1.13×10 −6
2
ѵ = 1.13 × 10−6 𝑚 𝑠

V= 1
𝑚 Re= 265, 487 (turbulent) Re ≥ 3000
𝑠
1 0.3
𝑏. ) 𝑅𝑒 = 2.05×10 −4

116
 Re = 1463 (laminar) Re = ≤
2000

4. Compute the “lower critical velocity” for 10 cm pipe carrying heavy oil
where ( 𝜌 = 895 kg/𝑚3 and = 4.46𝑥10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠 ) .

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

vD
D= 10 cm V 𝑅𝑒 = ѵ ; 𝑅𝑒 = 2000
𝜌 = 895 kg/m 3

v 0.1
ѵ = 4.46 x 10-5 m2/s 2000 = 4.46×10 −5

v = 0.89 m/s

5. A pump 80% efficient delivers heavy oil (𝜌 = 912kg/𝑚3 ; 𝑣 =

2.05𝑥10−4 𝑚2 /𝑠) through 500m of 5cm diameter pipe to a storage tank
whose oil level is 3m higher than that of the supply tank. For a flow of
4liters/s determine the input power of the pump.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝑄 4×10 −3
D=5cm Pi Q=AV; V=𝐴 = 𝜋 =
(0.05)2
4
2.0372 𝑚 𝑠
𝑣𝐷 2.0372 0.05
n=80% Re= ѵ = = 496.87 ≤
2.05×10 −4

2000 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)

117
 2
ѵ = 2.05 × 10−4 𝑚 𝑠

64 𝐿 𝑣 2
𝑕𝑓 =
𝑅𝑒 𝐷 2𝑔
64 500 2.03722
= ( )( )
496.87 0.05 19.62
Q= 4𝐿 𝑠 𝑕𝑓 = 272.455 𝑚
L=500m 𝑕𝑝 = 3 + 272.455 = 275.455 𝑚

𝜌 = 912 kg/m3 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑄𝑤𝑕𝑝

𝑃𝑜 = 4 ×
10−3 912 9.81 275.455
𝑃𝑜 = 9857.678 𝑊
𝑃 9857.678
n =𝑃𝑜 ; 0.8 =
𝑖 𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝑖 = 12.32 𝐾𝑊

6. A tank used to store commercial oil (𝜌 = 950 kg/𝑚3 ; 𝑣 = 2𝑥10−3 𝑚2 /𝑠) is

15m diameter and contains 1000m3 of oil. A 20cm pipe 50m long
connected to the bottom of the tank has its discharge end 6m below the
bottom. A gate valve (Kv = 0.20 when fully opened) is located near the
discharge end. Find the laminar flow in the pipe when the valve is fully
opened. Check the Reynolds number Re.
GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
𝜋 𝜋
𝐷1 =15m Q V=4 𝐷2 𝑕 ; 1000= 4 152 𝑕
V= 1000 𝑚3 𝑧1=6𝑚 h= 5.658 m
𝐷2 =20cm 𝐿2 = 50𝑚

BEE from 1 to 2:

118
 𝑣1 2 𝑃2 𝑣2 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑣2 2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝑕𝑓 + 𝐾𝑐 + 𝐾𝑣
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑣2 2 𝑣2 2 𝑣2 2 32𝜇𝐿 𝑣2
11.6588= + 0.5 2𝑔 + 0.2 2𝑔 +
2𝑔 𝑤 𝐷2
𝑣 2 32𝜌vL𝑣2
2
11.6588=1.7 2𝑔 + 𝑤 𝐷2
32v𝐿𝑣
11.6588= 0.087𝑣2 2 + 𝑔𝐷 2 2
32 0.002 50 𝑣
11.6588= 0.087𝑣2 2 + 9.81(0.20)2 2
11.6588= 0.087𝑣2 2 +8.15𝑣2

By Quadratic Formula: 𝑣2 = 1.4086 𝑚 𝑠

Q=𝐴2 𝑉2= 𝜋 (0.1)2 (1.4086)

3
Q= 0.044𝑚 𝑠

Check Re:
𝑣𝐷 1.4086 (0.2)
Re= = = 140 ≤ 2000 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)
v 0.002

7. A new cast-iron pipe 400m long and 15cm in diameter carries 42liters/s
of water. Determine the frictional loss of head.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐿
L=400m 𝑕𝑓 𝑕𝑓 = 0.083𝑓 𝐷 5 𝑄 2 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓 = 0.02

119
 400
D=15 cm 𝑕𝑓 = 0.083 0.02 (0.042)2
0.15 5
Q=42𝐿 𝑠 𝑕𝑓 = 15.42𝑚

8. Determine the discharge of water through a 5cm wrought-iron pipe if the

frictional loss is 80KPa per 30m of pipe.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐿
L=30m Q 𝑕𝑓 = 0.083𝑓 𝐷 5 𝑄 2
80 30
D=5cm = 0.083 0.02 𝑄2
9.81 0.05 2
3
f =0.02 Q=7.15 × 10−3 𝑚 𝑠

9. What diameter of new cast-iron pipe 1.6km long is required to discharge

0.125𝑚3 /𝑠 of water with a loss of head of 17J/N?

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

𝐿
L=1.6km D 𝑕𝑓 = 0.083𝑓 𝐷 5 𝑄 2
3
Q= 0.125𝑚 𝑠17= 0.083 (0.02)( 𝐷 5 )(0.125)2
1600

𝐽
.𝑕𝑓 = 17 𝑁

10. Points A and B are 4.8Km apart along a 60 cm new cast-iron pipe
carrying water. A is 10cm higher than B. If the pressure at B is 140KPa
greater than at A, determine the direction and amount of flow.

GIVEN: FIND SOLUTION

L = 4.8KM Q 𝐵𝐸𝐸 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵 𝑇𝑂 𝐴
120
 VB 2 𝑃𝐵 V𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴
D = 60CM + + 𝑧𝐵 = + + 𝑍𝐴 + 𝑕𝑓
2𝑔 𝑊 2𝑔 𝑊
h = 10m
140 4800
PB – PA = 140KPa = 10 + 0.083 0.02 𝑄2
9.81 0.65
3
𝑄 = 0.204 𝑚 𝑠

∴ 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝐴

11. Oil with specific gravity of 0.902 flows through 1.20m long of 6.35mm
glass tubing with a head loss of 16.5cm of oil. The measured discharge
is 6.8𝑥10−7 𝑚3 /𝑠. Determine the dynamic viscosity.

GIVEN FIND SOLUTION

6.8×10 −7
= 0.02147 𝑚 𝑠
𝑄
L=1.2m µ 𝑉=𝐴=𝜋 3.175×10 −3 2

32𝜇𝐿𝑉 32 𝜇 1.2 0.02147

D=6.35mm 𝑕𝑓 = ; 0.165 = 9810
𝑤 𝐷2 0.902 6.35×10 −3
hf=16.5cm 𝜇 = 0.071𝑃𝑎. 𝑠
s=0.902
Q=6.8x10-7m3/s

12. A new cast-iron pipe 20cm in diameter and 30m long having a sharp-
cornered entrance draws water from a reservoir and discharges into the
air. What is the difference in elevation between the water surface in the
reservoir and the discharge end of the pipe if the flow is 140liters/s?

GIVEN FIND SOLUTION

= 4.456 𝑚 𝑠
𝑄 0.14
L=30cm h 𝑉=𝐴=𝜋 0.1 2

121
 D=20cm

BEE from 1 to 2:
V12 𝑃 V2 𝑃2
+ 𝑤1 + 𝑕 = 2𝑔 + + 𝑍2 + 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑐
2𝑔 𝑤
V2 𝐿 V2 V2
𝑕 = 2𝑔 + 𝑓 + 𝑘𝑐 2𝑔
𝐷 2𝑔

4.456 2 30
h= 1 + 0.02 + 0.5
19.62 0.2

h=4.55m

13. A new cast-iron pipe 30cm in diameter and 1600m long carries water
from a reservoir and discharges into the air. If the entrance is 3m below
the water level in the reservoir and the pipe is laid on a downgrade of 1m
per 500m, find the discharge.
GIVEN FIND SOLUTION
L=1600m Q 𝐵𝐸𝐸 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 2
V12 𝑃 V22 𝑃2
D=30cm + 𝑤1 + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 + 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑐
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑤
V22 𝐿 V22 V22
h=3m 6.2 = +𝑓 + 𝑘𝑐
2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔
2
2 V 1600
z1=6.2m 6.2 = 19.62 1 + 0.02 0.3
+ 0.5

V2=1.0605m/s
2
𝑄 = 𝐴v = π 0.15 1.0605 = 0.075m3/s

122
14. A new cast-iron pipe 30cm in diameter and 30m long connects two
reservoirs, both ends sharp-cornered and submerged. Determine the
difference in elevation between the water surfaces in the two reservoirs if
the discharge is 0.45m3/s.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

L=30m h BEE from 1 to 2:
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
D=30cm + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑐 + 𝑕𝑒
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
3 𝐿 𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑣2
Q=0.45𝑚 𝑠 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔 + 𝐾𝑐 2𝑔 + 𝐾𝑒 2𝑔

6.366 2 30
h= 0.02 + −0.5 + 1
19.62 0.3

h =7.23m

15. What diameter of smooth concrete pipe 1000m long will carry 1.40m 3/s
between two reservoirs under a head of 1m, both ends of the pipe having
a sharp-corner and submerged?
GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
h = 1m D + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑐 + 𝑕𝑒
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
𝐿 𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑣2
L= 100m 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔 + 𝐾𝑐 2𝑔 + 𝐾𝑒 2𝑔 h
3 𝑣2
Q=1.4𝑚 𝑠
100
1=2𝑔 0.02 + 0.5 + 1
𝐷

19.62 𝑄 1.4 5.6 31.36

𝑣2 = 2 ; v= 2
𝐴 = 𝜋4 𝐷 2 = 𝜋𝐷 2 ; 𝑣 = 𝜋 2 𝐷4
+1.5
𝐷

31.36 19.62
= 2
𝜋 2 𝐷4 +1.5
𝐷
2
6.175𝐷4 = 𝐷 + 1.5 𝐷

123
 6.175𝐷4 = 2 + 1.5𝐷

By using trial and error

then interpolation:
D=0.88m

16. Three new cast-iron pipes are connected in series as shown in Fig. A. If
the discharge is 230 liters/s determine the head lost: (a) neglecting minor
losses (b) considering minor losses.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

Q=230𝐿
0.23 0.23 0.23
𝑠 H 𝑉1 = ;𝑣2 =
;=
𝜋 0.15 2 𝜋 0.32
𝜋 0.225 2
𝐷1 =30 cm 𝑉1 = 3.254 𝑠 𝑣2 = 0.813 𝑠 𝑣3 = 1.446 𝑚 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
𝐷2 =60 cm
𝐿1 𝐿 𝐿
𝐷3 = 45 cm a.) H= 𝑕𝑓1 + 𝑕𝑓2 + 𝑕𝑓3 = 0.083𝑓𝑄 2 5 + 𝐷 25 + 𝐷 35
𝐷1 2 3
2 400 600 500
𝐿1 = 400m H=0.083(0.02)(0.23 ) + 0.65 + 0.45 5
0.35
𝐿2 =600m H= 17.51m
𝐿3 =500m

b.) H= 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑐1 + 𝑕𝑒1 + 𝑕𝑐2 + 𝑕𝑒2

𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2 𝑣3 2 𝑣3 2
H= 𝑕𝑓 + 𝐾𝑐 + 𝐾𝑒 + 𝐾𝑐 + 𝐾𝑒
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
3.254 2 0.813 2 1.446 2 1.446 2
H= 17,.51+0.5 +1 + 0.5 +1
19.62 19.62 19.62 19.62
H=18.15m

124
17. Three new cast-iron pipes connected in series are shown in Fig. B.
determine the total frictional losses if the discharge is 200 liters/s. find
also the difference between the water surface in the reservoir and the
discharge end of the third pipe.

FIND: SOLUTION
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
hf, H 𝑕𝑓 = 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑓 = 0.083 𝑓 𝑄 2 + +
1 2 3 𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5 𝐷3 5

2 30 30 30
= 0.083 0.02 0.2 + 0.25 5 0.25
0.35
hf=9.08m
0.2 0.2
𝑉1 = 2
= 2.829 𝑚 𝑠 ; V2 = 2
= 4.074 m s ;
𝜋 0.15 π 0.125

0.2
V3 = 2
= 6.366 m s
π 0.1
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2 𝑉3 2
𝐻 = 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑐 1 + 𝑕𝑐 2 + 𝑕𝑐 3 = 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑘𝑐 + 𝑘𝑐 + 𝑘𝑐
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
2.829 2 4.078 2 6.366 2
= 9.08 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5
19.62 19.62 19.62

H=10.74m

125
18. Determine the discharge through three new cast-iron pipes connected in
series, having the diameters as shown in Fig. C. the total frictional loss,
excluding minor losses, is 5J/N. use n = 0.011 for all pipes.

GIVEN: ` SOLUTION:
FIG. C at pp. 423 H= 𝑕𝑓1 + 𝑕𝑓2 + 𝑕𝑓3
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
H= 10.32𝑛2 𝑄 2 16 + 16 + 16
𝐷3 𝐷3 𝐷3
300 400 600
5=10.32 0.0112 𝑄 2 16 + 16 + 16
0.15 3 0.2 3 0.25 3

3
Q=0.02 𝑚 𝑠

19. Two pipes with C1 = 120 (Hazen-Williams constant) connected in series,

discharge 4.75ft3 / s. with a loss of head of 27 ft. each pipe has a length
of 1000ft . If one has a diameter of 18 in. determine the diameter of the
other, neglecting minor losses.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

L1=1000ft D2 𝑕𝑓 = 𝑕𝑓1 + 𝑕𝑓2
1000
L2=1000ft 27=0.083 0.02 4.75 + 𝑕𝑓2
1.55
D1=18in 𝑕𝑓2 = 25.9616 𝑓𝑡
Q=4.75𝐿 𝑠 V=1.32C1R0.63S0.54= Q/A
4.75 𝐷2 0.63 25.9616 0.54
C1=120 𝜋 = 1.32 120
𝐷 2 4 0.63 1000 0.54
4 2
hf=27ft 𝐷2 = 10.23𝑖𝑛

126
20. Fig. D shows a pipe system in parallel with a total flow of 400 liters/s.
determine the division of flow and the loss of head from A to B. Use n =
0.011 for both pipes.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

FIG. D at pp. 423 𝑄1, 𝑄2, 𝑕𝑓 𝑕𝑓 = 𝑕𝑓1 = 𝑕𝑓2
𝐿1 𝑄1 2 𝐿2 𝑄2 2
Q=400𝐿 𝑠 10.3𝑛2 = 10.3𝑛2
𝐷1 16 /3 𝐷2 16/3
2 2
2000 𝑄1 600𝑄2
16 = 16
0.45 3 0.3 3
𝑄1 = 1.6149𝑄2

Q=Q1+Q2
0.4=1.6149Q2+Q2
Q1=1.6149(0.15)
3 3
Q2=0.15𝑚 𝑠 ; Q1=0.25𝑚 𝑠

2000 0.25 2
𝑕𝑓 = 10.3 0.0112 16
0.45 3
𝑕𝑓 = 10.76𝑚

21. In Problem 21, if the head loss from A to B is 4 J/N, determine the total
flow.

GIVEN FIND SOLUTION

𝐿𝑄 2
2 16
hf=4m Q 𝑕𝑓 = 10.3𝑛 𝐷 3
2 2
2 2000 𝑄1 2 600𝑄
L=2000m 4 = 10.3 0.11 ;4 = 10.3 0.011
0.45 0.3

127
 3
D=45cm𝑄2 = 1.2668 𝑚 𝑠

3
𝑄1 = 0.8498 𝑚 𝑠

3
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 0.8498 + 1.2668 = 212 𝑚 𝑠

22. The discharge of the pipe system shown in Fig. E is 440 liters/s.
Determine the head loss from A to D. Use f= 0.020 for all pipes.

GIVEN: FIND: SOLUTION:

L1=600m hf 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 ; 𝑕𝑓1 = 𝑕𝑓2 = 𝑕𝑓3
𝐿1 𝑄1 2 𝐿2 𝑄2 2 𝐿3 𝑄3 2
L2=500m = =
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5 𝐷3 5
2 2
600𝑄1 500𝑄2 800𝑄3 2
L3=800m = =
0.35 0.25 5 0.4 5
25𝑄1 16𝑄1
D1=30cm 𝑄2 = ; 𝑄3 =
36 9
D2=25cm
25 16
D3=40cm 0.44 = 𝑄1 + 36 𝑄1 + 𝑄1
9

3
𝑄1 = 0.1267 𝑚 𝑠

2 2 2
1000 0.44 600 0.1267 1200 0.44
𝑕𝑓 = 0.083 0.02 + +
0.755 0.35 0.65

hf=12.9m

23. A 15cm pipe leaves a straight 10cm pipe at a point A, and later joins it
again at point B. The distance AB on the straight 10cm pipe is 700m.
How long will the 15cm pipe have to be in order that the flow in the two
pipes maybe the same? Assume f = 0.020 and neglect minor losses.

GIVEN FIND SOLUTION

D1=10cm L2 𝑕𝑓1 = 𝑕𝑓2

128
 𝐿1 𝐿2
D2=15cm 0.083 𝑓 5 𝑄 2 = 0.083 𝑓 𝑄2
𝐷1 𝐷2 5
L1=700m
700 𝐿2
5
=
0.1 0.155

𝐿2 = 5315.63𝑚

24. The pipe system shown in Fig. F serves two towns C and D. The highest
building in town C is at EL 21m and that in town D at EL 18m. If f = 0.020
for all pipes, what is the flow in each pipe? If the per capita consumption
in the two towns is 0.0035 liters/s, how many persons could be served in
each town?

GIVEN: SOLUTION
L1=1520m 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
L2=1520m
L3=2440m 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑓 = 30 − 21 = 9𝑚
1 2
D1=30cm
D2=20cm 𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑓 = 30 − 18 = 12𝑚
1 3
𝐿1 𝑄1 2 𝐿2 𝑄2 2
D3=15cm0.083 𝑓 + =9
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5

1520 𝑄1 2 1520 𝑄2 2
0.083 0.02 + =9
0.35 0.25

1038 𝑄1 2 + 7885 𝑄2 2 = 9

𝑄2 2 = 0.0𝐷11 − 0.13 𝑄1 2 → 1

𝐿1 𝑄1 2 𝐿2 𝑄3 2
0.083 𝑓 5 + = 12
𝐷1 𝐷3 5

1520 𝑄1 2 244𝑄3 2
0.083 0.02 + = 12
0.35 0.15 5

1038 𝑄1 2 + 53340𝑄3 2 = 12

𝑄3 2 = 0.00022 − 0.02𝑄1 2 → 2

129
 𝑄1 = 0.0011 − 0.13 𝑄1 2 + 0.00022 − 0.02 𝑄1 2

3
𝑄1 = 0.043 𝑚 𝑆

3
𝑄3 2 = 0.00022 − 0.022 0.043 2
= 0.014 𝑚 𝑠

2
𝑄2 = 0.0011 − 013 0.043 =
3
0.029 𝑚 𝑠

𝑄
2 29
𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝐶 = 0.0035 = 0.0035 = 8,300 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑄3 14
𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝐷 = = 0.0035 = 4,000 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
0.0035

25. Fig. G shows a pipe system serving towns C and D. the population of
town C is 20,000 while that of town D is 30,000. Daily per capita
consumption is 0.0035 liters/s. The proposed pipe line has f = 0.020.
Design the system.

GIVEN: FIND SOLUTION

3
FIG. G at pp.425 D 𝑄2 = 20,000 3.5 × 10−6 = 0.07 𝑚 𝑠

3
𝑄3 = 30,000 3.5 × 10−6 = 0.105 𝑚 𝑠

3
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 0.07 + 0.105 = 0.175 𝑚 𝑠

𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑓 = 90 − 45 = 45𝑚
1 2

𝑕𝑓 + 𝑕𝑓 = 90 − 39 = 51𝑚
1 3

130
 𝐿1 𝑄1 2 𝐿2 𝑄2 2
0.083 𝑓 + = 45
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5
2 2
3050 0.175 1525 0.07
0.083 0.02 + = 45
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5
93.406 7.4725
+ =27108
𝐷1 5 𝐷2 5

𝐷2 −5 = 3627.76 − 12.5 𝐷1 −5 → 1

𝐿1 𝑄1 2 𝐿3 𝑄2 2
0.083 𝑓 + = 51
𝐷1 5 𝐷3 5
2 2
3050 0.175 2440 0.105
0.083 0.02 + = 51
𝐷1 5 𝐷3 5

93.406 26.9901
+ = 30723
𝐷1 5 𝐷3 5

𝐷3 −5 = 1142.07 − 3.472 𝐷1 −5 → 2

By trial and error:

𝐷1 = 0.35𝑚, 𝐷2 = 0.25𝑚, 𝐷3 = 0.3𝑚

26. Determine the flow into or out of each reservoir in the pipe system shown
in Fig. H. Use n = 0.011 for all pipes.
SOLUTION
𝐿𝑄^2
Hf1 = 6 =10.3 n2 𝐷^16 /3

131
 1200
6 = 10.3 (0.011)2 0.30 16 /3Q2

Q1 = 0.081m3/s
𝐿𝑄^2
Hf3 = 10.3 n2 𝐷^16 /3= 15

1500 𝑄^2
15 = 10.3 (0.011)2 0.15 16 /3

Q3 = 0.018m3/s
𝐿𝑄^2 𝐿𝑄^2
10.3n2 (𝐷^16 /3+𝐷^16 /3) = 6

Q2 = 00010 − 0.15𝑄^2
𝐿𝑄^2 𝐿𝑄^2
Hf1+hf3 = 15 = 10.3n2 (𝐷^16 /3+𝐷^16 /3)
By trial and error, we have

Q3 = 0.00032 − 0.02𝑄^2 Q1 = 0.043m3/s

Q1 = 00010 − 0.15𝑄 2 + 0.00032 − 0.02𝑄 2 Q2 = 0.027 m3/s

Q3 = 0.016 m3/s

27. Determine the flow into or out of each reservoir in the pipe system shown
in Fig. H. Use n = 0.011 for all pipes.
SOLUTION

Qp = 8Qn

APVP = 8AnVn
𝜋 𝜋
(1.5)2Vp = 84 (.0750)2Vn
4

Vn = 50Vp
𝑉^2 𝑝 𝑣^2 𝑝
+𝑤 +z = +𝑤 +z+Hc+hf+hn
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉^2 𝑉^2 𝐿 𝑉^2 1 𝑉^2

180 = +0.5 2𝑔 +f𝐷 +(𝑐^2- 1) 2𝑔
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉^2 𝑉^2
180 = 1.11 2𝑔 +86.63 2𝑔

Vp = 1.11m/s ; Qp = 1.96 m3/s

132
 Vn = 5.55m/s ; Qn = 0.245 m3/s
𝑉^2 5.55^2
En = = or 157 J/N
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑄𝑊𝐸
P1 = 1000

0.245 (9810)(157)
= 1000

= 377

Pt = 8(377) = 3016 KW

28. What commercial size of new cast-iron pipe (f= 0.019) shall be used to
carry 280 liters/s of water with a head loss of 2 J/N per kilometer of pipe?
SOLUTION
𝐿𝑄^2
Hf = 0.083f 𝐷^5

1000 (0.28)^2
2 = 0.083(0.019) 𝐷^5

D = 0.57 say 60cm

29. The pipe system of Fig. I has the following given properties At point A: a
vacuum of 36cm of mercury; at point B: a pressure of 400KPa; At the 90°
-- bend; Kb = 0.35; at the 60° .Bend Kb = 0.20. If the discharge is
60liters/s and f= 0.018, determine the pump’s output power.
𝑄 0.06
Va = 𝐴 = 𝜋(0.1)^2 = 1.9099m/s

0.06
Vb = 𝜋(0.075)^2 = 3.3953m/s

Pa = wh = 9.81(13.6)(-0.35)

Pa = -46.695 kpa

BEE from A to B
𝑣^2 𝑃 𝑣^2 𝑃
+𝑤 +z+hp = +𝑤 +z+hfa+hfb+hb1+hb2
2𝑔 2𝑔

1.9099^2 46.695 3.395^2 400

- + hp = + +
19.62 9.81 19.62 9.81

133
 15 1.9099^2
(10+8sin60)+ 0.018 +
0.2 19.62

10.5 3.3953^2 1.9099^2 3.3953^2

0.018 + 0.35 + 0.2
0.15 19.62 19.62 19.62

Hp = 1156.52

Po = Qwhp = 0.06(9810)(1156.52)

Po = 680.73 KW

30. A pump is used to raise water to a reservoir through 800m of 20cm

diameter pipe with f = 0.033.if the pipe is to be replaced with a new one
having the same length but with a diameter of 25cm and f = 0.022.,
determine the power saved if the flow is to be maintained at 70 liters/s.
SOLUTION

Eto = Ho + 8.56 Lo Qo2

Etn = Hn+ 1.87 Ln Qn2

E = Eto - Etn = 8.56 Lo Qo2 - 1.87 Ln Qn2

E = 6.69(800)(0.070)2 = 26.2J/N
𝑄𝑤𝐸 0.070(9810)(26.2)
P = 1000 = = 18KW
1000

31. In Fig. J is shown a 15cm diameter cast-iron pipe discharging at an

elevation higher than the oil surface. If the oil has a kinematic viscosity of
𝑣 = 2.10𝑥10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠 and specific gravity of 0.84, determine the pressure
on the surface to cause a discharge of 13 liters/s in the pipe.
SOLUTION
𝑄 0.013
Vb = 𝐴 = 𝜋(075)^2 = 0.7356m/s

134
 BEE from A to B
𝑉^2 𝑃 𝑉^2 𝑃
+𝑊+Z= +𝑊 + Z +hf + hc
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃 0.7356 ^2 32(2.1×10−6)(150)(0.7356 ) 0.7356 ^2

+ 10 = + 16 + + 0.5
9.81(084) 19.62 9.81(0.15)^2 19.62

Pa = 50.06kpa

32. Shown in fig. K are two reservoirs connected by 500m of 10cm pipe with
f = 0.020. Determine the time, after opening the valve (K v = 0.40), when
the water surfaces in the reservoirs will be at the same elevation.
SOLUTION

d(vol) = A1A2/A1 + A2 dh
𝜋
A1 = (7.5)2 = 44.2m2
4

A2 = 3(3) = 9m2

135
 44.2(9)
D(vol) = = 7.5dh
44.2+9

BEE from 1 to 2
𝑣^2 𝑃 𝑣^2 𝑃
+ 𝑤 ++z = +𝑤 +z+hf+Hc+Hv+He
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝐿 𝑣^2 𝑣^2
H = f𝐷 +(0.5+0.4+1)
2𝑔 2𝑔

500 𝑣^2 𝑣^2

H = 0.2 0.1 +1.90 2𝑔
2𝑔

V = Vp = 0.44h1/2

10 7.5𝑑𝑕
t= 0 𝜋 (0.1)^2(0.44𝑕 1/2 )
4

10 1
t= 0
𝑕2 𝑑𝑕 7120

t = 2170 [2h1/2]10 = 13700s = 3.81hrs

33. The turbine shown in Fig. L is located in the 35cm line. If the turbine
efficiency is 90%, determine the output power of the turbine under the
following given conditions:
L1 = 1220m D1= 35cm f1= 0.018
L2 = 610m D2= 15cm f2= 0.024
L3 = 2440m D3= 30cm f3= 0.020 Q3 = 230 liters/s

Given: L1=1220m D1=35cm f1=0.018

L2=610m D2=15cm f2=0.024

136
 L3=2440m D3=30cm f3=0.02

Q3=230lit/s

Q1= Q2+ Q3

BEE from A to B
𝑣^2 𝑃 𝑣^2 𝑃
+ 𝑤 ++z-Eti = + 𝑤 ++z+hf1+hf2
2𝑔 2𝑔

1220 610
120-Eti = 50+0.083(0.018)0.35^5Q1+0.083(0024)0.15^5Q2

Eti = 70 – 347Q12 – 16000 Q22-------(a)

BEE from A to C
𝑣^2 𝑃 𝑣^2 𝑃
+ 𝑤 ++z – Eti = + 𝑤 ++z+hf1+hf2
2𝑔 2𝑔

1220 2440
120-Eti = 0.083(0.018)0.35^5Q12+0.083(0.02)030^5Q32

Eti = 32-347(Q22) -------(b)

Subtract (a) from (b)

0 = 38 – 16000Q22 or 0,050m3/s

Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = 280 lit/s

Eti = 32 – 347(028)2 or 4.8 J/N

𝑄𝑊𝐸 0.28(9810)(4.8)
Pi = 1000 = 1000

Pi = 13.2kw

Po = Pi (0.9) = 11.9KW

34. What power is delivered by the pump shown in the pipe system of Fig.
M?
L1 = 300m D1= 30cm f1= 0.018
L3 = 1000m D3= 20cm f3= 0.023
L3 = 1500m D3= 25cm f3= 0.020 Q3 = 140 liters/s

Given: : L1=300m D1=30cm f1=0.018

L2=1000m D2=20cm f2=0.023

137
 L3=1500m D3=25cm f3=0.02

Q3=140lit/s

Q1 + Q 2 = Q 3

BEE from A to C
300 1500
Epo = 30 + 0.083(0.018)0.3^6 Q12 + 0.083(0.020)0.25^5 0.142

BEE from B to C
1000 1500
120 = 30 + 0.083(0.023) Q22 + 0.083(0.020) 0.142
0.2^6 0.25^5

Q2 = 0.080m3/s or 80lit/s

Q1 = Q3 – Q2 = 60lit/s

Epo = 80+184.4(0.06)2 or 80.7 J/N

𝑄𝑊𝐸 0.060(9810)(80.7)
Po = 1000 = 1000

Po = 47.5KW

CHAPTER EIGHT – Flow in Open Channels

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1) Waters flow at a depth of 1.20m in a rectangular canal 3m wide, laid on a

slope of 1m per kilometer . what is the average shear stress at the sides and
bottom of the canal?

138
GIVEN: d =1.20

b=3m

So=s=0.001

Required; 𝜏

SOLUTION:

Use EQ.(8.6)

𝜏=wRS

Where:w=9810 N/𝑚3
1.2(3)
R=A/P=3+2(1.2)=0.67

Therefore, 𝜏=9810(0.67)(0.001)=6.60 Pa

2) What uniform flow will occur in a rectangular planed timber flume (n=0.01)
1.5m wide and having a slope of 0.001 when the dept therein is 1m, using (a)
Manning's C (b) Kutter’s C ?

GIVEN: b=1.5m

d=1m

n=0.01

S=So=0.001

REQUIRED: Discharge or flow , Q

SOLUTION:

1. A=1.59(1)=1.5𝑚2

P=1.5+2(1)=3.5m
𝐴
R= 𝑃 =0.43 m

2. Manning’s C

139
 1 1
1 1
C=𝑛 𝑅 6 =0.01 (0.43)6

C=86.9

Therefore, Q =AV=AC 𝑅𝑆=1 .5(86.9) 0.43(0.001)/

Q=2.70 𝑚3 /sec ANSWER

3. KUTTER,S C
0.00155 1
23+ +
𝑆 𝑛
C= 𝑛 0.00155
1+ (23+ )
𝑅 𝑆

124.6
Or C= 1.37 =90.95

Therefore, Q=AV=AC 𝑅𝑆 =1.5(90.95) 0.43(0.001)

Q=2.83 𝑚3 /sec

3) Calculate the flow in an earth-lined (n=0.020) trapezoidal canal having

bottom width 4m, SS 1:2, laid on a slope of 0.0001 having a depth of 2m,
using a)Manning’s C, b)Kutter’s C.

GIVEN:
S=0.0001
n=0.020

FIND: Q
SOLUTION:

140
 1
𝐴 4+6 2
R= 𝑃 = 24+2 =1.18m
5
1
1.18 6
a) C=0.020 =1.4
Q=AC 𝑅𝑆 = 10(51.4) 1.18(0.001)
3
Q=5.58𝑚 𝑠
0.00155 1
23+ +
0.0001 0.020
b) C= 0.02 0.00155 =51.70
1+ 23+
1.18 0.020

Q=10(51.79) 1.18(0.0001)

𝑚3
Q=5.63 𝑠

4) What uniform flow exist in a circular brick conduit 1.50m in diameter when
the depth of flow is 60cm, if it is laid on a slope of 0.0005, using A)Manning’s C,
b) Kutter’s C, c) Bazin’s C? Use n=0.015 and m=0.29.

GIVEN:
S=0.0005
N=0.015
M=0.29

FIND:Q

SOLUTION:
𝜃 0.15 𝜋
cos 2 = 0.75 𝜃 = 156.926° = 2.74𝑟𝑎𝑑
180
1 1
A=𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 2 𝑟 2 𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 − 2 𝑏𝑕
1 2 1
=2 0.75 2.74 − 2 2 0.752 − 0.152 0.15

=0.66𝑚2

P=r𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 =0.75(2.74)=2.055m
0.66
R=2.055 = 0.321𝑚

1
0.321 6
a) C= 0.015 = 55.17
Q=AC 𝑅𝑆=0.66(55.17) 0.321(0.0005)
𝑚3
Q=0.46 𝑠

141
 0.00155 1
23+ +
0.0005 0.015
b) C= 0.02 0.00155 =54.86
1+ 23+
0.32 0.0005

Q=0.66(54.86) 0.32 0.0005

𝑚3
Q=0.459 𝑠

87 87
C) 𝑚 = 0.29 =57.55
1+ 1+
𝑅 0.321

Q=0.66(57.66) 0.321(0.0005)

𝑚3
Q=0.481 𝑠

5) What uniform flow will occur in the cross-section ,if it is laid on a slope of
0.0005 and has n=0.017, using a) Manning’s C, b)Kutter’s C?

GIVEN:

S=0.0005

N=0.017

SOLUTION:

A= 5(1.5)+1/2(5+3)(1) = 11.5𝑚2

P=2(1.5)+2( 2)+3=8.82m
𝐴
R = 𝑃 =11.5/8.828=1.303m

1
𝑅6
a) C = 𝑛

1
1.303 6
= 0.017 =61.47m

Q=AC 𝑅𝑆=11.5(61.47) 1.303(0.0005)

𝑚3
Q =18.04 𝑠

142
 0.00155 1
23+ +
0.0005 0.017
b) C= 0.017 0.00155 = 61.15
1+ 23+
1.303 0.0005

𝑚3
6) At what depth will 4.25 flow uniformly in a rectangular channel 4m wide
𝑠
with lined masonry and laid on a slope of 1 to 4000 ? use n=o.o17\

GIVEN:

A =AD

S=1/4000

N=0.017

SOLUTION:

A =AD

P=4+2dD

R=4D/4+2D

V=4.25/4D=1/0.017(4D/4+2D)^2/3 (1/4000)^1/2

D=1.33m

𝑚3
7.)Calculate the depth at which 0.07 𝑠 will flow uniformly in a smooth cement
lined circular conduit 2m in a diameter laid on a slope 1 to 7000. Use n=0.010.

GIVEN:

Q=0.7

S=1/7000

N=0.01

143
SOLUTION :

R=A/P

A=1/2

8. A Trapezoidal canal of SS 1:2 and having n= 0.017 is to carry a uniform flow

of 35𝑚3 /s on a slope of .005 at a depth of 1.5m . What base width is required?

Given: Required: b=?

SS= 1:2

D=1.5m

S=.005

Q=35𝑚3 /s

Answer:
1
𝐴= 𝑏 + 1.5𝑏 1.5 = 1.875 𝑏
2

1.5m P= b + 2 1.5m 𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2 . 752 + 1.52 = b+

3.3541
1.875 𝑏
B=? R= 𝑏=3.3541

2 1
1
Q= A 𝑅 3 𝑆 2
𝑛

2
1.875𝑏 3 1
35= 1.875b 𝑏+3.3541 .017

b = 4.4m

9.What slope is necessary to carry 11.5 𝑚3 /s at a depth of a.5m in a rectangular

channel 4m wide, having n = .017?

Given: Required: S=?

Q= 11.5 𝑚3 /s

n= .017 Answer:
𝐴 1.5 (4) 6
R= 𝑃 = 4+2 (1.5)= 7m

144
 2 1
1
1.5m Q = A𝑛 𝑅 3 𝑆 2

2
6 3 1
4m 11.5 = 6 7 .017

S= .0013

10. An earth- lined trapezoidal canal (n= 0.020) of base width 3m and SS 1:3 is
carry 2.80𝑚3 /s uniformly at a velocity of 0.60 m/s. What slope is necessary?

Given : Required: S=?

Q= 2.80𝑚3 /s Answer:
1 2 14
V= 0.6 m/s Q=AV ; A= 2
(3+3+3d) d = 3
; d=
1.3523m
14 2
N= 0.02 A= 3
𝑚

1.3523 2
d P= 3+ 2 1.35232 + =
3
5.851m
14
𝐴 3
R= 𝑃 = 5.851
= 0.798m

2 1
1
b Q = A 𝑅3 𝑆 2
𝑛

2 1
14 1
2.8 = 3
(. 798 3
.02
𝑆2

S= 0.0002

11.a.) What are the best dimensions for a rectangular channel having a flow
cross section of 10𝑚2 ?

b.) What are the best dimensions of a trapezoidal channel having a flow
cross section of 14𝑚2 and sides sloping at 30 °?

Given:

A= 10𝑚2 Required: b, d

145
 Solution:
𝑑
a.) A=bd = 10 ; b= 2d ; R = 2

d 2d (d) = 10

b = 2(2.24)

30° d = 2.24m

b= 4.47m
𝑑 𝑑
b b.) R=2 ; s= sin 30

1 2𝑑
A= (b + b + ( ) d = 14
2 sin 30

2𝑑 2𝑑
14= bd + tan 30 ; p= b + sin 30

𝑑 14
R=2= 2𝑑
𝑏+
sin 30

2𝑑^2
d Bd + = 28
sin 30

28 2𝑑
b= 𝑑
- sin 30

28 2𝑑^2 28
b14= ( – 4d) d + ; b= – 4( 2.48)
𝑑 tan 30 2.48

2𝑑^2
14= 28- 4 d^2 + tan 30 ; b= 1.37m

d = 2.48m

12. A smooth metal flume ( Ns= 0.015) of semicircular section has a diameter of
2m and a grade of 0.0060. What diameter of corrugated metal flume (Nc=
0.030) will be required to have the same discharge capacity and slope?

Given: Required: Dc =?

S= 0.006 Solution :
1 1
Ns= 0.015 As2 𝜋 (1) = 2 𝜋𝑚2 ; Ps = 𝜋

146
 𝜋
Nc= 0.03 R= 2 / 𝜋 = 0.5m

2 1
𝜋 1
Q= = ( ) ( .5)3 (.006)2 = 5.11
2 .015

𝜋
Ac= 2 r^2 ; Pc = 𝜋r

𝜋
D= 2m R= 2 𝑟/𝜋𝑟 = 0.5r

3
𝜋 1 2 1
5.11 = r 2 ( .5r)3 (.006)2
2 0.03

8= r^2 ; r= 1.3 ; Dc= 2.6m

13. A circular vitrified sewer pipe is laid on a slope of .0002 and it is to carry
2.4𝑚3 /s. When the pipe flows at 90 % of its diameter, what size of pipe should
be used if n= 0.015?

Given: Required: D=?

Q= 2.4𝑚3 /sSolution:

𝜃 .4𝑑 𝜋
S= 0.0002 cos = ; 𝜃= 73.74 x = 1.287 rad
2 .5𝑑 180

𝜋 1 1
N= 0.015 A= 4 𝑑 2 - 2 𝑟 2 𝜃rad + 2bh

𝜋 1 1
= 4 𝑑2 - 2 . 25𝑑2 (1.287) + 2 2 . 25𝑑2 +. 16d2 ( .4d)

A = 0.625𝑑2 + .4𝑑 . 25𝑑2 +. 16d2 = 0.745𝑑2

𝜃 .4d P= 𝜋𝑑 − r𝜃rad = 𝜋𝑑 − .5𝑑 1.287 = 2.49𝑑

.9d

𝐴 .745𝑑 2
R= 𝑃 = 2.498𝑑 = .298 d

3
1 2 1
2.4 = 0.745𝑑2 ( .298)3 (.0002)2
0.015

𝑑8 = 449.2

d = 2.15 m

147
14. An earth canal carries water at a depth of 2m. The canal has a bottom width
of 6m and a SS 1:5:1. Using n= 0.025 and bed slope of 0.00020, compute the
discharge by the manning equation. Check n by the Kutter equation and solve
m of the bazin equation.

Given:

S= 00020Solution:

𝐴 1/2 (6+12)2
N= 0.025R= 𝑃 = 6+2 13
= 1.362m

2 1
1
Q = A𝑛 𝑅 3 𝑆 2

2 1
1
Q = 18 .025 1.3623 . 00022

2mQ= 12.51𝑚3 /s
1 1
𝑅 6 1.362 6
6mc= = = 42.114
𝑛 .025

87
C= 𝑚
1+
1.362

.00155 1
23+ +
.0002 𝑛
c= 𝑛 .00155 = 42.11
1+ (23+ )
1.362 .0002

1109.642𝑛2 + 11.364n = 1

n = .025

15. What would be the probable depth of flow of a river 100 m wide carrying
280 mᶾ/s with a slope of 0.00028 and n= 0,040?

2 1
1
Given: Q= 280 mᶾ/s Q= A 𝑛 R3 S 2

2 1
1
S= 0.00028 280=100d 0.09
( d)3 (0.0028)2

n=0.04 d = 3.12 m
148
 d

16. The section of a canal has one vertical side and the other sloping at an angle of 45ᴼ.
The bottom width is 6 m and the depth of flow is 1.2 m. It has a slope of 0.00016 with
n= 0.020. When it reaches an embankment, the flow is to be carried by two concrete
pipes with n= 0.012 and slope 0.0025. What size of pipes should be used, assuming no
losses at the point of diversion?

Given: ∅ = 45ᴼ

b=6m

d = 1.2 m

S = 0.00016

n = 0.020

17. In the earth canal shown in Fig. B, determine the amount of flow using the
specified properties.
1 1
Given: n1 = 0.013 A 1 = 2( 15 + 23 ) ( 2 ) + ( 15 + 25 )
2

n2 = 0.025 A1 = 58 𝑚2

S1 = 0.0005 P1 = 3 5 + 15 + 2 5

S2 = 0.0005 P1 = 26.18 m
A1 58
R1 = = 26.18 = 2.22 m
P1

149
 A2 = 120 (1) = 120 𝑚2

P2 = 120 + 1 = 121 m
A2 120
R2 = = = 0.992 m
P2 121

2 1 2 1
1 1
Q = A1 𝑛1 R13 S12 + A2 𝑛2 R23 S22

2 1 2 1
1 1
Q = 58 ( 0.013 )(2.22)3 (0.0005)2 + 120 ( 0.025 )(0.992)3 (0.0005)2

Q = 276.53 𝑚3 /s

18. A rectangular section 2.5 m wide carries a flow of 5 mᶾ/s. Find the critical
depth, the critical velocity and the critical slope if n= 0.013.

Q 5
Given: b = 2.5 m q=b = = 2 𝑚3 / s / m
2.5

q 2 2 2
Q = 5 𝑚3 /s dc = 3 = 3 = 0.74
g 9.81

n = 0.013 vc = gdc = (9.81)(0.74) = 2.69 m/s n2 vc2

4
Sc = n2 vc2 / R3

Sc = ( 0.013)2(2.69)2 / (0.465)4/3 = 3.41 X 10 -3

19. Water is released from a sluiced gate in a rectangular channel 2 m wide

such that the depth of flow is 70 cm and the velocity is 5 m/s. find the critical
depth for (a) this specific energy, (b) this discharge.
2
Given: b = 2 m a) Es = d + v2/2g d c = 3(Es)

2
d = 70 cm Es = 0.7 + 52/ 2(9.81) d c = 3(1.974)

v = 5 m/s Es = 1.974 m d c = 1.32 m

150
 b) Q = Av = (2)(0.7)(5) = 7 𝑚3 /s
Q 7
q= = = 3.5 𝑚3 /s/m
b 2

q 2 3.5 2
dc= 3 = 3 = 1.08 m
g 9.81

20. Water is flowing in a rectangular flume with a velocity of 5 m/s and a depth
of 1.2 m. Is the flow at upper or lower stage? What is the other alternate depth
of flow?
2
Given: v = 5 m/s Es = d + v2/2g d c = 3(Es) q=
(v) (d)
2
d = 1.2 m Es = 1.2 + 52/ 2(9.81) d c = 3(2.47) q=
(5) (1.2)

Es = 2.47 d c = 1.08 m q=6

𝑚3 /s/m

q = d 2(9.81)(Es − d)

6=d 2(9.81)(2.47 − d)

d = 2.02 m ⸗ LOWER STAGE ( 1.65 > 1.2 )

22. An isosceles trapezoidal canal with SS 2:1 has a bottom width of 4 m and
carries a flow of 20 mᶾ/s. Find the critical depth.

23. A planed-timber flume is to have a rectangular cross-section of best efficiency. The

velocity is not to exceed 2.4 m/s on a grade of 1 to 1000. What should be the
dimensions of the cross section and the capacity of the canal? Is the flow at upper or
lower stage? Use n=0.010.

Given:

v= 2.4 m/s Find: b, d, Q, stage

1
S = 1000

151
n =0.01
8.38
q=Q/b = 2.64 = 3.17

3 3.17S 2
d= 9.81
= 1m < 1.32m Solution:

b=2d ; R=d/2
2 1
1
d V= 𝑛 R3 S 2

2
1
1 d 3
b = 0.01 2
(0.001)2

Q= bdv = 2.64(1.32)(2.4)

Q= 8.38 m3 /s

24. A rectangular flume 4m wide has a flow of 10 mᶾ/s when the depth of flow is 2m. If
the same material had been used for trapezoidal section having the same wetted
perimeter, what would have been the greatest possible discharge without changing the
grade of the flume?

Given:

Solution:

d Area of rectangle = 4(2) =8 m2

b Perimeter of rectangle = Perimeter of trapezoid = 4 +2(2) = 8m

bcos 60 bcos60 Area of trapezoid = ½ (b + b + 2bcos 60) bsin60 =

1.3b2

d= bsin60 Perimeter of trapezoid = 3b = 8 so b = 2.67m

b Area of trapezoid = 1.3(2.67)2 = 9.24m2

9.24
Hydraulic radius of trapezoid = 8
= 1.55m

2 1
1
Q of rectangle= A𝑛 R3 S 2

1 1
1
10 = 8(𝑛 )(1) S 2 Where S 2 /n = 1.25

2 1
1
Q of trapezoid = A𝑛 R3 S 2

152
 2 1
1
=9.24(𝑛 )(1.55)3 S 2

1
S2
Q’= 10.17 𝑛
= 10.17(1.25)

Q’=12.71 m3 /s

25. A trapezoidal canal has one vertical side and the other sloping at 60ᴼ. Its discharge
is 25mᶾ/s and its mean velocity is m/s. If the slope is at its barest minimum, find the
dimensions of the section.

3
b. d
3

d solution:

A=1/2(2b + d/3 3 )d ; P = b + 2.155d

𝑄 d2
𝑣
= bd + 6
3

𝑏𝑑 +0.289d 2 25 𝑑
R= 𝑏+2.155𝑑
= 𝑏+2.155𝑑 = 2

25= (50/d – 2.155d)d + 0.289 d2 = 50- 2.155d2 + 0.289d2

d = 3.66m b = 50/3.66 = 2.155(3.66)

b = 5.77m

26. A river carries a capacity of 10.5 mᶾ/s at an average velocity of 1.2 m/s. What must
be the dimensions of a brick-lined trapezoidal canal to carry the same capacity and
velocity as the river with SS 2:1 in order to have the most economical section?

Given:

Q= 10.5 mᶾ/s

V= 1.2 m/s

SS = 2:1

2d b 2d solution:

d R= d/2 ; A = Q/v = 10.5/1.2 = 8.75m2

153
 P= b + d2 + 4d2 = b+ 2 5 d

A= ½ (b+b+4d)d = bd + 2d2 = 8.75

d/2 = 8.75/ b+ 2 5 d so b= 17.5/d - 2 5

8.75= (17.5/d -2 5 d ) d + 2d2

d = 1.88m b = 17.5/1.88 - 2 5 (1.88)

b = 0.89m

27. If the most efficient of all sections can be used, what shape and size of open
channel would you recommend to carry 10mᶾ/s with a velocity of 3m/s?

Given:

Q = 10 m3 /s

V = 3m/ Solution:

d/2 the most efficient channel section is one which

is flowing at full depth.

∴ Semicircle is the most efficient

𝜋d 2 𝜋d d
A= 8
; P= 2
; R= 4

Q 𝜋d 2
A= = 10/3 =
𝑣 8

D= 2.91m

28. Determine the slope that a concrete circular sewer, 2m in diameter, must have
when flowing at its maximum capacity if the mean velocity is 3m/s. Use n= 0.013.

Given:

V= 3m/s

n = 0.013

0.88 d = 0.94(2) = 1.88m find: S

𝜃
A= Ac – Asec + Atri ; cos 2 = 0.88/1 so
𝜃 = 56.715

154
 𝜋(2)2 1
== 4
– ½ (1)2 1 + 2 2 1 − 0.882 =
3.06m2

P = 2𝜋(1) – 1(1) = 5.283m

R= A/P = 3.06/ 5.283 = 0.579m

2 1
1
V= 𝑛 R3 S 2

2
3 1
3= 1/0.013(0.579) S2 S = 0.0032

29. A rectangular flume of planed-timber (n=0.012) is 1.5m wide a carries 2.00

𝑚3 /𝑠 of water. The bed slope is 0.00060. at a certain section the depth s 1m.
find the distance to the section where the depth is 0.70m.
d1= 1m W.S. d2=0.70m Solution:
𝐴1 =1.5𝑚2 𝐴2 =1.05 𝑚2 𝑣1 =2/1.5= 1.33 m/s
𝑝1 =3.5m 𝑝2 =2.9m 𝑣2 =2/1.05= 1.9 m/s
1.33+1.9
𝑅1 = 3/7 m 𝑅2 =21/58m 𝑣𝑚 = 2 = 1.62 m/s
0.7
1 1.5m 1.5m 𝑣1 2 𝑣 2
m
m +𝑑 1 2 −( 2 +𝑑 2 2 )
L 3/7+21/58 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑅𝑚 = = 0.395 L=
2 𝑆−𝑆𝑜

Q= 2.00 𝑚3 /𝑠 find: L 𝑛 2 +𝑣 2 0.012 2 +1.62 2 0.091+1 −(0.184+0.7)

S= 𝑅 4/3
= 0.395 4/3 = 0.0013 L=
S=0.00060 0.0013 −0.0006
n=0.012 L= 295.71 m

30. If a discharge of 1.5 𝑚3 /𝑠 per meter width of channel has a velocity of 6 m/s
to what depth could it possibly jump? Check the critical depth.

Solution:
𝑞 1.5 3 𝑞 2 3 (1.5)2
w.s. d2 𝑑1 =𝑣 = 6 =0.25m 𝑑𝑐 = 𝑔
= 9.81
1

v1 d1 v2 2𝑞 2
𝑔
=𝑑1 𝑑2 (𝑑1 +𝑑2 ) 𝑑𝑐 = 0.61𝑚
21(.5)2
9.81
=0.25 𝑑2 (0.25+𝑑2 ) 0.25<0.61<1.23
q=1.5𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚 find: d2,dc 𝑑2 = 1.23𝑚
v1= 6 m/s

155
31. A stream having a discharge per meter width of channel of 1 𝑚3 /𝑠 has a
depth after jump of 1m. Determine the velocity before the jump. Check the
critical depth.
Solution:

2𝑞 2 𝑞 1
w.s. d2=1m 𝑔
=𝑑1 𝑑2 (𝑑1 +𝑑2 ) 𝑣1 = 𝑑 = 0.17
1
2(1)2
9.81
=𝑑1 (1)(𝑑1 +1) 𝑣1 = 5.88 𝑚/𝑠
v1 d1 v2
𝑑1 = 0.17𝑚
3 𝑞 2 3 (1)2
𝑑𝑐 = =
𝑔 9.81
q=1𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚 𝑑𝑐 = 0.47𝑚
0.17<dc<1

find: v1, dc

32. In a rectangular flume 2m wide, water flowing at a depth of 30 cm. jumps to

a depth of 1.2 m. Find the discharge

find: Q
Solution:

2𝑞 2 𝑄
𝑔
=𝑑1 𝑑2 (𝑑1 +𝑑2 ) 𝑞= 𝑏
w.s. d2=1.2m 2(9)2 𝑄
=0.3(1.2)(0.3 +1.2) 1. 627 =
9.81 2
3
v1 d1=0.3m v2 𝑞 = 1.627 𝑚 /𝑠/𝑚 Q=3.25 𝑚3 /𝑠

33. A rectangular channel carrying water with a velocity of 5 m/s has a uniform
depth of 1m. (a) At what stage is the flow taking place? (b) If the jump is
possible, what is the depth after the jump?

34. After flowing over the spillway of a dam, 250 𝑚3 /𝑠 of water passes over a
level apron (𝑠𝑜 =0 ; n= 0.013). the velocity of water at the bottom of the spillway
was measured to be 12.8 m/s. the width of the apron is 50m and the depth of
flow below the apron is to be 3 m. Conditions are such that a jump would occur.
Find the length of the apron if the jump is to be contained within it. Determine
the energy lost in the jump

156
35. The depth upstream of a sluice gate is 1.80 m and 30 cm just downstream of
it. If a jump is possible after the water has passed the gate, find to what depth
water could jump.

Solution:

𝑣1 5
𝐹= = = 1.596 m
𝑔1 𝑑 1 9.81(1)

a.) F>1 ; flow at the lower stage

𝑑2 1
𝑑1
= 2 ( 1 + 8𝐹 2 1)
𝑑2 1
1
= 2 ( 1 + 8(1.596)2 1)
𝑑2 = 1.8𝑚

CHAPTER NINE – Hydrodynamic Forces

EXERCISE PROBLEM

1. A jet having a diameter of 5 cm and a velocity of 12m/s is deflected through

an angle of 60o by a fixed, curved vane. Determine the components of the force
on the vane.

Solution:
157
 Q = A1 v1
𝜋
=4 ( 0.05)2 (12)
Q = 0.024 m3/s

Fx= p Q ( v1x- v2x) Fy = p Q (v1y - v2y)

= 1000( 0.024)(12-12 cos60o) = (1000)(0.024)(0-12sin60o)
Fx= 144 N to the right Fy = -249.42 N
or Fy = 249.42 N downwards

2. Find the components of the force exerted by the jet of water having a velocity
of 18m/s and discharging at 60 litres/s. on the fixed divider shown in Fig. A.
Assume that the flow, upon striking the divider, is equally divided.

Solution

Q1 = Q 2 + Q 3
0.060 = Q2 + Q3

equally divided V1x = 18 cos60o V1y = 18 sin60o

Q2 = 0.030 m3/s V2x = 0 V2y = 18

Q3 = 0.030 m3/s V3x = 18 cos30o V3y = -18 sin30o

𝑄2 𝑊 𝑄3 𝑊
Fx= (V1x - V2x) + (V1x - V3x)
𝑔 𝑔
0.03 (9810) 0.03 (9810)
= (18 cos60o - 0) + (18 cos60o - 18 cos30o)
9.81 9.81
FX = 270 - 197.65
FX = 72.35 N

𝑄2 𝑊 𝑄3 𝑊
Fy= (V1y - V2y) + (V1y - V3y)
𝑔 𝑔

0.03 (9810) 0.03 (9810)

= (18 sin60o - 18) + [18 sin60o - (-18 sin30o) ]
9.81 9.81

Fy = - 72.35 + 737.65

Fy = 665.3 N

3. A jet of water having a diameter of 5cm and a velocity of 15m/s is deflected

by a curved vane through an angle of 60o and which is moving at 6m/s in the
same direction as the jet. Determine the force on the vane and the direction of
the jet as it leaves the vane.

158
Solution:

u = v1 - v' Q' = Au
𝜋
u = 15 - 6 Q' = 4 (0.05)2 (9)
u = 9m/s Q' = 0.018 m3/s

v1x = v1 = 15m/s v1y= 0

v2x = v' + ucos60o v2y = usin60o
v2x= 6 + 9cos60o v2y = 9sin60o
v2x = 10.5 m/s v2y = 7.79 m/s

[ Fx = pQ' (V1x - V2x)]

Fx = 1000 (0.018) (15 - 10.5)
Fx = 81 N to the right
[ Fy = pQ' (V1y - V2y)]
Fy = 1000 (0.018) (0 - 7.79)
Fy= 140.22 N downwards

2 2
v2 = 𝑣2𝑥 + 𝑣2𝑦

= (10.5)2 + (7.79)2
F= 𝐹𝑋2 + 𝐹𝑦2
v2 = 13.07 m/s
F= (81)2 + (140.22)2

v 2y 7.79 F = 161.93 N
tan β = 𝑣 = 10.5
2𝑥

β = 36.57o

4. A nozzle discharges 60 litres/s horizontally, the jet striking tangentially on one

or another of a series of vanes each having a deflection angle of 150 o. The
velocity of the jet is 18m/s, and the vanes have a velocity of 9m/s in the same
direction as the jet. Find the (a) velocity of the jet as it leaves the vane, (b)
power developed on the vanes, (c) efficiency of the vanes.

Solution:

Q = 0.060m3/s

θD= 150o

v = 18m/s

159
v' = 9m/s

u = 18-9 = 9m/s

v2x = v' - u cos30o v2y = usin 30o

= 9 - 9cos30o = 9sin30o

v2x = 1.21 m/s v2y = 4.5 m/s

2 2
v2 = 𝑣2𝑥 + 𝑣2𝑦

= (1.21)2 + (4.45)2

v2 = 4.66 m/s
𝑄𝑊𝑣 2 0.06 (9.81)(18)2
K.E at point 1 = =
2𝑔 2(9.81)

K.E at point 1 = 9.72 kW

𝑄𝑊𝑣22 0.06 (9.81)(4.66)2

K.E at point 2 = =
2𝑔 2(9.81)

K.E at point 2 = 0.65 kW

P = 9.72 - 0.65 P = 9.07kW

0.65
efficiency = 9.72 (100%) = 6.69%

efficiency of the vanes = 100% - 6.69% = 93.31%

5. A bend in a pipe gradually reduces from 60cm to 30cm. The deflection angle
is 30o. The pressure at the larger end is 180 Kpa and the velocity 2.4 m/s.
Determine the components of the total thrust on the bend, neglecting friction.

Solution:

60cm - 30cm P1 = 180kPa

θD = 30o v1 = 2.4 m/s

Q1 = Q 2 Q = AV
𝜋
A1V1 = A2V2 Q = 4 ( 0.60)2 (2.4)
𝜋 𝜋
4
( 0.60)2 (2.4) = 4
( 0.30)2 (v2) Q = 0.679 m3/s
v2 = 9.6 m/s

160
 0.679 ( 9810)
Px = (2.4 -
9.81
8.31)
v1x = v1 = 2.4 m/s Px = - 4012.89 = - 4.01kN
v1y= 0
0.679 ( 9810)
v2x = 9.6 cos30o = 8.31 m/s Py = (0 - 4.8)
9.81
o
v2y = 9.6 sin30 = 4.8 m/s Py = - 3259.2 = - 3.26kN

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣2 𝑃2
+ = 2𝑔2 + sx = s1x - s2x
2𝑔 𝑤 𝑤
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22
P2 = w ( + - ) sx = 50.89 - 8.37
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔
(2.4)2 180 (9.6)2
= 9.81 (2(9.81) + 9.81 - 2(9.81) ) sx = 42.52
P2 = 136.8 kPa sy = 0 - 4.84 = - 4.84

𝜋
s1 = p1A1 = 180 [ (0.60)2 ] Rx = P x + s x
4
s1 = 50.89 = - 4.01 + 42.52
𝜋
s2 = p2A2 = 136.8 [ 4 (0.30)2 ] Rx = 38.51kN
s2 = 9.67
Ry = Py + sy
s1x = s1 = 50.89; s1y = 0 Ry = - 3.26 - 4.84
s2x = 9.67cos30o Ry = - 8.1 kN
s2x = 8.37

s2y = 9.67sin 30o

s2y = 4.84
6. In approaching a bridge, a water main 60cm in diameter, curves from a
horizontal position upward through 45o. what vertical component of dynamic
force is developed in the bend under a velocity of 2 m/s?

Q = AV
𝜋
Q = ( 0.60)2 (2)
4

Q = 0.57 m3/s
𝑄𝑤
Py = (V1y - V2y)
𝑔

0.57 (9810)
Py = ( 0 - 2sin45o)
9.81

Py = - 806.10N

161
7. Compute the force axially on a pipe by water which is flowing through it with
a velocity of 2.4 m/s. The diameter of the pipe is 30cm with a length of 300m
and a coefficient of friction of 0.020

v = 2.4 m/s
d = 30cm
L = 300m
f = 0.020
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 0.02 300 (2.4)2
hf = 𝑑2𝑔 = 0.30 2 (9.81)
hf = 5.87
𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
hf = 0.0826 𝐷5

0.02 300 𝑄 2
5.87 = 0.0826 (0.30)5

Q = 0.17 m3/s
𝑄𝑤
P= 𝑣
𝑔

0.17 9810 (2.4)

=
9.81

P = 408 N

8. A 5 cm nozzle is attached to a 20 cm pipe by flange bolts. What is the total

force in the bolts when the pressure at the base is 500 kPa? Use Cv = 0.96 for
the nozzle

DN = 5cm

D1 = 20cm

P1 = 500KPa

Cv = 0.96

E1 - h n = E 2

162
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = 2𝑔2 + + 𝑧2 + 𝑕𝑛 v1 = 0.0625v2
2𝑔 𝑤 𝑤

𝑣22 𝑣12 𝑃1
− + 𝑕𝑛 = ---- eq. 1 v1 = 0.0625 ( 30.484)
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑤

1 𝐴 𝑉2
hn = ( 𝐶 2 - 1) [ 1 - ( 𝐴2 )2 ] 2𝑔2 v1 = 1.905 m/s
𝑣 1

1 5 𝑉2
hn = ( 0.962 - 1) [ 1 - ( 20 )2 ] 2𝑔2 Q = AV

𝑉2 𝜋
hn = 0.08 2𝑔2 Q= ( 0.60)2 (2)
4

𝐷
v1 = (𝐷2 )2 v2 Q = 0.06 m3/s
1
5 𝑄𝑤
v1 = (20 )2 v2 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = ( v2 - v1)
𝑔

𝑄𝑤
v1 = 0.0625v2 F1 - RX = ( v2 - v1)
𝑔

𝜋 0.06 (9.81)
in eq. 1 517 [4 ( 0.20)2 ] - Rx = ( 30.484
9.81
- 1.905)

𝑣22 0.0625 v 22 𝑉22 500

− + 0.08 = Rx = 14.53 kN
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 9.81

v2 = 30.484 m/s

163